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ARRANGEMENT

OF

BRITISH PLANTS

IN FOUR VOLUMES,

Price il. 1 2s. in Boards,

VOL. til. —2 !

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AN

ARRANGEMENT

OF

BRITISH PLANTS;

According to the latest Improvements of the

linn^an system.

To which is prefixed,

AN EASY

INTRODUCTION to the STUDY of BOTANY.

ILLUSTRATED by copper plates.

By WILLIAM WITHERING, M.D. F.R.S.

MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT LISBON j
FELLOW OF THE LINN.® AN SOCIETY ; HONORARY
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY
A^T EDINBURG H, &C. ' *

The Third Edition, in Four Volumes.

“ Increscunt quotannis Scientiae, emendantur quotidie, et ad fas-
tigium suum optatum sensim sensimque, plurium virorum
opera et studio junctis, feliciter properant.” thunberg.

VOL. III.

i ii ■ ........

BIRMINGHAM, PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY M. SWINNEYj
SOLD BY G. G. & J. ROBINSON, PATERNOSTER-ROW,

AND B. & J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET,

LONDON. 1796.

ROYAL

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS

LIBRARY

CLASS

SZ

ACCN.

SOURCE

DATE

PHYSICIANS

OF

*OjvdO^

DIDYNAMIA*

5*3

CLASS XIV

DIDYNAMIA.

GYMNOSPERMIA.

( i ) Cups mostly 5- cleft.

LEONU'PvUS. Anthers sprinkled with hard particles.

GLECO'MA. Anthers in pairs ; each pair forming a crofs.

' - • ’ ■ 1 * * ,

MEN'THA. Filaments distant; straight: Blofs* nearly re-
gular.

VERBE'NA. Blofs. nearly regular: upper segment of the
cup shorter.

TEU'CRIUM. Blofs* without any upper lip; upper seg-
ment of the petal divided.

A'JUGA. Blofs. upper lip shorter than the stamens.

GALEO'BDOLON. Blofs . upper lip entire, vaulted: lower
lip 3-cleft ; segments broad, acute ; Anthers fleshy
on the back. (Huds.)

BETO'NICA. Blofs* upper lip flat ; ascending: Tube cy-
lindrical : Stain * as long as the mouth of the tube.

LA'MIUM. Blofs* with a bristle-shaped tooth on each side
the lower lip, (on each side the mouth.)

GALEO'PSIS. Blofs* with 2 teeth upon the lower lip.

STA'CHYS. Blofs* lateral segments of the lower lip re-
flected: Stamens after flowering turned to the sides.

VOL. Ill — 2 L

DIDYNAMIA.

f-

NE'PETA. Blofs. lower lip scolloped: Mouth with the
cd^e reflected.

i o

BALLO'TA. Cup with io scores : Blofs, upper lip vaulted.

M ARRU'BIUM. Cup with io scores: BloJs% upper lip flat
and straight.

[Origanum. Melifsa Nepeta.]

i

(2) Cups 2-lipped,

SCUTELLA'RIA. Cup after flowering closed with a cover,
and resembling a helmet.

THY'MUS. Cup (mouth small ;) closed with soft hairs.

( * In Melifsa Calamintha , arid M. Nepeta , the mouth of the
cup is also closed ‘with hairs.)

PRUNEL'LA. Filaments all forked at the end.

ORIG'ANUM. Cups forming a tiled cone.

\

CLINOPO'DIUM. Cups inclosed in an involucrum.

MELIT'TIS. Cup wider than the tube of the blofsom :
Upper lip of the blofsom flat ; entire : Anthers cr'ofs-
ing each other.

MELIS'SA. Cup angular ; skin-like ; upper lip ascending.
[Teucrium,]

ANGIOSPERMIA.

( I ) Cups cloven ,

OROBA'NCHE. Caps. 1 celled : Blofs . nearly equal ; 4-
cleft : a gland under the base of the germen.

(2) Cups \-cleft,

LATHRiE'A. Caps, i-celled : Blofs . gaping : a gland un-
der the base of the germen.

BART'SIA. Caps . 2 -celled : Blofs . gaping : Cup coloured :
( not coloured in our species.)

DIDYNAMIA. 515

EUPHRA'SIA. Caps , 2-celled: Blofs, gaping : lower An-
thers with thorns,

RHINAN'THUS. Caps, 2-celled: Calyx comprefsed : Blofs,
gaping. • ,

MELAMPY'RUM. Caps , 2-celled: Blofs, gaping: Seeds
2 ; bulging.

(3) Cups rj-clcft-

»

LIMO'SELLA. Caps, i-celled, many-seeded : Blofs, bell-
shaped ; regular.

SCROPHULA'RIA. Caps , 2-celled : Blofs . facing up-
wards ; the lip with a middle segment more inward.

SIBTHOR'PIA. Caps . 2-celled : Blofs, wheel-shaped ;
St am, placed 2 and 2 ; approaching.

DIGIT A'LIS. Caps . 2-celled : RE/E (tubular) bell-shaped ;
bellying on the under side : Stam . declining.

ANTIRRHPNETM. Caps . 2-celled : R/c/R gaping ; with
a projecting nectary beneath.

PEDICULA'RIS. Caps, 2-celled : Blofs . gaping t iSm/r
coated.

• - 1

LINNtE'A. Berry g-celled, juicelefs : Blofs, bell-shaped :
Calyx superiour.

2 L 2

1

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Ajuga.

5 i 6

pyramida'lis.

I

geneven'sij-

GYMNOSPERMIA.

A'JUGA. Blofs. upper lip very small : stamens longef
than the upper lip.

A. Plant woolly, forming a 4-sided pyramid : leaves ob-
long, toothed : root-leaves the largest.

Ft. ctan. 18 5-Blackwi6 4. 2.

Plant as taken from the bottom to the top resembling a pyra-
mid, very simple, clothed with leaves pointing 4 ways, gradu-
ally increasing in height, the whole often decorated with leaves
which, excepting the root-leaves, are of a violet colour, serpen-
tine at the edge, imperfectly scolloped. Flowers whitish, or bluish;
Suckers none. Flowers 3 together. Linn. Stem and leaves very
hairy ; root-leaves oblong-wedgeshaped, sitting, entire, very large ;
stem-leaves oval, slightly toothed or scolloped, not 3-lobed, dimi-
nishing upwards, so as to give the whole plant somewhat of a
pyramidal, form ; in opposite alternate pairs ; the upper tinged
with purple. Floral-leaves longer than the flowers. Flowers from
the bosom of the leaves, not more than 3 together. Calyx very
hairy, divided half way down ; segments awl-shaped, nearly equal;

M r . W OODWARD.

I have never seen a specimen of British growth; the plant
generally taken for it is the A. genevensis. Mr* Woodward
thinks he. had once in his garden the A. pyramidalis, which he
received from the North of England, but does not recollect the
particular place. Dr. Hope informs me that it has been found
on Ben Nevis in Lochaber, and on the Burn of Killogower and
Ord of Caithnefs. B.

A. Leaves downy, streaked, toothed: floral-leaves mostly
o-lobed : calyxes rough with hair. Linn, middle
stem-leaves the largest; root-leaves smaller, taper-
ing into leaf-stalks.

L udw . 8 —Kniph . 3 - 17- -S.iii.432. 1 - . 3 4. 4 -Riv.mon.76 ; Bugula
montana.-H.ox.xi. 5. 3. bad.-Pluk. 18. 3; bad ; not agreeing with
his description; very unlike the A. pyramidalis, and too meagre
for the A. genevensis.— Clus.il. p. 43, Bugula cameo ore, quoted
by Linnaeus, seems from the creeping suckers, to be only a hairy
var. of the A. reptans.

DIDYNAMIA. G V M NO S PE R Ml A . Ajuga.

Mountains. Carnedh Llewellin, Caernarvonshire, Ray.

P. June, July.

m

A. Plant smooth; with creeping suckers: leaves egg^ rep'
shaped, scolloped.

Curt. -FI. dan.g2 ej-Skeldr.gg-Rivjmn.rj 5. 1 , Bugula .- Fuchs . 391
—J. B. iii. 430. 2 and g-W ale . -Kniph. 3- Frag . 31 i—Blackw.
64.1-Lowc. i. 145.2 -H. ox. xi.5. row 3 . 1 -Barr. 337 andggS-
Mattl\g62-Dod. 13 5.2-Lob.obs, 252. 1, and ic. L475.2-GV?.

631. l-Park. 52 5-Ger. 506.1.

In high and dry situations it becomes somewhat hairy, the
stem lefs distinctly 4-sided, the spike tapering upwards ; the
creepers short ; approaching to the A, genevensis, but has only 1
stem from a root whilst the latter has many. Mr. Gouqh. Leaves
egg-shaped. Root-leaves scolloped, on leaf-stalks. Stem-leaves
nearly entire, sitting, in opposite crofs pairs ; the upper purplish.

Blofs. blue, red, or white, in long leafy spikes.

Common Bugle . Moist meadows, pastures, and woods.

P. May— July.

F

A. Leaves 3-cleft, strap-shaped, very entire ; flowers Ch
sitting, lateral, solitary : stem spreading.

E. bot.rjrj— Kniph. 8-Ludw. 1 go-Riv. mon . 1 4. 1 , Chamccpitys.—Fl.
dan . 7 3 3 —H. ox.xi .22. row 3 . 1 —Dod. 46 . 1 —Lob.ohs. 207.2, and i c .
i. 382. 2 -Ger.em, 52 5. i-Matth.g£0-Ger.q.2i .1-Park.28g.1-
Fuchs.o36-J. 5. iii. 295* 1 and 2-Frag .80-Blackw. 523-Lonic .

1.159.2.

Blofs. yellow, with minute red dots. Relhan. Stem hairy.
Leaves hairy, the lower entire, the rest cloven deeper and deeper
till the upper ones are almost divided to the base ; segments strap-
shaped. Flowers nearly on one side of the stalk, single, or in
pairs. Calyx very hairy. Blofs. lower lip, middle segment some-
what heart-shaped, smooth, the rest very hairy. Air. WoOdw.

Ground Pine. Germander. Feucrium Chamcepithys. Linn. But
the structure of the upper lip of the blofsom is not like that of
the Teucrium, deeply divided with the stamens standing in the
division, but short and slightly notched as in the Ajuga. On
this account it has been removed from the former genus by Haller,
Schreber, &c. and Dr. Smith in E.bot. ranks it as an Ajuga, to
which genus it undoubtedly ought to be referred in a practical
svstem.

d

giS

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucrimn.

ChamaPdrys.

Scorodo'nia.

■ •. *

Sandy fallow fields. On the Lays about the border of Trip-
low Heath, Cambridgeshire ; about Rochester and Dartford,
Kent. Roehill. . A. April — June.f

TEU'CRIUM. Upper lip upright, deeply divided,
even below the base: stamens in the division.

■\

T. Leaves wedge-eggshaped, cut, scolloped, on leaf-stalks :
llowers 3 together : stems somewhat hairy.

W iodv .2 q.Q-Kniph. 1 1 -Tourn.gj .1 .@.—Skeldr. Qj-Blackzv. 1 8o-
Riv.mon. io -Fuchs. %6g-J.B.\\i.2$%.i-Ger. 530. 1 , 2, and 3-
Matth. 8 1 S-Trag.20^-Lonlc. i. 62.4 -Dod. 43. 1 , and 2-Lob. obs.
260.1 andic. i. 491.1, and2-Ger. em.656.1, and 2-Park. 104-
H.ox.xi.22, io and 1 1— C/Hx.i.351.1.

Floral-leaves serrated. Blofs. purple ; lip fiat, with 3 shallow
clefts. Linn. Stem cylindrical, hairy. Leaves on leaf-stalks,
deeply jagged, entire at the base, hairy ; the upper oval-spear-
shaped, often purple. Flowers on fruit-stalks. Mr. Woodward.
Calyx the upper segment broadest, the 2 lower ones narrowest,
beset without with white globules. Blofs. reddish purple, beset
without with white globules, middle segment of the lower lip
lopped, with a double row of hairs at the base.

Common Germander. Borders of corn fields far from any house,
tluins of Winchelsea Castle. Ray. [Norwich city walls. Air.
Crowe. In the area of Carisbrook Castle in the Isle of Wight.
St. Rubbish of Whittington Castle, near Oswestry, Salop.
Mr. Dickenson.] P. June, July.|

T. Leaves heart-shaped, serrated, on leaf-stalks: flowers
in lateral bunches, pointing one way: stem upright.

Curt .29 ^-Kniph.i 1— BlacbeJ.g-Dod.2gi- Lob. obs. 262.1 , and ic. i.
^gj ,2-Ger.em. 6(5 2 -Park. 11 1 .2-H.ox.xi.20. 15-Rlv. mon. 12-
Fl.dan.qSs-Trag.i 5.2-Lonic.i. 1 1 2.3-J.B .\n.2g5. 1 ,<27^294.

Stems 4-cornered, hairy. Branches opposite. Leaves heart-
spearshaped, opposite, wrinkled. Flowers in pairs. Calyx a little

f This plant has a degree of bitternefs and acrimony, but its real use is
iar from being accurately ascertained. It stands recommended in the gout,
jaundice, and intermitting fevers.

t The plant is bitter, with a degree of aroma, and may be used with
advantage in weak and relaxed constitutions. It is an ingredient in the ce-
lebratcd gout powders. ' ' ’ '

l

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Nepeta. 51

woolly, upper lip broad, bent back, pointed; the lower with 4
very 'shallow clefts terminating in pointed teeth bent inwards.

Blofs. straw-coloured woolly ; tube longer than the calyx ; upper
lip none, but the top of the tube slightly cloven.

Wood Sage, Sage Germander, Woods, heaths, thickets, and
ditch banks. F. July.f

1 *

T. Leaves oblong, sitting, toothed, nakedisli : flowers in Scor'dium,
pairs, on fruit-stalks, axillary ; stem pubescent, spread-
ing,

Blackw^j 5-Fl.dan.5g3-W00dv.5j-Matth.842-Ger.534. 1 and 2
Trag.88 5-Riv. mon.i 1 , S cordium.-Dod.i 26 .2-Lob . ohs . 261 .3,
and icA.4gj.1- Ger. em.661- Park. 1 n.i-H.ox.xi.22.1 4-Lonic.
i.196.3 -Fuchs. jj6-J. B.iii.292.2.

Stem cylindrical, hairy. Leaves hairy, sitting, tapering and
entire at the base, serrated upwards, those at the top of the branches
oval-spearshaped, nearly entire. Calyx hairy, purplish. Lower
flowers often solitary. Woodward. Flowers pink.

Water Germander. Marshes of the Isle of Ely. Between
Cambridge and Histon. Waterbeach. Cottenham.

P. July, Aug4 -

i

NE'PETA. Blofs. middle segment of the lower lip
scolloped ; mouth the edges reflected : stamens
approaching.

N. Flowers in spikes : whirls on short fruit-stalks : leaves Catahia,
on leaf-stalks, heart-shaped, tooth-serrated.

0

E. bo't.J3j-B/ackw. 455-Fl. dan. 580-Kniph.g—Dod. gg-Lob.obs,

276.1 andic. i. 51 1. 1 -Ger. em. 682.1-Pet. 32. i-Matth.jig—

Lonic. i.112.1 -Riv. man. 52, Nepeta -Trag.i 5.1-Ger. 554.1—
H.ox.xi.L.row 2.3.

Leaves of a velvet-like softnefs. Whirls mostly turned to one
side of the stem. Calyx downy, with green ribs. Blofs. white.

f The people of Jersey are said to make use of it in brewing. It pos-
sefses the bitternefs and a good deal of the flavour of hops, but upon trial it
gave too much colour to the liquor.

t The fresh leaves are bitter and somewhat pungent. Powdered they
destroy worms. A decoction of this plant is a good fomentation in gan-
grenous cases. If cows eat it when compelled by hunger, their milk gets a
gariick flavour. Sheep and goats cat it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it. ;

20

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Verbena.

I

with a tinge of red, and spotted with purple ; tube nearly straight ;
lower lip, middle segment with 6 or 7 equal teeth turned upwards,
and set with a tuft of white bristles at the base. Stamens rather
longer than upper lip. Stem and leaves white with down.

Nep. Cat-mint . Pastures and hedges in a calcareous soil.
[NearBungay, Suffolk. Woodward. Wick Clifts. MgSwayne.
On the beach at Rampside, Low Furnefs. Mr. Atkinson. Dud-
ley Castle. j „ P. July.f

VERBENA. Blojs. funnel-shaped, segments nearly
equal : calyx one of its teeth lopped : seeds 2 or
4; naked.

\

officinalis, V. Spikes thread-shaped, panicled : leav es with many

jagged clefts : stem solitary.

Ludw. 1 4 g— Curt.—Kniph. tp-Rlv. men. 56, V erbena.-IVoodv .2 1 3—
Walc.-Clus. ii.45.2— Dod.i 5o.1-L0b.0bs .2og.2 , and /V.i.534.2
— Ger.em. 718. i-Park.by 5. i-Fl. dan. 62%-Blackw.q.i-Trag.
, 2io-Matth.ior>2-Ger.^o.i~Ftichs.r)oo)~J.B.i]\.^o)~Lonic.\,

138.2.

Lower-leaves deeply lobed, and jagged, the upper 3-cleft, or
simple. Woodward. Stem nearly 4-cornered. Flowering branches
in opposite pairs. Floral-leaves spear-shaped. Calyx one of the
teeth much smaller and shorter than the rest, but not lopped ;
angles hairy. Blo/s. tube fringed at the top with hairs; mouth with
2 lips, the upper cloven into 2, the lower into 3 nearly equal
segments; purplish. Stamens 4, 2 of them longer. Seeds 4.
The structure of the flower and fruit must inevitably lead the
English botanist to look for it in this clafs, though Linnaeus has
placed it in the clafs Diandria, because the greater number of
species have only 2 stamens.

Vervain. Simpler s Joy. Waste places, stone walls, sides of
great roads. [At the foot of St. Vincent’s rocks all along the
course of the river, very plentiful.] A. Aug. — Sept.

f An infusion of it is deemed a specific in chlorotic cases. Two ounces
of the exprefsed juice may be given for a dose. Cats are so delighted with
this plant, that they can hardly be kept out of the garden wherein it grows.
Mr. Miller says, that cats will not meddle with it if it is raised from seeds;
and, in support of this opinion, quotes an old saying, “ If you set it, the
cats will eat it, if you sow it, the cats will not know it.” It cannot well
be planted without being more or lefs bruised. St, Sheep eat it. Cows,
horses, goats, and swine refuse it.

DIDYNAM1A. GYMNOSPERMIA, Mentha.

52*

MENTHA. Blofs, nearly equal ; 4-cleft ; the broader
segments notched at the end: stam. upright, distant.

Obs. The species and varieties of Mint are not sufficiently
ascertained. The proportionate length of the stamens and the
blofsom seems a variable circumstance, and if so, should not
form a part of the specific character.

(1) Flowers in spikes. [M. piperita.]

M. Spikes oblong : leaves oblong, serrated, cottony, sitting : sylves'trls,
stamens longer than the blofsom. Linn. Sometimes
not longer . Huds.

Kniph . 9 -Riv. mon.51.1-FI.dan. efi/p-GIus. ii. 32.1 -Dod.gG—Lob.
obs.275.1 and icA.50g.2-Ger.em.68 ^.5-Park. 55. 6-H.0x.x1.6r
6-Pet. 51.1 i-Fuchs.2g2-J. B. iii.22 i-Trag. 20. \-Matth. 7 14.

Leaves whitish, woolly and cottony underneath. Linn.

Horse Mint. Marshy and watery places. Burwelbeck, Lin-
colnshire ; behind the aim-houses- Great Yeldham, Elsex. Lewis-
ham, Kent, between Ripley and Guildford. [Bungay, Suffolk,
frequent. Wood w. Thorn, Yorkshire. Mr. Robson.] P. Aug.

M. Spikes oblong : leaves spear-shaped, naked, serrated, vir'idisf
sitting : stamens longer than the blofsom.

Woodv. 2 7 o- Cam . epit. 47 7 -Ge r . 5 5 2 . 2 - Dod. 9 5 . 4-L0 b. 0 bs . 2 7 1 . 4 ,
andic. i. 508.1— G<?r. em. 680. 4 -Park. 51-Dcd.g5.5-L0b.0bs.

2-71.3, and icA.507 .2-Ger. em. 680.5-Pet. 51 .7 -Fuchs. 2 go- J.

B. iii.2 20-Trag. 20. 2-Lenic.i.i 13.2 -Matth.j 12.

Very nearly allied to M. sylvestris , but smaller and smoother.

Blofs. purplish red. Linn. Leaves strap-spearshaped. Spikes of
floXvers much longer than broad.

Spear-mint. Watery places and banks of rivers. Near Ex-
rnouth, Devonshire, and on the banks of the Thames. Huds.

P. July, Aug.

Var. 2. many-spiked. Spikes numerous ; leaves spear-shaped.

Differs from the preceding in the following particulars. Stem
red, taller, thicker, and stronger, and divided at the top into more
flowering branches. Leaves blacker, shorter, and not so taper-
pointed, appearing blunter, more wrinkled, teeth not so fine.

Flowers smaller and paler. Scent stronger, and not so agreeable.

Ray.

M. villosa. Huds. On the river side at Booking, Efsex, and
on the Medway near Maidstone. Ray.J-

f The flavour of this species being more agreeable than that of the others,
It is generally preferred for culinary and medicinal purposes. A conserve

of

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha

rokmdifohia, M. Spikes oblong: leaves roundish, scolloped, sitting.

Riv.mon.51 .2-Ger. 555.1-Pet. 31. 1 2-J.B. ill. 21 9.2.

Leaves rather serrated than scolloped. Whole plant woolly.
Flowers pale red.

Round-leaved Mint. Watery places. River side Lydbrook,
near Rofs, Herefordshire, near Faulkburn Hall, Efsex, and near
Hally, Kent. Hornsey and Harefield church yards. Blackst.
[Near Saltburn, Yorkshire, by the sea, in a dry sandy place.

. Mr. Robson.] P, Aug.

(2) Flowers in Heads*

hirsu'ta. M. Leaves egg-shaped, serrated, nearly sitting, downy :

stamens longer than the blofsom.

Ger.555.2~J.B.m.2 2^r~Blackw.52 .

Differs from M. aquatica in the leaves having shorter leaf-stalks,
agrees in general habit and the stamens being longer than the
blofs. Calyx fringed. Pistil longer than the blofsom. Blofs.
with 4 deep clefts nearly regular. Linn. Leaves smaller and
more pointed than M. aquatica. Blofs. purplish white. Ray.

Sides of rivers and wet places. P. Aug.

Var. 2. Heads and leaves smaller, rounder, and blunter.
Flowers smaller, not so much branched. Ray.

Rayio. 1. at p, 231.

Round-headed Mint. On the road side from Pevensoy to East
Borne. Ray. [Cornwall. Mr. Watt. Near the mill at Lilies-
hall, Shropshire.]

of the leaves is very grateful, and the distilled waters, both simple and
spirituous, are universally thought pleasant. The leaves are used in spring
sallads ; and the juice of them, boiled up with sugar, is formed into tablets.
The distilled waters, and the efsential oil, are often given to stop retchings,
and frequently with succefs. From the circumstances noticed under M. ar~
•vensis, it has been imagined, that cataplasms and fomentations of Mint,
would difsolve coagulations of milk in the breasts ; but Dr. Lewis says,
that the curd of milk, digested in a strong infusion of Mint, could not be
perceived to be any otherwise affected than by common water ; however,
milk in which Mint leaves were set to macerate did not coagulate near so
soon as an equal quantity of the same milk kept by itself. Dr. Lewis says,
that dry Mint, digested in rectified spirits of wine, gives out a tincture,
which appears, by day-light, of a fine dark green, but, by candle-light, of a
bright red colour. The fact is, that a small quantity of this tincture is green,
either by day-light or by candle-light, but a large quantity of it seems imper-
vious to common day-light ; however, when held betAveen the eye and a
candle, or between the eye and the sun, it appears red ; so that if put into
a flat bottle it appears either green, or red as it is viewed through the flat
side or through the edge of the bottle.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 523

M. Leaves egg-shaped, serrated, on leaf-stalks : stamens aquat'ica.
longer than the blofsom.

Knipk. 1 1— Riv. 1 M.pal. spic-H.ox .xi.7 .6-Fuchs.y 2 2 ~J.B .
iii. 223-Matth. /±86-Dod. gj-Lob.obs. 272.2, and ic . i. 509.1-
Ger.em. 684.1 -Park. 1 2^-Pet.^i ,6-Lonic. i.i 14. 1 -(FI. dan.

6 73, /r totally unlike it.)

The length of the stamens variable. Hudson. Stem reddish
towards the top, and set with a few bristly hairs pointing down-
wards. Leaves egg-spearshaped, a little hairy on both sides,
sometimes woolly. Branches generally shorter than the leaves.

Calyx coloured, ribbed, hairy without, scored within; teeth not
quite equal, glands semi-transparent. Blofs. hairy without.

Stamens half as long again as the blofsom, nearly equal. Blofs ,
pale red.

Water Mint. Watery places and banks of rivers. [Sides of
the river at Tamworth, the stamens in some specimens longer, in
others shorter than the blofsom.] P. Aug.

1

M. Leaves egg-shaped, on leaf-stalks : stamens shorter piperi'ta,
than the blofsom.

Pet. 31. 9 -Ray 10. 2. has stamens much longer than the blofsom ,
though referred to by Linn.

Flowers sometimes in whirls. Huds. Leaves broader than
the common sort of Pepper Mint . But this sort is perhaps rather
to be arranged along with the Water Mints. Dill, in R. syn. Stein
upright. Blofsoms purplish red. Under each whirl there are 2
pointed, spear-shaped, hairy f oral-leaves,

Var. 2. Flowers in spikes. St.

W oodu. 1 6 g -Knigge difs.-Blackw.2g 1.2, and i-Pet.§i . 1 o.

Spikes terminating the stem and upper branches, consiting of
from 9 to 12 whirls. Whirls , the lower on fruit-stalks at a dis-
tance from each other. In external appearance corresponding
with M. viridis , for which it may easily be mistaken, but in M.
vindis the stem is taller, .the leaves with scarcely any leaf-stalks,
narrower in proportion to their length, spikes longer, composed
of more whirls. Knigge. This is the Pepper Mint of our gar-
dens. It belongs to the division of the spicaiac, has the nearest
affinity to the M. viridis , and appears to me to be a species distinct
from the M. piperita of Linnseus. St.

Both this and the preceding, viz. the Linmean M. piperita
pofsefs the same kind of odour and flavour, but in this the flavour
is lefs heavy and more pungent. It is probable they will prove
to be distinct species, and even when out of flower they may be
distinguished, for in 1, the leaves are egg, or egg-spearshaped,

/

f

Pi DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha.

and somewhat hairy on both sides, so as to give a roughnefs to the
touch. In 2, the leaves are spear-shaped, and quite smopth on
the upper surface. This plant sends out suckers very freely.

Pepper Mint . Watery places and sides of rivulets. In Hurt-
fQrdshire and Efsex, and between Newington and Hornsev.
[Near the river Tamworth.] . , P. Aug. Sept.f

T t \

(3) Flowers in whirls .

gcn'ulis. M* Leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrated: stamens shorter

than the blofsom.

Kniph . 1 1 —FI, dan . 736 - Fuchs . 2 9 1 -J. B . iii . 2 1 7 • 1 .

Very much resembling M. arvensis , but not so hairy, the stems
red, and the stamens not longer than the tube of the blofsom.
Whirls of flowers lateral. Blofs . lower segment pQinted. Calyx _
sprinkled with resinous dots, Linn. Stems red, smooth. Leaves
bare or slightly hairy. Huns. Stems with more or lefs of a red-
dish tinge towards the top. Leaf-stalks flat, short. Whirls com-
posed of 2 lateral umbels on very short fruit-stalks Floral-leaves
4. or 5 under each whirl, 2 spear-shaped, the rest smaller and
strap-shaped. Calyx slightly ribbed, coloured, sprinkled with
shining dots. Blofsom with white hairs on the outside, and within
the tube. Stamens all of the same length, shorter than the blols.
Style half as long again as the blofsom, falling off. Germens 4,
on a yellowish green fleshy receptacle. Blofs. pale red.

Mentha rubra a. Huns. Red Mint. Watery places and sides
of rivulets, P. July, Aug,

an'eiPsis, M. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrated: stamens as long as

blofsom, s.

jfniph. 1 1 -Fl.datt. 5 1 2-Fuchs.q.o)p-Frag .16. 2-J.B. 111.2 ij .2-Lob ,
obs. zyo. 1 wmdic.i. 505. 2-Ger.em.6‘o4:.2-Park.Q)y. 5-Pet. 31.5-
Mat th.y 1 8- T rag . 2 4-//. ox.x \.y .row 2. 5./. 2.

Stems spreading. Whirls lateral. Whole plant hairy. Stamens
equal in length to the border of the blofsom. Blofs-. lower seg-
ment blunt. Calyx hoary. Linn. Stamens often lie within the
tube, so that were it not for the blunt middle segment of the blos-
som, it might be supposed to be M.gentihs. Pollich. Whole.

f The stem and leaves are beset with numbers of very minute glands,
containing the efsentiai oil, which rises plentifully in distillation. Pepper
Mint water is well known as a carminative and anti-spasmodic. The efsence
of Pepper Mint is an elegant medicine* and pofsefses the most active pro-
perties of the plant.

IjIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha.

r>lant covered with soft white hmis, of a palci giccn than M^.gen~-
nil's. Sum not tinged with red; hairs pointing downwards. Leaves
towards the top egg-spearshaped, towards the bottom roundish.

Whirls composed of 2 opposite umbels, sitting. Calyx pale green,
beset with soft white hairs, interspersed with very minute semi-
transparent glands. Blofsoms hairy within and witnout. 6 1 cun n is
in some plants longer than the blofsonn

Corn Mint . Watery places and moist corn fields. PJuly-Se.pt.

Var. 2. sativa. Stamens longer than the blofsoim M. sativa.

Linn*. In this variety the leaves are, sometimes smooth,

FI. dan. j 9 jj.-Riv.mon. 4.8 . 1 .M.vert.-H.ox.xi.j .row 1 .

Marsh Mint. Marshy places, sides of rivulets, and gardens.

P. July, August. 'f*

Var. 3. Leaves smaller and smoother. Ray syn. 232.2. M.ru-
bra @ Huds. Side of the new river the upper end of Stoke New-
ington. Hop ground at Locking. Ray.

* •* , , - 4 - *•

M. Leaves egg-shaped, blunt, somewhat scolloped: stems Pule'gimm
roundish, creeping : stamens longer than the blofs.

Ludw.195-Blackzu.302-Riv.23. 1 , Pulegium- Woo civ . 1 7*1 —Fuchs,

1 98-J-B.in.256.2-Trag.23-Matth.jo4~D0d.282-L0b.0bs.266.
and ic.i. 500. i-Ger.em.6ji.i~Pet. 32. 2-Park. 29-Lonic. i.i 14.

3-H.ox.xi.j .row 2 »i 6

Stems with 4 blunt corners, hairy, branched. Leaves thick,
slightly toothed, underneath set with deep semi-transparent dots.

Blofs. twice as long as the calyx, hairy without. Stamens equal.

Pistils as long as the stamens. Blofs. pale pufple. ,

Pennyroyal Mini. Moist heaths and pastures. [Side of a pool
at Robert’s End, near Hanley Castle, Worcestersh. Air. Ball ard.

Side of a pool at Erdington, Warwicksh.] P.Aug, — Sept.f

#

GLECOMA; Cal. 5-cleft: anthers in pairs, each pair
forming a cross.

f It prevents the coagulation of milk; and when cows have eaten it, as
they will do largely at the end of summer, when the pastures are bare, and
hunger d»strefses them, their milk can hardly be made to yield cheese; a
circumstance which sometimes puzzles the dairy maids. Horses and goats
eat it ; sheep are not fond of it •, cows and swine refuse it.

X The exprefsed juice, with a little sugar, is not a bad medicine in the
hooping ebugh. A simple, and a spirituous water, distilled from the dried
leaves, are kept in the shops. They are prescribed in hysterical affections,
and are not without considerable anti spasmodic properties. An infusion of
the phnt may be used With the same intention. Mi sea fpier.s ; Camda •umdii.
Phalana Chryv.tis live upon the different specif '.

t

526

Hedera'cea.

album.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Glecoma.

G. Leaves kidney-shaped, scolloped.

hudvo. 62— Vaill. 6.^ and 6-Curt.t^-Woodv.2S-Fl.dan.y2>g-R!v.
mon.6y.2j H. minor— Lonic .\. 20 ^.2-Matth.626— D0d.3g4.-L0b.
obs. 336.2. and ic.\.6ig.2~Ger.em.^)^6.\-Park.6yy.b-lValc.-
J..B.'u.Q33.2-Ger.yo^-Fuchs.8y6-Blackw.2 23~Trag.ygg.

The stamens, are sometimes imperfect, consisting of filaments
only half the usual length, and terminated by a reddish blunt
point ; sometimes they are furnished with anthers, pale brown,
containing no pollen, and scarcely broader than the filaments. St.
Roots sending out trailing suckers. Leaves heart-kidnev or heart-
shaped, beset underneath with hollow dots, in which are glands
secreting an efsential oil, and above with little eminences, but
which do not secrete any odoriferous oil, for this surface being
rubbed gives out no peculiar scent, whereas the under surface
affords a pleasant reviving odour. Blofs.b lue; sometimes, though
rarely, flesh-colour.

Var.2. More upright and more hairy.

Riv.mon.6y.ij Hedera terrestris-Vaii/.6.^-Clus.ll.g^.2-Ger.em,
yo±.6-Park.6yy .a.

[Near Worcester. St.]

Gill. Ground Ivy. Cats-foot. Ale-hoof. Tun-hoof. Robin run in the
hedge. Groves, hedges, and shady places. P. April, May.-f*

LA'MIUM. Blofs. upper lip entire, vaulted ; lower
lip inversely heart-shaped : mouth with a bris-
tle-shaped tooth on each side.

L. Leaves heart-shaped, tapering to a point, serrated, on
leaf-stalks : flowers about 20 in a whirl.

Ludiv. 1 6 2— Curt. 1 1 g-Kniph.g-Riv ,mon&%.i-*Fl .dan^g/^-Blackvo .
33~?L alc.-Trag .8 .i-Ger. 566-Mat th. 1 129 -Dod. 1 53. 1 -Lob.
280. 2. and ic. i. 520. 2-Ger.em.y 02.1-Park. 60 5. 3.

•f The leaves thrown into the vat with ale, clarify it and give it a flavour.
Ale thus prepared is often drank as an anti-scorbutic. The exprefsed juice,
mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and evening, destroys the
white specks upon horses eyes. The plants that grow near it do not flourish.
— It is said to be hurtful to horses if they eat much of it. Sheep eat it ; horses
are not fond of it ; cows, goats, and swine refuse it. Little protuberances,
composed of many cells, are sometimes found upon the leaves, and are occa-
sioned by insects. The Pkalana Ubatrix and the Cymfi Gleccm/s live upon it.
Linn.

1

527

DID YN AMI A. GYMNOSPERMIA. Lamium.

Flowers white, sometimes, though rarely, with a pinky tinge ;
12 to 20 in a whirl. Anthers hairy, black.

White Archangel. White Dead Nettle. On rubbish, cornfields,
and ditch banks. P.May, June.

L. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt, on leaf-stalks.

Curt.—Sheldr. 6 g-Fl. dan . 5 2 ^-Blackw. 182.1 -Kniph.% -Riv.mon .
62.2, Galeopsis minor— Ger. 56S.4-Walc.-D0d. 1 5‘5.2-Lob.obs.
280.1 .and ic.\.i20.i-Ger.em.r]OQt.o>-Park.h)Or>.i.and 587.1 1

-H.ox.x i.i 1 .g.

Flowers 6 in the bosom of each leaf, in a double row. Calyx
awned, fringed. Lyons. Leaves serrated, downy, but not rough;
the ends often with a purplish tinge, and mostly pointing down-
wards. BloJ's. lower border of the mouth whitish, with purple
streaks, the rest pale red; sometimes nearly white.

Red Dead Nettle, or Archangel. Dee Nettle. Rubbish, cornfields,
and kitchen gardens. A. April — Sept.

1

L. Leaves deeply and irregularly cut, stem-leaves extend-
ing down the leaf-stalks.

■fitf-33-3 --PM.41.3.

Decrees deeply cut, so as almost to be lobed, tapering down into
leaf-stalks. Mr. Woodward. Mr. Woodward suspecting this
might be distinct from the L. purpureum , wished it to be cultivated
in order to ascertain that point. Mr. Robson, with this view,
Introduced it into his garden, where it has shed its seed, and pro-
pagated itself 3 or 4 times, and all the plants have been of the
same kind. It flowers and ripens its seeds, and these seeds pro-
duce others twice in the summer. He further observes, that both
sorts are common about Darlington, often growing together, we
may therefore conclude that the difference is not owing to soil and
situation. Lamium ruhrum minus foliis profunde incisis. Ray syn.
240. L. purpureum @ Huds. and Bot. Arr. ed. ii.

Kitchen gardens and fallow fields, not unfrequent. On a bank
between Pimlico and Chelfea. Curt. A. April — Sept. -f*

1

L. Floral-leaves sitting, embracing the stem, blunt.

Curt.iocj-Kniph.i 1 -Riv.mon. 6 <5.1 and 2-Fl.dan.y 52-Lob.ic.i.
463. 2-Ger. em.616. 4-Park. 762. 2-Pet. 33. 4-H.0x.xi. 11.12-
Cer. 493.4.

f The young leaves both of this and the preceding species may be eaten
with other pot-herbs. Goats, sheep, and horses eat it ; cows refuse it.

purpu'reum.

difsec'tum.

amplexicau'lc

DID YN AMI A. GYMNOSPERMIA. Galcopsis,

Flowers of 2 kinds, the first expanding in February and March,
only a little longer than the calyx, the latter opening in May and
June, 4 times as long as the calyx, all containing stamens and pis-
tils. Curt. Lower -leaves, on leaf-stalks, heart-shaped, blunt, deeply
and bluntly serrated, the upper in opposite pairs, heart-shaped broad,
sitting, inclosing but not embracing the stem, with 5 lobes; lobes
scolloped, the middle one as broad again, and with 3 clefts at the
end, the lateral ones small. Blofs. purple. Mr. Woodward.

Great Heribit. Henbit Archangel. Poll! chi a ample xicaulis. Gmelin.
Sandy cornfields, and cultivated ground. A.Feb. — June.

GALEO'PSIS. Blofs. upper lip vaulted, somewhat
scolloped; lower lip 3-cleft: mouth with a con-
cave taper-pointed tooth on each side.

G. All the whirls remote: calyxes hell-shaped, pubescent;
teeth longer, strap-bristleshaped, diverging.

Ralph. 1 2 -Piv.mon. 24.1 -Pet. 33 . 1 1 .

Stem, knots scarce sensibly swoln. Cal. teeth hardly to be
called thorny or pungent. Blofs. helmet keeled. Linn. Stem up-
right, 4-cornered, somewhat hairy, with spreading branches.
Leaves opposite, on leaf-stalks, sometimes spear-shaped, serrated,
and sometimes very entire; taper-pointed, naked, or somewhat
hairy, with 3 or 4 serratures on each edge. Flowers red, slightly
woolly. Blofs. helmet toothed; lips scolloped, the middlemost seg-
ment red and white. Cal. teeth taper-pointed, or thorny. Huds.

Corn fields in a calcareous soil, frequent. A. June — Aug.

Var. 2. Calyx woolly.

Stems branched, thickest upwards, Leaves entire, or distantly
toothed, mostly pointing downwards. Cal. very hairy at the edges,
and on the outside ; teeth terminated by awns as long as the teeth.
Blofsoms reddish purple ; upper Up oval, hairy without; lower lip
bent back, irregularly scolloped, with 2 oval yellow spots; teeth
not observable. I suspect this will prove a different species, at
least it differs from the preceding in three very striking circum-
stances, viz. the stem thickening upwards, the great wooilinefs
of the calyx, and the blofsoms being larger though shorter.

In a cornfield 2 miles west of Stratford upon Avon, near a
limestone quarry. A. Sept,

G. All the .whirls remote: calyxes tubular, very hairy;
teeth spear-shaped, taper*-pointed, short, straight.

Dicks, h.s, -Rlv . . 2 4. 2 - 3 3 . 1 o .

Stem upright, 4 cornered, of equal thicknefs between each
joint; branching, woolly. Leaves serrated, woolly, or silky, on

I) ID YN AMI A. GYMNOSPERMIA, Galeopsis. $2<

leaf-stalks, opposite ; those near the root egg-shaped, those of the
stern spear-shaped, taper-pointed, with straight veins. Cal. teeth
thorny. Blofs. yellow, woolly ; helmet toothed ; lips scolloped.

In habit it agrees with the G. Ladanum , but differs in the breadth,
serratures, veins and soft hairs of the leaves, and in the colour of
the blofsoms. Huds. The hairs on ti e calyxes in this species are
straight and glandular, but in the preceding white, and curled
like wool or cotton.

G. villosa. Huds. Sandy corn fields, Yorkshire and Lanca-
shire. Near Newark, and about Bangor. A. July, Aug.

G. Upper whirls nearly contiguous : calyx bellying, teeth Te'trahit.
very long, bristle-shaped, equal : stem swollen below
the joints.

Riv .mon.31 yCannab.spur-E.bot.207-Kniph.%-Dcd. i ^.q-Lob.ic.i.
52'j.2-Ger.e?n.jog.2.a.~Ger.em.jog. i-Ger.57 3-Pet. 33.%.

Knots swoln. Cal. teeth thorny. Blofsom helmet scolloped.

Linn. Blofs. generally purple, sometimes white. Ray. Calyx
teeth terminated by sharp awns as long again as those of G. Lada-
num. Mr. Woodward, Blofs. nearly ^ of an inch long

Var. 2. Blofsoms white, and much larger than those of 1,

Cannabis spuria fiore a! bo magno eleganti. R. syn. 240.

Var. 3. Terminating flower salver-shaped.

Found by Dr. Smith at Matlock in 1788. The terminating
flowers were always regularly 4-cleft, and salver-shaped, with 4
equal stamens, while all the rest had their proper form. See E.

Bot. 207.

In all these varieties the leaves are egg-spearshaped, and only
upper parts of the stem and branches are hairy.

Kettle Hetnp Allheal . Hedge banks, borders of Cornfields, and
amongst rubbish. A. July, Aug.

G. Upper whirls nearly contiguous : calyx tubular, shorter canna'bina,
teeth strap-shaped, unequal, 3 of them larger.

Riv.mon.32 , Cannab.spur.fi. maj .-Fl.dan.g2g-Ba.rr .ic .1 1 58 -Lob.
tc d\. 527. 3~Ger.em.']og.2.b-Park.r>gg.i-Pluh.QLi .4.

The specific character will hardly distinguish this from the
G. Tetrahit , but an attention to the following circumstances will
do it. Stem and branches very hairy in every part. Leaves paler
green and more hairy underneath. Calyxes purplish red. Blofs.
about 1 inch long, pale yellow; lower lip deeper yellow, its mid-
dle segment purple. The seeds produced similar plants year after
year, and the beauty of its blofsoms might challenge a place in
the flower garden. G. Tetrahit , y FI. Lapp, and Suec. £ Huds.

Ray. Syn. 241. g.

Vol.III.— 2M

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Galcobdolon.

It varies in having the leaves broad and egg-spearshaped, or
narrower and spear-shaped.

[Hedges at Kirkby in Furnefs, and in fallow ground near
Hutton Roof, Westmoreland. Mr. Atkinson. Moist cornfields
in a gravelly soil, and under a moist hedge at Birches green near
Birmingham.] A. July, Aug.

GALEOB'DOLON. BIoJs . upper lip entire, vaulted;
lower lip without teeth, 3-cleft; segments broad,
pointed: anthers fleshy on the back.

lu'teum. G. (H UDS.)

Curt. 223; Galcobdolon Galeopsis-Walc .~F)od. 1 53.3— L0&/VJ.52 1 . 1
-Ger.em. 702. 2-Park.606-H.ox.x1. 1 1. 5- Pet. 3 3. 6-fy‘v. mon.
2 o . 2 , La m .fl. lut . -Kniph . 3 ~Gc r . 5 6 7 . 2 - J. B . i i i . 3 2 3 . 1 .

Lower leaves heart-shaped; the upper egg-shaped, pointed.
Flowers in whirls, sitting, 6 to 12 in a whirl. Whirls with an In-
volucrum. Blofs. yellow; middle segment of the lower lip tawny,
marked with 3 lines. Huds. — Floral-leaves bristle-shaped, 1 at the
base of each flower. Blofs. lower lip beautifully striped and spotted
with deep orange. Mr. Woodward. Stems ^-cornered, furrowed.
Leaves spear-shaped, on leaf-stalks, unequally serrated, hairy,
especially at the edges. Whirls the uppermost with 6 flowers,
the rest with from 7 to 10. Involucr. leaves growing to the base
of the calyxes. Anthers fleshy or glandular on the back part. Seeds
oblong, convex on the outer side, 3-corneredon the inner. Gale-
opsis Galcobdolon. Linn. Follichia Galcobdolon. Gmelin, who includes
under his genus Pollichia the Lamium amplexicaule, but that has
teeth on the side of the blofsom, and the name Pollichia had be-
fore been given to another plant. See Hort. Kew. and Schreber.

Yellow Archangel. Yellow Dead Nettle, or Weasel snout. Woods,
shady places, and moist hedges. [ Bath Hills, near Bungay, Suf-
folk; and woods, Norfolk. Mr. Woodw. — Hedges near Mal-
vern Cliace. Mr. Ballard. — Woods near Worcester. St. — -
Staffordshire and Warwickshire, frequent. ] P. May.

BETQ'NICA. Calyx awned: blofs. upper lip upright,
flat; tube cylindrical.

ofTicina'iis. B. Spike interrupted: blofsom upper lip entire, lower lip

the middle segment notched: calyxes smoothhh.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Stachys.

531

Ludw.2-Curt. i pq-Kniph. §,andi i -Ri v.mon.2 8 , Betonica.-Woodv.

2qq-Walc. g-Ger. 57 7 . 1 -Blacks. q6-She!dr.36-Fl. dan. 726-
Lon/cA.i^S.i-Tourn.gG-C/us.ii.^g.i-^Dod.^o.i-LoF obs.2 86.

4 , and ic. i . 53 2 .2 —Ger.em. 7 1 4-Ptf .(314.1 —H. ox. xi . 5 . row 1 . 1 .
f.i-Pet. 32. 6-Fuchs. 3 5 1 -Trap . 1 g3- J.B. 30 1 ~Mtf/'/£.g44~Gf?r.

577*2* v

square, hairy. Root-leaves oblong-heartshaped, scolr
loped, hairy, on long leaf-stalks. Stem-leaves distant, spear-
shaped, serrated. Mr. Woodward. Stem-leaves more strap
than spear-shaped. Hairs on the stem laid fiat and pointing
downwards. Blofs. purple.

Var. 2. White-flowered.

Wood Be tony. Woods and shady groves. [Plentiful about
Manchester, both in shady and exposed places. Mr. Caley.

Meadows in St. Faith’s, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Ripton,
Huntingdonshire. Pastures, Herts. Mr. Woodward.]

P. July, Atig.f

STA'CHYS. Blofs. upper lip vaulted ; lower lip bent
back at the sides, the larger middle segment
notched : stamens after shedding the pollen bent
to the sides.

S. Six flowers in a whirl : leaves heart-shaped, on leaf- sylvat'ica#
stalks.

Curt. 183-Rlv.mon. 26. 2 , Stachys sylvatica.-Blackw. 84.2 -Clus. ii .

36.1-G^r. em. 704.5- Park. 908.1 -H. ox.xl.ii •10-Pet.32.y-
Trag. p-Lonlc. i. 1 og.3-Blackw.8q.. 1 .

Stem leaves and calyx hairy. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, point-
ed. Blofsoms deep purple, with white spots. Mr. Woodward.

Tube of the blofs. much longer than the calyx.

Var. 2. Leaves angular.

Hedge Nettle Woundwort . Hedges and woods. P. July, Aug.f

Var. 2. Huds. Smaller. Leaves angular.

f This plant was formerly much used in medicine, but it is discarded
from the modern practice ; however, it is not destitute of virtues, for when
fresh it intoxicates, and the dried leaves excite sneezing. It is often smoaked
as tobacco. The root provokes vomiting. Sheep eat it. Goats refuse it.

t It will dye yellow. The whole plant has a foetid smell, and toads are
thought to be fond of living under its shade. Sheep and goats eat it. Horses,
cows, and swine refuse it.

2 M 2

532 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA, Stachys.

palus'tris.

arven'sis.

S. About 6 flowers in a whirl : leaves strap-spearshaped,
half embracing the stem, sitting.

Curt .208- Kniph.y—Riv . mon. 26.1, Staclys palustris.-Sheldr.t^r-*
Ger . 565. 2 -Ger. em.ioo^-Blackw. zy^-Ger. 852-Park. 852-
Pet- 33-9- '

Whirls with 6 to 10 flowers. Linn. Stems 4-c©rnered, rough
with hairs pointing downwards. Leaves in opposite pairs, very
soft, unequally serrated, spreading half way round the stem.
Floral-leaves , 2 small ones under each whirl. Calyx purple, beset
with fine hairs terminating in small globules. Blofs. reddish pur-
ple, mottled; tube white; mouth comprelsed ; upper lip, and all
the segments of the lower lip, slightly notched at the end.

Clowns Woundwort , or All-heal . Watery places and banks of
rivers. P. Aug.

S. Six flowers in a whirl : leaves blunt, almost naked :
blofsoms as long as the calyx: stem feeble.

Curt. 246-fy. dan. 587-Bfu. moil. 27. 2, Stachys arv. min.-Pet.

33- I2-

Stem 4-cornered, blunt, with spreading branches ; rough with
hair. Leaves heart-shaped, bluntly serrated, much lefs hairy than
the stem. Leafstalks hairy. Cups sitting, hairy, with 5 equal,
sharp-pointed, shallow clefts. Blofs. whitish, almost smaller than
the cup ; helmet very entire ; lip with 3 cleft, the middle one
the broadest, purplish, dotted, not nicked. Linn. Blofsoms flesh-
coloured. Hall. It neither pofsefses the striking character of
any other genus, nor sufficient marks of distinction to form a
genus by itself. Curt. T ube of the blofsom not longer than the
calyx.

Corn Woundwort. In corn fields, [Thorp Arch, Yorkshire.
Rev. Mr. Pierson. On St. Vincent’s rocks, Bristol.]

A. June— Aug.

german'ica. S. Many flowers in a whirl : serratures of the leaves lap-
ping over each other: stem cottony.

facq. austr. 3 1 g-K?dph.io~Riv. mon.2rj.\y Stachys mont.-Fl.dan.
6 8 ^-Bar r . ic . 2 g y—Fuch s . 7 6 6 ~ B . i i i . 3 2 o -Frag . g . 1 -Lome, i .
1 10. i-ii. 30. q.-Ger. 563. 2-Matth.8yp-Dod. go. 3-Lob. obs.28 5,
4, and ic A. 530. 2-Ger.em.6g5. 2-Park. 4.8. 2-H.ox.xi.io.i.

Whole plant white with a thick silky down. Lower-leaves
heart-spearshaped; the upper spear-shaped, thick, wrinkled,
sharply serrated. Blofs. lip covered with down. Mr. Woodw.
Leaves very thick, soft and cloth-like. Blofs. purplish red.

DIDYNAMIA. GY MNOSPER MIA. Ballota. 533

Base Horehound. German Woundwort . Hedges about Witney
Park, Oxfordshire, plentifully, and 4 miles S. of Grantham, near
the London road, opposite Easton. [Frequent in Oxfordshire.

Mr Nf.wberry. — Between Blenheim and Ditchly. Woodw.]

P. July.

i * t

BALLOTA. Calyx salver-shaped, with 5 teeth and.

10 scores: blojs. upper lip concave, scolloped.

1 * ■

B. Leaves heart-shaped, undivided, serrated : calyx teeth ni'gra*
tapering to a point.

Kniph. 6 -Blackw. 1 3 6-E. bot.qS-Fuchs. 1 54 —J. B. iii. 3 1 3. 1— Riv.
mon . 65.1, Marrubiastr.— Matth.825-Clus.il. ^^.i-Dod. go. \ —

Lob.cbs. 279.1, and ic . i.5i8.2-G<?r. ^.701.1-^^.1230.3--
H.ox.xi.g.i^-Pet.^2.^.

Lower leaves heart-shaped, upper ones egg-shaped. Floral
leaves brittle-shaped, hairy. Whirls extending half way round
the stem. Calyx hairy, rim 5-cornered ; teeth ending in sharp
bristle-shaped points. B/ofs. tube containing honey, closed above
by 5 hairy tufts ; upper lip hairy, not very entire, purple, vari-
egated with white lines. The cups attaining their full size long
before the blofsoms expand, the latter appear as if already fallen
off, though, on examination, they will be found at the bottom
of the cup. y

Stinking Horehound , or Henbit. On rubbish and in hedges,
common. P. July, Aug.J-

Var. 2. Blofsoms white, with a tinge of red. Not the B. alba
of Linn, as Mr. Hudson supposed.

[Near Hammersmith, on the roadside. Woodward. Nor-
wich. Mr. Crowe, and Stafford, St.]

MARRU'BIUM. Calyx salver-shaped, rigid, with
10 scores: blojs. upper lip cloven, strap-shaped,
straight.

M. Teeth of the calyx bristle-shaped, hooked. vulga're.

Fl.dan. 10^— Ludw. 1 ^5~Riv.?non.6(). 1 , Marrubiutn alb.— Blackw.

479~G<?r.56 1 . 1 -Fuchs. 590- J. B. iii. 3 1 6-Matth.828-Lonic. i.

f It stands recommended in hysterical cases. The Swedes reckon it al-
most a universal remedy in the diseases of their cattle. Horsesj cows,
sheep, and goats refuse it.

534

*

Cardi'aca,

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Leonurus.

i io. 2~Trag.8.2-Clus.u.3q:.i-Dod.8’j.i-Lob.cfa.2j%.3, and ic .
1.517.2-G^r. em.6g^.i-Park. 44-Pet. ^2. ^-H.ox.xi.g.row 3.1 ,

Whole plant white with down. Lower-leaves roundish, wrinkled,
with thick veins beneath ; upper-leaves^ omewhat egg-fhaped. Air.
Woodward. Leaves wrinkled, hoary. Calyx woolly, fringed
on the inside at the bottom of the teeth with woolly hairs, Blofs,
comprefsed, bowed ; upper lip spear-shaped; lower lip, middle
segment slightly scolloped, lateral segments spear-shaped; short.
Anthers with a black substance in the middle. Blofs, white.

White Horehound. Road sides and amongst rubbish.

P. July- — Sept.J*

LEONU'RUS. Anthers sprinkled with shining par-
ticles.

L. Stem-leaves spear-shaped, 3-lobed.

Kniph. 4-Ludw. 5-Ff dan. 727-Riv. mon.20.1 , Cardiaca.-Blackw .
iyi-E.bot. 286-Dod. 94.-L0b.0bs. 2 78. 1 , and ic. i.51 6.1 -Ger,
em. yo^-Park,42.y-Ger.^6g-Fuchs.^9^-Lonic.i.i 10.3 -H.ox,
xi.9.1 8.

Flowers in whirls, purplish within, white on the outside.
Anthers brown, partly covered on the outer side with white opaque
globules which look like enamel, but are not of a bony hardnefs.

Common Motherwort. Hedges, and on rubbish and dunghills.
[Ditchingham, Norfolk, in a hedge, and on an adjoining bank,
in a gravelly soil. Mr. Woodward.] B. Linn, and Huds. P.
Relh. June— Aug.|

%

%

CLINOPO'DIUM. Stamens crooked; anthers ap-
proaching : involucr . bristle-shaped, beneath the
whirls.

f It is very bitter to the taste, and not altogether unpleasant to the smell.
It was a favourite medicine with the ancients in obstructions of the viscera.
In large doses it loosens the belly. It is a principal ingredient in the Negro
Caesar’s remedy for vegetable poisons. A young man, who had occasion to
take mercurial medicines, was thrown into a salivation, which continued for
more than a year. Every method that was tried to remove it, rather in-
creased the complaint. At length Linnaeus prescribed an infusion of this
plant, and the patient got well in a shprt time. Horses, cows, sheep, ahd
goats refuse it.

f The leaves have a strong, but not an agreeable smell, and a bitter taste.
Goats, sheep, and horses eat it, Cows are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

/

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Origanum,

C. Heads roundish, hispid : floral-leaves bristle-shaped. vulga're.

FI. dan.Qso-Knipb.n-Clus. i. 354.2-1^.3^.269. 2-/V.i. 504.2- ,

Ger. em. 675. 2 -Park .22. 4 -H.ox. xi . 8 .row 1 . 1 - Pet. 3 2 . g~Rlv .
mon. 43. 1 , Clinopodium- Trag . 36.2 -Lonic. i. 1 1 8. \-Matth.Z 1 4

-Lo»/V.ii.2i.i.

Leaves heart-eggshaped, scolloped, on leaf-stalks. Blofs. tube
long; upper //p nicked, the lower scolloped. Relh. Whole plant
hairy. Heads exceedingly hairy. Calyx with 13 scores. Mr,

Hollef. Stems square, hairy, reddish. 1 Leaves egg-shaped,
serrated, sometimes nearly entire, on short leaf-stalks. Flowers
many on one branched fruit-stalk. Blofs . bright purplish red.
Woodward.

Round-headed Basihveed . Wild Basil. Meadows, hedges, and
dry pastures, especially in a calcareous soil. [Plentiful about
Clapham in Yorkshire. Mr. Caley.] P. July

ORIG'ANUM. Flowers forming a 4-sided spike-like
cone.

O. Spikes roundish, panicled, clustered : floral-leaves egg- vulga're.
shaped, longer than the calyx.

Knlph. 4 -Ludw . go -Curt. 33 %—Woodv. 164 -Riv. mon. 60. 1,

Origanum. -Ger. 541.4-jlftftf hyoi-Dod.2^^.2~Loh.ol’s.26^.i f
and ic. i. 4g2.2-G<?r. em.666.^-Park,i2^-H.ox.x\.^.i 2-Pet.
Q)4..%-Black'w.28o-Fuchs.552-J.B. iii . 2 %6-Trag. 36 . i - Lonic .
i.i 1B.2-Fl.dan.628.

Stem a little woolly, often coloured. Leaves egg-heartshaped,
very slightly serrated, opposite, dotted, more or lefs hairy. Floral-
leaves spear-shaped, coloured. Calyx nearly equal; mouth closed
with bristly hairs, which at first lie parallel to the sides, but when
the blofsom falls off they stand out closing up to the mouth ;
without beset with short fine hairs, and minute white shining
globules. Blofs. pale red, hairy ; the middle segment rather lon-
ger than the rest. Stamens as long, or longer than the blofsom,
but in some specimens they are shorter, and then the anthers ap-
pear to be destitute of pollen.

Var. 2. Leaves egg-spearshaped.

Loh.ohs. 26^.. 2-lc.\.^/^.2-Ger.em.6(j^.2-Parh.i 2.^-H.ox.xi.^.g.

This is commonly cultivated in our gardens, and has been
supposed to be the O. Onitesof Linnseus.

Winter Marjoram .

■ I

536 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus.

Wilder Yield Marjorum. Thickets and hedges, in a calcareous
soil. [Catton, near Norwich. Mr. Woodward. In a wood near
Cartmel Wells. Mr. Atkinson. Clapham, Yorkshire. Mr.
Caley.] P. July.f

THY'MUS. Calyx 2 -lipped; mouth closed with soft
hairs. ,

serpyldum* T. Flowers in heads: stems creeping: leaves flat, blunt,

fringed at the base.

Kniph. 6-Ludw . 121-Vaill. 32. g, and j-Curt.-Clus. i. 359. i~
D0d.2jj.1-L0b.0bs.23o.2f andicA.423.2-Ger.em.5jo. i -Park.
S. 10-Pet. 31. 1-H.ox.xi.1j. row i.i-Fuchs.25i-J.B.’m.26g-
’Black<iv.4\%~Matth.j2 5~Riv. mon. 42.2 , Serpyll.fi. minor e.-
Ger.455.if and 2-LonicA.i ig.i.

Calyx teeth fringed. Stamens as long as the blofsom. Linn.
filaments those inserted below the upper lip shorter than the tube,
those below the under lip longer than the tube. Mr. Hollefear.
Stems wooddy, nearly cylindrical. Leaves oblong-eggshaped, very
entire, with hollow dots on both surfaces, fringed at the base with
a few fine white hairs. Calyx coloured, with a circle of white
hairs running round the inside at the base of the segments, which,
while the plant is in flower, lye flat to the sides of the calyx, but
when the blofsom falls off expanding close up its mouth. Blofs.
purplish red.

Mother of Thyme. Wild Thyme. Common Thyme. Heaths and
jnountainous places. P. July. Aug.f

f The whole plant is a warm aromatic. The dried leaves, used instead
cf tea, are exceedingly grateful ; the efsential oil of this plant is so acrid,
that it may be considered as a caustic, and is much used with that intention
by farriers. A little cotton wool moistened with it, and put into the hol-
low of an aching tooth, frequently relieves the pain. The country people
use the tops to dye purple. Goats and sheep eat it. Horses are not fond of
it. Cows refuse it,

X The whole plant is fragrant, and yields an efsential oil that is very
heating. An infusion of the leaves removes the head-ach occasioned by the
debauch of the preceding evening. A general opinion prevails, that the
flesh of sheep, that feed upon aromatic plants, particularly upon Thyme,
is much superior in flavour to common mutton ; but Mr. Bowles, the in-
genious author of the account of the Sheep-walks in Spain, (Gent. Mag.
1764,) considers this as a vulgar error. He says, sheep are not fond of aro-
matic plants ; that they will carefully push aside the Thyme to get at the
grafs growing beneath it ; and that they never touch it, unlefs when walk-
ing apace, and then they will catch at any thing. The attachment of bees
to this and other aromatic plants is well known. Sheep and goats eat it.
£v/ine refuse it. The P hales na pafilknaria lives upon it.

I

t

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus.

It is subject to considerable variations, the principal of which
are

Var. 2. white flowered. Huds. Blofsoms white.

Var. 3. largeflowered. Huds. Blofsoms large.

Vaill.32.8-Riv.mon 42.3, Serpylium.-Pet.31 .2.

Serpylli vulgaris secundum genus. R. syn. 2 3 o—S erpyll.vulg .flore
fmpio. Vaill.

Var. 4. broad-leaved . Linn. Larger. Leaves broad.

Ger. 456.3 -Lob. ic. i. 424.1 -Ger.em. 573.7-LM.7. p-Pet.31. 3-
Ger.em. 3 70.3.

Okey Hole, Somersetshire.

Serpyllum vulgare majus. R. syn.23i.

Var. 5. Lemon. Leaves with the scent of lemon peel.

C/us. i. 359. 2-Dod.2’]j.2-Gcr,em.y'ji.'j-Park,8.g.-J.B.2jo.i~
Ger. 4 58. 2-Pet. 31.4.

It is used in sauces.

Var. 6. smooth. Leaves narrow smooth.

Sheidr. 5 2 - Woodv. 1 10.

Boxly Hill, by Kitt’s Coffee-house.

Var. 7. hoary. Differs from 1 in the hairinefs of the leaves. Ray*
Vaill. 32. 6— Riv.mon. ^.2.1 , Serp.mont.hirsut.

Gogmagog Hills, and other barren places.

Var. 8. shrubby. More shrubby. Hairy. Blofsoms pale red. Ray.

Pastures on the summit of y Wydhva, Caernarvonshire, and
on Snowdon.

Var. g. scentlefs. St. Hairy, small, creeping, scentlefs. Pluk.

Serpyll. hirsut. min. rep. inodorum. R. syn. 231.

Ireland.

T. Flower in whirls, 1 upon each fruit-stalk : stems up-
right, somewhat branched: leaves acute, serrated.

Dicks. h.s.— Curt.— Kniph.8-Riv.mon. 43.2 yAcinos-Clus. i. 354. 1—
Dod.28o-Lob.obs.2yo.2andic.\.po6.i-Ger.e?n.6'j ^.i-Park.21.
i~H. cx.xi. 18, row 1. i-Pet. 32. io-Fuchs.8g6-J.B. iii. 239—
Lonic. i.i 1 6.3~Fl.dan.8i q-Trag .3j~Ger. 3^8. 1— Maith.8 1 5.

Stems ascending. Leaves in distant pairs. Mr. Woodward.
Plant hairy. Calyx scored, at the fore part at the base inflated,
about the middle contracted, and then dilating into the lower lip.
Mr. Hollefear. The middle segment of the lower lip of the
blofsom notched at the end. Blofsoms purple.

537

A'cinos.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Melift*.

\

Wild Basil. Basil Thyme. Dry hills, and on chalk and gravel.
[Not unfrequent in Norfolk. Mr. Woodward, and Surry. St.
On the side of Hamilton, Yorkshire. Mr.RoBSoK. Wick Clifts.
Mr. Sway n e. St. Vincent’s rocks.] A. June— Aug.

MELIS'SA. Calyx dry, angular, the upper lip expand-
ing and reflected: blofs. upper lip somewhat
vaulted, cloven; lower lip, the middle segment
heart-shaped.

Nep'eta. M. Fruit-stalks axillary, forked, longer than the leaves :

stem ascending, hairy.

Riv. fnon. 47, Calamentha fol. incano-Gies. 1. 1 y~Curt.~B!ackw.
1 6y~Matth.6 1 j~Dod.g8.2~Lob.ohs.2y 5. 1 , andic.:.^i^.2-Ger .
em. 68 y .^-Park.gy .q,.a.

Fruit-stalks much longer than the leaves ; their branches again
forked, the last generally bearing 3 flowers, the 2 outer of which
have a pair of floral-leaves, the middle one naked. Floral-leaves
very small, 1 pair at each division of the fruit-stalks. Flowers.
very small. Woodward. Leaves in opposite pairs, nearly sit-
ting, egg-shaped. Fruit-stalks , the forks subdivided with 3 to 6
fruit-stalks, each supporting a flower. Calyx coloured, ribbed,
beset on the outside with short hairs and shining glands, smooth
within, but closed at the mouth with long hairs ; the 3 upper teeth
equal, the 2 lower rather longer, equal, and more pointed, ribs
15. Blofs. pale bluish purple; lower lip beset at the base with
white club-shaped bristles; lateral segments egg-shaped, the mid-
dle one kidney-shaped, toothed.

The want of the labiated shape of the calyx, its nearly equal
teeth, and the broad, scolloped middle segment of the lower lip
of the blofsom, cannot fail to direct the learner to the genus
Nepeta, to which it really seems to belong. In a garden the
leaves become six times as large as in its natural soil, but the
flowers are not larger, and the fruit-stalks are shorter than the
leaves.

Field Baton. Sides of roads and cornfields, and hedge banks.
[Norfolk, frequent. Mr. Woodward.] P. Aug.

The Cafsida viridis feeds upon it.

53s

Calaminkha. M. Fruit-sfalks axillary, forked, as long as the leaves*

Kniph.^-Ludw. 3 g-Riv.mon . 46. 2, Calamentha-Dod. 98. 1 —Lob.
cbs.2y^. 2 andicf\.$iy).\-Ger.em.68y.yrPark.o)6~H.ox.T\.2ii
row z.^-Pet.g^.i-Blackw. 166-Mank.y 1 6~Ger.p)^2. 1 .

DID YN AMI A. G YMMOSPERMIA. Melittis.

539

Fruit- stalks generally shorter than the leaves, sometimes as
long as, and near the ends of the branches longer. Woodward.

Leaves in opposite pairs on leaf-stalks. Fruit-stalks 3 -forked, the
lateral arms forked. Calyx with 13 ribs, short hair, and shining
globules; segments fringed, and the mouth closed with long hairs;
teeth pointing upwards after the blofsom falls off, the 3 upper
equal, the 2 lower longer, and more pointed. Blofs. tube beset
within with white club-shaped hairs; upper lip lilac-coloured
within; facer lip pale within, but marked with 3 round dots, and
a few short streaks of a deeper hue. Summit , 1 segment greatly
longer than the other, and hooked.

Calamint. Baum . Sides of roads and cornfields, f Dudley Castle.

Near Tamworth Castle. Banks of the Avon, near Bristol.]

P. June — Aug.

MELITTIS. Calyx wider than the tube of the blos-
som: blofs. upper lip upright, entire; lower lip
3-cleft: anthers , each pair forming-a cross.

M. Melifsophyl’'

lum.

Curt. -Mill. ill. -Jacq.austr.26-Kniph.6-Riv.mon. 2 1 . Meli fsophyllum
-Lob.obs.2rj'j.2.and ic.i,^i^.i-Ger.em.6c)0.^.f.i-Park.q.i.^-
Fuchs.^g^-J.B.iii.2^.2-Trag.i 2-Clus.u. 37. 2-Ger.em.6go.

3./ .2-Cam .hort.op-J.B. ib.\ .

Calyx upright, 3-cleft; the upper segment often marked with
£ small tooth on each side. Blofsom white ; tube twice as long as
the calyx; border with 4 divisions, expanding, consisting of an up-
per lip roundish upright, entire; and a lower lip with 3 clefts, the
middlemost larger, flat, entire, purple. Anthers yellow, shorter
than the blofsom. Linn. Stem somewhat square, scored, hairy.

Calyx hairy below, nearly smooth above, large, veined and tipped
with purple. W oodward. Whole plant hairy. Leaves opposite,
egg-spearshaped, wrinkled, serrated, the teeth terminating in pur-
plish glands. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves, 2 or 3 to-
gether, not expanding altogether. Calyx , border on the upper
side turned outwards like a spout, with a spear-shaped segment on
each side, the lower lip cut off and finely serrated. Blofs. white,
stained with purple, except the middle segment of the lower lip,
which is a full purple edged with white. Anthers of the shorter
stamens lying close to each other in form of a crofs.

Bastard Balm , or Baum- leaf. Hedges and woods in the West
of England. About Totnefs, Devonshire; Haverford-west, Pem-
brokeshire; New Forest, Hants. [Road side between Leskard
and Callington, Cornwall,] P, June.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPE R MIA. Scutellaria.

SCUTELLA'RIA. Calyx, rim nearly entire, closed
after flowering; covered with a lid.
galericula'ta S. Leaves heart-spearshaped, scolloped: flowers axillary.

Curt. 1 55— Kniph.8— Riv.mQn.yy. 1 , Scutellaria— Blacks. 5 1 6— W ale .
-Fl.dan.6^y-H. ox. xi. 20. row 3.6-Lob.obs. 186. %.and ic. i.344.
2 -Dod.93. 2-Ger.em. 47 7 . 1 o-Park. 2 2 1— P^.3 4. 10.

S/m nearly smooth. Leaves nearly smooth, scolloped at the
base, entire upwards. Flowers hairy on the outside. W oodward.
Plant much branched, about £ a yard high. Blofs. blue. Anthers
purple.

Hooded Willowherb. Blue Skullcap. Banks of rivers and edges
of ponds. [Side of the stews at Edgbaston.J P. Aug.f1

mi'uor, S. Leaves heart-eggshaped, nearly entire : flowers axillary.

Dicks. h.s. -Curt. 28y)-Ger.em.^8i.^-Park.220.^-H.ox.x\.20.roz^
3.8-P12/.34.1 i-Ger.^66.2.

Very small and slender. Leaves egg-shaped, with only 1 or 2
scollops at the base. Woodward. Plant from 4 to 8 inches
high, generally unbranched. Leaves sometimes egg-spear^
shaped, a little serrated towards the base, slightly hairy. Calyx
with 2 lips, but very slightly cloven; upper lip with a flat ridge
running acrofs it, which, when the blofsom falis, enlarges, and
prefsing down the upper lip, closes the mouth of the calyx, giving
it the appearance of a helmet ; middle segment rather shorter,
nearly flat; lower lip broad, rather reflected, but neither notched
at the end nor keeled beneath. Blofs. reddish purple, the lower
lip mottled within with deeper coloured spots. Anthers white.
Summit slightly cloven.

Lefser Skullcap. Boggy ground and edges of ponds. [Hamp-
stead heath, where Gerard mentions to have found it. Me.Aikin.
Lewesdon hill. Mr. Baker. In Goldmire near Dalton. Mr.
Atkinson. Seamans Mofs, on the part next to Altringham, Che-
shire. Mr. Caley.] P. July, August.

PRUNEL LA. Filaments forked, one of the divisions
bearing the anthers: summit cloven.

f When the blofsom falls off the cup closes upon the seeds, which, when
ripe, being still smaller than the cup, could not pofsibly open its mouth, or
overcome its elastic force, as the down of the seeds do in the compound dow-
ers, and must consequently remain uselefs without a pofsibility of escaping.
Bat nature, ever full of resources, finds a method to discharge them. The
cup grows dry, and then divides into 2 distinct parts ; so that the seeds, alrea-
dy detached from the receptacle, fall to the ground. Cows, goats, and sheep
eat it; horses and swine refuse it. /

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Bartsia.

P. All the leaves egg-oblong, serrated, on leaf-stalks; up-
per lip of the calyx lopped, 3-toothed.

Curt. 2 2 Q—Ludzv. 1 g -Kniph. 5- FI. dan. <4 1 o-B lack w. 2 4- Mill . 69.2
- Dod. 1 3 6 . 1 -Lob. 0 bs . 2 5 1 . 3 . and ic . i . 4 7 4, 2 -Ger . e m . 6 3 2 . 1 - Park .
i68o.i-//.o.Y.xi.5. row 1 .1 .f.y-Pet. 32.1 1-JValc.-Riv.M0n.2g.
1 , Brunella-Ger.50’] .i-Fuchs. 621-J. B. iii. 428 ,2-Trag. 310-
Matth. 963.

In open sunny situations it grows trailing, and not above a fin-
ger’s length, but in woods it is upright, and near a foot high.
Linn. Whole plant thinly set with hairs. Leaves opposite.
Floral-leaves heart-shaped, ribbed, edged with purple and fringed.
Calyx , upper lip with 7 ribs ; lower lip with 2 spear-shaped seg-
ments, each marked with 3 lines, and serrated with short stiff hairs.
Blofs. upper lip slightly notched at the end : lower lip , middle seg-
ment jagged. Swnmxt, segments rolled back. Blofs. blue, pur-
plish, or white.

Common Self heal. Meadows and pastuses. P.Aug,

ANGIOSPERMIA.

BART SI A. Calyx 2-lobed, notched at the end, the

points (sometimes) coloured: blofs. (sometimes)
lefs coloured than the calyx ; the upper lip long-
er: capsule 2 -celled.

B. Upper leaves alternate, serrated : flowers distant, late-
ral.

Lightf.14.atp.321-Ger.85-Phtk.2j.5-Pet.36.6~Barr.665.

Stem cylindrical, simple. Leaves sitting, spear-shaped, sharp-
ly serrated, slightly hairy. Flowers single, from the bosom of the
leaves, on short fruit-stalks. Calyx very large, as long as the
blofsom, with 5 deep divisions; segments spear-shaped, clammy.
Blofsoms yellow. Woodward. Stem sometimes branched from
the bottom upwards, nearly to the middle. Calyx with 4 nearly
equal segments, rarely with 5. I have never seen it coloured.
Filaments rolled in a spiral under the upper lip of the blofsom. An-
thers pointed at bottom. Miss Giddy. Mr. Stackhouse also ob-
serves that the calyx is not coloured.

Marsh painted-cup. Marshes in Cornwall and Devonshire ;
about Latham, near Ormskirk, Lancashire; and about Ardenca-
ple in the vicinity of Loch Gyle, near Loch Long, in the district
of Cowal, Argyleshire. (Corn fields, near Piengwarry, and
Cosgarne, Cornwall. Mr. Watt.] _ A. July, Aug.

541

vulga'ris.

visco'sa.

54- 2

alpi'na.

Odonti'tes,

Cris'ta gal'li.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Rhinanthus.

B. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, bluntly serrated.

Dicks .h.s.-F/.dan. /±$-Pluk.i6$. 5-^Pon. in CAu.ii.343.

Leaves heart-spearshaped. Flowers in a short ‘terminating
spike. Mi. W oodward. Blofsoms in leafy spikes, purple.

Mountain Fainted Cup. Banks ot rives in rough sunny places.
Near a rivulet near Orton, in crofsing the road to Crosby, West-
moreland. Ray. Huds. P. Sept.

B, Upper leaves alternate, spear-shaped, serrated: flowers
in bunches, pointing one way. Huds. See Euphrasia
Odontites .

It differs from Euphrasia officinalis in the segments of the lower
lip of the blofsom not being entire, it agrees in die structure of
the calyx, and the hairs of the anthers, in both which circum-
stances it differs from the Bartsia. St. Mr. Afzelius observed to
me, that this agrees in generic character with the Bartsia alpina,
but that the latter has not the character of the other Bartsia’s ; he
therefore would constitute a new genus to contain these two plants.

RHINANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, inflated: capsule 2^
celled, blunt, comprefsed; seeds few.

R. Upper lip of the blofsom comprefsed, and shorter : calyx
smooth,

Curt, 3 20 -Kniph. i 2~Fl.dan.gQ i -Riv.Jnon. 92.2 , Crista galli-Dod .
556.1-LoA0A-.285. 2 andic. i. 52g.2-Ger.em. 1071. i-Park.
j13.2-H.0x.xl.23, row 2.1 -Pet. 36 ,2-1Valc.-J. B.iii. 436.3-
Ger.g 12.

Calyx equal, 4-cleft. Capsule bordered at the edge. Seeds in-<
closed by a loose membrane. Linn. Stems nearly 4-cornered,
with dark purple stains. Leaves in pairs, opposite, sitting, spear-
shaped, serrated, above dark green and rough, beneath grey with
a, curious network of green veins. Blofs. yellow; upper lip tip-
ped with a dirty blue. Germens surrounded at the base by a mem-
branaceous nectary, and in the front a short, thick crooked horn-
shaped gland. The seeds when ripe rattle in the capsule, whence
its English name.

Yellow Rattle. Penny -grafs. Coxcomb , Cockscomb. Meadows,
pastures, and woods. A. June, July.

Var. 2. Linn. — Blofsoms smaller ; lower lip purple. Corn-
fields between Wetherby and Catall, and near Burroughbridge,
Yorkshire, and W. Newton, Northumberland. Ray.

543

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Euphrasia.

EUPRHA'SIA. Cal. 4-cleft, cylindrical: anthers, Vac
lower ones with one thorny lobe at the base : caps.
2 -celled, egg-oblong: seeds few, leaning back-
wards.

E, Leaves egg-shaped, streaked, sharply toothed.

Curt. ^5— FI. dan. io^j-JV oodv. 220 —Sheldr. 48 -Kniph. 8— Wale,—
Ludw. 1 '55-Riv.mon.go. 1, Euphrasia- H. ox. xi. 24.1 .b.—Maith.
1022 -Ger. 537.1 -Do/. 54. 5-Lob. obs. 261. 1, and ic. i.491. 1-
Gar.m. 663-Pur/ . 1329.1 ~H.ox.xi. 24. 1 . a- Fuchs. 247 -Trag.
2 58- J.B. 111.^52.5^ l ackw.^j.

The lower lobes of the lower anthers terminate in a thorn
which bends the filament to one side. Linn. Stems reddish.
Branches in opposite pairs. Leaves sitting, mostly opposite. Calyx
with 5 flat sides and 5 corners, but segments rarely 5, unequal,
spear-shaped, dark purple at the ends, and with a few dark purple
globular glands strewed on the outside. Blofs. tube rather crook-
ed, a little hairy, stained with yellow; upper tip streaked with a
few purple lines, cloven into 2, segments ending in 3 teeth;
lower lip , segments cloven at the end, with a very small tooth in
the cleft, the lateral segments with 3 purple lines, the middle
one with a yellow blotch. Anthers brown, with a few white hairs
■on the lower part where they open. Summit fringed with very
minute glands round the edge. Seed-vefsel slightly notched at
the end, a little hairy towards the top, and marked with black
dots. Seeds egg-shaped. Blofsoms bluish white, with purple
streaks.

Common Eyebright. Heaths; dry barren meadows and pas-
tures. A. July — Sept. [But, on Arthur’s Seat, near Edinburgh,
I have found it in blofsom in the beginning of May, in great
plenty, but with stems from f to if inch high, and the leaves
bluntly serrated.

E. Leaves strap-shaped, all serrated. -

Curt. -Kniph. 1 2-FLdan.625-Riv.mon. go. 2, Odontites— Dod. 55-
Lob.obs. 261.2, and ic. 1.^6. 2— Ger. em. gt. 2- Park. 1329.3-//.
0w.xi.24, 1 o-Pet.^6.\-Ger.^5.

Stem four-cornered, rough. Branches in opposite pairs.
Leqves sitting, opposite, rough ; spear, or strap-spearshaped.

f It is a weak astringent, and was formerly in repute as a remedy for
impaired vision. It will not giow but when surrounded by plants taller
than itself. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine refuse it.

2

officinalis.

Odon tiles.

44 DIDYNAMIA ANGlOSPERMIA. Melanipyfumk

Flowers pointing one way, forming long, terminating, leafy
bunches. Calyx hairy without. Blofs. hairy; upper lip slightly
notched at the end ; lower lipy middle segment slightly indented
at the end. Filaments flatted. The lobes of all the anthers ending
at the base in a short taper point, and between the lobes are a
number of white club-shaped substances. Germen comprefsed,
hairy, surrounded and sheathed at the base by a skinny mem-
brane. Summit knobbed. Leaves sometimes reddish. Blofsoms
dusky red, or purple.

Red Eye bright.

Var. 2. Flowers white. Stem very light green. Leaves with-
out the least tinge of red.

Sent to me by Mr. Bourne, who gathered it on Northingtori
Farm* Grimley, near Worcester. Cornfields and pasture's.

A. July— Sept,

•l ' • . t - • '

MELAMPY RUM. Cal. 4-cleft : blofs. upper lipcom-
prefsed, edges bent back: caps. 2 -celled, com-
prefsed, slanting, opening on one side: seeds so-
litary, bulging.

crista'tum. M. Spikes quadrangular : floral-leaves heart-shaped, com-
pact, finely toothed, tiled.

E.bot.i^i —Kniph . 1 i-Riv.mon.8i.iy M. cristatum-Pluk.gg.2-J.B .
iii.440.2-//i<?A,-.xi.23.2.

Floral-leaves , the upper coloured ; the lower spear-shaped.
Blofs. helmet purplish, or white, with a yellow edge. Re lh. — •
\\J hole plant nearly smooth, very much branched. Stems in the
autumn if or 2 feet high. Branches opposite, numerous, diverg-
ing, so that where numbers grow together they are so entangled
that it is almost impofsible to extricate them. Leaves opposite,
sitting, strap-shaped but taper-pointed, those below the branches
bent down, on the branches parallel. Spikes terminating the
stem and branches. Floral-leaves purplish, large, the middle tooth
lengthened out into a long awl-shaped point bent down, very
long at the bottom of the spike, shorter upwards, but all more or
lefs so ; sides doubled together, closely prefsed together at the
edges, forming a square head with hollow sides, having the horns
at the angles. Blofs. reddish ; I have never observed them yel-
low, though I have seen thousands of them. Mr. Woodward.

Crested Cow-wheat . Woods of Cambridgeshire and Bedford-
shire, plentifully; and among corn at Waltonfield, near Wake-
field. [Riptori Wood, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward.]

A. June, July.

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMlA. Melampyrum. 5

M. Spikes conical, loose : floral leaves with bristle-shaped arven'se.
teeth, coloured.

FI. dan. g 1 i-E.bot.^-Riv. 0*077.80, M. arvense.-Kniph. 1 -Clus'.u.
^.i-Ger.enr.go.^-J.B. iii. 43g.2-if.OAr.xi.23. row 1.1-Dod.

541.2 -Lob. obs. 23. 1, and /V.i.37, Trit.vacc.-Ger.em. ft. I-
LWe .1327. 4— frag-. 6 63 .

«S7<f7» upright, slightly hairy, branched. Leaves opposite, spear-
shaped, lengthened out into a very long point, nearly sitting,
slightly downy. Flowers in an oval head. Floral-leaves long,
spear-shaped, wing-cleft, with teeth at the base, entire upwards.
Woodward. Blofs. yellow and dusky purple.

Purple Cow-wheat. Corn fields. Near Lycham, Norfolk ;

Horsley Bath, near Beeston Castle, Cheshire. Between Norwich
and Cofsey. [Costesey, near Norwich, Mr. Crowe. Bixley,
near Norwich. Mr. Woodward. A. July.-J-

/

M. Flowers lateral, pointing one way: leaves in distant praten'se*
pairs: blofsoms closed.

F. bot.113-Kniph.il -Wale. M. sylvaiic urn.- G<?r . 8 4 . 1 and 2-Clus.
ih44.2-.L0i. obs.22.2f ic. i.36.2, Ger. em.gi .i-Park.i 326.1-
H.ox.x i.23.3.

Lower lip of the blofsom straight, not bent downwards, as in
M. sylvaticum. St. Mouth closed, not gaping as in M. sylvat .

Linn. Whole plant frequently brownish, beginning to flower
early and continuing to flower all the summer, growing more and
more branched, in the manner of M. cristatu7ny and in the latter
part of the year extremely branched. Branches weak, opposite'*

Leaves bn very short leaf-stalks, stifHsh, from the bosom of the
lower ones an egg-shaped gland, possibly an abortive flower9
those towards the base of the branches strap-speafshaped, the
upper spear-shaped, taper-pointed, dark blackish green, with
sometimes a tinge of purple. Only the floral-haves toothed, so
that early in the spring very few will be visible, but later they
are very numerous, the branches extending in length and conti-
nuing to flower till the spike is very long; the lower halberd-
shaped, with only 2 or 3 teeth at the base ; the upper nearly with
winged clefts at the base, with long awl-shaped reflected teeth,,
and ending in an acute spear-shaped point. Blofs. tube somewhat
furrowed, straight, white at the base, forwards faintly tinged
with yellow; lips closely approaching, hairy within; upper lip

: ~ 7 1 : “ir —

f The seeds, when ground with corn, give a bitternefs and greyish cast
to the bread, but do not make it unwholesome. Cows and goats eat it.

Sheep refuse it.

VOL. Ill— 2 N

546 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Melaunpyrura.

slightly cloven ; the lower with 3 shallow clefts. Anthers the
back pair firmly adhering together. Mr. Woodward. Leaves
spear-shaped, greatly tapering towards the point, all serrated,
but the serratures extremely fine, and the edges of the leaves
being rather turned back, they are not very readily seen. Stem
feeble, cylindrical towards the bottom, 4-cornered upwards.
Calyx purplish without ; segments with minute: stiff bristles along
the edge; the 2 tipper longer. Blofs. of a full yellow, very much
comprel'sed; the notch in the upper lip but barely perceptible ;
lower lip with 2 orange-coloured rising plaits; tube straw-colour-
ed. Filaments 4, supporting what appears a single anther, which
is egg-shaped, comprefsed, hairy at the edges, and opening at
the front edge, divisible into 4 portions, but as readily breaking
in any other direction ; after flowering separating into 2 or 4
parts. Style corresponding to the bend of the upper lip of the
blofsom, rising over the anther, and presenting its summit to the
opening, whence the pollen escapes. Seed-vefs. a yellow glandular
substance at the base on the fore part, doubled down, and so
brittle as not to admit being straightened. The teeth at the base
of the leaves, particularly of the leaves next to the flowers, suf-
ficiently distinguish this from the M. sylvaticum, in which all
the leaves are entire. The lower lip of the blofs. in M. sylvati-
v cum is turned downwards and outwards, but in M. pratense it
turns upwards and inwards.

Meadow Cow-wheat.

Var. 2. Blofsom white, with 2 yellow spots on the lower lip.

Ray.

Woods and thickets, in soil that holds the wet, not uncom-
mon. [Frequent in woods and hedges in a clayey soil in Norfolk
and Suffolk. Woodw. In woods near the road from Birmingham
to Hales Owen. Woods at Edgbaston.] A. July, Aug.-f*

This has frequently been mistaken for ti e M. sylvaticum,
probably because it generally grows in woods or on the skirts of
woods ; but this is not the only instance in which too much at-
tention to a trivial name has been the occasion of error.

sylvat'icum. M. Flowers lateral, pointing one way : leaves in distant

pairs : blofsoms widely gaping.

FI. dan. 1 45- Kniph.g .

Differs from M. pratense as follows: Stem more nodding.
Leaves fully expanding. Blofs. only half as long, entirely yellow,
and not with the tube white; mouth or the opening between the

f Where this plant abounds, the butter is yellow, and uncommonly
good. Swine are very fond of the seeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows
are very fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

t

DID YN AMI A. ANG10SPERMIA. Lathnta.

lips gaping and open. Linn. But the M. pratense has some-
times the whole of the blofsom yellow, so that the circumstance
of colour must not be too much trusted in distinguishing the two
species. Stem upright, or nodding, weak, branched, leafy. Leaves
very entire, all of them undivided, very long, spear-shaped.

Yellow Cow-wheat. Woods and shady places. IIuds. In the
way from Taymouth to Lord Breadalbane’s cascade, and about
Finlarig at the head of Loch-Tay. Not common. A much rarer
plant than M. pratense. Lightf. [Wick Clifts. Mr. Swayne.]

A. June— Aug.f

LATHR^E'A. Calyx with 4 or 5 divisions: germen
with a deprefsed gland at the base of the seam :
caps . l -celled; receptacles lateral, sponge-like.

L. Stem undivided : dowers pendent ; lower lip 3-clcft.

Dicks.h.s.-E. bot.^o-Fl.dan.i 36-RA.8Q.2, Squa?naria.-Barr. 80
—H. ox.YY\.i§.i/\-Matth.§bq-Ger. 1387. i-jh B. iii.783. * 2~
Blackw. ^o-Dod. 553. 1 -Park. 1363. 4-C/W. li. 120. i-Get\
1585.1-77. coe.xii.i6.i 1.

Root beaded. Root-leaves none. Stem-leaves membranaceous,
coloured. Branches none. Blofs. lower lip white. Linn. Stem
naked, except sometimes 1 or 2 oval scales. Flowers in a spike,
from one side of the stem, in a double row. Floral-leaves roundish-
oval, large, reddish, 1 at the base of each fruit-stalk, forming a
double line opposite to the flowers. Calyx bellying, segments
equal, bluntish. Blofs. upper lip rather short, lopped. Mr.
W oodward. Blofs. pale purple except the lower lip.

Great YoothWort. Grows only in shady places which the sun’s
rays can scarcely penetrate, it being almost destitute of leaves,
and such plants alone can live without the solar light. Linn.
Woods, shady lanes, and at the bottom of mountains, but rather
rare. Maidstone Kent, Llarefielcl, thickets below Conzickscar,
near Kendal. [Informed that it is found in woods in Derbyshire.
Mr. W oodward. In Plumpton. Mr. Jackson. Not confined
to shady woods, but its choice of situation is determined bv other
causes, for it is found in very light dry soil, and so entangled
with the roots of some neighbouring tree, especially with those
of the Hazel, that I have reason to believe it parisitical. Mr.
Gough. At the roots of trees in a wood near Gainsford, Dur-
ham. Mr. Robson. J P. April, May.

f Cows, sheep, and goats eat it; and with a plentiful allowance of it
soon grow fat.

2 N 2

547

Squama'ria,

»

/

54S

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA/ Pedicularis,

PEDICULA'RIS. Calyx y cleft : caps. 2 -celled, sharp-
pointed, slanting : seeds few, coated.

palus'tris. P. Stem branched : calyx crested with callous dots: lip

of the blofsom slanting.

Rlv.m0n.g2. 1 , Pedi c ula ri s.—Pet. 36.3-Ger.g 13.

Stem about a foot high. Branches expanding. Leaves and
flowers distant. Mr. Woodward. Stem angular purplish. Leaves
winged; leafits with winged clefts. Flowers solitary, in the bo-
som of the leaves. Calyx with 2 lips, opening sideways; seg-
ments cloven and jagged, 2 of them bordered with leafy appen-
dages. Blofs. purple, sometimes white; helmet with a little tooth
on each side, not notched at the end; lower lip fringed with fine
soft hairs.

Marsh Lousewori. Marshes, ditches, moist meadows, and pas-
tures, P. June, July.f

sylvat'ica. P. Stern branched : calyx oblong, angular, smooth : lip of

the blofsom heart-shaped.

Clus. ii.i 1 1 .1-D0d.556.1-L0b.0ks.431.3f and ic.i.j 48.2-Ger.ew.
1071. 2-Park. 713. i-H.ox.xi. 23.13-Fl.dan.225-Pet.36.4-
Trag.2 so-Lonlc. 1.1 48.2.

Stetn very short. Francises from the root, long, spreading close
to the ground. Leaves and flowers crouded. Mr. Woodward.
Branches trailing. Floral-leaves deeply divided; segments toothed.
Calyx angular, green within, purplish without, nearly half as
long as the blofsom, one of the clefts much deeper, segments
toothed, that opposite to the deepest cleft the narrowest. Blofs.
purple, much slenderer than the calyx, take comprefsed ; upper
Up with a little tooth on each side; lower lip with 3 divisions, the
middle segment a little smaller. Filaments the 2 taller hairy to-
wards the top.

Commcsi Lousewort . Wet pastures and heaths. P. June, July. if

Var. 2. Blofsoms white.

[Near Redruth, Cornwall, towards the sea. Mr. Watt. Near
Berkhamstead. Mr. Woodward.]

f This is an unwelcome guest in meadows, being very disagreeable to
cattle. Goats eat ;t. Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it. Swine are not
fond of it.

$ The exprefsed juice, or a decoction of this plant, has been used with
advantage as an injection tor sinuous ulcers. It is said that if the healthiest
flock of sheep be fed with it, they become scabby and scurfy in a short
time; the wool will get loose, and they will be over-run with vermin.
Cows and swine refuse it.

DID YN A MI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum.

ANTIRRHINUM. Calyx with 5 divisions : blofs.
either bulging at the base; or ending in a spur:
caps. 2 -celled, many-seeded, opening at the top
and the divisions bent back.

( 1 ) Leaves angular.

A. Leaves heart-shaped, 5 -lobed, alternate : stems trailing. Cymbala'ria.

Curt.—Riv. mon. 86. 2, Cymbalarla.-J . B. lii. 63 5-Mat th. 1 184-
Lob.obs. 337.2, and /V.i.61 5.\-G er.em, 5205. 6-Park. 63 2. \-II.
cw.v.14.30— X0«.i.6i.2.

Seeds wrinkled like the kernels of the walnut. Blofs. some-
times white. Linn. Whole plant smooth and shining. Leaves ,
the smallest with only 3 lobes; lobes of the lower blunt, of the
upper pointed. Flowers on long fruit-stalks bending at the top.

Blofs. spur as long as the calyx. Woodward. Stems thread-
shaped. Leafstalks very long, bending like tendrils. Calyx
segments equal. Blofs. pale purple ; palate yellow, shaggy with
orange-coloured hairs. Nectary slender, crooked.

Ivy-leaved Snap dragon. Old walls. About London, frequent,

[particularly adjoining to the Thames. Walls of Burleigh Cas-
tle, near Stamford. Mr. Woodward.] P. June — OiTf

*

A. Leaves egg-shaped, woolly, stems trailing. spu'rium.

Curt. 2 o 5- FI. dan . g 1 3 -Fuc hs. 1 6 7- J. B. ii i . 3 7 2 . 1 -Dod. 42 . 1 — G er.

em. 62 5. i-Lonlc.\. 63. 3-Park. 553. i-H.ox.v.i q.. 2 rj-Matth. »

6gq-Ger. 501.1-Lob. adv.iq'], andic. i. 470.1-.Rn;. 7non.36.ij,

Elatlne.

Stem branched from the base, with long expanding hairs.

Leaves hairy, sometimes slightly toothed. Fruit-stalks from the
bosom of the leaves. Calyx very hairy. Blofs. spur shorter than
the body of the blofsom. Mr. W oodward. Fruit-stalks , the lower
generally shorter, the upper longer than the leaves. Blofs. yel-
low and purple. St.

Round-leaved Snapdragon. Corn fields. [Suffolk, frequent.

Mr. Woodward.] A. July — Sept.

• • - . • t

A. Leaves halberd-shaped, alternate : stems trailing. Elat'ine.

f Its trailing branches variously interwoven often cover old moist wall*
with a thick tapestry, and when in blofsom make a- beautiful appearance,
Mr. Woodward.

/

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum.

Curt, -FI. dan. Qzb-Sheldr, 60 -Park. 553. 2-J. B. iii. 372. z-Gcr.
50 1 . z-Mat th. 1 01 2 -Blacks. 1 70 -Dod. 42 . 2-Lob. ic. i. 470.2-
Cer.em.§2g. 2 -H.ox.v. 1 4.2 3.

The capsule opens by the separation of a valve on each side.
Linn. Fruit-stalks whilst in flower expanding, afterwards de-
clining. Nectary a spur as long as the body of the blofsom. Mr.
Woodward. Leaves the lower ones opposite, sometimes egg-
shaped and toothed.

Var. 2. Flowers regular, 5-cleft, and with 3, 4, or 5 spurs as
in Peloria. Huds,

Sharp-pointed Fluellin, or Snap-dragon. Cornfields. [Suffolk,
frequent. Mr. Woodward.] A. Aug.— Oct. f

(2) Leaves opposite ; nectary long , pointed .

re'pens. A. Leaves strap-shaped, crowded; the lower in fours;

calyx as long as the capsule.

Dill.elth. 163.197.

The lower leaves 4 or 5 in a whirl. Flowers in terminating
spikes, pale blue. The flowering stem is stiff and upright, not
at all corresponding with the idea given by the trivial name,
which applies only to the root.

Creeping Snapdragon. Fields, banks, and walls near Henly,
and in Herts. Ray. [Specimens from the West of Cornwall,
sent by Mr. Giddy.] P. July, Sept.

arven'se. A. Leaves nearly strap-shaped ; the lower in fours : calyx

with clammy hairs : flowers in spikes : stem upright.

Dill.elth. 163.198.

Leaves smooth. Flowers very small ; blue. Floral-leaves and
spur bent back. Linn.

Cora fields in a sandy soil. A. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Blofsoms yellow.

Col.ecphr. 300.1.

(3) Leaves opposite : nectary short , blunt .

/ I *

monspefsu- A. Leaves strap-shaped, crowded: stem shining, panicled :
la'nunie fruit-stalks spiked, shining.

f This is considerably more bitter than the other species, and is said to
have been used succefsfully in cases of foul ulcers, and in cutaneous erup-
tions.

DIDYNAM1A ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum.

J.B. iil* 4 59. i •

Flowers sweet-scented. Blofs. spur straight, very short, shorter
even than the calyx. Very nearly allied to A. refens. Linn.
Floral-leaves spear-shaped, i at the base of each fruit-stalk. Blofs.
pale blue, with darker spots ; spur nearly as long as the body of
the blofsom. Calyx very small, segments pointed. Woodward.

Antirrhinum repens # H u d s . Sweet smelling Snafdrag o n. Hedge s
near Penryn, Cornwall. Ray. [Stone wall between Penryn and
Falmouth. Mr. Watt.] ' P. July — Sept,

A. Leaves mostly alternate, spear-shaped, blunt : stem mi'nus,
very much branched, spreading.

Dicks. h.s.—Curt. 2g6-Fl. dan. 502— Riv.mon. 85. 2, Linaria arv.
min.— Lob. ic. i. 406. i-Ger. em. 549 .5-Park. 1334. 2 -J. B. iii.
465.1-M2//L1 198.

Leaves , only the 3 lowermost pairs opposite. Linn. Stem much
branched, hairy. Lower branches opposite, the upper alternate.

Leaves alternate. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of, and equal to, or
longer than the leaves. Calyx segments strap-shaped, nearly
equalling the blofsom. Blofs. spur blunt, shorter than the body
of the blofsom. Mr. Woodward. Blofs. purple and yellowish
white.

Least Snapdragon. Gravelly corn fields. [Binham, Norfolk.

Mr. Crowe. Near Berkhamstead, Herts. Mr. Woodward.]

A. June — Sept.

(4) Leaves alternate .

A. Leaves spear-strapshaped, crowded: stem upright: Linaria,
spikes terminating, sitting : flowers tiled.

Dicks, h. s.-Curt.-Kniph.6-Fl. dan.g82-Riv.7non.83 . 1 f inaria. —
Woodv.22i-Sheldr.q.g-Ludw.\2-Dod. 183.1-Lob. obs. 222 . 2,
and ic. i. ^o6.2-Ger.em.^^o.i-Park.^f8.i-Ger.^o-Lonic.l.

1 5^.2-Fuchs. 545-7. B. iii. 456. 2-Blackzu.i 1 5~TW7g. 357-Z/,

0X.VA2.lO.

Blofs. the palate woolly, orange-coloured. Nectary long, awl-
shaped. Caps, opening with equal divisions. Linn. Stem nearly
cylindrical, smooth. Branches nearly upright, from the bosom
of the leaves. Blofs. lower lip , segments circular, the middle one
much smaller, the projecting part orange-coloured, woolly, the
rest of the blofsom pale yellow and smooth,

Var. 2. Flowers nearly white.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum,

». ✓

Var. 3. Nectaries 2 or more to each flower.

Toadflax. Snap dragon. Butter and eggs. Barren meadows
and pastures, road sides, common. P. July. — Sept.

Var. 4. Peloria. Blofsoms regular, with 5 equal stamens and 5
nectaries.

Curt.-Amocn. acad. i.^.atp.2g^-~E.bot.26o-Kniph.g.

Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions, equal, very short, permanent.
Blofs. petal 1, funnel-shaped, yellow, paler towards the base, with
5 nectaries at the base. Tube long, straight, cylindrical, but
distended from the middle downwards. Border with 5 divisions,
blunt, equal, expanding, inner side filled with tawny ha;rs. Nec-
taries 5, awl-shaped, flat, resembling a horn, growing in a circle
round the base of the tube. Siam, filaments 5, hair-like, equal,
half as long as the tube, and fixed to the receptacle. Anthers
roundish, fixed sideways. Cermen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped,
as long as the stamens. Summit thick and blunt. Capsule egg-
shaped, with 2 cells and 2 valves. Receptacles convex, growing
to the partition. Seeds several, angular. Linn.

Sandy fields about Clapham. Huds.- A wood in Lincolnshire.
E. bot. P. June, July.*f*

(5) Blofs. gaping ; without a spur.

Oron'tium. A. Blofsoms without spurs : flowers nearly spiked : calyx

longer than the blofsom.

Dicks. h.s.— FI. dan .941 —Curt . 2 3 4 -Kn iph. 1 2 -Riv.mon .82.2, Antir-
rhinum arvense.-Dod.iS2.2-Lob.obs.222.iiand:c.i.^o^.2-Ger.
em.^^g./^-Park.i^^.i-Lonic.i.J 55.3-Matth.i igg-G^r.439.4.

Capsule when opening resembles the skull of a monkey.
Linn. Stem upright, branched, hairy. Leaves spear-shaped, very
entire. Flowers axillary on very shortfruitstalks, sometimes, though
rarely, sitting. Cal. segments strap-shaped, and lengthening after
the falling off of the blofsom. Caps, much shorter than the calyx.
Woodward. Blofsoms red with a little yellow.

Calf' s-snout. Snap-dragon. [Corn fields in a sandy soil, and
turnep fields, Norfolk. Mr. Woodw. — and Worcestershire. Mr.
Ballard. — Cornfields, Hants, common. Mr. Pitt.]

A. July, August.

ma'jus. A. Blofsoms without a spur: flowers in spikes: cups
rounded.

f An infusion of the leaves is diuretic and purgative. An ointment
prepared from them gives relief in the piles. The exprefsed juice, mixed with
milk, is a poison to flies, as is likewise the smell of the flowers. — Cows,

fiorses, and swine refuse it. Sheep and goats are not fond of it.

’ , *

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. 553

E. hot. 1 2 g-Kniph. 1-3-Ludzv. 51-Rz‘v. mon. 82.1, Antirrhinum -
Mil!,£2-Dod. 182.1 -L0b.0bs.221 . 2 ,andic.l.^o^.2-Ger.em,g^g.
i.2-Ger./±ofi.i-Matth.i 197.

iSVvztf spreading, rod-like. Leaves spear-shaped. Calyx leaves
short, with clammy hairs. Nectary blunt, scarcely projecting.

Capsule opening at the point obliquely, unequal at the base. Linn.

Leaves on leaf-stalks. Blo/s. rose red with a yellow palate ; some-
times white,

Var. 2. Leaves sitting, bent downwards. Blo/s. rose coloured
or white.

Greater Snapdragon. Old walls; chalk cliffs near Dover, and
between Northfleet and Gravesend. [Walls near Norwich, and
Cambrige. Woodward. — Walls of Rushall Castle near Walsall.

Mr. Pitt. — Somersetsh. and Devon, plentiful, and on Berkley
Castle and Church in rich profusion.] P. B, June, July.’f

\ *

SCROPHULA'RI A . Cal. 5 -cleft: blofs. with 5 divi-
sions; tube globular; the lower segment reflected :
caps, 2-celled, partition double.

S. Leaves heart-shaped, doubly serrated: bunch compound, Scorodo'nia*
with leaves interspersed.

. v.3 5 .row 2 ./. 2 5 9 . 3 5. 1 1 .

Resembles S. nodosa and S. auriculata , but differs from the lat-
ter in the hairinefs of the stem, and the want of appendages to the
leaves. Stem very hairy. Leaves with a gaping hollow at the
base, angles or serratures pointed, (Mant.) serratures blunt.

(Syst. veg.J Bunch with leaves interspersed, which is not the case
with the other species. Linn. Leaves downy, the upper termi-
nated by an awn as are the serratures. Floral-leaves awl-shaped,
a pair beneath each division of the fruit-stalks. Mr. Wood w.

Blofs. dusky purple.

Balmleaved Figvoort. Watery places, and hedges. Island of
Jersey, between the Port and St. Hilary. Sea shore about St.

Ives, Cornwall. P. July, August.

S. Leaves oblong-heartshaped, 3-fibred at the base, corners nodo'sa.
of the stem acute.

f Though the seeds vegetate on the ground, it is only in dry soils and
situations that the plant continues to live long enough to produce flowers.

>

I

• ‘ * A

554 D1DYNAMIA. ANGI0SPERM1A. Scrophularia.'

Kniph.^—Ludw . rj2-Gwm. ii. 4. t -Blackw.'Sj- Fuchs. 1 04-7. B. iii.
42 1 -Riv.mon. 107.1 , Scrophularia. -Matth . 1 130- Dod.5 o. 1 -Lob.
obs. 289.1 , andic.i. 533.2— Ger.em.j 1 6A—Park.6io.i—H.ox.v.8.
row 3 -3-L?/ .3 5. g-Gcr. 57 g. 2-Trag. 1 8 q-Lonic. i . 1 3 5. 3.

Leaves 3 -fibred as in Arctium Lappa, and Fufsi/ago Petasites.
Bunch terminating. Linn. Stem, angles clearly acute, sometimes
edged with a membranaceous line, but not to be called winged.
Leaves imperfectly heart-shaped, the base being rather cut trans-
versely. Crantz. Leaves and serratures pointed. Flowers on
forked branches. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, taper-pointed, a pair
to each flowering branch. Woodward. Upper-leaves nearly sit-
ting, spear-shaped. Fruit-stalks cylindrical, with short pellucid
hairs terminated by globules. Calyx toothed and membranaceous
at the end. Blofs. mbe filled at the base with a honey-like liquor ;
upper segments purple ; the rest pale green ; the 2 lateral ones ex-
panding; the lower rolled back. The little heart-shaped segment
within the base of the 2 upper segments seems to deserve the name
of nectary. Caps, sometimes with 3 or 4 cells.

Great Fig wort. Kernelwort, Knobby-rooted Fig wort. Woods and
moist hedges. P. July.f

aquat'ica. S. Lea ves heart-shaped, blunt, on leaf-stalks running down

the stem : corners of the stem edged with a mem-
brane : bunches terminating.

Curt. 2gi—Kniph. ii-Blackw.^6-Fl.dati.gorj-Dod. 50.2-Lcb.obs .
288.1, andic.i. 533. 1 -Ger.em.y 1 5-ParkB 1 3-Pet >3,5' 1 o-H.ox.
v . 8 . row 3 ,^-Ger. 579.1.

Stem smooth, 4-cornered, corners membranaceous; the mem-
branaceous leaf-stalks running down the corners of the stem, and
forming a membranaceous edge, which is often waved. Linn.
Leaves heart-eggshaped, scolloped. Panicle naked, branched; the
lower branches opposite, the upper alternate, forked. Floral-leaves
awl-shaped, a pair at the base of each branch. Mr. Woodw,
Upper leaves egg-shaped. Flowers dirty red.

Water Betcny, or Figwort . Watery places, and banks of rivers.

P. July. 'Sept.

verna'lis. S. Leaves heart-shaped ,* those of the stem in threes : fruit-

stalks axillary, solitary, cloven.

f This plant is hardly known in modern practice ; but the rank smeW,
and bitter taste of the leaves, seem to indicate some active properties. — Swine
that have the scab are cured by washing them with a decoction of the leaves.
Wasps resort greatly to the flowers. Goats eat it. Cows, horses, sheep,
and swine refuse it.

l

I

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Digitalis.

fl.dan. 4 1 1 -Riv.mon. 107.2; Scrophularia flare lut-Barr. 2 7 3 -C/us,
ii.^8.i-Ger.em.yiy-Park.6o8./[~C.B.pr.i 12.

Stem and leaves hairy. Blofs. egg-shaped, yellow. Linn. Leaver
doubly serrated. Fruit-stalks hairy, the primary ones longer than
the leaves, the secondary short. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, hairy,
a pair at the base of the secondary fruit-stalks. Woodward.

Yellow Fig wort . Watery places and hedges. About Bury,
and near Mitcham, Surry ; Gloddaeth, Caernarvonsh. [Fornham,
near Bury, Suff. Mr. Woodward.] B. April, May.']*

DIGITxA'LIS. Cal. with 5 divisions: blofs. bell-shaped :

5-cleft, bellying: caps, egg-shaped, 2 -celled,
many- seeded.

D. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped, acute : blofsom blunt, purpu'rea.
upper lip nearly entire.

Riv.mon. 104, Digit ali s-Curt.—Woodv . 2 ^—Fl.dan . 7 q—Tourn.'] 3 .A
E. L. M.-Fuchs. 893 -Frag. 88g-J, B. ii. 81 2.3-Lonic. i. 74. i~*

Blackw. 1 6 -Dod. 1 6g -Lob. obs. 308 . 2 ,/V i .57 2 . 1 -Ger.em.'j go. 1 —

Park. 653. 1 -Ger. 646. 1 -Lob. ic. i. 572. 2 -H. ox. v, 8. row 1 .1-=

Swert.6. 1 and 2.

Leaves wrinkled. Blofs. the bellying part sprinkled on the in-
side with spots like little eyes. Linn. Leaves scolloped; teeth
small, deep; with a net-work of fleshy veins underneath. Leaf-
stalks half embracing the stem. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, half em-
bracing the stem, purplish towards the point. Mr. Woodward.

Leaves sitting, a little woolly underneath. Flowers in long ter-
minating spikes, all pointing one way. Blofsoms purple, elegantly
mottled within; inversely conical, but swelling out on the under
side.

Common Foxglove. Hedge banks and sides of hills in dry gra-
velly or sandy soil, but it is not found in flat grounds, except in
very dry land, for though the seeds vegetate there, the winter wet
rots the roots, which are otherwise biennial.

Very common in the midland, but rare in the eastern counties.

June, July.}

f The different species of Scrophularia afford nourishment to the Phalam
Verbasii Curculio Scrof>kularl<£ y and Fenthredo Scrophularia:.

t It is certainly a very active medicine, and merits more attention than
modern practice bestows upon it. Eot . Arr. ed. I. For some account of its
medical uses see Withering on the Foxglove, 17S5, octavo, with a beautiful
% of the plant copied under the inspection of Mr, Curtis from his Flora
Bondinensis.

55^ DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Linnaea.

Var. 2. Flowers white.

[Shenstone lane near Hartlebury, Wore. St. — About Mox-
hull, StafFordsh.] The pure milk white colour of the blofsoms
make this variety an ornament to our flower gardens.

LINN^E'A. Calyx double, that of the fruit 4-leaved,
that of the flower with 5 divisions, superiour : blofs.
bell-shaped; berry dry, 3-celled.

borea'lis. F. Flowers in pairs.

FI. dan.y-Blackio. ygy-Fl.lapp. i Z.^-Kniph. g-Ludw. i yz-H.ox.
v.2.ig.

Stems thread-shaped, from 3 to 6 feet long, trailing. Leaves
opposite, roundish egg-shaped, with 2 or 3 serratures on each side,
ending in leaf-stalks. Branches alternate, undivided, upright, an
inch long, bearing 6 or 8 leaves. Fruitstalks terminating the older
branches, solitary, a finger’s length, upright. Blofs. white on the
outside, flesh-coloured within. Linn.

In ancient dry rocky woods, where mofses abound. [Lately
found in a wood near Aberdeen.] P. June.

SIBTHOR'PIA. Cal. with 5 divisions; blofs . wheel-
shaped, with 5 divisions; stamens in distant pairs;

* capsule compressed, roundish, 2 -celled; partition
transverse: seeds few.

curopcea. S. Leaves between kidney and target-shaped, scolloped,

Fink . y.6—Pet.6 .11.

Habit and stem of Hydrocotyle , fruit of Veronica . Root annual,
but sometimes, as also the whole plant, perennial. Stems numer-
ous, a foot long, thread-shaped, limber, not much branched, trail-
ing, often throwing out roots, near the leaf-stalks, hairy. Leaves
alternate, very remote, on leaf-stalks, like those of the Chrysosple-
nium , heart-orbicular, one side opening to near the centre, hori-
zontal, with 6 or j slight lobes, the lateral ones the smallest, blunt,
about the breadtn of a pea, sprinkled with small, simple, scatter-
ed, transparent bristles. Leaf-stalks short, ascending. Fruit-stalks
thread-shaped, from the bosom of the leaves, upright, solitary, as
long as the flower, often shorter than the leaf-stalks, nodding after
’ flowering. Floral-leaves awl-shaped, one towards the point of the
fruit-stalks. Calyx 5-cleft, hairy. Blofs. generally 5-cleft, small,
purple at the bottom, about the size of that of the Limo sella. Sta-

DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Limosella.

mens equal, always 4, with a vacancy at one of the divisions of
the blofsorn, whence its inequality, and its title to a place in this
clafs. Linn.

Bastard Moneywort. Shady marshy places, springs and rivu-
lets. Cornwall and Devonsh. frequent. About Longsledale,
Westmoreland. P. July — Sept.

LIMOSELL'LA. Cal. 5-cleft: blofs. 5-cleft, equal:
stamens approaching in pairs: germen 2 -celled:
caps . often 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

, L. Leaves spear-shaped.

FI. dan . 6 g-Hall.j <?«. 6 . 3 . atp. 29 5-H.0x.xv. 2 .row 2
Pet.65.12.

aquat'ica*

Leaves rolled inwards. Blofs. hairy above. Stamens 2 and 2,
in opposite pairs. Linn. Stems trailing. Leaf-stalks very long.
Flowers solitary. Blofs. white without, reddish within.

Bastard Plantain, or Plantain Mudweed. Muddy and gravelly
places liable to be flooded, and where waters have stood during
the winter. A. July.— Sept.

OROBAN'CHE. Cal . somewhat cloven : blofs. gaping:
germen resting on a gland; caps . 1 -celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded.

O. Stem unbranched, pubescent: stamens the length of the ma'jor,
blofsorn

Curt .2^2— Kniph.j—Fourn.^i ,Orobanche.—Clus.\.2jo.2-Dcd. 552.
•y-Ger.em. 131 1.2-H.ox.xii. 1 6. 1 -Riv.mon. 89. 1 , Orobanche.-
Ger.i 130.2-RfZ.69. 10-Lob. obs.5$i.i.a,andlc.ii.8g.i.a-Gfr.
em. 1 3 1 1 .1 . a-Park. 229. 1 . a-Matth 536-7. B. ii. 78 1 . i-Lonlc .
ii. 24. 1.

Root large, fleshy, oval, scaly. Leaves none. Stalk 8 to 12
inches, with dry scattered scales. Flowers spiked, cylindrical,
brownish rust-coloured. Summit yellow, bluntly heart-shaped*

Seeds exceedingly numerous. Relhan. Plant rust-coloured. Root
bulbous. Stem cloathed with egg-shaped scattered scales. Floral-
leaves spear-shaped, taper-pointed, generally longer than the
flower. Calyx with 4 teeth, the 2 outer longer and sharper, the
lower blunt. Woodward, Flowers rust-colour, with somewhat
$1 a purplish tinge.

2

558 DID YN AMI A. ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche.

Common Broomrape. This parasitical plant is found in dry
ground, on the roots chiefly of the clafs Diadelphia , as Spartiurn
scoparium , Genista tinctoria, Trifolium, Orobus tuberosus, and also
an Hieracium sabaudum, and Centaurea Scabiosa. [Also in corn
fields in a sandy soil, which have probably had Broom growing
on them. Broom Hills, very frequent. Mr. Woodw, — Shrawley
Wood, Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard. — On a dry bank near
Clifton upon Teme, Worcestersh. St. — Raby Park, County of
Durham. Mr. Robson.] P. May, June.

ramo'sa. O. Stem branched : blofsoms 5-cleft.

E.bct. 184 ; ( the root in a diseased state , Mr. Woodward.) -Sabbat.
iii. 12-Cam. epit. 31 i-J. B. ii.781. 2-Clus.i. 271. 1 -Ger. em ,
1312.3-R?/. 69. 1 1.

Root a solid bulb, elliptical, naked, or furnished with 1 or 2
spear-shaped sitting scales, and numerous short thick fibres affixed
laterally, adhering and intermixed with the fibres of the roots of
Hemp or other plants. Stem a continuation of the bulb, nearly
cylindrical when fresh, angular when dry, slightly downy, brown
or dirty yellow, naked, or furnished with very few scales. Branches
either immediately from the root, or alternate, swelling at the base,
nearly upright, with each a scale at the base. Spikes terminating.
Floral-leaves oval spear-shaped, somewhat keeled, sitting. Calyx
segments pointed, the 2 outer largest, the inner halved, the sides
next the stem being wanting. Biofs. tube bellying, yellow at the
base, the upper part and lips bluish purple, hairy on the outside ;
upper lip roundish, cloven, lower lip broad, 3-cleft, the middle seg-
ment largest, and with 2 yellowish prominencies at the mouth,
similar to those in Melampyrum. Filaments within the tube, bluish.
Anthers yellow. Style longer than the filaments and bending to-
wards them, bluish. Summit blunt. Woodward. Stem about
a span high, generally, but not always branched.

Branched Broomrape. Orobanche minor pur pureis Jloribus sive ramose.
J. B. ii. 781. (Mr. Woodward.) Corn fields and dry pastures.
Near Beckles, Suffolk. Ray. — Isle of Shepey, and near Feversham
and Rochester ; about Glastonbury, and in Devonshire and Hants.
Huds. — [Brome near Bungay, Suffolk, on the roots of Hemp and
Galeopsis Fetrahit, both annual plants. Mr. Woodward. — Hemp
fields near Wisbeach. Mr. Relhan.] A. June — Sept.

Var. 2. Stem simple. ■

J.B. ii.781. 1.

Stem very scaly, slightly downy ; scales oval-spearshaped. Spike
loose. Floral-leaves oval-spearshaped, somewhat keeled, as long
as the calyx. Cal. with 4 deep divisions ; segments awl-shaped,
the 2 outer the largest, the inner one next the stem very small.

DID YNAM1A. ANGIOSPERMI A. Orobanchc.

559

B/o/s. tube longer than the calyx ; upper lip short, cloven, roundish ;
lezver 3-cleft. Stamens within the flower. Woodward.

Field of oats 2 miles beyond Rochester on the left hand going
towards Horn’s-place. Ray. — [Northreps, Norf. a single plant.
Mr. Pitchford. — Specimen from Mr. Lightfoot agreeing with
that of Mr. Pitchford’s. Mr. Woodward.]

Dr. Smith, in E. Bot. is inclined to think that Ray’s plant should
be referred to the O. major, and doubts whether Mr. Pitchford’s
specimen from Northreps be the same with either, observing that
it agrees better with the O. purpurea of Jacquin; but remarks also
that the whole genus wants a thorough investigation.

i ' ’ - f

\

I

\

TETRAD Y N A MIA,

V

CLASS XV.

TETRAD YN AMI A.

SILICULOSA.

( i ) Pouch not notched at the end .

MOEN'CHIA. Pouch egg-shaped, crowned with the
style : valves rather convex.

DRA'BA. Pouch with nearly flat valves: Style none.

SUBULA'RIA. Pouch with half-eggshaped valves : Style
shorter than the pouch.

MY'AGRUM. See Moenchia.

BU'NIAS. Pouch deciduous ; egg-oblong ; prickly.

CRA'MBE. Pouch deciduous ; globular ; like a dry berry.
Filaments 4, long ones cloven at the end.

rSATIS. Pouch deciduous ; spear-shaped ; with 1 seed.

VEL'LA. Pouch with valves only half the length of the
partition.

[Cochlearia Coronopus.]

(2) Pouch notched at the end .

I'BERIS. Two outermost petals the largest,

COCHLEA'RIA. Pouch heart-shaped: Valves blunt;
bulging.

I

561

TETR ADYNAMIA.

LEPI'DIUM. Pouch heart-shaped : Valves sharply keeled.

TIILAS'PI. Pouch inversely heart-shaped: Valves (in
some species) bordered; keeled.

(1) Cup closed; the lea Jits approaching lengthways*

. RA'PH ANUS. Pod jointed.

ERYS'IMUM. Pod 4-cornered.

CHEIRAN'THUS. Germen with a gland on each side*
1 its base.

HE'SPERIS. Glands within the shorter stamens : Petals
oblique. *

A'RABIS. Glands 4; within the lcafits of the cup: Sum-
mit undivided.

BRA'SSICA. Glands, 2 within the shorter stamens ; 2 on
the outside the longer stamens.

TURRI' ITS. Petals upright.

DENTA'RIA. Pod, valves, rolling back when open.

> ' * 1 ' ‘

(2) Cup open, the leafits wide asunder upwards .

CARDA'MINE. Pod opening : Valves rolling back.

SINATIS. Pod opening : Cup expanding horizontally.

SISYM'BRIUM. Pod openiug : Valves nearly straight:
Cup open.

* i

[Brafsica Napus.]

r*' 1 -- -

• i

VOL.III— 2 0

I

I

TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Moenchia.

SILICULOSA.

/ v •

MOENCHIA. Pouch entire, egg-shaped, crowned
with the style: valves rather convex, parallel to
the partition : cells with many seeds. Gmelin.

sati'va. M. Pouches inversely egg-shaped, on fruit-stalks, contain-
ing many seeds.

VI, dan. i 03^-KniphA t-Trag.6/j5-Lon:c,ut 54. i-G<?r.2 13.2-Dod .
532.1-L0b.0bsA 1 1 . 3 . and /V. i . 2 2 4 . 2 - G<?r. .2 7 3 . 3-Park. 868.

2~Pet .$.\\-H.ox A\\.2i ,row3.2-J.BAi.8g2^H.ox.iu,2 1 .row
2.i.f. q-Matth. 1172.

Pouchy each side bellying out, but marked with a cavity prefsed
inwards, which cavity disappears in the cultivated plants. Linn.
Stem cylindrical below, somewhat angular above, slightly hairy,
cloathed with leaves. Leaves alternate, spear-shaped, arrow-shap-
ed at the base, half embracing the stem, slightly toothed, hairy.
Blofs. yellow. Pouches on long fruit-stalks, terminated by a long
style: partition extending beyond and forming a strong ridge
round the seed-vefsel. Woodward.

Myogrum sativum. Sp, pi. Gold of Pleasure. Common Camline ,
Corn fields ; among fiax often plentifully, but apparently import-
ed along with it from foreign countries. Near Bridport and
Lime in Dorsetshire. [Heydon, Norfolk. Rev. Mr. Bryant.]

A. May, June.f*

BU'NIAS. Pouch , or rather drupa , 4-sided, deciduous;
angles unequal, acute.

Ca?kile» B, Pouch egg-shaped, smooth, with 2 edges and 2 joints.

E.bot.23 i-Kniph.S-Lo b.obs. 1 1 0.3. ic.i. 223. 1 -Ger.em. 2 $. 5-Park*
82 1 .i-H.oxXn. 6. 20-Pet. 46. 6-7.12.0.868.1 .

Plant smooth, sea-green, of a salt taste. Leaves fleshy. Pouches
falling off, and leaving a cloven base behind. Linn. Root slen-
der, wooddy, running deep into the sand, and terminated by a tew

f It is cultivated in Germany for the sake of the exprefsed oil of the
seeds, which the inhabitants use for medicinal, culinary, and ceconomical
purposes. The seeds are a favourite food with geese. Horses, cows, goats,
and sheep eat it.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SIL1CULOSA. Crambe.

rigid fibres. Stem woody, much branched. Leaves oblong-wedge*
shaped, sitting, deeply cut, or wing-cleft. Flpwers pale purple.
Fruit-stalks short. Pouches large and fleshy. Woodward. Stem 2
or 3 inches high, almost wooddy ; large branches trailing, smaller
ones ascending. Leaves wing-cleft, fleshy, smooth, the terminat-
ing segment largest. Glands , 1 within each shorter stamen, and
r on the outside each pair of longer stamens. Pouch oblong-egg-
shaped, crooked, 1 seed in each.

Sea Rocket. Sea shore, [in deep sand, frequently just above
high water mark. Yarmouth, Norfolk ; South wold, Suffolk.
Woodward. On the sandy den at Teignmouth, plentiful.]

A. June— Oct.

, CRAMBE. The 4 longer filaments cloven at the
top, one of the clefts bearing the anther: seed-
vejscl simple, globular, deciduous.

C. Leaves and stem smooth.

Fl.dan .3 r 6-G<?r.248. 1 6— .48.1 2-Ger.em.$ 1 5. 1 5-H.ox. iii.2.1 6
~-Park .270.4. b.-Lob.adv. g 2 . and ic. i . 2 4 5- Park. 270 .4 .a.-Ger.
248.1 5-J.B.V1.830.2 ; not Kniph.iOy C.maritima. )

This plant lurks as it were under the disguise of a Brajsicat
as is evident from its fructification being so distinct.LiNN. Whole
plant smooth. Stems many, spreading and much branched. Root-
leaves on leaf-stalks, very large, spreading wide on i\\e ground,
variously waved, jagged, and indented, smooth, sea-green, some-
times tinged with purple; stem-leaves sitting. Fruit stalks long.
Flowers white. Pouch at first egg-shaped, terminated by a blunt
summit, afterwards nearly globular. Woodward. Leaves fleshy,
glaucous, indented and curled; upper ones nearly sitting and
egg-shaped. Blofs. large, white, but the claws of the
the filaments often purple.

Sea Cole-wort . Cliff Kale. Sandy sea shores. [Roofebeck in
Low Furnefs, Lancashire. Mr. Woodward. Near Mevagifsey,
Cornwall. Mr.WATT. Chalk cliffs at Weymouth and Lul worth-
cove, and many other places on that coast.] P. May, June.f

Var. There is one variety with jagged leaves, and another
with yellowish blofsoms.

I'SATIS. Pouch or seed-vefsel simple, oval-spearshaped,
compressed, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, crowned by the
style.

f The young and tender leaves are boiled as cabbage, but when full
grown they occasion giddinefs. Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine eat it.

2 0 2

marit

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Vella.

6-1

tincto'ria. I. Root-leaves scolloped ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped: pouches

oblong.

Cultivated. — Fuchs. 33'z-J.BA\.gog.2-Matth.63p>-Dod.jg.2-Lob.

obs.i go. i. and ic. 1.352. \-Ger.em.qgi .2-Pet. 4.8. g.

Wild. — E. bot.gj-Fuchr.331-J.BA1.gog. 1 -Matth.63c1-Dcd.jg. 1
—Lob.obs. 1 8g .and ic. 1.351 .2-Ger.em.qg 1 . 1 -Park. 600. 3-Trag. 2 56
-Ger.ggq-H.oxAW.i j.io and 1 T -Blackvc.2/g6-Lonic A. 1 49. 1 .

Pouches on slender fruit-stalks,, hanging down. Mr. Woodw.
Stem branched, wooddy. Leaves, the uppermost strap-spearshaped.
Calyx yellow. Petals notched at the end; yellow. Policies chesnut-
coloured.

Wild Woad. Corn fields, and borders of corn fields, but ra-
ther rare. Huns. New Barns near Ely. Relhan. [Cultivated
about Heynsham, Somersetshire. Mr.SwAYNE. By the river Wear
nearDurham. Mr. Robson.] B. June, July. f

. • k * -
I \ \

VEL'LA. Pouch globular, partition twice as large as
the valves and extending beyond them like the
bit oDa spoon.

an'nua. V. Leaves wing-cleft : pouches pendent.

Kni_ph.10-Clus.11. 130.1— Lob Job s.\ 02. 3%and ic. i. 20 5.2-Ger. em. 2 qj.
4- Pa r k. 8 3 o . 2 -J. B . i i . g' 2 o- Pet . 5 0 . 5- Trevc.pl. rar.

Stem branched, hairy. Leaves , segments strap-shaped, tooth- -
ed, hairy. Petals white, with deep purple veins. Pouches hairy,
egg-shaped, terminated by the extension of the partition.WooDw.
Pouches set with soft prickles. Blofs. pale yellow.

Crefse Rocket. Annual Crefsei . On Salisbury plain, not far
from Stonehenge. Ray. ■' ’ . A. June.

* . f

SUBULA'RIA. Pouch entire, egg-shaped; valves
egg-shaped, concave, placed across the partition:
style shorter, than the pouch.*

1 • • . • 1 . *■ *

aquat'ica. S. Leaves awl-shaped. >,

Dicks. h.s.-Fl.dan. 3 5-H.ox.v11l. 1 0.2 g-Pet.tg8.8-Phk.188. 5.

Flourishes and blofsoms under water. Linn. Leaves green,
semi-cylindrical, full of pith. Blofs.. white. Seeds yellow. Ray.

f With the juice of this plant, it is said, the ancient Britons painted their
bodies to render themselves more terrible to their enemies. It is much used
by the dyers for its blue colour, and it is the basis of many other colours.
It is cultivated for their use. Cows eat it; horses, sheep, and goats refuse it.

TETR ADYNAMIA. S1LICUL0SA. Draba.

I

Water Azvkvort. Grows under water on a gravelly bottom in
Lough Neagh, Ireland, on the side next Kilmore. Ray. Loch
Tav and Loch Carran, Scotland. Mr. Stuart. In lakes on the
mountains near Llanberrys. Huds. And Llyn y Own, near
Snowdon. Penn. [Ffynnon frech near Snowdon. Llyn Aled,
Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith.] A. June, July.

DRA'BA. Pouch entire, elliptical oblong, rather corn-
pressed ; valves fiat, parallel to the partition :
style none.

,

D. Stalks naked: leaves sparingly serrated. Linn. Petals ver'na.
divided. Sx.

F/.dan.qSs—Curt.-'Thal.'j.E.—Wa/c.-Dod. i \2.2-r-Lob,obs.2asy).2 .
and /V.i.46g. i -Ger.m.624.1 -Park. 556.3 -G<?r. 499. 1 -Pet. 48 .

6 and y-J.B.'n.g^'j.2~SegulerA.^.^.atp.^2S-Knly>k>.i.

Flozvers hanging down at night. Petals divided. Linn. Stalks
smooth after flowering, but hairy when young. Leaves hairy,
sometimes entire. Flozvers when in blofsom in broad-topped
■spikes, about 15 in each. It is difficult to find the full comple-
ment of stamens when the flower is fully expanded, as they drop
when the germen begins to enlarge.

Common Whztlow-grafs. Nailzvort . Walls and dry places, and
pastures. A. March, April. p

~ v

D. Leaves hairy, toothed or entire; stalk with 1 leaf: stella'ta
pouches oblong, upright. Jacq. Petals entire. 1
Jacq.austr.^2 ; and enum. 4.3.

Leaves inversely egg-shaped, blunt, thick, tapering at the base
into leaf-stalks, either entire or with a single tooth on each side,
fringed and set on each surface with white hairs, the ends of
which are star-like; these hairs are often wanting on the upper
surface. Stalk cylindrical, upright, hairy like the leaves, especi-
ally on the lower part ; furnished with 1 , rarely with 2 leaves.

Corymbus terminating, consisting of about 7 longish fruit-stalks.

'Petals pure white, large, entire, expanding. Jacquin. Not Draba
hirta of Linnaeus. Dickson. In the D.hirta the petals are notch-
ed at the end.

Found by Mr. Dickson on rocks in the Highlands of Scotland :
on Ben Lawers. A. May, June.

»

f One of our earliest flowering plants. It is good as a sallad.
sheep, and horses eat it; cows 21 e not fond of it ; swine refuse it.

2 O 3

Goats,

l

66 , TETRADYNAMIA. S1LICUL0SA. Draha.

mura'lis. D. Stem branched : leaves egg-shaped, sitting toothed*

Col.ecphr.2j2-Barr.Z 1 6-Bauh.pr.^o-Park.S^. i 3-ff.0tf.iii* 20.
5~7-B'ii*939*1 -^#.48.5.

Fruit-stalks horizontal when the fruit is ripe, longer than the
pouches. Pouches nearly slanting. Flowers white. Linn. Root-
leaves entire at the base, toothed upwards. Pouches exactly ellip-
tical, ending in a short blunt knob which is the summit. Woodw.
Stem and leaves hairy. Stem-leaves rather heart-shaped. Petals
very slightly notched at the end.

Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grafs. Fifsures of rocks, mountainous
and stony pastures, especially in a calcareous soil, in Derbyshire,
Yorkshire, and Westmoreland. Arnbar Scar near Arncliff, Lit-
tendale and MalhamCove. Curt. [Near to a cotton manufac-
tory a little below Malham Cove. Mr, Caley.] A. May.

inca'na, D, Stem-leaves numerous, hoary : pouches oblong, slant-
ing, nearly sitting.

PI Jan, 1 30-Pet. 48. 3 and ±-PIuk.± 2 . 1 »

Root a hand’s breadth long. Root-leaves very numerous, dis-
posed in a rose-like form, spear-shaped, cottony and somewhat
hairy, entire, pointed; stem-leaves often upwards of 30, sitting,
marked with a few teeth, similar to the root-leaves, but shorter,
the uppermost egg-shaped, on the lower part of the stem more
crowded. Stem a hand’s breadth long, straight, hoary, cloathed
with leaves. Flowers in a small terminating corymbus, which,
when the fruit is ripe, becomes a hunch. Petals white, slightly
notched.’ Pouches upright, egg-oblong, bent contrary to the sun,
comprefsed, naked. Fruit-stalks hoary, 3 times shorter than the
pouches, stiff, approaching to the stem. It flowers with the
Anemone. Linn. Stems 6 to 9 inches, slightly cottony, simple,
crooked. Leaves oval-spearshaped, a little hairy, the lower
slightly, the upper deeply toothed. Fruit-stalks nearly as long
as the pouches. Pouches spear-shaped, smooth, twisted, terminated
by the blunt summit. Mr. Woodward.

Wrcathen-podded Whilowgrafs. Fifsures of limestone rocks,
#nd moist mountainous meadows, Westmoreland and Caernar-
vonshire. About Settle. Curt. [Rock near the summit of I11-
gleborough on the west side, Mr. Woodward. Side of Rose-
berry Coppin, Yorkshire, 1779. Mr. Robson.] B. May-— July.

LEPID'IUM. Pouch notched at the end, compressed :
valves sharply keeled; 1 seed in each cell.

1

TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA, Lepidium.

( i ) Four stamens longer .

L. Leaves winged, very entire: petals notched, smaller
than the calyx.

E.bot. ii i-Jac^.austr.i^i-Col.ecphr.2j^-Crantz.l.2.^.^.

One of our smallest delicate plants. Linn. Leaves dark green;
leafits elliptical, tapering each way, on leaf-stalks, very entire,
thickish, from 6 to 1 2 pairs, with an odd one. Flowers in a close
corvmbus, which, as the fruit ripens, lengthens out into a bundle
Petals spatula-shaped, white, as long as, and narrower than the
, calyx ; generally very entire, but sometimes slightly notched.
Pouches broad egg-shaped, blunt, convex underneath, flat above ;
valves keeled. Jacq. Stem branched from near the root. Leafits
spear-shaped, horizontal, just sensibly broader than the mid-rib.
St.

Mountain Dittander . Rocks, walls, and stony places. St. Vin-
cent’s Rock, on the low rocks over against Goram’s Chair, and
on the walls about Bristol, Uphill, Somersetshire.

B. March— April,

Leaves egg-spear shaped, entire, serrated.

27 .dan. 5 'fl-E.bot. 182-Kniph.^-Fuchs.^S^-J.B. ii. 940. i-Trag.
&3-Matth,6og-Dod.ji6.i - Lob.obs. ij2 .4, andic.i.^i^.2-Ger.
em. 241. 2~Park.%55. i-H.ox. iii. 21, row 2.1-Blackw. 448-*
Lottie, i. 1 6 1 -Ger. 187. 2-Pet. 48 . 1 o-J. B. ii ,940. 2 .

Stem branched, zigzag. Flowers numerous, in panicles, white,
Dittander Pepperwort. Poor-man s Pepper . Cpmmon Dittander .
Meadows and pastures. Hythe, near Colchester; Heybridge,
near Maldon ; and marshes near Grays, in Efsex; Sheringham
Cliffs, Norfolk; and between Beningborough and Mitton in the
North Riding of Yorkshire. [Near Seaton, plentifully. Mr.
Robson,] P, June, July.f*

(2) Stamens either 2 or 4.

L. Stem trailing, hairy : leaves with winged clefts : fruit
double, (E.bot.)

E.bot. 248.

f This is one of the acrid antiscorbutics, arid was formerly used in the
place of Horse-radish. An infusion of it vomits.

567

petrge'um*,

latifoflium«

did'ymum*

568 TETR ADYNAMIA. SIL1CULOSA. Thlaspi.

Stem a foot high. Leaves winged; leajits sitting, alternate,
spear-shaped, toothed on the fore edge. Bunches from the bo^om
of the leaves, as long as the leaves. Flowers very minute. Caps.
roundish, double, somewhat wrinkled. An intermediate plant
between the CochlearicC s and Lepidium s. Linn. Stamens 2, or 4.
Flowers white.

L. anglicum. Huds. Procumbent Dlttander. On rubbish about
Exeter; and Truro and Penryn, Cornwall. [Near Exeter. Mr.
Newberry.] A. June, July.

rudera'le. L. Root-leaves tooth-winged ; branch-leaves strap-shaped,

very entire : petals sometimes wanting.

Trag.8^.2-Fl.dan.i8^-Matth. 608-Dod.ji^. i-Lob.ic.i. 214. 1-
Ger.em. 262. q-Park. 829-//. ox. iii.ig. row 2.f.^-Pet.^o.i-
Fuchs.’xo'j-J.B.W.gi/^.

Stem usually crooked, wood-like, stiff. Leaves fleshy, smooth.
Fruit-stalks slender. Pouches numerous, small, much comprefsed.
Woodward. Flowers either with or without petals. Siam. 2, or 4.

Narrow -leaved Dlttander. On rubbish, and on the sea coast.
Maldon, Efsex; Yarmouth, Lynn, and Clay, Norfolk; Truro,'
Cornwall. [Salt marshes near Yarmouth, Norfolk, plentifully.
Mr. Woodward — Rubbish on the side of the Severn above Wor-
cester. St. Near King’s Weston, below Bristol.] The plant
smells like a fox. B. June, July.

THLAS'PI. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, notched at
end ; valves like a keeled boat, often winged
with a border; cells many-seeded.

arveiTse* T. Pouches round and flat : leaves oblong, toothed, smooth.

Ludw.i'j^-Fl.dan.jg^-Blackw.68-Matth.^6j-Ger. 204. i-~J. B.
\\.g2o)-Sheldr.\oe)-Dod.ji2-Lob.obs. 108.1, and ic, i. 212.J2-
Ger.em. 2 6 2 . 1 -Park.8%6. 1 -H.ox. iii . 1 7. 1 2-Pet. 50.9 .

Leaves arrow-shaped at the base, embracing the stem. Pouches
deeply notched. Mr. Woodward. Stem about 2 feet high, with
7 or 8 membranaceous edges. Seeds pear-shaped, but comprefsed,
hanging or pointing downwards. Blofs. white.

Treacle Mustard. Penny-crefs . Cornfields, especially in a mud-
dy soil. A. June, July.f*

f The whole plant has something of a garlic flavour. The seeds have
the acrimony of mustard. When cows eat it their milk gets a bad taste. —
Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Sheep and horses refuse it.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Thlaspi. 569

>•'

» • - r • » . '

T. Pouches roundish : leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, hoary, campes'tre.

Curt.-Ger.20^.2-Pet.^o.y-Fuchs.^o6~J.B.ii.g2i.i-Trag.8y.

Leaves very soft, and almost velvety. Linn. — Stems many from
the same root, thickly cloathed with leaves. Leaves growing
without order. In some situations it is green and slightly hairy,
in others very downy and white, and is then. the. Th. hirtum of
Hudson. Woodward. Stem cloathed with leaves, undivided
except at the top, where it separates into y or 8 branches, above
the branches naked. Root-leaves spear-eggshaped, on long fiat
leat-stalks, sometimes wing-cleft at the base. Fruit-stalks hori-
zontal. ' Roaches nearly heart-shaped, "smooth, convex on the
lower, and concave on the upper surface. Blofs. white. Cups
with brown spots.

Mlthrldate Mustard. Bastard Crefs. Cornfields, and sunny situ-
ations, in a clayey and sandy soil. . B. June, July.

Var. 2. Leaves, smooth, scarcely serrated; those at the root
not indented.

Blachvo. 407 -Dod. yi^.^-Loh.ohs. 108.2, and 1c. i. 21 3.1 -Ger.em.

262. 2- Park .836.2 -Pet. 50 . 8 -PI. ox. i i i . 1 7 . 1 4- Matt h. 5 6 6.

Leaves smooth, broader than 1, and not so tapering'to a point.

Pouches smooth. Ray.

Thlaspi vac car ice folio glabrum. R. syn.305. Between Beccies
and Bungay, Suffolk. Ray.

Var. 3. cottony. Pouches, stem and leaves cottony.

This has been supposed to be the Thlaspi hirtum of Linn, but
I am of opinion with Mr. Woodward, that it is only a variety of
the Thl. campestre. It is like soft velvet to the touch, nor are
the pouches properly rough with hairs, (hirsute,) they are only
cottony in a slight degree. It differs most obviously from the T.
campestre, in the root-leaves being entire and on very long leaf-
stalks. It is about 10 or 12 inches high, but the Linnxan ThL
hirtum is not above half so high, and has root-leaves inversely- ■
egg-shaped, and broadat the end, but in our plant they are
strap-spearshaped.

Thlaspi hirtum of Huds. and other English authors. [On
Dartmoore.J May, June.

T. Pouches inversely-heartshaped : stem-leaves heart- perfoliakum.
shaped, smooth, somewhat toothed : petals as long
as the calyx : stem branched.

Dicks, h . s.-Jacy. austr.^o'j-Col. ecphr^jS^-Tab. hist. 8 51-Pet.

50.1 2.

57a TETR ADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Thlaspi.

Stem smooth. Blofs. white, hardly larger than the calyx.
Stam. longer than the dower; white. Anthers yellowish. Pouch
like that of the common Shepherds purse. Linn. Seeds 4 in
each cell. Pollich. Stem upright, simple, but in gardens and
in a rich soil branched. Lowermost leaves egg-shaped, on leaf-
stalks. About 8 inches high. Leaves glaucous green, clasping
the stem.

Perfoliate Shepherds- purse. Thlaspi alpestre. Huds. ed. ii. Stone
pits between Witney and Burford, and on Burford Downs, Ox-
fordshire. A. April.

mtanurn. X* Pouches inversely-heartshaped: leaves smooth ; root-

leaves battledore-shaped, very entire; stem-leaves
embracing the stem: petals longer than the calyx.

Jaeq. austr.2^'j-Col.ecphr.2'j6.i-J.B.iug26-Tahern.Q^2,i'-Ger^
em. 268, right hand fig. -Clus.ii. 131.2.

Root creeping. Ray. Root-leaves large, smooth, tapering
down into leaf-stalks. Mr. Woodward. Seeds only 1 or 2 in
each cell. E. bot. -Flowers large, white. Anthers yellow.

Thlaspi foliis Globulariee. Ray. Syn . 305. 4. In pastures about
the ebbing and flowing well, a mile from Settle in Yorkshire, to-
wards Ingieborough ; also in many places of the mountaiuous
pastures between Settle and Malham. Ray. I found it on the
1 road from Settle to Malham, within about half a mile of the Tarn.
Curt. (On Ingieborough. Woodward,] P. June, July,

alpcs'tre. T. Pouch inversely heart-shaped : leaves glaucous, some-
what toothed, embracing the stem : petals as long as
the calyx : seeds numerous.

E.hot.^i-Clus.li. 13 1 .z-Tabern.%54.. x^Ger.em,2^.rj-Ger,2 10,
j-Park.&SJ ,%-Thlaspi perfoliatum minus . Ray syn. 305.6.
Root-leaves forming a tuft. Stem single, central, flowering
early; other lateral stems afterwards shoot up, flowering later.
Petals white, about the length of the calyx. Anthers purplish,
Seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. E. bot. Dr. Smith observes that Mr,
Hudson’s T. montanum is certainly the T. alpestre of Linn, and
fhat his T. alpestre is the T. perfoliatum of Linn. Adding, and
justly too, that the Botan. art*, ed. ii, misled by this authority,
had still further increased the confusion.

The present arrangement of these articles has been made
"without any view to Mr. Hudson’s opinions, and are founded on
the indisputable Veracity, and well known accuracy of Ray, who,
in his Synopsis, p. 305, No. 4 and 6, records two species, referring
to the same figures which Linnaeus in the Sp. PI. has quoted to
the Thai, montanum, and Thl. alpestre, so that I must believe
that Ray had seen both those species. He also particularly no-

37 1

TETRADYNA M I A . SILICULOSA. Codileam.

tices the creeping root of the T. montanum, a circumstance so
inapplicable to the T. alpestre, that Dr. Smith is obliged to sup-
pose this to be a mistake.

I am ready to allow that the Oxfordshire plants of Bobart,
may be the T. perfoliatum, but think it highly probable that
those of Merret and Nicholson must have been the true T. alpes-
tre, or else Ray and Linmeus would hardly have agreed in quot-
ing the same synonyms. Pastures above the ebbing and flowing
well, 2 miles from Grislewick, in stony ground among the grafs.
Yorkshire. Merret. On most Limestone pastures in Westmore-
land and Cumberland: Nicholson. Limestone rocks at Matlock.
Dr. Smith. B. July.

T. Pouches comprefsed, triangularly inversely heart-shaped,
smooth, without a border : root-leaves wing-cleft.

Ludw. 1 8 6-Cur t.-B lac kzu. 5-Walc. 5- Dod . 1 03. 1 -Loh. obs. 1 1 o. 1 ,
and lc.1.221 .1-Ger.em.276.1-H. ov.iii.20. rozo 1 .2-Pet.

5, 6, and j-Ger. 214. l-Fuchs.Gn-H-ag^i^-J.B.ii.g^-
Lonic.i.i^g.i-Park.666.i-Matth.^6g.

Root-leaves , sometimes entire. St. In cultivated ground the
segments broader, on walls and in dry situations more deeply di-
vided, and the segments much narrower. Curt. Leaves fringed
with fine hairs ; stem-leaves , the upper entire, strap-spearshaped,
embracing the stem. Bunches long, flatted at the top, terminating.
Calyx hairy. Petals entile, White. Summit circular, fringed,
concave. Anthers a little woolly. Germen egg-shaped, com-
prefsed, with a channel down the middle.

Shepherds Purse. Shepherds Pouch. Among rubbish, road sides,
walls, corn fields, gravel walks. A. March — Sept.

This plant is a strong instance of the influence of soil and si-
tuation, for it grows almost every where, and sometimes is net
more than 2 inches high when it flowers and perfects its seeds;
whilst in other situations it attains the height of 2 or 3 feet.
Linn. The plants of this genus begin to flower long before they
have attained their full size, the flowers at first forming a corym-
bus, but this after a while shoots out and afsumes the form of a
long spike-like bunch. The stem also, at first simple, in time
becomes branched, the first branches ifsuing from its upper part.

COCHLEA'RIA. Pouch notched at the end, turgid,
rough, many-seeded; valves bulging, blunt.

Bursa pas-
to'ris.

C, Root-leaves heart-circular ; stem-leaves oblong, a little officinalis.

9

indented.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILiCULOSA. Cochlearia.

57 2

Kniph. 3 -Ludw. 1 3 y-FLdan. 1 3 tj-BIackav. 22 j-W oodv.2 g-Pet .43 .
i-J. B.ii.gq.2-Dod.59£.i—Lob.obs.i 56.^, and ic. i. 293. 2-Ger.
cm. 401 .i-Park.2%%. 2-H.ox.1n. 20.1-0^.324.1 .

Boot-leaves kidney-shaped, entire, veined, on long leaf-stalks;
stem-leaves oblong, sitting, slightly toothed, and in a mountain
specimen much larger than the root-leaves. Fruit-stalks long,
slender, expanding, sometimes bent back. Pouchy style hardly
discernible. Mr. Woodward. Stem angular. Root-leaves on
long leal-stalks, heart-kidneyshaped, fleshy; stem-leaves sitting,
sometimes halberd-shaped, the lower sometimes on short broad
leaf-stalks. Petals fleshy, clear white ; clave s greenish. Pouch
either not notched at the end or scarce sensibly so, sometimes
pointed by the style ; smooth ; partition double. Seeds rough.

Scurvy g' aCs. Scrooby-grafs. Sea shores, common, also on in-
land mountains in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Scotland and Wales.

A. April, May.-f

Mr. Hudson considers the C. groenlandica as only a var. of
this, and as far as appears from the specific character the C. da-
nica may be nothing more, so great are the changes to which it
is subject ; but the following metamorphosis of this Proteus-like
plant, is more extraordinary than .any thing of the kind which has
occurred to my observation.

Root wooddy, sending out fibres,

'Stem none.

Leaf-stalks lying close on the ground, springing from the crown
of the root, very slender, about 1 or i-£ inch long.

Leaves smooth, entire, varying from circular to heart-shaped,
sometimes with a single indentation on each side, about |
of an inch in diameter.

Fruit-stalks from the crown of the root, very slender, leaflefs, x
to i-j inch long, supporting a single flower.

Blofs. petals reflected, very much larger than the calyx, of a bright
rich lilac-colour, streaked with deeper purple lines.

Pouch circular heart-shaped, 2-celled, with 4 rough seeds in
each, placed alternately, on short pedicles.

f Notwithstanding this is a native of the sea coast, it is cultivated in
gardens without any sensible alteration of its properties. It pofsefses a con-
siderable degree of acrimony, and this acrimony seems to reside in a very
subtile efsential oil. Its effects as an anti-scorbutic are universally known?
and it is a powerful remedy in the pituitous asthma, and in what Sydenham
calls the scorbutic rheumatism. A distilled water, and a conserve, are pre-
pared from the leaves, and its juice is prescribed along with that of oranges,
by the name of anti-scorbutic juices. It may be eaten as a sallad. Cows cat
it. Horses goats, and sheep refuse it.

I

TETRAD YN A M I A ^ SILICULOSA. Cochlcaria.

This elegant little plant grows in a rich soil in various places
about Lisbon, but not particularly on the shores of the Tagus;
flowering in January and February, and I never saw it there as-
sume any other appearance, so that concluding it to be a Coch-
learia I fully concurred in opinion with my good friend the Abbe
Correa that it was a species unknown to the Linnssan School.
Some seeds sown in my garden at Edgbaston in the Autumn of
1 793* produced plants which flowered in March 1794. These
agreed in every respect with the Portugal plants. In April the
colour of the petals was more dilute, the whole plant larger, and
much resembling the Cochl. danica fig. in the FI. dan. t. 100. In
the month of May the petals became entirely white and much
smaller than those which had flowered in March : the flowers
formed a corymbus, the stems grew to a foot or more in height, ,
bearing angular leaves, and in every respect corresponding with
the ordinary C. officinalis.

C. All the leaves trowel-shaped, with halberd-shaped da'nica.
angles at the base.

FI. dan . 1 oc —Lob. obs.% 3 8 . 1 , and zV.i . 6 1 5.2 —Ger.em. 2 7 1 - Park .848.
i-~J. B.ii.qsg. 2-H.ox. ni. 20. 3-Pet. q.g. 3.

Stem not branched as in C. officinalis. Suckers trailing. All
the leaves halberd-shaped, or egg-shaped with an angle on each
side of the base. Leaf-stalks not toothed at the base, or embrac-
ing the stem. Capsules egg-shaped. Linn. Stems numerous.

Mr. Wo odward. Blofs. white.

Thlaspi hederaceum . Ger. em. 271. Park. 848. (St.) Danish
Scurvy-grafs . Sea shores. Isle of Walney, Lancashire, and
near Llanbadrick church, Anglesea. Ray. [Wells, Norfolk.

Mr. Crowe.] A. May, June.

C. Leaves kidney-shape^, entire, fleshy. groenlan*

Barth, act.nl. t.: 44. dica.

Root-leaves very small, underneath very convex and fleshy,
without veins, very entire, on long leaf-stalks. Linn. The
Cochlearia which grows on the mountains of Wales, Derbyshire,

Yorkshire, and YV estmoreland, of which I have now plants in
my garden from Wales and Craven, yearly sow themselves, and
have continued the same for above loyears. Richardson i nR.srn.

The same is confirmed in Mr. Sherard’s garden at Eltham. Dill.
ib. Miller also, who from his manner of speaking appears to have
cultivated it, speaks of it asa distinct species, and says it is biennial,
but that the C. officinalis is an annual. St. From the specimens
I have seen I su-pect it to be only a starved variety of C. officinalis.

Lightf. M.y specimens above mentioned seem to answer equally

574

T1LTR ADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Cochlcaria.

to the descriptions of C. g roenlandtca and ojficitialis, except thar
the leaves are veined. Mr. Woodward. From such differences
in opinion, whatever may be the real plant of Linnaeus, I am in-
clined to suspect that ours is only a mountainous variety of the
C. officinalis.

In reply to some enquiries sent to Mr. Griffith, he favoured
me with the following observations’. “ The Cochlearia groenlan-
dica is certainly not an annual. I cultivated it 3 or 4 years,
during which time it retained its diminutive state, . which gave
me reason to suppose it distinct from the C. officinalis; but I have
since repeated the experiment, and it became as large as the
Cochl. officinalis.”

Mountains of Caernarvonshire; about Llanberys, plentifully.
Huds. Mountains near Settle. Curt. A.Linn.Huds. B.Mill.

an'glica. C. All the leaves egg-spearshaped,

Tl.daH.§2$-Blacku3.2 1 'S-Dod.^g^-Lob.obs.i^j.i.and ic* 1.294.

1 -Ger.em. 40 1 . 2-~Park .285.1 -H.ox. iii.20.ro w 3 ,2-^Ger. 324.2.

The root-leaves are generally entire, the stem-leaves generally
indented, but sometimes they are all entire, or all indented, tho’
I believe the primary root-leaves are always entire. Pouches round-
ish, fleshy, much larger than those of C.ojf.cinahs , and terminated
by a longer style about 2-gds of a line in length. Woodward.

Spoonwort. English Scurvy-grafs. Sea shores, in muddy soil.
Sait marshes, Kent and Efsex, where the salt water overflows it
every tide. Mill. [At Yarmouth, Mr. Crowe, and on the coast
abundantly. Mr. Woodward. Isle of Wight, and King’s Wes-
ton. St. River banks near the Hotvveils, Bristol. Mr. Sway ne.]

A. or B. May.

Coro'nopus. C. Leaves wing-cleft : stem deprefsed.

Fl.dan.202—Black-zu. i20—Ger.^o.2—Dod. 1 1 o —Lob.obs.2 40. 1 .and
icX. 438.1 -Ger<em. 42 7 .2-Pet. cp&-H.oxXi\ . 1 9.9 -Town. 102-
J. B.ii. 9 1 9. 2-Matth.Bs 1 -Park. 502 .5-Park. 502 .2 .

Stem and root-leaves prostrate, longer than the branches ; Unfits
cut along the fore edge, very entire along the back edge, the ter-
minating one strap-shaped, very entire. Pouch kidney-heartshap-
ed, deprefsed on the sides, with furrows and sharp ridges running
towards the edge, where they run out into sharpish points ; one
of the cells not unfrequently empty, in which case the fertile seed
expands, filling up almost the whole of the seed-vefsel. In this
last respect it accords with the Myagrum . St. Bunches from the
bosom of the leaves. Blofs. white.

Swines Grefs* Scurvygrafs. Cornfields ; rubbish ; road sides.

A. June — Aug,

/

TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. I Leris.

J / J

C. Root-leaves spear-shaped, scolloped : stem-leaves snipt. Armora'c ia*
IVoodv. 1 fio—B/ackiv.^i S~Fuchs.66o-J.B.u.S^2~Lonk.ui 60.1—
c^raS‘7ZA'^G^^']^'* l~hob.obs.i'j2t.andtc.i.^20.\-Ger.em.2^ r .
i-Park.86o~-Pet.^g.i i-G^r.i ^ •\-Matth.^2-H.oxX\\.ry .row

3.2.

^ ar. 2. Root-leaves deeply wing-cleft. St.

Pet.eyg.\2.

F/o-wers white.

Horse-radish. Sides of ditches, banks of rivers. About Aln-
wick, Northumberland; banks of Skipton-beck, and elsewhere
in Bolland, in Craven. Ray. ^ »

. C. didtyma. See Lepidium didymum. ' '

IBERIS. Blofs. unequal, the two outer petals larger:
pouch roundish, compressed: partition placed
crofsways; 1 seed in each cell.

I. Herbaceous: leaves spear-shaped, acute, somewhat ama'ra.
toothed : flowers in bunches.

E.bot. 50. i-Knph. g-Riv.t etr . tog, Th/aspid.fol. Nasturtii-J.B .
Ihg25.i-G<?r.205.6— G^r.m.263.5, on the right hand .

Similar to I. umbellata , (the common Candy-tuft) but smaller
Linnu Leaves strap-spearshaped, generally with 1 or 2 teeth on
each side. Flowers in a terminating spike-like bunch ; white.

• Cp^ytufi. Cornfields about Henley, and other places

in Oxfordshire. Huds. Common about Wallingford, Berks.

Dr. Smith. Often cultivated in our gardens. St. A, June, July.

I. Herbaceous: leaves wing-cleft: stem naked, simple. nudicaiviis,
Dichs.h.s. -Curt.-Dcd. 1 03. Z-Lob.ic.i. 221. 2~Ger.en2.2y6. 2-Park .

8^.$-J.B.ii.q27.i-Pet,so.2-F/.dan.£23-Ger.i9q..§~.Ger.em.

2 5 1 • ^-Park .828. y-Mag n. hot. 1 8 y-H. 0*.i ii. 1 9. 5. '

Stem numerous, with usually one sitting leaf below the mid-
dle. Root-leaves spread on the ground in a circle, smooth, with

pd/s in c;®mon use at our tables as a condiment for fish,

1 beef, &c. and it is used lor many other culinary purooses. An infu-
sion of it in cold milk, makes one of the safest and best cosmetics. hi J"
lytic and dropsical cases it is an useful stimulant and diuretic. A strong m
fusion of it excites vomiting. A distilled water is prepared from it I wT

sZnl^ci^ ^ refUSe lt*. ThC ***** Bra^« iecds «Pon tie

j

I

576 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Dontaria.

winged clefts, the terminating lobe large. Pouches somewhat
convex on one side, flat on the other, bordered with a projecting
margin, and marked with a perpendicular line, which is the edge
of the partition. Woodward. From 2 to 4 inches high. Leaf-
stalks as long as- the leaves. Flowers small, white, in a terminat-
ing spike-lik^e bunch.

Rock Crefs . Naked Candytuft . Gravelly places and very bar-
ren heaths. Near Hampton Court, Richmond and Barnes Com-
mons. Ray. Putney Heath. Mill. Old stone pits by the side
of Pensham Field, Worcestershire. Nash. [About Norwich,
frequent. Mr. Pitchf. — and Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw. — ■
Between Corby Castle andCarlisle. St. HarmerHill, near Salop.
Mr. Aik in.] A. May— July.

SILIQUOSA,

DENTA'RIA. Pod cylindrical, bordering, opening
with a jerk: valves rolling back, rather shorter
than the sponge-like partition: summit notched:
calyx close.

bulbi'fera. D. L ower-leaves winged; the upper ones undivided.

E.hot.^og-Fl Jan. 061 -Clus.ii. 12 i.i-Lokdc.lMy.2-Ger.e?};
qSg. 1— Park ,h>2Q. 1 -Ger. 833.1,.

Bulbs produced from the bosom of the leaves as in the IJ Hum
lulhiferum, and the fruit in the like manner abortive. Linn.
Stem simple. Leaves , the lower witli 3 pair of leatits, and an odd
one confluent with the. pair beneath ; leatits bluntly spear-shaped,
serrated; the upper with 3 clefts, or simple, acutely spear-shaped,
serrated* Flowers flesh-coloured. Bulbs from the bosom of Lite
Upper leaves, scaly, which falling oil take root, and produce new
plants. It rarely produces seeds. .Mr. Woodward. Bulbs black.

Bulbed Coral wort. W oods and snady places, Highttede and
Foxholes Woods near Mavfield, SufsexcPARK. Old Park Wood,
near Harefield. Blackst. Woods between Beconsfield and
Wickham. PIuds, P» April May,

CARDAMTNE. Pod long, a -edged, opening with a
jerk : valves rolling back, parallel to the mem-
branaceous partition: summit a knob, entire:
calyx rather open.

1

TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Cartlamine.

( I ) Leaves undivided .

577

C. Leaves egg-shaped, very entire, on long leaf-stalks.

. FlJtin.20-Jacq. misc.i.ij. 2^1. Iapp.g.2.

Root-leaves on leaf-stalks. In its larger growth there are
leaves on the stem, but rarely with leaf-stalks. Flowers white.

Da: s 2 e- leaved Lady smock. Cardamine pumila Bel/idis folio. Ray
7n- 30°, though not now to be found at St. Vincent’s rocks.
And Mr. Gnfnth informs me that the Arabis stricta now grows in
tue places near-Denbigh where the Cardamine was said to grow.

The specimens before me were gathered wild in Scotland, and
sent me by Mr. Milne. p

C. Leaves oblong, toothed.

FL dan. 38 6-D;//. elth. 61.71 - Light f. 15.2 , at p. 347- Pet. 50.3-
Pluk.101.^.

Stent unbranched. Blofs. white.

Mountain Ladies smock. _ Lofty rock in Caernarvonshire, as
oelyn-rhud near Phestimog, y Clogwyn, du yn yr Arddu Glo-
gv yn, y Carnedh near Llanberys; and on moist rocks above the
Lake Layn-du. Clogwyn du yn yr Arddes. R. s yn. In great

f C'!i7> ,Mp' 9R'7,Tr- B-v the Ist mile stone from Shrewsbury
to Welsh Pool, Mr. A, kin.] P, May-Juiy,

(2) Leaves winged .

C. Leaves Winged ; leafits spear-shaped, toothed or cut a
stipulae fringed. (E. bot.)

£. bot. 8o-}.' B. ii. 886.1-Barr. 1 55-Ger. e/n. 260. j—Park, 1241.
4~ 7d.ox,in.^.i-Pet.ei:yty-Barr. 155.

Stem seldom branched. Leafits of the upper leaves nearly
entire, of the middle ones toothed, of the lower ones considerably

stemandp^?§ed' f 1 ascent-shaped, half embracing the

t . Petals small, white, deciduous; sometimes wanting.

, ™PaUent Ladies smock. Mountainous meadows on the sides of
rivulets, on rocks and moist stony places, in Derbyshire, York-
s ire, and Westmoreland. Gigglelwick Scar. [Rocks opposite
latlock Bath, Derbyshire. Mr. Woodward. On loose earth
thrown up from a quarry above Lench Ford, nearly opposite
Shrawley, and in Cliffy Wood near Hanley, Worcesters. St.]

.. A* May, June,

VoL, III— *2 P

bellidifo'lia.

petrx'a.

impahiens.

S7§

hirsu?ta«

flexuo'sa.

TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Cardamine.

C. Leaves winged, leafits opposite: stamens 4.

Cam. epit. 2 jo-Scop. 38 1 at \\. p.2i-Barr.^^~ J.B.ii.883.

Stems generally numerous, the central one upright, the rest
declining, hairy. Rooi-Jeaves very numerous, forming a circle on
the ground; leafits roundish, 3 or 4 pair, with an odd one much
larger; stem-leaves , 2 or 3 on each stem, roundish or spear-shaped.
Mr. Woodward. Stems from 3 to 5 inches high. Leafits oppo-i
site, mostly 3 pair, the odd one at the end larger and more cir-
cular.

Cardamine hirsuta $ H u d s . Car damme minor arvensis. D. Lbvoyd ,
in R. syn. 300 n. 4.— (Cardamine impat tens alter a hirsutior. R. svn.
300, is C.flexuosa.) Hairy-leaved Ladies smock. [Gravelly soil,
on the driest banks as well as in moist places and by the sides of
rivulets and springs,; Common in Cornwall. Mr. Giddy and
Mr. Stag khouse ; and in Scotland. Dr. Hope. Warwickshire
and Staffordshire, common.] A. March — June.f

*

C • Stem zigzag i leafits toothed, mostly alternate, unequal
at the base.

Curt.2jj~Fi.dan<j35~Walc. C. hirsuta.

Stem 8 to 12 inches high; stiff, angular ribbed, zigzag*
being bent at the setting off of every leaf or branch.

Leaves : Root-leaves lying in a circle on the ground, on
leaf-stalks. Leafits 5 or 6 pair, with an odd one at
the end : egg-shaped, irregularly toothed, unequal at
the base. Stem-leaves alternate, irregular sitting.
Leafits 3 to 5 pair, with an odd one which is larger ;
some sitting, some on short leaf-stalks, irregularly
toothed.

Fruit-stalks cylindrical, but comprefsed ; slanting.
Calyx half the length of the blofsom : generally purplish.
Bloss. Petals white, rounded at the end.

Stamens 6, longer than the blofsom. Anthers yellow.

Pi st. Summit pale green.

S. Vess. Pod straight, nearly upright, cylindrical, but com-
prefsed.

Seeds 6 on each side of the partition.

Plant somewhat hairy ; hairs few, soft, white, mostly on
the lower part of the stem and the edges ct the leaves.

f The young leaves are a good sallad. It is pretty warm in the mouth,
much resembling Water Crefs in taste. Sx.

579

TETIl ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Cardamine.

Flowers in a terminating corymbus, which in time
shoots out in form of a spike-like bunch ; and the
full grown plants sometimes put forth axillary
bunches.

This plant has been supposed by some to be only a var. of
the C. hirsuta, but it has more generally been taken for the C.
parviflora of Linnaeus, whilst others have supposed those two
species only accidental varieties. It differs from the former in
having uniformly 6 stamens, and from the latter in being hairy,
in its stamens being longer than the blofsom, and in its fruit-
stalks being slanting upwards, not horizontal. It does not ap-
pear that the C. parviflora has yet been found in our Island.

Zigzag Ladies smock. C. parviflora. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Carda-
rnine hirsuta. Weber, Curtis, Walcot, Huds. Cardamine
impatiens altera hirsutior. R. syn. 300. Ditches, woods, shady,
wet, and boggy places. [Rookery at Edgbaston, and in ditches
at- The tail of the Pool.] A. May — July;

C. Leafits of the root-leaves roundish, those of the stem- praten'sis;
leaves spear-shaped ; very entire.

Curt. 1 7 5-Kniph. 12- FI. dan. lo^-Woodv.op-Walc .-SheUr. iog:

—Blachw. 223-Lob. obs. 106,2, andic. \.2io.i-Cer.e7n.2^.\~

Ger. 201. i-Clus/11.1 28. 2-Dod. 592. 2-Lob. obs. 106.3, andic. i.

210.2- Ger.em. 2 59. 2— Ger. 201 . 2-Par/:. 826. 2, and 1233 ./. 4-
H.ox . iii . 4. j-Pet.q.j .5- Lottie, i . 1 59 . ^-Ftichs. 3 2 5-J. B. ii.88 g .

Leafitsoi the lower stem-leaves egg-shaped, higher up spear-
shaped, those of the upper strap-shaped. Woodward. Flowers
large, paler or deeper purplish red.

Common Ladies smock. Meadows and moist pastures.

P. A; May.f

f The virtue of the flowers in hysteric and epileptic cases, was first
inentioned by Ray, in his letters, published by himself; and since then by
Dr. Baker in the Med. trans. i. 442, The dose is from 20 to 90 grains twice
a day. Do they not act like the Erysimum cheiranthcides in the epilepsies of
children, and cure the disease by destroying the worms in the stomach and
intestines, which were the cause of the fits ? I have accounts of their suc-
Cefs in young epileptics, from good authority; but have never been fortu-
nate enough to see them of much use in hysterical cases. Whilst in Cornwall
in the year 1793, I had the pleasure of meeting with the Rev. Mr. Gregor,
Who told trie that the flowering tops of the Ladies smock had been succefs-
fuliy used by his family for some generations in the cure of epilepsies, and
some cases lie mentioned to me were not likely to have been owing to
■worms. Our medical people have only used the flowers, but Mr. Gregory's
family use the flowering tops. Can this account for the different succefs ?
Goats and sheep eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. Cows are not fond of it

2 P 2

,oo TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium*

Var. 2; Double flowered.

This is a beautiful plant in the garden, and is viviparous.

[Meadows about Rofs Hall, near Salop. Mr. Aikin. In a
field S. W. of the Tap-house at Hagley, Worcestersh.J

* i

ama'ra. C. Leaves winged : stickers from the bosom of the leaves,
Linn. Leafits of the stem-leaves angular, sitting. St.

Curt. 15 8 -Allioni. 5 6 . 1 - He rm.par . 2 o 3- J. B . i i . 8 8 5-C. B ,pr . 45.1-
Park. 1239.3-JW.47. 1 .

Anthers purple, not yellow as in C. pratensis. Linn. Stem
angular, strong, and almost wooddy. Suckers round, crooked.
Leafits irregularly indented, and thinly set with little teeth.
Bunches terminating and lateral. Flowers white.

Bitter Crefses , or Ladies smock. Near purls of water, rivulets,
on the banks of rivers, boggy places, and moist meadows and
pastures.. Dorking, Surry; Bramtree, Efsex; Middleton, War-
wickshire; Lewisham, Harefield, Uxbridge, Battersea, Chelsea:
and G. Comberton, Worcestershire. [Norwich, Mr. Crowe.
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. About Worcester. St.
Aston, near Birmingham.] P, April, May.-f*

SISYM'BRIUM. Pod cylindrical, opening; valves
straightish, about the length of the partition;
calyx and blofs. expanding.

( 1 ) Pods declining ; short .

Nasturtium. S, Leaves winged ; leafits egg-shaped.

FI. dan. 6 90- Woodv. ^~Fuchs.'j2^-J.B.n.8^^-Trag.S2^2-Dod.
592. i—Lob. obs. 105.3, andic^ i. 209. t-Ger . em. 251 .5-Park.
i2^g.\-Ff.ox/iu.^t8-Pet.^y.2fand^-Matth.^8j-Lonic.i.i 14.
2-Blackw.2Go.

Blofs. white, terminating.

Common Water -crefses . Springs, brooks, and rivulets.

B. June, July.f

f Sheep eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Linn. The young leaves are
acrid and bitterish, but do not taste amifs in sallads. Lightf. They are
much used for that purpose in Lancashire. Mr. Calev. The leaves are
pungent, bitter and aromatic, in such a degree as to promise very conside-
rable medical uses. The Papiho Cardamine lives upon the different spccic3.

+ This is very universally used as an early and wholesome spring sal lad.
It is an excellent anti-scorbutic and stomachic, with lefs acrimony than the
Scurvy-grafs. It is an ingredient in the anti-scorbutic juices.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium. 581

S. Pods oblong-eggshaped, or cylindrical leafits spear- sylves'trc.

shaped, serrated,

*

Curt. 1 gg-Kniph. 1 2 -Ger. 1 90 -Ger.em. 2 48 . 6-Park.i 242 -Pet. 46 .
g-H.ox.m.6.iy-Fuchs,26^~J. B. ii.866.2.

Root creeping very remarkably. Leafits of the root-leaves
somewhat egg-shaped, those of the stem-leaves spear-shaped.

Flowers small, yellow. Pedicles declining. Blofs. a little longer
than the cup. Fleet, glands 4, in a circle. Seeds generally abor-
tive, it increasing so considerably by the root. Mr. Woodward.

Stem and fruit-stalk zigzag. Pods with us nearly cylindrical, pro-
bably because the seeds do not ripen, but when they do the pod
afsumes an oblong-eggshaped figure as Linnaeus describes it.

Creeping Water Grefs. Water Rocket. Marshy, and watery
places, and banks of rivers. Banks of the Thames, [of the
Aire below Leeds. Mr. Wood. Near Bungay, Suffolk, the only
place in Norfolk and Suffolk where it has been hitherto found.

) Mr, Woodward. On the banks of the Severn, near Worces-
ter. St] P. June, July.

S* Pods oblong-eggshaped % leaves wing-cleft, serrated :■ amphib’ium.
petals longer than the cup.

Water Radish . Radish Water-crefs. Watery places, and banks
of rivers. P. June — Aug,

1. Leaves simple, tooth-serrated. Linn.

FI. dan. gSd.~Kniph.12~C. B.pr. 38,1 -Park. 1 229.2- Pet 49.8-//.
ox.m.j. row 3.4-G^r.i 8o-G<?r.£/«.234.2.

When growing in water of some depth the leaves below the
surface strap-shaped, winged, nearly like those of the Hottonia,
those above spear-shaped, serrated. Linn. Stem upright, branched,

Leaves spear-shaped, variously toothed, smooth, half embracing
the stem. Fruit-stalks much longer than the pods, and much
longer than in the S. terrestre. Pod oblong, very short, smooth,
at first expanding, afterwards hanging down. Mr. Woodward.

Stem smooth, scored, crooked at the joints. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, scolloped and set with little teeth at the edge, with often
from 1 to 3 winged clefts at the base. Leaf-stalks semi-cylindri-
cal, channelled above. Fruit-stalks while in flower about an
inch long, and upright, but afterwards bending back and point-
ing downwards. Flower, the whole yellow.

Slsymbriumamphibium aquaticum /3 Linn. S. aquaticum. Pollich.

Radicula sylvestris seu palustris. R. syn. 301. (St.) [In the Fofs at
York. Mr. Wood. — Side of the river and wet ditches at Tam-
worth, and of the Severn near Worcester. St.

Var. 2. Leaves deeply wing-cleft,

2 p3

582 TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium.

Kniph.^-Ger. 1 85.2-J.B. ii. 867. 2-Pet. 49. io-Lobdc.\. 31 g-Ger.
em. 240. 2-Park. 1228. r.

Leaves, the clefts extending nearly to the mid-rib, segments
spear-strapshaped, pointed, generally very entire, or with 1 or 2
saw-like teeth. Merely a variety growing with that with entire
;■ leaves, and having intermediate specimens with leaves pretty

deeply cut and serrated, as in Lob. and its copies. St.

Sisymbrium amphibium terrestre y Linn, on the authority of the
figures referred to by Vaill.f

s

terres'tre. S. Root annual : leaves wing-cleft : pods full of seed : petals

shorter than the cup,

C«r/. 28 g-E/.rth;?. 93 1 -J. B. ii .8 67. 1 -C. F.^r.38 . 2-ParA’. 1 2 2 8 . 1
2~H.ox.iii.j.row s.^-Pet.^.g.

Leaves , segments confluent with the mid-rib, often pointing
backwards, alternate, or in pairs, elliptical, or egg-shaped, ser-
rated, or toothed here and there. Hall. Petals yellow, blunt,
very entire, somewhat shorter th^n the cups.

Sisymbrium amphibium palustre. Linn . — S . palustre . Pollich,
Annual Water-crefs.

The S. islandicum with lyre-like winged leaves, the leafits
oval and toothed, figured in FI. dan. 409, approaches very nearly
to this, but the leafits are not confluent with the mid-rib.

Edges of wet ditches, and on ground apt to be occasionally
overflown in the environs of London, as Tothil-fields, and between
the Magdalen Hospital and Lambeth Marsh. Curt. — [Bungay
Common, Suffolk. Mr. W oodward. — Near Stafford, on the road
to the Castle-hill, St.] * A. June. — -Sept,

(2) Stem naked, or nearly so.

mura'Ie. $. Leaves spear-shaped, -indented-serrated, smoothish:

stalk roughish, ascending. See Brafsica muralis,

monen'se. S. Leaves between winged and toothed, somewhat hairy:

stalks smooth. See Brafsica monensis .

(3) Leaves compound or winged*

So'phia. S. Petals smaller than the cups: leaves doubly compound-
winged.

f Ends of the general fruit-stalks often swoln into a cauliflower-like sub-
stance, purplish, and containing small grubs of the same colour. St. Cows
refuse it. Sheep and goats are not fond of it.

t

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Erysimum.

hudw .q 3— FI .dan. 528— Sheldr .-Knigh.6-Dod. \ 33.2-Lob. obs./g26 .
I , andic. 1.738.2-Gkr. em. 1 068-^0^.830.3 -Pet. 46.12-Fuchs.
1.886. 2-Trag.338-Ger.g1 o. 1 and 2-Lonic.

Pods long, stiff, and crooked. Seeds yellow. B/ofsom yellow.
Flix-weed Wafer- c refs. Walls and among rubbish. A. July. f

S. Leaves notched, toothed, naked: stem smooth: pods Erio*
upright.

‘Jacq.aust.322-Curt.31 i-Park.-83^.cg-H.Qx.m.3.rQiW3.3-Col.ephr*

2 6 Pet. 46.4.

Stem nearly smooth. Leaves variously toothed and cut, some-
times with winged clefts at the base, generally terminated by a
long spear-shaped lobe; the upper usually simple, spear-shaped,
with one or two teeth towards the base. Pods long, strap-shaped,

' upright, but not prefsed to the stem. Fruit- stalks short, Mr.
Woodward. Blofsoms small, yellow.

Broad-leaved Water-crefs. Old Walls and amongst rubbish.

A. May. Aug.

ERY'SIMUM. Pod straight, strap-shaped, exactly 4-
sided : cal. closed : summit a knob.

E. Pods prefsed to the spike-stalk: leaves notched. officina'le

Curt.326-Ludvo. 1 8 j-Fl.dan 560- Wcodw. 2 ^-Sheldr.-Blackw. 2 8
-Ger. 1 g8.\-Pet./f).3-Fuchs.r)g2-J.B.863-Dod. 714 -Ger.em.

2 34. i-Trag. 1 02 . 1 -Lonic.i. 165.1 -Lob. adv. 6 g yandicS. 206. 1 .

Stem cylindrical, frequently purple, particularly at the angles
of the branches. Branches very expanding. Pods roundish, some-
what awl-shaped, prefsed so close to the spike-stalks as to appear
naked. Mr. Woodw. Stem hairy, branched towards the top.

Branches ascending. Leaves slightly woolly* the lower winged,
the upper halberd-shaped. Calyx about half as long as the petals.

Blofs. yellow. Germen cylindrical, tapering upwards. Summit
flat, with a shallow nick. Po^cpnical, scarce sensibly 4-cornereds
hairy. Seeds oblong. Flowers in long spikes, terminating.

f The pods retain the seeds all winter, and small birds feed upon them.
The plant has been sometimes prescribed in hysteric and dysenteric cases.;
and the seeds are given to destroy worms. Sheep and cows eat it. Horses
and goats are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

5^4

Barba'rea.

V « s

Allia'ria.

•TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Erysimum.

Hedge Mustard , or Wormseed. Bank Crefses. Scrambling Rocket ,
Under walls and hedges, road sides and among rubbish.

A. May, June.f

E. Pods indistinctly 4-cornered : leaves lyre-shaped, the
terminating segment circular.

Fl.dan.gSg-Walc.-Ger.i88-Fuchs.'j^6-J.B,n.Q6g-Trag. 101. 2-
Lonic. i. 1 6g.2-Dod.y 12. i-Lob.obs. 10^.2 y and ic.i.20j ,2-Ger.
em.2^~Park.^20-H.ox.in.^.i 1 and 12-Pet. 46.1- Matth.$r] 2.

Stems strong, with about 8 deep furrows, and as many sharp
ridges. Leaves halt embracing the stem, winged, the terminating
leaftt egg-shaped, notched. Cal . leaves in the flowers not yet ex-
panded green, and 2 of them larger, with a helmet-shaped hollow
at the top. Pods long, slender, somewhat cylindrical, slightly
flatted, not very sensibly 4-edged. Blofsoms yellow.

Winter Crefses . Winter Rocket. Rocket Wormseed \ Walls,
banks on the sides of running streams, watery places, and some-
times in cultivated fields. [Common in Devonsh. and plentiful
in Launceston Castle, Cornwall.] P. May. Oct.

Var. 2. Leaves smaller, and more frequently scolloped. Ravc

Pet. 46.2.

Blofsoms yellow.

If this be really an annual as afserted by Dillenius and Petiver,
it may prove distinct, but plants which grow in situations so diffe-
rent as the sides of streams and the rubbish of an old Castle on an
elevated mount, are necefsarily liable to great variations.

A. Dill. Pet. Apr4

■ I I

E. Leaves heart-shaped.

f It is warm and acrid to the taste; and, when cultivated, is used as a
spring pot-herb. Birds are fond of the seeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows
horses, and swine refuse it. By means of this herb a hoarsenefs, occasioned
by loud speaking, was cured in 3 days, by Rondeletius. Linn. — “ Juice of
**• Hedge Mustard is beyond any thing in ulcers of the throat. This was
** found by experience by the Honourable Harry Gray, Esq. when all advice
« of Doctors and Surgeons availed nothing. This from his own mouth."
Manuscript note in a copy of Parkinson which formerly belonged to Mr,

Saunders, surgeon, at Stourbridge.

• > . . ‘ ^ ......

f The common people in Sweden use the leaves in sallads, early in the
spring, and late in the autumn ; they also boil them as Cale. It is sown in ^

gardens as an early spring sallad. Linn, and also in England where it is called
French Crefs. St. Cows eat it. Horses and swine refuse it. Goats and
sheep are not fond of it.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Cheirantlius;

Ludw. jj-Fl. dan. 93 5-Curt. 1 4 4-Knigh. 3-Wcodv. 2 45-Walc.-
Fuchs.10 \-J. B. 11. 88 3-LonicA. i6o:2-Trag,86~Matth.8q3-
Dod.'686-Lob.obs. 285. 3, andic.i. 530. i-Ger, cm. jg^-Park.i 12.

5-H.ox. 1 li. 1 o ,6-G<?r . 6 50 -Pet. 45.1 -Black™. 3 7 2 .

Stem cylindrical. Leaves bluntly and irregularly serrated, al-
ternate, on leafstalks. Flowers in a corymbus. Nect. glands 4, 1
on ’ be outside of each pair of longer stamens, and 1 supporting
each ol the short stamens which grow in a cavity at the topofthem.

Jack-by-the-hedge. Sauce-alone. Garlic Wormseed. Hedges,
ditch banks, and shady places, P. May.* *}*

' ,

*E. Stem very much branched: leaves spear-shaped, cheiranthoi*
oblique, waved and toothed : pods expanding. des.

Jacq.austr .23-Kniph. 1 1-Fl.dan.Q23-L0b.0bs. 1 1 2.1 }andic. 1.225.
1-Ger.em.2j3.4~Park.868.3-H.0x. iii. 5. j-Pet . 45.2-7. B. ii.

894.1.

Pods slightly expanding, or at a distance from, not near to the
stem. Summits small, scarcely divided. Linn. Seeds oblong,
yellowish brrwn, intensely bitter. Ray. Stem 1 to 2 cubits high,
rough, stiff, quite straight, scored, sometimes a little branched.

Leaves very entire, roughish, the mid-rib running down the stem,
the uppermost sometimes a little toothed. Blofs. small, yellow.

Pods quadranguler, standing out, but upright. Lyons. Leaves
narrow spear-shaped. .

Freacle Wormseed. Osier-holts, and banks of the river near
Ely; Ashburne, Derbyshire; and corn fields about Elden, Suffolk.

[Very common amongst turneps near Bungay, Suff. Woodward.

— On Pullion Ballast Hills? near Sunderland, Durham. Mr.

YVeighell.] A. July.J

CHEIRANTHUS. Germen with a glandular tooth
on each side: calyx closed, 2 01 its leafits bulg-
ing at the base: seeds flat.

f The Prufsians eat the leaves along with salted meats in the spring.
They are useful with Lettuce and the colder sallads. The seeds excite
neezing. Cows and goats eat it. Horses, sheep, and swine refuse it. The
lurcullo A//iaria feeds upon it. Linn. — When -it grows in poultry yards the
owls eat, and it gives an intolerable rank taste to their flesh. In Wales it is
nuch used as a frying herb.

* The country people give the seeds to destroy worms, and with good
:ffect, — Horses, cows, goats, sheep, and swine cat it.

586

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Hesperia

Chci'ri. C. Leaves spear-shaped, acute, smooth : branches angular:

stem shrub-like.

Sheldr. 1 2 -Knlph'2-Ludw. 1 5 j-Walc.-Ger . 37 1 . i-Fucbs. 458 -J.
B. ii.&j 2-Trag. 560-.Matth.8y y-Dod. 1 60. 2— Lob. obs. 1 79. 1,
and ic.i. 330.1-Ger.m. $56. 1-Park.625.1-H.0x. Yu. 8. 15-Pet.

45-3-

Flowers in terminating bunches, yellow; sometimes with rust-
coloured or dark blood coloured blotches.

Wall-flower . Wild Cheir. Wall Gilliftower. Old walls and roofs.

P. May, June, f

sinua'tus. C. Leaves cottony, blunt, somewhat indented; those of

the branches entire: pods prickly.

Lob.adv. 1 40 .and ic.i.^o^-Ger. em. 460.2-Ger. 374. 2-J.B. ii.
876.1.

Whole plant cottony, hoary. Stem upright. Root-leaves broad
spear-shaped, alternately toothed, blunt ; stem-leaves spear-shaped,
blunt, channelled, with 2 pair of blunt teeth about the middle;
branch-leaves entire, not toothed. Petals flesh-coloured, blunt,
whitish at the base. Pods very long, cottony. Linn.

Prickly-podded Gill flower. Sandy sea shores of Caernarvon-
shire,' Anglesea, and Cornwall, and on the rocks at Aberdovie,

' Merionethshire, B, June, July,

HES'PERIS. Petals turned obliquely : glands within
the shorter stamens: calyx closed: pod stiff and
straight : summit forked at the base, approaching
at the top.

1 1

ino'dora. H. Stem simple, upright: leaves toothed: petals blunt.

cJacq.austr.o)/g]-Fl.dc:n.Q)2q. and 921 —Rupp.a Hall.at p.y8-J.B.\\ .
8y8.2-Clus.i.2gy.i-Dod.i6i.i~Lob.obs.iy 5.1. andic.i. 323.2 -
Ger.em. 462.1-Park. 1 682. 3-H.0x.ii1.1o. row 1 .1.

So like H. matronal is as to be scarcely distinguishable but by a
very experienced botanist, but the leaves are nearly halberd-shap-
ed, with a transverse base, sharply toothed, especially at the base,
softer, and not so rough. Calyx not coloured. Petals blunt, with-
out a point. Stamens not projecting beyond the tube of the flower.

f It has found a place in our gardens, where it has produced a considerable
number of varieties, but none which have a more delightful scent than the
w"dd one. The Pbalasna meticulosa , and Pronuba, feed upon it, Linn,

«

TETRADYNAMIA. S1LIQUOSA. Arabia. 587

Linn. Leaves roughish, and woolly on both sides, with sharp
tooth-like serratures, spear-shaped, both broad and narrow. Petals
very entire, or slightly nicked, white, flesh-coloured, purple, or
purplish red; claws pale, longer than the calyx. Jacq. Leaves
egg-shaped, tooth-serrated, pointed, nearly sitting: I have not
seen any halberd-shaped. Huds. Stem hairy. Leaves hairy, ir-
regularly tooth-serrated, either sitting or on short leaf-stalks ; not
halberd-shaped. Flowers large, purplish red, in a terminating
spike-like bunch; petals rounded at the end. Fruit-stalks expand-
ing. The Sp. pi. refers the fig. of Dod. 161 to the H. matronalls ,
and that of Clus. i. 297.1^0 H.inodora^ but these figures, being
both imprefsions from the same block, a doubt arises whether these
2 species are really distinct, and if so, to which of them our plant
belongs. Specimens which I collected in Cornwall agree perfect-
ly well with the fig. of Jacquin and the Flora danica.

Scentlefs Dameioort. Pastures and hedges. On the banks of
the rivulets about Dalehead, Cumberland, and Grafsmere, West-
proreland. Ray. [About Falmouth.]

B. Linn. and Huds. P. for 10 years. Jacq. May, June.

A'RABIS. Nectary , glands 4, within the leafits of the
calyx, resembling a reflected scale; pod long,
comprefsed, strap-shaped, entire and knobbed at
the end.

A. Stem-leaves spear-shaped, on leaf-stalks, very entire : thalia'na.
root-leaves egg-spearshaped, toothed.

Curt. -Polite h.\ i .at p. 2 t^-Pluk. 8 o . 2 - J. P. i i . 8 7 o . 2 -H. oat. iii.7.5—
Pet.^S,2-Thal.j.D-Pet.^S.i-Barr.26g and 270.

Root-leaves disposed in a circle on the ground, hairy ; those of
the stem nearly smooth. Flowers small, white. Hall. Stemi inch
to more than a foot high. Leaves , hairs at the base simple, those
on the edges and surface dividing into 2 and 3 forks. Nectary ,
glands so very minute as scarcely to be discovered even with a
magnifier. Curt.

Turkey-pod. Codded Mouse-ear. Walls, roofs, dry sandy pas-
tures, [and corn fields. St. On walls near Mangotsfield, Gloce-
stershire. Mr. Swayne.]

A. Leaves toothed, rough with hair; those of the root spa- stric'ta.
tula-shaped, those of the stem half embracing the
stem, oblong: pods 2-edged, upright. Huds.

Velley mar.pl. -Cran /z.i . 3 . 2 .

Root branched. Stems several, 6 inches high, herbaceous,
simple, upright, cylindrical, woolly at the base, smooth above.

588 TETRAD YN AM I A . SILIQUOSA. Turritis.

Root-leaves many, spatula-shaped, toothed, and cut-toothed, rough
with hair; hairs long, white; stem-leaves 3 fir 4, half embracing
the stem, oblong, toothed, rough with hair. Flowers in bunches,
large, white. Fruit-stalks short. Petals inversely egg-shaped,
very entire ; as long again as the calyx. Pods upright, quite
straight, inch long, 2 -edged, 4-cornered at the base, scored.
Seeds rqundish, brown. Huds. Glands forming a kind of ring

round the base of the stamens. Hall.

Rough Turkey-pod. Arabis thaliana. CRANTz.i.39. Cardamine
■pumila Bellidis folio, alpina. R.syn.300. St. Arabis arenosa .. Scop.
n.Sfy. Rocks and stony mountainous situations. St. Vincent’s
Rocks near Bristol, Ray. Huds. [in great plenty. DiuBrough-
ton and Mr. Ford.] A. May.

* 1

Turri'ta. A. Leaves embracing the stem: pods bent backwards,

flat, strap-shaped : cups somewhat wrinkled.

Jac<j.aitstr.i.ii-E.bot.irj%-Clus.\i.i26.2-Ger.em.2']2.2-Park.852 ,
2-Pet.^j.\-Ff.ox.iii,2.23-Barr.353.

Flowers straw-coloured. Linn. Glands as in Brafsica. Mart.
Root wooddy. Stem upright, cylindrical, rough with hair, sim-
ple, 9 inches high. Root- leaves on leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, tooth-
ed, pointed, rough with hair; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, cot-
tony. Flowers upright, white. Fruit-stalks short. Glands within
the shorter, and without the longer stamens Pods long, compres-
sed. Style short, permanent. Seeds round, comprefsed. Lyons.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, cylindrical, scored, downy, generally sim-
ple. Leaves hairy on both sides; root-leaves oblong, thick, greyish,
waved at the edge; stem-leaves similar, toothed, regularly decreas-
ing upwards in size; the upper more pointed, rather serrated than
toothed, not so grey. Pods very long, smooth, strap-shaped, com-
prefsed, on short fruit-stalks, rising at the base and then bent down-
wards, forming an elegant curve. Woodward.

Power T urkey-pod. Old walls and stony places. [On Trinity and
St.John’s College Walls, Cambridge. Woodw.J A. May, June, /

TURRITIS. Pod very long, angular, stiff and

straight: calyx close, upright: blofs. upright.

» * \ / * * •
glabra, T. Root-leaves toothed, rough with hair ; stem-leaves very
entire, embracing the stem, smooth.

Curt.253-Fl.ddn.Z09-Clus.11.126.1-Lob.ic.220.2-Ger.em.2j2.

i-Ger.2i2.i-Park.$52.i-H.oxAU.2.22-Pet.Qj.io.

Nectary glands none. Pollich. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, sim-
ple, cylindrical, slightly scored, smooth. Root-leaves spear-shaped,
tapering into a leaf-stalk, indented towards the base, entire up-

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Brafsica. 5S3

JB* *- t 1

Wards ; stem-leaves numerous, heart-spearshaped, generally entire,
but sometimes slightly toothed, pale sea-green. Pods smooth, very
numerous, lying to the stem, and tiled. Seeds reddish brown.

Wo odward. Pods when fully grown cylindrical, coniprefsed.

Blofs. greenish white. Bunches long, terminating.

Tower Mustard. Smooth Tower wort. Meadows, pastures, pits,
and waste places, in a gravelly soil. Near Chaleton and Lewis-
ham, Kent; near Colchester, [Spixwort. Norfolk. Woodward.

Lichfield. Mr. Whately. Castle Bromwich. Mr. Jones. Be-
tween Ashbourne and Okeover. St. In the quarries above Bath,
vVhich is one of the habitats mentioned by Ray for his Cardamine
Bellidis folio. Mr. Swayne. St. Vincent’s Rocks, near Bristol,

Which, being another habitat of Mr.Ray’s plant, makes it proba-
ble that his Cardamine was our Turritis glabra. J A.MayJune.

T. All the leaves hispid : stem-leaves embracing the stem, hirsu’ta.
Dicks .b.s .-Jacq.ic .\-Walc .-C.B .pr .42 . 2-Park .8 3 4.. 6 -FI. dan. 10 40
^Pet.^y.i 2~//i0*.iii.3*5.

Stem rough with hair, simple, not so tall as that of T. glabra.

Root-leaves egg-shaped, toothed; stem-leaves spear-shaped, blunt,
toothed, halt embracing the stem. Pods smooth, not so numerous
3.^ in T. glabra. Woodward. Blofs. white. Bunches terminating.
Distinguishable from Arabis thaliana by the stem-leaves embracing
the stem. St. Arabis hirsuta , Scop, its nectary glands corre-
sponding with Linnaeus s character of the Alra^/r.Scop.WdGGERS.

Wall Grefs . Hairy Towerwort . Rocks, stony places, old walls
and castles, and dry mountainous pastures. Banks beyond Mid-
hurst, Sufsex; Switham Bottom near Croydon ; about Settle, York-
shire ; King s Park, Edinburgh. Lightf. [Lakenham near Nor-
wich. Mr. Crowe. Wisbech, Bury. Woodward St. Vincent’s
Rock, plentifully. D^Broughton and Mr.FoRD. Wick Cliffs.

Mr.SwAYNE. Baydales, Darlington. Mf.Roeson.] P.June.

BRAS SICA. Calyx upright, close : glands , 1 between
each shorter stamen and the pistil, and 1 between
each pair of longer stamens and the calyx ; seeds
globular.

B, Leaves heait-shaped, embracing the stem, smooth; oncnta’hs.
root-leaves rough, very entire: pods 4-cornered.

Linn. All the leaves smooth.\ Syst. Veg. Pollich.

f These contradictions render it probable that the plant given in
hort. ups. yid supposed to be the B. orientalis of Tourn, cor. and our
pcean species, are distinct. Dr. Stokes

tjr>

#

90 TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Brafsica.

Jacq.austr. 2 8 2 -Kniph. Braf si cct campestris-J . B . i i . 8 3 5 . %- Clus, i i .
i2j.1-Dod.626.2-Lob.obs.21 5.<3.and icA.3g6.2-Ger.em.536.
2-Park. 5^0. g-H.ox.\i\.2.ig and 20-Pet.45.5-Ger.%30.2-J,
£•“•835.3.

Petals white. Linn. Too nearly allied to the B. campestris.
Huds. Stem-leaves egg-shaped, blunt at the end, heart-shaped at
the base, smooth, sea-green, very entire. Petals white, with a
tinge of straw-colour. Fruit-stalks expanding. Pods 3 or % inches
long, the lower standing wide. Specimen from Mr. Curtis’s gar-
den. Woodward.

Brafsica campestris perfoliataflore albo. R. syn. 293. Huds. ed. i.
Brafsica Turrita. Wigg. Perfoliate Cabbage. Corn fields and cliffs
on the sea coast near Harwich, and Bardsey near Or ford, Suffolk.
Ray. Corn fields near Godstone and Marshfield, Sufsex. Huds.

A. June.

campes'tris. B. Root and stem slender: stem-leaves uniform, heart-

shaped, sitting.

Jacq.austr. 282, is referred to by Hudson, and FI. dan. 550 by
Linnceus,but Jacquin considers his as*a new species, which
he calls B.austriaca , observing, that the angles at the base
of the leaves are rounded, and not pointed, as in the fig. of
the FI. dan. He adds too, that the flowers are not in bunches
as represented in that figure, but in broad-topped spikes, a
few flowering at a time. St. Mr. Woodward suspects the
reference to FI. dan, observing, that Mr. Hudson does not
cite it. ( Ger. em. 536. 2 , referred to by Hudson, is the same
* as Clus.ii.i2j.i, which Linnaeus refers to B .orientalis. JyB.
ii.835.4, is also B. orientalis.)

Root-leaves lyre-shaped, somewhat rough with hairs ; stem-leaves
% smooth. BUfsoms yellow. Linn. Root-leaves oblong, indented,
blunt, rough. Flowers yellow or white. Huds, Flowers yellow ,
in a garden specimen. Woodward. The only places of growth
given by Hudson are those from Ray, which really belong to B,
orientalis , to which they are above referred. St. Hence it is
probable that we have not both species, and not unlikely that our
plant may not accord well with either. I learn, however, very
lately, from Mr.Pitchford, that the B. campestris was found by the
Rev. Mr, Sutton of Norwich at Bradley near Orford, SufF. A June,

Na'pus. B. The root a regular continuation of the stem ; spindle-

shaped.

✓

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Brafsica.

Liukv . i G^-B/ackv. 224 -W ale. -Fuchs. ijj-J.B.ii. 843-2^.730
~Lonic.i.igi .%-Lob.obs. 200. 2-Ger.em. 23 rj.2-Park.36 5-Pet.

45. g-H.ox. ii i . 2 .row 3 .2 .f.^—Ger. 181.2.

Root-leaves lyre-shaped, smooth; stm-leaves heart-shaped ob-
long, embracing the stem, a little toothed. Calyx expanding, ap-
proaching to that of Sinapis. Linn. Stem somewhat branched,
cylindrical, smooth, about 2 leethigh. Leaves smooth, sea-sreen.

Calyx yellowish green. Summit a flatted knob. Pod with frequent-
ly 3 or 4 warty excrescences, not occasioned merely by the bulk
of the inclosed seeds. There is a variety with the leaves hairy at
the edge. Blofs. yellow.

Wild Navew. Rape. Nape. Rape Cabbage. On ditch banks,
and among corn. b. May.f

B. The root a regular continuation of the stem; round, Ra'
deprelsed, fleshy.

B! ac kw. 2 3 1 -Fuchs. 2 1 2 -T rag.jzS-Matth.^^-Dod.Gj^.i-Lob.
obs.gS.i .and /V.197 .i-Ger.em.2§2.i-H.ox.m.2.row 2.1 -Pet.
45.7-G^r. 1 77. 1 -Ger. 1 77.2.

Root-leaves rough, deeply indented. Calyx yellow. Blofs. yellow.
Turnep Cabbage.

Var. 2. Roots oblong.

jLB.il.Q^S-Ma/th.^6-Dod.6'j^.2—Lob.obs.gS.2.and ie. 1.197.2—

Ger. em.232.2-H.0x. 111.2. row 3,2. fi-Pet.^.S.

Turneps. Knciles. Cornfields, and borders of corn fields. B.Apr.J

B. The root a regular continuation of the stem; evlindri- oler
cal, fleshy.

f The roots of the cultivated variety may be eaten like the Turnep, but
they have a stronger taste, and its seeds, which are called Coleseed, afford a
large quantity of exprefsed oil, called Rape Oil. What remains after the
exprefsing of the oil is called Oil Cake, and is used for fattening oxen. In

It is thm^ht arC br°kkn t0 pieces and strevVed on land as a manure.
a hn, r n S,c ? ^-a 7e7 efllcacious one» and is sold from 41. to 61. per ton.
About halt a ton is laid on an acre. Woodward. Cows, goats, and swine

, kiThf' r?ftS arC er ea!en raw^ boiled> or roasted. Pepper is commonly
h?nnHWltmhhem' i rhJy reIax the bowels, and are supposed to sweeten the
d. T hey are hurtful to pregnant or hysterical women, and to those who
are subject to flatulencies. The juice, well fermented, affords bv distillation
an ardent spirit. The rind is acrimonious. If the roots are kept in sard ‘ or
in a cellar, during the winter, they send out white shoots and yellowish
leaves, which being rather sweet and not unpleasant to the palate, are us-d -s
sallad, when other esculent plants are not to be had. But the greatest us-
of Turneps is in feeding oxen and sheep in the winter.

59 2

mura'lis.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA, Brafslca.

P<?/.45 6.

5 tcm-haves very milch waved, and variously indented, sea*
green, with frequently a mixture of purple, the lower somewhat
egg-shaped, sitting ; the upper mostly strap-shaped. Flowers large,
yellow* Cal. leaves egg-shaped, broad, yeilow. Pods short,
swelling. Mr. Woodward. Seeds dusky purple.

Sea Colewort . Sea Cabbage . Common Cabbage. /Cliffs on the
sea coast. Dover Cliff's. Ray. — Near Harleck Cast. Merioneth-
shire ; Penzance, and other places in Cornwall. Huds. [Abund-
antly on the Sea Cliffs at Staiths, Yorkshire. Mr. RoBsoN.jf

B, Leaves spear-shaped, indented-serrated, smoothish:
stem upright, smooth. Huds. Roughishy ascending .
Li nn. Leaves indented or wing-cleft • St.

x-'

Curl. -Barr. 1 3 i-Fuchs.262~J.B .i\.86i-Ger. 1 g 1 ,2-Matth.$ 31—
ZW.708. 2-Lob. obs. 102.1 , and ic.i. 20 ±.2-Ger.em.2^6. 2- Park*
818.1.*

Stems sprinkled with a few stiffhairs, branched and leafy above
the base. Leaves tooth-serrated, or imperfectly and very distantly
serrated, on leaf-stalks, smooth, sprinkled underneath with some
scattered hairs, of a pot-herb-like appearance. Flowering- stalks
long, at first drooping, and then ascending. Cal. half expanding,
with a few hairs, vaulted at the top. Blofsoms yellow, very blunt,
as large as the diameter of the leaves. Pods thickish, slightly
comprefsed; valves imperfectly keeled. Differs in but very few
respects from the Sisymbrium monetise. Linn. Mr. Woodward.
Very much branched from the root. Branches wooddy. Leaves
with nearly winged clefts. Mr. Woodward. Stem 1% foot high,
upright, cylindrical, woody at the base. Leaves with winged

f Early in the spring the sea cabbage is preferred before the cultivated
kinds ; but, when gathered on the sea coast, it must be boiled in two waters,
to take away the saltnefs. The roots may be eaten like those of the preced-
ing species, but they are not so tender. The different varieties of cultivated
garden cabbage originate from this, all of which are much in use at our tables.
The red cabbage is chiefly used for pickling. In some countries they bury
the white cabbage when full grown in the autumn* and thus preserve it all
winter. The Germans cut them to pieces, and along with sopie aromatic
herbs and salt, prefs them close down in a tub, where they soon ferment,
and are then eaten under the name of Sour Crout. — The cabbage, -whilst
young, is food for the Chrysomela saltatoriay and afterwards for the Papilio
Brafsica. The former may be kept off by strewing the ground with soet ;
and it is said the latter will not touch the plants if they are whipped with
the green boughs of elder. If cabbages are sowed or planted for several years
together in the same soil, the heads become smaller and the roots knotty.
This is occasioned by the larvre of flies.— A horse eat the leaves, but didnot
seem fond of them. Sr. Cows grow fat upon them.

TETR ADYNAMIA. S1LIQUOSA. Brafsica.

593

clefts and jagged, smooth, expanding, of a disagreeable scent.

Cal. 2 of the leaves almost upright; 2 bulging at the ends, bent
back ; before the blofsom is expanded appearing as if tipped with
2 horns from the projecting points of 2 ot the leaves, which are
beset with 1 or 2 hairs. Petals of the larger size, twice as large
as the calyx, yellow, with claws. Style very short. - Pods if inch
long, round, marked on each side with a prominent line. Seeds
egg-shaped, slightly comprefsed. Curt. Leaves , segments of
those with winged clefts strap-shaped-oblong, expanding, toothed,
and sometimes quite entire, the terminating one broader, spear-
shaped, indented. St.

Sisymbrium murale. Linn, which see. Wild Rocket. Ray.

( Wall Cabbage. Old walls and rubbish. Walls of Yarmouth. Ray,

[Mr. Woodward,] Chester, Taunton Castle, Lichfield Close,

Berwick, See. Ray, and about London, Bristol, and Exeter. Huds.

[London Bridge. Mr. Jones. Near Sunderland, and about Tin-
mouth Castle, Northumberland, abundantly. Mr. Robson.]

1 A. Linn. P. Huds. Curt. May — -June.f

B. Leaves wing-cleft, wings cut serrated ; stem nearly na~ monen'sis.
ked, trailing. Huds.

7 O

Light f T 5. 1 , at p.^qj-Pet. ^6.y-Dill,elth. 1 1 1. 135, hashing -"cleft
leaves , the segments very entire. It accords best with the Linn,
char, and is , I suspect, a distinct plant from that of Lightf. and
Pet. It corresponds exactly with some of my specimens of B.
muralis. St; •

Very much accords with S. muYale in the size of the plant,
leaves,, flowers, and fruit. Root perennial. Leaves - with almost
winged clefts, being divided more than half way to the mid- rib,
strap-shaped, beset with a few hairs ; wings remote, bluntish,
mostly 7. Stalks upright, smooth. Cal. closed. Petals yellow,
entire. Linn. Stems smooth, reclining, from the centre of the
leaves; 10 or 12 inches long, with commonly one leaf towards the
base. Root-leaves with generally a few scattered hairs, especially
about their leaf-stalks ; wings 5 dr 6 pair, oval, pointed, deeply
indented, some alternate, some opposite, increasing in size to-
wards the end, the terminating one larger, with 3 slight lobes,
which are indented ; the stem-leaf with strap-shaped wings, a little
indented on their lower edges. Ca/« hairy at the top. Petals twice
as long as the calyx. Lightf.

Isle of Man Cabbage. Sea shores in sandy soil. Between Ram-
sey and the town. Sella Fields Sea-bank, Cumberland, between

f All the parts of this plant are considerably aCrid, and have a rank dis-
agreeable smell.

Vo L. Ill— 2 d

5$4 TETRAD YNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Sinapis.

Marsh Grainge and the Isle of VValney, near Abermeny Ferry,
Anglesey. Ray. Isles of Bute, Skye, and Arran, and in Cantire.
[Walney Isle. Mr. Atkinson.] B. May — July.f

SINAPIS. Cal. expanding: blofs. claws upright:
glands between the shorter stamens and the pistil,
and between the longer stamens and the calyx:
pod beaked, opening; valves shorter than the
partition.

V •' ' . •

arven'sis. S. Pods with many angles, swoln and bunched out by the

seeds : smooth, longer than the 2-edged beak.

Curt .321 -FI Jan. 7 5 op-Fuchs. 257-7.Bdi.84 4 -Dod. 675.1 -Ger.
emA^A-Ger.igg-Lob.obs.gg.i y andic.i. 198.2-^3^.862.3
-H.ox.ni.3.7 -Pet. 45.12.

Pod sometimes a little hairy. Cal. leaves slightly comprefsed.
Re l han. Differs from Raphanus Raphinistrum as follows. Stem
one third taller, finely scored, commonly of a deep red, often sim-
ple. Flowers smaller. Cal. spreading. Petals always yellow, and
without veins. Stem green, rough with a very few stiff hairs.
Leaves without any cast of sea green. Pods swoln, not angular.
Cal. yellow, half as long as the petals. Air. Woodw. Leaves
harsh ; deeply indented and serrated. Seeds brown.

Chadlock. Wild Mustard , or Charlock. Corn Cale. Corn fields,
and borders of cornfields. A. Alay.f

Air. Pitt, in his Staffordshire Reports, observes that the name
Charlock, or as it is more commonly pronounced in the midland
counties, Kedlock, is not confined to one plant only, but is in-
discriminately applied to Sinapis nigra, Brafsica Napus, Sinapis
arvensis, and Raphanus Raphanistrum, as one or other of these
abound more or lefs in different places.

al'ba. S. Pods rough with hair : beak very long, slanting, sword-
shaped.

Curt. 32 2-Blackw. 2 g-Ger.em. 244. sg-Pet.^ 5 . 1 o-Fuchs.^^8-J.B.
ii.856-Trag-.101. 1 -Lonic. i. 164. 2 -Matth. 563— Dod. 707. 1-

f The different species afford nourishment to the Papilio Brafsica , Rapa,
and Napi ; Phalrena fuliginosa ; Aphis Brafsica', and Chrysomela Hyoscyam't.

t The Scandinavians boil and eat it as cabbage, and in Ireland the tender
tops are collected for the same purpose. — Cows, goats, and swine eat it.
Sheep are very fond of it. Horses generally refuse it.

\

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Sinapis.

Lob.obs a oo. 2 } and ic.\. 20^.1 -Ger. em. 244. 2-^.0*. iii. 3, rozo

I .2.

Bunches and fruit-stalks scored. Pods with 3 knots, somewhat
keeled; hairs expanding ; beak keeled, even as far as the last
joint. Linn. — Leaves rough, all deeply indented or lobed, and
frequently with a pair of small wings on the leaf-stalk. Pods
bunched with the seeds ; beak scored, dark green, with a few hairs.

Mr. Woodw. — Stem strong, hard, nearly cylindrical, branched,
set with strong hairs pointing downwards. Leaves rough with
strong hairs, deeply divided, segments 3 or 5, the terminating one:
very broad, large, toothed, and indented. Fruit-stalks set with
» strong hairs pointing downwards. Cal. leaves upright, opening
a little at the top, yellow or purplish, smooth or hispid. Petals ,
limb inversely-eggshaped, yellow. Seeds white or reddish.

White Mustard. Cornfields and road sides. A. Aug.f

S. Pods smooth, laid flat to the spikerstalk. ni'gra*

Woodv. 1 5 i-Blackzv.q./±6-J.B.n.S$5.

Stem very much branched; branches distant, expanding. Root-
leaves rough ; stem-leaves smooth. Pods short, parallel. Relhan.

Stem cylindrical, scored, upper part smooth. Leaves, the upper
frequently simple, spear-shaped, sharply-toothed* Pods slightly
hairy; beak smooth. Fruit-stalks short. Mr. Woodw. Cttfis yel-
low. Blofs. pale yellow.

Common Mustard . Cornfields, ditch banks, road sides, [and
banks of the Severn. St.] A. June. J

f It is sown in the winter, and early in the springy to supply our tables
with sallading. The seeds have nearly the stoe properties as tnose of the
next species.

f The seeds, reduced to powder, make the common mustard so much In
request at our tables. They yield a considerable quantity of exprefsed oil,
Which partakes but little of the acrimony of the plant. The seeds, when un-
bruised, impart but little taste to boiling water. Taken inwardly, in the
quantity of a meat spoonful or more, they gently loosen the bowels, and are
of service in asthma, chronic rheumatism, and palsy. The powdered seeds
curdle milk, and give a strong impregnation to boiling water. This infu-
sion, taken in considerable quantity, vomits ; in smaller doses it is an useful
aperient and diuretic. Cataplasms, formed with crumb of bread, vuiegar,
and powdered mustard seed, are very commonly applied to the soles of the
feet, as stimulants, in fevers that require such treatment; they are used with
advantage, topically applied, in fixed rheumatic and sciatic pains. Upon
the whole, wherever we want a strong stimulus, that acts upon the nervous
system, without exciting much heat, we know none preferable to mustard-
seed. Its acrimony consists in an efsential oil.— The I'kalxna fuligir.osa lives
sponthe different species.

^ ,

2 (J?,

59^

Raphinis/-

trum.

TETR ADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Raphanus.

RAPHA.NUS. Cal. close, upright : nect. glands 2 be-
tween the shorter stamens and the pistil, and 2
between the longer stamens and the calyx : pod
round, but protuberating, with cells, and nearly
jointed.

R. Pods round, jointed, smooth, of i cell, Linn, originally
of 2 cells , but , as the seeds increase in size , the parti-
tion becomes obliterated. Hall.

Curt. 26j-Linn. amoenacad. vi. at p. 451 -FI. dan . 678-J.B.ii.
851.1 -Ger. 1 7 g.2-Lob,ic.i. 199.1 -Ger. 240. 1 -Pet. 46.1 o-Ger.
1gg~Park.863.4-H.0x.ui. 1 3. 1 and 2-Park. 863. 5-H.0x.iii.
13, row 2, 4 ./. 4.

Stem rough with transparent hairs pointing backwards. Leaves
sometimes rough with hairs ; the lower lyre-shaped, wings alter-
nate, heart-oblong, serrated, the lowermost very small, the odd
one very large, rounded at the end, scolloped; the upper oblong-
spearshaped, scollop-serrated. Leaf-stalks generally rough with
hairs. Calyx rough with white hairs, very smooth at the base;
Blofs. generally yellow, but sometimes white or violet, with
blackish veins. Pod, joints falling off separately. Linn. Differs
from the Sinapis arvensis as follows: Stems even, and usually sea-
green, generally branched from the bottom. Calyx upright, close.
Blofs. white, and pale red, as well as yellow, and all in general
striped with purplish veins. Curt. — - Plant generally of a seagreen
cast. Petals of whatever colour, veined with dark lines. Mr.
Woodward. Blofs. yellow and straw-coloured, and white.
White flowered Charlock. Wild Radish. Amongst corn.

A. June, July.f

f In wet seasons it grows in great quantity amongst the barley, in Sweden,
and the common people who eat barley bread, are afflicted with very vio-
lent convulsive complaints in those provinces, and in those seasons wherein
this plant abounds. Amwn. acad . vi. 430, — Horses eat it. Cows refuse it.

MONA DELPHI A.

597

•t

I

CLASS XVI,

MON ADELPHI A.

’ TRIANDRIA,

JUNIP'ERUS. M. and fem. flowers on different plants.
M. Cal, a catkin : Blofs, none.

F. Cal, with 3 divisions : Blofs, 3 petals : Styles 3

Berry beneath ; 3-seeded; the cup at the base.

DECANDRIA.

GERA'NIUM. Pistil 1 : Common Receptacleheaked: Caps %
5 dry berries ; with a long beak ; twisting.

[Spartium. Genista. Anthyllis. Ulex. Ononis. Oxalis.]

POLYANDRIA.

(l) Pistil I.

TAX'US. Male and fem. flowers on different plants : Cal,
4-leaved: Blofs, none.

M. Anthers 8 -cleft.

F. Summit 1 ; Berry 1 -seeded : Seed naked at the end.
*0.3

a o

MONADELPHIA.

(2) Pistils 2.

PI'NUS. Blofs, M. and fem. flowers on the same plant:
Blofs. none.

M. Cal, 4-leaved.

F. a cone-like Catkin : Nuts 2 ; with a membranaceous
wing.

(3) Pistils many,

LAVATE'RA. Outer Cup 3-cleft: Seed-coats in whirls ;
1 seed in each.

MAL'VA. Outer Cup 3 leaves : Seed-coats several ; in
whirls ; 1 seed in each.

ALTH/F'A. Outer Cup 9-dcft: Seed-coats several; in
whirls; 1 seed in each.

MON ADEL PH I A . TRIANDRIA. Juniperus,

599

TRIANDRIA.

JUNI'PERUS. Male and female flowers distinct,
Male. Cal. a scale of the catkin: Blofs. none.
Fern. Cal. with 3 divisions: petals 3: pistils 3:
drupa juicy, closed, 1 -celled, many-seeded;
with 3 tubercles formerly the calyx.

J. Leaves .3 together, expanding ; sharp-pointed; longer
than the berry.

FI. Rofs.i . 3/p-Ludw. i Sg~MUI.IlI.-B/ackw. iSj-Sheldr.jo-Woodv.
95 — Kniph.1-Gars.88-T0urn.361 .2-Matth.i 2\-Ger. i i8g. i
Fuchs.88-J.B.\.b.2g3~Trag. ioy^-Lonic.i. 2^-Ca?n.epii. 33-
Do d. 8 32-Lob. obs. 6 28.2 ^ and ic.\\.222.2-Ger.em.\3rj 2.1 -Park.
1029. 1.

Anthers under the lateral scales often 5. Leers. Berry con-
tinuing 2 years; green, at length blackish purple. Relh. Bark
reddish. Berries bluish black.

Juniper Tree. Heaths. [Near Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire,
and abundantly on a common between Blenheim and Ditchley,
Oxfordshire. Mr. Woodward, On heaths, west of Bishop’s
Aukland. Mr. Robson.] S. May.'f*

commu'nis.

Var. 2. alpine. Leaves broader and thicker. Berries longer,
more oval than spherical. Light f.

J. B.i. b.302. 1 -Cdus. i. 38. 2-Ger.em. 1372.3.

f It grows in fertile or in barren soils; on hills or in valleys; in open
sandy plains, or in moist and close woods. On the sides of hills its trunk
grows long ; but on the tops of rocky mountains and on bogs it is little bet-
ter than a shrub. Linn. — It is is easily transplanted and it bears cropping.
Grafs will not grow beneath it, but the Avena pratensh destroys it. — The
wood is hard and durable. The bark may be made into ropes. The berries
are 2 years in ripening. When bruised they afford a pleasant diuretic liquor,
but it is not easy to prevent its growing sour. It is esteemed a good antiscor-
butic. The Swedes prepare an extract from the berries which some people
eat for breakfast, but it is fitter for a medicine than for food. The spirit
impregnated with the efsential oil of these berries is every where known by
the name of Gin, or Juniper water. The berries sometimes appear in an
uncommon form, the leaves of the cup grow double the usual size ; approach-
ing, but not closing; and the 3 petals lit exactly close, so as to keep the air
from the Tipula Juniper i, which inhabit them — Gum Sandarach, more com-
monly called Pounce, is the product of this tree. Horses, sheep, and goats
eat it, Ciine x jwriperinus , 'Tkirps juniperina , and Coccmella Q-punctata feed upon it.

I

I

6oo

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

On the summit of Snowdon, and the mountains of Westmore-
land. On Kendal Fell. R. syn. [About 200 yards south west of
Llyn y Own, Caernarvonshire. Mr. Griffith.]

DECANDRIA.

GERA'NIUM. Cal . with 5 divisions : blojs. 5 petals :
fist. 1 : summits 5, common receptacle beaked:
seeds 5, with a very long twisted tail.

1

(2) Blofsoms regular ; fruit-stalks 1 -flowered,

/

sanouin'eum. G. Leaves circular, with 5 or 7 divisions : segments 3-cleft:

fruit-stalks with a joint; stem trailing.

R.bot,2rj2-Kniph.']~JVa!c.-Clus.n.i02.i~Lob.ic.\.^o.i-Ger.eme
945.2-Pc’jf. 64. g-Fuchs. 209 -J. B.i'u. 478. 2-Lonic. i. 152.2-
*T rag.^&f—Fark .par. 227.6.

Stem hairy, from a foot to a cubit high. Leaves above rough,
hairy underneath and on the edge. Fruit-stalks 3 inches long,
hairy, with a knot and 2 floral-leaves about the middle. Relhan.
Calyx leaves oval, with membranaceous reddish edges, and ter-
minated by a short red awn. Petals inversely heart-shaped, very
large, equal, pale red, with deep red veins. Mr. Woodward.
Whole plant set with white expanding hairs. Leaves opposite.
Petals hairy at the base.

Bloody Cranesbill. Limestone rocks, stony places, dry pastures,
heaths, and thickets, in mountainous situations. Arthur’s Seat,
Edinburgh. Lightf. — [Rocks near the sea, Cornwall. Mr.
Watt. — Near Buxton, Derbysh. and Roosebeck Low Furnefs,
Lancash. At Heath, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.
— St. Vincent’s rocks, Bristol. On the left side the lower road
from Cheltenham, to Gloucester, 2 miles from the former place.]

P. July. Sept.

Var. 2. Leaves larger, paler, and more deeply divided. Ray.

Pet. 6 4. 10.

Banks of the Devil’s Ditch. Ray, Relhan, and the left side
of Dallingham Gap going from Canvafs-hall. Ray.

lancastri- P* Leaves circular, with 5 or 7 divisions; segments 3-
en'se, cleft: fruit-stalks with a joint: stem upright.

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium. 601

Dill.elth. 1 3 6. 1 6 3- Pet. 64. t i .

Flowers white, with reddish veins. Ray. Leaves smaller and
more finely divided than in G. sanguineum; the flowers much
smaller. The figure of Dillenius too large. Mr. Woodward.

Blofs. sometimes pale flesh colour with red veins. Dr. Stokes.

Grows intermixed with the G. sanguineum in the Isle of Walney,
but the flower and every part of the plant is a third smaller ; it
grows upright, whilst the G. sanguineum creeps upon the ground.

Mr. Atkinson. G. sanguineum @ Linn. 7 Huds. G. htematodes
lancastriense, flore eleganter striato. Dill. Ray ,• who remarks that
it does not change when cultivated, that it is a smaller and more
* humble plant than the G. sanguineum, and that for these and
other reasons he believes it a distinct species.

Jsle of Walney, Lancashire, upon the bank, in a sandy soil.

, ,P. July, Aug,

►

(2) Petals notched, ‘or cloven; fruit -stalks 2-flower ed.

Perennial.

G. Petals 2-lobed : leaves circular, lower ones with k. mrrrnn'inmi
upper with 3 lobes; lobes blunt, 3-cleft. " P) renaiClt3i'

Curt. 1 5g -Ger. prov. 16.2 .

Stem hairy. Leaves hairy, the lower with mostly 7 lobes;
lobes with 3 clefts, ^segments rounded or blunt, the middle one
frequently scolloped, the upper with mostly 3 lobes; lobes with
3 clefts, more expanding than in the lower leaves. Fruit-stalks
longer than the leaves. Floral-leaves pointed, 4 to each fruit-stalk.

Calyx leaves broad and short. Petals as long again as the calyx,
deeply cloven; lobes roundish, entire. Woodw. Stem forked
twice or thrice. Fruit- stalks solitary, axillary. St. Hairs on the
seed-coats few, upright. Petals nearly divided down to the base
and much larger than in the G. pusillum, the seed-coats of which
are rather silky than hairy, the hairs lying close. M. Afzelius.

Mountain Cranes-bill. Meadows and pastures. On the banks
of the river between Bingley and Keighley, Yorksh. near Enfield,
and about Brompton, Cnelsea, and in the dry part of the pasturage
in Battersea Fields. [Near Oxford. Mr. Woodward.]

Var. 2. Blofsoms white. p. June, July.

In Chelsea garden, growing as a weed. Curt.

G. Stem 4-cornered, upright: leaves 5 or 3-lobed, toothed, , ,
rough above, glofsy underneath : petals scored, notched. n°d° SUm*

Clus.u.ioi.i-Ger.em.g^j.2-Park.yo^.2-J.B.iii.^y8.i-Pet.6^.

4~H.ox.v.i6.22-Clus.ii.ioi.2.

/

(i02 MO N A DEL PH I A . DECANDRIA. Geranium.

Stems spreading, more comprefsed than inG. striatum . Petals
flesh-coloured, with 3 purple scores, running half way to the
point. Linn. Flowers before blofsoming hanging down, after-
wards upright. Stems smooth, shining, swoln at the joints.
Leaves , the lower with 5 lobes, the upper with 3 lobes, opposite;

1 1 lobesspear-shaped, straddling, entire at the base, irregularly serrat-
ed upwards, with 3 strong nearly parallel ribs, and with a few
short stiff hairs arising from glands. Stipule and flower- scales alike,
small, pointed. Fruit-stalks short. Cal. leaves awned, smooth.
Petals red, scolloped ; scollops blunt, regular. Mr. Woodward.

Knotty Cranesbill. Mountainous situations in Cumberland.
Ray. [Mr. Woodw.] P. July — Aug.

sylva'ticum. G. Stem upright ; leaves 5-lobed, cut-serrated : petals en-
tire, or only slightly notched.

F.bot. 121-Pose 1, at p. 472, G. palustre-Fl. dan. \2tp-Cam.epit,
602- Pfirk. 70 5. 5-H.ox.v ,1 6. 2 5.

1

Panicle forked, nearly level. Pedicles mftich longer than the
- InvoluCrum. Calyx awned. As soon as the flowering is over it be-
comes upright, with the points bent back. Blofs. bell-shaped, ex-
panding, violet-c.oloured, sometimes white, or variegated with
white. Linn. Flowers before blofsoming hanging down, after-
wards upright. Leaves slightly hairy, the lower with 7 lobes,
the middle with 5, the upper with 3. Fruit-stalks with sometimes
more than 2 flowers. Floral-leaves awl-shaped, small. Calyx and
. fruit-stalks very hairy. Petals large. Mr. Woodward. Hairs

on the flowering stems, edges of the leaves, and on the calyx,
ending in small globules. Leaves , segments terminating in small
fleshy glands; the upper sitting. Calyxes ribbed, membranaceous
at the edge, ending in spit-points. Petals purple, slightly notched
at the end, a little woolly at the base.

Geranium batrachoides alterum, Ger. em. 942. (St.) Wood
Cranesbill. Mountainous thickets and pastures in Westmoreland,
Cumberland, and Yorkshire, and sides of rivers in rocky and
shady places. [Holt Wood in Leziate, near Lynn. Norfolk. Mr.
Crowe. About Aysgarth Force, Wenslydale. Mr. Wo on.
Near Coniston, Lancash. and elsewhere in the North. Woodw.
Corby Castle, Cumberland. St. Very common in moist shady
places in moist parts of the county of Durham, and the petals are
as frequently found entire as slightly notched, nor are the leaves
target-shaped as described by Linnaeus. Mr. Robson. Near
Hales Owen, Shropshire.] P, June, July,

Var. 2. Dwarf, with very large flowers. Lightfoot.

Scotland.

1

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

(3) Petals notched or cloven ; fruit-stalks 2 -flowered. Annual.

G. Fruit-stalks shorter than the leaves: leaves 5-lobed,
lobes 3-cleft or many-deft ; petals notched, seed- coats
with soft hairs.

Curt.~Fl.dan. 936- F aill. 1 5. 2- Plot. oxf. gu\.atp. 1 q.6-Pet.6q.,6,and
y-Fuc 2 o y-J. B . i i i . 47 4 . 1 -Blache. 58.2.

Leaves divided down to the leaf-stalk into 5, and these again
into 3, segments strap-shaped, usually entire, but the middle
one sometimes sub-divided. Fruit- stalks very short. Flower- scales
'minute. Mr. Woodward. Calyx leaves 3-ribbed. Seed-coats
beset with glandular hairs. Mr. Hollefear. Stem hairs point-
ing downwards. Calyx hairs viscid. Curt. Calyx awned. Flowers
red. Anthers blue.

, Jagged Crane sbill. Road sides; borders of fields, ditch banks.

Hedges about Marston and Botley Causeway, next Oxford. Plot.
Woods near Marston, Oxfordshire. Ray/ A. May Aug.

G. Fruit-stalks longer than the leaves: leaves 5-lobed,
lobes many-cleft : calyx 5-skted : seed coats smooth.
Aiton Hort. Kew,

E.bot. 259-Vaill.i 5.4-P<?/.64.8.

Leaves hairy underneath ; segments strap-shaped. Petals nicked,
with a sharp point between the lobes. Linn. Leaves divided quite
to the leaf-stalk ; segments several, sub-divided. Pedicles very
long, straddling a good deal. Calyx very large, bellying. Woouw.
Stem hairy; hairs laid flat. Mr.RoBsoN. Leaves- a little hairy on
both surfaces. Calyx somewhat hairy, skinny at the edo-es, termi-
nated by short awns reddish at the ends. Petals marked with 3
lines; the little tooth between the lobes not very pointed, reddish
blue. Stamens with 10 green glands at the base.

Long -stalked Cranes bill. Corn fields, pastures, and hedges. [Hey-
don, Norfolk. Mr. Bryant. St. Vincent’s Rocks. In a barren
gravelly soil near the entrance upon Barr-beacon from Birming-
^am*] A, June — Aug.

*

G. Leaves kidney-shaped, 7 or 5-lobed; lobes wedge-
shaped, 3-cleft, bluntish : calyx awnlefs : seed-coat
hairy.

/

( Caruanill .difls ,t .82 .f.i .) on Gmelin s authority.

This plant seems to have been confounded sometimes with the
molle, and sometimes with the rotundifolium. It differs from the
former in its seed-coat being hairy and not wrinkled; from the

60 9

1/

difsec'tum.

columbhnuni.

malvsefo* <
lium.

1

604

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

Jatter in its awnlefs calyx and its notched petals. I have no doubt
but it is the G.pusillum of Linnteus, represented in Ray \b.2.(a)
and (b) ; though that being a dwarf or starved specimen has oc-
casioned an improper trivial name to be applied to the species,
and which, if continued, would infallibly occasion a repetition of
the same doubts and difficulties which have hitherto attended the
subject.

I am indebted to Mr. Robson for a full grown specimen of this
plant, as well as for the following description of it.

The root throws out many cylindrical much branched stems,
varying in length according to the situation and soil ; procum-
bent when growing alone, but upright when growing among other
plants, and frequently attaining the height of 2 feet. Stem and
branches just sensibly downy, and soft to the touch. Leaves kid-
ney-shaped, deeply lobed, hairy, especially on the margin, and
veins on the under surface ; hairs expanding. Root and lower
stem leaves generally 7-lobed; upper leaves 5-Iobed, more deeply
divided, opposite, unequal; lobes wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, blunt-
ish. Floral-leaves 4, awl-shaped, hairy. Fruit-stalks alternate,
axillary, upright. Calyx hairy, awnlefs. Petals inversely heart-
shaped, bluish purple, notched; claws upright, about the length
of the calyx. Stamens distinct at the base, 5 with and 5 without
anthers. Seedcoats even, covered with short bristles pointing up-
wards. Seeds smooth. Obs. Varies with leaves alternate towards
the tops of the stem and branches, and with 3 or sometimes 4 flow-
ers on a fruit-stalk. Mr. Robson. — G. rnalveefolium , Scop, but
excluding his reference to Vaillant.

[Hedges, and waste places, as common about Darlington as
the G.molle. Mr. Robson.] A. June, July.

Var.i. pusillum. Linn. Stem spreading; leaves kidney-
shaped, fingered ; lobes strap-shaped, acute.

Vaill. 1 5.1 -Ray syn. 16.2 .a.b.

About 2 or 3 inches high. Leaves small. Blofs. bluish, very
small. Petals cloven, equal. Found in situations by no means
barren, whence it cannot be thought merely a variety of the G,
rotundifolium . Dill, in R. syn. Resembling the G.rotundi folium
but smaller. Lobes of the leaves acute, not blunt. Petals cloven,
blue. Calyx awnlefs. Linn. Stem-a.nd branches covered with a
very short down, extremely soft and velvet-like when drawn thro’
the fingers. Leaves opposite. Fruit-stalks alternate, axillary.

W OODWARD.

High ditch banks. At Low Layton, early in spring. Dill. A.

moHe. G. Fruit-stalks and floral-leaves alternate : petals cloven :
calyx awnlefs : stem somewhat upright.

Curt. 1 4 1 -FLdan. 67 ty-VailL 1 ^.^-Pet,6^.2.

I

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

Pedicles declining. Flower-scales cloven. Calyx scarcely awned.
shorter than the bloi'som. Petals slightly cloven, without a tooth
between the lobes. Linn. Stem hairy, hairs expanding. Mr.
Robson. Trailing when growing alone, upright when amongst
grafs or other plants. Blcfs. sometimes almost as large as those of
G.fyrenaicum. Curt. Root-leaves kidney-shapecl, with a circular
outline, with 7 lobes, lobes with 3 clefts; the upper more distinct-
ly kidney-shaped, and more finely divided. In the above it agrees
with G .rotund! folium, but differs in the stem and branches being
cloathed with long soft hairs expanding horizontally. Woodw.
Flowers purplish red ; sometimes white. Ray. Seeds marked with
transverse wrinkles, but in the rotundifolium they are dotted. In
'the G . rotundifolium the petals are entire, but cloven in the G.
molle . M. Afzelius. Stem-leaves 5-lobed ; lobes wedge-shaped,
blunt. Fruit-stalks opposite the leaves. Glands 5, on the outside
of the anther-bearing filaments, green.

\ Soft Crane shill. Dovesfoot. Dry banks, corn fields, meadows,

and pastures, in a sandy soil. A. April- — Oct.

• > -

(4) Petals entire ; fruit-stalks 2-fozvered, Perennial*

G. Fruit-stalks solitary, 2-flowered, opposite the leaves:
calyx somewhat awned : stem upright: petals waved.

FI. dan. 987 -Kniph. 5- Wale .-Clus . i i . 9 g . 1 -Ger.em. 942.3 -Park .

7°4-3-

Stems nearly cylindrical, woolly below, from 18 inches to 2 ft.
high; joints large, tinged with red. Leaves, the lower with 6 or
7 lobes, the middle ones with 4 or 5, the uppermost 3 or 4 ; lobes
serrated. Fruit-stalks forked, with 2 flowers. Calyx thick set with
short hairs, terminated by little globules, interspersed with a few
long, soft, woolly hairs ; leaves with 3 longitudinal lines, and ter-
minated by little blunt callous substances. Petals egg-shaped but
angular, blackish purple, shining; claws white, marked with 5
lines, and v/oolly. Filaments purple, broad and woolly at the base,
slightly united by means of 5 green glandular substances placed on
the outside of them; after flowering turned outwards. Anthers
whitish, the seams marked with a purple line. Pollen greenish yel-
low'. Germen woolly. Style green, shorter than the stamens till
:he time of flowering. Seedcoats hairy.

Dusky Cranesbill. Mountainous pastures. Tovel near Maid-
Tone. About Clapham, and Ingleton, Yorkshire. [In woods
ibout Darlington. Mr. Robson, Near Cradley, Worcestersh.]

P, May, June.

1

605

phse urn.

s

/

I

6o6 MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

»

praterfse. G. Leaf-stalks nearly central; leaves with many divisions,

wrinkled; lobes with winged clefts, acute: petals
entire. •

Curt. 2 50-Kniph. 5-Mat th.^ 5j-Clus. ii. i oo. i -Dod.63 .2 -Lob.obs.

37b. ^.and ic.i. 6 ^g. 2— Ger.em. g^.3. 1 -Pet. 6 5. 7-W1 alc-Ger .797.

2-i?//r^x.2o8-J.B.iii.475-//.'5A:.v.i 6. 1 4.

Pedicle while it is in blofsom not longer than the involucrum.
Calyx awned, after dowering closed, nodding. Blofs. flat. Petals
blue, rounded at the end, not nicked. Style longer than the sta-
mens. Begins to flower when the Q.syhaticum is going out. Linn.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves with 7 to 5 divisions; segments
lobed, deeply toothed, hairy, with strong ribs underneath; those
of the upper leaves almost strap-shaped. Leaf-stalks long. Floral-
leaves 4, spear-shaped, pointed. Fruit-stalks very short, downy.
Petals very large, blue, or white. Woodward. Stems forked,
tinged more or lefs with red ; hairs on the upper branches white,
and terminated by minute dark red globules. Leafstalks nearly
central. Leaves with 5 to 7 divisions; segments with winged
clefts, which are more or lets jagged and toothed. Calyx ribbed,
membranaceous at the edges, terminated by spit-points, thick set
with fine white hairs tipt by scarlet globules. Petals inversely
egg-shaped, with 7 to 9 whitish lines, and a little hairy at the
base. Filaments very broad, and somewhat concave at the base.
Anthers purple. Pollen yellow.

Crowfoot Crane skill. Moistish meadows and pastures.?. June, July

marikimum. G. Stem trailing : leaves lieart-eggshaped, scolloped, cut,

rough : fruit-stalks 1 to 3-flowered : stamens 5.

\

Dicks. h. s.-Pluk. 31 .^.-Pet.65. i-H.ox.v. 35.1-0-10 3 f.2.

Umbel often leafy. Petals entire, often wanting. Fruit-stalks
with often 2 flowers. Linn. Stems branched, lying close to the
ground. Root-leaves on long fruit-stalks, spreading in a circle on
the ground, hairy, variously cut and jagged, sometimes nearly
lobed; stem-leaves similar. Fruit-stalks shorter than the leaves.
Flowers 1 to 3, small. Beaks very small, not exceeding half an
inch in length. Woodward. Leafstalks much longer than the
leaves. Fruit-stalks comprefsed. Filaments spear-shaped. Anthers
purple. Summits greenish yellow. Blofs. pale red.

Sea Crane shill. Sandy sea shores, common. [Acle, Norfolk.
Mr. Crowe. Rocks at Portawen, Cornwall. Mr. Watt. Sandy
commons between Enville and Rewdley, Worcestershire, always
in a South aspect. Mr. Hunter. Leigh Down, near Bristol.
Mr. Sway ne. Sea coast at Teignmouth, with flowers from 2 to 4
on each fruit-stalk.] " P. June — Oct.

MON ADELPHIA . DECANDRIA. Geranium.

(5) Petals emtire : fruit stalki 1- flowered. Annual.

G. Calyx pyramidal, the angles raised and wrinkled : leaves,
roundish, 5-lobed.

&-^.2i8-EM.75-Krupi.ii-Tbal.5-J.B.M.4Bi-Park.joj.
g—kPalc.-Pet.6^. 1 2-PI.ox.v.j 5.6.

Stems shining, yet slightly hairy. Leaves the same, kidney-
shaped, with mostly 5 lobes ; lobes with 3 lobes, the middle one
with usually 3 scollops, the side ones entire; in rocky situations
only half an inch broad, and not so much divided. Pedicles
straddling. Flower- scales very minute. Mr. Woodward. Seed
coat with several rugged longitudinal ribs, hairy at the top. E. hot.

1 Whole plant often afsuming a dark purplish red colour like the
G. robertianum. Stem branched. Calyx not quite equal. Petals
rose red.

Shining Crane still. Walls, roofs, rocky places, dry banks,

> and shady places, in a sandy soil, [and frequently among corn
on a chalky soil, and in exposed situations, as near Stamford;
Bury, Suffolk ; common in the North. Mr. Woodward.]

A. June — Aug.

Petals entire, as long as the calyx : stern spreading :
leaves kidney-shaped, cut: seed-coat even, hairy:
seeds reticulated. E. hoi.

E. hot. 157-Pet. 64 4. and 3 -Fuchs. 205-J. B. iii . 473- 7g3-
Walc.-Matth. 855— Dod. 6 1. 2-Lob. obs. 376.2, andic. i.658.1 —
Ger . em. 9 3 8-Park. 7 o 6 . 2 -Pet . 64 . 1 -H. ox .v. 1 5 . 2 .

Stem straddling, cylindrical, downy, clammy. Leaves rounded,
soft, downy, somewhat clammy, especially underneath, lobed
with a red point m the hollows. Leafstalks reddish brown. C,abx
awned, wrinkled, open, with 3 longitudinal wrinkles. . Petals
wedge-shaped, very blunt, with 3 reddish brown scores at the
base, the under surface not lying upon, but raised from the calyx.
Anthers yeJow. Linn. Stipule spear-shaped ; floral-leaves al-
wavs of a deep red. Mr.W oodward. Stem velvetty. Mr. Robson.
eei 1 Petals entire. These circumstances at once distin-

guish it from the G. mile. M. Afzelius. Flowers purplish flesh
colour, sometimes white.

Round-leaved Craneshill. W alls, roofs, ditch banks, and sandy
pastuies, about Bath, Bristol, Battersea, Wandsworth, Monlake,
and Kew. [Suffolk, common. Mr, Woodward. St. Vincent’s
rocks, Bristol.] A. May-July.

Obs

607

Iu'cidum.

I

ro tun di fo-
lium.

6o8

MONA DELPH I A . DECANDRIA. Geranium.

Obs. The G. columbinum, malvsefolium, molle, and rotundifolium
whose distinctions have occasioned much trouble, may be clearly under-
stood by attending to the following circumstances.

G. columbinum. Its awned calyx distinguishes it from the molle and the
malvsefolium, and its notched petals from the rotundifolium.

■ — m alv a folium. Its awnlefs calyx distinguishes it from the columbinum,
its hairy seed-coat from the molle, and its notched petals from the
rotundifolium.

— molle. Its awnlefs calyx distinguishes it from the columbinum, its hair-
lefs and wrinkled seed-coat from the malvaefolium, and its notched
petals from the rotundifolium.

. — rotundifolium. Its entire petals and its dotted seeds distinguish it from the
other three.

robertia'num. G. Leafits by fives or by threes, lobes wing-cleft ; calyx

with io angles.

Curt.- -Wale. -Black™. f&o-Lonic. i. 1 52.1 -FI. dan. 694 -Dod. 62—
Loh.obs.ofl 5.1 ) and ic.i.d^.z-Ger.em.g^g, and g 45. 5-Park.
710 .8~H.ox.v. 1 5. 1 i-Pet.65. Fuchs. 206 -frag. lo'd-J. B.
iii. 480-^2/^.858.

Calyx hairy, the 10 angles formed by the 1 stand 3d outer
leaves being each folded into 3 keel-like angles, the 2d and 5th
each into 1. and the 4th into 2. Petals entire. Scent rank. The
whole plant sometimes red. Linn. Leafits of the lower leaves dis-
tinct, those of the upper confluent. Fruit-stalks very long. Pedicles
short. Mr. Woodward. Whole plant beset with pellucid hairs,
but becoming smoother as the plant grows older. Upper leaves
divided into 3 parts, the lowermost into 5, leafits united at the*
base, with winged clefts ; segments terminated by a little sharp
thorn. Stems tinged with red at the joints. Calyx awned, the
angles more evident as the seeds ripen. Petals , claws long, bor-
der a little ragged, with 3 faint white lines. Filaments not very,
evidently united. Anthers red. Pollen yellow. Style hairy*.
Summits a fine crimson. Stem branched, spreading. Blofs. red,
sometimes white.

Herb Robert . Stockbill. Roberts Crane shill. Walls, hedges,
rubbish, and stony places. A. April, Aug.

Var. 2. White flowered.

[Road from Lichfield to Stafford, a little beyond the 4th mile
stone, plentifully. Mr. Saville. Den of Portend, near the
Loch of Monteih. Mr. Brown. Near Exeter. Mr. Marty n.]

Var. 3. shining. Whole plant shining. Leaves smaller and
more deeply divided. Woodward.

Pet. 65. 5. Mr. Woodward.

Near S wanning, Dorsetshire. Shore of Selsey Island,

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

(6) Fruit-stalks many-flowered : leaves winged.

G. Flowers in umbels : leafits mostly on short leaf-stalks,
unequally cut.

Riv.pent.i 12. G. mosch.~yacqJjortA.55-B/aek-w. 1 50-MafiL\8$6
Dod. 6'5.1-Lob. obs. 376^.1, and ic. 1.658. z-Ger. em.gsgi-Park.
yog. 1 -Pet. 6 5.2-H.ox.v.\ 5.io-Ger.,jg6-<Trag .

Very like the G. cicutarium ; of an ambrosial scent. Linn.
Whole plant more hairy than G. cicutarium ; hairs glutinous, par-
ticularly those of the calyx. Flowers more numerous, forming a
roundish head. Pedicles shorter, heaves , wings fewer, egg-shaped,
sometimes only serrated, or jagged, rarely with winged clefts.
Woodward. Whole -plant hairy. Stems swoln and crooked at
the joints. Leajits opposite and alternate, the terminating one
3-cleft. Fruit-stalks with from 4 to 10 flowers, thickly set with
fine white hairs, ending in pellucid globules. Calyx set with the
same kindof hairs as the fruit-stalks; leaves unequal, ribbed, end-
ing in spit-points. Petals with 3 fibres. Seed-coat with strong yellow
hairs. Blo/s. red or purple. Glands 5 on the outside of the an-
ther-bearing filaments ; green.

Masked Cranes -bill. Muscovy. Dry pastures in Westmoreland
and Yorkshire. Near Battersea, and between Bristol and St.
Vincent’s Rock. [Near Stourbridge. St. Hornsey, Yorkshire,
and Farringdon, Somersetshire. Mr. Baker. At Teignmouth.j

A. May — Oct.

G. Flowers in umbels : leafits sitting, wing-cleft, blunt:
petals entire.

Curt. -FI. dan.g8 6—Kn iph . 1 1 -Fuchs. 2 04- J. B. iii .47 g -Dod. 64.1-
Lob. ic.6 5g.\-Ger,enug\5.a>-Pct .65.3-H.ox.v .1 ^.g-Ger.Sco.
3, and %-Cam. epit. 601 -Riv. irr. pent. G. robertianum.

Petals entire, the 2 upper ones with a spot at the base, as is
also the case with the G. moschatum and the G. pimpinellifolium of
Dill. Gifs. 173. Linn. Leajits more deeply cut in the summer
than in the spring. Blo/s. varying much in size even on the same
plant. Petals the 2 shorter ones sometimes spotted, sometimes
only one of them spotted, and sometimes neither. Stokes. Plant
either hairy or smooth. Leafits pointed, jagged. Woodward.

The various appearances of this plant at different seasons and
in different soils, and its resemblance in many respects to starved
specimens of the G. moschatum, have occasioned many errors.
The spots on the petals are not to be trusted, neither are the inci-
sions of the leafits. The musk odour of the G. moschatum, is
the most obvious distinction. In the G. cicutarium the leafits are

VOL. Ill, 2 R

609

moscha'lum.

cicuta'rium.

MONA DELPHI A. DECANDRIA. Geranium.

in general more deeply and more finely cut, and shoulder up close
to the mid-rib with hardly the appearance of a leaf-stalk, but in
the G. moschatum the leaf-stalks to some of the leafits are suffici-
ently obvious, and in the larger specimens the edges of the leafits
are little more than serrated. Flowers rose red.

Hemlock-leaved Craneshill. Cornfields, road sides, ditch banks,
walls, rubbish, in a sandy soil. [Near the shore at Teignmouth.J

A. April— Oct.

Var. 2. fine-leaved Leafits with winged clefts, segments strap-
shaped.

G. pmpinellifolium. Ray. Woodward. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Leaves
wings with deeper winged clefts than those of the preceding.
Little wings nearly strap-shaped, rarely jagged. Sandy heaths and
corn fields, Suffolk, frequent. Woodward.

Mr. Woodward thought this a distinct species, and so does
Mr. Robson, but we are not yet in pofsefsion of specific differ-
ences sufficient to establish it as such. Ray refers us to Rivinus
irr. pentap. icon. G. robertianum for a figure of his G. Fimpi-
nellasfolio, but that figure is a representation of G. cicutarium
in its largest and probably cultivated state.

Both in this and in the preceding there are 5 glands of a dark
colour on the outside the base of the anther-bearing filaments.

Var. 3 .hoary. Flowers larger. Blofs. white. Stems thicker.
Leaves not so finely cut. Ray. Leaves hoary with white hairs,
pofsibly the effect of the sea air. Mr. Woodward.

Near Camberwell. Ray. Sea banks near Weems, Fifeshire.
Lightf. [On Yarmouth Denes very plentifully, and elsewhere
within the distance of a few miles from the sea. Mr. Woodw.
St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. ]f

f Among the numberlefs instances of obvious providential design and con-
trivance, in the structure of the seeds and seed-vefsels of plants, few are,
perhaps, more remarkable, or more strikingly display themselves as the
workmanship of an intelligent artificer, than that which we meet with in the
seeds of the Geranium cicutarium, moschatum , and, perhaps, in some other spe-
cies of Geranium. The seeds of this genus surround the pistil at its base ; each
seed iswovered with a distinct seed-coat peculiar to itself, which, after hav-
ing inclosed the seed, runs out in the form of a narrow appendage or tail, to
the extremity of the style, to which it is slightly connected along its whole
length, and which has 5 grooves or flutes to receive the 5 seeds with their
appendages. Each of these appendages has the property of contracting itself
into spiral or screw-like form, when dry ; and of again extending itself into a
right line, when moist. In short, it is a spiral spring, which lengthens or
contracts itself alternately, as often, and in such proportion, as if happens to
become wet or dry. This power first exerts itself when the seed and its
appendage becomes dry, in consequence of arriving at maturity; when it
gradually separates the seed from its parent plant. The seed, thus disengaged,
is continually contracting and dilating itself, as the weather changes from,
wet to dry, and from dry to wet; and by this means is kept in motion, till

MON AD EL PH I A i POLYANDRIA. Althea

POLYANDRIA.

ALTHEA. Calyx double, outer 9-cleft; capsules
many, 1 seed in each.

A. Leaves undivided, angular, cottony ,

K212ph.6-Ludw.1-E.bot. 1 4 j—IVt oodv.^-Fl.dan.^o-Blackw.go—
Parh.^o^.i-Fuchs.i $-Trag .37 i-J.B.u.g^^-Lonlc.i. 157. i~
Ger.rj?>rj-Matth.g2 §-Clus X1.2 s±.i-Dod.6 55. i—Lob. obs. 373.1,
and /V. i . 653 . 1 -Ger.eni. 933.1 -H.ox.v. 1 g. 1 2.

Stem upright, a yard high or more, cottony, cylindrical, some-
what branched. Leaves egg-spearshaped, woolly, very soft, vel-
vety ; the upper smaller, with generally 3 imperfect lobes, ser-
rated, with mostly 5 ribs underneath ; the lower larger, with 7
ribs, sometimes serrated, sometimes rather scolloped. Flowers
from the bosom of the leaves, on fruit-stalks, in a kind of panicle.
Flower-scales many-cleft, bristle-shaped. Petals nicked, flesh-co-
loured. Relhan. Stem and leaves cloathed with a thick pile,
feeling exactly like velvet. All the leaves obscurely ]6bed, doubly
serrated ; the lower egg-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped at the
base ; the upper egg-spearshaped. Blofs. white, or pale flesh-
coloured. Woodward. Leaves on leaf-stalks, angular. Calyx ,
the outer with sometimes 1 1 or 12 segments. Petals fringed at the
base.

it is either destroyed by the vicifsitudes of the seasons* or meets with some
crevice in the earth, or some light porous spot, into which it can easily insi-
nuate itself, and from thence, in due time, produce a new plant. The parti-
cular minutiae of the mechanical structure and operations of this curious
seed will be better understood by inspection, than by the most accurate and
laboured description and all its manoeuvres may be seen in a short space of
time, by alternately moistening and drying it ; which may be readily done,
by putting a little water on one edge of a white stone or china plate, and re-
moving it by turns from the dry to the moist, and from the moist to the dry
part of the plate : or the changes may still more quickly be produced, by-
removing it from the wet to a fresh plate, and drying it before a fire. I
mention a white plate, because on that, I imagine, the fine hairs which dis-
play themselves from the sides of the tail, as that contracts, and which act as
fulcra, or feet, to afsist and direct the seed in its motions, are most easily
distinguished. Dr. Arnold.

6ll

officinalis.

/

2 R 2

MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. Malva.

Marsh Mallow. Wymote. Salt marshes and banks of rivers.
[Salt marshes, Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Woodw. — Seashore
near Marazionand Penzance, Cornwall. Mr. Watt.] P. Aug.f

*

MA'LVA. Calyx double, the outer mostly of 3 leaves :
capsules 8 or more, in a whirl ; 1 , rarely 2 -celled ;
1 seed in each.

pusiPla. M. Stem declining : leaves roundish-heartshaped, slightly

5-lobed : flowers on fruit-stalks, generally in pairs:
petals the length of the calyx. (E. bot.)

E. hot. 2 4.1.

M. parvlflora. Huds. Said to have been found by him, as
heretofore, by Mr. Sherard and Mr. Rand, at Hithe in Kent.
Dr. Smith observes that it is chiefly distinguishable from the M.
rotundifolia in the petals scarcely exceeding the calyx, and the
fruit-stalks being only 2 in the bosom of each leaf-stalk ; though
he is not quite satisfied that they are permanently distinct.

[My specimens gathered in Pembrokesh.] B. July.

rotund! fo'lia. M. Stem prostrate : leaves heart-shapedcircular, plaited,

5 or 7-lobed: fruit-stalks when ripe declining.

Curt.i^-Fl.dan.y2i-Fuchs.^o8-J.B.il.^^g.2-Trag. 369 -Dod.

653- z-Lob.obs. 371.2, andic. 1.651. i-Ger.em.g$o.2-Lonic.i.

156.2.

Blofs. white, with a tinge of purple, but sometimes, as in the
neighbourhood of Upsal, quite white and smaller. Linn. Stem
and branches lying close to the ground. Leaves serrated. Leaf-
stalks very long. Leaf-scales in pairs, spear-shaped, fringed. Fruit-
stalks much shorter than the leaves, with 1 flower. 1 Blo/s. white,
with purple veins. Mr. Woodward. Leafstalks twice or more
times longer than the leaves. St. When the larger leaves are
laid quite flat, hardly any interval remains betwee:* the 2 edges
at the base, so that they then appear quite circular. Flowers
several together, on fruit-stalks of very different lengths. Calyx ,
outer scales spear-shaped, nearly as long as the inner cup. Blo/s.
purplish rose red, sometimes paler, full twice as long as the calyx.

Mauls. Dwarf Mallow. Road sides, among rubbish. [On Saint
Vincent’s rocks. Mr. Swayne.] A. June— Oct.

•f The whole plant, particularly the root, abounds with a mild, mucilage.
The root boiled is much used as an emollient cataplasm, and an Infusion of
f it is very generally prescribed in all cases wherein mild muciLaginous sub-
stances are useful.

1

MON A DELPHI A. POLYANDRIA. Malva. 613

M. Stem rough : leaver 5 or 7-lobed, toothed : outer calyx sylves'tris.
leafits'partly united at the base.

Curt.-B/ackw.22-Woodv.^^-Fuchs.gog-J.B.g^g.i-Ger.y8^.i-^
H.ox.v.irj.8-Dod.f)^.i~Lob.obs.o)']\. 1, andic.i. 6^o.2~Ger.
em. 930.1.

Stem more or lefs upright, rough, hairy, nearly of the same
thicknefs throughout, rather wooddy. Leaves with 5 lobes, rarely
6 or 7, unequally serrated, hairy on both sides, with a dark pur-
ple stain near the insertion of the leaf-stalk. Leafstalks 3*cor-r
nered, rough. Fruit-stalks nearly cylindrical, from the bosom of
the leaf-stalks or branches. Cal. outer , leaves spear-shaped ; both
inner and outer hairy without, smooth within^ toothed at the edges,
and the teeth terminating in long hairs. Petals deeply nicked,
but not bitten, purple, with 3 or 4 darker streaks. Summits 1 1
or 12. The colour of the flowers varies with more or lefs of a
bluish cast, and the leaves are liable to be variegated with yellow
1 white blotches.

Common Mallow . Mauls . Hedges, foot paths, and amongst
rubbish. [Though so common in most parts of England, it is so
scarce about Kendal In Westmoreland, that to find a plant of it is
regarded as a botanical discovery. Dr. Stokes. Its trivial name
ill accords with its usual places of growth in this country, for
though so common in the midland parts of England, I don’t re-
collect ever having found it in a wood.] A. June — Aug.

M. Stem upright : root-leaves kidney-shaped, cut : stem- moscha'ta.
leaves with 5 divisions ,* segments between winged
and many-cloven : leafits of the outer cup distinct.

Curt , 2 28 -FI. dan . 9 05- Co l . ecfhr. 1 47- Wale >-J.B. 0,1067.1 -//,
cw.v.18.4.

Differs from M. Alcea as follows: Stem not so tall, with soli-
tary upright hairs rising from a prominent little point. Seed-
coats rough with hairs. Flowers of an ambrosial scent. Linn. In
the M. Alcea the calyx has a protube rating ring at the base, and
the outer cup is formed of 3 egg-shaped leafits, but the M. moschata
has no such ring at the base of the calyx, and the leafits are spear-
shaped. Curt. The M. moschata may also be distinguished by
its musk-like smell, but this is not always perceptible, and there
is reason to believe that in this case it has been mistaken for the
M. Alcea, a plant which I believe is not one of our natives. Flowers
flesh-coloured. Styles 1 4 to 1 8.

Musk Mallow. Meadows, pastures, road sides, and ditch
banks. [Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Derbyshire, and the
North, frequent. In Norfolk and Suffolk sparingly. Mt.Woodw,

Very common in the midland counties.] P. July, Aug.

2 R3 ,

MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. Lavatera.

LAVATE'RA. Cal . double, the outer 3-clgft: capsules;
many, equal in number to the summits ; placed
in a circle, 1 seed in each.

arbo'rea. L, Stem wooddy: leaves with 7 angles , cottony, plaited;

fruit-stalks crowded, axillary, 1 flower on each.

Gcertn. 136.2, Calyx and fruit-Besl. Eyst. £stiv . vi. 6. 1 , on the
authority of Gartner r and Cavanill. difs , v. 139. 2, on that of
Gindin.

Stem in the smaller plants like that of a cabbage, but taller; in
the larger plants from 4 to 6 feet high, and as much as 4 inches
in diameter. Leaves with 7, 5, or 3 angles; as soft as the finest
velvet.5 Flowers mostly in pairs. Calyx , outer much larger than
the inner; the segments broad, blunt, sometimes notched. Blofs.
purplish red, with dark blotches at the base of the petals. The
cylinder of united filaments woolly at the base.

Tree Mallow , or Velvet-leaf. Sea shores. Hurst Castle, over
against the Isle of Wight. Portland Island, rocks of Caldey
Island, and Bafse Islands, near Edinburgh. Ray. — Inch Garvey
and Mykrie-Inch, in the Firth of Forth. Sibbald. Cornwall
and Devonsh. Huds. [Chifsel in Portland Island, Mr. Waring.
At Teignmouth.J 3. July— -Oct,

TAX'US. Male and female flowers on different plants :
blofs. none: calyx a 4 or a 7 -leaved bud.

Male. Atithers target-shaped; 8-clefto
Fern. Style none: seed 1, surrounded at the base
by a pulpy receptacle; the upper half naked,

baccaha. T. Leaves solitary, strap-shaped, prickle-pointed, near

together : receptacle of the male flowers somewhat
globular.

JLunt.evelip.3jfy ; up. 275. ed. l\-*Blachw. sjz-Kniph.i-Cam.
epit.8q.o-Tourn. 362. i-J.B.\.b. 2/^1. 2-D0d.85g.1-L0h.0ls.63j.
1, and ic . ii.232-G<?r.<?w.i370~G*T.i i87.2-Rar^.i4i2-G^rj.
rfio-Matth.iogg.

Berries very singular, proceeding from a receptacle which half
covers and protects the seed, coming to perfection in the 2d year.
Seed with 2 seed-lobes. Linn. Bark reddish. Berries when ripe
red.

Common Tew Tree. Mountainous woods and hedges. R. syn.
Mountains of Westmoreland, Cumberland, and hills of Here’

MON AD EL P H I A . POLYANDRIA. Pinus.

fordshire. Huds. — In a truly wild state out of the clefts of the
rocks on Giggleswick Scar, where several grow out of the fifsures,
and spreading on each side, cloathe the rock to some distance.
[In inaccefsible situations, on the rocks of Borowdale, and on
Conzick Scar, near Kendal. There can be little doubt but these
are its truly natural situations. Woodward. — On the mountain
called Yew-barrow, clearly in its indigenous state, and in several
other inaccefsible places on the mountains of Furnefs Fells. Mr.
Atkinson. — On castle Eden dean, undoubtedly wild. Mr.

Robson.] T. March, April. f*

■* ' \

fl'NXJS. Male and Fem. flowers on the same plant:
blofs. none.

Male. Calyx scales forming a bud standing open :
anthers naked.

Fem. Calyx scales forming a cone, <2 flowers in
each scale: pistil 1 : nut of i cell, without valves,
bordered with a membrane.

P. Leaves in pairs, rigid: cones egg-conical, mostly in
pairs, as long as the leaves ,* scales oblong, blunt.

Fl.RofsM.f. I. i.-Mill. ill-'Blackew. 1gQ-Hunt.evel.266 ; i.^.274.
ed. II . - Woodv. 2 o j-B a rr. 7 2 g- 1 (own . 3 5 5 , 3 5 6 , P. - Matth . 9 8
— Ger.i ij5.2-J.B.i.b.2 53-Dod.S6c.i-Lob.obs.6-oi.2,aj:diL.ii.
226.2-Ger.em.i 356.1 .

Cones whitish, pendant.

f It grows best in a moist loamy soil. On bogs or dry mountains it lan-
guishes. It bears transplanting even when old. It is often planted to make
hedges, and as these hedges admit of clipping, they form excellent skreens
to keep off the cold winds from tender plants. — The wood is hard, smooth,
and beautifully veined with red. It is converted into bows, axle-trees, spoons,
cups, cogs for mill-wheels and flood-gates for fish ponds, which hardly ever
decay. — The berries are sweet, and viscid. Children often eat them in large
quantities without any inconvenience. — Swine and Fieldfares are fond of
them. The fresh leaves are fatal to the human species. Three children
were killed by a spoonful of the green leaves. They died without agony or
any of the usual symptons of vegetable poisons. The same quantity of the
dried leavss had been given the day before without any effect. Per rival's efsays9
iii. — Sheep and Goats eat it, horses and cows refused it. Linn. — but there
are instances of both having been killed by eating it, branches having been
found in their stomachs. Gent. Mag. lvi. 941, and sheep are said to have been
killed by browsing upon the bark. I suspect that the loppings in a hajf
dried state, are most detrimental to cattle.

615

sylves'tris.

6 1 6

MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. Pinus.

Scotch Fir. Highland mountains, both scattered, and in na-
tural forests of many miles extent. Lightfoot. T. May.f

f It flourishes best in a poor sandy soil. In a grove, the trunk becomes
tall and naked ; in sunny open places, branched. On rocks or bogs, it sel-
dom attains a large size. In black soil it becomes diseased, and in chalky
land it dies. Sometimes it will thrive near running, but never near stagnant
waters. None but the terminating buds send forth branches, therefore it
will not bear the least clipping. The roots spread very near to the surface
of the earth, all but the central root which grows perpendicularly downwards ;
and if this is broken off, or interrupted in its pafsage by rocks, the stem
ceases to shoot upwards and the tree for ever remains a dwarf. Upon this
account it is apt to suffer by transplanting. — This tree furnishes us with the
best red or yellow deal. It is smooth, light, and easily cloven. The bark
will tan leather. — The inhabitants of the North of Europe make bread from
this tree in the followingmanner. They choose a tree whose trunk is even*
for these contain the least resin, and strip off the bark in the spring when it
separates most readily. This they first dry gently in the shade ; then in a
greater heat; and reduce it to powder. With this powder they mix a small
quantity of corn-meal, and with water knead it into bread. This they eat, not
only in years of scarcity, but at other times, from an apprehension that long
disuse might render it disagreeable to them. Their children are very fond
of the fresh bark in the spring time, either shaved with a knife or grated
. with a rasp — the young shoots distilled afford a fragrant efsentiai oil. — Sheep
and goats are not fond of it; horses refuse it. — It affords nourishment to the
Phalana Pint, quadra ; Curcutio Pint, and Cimcx Akietn .

Mr

S

DIADELPHIA.

CLASS XVII.

DIADELPHIA.

HEXANDRIA.

FUMA'RIA. Cal . 2 leaves : Blofs . gaping, bulging, at the
base, and containing honey: Filaments with 3
anthers.

OCTANDRIA.

POLY'GALA. Cal . with 2 segments like wings: Blofs .
standard cylindrical : Stamens connected : Caps* in-
versely heart-shaped, 2 celled.

DECANDRIA.

(1) Stamens all united*

\ x

SPAR'TIUM. Filaments adhering to the germen: Summit
hairy, growing to the upper side of the style.

GENIS'TA. Pistil prefsing down the keel: Summit rolled
inwards.

DI A DELPHI A.

AN I HYL'LIS. Cup swoln and turgid; inclosing the
legumen.

UfLEX. Cup 2 leaves: Legumen hardly longer than the
cup.

ONO'NIS. Legumen diamond-shaped, sitting: Standard
scored.

{2) Summit downy : Filaments 9 united ; 1 distinct .

* - -• ,

O'ROBUS. Style slender, nearly cylindrical ; woolly on
the upper or inner side.

PI'SUM. Style keeled; woolly above.

LATH'YRUS. Style flat, and woolly above.

VI'CIA. Style bearded under the Summit .

’ f * t A

(3) Legumen 2 -celled,

ASTRA'GALUS. Legumen 2-celled, curved,

(4) Legumen with about 1 seed .

TRIFO'LIUM. Legumen longer than the cup ; with 1 or

2 seeds : flowers (mostly) in heads.

[Medicago lupulina, Hedysarum Onobrychis.]

(5) Legumens almost jointed; sometimes spiral, St.

HEDY'S ARUM. Legumen with roundish comprefsed joints ; ;
Keel very blunt.

ORNI'THOPUS. Legumen jointed; bent like a bow.

HIPPOCRE'PIS. Legumen comprefsed; membranaceous;

3 of the seams hollowed out with very deep notches.

DIADELPHIA.

619

MEDlCArGO. Legume n spiral ; membranaceous: com-
prefsed ; Pistil prefsing down the keel.

(6) Legumen 1 -celled; many-seeded, [without the marks of

the former subdivisions .)

ERfVUM. Cup with 5 divisions, nearly equal; and near-
ly as long as the blofsom.

LO'TUS. Legumen cylindrical; filled with cylindrical
seeds.

Linnaeus also gives us the following natural arrangement of
the different genera.

Winged without an odd Leafit. Groins , Pisum, Lathy-
rus, Vicia , Ervum.

Winged with an odd Leafit. Astragalus, Hedysarum.

With three Leafits. Trifolium, Lotus, Medic ago, Genista s

Ononis.

♦ - 1

Flowers in Umbels. Lotus, Ornithopus , Hippo c rep is ,

1

s

«p

620

DIADELPHIA. HEXANDRIA. Fumaria.,

HEXANDRIA.

rfi A Af 7

FUMA'RIA. Calyx 2 -leaved : blofs. gaping: filaments
2, membranaceous, each supporting 3 anthers;
caps. 1 -celled; many-seeded.

interme'dia. F. Root bulbous solid; stem simple : floral-leaves hand-*

shaped, as long as the blofsom.

PLATE XXIX.

Flowers purplish red, and yellow, forming a loose spike.
Floral-leaves divided into finger-like segments. S. Vefs. opening
at the bottom. F. bulbosa. (3 Linn. F . minor. Gmelin.

This plant was first sent to me by Mr. Hall, then by Mr.
Gough, and afterwards by Mr. Robson. The former found it in
[Levans Park, 5 miles from Kendall. Wattsneld, a mile from
Kendal, amongst a clump of tall trees, plentiful. Mr. Gough.
Near Ulverstone ; also between Cartmel and Kendal. Mr. Rob-
son. At Perry Hall, near Birmingham, in a meadow between
the House and the River, Mr. Pitt.] P. April, May.

capnoi'des. F# Legumens strap-shaped, 4-sided : stems spreading, the

angles acute.

Kniph. 1 1 .

Stem 4-cornered at the base. Fruit-stalks naked, but half the
length of the blofsom. Flowers whitish, the ends of the wings
yellow. Stamens only 2. Scopoli ; which is also confirmed by
Weber.

This plant was first found in England by Mr. Howard, grow-
ing on old walls near Castleton in Derbyshire, in an uncultivated
place, and far from any garden ; as I am informed by Mr. Rob-
son, who also sent a specimen for my inspection.

officinalis* F. Seed-vefsels in bunches, 1 seed in each; stem spreading.

Ludeuo&2t-Curt.ii2-Matth.i r 58-Riv.tttr. 1 -Kniph. 1 -Woodv. 8 3
~Fl .dan.g/p.-Fitchs .B .m.a.2oi-B!ack'ij:. 237-lTh/r.-

Ger. g2j. i-Lonic.\. 166.2-Dod. $g-Lob.obs. 437. 3, andic . i.
757. i-Ger.em. 1088, t -Park .287.1 -Fray. 1 10- Mill. 136.2-
H.qx. iii.i 2.9.

I W . to front p. 620

XX E

1

y

V.

V . V

Fu maria catoreolata .

621

DI ADEL PH I A. HEXANDRIA. Fumaria.

Pouch roundish, falling off. Linn. Stem smooth. Leaves
smooth, somewhat fleshy, sea-green, trebly compound, the last
divisions with 5 or 3 clefts, the extreme segments spear-shaped.
Pioneers alternate, in long spikes. Fruit-stalks very short. Floral-
leaves spear-shaped, membranaceous, 1 at the base of each fruit-
stalk. Seed-vefsel roundish, smooth. Mr. Woodw. Calyx leaves
coloured. Blofs. upper lip keeled at the back, reflected at the
edges towards the end. Nectary distended, shorter than the fruit-
stalk* inclosing a greenish tongue-shaped substance, purple at
the edge. Wings each with 3 keel- shaped ridges near the extre-
mity on the outer side. Style 3 or 4 times as long as the germen.
Flowers pink and dark purple, in long terminating spike-like
bunches ; sometimes very pale, or nearly white.

Common Fumitory . Corn fields. Hedge banks. Gardens.

A. May — Aug.'f

F. Seed-vefscls in bunches, 1 seed in each: leaves climb-
ing, sparingly furnished with tendrils.

Dicks.h.s.

PLATE XXX.

Pedicles bowed back. The extreme leafits running into ten-
drils. Linn. Stems longer and weaker than those of F. officinalis .
Leaves more distant, not so finely divided, the extreme divisions
broader and blunter. Flowers fewer on the spike. Fruit-stalks
longer. Mr. Woodward. Stem sometimes trailing, and inter-
weaving its branches among the grafs, very much branched,
sometimes 3 feet long. Blo/s . pale red. St. Clearly distinct
from the F. officinalis, as I have proved by sowing the seed. The
leaves frequently run into tendrils. Mr. Robson.

Ramping Fumitory . Gardens, cultivated ground, and under
walls with the F. officinalis. Ray. Rocks by the sea side. Lightf.
Ditch banks. St. A. Aug. — Oct.

F. Legumens strap-shaped : leaves with tendrils.

Fi.dan.^/^o-E. botAo$-Dod.6o-Lob. obs. 438.2, andic.i.yg^.i-
Ger.em. 1088. 2-J.B.iii. a. 204.1-^^.288. 6 -IL. ox. I i i . 1 2 . 3-
Ger.g 29.5 and 6.

f Cows and sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Horses and swine
refuse it. Lin.y. A horse eat it. St. The leaves are succulent, saline and
bitter. The exprefsed juice in doses of 2 or 3 ounces, is useful in hypo-
chondriacal, scorbutic, and cachectic habits. It corrects acidity, and
strengthens the tone of the stomach. Hoffman prefers it to all other me-
dicines as a sweetener of the blood. There is no doubt of its utility in ob-
structions of the viscera, and the diseases arising therefrom. An infusion
of the leaves is used as a cosmetic to remove freckles and dear the skin. Mr.

W CODWAEO,

capreola'ta-

clavicula'ta.

622 DiADELPHIA. OCTANDRIA. Polygak.

'’Tendrils from the ends of the leaves. Linn, Leaf- stalks often
crooked. Tendrils generally forked, and sometimes with 2 minute
leaves near the end. Spikes lateral. Fruit-stalks straight, naked.
Legumcns with 2 seeds. Mr. Wood. Flowers few, yellow. Spikes
short. Mr. Woodward. Stems 3- cornered, slender, purplish at
[ the base. Leajits egg-spearshaped, ending in a sharp flexible
point. Spikes towards the top of the stem or branches, of about
5 flowers, seldom more than 2 ol which come to perfection. Calyx
leaves inversely heart-shaped, white, very small. Blofs. standard
oblong* concave, reflected at the end, not notched ; Nectary blunt ;
keel a little concave at the top, and reflected at the edges. Fila-
ments, 1 fixed to the standard, the other to the base of the 2 wings
and uniting them. Germen heart-shaped; style crooked; summit
fiat, and ragged. Seed-vefsel oblong, tapering, with 1 to 3 seeds.
The shape of the S. Vefs. at once distinguishes this from the 2
preceding species. The colour of the flowers varies from greenish
to a yellowish white, and sometimes they have a purple tinge.

Climbing Fumitory. Woods and moist hedges, boggy and
rocky places, in a sandy soil, and on the banks of lakes and ri-
vers. [Among the rocks of Stonehall, near Rawdon, 7 miles
from Leeds. Mr. Wood. Rough stony places above Great Mal-
vern Tower. Nash. Mr. Ballard. Thorpe, near Norwich*
Woodward. In a marsh on the East side of Kendal Castle. Mr.
Gough. Thatched houses in many parts of the islands of Scotland
quite covered with it. Mr. Brown. Among loose stones on the
N. E. side of the Wrekin. Mr. Aik in. Dry stony places in
Furnefs Fells. Mr. Atkinson. On Malvern hill, above the
spring. In some of the least frequented lanes about Birming-
ham.] A. June — Sept,

OCTANDRIA.

1

POLYG'ALA. Calyx 5-leaved, 2 larger wing-like,
before the ripening of the seeds, coloured : caps .
inversely heart-shaped, 2-celled: seeds solitary.

vulga'ris. p. Flowers in bunches : stems herbaceous, simple, trailing :

leaves s t ra p - spe a rsh a pe d .

Wale . —FI, dan. 5 1 6—Kniph. t i-E.bot.y^-J.B.lu.^SG.^ and ep-Dod»
2 g^-Lob'Obs. 2 23.t , and ic.i. 4.16. 2-Ge7\em.56^-Park. 1332. 2-
Trag.fj 7 1 -Louie, i . 1 8 3 . 1 —J, B . i i i .3 6 2 -Lob. ic. i . 4 1 7 . 1 -Ger.em,
563.3-0^.449.4.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Spartium.

Stem with us never nearly upright. Flowers with a pencil-
shaped appendage. Linn. Stem 4-cornered, undivided. Leaves
ilternate, or in pairs, a little rolled back at the edges, the upper
pear-shaped, the lower egg-shaped. Calyx leaves spear-shaped,
'oncave, coloured. Blofs. wings spear-shaped, more fully colour-
id than the calyx ; standard composed of 2 petals, joined by a
lairinefs at the edges; heel cylindrical below, but towards the
op expanding into 2 sets of club-shaped glandular appendages.
F3 '(laments in 2 sets, like 2 expanded hands, with 4 fingers to each.
Anthers yellow, or orange. Style thicker upwards. Summit with
1 lips, the one a fleshy knob, the other spear-shaped, concave.
leed-vefsel bordered. Bunches terminating. Blofs. blue, or pur-
ple, or flesh coloured, or white.

Common Milkwort . Pastures and heaths, common.

P, June, July.f

DECANDRIA.

» I

SPAR'TIUM. Cal. extending downwards ; 2-lipped:
filaments adhering to the germen : summit woolly
above.

5. Leavesin threes, and solitary : branches without prickles, scopa'rium,
angular.

Cur/.-Knlph.^-Rlv. tetr. 63. 1 , Genista.— Wooiv . 89 -FI. daji .3 1 3—
Blackw.2^y~Sheldr.y-Dod.y6i.i-Loh.chs.g^i.i , and zV.ii.8g.

\-Ger.em. 1311 . i-Park. 22 9. i-Ger. 1 1 30. 1- Fuchs. 2 1 g-J.B.i.
^.388.3-^4^.961 -Lome. i.%g. 2.

Calyx the lip beneath the keel with 3, the other with 2 very
diort teeth. Relhan. Legumen fringed at the edge with long
soft hairs. Woodward. Leaves and leafstalks slightly hairy.

Calyx the upper segment with 2 teeth larger than those of the
lower. Blofs. standard nearly circular, slightly notched at the end; _

f Linnaeus found it to pofsefs the properties of the Senega Rattlesnake
'oot, ( Polygala Senega ) but in an inferior degree. Duhamel used it in pleu-
•itic cases with the desired succefs. Mem. de Paris , 1740. The powdered
•oot may be given in doses of half a dram. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it,
wine refuse it. An infusion of the herb, which is very bitter, taken in the
norning fasting, about | of a pint daily, promotes expectoration, and is good
'or a catarrhous cough. I tried it with succefs. Dr. Smith,

$24

tmcto

»

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Genista.

t * I

keely the petals rather hooked, united at the lower edge by an in-
tertexture of very fine, soft, woolly hairs. Stamens , 4 long and
6 short. Style bowed almost into a circle, and after flowering
into a spiral ; the very end, which one should be inclined to re-
gard as the summit, not hairy. BJofs. yellow.

Common Broom. Dry pastures. S. May, June.f

GENIS'TA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper 2 the lower
3-toothed: standard oblong, bent back from
the stamens and pistil : legumen regular-shaped.

hia. G. Branches scored, cylindrical, upright: leaves spear-
shaped, smooth : legumen cylindrical.

Dicks. h.s.-Fl. dan. 526- E. hot. q.q.-Knly>L6- Fuchs. 80%-Trag. 604-*
Dod.j63.1-J. B. i. b. 391 -Ger.i 134. 1 -Clus. i.101.2 -Lob. obs.
521.2, and ic.\i.Q0.2-Ger.em.\3i6.i-Park.22C).j,

Flowers in leafy spikes. Flower-leaves shorter than the blofsoms.
Calyx with 5 nearly equal clefts. Blofs. standard egg-shaped,
blunt; wings oblong-oval, keel comprefsed. Swnmit a little knob.
Blofs. yellow. It is justly observed in E. bot. that in this species
the seeds are numerous, and not solitary as in Gen. PI.

Dyers Green-weed. Green-wood. Dyers- weed. Wood Waxen .
Pastures and borders of corn fields. S. July, Aug.J

f The young flowers are sometimes preserved as pickles. The plant,
when burnt, affords a tolerably pure alcaline salt. Dr. Mead relates the case
of a dropsical patient that was cured by taking half a pint of a decoction of
green Broom tops, with a spoonful of whole Mustard seed, every morning
and evening. The patient had been tapped three times, and tried the usual
remedies before. ( Monita et pracept. medic a. p. 138. ) An infusion of the:
seeds, drank freely, has been known to produce similar happy effects ; but,
whoever expects these effects to follow in every dropsical case will be
greatly deceived. I knew them succeed in one case that was truly deplora-
ble ; but out of a great number of cases, in which the medicine had a fair,
trial, this proved a single instance. A strong lixivium of the ashes was.
used in the Swedish army, in the year 1759, to cure dropsies consequential .
to a catarrhal epidemic fever. The urine became plentiful, and the drop-
sies soon disappeared. Med. comm. •voi. i. p. 373. Some use the seeds
toasted, so as to make a kind of coffee. The plant, when growing large,
merits a place among our flowering shrubs, on account of the profusion of
its golden coloured blofsoms. Cows, horses, and sheep refuse it. Linn.
The Phalana phi feeds upon it.

t A yellow colour may be prepared from the flowers, and for wool that'
is to be dyed green, the dyers prefer it to all others. A dram and a half of
the powdered seeds, operates as a mild purgative. A decoction of the plaftt
is sometimes diuretic, and therefore has proved serviceable in dropsical
cases. Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Genista.

6 2 '

G. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt : stem with tubercles, pros- pilo'sa.
trate.

flacq. austr. 2 oS-E. bot ,208— Knigh. 5— Rose 3. i-Clus.i. 103. 2~Ger.
em.i^i^S-Ger.i 1 32.6-7.5.1.393.2.

Legume?! with many or only 2 seeds. Reich. Stem and branches
tough, lying c^ose to the ground, even beneath the mofs ; stem
much branched; the old branches naked, the young ones cloathed
with leaves. Leaves numerous, minute, oval, or oval-spear-
shaped, entire, smooth above, with white silky hairs underneath.
Flowering -branches ascending. Flowers in short spikes at the ends
of the branches. Fruit-stalks short, hairy. Calyx hairy, yellowish
green ; lips nearly equal, pointed. Blofls. yellow, hairy without,

1 excepting the wings. Legum. hairy. Mr. V/oodward.

Pastures, heaths, dry and hilly places. About Lackford, 4 or
5 miles from St. Edmund’s Bury. Sir J. Cullum. Heaths near
Bury, which are perfectly yellow with it when in flower, but after
, flowering it is with difficulty found, the stems lying so close to the
ground. Mr. Woodward. Between Dolgelly and Llyn-Arran,
at the foot of Cader Idris, about half a mile from the pool. Mr.
Griffith.] S. May, June,

G. Very thorny; smooth : thorns simple and compound; angelica*,
leaves spear-shaped.

Dicks. h.s.-E. bot.iagl-Fl. dan.6ig-Dod.j6o-Lob.obs.535.2, and
/V. ii.93. 2~Ger. em. 1320. 4- Park . 1 004. cy-Ger. 1 1 40. 5- Lon ic. i .

39- 1 •

The old branches thorny, the flowering branches without thoriis,
or with scattered thorns. Re lh an. Stem much branched. The
old branches tough, without leaves, beset with thorns ; thorns very
sharp, slender, f to -^-an inch long ; the shoots of the year in bun-
dles at the end of the old ones, but sparingly from the sides, with
numerous leaves intermixed with soft thorns. Leaves sometimes
oval, smooth, entire, small, bright green. Flowers pale yellow, -
small, few. Legumens short, broad, smooth, with 3 or 4 seeds.
VVoodward. Calyx yellow. Summit a small knob. S. Vefls.
with from 3 to 1 4 seeds.

Needle Furze. Petty Whin . Needle Greenweed. Heaths, and
moist spongy ground. [Bungay Common, Suffolk. Woodward.

Heaths, west of Bishops Auckland. Mr. Robson. New forest,
near Stoney Crois. Broadmoore, near Birmingham.]

S. May, June.

Vot. Ill— 2 S

6i 6

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRlA. Uicx.

U'LEX. Calyx 2-leaved: legumcn scarcely longer than
the calyx.

©uropoe'us. U. Leaves woolly, acute; thorns scattered.

Var. i. Blofsom longer than the calyx; thorns longer than
the blofsom.

F!.dan.6o8-Tourn.%i2-C!usA.io6.2~Dod.65<j.i-Ger.em.igiQ.i
- Park . 1 004. 1 -J.B.\.b.yoo.2-Ger. 1139.3.

I ^

Blofs. yellow ; sometimes, though rarely, white. Begins to
blofsom early in the spring, and continues in flower till autumn.
Ray. Out of flower August ig, when var. 2 was in full blofs.
St. Stems deeply furrowed, more woolly than the leaves. Thorns
branched, awl-shaped, a little bowed downwards, woolly at the
base, yellow at the ends. Leaves terminating in sharp, yellowish, ,
thorny points. Calyx double ; the outer very small, brown, of 2
leaves; the inner woolly; blofs. not remarkably so, bright yellow ; ,
standard fleshy at the base ; wings fleshy at the base, set with hairs :
along the lower edge, curiously wrinkled along the upper ; keel , .
the petals united by an intertexture of woolly hairs. Leaves quick- -
ly falling off. Flowers at the base of the thorns.

Gorze. Furze. Whins. Heaths, roadsides, and pastures, but',
does not flourish in very poor soil. Extremely luxuriant in Corn-
wall, growing to the height of 6 or 8 feet. P.Feb. — Aug.

Var. 2. Blofsom as long as the calyx: thorns shorter than the
blofsom.

Ger. 1 1 ^0.6-Ger.em. 1321 .6 -Park. 1 004.3.

This begins to flower when variety 1. is going out. It is a
lower and smaller plant, the blofsoms are paler, the thorns are
slenderer, of a paler green, not so thick set nor so sharp, the.
branches lying on the ground. Ray. From 1 to 2 feet high, of
a roundish outline. Leaves fringed. Thorns 3 times as short as
those of var. 1. horizontal, 3 and 4 square, even, smooth, except
at the base, where they are somewhat downy ; branches expand-
ing. Growing with the preceding on Barr-beacon near Birming-
ham. In full blofsom August 1 9. It seems to be a truly distinct
variety. St. Leaves more permanent than in var. 1. The Seed-
vefsels in both are more or lefs woolly, so that Parkinson’s dis-
tinction, taken from that circumstance, does not hold good.
Should the characters now offered prove permanent, it will be
readily allowed that they arc distinct species. This latter flowers1
all the year, but nevermore fully than in Sept. and October. P.f

f Gorze is in some respects a very hardy plant* and will make fences upor
the bleakest mountains, and close to the sea side, where the spray ot the se:
destroys almost every other shrub; but it is impatient of cold, is often de-
stroyer

DIAPEtPHIA. DECANDRIA. Ononis.

vj ONO'NIS. Cal. with 5 divisions; segments strap-
shaped : standard scored : filaments united with-
out an opening: legumens swoln, sitting, sim-
ple, of l cell.

627

1 O. Flowers in bunches, solitary : leaves solitary or 3 toge- spino'sa,
ther ; branches thorny.

Ludw. 6 8 -Kniph. ^-Sheldr.y g-Blachw.^01 -Riv.tetr. 6 g , Anonis-H,
ox.W.ij .row 1. i.f. Q)-Fl.dan.rj?,o)~J.B.\\.o)gi.2-Ger.i 141.1—
Fuchs.6o-Trag.Q6g-Mattb.6j^-Dod.y^.2-LoLolfs.^g2.2.and
/r.ii.28.1 -Ger.cm. 1^2.1-Park.ggq.. i-Lonic.i. 72. 1.

Stem lying down, woolly, reddish, thorny, especially from the
i base to the middle. Thorns awl-shaped, pungent, with sometimes
1 or 2 leaves. Flowers mostly solitary, but when 2 they are fixed
I to a cloven fruit-stalk. Retz. Whole plant more wooddy and
• rigid than O.arvensis. Stem slightly hairy. Branches terminating
I in softish thorns. Thorns at the base of the young branches, strong*
i early in the summer not pungent. Leaves almost smooth. Calyx
4 hairy; segments awl-shaped, unequal. Blofis. twice as long as
I the calyx. Woodward. In its young state, before the thorns
H are formed, it has frequently been mistaken for the O* arvensis «

I Flowers red.

Thorny Rest-harrow. Cammock. Petty Whin. Ground Furze. Bar-
■ ren pastures, hedge banks, holloways, either in a sandy or a marley
I soil. P.July^E

■ I

| O. Flowers in bunches, 2 together; leaves 3 together, the arven’sis.
upper ones solitary : branches without thorns, some-
what woolly.

Ger.i 142*3.

In the autumn of 1779 I examined many hundreds of O. arven-

I sis in the cornfields at Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, without find-

» *

I

Istroyed by severe frost, and is rarely found in the northern parts of our
island. In Cornwall, where fuel is scarce, it is cultivated to advantage, and
it is generally cut to make faggots for heating ovens, which it docs very soon,
burning rapidly, and with a great degree of heat. The ashes are used to
make ley. Team horses may be supported by this plant, if it is cut young
and bruised in a mill to break the thorns. Goats, cows, sheep, and horses
feed upon the tender tops.

f A decoction of the roots has been recommended in cases of stone and
R jaundice. Cows and goats eat it ; sheep are very fond it ; horses and swine
V refuse it. Linn. A horse refused the whole branch, but eat of the younger
| shoots when picked off. Dr, Stokes.

2 S 2

Si 8

DI ADEL PHI A. DECANDRIA. Ononis.

ing a single one with thorns. Stem and branches woolly. Leave t

somewhat woolly* broader, more egg-shaped, and not so elliptical.

as those of O. spinosa. Flowers more numerous, mostly solitary,

on the young shoots, alternate. Calyx , segments more tapering.

Mr. Woodward. Mr. Pitt, of Pendeford, near Wolverhampton,

sent me specimens which he afsures me never become thorny,

and that the thorny sort is never found in that neighbourhood, I

* • ^

found it in great plenty on St. Vincent’s rocks, without the least
appearance of thorns on any of the plants, though I examined a
great number. A smaller plant than the O.'sflhiosa. Stems and
branches wooddy, cylindrical, a little hairy. Leaves set with glan-
dular hairs; the upper oblong-eggshaped, toothed. Leaf-stalks
short, fixed to a broad toothed leaf-scale. Flowers scattered, inter-
mixed with leaves. Calyx, some of the hairs long and tapering,
others short and tipped with glands; segments, 4 of them prefsing
on the standard, the lowermost supporting the keel. Blofs. standard
circ ular, with a small point at the end, with short hairs on the out-
side, of a fine rose-colour, streaked with deeper coloured lines ;
wings more than half as long as the standard, egg-shaped, white;
keel coloured and streaked as the standard. Anthers yellow. Ger •
men with hairs tipped with glands. Seeds about 6. Flowers some-
times nearly white. The hairinefs of the leaves and the want of

J

thorns best distinguish this from the O. spinosa , whose thorns are
so remarkable, and whose leaves are scarcely if at all hairy on
the upper surface, though in both they are edged with hair-like
glands terminating in a small globule.

Hairy Rest-harrow. Ononis inermis. Huds. Mostly in light
land, and corn fields. P. June.

Var. 2. Stems prostrate ; whole plant clamrfiy.

Whole plant clammy, not so downy as O .arvensis. Flowers
larger and fewer. Leafits oblong-wedgeshaped. Calyx , segments
shorter and blunter. Whether distinct from O. arvensis difficult
to say, but I am inclined to Mr. Hudson’s opinion, as being re-
moved into a garden it became upright, and more downy. If a
variety it is of O. arvensis and not of spinosa. Woodward. This
has been taken for the O. repens of Linnaeus, but Mr. Afzelius in-
formed me that species had not been found in England, which
confirms Mr. Hudson’s opinion, formed after cultivating them to-
gether, that this is not specifically different from the arvensis. Mr.
Woodward describes the aivensis as more downy than this, but my
specimens from the Southern coast are much more downy than
those in the corn fields in the midland counties.

Creeping Rest-harrow. Sea shore in sandy soils, frequent.
Lightf. Field by Charlton Church, between the gravel pit and
Woolwich, towards Gravesend, and on the sand downs by Deal,,
and near Yarmouth. Ray. [At Sandscale, and in Walnev, plen- I
tiful. Common in dry sandy pastures in Low Furnefs. Mr, j
Atkinson.] ‘ P. June, July.

l

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Anthyllis. 629

ANTHYL'LIS. Calyx bellying: Icgumcn roundish,
covered.

A. Herbaceous : leaves winged, unequal s flowers in a Vulnera'ria.
double head.

v • •

w

Dicks. h.s.-Kniph.6-Fl. dan. g88-E dot. 1 oq-Dill.dth.^% 1 .320 -Riv.
tetr. 18.1 , Anthyllis— Ger .1060 .1 .fl/W 1 023. i-J.jB.ii. 362-Do/.

552.1 -Lob.ols. 550. 1. and ic.ii. Qy.2-Ger.em. 1240. i-Park .

I093-1*

cylindrical, downy. Leaves downy, the hairs lying
close, with 5 or 6 pair of leafits. Flowers sitting; deep yellow.

Re l han. Each head of flowers supported by 2 floral-leaves, the
( larger with 6 or 7 clefts, the smaller with 4. The structure of
the filaments is very singular; towards the top they swell out like
a hollow bladder, in shape of an inverted pyramid, and the anthers
are hxed to the central part of the base of the pyramid. Style thick-
est at the bend, thinner above and below. In England I have ne-
► ver seen the flowers otherwise than yellow, but in Portugal they
are as uniformly scarlet. *

Kidney-vetch. Ladi es- finger . Meadows and pastures, in chalk
or a calcareous soil. [Wick Rocks. Mr. Swayne. Craven, York-
shire. Air. Caley. Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh. St. Limestone
pits, Cradley, near Alalvern Hill, Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard..

Coast of Devonshire, common.] P. May — Aug.

Var. 2. Blofsoms scarlet.

In Pembrokeshire. Ray. [On the sand banks near Llandwyn,

Anglesea. Air. GRIFFITH.jt

PI'SUM. Calyx , 2 upper segments shorter : style with
3 angles, keeled and pubescent above : legimens
inflated. ,

P. Leaf-stalks flattish above : stem angular : stipulas ar- marit'imum.
row-shaped : fruit-stalks many-flowered.

Smith spic.fasc .\ .g-Fl.da?i.o<gQ-Munt.phyt.Q>2 5.250-Ger.em.i 220.

5-Park. 1060. 4. and 5.

Whole plant, excepting the upper surface of the leaves, slight-
ly downy. Root creeping. Stems angular. Leaf-stalks with many

f The country people get a yellow dye from it. It makes an excellent
pasturage for sheep. Where the soil vras a reddish clay Linnaeus obseryed the
blofsoms to be red, but in white clay white. Goats and cows cat it.

2 S 3

630 DIADELPHIA, DECANDRIA. Orobus.

leafits, flattish above, with tendrils. Leafits , the outer smaller.
Leaf-scales opposite, angular at the base on each side, scarcely
toothed. Linn. Roots striking extremely deep in the earth. Stems
trailing, short; the outline of the whole oval. Leaves numerous,
alternate; leafits oval, alternate, sitting, smooth, the outer not
always smaller, on the lower leaves 5 to 7, on the upper 9 to 1 1,
there being always 1 more on the outer side of the leaf-stalk. Leaf-
stalks angular. 'Tendrils terminating the leaf-stalk, generally clo-
ven, sometimes simple. Leaf-scales in pairs, oval spear-shaped,
broad, arrow-shaped at the base. Flowers towards the end of the
fruit-stalks, crowded, on short pedicles. Woodward. Blofs. pale
red and purple.

Sea Pea. Sea shores. On a stony beach between Aldburgh
and Orford, Suff. Ray. Woodw. Near Hastings, Sufsex, and
on the west side of Dengenefs, near Lyd, in Kent. Ray. Rie and
Pensie, Sufsex; Guildford, over against theComber; andlngolne
Mills, Lincolnshire. [On the sharp ridge running from Portland
Island to Bridport, a good deal to the right of the ferry, amongst
loose pebbles, about 1 5 or 20 feet above high water mark ; but
the cows eat it down so that it is difficult to procure a specimen in
flower. Mr.STACKHousE.] P. Aug.-j*

O'ROBUS. Calyx blunt at the base; the 2 upper
teeth shorter but more deeply divided: style
thread-shaped.

sylvat'icus. O. Stems drooping, hairy, branched : leafits 7 to 12 pair.

Dicks. h.s.- -Light f. 16. atp. 390.

Stems branched, scored. Leafits, 6 or 7 pair. Blofs. red with-
out, within white, with purple lines. Legum. comprefsed. Seeds
2 or 3. Linn, nutnerous, trailing, much branched, but

slightly hairy. Leaves winged, alternate ; leafits oval, or elliptical,
terminated by a point which is an extension of the midrib ; on
short hairy leaf-stalks, somewhat alternate, 6 to 12 pair, without
an odd one, but with a sort of beard terminating the general leaf-
stalk. Flowers numerous, to 1 2, on short pedicles, crowded, mostly
pointing one way, on the top of a long naked fruit-st^lk. Stipnlx
half-arrowshaped, 2 at the base of each general leaf-stalk, smaller
than those of the O. tuberosus , and terminated by a more acute
point. Calyx short, green, tinged with red, fringed, somewhat

f In 1555, during a time of great scarcity, the people about Orford in
Sufsex, were preserved from perishing by eating the seeds of this plant,
which grew there in great abundance upon the sea coast. Cows, burses,
sheep, and goats eat it. It affords nourishment to the Phalxva fu'u

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Lathyrus.

lipped, lips nearly equal, the upper with 2 teeth, the lower with
3, rather longer. Blofs. long and narrow. Legum . short, smooth.
Mr. Woodward.

Bitter Vetch. IVood Peaseling. Woods, hedges, pastures, dry
rocky places, and banks of Rivers. Ten miles from Penrith;
Gamblesby, Cumberland. Ray. Mr. Woodward. Below Breck-
nock Hills in the way to Cardiff, and not far from Bala, Merion-
ethshire. Upper part of Merley Wood, near Oxford. Near
Rofs-Trevor, Ireland. Ray. [Woods about Airly Castle. Mr.
Don. On the Tweed, about ^ a mile below the Buld. Dr. Hope.
About Cerrig y Druidion, and Y s py tty', Denbighshire. Mr,
Griffith.] P. May — July.

O. Leaves winged, spear-shaped: stipulae half-arrowshaped,
very entire : stem simple.

Dicks.h.s.-Curf.-Riv.tetr.^gy Oroh. rad. tub.-Sibbald.i-Ger.em .
1237.2-//. ox. ii. 2itro-W2.f. %-Fl.dan. j&i-Thal. i-Park .
1062.5.

Stems at first drooping, but upright when in flower. Linn.
Leafits 1 to 3 pair, sitting, elliptical, the upper ones narrower and
nearly strap-shaped, without an odd one, but the leaf-stalk is ex-
tended into a sort of point. Stipule in pairs at the base of the
leaf-stalks. Flowers 4 or 5 in a bunch, on short slender pedicles.
Mr. Wo odward. .Stems with 2 or 3 membranaceous leafy
edges. Leafits with 3 longitudinal veins, and terminated by a
sharp point. Style strap-shaped, not pointed at the end. Seeds
comprefsed, about 12. Blofsoms purple, 3 or 4 together. Legum.
flat, black, pendent.

Heath Peaseling. Moist heaths and wooddy meadows, not rare.

P. Apr. May.L

v ' *>■

LATHYRUS. Cal . 2 upper segments shorter: style
flat, broader upwards, woolly on the upper sur-
face : legumen generally equal, broad.

f The roots, when boiled, are savory and nutritious ; ground to powder
they may be made into bread. They are held in high esteem by the High-
landers of Scotland, who chew them, as our people do tobacco, and find that
they prevent the uneasy sensation of hunger. They imagine that they pro-
mote expectoration, and are Very efficacious in curing disorders of the lungs.
They know how to prepare an intoxicating liquor from them. Penn. tour.
I 772. p. 310. Ray's kht. plant, p, 916, Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it:

63i

tubero'su*.

DIADELPHIA. DEOANDRIA. Lafhyru*.

632

(1) Fruit-stalks 1 -flowered. [L. hirsutus.]

Aph'aca. L. Tendrils without leaves : stipula? arrow-heartshaped.

Curt .-Gie s ,/gi—Mill .ill . ^-Lob.obs 518.1, and ic.W.JO.l-Gcr .em^
12 50-Park. 106j-H.ox.i1. q.].

Stems 4-cornered, trailing. Stipule oval-spearshaped, arrow-
shaped at the base, in pairs, smooth, somewhat seagreen, marked
underneath with numerous parallel Hbs, larger towards the top of
the stem. Fruit-stalks long, from the bosom of the leaf-scales,
alternate. Tendrils solitary, simple, opposite to the fruit-stalks.
Floral-leaves awl-shaped, minute, 1 at the base of each flower.
Cal. divided almost to the base; segments equal, smooth, nearly as
long as the blofsom, strap-spearshaped. Blofs. greenish yellow at
the base. Mr. Woodward. The stipulate in this plant supply
the place ofleaves, and as such they might be considered, but the
real leaves are very minute, and only exist, according to Mr.
Curtis, for a short time after the sprouting of the seed. Flowers
yellow.

Yellow VetcHiug. Sandy cornfields and meadows. [Histon,
;i£ar Cambridge, and between Norwich and Eungay. W oodw.]

A. June — Sept.f

Nifso'Iia. L. Leaves simple : stipulae awl-shaped.

E.bot. 11 2-Buxb.n1. ^.5. 1 — Dod. 5 29.1 -Lob.obs. 5 1 8.2, {andic.u.j 1 ,
i-Ger.em.t 249. 2-Park. \ 079.4-7.5.11.309.1 .

Stem upright. Tendrils none. Leaf-scales very small. Linn.
Stem upright, simple, angular, twisted, slightly hairy. Leaves
alternate, smooth, sword-snaped, resembling those of Grafs. Sti-
ful# in pairs, at the base of the leaves. Fruit-stalks axillary,
slightly hairy. Flower-scales awl-shaped, small, 1 at the base of
each flower, filofs. beautiful crimson. Legum. strap-shaped,
- bending downwards, slightly downy, terminated by a straight
style. Woodward.

Crimson Grafs Vetch , or Vetchling. Borders of cornfields and
pastures. [Ripton, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward. Woods
at Belmont, Staffordshire. Mr. Pitt. Hadsor Wood, near
I) roitvvich. Mr. Baker. About Teignrnouth. Mr. Marty n.
Borders of a cornfield near Wick Clifts. Mr. Swayne. Coton-
field, Stafford, in the hedge bank on the upper part. A. May.

The leaves are so like those of grafs, that unlefs the plant be
in flower it may be readily overlooked. It is very beautiful, and
merits a place in our gardens. 1

f The seeds, both of this and of all the other species, are nutritious,
either eaten in broth or made into bread.

t ■ 1 t • t » . . .

/

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Lathyrus.

(2) Fruit-stalks with more than 1 flower,

♦ t

L. Fruit-stalks mostly 2-flowered : tendrils with 2 leaves :
Jegumens hairy : seeds rough.

y.B.ii.305— Rlv. tetr. 41, L. 'sill (puis hirsutls.

Flowers purple. Linn. Stetns angular, twisted, slightly hairy.
Leafits , a single pair, slightly hairy, with 3 strong ribs, terminat-
ed by an awn. Leaf-stalks triangular, furrowed above, terminat-
ed by a tendril. Tendrils mostly dividing into 3. Stipules half-
arrow-shaped, pointed, with long appendages, 2 at the base of
each leaf-stalk. Fruit-stalks very long. Flowers at about 1 or
i-j inch from each other. Flower-scales awl-shaped, small, about
Fth of an inch beneath the terminating flower, and at the base of
the short pedicle of the lower. Calyx i^das long as the blofsom;
clefts extending half way down; segments 5, equal. Pods short,
covered with hair, each hair proceeding from a glands Woodw.
FPqJs. with yellow lines within.

Rough-podded Vetclllng. Cornfields and ditch* banks. Fields
about Hockley and Rayleigh ; and elsewhere in Rochford, Efsex.
Near Munden Church and Laydon' Hall in Denyg Hundred,
Efsex. Blackst. [On the sides of two hills, the one north of
Pensford, on the Bristol rpad, the other between Pensford and
Keynsham, Somersetshire. Mr. Swayne.] A. July.

(3) Fruit-stalks many-fiowered.

L. Tendrils with 2 leaves, quite simple: leafits spear-
shaped. Linn. Tendrils sometimes g-cleft , Linn.
and sometimes with 2. Woodw.

Knlph.i 1 -Curt. ijo-Riv. tetr, 43, L. pratensh-Fl. dan. 52 j-J.B.
i\.qcq..2-JValc.-H.ox .11.2. 2-Anderson-Lob.obs. 51 y .3 andlc.il.
6q.2-Ger.em. 1231 .G-Park. 1 06 1 . 1 ,

Leafits between coiled and rolled inwards. Stlpulse very entire,
halberd-shaped. Fruit- stalks 4-cornered. Linn. Stem much
branched. Leaves smooth. Leafstalks furrowed, 3-cornered,
terminating in tendrils. Stipule spear-arrowshaped, large, in
pairs at the base of each leaf-stalk. Fruit-stalks long, with 4, 5,
or more flowers. Pedicles short, hairy. Ylower-scales awl-shaped,
very minute, 1 at the base of each pedicle. Calyx i-gd as long
as the blofsom, somewhat hairy, cloven half way down ; seg-
ments rather unequal. Legum. black, smooth. Woodw. Blofs.
yellow; standard with 6 or 7 purple lines just above the claw.
Anthers oblong.

633

liirsu'tus.

praterflsis.

2

634

sylves'tris.

latifo'lius.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Lathyrus.

Tare Everlasting . Common Yellow, or Meadow Vetchling. Mea-
dows, pastures, woods, thickets, and hedges. P. July, Aug.f

L. Tendrils with 2 leaves : leafits sword-shaped : stem
with membranaceous borders between the knots.

Riv. tetr. 3q, L. sylvaticus , very large-Clus. ii. 229. 2-Lob. obs%
51 7. i ,and ic.ii>6&.2-Ger.em. 1 229. i-Park. 1063.3— Fuchs. 572
-Trag .61 3-Dcd. 52 3.2- J.B.1'1. 302. 2-H.ox.ii.2.q,.

Stems widely spreading, climbing, or trailing. Leaf-stalks
rough at the edge. Leafits strap-shaped, not broader than the
stem. Stipules awl-shaped, very narrow. Linn. Flowers not more
than Gin a bunch, as small again as those of L. latifolius. Hall.

' Stipuhe half-arrowshaped, in pairs. Tendrils cloven into 3.
Floral-leaves awl-shaped, 1 at the base of each pedicle. Woodw.
The leaves not being broader than the stem, and 3-ribbed, and
the smaller size of the flowers, sufficiently distinguish this from
the L. latifolius. Blofs. red and white.

Narrow-leaved Lease -everlasting, or Vetchling. Woods and.
hedges. Between Castle Campes and Bartlow, Cambridgeshire.
Ray-; Between Bath and Bristol, and Conway, Wales. Huds.
Wood sides between Pershore rind Eckington, Worcestershire.
Nash. [Shelton bank near Salop. Mr. Aik in. On a hill near
Pensford, with L, hirsutus. Mr. Swayne.] P. July, Aug.

L. Tendrils with 2 leafits : leafits spear-shaped : stem
with membranaceous borders between the knots.

Mill. ill.— FI. dan. j 85 and 32 g-Riv.tetr .op, L.narbonensis-Garid. .
108 .at p. 300-Mat th.Q'j 1.

Leafits rolled in, elliptical, several times broader than the stem,
sometimes 4. Stipule broader than the stem, nearly halberd-
shaped. Linn. Leaves with 4 or 5 ribs ; varying much in breadth,
but always broader than the stem. Blofs. pale purplish rose-colour.

Broad-leaved Pease- everlasting, or Vetchling. Woods and hedges.
Modingley, Eversden, and Kingston Woods, near Cambridge.
Rocks near Red Neese by Whitehaven. [Sev'ern Stoke Copse,
Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard.] P. July, Aug.f

f L. pratensis has been recommended as a new plant for the experiments
of the farmers, and premiums have been offered for its cultivation. But it
does not seem to be a plant at all agreeable to cattle, as where they have a
choice of food they seldom, touch it. Besides, it produces very few seeds, t
and those are for the most part devoured by a species of Curculio. Mr.
Swayne.

£ The beauty of its flowers lias obtained it a place in our shrubberies and
flower borders. Dr. Stoxes.

I

DIADELPHIA. DECANDR1A. Vida. 6

L. Tendrils with many leafits : stipulae spear-shaped. paWtris,

E.bot. 1 6g-Fl.dan.^gg~Pluk.y i ,2-Rupp. i .at p. 2 1 o.

Stem with leafy borders. Leafits 6, spear-shaped. Stipule half-
arrow-shaped. Fruit-stalks with generally 3 flowers. B/ofs. blue.

Retz. Whole plant smooth. Stems with somewhat membrana-
ceous edges. Leafits 2 or 3 pair, spear-shaped. Tendrils 3-cleft.

Flowers 3 to 6 or more, pointing one way. Woodward. Blofs.
blue purple.

Chickling Vetch. Marsh Vetchling. Moist meadows and pastures.

Peckham Field on the back of Southwark. Ray. Wood near
Abingdon. Blackstone. Charley Forest, near Bardon Hill,

Leicestersh. Dr. Poultney. Lancashire and Yorksh. Huds.

Near Ranaugh, Norfolk. Mr. Humphry. P. July, Aug,

VI'CIA. Summit bearded acrofs underneath: legumen
generally with knot-like protuberances.

( 1 ) Fruit-stalks long ; many- flowered,

>

V. Leafits oval : stipulae finely toothed. x sytvat'ica.

Dicks. h.s.-Fl.dan.^yy-E.bot.’jg-Pluk.yi .i-Hall.i 2. 2. at i.p.i 72.

Stems numerous, and so much branched that they choak what-
ever plants they come near. Leaves with 8 or 9 pair of leafits, and
terminated by a long and very much branched tendril ; leafits egg-
shaped, oftener alternate than opposite; smooth, with a net-work
of veins, and terminated by a short point. Stipule in pairs, small,
deeply divided into several awl-shaped segments. Fruit-stalks
long, thick, 4-cornered, and scored; upright. Flowers numerous,
on the upper part of the fruit-stalk pendent, growing irregularly,
mostly in two’s and three’s, with interruption's. Calyx , teeth
awl-shaped. Blofs . rather large; standard and wings whitish,
beautifully veined and streaked with blue ; keel pale blue. Mr.

Wo odward. Blofs. standard without a sharp point inthe notch ; keel
not shorter than the wings. Style and summit so slender that one
cannot certainly discern the beard on the under side at the end.

Wood Vetch. [Malham, near Settle, Yorkshire, and elsewhere
in the North. Woodward. Thicket on the North side of Bre-
don Hill, Worcestershire. Nash. Orton, Cumberland; Barrow-
field Wood, near Kendall. Woodward. Woods about Clifton
upon Teme, Worcestershire, in moist places. St. Shelton bank
near Salop. Mr. Aikin. Woods on a limestone about Newton
Cartmel for a few years after the woods have been cut down. Mr.

Hall. Urswick Woods, climbing up the trees for several yards,
so as to be very ornamental. Mr. Atk inson. Beech Wood, close

1

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Vida.

by the monument on Lansdown, Bath. It is the most beautiful
climber of this island, both the leaves and the flowers being ex-
tremely elegant. Mr. Swayne.] P. July, Aug.

Cracca* V. Flowers tiled : leafits spear-shaped, pubescent: stipulae

entire.

Kniph. i o-Curt.3 i 0-Fl.dan.804-Riv.ietr.4g, Cracca-H.ox.1i.4_. \ .

Leafits rolled in. In corn fields large and luxuriant, in mea-
clo vs small and hoary. Blofis. sometimes white. Linn. Stem when
climbing on bushes 3 or 4 feet high, 4-cornered, scored, slightly
hairy. Branches numerous, short, alternate, from the bosom of
the upper-leaves. Leaves alternate, very long; leafits strap-spear-
shaped, oftener alternate than opposite, hairy, terminated by a
short point, from ro to 12 pair. Tendril terminating the leaf-
stalk, branched. Stipules half-arrow-shaped, pointed. Calyx blu-
ish, the 2 upper teeth extremely short, the lowermost longest.
Flowers small, very numerous, pendent, closely tiled. Woodward.
Stem angular, scored, very long, climbing. Leafits rounded at
the end, and terminated by a sharp point. T endrils terminating
the leaf-stalks. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves, longer
than the leaves. Blofis. bluish purple, with 2 deeper purple spots
at the extremity of the keel ; standard heart-shaped, without a
sharp point in the notch. Lrgumen with 5 seeds.

Tufted Vetch. Hedges, shady places, meadows, fields, [and
willow beds. St.] P. July, Aug.

(2) Flowers 2 or more together , nearly sitting.

♦

sati'va. V. Legumens mostly in pairs, upright: leafits inversely
spear-shaped, blunt, notched : stipulre toothed : seeds
comprefsed.

Kniph. i-Walc.-Riv.tetr. 55, Vicia.-Fl.dan . 522-Clus.11. 235. t-
Dod. 531. \~Loh.ohs. 522. syndic. ii. 7 5. 1-Ger.em.122'] . 1 -Park.

1 072. 1 -//.ox. ii. 4. 1 2- J.B. 11.3 10.2.

Stipulre marked underneath with a spot as though it had been
burnt. L)NN. Stem upright, scored. Leaves winged ; leafits about
6 pair, opposite, elliptical, blunt, the mid-rib lengthened into a
projecting point. Tendril terminating the leaf-stalk, branched.
Stipides in pairs, spear-shaped, toothed, marked with a black
shining spot. Flowers mostly 2 together. Blofis. reddish purple.
Woodward. Cal. teeth nearly equal. Seeds black.

* Dr. Plot, in his Nat. Hist, cf StaffordsL p. 204, says, that this and the
preceding species advance starven or weak cattle above anything yet known.

D1ADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Vida. 637

' I

Common Vetch. Fetch. Tare. Dry meadows, pastures, and
corn fields. A. Apr. — June.fi

Var. 2. Hu ds.^ Seeds white.

'* ' , 1

Var. 3. Leaves narrower., somewhat strap-shaped. Linn.

Ri v ./rtr.54, V.angustif.-Dod. 542. 2-L0l.0bs.522. 3, andicdu. 7 5. 2
-Ger.em.i 227 •$.— Park. ioj 1 .i-H.ox.u.q. i i- J.B.11.3 1 2.

More common than var. r . So nearly allied to it that there
scarcely seems to be any fixed limits between them. Linn. Stem
trailing. Leajits more pointed. Stipule marked, but lefs distinct-
ly, with the burnt dots. Flowers mostly solitary, but of the same
colour with those of var. 1. It is clearly a variety of V. sativa , ,

as it may be traced through all its stages from its smallest size up
to the largest plants of V. sativa . Mr. Woodw. Stems scored,
undivided. Tendrils 3-cleft. Leafits of the lower-leaves heart-
shaped, 2 or 3 pair; those of the upper 4 or 5 pair, strap-shaped,
blunt at the end, .the mid-rib lengthened out into a thorn-like
point. Blofs. purple. Seeds 10 to 12.

V. lathyroides (3, and pofsibly a. LIuds. Mr. Woodward.

Dr. Sibthorpe considers this as a distinct species, and gives the
following specific character. V angustifolia . Legumens nearly
sitting, about 2 together, expanding : lower leafits inversely heart-
shaped, with a point in the notch ; upper ones strap-shaped. FI,
exon. A. June.

Shotover, and divers other places. Ray. [In the lanes in
the valleys of Dartmoor.] A. May.

1

V. Legumens mostly 4 together, upright: leafits egg- se'piutm
shaped, very entire, the outer ones gradually smaller.

Kniph.g~Riv.tetr. 56, V. scpium.-Fl. dan. 6 g g-JVa l c . -Trag .624-
J. B. ii.3 1 3.2— G<?r. 1 052 . 1 . and em. 1 22j.2~Fuchs. 1 1 o-Matth .

^/gj— Anderson— Lome .i.2 48 . 1 .

Leaves doubled together. Bunches shorter than the leaves,
with mostly 4 flowers. Linn. Stems upright. Leaves alternate,
winged; leajits sometimes egg-spearshaped, opposite; mid-rib
lengthened out into a projecting point. Stipule half-arrow-
shaped, pointed, small. Tendril branched, terminating. Flowers
3 or 4, in the bosorn of the upper-leaves. Cal. segments nearly
equal. Blofs. dirty purple. Mr. Woodw. Cal. rough with hair.

Flowers on very short fruit-stalks ; sometimes white.

f In Gloucestershire and Worcestershire they sow it as pasturage for
Horses, and eat it off early enough to allow of Turnep^ being sown the. same
year. P he- seeds are excellent food for Pigeons. } lenses, cows, sheep, and
g03ts eat it.

t

638 DI A DELPHI A. DECANDRIA, Vida.

Bush Vetch. Woods, hedges, pastures, meadows.

P. May, June.f

l

(3) Flowers solitary , nearly sitting .

lathyroi'des. V. Legumens solitary, upright, smooth ; leafits about 6,

the lower ones inversely heart-shaped : stipulse half
arrow-shaped, very entire: seeds cubic, warty. E .
hot.

Dicks. h.s. -Jacq.7nisc.il. 1 8~E.bot.30-Fl.dan.58-Riv.tetr.16g. V.
minima. -Kniph. 3-Herm.par. 242.

Stipule not spotted. St. Whole plant hairy except the S.
vefsels. Root small, fibrous, annual. Stems several, a foot high
or lefs; weak, trailing. Leafits 4 to 6 pair, and never more; op-
posite, the upper ones mostly spear-shaped. Tendrils never branch-
ed. Stipules half-arrowshaped, the upper spear-shaped, narrow,
pointed. Flowers small, bluish purple. Legum. upright, smooth,
. dotted. Seeds cubic.

The true leading characters of this species are, the blofsom
being scarcely longer than the calyx, the seeds cubic, and the
tendril never branched. Woodward. In the fig. of E. bot. FI.
dan. and Kniphoffius, the tendrils are wanting ; in those of Jacquin
and Pavinus they are represented as unbranched, agreeable to Mr.
Woodward’s observation, but in Dickson’s specimens published
in his 4th fasciculus of dried plants, the tendrils are branched,
which excites a suspicion that they may be only a var. of the Vi-
cia sativa.

Vicia lathyroidss , var. y Huds. Ervum soloniense Sp. pi. Dr.
Smith informs us is no other than this plant, and that it some-
times bears white flowers.

Strangle Vetch , or Tare. Dry pastures, gravel pits, and corn
fields, in gravelly, sandy, and chalky soils. King’s Park, Edin-
burgh. Lightf, St. In the dry parts of Hyde Park. Mr. Dick-
son. [Norfolk. Mr. Woodward.] A. May.

f Shoots earlier in the spring than any plant eaten by cattle, vegetates
late in the autumn, and continues green all winter. But it is difficult to
collect the seeds, as the pods burst and scatter them about, and moreover
hardly a third part of them will vegetate, being made the nidus of an insect.
A patch of them sown in drills in a garden were cut 5 times in the course of
the second year, and produced at the rate of 24 tons per acre of green food,
which when dry would weigh near 45- tons. Bath Soc. iii. Mr. Swayn*,
■who has since observed to me that though very palatable to all kinds of cat-
tle, it is difficult to cultivate on a large scale, the seeds being generally de-
voured by the larvae of a species of Attelabus, which larvae are the prey of
a species of Ichneumon.

639

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Ervum.

V* Legumens sitting, bent back, hairy, solitary ; with 5
seeds: standard smooth. Linn.

H.ox.W.2 i . row 2 .f .2- J.B .u.^i 5.1 .

Leaves sometimes spear-shaped, sometimes dented. Legum.
hairy or smooth. Stipule? alternately very entire, or with 3 teeth.
Linn. Leaves either inversely heart-shaped, dented, oblong, or
spear-shaped. Flowers sometimes in pairs. Huds. Leaves alter-
nate; leafits 3 to 5 pair, mostly alternate, oblong, blunt, and dent-
ed, or strap-spearshaped. Stipule? spear-shaped, minute. Tendrils
terminating, simple, or divided into 2 or 3. Blofs. pale yellow.
S. Vefs . woolly. Woodward.

Yellow Vetch. Meadows and pastures. Glastenbury Tor Hill.
About Weymouth. A. Jane, July.

V. Legumens sitting, bent back, hairy, with 5 seeds: stan-
dard woolly.

» Jacq.hort. l .B .11.31 /±.\-S cop . 42. at ii.p.65.

Nearly allied to V. lutea. Leafits inversely egg-shaped, dented,
small, sprinkled with hairs. Stipule? of the stem not brown, but
entirely green. Flowers yellow, greyish above, hairy. In other
respects accords with V . lutea. Linn.

Bastard Vetch. Meadows and pastures. About Weymouth.

A. June. — Aug.

V. Legumens on fruit-stalks, solitary, upright: leafits 4,
oval-spearshaped : stipuloe toothed.

Jacq.hort. 1 cgj-Allioni. 2 6. 2.

Seeds protuberating. Flowers, standard and keel red purple,
wings yellowish.

Rough Vetch. Gravelly corn fields and pastures, and ditch
banks near Doncaster, Yorkshire. Isle of Purbeck. [Woods
near Clifton upon Teme, Worcestershire. St. Portland Island
half a mile to the left of the Ferry, on loose sand banks. Mr.
Stackhouse.] P. July.

ER'VUM. Calyx with 5 divisions, as long as the
blofsom.

E. Fruit-stalks mostly 2-llowered ; seeds 4, globular.

f

Curt.-PJv 4 tetr. 53, -Grace a minor siliquis gemell.-Gcr.1052.2-Fl.
dan . g 5-J. B. i i . 3 1 5 .2-FI. ox. i i . 4- 1 6- Anderson.

Stem 2-edged, nearly 4-cornered. Leafits generally 10, and
mostly alternate. Fruit-stalks of a hair-like finenefs, with 1 or 2

lu 'tea.

hy'brida*

bithyn'ica.

t et rasper
mum.

640

hirsu'tum.

pcrpusil'lus.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Ornithopus.

flowers. Flower small, violet, often blood-coloured. Legum. oval-
oblong, smooth. Linn. Stem weak, much branched. Leafits
about 5 pair, strap-spearshaped, or strap-shaped, generally some-
what alternate. Tendril frequently simple. Fruit-stalks from the
bosom of the leaves, as long as, or longer than the leaves, solitary,
or in pairs. Legum. perfectly smooth. Mr. Woodward.

Smooth podded, or Strangle. Tare. Tine Tare. Cornfields,
hedges, and borders of ploughed fields. A. June.

Var. 2. Seeds 5, 6, or 7, rarely 4. Stem lower, extremely
branched. These differences could not proceed from luxuriance
of soil, as the spot where it grew was a remarkably dry gravel.
Near Cambridge. Mr. Woodward.

E. Fruit-stalks many-flowered : seeds 2, globular.

Dicks, h. s.— Curt.— XW.542.3- Lob.obs.522.2, and /c.ii.76. 1 -Gcr.
em. 1228-Park. io6g-Riv.tetv. 53, Cracca minor.— J.B.ii. 31 5. 1
-FI. dan. 6 39.

Stems weak, much branched, angular, scored. Leaf-scales the
lower with 2 or 3 awl-shaped teeth, the upper awl-shaped, entire.
Leaf its mostly strap-shaped, 8 to 12 pair, somewhat alternate, ter-
minated by a branched tendril. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of
the leaves* shorter but not so slender as in the E. tetraspermum.
Flowers 2, 3, or 4, on very short pedicles; when 2, separate; if
3, 2 of them together; if 4 in pairs. Legum. hairy. Woodward.
plant smooth, except the legumens. Flowers 2 to 5, pale purple.

Wild Tare. Tine Tare. Rough podded Tare. Sandy corn fields
and meadows. f

ORNITHOPUS. Seed-vefs. cylindrical, but jointed
and crooked.

O. Leaves winged : legumens bowed in, much larger than
the winged flower-scale.

Kniph. rj-Dod.p>^&rLoh. ohs. 527.2, and /r.ii.8i.2-G<?r.c/«.i24i.3
-Park.tog2.1-H.0x. ii.10.13— Loh. adv. 403.1 , and /V.ii.94.1—
Ger.em. 1241. tp-Park. 1092. 1, of chap. 23.

Root slender, nearly as long as the stems ; lateral fibres few.
Stems trailing, from 1 to 6 inches high. Root-leaves numerous,
prostrate, the lowermost sometimes on leaf-stalks, the rest sitting ; ,

f Horses, cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Linn. In wet seasons whole
fields ol corn have been overpowered and wholly destroyed by it.

64 I

DI A DELPHI A. DECANDRIA. Hippocrepis.

Unfits eggrshaped, or elliptical, opposite, or alternate, from 3 to
14 pairs, with an odd one smaller. Flowers 1 to 5, terminating,
opposite a leaf. Blofs. standard reddish white, with red lines, he -
gumen slightly comprefsed, and bowed inwards. St. Leafits set
with very tine silvery hairs. Flowers 2 and 3 together, generally
terminating. Blofs. standard very slightly notched at the end,
marked with crimsondines, the claw yellowish brown ; 'W/V/gr
white, with .a reddish tinge ; heel pale straw-colour.* Seeds 6. A
beautiful little plant, and not uncommon on dry heaths and downs.

Common Birds-foot. Sandy banks, road sides, heaths, and pas-
tures. Near Lichfield. Mr. Whately. Winson Green near
Birmingham. St. Brandon Hill near Bristol. Mr. Swayne.

Near Knaresborough, Yorkshire. Mr. Robson. Washwood
Heath near Birmingham.] A. May — Sept.

Var. 2. Flowers entirely yellow.

1 Each leafit with a dark purple blotch. Sidmouth. . May.

HIPPOCRE'PIS. ‘Seed-vefitf many- celled, compres-
► sed, crooked, with several notches along one of

the seams. '

H. Legumens on fruit-stalks, crowded, bowed, serpentine, como's^w

J 'acq.au sir, 43 1 -Riv„ 2 , Ferrum equinum comosum-E. hot. 31 *
^-Col.eC'phr.30 1 .1 -Dicks.h. s.-Park. 1 092 ,4— hLox.il. 1 0.3-G^r.
1056.2-^.5.11.348.1.

Stems several, ascending, a span high, smooth. Stipules as it
were running down. Leafits 15, oval-strapshaped, expanding, of
a firmish texture. Fruit-stalks between angular and scored, longer
than the leaves, from the bosom of the upper leaves, 2 or 3. Umbel
orbicular, with 8 flowers. Blofs. standard somewhat arched, scored
underneath, not bent back at the edges except at the base, which is
dented, whence there appears, as it were, a pore on each side.

Linn. Root thick, woody. Stems much branched, trailing* 2 to
g inches long. Stipule in pairs, oval, blunt. Leafits seldom more
than 6 pair, opposite, heart-shaped, or elliptical and dented.

.Flowers 6 to 10, disposed in a circle round the summit of the fruit-
stalk, after flowering bent down. Pedicles slightly hairy, very
short. Woodward. Plant sometimes quite free from hairs. Blofsi,
dull yellow, with brownish streaks.

Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch. Meadows and pastures in a calcareous
soil. Chalky grounds about Gogmagog Hills; and between North-
fleet and Gravesend ; Kent, Surry, and Bedfordshire. Limestone
rocks about Malham, Settle, Giggleswick, Kilnsay, and Wharf,
Yorkshire. South side of Bredon Hill, Worcestershire, below
the camp. Nash, [SwafFham, Norfolk ; Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
Woodward. On the edge of the precipice all along Shellwith
Vo l. III. — 2 T

642

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Hedysarum.

«

Hill. Mr. J ackson. On Wick Clifts in great plenty, and on St,
Vincent’s Rocks. Mr. Swayne. On the high grounds north of
Marlborough.] P.May — July. 1

\ *

HEDYS'ARUM. Keel broad and blunt on the outer
part : legumen jointed* 1 seed in each joint.

Onob'rychis H. Leaves winged: legumens with 1 seed, prickly: wings

as long as the calyx: stem growing long.

Dicks.h.s .—Kniph acq.austr .^^z-E.lot *§§-Riv .tetr .2 yOnohrych:i

-J.B.ii. 335.2-G^.i 062. i-C/wx.ii. 23 2. 2-0^.548. 2-Lo£.0&j.
527. 1. and zV.ii. 8 1. 1 -Ger.etn. 1 2/±§.i~Park.io%2. 1.

Stems cylindrical, scored ; at first trailing, but when in flower
ascending. Stipule in pairs, oval-spearshaped, terminated by at
long point, membranaceous at the edges, sometimes fringed with
a few hairs. Leafstalks furrowed above, slightly hairy. Leafite i
8 to 10 pair, with an odd one, those of the lower leaves elliptical,,
of the upper speaf-shaped, or strap-spearshaped, all with project-
ing points at the end, the uppermost with the mid-rib beneath and
edges fringed. Fruit-stalks long, slightly hairy. Bunches long,
closely tiled upwards. Flowers numerous. Floral-leaves awl-shap-
ed, longer than the pedicles. Calyx i~4th the length of the blos-
som. Woodward. Calyx , segments spear-shaped, hairy, the
2 upper distant, the lowermost the shortest. Blofs. standard egg-
shaped, with a little tooth in the notch at the end, red in the mid-
dle, with 8 or 10 deeper coloured lines, white at the edges, and:
mottled with red, the lines on the outside fainter, but more nu-
merous ; wings very small, not half the length of the calyx, spear-
shaped, red and white; keel reddish, with deeper coloured lines.,
Legumen oblong, hairy.

Common Saintfoin. Cock' s-head. Meadows and pastures, par-
ticularly in chalky soils. [Burnham, Norfolk. MlCrowe. Gog-
magog Hills near Cambridge. Woodward. Wickclifts. Mr.
Swayne. Wilts and the higher grounds of Glocestershire, fre-
quent, both wild and cultivated.] P. June, July. L

ASTRAGALUS. Caps, generally 2 -celled; bulg-
ing: the solitary filaments cylindrical.

f This is cultivated like Clover for feeding cattle, and is particularly
advantageous in dry hilly situations, and chalky soils.

DI A DEL PHI A* DECANDRlA. Astragalus.

(i) Stems trailing y laafy •

A. Stem prostrate : flowers in roundish heads : legumens
egg-shaped, comprefsed, hairy, grooved, the point
reflected. E . hot,

Dicks.h.s.~E.bot.2jq-Ray 12.3-Fl4dan.6tq..

Flowers 8 or 10, forming a roundish head like clover. Legumen
egg-shaped, grooved, with a double point which is bent back
when ripe, covered with long, white, soft hairs. Linn. Sterns
weak, as many as 6 or upwards, towards the base lying close to
the ground, the heads of flowers rise up at some distance from the
root, as if without any leaves or stems belonging to them. Leafits
6 to 12 pair, with an odd one, elliptical, or spear-shaped, hairy,
especially on the upper side, opposite. Leaf-stalks hairy, fur-
rowed. Stipulee egg-spearshaped, sitting, in pairs, fringed. Fruit-
stalks mostly from near the ends of the branches, ascending, larg-
er than the leaf-stalks, about as long as the leaves, hairy, hairs
white towards the base, black above.-' Flowers 5 or 6, rarely
more, in a close head, on short pedicles. Floral-leaves oval-spear-
shaped, 1 to each pedicle. Calyx beset with black hairs teeth
short, nearly equal. Blofs. bluish purple, sometimes white. Mr.
Woodward. M. Afzelius first satisfied me that what had
been taken for the A .arenarius by Hudson, Lightfoot, and Rel-
han, was the A.hypoglottis of Linn. Mantifs. which information is
since fully confirmed by specimens which I have received from
Profefsor Thunberg.

Purple Mountain Milkwort , or Cock' s- he ad. A. danicus. FI. dan.
Retzius, and Bot. Arr. ed. ii. Sandy and chalky meadows and
pastures. Gogmagog Hills, Newmarket and Royston Heaths.
About Haslewood, Yorkshire; Pigburn Fields near Doncaster.
Hills in the King’s Park, Edinburgh; sands of Mufselburgh;
Hill of Moncrief near Perth; and York Cascade, at the Duke of
Athol’s seat at Blair. [Side of Bredon Hill, Worcestershire, near
the camp. Nash. About Thorp-Arch, Yorkshire. Mr. Wood.
Swaffham Heath, Norfolk, Hills near Dunstable. Woodward.
Coast of Angus-shire, plentifully. Mr. Brown.] P. June, July.

1

A. Stems prostrate : legumens nearly 3-cornered, bent like
a bow : leaves longer than the fruit-stalks ; leafits
oval.

Dicks. h4S.-F.b0t. 263— Rlv.tetr. 103, Astragalus-Kniph. 3-Trag.
599~7>B' F1.330-Clus.il. 233. i-Lob.ols. 526.1. atuiic.il. 80.1-
Ger.em. 1 233.2-H.ox.i\.q.6.

Stems much branched, smooth. Leaves alternate ; leafits usu-
ally 5 pair, with an odd one, mostly opposite, sitting, or on very
short fruit-stalks, smooth, very entire. Leafstalks furrowed above.
2 T 2

643

hypoglot'tis.

glycyphyl*-

los.

$

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Astragalus.

Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves. Flowers greenish yel-
low, numerous, in a close bunch, on short pedicles. Stipulee awl-
shaped, i at the base of each pedicle. Woodward. Leaves longer
than the fruit-stalks; leafits rather pointed, slightly hairy under-
neath. Floral-leaves very slender, as long as the calyx. Pollen
orange-coloured.

Wild Liquorice. Liquorice Cock' s-head, or Vetch. Meadows, pas-
tures, and ditch banks, especially in a calcareous soil. About
Charleton, Kent. [In the ditchof Northampton Castle. Mr.Wooo,
Near Difs, Norfolk, and Huntingdon and Coddenham, Suffolk.
Woodw, Baydales, Darlington. Mr. Robson.] P. June, July.

>(2) Stalk hare, without a leafy stem .

A. Stalk upright, longer than the leaves : legiimens avvl-
shapecJ, inflated, woolly, upright.

Jacq. ic.i .— Light f. 1 7 . afp.401-Hall.it. helv.2 . 1 .in cpusc. at p. 308.
and stirp.^.^.at p.i^.and hist.i^.^.ati.p.ig^.

Leaves winged; leasts 23 to 33, egg-shaped, pointed, sitting,
sprinkled with small whitish hairs. Leaf-stalks with 3 imperfect
angles. Stalks twice as long as the leaves, cylindrical, hollow,
somewhat scored, roughish. Spike short, rather oblong. Flowers
sitting. Floral-leaves spear-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
egg-shaped, inflated; teeth short. Blofs. purple, or violet blue.
Lepittn. longer than the calyx; somewhat hairy. Linn. Whole
plant , the blofsoms excepted, covered with white soft hairs. Leaf-
stalk surrounded at the base with spear-shaped withered scales.
Leafts oval, oval-spear-shaped, and spear-shaped, with an odd
one. Fruit -stalks much thicker than the leaf-stalks, but little long-
er than the leaves. Flowers 8 or 10, crowded. Floral-leaves , the
lowest longer, the rest shorter than the calyx. Mr. Woodward.
It is evident that specific character and additional description giv-
en by Linnaeus to his Astr. Uralensis, do not apply well to Mr.
Lightfoot’s plant, in which the stalks are but little longer than the
leaves, and the leafits rarely exceed 20 in number. But it is equally
clear that the figure of Haller, which Linnaeus refers to, belongs
to Lightfoot’s highland plant, so that whatever mistake exists
about it, our botanists are not responsible ; and indeed the greater
number of errors into which they have fallen, seem to have origi-
nated with Linnaeus himself. Whether our plant- was at all known
to him, can only be determined by his own herbarium.

Hairy Cock' s-head, Mountainous and alpine pastures in Scot-
land. Cromarty, and at the bay of Farr. Mr. Robertson. On
Carn-dearg, one of the lower heads of Ben Sqivlert id Glen-cream
m Upper-Lorn, in a light sandy soil. Mr. Stuart. Pi July,

D I ADEL PHI A. DECANDRIA. Trifolium, 645

TRIFO'LIUM. Flowers mostly forming a head:
capsule or legumen scarcely longer than the calyx ;
not opening, but falling off entire, t

(1) Mel 1 lots* Capsules naked , 1 -celled, containing several

seeds .

T. Capsules 8-seeded, mostly 3 together, twice as long as Melilo'tus
the calyx : stems declining. ornithopodi-

Curt. i2^-Fl. dan- 368-Ray i^..i .atp.332-Pluk.68.! .

Bunches egg-shaped. An intermediate plant between Trifolium
and Trigonella . Linn. Stems prostrate, 2 to 5 inches long, dis-
posed in a circular manner round the root. Leajits 3, sitting,
mostly inversely heart-shaped, sharply and distantly serrated.

Leaf-stalks long, slender. Stipule spear-shaped, sharply pointed,
large, in pairs at the base of the leaf-stalks. Fruit-stalks axillary,
much shorter than the leaf-stalks. Flowers from 1 to 4, but usu-
ally 2 on a fruit-stalk, parallel to each other. Calyx more than
half the length of the blofsom, pale green, with deeper lines ;
cloven half way down ; segments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Blofs.
pale red. Legumens short, thick, terminated by a short point turn-
ed downwards, which gives them something of the appearance of
a bird’s claw. Woodward. *

Bird' s- foot Trefoil. Fine short dry sandy pastures and mea- .
dows, and amongst corn. Half a mile from Tadcaster towards
Sherborn. Near Oxford. Tottlesbury, Efsex, on sandy banks
by the seaside, Tothil Fields, Westminster. Black-heath, near
London. About Marazion and Penzance, Cornwall. Maitland
Bridge, between Muffelburgh and Edinburgh. [Moufhold Heath,
near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford.] A. June, July,

T, Capsules in bunches, often 2-seeded, wrinkled, acute ; Melilo'tus
stem upright. ofhcina'lis*

Kiliph. 7 - Fl.dan .934- Gmel. i v . 7 -5 heldr. 7 2 , Common Melilot—Ludw.
ii^~Dod.^6,j.2-Lol>.oks.^oi.2.andic.u.^.2~-Ger.em.i20^.q.-
Park.yig.i ,2-Ger. 103^.3-Riv .tetr .6 , Melilotus—Blackw. 80-
Matth.i 162-Trag.5Qi-H.oxAi.16.row 2,2-Fucks.j^g-J.B.u.

370— G^r. 1034. 4-LwzV.i. 1 06. 1.

f The flowers of all the species, dried and powdered, may be made into
bread, which, in times of scarcity, has preserved the inhabitants of Scotland
from perishing. The leaves of ail the species fold up before rain. The
PepiHe Cinxia, and the Phalana Faseelma, live upon the different species.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

Leafits of the lower-leaves oblong-wedge-shaped, those of the
upper elliptical, sharply serrated toothed. Stipule?, the lower
with 3 or 4 awl-shaped teeth ; the upper spear-shaped, entire,
. Hunches long. Flowers bent back, scattered. Pedicles short, hairy.
Flora! -leqv es awl-shaped, small, i at the base of each pedicle. Cal ,
i~3d the length of the blofsom, clefts extending half way down,
segments nearly equal. Woodward. Blofs. yellow.

Mel Hot Trefoil . Common Melilot . King's Claver. Hart's Clover.
Corn fields, meadows, and ditch banks, in stiff soil. [Very com-
mon in Glocestershire.] A.Linn.Relh. B.Huds. Jqnp, July.f

(2) Legumens covered ; many-seeded.

'pens, T. Heads like umbels : legumens 4-seeded : stem creep-
ing.

Curt.i g^-Fl.dan.ggo-Michel.2 5.3 and /p-Riv.tetr.i 7,2, Trifolium
refers- Vail!. 2 2 . 1 - D06?. 5 6 5- Lc £ . ota 4 9 3 . 2 , and fr.ii.2g.1-Gm
etn. 1 185,1— P^rA. 1 1 io.i~J.B.ii.^So.^-H.ox.ii.i 2,row 1.2.

Stem undivided, cylindrical, a span long. Stipule circular,
blunt, but with a sharp point. Leajits circular, very blunt. Fruit-
stalks very long. Receptacle strap-shaped, solid. Chaff egg-
shaped, oblong, blunt. Blofs. parallel. In the above respects it
differs from the T. hybriduiu. Linn. Stipulee in pairs, oval-spear-
shaped, lengthened out into an awn. Leajits varying in shape,
but generally oval and blunt, sharply serrated, with a strong mid-
rib, and numerous branching ribs terminating in the serratures.
Leaf-stalks and fruit-stalks long, upright, rising nearly at right an-
gles from the stem. Flowers in a close head, upright, when
shrivelling bent downwards. Pedicles short. Stipule small, awl-
shaped, 1 to each pedicle. Cal. teeth nearly equal, the 2 upper
rather lpngest, redribh. Blofs. white; standard oval. Woodw,
Leajits inversely-heartshaped, and egg-shaped. Calyx greenish
white, with purple streaks. When the flowering is partly over,
the heads afsume a peculiar appearance, the florets diverging from
the centre, spreading outwards and downwards like an umbrella.
White Trefoil. D.utch Clover. Meadows and pastures.

P. May— -Sept, j;

f f This Is more fragrant when dry than when green. A water distilled
from the flowers pofsefses but little odour in itself, but improves the fla-
vour of other substances. Hqrses are extremely fond of it ; cows, goats,
sheep, and swine eat it.

$ Horses, cows, and goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Swine refuse
it. The leaves stand upright against rain. Linn. — Wherever this plant
abounds spontaneously; it is always considered as an indication of the good-

nefs

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium. g4

Var. 2. Bloodwort. Leaves of a deep purple. St.

Var. 3. proliferous. Small heads of leaves growing out of the
flowers. St.

Canal between Limehouse and Bromley. Curt. — [Worces-
tershire. St.]

T. Heads like umbels : legumens 4-seeded : stem ascend- hy'bridum.
ing.

Mich. 23.6 and 2—Vaill.22.^~Riv. 1 r.2 ; Trifolum fi. albo.

Stem ascending, branched, furrowed; about a foot high.

Stipule spear-shaped, sharp, terminating in a hair. Leajits egg-
shaped, sharp, between serrated and toothed. Fruit-stalks not
‘ very long, but jointed. Receptacle egg-shaped, concave. Chaff
spear-shaped, narrow, very sharp. Blofs, gaping. It is very pro-
bable that this plant was at first produced by the pollen of T. pra-
tense, fertilising the germen of T. repens. Linn.

, Trifolium repens hybridum. Huds. On whose authority it
stands as an English plant, but its existence as such wants further
confirmation. Mr. Hudson mentions it as growing in moist pas-
tures near Peckham and Battersea, P, May— Sept.

(3) Calyxes woolly ,

T. Heads woolly; 5-flowered ; a rigid tuft from the ccn- subterra'-
tre reflected upon, and inclosing the fruit* neum.

Curt. 1 2 8-Riv.tetr, 17.2, Trifolium subterraneum-Ray 13.2 -Barr.

88i-H.ox.u.i/^.rotiio 1.5.

The white filaments, which put forth from the extremities of
the fruit-stalks, resemble roots, but they do not penetrate the
earth, as supposed by Dillenius, but rise upwards, their ends ex-
panding into little star-like points, and finally inclose the seed-
vefsels in a kind of prickly head. Curt. Stems numerous, pros-
trate, disposed in a circle round the root. Stipule in pairs, oval-
spiear-shaped. Leafstalks long, downy. Leafts sitting, inversely-
heartshaped, blunt, obscurely serrated, downy, especially under- •
neath. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves, the lower
shorter, the upper as long as the leaves, with 3 or 4 flowers.

nefs of the soil ; and this is a thing well known to farmers. The richnefs
of meadows and pastures is naturally owing to their abounding principally
wjth the Trefoils, and others of the same clafs, with a due mixture of the
more acceptable grafses, PuiTJcim’s view,

64s DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

floral-leaves none. Calyx cylindrical, cloven half way down ;
segments nearly equal, ' bristle-shaped, fringed with soft hairs.
Blofs. white; standard oval, claw long and narrow. Mr, Woodw,
Tube of the blofs. very long. There is something so singular in
this plant, that its oeconomy well merits a farther enquiry. The
strong horny stellated substance which grows from the extremity
of the fruit-stalk, stretching its rays outwards and downwards,
incloses and prefses down the capsules to the ground.

Subterraneous Trefoil. Barren heaths and pastures in sandy
or gravelly soil. About London, frequent. Gamlingay by the
wind mills, and near Whitewood, Cambridgeshire, Between
Eltham and Deptford, Kent. [Bath Hills, near Bungay, Suffolk.
Mr. Woodward. — Mangotsfield Common, near Bath. Mr.
Swayne. Salt marsh at Lymington, betwixt the town and the
salt pansi] A. May — Aug.

glomera'tum T. Heads sitting, hemispherical, rigid: calyxes scored;

teeth expanded, equal.

Curt.22y-Barr.SS2-Pluk.ii^.^.

Stem drooping. Calyx with io scores, naked, disposed in a
beautiful manner, the stiff expanding segments filling up the
interstices between the rest. Linn. Stems numerous, prostrate,

4 to 7 inches long, scarce perceptibly downy. Stipulce in pairs,
oval-spear-shaped, taper-pointed, scored, smooth. Leaf-stalks fur-
rowed above. Leaves alternate ; leafits nearly sitting, obtusely
oval, or oblong-wedgeshaped, smooth on both sides, strongly
ribbed, the ribs terminating in pointed serratures scarcely dis-
tinguishable by the naked eye, in the youngest leaves only the
mid-rib lengthened into a projecting point. Heads from the bo-
som of the leaves and terminating, with a pair of stipulas similar
to, but broader than those beneath. .Cal. smooth, shorter than the
blofsom ; teeth expanding, triangular, pointed but not rigid at
the end. Blofs. pale red ; standard spear-shaped, somewhat keeled ;
wings and heel equal. Mr. Woodward.

Round-headed Trefoil. Sandy meadows, pastures, and moist
heaths. Saxm'undham, Suffolk. Blackheath and Greenhithe,
Kent. Isle of Shepey, and about Norwich. [Bath Hills, near
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward.] A. May, June. ,

sca'brum. T. Heads sitting, lateral, egg-shaped: segments of the

calyx unequal, stiff, bowed back.

Barr. 8 jo-Vaill. 33. 1- J.B.ll.^y8./y-H.ox.u. r 3. 10.

t

Stems not much branched. Leafts oval, thickish, somewhat
scolloped at the edge. Heads from the bosom of the leaves, hard,

\

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifdlium.

stiff, permanent. Calyx the outer teeth longer and stronger.
Blofs. whitish, slender, as long as the calyx. Linn. Whole plant
woolly. Stems prostrate, 4 to 7 inches long. Stipule ovaLspear-
shaped, terminated by an awn, scored with red lines. Leaf-stalks
short. Leaves few ; leafits oblong-wedgeshaped, sitting. Heals
somewhat oval. Calyx scored, hairy ; teeth triangular, the lower •
most long, expanding, sharp, and giving the plant its rough nefs
to the touch. Blofs. but little longer than the calyx, whitish.
Wo odward. It is in its seeding state that the segments of the
calyx are most remarkably reflected.

Hard-knotted Trefoil. Chalky and sandy pastures. Chalk
hills near the Thames between Northfleet and Gravesend. Near
Chatham, and in the Isle of Shepey. Newmarket; Gamlingay,
Cambridgeshire. [Bath Hills, near Bungay, Suffolk. Woodw.
Caister Common, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Wick Clifts.
Mr, Sway ne.J A. May, June.

T* Heads sitting, mostly lateral, egg-shaped : calyxes striatum,

scored, rounded.

\ , *

Vaill. 33. 2-Ray 13.3.

Calyx with 10 scores, hairy all over on the outside. Linn.

Stems from 6 to 18 inches high, mostly upright, sometimes declin-
ing, but never prostrate. Leaf-scales in pairs, oval, with a point,
scored, very downy. Leaves alternate, distant, the lower on long,
the upper on short leaf-stalks, the uppermost sitting or nearly so;'
leafits of the lower leaves oblong-wedgeshaped, of the upper
spear-shaped, sitting, downy on both sides, ribs not strongly
marked, serratures barely distinguishable with a glafs. Heads
oval, woolly, sometimes on short fruit-stalks, some terminating,
but mostly in pairs. Calyx just shorter than the blofsom, scores
almost hid by long soft hairs ; teeth nearly equal, straight, awl-
shaped, not stiff. Blofs. pale red ; standard spear-shaped ; icings
and keel equal. Mr. Woodward. The ribs upon the calyx,
and its rounded nearly globular shape when ripe, readily distin-
guish this species.

Soft-knotted Trefoil. Dry meadowrs and pastures. [Bath hills,

Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Wick Cliffs. Mr. Swayne,

A. June.

T. Spikes woolly, oval : teeth of the calyx bristle-shaped, arven'se.
woolly, equal. ,

Dicks. h.s.-Curt.-Dod.^'jy.i-Lok.oks.t^gS.^, ic . and ii.39.1 -Ger\
em.i 1g3.3-Park.11oj.6-H.0x. ii. 1 3, 8-Fl. dan. 7 2 ty-Riv. tetr.

1 5,Lagopus-Ger . 1 023.2~Barr.g0 1 a?id go 2 —Maith. gS 3-Fucks.
yg^-Trag.^g^-Lonic.i.ioG.^-Blackw.^^o.

DIADELPIIIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

Blofs. wings marked within with a blood-coloured spot. Linn.
Bio/s. pale red, shorter than the calyx. Whole plant woolly. Stem
upright, cylindrical, firm, much branched. Stipule in pairs,
spear-shaped, scored with red veins, and ending in an awn. Leaf-
stalks very short. Leafits of the lower leaves elliptical, of the
upper nearly strap-shaped, somewhat nicked at the end, the mid-
rib lengthened into a short point. Calyx reddish, longer than
the blofsom, scored; teeth bristlershaped, nearly equal, fringed
with long hairs. Mr. Woodward. Blofs. pale red. Spikes
sometimes long and cylindrical.

Hares -foot. Hares-foot Trefoil. Sandy pastures and cornfields.
[Wick Clifts, Mr. Swayne.] A. July, Aug.

Mr. Dickenson observes, that it is highly aromatic when
dried, and that it retains its odour long,

Var. 2. dwarf. Ray. 14.2.

Root running deep. Stems trailing, 1 to 3 inches long. Trust-
stalks very short. Heads numerous, roundish. Blofsoms white or
pale flesh-coloured. Dill, in R. syn. — - Stems trailing. Leafits
rather elliptical, blunter than in 1, and by no means so pointed
as in Dilienius’s figure. Stipules more woolly than in 1 . Heads
nearly round, not so large as in the figure. Mr. Woodward.

Sea coast. Brackelsham, Sulsex. [Yarmouth Denes, Lowest
toft, plentifully. Mr. Woodward.]

me'dinm. T. Spikes loose: blofsom nearly regular; stipulae awl-

shaped, converging : stems zigzag, branched. Afz.

Jacq.austr. 386 — JE. hot. 1 90-Fl.dan. 662.

Root cylindrical, slender, branching, tough, very long, brown,
perennial, above with many heads, and somewhat shrubby. Stems
several, simple, scored, cylindrical, or slightly comprefsed, -5- to
1 foot high, zigzag at almost all the joints, ascending, and but
seldom truly upright, with a slight hairlnefs, and sometimes al-
most smooth. Stipule with a slight hairinefs, especially at the
edges, sometiwes nearly smooth, spear-shaped, tapering both ways,
approaching, scored, scarcely embracing the stem, with reddish
lines below. Leafstalks cylindrical. Leaves , the 2 uppermost
sitting ; leafits spear-shaped, with minute serratures not visible to
the naked eye, but perceptible to the finger pafsed downwards,
often marked with indistinct white blotches, with a slight hairi-
nefs on both sides, and especially at the edge, sometimes nearly
smooth ; those of the lower leaves blunt and nicked at the end ;
those of the rest rather pointed. Spike roundish, pleasing to the
eye and smell, nearly sitting, generally single, sometimes 2,
slightly woolly. Cal. smooth, with 10 scores ; teeth green, beset
with scattered hairs, lhe lowermost equal in length to the tube of
the blofsom, the rest gradually shorter. Jacq. Differs from T,

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

pratense as follows: Leaves longer, more strongly ribbed, smooth
above. Stipule spear-shaped, green, not awned. Haller. Leaves
longer and narrower, and blofsojns of a deeper colour than those
of the cultivated Clover , Ray,

Long-leavedy or xigZag ‘Trefoil. Trifol. alpestre. Huds. ed. ii,

Lightf. and Relhan. Trifol. fie xuo sum. Jacq. and Bott . arr. ed.n.

Tr. medium y fi. Sue: . Verennial Clover. Marie Grafs. Hods. — -
Pastures and sides of hedges. Ray. — Sides of woods. Jacq. —
Mountainous pastures. Huds. At the foot of the Highland
mountains in moist and shady places. Lightf. In Skirrith and
other mountainous woods and pastures in the north, most plenti-
fully. Curt. [High pastures, usually among bushes, and in
woods and ditch banks. Bath Hills, near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
Woodward. Grows commonly in hedges or in woods, seldom
in the open ground. Plentifully in Shortwood near Pucklechurch,

Gloucest. Mr. Swayne.] P* July.f*

T. Spikes crowded : blofsoms unequal : calyx w ith 4 of the pratcn'se,
teeth equal: stipulae awned: stems ascending.
Afzelius.

Tuths. 8 1 ]-Trag, 5 8 6- J. B . i i . 3 7 4-G^r .1017.1 -Matth. 83 g-Riv*
tetr. 1 1 . 1 , Trif blium-B/ackw. 20- Kniph. 1 -Lonic. i.i 04.4.

Spike single, sitting between 2 opposite sitting leaves, the sti-
pule of which are somewhat egg-shaped, dilated, membranaceous,
skinny, with red veins, and form a kind of common calyx. Cal.
of the fruit with 5 awns or bristles, the 4 uppermost very much
expanding, but the 5th and lowermost upright. Linn. Flowers
upright, when out of blofsom hanging down. Leafits of the lower-
leaves roundish, those of the upper oval, slightly downy, dark
blackish green, with a whitish angular mark in the centre. Sti-
pul£ the upper oval, terminated by an awn, scored with red veins
slightly woolly. Head single, usually roundish and sitting, be-
tween a prir of nearly sitting leaves, and in part surrounded by
their stipulae, smaller, and of a deeper purple than those of Tr.
medium. Cal. short, slightly woolly, generally scored with red
veins; teeth bristle-shaped, wolly, usually tinged with purple.

Blofs. of 1 petal ; tube long ; standard usually longer than the
wings and keel, blunt, generally notched at the end; wings blunt.

Blofs reddish purple, sometimes white. St. Stems always bowed

f Cattle are not fond of it till it is touched by the frost. From the in-
formation of a farmer, to whom I pointed out the growing plant in flower.
St. This is not Marie Grafs. The true Marie Grafs of the shops is the
native T. pratense. Marie Grafs was first cultivated by a farmer Smith, (I
fcalieve) of Somersetshire. (See Mr. Billingsley’s Agricultural Report for
Somerset.) A circumstance which particularly distinguishes the Trifolium
medium, is its propagating itself by the root. Mr. Swayne.

o-*

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

upwards at the base. Branches and leaves upright, not straddling.
Calyx lower tooth far shorter than the tube of the blofsom,
Afz>elius.

Burble Trefoil. Honeysuckle Trefoil . Cow) Clover. Clover -
grafs. Meadows and pastures, B. May — Sept.-j-

Var. 2. smaller. Leaves inversely heart-shaped, the upper
generally opposite. Spike bare. Ray.

Ray. 13. i.

The English botanists have considered this as a smaller var,
of T. pratense, the stipule being awned and the teeth of the calyx
nearly equal, as in that species; but it differs in other respects
very materially, the leaves being opposite, the leafits small, short,
inversely heart-shaped, the fruitstalk very long and destitute of
floral leaves. M. Afzelius in Linn. tr. i. 227.

Between Peckham and Camberwell, Huds.

Var. 3. cultivated. Larger and more upright than 1. Leaves
somewhat paler and thinner. Flowers somewhat paler. Does
not propagate itself by seed, or continue so long in the ground,
Ray.

FI. dan. 989.

Stems strong, almost smooth, furrowed, twice as tall as those
of 1. Heads large, oval, hairy. Petals more expanding, and styles
shorter than those of 1. Mill. Differs from 1 in nothing but
size. Mr. Woodward. St. Mr. Swrayne thinks it specifically
different from the wild sort, whose heads are globular but these
are oval.

Broad Clover. Meadows and pastures. £

Var. 4. Flowers cream-coloured.

A specimen of this rare plant was sent to me by the Rev. Mr.
S wayne, accompanied by the following observations. “ A var.
of Trifolium pratense with a yellowish white flower, found in a
field belonging to Tracy Park, near Bath. I am confident it is a
var. of Tr. pratense, as it exactly resembled that species in every
thing but colour, and was the only plant of that colour in the
whole field; indeed the only one I have ever seen.”

f In a great scarcity of provisions bread has been made of the flowers.
The heads are used in Sweden to dye woollen green. With alum they give
a light, with copperas a dark green.

t Much cultivated. It is either grazed, or made into hay. Swine, goats,
horses, and cows are fond of it. Li .nn. — Seldom remains in the ground more
than 2 years. M. Wood wars.

DIADELRHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

On comparing the specimens sent bv Mr. Swayne with the
Tr. pratense, and Tr. ochroieucum, I am persuaded that his opi-
nion is perfectly right. The structure in all respects corresponds
with the former, wanting the general hairinels, the long awns to
the stipuke and the very long tooth of the calyx so striking in the
latter.

T. Spikes woolly : stem upright, pubescent: lower leahts ochroleu-
inverselv heart-shaped : lower tooth of the calyx as cum.
long as the tube of the blofsom.

Dicks, h. s.-Curt.-Jacq . austr. 40.

Upper-leaves natrow, very entire. Spikes on fruit-stalks, ob-
long. Calyx the lowermost tooth the longest. B/ofs. brimstone-
coloured. -Linn. - Stem more hairy, and the stipule sheathing to
a greater extent, and running out into longer awns than in the
T. pratense. Gouan. Leaves alternate ; leasts sitting, the lower
ones heart-shaped and egg-shaped in the same plant. VVoodw.

These circumstances, together with the great length of the lower
tooth of the calyx, sufficiently distinguish it from the yellow dow-
ered var. of the Tr. pratense.

Rays Tri folium pratense hirsutum majus,jiore albo-sulphurco, (Syn.

328) belongs to this species as Mr. Hudson had determined, and
not to the var. just mentioned.

Brimstone Trefoil. Dry meadows and pastures, and thickets,
in a chalky soilinEfsex, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Hertford-
shire, Dupper’s Hill, Croydon, and near Stamford. [Bath Hills,
near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward.] B. June, July.

T, Spikes hairy, globular : stipulse spear-shaped, upright : mari'timum.
calyx teeth spreading -and dilated after flowering:
lcafits inversely egg-spearshaped ; upper leaves op-
posite.

Dicks, h. s.-E. hot. 220-H. ox. ii.14, upper left hand fgure-Pluk.

1 13* 4*

Calyx hairy on the outside, teeth equal. Linn. Stem woolly,
with a few hairs. Stipule in pairs, spear-shaped, lengthened
out, scored, fringed with long hairs. Leaves , the upper opposite ,
leajits of the lower-leaves oblong-wedgeshaped, of the upper ob-
long-wedge-spearshaped. Leaf-stalks short. Fruit-stalks longer
than the leaf-stalks. Heads oval. Calyx as long as the blofsom,
divided almost to the base ; segments spear-awlshaped, fringed
.with long hairs. Blofs. pale reddish purple; standard spear-
shaped, keeled; ‘wings hooked very near the base; keel as long
as the wings, Mr. Woodward.

654 DIADELPHIA* DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

Teasel-headed TrefoiL Tn stellatum. Huds. ed. ii. and Bot. am
but not Tr. stellatum of Linn. Common on the Southern S'^a
coast. Dartford Saltmarsh. Leigh and Little Holland* Efsex.
In Somersetshire. Tilbury Fort. Sheernefs. Between Greenhithc
and Northfleet. [In the meadows by the river side between the
Hot- wells and Bristol. Mr. Svvayne. Norfolk. Mr. Pitchford.J
j A. June, July*

(4) Bladder Trefoils, Calyxes inflated and bellying.

fragi'ferum. T. Heads roundish! calyx of the fruit reflected; upper

lip 2-toothed, inflated 1 stems creeping*

Vicks. h.s.- -Curt ,-Fl.dan. 1 0ap2.-Vaill.22 .2-J.B.ii.^jg.^.b.-H.ox*
ii. 1 3. 1 q-GhiSt cur ^ q-Ger* em . 1 208 -Park. 1 1 09.5.

Stems throwing out roots. Fruit-stalks longer than the leaves*
Calyx a little downy, nearly globular* woolly, (the upper part)
with 2 teeth, the lower at the base with 3 teeth. Blofs . white
with us, but in other countries reddish. Linn. Blofs* purple.
Curt. Stipule in pairs, oval-spearshaped, drawn out into a long
point, smooth. Leafits heart or egg-shaped, smooth, very slightly
serrated. Fruit-stalks naked, longer than the leaf-stalks. Mr.
Woodward.

Strawberry Trefoil. Moist meadows. About London, frequent.
[Moist places near the Sea in the county of Durham. Mr. Rob-
son.] P. Aug.

(5) Hop Trefoils. Standard of the blofs. bent inwards,

permanetit.

procunfbens. T. Spikes oval, closely tiled, many-flowered; stems wide

spreading.

Curt. 1 6 1 ; T. agr avium- V call. 2 2 ,3 -Riv. tetr . 10.1,7". lupulinum
F!.dan.jg6-~fValct--y. B.i'i.c‘%1. i~FI.ox.il. ift.i, and 2, the up-
permost of the 2 figures.

Differs from the T. agrarium in having smaller flower j, and its
long stems entirely drooping. Similar to T. filiformey but larger,
and has often 10 to 12 flowers in a head. Leaves not scored. When
sown too proves distinct. Linn. Stems much branched, slightly
downy. Stipules in pairs, oval-spearshaped, not ending in an
awn. Leafstalks short. Leaves alternate ; leafits egg-shaped, or
obtusely oval, smooth, slightly serrated, the terminating one on
a pedicle, 1 to if line long, the side ones nearly sitting. Fruit- j
stalks numerous, from the bosom of the leaves, solitary, longer j

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Trifoliutn. 4-

than the leaf-stalk. Flower? upright, yellow, after flowering
turning brown, and bent back. Pedicles short. Floral-leaves mi-
nilte, awl-shaped, i at the base of each pedicle. Blofs. standard
egg-shaped, scored, flat. Mr. Woodward, heaves with about
io or 12 semi-transparent lateral ribs. The plant considered by
the English Botanists as the Trifolium agrarium, is the Tr. pro-
cumbens of Linnaeus, but all the synonyms given by Linnaeus to
the T. agrarium belong to the T. procumbens, except that of Do-
donaeus which is the Medicago lupulina. The Trifolium pro-
cumbens of English authors is considered by Linnseus only as a
variety of the Tr. filiforme. Mr. Afzelius.

Hop Trefoil. Dry meadows and pastures. A. June.

T. Spikes oval, loosely tiled, few-flowered: stems trailing, filifor'mea

Ray. 14.4.

Differs from T. procumbens as follows: When wild scarcely a
span high. Branches trailing. Fruit-stalks hardly thicker than
horse hair. Flowers 3 or 5 in a head, but when cultivated often
12 to 15, distinct, on more obvious pedicles. In the T. procumbens
the fruit-stalks are as thick as a thread, not to mention the differ-
ence of the leaves and habit. Stems thread-like. Leafits notched
at the end, scored. Fruit-stalks longer than the leaves. Flowers
bent down. Pedicles of the fruit clear and distinct. Linn. Seed 1 .

Le ers. Stems 3 to 6 inches long. StipuLe in pairs, oval-spear-
shaped. Leafstalks very short. Leafits mostly heart-wedgeshaped,
very entire at the base, serrated upwards, strongly veined, smooth,
nearly sitting. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves, smooth.

Flowers when wild mostly 3, seldom more than 5. Pedicles ex-
tremely slender, from £ to 1 line long. Floral-leaves awl-shaped,
very minute, 1 at the base of the pedicle of the middle flower,
none on the others. Calyx half as long as the blofsom, with 5
scores; the 2 upper teeth shortest, the lower longer, the lower-
most the longest. Blofs. pale yellow ; standard egg-shaped, some-
what nicked, keeled. Mr. Woodward.

Small Trefoil. Least Hop Trefoil. Poor sandy heaths and pas-
tures. [Salt Marsh at Lymington.] A. May — July.

Var. 2. Lefser Hop Trefoil. Spikes from 8 to 20 flowered.

Curi.QfO'j ; Tr pro cumb ens-Ray 1 4.3.0/ p.^z-Fl.ox. ii.13.1 and 2.
b , the lowermost of the 2 figures.— Lob. obs.<p68.\ , and hr. ii. 2 9,2-*

Ger . em. 1 1 86.6-Park. 1 1 1 1 .5.

Stems numerous, 6 to 12 inches long, much branched. Stipul<e
in pairs, obtusely oval-spearshaped. Leafstalks short. Leafits
heart-wedge or egg-shaped, very entire towards the base, serrated
upwards, the odd one on a short leaf-stalk, the side one nearly
sitting, smooth. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves, longer

6:fi DIADELPHIA. DECANDIIIA. Lotus.

than the leaf-stalks, slightly downy. Pedicles very short. Floral-
leaves none. Flowers after flowering bent back, hanging more
loosely and separate than those ot T. procumbens. Calyx larger
in proportion to the blofsom than that of T. procumbent, the 2 up-
per teeth short, the lower longer and more pointed. Standard
egg-shaped, pointed. Mr. Woodward. Stem a little hairy.
Leasts inversely heart-shaped, mid-riba little hairy underneath,
with about 7 semi-transparent lateral ribs. Flowers yellow ;
loosely tiled. This is the most common sort of Hop Trefoil, and
may be found in almost every dry sandy or gravelly pasture, es-
pecially where the turf is fine, but varying greatly in size accord-
ing to the richnefs or poverty of the soil, and flowering from May
to August.

» ' .

suffoca'tum. T. Without stem or stalk : flowers nearly sitting on the

root.

Jaeq.austr. 60.

Flowers in clusters, sitting, axillary, as it were buried in the
earth. Calyx oblong, comprelsed, smooth, 5-cleft, segments bent
back. Blofs. within the tube of the calyx, colourlefs. Leaves in
threes, inversely egg-shaped, smooth, somewhat toothed. Linn.
St: pul £ cloven, bristle-shaped. Legum . 2 -seeded; not longer
than the calyx. Jacq. Every part of the plant, except the leaves,
is buried in the sand. It has been overlooked on this account,
nothing but leaves being visible, nobody thought of pulling them
up for examination, but on putting down a knife or a stick the
whole plant may be raised, and then its flowers and fruit come
into view. The clusters in some of the older plants are as large
as a small nut. Woodward. First found in England by Mr.,
WlGG, on the driest sandy part of Yarmouth Denis, near the sea.

A. June — Sept,

LOTUS. Calyx tubular: wings converging length-
ways and upwards: legumens straight, generally
with cells.

cornicula'tus. L. Heads of the flowers flatted at the top : stems herba-
ceous, trailing : legumens cylindrical, expanding.

FI. dan . gg 1 -Curt. 1 07 -Kniph. y-Ger. 1022 .6-J. B.ii.% 5 5-Walc.-
Dod. 57 3.2-Lob. Qbs.5 01.2, and ic.u.^.i-Ger.em.i igo.r,-H.
ox. ii. 1 3. 10 -Anderson, Astragalus glycyphyllus. -Fuchs. 527-
Frag. 5 g 4- Leslie . i . 1 o 6 . 3 .

Blofs. sweet-scented. Linn. Seeds more than 20. Curt;

1 Calyx in this and all the varieties fringed with long soft hairs*

- 1

DI ADEL PHI A. DECANDRIA. Lotus.

Petals all equal, on narrow separate claws. Legum. smooth,
terminated by a long straight point. Woodward. Heads with a
single sitting leaf at the base. Mr. Hollefear. Flowers in flat-
ted heads, in a sort of umbel with very short spokes. Bloft before
bpening of a bloody red on the outside, and of a yellowish green
within, when expanded of a full yellow; standard bent back;
wings oblong-eggshaped.

Birds-foot (Slaver * Meadows, pastures, heaths, road sides.

P, June. Aug.f

Var. 2. Linn. Larger : stem more upright.

Riv.ietr. 76. 1 , Lotus.- J.B.ii. 356.1 .

Leaves , and especially the unexpanded heads , with a good deal,
of woollinefs; Ray. Stem upright, 2 feet high, hardly angular.
Leaves veined underneath. Lyons. Stipules bluntly egg-shaped,
or roundish, but terminating in a point. Mr. Woodward.

Loti corniculates major species. R. syn. 334. (St.) Woods,
moist meadows and hedges, [and sides of wet ditches. St.]

P. June — Aug.

Var. 3. tenuifsimus. Linn. Should seem to be a variety. Stem's
twice as long and narrow as those of 1. Leaves strap-shaped.
Legumen narrower. Linn^ More shrubby. Ray. Stipules strap-
spearshaped. Mr. Woodward.

Lotus foliis longioribus et angustioribus . Hall. 385 (3 II. (St A
Corn fields and moist places. Ray. — In the neighbourhood of
Worcester. St.

Var. 4. Like 2. but but lefs hairy. Ray. Whole plant downy*
Mr. W OODWARD.

Lotus pentaphyllos medius pilosus. R. syn. 334. (St.) In the
fields behind Mother-huff’s. Ray.

Var. 5. Leaves hoary underneath.

Chalk pits at Greenhithe. Ray.

Var. 6. smooth . Plant entirely hairlefs; stipulse half egg-
shaped ; filaments club-shaped.

High grounds North of Marlborough. June.

The common trailing sort, and the upright which grows in
woods, ought, I think, to be specifically distinguished. The Le-

f The flowers become greenish when dried ; in which respect they resem-
ble the flowers of the plants which produce Indigo. Cows, goats, and hor-
ses eat it. Sheep and swine are not fond of it. — Thrifts Fhysaftus is found up-
on it. Linn. In Hertfordshire it is cultivated as pasturage for sheep. Eot. arr.

ed. I. It is strongly recommended by Mr. Anderson. Curt. — There is no

doubt but it might be cultivated to great advantage. In moist meadows it
grows to a great height, and much higher than any of the Trefoils or Medkago
\uftdina% and makes extremely good hay. Mr, Woodw aro.

VOL. Ill,— 2U

/

65S DIADELPH1A. DECANDRIA. Medicago.

gumens of the former grow gradually larger, those of the latter
more taper towards the end. The seeds of the former (which are
generally much devoured by the larva: of some insect,) are consi-
derably larger than those of the other. Air. Swayne,

It is certainly to be wished that some person would cultivate
these varieties in order to aspertain their differences more accu-
rately. Var. 3 with strap-shaped leaves differs very much in its
habit and in its flowering head from the large var. 2.

\ * _ 1 ,

MEDICA'GO. Pistil bent, pressing down the keel and

springing out of it with a jerk : S. vefs . a legu-
men, comprefsed, bent, or twisted spirally.

satiVa. M. Flowers in bunches : legumens narrow, regular, twist-
ed : stem upright, smooth.

Kniph.^-Clus .W.2 ^2.2-Lob.obs.^^ .1 ,andic W.ofi.2-Ger .em.\ 189.
z— Park. 1 1 i/^.i-H.ox.ii.i6.row 1 ,2-andi\.i ^.row ^.ll-J.B.ii.

378-1*

Stems scored, declining. 'Branches alternate. Stipule spear-
shaped, ending in an awn. Leaf-stalks short. Leafts% together,
elliptical, entire at the base, serrated upwards, the mid-rib length-
ened into a thorn-like point, slightly downy above, smooth, and
scored with veins underneath, on leaf-stalks, that of the termi-
nating one the longest. Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves,
longer than the leaves. Bunches thick. Pedicles short. Floral-
leaves awl-shaped, 1 at the base of each pedicle. Cal. nearly
smooth; teeth awl-shaped, nearly equal. Blofs. purple. Legum . ,
twisted spirally with 2 or 3 distant turns. Woodward.

Lucern Medick. Meadows, pastures, and ditch banks.

P. June, July.f •

falca'ta. M. Flowers in bunches : legumens crescent-shaped : stem i

prostate.

Fl.dan.2%3-Kniph.i i-Riv.tetr.8 ^,Falcata ;—H. ox. ii. 1 6. row 1 . 1 ,
andu.15.row 3. 1 -Clus.ii.2^.i-Ger.em.i igi.S—Park.i 1 14.3
-7.iB.if.383. 2.

Stems cylindrical, smooth, slightly scored, declining. Stipulatin'
pairs, spear-shaped, almost all at the base, and some almost at the
top of the branches, with 1 or 2 teeth on the outer edge. Leaf f
stalks short. Leaves smooth, 3 togethet ; leajits elliptical or wedge-

/

f Modern writers upon husbandry strongly recommend the cultivation
of this plant, for the purpose of feeding cattle, but it is not yet generally-
adopted.

DI ADELPI II A. DECANDRIA. Medicago# (_

shaped, entire at the base, serrated upwards, mostly notched at
the end, the mid-rib lengthened out into a projecting thorn-like
point. Fruit-stalks longer than the leaves. Bunches rather loose.

Floral-leaves awl-shaped. Cal. slightly downy ; teeth awl-shaped,
equal. Blofs. yellow or purple. Legum. crescent-shaped, ter-
minated by a long claw. Seeds 5 or 6, comprefsed, fixed to the
inner suture. Woodward.

Yellow Medick . Butter-jags . Balks of corn fields, and sandy
pastures. Between Watford and Bushy-Hill. Ray. — About
Norwich, plentifully. Mr. Rose [and Mr. Woodward.]

P. July.f

M. Spikes oval: S. vefsels kidney-shaped, with 1 cell and lupuli'na,
1 seed: stems trailing.

FI. dan.gg2-Curt. 1 20-Kniph.i i-Riv.fetr.8, Melilotus ?nini?na-H.
ox.ii. 1 $.row/±.f. -Fuchs. % 1 g-Trag . ^gyJ.B .u. 380.4-ZW.576.

2-Ger.em.i 18 6.5-Park. 1 105.6-H.ox.u. 16.8 -Ger. 1020.2-
Lonic. i. 1 06.4.

Legumens scored, wrinkled, somewhat rough with stiff hairs.

Linn. Stems , unlefs supported by other plants, trailing. Branches
very numerous, alternate. Stipule oval-spearshaped, with a long
awn. Leaves on very short leaf-stalks; leajits 3 together, oblong-
wedge-shaped, serrated upwards, nicked at the end, with the mid-
rid lengthened into a projecting point. Head oval. Flowers small.

Calyx slightly downy, nearly as long as the blofsom; teeth awl-
shaped, the 2 upper ones rather shorter. Blofs. yellow. Legumen
turning black when ripe. Woodw. Stem a little triangular.

Flowers 30 to 40, and upwards.

Trefoil Medick. Melilot Trefoil. [Black Nonsuch, Norfolk.

Mr. Woodward.] Corn fields, meadows, and pastures.

A. May — Aug 4

Var. 2. Legumens about 10, slightly comprefsed, rough with
numerous tubercles. Ray.

If. ox. ii. 15. 4.

f In hot, dry, barren sandy places it is well worth the trouble of sowing
for the purpose of making hay. A practice long since adopted in some parts
of Sweden. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it.

+ Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it; but it is lefs grateful to them
than the other species. Linn. It is cultivated in Norfolk under the name
of Nonsuch^ and is usually sown mixed with Rye-grafs ( Lolium perenne. ) The
crop is then called black and white Nonsuch. Mr. Woodward, — In the Isle
of Wight I have seen it sown along with clover and rye-grafs.

2 U 2

66o

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Medicago.

Medic a polycar pos fracf.ii minor e somprefsb $ calro. R. syn. 333. —
Medica cochleata, fer. H. ox. ib. — The rest of the synonyms in the
Fl.angl. belong to 1. St.

Corn fields near Peckham, Paddington, and behind Pindar’s-
end, near Enfield. Ray.

ara'bica. Fruit-stalks with 2 or 3 seed vefsels : legumens prickly :

stipulae toothed : iealits inversely heart-shaped: stems
spreading.

Curt. 1 7 6-Cam. hort . 2 7 -G<fr. 1021.4- Ger. 1 1 go. 4— Park. 1115.6-
H.ox. ii.i 5. row 2.1 2.

Leafits with a spear-shaped blood-coloured spot, which after
flowering disappears. Flowers four or five. Fruit with widely
diverging thorns. Legumens flat at the base, narrowing to-
wards the top ; wreathes flat ; prickles expanding, hooked at
the ends. Linn. Stem 4-cornered, with long whitish hairs below,
smooth above. Leaf-stalks cylindrical, channelled, hairy in like
manner. Leafts 3, somewhat ribbed, smooth, marked above with
a blackish brown heart-shaped spot; edge partly entire, partly
serrated. Stipule pointed, serrated. Fruit-stalks from the bosom
of the leaves, hairy, with 5 flowers, but 2 or 3 of these generally
abortive. Blofs. standard notched at the end, much larger than
the other petals. Willich. Blofsoms yellow.

M. polymospha arabica. Linn. Fleart Trefoil. Heart Claver.
Snailshell Medick. Dry sandy pastures, borders of fields especially
on the sea shore. [Wells, in Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. — Meadows
near the Hotwells, Bristol. Mr. Swayne. — West of Bridport,
plentiful.] A. May, June.

Var. 2 hybrida. Fruit-stalks mostly 2-flowered: lower legu-
mens spirally wreathed, thorny, the upper somewhat bowed.
Huds. — Lower legumens with 5 turns, thorns diverging; seeds
perfect. Upper ones strap-shaped, half an inch long, bowed orr
bent inwards, slightly protuberating; seeds imperfect. Huds.

It does not appear exactly how far this plant of Mr. Hudson’s
differs from the preceding.

Near Charlton in Kent. A. May.

min'ima. M. Legumens mostly 3 on a fruit-stalk: prickles hooked:

stipulae entire.

FLox. ii. 1 s.row 2. 1 \l.3S6.b-Riv. tetr. 88, Cochleata row 4./.
^ech.min.-f .Bd\\.of>^.2.a-Fark.\ 1 1 .a-Fl.dan.2\\.

Legumens several, scarcely larger than the seeds of Orolus , the
the spirals rough with thorns, bowed back laterally. Stipules en-
tire. Linn. Root frequently envelloped at the top with the old
shell as represented in J. B. ii. 386. 2. a; striking deep, white,

2

DIADELPHIA. DECANDllIA. Mcdicago.

tough, of the size of small twine, with a few stiff fibres. Whole
plant, except the blofsoms, covered with a white silky down.
Stems somewhat angular, numerous, trailing, often tinged with
purple. Stipule spear-shaped, entire, ribbed. Leaves on leaf-
stalks ; lea jits 3 together, the lateral ones sitting, the middle
one on a leaf-stalk, oblong-wedgeshaped, very entire at the base,
serrated upwards, with strong ribs terminating in- serratures,
notched at the end with an intermediate projecting point. Fruit-
stalks as long as the leaves. Flowers from 1 to 6, in a loose head,
on short unequal pedicles. Cal. teeth 5, awl-shaped, as long as
the body of the the cup. Blofs. small, pale yellow. Legumens
with stiff hooked prickles. Mr. W oodward.

Sandy places, but rather rare. Ray. — [Narborough, near
Swaffham, Norfolk, in a very light sand. A. Mr. Wooward.]

i

M. Fruit-stalks many-flowered: legumens roundish, thorny,
hoary: leaves woolly7.

Pluk. 1 13 ,6-rH. ox. ii. 1 5. 1 1 .

1 Thorns on the fruit not rigid. Pluk.

At Orford in Suffolk on the sea bank, close by the sea, plen-
tifully. Ray. A , May , J yne.

662

POLYADELPHIA.

CLASS XVIII.

POLYADELPHIA.

POLYANDRIA.

HYPE'RICUM.
5 petals :
celled.

Cal . with 5 divisions ; beneath : Blofsf
Styles i, 3 or 5 : Capsules I, 3 to 5-

V

*

POLA ADELPHIA. POLAANDRIA. Hypericum

POLYANDRIA.

PIYPE'RICUM. Cal. with 5 divisions: petals 5 : fila-
ments numerous, united at the base into 3 or 5
sets : capsule with 3 or 5 cells, and many seeds.

(1) Styles 3 : Stems shrub-like .

II. Fruit like a berry: stem 2-edged.

Curt.265-Dod.j8.2-Lob.obs.35].3, and ic. i.632. i-Ger.em.§ 43,
i-Park.e>rjC).\~Blackvo.g^-Ger.^o)r)-H.ox.x.C>.i2. <

Leaves opposite, sitting, smooth, entire, egg-shaped; at the
base of the branches very large, those of the branches decreasing
in size as they approach the summit, and approaching to spear-
shaped. Cal. segments unequal. Berries hlack when ripe. Mr.
Woodward. Flozvers terminating, 4 together. Fruit-stalks cy-
lindrical, smooth. Cal. the 3 outer segments much larger. Petals
yellow, concave, scored, unequal at the end from a hollow in the
margin on one side.

Futsan. Park-leaves. Woods and moist hedges. [Woods at
Wick Clifts. Mr. Swayne. Near Pengwarry, Cornwall, in
ditches. Mr. Watt. Duke of Bridgewater’s woods at Askeridge,
and near Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire. Mr. Woodward. Lanes
at the foot of Malvern Hill, Worcestershire. St. Rocky woods
in Westmoreland, frequent. Mr. Gough. In a deep holloway
iu a marly soil, between Worcester and Tewksbury.]

P. July — Sept,

Androsce'-

mum.

(2) Styles 3: Stems herbaceous.

H. Leaves egg-shaped, with pellucid dots : stem 4-cor- quadran'gu-
nered. Kim.

Curt.2Qti-Fl.dan.6^o-Trag.y^.2-Matth.gg,j-Dod.,jS,i-Lob.obs.

216. and ic. 399. i-Ger.em. s^-Park.^ $-Ger. 434 -H. ox. v.

6.10-PW.60.1 1.

Stem reddish, smooth. Branches opposite. Lower leaves sit-
ting, opposite ; the upper growing together, egg-shaped, with 7
or 9 ribs, with a net-work of veins, with, transparent glands in
the interstices, though not very numerous; discernible when

664 POLYADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. Hypericum.

viewed with glafs in a strong light. Tioral-lecrues awl-shaped, iq
pairs. Mr. Wood w. Stem branched; edges, marked with short
dark purple glandular streaks, Leaves in pairs, sitting, oblong-
egg-shaped, ribbed, dotted aiong the edges with black glands,
particularly on the under side. Calyx , segments ribbed, rather
expanding, a little toothed at the end. Petals yellow, ribbed, con-
cave, marked with dark purple lines and dots, filled with a pur-
ple liquor, which stains paper with a muddy purple permanent
stain. Anthers with a small black gland. Styles yellow. Summits
purple.

phi adr angular St. John' s-zvort. St. Peter s-vcort. Moist hedges
and shady places. [Bogs in Cornwall, Mr. Watt. Wick Clifts.
Air. Sway ne. About Manchester. Mr. Caley.J P. July,

< l

perforatum. H. Stem 2-edged : leaves blunt; with pellucid dots.

* . - ' V ' •*

Ltidvo. i i-Curt.-E. hot. 2 g g-Mill. ill.-Blackw. 1 5-Woodv. p. 29-
Fl.dan. 10^-Knlph. o^-Dod.y 6. i-Lob.obs. 216. 1 , andic. i. 398,
j -Ger.em. 539. 1 - Park .573.1 -Pet.Go.fj-Matth. 936— Ger. 43 2 .
l-Fuchs.S^i-Trag.y2.i~H.ox.v.6.i.

Whole plant quite free from hairs. Stems upright, nearly cy-
lindrical, the edges running from the base of the leaves to the bot-
tom of the knot below, beset above with small black dots. Leaves
in crofs pairs, oblong, rounded at the end, with 7, and sometimes
5, semi-transparent lines, with several black dots near the edges
on the under side ; the semi-transparent dots numerous. Fruit-
stalks from the bosom of the upper leaves. Calyx , segments
spear-shaped, ending in a taper point. Petals ribbed, set near the
edges with dark purple glands, one of the sides very entire at the
edge, the other serrated. Siam. 30 or more. Anthers with a glo-
bular black gland at the top between the lobes. Germ, egg-
shaped. Styles thread-shaped, yellow. Summits sometimes crimson.

Common St. John s-zvort. Thickets, woods, hedges, dry banks.
[Wick Clifts. Air. Swayne.J P. July.p

du'bium. H. Stem imperfectly 4-edged : leaves blunt ; without pel-
lucid clots ; calyx leaves elliptical. E, hot,

„ E.bot. 296.

f This plant has long held a place in the materia medica, but its use is
very muqh undetermined. The semi-transparent dots on the leaves, are
the receptacles of an efsentialoil. The leaves given in substance, are said to
destroy worms. The flowers tinge spirits and oils of a fine purple colour,
■which is probably derived from the little glands upon the anthers, and upon
the edges of the petals. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses and swine
refuse it. ' ■*

%

POLY ADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. Hypericum,

Stems several, 2 to 3 feet high; upright, imperfectly 4-cor-'
tiered; sprinkled with black dots. Leaves large, embracing the
stem, egg-shaped, very thin and skin-like at the edge, with black
dots underneath. Calyx leafits very blunt, yellow green, marked
with short black lines. Petals large, very entire, yellow, with
black lines above and a few black spots underneath the edge.
Leers. •

Imperforate St. John s Wort . Discovered first as an English
plant by Dr. Seward of Worcester, growing plentifully about
Sapey in that county. At Hafod, Cardiganshire, and in Mr.
Knight's woods at Downton Castle, near Ludlow, by Dr. Smith.
See E. bot. P. July, Aug.

JL Flowers axillary, solitary: stems 2-edged, prostrate, humifu'sum.
thread-shaped : leaves smooth.

Curt. 1 6 2 -FI. dan. 1 4 1 - C/us . ii. 181. 3 -Hod. 7 6 . 2-L0 h. ic . i . 400 . 1 -
Ger. em. 541.^-iV/. 60. 8-Trag. j2. 2-J. B.iii. 386. i-H.ox.
v. 6. 3.

Stems numerous. Leaves opposite, sitting, egg-shaped, or
bluntly oval, entire, with 7 veins, with semi-transparent dots not
distinguishable but with a glafs and a strong light. Fruit-stalks
also terminating, Floral-leaves none. Mr. Woodward. Stems
somewhat flatted. Leaves oblong, smooth, set with glands near
the edges, scored with semi-transparent lines. Flowers sometimes
in pairs. Calyx segments unequal, spear-shaped, terminated by a
very small point, a little toothed at the edges, marked with dark
purple spots and streaks. Petals yellow, with a tinge of red on
the outside, set with a few blackish glands at the end. Siam, in
3 sets, 5 or 6 in each. Anthers without glands. Summit some-
times tinged with red.

Trailing St. John s Wort. Meadows, pastures, heaths, [and
woods, as Ronck’s Wood, near Worcester. St. Stuston Com-
mon, near Difs, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Malvern Common,
Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard. Wick Clifts. Mr. Swayne.

"Manchester race ground. Mr. Caley.] P. July.

Var. 2. Leaves growing by threes.

H. Stem cylindrical, creeping, woolly : leaves woolly, ek/des.
roundish.

* Dicks. h.s.-E. bot. 1 og-Pet.6o. 1 2.

Stems trailing and creeping. Flowering branches ascending, 5
or 6 inches high. Leaves sitting, frequently slightly nicked at
the end, with 5 ribs, and with dots not visible but with a glafs,
and held against a strong light. Flowers few in a panicle. Panicle

666

monta'num.

hirsu'tum.

POLY ADEL PHI A. POLYANDRIA. Hypericum.

branched, leafiefs. Floral-leaves oval-spearshaped, minute, reddish,
edged with red glands, a pair beneath each division. Calyx
reddish, about i -4th as long as the blofsom, deeply divided; seg-
ments oval, edged with minute red glands. Blofs. reddish yellow,
usually closed, twisted spirally, sometimes merely folded up. Mr.
Wo odward. Stem 3 to 8 inches long. Leaves opposite. Fruit-
stalks smooth, terminating. Petals yellow, with 8 greenish lines,
and a small greenish gland on the inner side of the claw. Fila-
ments in 3 sets, about 3 in one set, 4 in another, and 5 in the third.

Marsh St. John's Wort. Marshy places, in a peaty spongy soil.
[Bogs in Norfolk, not unfrequent. Boggy ground near Norwich.
Mr. Woodward. Bog at Cosgarne, Cornwall. Mr. Watt.
Bogs 011 Birmingham Heath.] P. July.

H. Calyx serrated with glands : stem cylindrical, upright:
leases egg-shaped, smooth.

FI. dan. 1 73— Co/, ecphr.y 4. 1 -Trag .j 3. 3-Pet. 60. j-J . F.iii.383.2
- H . ox.w 6 . g-Fuchs.y 4 .

Floral-leaves at the top of the stem, small, and fringed with
glandular hairs, which is not the case with H. hirsutum. Linn.
Stem upright, cylindrical, smooth. Leaves in pairs, sitting, egg-
shaped, the upper egg-spearshaped, smooth, with 7 ribs, and a
net-work of veins, the edges set with black dots. Flowers in pa-
nicles. Panicles branched, terminating, or from the bosom of the
upper-leaves. Floral-leaves , fruit- stalks , and calyxes beset with
strong hairs, each terminated by a black gland. Calyx divided
almost to the base ; segments spear-shaped, pointed. W 0 odward.
Upper-leaves with numerous, minute, circular, transparent dots,
visible to the naked eye, in the lowermost pairs only dotted to-
wards the base. Blofs. yeMow. St.

Mountain St. Johns Wort , Woods and thickets, in mountain-
ous situations. Frequent in the West of England. Charlton
WTod. Above Bwrdd Arthur, Anglesea. Mr. Davies. Syke’s
Wood, near Ingleton, Yorkshire. Curt. Hedge banks and
sides of woods about Pershore and Bredon Iiill, Worcestershire.
Nash. [Bath Hills, near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward.
Near Cartmel Well. Mr. Jackson. Many barren places in
Furnefs Fells. Mr. Atkinson.] P. July.

H. Calyx serrated with glands: stem cylindrical, upright ;
leaves egg-shaped, somewhat downy.

Curt. 1 82-Knlph. 8 -Pet. 60. 1 o-H. ox. v. 6. 1 1 -FI. dan.Zvi-Fuchs .
76— y. H.iii .382 .2 .

The flowers close in the night, which those of the H. perfora-
tum do not. Linn. Stem upright, nearly cylindrical, with a

1

POLYADELPHIA. POLYANDR1A. Hypericum. 66

brownish short wool. Leaves in crofs pairs, those of the stem
egg-shaped, broader than those of H. perforation, rough with short
hair, with 7 or g ribs, and numerous semi-transparent dots; those
of the branches spear-shaped. Floral-leaves with glandular ser-
ratures at the edges. Calyx segments spear-shaped, with about 12
glands on each. Petals yellow, entire, with 6 or 8 ribs, and a few
black glands at the end. Stamens about 24. Germ, egg-shaped.

Styles thread-shaped, yellow. Summits crimson.

Hairy St. John s Wort. Thickets and hedges. [Wick Clifts.

Mr. Swayne. At the foot of Ingleborough, near to Hurtlepot,
and many other places in Craven, Yorkshire, Mr. Caley.]

P. June, July,

H. Calyx serrated with glands : stem cylindrical : leaves pul'chrum.

embracing the stem, heart-shaped, smooth.

✓

Curt. -FI. dan. 7 ry-W ale. -Frag .7 q-Pe(.6o.6-Lonic.i.‘i 30.2- J. B.
iii. 383.1 .

Stem upright, often red. Leaves in distant pairs, heart or ob-
tusely egg-shaped, green above, sea-green beneath, with nume-
rous semi-transparent dots. Flowering branches from the bosom of
the upper leaves, slender, with 1 or more flowers at the end, and 1 or
2 small leaves. Floral-leaves none. Calyx very short, deeply di-
vided; segments oval, blunt ; glands black. Petals set at the edge
with black glands. Woodward. Stem smooth. Leaves in opposite
pairs. Calyx and petals , edges set with dark-coloured glands.

Filaments shining, yellow, in 3 sets, about 18 in each set. Anthers
scarlet.

Upright St. John s Wort. Hedges, and heaths, in exposed
sunny situations. [Heaths near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Pleaths
in Hertfordshire. Mr. Woodward. Wick Clifts. Mr. Swayne.

On a sloping bank near the wall on the East side of Edgbaston
Park. Mifs Withering.] P. June, July.

SYNGENESIA,

CLASS XIX.

SYNGENESIA

«

jEQUALIS,

(i) All the Florets strap-shaped •

CICHO’RIUM

.....Receptacle somewhat chaffy : Down
chaff-like: Cal. double.

HYPOCHiE'RIS.

Receptacle ch affy : Down some wh at

feathered: Cal. tiled.

TRAGOPO'GON...,

Receptacle naked : Down feather-

ed ; on a pedicle : Cal . simple.

prcRis

Receptacle naked : Down feather-

ed ; on a pedicle : Cal. double.

LEO'NTGDON.

Receptacle naked: Down on apedi-

cle : Cal. tiled ; scales flexible.

CRE'PIS.

..... .Receptacle naked : Down hair-like:

Cal. double, with scales of dif-

• -

ferent shapes.

PRENAN'THES.

Receptacle naked : Down hair-like:

Cal double; containing about
5 florets.

LACTU'CA

.... Receptacle naked : Down hair-like ;

on a pedicle : Cal. tiled; scales
skinny at the edges.

HIERA'CIUM

Receptacle naked: Down hair-like;
sitting: Cal. tiled; egg-shaped.

SYNGENESIA.

SO N'CHUS Receptacle naked: Down hair-like <

sitting: Cal. tiled; bellying
(at the base.)

LA'PSANA Receptacle naked: Down none:

Cal. double.

H\ O'SERIS Receptacle naked: Down hair-like;

encompafsed by awned chaff:

Cal. equal.

(2) Floivers in globular heads 4

CARL I NA Cal. radiate : Rays coloured.

ARCTIUM Cal. scales bent inwards at the

points, and hooked.

CAR'DUUS .......Cal. with thorny scales ; bellying :

Recept. hairy.

ONOPOR'DUM Cal. with thorny scales ; bellying ;

Recept. like a honey-comb.

SERRA'TULA Cal. nearly cylindrical; tiled: scales

rather acute but not thornlike.

[Centaurea nigra.]

(3) Florets all tubular .

EUPATO'RIUM Recept. naked : Down feathered

Cal. tiled: Pistil very long.

• • v .. i .. ,

SANTOLI'NA Recept. chaffy : Down none : Cal.

tiled ; hemispherical.

BI' DENS. Recept. chaffy: Down awn-l^ke:

Cal. tiled.

[Senecio vulgaris. Tanacetum vulgare. TufsilagoPetasites.
Aster Tripolium.J

9 9

6 70

SYJMGENESIA.

SUPERFLUA.

(i) Florets all tubular*

ARTEMIS'lA

Recept . almost naked : Down none:

Florets in the circumference
without a petal.

TANACE'TUM. ..

Recept . naked : Down only a sort
of border : Blofs. of the cir-

'

cumference 3-cleft.

CONY'ZA

Recept. naked: Down hair-like:

Blofs. of the circumference 3-
cleft.

GNAPHA'LIUM. ...

Recept . naked: Down feathered,

or hair-like : Cal . with skinny
concave scales.

fSenecio vuloaris. Tufsilago Petasites, hybiida. As.ei

Tripolium.

Erigeron. Bidens.J

\ .

(2) Floivers radiate •

BEL'LIS

Recept . naked : Down none : Cal,
simple, with equal scales*

MATRICA'RIA. ..

Recept. naked : Down none : Cal,
tiled i scales acute.

CHRYSiVN'THEMUM.^^. naked: Down none: Cal ,

the inner scales membranace-

\

ous.

DORO’NICUM

Recept. naked : Down hair-like :

Strap-shaped florets, without

down.

I'NULA

Recept . naked : Down hair-like :
Anthers with 2 bristles at the

base.

ERl'GERON

Recept. naked : Down hair-like :
Blofs. in the circumference ve-
ry slender.

SYNGENESIA.

671

SOLIDA'GO Recept. naked: Dozen hair-like :

Blofs. of the circumference
about 6 ; remote.

ClNERA'RI A. Recept. naked : Down hair-like:

Cal . equal ; simple.

SENE'CIO .....Recept. naked : Dozv?i hair-like :

Cal . with the scales dead at
the ends.

TUSSILA'GO Recept . naked: Dozen hair-like:

CaU scales somewhat membra-
naceous.

AS'TER,... Recept . naked: Dozen hair-like:

Cal. scales the points standing
out.

AN'THEMIS .Recept. chaffy : Down none: Cal.

hemispherical.

ACIIILLE'A Recept. chaffy : Dozen none : Cal.

oblong : Strap-shaped florets
about 5.

FRUSTRANEA.

CENTAU'REA. ....... .Recept. bristly: Dozvn hair-like:

Blofs. of the circumference
tubular.

V ' ’ . ' ,

; . " • ~

NECESSARIA.

FILA'GO. Recept. naked: Dozvn none: Fe-

male florets among the scales
of the calyx.

CALEN'DULA Recept. naked : Dozvn none : Seeds

membranaceous.

[Tufsilago Farfara. (St.) Erigeron.]

SYNGENESIA. yEQUALIS. Tragopogon*

j^equaLis.

TR AGOFO’G ON . Receptacle naked : calyx simple :
dorim feathered.

praten'se* T. Calyx as long as the rays of the blofsom : leaves entire,

quite straight : fruit-stalk cylindrical.

Ludw.yg -Kniph.g-Fl. dan. go6-Lontc.i. g5.4-Fuc.hs. 8 2 1 -J.B.u .
1059. i-Trag .280-Dod. 256. 2-Lob. ohs. 2grj.2.and tc.i. 550.2—
Ger\ cm. jo 5. 2 -Fa. 1 5. 6 -//. oxt vii. row 1 .\-Matth.53j-Ger.

595-2-

Blofsoms yellow, expanding about 3 in the morning, and closing
between 9 and 10. Linn. Unlefs the sky is cloudy. Relhan.
Calyx in specimens gathered in Huntingdonshire always exactly
equal with the blofsom, in Norfolk invariably exceeding it. The
stems of the latter much shorter. Are they not distinct species ?
Woodward. Segments ot the calyx in the Cornish plants always
much longer than the blofsom. Mr. Stackhouse. Whole pla?it
smooth, stiff, strong, upright. Leaves very long and narrow, ta-
pering. Calyx , leaves purplish at the edge. Anthers purple. PoL
len yellow* Seeds crooked; Receptacle , there are glandular sub-
stances in the little hollows at the base of each floret, which^when
the blofsoms fall, turn brown, the receptacle remaining white.

Fellow Goat' s-beard. Go to bed at Noon. Meadow's and pastures

B. June.f

porrifoTium. T. Calyx longer than the rays of the blofsom: leaves en-
tire, stiff and straight : fruit-stalks thickening up-
wards: florets very narrow, lopped.

Jacj. tc.i .-Kntph. j -FI. dan. ygy-Ger. 595. i-Park.par.51 1 .8 -Matth.
538-TW.2 56.1-L0b.0bs.2gy .1. and tc.i. 550. 1-Ger.em.j35.1-
Park. 412-Pet. 1 5.7 and 8-H.ox.v ii.9.5.

Stem-leaves shorter than in T . pratense, scarcely longer than
the space between the joints. Calyx about i-3d longer than the
blofsom. Blofsom purple. Woodward.

Purple Goat' s-beard. Salsafy. Meadows and pastures. In Corn-*
wall, and fields about Carlisle and Rose Castle, Cumberl. Marshes

f Before the stems shoot up, the roots, boiled like Asparagus, have the
same flavour, and are nearly as nutritious. Cows, slieep, and horses eat it.
Swine devour it greedily. Goats are not fond of it.

673

SYNGENESIA. 7EQUALIS. Picris.

near Long-Reach, below Woolwich, and meadows near Edmond-
ton. [In upland pastures not unfrequent. Woodward. ]B. May. ff

PICRIS. Receptacle naked : calyx double : down fea-
thered: seeds with transverse furrows.

P. Outer calyx of 5 leaves, larger than the inner ; the in- eehioi'des,
ner awned.

Curt.i §o-Pet. 1 2. 1 2-G<rr.655.2-J.fhii. 1 02 9. 1 -Lob.it S. 577, 2
~Ger.em.jQ8.2-H.0x.v1n5.38.

Root-leaves oval, scolloped, stiff, with numerous warty protube-
rances, which, as also the ribs and edges, are set with short thorn-
, like hairs. Stem firm, cylindrical, scored, usually purplish, much
branched; with scattered, stiff, thorn -like hairs. Leaves heart-
spearshaped, waved at the edge, set with sharp stiff hairs, particu-
larly on the edge and mid-rib. Flowers single, on fruit-stalks.

Fruit- stalks somewhat thickening upwards. Calyx , leaves of the
'outer heart-shaped, taper-pointed, ending in a sharp awn, very
much expanding, fringed with stiff hairs; scales of the inner fring-
ed on the back. Down of the length of the inner calyx, on a
foot-stalk 3 or 4 lines long. Seeds shining, very beautiful when
viewed with a glafs. Woodward. Blofs. yellow, expanding at
4 or .5 in the morning, and never closing before noon; some-
times they remain open till 9 at night.

Common Ox-tongue. Lang de boeuf. Borders of cornfields. [Be-
tweenStocktonandNorton; Durham.Mr. Robson.] A. July, Aug. %

P. Calyx loose: leaves entire: fruit-stalks scaly up to the Hieracioi'dcs
calyx.

E.bot.ig6~Ger.234L.$-Ger.em.2Q8.j-J.B.ii.i02Qi2*

Leaves spear-shaped. Fruit-stalks with scattered awl-shaped
scales extending up to the calyx, till the calyx becomes nearly
tiled. Down scarcely feathered. Linn. Stem firm, scored, rough
with stiff hairs. Leaves rough, the lower on leaf-stalks, the upper
sitting, spear-shaped, pointed, toothed; the uppermost strap-spear-
shaped. Fruit-stalks branched, each branch bearing i flower. Cah
scarcely to be called double, the loose scales on the top of the
fruit-stalk approaching to and at length tiled with the calyx, the

f The roots are esculent, and when cultivated in gardens are called
Salsafie.

t This is an agreeable pot-herb when young. The juice is milky, but
not too acrid.

VOL. III. - 2 X

674 SYNGENESIA. vEQUALIS. Soncliuj.

leaves of the inner row neatly strap-shaped, parallel, hairy on thfc
outside, exactly the length of the feather. Feather sitting, thinly
downy. Seeds longitudinally and transverely furrowed. Woodw.
Flowers yellow.

Hedypnols Hieracioides. Huds. Yellow Succory. Flawhweed Ox-
tongue. Borders of corn fields in a calcareous soil. B. July.

SON'CHUS. Reccpt. naked: calyx tiled, bellying:
down hair-like.

canadensis. S. Fruit-stalks hispid ; leaves notched: flowers in bunches.

FI. dan. 1 82-Clus.Yi. 1 47 . 1 -Ger.em. 29^.7- Park. Q08.1-Park.80j.
i-J.B .1i.1006-Ger.231 .6.

Terminating lobe of the leaves very large. Flowers blue,
sometimes white.

Blue Sowthistle. Mountainous pastures. Borders of cornfields
about Willington and Howden Pans, Northumberland. Wallis.
Northumb. 186. A.

Through a mistake of the Synonyms in Sp. PI. this had always
been supposed the S. alginus , but the fruit-stalks in that are scaly,
in this set with bristly hairs. See Smith’s Icon. Fasc. 1. p. 21.

arven'sis. S. Fruit-stalks and calyxes rough with hair, in a sort of

umbel : leaA'es notched, heart-shaped at the base.

Curt. 26 5-Pet. 1 <{.6-Fuchs .31 q-J.B .iiiioi 8.1-Lob.obs. 1 1 g. 3 and
ic.\.23J.i-H.ox.y\i.6.i2-Lonlc.^2.i-Matth.j6r>-Ger.23i.j —
Ger.em.2C)^.8— Park. 808. 3.

Flowers expand between 6 and 7, and close between 1 1 and 12
in the forenoon. Linn. Root creeping. Curt. Leaves embrac-
ing the stem; segments triangular, toothed; teeth sharper and
more thorny than those ot S . palustrls; the upper spear-shaped,
but not tapering out to so great a length. Seeds oval, comprefsed,
longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Down sitting. Woodw*
Stetns rough with glandular bristly hairs. Leaves embracing the
stem, perfectly smooth, except at the edges, which are almost
thorny. Hairs of the calyx and fruit-stalks pale green, terminated
by yellow globules.

Corn , or Free. Sowthistle. Cornfields and ditch banks.

; AlIg*t

; t

ptdus tris. S. Fruit-stalks and calyxes rough with hair, in a sort of

umbel: leaves notched, arrow-shaped at the base.

f The flowers follow the course of the sun very regularly, Cows and
goats cat. Horses are very fond of it.

V, L . .' T 1 v

SANGENESIA. /EQUALIS* Sonclius,

Curt.2gS-Fl.dan .6o6-Pet.i y-Clus. ii. 14^.3 -Ger. em. 204.9-
Park.SoS.2-H.0x. vi. 9, row 3. 1 1 .

Inhabit it is very distinct from S. arvensis , but its structure is
So much the same} that oile might suppose the S. palustris to have
originated from arvensis. Flowers clustered, expand at 6 or 7 , and
close at 2 in the afternoon. Linn. Root not creeping. Stems
several, 6 to 10 feet high. Curt. Root when old forming a large
stool. Stems 4 to 8 feet high. Lower stem-leaves very large; upper
arrow-shaped and embracing the stem at the base> segments spear-
shaped, variously curved, 2 or 3 pair, with a terminating one
very long, smooth, finely toothed at the edge, the principal rib
runnirig near the inner edge; the upper-leaves arrow-spearshaped,
lengthened out into a long point. Floral-leaves awl-shaped.
Wo odward. Blofs. yellow.

Marsh Sowthistle. Watery places and banks of rivers; on
those of the Thames about Greenwich, Blackwall, and Poplar.

P. July, Aug,

S. Fruit-stalks cottony i calyxes smooth.

Leaves closely embracing the stem. Fruit-stalks at length be-
coming smooth. Linn. Upper leaves frequently jagged and in-
dented, like the lower, but not so deeply. Woodw. Flowers
yellow.

Sowthistle. Hare's Lettuce. Milkweed.

Var. 1. lee vis. Leaves smooth, the lower with winged clefts,
the lower segments long.

Curt. 1 2 3 -Ger. 231 .p-Clus. ii. i 46 . i-Dod. 643 . 1 -Lob.obs. 1 1 g . 1 ,
and ic.i.2^^.2-Ger.em.2g2.^-H.ox. vii.3, 1 -Pet. 14. 1 o-Ger*
2^0, ^.-Matth. rpqj .

Common Sowthistle. Cultivated ground, especially in a rich
soil, dung-hills, and hedges. A. June — -Aug.

Var. 2. Segments fewer, the terminating one triangular and
very broad. Ray.

Fl.dan.682-Blackw.130-Ger.230.3-Ger.em.292.Q-Park.806.Q-

J.B.1I.1016.1-H.OX. vii.3, row 1. 2-Pet.i ^.8-Matth. 496, S*

, , «

aspera.

Var. 3. asper. Leaves prickly, jagged-, shining on the upper
surface, the edge waved and set with thorny teeth; the lower
lobes rounded.

FI. dan. 843 -Blackw. 3 o -Ger. 2 2 9 . 2-Park . 2 2 g . 2-Fuchs.S 7 5- J. B ,
ii. 1016.2-JAr.14. 5.

2X2

olera'ceus*

N

SYNGENESIA. jfcQUALIS* Lactuca.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, upright, thick, angular; the angles
thin, skinny, tinged with purple. Leaves with winged clefts;
segments variously jagged and toothed, some extending almost to
the midrib, the lower leaves a foot long; midrib broad, white,
and smooth. Fruit-stalks soon losing their cotton. Cal, scales
each with 2 or 3 little thorns on the back.

[Uncultivated ground, sides of roads and hedges.

May, about the latter end. St.]

Var. 4. Leaves prickly, entire. St.

Fuchs.6rj^-Dod.6^.^-Lob.oks.i 18.2.3, an ^ tc. 1.255.1 -Ger.em.

291 ii. 1014. 2-Park. 803. i-H-ox. vii. 2, row 3. 5-Pet.

i/{.q-Lonic.\.g5.\-Dod.6^Q>.2-Lob.ic.\.25^.2-Ger.eni.2gi. 1 -

H.ox.x ii.2.8.

«

Fields, and in woods where the underwood has been cleared.

July to Nov. 20. No other variety growing near it.

Var. 5. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, tapering below into
leaf-stalks.

Pluk.61 .5-Pet. 1 4. 1 .

Cornfields about London.

Var. 6. Leaves strap-oblong, rounded at the end.

Pink. 6 2 . 4 -Pet. 14.3.

Var. 7. Stemlefs; leaves spread on the ground, deeply wing-
cleft ; segments sharply toothed.

I found this singular variety on Portland Island in the month
of May. It had a yellow blofsom, and the fruit-stalks and calyxes
smooth, as in the other varieties of the Sonchus oleraceus, but the'
flowers sat close upon the root. This circumstance may pofsibly
be the effect of its maritime situatiou, but if not, it may prove to
be a new species, as is not improbable, because I have observed
some other varieties afsume their usual habit, and their usual
size, when growing near the sea, only sometimes the whole plant,
except the blofsom, in such situations, afsumes a purplish red
colour.*)*

LACTU'CA. Receptacle naked : calyx tiled, cylindri-
cal, the scales membranaceous at the edge : down
hair-like, on a pedicle.

f The leaves are good amongst other pot-herbs. They are a very fa-
vourite food with hares and rabbits. Sheep, goats, and swint eat it. Horses
are not fond of it. The j$$>hh Scmbi lives upon it.

SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS. Lactuca.

L. Uppermost leaves upright, their mid-rib prickly on the
back.

E. bot. 263-Fucks. otoi-Dod.6^6-Ger.ew.Qtog.3-J.BM. 1 003 -Pet,
1 5.3-H.ox.vn.2. 1 y-Matth. 522 -Lob.obs. 1 1 8. 1 . and /c, i, 234-
Park.81 4.2-Barr.i $5-Trag.2 59.

Leaves , the lowermost also indented. Ray. Stem-leaves con-
stantly with deeper winged clefts than those of L. virosa. Flowering
branches pointing upwards, not expanding. Flowers smaller. Pedi-
cle of the down much shorter. VVoodw. Blofs. yellow,

Prickly , or Mild-scented Lettuce, On rubbish, sides of corn-
fields, ditch banks, and stony ground. Isle of Ely. B. Aug.

L. All the leaves horizontal, toothed; their mid-rib prickly
on the back.

Collin obs.vi.p reef.p .lx-JPcodv^ 50- J.BSi. 1 002-Pet.i 5.2-H. ox,
vii.2.16.

Stem prickly below. Leaves arrow-shaped, sitting, the edge,
and especially the keel, prickly. A variety of L. Scariola accord-
ing to M. Gerard and Haller. Linn. Leaves , the lowermost entire,
not wing-cleft. Ray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Root-leaves oblong-
wedge-shaped, toothed at the edge ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, em-
bracing the stem, either entire or wing-cleft, sharply toothed ;
flower-leaves arrow-shaped, half embracing the stem, broad at the
base, tapering to a sharp point, 1 at the base of each flowering
branch. Flowering branches expanding. Flowers sitting, or on
short fruit-stalks. Floral-leaves similar to the stem-leaves but
smaller, 1 at the base of each fruit-stalk, and others still smaller
on the fruit-stalks. Calyx , scales unequal, spear-shaped. Seeds
furrowed and rough. Wood w. Blofs, numerous, yellow, opening
about 7, and closing about 10 in the forenoon. Seeds black.

Wild Lettuce. Strong-scented Lettuce. Ditch banks. [Borders of
fields. In a stone quarry at Thorp Arch, Yorkshire. Mr, Wood.
World’s End, near Stepney, and banks of the Thames between
Blackwall and Woolwich. Mr. Jones. Old walls in Bungay,
Suffolk. Woodward.] B.July, Aug.-f

Var. 2. Leaves entire.

Pet.i ^.i-Trag.2G8-Lo7iic,\.gi.^-Lob.adv.8g,and /r.i.241 . i-Ger,
em.^OQ.i-Park.^i^.-

f The juice smells like opium. It is milky, acrid, and bitter. Dr. Collin
relates 24 cases of dropsy, out of which 23 were cured by taking the extract
prepared from the exprefsed juice, in doses from iS grains to 3 drame in the
24 hours. It commonly proves laxative, promotes urine and gentle sweats,
and removes the thirst. It must be prepared when the plant is in flower.

2X3

677

Scari'ola.

Tiro's a*

678

SYNGENESIA. ^EQUALIS. Prenanthes,

L. Scariola (3 Huds. Dr. Stokes.

With variety 1, but lefs frequent. Ray.

saligfna. L. Leaves halberd-strapshaped, sitting ; mid-rib prickly

011 the back.

fac^austr. 2 50 -Hall.jen. 4. at p. 2 07- C. B .pr. 63 , 1 -Park .783. 4-fA
c,v.vii.6.i8-P^/.i 5.4.

Leaves perpendicular, nearly as in L. Scariola. Linn. Leaves
arrow-shaped at the base ; the lower with winged clefts ; segments
few, alternate, strap-shaped, finely toothed, with a sharp point at
the end, somewhat hooked, the terminating one long; the upper
entire, strap-shaped ; the mid-rib not always prickly. Floral-leaves
arrow-shaped, broad at the base, tapering to a point. Flowers
nearly sitting, small. Woodward. Blofs. yellow.

'FI arrow-leaved Lettuce . Ditch banks and pastures in a chalky
soil. > A. Aug.

PREN AN'THES. Receptacle naked: calyx double:

down hair-like, nearly sitting; florets in a sin-
gle row.

. 1

mufa'lis. P. Florets 5 : leaves notched,

Curt.-Fl. dan. 50g-CIus.11. 1 4.6.2-Lob. obs. 1 19.2. andic.u 236. \-Ger%
em.293.5-Park.8o5.2-J.B.u.ioo4-Pet.i5.5.

Down on a very short pedicle. Root-leaves on long leaf-stalks,
deeply notched; lower segments few, small, somewhat oval, the
terminating one large, somewhat triangular, with 5 lobes, resem-
bling the leaves of Ivy in its creeping state. Flowering branches
sub-divided. Fruit-stalks slender, each with 1 flower. Woodward.
Stem-leaves embracing the stem, deeply notched ; segments oppo-
site, toothed, the terminating one largest. Calyx , outer , scales 3,
spear-shaped; inner strap-shaped, generally coloured. Seeds ob-
long, comprefsed, scored. Down on a flat circular substance,
supported by a little pedicle,

Var. 2. Stem-leaves spear-arrow-shaped.

Stems smooth, purplish. Branches from the bosom of the leaves.
Stem-leaves smooth, embracing the stem, the lower toothed, the
upper very entire. Floral-leaves arrow-shaped, at the sub-divisions
or the fruit-stalks. Calyx purple ; outer, scales rarely 4, spear-
shaped. Blofs. yellow ; florets with 5 teeth. Germen heart-shaped.
Down nearly sitting, but the pedicle lengthens as the seed ripens.

Wall Ivy- leaf. Walls. Shady Woods, P. July,

V

SYNGENESIA. jEQUALIS. Leontodon.

] jl/EON'TODON. Receptacle naked: calyx tiled ; the
inner scales parallel, equal ; down hair-like.

( J ) Dot 172 on a pedicle .

L. Outer scales of the calyx entire, reflected: leaves officina'lis.
smooth, notched and acutely toothed.

Curt. -Mill. ill. -Blackio. ppi-Woodv.p.y—PLdan.^y ty-Walc.—Ger.

2 28.i-PI.ox.v'n.8.ro%v 2.i-Dodr.6^6.i~Lob.obs. 117.2. and ic.i.
2^2.2-Ger.em.2go.i-Parb.y8o.i~Pet. 1 1 .y-Matth.$o6~Fuchs.
68o-J.B.u.i035-Trag.262-LGnzc.i.g2,2-B!ack'iv.i,

Leaves varying from wing-cleft, in a very dry situation, to nearly
entire in a very moist one. Calyx , scales perfectly smooth. Seeds
furrowed longitudinally, sharply toothed upwards. Devon on a
long pedicle; rays simple. Woodward. The notches in the
f leaves hollowed out like the teeth in a large timber saw. Seeds
flat, scored, prickly upwards. B/o/s. yellow, expanding about 5 or
6 in the morning, and closing early in the afternoon.

Common Dandelion. Pifs-a-bed. Meadows, pastures, road sides,
ditch banks, &c. P. April — Sept.

Var. 2. Leaves narrower, fpwe.r, mere deeply cloven. Seeds
reddish brown. Ray,

x Pet. 1 1.8.

Grows along with var. 1, and flowers most of the summer. *(*

L. Outer scales of the calyx upright, close to the inner, Tarax'acon,
entire : leaves spear-shaped, very entire, or only
toothed.

Scopf<±8,at li.p.i'oo, «

Boot-leaves oblong, broader towards the end, pointed, with
teeth, smooth, mid-rib red. Calyx smooth; outer scales egg-

f Early in the spring, whilst the leaves are yet white, and hardly unfold-
ed, they are an excellent ingredient in sallads. The French eat the roots,
and the blanched leaves, with bread and butter. Children that eat it in the
evening experience its diuretic effects, which is the reason that other Euro-
pcean nations, as well as ourselves, vulgarly call it Pifs-a-bed. When a swarm
of Locusts had destroyed the harvest in the island of Minorca, many of the
inhabitants subsisted upon this plant. The exprefsed juice has been given,
to the quantity of 4 ounces, 3 or 4 times a day ; and Boerhaave had a great
opinion of the utility of this and other lactescent plants in visceral obstruc-
tions. Goats eat it; swine devour it greedily; sheep and cows are not fond,
of it ; horses refuse it; small birds arc fond of the seeds. The Phalaena Fas -
alma and the Thrips Physapus feed upon it, Linn.

P

68o

SYNGENESIA. ^EQUALIS. Leontodon.

shaped, pointed, somewhat membranaceous at the edge; the
inner strap-shaped. Lyons. Calyx, the lowermost scales at first
upright, afterwards bent back. Huds. Mr. Relhan informs me
that he hj$examined many plants lately, and has no doubt of its
being a distinct species.

Hedypnois paludosa. Sc op. earn. n. 958. Leontodon Raii. Gouan.
ill. 55. Leontodon Taraxacum paludo sum. Lightf.A. scot. 432. Picris
scapo unifloro , foil is glabris semipinnatis , calyce lev:. Hall. hist. n<
26. St. Leontodon Taraxacum £ palustris. Huds. and Bot. Arr,
, ed. ii.

Hinton Moor, Cambridgeshire. Lyons. Moist places on the
aides of mountains in the Isle of Skye. Lightf. P. June.

(2) Down sitting •

autumnale. L. Stem branched : fruit-stalks scaly: leaves spear-shap-
ed, toothed, very entire, smooth: down mostly sitting.

Fuchs. 320-7. B. ii.i 031-Trag. 26 5-Dod. 639.4 -Ger. em. 297. 3—
Lottie. i. 92. 3~G<fr. 233. 4-1)0^.639. 3-Lo^.o^. 120. 1. andlc. i .237.
2-Ger.em.2g6.2~Park.'jg4..q.-H.ox.vii.’j.6-Matth.rj66~Pet.i2.i .

Root bitten off as in Scabtosa Succisa. Flowers opening at 7,
and closing at 3 in the afternoon. It is difficult to say under what
genus it should be placed. It differs from Scorzonera in its sitting
„ down ; from Crepis in its simple tiled calyx; and from Leontodon
in its sitting feathered down. Linn. Down of the seeds of the
circumference sitting, those of the centre sometimes on a short
pedicle. Leers. Root in the 2d or 3d year dying at the end,
appearing as if bitten off. Stems sometimes thrice as tall as the
leaves. Leaves spear-shaped, quite smooth; teeth bluntish.
Flowering branches nearly of an equal height. Calyx inversely
egg-shaped, tapering downwards, beset with tapering blackish
hairs, and a small quantity of cottony substance. Down of the
central florets sometimes tapering out into a kind of short pedicle ;
feathered, brownish white, which colour readily distinguishes it
from Hypochieris radicata , which it very much resembles, and the
pthers oi the same tribe which flower in the meadows at the same
time. St. Root thick, sending out lateral fibres. Leaves nearly
strap-shaped, smooth; hairs simple. Stem and fruit-stalks slightly
scored, smooth. Fruit- stalks mostly forked; the scales resembling
the outer ones of the calyx. Calyx , the outer scales much shorter,
upright, a little hairy at the ends ; the inner with a row of long-
ish black hairs along the back. Florets yellow on both sides. Style
and summit set on the upper part with very short and exceedingly
fine, white, bristly hairs. Down about the length of the seed, ra-
ther longer than the tubular part of the blofsom, the feather-like
fibres on the hairs extremely fine. Seeds comprefsed, scored.

Hedypnois autumnale. Huds. Autumnal Dandelion. Yellow Devil's
Bit. Meadows and pastures. P. July, Aug.

SYNGENESIA. vEQUALIS. Leontodon.

. , / \

Var. 2. Leaves hairy. Ray.

With variety i, and with us the most common. St,

Var. 3. Leaves wing-cleft.

Ger . 2 3 3 , . 1 2 . 2 .

Hieracium prsemorsum laciniatum. R. Syn. 164.

Pastures about London. July, Aug,

Var. 4. Dwarf. Leaves pointed. Pet.

/

Pet. 12.3.

Hedges about London. July, Aug.

Hieracium folio acuto minus. R. syn. 164. (St.)

Var. 5. Dwarf. Leaves blunt, like thofe of L. Taraxacum. Pet.

Pet. 12.4.

With variety 4. July, Aug,

681

L. All the scales of the calyx upright : leaves toothed, his'pidum
very entire, hispid : bristle-like hairs forked.

Curt. 3 1 4-F!. dan. 862. (The figures of the older Botanists are
not sufficiently exact to allow of our knowing whether they
intended them for this or for the next species.)

A strap-shaped floral-leaf below the flower, which is not in L.
hirlum . Florets of the circumference greenish on the outside. Down
sitting, feathered. A plant difficult to make out, from the differ-
ent synonyms referred to by different authors. Flowers open at 4
in the morning, and close at 3 in the afternoon. Linn. Leaves
on leaf-stalks, spear-shaped, somewhat hoary ; hairs forked and
simple. Seeds slender, rough, striated, the upper part of the
ridges toothed, the lower warty; as long as the down. Woodw.

Root bitten off. Stalk 6 to 16 inches high. Leavet indented
toothed. Hairs with 2 or 3 points, or simple. Calyx with simple
hairs. Down white, with 1 1 large rays just longer than the seed,
with as many intermediate ones. Dr. Stokes.

Rough Dandelion. Meadows and pastures. [Lulworth Cove,

Dorsetshire. St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol.] P. May — Sept.

Var. 2. Leaves entire, with sometimes shallow teeth, spear-
shaped, rough. Linn.

Clus. ii.i 41 .2 -Ger. em.302.3-Pa.rk.jgg.! 2 -J. B. ii.i 038 -Fl.ox.
v\\.j.i2.row 2 .f./^-Pet. 1 1.5— Gw.238.3* (These figures are
cited on the authority of Ray.

Dens leonis montanus angustifolius. R. syn. 171. — Leontodon Ta-
raxacum y H u d s — Hieracium incanum, according to Reichard. St,

Near the top of y Glyder mountain near Llanberys.

SYNGENESIA. AEQUALIS. Hicracium.

hir'tum L, All the scales of the calyx upright : leaves toothed,
hairy ; hairs undivided. Linn. Outer row of seeds
down-lefs. Haller.

Curt,' —FI. dan. 90 1 .

Very much resembling L. hispidum , but distinct. Fruit-Stalks
and calyxes not so hairy, nearly smooth. Leaves stiffish, and as it
were dry to the touch, and the central parts very much curled
when dry; segments slanting; the hairs undivided at the point.
Calyx nodding before flowering, channelled when the seeds are
ripe ; the outermost scales dilated on each side at the base, with
a fold between. Blofs. the florets of the circumference yellow
underneath, and not greenish. Linn. Stem 6 inches high. Seeds
of the circumference crowned with a shallow leafy ornament, in-
stead of down ; those of the centre with a feathered down. Hall.
A rquch smaller plant than the L. hispidum, and its caly^ is
smooth, but the leaves are hairy. In L. autumnale the calyx is
hairy and the leaves smooth. M. Afzelius. The wantof down
to the outer row of seeds sufficiently distinguishes this plant from
its congeners. Flowers yellow.

Hedypnois hispidum, hirtum 0 Huds. Deficient Dandelion .
Curt. Heaths and commons. [Frequent in Devonshire and

Cornwall.] P. June — Aug.

\

HIERA'CIUM. Recept. generally naked : calyx tiled,
egg-shaped: sometimes double: down mostly
sitting, hair-like; rarely feathered.

(1) Stalk leafiefs, i-flowered : Down simple,

j?ilose!-la. K. Leaves very entire, egg-shaped, cottony underneath :

suckers creeping.

Curt.2jg-Luchv. 1 qq- Wale .-Blackw. 36 5~Fuchs.605-Trag.2j8-*
Lome. \.g 5. 5-J'B.\\.\oo)g-Park.6go.2-F[.ox.xii.8. 5-Pet. 1 i.r
-Dod.6j-Lob.2 5^.1 , and ic.i. ^jg. i-Ger. em.658. 2-Park. 6go.
l-fI.Qx.vii.8. row if.i-Ger.515.2.

Blofs. red on the outside, opening at 8 in the morning, and
closing about 2 in the afternoon. Linn. Suckers covered with
cotton, and beset with hairs, lying close to the ground, not
throwing out flowering stems in the autumn, as H. dubiumtmd H,
Auricula. Florets with a broad purple stripe on the under side.
Woodw. Calyx hairs terminated by black globular substances.
Blofs. pale yellow within.

SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS. Hieracium.

Creeping Mouse-ear . Mouse- ear Haevakvoeed. Very dry mea-
dows, pastures, and walls. P. May — Sept.f

H. Leaves oblong, entire, toothed ; stalk almost naked ;
calyx hairy.

Light/. i 8. at p.^^-Col.ecphr.u.^o.l-Allioni. 1 4.2 -H. ox. vii.7.5
-Pet. 11. 2— Ray 6. 2. at p. 168 —(FI. dan. 27, may p of sibly be the
same giant in a cultivated state , for Mr. Ray tells us it fieri qs-<
sumes such an appearance.)

Leaves egg-oblong, slightly toothed, sprinkled on both sides
with white expanding hairs. Stalk thick, sprinkled with whi^e
hairs brown at the base. Floral-leaves small, 1 or 2 on the upper
part of the stalk. Calyx swoln, set with numerous white pro-
jecting hairs. Blofs. yellow. Linn. Calyx concealed as it were
by its hairs. Murr. About 3 inches high. Whole plant set
with long hairs, especially the fruit-stalk and the calyx. Leaves
pblong egg-shaped, tapering downwards into long leaf-stalks.
Fruit-stalks but little longer than the leaves.

Mountain Hawkweed. Mountains near the summits in dry
soil. Rocks on Glyder and Trigfylchau near Llanberys, on Ben
Croochid and near Loch Awe, and many other of the Highland
mountains. Llvn y Cwyn near Snowdon. Penn.

P. July, Aug.

H. Leaves spear-shaped, toothed, smooth : stalk almost
naked : calyx hairy.

Retz.y.2-Allion.%i .1 .

Doubtful whether a hybrid plant, or a new species. The leaves
are so much like those of L. autumnale , and the stalk and jlovcers
so exactly like those of Hieracium alpinum , that if the stalk and
flower of the latter were added to the leaves of the former, you
would have a fair specimen of the plant in question. Leaves^
teeth, some shorter, others longish, often bent forwards. Stalk
with the minute rudiments of leaves, hairy, thickening towards
the flower, swelling at the end like the calyx, with brown
hairs. Entirely different from L.aureum , the calyx being very
much tiled which can hardly be said of L. aureum or autumnale .
Linn. Down sitting, feathered. Lightf. on whose authority it

f This differs from the other lactescent plants, being lefs bitter, and more
astringent. It is esteemed hurtful to sheep. An insect of the Cochineal
genus (Coccus fwlomcus) is often found at the roots. Act. Upsal 1732. Goats
eat it. Sheep arc not fond of it. Ilorses and cows refuse it.

2

683

alpl'num,

Tarax*acL

684 SYNGENESIA. jEQUALIS. Hieracium.

principally stands as a British plant, but I have never seen it,
and M. Afzelius doubts its being native with us.

Hedypnois autumnale Taraxaci. Huds. which see. Sides of
mountains in wet ground, but not common in Wales. Ben-na-
Caillich mountain in the Isle of Skye. P. July,

(2) Stalk naked , many -flowered*

du'bium. H. Leaves entire, egg-oblong : suckers creeping.

Fl.dan. 1044.

Stem rough with hair. Leaves rough with hair, especially
underneath. Larger than H. Auricula in all its parts. Occurs
but rarely, possibly a mongrel production, or a variety of some
species or other. Linn. Stalk smooth, from 6 to 9 inches high,
with 3 to 6 flowers. Huds. Leaves longer and narrower than in
H. Pilosella , very slightly concave, hairy on both sides, but more
sparingly than in H. Pilosella , green above ; greyish, but not cot-
tony underneath. Stalks upright, nearly smooth below, with
mostly 2 flowers, rarely 1. Pedicles equal, straddling, which, as
also the calyxes , cloathed with hairs terminated by black glo-
bules. Florets pale yellow on both sides. Seeds oval, scored ;
down sitting, as long as the calyx. Such were the appearances in
June and July, but in autumn as follows : Suckers throwing out
branches, and terminated by a flowering stem. Branches not
rooting, with alternate leafy branches. Stem drooping at the base,
with 5 and 6 flowers. Fruit-stalks alternate. Floral-leaves spear-
shaped, 1 at the base of each flower, and similar ones on the fruit-
stalks. Cultivated some years in my garden. The roots received
from the North of England for II. dubium. It approaches nearest
to that species, and is, I apprehend, that plant, though somewhat
varied. Mr. Woodward.

Creeping Hawkweed. Moistish mountainous situations. Fair-
field mountain near Rydall, Westmoreland, P. July, Aug.

AjUncu'la. H. Leaves very entire, spear-shaped: suckers creeping.

Ger.5 14, 3 , is referred to by C. B. under the plant cited by Linnecus t

Leaves spear-shaped, rough with very small hairs. Stalk and
calyx beset with black bristles. Being planted in a garden it rose
the next year to 3 leet high, with flowers in a kind of umbel on
long fruit-stalks. Linn. Root bitten off, with numerous simple
fibres. Suckers leafy. Stalk upright, scarcely 6 inches high,
somewhat hairy, hairs scattered. Leaves mostly very entire, point-
ed, naked. Flowers in a panicle, 3 to 6, yellow. Huds.

Narrow leaved Hawkweed. On mountains. On Dalehead not
far from Grafs-mere, Westmoreland, P. July.

SYNGENESIA. ^EQUALIS. Hieracium.

(3) Stem leafy, Down sitting,

H. Stein upright, many flowered : leaves egg-spearshaped,
toothed, half embracing the stem.

Allion 2j.2-Fl.dan.8j 2-Pet. 1 ^.j-Gmel. ii. 14,2-7. jB.ii.1039.3-
H.qx.y ii.5.59.

Receptacle in this and H. umbellatum naked, but rougher than
in the other species. Li n n j Stem sometimes branched from half or
two thirds of the way up; the uppermost branches often spring-
ing from one point in manner of an umbel ; those below alternate.
More distinguishable from H. umbellatum by the eye than by the
specific differences. In branches where the top of the stem has been
bitten off the leaves often afsume tho figure of those of H. umbel-
latum; add to this, that the fruit-stalks are often congregated in
manner of an umbel, as in Gmel. ii. 14. 1, and FI. dan. 872. See
also variety 4. St. Flowers opening at 7 in the morning, and
closing between 1 and 2. Blofs. yellow.

Shrubby Hawk-weed. Woods and hedges. P. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Leaves covered with a short and just perceptible
down. Ray.

Grnel.u . 1 4. 1 -Pet. 1 3 . g.

Moist shady woods. Huds. NearHulswater, Westmorel. Ray.

Var. 3. Leaves longer, with fewer teeth, 1 flower only on the
stem.

Pluk.^j.^-Pet.i 1.6.

On a dry bank at the edge of a wood in a lane leading from
Hornhill to Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire. Ray.

Var. 4. Leaves broad spear-shaped, on very short leaf-stalks. St.

Pet. 13.8.

[Perry Wood, near Worcester. St.]

H. Stem upright, panicle terminating: leaves spear-shaped,
embracing the stem ; glaucous underneath.

Allion. 27. i and 3.

Whole plant more or lefs hairy. Leaves fringed with hairs,
edged with a few minute distant teeth ; dark green above, glau-
cous green underneath. Flowers numerous, bright yellow, form-
ing a panicle.

Hieracium spicatum . Allion pedem. i. p. 208; but no trivial
name could be more improper than spicatumy applied to a plant
with a large spreading panicle. The glaucous green of the leaves
is alone sufficient to distinguish this from all our other species.

685

sabau'dum.

prenanthoi'

des.

68 5

pa'.udo'sum.

muroVum.

SYNGENESIA. AEQUALIS. H ieracium;'

found by Mr. Dickson in woods in the South of Scotland.
Linn. Tr. ii.288. P. June, Juiyi

Ii. Stem panicled : leaves embracing the stem, tbothedj
smooth : calyxes hispid.

Ger.236-Ger.em. 300- Allioni 28.2 and 31 t2-Fl.dan. 928- J. B. ii.
1 0 3 3 • 1 ~ 7' ’ B • h. . 1 o 2 6 . 3 H.i 0, x . v ii . 5 . 4 7 .

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hollow, in which it differs from H. mu -
rbmm; furrowed, smooth, generally bright purple at the base.
Leaves smooth, alternate, the lower on leaf-stalks, oval-spear-
shaped ; the upper spear-shaped, deeply toothed towards the base,
entire at the summit; the uppermost very entire. Leaf-stalks
and mid-ribs of the leaves sometimes purple, especially under-
neath. Fruit-stalks smooth. Flowers solitary, smaller than in H.
murorum. Cal. scales strap-spearshaped, with numerous black
hairs on the back. Woodward. Leaves notched like those of
Dandelion but not so deeply. Flowers bright yellow.

Marsh Flawkweed. Moist meadows and woods, and sides of
rivulets in the mountainous parts of Graven, Yorkshire, and sides
of rivers, both in the Lowlands and Highlands. [Hardrow Force
in Wensley-dale, Yorkshire. Mr. Wood. — On the west side
of the river just below the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmore-
land. Dr. J. E. Smith. — Near Rydal* Westmoreland. Mefs.
Crowe and Woodward. — At the Hermitage near Taymouth.
St. — Marshy ground at the foot of Pentland hills. Dr. Hope.]

B. July.

H. Stem branched : root-leaves egg-shaped* toothed :
stem-leaf smaller.

Barr.ic.^^-Tabern.^o^-J.B.n.io^^.i-Gerwm.^o^.i-'H.ox.
vii. 5. 54-Pet. 1 3.2 and 3-<Trag.2'j6— Munt. 233-Pet. 1 1.4.

Root simple. Stem single, a foot high, thread-like, not very
strong, beset with hairs, with a single branch, sometimes none.
Root-leaves on leafstalks, somewhat toothed, beset with scattered
hairs; stem-leaves 1 or 2, on the lower part of the stem, on leaf-
stalks, pointed, toothed, reddish underneath. Flowers few, open-
ing about 6 in the morning and closing about 2 in the afternoon.
Linn. Root-leaves varying considerably in shape, mostly oval
spear-shaped, narrowing towards the leaf-stalk, and with a few
large teeth towards the base, very entire upwards, hairy on both
sides, and especially the mid-rib and leaf-stalk ; sometimes spot-
ted with large reddish spots. Stem cylindrical, solid, firm, slight-
ly scored, reddish towards the base, hairy, sometimes naked, or
nearly so, sometimes cloathed with leaves, similar to but smaller j
than the root-leaves* Flowers in a branched panicle* Floral-leaves

SYNGENESIA. /EQUALIS. Hieraciiim*

awl-shaped, i to each fruit-stalk. Calyx, scales strap-spearshao-
ed, the lower spreading. B/ofs. yellow. Seeds nearly cylindrical
furrowed, smooth, dark purple, as long as the down, which has
rays as long as the calyx. Woodward. It varies in the root-
leaves being sometimes nearly circular, and very slightly and
sparingly toothed; sometimes oblong-egg-shaped, or egg-spear-
shaped and the teeth large. Edge of the leaves hairy. Sometimes
the stem bears only a single flower.

French Lungwort. Golden Lungwort , or Hawkweed. Woods,
old vvalis, snady banks, and balks of corn fields. [Bolton Abbey,
Craven, Yorkshire. Castle Dinas Bran. Mr. Wood.— Arthur’s
Scat, Edmbuigh.ST. Conzic Scar, near Kendal. IVXr. Woodw.J

P* July.

1 H. Stem branched, leafy: root-leaves egg-shaped, acute,
on leaf-stalks: stem-leaves sitting : fruit-stalks ma-
ny-flowered. Gouan.

Allioni 28.1-1^.0^.517.2, andlc.l587,i-Ger.em.^o^.2-Park.
1 801. 2- Tabern.gog. i-J.fkii. 1034.3.

^ Differs from tire If. muioium, in the root-leaves being spear-
shaped and slightly toothed, not egg-shaped, never approachino-
to wing-cleft at the base; the leaf-stalks being longer, the stem?

leaves more than 1, and the whole plant considerably larger*
Flowers yellow. y b

Hier ac him murorum £. Linn. Huds. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Old
Roman Camp at Sidmonton, near Newberry. O11 the side of the
Lake Lhyn y Cwin. Ray. [On Dudley Castle Hill.] P. Aug*

sylva'ticum*

H. Stem branched : leaves rough with hair : root-leaves ebg- villorsum«
shaped, toothed: stem-leaves heart-shaped, embrac-
ing the stem.

Jacq.austr.^~Clus.i^i-J.B.u.io27^H.ox.vu.5.5^.

St-etn scoied, somewhat hairy; branches as high as the main
stem. Root-leaves spear-shaped, broadish, somewhat hairy, teeth
blunt. Stem-leaves heart-shaped, embracing the stem, approach-
es at the base. Fruit- stalks 1 -flowered. Floral-leaves

rather distant, fiom the calyx. Cal. hut little tiled, expanding,
ieafits unequal in length, set with hairs black at the base, and
with a yellow gland at the point, as have all the hairs. Seeds
black. Down sitting, hair-like, in large quantity. Linn. Root-
leaves very variable in size, the small ones on very long leaf-
stalks. S tem- leaves sometimes strap-shaped, and not embracing
the^stem.^ The whole plant woolly, and when cultivated rising
to the height of 4 feet. Flowers large, yellow.

Found ^by Mr. Dickson amongst wet rocks on Ben Nevis,

Scotland. Linn. tr. ii. 286. [Clefts of rocks near Mecr Gill, at
the foot of Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Mr. Caley.1 p. Aue.

638

mol'le.

umbel la'tum

SYNGENESIA. jEQUALIS. Crepis.

H. Leaves soft, spear-shaped, nearly entire ; lower ones
on leaf-stalks : flowers on fruit-stalks nearly form-
ing a.eorymbus.

Dicks. h.s.-Jacq.austr. i ig.

Stem upright, unbranched, i or 2 feet high, scored, purplish,
leafy, somewhat hairy. Fruitst. terminating, few, 1 or 2-flowered,
1 \ inch long. Leaves oval, blunt, hairy on both sides, soft, the
upper sitting, the lower tapering into leaf-stalks. Calyx not
tiled; leafits dark green, hairy, uniform. Flowers deep yellow.
Seeds reddish, scored. It approaches to the H. murorum, and
sometimes grows along with it, but it differs in the colour of the
flowers, the number of leaves on the stem, and is truly distinct.
Jacquin.

Found by Mr. Dickson in the south of Scotland. Linn. tr. ii.
286. B. July, Aug.

H. Leaves strap-shaped, somewhat toothed, scattered:
flowers in a sort of umbel.

Curt.—Kniph. g—Pet. 13.10 and 1 i-Clus. u£ i 4.0-Dod. 638. 2-Lob.
cbs. 120.3, and ic.i. 2^0. 1~Ger.em.2g8.5-Park.801.4--J. B. ii.
io30.i-F/.^2«.68o-G<?r.2 34.6.

Leaves spear-strapshaped, obscurely toothed. Flowers termi-
nating. Calyx the outer segments with their points turned back.
Linn. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, simple, cylindrical, scored, hollow,
nearly smooth. Leaves numerous, without order, decreasing in
size upwards, sitting, strap-spearshaped, with a few pointed teeth
towards the base, edges and ribs slightly hairy. Flowers large,
yellow. Fruit-stalks branched, cottony. Floral-leaves awl-shaped.
Cal. scales strap-spearshaped, the outer somewhat cottony, the
inner smooth. Seeds cylindrical, smooth, furrowed. Down as
long as the calyx. Mr. Woodw.

Bushy Hawkweed. Hedges and dry shady places. [Ditching-
ham, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Ditch banks near Birming-
ham. St.]

Var. 2. Leaves, smooth, very entire, dark green. Dill, in R .
syn. truly strap-shaped. St.

Pet. 13.12.

About London, but not common. [Near Bungay, Suffolk,
common. Mr. Woodward.] July, Aug*

CRE'PIS. Recept. naked: calyx double, the outer one
deciduous : down hair-like, sometimes standing
019 a pedicle.

t

689

SYNGENES1A. iEQUALIS. Crepis.

C. Leaves between notched and winged, rough with hair :
leaf-stalks toothed.

Co/, eephr. 2^2-Park.y^^.3~Dod.6^i.3~Lob.obs.i 13. i, and ic. i.
226.1 -Ger.em.2yQ-H.0x.vu. 44- Pet. 1 2.8 and g -Magn.bot. 1 29.

Unopened flowers nodding. Leaves smelling like bitter almonds.
Linn, rather like opium. Relhan. Calyx whitish. Down longer
than the calyx; on a pedicle. Receptacle somewhat hairy. Leers.
Flowers small, yellow.

Stinking Hawksbeard. Dry meadows and pastures. About
Cambridge. Banstead Downs, by the side of the road to Dark-
ing, Surry. Northfieet chalk pits, Kent. Near Greenhithe.
[Near SwafFham. Air. Pitchford.] B. June, July.

I

C. Leaves spear-shaped, notched ,* sitting, smooth ; the
lower ones toothed.

, Cur £,§2j-WaIc.-Fl. dan. 501-Pet. 1 2. 6-Gmel.'u.6-Lob.ic.\. 239-

Gsr.em. 297. 4- Park. 794. 2-H.ox. vii. 7. 29 -J. B. ii. 1024. 1-
D0d.636.3-L0b.0bs. 1 1 5. 1 , and ic.\.22g.2-Ger.em.2$/±.2-Park.
yyy.2-J.B.iuio2^.2-Ger.22S.2.

Plant of an ash-coloured green. Stem angular, furrowed.
Branches as long as the stem. Root-leaves those of Leontodon ta-
raxacum ; stem-leaves those of L. autumnale , but with the teeth at
the base upright and longer ; branch-leaves entire, strap-shaped,
somewhat arrow-shaped and rolled back at the edge. Flowers of
the appearance of those of the Lapsana Communis, never nodding.
Cal. furrowed, sprinkled longitudinally with clammy hairs. Styles
as soon as they hai’e pafsed through the anthers, brown, a singu-
lar circumstance. The plant, in most other respects, liable to
great variations, in point both of structure and appearance, when
growing in a rich soil appearing as figured in Ger. 228. 2 ; when
in a poor soil it is slender, about a foot high, with strap-shaped
leaves somewhat toothed, resembling those of Plantago Cor one pus ,
[as in Gmel. ii. 6. St.] ora hand’s breadth high, with leaves jag-
ged like those of Leontodon Taraxacum. Linn. Root very long
and taper. Stems scored, purplish, often twisted, smooth. Leaves
strap-shaped; stem-leaves with winged clefts embracing the stem.
Cal. with black or brownish white hairs, terminating in small
transparent globules; outer , leaves 5 to 10, not deciduous ; inner
keeled towards the bottom. Florets yellow on both sides. Down
sitting, rather longer than the seeds, and longer than the tube of
the blofsom.

Smooth Succory Hawk-weed, or Hawk's- heard. Meadows, pas-
tures, walls, roofs, road sides. A. June — Sept.

Vo l . Ill— -2 Y

foe'tida.

tecto'rum.

?

69 o SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS. Hyoseris.

Var. 2. Leaves tapering to a fine point.

Prt.12.7.

Pastures about London. July, Aug.

Var. 3. Leaves entire, toothed, either spear-shaped or egg-
shaped.

P^.12.5.

Pastures about London.

Sometimes the leaves are very entire, scarcely producing a
single tooth.

Var. 4. Stems trailing, leaves strap-shaped, very narrow,
apparently from the stem having been bitten off in the spring.

bien'nis# C. Leaves notched, with winged clefts, rough, toothed

above the base : calyx bristly.

E.bot.i^g~K}ilph.6-J.B.u.io2^.^~C.B.pr*6^-Park.yg^-H.ox^
vu^.^G-Pet. 12.10.

Stem angular, rough, 4 to 6 feet high, brittle. Leaves , all be-
tween lyre-shaped and winged, bristly underneath. Calyx fur-
rowed, beset lengthways with soft prickles. Flowers closing be-
tween 3 and 4 in the afternoon. Linn. Calyx scales sometimes
slightly cottony with only here and there a scattered, short, bristly
hair. St. Leaves at the base of the lowermost flowering branches
similar to the leaves below, those at the base of the upper flowering
branches strap-spearshaped. Flowering branches spreading, with se-
veral dowers. Flowers on separate fruit-stalks. Floral-leaves spear-
shaped* Blofs. yellow. Seeds furrowed. Down sitting; hair-like, ex-
tending a little beyond the calvx. Woodw. Lower leaves in the.
larger plants widely notched ; the notches hollowed out like the:
teeth of a large timber saw, or the leaves of the common Dan-
delion.

Rough Succory Hawkweed, or Hawksbeard. Meadows and pas-
tures in a calcareous soil. Road from Sittingburn to Rochester,
and about Northfieet and other places in Kent. B. July, Aug.;

HYO'SERIS. Recept. naked : calyx nearly equal :
down sitting, like awned chaff, surrounded with
hairs, or instead thereof a minute calyx includ-
ing a very fine down.

/

min ima. H. Stem divided, naked: fruit-stalks thickening upwards

E.bot.g^-Fl. da n. 201- Clus . i i . 1 4 2 . 2 - Ger. em. 2 8 8 . 8- Park .791.9-
Pet. 1 5.g-G:es.33-Ger.22j.8-H.ox.vu.i.8.

Root small, woody, with a few stiff fibres. Leaves spreadinj
in a circle, bluntly oval, tapering into a leaf-stalk, toothed onth

SYNGENESIA. iEQUALlS. Hypochcetis.

sides, entire at the base and end, viewed with a glafs slightly
hairy, particularly at the edges. Stalk 6 to 9 inches high, cylin-
drical, smooth, reddish and stiff at the bottom, green and hollow
upwards, sometimes simple, oftener with 1, and sometimes 2
branches. Branches reddish, and wire-like at the base, hollow and
thickening upwards, sometimes again branched. Flowers nodding
before they open, afterwards upright. Cal. outer scales small, dry,
and shrivelling; the inner very pointed. Blofs. yellow. Seeds
oval, scored, crowned with the proper calyx. Woodward.

Small Swine's Succory . Small Swines -eye. Meadows and corn-
fields in gravelly soil. About Hampton Court. Common Corn-
field, Walthamstow, Efsex. Teddington Field, near Hampton.
Pensham Field, near Pershore, Worcestershire, in the most bar-
ren and gravelly places. Nash. — [Cornfields near Norwich.

1 Mefsrs. Pitchford and Woodward. Sandy cornfields about
Forfar. Road from Dundee to St. Andrews. Mr. Brown.]

A. May, June.

, HYPOCHfE'RIS. Recept. chaffy: calyx somewhat
tiled: down on a pedicle; feathered.

H. Stem almost bare, with a solitary branch : leaves egg-
oblong, entire, toothed.

E.bot.22$-Fl. dan.\^-Hall. enum. 24.1. at p. 740, andhist. 1.1.
at p. 2 cp-Clus. ii. 1 3 g . 2 —G<?r. 30 1 . 1 —Park. 799.1 3—J.B.ii, 1027.
1 -H. 0 x. vi i . 5 . 53- Pet. 1 3 . 1 -Ger . 2 3 7 . 1 -Flail. 1 . 1 . at p.2 4 .

Seeds wrinkled. Linn. Leaves spreading on the ground in a
circle, oval, toothed at the base, very entire towards the end,
fringed, with reddish angular spots, and scattered hairs. Stem
naked, with 1 or 2 strap-shaped scales. Cal . outer scales black-
ish, fringed; the inner smooth, yellowish, half as long as the
florets, hairy, composed of large scales. Woodward. Stalk
generally simple, but sometimes with 1,2, or 3 branches. Relh.
Blofsoms yellow ; opening at 6 in the morning, and closing at 4
in the afternoon.

Spotted Cats-ears. Mountainous meadows and pastures. Gog-
magog Hills, between Triplow Heath and Foulmire, Newmarket
Heath, banks of the Devil’s Ditch near Reche, and Bartlow,
Cambridgeshire. Bernuk Heath, Northamptonshire. [On Ora-
pherhead, by Cartmel Wells, very plentiful, along with Veronica
hybrida. Mr. Hall. Near Ottermine Cove, Settle, Yorkshire*
Mr. Caley.] P* July.f*

f The leaves are boiled and eaten like cabbage. Horses are fond of this
plant when green, but they do not like it when dry. Cows, goats, and
swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Linn. The country people believe
it a cure for tetters, and other cutaneous eruptions, pofsibly throng a vul-
gar prejudice, founded on its spotted leaves. Mr. Woou.

2 Y 2

69I

macula'ta*

SYNGENESIA. AEQUALIS. Hypochaeris.

gla'bra. H. Smooth : stem branched, leaf-lefs : leaves toothed and

indented : calyx oblong, tiled.

Curt. 1 45- FI. dan.qytp-Pet.i 2.4-H. ox.vii. 4. 3 5-Pet. r 1.1 2 -Col.
ecph.ii.2j.2.

Differs from H. radicata in having minute blofsoms , and the
scales of the calyx being smooth, and the keel not fringed. Whole
plant smooth. Stems nearly upright, with 1 or 2 branches, slen-
der, hollow above, solid below. Leaves spear-shaped, indented-
toothed. Fruit-stalks thickening upwards. Cal. like that of Leontodon
autwnnale. Blofs. yellow, close. Seeds of the circumference with
the down sitting; those of the centre, down on a pedicle. Habit
and appearance that of Leontodon autumnale . Linn. Stem some-
times simple, in the autumn much branched and reclining. Leaves
in a circle round the root, shining; teeth triangular. Woodw.
Leaves sometimes edged with white hairs. Calyx long, conical ;
scales smooth, blunt, purplish at the ends.

Smooth Cats-ears. Sandy and gravelly soils. Near Middleton,
Warwickshire. Norwich, aridabout Comb and Kingston, Surry.
Pensham Field, near Pershore, Worcestershire. Nash. [On the
common close to the inn at Banktop, near Barnesley, Yorkshire.
Mr. Wood. Sandy parts of Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.
Wash wood Heath, near Birmingham.] A. June — Aug.

adica'ta. H. Stem branched, naked, even : leaves notched, blunt,

rough : fruit-stalks scaly.

Curt. 1 52 -FI. dan. 1 50 -Dod. 63 9.2 -Lob.obs. 1 2 o. 2 , ayid ic.i . 2 38 . r -

/

Ger.em. 2 98 . 6-Park . 7 go-H.ox .vii . 4. 2 7 - Ger. 2 2 7 .7 -Par k. 7 9 1 .

1. 1 i-^.B.ii.1032.1.

Fruit-stalks thickening upwards. Calyx , keel of the scales
fringed. Blo/s. large, closing at 3 in the afternoon. Linn. Root-
leaves spread on the ground, oblong-wedgeshaped, waved or
toothed, hairy. Stem smooth, naked. Branches 1 or more, thickest
under the flower, each with 1 flower. Woodw. Scales spearr
shaped, 1 at the base of each branch, with a few white bristly teeth
at the base on each side. Cal. not distended at the base ; scales
strap-spearshaped, set along the upper part of the keel with a row
of short, taper, dark, purple bristles. Seeds scored, rough ; pedicle
longer than the seed; down rather longer than the pedicle. Chaff
•strap-shaped, tapering and yellow towards the top. Blofsoms yel-
low within, reddish green without.

Long-rooted Hawkweed , or Cats-ear. Meadows and pastures,
common. P. May — Sept.

Var. 2. Smaller. Stem 5 or 6 inches high, simple, or with 1
flower, nearly sitting, on the side. Woodward.

\

SYNGENESIA. YEQUALIS. Lapsana.

LAP'S AN A. Rccept . naked: calyx double; all the
inner scales channelled.

L. Calyxes after flowering, angular ; fruit-stalks slender, commu'nis.
very much branched.

Dicks, h. s .-Curt .-Kniph. 5-Fl. dan. 500-Lob. obs. 1 04. 1 , and ic. i.
20j.1-Ger.e7n.255-Park.810.1-J. B.n. 1 028-Dod.^j 5.2-H.
c.v.vii. 1 .9 -Pet. 1 4. 1 2-Ger.2o)\ .8.

Seeds all naked, none involved in the scales of the calyx. Li nn.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stiff, hollow, cylindrical, scored, hairy.

Leaves alternate ; the lower egg-spearshaped, on leaf-stalks; the
the upper spear-shaped, higher up strap-shaped, the uppermost
awl-shaped. Leaf-stalks bordered, the border wing-cleft, and 1
or 2 pair of wings, slightly hairy. Flowering branches long, naked,
or with 1 or 2 awl-shaped scales, much branched at the top, each
branch with 1 flower. Woodward. Stem nearly cylindrical,
scored, hairy; the hairs terminated by minute globules. Branches
smooth. Leaves toothed, rough with hair, the lower egg-shaped,
on long leafstalks, the upper spear-shaped, sitting. Leaf-stalks
flat, with 2 or 3 pair of small unequal wings. Cal . rather cylin-
drical; the outer , scalesspear-shaped, closely embracing the base
of the inner. Blofs. yellow; florets 15 to 18. Styles purplish.

Summit dark purplish green.

Cotnmon Nipplewortt Dock Crefses. Hedges, shady places, and
on rubbish. A. June, July.

At Constantinople it is eaten raw, just before it comes into
flower.

CICHO'RIUM. Recept. somewhat chaffy : calyx dou-
ble: down about 5 teeth, indistinctly hairy.

C. Flowers in pairs, sitting : leaves notched. In'tybus.

FI. dan.goj-TVoodv.2 4.8-Curt. 24.1-Blackw. 1 jj-JValc.-D0d.63 5
—Lob.obs. 1 1 4. 1 >and i c.i. 2 28. 2-Ger. em.28q,.\-Park.jj6.2-H .
ox ,-vii. 1 . row 2 . 2 - Fuchs .Gjq-J. B.ii.ioo 8-T rag. 2j2-Lo?iic.\.

94.1 -Ger. 235.1 o-Mat th. 503.

Flowers open at 8, and close at 4. Linn. Stem angular. Stetn-
leaves spear-shaped, embracing the stem, toothed towards the base,
fringed with bristly hairs terminating in globules. Flowers in the
bosom of the upper leaves. Cal. outer , scales 6, bent back, about
half as long as those of the inner, set on the outside and edges
with whitish hairs terminated by small globules; inner, scales
skinny, set along the back with similar hairs, woolly at the ends,

2 Y3

SYNGENESlA. jEQUALIS. Arctium.

Blofs. of a fine blue; individuals with 5 or 6 semi-trartsparent lines,
a little woolly on the outside.. Cylinder ot anthers striped blue
and white. Germen edged with little teeth. Summits blue. Seeds
oblong, with 4 corners, crowned with a small greenish cup edged
with numerous white skinny teeth. Chaff short, spear-shaped.

Wild Succory , or Ci chary , or Endive. Borders of cornfields,
[Tamworth Castle.] B, July, Aug.-f*

ARCTIUM. Calyx globular: scales with hooked
points, bent inwards.

Lap'pa. A* Leaves heart-shaped, without thorns, on leaf-stalks.

Kniph.^-LudvoAQ^-Curt .258-Woodv.i 5-Matth.11 5^.-Lob.ols%
318.2, and i.588.1— G*r. 664.1- Park. 1223. i-Dod.ofi-Lob.
cbs. 318.1, and ic. i . 58 7 . 2 - Ger . em.8 o g . 1 -Vet. 2a,A-Fuchs.j2^
J.B. ill. 5'jo-Trag.837-B/acktw.i 17. 1-H.0x.vii. 32. i-JLonic.i,
64. 2.

Heads with a very slight woollinefs, not so broad as those of
i^ar. 2, nor so round as the varieties with woolly heads. The
most common of all. Ray. Leaves , the lower on long leaf-stalks,
waved at the edges; the upper egg-spearshaped. Mr. Woodw,
Stems reddish. Stems and leaves with short white soft bristles,
Fruit-stalks from the bosom of the leaves. Cal. scales green and
fleshy at the base, purple towards the top, keeled, ending in long
stiff awns, yellow at the hooked ends. Blofs. tube white ; border
red. Anthers bluish purple. Style white. Summits expanding,
white. Seeds oblong, angular, somewhat flatted.

Burdock . Common Burr. Clott-burr , Hurr-burr . Road sides,
rubbish, and ditch banks. B. July— Aug.

Var. 2. Heads roundish, rather larger, brownish purple, co-
vered with a whitish cotton. Blofs. purple. Stem dark red. Ray.

Mill.ic. 1 59-BIackw. 1 1 7. 2-Fhdan. ^/pi-Vet. 23. 5-Matth. 1 1 53-,
H.ox.v ii.32.2.

Road sides and rubbish.

Var. 3. Heads quite smooth, very large, an inch in diameter^
green. Blofs. purplish.

New Crois, Kent, Ray,

f The leaves, when blanched, are eaten early in the spring in sallads.
They lose their bitternefs by cultivation. The roots, gathered before the
stem shoots up, are eatable, and, when dried, will make bread. Sheep^
goats, and swine eat it. Cows and horses refuse it.

SYNGENESIA, /EQUALIS. Serratula.

693

Var. 4. Heads small, smooth, of the size of a hazel nut, broad-
jsh at the base, brown. Blofs. purple. Ray,

P&> 23.3.

Var. 5. Heads the size and colour of those of var. 4, rounder,
brown or purplish, and with a considerably quantity of cotton.
Ray.

Near Halifax, Yorkshire. Ray.

Var 6. With leafy heads. Pluk.

Pet. 23,2,

About London. Aug. Pet. DiLL.f’

SERRA'TULA. Calyx nearly cylindrical, tiled; scales
not awned.

S« Leaves lyre-shaped and wing-cleft; the terminating tinctofria.
segment very large : florets all alike*

Fl.dan.2Si-E.l>ot.^8-’Ger.^yy.^-Matth.g^.i-Clus.i\.S.i-Dod.

42.3-1^.0^.288.2, and ic.i. 534-Ger.em.j12. 1-Pet.22.6-J.

B.iu. 23. 2-Park. 475.0.

Leaves fringed. Receptacle bristly . Link. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, firm, 4-cornered, scored, smooth. Leaves sometimes entire,
mostly wing-cleft, alternate, half embracing the stem ; wings
spear-shaped, sharply serrated, or rather toothed, woolly above,
and at the edges and veins underneath. Flowers single or in
clusters, terminating or on the branches. Cal. scales numerous,
slightly cottony at the edges, the upper rather longer. Blofs.
purple. Down yellowish, shining, hairy. Woodward.

Common Saw-wort , W oods ; pastures. P. July,

Var. 2. Blofsoms white.

[Alconbury, five miles from Huntingdon, on the north road,

Mr. Woodward.]

f Before the flowers appear, the steins, stripped of their rind, are boiled
and eat like asparagus. When raw they are good with oil and vinegar.

A decoction of the roots is esteemed by some very sensible physicians, as
equal, if not superior to that of sarsaparilla. — Boys catch bats, by throwing
the prickly heads up into the air. — Cows and goats eat it. Sheep and horses
refuse it. Swine are not fond of it.

The Phalana Humuli feeds upon the roots, and the Mottled Orange Moth
upon the stems. Linn.— A horse eat the leaves, and has been observed to
eat the heads. Stores.

2

696 • SYNGENESIA. yEQUALIS. Serratula.

Var. 3. All the leaves entire. Mr. Wood.
Km'ph.2-Ger.g'j6.i-Matth.gq:^.2-Clus.ii.^.i-Dod.^2.^-Lob,obst
288.2, and 7^.534. i-Gfr. em.'] 13.1-Pet. 22. 5-Park. 475.

Var. 4. Lower leaves entire, the upper part cut. Hall.

Ger. 576.2.

Var. 5. All the leaves jagged, Hall, wing-cleft, without the
large terminating segment. Wings spear-shaped, serrated. f

Zanon. 94,

\

alpi'na. S. Calyxes somewhat hairy, egg-shaped : leaves undi-
vided.

. Lightf. 1 9, at p. 44 g-Pluk . 1 54.3-Gwf7.ii.26.

Root-leaves egg-spearshaped, serrated, the serratures not end-
ing in bristles but expanding, smooth above, woolly and whitish
underneath. Stem-leaves 7 to 10, spear-shaped, very entire, nearly
sitting. Stem undivided, a span high. Flowers 8 to 12, in a
broad-topped spike terminating the stem. Cal. oblong, nearly
cylindrical. Linn. About 5 inches high. Stem cottony. Leaves
6 or 7 ; cottony underneath. Flowers about 6; terminating,
blue. Down stiff and strong ; feathered.

Mountain Saw-wort. On the highest rock of Snowdon, and
on Brearcliff, near Brunley, Lancashire. Merret. Sides of the
Highland Mountains, and near Moffat, in Anandale. Lightf.
[O nthe highest rocks ofCaernarvonshire, as Clogwyny Garnedd.
On Crib y Ddescil, in places scarcely accefsible. Mr. Griffith.]

P. Aug. Sept.

Var. 2, cynoglofsifolia. Leaves spear-shaped, narrow. Hall.
Lightf.

FI. dan. 3 7- Dill.elth.'jo-Gmel. i i .3 2 .

Near a rivulet on the rock Rhiw’r Glyder above the lake
Lhyn y Cwn near Llanberys, Caernarvonshire. Ray.

arven'sis. S. Leaves toothed, thorny.

Kniph. 6- FI. dan. 644-Col.ecphr. i . 46 -Ger. e m . 1 1 7 3 . 4 -Park .959.7
-H.0x.vii.32.14.-Pet.21 . 5-J.B.iii.a.59.2.

It has the habit of a Carduus. Linn. Add to which, that the
down of the seed is very long. Mr. Woodward. Blofs. pale
purple. Down of the seed very long, hair-like. -

f This plant is very much used by the dyers to give a yellow colour ; but
is inferior to the Reseda, therefore its use is confined to the coarser woollen
cloths. — Goats eat it. Horses not fond of it. Sheep, swine, and cows re-
fuse it.

•

SYNGENESIA ^EQUALIS. Carduus.

Carduus arvensis. Curt. cat. n. 533. Corn Saw-won. Way Thistle.
Cornfields and road sides. p. J uly ,-|I

Var. 2. Leaves much lefs thorny, not so deeply indented. Ray.

Mr. Ballard. St.

Ger. 101 1.5.

Amongst the corn in Battersea Fields, over against Chelsea.
Ray. [Found by Mr. Sole somewhere in Devonshire, and culti-
vated in both our gardens for some years past. Mr. Ballard.]

CARDUUS. Calyx bellying, tiled; scales thorny:
receptacle hairy.

( 1 ) Leaves decurrent.

C. Leaves toothed, thorny at the edge: flowers in bunches,
upright : fruit-stalks without thorns.

Gmel -ii.2 3.2-H.ox .vii. 32 .1 3-Pet .21 .4.

Fruit-stalks without thorns. Calyx closely tiled, smooth, the
points of the scales being hardly discernible. Down feathered.
Linn. Stem 5 to 6 ft. high and upwards, upper part and branches
slender and with few leaves. Calyx , scales woolly, green, tipped
with deep purple, without a rib along the back, ending in a short
expanding thorn not pungent; inner pointed, without thorns.
Blofs. segments even with the anthers, shorter than the pistil.
Down shorter than the blofsom; rays fringed with long hairs.
Woodward. Blofs. purple ; sometimes white.

Marshy meadows and moist shady places, [and wet clayey
pastures. Woodward.] P. July.

Var. 2. cristatus. A monstrous variety, with a broad flat stem
and head of flowers.

Stem ■§■ of an inch broad. Cluster of flowers 2 inches and an
half broad, the upper edge crowned with a continued line of flo-
rets, so as to give it the appearance of the Cockscomb Amaranthus
of the gardens. St.

It grew in the middle of a pasture. The root produced the
same for 2 years together.^

f It is said to yield a very pure vegetable alkaly when burnt. Goats eat
it; neither cows, horses, sheep, or swine are fond of it. Linn. Horses some-
times eat the young tops. St.

$ This, and almost all the other species of this genus, may be eaten like
the Burdock, before the flowers are formed. Swine eat it; horses are very-
fond of it ; cows refuse it.

697

palus'tris.

)

\

6 Q 5

acanthoi'des

tenuiflo'rus.

SYNGENESIA. ^QUALIS. Carduas.

C. Leaves indented, thorny at the edge : calyxes on fruit-*
stalks, solitary, upright, woolly.

Curt. ; C . polyacanthos-Jacq.austr.2 \q-Lob.i c .ii. 2 1 -Tabern. 1 080,

i-Ger.ioio.i-Ger.em.i ly^.i-J.B.iu.^g-H.ox.vli.^o.i i -Pet.

21.2.

Stem with white elevated long lines. Leaves halberd-winged,
and sprinkled underneath with white upright hairs, as in C.cris -
-pus. Fruit-stalks with a leafy thorny border, in which it differs
from C. crispus. Flowers smaller than those of C. nutans , larger
than those of C. crispus. Differs from C. nutans in its calyx oemg
upright, from C. crispus in its calyx being solitary and woolly.
Calyx , inner scales expanding. Florets cloven half way down,
the lowermost segments separated nearly to the base, so as to give
the floret the appearance of having 2 lips, an upper one 4-ciefr,
and a lower one undivided, which is not the case in C. nutans or
crispus. Styles as long again as the florets. Linn. Stem solitary,
3 or 4 feet high ; angular, the angles edged with a border running
down from the leaves. Huds. Stem leafy, edged with a border
set with numerous stiff yellow thorns of various lengths. Leaves ,
the lower wing-cleft*; wings broad, blunt, somewhat 5-cornered,
with 5 imperfect lobes, the terminating one very broad and blunt,
cottony underneath, above smooth, excepting a few short hairs
arising from glandular warts ; ribs ending in sharp yeliow thorns ;
those above pointed, wings triangular, confluent. Flowers sitting,
crowded together, pointing upwards, sideways, and downwards;
sometimes in branched bunches, terminating the branches, 011
short fruit-stalks upright or open. Calyx , scales spear-shaped,
yellowish green, the upper expanding, the innermost chalfy, all
tipped with sharp thorns. Blofs. segments somewhat longer than
the anthers, which are even with the pistil. Down nearly as long
as the biofsom, hair-like. Woodw. Scales of the calyx scarcely
thorny, not close as in the C.palustris. Curt, Flowers purplish
red, sometimes white.

Welted Thistle. C. crispus. Huds. C.polyacanthos. Curt,,
The C. crispus of Linmeus I believe has not been found with us.

Ditch banks, on rubbish, borders of cornfields. [Plentifully
onbanks and under walls near Yarmouth, and also in waste places
far from the coast. 1 had it growing for some years without va-
riation. Mr. Woodward. Road sides about London. St.]

A. June — Sept,

C. Leaves thorny at the edge : branches straight, flowers
in clusters, sitting: calyxes nearly cylindrical, scales
upright but open ; pungent.

Qurt.-J.B. (11.56.1, (not 516 as in FLLond.)-'Park.Q%2.5-H.ox*

vii.3t.13.

SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS. Carduus.

Stem and branches quite straight, cottony upwards; bordered,
borders thorny. Leaves cottony underneath. Calyxes oblong-
conical; scales upright, spreading at top, long, narrow, ending
in a yellow thorn as long as the florets. Curt. Flowers pale pur-
plish red. C. acanthoides . Huds. There has been great confusion
about this and the preceding species, chiefly caused by the syno-
nyms given to the C.. acanthoides in the FI. suec, being misplaced,
for, except the reference to It. scan, they really belong to this
plant, reading Bauh . hist. iii. p. 56, instead of 59, and Moris . hist.
iii. p. 153, instead of p. 15.

Slender-flowered Thistle. Hedges, ditch banks, and under
walls ; very common near London, P. July, Aug.

C. Leaves with winged clefts, hispid ; segments strad- lanceola'tus*.
dling : calyxes egg-shaped, thorny, woolly : stem
hairy.

E. hot. 1 oy-Tabern ,i 078.2— Ger.i 01 1 ,6-Ger.em.i 1 jq_.6-Park.Q82.

Q-H.0x.vii.31 sow 1 .7 -Pet. 2 1 .y-J,B.iii.^8. 1 .

Calyx , innermost scales without thorns, bristle-shaped, dry,

Linn. Stem angular, cottony, frequently purple. Leaves half
.embracing the stem, cottony and sea-green underneath, hairy
and deep green above ; wings spear-shaped, the terminating one
long, the side ones mostly divided to the base into 2 segments,
one pointing upwards, the other downwards, terminating, as do
also the wings of the part running down the stem, in sharp stiff
white thorns, which are extensions of the ribs. Calyx with nu-
merous ranges of spear-shaped scales, somewhat cottony, ending
jn sharp stiff white thorns, the inner strap-shaped, pointed, not
thorny. Blofs. purple. Down feathered, almost as long as the
blofsom. Woodward. It varies from 2 to 5 feet high, or more.

Spear Thistle , Rubbish, road sides, and other waste places.

B, July, Aug.f

C, Leaves decurrent half way down towards the next be- nu'tans*
low ,* thorny : fruit-stalks crooked : calyx, scales

expanding upwards.

Fl.dan.67 5-H.ox.vii.31 .row 1 .6- Pet. 2 1.1-J.B. in .56.3.
c — ~ "

t Few plants are more disregarded than this, and yet its use is very con-
siderable. If a heap of clay is thrown up, nothing would grow upon it for
several years, did not the seeds of this plant, wafted by wind, fix and vegetate
thereon. Under the shelter of this other vegetables appear, and the whole
Soon becomes fertile. The flowers, like those of the Artichoke, have the
property of curdling milk. Sheep and swine refuse -it ; neither horses, cows,
or goats are fond of it. The Papdio Cardui and the Thistle Ermine Moth feed
Vpon it. Linn.

700 SYNGENES1A. ^EQUALIS. Carduus.

Fruit- stalks with i flower. Flowers sweet-scented in the night.
Styles bent back towards the sides. Linn. Stems 2 to 3 feet high,
scored, cottony. Branches alternate. Fruit-stalks terminating,
cottony, particularly that which terminates the stem. Leaves
with winged clefts; wings egg-shaped, with strong thorns. Cal .
scales spear-shaped, cottony, with the rib running along the back
terminating in a thorn, the lowermost bent back, the innrr with-
out thorns. Down hair-like, nearly as long as the florets. Mr.
Woodward. Stem , leaves and calyxes overspread with a cob-
web kind of woollinefs. Cal. globular, flatted; scales very strong,
horizontal when the flower is expanded, purplish towards the end,
terminating in a strong yellow thorn. Blofs. tube whitish, bor-
der purple. Filaments woolly. * Pollen grey, globular, set with
fine points.

Musk Thistle. Pastures in a calcareous soil. [Road sides in a
sandy or gravelly soil. Stokes. Marlborough Downs.]

v A. June, July.

(2) Leaves sitting .

maria'nus. C. Leaves embracing the stem, halberd-shaped and wing-

cleft; thorny: calyx without any leaves near it :

thorns channelled, and set with other little thorns.

Kniph.i-Curt. 1 ^-Blackw.'j g-Ltidw.^ ^~Fushs.^6-J.B .iu.a. ^2 .
2-Trag .8 50-Lonic .i.7 o ,2-Ger .gSg-Pet .21 .g-Dod.j 22 ,i-Loh.
ohs. 479.1, and ic.u.y .2~Ger.em.11 $o~Park. 976. i-H. ox. vii.
30. row 2. i.f. q_-Matth.6j6.

The leaves are generally ornamented with broad and beauti-
fully white veins, though they are sometimes entirely green.
The large purple blofsom and the strong thorns of the calyx, an
inch or more in length, sufficiently distinguish this from our
other species.

Milk Thistle. Ladies Thistle. Ditch banks and road sides, bor-
ders of cornfields, and on rubbish. A. Aug.f-

erioph'orus. C. Leaves with winged clefts pointing 2 ways, every other

segment upright : calyxes globular, woolly.

Jacq.austr . 1 7 1 -Clus.ii . 1 5 y-Dod. 7 2 3 -Lob. ohs. 482.1, and /V.ii.g.

2 -Ger.em. 1 1 5 2- J. B . iii . a. 5 7-Park . 9 7 8-Mill.ic. 2 93 .

f This is eaten when young as a sallad. The young stalks peeled, and
soaked in water to take off the bitternefs, are excellent. The scales of the
cup are as good as Artichokes, The root is good to eat early in the spring.

SYNGENESIA. HfQUALlS. Cardans. ;c

Stem 2 feet high, branched, flowering the second year. Cal.
as large as an egg ; points of the scales strap-shaped, horizontal,
entire, with a cobweb-like wool interwoven. Leaves, every other
segment pointing downwards. Linn. Stem 4 or 5 feet high,
angular, scored, woolly, much branched. Root-leaves 1 to 2 feet
long, wings distant, with 2 lobes, unequal, the larger strap-
shaped, the letser spear-shaped, very entire, but fringed with a
few fine thorns ; midrib stiff, extending out into a sharp thorn ;
above green, with numerous short stiff hairs prefsed closely ; un-
derneath with a thick, woolly, white down. Stem-leaves embrac-
ing the stem ; lobes not so regular, all spear-shaped, the termi-
nating one long. Fruit-stalks slender, extremely cottony. Calyxes
clustered, terminating the stem and branches; scales strap-spear-
shaped, terminated by a long softish thorn, covered and inter-
woven with a thick cottony wool. Anthers extending beyond the
blofsom. Style much longer than the anthers. Summit very
slightly cloven. Seeds large, whitish, nearly oval, without ridges.

Down feathered, shorter than the blofsom. Woodward. Cal.

1 scales ending in a yellow thorn. Blofs. purple, or white.

The large lobes of the leaves pointing alternately horizontally
and downwards, distinguish this plant at first sight.

Woolly-headed Thistle. Friar's Crown. Both in flat and moun-
tainous meadows and pastures. Ray. Bredon Hill, Worcestersh.

Nash. [By the road side between Stamford and Grantham,
plentifully. Dr. J. E. Smith. About Ripton, Huntingdonshire.

Mr. Woodw. Hillend Bank in Longdon Parish, Worcestersh.

Mr. Ballard. On the foot way between Clarkton Leap and
Kemsay, Worcestershire. St. Near Truro, Cornwall.] B. July.

f ‘

C. leaves spear-shaped, ragged and edged with unequal pratensis*
prickles ; cottony underneath : stem cottony, gene-
rally with 1 flower and 2 leaves.

Clus.11. 1 48. i -Ger.em. 1183.1 -F.hot.i 7 j-Pet. 22.1 -Lob. obs. 3 1 4.

4; and ic. i.^S^.i-Park.gGi.^-J.B.ni. 45.2.

Root fibrous and creeping. Stem if to 2 feet high, soft, cob-
webbed or cottony, cylindrical, generally unbranched and sup-
porting a single flower, but sometimes a branch terminated by
another flower rises from the bosom of the upper leaf. Root-leaves
4 or 5, oblong-spearshaped, ragged at the edge, and rringed with
softish prickles unequal in size, not forming regular teeth as re-
presented in most of the figures. Stem-leaves generally 2, some-
times only 1, half embracing the stem; the upper not prickly at
the edge, but terminated by a long soft thorn. All the leaves
green, and more or lefs hairy above, grey and cottony under-
neath. Calyx, scales thick and strong, cob webbed or cottony at
the edges, terminating in a soft thorn. Blofsom red. Anthers

702 SYNGENESIA. iLQUALIS. Carduug.

•with 5 horny, yellow, spear-shaped points. Summit cylindrical,
blunt, not notched at the end. Down feathered.

This plant was well known to Mr. Ray, nor was it unknown
to Clusius, but there have been doubts to which of the Linnaean
species it should be referred. If Linnc was at all acquainted with
it, it was probably this plant which he designed by his C.difsectus,
the reference to Lobel agreeing with our plant. If this be the C.
canus of Jacq. austr. t. 42 it is very ill done, but the root, the
shape and colour of the calyx, as well as the number of leaves on
the stem, render Jacquin’s figure very unlike our plant.

Meadow Thistle. Single-headed Thistle .> English soft or gentle
Thistle . Cirsium anglicum. R. syn. 193. C. heterophyllus. LightL
456. Relh. 306. Moist meadows and pastures, not uncommon.
[Near Heydon, Norfolk. Bryant. — Swampy meadows near Ro-
binson’s End, Malvern Chace, Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard. —
Meadows between Pucklechurch and Mangots field, plentiful.
Mr. Swayne. — Woods in the Isle of Wight.] P. May, June.

lielenioi'des. C. Leaves embracing the stem, spear-shaped, toothed,

fringed with small unequal thorns ; stem without
thorns.

Hall. r}.at\.p.rjr] -Mill. gtp-ClusX\.\ff).2^Ger.em.\ 1 oo.fg.zd-Park.

961. 5~J.B. 111.46. 2— Pet. 22. 2.

Differs from C. heterophyllus , which it very much resembles, in
all the leaves being undivided, whitish, but not of a snowny white-
liefs underneath, the edge more unequally serrated and fringed ;
and the stem being twice as high ; of the height of a man, more
panicled, and beset with expanding hairs. Linn. hort. ups. Root
hardly creeping. Stem furrownd, set with leaves all the way up.
Leaves 40 to 50, half embracing the stem, toothed, not jagged,
fringed with soft thorns, the ears at the base round, bent back,
and growing to the stem ; flower-leaves awl-shaped. Linn.

Great English soft, or Melancholy Thistle. Cirsium Britannicum
Clusis repens. Ray Syn. 193. Mr. Ray thought this plant specifi-
cally different from the preceding, and our later botanists have
entertained the same opinion, but it is not equally agreed whether
Lirmxus intended the same plant by his C. helenioides. How-
ever this may be, the alpine plant we now speak of must not be
confounded with the lowland meadow C. pratense, which It only
resembles in its cottony leaves and single flowered stalk, but from
which it differs in its great size, its thick hollow stalk, its stem
being cloathed with leaves, and its leaves being more regularly
serrated. Flowers large, purple. See Lightfoot’s description ta-
ken from Linn, and Haller.

Mountainous pastures in Yorksh. Westmoreland, Cumberland,
and Wales. Coppice near Giggleswick, in Skirrith Wood, and
in the pastures about Bordley, near Malhajm. Curt. — -[Mill Gill

SYNGENESIA. dEQUALIS. Carduus.

near Ascrig in Wensleydale, and Skirrith Wood near Ingleton,
Yorkshire. Mr. Wood. — Mulbarton, near Norwich. Mr.
Crowe. — Between Shap and Orton, Westmoreland. Woodw.
—About Hamsterley and Witton, Durham. Mr. Robson.]

P. June, July.

Jus. Leaves embracing the stem, spear-shaped,
e or jagged : stem mostly supporting a single
ut thorns. Linn.

Stem somewhat branched, bearing from i to 6 flowers. Leaves
white and cottony underneath ; root-leaves toothed and wing-cleft ;
lower stem leaves wing-cleft, middle ones toothed, upper entire.
I have seen both varieties from the same root. Huds. Mr. Rob -
son also thinks that this is merely a var. of the C. helenoides with
divided root-leaves, which is frequently found in the mountainous
parts of the counties of York and Durham, growing with that;
and he moreover believes that both sorts of leaves sometimes
spring from the same root. Mr. Griffith also confirms this opinion.

C. Stemlefs : calyx smooth.

E.bot, ac^.ic .\Yi.~Clus .n. 1 56. 1— Lob.obs.q&O.^andic. ii.5. 1
— Ger.em . 1 1 ^8-Park. gGg.^-J.B.ni. a. 6^. i-H.ox.\ii. ^2. 12-
Pet . 2 1 . 6- Bar r . 49 3- Ti rag. 852 - Lome . i . 6 8 . 1 .

A dwarf plant, but spreading to the breadth of a foot. Linn.
Root-leaves spreading in a circle close to the ground ; on leaf-stalks ;
wing-cleft; wings irregularly lobed, and waved, angular, thorny
at the edge, green on both sides, hairy towards the base. Flower-
ing-beads 1 or more, rarely sitting. Fruit-stalks 1 to 2 inches high,
hairy. Cal. lower scales short, oval-spearshaped, upper spear-
shaped, stiff, without thorns. Blofsom even with the anthers.
Style longer. Summit deeply cloven. Seed very small. Down
long, feathered. Woodward. Blofs. purple. Mr. Relhan in-
forms me that he once found a plant on Gogmogog hills with a
stem 5 inches high, bearing 3 flowers, and a leaf similar to the
root-leaves under each flower. An appearance which it generally
afsumes when cultivated in a garden.

Dwarf Thistle. Mountainous and rocky dry pastures, especially
in a calcareous soil. Black heath, near London. [Dry heaths
and commons in Norfolk, very frequent. Dr. J. E. Smith. Mr.
W oodw. — Dry heaths on the western side of the county of Dur-
ham. Mr. Robson.] P. JulyJ*

f Cows refuse it. It kills all plants which grow benpath it, whence it is
very injurious in meadows. Linn. The different species afford nourish-
ment to the Cafsida * viridis and nebulosa ; Papiiio Cardin ; Cicada cor nut a ; Cimex
Cm dui ; Musca sdstitialis ; and Aphis Cardui.

Var. 2. heterophyL
fringed, either entii
flower; calyx witho

7°4

A can’t Ilium

vulga'ris.

SYNGENESIA. JEQUALIS. Onopordon.

ONOPOR'DON. Recept. like a honeycomb: calyx
bellying; scales sharp-pointed. ,

O. Calyx scales expanding, their points standing out . Icar es
egg-oblong, indented.

Curt.33±-F/Jan.9oQ-Fuchs.57-J.BA\la.5±.2-rrag.858-DcJ.

7 2 1.2 -Gcr. em. 1 1 j/\_. 5-Park. gjg.1-Pet.21 .10 -Lome, i .7 1 .2-
_ Ger . 988 .1 and 2—Dod.j2i. 1 -Lob.obs. 47b* 1 and ic. i. 1. 1 —
Ger.etn. 1 1 49.1— H.ox.vii.op.rowz, 1— Matth.bji— Lonic A.jo.3
-PI.ox.vii.30.ro-w 1 . 1 .

Plant of a hoary green. Stent with a straight leafy boraer
running up to the calyx. Cal. scales expanding, awl-shap^a.
Blofs. sometimes white. Linn. Plant generally covered with a
white cotton, giving it a whitish green colour. Leaves oval-spear-
shaped ; the lower extremely large, with deep triangular teeth,
which are ao-ain toothed, and each tooth terminated by a sharp
whitish thorn, being productions of the ribs, the uppei speai-
shaped with a few distant teeth. Stem, leafy border irregularly
toothed, and thorny, the thorns proceeding through and stiength-
ening the border. Heads single, upright, teiminatmg. Cal,
scales ending in sharp thorns. Woodward. ,

Common Argentine. Cotton Phistle. On rubbish and road
sides. [Road from Worcester to Droitwich, near Henhp. Air
Baker.] . B. July.f

CARLI'NA. Calyx radiated; the scales next the blos-
soms long, coloured.

C. Stem with many flowers in a corymbus : flowers ter-
minating : rays of the calyx yellow white.

ManhMg-Clus.ii.ifi.2-Dod.j3g.2-Lob.obs.$g.i>a?idic.ii.2oe

2-Ger.em.i 1 5g.1-Park.gZ 1 -Fuchs. 1 2 1 -J.B.iii.a.Z 1 .2 -Trag,
8 5g-Dod.j 2 8 . 1 -Lonic. i.63 . 2-Ger. g 9 7 . 1 .

It continues, after it is dead, unchanged even for the whole of:
the second year, a mournful spectacle ! Linn. Root long, spin-
die-shaped, with a few stiff fibres. Stem 1 2 to 15 inches high,,
swelling iust above the root, cylindrical, ribbed, purple, slightly
downy, "dividing above like an umbel. Leaves very numerous,
cloathing the whole stem and decreasing in size upwards, the

. rp, ftprpnt;acie and the young stems, may be boiled and eaten like
Artich6ke.^The ancients thought this plant a specific in cancerous cases.-
Cows, sheep, and horses refuse it.

SYNGENESIA. JEQUALIS. Bidens

lower sitting, the upper embracing the stem, deeply toothed, the
teeth armed with numerous yellow thorns ; those at the base of
each branch} larger than the upper stem-leaves; those of the
branches smaller than the stem-leaves, the uppermost join and
form the lower ones of the calyx. Cal. scales purplish, edged
and terminated with branching yellow thorns ; the innermost
strap-shaped, pointed at the end, dry, fringed with long hairs to-
wards the base, straw-coloured within, without reddish brown to-
wards the base, but straw-coloured at the point. Blofs. segments
spear-shaped, purple, straw-coloured below. Seed woolly ; down
sitting, rays 9 to 12, generally n, either single, or with 2 or 3
clefts, fringed with long hairs. Recept. the chaff longer than the
florets. Woodward. Blofs. tube white, border in the outer florets
purple, in the inner whitish. Down pale brown, thrice as long
as the seed; rays nearly equal, awl-shaped ' at the base, a
little above it generally dividing into 3 and sometimes 4 bristle-
shaped branches. The structure of the down and chaff indicates
the clearest proofs oF a natural generic difference. Stokes.

Wild Carline Thistle. Dry meadows and pastures. B. June.*}*

’ ' r

BI'DENS. Recept. chaffy : down rough with straight,
awns: calyx tiled.

B. Leaves spear-shaped, embracing the stem: flowers on cer'nua*
crooked fruit-stalks: seeds upright.

Curt. 1 Q2-FI. dan.84.1-J.Biii, 107 4~G<fr. 574- Pet.2o.6-L0h.adu.

227 , and /V.i.529.

Leaves with distant serratiires. Flower-leaves very entire.

Seeds with 4 awns, 2 of which are larger. Woodward. Stem
a little hairy. Leaves opposite. Cal. segments egg-spearshaped,
with black lines. Blofsom and summits yellow. Anthers brown.

Germen pyramidal, with 4 corners; awns 4, with prickles pointing
downwards.

Nodding Double tooth. Water Hemp Agrimony. Wet ditches,
marshy places. A. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Flowers with radiated florets in the circumference,

FI. dan. 841 -Barr.i20Q)-H.ox.v\.g2 2.

If it should be proved bv observation to be a Bidens , let it be
referred to that genus, if it be constant, to remain as a species of

f The flowers expand in dry, and close in moist weather. They retain
this property a long tirfte, and therefore are employed as hygrometers. — It
is said to be an excellent remedy in hysterical cases. Aman. Acad. III. p. 64.
Goats eat it. Cows refuse it. Linn. Its presence indicates a very barren
soil, Mr. Woodward.

VoL. III.— —2 Z

c

70 6

SYNGENES1A. /EQUAL IS. Eupatoriura.

V \

Coreopsis. Linn. Frequently on the same plant with t. Woodw .
as in the lower part of the figure in the Flora Danica.

Coreopsis Bidens. Linn. In England, and very frequent in
Ireland. R. syn. 187. n. 2. About Tarporley and other .places in
Cheshire. Huds. [Norfolk, but not common. At Ditehingham.
Mr. W OODWARD.]

Var. 3. Dwarf,

FI. dan. 312, (the left hand figure and the difsected floret.) Ray. 7.2.

Seems to differ in no other respect than in its dwarfish growth,
and wanting the serratures on the leaves, which probably would
appear if the plant acquired a more expanded growth in a moister
atmosphere. Var. 2 is probably only an unusual degree of ex-
pansion from a very moist atmosphere.

B. minima. Linn. In the fish pond on the moor near Somerset
Bridge, Surry. Dill, in R. syn. [In a splashy rivulet at the
bottom of Tittensor common, Staffordshire, and also near Bir-
mingham. St.] A. [Oct. St.]

V. ’

triparti'ta. B. Leaves 3-clcft : seeds upright.

Curt.2^fj~B/ack(W.rl 1 g-Pet^oq-Dod.ggg.i-Ger.emq 1 1 , r - Park .
595.7-H.ox.vi. 5.20.

Leaves , segments deeply serrated, the middle one much the
largest. Calyx scales oval, fringed with hairs, the inner smooth,
with yellow membranaceous edges. Seeds , awns sometimes 3. ,
.Mr. Woodward. Flowers terminating, yellow.

Trifid Double-tooth. Water Plemp. Water Agrimony. Marshy
and wratery places. A. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Dwarf.

FI., dan. 3 1 2 , f right hand figure.)

Only a starved plant, but its upright flower and the incipient-
divisions on the leaves sufficiently shew to which species it belongs.

EUPATO'RIUM. Recept. naked: down feathered::
calyx oblong, tiled : style long, cloven half way
down.

cannabhnum. E. Calyx 5-flowered : leaves with finger-like divisions.

Fl.dan.7 ^-Blackw.i io~Fuchs^26 5-J.B. ii. 1065.2-Trag. 491—
Lon ic . i . 2 4 1 . 2 -Matth. 1 o 1 5-Dod.28.2~Lob.obs, 285.1 , and icdu
528. 2 -Ger.em. 4 53. 2- H.ox.v i i. 1 3 . 1 -Park. 59 5.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, branched. Leafits mostly 3, sometime'
5, spear-shaped, sharply serrated at the base, and towards the

w

SYNGENESIA. AfQUALIS. Santolina. 7c

point very entire. Cal. scales few, strap-shaped. Seeds black,

Scored, smooth, little more than a line long. Down sitting, hair-
like, when viewed with a glafs finely toothed, not 3 lines long
Mr. Wo odw. Stem reddish, rather cylindrical, slightly woolly.

Leaves serratsd, slightly woolly. CaU skinny, coloured, a iittle
hairy. Florets 5 and 6. Blofs. purplish red, clefts shallow. Styles
and summits with a tinge of red. Qermen with minute shining
globules.

Hemp Agrimony. Dutch Agrimony. Water Agrimony . Water
Hemp . Common HetnpweecU Banks of rivers and brooks;

P. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Leaves single, egg-spear-shaped.

This is the seedling plant of early flowers the first year, and
the second year, as I have frequently observed, it has fingered
leaves. Mr. Woodward.

Near Lee* in the road to Elthara. Dill. [Near Bungay,

Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. ]f

% v * • * “ < '■ ' .

SANTOLINA. Rccept. chaffy: down none: calyx
tiled, hemispherical.

♦ • ..Jr * ' r

S. Flowers forming a corymbus ,* leaves oblong, blunt, scoi- mariti’ ma*
loped, very downy. E. bot,

Dicks. h.s.-E.bot.\ yi-Mill.i^^-J.Bt iii.a.i 57. 2-Pet. 20. 8-Lob .
adv. 201, and ic.i.^8o.i-Ger.^i6-Clus.i.^2g.^-Dod. 65-Ger.
em.6^o.^-Matth.86o-H.ox.vi.^.^j.

Whole plant cottony. Loaves spear-shaped, scolloped, blunt.

Chaff as l°ng as the calyx* Seeds 2-edged, down-lefs, whence it
should seem to be rather a species ot Santolina . Linn. Blofsom
bright yellow.

Athanasia mariti ma. Linn. Sea Cotton-weed. Sea Cud-weed. On
the sea shore. Near Abermeney Ferry in Anglesea; and be-
tween Penzancs and St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall. Isle of
Shepey ; and near Pool, Dorsetshire. [On the Devonshire coast.]

P. Aug. Sept.

f An infusion of a handful of it vomits and purges smartly. An ounce
of the root in decoction is a full dose. In smaller doses the Dutch peasants
take it as an alterative, and as an antiscorbutic. Goats eat it. Cows, horses,
sheep, and swine refuse it.

2Z»

V

SYNGENESIA. SUPER FLUA. Artemisia.

SUPERFLU A.

TANACE'TUM. Recept. naked : down none : calyx
hemisperical, tiled : florets of the circumference
3 -cleft, narrow-strap-shaped ; sometimes want-
ing.

• 4 ( „

vulga're. T. Leaves doubly winged, cut, serrated.

Woodv.i i5-Kulph.2-Ludw.22-Fl.dan.8ji~Dod. 36. 1 -Lob. obs.
432.1; audio. ']±g.i-Ger.em.6§o.i~Park.§i. b.-H. ox. vi. i.
row i.i.f. 1-P0t.2o.g-B/ackw. /fi/y-Fuchs.qf-J. BMi.a, 1 3 1 .2
-Ger.^^.i-Trag. 1 5 S-Matth.goS-Louic.i . 1 51 .3.

The florets of the circumference sometimes appear in warm
summers. Linn. Flowers in a corymbus, yellow; those herma-
phrodite 5-deft; females 3'cleft. Relhan. Stem frequently red-
dish. Leaves winged, leafits wing-cleft, wings spear-shaped,
deeply and acutely serrated. Woodward.

Common Tansy * Mountainous meadows and pastures. Banks
of rivers and swampy places. [Banks of the Invell and other
places about Manchester. Mr. Caley. Banks of the Dove.
Mr. Pr t t. Between Piper’s Hill and Bridgewater, and in Devon-
shire, frequent.] P. June.

Var. 2, Leaves curled.

Ger.^2^.2-Dod.^6.2-Lob.obs.^2.^t and icA.j4g.2-Ger.em.650.
2-Park.S 1 .a-J.B. iii. 132.

Ray tells us that this variety was first observed in England.
[It grows by the Tees near Connis Cliffe, Durham. Mr. Robson. f

ARTEMIS'IA. Receptacle either slightly hairy or
naked : down none : calyx tiled ; the scales round-
ish, closing: florets radiate, none.

t This is a warm deobstruent bitter, and its flavour not ungrateful. —
The tender leaves are sometimes used to give a colour and flavour to pud-
dings.— If a dead animal .substance is rubbed with this plant, the flesh fly 1
will not attack it. — The Finlanders obtain a green dye from it. Cows and
sheep eat it. Horses, goats, and swine refuse it. It gives nourishment to
the Ayhh Tanaccti , and Ckrysomcla Lsnaccti. Link. The seeds are an excel-
lent 'vermifuge.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Artemisia.

709

(1) Stems trailing before the time of flowering .

A. Leaves many-cleft, strap-shaped l stems trailing, rod-
like.,

G/r.948.5, Abrot. camp.-J.B .iii. a.ig^.2-Pet. 20. 4-0^33. 2-Lob.
obs.±<±2.a).and lc.\.y6fj.2~Ger.ilo6,^Park.g^.'j-Matth.8^2-
Lonic. ii.23.2

Branches simple, alternate, from the bosom of the leaves, some-
what drooping. Flowers solitary, pointing one way. Th e female
florets mostly g, the hermaphrodite 8. Summits orbicular, glafs-
shaped. Receptacle naked, Linn. Stetns numerous, angular,
declining, much branched. Leaves , the upper frequently simple,
\rery narrow. Heads very small, scarcely more than a line broad,
numerous, single, either sitting or in short branched spikes. Cal.
scales few, bluntly egg-shaped, approaching, green, slightly
downy at the back, the edges membranaceous, whitish, shining.
Florets not longer than the calyx. , Woodward. Leaves thread-
shaped, from L to 1 inch or more in length. Flowers axillary.
Blofs. brown.

Field Southernwood. Balks of cornfields and road sides at Elden,
SufF. and a mile from Barton Mills on the road to Lynne. [Near
Thetfprd, on the side of the road to Norwich. Woodward.]

P. July.

A* Leaves many-cleft, cottony : bunches Qn crooked fruit-
stalks : female florets 3.

Ger.g/p.i-Pet.20.2 and %-Lob.jc.i.j55.i-Ger.emfiogg.i-H,ox,
vi.2.2o-H.ox.vi.2.ig.

Whole plant q£ a snowy white. Flowering branches crooked.
The female flowers in the circumference, but 3. Receptacle naked.
The seeds seldom ripen in gardens. Linn. Whole plant white
with thick cotton. Leaves vary much in their division; the upper
generally simple, strap-shaped, blunt. Woodward. B/<y}.brown.

Var. 2. Segments of the leaves very short.

J.B.m.a. 1 'jrj-Barr.tfo.

Sea Southernwood. Sea Wormwood . Sea shores. [Yarmouth,
and elsewhere on the coast. Woodward. Sea coast between
Rampside and Barrow. Mr. Gough. Isle of Walney. Mr. At-
kinson.] P.Aug.f

f This in its wild stat;e smells like Marum or Camphor, but in our gar-
dens it is lefs grateful, though still much more grateful than the next species.
It is used as an ingredient in distilled waters, and beat with thrice its weig

2 ^ 3 * ht

campe/tris.

marit'ima.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Artemisia

(2) Stems upright, herbaceous : Leaves compound.

Absin'thinm, A. Leaves compound, many-cleft : flowers somewhat glo-
bular, pendent : receptacle woolly.

Kniph.^—Ludw, j6—W$odv . 1 20 -Blackw. 1 y—Matth.C) 3 3- Dod. 2 3-
Lob .obs . y^.i.andtc .i.7 52 .\~Ger .m. 1096 .i~Park.g8 .i-H.ox .
vi.i.wu $.i-Ger.g3j.2-Trag.3§5~Ger.93'j.i-Pet.20.t-J.B.
in.a.i6S-Gmel.u.d^.

Receptacle hairy. Linn. Leaves cottony on both sides, green
above, white and shining underneath, the upper with 3 clefts, or
simple, sitting, bluntly spear-shaped. Calyx , scales bluntly egg-
shaped, green, and cottony at the back, the edges membranaceous.
Receptacle down as long as the florets. Woodward. Stems scored,
whitish with very short down. Leaves silky and very soft ; seg-
ments blunt, and the lower on long flat leaf-stalks. Spikes up-
right. Flowers turned downwards. Leaves dark green on the up-
per, but white on the under surface. Blofs. brownish white.

Wormwood Southernwood , Wormwood. Road sides, rocky places*
and on rubbish. P. Aug.p*

vulga'ris. A. Leaves wing-cleft, flat, cut, cottony underneath : hunches

simple, bending : florets of the circumference 5.

of fine sugar it is formed into a conserve. Its virtues are the same with those
of the next species, but in a weaker degree. Horses eat it; cows, goats, and
sheep refuse it.

f The leaves and flowers are very bitter ; the roots are warm and aromatic.

A considerable quantity of efsential oil rises from it in distillation. This oil
is used both externally and internally to destroy worms. The leaves, put
into sour beer, soon destroy the acescency. They resist putrefaction, and
are therefore a principal ingredient in antiseptic fomentations. An infusion
of them is a good stomachic, and with the addition of fixed alkaline salt, a>
powerful diuretic in some dropsical cases. The ashes afford a more pure
alkaline salt than most other vegetables, excepting Bean-stalks, Broom, and
the larger trees. In the Amcen. Acad. v. 2. p. 160, Linnaeus mentions two cases,
wherein an efsence prepared from this plant, and taken for a considerable
time, prevented the formation of stones in the kidneys or bladder; the pa-
tients forbearing the use of wine and acids. It might be suspected that, like
other bitters, its long continued use must weaken the action of the nervous
system, but in these instances no such effect took place. An infusion of it 1
given to a woman that suckles, makes her milk bitter. It gives a bitternefs
to the flesh of sheep that eat it. — Horses and goats are not fond of it ; cows
and swine refuse it. Linn. Turkeys are fond of it. MuHollefear. A
horse eat it. The plant steeped in boiling water, and repeatedly applied to
a bruise, will remove the pair in a short time, and prevent the swelling and

discoloration of the part, St.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Gnaphalium.

%

Ludw, 1 53-Blackw. 43 1 -Wocdv, 12 1 ~H.ox.via .row 2.2./. 3 -Matth.
84.8-DoJ.33.1-Lob.06f.441 . 1 .and icA.7b4.2-Ger.em. 1 103.1-
Park. 90 and gi .2-Ger.g 45.1 ,2*- Fuchs. 44-J. B. iii. a. 184.3-
Pr ag. 344— Lonic.i. \ 51.1.

Receptacle naked. Linn. Stem angular, scored, often red,
downy above. Leaves above green and slightly cottony ; under-
neath white with thick cotton; wings oval-spear-shaped, deeply
serrated, almost lobed, the terminating one large, with 3 lobes.
Calyx, scales extremely woolly; edges not membranacepus. Florets
longer than the calyx. Woodward. Stems ascending, branched,
scored, reddish purple. Leaves dark green and smooth above,
cottony an.d whitish underneath. Fruit-stalks alternate, from the
bosom of the leaves. Blofs, purplish.

Mugu'ort . Southernwood. Borders of fields, ditch banks, and
pn rubbish. P, Aug.-j*

(3) Leaves simple , undivided,

• , - 1

A, Stem-leaves spear-shaped, entire ; root-leaves many-
cleft: female dowers 3.

H.ox.vi.1.5— Do d. 26. 2— Lob. els. 441 ,2, and icd.7b5.2-r-Ger.emA 104.
3 -Matth. 68 7-Ger. 946.

Leaves woolly on both sides. Flowers cylindrical, nodding.
Florets of the circumference 3. Hence its very close affinity to
A. mar mm a, from which however it differs totally in its leaves,
Linn.

Bluish Southernwood. Sea shores. Near Boston, in Lincoln-
shire. P. Aug.

GNAPHA'LIUM. Receptacle naked : down hair-like,
or feathered : calyx tiled : scales at the edge
roundish, skinny, coloured.

f In some countries it i$ used as a culinary aromatic. A decoction of it
is taken by the common people to cure the ague. The Chinese make use of
it in healing wounds, applying the fresh plant bruised. Osbeck i. 394. A
dram of the leaves powdered, was given four times a day, by Dr. Home, to
a woman who had been affected with hys'teric tits for many years. The fits
ceased in a few days. In this patient Afsafcetida and Ether had been given
to no purpose. — Sheep and swine refuse it ; neither horses, cows, or goats
are fond of it. Linn. Dr. Anderson informs us that sheep are very fond of
it, devouring it with great greedinefs, especially the roots, which seem to
form a most delicate morsel. The Aphis Absinthu and the Phalar.a Gamma
live upon the several species.

coerul

7 1 2

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA, Gnaphalium.

lu'tco- -album

\

margarita'-

ceiim.

» j

dioi'cum.

( 1 ) Herbaceous ; yellow flowered.

G. Leaves sword-shaped, half embracing the stem, serpen-
tine at the edge, blunt, downy on both surfaces : flowers
crowded close together.

'Dicks . h. s.—Kn iph . i -Pluk . 3 1 . 6- B a rr . 3 6 7- J. B. i i i . a. 1 60 . 2- Pet. 1 8.
[j-Ger. 52 2. 3- Clus.i. 32 9. 1 -Ger.em. 643. 1 ^-Park.Co 6. t~H.ox.
vii.i 1 .row 2.f.^-Lob.ic.i.f8^.2 -Park.C68.g.

Plant very woolly. Calyx yellowish, white, sqft; scales egg-
spear-shaped. Female florets in the circumference numerous.
Xj 1 n n . Florets of the circumference with only pistils ; in the centre
a few with stamens and pistils. Hall.

Everlasting. Live-for-euer. Jersey Cudweed. Dry banks and
walls in the island of jersey, very common. R. syn. Sea coast of
Wales. Ger .cm. West sea coasts. Park. A. July, Aug..

(2) Herbaceous ; white -flower eel.

G. Leaves strap-spearshaped, tapering, alternate: step!
branched towards the top : flowers in a corymbus.

Munt. 6 1 4.1 70-Clus .\.9 2j .g-Ger.em.6cii .o~Pet. 1 8. %-Kn iph. 12-
J.B.ul.a. 1 62.2-Park.par.fj^.^.

Female florets k w. Haller. Stem extremely cottony, white.
Leaves numerous, strap-spearshaped, long, sitting, growing with-:
out order, very entire, dark green and naked above, underneath
greenish white, with a thick cotton. Flowering branches with nu-
merous crowded heads at the end, on short branched cottony fruit-
stalks, with a middle one sitting. Calyx bluntly egg-shaped, white,
not cottony. Down simple, sitting, as long as the calyx. Woodvv.

American Cudweed. Meadows, pastures, and banks of rivers.
In a meadow near Bocking, Efsex, and on the banks of Rymny
river for the space of at least 12 miles. Such are the habitats
given by Ray and repeated by Hudson, but the former seemed to
doubt its being a native, and neither the latter nor any other bota-
nist that I have heard of has given us any further fact to invali-
date the suspicions of Mr. Ray. It is frequent in our gardens.

P. Aug,

G. Runners trailing : stem undivided : flowers in a simple
corymbus: male and female flowers on distinct plants.

Male plant-!?. bot.26y-Dod. 68. 1 .2-Lob. ic.i. 483.1.2-0^. em.
640.4 and 5-Female j>Dnt.-E.bot.26y-Lightf. 20.1. at p.^ji

I

7 1 3

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Gnaphalium.

- Ludio. i 6^-Knigb.^-Clus. i. 330. 1 -Dod. 68 ,^-Lcb. ic. 1.483. 3-*
Ger. em.64.1 .6-Park, 690. f.^-Pet. 18. ^.-Fuchs.6o6^J. B.

1 62.^-Lonic.i.g^.2-H.Gx.\'u.i 1 .row 3 ./. 2-Frag.g 3 2-rGarld.
§o.at p.i68-Ger.z 16. <i,5>6-Lob. adv. 202.2, andic. 1.482. 2.

In the barren plants the heads almost globular; in the fertile
ones nearly cylindrical. Linn. I believe it is rarely that ripe
seeds are produced, as is the case with many plants which creep
at the root. Root woody, brown, with a few stiff fibres. , Runners
several, creeping, leafy, from the crown of the root. Root-leaves
in a thick tuft, oval at the end, tapering below into a long leaf-
stalk, green and slightly hairy above, underneath white with a
thick cotton ; stem-leaves numerous, strap-shaped, half embracing
the stem, green above, white and cottony underneath. Stems up-
right, simple, 3 to 7 inches high, white, cottony. Heads 3 to 8,
on short fruit-stalks. Cal. scales blunt, the outer short, green,
cottony,’ the inner widening upwards, long, smooth, shining,
whjte, frequently tinged with purple ; in the barren plants shorter.
Seeds short; down sitting, with simple rays, that of the female
plants longer than the calyx, that of the male plants not exceed-
ing the calyx. Woodward. Blofsom white, purple, reddish.

Catsfoot. Cudweed. Dry mountainous pastures in the north
of England, Wales and Cornwall, and on Newmarket Heath not.
far from Bottesham Beacon. [Canham Heath near Bury, Swaff-
ham Heath, Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Pitchford. Abund-
antly on the north and west side of the county of Durham. Mr.
Robson.] P, May, June,

(3) Herbaceous : resembling the Fi l a go's,

G. Stem undivided, upright: leaves spear-shaped, narrow-
ing at the base : flowers in a crowded terminating
leafy spike.

FI. dan. 2 54.

Differs from the G. rectum in having broader leaves, and a
short clustered spike of black flowers. Lightf. Leaves more
attenuated at the base, and lefs naked on the upper surface than
in Gn. rectum. Dr. Smith.

Mountain Cudweed. Gn. Norvegicum. Relz. and FI. dan. G.
sylvat, var. Lightfoot. Woods on mountains in the Highlands ot

Scotland, P. Aug.

t

G. Stem upright, terminating in a leafy compound-spike :
leaves strap-spearshaped, almost naked on the upper
side. E, bot .

i

sylva'ticum.

rec'tum*

4 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Gnaphalium.

E.bot.i2$-P*t.i&16-Lo&.adv.2Q2.i, and Ic. L.482,3. G.angl.-J,
B dm. i Go. 1 -Matth. 828. 2-Ger. 51 5.1 -Ger. ^72.639. 1 -AT. ox.
vii.x 1. 1.

Leaves green and hairy above, white and cottony underneath ;
root-leaves long, strap-spearshaped, very narrow, in open ground
forming a thick tuft ; stem-leaves strap-shaped, embracing the
Stem, numerous. Stem in woods frequently solitary, 12 to 18
inches high, in open ground several from one root, shorter, often
at first declining, but very soon ascending. Flowers in a long
bunch. Flower-stalks very short, lateral, from the bosom of the
leaves, with from 1 to 5 or more flowers, the lowermost some-
what distant, the upper crowded. Flower-leaves similar to, but
smaller than the stem-leaves. Heads very small. Cal. bluntly
oval, greenish at the base, yellowish brown upwards, smooth,
with shining edges ; the outer short, the inner as long as the
florets. Seeds minute ; down sitting, as long as the calyx; rays
simple. Woodward. Stem sometimes only 3 inches high. Her -
. maphrodlie floret s 3. Down hair-like. St. Leaves narrow, sharp,
downy underneath. Calyxes white, shining. Blofs. yellowish.

Upright Cudweed. G . sylvaticum. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Pastures and
woods in a sandy soil. Rough pastures near Fladbury, Worces-
tershire. Nash. [On the great Island in Winandermere. Ar-
mingdale Wood near Norwich. Mr. Woodward. Sandy heath
a mile from Shiifnall on the road to Wolverhampton. Banks of
the canal in the parish of Goseley, Warwickshire. St. Pastures
and woods in the county of Durham. Mr. Robson.] P. Aug.

supi’nurn. G. Stem undivided, trailing : flowers scattered.

Die ks.h. s.— Light f. 20.2. at p.tgj 1 —Scop. 5 7 . at ll.p.i 52-Bocc.rar.
20.1 . at p.^i.

Flowers mostly female, but a few in the center hermaphrodite,
Lightf. Root-leaves strap-spearshaped, slightly hairy above,
underneath cottony, and greenish white, one half to 3 quarters
of an inch long, in tufts ; stem-leaves sitting, narrower and longer.
Stem one and a half to three inches high. Heads 3 and 4, alter-
nate, either sitting, or on short cottony fruit-stalks, from the bo-
som ol the upper leaves, which are not longer than the heads.
Cal. scales spear-shaped, with a green longitudinal line at the
base ; the tips and edges shining, of a brownish yellow. Seeds
elliptical; down sitting, rays simple, as long as the florets and
longer than the calyx. Specimen from Dr. Smith gathered on
Ben Lomond. Mr. Woodward.

Dwarf Cudweed. Gnaphalium alpinum. Lightfoot. Dry
mountainous pastures and meadows. At the foot of a hill 5 miles
from Fort George, on the west side of the road to Aberdeen.
Tops ot the Highland Mountains not unfrequent. [On the top
of Ben Lomond. Dr. Smith.] P. July, Aug.

/

9

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Gnaphalium.

G. Stem branched, spreading: flowers crowded, terminat-
ing.

Dicks, h. s.-Fl. dan.8$g-H. ox.vii. 1 1 .1 ^..f.^-Dod.66 .%-Lob. ic .i.
481 .\-Ger.e m. 6 39.2- Park. 686. 4- Pet. 1 8 . j-Ger. 51 5 .

*S7m 3 to 9 inches high or more, upright, with a thick white
cotton, much branched; branches spreading, more cottony and
thicker towards the end, the lower often trailing, clpathed with
numerous leaves, particularly towards the end, and these thickest
and most cottony. Leaves elliptical, tapering into a long leaf-
stalk, slightly cottony and greenish above, more cottony and
whitish underneath. Flowers nearly sitting. Cal. scales spear-
shaped, smooth, brown, shining, when in seed blackish, almost
hid in the cotton. Down sitting, with simple rays, as long as the
calyx. Woodward. Whole plant, particularly the base of the
calyxes and fruit-stalks, covered with a cottony substance. Leaves
Strap-shaped. Flowers globular. Cal. shining, yellowish-brown-
green, turning black; scales kinny, inner ones oblong. Blofs.
yellowish.

Black-headed Cudweed. In watery places, especially where
Stagnant water has stood during the winter. A. Aug.

G. Stem forked, upright: flowers awl-shaped, axillary:
leaves thread-shaped.

Dicks, h. s.-Pluk .2g8.2-Pei.18.12.

t. Leaves somewhat cottony, but smooth, not hairy. Linn.
Whole plant cottony, but the cotton shorter than either that
of the germanicum or montanum. Stem much branched. Leaves
awl-shaped, half embracing the stem, about an inch long. Mr.
Woodward.

Filago gallic a. Linn. Grafs -leaved Cudweed. Gravelly corn-
fields. In sandy ground about Castle Haveningham, Eisex.
[Heaths, Derbyshire. Mr. Woodward.]

G. Stern somewhat forked : flowers conical, axillary and
terminating.

Pet. 18.11 -H.ox.vn. 1 1.3 .a.-Ger. 5 1 7 . 8-Lob. ic. i. 48 1 . 2 -Ger. em .
641 .g-J.B.iii.a. 1 ^g-H.ox.vii.i 1 .3.#.

Stem much branched, cottony. Leaves spear-shaped, sitting,
prefsed to the stem, cottony, 3 or 4 lines long. Mr. Woodward.
Stems upright or spreading, 2 to 6 inches high. Leaves prefsed to.
Heads roundish, sometimes from the sides, with from 3 to 5 flowers.
Flowers pyramidal, 5-cornered, sitting, or on very short fruit-stalks.
Hermaphr. florets 4, in the very centre, fertile. Fern, florets about
1 5 in the disc, and 4 or 5 in die circumference, lying within the

V

uligino'sum.

ga'llicum.

monta'num.

Ut

Ji6 SYNGENESIS SUPERFLUA. Gnaphaiium.

scales of the common calyx, all fertile. Anthers of the hermaphr,
florets 4, with 2 bristles at the base. Blofs. 4-cleft. Seeds of all
the florets of the centre sprinkled with very short glandular hairs,
crowned with down; those of the florets of the circumference very
smooth and downlefs. Dozen hair-like. Hence it appears that
one species at least of Linnaeus’s Filago belongs to the Syngen.
Super flu a order * according in structure as well as habit, with the
Gnaphaiium s , St.

Filago mont ana. Linn. Least Cudweed. Sandy meadows and
pastures. [Manchester Race ground. Mr.CaLEY.J P. July, Aug,

\

arven'se, G. Stem supporting a panicle : flowers conical, lateral.

As there is no figure, it is difficult to say whether our small
Gnaphaiium belongs to this or to the preceding species, but it is
certain that what I have now before me for the Gn. montanum
does not agree with either the character or figures of that species,
fpr the stem bears a panicle of flowers. It is pofsible we may
have both species, as Linnaeus says they grow together.

Filago arvensis . Linn,

genna'nicum. G. Panicle forked : flowers roundish, axillary, hairy ;

leaves acute.

FI. dan. ggy-Sheldr.g2-Park. 68 5.3- Pet. 1 8.10-Fuchs. 222-J. R,
iii.a.i 58— Lonic.i.i 7 ^.o)-Matih.86i-Dod.66.2-Lob.obs.2^^.i9
and ic.\.$o.2-Ger.em.6±2.io-H.ox.vi\. 1 1 .io-Pet.i8.g-Ger.

5'7-9-

Cal. 5-cornered. Fern, florets not within the common calyx,
but between its scales. Linn. Stems several, the central one
thickest; leafy. Leaves strap-spearshaped, sitting, waved, cot-
tony. Woodward. Branches horizontal, mostly 2 and some-
times 3 from below the head terminating the stem, each termi-
nated by similar heads, from the base of which other branches
proceed, subdividing several times so as to appear forked. Florets
of 3 kinds. Florets of the centre of the disc, 2 or 3,
hermaphrodite tubular; border 4-cleft. Florets of the sides
of the disc, numerous, female, border 4-cleft , upright; seeds fer-
tile. Florets between the outer scales of the calyx.
Seeds oblong. Leers. Stems upright, branched at the top.
Branches rising above the stem. Flowers conical, sitting, yellowish
brown. Heads solitary, surrounded with scattered leaves. St am.
4. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base similar to those of Inula.
St. Calyx outer scales very woolly; the inner skinny, spear-
shaped, ending in long taper points. Bloflotn yellowish. Germens
in all the florets rough, and crowned with down.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERELUA. Conyzsu

Filago germanica. Linn. Common Cudweed. Chafeweed. Barren
meadows, pastures, and road sides. A. July, Aug.f

CONYZA. Recept. naked: down hair-like: calyx
tiled, roundish: florets of the circumference 3-
cleft.

C. Leaves spear-shaped, acute : stem herbaceous : floWers s(|
in a corymbus : scales of the calyx with their points
turned outwards.

Blackw. 1 02- J.B.'ri. 10 51 ^-Matth.Sjo -Clus.11. 2 1 .2-D0J.51.2-
Lob.obs. 308.3, and /V . i . 5 7 4 . i — G<?r . m .7 g 2 - Park . 1 1 q-Pet. iS.
i—H.ox.v’ii.i g.2^~FI.dan.622.

Leaves bluntly-ovalspearshaped, irregularly serrated, woolly
on both sides, decreasing in size upwards, those at the base of the
flowering branches spear-shaped, or strap-spearshaped, scarce per-
ceptibly serrated. Flowers numerous. Fruit-stalks short, woolly.
Floral-leaves spear-shaped, small, i on each fruit-stalk. Cal. scales
strap-spearshaped, numerous, the lower green, the upper yel-
lowish, the points green and expanding. Seeds small, blackish,
furrowed. Down sitting, as long as the calyx. Mr. Woodward.
Stem 2 or 3 feet high ; nearly cylindrical, reddish, rough with
short woolly hairs. Leaves woolly underneath, and hairy above.

Cal. scales purplish at the edge, with very short woolly hairs on
the outside. Blofs. yellow; florets without pistils , in the circum-
ference with petals ,* individuals with only pistils, slightly cloven
into 3, have at first sight the appearance of a funnel-shaped floret,
but are really more of the nature of a strap-shaped floret. Blofs .
dusky purple, or yellowish.

Great Flea-bane. Plowman s Spikenard. Spikenard Plowman s-
wort. Mountainous meadows and pastures, and road sides in a
calcareous soil. [Woods in Norfolk in a clayey soil, very com-
mon. Dr. Smith. At Force Forge, and at Hollow Oak in Fur-
nefs Fells. Mr. Jackson. On the common near Penny-bridge.

Mr. Atkinson.] B. July, Aug.

ERI'GERON. Recept. naked : down hair-like: florets
of the circumference strap-shaped, very narrow.

f It is giTon to cattle that have the bloody flux ; and hath been tried with
succefs in similar complaints of the human body. — A horse eat it. St,

7i8 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLU A* Erigeron.

canaden'se. E* Stem and flowers panlcled, rough with hair: leaves

spear-shaped, fringed.

Bocc.rar.q, 6. at p.Q6~H.ox.vu.qo.2g~Pet.: G.l2~Zarion.2$.i.

Stem firm* frequently crooked, much branched towards the
top. Leaves , the lower oval, tapering into a leaf-stalk ; those
above spear-shaped* with distant serratures, slightly hairy above,
more so underneath ; those at the base of, and on the branches,
strap-spearshaped, very entire, sitting* Flowers numerous. Fruit-
stalks slender, branched and simple. Cal. outer scales short, the
inner longer, strap-shaped, with a green line along the back,
whitish and membranaceous at the edge. Florets very small. Seeds
minute. Down sitting, simple, as long as the florets. Mr. Woodw.
Florets in the centre, yellow ; those in the circumference white,
with a tinge of red.

Canada Flea-bane. Cultivated ground and on rubbish. About
London, common. [St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol.] A. Aug. Sept.

alpi'num. E. Leaves blunt, woolly underneath : stem with I or 2

flowers : calyx rather hairy.

FI. dan. 2g2-Fl.laJ)p.g.3-J. B;\i. io^j, right hand figure.

Stems a finger’s length* unbranched, supporting a single flower*
scored, besprinkled with hairs. Leaves few, alternate, spear-
shaped, green, nearly smooth above, set underneath with expand-
ing hairs. Cal* scales numerous, equal in length* spear-shaped;
the outer scales broader, expanding, with longer hairs on both
surfaces. Florets in the circumference white, as long as the calyx*
Petals very numerous, strap-shaped and entire* Style thread-
shaped, white, acute, cloven. Central florets numerous, yellow ;
styles yellow, cloven, blunt. FI* Suec. Down a reddish rust-
colour. Sp. pi* Linnzeus seems to consider the E* alpinum and
E. uniflorum, as strictly forming but one species, observing that
the former sometimes bears a panicle of white flowers, and the
calyxes smooth. On this account we have given his additional
remarks on both species. Blofls. purple and yellow.

Found by Mr. Dickson on wet rocks on Ben Lawers* P.

tt'crc. E. Fruit-stalks alternate, with I, 2, or 3 flowers.

Curt-J. B. ii.1043. 2-Dod.G/gi .q-Ger. rn.484.10-Rf2rA.126.6-
Pet.i6.±-~Col.ecphr.ii.26.2-H.ox.vii.20.2 5.

Stems 6 to 1 8 inches high, somewhat angular, hairy, often ,
purple. Leaves , the lower oval, tapering down into a leaf-stalk ;
the upper spear-shaped, the uppermost strap-shaped, hairy on
both sides, but mostly at the edge, very entire, often waved at the
edge. Cal. scales unequal, awl-shaped, hairy. Florets of th^ cir-

2 N

✓

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Tufsilago.

cumference purple, a little longer than those of the centre; florets
of the centre yellow. Down sitting, . simple, yellow* as long as
the florets. Mr. VVoodw. Stem undivided, near 2 feet high*
hairv. Leaves spear-shaped, alternate, sitting, hairy. Fruit- stalks
from 1 to 3 inches, supporting from 1 to 3 flowers.

Blue Fleabane. Very dry meadows and pastures in a calca-
reous soil. [Narford, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. St. Vincent’s
Rocks, Bristol.] R. July, Sept.

TUSSILA'GO. Recept. naked : clown hair -like : calyx
scales equal, as tall as the surface of the florets,
somewhat membranaceous.

T. Stalk with 1 flower; tiled; leaves somewhat heart-
shaped, angular, finely toothed.

Curt.-Knipb.6- Wale l-Ludw. 50-Bla ckw. 2 o q-Fl.dan.5 9 5- Woodv .

1 3 —H. ox.vn. 1 2. row 1 . 1 ./. 1 -Dod.$ 96. 1 and 2-Lob. obs. 320. 1 ,
and 2, and ic. i. 589. 1 , and 2-Ger.em.8u-Ger.666-Park. 1 220-
Fet. 1 7.8, and y-Fucbs. 1 ^o-J.B.iu,b.^6^.^-Trag.^\8-Maitb.
8 4 4- Lonic . i . 2 2 6 . 2 .

Root creeping. Leaves appearing as the flowers are going off,
with several blunt lobes, sharply toothed, green above with red-
dish veins, white and cottony underneath, the cotton easily rub-
bing off. Leaf-stalks long, reddish brown. Stalks numerous,
solitary or in clusters, 3 to 5 inches high, lengthening after flower-
ing, cottony, clothed with spear-shaped scales embracing the
stalk, of a green mixed with brown. Flowers while in blofsom
upright, after flowering hanging down, but wrhen the down of
the seeds expand becoming upright again. Cal. scales strap-
shaped, reddish brown. Blofs. yellow. Florets of the circumference
very narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, as long as the calyx, expanding.
Florets of the centre tubular, swelling upwards ; clefts 5, spear-
shaped, bent back. Summit before the anthers have discharged
their pollen covered by them, club-shaped and simple, but after-
wards lengthened beyond them. Down sitting, longer than the
calyx. Mr. Woodw.

Common Colt' s -foot. Pastures and moistish places, in moist,
stiff, clayey soil, and on limestone rubbish. P. March, April. i*

f It is the first plant that vegetates in marie or limestone rubble. The
downy substance on the under surface of the leaves, wrapped in a rag, dip-
ped in a solution of Saltpetre, and dried in the sun, makes the best tinder.
The leaves are the basis of the British Herb Tobacco. They are somewhat
austere, bitterish, and mucilaginous to the taste. They were formerly much

FaPfara

720 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Tufeilag cf;

Pctasi'tes. T. Panicle egg-shaped : female florets few. Linn.— entire*

ly wanting in our plants . Woodward.

Curt. 134— Blacks, 222-FL dan . 842 —Clus. ii. 1 1 6.1 , and 2 -Dod.
50, 7 -Lob. obs. 32 1.2, 3, zc. i.591— Ger.em.8 1 y-Pet.\ 5.

12, 1 1 -Ger. 6 68-H. 0%. vii. 1 2 . 1 .fo-Park. 4 1 g .f. 3- Fuchs.

6^~J.Eim.566.2^Trag.^ig^Lonic.i.226ii-Mattk8^i

Leaves the largest of any of our native plants. The flowers
appear before the leaves, as they do also in T. Farfara and most
other spring plants. Linn. Fern. florets amongst the hermaphro-
dite, 2 or 2, scarcely to be said to have petals, strap-shaped,
white. Linn, the Son. Seeds altogether barren. Style thread-
shaped. Summit knobbed* spear-oblong* the point cloven. Seeds
barren. The thick-headed club-like summit I believe may be
depended upon as a certain mark of barrennefs in the florets of
the compound flowers of the Syngenesia clafs, and evinces the
propriety of removing this genus to the order Polygamia neeefsarla .
How they are propagated, unlefs by lateral shoots, I do not know*
but this will not account lor its general diffusion over the island*
unlefs we suppose that, in this country, as well as in Switzerland
and Sweden, they sometimes produce a few female florets inter-
spersed among the rest. St. Stalk 8 to 12 inches high, with
numerous spear-shaped scales embracing the stalk. Florets all
hermaphrodite, tubular; at the base narrow and greenish white;
upwards swelling, reddish without, and white within, deeply
divided into 5 spear-shaped expanding segments. Anthers as
long as the blofsom, purplish. Pollen yellow. Pistil white. Sum-
mit club-shaped, downy, shorter than the anthers before they
have discharged their pollen, longer afterwards. Down sitting.
Air. Woodward.

Butterbur. Coltsfoot. Pestilent-wort. Aloist meadows and pas-
tures, and banks of rivers. [In a meadow on the west side of
Wellington, Shropshire; and in Alothersea Brook near Stone,
Staffordshire.] P. Alarch, April. -f

used in coughs and consumptive complaints ; and perhaps not without rea-
son, for Dr. Cullen has found them to do considerable service in scrophu-
lous cases ; he gives a decoction of the dried leaves, and finds it succeed
where sea-water has failed. Cullen's Mat. Med. p. 458 — And Fuller relates
a case of a girl, with twelve scrophulous sores, who was cured by drinking
daily as much as she could, for above four months, of a decoction of the
leaves made so strong as to be sweetish and glutinous. Med. Gymn. p* 91.
Goats and sheep eat it. Cows are fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.
Linn. It may be destroyed by cutting off the crown of the root in March.
Mr. Pitt.

f The roots abound with a resinous matter. They have a strong smell
and a bitterish acrid taste. Horses, cows, goats, ‘and sheep eat it. Its large
leaves afford shelter from showers to poultry and other small animals, Li n n.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLU A. Scnecio.

T. Panicle oblong: female flowers numerous, without hy'brida
bio fsoms.

Dill. elth. 230. 297.

■#

Down sitting. Leers. Leaves exactly like those ofT .petasites.

Stalk 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous scales like those of T.

Petasites. Fruit-stalks branched, woolly, with several flowers.

Flowers smaller than those of T. Petasites. Cal. bellying, slightly
cottony; scales nearly equal, pale green, purplish at the points
and edges. Fern, florets numerous, white, slightly and irregularly
cloven into 5 or 4 segments, closely embracing the style. Herma-
phrodite fiorets usually 1, sometimes 2 in the centre, but frequently
wanting; purplish without, v^hite within; the tube narrow,
swelling upwards, and divided into 5 equal, bluntly-spcarshaped,
expanding segments. Antlers purple, shorter than the blofsom.

Style longer. Summit slightly cloven, in the hermaphrodite club-
shaped, in the females slender. Described from agrowing plant,
but not wild. Mr. Woodward. Panicle 6 inches long, tapering
at the end. Seeds in what I have examined, but they have been
\ only dried specimens, generally abortive, never having found
more than 1 fertile seed. St. (T. hybrida . Retz. obs. i. 99,
must, from the description of its leaves, be a different plant. Mr.

W OODWARD.)

' Long-stalked Coltsfoot. [Dishley Mill. Moist meadows. Near
Loughborough, Leicestershire. Dr. Arnold. Near Banbury,
Oxfordshire. Dill* elth. p. 310. Mr. Woodward. Very com-
mon about Manchester, the banks of the Irwell are crowded with
it. Mr. Oa ley.] P. April.

SENECIO. Rccept. naked : down hair-like, long :
calyx conical, double; die scales as if dead at
the ends.

(1) Florets all tubular, [S. viscosus.]

S» Leaves winged-indented, embracing the stem : flowers vulga'ris
scattered.

Curt.-Kniph.6-Fl. dan. 51 3 -Blache. 132- Wale. -Frag .28 5-Dod.

6q.t ,2-Matth.i 132-L0nicA.Q6.2-L0b.0bs.! 12.2, and ic. i.225.
2-Ger.em.2rj^.i-Park.6rj 1 -H.ox.vil.i'j. 1 -Pet. 1 7.5-Grr. 2 1 7.
2-Fuchs.286.

Cal. scales at the base spear-shaped, purplish black for about
ene third of their length. Florets all hermaphrodite. Bh fsoms
yellow, terminating.

Vol. III. — 3 A

/

722

SYNGENESIA. SUPRRFLUA. Senecio.

Common Groundsel . Sim son. Cultivated ground, rubbish, and
court yards. _ A. April — Sept.f

• V '

(2) Strap-shaped florets in the circumference rolled back *

v§icofsus. S. Leaves wing-cleft, clammy : scales of the calyx loose,

as long as the cup.

E.bot. ^2-Dill. elth. 2 58. 336~3f.B.ii. 1042.

In appearance and size resembling the S .vulgaris t but clammy
all over from hairs which secrete a viscid liquor. Leaves in
mountainous situations with a leprous scurf underneath. Fruit- •
stalks lateral, with 2 and 3 flowers. Cal. the scales at the base as
long as the tube, as it were dead at the ends. Linn. Rays some-
times wanting. Hall. Stem taller and stronger ; leaves more di-
vided; flowers larger; fruit-stalks longer, the upper forming a
kind of broad-topped spike; seeds longer, and more deeply fur-
rowed; and the down longer than in S. vulgaris. Mr. Woodw,
Blofs. yellow. The hairs on the cup and on every other part of
the plant at once distinguish this from the S. vulgaris, even
though the strap-shaped florets of the circumference should be
wanting.

Clammy Groundsel l. Sandy ground. Fen banks in the Isle
of Ely. Waste ground near towns and villages, as the Leven on
the coast of Fife, near the salt works, and at Dysart near the pier, ,
and at Charles Town, the lime-works of Lord Elgin. Lightf.,
[King’s Park, Edinburgh, Mr. Yalden, under the Salisbury

Craggs. St.] A. Aug— Dec.

%

sylvat'icus, S. Leaves wing-cleft, finely toothed : stem branching intoi

a corymb us ; upright.

Rupp.jen . Hall.$. at p. 1 yy-Dill. elth. 258.33 y-Dod. 641 .1 -Lob.
icA.226.2-Ger.em.2y8.2-H.0x.vii.1y.2-Pet.1y.6--Fl.dan.86q
-Ger. 2 1 7. 1.

Stem taller, and more firm, though slenderer than that of S.
viscosus. Leaves narrower, and more finely divided, frequently*
clammy in a hot sunny situation, but not so much so as those of
S. viscosus. Fruit-stalks much more branched. Flowers more nu-
merous, much smaller. Seeds shorter and broader. Down shorter.
Woodward, strong-scented. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with a fine

+ A strong infusion of the plant vomits. The bruised leaves are a gooc
application to boils. The seeds are very acceptable to Linnets and Gold
finches, when confined in cages. Cows are not fond of it. Goats and swine
eat it. Horses and sheep refuse it. LizfN. — A horeeeat it. Sr,

1

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Senecio.

723

woollinefs of short, tapering, zigzag hairs, brittle, branching
from the bottom. Branches , the upper rising nearly to the same
height. Leaves somewhat woolly, with scattered short hairs, ta-
pering, but not tipped with glands. Fruit-stalks somewhat cot-
tony. Cal. conical, somewhat woolly; scales at the base awl-
shaped, 2 to 3, dead at the ends, thrice as small as those of the
cup, Blo/s. full yellow. St. Leaves , edges lolled back. Cal.
scales at the base few, short, slender, scarce sensibly dead at the
ends. Florets of the circumference rolled back, close up to the cup.

Senecio viscosust @ Huds. Bushy Groundsell. Banks, and
mounds of earth in dry upland soil, dry heaths, and sandy ditch
banks. [Ruddy Hill, near Mangots Field, Gloucest. Mt.Swayne.
Lanes about Birmingham.] A. July.

(3) Strap-shaped florets in the circumference expanding :

leaves wing-cleft .

S. Leaves winged ; segments strap-shaped; lower leaves tenuifo'Iius.
on long leaf-stalks: flowers forming a corymbus;
stem upright. Jacq.

Jacq.austr.178.

Stem unbranched, 1 to-3 feet high, scored with ridges, firm,
thick as a quill, entirely covered by the leaves; reddish, but
'cloathed with cobweb-like cotton. Calyx green, not dead at the
ends. Leaves either smooth on both sides, or cloathed underneath
with a cobweb-like cotton. Lower leaves on long leaf-stalks;
upper leaves nearly sitting, and upright. Segments strap- shaped,
pointed, midrib underneath protuberating; long, distant, very
entire, rarely toothed; edges rolled back. Jacquin.

The figure of Jacquin is a very exact representation of it as it
mostly appears in the north of England. It does occur with us in
the state represented in the FI. Lond. but it is but seldom, and
seems to be a variety occasioned by a damper and more shady
situation. Mr. Wood.

Var. 2. Plant but little cottony ; lower leaves sitting; seg-
ments broader.

Curt.2g^-Pet.ij.^-Walc.

Stems 3 to 4 feet high, firm, cottony. Leaves hoary, but
sometimes dark green above, and not hoary; segments strap-
shaped, parallel, sharply toothed, terminating in a point; the
segments nearly equal in breadth to the midrib. Flovcering-branches
forming a kind of corymbus. Fruit-stalks with several awl-shaped
flower-scales. Florets of the circumference spear-shaped, pale yel-
low. Woodward. Stem angular, furrowed. Leaves sitting,

3 A 2

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Senecio.

724

hairy, particularly underneath; the lower rough to the touch;
the upper lei's hairy; segments strap-shaped, and toothed at the
ends. Calyx , scales not dead at the ends, but yellow and woolly,
the outer strap-shaped, fleshy, the inner the same, but edged
with a broad membranaceous border. The leaves in this variety
do not stand upright as in the preceding, nor do they so effectually
hide the stem; the segments are much broader, and the hairinefs
is not such as to give a hoary appearance totheplant. Upon the
whole its habit is so different, that had there not been a general
coincidence in opinion, that cultivation alone is sufficient to
occasion the differences pointed out, I should'have considered
them as distinct.

Hoary Grounds ell. Senecio eruccefolius. Huds. Curt, but not of
Linn, as I understand from M. Afzelius, though he observes that
all the synonyms, except It. scan, attributed to that, really be-
long to our plant. Woods and hedges. [Bath Hills, near Bun-
gay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Baydales, Darlington. Mr.
Robson.] P. Aug,.

Jacobaea. S. Leaves lyre-shaped, almost winged: segments finely

jagged : stem upright.

»

Kniph.6—Fl. dan.g^ y-Matt h . 1 133- Clus. ii. 22. i-Dod. 6/12-Lob ,
obs. 1 13.2, and ic. i. 227.1 -Ger. em. 280.1-Park. 668. i-Pet.ij.

1 —Fuchs W.io^'j.i-Trag. 28y-Lonic.i.g6.^-H.ox,
v’h. 18. i-Ger. 218. 1 .

1 • * t v V " . ■

Florets in the centre 6a, in the circumference 13. Relhan.
Stem cylindrical, scored, generally smooth, often tinged with pur-
ple. Leaves doubly wing-cleft; wings variously lobed, and
toothed, and sometimes again wing-cleft. Blofsoms deep yellow.
Mr. Woodward. Stem often thinly sprinkled with a fine cotton.
Leaves wing-cleft, almost winged; segments wing-cleft; lefser
segments broader towards the end; with thin spread cotton here
and there. Cal. scales 13, sometimes 1 5. Florets of the circum-
ference 13. Filaments towards the end thickening into flat egg-
shaped glands, disappearing as soon, or soon after the pollen is
shed, rendering it probable that they are intended for the nou-
rishment of the pollen. St.

Ragwort. Groundsel. Seggram. St. 'James* s Wort. Meadows,
pastures, and road sides. P. July.

Var. 2. Flowers without rays. Is so exceedingly like the
preceding, that it cannot be considered as a different species. It
is very common on the sand hills of Holland. Linn.

In great plenty in gravel on the sea shore, about 3 or 4 mile*
from Drogheda, scarcely one in a thousand being radiated.
Sherard in R. syn. Perhaps this variety is only the effect of the
9ea air, as it is well known how destructive that is to the more,
tender parts of vegetables.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Senecio. ,,

Var. 3. Flowers without rays: whole plant hoary with a den.se
cottony substance.

Marazion Marsh, Cornwall. June.f

S. Leaves toothed, those at the root egg-shaped, those of aquat'icus.
the stem wing-cleft; the outer segment largest. Huds.

J.B.ii.1057. 3-Pet. 17. 2-Ft. dan. 7Q^-Clus.i\.23.i-Ger.em. 280. 3.

Stem cottony, purplish. Root-leaves on long leaf-stalks; stem-
leaves sitting; the uppermost wing-cleft ; wings toothed. Corymbus
of few flowers. Relhan. Leaves wing-cleft, with some small
wings at the base, and a very large one egg-shaped, scolloped,
terminating, smooth. Fruit-stalks irregularly branching, with
numerous awl-shaped scales. Woodward. Stem quite smooth.

Leaves quite smooth; root-leaves with the terminating leafit ob-
long. Cal. scales 15 to 21, dead as it were and brown at the
points. Florets of the circumference about 21. Filaments thicken-
ing towards the end into oblong glands. St.

This plant i9 liable to vary much in its foliage. I have some
specimens in which the leaves are wing-cleft for more than half
their length from the base ; others in which the leaves may be
most properly considered as entire, with 1 or 2 pair of wings on
the leaf-stalk, and others again in which the upper and lower
leaves have np wing-cleft seg-ments ; hence I am strongly in-
duced to believe that this does not specifically differ from the S.

Jacoboea, ,the latter growing in dry uplands, the former in moist
meadows. Mr. Hudson’s S. aquaticus certainly corresponds with
the Linn. Sp. char, of the Jacoboea, which can hardly be said of
the upland plant which we call Jacoboea.

Water Groundsel l. Ditches and watery places, and moist mea-
dows and pastures. P. July, Aug.

(4) Strap-shaped florets in the circumference , expanding :

leaves undivided .

S. Leaves sword-shaped, acutely serrated, a little woolly paludo'sus.
underneath : stem quite straight,

FI. dan.ofi s-Ger.Q^’j-Ger. cm. ff 3.6-Pet. 16.8-Thal. B.ii0

1063.3— Park. 1232-H.ox.vYi.i g.22.

f If this plant is gathered before the flowers open, and used fresh, it dyes
wool of a full green, but the colour is apt to fade. If woollen cloth is
boiled in alum- water, and then in a decoction of the flowers, it takes a beau-
tiful deep yellow. Horses and sheep refuse it. Cows a»e not fond of it.
Linn. Horses and cows eat it when young,

3 a3

t

726

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Aster.

Leaves sometimes cottony on both sides. Linn. Stem 2 to 5
feet high, simple. Leaves very long, strap or spear-shaped, los-
ing their woollinefs by age. Umbel flat topped. Flowers 2 inches
broad. Cal. conglutinated. Hall. Blofsom yellow.

Bird' s -tongue Groundsel . Marshy ditches and their banks in
the Isle of Ely, near Stretham Ferry, but not common. P. Aug,

saracen'icus. S. Flowers in a cory mbus : leaves spear-shaped, serrated,

almost smooth.

*J ’acq . austr.iSfj-Kniph. 4-Ger. 350 -Fuchs. J28-J. B. ii.1063.2—
Trag .q&j—Lonic .\.2 4.1 .3-IW.141 .i-Lob.obs. 159.3, and ic. i.
2gg.2-Ger.em.42g.

Distinguishable by its appearance, broad leaves , size, and
root which creeps very much. Linn. Leaves rather toothed than
serrated. Floral-leaves very slender; as long or longer than the
partial fruit-stalk. Strap-shaped florets about 7 or 8. Flowers
yellow.

Broad-hayed Groundsel. Moist meadows and pastures, and
ditch banks. Between Wells and Glastonbury, and near Ship-
ton-mallet, and elsewhere in Somersetshire. Near Halifax, in the
fields about Salkeld; R. syn. and about Clapham and Ingleton,
Yorkshire. Huds. [in the hedges near Longtown, and on the
side of the river below Carlisle. Mr. Jackson.] P. July, Aug.*f-

AS'TER. Recept. naked: down hair-like: radiating
florets more than 1 o : calyx tiled ; the lower-
most scales open.

(3) Herbaceous • Leaves entire . Fruit-stalks naked .

*

T ripo'lium* A. Leaves strap-spearshaped, fleshy, smooth, 3-fibred :

calyx scales blunt, somewhat membranaceous.

E. hot. 87-Fl. dan . 61 jj-Gmel. ii. 80 .2-J. B. ii. 1064.2 -G^r.333-
Dod.§j g-Lob. obs. 157.4, and ic. i. 2 96 . 1 —Ger. em. 41 3 . 1 -Park.
6/4-Pet.i 7.1 o -Lcb.obs. 1 58. 1 , and ic.\.2g6.2-Ger.em.4\ 3.2-
Pet.ij.i 1-FI.0x.vi1.22.36.

Stems 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves fleshy. Flowering-branches
trom the bosom of the upper leaves. Fruit-stalks branched. Cal. 1

f The Phalana fuliginous, Jacob tea, and tronuba, live upon the several
species*

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Solidago.

scales in 2 or 3 unequal rows, short, egg-shaped, scored, green
and brown with reddish brown anthers, hloi ets of the cii c umfet ence
.spear or strap-shaped, pointed, frequently cloven at the point,
brio-ht blue. Woodward. Flowers with somewhat of a sweetish
scent. Florets of the circumference 21 to 23, of a bluish lilac.
Florets of the centre fewer, about 18. Seeds of the female floiets
but half the size of the others. St.

Sea Starwort . Salt marshes on the sea coast, in a muddy soil,
[and in salt marshes in the inland parts ol the kingdom, as in a
salt marsh near Shirley Wich, Staffordshire ; in a meadow be-
tween the Trent and the Canal. St. West side of Walney
island. Mr. Atkinson. Shore of the Avon, a little above the

Hotwell, Bristol, between the gravel walk and the river.]

P. Aug. Sept.f

Var. 2. All the florets tubular.

Pet. 17.12.

About Bristol, frequent. Ray.

SOLIDA'GO. Recept. naked: dawn hair-like: florets
of the circumference about 5 : calyx scales tiled,
laid close.

S. Stem serpentine, branched: leaves mostly sitting: flow-
ers in crowded panicles.

Var. 1. Stem branched: leaves strongly serrated.
E.bot.QOi-Ludw.i £0~Sheldr.6£—Blackw.i6Q-Ger.£i$.2-Tabem*
1 260— Pet, 1 6 . 1 o-Dod. 142. 2-Lob. obs. 1 59,2> an(l iC> 299*l~
Ger.em.^o.2-H.ox.vi\.2^. row 1 .4.

Var. 2. Stem branched : leaves indistinctly serrated.
Fl*dan.66Q—Kniph.j—Matth. 1 006— Dod.i 4.2.1— Lob. obs. 159** • an
ic . i. 298. 2-Ger. em . 430. 348. 1 -Pet. 16.9 -H. ox.v'u.

23.20.

Root-leaves serrated. Stem-leaves sometimes serrated, but mostly
entire. Linn. From 1 to 4 feet high. Lower leaves oval-speai-
shaped, tapering into a leaf-stalk, distantly serrated, but towards
the point almost entire, rough, slightly hairy, dark green above,
sea green underneath, with a net-work of numerous veins; the
upper alternate, nearly sitting, spear-shaped, entire, or nearly so.

4 Goats and horses eat it. Cows and swine refuse it. Sheep are not
fond of it. Linn. May it not, when growing in an inland situation, be de-
pended on as a proof of the existence of salt springs, St.

t

727

Virga-au'rea*

< to

8 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Solidago.

Flowering branches axillary, the lower shorter, the upper longer
than the leaves, with 6 to 8 flowers on branched fruit-stalks. Flow-
er-scales i or 2 on each fruit-stalk. Calyx , scales unequal, spear-
shaped, with a green line along the back, and whitish, shining,
membranaceous edges. Seeds brown, convex on one side, flat on
the other, hairy the whole length, nearly as long as the calyx.
W o o d w. Stem, leaves, calyx , and tubular parts of the florets thick
set with very short, opaque, white, bristly hairs. Calyx within of
a silvery white, the outer scales much shorter. Florets of the centre ,
segments bent back. Florets of the circumference 6 to 8, bent back,
with 4 or 5 faint longitudinal scores, and 3 or 4 teeth at the end.
Blofs. yellow.

Common C-oldenrod. Woundwort. Solidago Virga-aurea. Hort.
ClifFort. Woods, hedges, heaths, copses. P. Aug. Sept.

Var. 3. Stem serpentine, unbranched: leaves spear-shaped :
flowers in a spike-like terminating bunch.

Mountains near Kendal. Mr. Gough.

In all these varieties the degree of serrature on the leaves, as
well as the length of the.leaf-stalks, is very variable ; but the stem
in all is serpentine* ribb6d, and cottony.

cam'brica. S. Stem straight, unbranched : leaves spear-shaped, the

upper nearly sitting, the lower on leaf-stalks as long
as themselves : flowers in a panicle.

Dill. elth. 306.390,— Pet. 16.11.

From 3 to 7 inches high. Flowers sometimes forming a co-
rymbus, sometimes a compact spike-like bunch, but I have not
seen the secondary fruit-stalks branched, as in the S. Virga-aurea .
Cultivated it attains the height of 18 inches or more, but still pre-
serves its straight unbranched stem and its great length of leaf-
stalks. Specimens from Profefsor Thunberg, called Virga-aurea ,
agree with our Cambrica, which confirms an observation Mr.
Afzejjus made to me, that Linnaeus in Hort. ClifFort. had errone-
ously placed this as a variety of the common S.vhga-aurea, whereas
it is the plant of the Flora Suecica, and really distinct from that
of the Hort. ClifFort. which is our more common species.

Solidago Virga-aurea. Fl.Suec. Welch Col denrod. Pastures on
the top of y Glyder Mountain, in Wales. Lluyd. Mountains
about Llanberys, and on those of Yorkshire and Westmoreland.
Huds. Llyn y Cwyn, near Snowdon. Penn. Wales. [On the
rocky precipice on the summit of Ingleborough, to the Northwest.
Mr. Woodward. Near Kendal. Mr. Gough.] P. July.

Lappo'nica. Stem straight, unbranched; root-leaves egg-shaped, on

bordered leaf-stalks : stem-leaves spear-shaped, sit-
ting : flowers in a spike-like terminating bunch and
in the bosom of the upper leaves.

(r /

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Cineraria.

About 6 inches high. Spike containing about to flowers. So-
Jidago 306, Flor. Lapponica. I am indebted to Mr. Afzelius for
the information that this Lapland plant had been found in Scot-
land, and I have now a specimen before me which I believe came
from the mountains in Westmoreland.

CINERA'RIA. Receptacle naked: down hair-like: ca-
lyx single, many-leaved, equal.

C. Flowers in a corymbus: leaves broad-spear-shaped, palus'tris,
toothed-indented : stem woolly.

E.bot. 1 51-Fl. dan. 57 3-Gmel.i1. 2-Lob. ic.i.^^y-Ger.em.

1 483. 5-H.ox.v ii .19.2 4 -Pet. 1 6 . 6 -Park .126.3.

Leaves thick, cottony, and almost clammy, covering the stem
quite up to the flowers; the lower cut and almost wing-cleft. Linn.

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, thick, hollow, with a thick clammy long
► wool. Leaves varying extremely in form and manner of growth,
cloathed with the same wool as the stem, without order, sitting,
or half embracing the stem, waved, sometimes barely toothed,
those immediately beneath the corymbus entire. Fruit-stalks
branching. Floral-leaves awl-shaped, one on each fruit-stalk. Calyx9
scales nearly equal, spear-shaped, woolly, membranaceous at the
edge. Blofs. pale yellow. Florets of the circumference oval, veined,
with 2 or 3 teeth at the end, or entire; 4 lines long, with a short
narrow tube. Florets of the centre somewhat shorter. Anthers some-
what longer than the blofsom. Style in the hermaphrodite longer
than the stamens ; in the female as long as the tube. Seeds small.

Down as long as the tube of the blofsom; rays few. Woodward.

Marsh Fleawort. Marshes in Lincolnshire. Fen-ditches about -
Marsh and Chatterefs in the Isle of Ely ; Caister near Yarmouth;
about Pillinmofs, Lancashire; and Aberavon, Merionethshire.

[About Yarmouth, Norfolk. Woodwarp.J P. June, July.

Var. 2. Leaves not jagged. R. syn. 174. n. 3. Woodw.

Lob.ic.i. 3/^7 .i-Ger.em.qf> ^.ft-Park .126 ,q.-H.ox .vii.i g.rcw 2.23-
Pet. 16.5.

Var. 3. Lefs woolly than var. 1. Stem slender, about 18 inches
high. Leaves strap-spearshaped, toothed, the lower about 4 inches
long, the upper 2\ to i£, and not more than i-4th wide, not so
numerous as in var. 1. Flowers smaller. Fructification perfectly
similar.

Near Ramsey, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward.

C. Flowers in a terminating umbel, with an involucrum at integrifo'Iia*
its base: leaves inversely egg-shaped, woolly, indis-
tinctly toothed.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Inula.

7cP

Jacq.austr. i So- All iom 38.2-E.Atf. i 52-Relh.at p.$2Q-Jacq.misc.
i.iq.tp-Pet.iy.^.

Root fibrous. Root-leaves on leaf-stalks, spatula-shaped, ob-
scurely toothed, cottony underneath ; stem-leaves sitting, spear-
shaped, cottony. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, simple, cottony, an-
gular. Flowers 1 to 4 ; yellow. Florets of the circumference 10 to
15; of the centre numerous, prominent. Calyx furrowed, the
edges skinny. Seeds hairy. Down simple. Relh an. The size of
this plant varies very much, as also does the number of its flowers.
I have before me a specimen 2w inches high, with only 2 flowers,
and another lately sent by Mr. Relhan 9 inches high, and with
an umbel of 8 flowers. The fruit-stalk of the central flower but
half the length of the others.

Mountain Fleawort. Cineraria alpina @ Linn. C. alpina. Relh.
C. campestris. Retz. Scand. p. 1 59. Hilly pastures. Gogmagog
Hills, Newmarket Heath, the Devil’s Ditch, and near Basingstoke
and Andover. P. May, June.

IN'ULA. Receptacle naked : down hair-like: anthers
with 2 bristles at the base.

Hel e'nium. I. Leaves embracing the stem, egg-shaped, wrinkled, cot-
tony underneath: scales of the calyx egg-shaped.

Woody. loS-Kniph. y-Blackw./^j §-Ludzv. ^g—Dod:^^.-Loh.ohs. 309.
iJc.i.5j^.2--Ger.em. jg^-U.ox.vu.2^.rozv 3. fig. the last-Ret .
1 6. 1 -Park. 6^^-Gars.-Ger.6^g-Fl.dan.'j2S-Matth.'ji-Fuchs,
2^2-J.B.ii.a.ioQ-cTrag. 1 70.

Stem 5 or 6 feet high, branched towards the top, scored, cot-
tony. Leaves, the lower on leaf-stalks, spear-shaped; the upper
egg-spearshaped, serrated or toothed, deep green, slightly hairy
above, whitish green and thickly cottony underneath. Flowers
very large, solitary, terminating the stem and branches. Calyx ,
the outer egg-spearshaped, like the leaves; the inner bluntly egg-
shaped, cottony. Blofs. yellow. Florets of the circumference one to
one inch and a half long, with 3 pointed teeth at the end. Dozen
shorter than the florets. Woodward.

Common Elecampane. Moist meadows and pastures. In Efsex,
frequent; about St. Ives, Cornwall, and Bugden, Huntingdonsh.
between Denbighshire and St. Asaph. [Side of Bredon Hill,
ascending from Great Comberton, Worcestershire. Nash. Rip-
ton and Warboy’s, Huntingdonshire, the latter far removed from
any house. Mettingham, Suffolk. Not uncommon in Norfolk.
Woodw. In a pasture ground near Wickcliffs, Mr, Swayne,

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Inula,

Several places near Dalton, clearly in a wild state. Mr. Atkin-
son.] , P. July, Aug.f

I. Leaves embracing the stem, heart-oblong: stem woolly,
forming a kind of panicle : scales of the calyx bris-
tle-shaped.

Curt. 1 6q.-Kniph. 1 2-Fl.dan. 410 -W : ilc.-Matth.Z 7 2-Clus. ii. 2 1.1-
Dod.52. i-Lob.obs. iQj.i. and ic A. 3^5. 2-Ger.em.^82. 3-Pet. 16.
2-H.0x.vY1. 1 9.7— Fuchs. ^6-J. B.Yi. 1050. 1 .

Calyx , scales awl-shaped, soft, bowed back, coloured at the
edge. Linn. Stem upright, cylindrical, scored, cottony, branch-
ed towards the top. Leaves spear-shaped, obscurely toothed, ar-
row-shaped at the base, cottony on both sides. Flowers terminat-
ing the stem and branches, solitary. Ca!yxy scales numerous,
cottony. Blofs. yellow. Florets of the circumference with 3 teeth
at the end. Down as long as the tube of the blofsom, Woodw.
Bristles at the base of the anthers very minute. Seeds rough with
short bristles. Receptacle rough with short, stiff, projecting, spear-
shaped points.

Middle Elecampane. Flea-lane. Moist meadows and pastures,
watery places, sides of brooks and rivulets. P. Aug, — Oct.}

I. Upper-leaves embracing the stem, strap-spearshaped,
blunt : stem upright : calyxes cylindrical.

Dicks.h.s.-Curt. 1 56~Sheldr.-Fl.dan. 6 1 3 -Blachw. 1 03-0^,390.2-
Trag .166-Lonic .1.1 §1 .^-Dod.^i.^-Lob.obs. 187. 2. tfw^/V.i.345.
x -Ger.em. 48 2 , 4 -H. ox . v ii . 2 o .30 -Ret. 16.3.

Stem cylindrical, scored, smooth, crooked, often tinged with
purple, much branched. Leaves , the lower sitting; upper embrac-
ing the stem, spear-shaped, waved at the edge, slightly hairy and
cottony. Flowers numerous, solitary. Calyx , scales numerous,
awl-shaped, woolly ; the lower spreading. Blofs. yellow. Florets
of the circumference with 3 teeth at the end; often wanting. Down
shorter than the florets; rays few. Woodw. Stem upright, not

f The root is esteemed a good pectoral. Dr. Hill says, he knows, from
his own experience, that an infusion of the fresh root, sweetened with ho-
ney, is an excellent medicine in the Hooping Cough. A decoction of the
root cures sheep that have the scab. Horses and goats eat it ; cows, sheep,
and swine refuse it.

% It has a peculiar scent, compared by some to that of soap. The Rufsian
soldiers, in the Persian expedition under General Keit, were much troubled
with the bloody flux, which was cured by the use of this plant. Cows are
not fond of it; goats and sheep refuse it. Linn. A horse eat it, but it is
generally left untouched. St.

73 1

dysenter'ica.

cvlin'drica.

«r

732

crithmoi'des

Pardalian'-

ches.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Doronicum.

prostrate. Flowers broad, short, cylindrical. Bristles on the an*
thers very minute, and much shorter than the filaments. Down
shorter than the seed.

Small-flowered Elecampane . Small Fleabane . 7. uliginosa. FI. ox.

7. Pulicaria. Huds. and other English authors, but not of Linnaeus.
Mr. Afzelius informs me that the Swedish plant is very trail-
ing, not at all hairy ; but our plant always grows upright, and
the upper part of the stem, the fruit-stalks, and the leaves, are
woolly. The calyx in our plant is cylindrical, in the Swedish
plant globular. It is probable that the reference to Dod.52, given
m the FI. Suecica, misled the other European botanists, for that
is undoubtedly our plant. Linnaeus marks a var. of his I. Pulicaria
& as a larger and more rigid plant than a, referring to Pluk.384. 2 ;
but this plant of Plukenet’s is much smaller than ours, though
larger than the plant of Linnaeus.

Road sides, and where water has stagnated during the winter.
[About Wishaw near Coleshill.] Aug. — Oct.,

I. Leaves strap-shaped, fleshy, generally 3-pointed.

E. bot.68-J. B.ii.a. 106. ^-Dod.yoS.i-Lob.obs. 21^.1. and ic.i.^g^,
2-Ger.em.^^.^-Park. 1 28y-H.ox.xn.2 1 .1 6-Pet. 1 j.g-Matth.

49i~G^r*427-3*

Stems firm, smooth, scored, much branched. Leaves at the ends
of the branches crowded. Flowers solitary, terminating the upper
branches. Fruit-stalks thick. Calyx , scales numerous, awl-shaped,
fleshy, yellowish green. Seeds woolly. Down shorter than the
florets; rays few, when viewed with a glafs finely toothed on one
side. Woodward. Lower-leaves with teeth at the end, and some-
times a little toothed at the sides; upper ones entire. Blofs. yellow.

7. crithmoides. Sp. pi. and Huds. Golden Samphire. Samphire
Elecampane . Salt marshes on the sea doastt, in a muddy soil.

P. Aug.

DORO'NICUM. Recept. naked : down hair-like : calyx
scales in 2 rows; equal, longer than the blofsoms:
seeds of the circumference down-lefs and naked.

D. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt, finely toothed ; root-leases
on leaf-stalks ; stem-leaves embracing the stem.

Jacy.aust.^^o-Ludw.^y-Knlph.2-Blackw.2^g-Clus. ii. 1 g-Ger.
em.y 62-Park. 321. y-H.ox.xii. 24.4-Mill. 1 28-Gars. 1 5.

^ Stem branched. Seeds ef the circumference naked. Linn, Blofl.

yellow.

733

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Beilis.

Great Leopard' s-bane. W df s-bane. About Hoddam Castle,
Annandale, and several othea places in the Lowland’s. Lightf.
Near the world’s end, Harrogate. Mr. Manby. — [Near Duplin
House. St. — Banks of the Severn below Bridgnorth.]

P. May, June.

BEL'LIS. Recept. naked, conical : down none : calyx
hemispherical, with equal scales: seed inversely
egg-shaped.

B. Stalk naked.

Curt.-Kniph.i-F!.dan,50$-Mralc.-Black'W.200‘Ludw. i Z/±-Matth.
gi2-Dod.26^.i-Lob.obs.2^2.2yand ic.i.^y6.i-Ger.em.6^6.^
Pet. i g . 2 -Ger.$ i o. %-H.ox. vi . 8 . 2 6-Ger. 5 1 o . 3 - Ger.em . 63 6 . 4-
Park. 5% o. 1 i-H.ox.v\.%.2g-~Fuchs.i ^y-Trag. 1 61 .

Stalk with i flower. Linn. Stalk hairy, solid at the bottom,
hollow at the end, sometimes with a few leaves. Relhan. Florets
of the circumference notched at the end. Mr. Woodward, and
tipt with a fine carmine. Leaves oblong, blunt, notched, spread
upon the ground. Florets in the centre yellow, those in the cir-
cumference white above, pink beneath.

Common Daisy. Meadows and pastures. P. March — Sept.j*

Var. 2. Flower herbaceous, globular.

In Mr. Selden’s copse near his house in Worcestersh. Ray.

CHRYSANTHEMUM. Recept . naked ; down none,
but a kind of border: calyx hemispherical, tiled ;
scales membranaceous at the edge.

( 1 ) Florets of the circumference white •

C. Leaves embracing the stem, oblong ; serrated upwards,

toothed at the base.

Ludvo. i Q^-Kniph.6--Curt.^^S-Fl.dan.ggtp-Sheldr.6-Matth. g 1 o-
Dod. 2 65. 3 - Lob. 0 bs. 2 53 . 2 ,andic . i . 478 . 1 -Ger.em. 63 e^-Park. 5 2 8.
1 -Walc.-Ger. sog-Fuchs.i fft-J.B. iii.tf. 1 14.2 -Frag. 144.1--
Lonic.l.Sg.i-Pet.ig.i-Blachu.^-H.ox.vi.Q.i.f ,2.

f The leaves are slightly acrid. The roots have a penetrating pungency.
No attention is paid to it, except what it claims from the beauty of its flow-
ers. The flowers close at night. Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it. Linm.
2

peren'nis.

Leucan'the*

mum.

734

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Chrysanthemum.

#

Seeds black, with white scores, and crowned with a yellow cy-
lindrical head. Linn. Root-leaves on leaf-stalks; stem-leaves sit-
ting. Flower large. Florets ef the centre yellow ; 0/ the circumfe-
rence spear-shaped, with mostly 3 teeth. Relhan. upright,

scored, simple, or with few branches. Leaves , the upper some-
times embracing the stem, oblong-wedgeshaped or spear-shaped,
serrated, sometimes toothed, and even wing-cleft at the base.
Flower 1, terminating the stem, and principal branch. Cal.
scales spear-shaped, unequal. Florets of the circumference some-
times entire. Mr. Woodw. Cal. outer scales green, edged with
brown, the inner with the addition of a skinny membranaceous
border.

Greater Daisy . Ox-eye. Moon-flower. Daisy Goldins. Dry
meadows, pastures, and walls. P. June, July.f*

inod'orum. C. Leaves winged, many-cleft: stem branched, spreading.

Fl.dan.6g6-Pet. 1 g. 1 2-Fuchs.i 44- J. B.ni.a.i 20.2.

Its calyx being skinny at the edge occasions it to be afsociated
with the Chrysanthemums. This obscure plant is readily distin-
guishable from Anthemis Cotula , which it very much resembles, as
also A. arvensis , by the want of chaff on the receptacle; and from
Matricaria Chamotnilla by its flattish calyx ; its scales brown and
uneven at the edge ; its receptacle hemispherical, not conical ;
the rays of theblofsom expanding, not bent down; and its flowers
being thrice as large. Linn. Stem much branched, smooth,
scored, sometimes purplish. Leaves , wings distant, twice or
thrice divided, the extreme segments thread-shaped; mid-rib
broad; membranaceous, and somewhat embracing the stem at the
base, narrowing upwards. Flowers large, terminating. Florets
cf the circumference nearly strap-shaped, 8 to 9 lines long; of the
centre greenish at the base, yellow above ; segments spear-shaped,
expanding. Receptacle conical. Seeds brown, lopped at each end, with
4 whitish prominent angles. Woodward. Seeds with a brown-
ish red circular gland in each corner at the top, resembling the
eyes of some insects; the 2 inner sides concave; the angles sharp,
prominent, and whitish, crowned at the top with a very shallow,
whitish, membranaceous border. St. Calyx the middle row of
scales the largest, all more or lefs membranaceous and skinny.
Florets of the circumference bent back, 20 or more ; those in the
centre very numerous, yellow.

Chamomile Goldins. Matricaria inodor a. FI. suec. and Huds.
which see. Corn fields and road sides. A. July — Sept,

f The young leaves may be eaten in sallads. Horses, sheep, and goats
eat it. Cows and swine refuse it.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Matricaria.

Var. 2. maritimum. Outer scales of the calyx with finger-like
divisions; inner ones fringed at the edge.

Only about 4 inches high, but in other respects agreeing with
the preceding.

On the Beach at Weymouth, May. 1794.

(2) Flowers entirely yellow,

C. Leaves embracing the stem, jagged upwards, tooth- se'getum.
serrated towards the base.

Dicks.h.s.-Fl.dan.gg^~Clus.\. 334.2-IW. 263..1 -Lob. 0^.298. 2,
andi c. i . 55 2 . 1 -Ger.em.y 43 . 1 - Park . 1 3 7 o . 1 -H. qx.yi .4 .row 2 . 1
-Pet, 1 9.6 -Frag, 1 ^.2-Lonic. i.8g. 1 .

Stem upright, scored, smooth, branched. Leaves sea-green,
varying in figure, as wedge-strap or spear-shaped', distantly ser-
rated towards the base, usually deeply toothed or jagged, with
frequently 3 clefts at the end. Flowers very large, terminating.

Cal , scales oval, blunt, sea-green, with membranaceous edges.

Florets of the circumference oral, about half an inch long. Seeds
slightly serrated, whitish. Mr. Woodw. Whole plant smooth.

Leavesf segments terminated by a little projecting point. Florets
cf the circumference egg-shaped. Summits in the female flowers
frequently 3.

Corn Marigold. Goulans. Goldins. Marigold Goldins. Buddie
in Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. — Corn fields. [An extremely
troublesome weed in the Norfolk turnep fields in a sandy soil.

Mr. Woodward.] A. June. Oct.*j*

MATRICA'RIA. Recept . naked: down none: calyx
hemispherical, tiled; scales rather pointed, not
skinny at the edge.

M. Leaves compound, flat; leafits egg-shaped, cut: fruit- parthe'niuiu
stalks branched.

f It was imported into Sweden along with corn from Jutland, about the
end of the last century. In Denmark there is a law to oblige the farmers
to root it up from their corn fields. It may be destroyed by dunging the
ground in autumn, followed by a summer fallow, and harrowing the land
about five days after sowing the grain. Its yellow flowers, however, which
follow the sun in a very remarkable manner, give a brilliancy to the fields in b

tillage, and please the eye of thepafsing traveller. Linn — A large quantity,
which grew on some arable land, was cut when in flower, dried, and eaten
by Horses as a substitute for Hay. Mr, Hollefear. — It is used by the
Germens for dying yellow. St,

736 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Matricaria.

Ludw. 1 92 -Kniph. 5-Gars. 36 S-Blackw. 1^2—Woodv. 249 -Fuchs.
^.5-J.B.m.a.i 2g-Dod.35. 2-Lob.obs.^5. 1, andic.\. 751 .i-Ger.
em.6 52.1-Park. 83.1 -Pei . 1 g . 5-Mat tb . 907 -FI. ox.vi. 10. i-Ger.

526-Fl.dan.67 q-Lonic.i. 1 5 1 .2-Trag.i 56.

4 /

Stem 3 feet high, firm, scored, slightly hairy. Leaves alter-
nate, slightly hairy; leafits , 2 or 3 pair, oval, jagged, a large one
terminating, wedge-shaped, with 3 lobes, the middle one of which
. is 3-cleft, the side ones scolloped. Flowers solitary. Fruit-stalks

thickest just beneath the flower, hairy, mostly branched. Cal .
scales oval. Florets of the circumference wedge-shaped;- white;
those of the centre yellow. Seeds egg-shaped, lopped at the base,
deeply furrowed, whitish. Woodward. Stems angular, scored.
Leaves wing-cleft; leafits oblong or egg-shaped, deeply divided
into about 5 segments, and these again cut and jagged, when
magnified appear as if sprinkled with minute spangles. Cal. in-
ner scales skinny and ragged at the edges. Florets of the circum-
ference egg-shaped; those of the centre crooked, sprinkled with
minute shining particles; only yellow at the top. Flo wm- some-
times double.

Common Feverfew. Waste places, hedges, and walls.

P. June, July.f

maritima. M. Receptacles hemispherical: leaves doubly winged,

somewhat fleshy ; convex above, keeled underneath.

Ray 7.1. at p. 1 83.

Root woody, running deep, apparently perennial. Stems re-
clining, darkish purple, smooth, firmer and stronger than those of
Anthemis nobilis , and forming a fuller turf, but not creeping or
spreading so wide. Leaves thicker and shorter, shining, dark
green. Flowers several on a stem. Dill, in R . syn. 186. Florets
in the centre yellow ; those of the circumference white.

Matricaria inodora y Huds. — Sea Feverfew. Sea coast, in san-
dy soil. On the coast of Sufsex, and very plentifully at Cock-
bush, 7 miles from Chichester. Dill. — Island of Bute, the Wes-
tern side of Cantire, between Machrianish and Barr. Lightf. —
[Rocks at Down, near Bamff, in Scotland. Dr. Smith. — Isle of
Walney. Mr. Atkinson.] P. July.

ChamomiPla. M. Receptacles conical; rays expanding: calyx scales

equal at the edge.

f The whole plant has a strong smell, and a bitter taste, and yields an
efsential oil by distillation. A horse refused it. St.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Anthemis.

* ’ /

Krdph.g-Ludw. i 3 1 -Curt. 3 3 1 -Blackw.Gj .1 -She Ur . g g - 2 5 7 .

2-Lob . 0^.445.1 , andic. i. jyo.i-Ger.em. 7 54. i-Par^. 85.1-
E/^w.2 98-ir«^.2 5-y.^.iii.rt. 1 1 G-Trag. 1 48 -Matth. 905-
Lonic.i. go. 2-H.ox.vi.i 2. y-Pet.i g.g.

Stem scored, branched. Leaves doubly winged, the upper
often simply winged; wings distant; little wings with 2 or 3
clefts; leafits strap-shaped, of an equal breadth with the mid-rib.

Flowers solitary, terminating. Cal. scales bluntly spear-shaped,
hairy, membranaceous at the edge, with a green line along the
back. Florets of the circumference white, nearly strap-shaped, at
first expanding, afterwards bent back; those of the centre yellow.

Receptacle almost cylindrical, dotted. W oooward. Leaves more
than doubly compound, with slender segments. Seeds numerous,
minute, pale brown, furrowed. Curt.

Chamomile Feverfew.

Var. 2. suaveolens. Receptacle conical, rays bent downwards:
calyx scales equal at the edge.

Ger. 1 5. 1.

Sweet-scented Feverfew. Matricaria Chamomilla @ Huds. Ma-
tricaria suaveolens. Linn. Corn fields, cultivated ground, dung-
hills, and toad sides. A. May-^~Aug.fK

AN'THEMIS. Recept. chaffy: down none: calyx he-
mispherical, scales nearly equal : florets of the
circumference more than 5.

( 1 ) Rays white .

A. Receptacles conical : chaff bristle-like : seeds crowned arven'sis,
with a border.

Kniph.i i-Tabern.'jo.i-Pet.ig.Z.

Plant hoary. Stems spreading. Chaff spear-shaped. Root
biennial. It has the habit and size of the Anth. Cotula, but the
stems spread more, the fruit-stalks are longer, lefs scored, the
grooves being only 4 or 5, but in the A. Cotula about 8. The
leaves are more of a grey green, and scentlefs. The inner scales
of the calyx are broad and membranaceous at the end, not so in
the Cotula. The chaff in this is spear-shaped, in the other slen-
der as a bristle: the apex of the seed is crowned with a 4-sided

f Its properties resemble those of Anthemh nobtlis. The Finlanders use an
infusion of it in comsumptive cases. Cows, goats, and sheep eat it. Horses
are not fond of it. Swine refuse it.

VoL. III. — 3 B

8

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Anthemis.

border, as in the Matricaria Chamomilla, but in the Anth. Cotula
the seed has no such crown. Linn. Stem branched immediately
above the root, scored, slightly hairy, pale green, with sometimes
a tinge of red. Branches generally naked upwards. Leaves sit-
ting, winged; mid-rib broad ; wings either winged, or only jagged,
sea-green. Flowers terminating. Fruit- stalks hairy, and some-
what thicker beneath the calyx. Cal. scales oval, with an awl-
shaped green line along the back, somewhat hairy; edges mem-
branaceous. Florets of the circumference white, somewhat elliptical,
with 2 or 3 teeth, 4 or 5 lines long ; those of the centre with a green-
ish tube, swelling upwards; border yellow, bent back. Chaff
spear-shaped, very much pointed, somewhat keeled, as long as
the florets. Seeds quadrangular, smooth, slightly furrowed, nar-
rowest at the base, crowned with a blunt margin. Mr. Woodw.
Whole plant slightly woolly. Stems numerous, ascending, cy-
lindrical, slightly scored, branched towards the top. Leaves
winged; leafits wing-cleft, and these again cut into 2 or 3 narrow
segments, terminated by semi-transparent, conical, sharp points.

Cotula alba. Cotula non foe ti da. Oculusbovis . Bupthahnusn. Dod.
pempt. 259, is the plant here described.

Corn Ckasnomile. Gravel pits in Peckham Fields, and in the
barren stubble fields between Eltham and Shooter’s-hill. Ray. —
Corn and fallow fields. Huds. — Corn fields and way sides, in
gravelly soils. Parsons in FI. scot. — [Pastures about Affcote and
the Stewponey, near Stourbridge, Worcestershire. St. — Corn
fields in Norf. Woodward.] B. June, July.

Var. 2. All the florets narrow.

Cotula non fact ida, flore pleno. R. syn.186. St. James’s field on
the upper side near the highway, and at Great Strickland, West-
moreland. R. syn.

Co'tula. A. Receptacles conical : chaff bristle-shaped: seeds naked.

. v ... 4 . i.

Curt.^2g~Dod.2 58-Lob. obs.^y .1 ,andic. i. 773. 2 -Ger. em. 757.

1 -Park.8y.g-H.ox.vi.i2.8-Fuchs.^8^-J.B.iii.a. 1 2 1 .1 -Blackw*
6 j-Gar s. 2 16- Pet. g.i i-H.ox.v\. 12.10.

Fruit-stalks with about 8 scores. Cal. scales by no means widen-'
ing towards the point, and scarcely membranaceous. Chaff very
minute, like a fine bristle. Seeds not crowned with the 4-cornered
edge, but terminated by a simple pore. Linn. Plant palish green.
Stem slightly downy. Leafits often cloven towards the end. Petals
hanging down, and continuing in that state till morning. Curt.
Stem upright, branched upwards. Branches alternate. Leaves
doubly-or trebly winged, green. Flowers solitary, terminating.
Cal. scales spear-shaped. Chaff shorter than the florets. Seeds
with many warty angles. Mr. Woodw. Leaves smooth. Outer
florets white, 3-toothed ; central florets yellow.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Anthemis.

Slinking Chamomile , or Mayweed , or Mat hen. Corn fields, road
sides, and borders of dunghills. A. May — Aug.f

Var. 2. double -flowered . All the florets narrow.

Cotula feetida flore pleno. R. syn. St. Fields between Hitchin
and the Bald Oak, in the Isle of Thanet, and between Gilling-
ham and Chatham. R. syn,

A. Leaves winged compound, strap-shaped, acute, some- nob'ilis.
what woolly.

Woodv. 10%- Kniph.g-Ludw 1 ^^-Blachw.2gS. \-Gars.2 15. a. and
4 on the right hand,-Dod,26o,i—Lob.obs.^^,2 , and ic. i.770.2
-Gfr. emq 55. tg-Blackw. 526-Trag.i ^.g-Ger,6i6,^-J, B.iii.

1 18-PW.19.10.

Stems trailing, hairy. Leaves doubly winged ; wings rather
distant; little wings sometimes with a or 3 clefts, pointed, hairy,
greyish. Flowers solitary. Calyx hairy, with broad, shining,
membranaceous edges. Florets of the circumference somewhat ellip-
tical, either entire, or with 2 or 3 teeth ; those of the centre yellow.

Mr. Wo odw. Summits in the female florets sometimes 3. Chaff
oblong-eggshaped, like the scales of the calyx, but more skinny
and more hairy.

Common Chamomile, Sweet-scented Chamomile. Roman Chamomile .

Boggy pastures. In Cornwall so plentifully that you may scent
it all along as you ride. Ray. Sunny rneadows.and pastures. Huds.

[On the green at Pengwary, Redruth, and other old common
pastures in the western part of Cornwall, where it is much finer
scented than in gardens. Mr. Watt. Park at Oatlands, Surry.

Mr. Woodward. On the road from Hedgeford to Stafford,
near the direction post, plentiful. Mr. Pitt.] P. Aug. Sept,

Var. 2. nudum. Florets of the circumference wanting.

Dod. 260. 2-Lob. opr. 446. 1 , andic. i. jji.2-Ger.em.j5<i.2-Park.

86.2— y. S.iii.^7. 1 1 9. 2-H.ox. vi . 1 2 ,$-Ger,6 1 5. 2 .

Chamamelv.m lutem capitulo aphyllo. R. syn. 185. St.J

f Toads are said to be fond of this plant. It is very ungrateful and dis-
pleasing to bees. Goats and sheep are not fond of it. Horses, cows, and
swine refuse it. Linn. It frequently blisters the skin of reapers and of
children who happen to gather it. The heads, rubbed between the fingers,
smell intolerably disagreeable. The larvx of the Cafsida viridis feed upon
it. Curt.

+ The leaves and flower? have a strong, not ungrateful smell, and a bitter
nauseous taste. They afford an efsential oil. An infusion of the flowers
is often used as a stomachic, and as an antispasmodic. In large quantities

it

3 B 2

74°

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Anthemis.

marit'ima. A. Leaves winged, finely toothed, fleshy, naked, dotted ;

stem prostrate: calyx somewhat cottony.

Kniph.io-J.B .lil.a.i 22 .1 ^Till.pi s. i g . 3

Stems widely prostrate, smooth, purplish. Leaves winged, cut,
naked, sprinkled with hollow dots, more closely toothed towards
the base, with a purplish, elevated, transverse line beneath the
base. Fruit-stalks terminating, solitary, somewhat scored, downy,
thicker above. Flowers of the scent of M. Farthenium . Linn.
Florets tn the centre yellow.

Sea Chamomile . Meadows on the sea coast. P. July, Aug.

(2) All the florets yellow •

tmcto'ria, A. Leaves doubly winged, serrated, cottony underneath :

stem supporting a corymbus.

Kniph.i 2-Blackiv.4Q>Q-FlAan.j4.i-Ger.6oj.3-Matth.goQ-Barr.
46 $-ClusA.332.2-Ger. cm. j 4.7-Pet. ig.7-Fuchs.26-J.BMi.a.
122.2-Trag.i 52-Gars. 41 g.

Stem scored, slightly hairy, much branched. Leaves , the lower
winged; wings spear-shaped, toothed, slightly hairy and green
above, seagreen underneath ; the lower wings short, distant,
toothed; the upper wings wing-cleft; midrib broader than the
wings; the upper-leaves wing-cleft; midrib broad, toothed; wings
irregular, strap-spearshaped, toothed ; the uppermost leave s some-
times simply toothed. Fruit-stalks long, naked, scored, slightly
hairy, terminating the stem and branches, each with 1 flower.
Cal. tiled ; scales numerous, the outer of various lengths, spear-
shaped, hairy, with a green line along the back, white and shin-
ing at the edge. Florets of the circumference broad, with 3 teeth.
Mr. Woodward. Stems scored, woolly. Leaves winged; leafits
with winged clefts, the segments tapering, finely pointed. Cal.
hollowed on the under side round the fruit-stalk, woolly. Blofs.
yellow.

Oxc~cye. Chamomile . Sunny pastures, but not common. On
a bank near the river Tees, not far from Sockurn, Durham,

«L.

it excites vomiting. The powdered flowers, in large doses, have cured
agues, even when the bark had failed. Both the leaves and flowers pofsefs
very considerable antiseptia properties, and arc therefore used in antiseptic
fomentations, and poultices. From their antispasmodic powers, they are
frequently found to relieve pain, either applied externally, or taken inter-
nally, Ray recommends the flowers in calculous cases.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. Achillea.

R. syu. But Mr. Robson informs me it is not now to be found
there. P. July, Aug.f

74 1

ACHILLE'A. Recept. chaffy: down none: calyx egg-
shaped, tiled: strap-shaped florets from 5 to 10.

A. Leaves strap-spearshaped, embracing the stem, finely Ptar'mica,
serrated.

Curt.§4§—Kniph. $~Ludw. 1 1 S-JValc.-Fuchs.G^g-J. B.iii.a. 1 47-
Trag,i 59~Lonic. i.235,2 -Pet. 1 9,3-Fl. dan. 643-Gars.- H. ox.
vi. 1 2 . row 3 . 1 ./. 1 -Blackw. 2j6-Clus.il. 12.1 -Dod.j 1 o. 1 -Lob.
obs. 243.3, andic.\. 455.2 -Ger. cm. 6o6.i-G^r. 483. i -Park.

8 59 1 -Matth. 585.

Sterns 1 to 2 feet high, firm, somewhat angular, smooth, often
reddish. Learues upright, scattered, sitting, firm, smooth, strap*
spear-shaped, dark green, serratures very minute. Bruit-stalks
somewhat cottony, with or without a floral-leaf. Cal . scales spear-
shaped, keeled, cottony, bright green ; edges membranaceous and
reddish brown. Florets of the circumference oval, broad, with 3
teeth, and a short tube; those of the centre very short, dirty yellow.

Mr. Woodw. Stems angular, somewhat woolly. Leaves half
embracing the stem; ends of the serratures white, and almost of
a bony hardnefs. Cal. scales woolly without, brownish and
skinny at the edges. Florets of the circumference rarely more than
1 2 ; those of the centre numerous. Chaff woolly.

Sneeze-wort. Yarrow. Goose-tongue. Bastard Pellitory. Moist
meadows and shady places, [and balks of cornfields. St.]

P. July, Aug.

%

Var. 2. Flowers double.

Clus. W.\ 2. 2-Ger. cm. 606, 2.

Leaves truly spear-shaped, serratures deeper, as in the figures
of H. ox.Dod. tkc. Mr. Woodward. All the florets except a few
in the very centre, strap-shaped.

Small Holme Island in Winander-mere, and at Chilmark,

Wiltshire. R. syn. [At Ripton. Found by Mr. J. Whitelocke,
nurseryman at Fulham. Mr. Woodward.]{

f The flowers afford a remarkably clear and good yellow dye. The
flowers of the Chryianthtmum segetum resemble them much in appearance, but
experience proves they cannot be substituted in their place. Horses and
goats eat it. Sheep arc not fond of it. Cows and swine refuse it.

t The roots have a hot biting taste. The young tops are sharp and plea-
sant in spring sallads. The powdered leaves excite sneezing. Horses, cows,
sheep, goats, and swine eat it,

3B3

742

Millefolium.

Cy'anus.

SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA. Centaurea.

A. Leaves doubly winged, segments of the wings strap*
shaped, toothed.

Kniph. 5 . and 7 -Ludw Bj -FI. dan .737- Woodv . 6 4- Anders. -Blacks,
i 8-C/US.1.33 1 1 00. 2-Lob. oh s. ^3 1 . 1 , ic.\.y^j.2-Ger.

em.10j2.2-H. ox-.vi. 1 1 . 1 ^-Pei.ig.^-Ger.gi ^.2-Lonzc. i.2^o.
1-Gars.388-Ger.g1 ^.i-Fuchs.j2j-J. B.iii. a.i 36-Trag.4jj>
-Matth.i 1 \2-D0d. 100. i-Lob.obs. 430.2, and ie.i.j qj.i-Ger.
em.\oj2.i-Park.6g^.i-H.ox.v\,i 1 .6- Matth.i 141.

Stem angular, cottony. Fruit-stalks cottony. Mr. Woodw.
Leaves woolly ; segments toothed. 'Flowers in acorymbus. Blofs.
white, or reddish purple. Cal. scales woolly, skinny at the
edges. Florets of the circumference , 5 ; border nearly circular, bent
back, slightly cloven into 3 ; those of the centre 15 or more, but
not more than 4 or 5 expanding at once. Linnaeus says the
leaves are smooth, but in all that I have examined, they are either
woolly or hairy.

\ . x . s t .

Var. 2. Blofsoms purplish red; sometimes nearly crimson.

Tar row, Millfoil Yarrow , Meadows, pastures, and road sides.

P. June — Aug.f

' C * 1 r 1 -'i El

«

FRUSTRANEA.

CENTAURE'A. Recept. bristly: down either feather-
ed or hair-like : florets of the circumference fun-
nel-shaped, irregular, longer than the others.

(1) Scales of the calyx serrated with fringe •

C. Calyx scales serrated: leaves strap-shaped, very en-
tire ; the lower ones toothed.

Curt. -FI. dan. 99 3-F. hot. 2jj-Kniph. 6 -Ludw. 55-Sheldr. 44-
Blackw. 2jo-JValc.-Dod.2 51.1-Lcb. obs. 296.1, and ic. 1.546.2
-Ger. em.j32.2-Park.^82.2-Pet.22.^-Fuchs. ^28-J .B.\\\.2\ .3
-Ger.z>g2.2-cFrag.p)8-Lonic.\.i82.i-Matth.5o8-H.ox.\’\\.25.$.

f The flowers yield an efsential oil. The leaves are celebrated by the
Materia Medica writers for a variety of purposes, but they are little attend-
ed to at present. Sheep and swine eat it. Horses, cows, and goats are not
fond of it.

SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA. Centaurea.

Blofscm'ibXue, sometimes white, rose-coloured, or purple. Linn.
Leaves, the lowermost sometimes very entire. Mr. Hollefear,
Stem i to e%feet high, angular, firm, slightly cottony, branched
upwards. Leaves numerous, whitish and cottony underneath,
with 3 parallel ribs. Branches with i flower. Ca l. scales spear-
shaped, the outer green, tinged with purple, cottony, sharply ser-
rated; serratures smooth, skinny, purplish without, white within,
sometimes white on both sides ; the inner entire. Florets of the
circumference, segments spear-shaped, pointed ; those of the centre,-
segments rather shorter than the anthers. Pistil in the florets of
the circumference none. Summit, in the hermaphrodites triangu-
purplish, rather shorter than the anthers. Down short, hair-like.
Mr. Woodward. Stem angular, with small tufts of white wool.
Leaves with 3 ribs. Cal. edged with brown, skinny, spear-shaped
teeth. Hermaphrodite florets, the border filled with a honey-like
juice. Filaments surrounded just below the anthers with a fringe
of silvery glandular hairs. Anthers almost black, horny >at the
top. Style a little hairy just beneath the summit. Summit cloven.
R/o/i. generally a fine bright blue, sometimes white, and some--
times a beautiful purple.

Blue- hot tie. Knapweed. Corn-flower. Hurt-sickle. Bachelor s- but-
tons. Cornfields. A. June — Aug.f

C. Calyx scales egg-shaped, fringe hair-like, upright ;
lower leaves lyre-shaped, angular ; upper ones egg-
strap-spetvrshaped and nearly entire.

Var. 1. Flowers without rays.

Fl.dan.ggb-E. hot.2y8~JValc.-Reich.fl.-Clus. ii ,y.2-Dod. 1 24.2-
Loh.ohs. 292.3, and ic. i. 54.1.1-Ger. em. 727. i-Park.^68. 1-
H. 0x.vii.28. row 2.i-Pet.22.8-J.B.iii.a.2j.

Differs from C. phrygia in the fringed little scales being egg-
shaped, between upright and open, and not bowed back and awl-
shaped. Like to C. facea, but without neutral florets in the cir-
cumference. Linn. Stem angular, scored, slightly cottony, often
tinged with purple. Branches alternate, the upper ones rising
above the stem, thickest towards the top, with 1 flower. Leaves
wing-cleft, or toothed, sometimes entire, spear-shaped, sitting,
more or lefs cottony. Cal. outer scales spear-shaped, dark purple,
almost black, with a long fringe, hairy ; the middle ones yellow,

f The exprefsed juice of the petals is a good blue ink: it stains linen of a
seautiful blue, but the colour is not permanent in the mode it has hitherto
oeen applied. Mr. Boyle says, the juice of the central florets, with the ad-
dition of a very small quantity of alum, makes a lasting transparent blue
aot inferior to ultramarine. Gent. M#g. 174*. Ccws, goats, and sheep eat
t. Horses and swine refus« it.

744

SYNOENESIA. FRUSTRANEA. Centaurea.

strap-shaped below, spear-shaped and fringed at the end; the
inner whitish, smooth, shining, strap-shaped, terminated by a
broad, roundish, purple, little-scale, convex without, concave
within, ragged, not fringed. Florets all alike; tube whitish,
long; border purple, longer than the anthers. Style shorter than
the anthers, with a downy ring beneath the summit. Summit
slightly cloven. Woodward. Upper leaves either egg or strap-
spearshaped, and sometimes entire.

Black Knap-weed. Knop-weed. Horse-knops. Matfellon. Hard-
heads. Hard-irons. Meadows and pastures. P. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Flowers radiated.

This variety is common in Wiltshire, as I learn from Mr.
No-ms, and Mr. Stackhouse informs me that it is more frequent
in Cornwall and the west of England, than the sort without rays.
It has sometimes been mistaken for the C. Jacea, but in that the
scales of the calyx are thin, membranaceous or skinny and ragged
at the edges, not with a regular fringe of stiff black bristles as in
this.

Outer florets purple, radiating, divided nearly half way down
into 5 equal strap-shaped segments, without stamens or pistils.
Other radiating florets exactly resembling these but furnished
with stamens and pistils. Central florets white ; anthers and sum-
mits purple. Stem fluted, Cottony. Lower leaves spear-shaped,
toothed, somewhat hairy ; upper leaves strap-shaped, very entire.
It may pofsibly prove a distinct species,

Seabio'sa. C* Calyx scales fringed ; leaves wing-cleft ; segments

spear-shaped,

E.bot.^6~Matth.g6g-J.B.Vu.a.^2.2-Ger.5S8.2, and 583.5.

Root-leaves winged, on long leaf-stalks, with a winged midrib;
wings egg-shaped, toothed, frequently with wing-cleft appendages
at the base, the terminating one very large, confluent with the
next pair, stem-leaves with winged clefts ; segments spear-shaped,
mostly entire. Flowers single, terminating. Cal. bellying ; scales
closely tiled, in several rows, egg-shaped, green, nearly smooth,
fringed, tipt and edged with black, Florets tubular ; those of the
circumference without stamens or pistils, reddish purple, scored;
segments 4, sometimes 5. Anthers whitish. Style pale below,
purplish upwards, with a downy ring beneath the summit. Summit
cloven. Seeds oval, brown, comprel'sed, shining; viewed with a
glafs slightly hairy. Down yellowish, bristly, as long as the seed.
Mr. Woodw. Stem nearly cylindrical, scored. Leaves roughish,
and a little hairy. Cal. globular; scales black, green at the base,
fringed with light brown hair. Florets of the centre marked on the
outside with 5 dark purple lines, the tube and distended border
filled with a honey-like juice. Filaments a little woolly. Anthers
shining, dark purple. Summit cloven. Fruit-stalks long, naked.
Blofsoms purple, so me times white.

I

745

SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA. Centaurea.

Greater Knapweed, Borders of cornfields, and cornfields.

P» July,

(2) Calyx thorny ; thorns compound,

C. Calyx sitting;, almost doubly thorned : leaves wing-cleft, Calcitra'pa.
segments strap-shaped, toothed : stem hairy.

E.bot. 1 2 5—Kniph. 1 1— G<?r. 1 003. 1 -Col, phyt.2 4-CVW. li.7.3 — Dod.
y^-Lob.obs.^2.2^ /V.ii.i \ ,2-Ger.em.i i66.i-J.B,\u,a,
8g-Park.g8'd.\-Pet.2i .1 i-Ger.ioo^.2-Lonic.i.y2.2.

Stem proliferous. Calyx thorns white. Blofs, purple, not yel-
low, sometimes white. Linn. Thorns yellowish.

Star Thistle. Star Knapweed. Barren meadows and roadsides.

[Yarmouth Denes, near the sea, with a white blofsom, frequent.

Mr. Woodward. Bethnal Green. Mr. Jones. Sands end near
Whitby, Yorkshire. Mr. Robson.] A. July, Aug.

C. Flowers solitary : calyx thorned : branch-leaves decur- solstitial is,
rent, without thorns, spear-shaped ; root-leaves lyre-
wing-cleft.

£.bot.2^-Kniph.8-Dod.yg^.i-Ger.em.i 166. 2-Park. g8g 4- Pet.

21.1 2-Col.ecphr. 31— Lob.adv. 37 2, and ic.11.12.1.

Root fibrous. Stem 2 feet high, branched, open. Root-leaves
lyre-shaped, tapering; lateral segments spear-shaped, toothed,
the terminating one winged, triangular, halberd-shaped ; stem
and branch-leaves very entire, short, waved, sprinkled with a
white cobweb-like wool. Flowers terminating, solitary. Fruit-
stalks very long, leafy. Cal. egg-shaped, without any leaf at the
base; scales white, those which surround the base longest, only
toothed at the base, with hand-shaped, short, and nearly equal
thorns; the rest with awl-shaped thorns as long as the calyx, and
armed on each side with lefser thorns. Blofsoms yellow”. Linn.

St. Barnaby s Thistle , or Knapweed. Cornfields and hedges.

Not far from Cirencester, Gloucestershire, and Northfleet, Kent.

In a field at Arminghall near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Linn. Tr.
ii. 236. A. July, Aug.

i

Vy -V

SYNGENESIA. NECESSARIA. Calendula.

NECESSARIA.

CALENDULA. Recept. naked; down none: calyx
of many, nearly equal leaves: seeds of the cen-
tre mostly membranaceous.

* ♦

i

arven'sis. C. Seeds boat-shaped, prickly, turned inwards; the inner-
most crowded together, the outermost upright, fur-
nished with a tail.

H.Qx.vi.$.6-Tabern.j 1 ^‘-Ger.6o^-J. B. ill. 1 03.

Nearly allied to the C. officinalis. Leaves somewhat toothed,
but heart-spearshaped, not spatula-shaped. Linn. Leavesy
the upper ones heart-shaped, lower ones strap-eggshaped, all of
them embracing the stem. Flowers yellow, but not near so large,
nor of so deep a yellow as the cultivated C. officinalis. [On the
shores of the harbour at Falmouth.] A. Aug. Oct.]*

FILA'GO. Recept, naked : down short, simple, some-
times none: calyx tiled: female florets partly
without petals, within the scales of the calyx.

arven'sis. F. Stem supporting a panicle: flowers conical, lateral.-

[6Vc Gnaphalium arvense.]

crma'nica. F. Panicle forked : flowers roundish, axillary, rough with

hair: leaves acute. [6W Gnaphalium germanicum.]

ga’Iiica. F. Stem forked, upright : flowers awl-shaped, axillary :

leaves thread-shaped. [6W Gnaphalium gallicum.J

manta'na. F. Stem somewhat forked, upright : flowers conical, ter-
minating and axillary. [See Gnaphalium montanum.]

f This is a very common plant in the corn fields and in the vineyards in
Portugal, and is used as food for milking cows. When we consider the
constant intercourse kept up between Portugal and Falmouth, it is not im-
probable that the seeds of the plants I found might have been imported from
thence. The milk yielded by the cows which are fed upon it, is very good.

CRYPTOGAMlA,

CLASS XX.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

MISCELLA'NEiE.

QUISE'TUM .'Fructifications forming an egg-

oblong, terminating spike,

^ Y COPO'DIUM. Capsules axillary, solitary, naked,

kidney-shaped, with i cell,
and 2 elastic valves,

3ILULA'RIA„ .....Capsules 4-celled, globular, sitting

in the bosom of the leaves
at each joint.

ISOE'TES, ...Male flowers solitary, within the

base of the inner leaves.

Fern, solitary, within the base of
the outer leaves : capsules 2-
celled.

FILICES.

(1) Capsules without an elastic ring ; in Spikes*

OPHIOGLO'SSUM, .... Capsules united by an invelopin

membrane, so as to form
2-rowed, jointed spike.

to «*

CRYPTOGAMIA.

OSMUN'DA

.... Capsules distinct, 2-valved, form*/
ing a bunch-like spike.

(2) Capsules roundish , on pedicles , encompafsed by a jointed
clastic ring ; and opening irregularly into 2 parts .

ACROSTICHUM. ..

....Capsules covering the whole un-
der surface of the leaf.

POLYPO'DIUM

.... Capsules forming distinct roundish
spot6 on the under surface
of the leaf.

ASPLE'NIUM

....Capsules forming straight scatter-
ed lines on the under surface
of the leaf.

BLECH'NUM

....Capsules forming lines adjoining
and parallel to the ribs of
the leaves.

PTE'RIS

.... Capsules forming a line at the edge
of the leaf.

ADI AN'TUM.. ... Capsules forming oval spots under

TRICHO'MANES

the reflected points of the
leaves.

.Capsules solitary inserted on the
very edge of the leaf.

MUS'CI.

SPHAG’NUM

.... Caps . mouth not fringed, covered
with a lid ; without a veil.

SPLACH'NUM

*

.. ..Capsule on a large fleshy recepta-
cle : Veil very large.

POLY'TRICHUM Capsule on a very small recepta-*

cle : Veil hairy.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

dNI'UM

Caps. with a lid: Veil smooth*

Fruit stalk not ifsuing out of
a fleshy receptacle.

’HAS'CUM

Capsule with a veil, and the rudi-

ment of a lid which docs not
fall off.

■RY'UM

Capsule with a lid: Veil smooth:

Fruit stalk terminating, ifsu-
ing out of a fleshy tubercle.

lYP'NUM

1

.....Caps. with a lid: Veil smooth:
Fruit-stalk lateral, ifsuing
from a turbercle surrounded
with scales.

ONTINA'LIS

Capsule veiled, sitting, enveloped

by the scales of the recepta-
cle.

UXBAU'MIA

..... Capsule on a fruitstalk, membra-
naceous on one side.

HEPA'TICiE.

\

lARCHAN'TIA

/ ,

....Male, Calyx salver-shaped, with
numerous anthers imbedded
in its disc.

•

Fern. Calyx target-shaped, flow-

ering underneath : Capsules

^ 1

bursting at their tops: Seeds
attached to elastic fibres.

( E . hot.)

JNGERMAN'NIA.

.... Capsules on fruitstalks, naked, 4-
valved.

ARGIO’NIA

.... Calyx 2-valved : Seeds very nu-
merous, collected into a
globe. (F. hot.)

NTHO'CEROS ....

....Caps. awl-shaped, 2-valved : Seeds
connected with the valves.

7a°

CRYPTOGAMIA.

BLA'SIA Sheath cylindrical, protrudin

globularbuds from its bottorr

RIC'CIA ..Fructifications granules buried i

the leaf. ( Gmelin .) Ant ha
cylindrical, sitting on th
germen : perforated by th
style: Caps. globular, crown
ed by the withered anthers
Seeds hemispherical, on pedi
cles. (E. bot.)

AL'GtE.

I

LI'CHEN Male, scattered warts.

Fern, smooth saucers or tubercle
in which the seeds are im
bedded. ( E . bot.)

TREMEL'LA ....Seeds dispersed through a jelly

like substance.

UL'VA Seeds dispersed through a jelly

like membranaceous sub
stance, (growing in water.)

BYS'SUS Substance, wool-like fibres.

CONFER' VA Fibres hair-like, simple or branch

ed, often jointed ; (growing
in water.)

* t

/

FU'CUS Substance leather-like : Fruu

globular, capsule-like; o
granulations within the sub
stance, with an open pon j
above them.

CRYPTOGAMIA

FUN'GI.

( i ) Seeds on the under surface .

VIERU'LIUS.

VGA'RICUS...

FISTULI'NA

:

I

BOLETUS....

HYEKNUM.

HELVEL'LA.

1 UR I C UL A'R I A

...Pileus with Gills underneath, of
the same substance with the
rest ot the plant.

..Pileus with Gills underneath, of
a different substance from the
rest of the plant.

..Pileus with separate tubes under-
neath : Seeds in the tubes.

.Pilous with united tubes under-
neath : Seeds in the tubes.

.Pileus with solid cylinders under-
neath : Seeds on the cylin-
ders.

Pileus on astern, smooth under-
neath : Seeds on the under
surface.

Flat, membranaceous, fixed when
young by the whole under
surface : Seeds on the upper
surface which becomes re-
versed as it attains maturity.

(2) Seed? Gn the upper surface .

‘EZI'ZA

UDULA'RIA,

Cup-shaped or concave : Seeds
discharged by jerks from the
upper surface only.

Leathery; sitting; bell-shaped.
Capsules large, flat, fixed to
pedicles at the bottom of the
bell.

752

CRYPTOGAMIA.

PHAL'LUS ...... Stem supporting a cellular head.

Seeds in the cells.

(3) Seeds on every part of the surface •

CLAVA'RIA. Oblong, upright, club-shaped.

Seeds emitted from every
part of its surface.

(4) Seeds in the substance of the plant •

TU'BER ...Fleshy, solid, not becoming pow-

dery ; not opening at the top.

LYCOPER'DON. Firm, fleshy, becoming powdery

and fibrous within ; opening
at the top.

RETICULA'RIA. Pulpy, changing to friable; open-

ing indiscriminately. Seeds;
lodged in interlacing fibres 3
or membranaceous cases.

SPHJE'RIA Fruit spherical, filled with black

powder, mostly concealed
by an outer coat ; opening:
at the top.

TRPCH1A. ................. ...Capsule globular, egg-shaped or

cylindrical, composed of in-
terwoven fibres. Stem fixed
to a membranaceous base.

MU'COR ......Stem very slender. Seeds naked

or in capsules at the ends of
the stem.

1

CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Equisetam.

753

MISCELLANEA.

%

EQUISE'TUM. Spike club-shaped, egg-oblong: fruc-
tifications target-shaped, opening inwards.

E. Stem bearing a spike : leaves compound.

Hedvo. The or la. i -Bolt. fit. 3 3-Ger. 957. misprinted 953.5-0. B. th.

2 i5~Par k • 1 2 ° 1 . 5- Bolt.fi/. 3 2 .

The entire plant very much resembling in figure a fir-tree, its
leaves being all in whirls. Linn. Stem from 7 to 15 inches high,
smooth, slightly scored, pale yellowish brown. Sheaths of the
same colour, but deeper. Leaves 8, 10, or 15 in a whirl, bursting
out from the upper knot of the stem. Fructifications about 15 in
a whirl towards the bottom of the spike. Anthers fixed to filaments,
which, on being breathed upon, coil up, but in a moment becom-
ing dry, they expand again. After several expansions and con-
tractions they detach themselves, still contracting when moisten-
ed, gradually bending from a straight line into a circle. If a drop
of water be pushed towards them, they contract before it touches
them. These contractions are often so sudden as to throw the
object out of the field of view.

Wood Horsetail. Moist woods and shady places near rivulets,
and in boggy ground. P. April, May.

Var.2. Leaves pointing all one way. R. syn. 131. 5. This
happens when the stem has been trodden down.

Var. 3. Leaves very long and very slender. R.syn. 13 1.6.

In shady and moist situations. It is a variety of E. palustre .
Bolt. Leaves of a pale yellow green colour. Ibid.

I believe this change in the habit occasionally takes place in
both species, and indeed more or lefs so in almost every plant in
similar situations.

E. Fertile stalk leaflefs : barren stem leafy, lying down :
leaves in whirls.

Curt. 28 ^-Bolt.fil.^^-Kniph.i-Dod.j 3.2-Lob. ic.i.j^^^-C.B.th,
347 , the right hand part of the figure-Blackvu. 2 1 7.3 and l {-Fuchs .
<$22-J.B.iii.j30.i-Trag.6§2.2-Lonic.i.ij6.2-Matth. 1027—
CaM.epit.jj1-D0d.j3.4-L0b.0bs. 461.3. zV.i. 794. 2-Ger.em.
1 1 1 4. 5- Park. 1 202.1 i-Fuchs.322-J.B.iii.j2g.2-Ger.g^6.3.

Vol. III. — 3 C

sylvat'icum.

arven'se#

754 CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Equisetum.

Fertile stems appearing before the other ; soon decaying. Barren
stems continuing a long time. Linn. Barren stems rough, slender.
Leaves 12 to 15 in a whirl, somewhat branched. Leers. Stalk
from a hand’s breadth to a foot high, cylindrical, smooth, jointed,
the upper knots farther distant, tne lower approaching nearer to
each other ; each joint terminating in a sheath. Sheaths furrow-
ed, wider than the stalk, many-cleft; segments spear-shaped, ta-
pering to a point. Spike yellowish white, nearly an inch long,
the base encircled with a membranaceous yellowish border. Fruc-
tifications in whirls, yellowish. Pollich. Stem when fresh rough-
ish, in moist shady situations smooth and somewhat shining. Sheaths
in such situations scored with green. Sheaths with 4 teeth corre-
sponding to the angles of the leaves, of the same colour with the
leaves. Woodward. Root cylindrical, with threads from the
joints, stiffish, woolly, dark brown. Stalk fleshy, with several
cylindrical tubes within, a central one, with 9 others 3 or 4 times
smaller, disposed in a circle round it ; and another g exceedingly
minute between them and the central one; yellowish brown, se-
mitransparent, obscurely marked with 9 scores. Sheaths somewhat
bellying, of a silvery brown, with 9 furrows; segments g, point-
ed, somewhat approaching. Stalks , sheaths furrowed as the stem,
cloven one third of the way down ; teeth blackish brown at the
ends, with very shallow white membranaceous edges. Leaves , the
joints of the upper branches frequently 3-square, and the joints
terminating in 3 teeth; teeth open. St. The fertile stems not to
be distinguished from those of the E . sylvaticum before the leaves
appear, but by observing that the sheaths in the E.sylvaticum are
divided into 12 segments, but in this species only into 3 or 4.

Corn Horsetail . Moist corn fields. P. March, April.

palus'tre. E. Stem angular : leaves unbranched.

Bolt.fil.^ ; Barren plant 16. ^’j-Loh.ic.i.yg^.ir-Ger.em.i 1 14.4
^Park. 1 200. 3-Trag.6g4.-L0n A. 1 76.3-C.J?./^. 247, left hand
stem-Gars. 2 58. B.fructificaiion-Hedivig.Th. 2.ft.g.io .

Stem smooth. Leaves 6 to 10, furrowed, smooth, with black,
scales at the base. Leers. Root black. Stem with fewer and:
deeper scores than that of E.arvense, some of the lower joints black,
sometimes lengthened out for a considerable way beyond the go- •
ing off of branches; knots blackish from the sheaths of leaves 1
which rise from the joints. Leaves shorter and thicker than those ;
of E .arvense, with mostly 5 and rarely 4 or 6 angles. Sheaths larg-
er and more lax than those of E.arvense, teeth very short, tipped *
with black, which distinguishes it from the E.arvense. Woodw.
Barren-leaves resemble those of the E.arvense f but the second leaves
in the E.arvense are 4-sided, and the sheaths have 4 teeth, whilst in
this species they are 5-sided, and the sheaths have 5 teeth. Bolt.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Equisetum.

Paddock Pipe in Scotland. Marsh Horsetail. Marshy and watery
places. P. June, July.

Var. 2. many-spiked. Spikes terminating the upper leaves as
well as the stem.

Ray 5. 3,atp.i6o.

This variety generally arises when the primary stem has been
bitten off. Bolt.

E. Stem scored : leaves generally unbranched.

Bolt.JH. 3 6 . 3 j-Matth. 1 o 2 6-Dod. 7 3 . 1 -Lob.obs. 46 1 . 1 . ic . i .7 g %-Ger*
cm. 1 1 i^.i-Park.i200.T-Ger.g^^.i-C.B.th.2^i-Black‘iv.2iy.
1 and2-Cam.epit.r/'jo.B.C.-Gars.2z)%.A.

Fertile stems leaflefs, very thick, from 1 to if foot high. Seeds
bluish. Barren stems from the same root, an inch thick ; a yard
high, soft, not furrowed, hollow, with smaller tubes round the
large one ; pale, growing black with age. Sheaths cloven into a*
many pointed teeth as there are leaves. Leaves 30 to 40 in a
whirl, deeply furrowed, 4-cornered, consisting of frequent long-
ish joints. Hall. Sheaths of the barren stems surrounded at the
top with a well defined blackish brown band ; teeth lighter brown,
smaller and narrower than those of the fertile stems. Leaves from
3 to 15 inches long, very closely set. This species may be readily
known at first sight by its great size, numerous leaves, and whit-
ish stem. Woodward.

River Horsetail. Marshy and watery places, sides of rivers,
ditches, pools, and lakes. [Not very frequent — cold springs at
Barnby near Lowestoft; between Bungay and Halesvvorth, St.
Faiths Newton Bogs near Norwich. Mr.WooDw.] P.May, June,

E. Stem frequently naked, smooth.

Bolt.Jil.^S-Ray 5.2 .atp. ific-JkF.iii. 72 9.3.

Closely allied to E.fluviatile ; sometimes throwing out a few
leaves. Linn. A variety of E.palustre. Stems thicker and taller,
those of younger flowering plants leaflefs, furrows much more
numerous than those of E.palustre ; teeth of the sheaths finely
pointed, brown. Hall. n. 167 y.j3. It differs also as follows;
Whole plant smoother. Root yellowish. Stem brown below,
scored ; not furrowed. Sheaths not wider than the stem, the teeth
of the lower brown, those of the upper black, and smaller than
those of E.palustre. Leaves either straggling here and there, or
in whirls on the middle of the stem. Head dark brown, but not
so dark as in E .palustrey also larger. For the above reasons I can-
not think it a variety of E.palustre. Woodward. Stems exactly
cylindrical, those which bear fructifications after flowering becom-

3C2 -

fluviat'il

lime's urn

756 CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Lycopodium.

ing leafy, and sometimes throwing out lateral branches ; those
which are barren tapering gradually to the end, and mostly con-
tinuing bare of leaves. Tne shoots of next year upwards of an
inch long, from the side of the stem at the knots, which throw
out fibrous roots. St.

Smooth Horsetail. Common in the beds of rivers near the banks :
also shallow ponds, and ditches in marshes. P.May, June.

hyema'Ic. E. Stem naked, rough, somewhat branched at the base.

Bo/t.f 1. 39-Cam. epit.jjo.A.-Ger.g55.2-Ger.em.i 113. 2-Park.i 201.

7.8, right hand figure.

Stem perennial, green, rough like a file. Sheaths of the joints
pale, black at the base and edges, with imperfect teeth. Linn.
Stems furrowed with 18 or 20 rough angles, some of the joints 3
inches asunder. Sheaths with as many short blunt teeth as the
stem has furrows. Spike terminating. Lightf. Differs from E.
limosum in being sea-green, in the greater length of its joints, and
in its extreme roughnefs. Woodward.

Rough Horsetail. Shavegrafs. Pewtenvort. Dutch Rushes. Marshy
and watery places, but not common. In a moist ditch near Mid-
dleton, Warwickshire, and in a rivulet near Broad-stitch Abbey, ,
Wiltsh. Scippon and Craven, Lancashire, and in R.igby Woods.
Merr. Gamlingay Bogs, Cambridgeshire. [River side between
Meavis Bank and Laswade near Edinburgh ; near Norwich. Dr. J.
E. Smith. Armingdale Wood near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Jusf
below Stone Bier Lin, near Lanerk, Scotland, St. Sexton Wood,
Hedenham, near Bungay. Mr. Stone.] P. July, Aug.+'

Var. 2. Stem with a few leaves. Hall.

Trag. 692. i-Lotj.\.ij6.i-J.B.'m.j2g.i-C.B.tb.2 48.

Var. 3. With numerous lateral branches. St.

Matth a 028-Dod.j 3. 3-Lob.obs. $61. 2. ic.i.jg<{.i-C.B.2 50.

When it has been broused early in the spring, it puts out nu-
merous lateral branches. Mr.GRIFFITH.

LYCOPODILJM. Capsules axillary, kidney- s haped, .
2-valved, elastic; many-seeded.

clava'tum. L. Leaves scattered, terminating in threads: spikes cylin-
drical, on fruit-stalks, in pairs.

1

f The turners and cabinet makers use it to smooth their work. It i
wholcsoihe to horses, hurtful to cows, and disagreeable to sheep.

0 J

-

757

CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELL ANEiE. Lycopodium,

Dick T.b, s-E.boi.22 4-D/V/. 58 . t -FI. dan. 1 2 6- H.ox.xv . 5. rcw 1.2-
G^«. i. tabula picta, f.2-Blackw. 535-PSuk. 47.8-Tn7g-.555~
LonA.iyg.i-Ger.i^^n-Matth.a.C.B.-Lob, 0^.645. \>ic i.

244.2-G^r.m. 1 562.11-^^.63-?^. 1 307. 4-7.5.111.766.

Stein creepin, Leaves open. Linn. Shoots from one to several
feet in length, firmly attached to the earth by woody fibres.
Branches expanding, distant, trailing ; the lower ones again sub*
dividing into forks. Leaves closely tiled, strap-spearshapcd,
pointed, and hooked, with long white hairs at the end. In the
summer, from the ends of the branches, the fruit-stalks lise up,
almost leaflefs, jointed, straight, rigid, from 2 to 4 inches high,
dividing at the top into 2 (or 3) cylindrical, flowering spikes.
Spikes closely tiled with scales or husks, egg-spearshaped, pointed,
hairy at the end, ragged at the edges. Each of these scales in-
closes a kidney-shaped yellow capsule, exploding when lipe a
yellow powder, which resembles sulphur, and bums with an ex-
plosion. Weis. Fruit-stalk generally with 2 equal spikes, fre-
quently with 1, and sometimes with 3, which aie unequal. Mi.

^Common Club-mofs. Wolf's Claw. Dry places on mountains,
heaths, and woods. Hampstead and H.ounslow Heaths, near
Esher. [Monshold Heath, near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford.
Derbyshire, and the north. Mr. Woodward. Cannock Heath,
{Staffordshire.] P* Jul>b AuS-t

L. Leaves scattered, fringed, spear-shaped : spikes soliia- Selaginoid«$
ry, terminating, leafy.

Dill. 68, Selaginoides-FL dan.’jo-Scheuch.it.i&.i , at p,^- Hall,
enum.^.l.at p.iog, andhist, 46.1, at iil.p. 56 -H.ox.xv.^.roa)

2.1 1 , the lower part of the figure, the upper being L . inundatum ,

P/wifc.47.7.

Capsules, those at the hate of the lower leaves when viewed side-
ways apparently in threes, but really in fours, one pair above and
the other pair below ; at length gaping, and disclosing as many
large solid seeds; those at the base of the upper leaves yellow er, ot a
looser texture, entirely simple, round, not containing scet s,
pollen. Linn. Plant from 1 to 3 inches high.

t In Sweden they form it into mats or bafses, which
o Clean shoes upon. It restores ropy wine in a few days. Tte

wetland S SSS i£Ta ha
on of water yol may dip your hrnd to the bottom of the bason without
wetting it.

3 c 3

1

75^, CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Lycopodium.

Prickly Clubmofs . Mountainous heaths and pastures. In

Scotland, the north of England, and Wales. [Mountains in West-
moreland. Mr. Woouvv. Rocks above Ffynnon frea Lanberris.
Mr. Griffith.] P. June — Sept.

inunda'tum. L. Leaves scattered, very entire : spikes terminating leafy.

Dicks. h.s.-E.bot.2^g-Fl. dan. 336-DzU. 61 .y-Vaill.16.1 i-H.ox,
xv. 5. row 2. 11, the middle and upper branches , the rest belong-
ing to L. Selaginoides.

Stem creeping. Spikes solitary, sitting, smooth. Linn.
Branched; the length of a finger or more; cylindrical. Spikes
sitting, upright. Leaves awl-shaped, pointed, smooth, on the
creeping shoots pointing one way, two lines long, and one broad
at the base. Pollich. Shoots creeping, pointing one way, those
bearing spikes an inch long, upright, cylindrical. Leaves strap-
shaped, crowded, without terminating hairs. Spikes leafy, not
different frora the shoots except in being thicker. Capsules com-
prefsed, roundish, not kidney-shaped. Weber.

Marsh Clubmofs. Moist heaths and turfy bogs. Hounslow
Heath, and near Esher. [Near Norwich, Ellingham Fen near
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.] P. June — Sept,

Sela'go. L. Leaves scattered ; pointing 8 ways : stem forked ; up-
right : branches all of the same height : flowers
scattered.

E. bot.i 3 3-D///. 56.1 -FI. dan. 1 o ±-H. ox.xv.g, row 2, g-, Seheuch*
it. i 6.2.

Leaves obliquely disposed in 8 rows, which may be best ob-
served by looking at them, holding the ends of the branches per-
pendicular to the eye. Linn. Stems upright, branched, from 3
to 7 inches high, forked; branches again forked, closely covered
with leaves. Leaves spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, stiff, smooth,
shining, scolloped or serrated, and cartilaginous at the edge.
Capsules in the bosom of the upper leaves, kidney-shaped, flatted,
yellow, opening like an oyster, and pouring out a pale yellow
powder. Weis. Root dividing into forks like the stem. Dill.
This powder, when sown by Mr. Fox, produced young plants;
a complete demonstration that it is the seeds, and not as Linnaeus
thought, the pollen. Linn. Tr. ii. 315. The whole plant very
firm and stiff; from 2 to 5 inches high.

Fir-leaved Clubmofs. Mountainous heaths, in the clefts of
rocks in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland,
the Highlands and Hebrides. Near the tep of Ingleborough,

CRYPTOGAMI A. MISCELLANEA. Pilularia.

Yorkshire. Curt, obs, 132.
Woodward. On Dartmoor.]

[Mountains in the north. Mr,

April — Oct.f

L. Leaves scattered, pointing 5 ways ; somewhat serial- annoHinum.
ed : stem jointed at each year’s shoot : spikes ter-
minating, smooth, upright.

D///.63.9-//.OX.XV.5 row l.^-F!.dan.i2y-Pluk.20§.r;.

Branches contracted at the last year’s shoots, as in the female
of the Poly trichum commune . Leaves whirled, in fives, expand-
ing, decurrent. Linn. Root branched. Trailing stem very long.

Upright shoots from 1 to 2\ inches high, generally branched,
supporting the spikes of fructification.

Welch Clubmofs. On the mountains of Caernarvonshire. Ray
syn. [About 200 yards south west of Llyn y Cvvn ; Caernarvon-
shire. Mr. Griffith.] P. June — Sept.

' L. Leaves pointing 4 ways ; tiled, acute : stems upright ; alpi'num*
cloven : spikes sitting ; cylindrical.

F.bot,2^tp-Dill.efi,2-Fl.lapp. 1 1 .6-Fl.ctan.jg-J.B.\n,j6j, 1 .

> Stem creeping, from a span to a foot long. Branches alternate,
at an inch distant from each other, upright, forked, of the length
of a little finger. Little branches bundled, from 20 to 30 together,
exactly four-cornered, the angles blunt. Leaves thickish. Fruit -
stalks terminating a branch here and there, scarcely 2 or 3 lines
high, forked, scarcely distinguishable from the branches, covered
with smaller leaves, bearing as many spikes. Spikes egg-shaped,
nearly smooth. Linn. All the branches divided, and frequently
subdivided into forks. Dill. Upright shoots i£ to 3 inches long;
thinner than the spikes which they support.

Mountain Clubmofs . Mountainous heaths in Yorkshire, Cum-
berland, and the mountains of Wales, the Highlands and Heb-
rides. Near the top of Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Curt, obs „

133. Near the Holme, about 5 miles from Burnley, Lancashire.

Mr. Woodward. On Yew-barrow, in Furnefs Fells, along
with L. Selago. Mr. Jackson,] P. July — Oct,

PILULA'RIA. Calyx common woolly, globular, 4-
celled ; opening in 4 directions : anthers many ;
sitting : pistils many ; style none.

t It purges, vomits, and destroys worms. A decoction of it is a cure
for lice in swine and cattle. Linn. Its properties seem to challenge further
inquiry.

7 6o

globulif'era.

lacus'tris.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MISCELLANEA. Isoet es.

/

P. .

Dill. jg-Fl.dan.223- Bull. 3J ^-Bolt./p- Pet. g . 8- F aill. 1 5 . 6 -Pink ,
48 . 1 -H. ox .x v . 7 . 4 g .

Stem slender, trailing, striking root at the joints, and sending
out delicate slender leaves, 2 or 3 inches long, generally 3 from a
joint. Fructifications globular, like pepper corns, on very short
pedicles at the base of the leaves.

Pillwort. Pepper-grafs. Pepper -mofs. In grounds that have
been overflowed, especially in a sandy soil. Near Streatham
Wells; Petersfield; and on Hounslow Heath. [Hainfordand
Stratton heaths, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. St. Faith’s Newton
Bogs. Mr. Pitchford. About 2 miles from Mold, on the north
side of the Chester road, near Clawdd Offa, or Offa’s Dyke. Mr.
Griffith.] P. June — Sept,

ISOE'TES. Male. Anthers sitting within the base of
a leaf.

Fem. Capsule 2-celled, within the base of a leaf.

I. Leaves awl-shaped, semi-cylindrical, bowed back.

Bolt.^i-Fl.dan.igi-Dill.8o.2-Ray ed. i.2, at p. 1.

Root fibrous ; fibres numerous, simple, slender, striking deep
into the mud. Leaves growing in thick tufts, 6 or 7 inches long,
extremely like young rushes, convex on the back, flat, or slightly
convex in front ; at the base swelling into a kind of bulb, cover-
ed by a thin tender skin, which bursts and discovers it to be filled
with numerous minute whitish seeds, whichexamined in the mi-
croscope appear spherical, roughish, somewhat transparent, and
having 3 ribs meeting in a centre. Mr. Woodw. Leaves so
brittle that they break on the least attempt to bend them. The
transverse diaphragms very visible. I have often found it in
seed. Mr. Griffith.

Hhrillnvort. At the bottom of lakes. In Phynon-vrech, [Fyn-
non frech] a small lake near the top of Snowdon. R. syn . Mr.
Griffith.] Near Llanberris, and Lyn Ogwan; near the top
of Snowdon ; Loch Tay, and other Highland lakes. LlynyCwn
near Snowdon. Pennant. [Derwent Water, Cumberland. Mr.
Woodward. Loch Lomond. Dr. Hope.]

P. May, Sept. [In seed in July. Mr. Griffith.]

Var. 2. Huds. — Dill. 80.1? 1 have of ten found a plant resem-

bling this , but never could find it in seed. Mr. Griffith.

Leaves not so stiff, from the base of which rises a stem throw-
ing off shoots at different distances. Richardson in R. syn.

I apprehend that Richardson here has applied the word stem,
to the shoot which connects the offspring to the mother plant.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Ophioglofsum.

[I have found leaves of it in Llyn Ogwen, but could not pro-
cure an entire plant. Mr. Griffith. At the bottom of Derwent
Water. Mr. Woodw.] U

Var. 3. Huds. Leaves very brittle, sometimes twice as long'
those of var. 1 , narrower and more pointed, transparent, with
many minute pores. Richardson inR.jyw. Grows with variety
I , ih. p. 3°7*

FILICES.

OPPIIOGLOSSUM. Capsules numerous, nearly glo-
bular, without an elastic ring ; united by a mem-
brane into a 2-rowed spike ; opening crofsways
when ripe : seeds numerous, minute.

O. Leaf egg-shaped, veinlefs, bearing the spike. E . hot. vulga'tum.

Dicks. h.s.-E.bot. 1 0 8-Sheldr.28-Fl. dan.iegj -Fuchs. ^jj-Lonic. i.

103. J. B. in. j08.2-Trag.323-Kniph.6-Ca7n.epit. 364-Park.

306-Gars. 42 g-Tourn. 325.1— Bolt. 3-BIackw. 416.1 and 2-H.
ox .xi v . 5 . row 3 . 1 -15 arr . 2 5 2 . 1 - Matth . 5 9 4 -Ger. 32 j-Dod. 139.

1 -Loh. obs. 47 1 .1 ; ic. i. 808. 2 -Ger. em. cgo^.x-Fructijicatwi)

Hedwig. Th. 4.20.21.22.23.

Stem solitary. Leaf egg-spearshaped, embracing the fruit-
stalk. Spike strap-shaped, at first green, when ripe brown. Mr.

Woodw. Leaf sometimes slightly lobed with small appendages
on one or both sides. Bolt.

Common Adders -tongue. Moist cold meadows and pastures. —

Meadows and sides of rivulets in the north of Yorkshire. Curt.

[Love Lane near Derby. Mr. Wh ate ley. Near Blymhill,

Staffordshire. Mr. Dickenson. Bedingham near Bungay,

Suffolk. Mr. Stone. Near Meltingham Castle, Suffolk, fre-
quent. Mr. W ooddward. Broadfnoore near Birmingham.]

P. May, June.

Var. 2. many-spiked. Fruit-stalk divided at the top, each branch
supporting a spike; Bolt, and the spike itself sometimes divid-
ing into 2 or 3.

Blackw. 41 6.3 -Bolt. 1 . \-Loh.ic\.8o^.\-Ger.cm.40\.2-ll.ox.xiw
5. row 3f.2-U. ox. ih.f.3,4^, 6-Cam. epit.364-Park.306i the
lefser figures.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Osmund*.

OSMUN'DA. Spike branched : Capsules distinct, sit-
ting, globular, 2-valved: without an elastic
ring ; opening either vertically or horizontally.

( I ) Fruit-stalks distinct , rising from the stem at the base of

the leaf.

Luna'ria. O. Stalk solitary : bunch lateral : leaf winged, solitary.

Dicks. h.s.-Kniph. i i-E.bot.% 1 Z-Blackw.cpio-El.dan. 1 8.1 -Garid.
78, at p. 346 -Col. Fhyt. 18-Cam. epit. 64.3.1-Bolt. ft. 4- Barr .
2^2.3-Fl.ox.xw .gi.\-Lon\.'j'p .\-Matth.cpQ3-Ger.328.2-Matth.
a.C.B.G^y .i-Clus. ii.i 18. 2-Dod.i 39. 2-Lob. obs. 470.3; ic. i.
807. 2-Ger. cm. 405. 2-Park. 3 oj-Fucbs . 483 -J.B. iii.710-
Trag.914.

Within the base of the stemy early in the spring, may be found
a complete rudiment of the next year’s plant. Linn. Wings oi
the leaf fleshy, crescent-shaped, semi-circular, and halberd-shaped.
It so exactly resembles Ophioglofsum vulgatum in habit and struc-
ture, that they ought by no means to be separated. Mr. Woodw.
About 5 inches high. Leaf is irregularly scolloped. Spikcy or
rather panicle, from 1 to 2 inches long.

Common Moonwort. Mountainous meadows and pastures in
Westmoreland; near Settle, Yorkshire ; Scadbury Park, Kent;
and Chifselhurst Common. Mear Bank, by Sykes Wood, In-
gleton, Yorkshire. Curt. North side of Bredon Hill, Wor-
cestershire. Nash. [Near Bury. Mr. Woodw. Stratton Heath,
Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. On coalpit banks near Stourbridge. Mr.
Waldron Hill. J P. May — July.-j*

Var. 2. Linn. Leaves and stalks several. Cam.

Cam. epit. 6 44-Mat th. a C. B. 647. 2.

Found in England. Cam. ib.

Leaves in pairs, doubly winged, wings cut. Willd.w. 875.

Var. 3. Leaves cloven into segments.

Breyn. cent. qq-H.ox. xiv. 5. row 2. 3-Fl.dan. 18. 3.

j Obs. Osmunda Strutbiopteris , Spicanty and I believe crispa, do not belong
to this genus; but virginicay regalisy and etnnamomeus correspond in structure
with 0. Lunaria. These latter, with the genus Ophioglofsum , and perhaps
OnacJea , which I have never seen in fructification, form a natural family at
the tribe of Filices, distinguishable by the want of the annular clastic
ring, which is common to Osmunda Struthiepterisy and Spicant , and to all the
Ferns prapnly so called , and which unites them and the genera Acrost\chumy
Pelypcdiumy Hemionitis , Asplenlumy Blechnumy Lonchitisy PteriSy Adiantutny and

Hricbmanei into another distinct natural afsemblage, St.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Aerostichum.

Osmunda Lunaria (3 Huds. Bolt. p. 5.

Westmoreland, and the northern counties. R. syn.

(2) The leaf Itself bearing the Fructifications .

O. Leaf doubly winged : bunches terminating, more than rega'lis.
doubly compound.

Kniph. 2-E. bot.20Q-Pluk. 1 8 1 .4 -Trag. ^^-B/aclieiv.^2^.-Tourn,
^2^-Fl.dan.2iy-Bolt.^-J.B.Yii.y^6-Dod.^6^-Lcl>.obs.^'j^i9
and 2 ; /V.i.8 1 3— Ger.em. 1 1 3 i-PmLi 038-0^.97 i-//.wc,xiv.

4. row 3. 1 -Gars.2j3-R.syn.edA. 1.2. atp.i.

Capsules opening vertically. Mr. Stackhouse. From 2 to
4 feet high, of a pleasant transparent green. Leaves doubly
winged. Leafs strap-spearshaped, blunt, finely but indistinctly
serrated, the lower and younger ones often lobed at the base.

The upper wings change into clusters of capsules, and lose all
appearance of foliage. Fruct. when ripe, red brown.

Osmund Royal. Flowering Fern. Royal Moomvort. Watery places
and boggy marshes. About Cosgarne and Marazion in the
mouths of old mines. Mr. Watt. Bogs near Yarmouth. Mr.

' Woodw. St. Faith’s Newton Bogs, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe.

Moist hedges, New Forest ; Hants.] July, Aug.'f’

(3) Leaves , some bearing fructifications.

\

O. Leaves spear-shaped, wing-cleft ; very entire, parallel, Spi'canthus*
running into each other. See Blechnum Spicant.

O. Leaves more than doubly compound ; leafits alternate, cris'pa.
roundish, cut. See Pteris crispa.

ACRO'STICHUM. Capsules entirely covering the
under surface of the leaf.

(1) Leaf simply divided.

f Imprefsions of the leaves are frequent in the nodules of iron stone
found in Coalbrook Dale iron works. It is the only species of an indige-
nous vegetable which I have ever seen in a fofsil state. But it is a native of
Virginia also. St. All the other imprefsions of Filices, which I have seen
on ironstone, seem to be those of American plants. The root boiled in
water is very slimy, and is used in the North of Europe to stiffen linen in-
stead of starch.

7 6 4

septentri-

ona'le.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Pteris.

A. Leaves naked, strap-shaped, jagged.

FUan.fo-Lob. adv.17.2, ic. i.47.1 -Ger. r«.i56i.8-Be*.jS?. 8-
Trag. 537-Lon. i. 224.5-Grr. 343. q-Park. 1045. 8-J. B. in.

755.2.

Fructifications, whilst immature, in short indistinct lines or
rfots It is therefore, whilst young, an Aspleniom. Bolt. p. 7
and ,2 Plant from 2 to 5 inches high. Leaves strap-spear-
shaped, on long leaf-stalks rising from the root ; sometimes in

^^Clefts of rocks and old walls. Tops of mouutains in W ales,
t Yorkshire, and above Ambleside, vvestmore-

Unk® [Rocks™ the south side of Blackford Hill, plentiful. Mr.

Brown. Rocks in Edinburg Park, Dr. Hope.] 1.

(2) Leaves icing-cleft.

ilven'se A. Wings opposite united and very entire at the base ;

blunt, hairy underneath. See Polypodium ilvense.

PTE’RIS. Capsules disposed in a line under the re-
flected edge of the leaf.

cris’pa. P. Leaves more than doubly compound : leafits alternate,
roundish, cut.

Bo!t.y-FIJan.w6-FI.ox.xW.i.i,ani27-Pluk.3.2,and3-J.B.iu.

743-//.o#.xiv.5.25*

r r n, utovP rl rrreen Fructifications in lines along the
Lecf-stalks wa , fa which is^ rolled back upon them, as
under margin oftheleaWs w the seeds increasing in

If if s$asto cover the whole disl, except the mid-rib. Bolt.
breadth, so as to coy , Leaf from if to 3 inches

Leafits of the blrren leaves ledge-shaped and snipt at the
long. Left leaves much narrower, strap or snap-

sp^rshaped,°and entire. Capsules surrounded with an elastic ring ;

spearsnap , nnbmo-lofsum have no such ring.

but Osmun a. led&rn. Far sky Fern. Stone Brakes. [Rocks,.

Stone Fern. ,P northern counties, common. Woodw.
heaths, ol wa A1 i cKsoN Shap, very common, also Ten-

ripe in September. Mr. Griffith.]

Var. 2. Leaves curled.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Blechnum.

Mr. Jackson has observed 2 varieties with curled leaves, the
one curled like Parsley, the other like the flowering part of Os-
1 munda regalis.

P. Leaves more than doubly compound : leafits winged :
wings spear-shaped ; the lowermost wing-cleft ; the
upper ones smaller.

Ger. 969.2 -Bull. 207 -Bolt. lO-Pluk.. 182. 1 -Blacks. 32 5-Fuchs.
5g6 ymispi'inted 56 g- Do d. 462 .2-Trag . 542 -Matth. 1291 -Gars.
2j 2-Lob. obs. 473.2. ic.\.8 12.2-Ger.em. 1 1 28. 2-Park. 1037 , mis*
printed 103g-H.ox.xw ,4.ot-Ca?n.epit.gg2 .

The Root cut obliquely presents a kind of representation of
the Imperial Eagle. Linn. Whence Linnceus has named it the
P. aquilina or eagle brakes.

> Female Fern. Common Brakes. Heaths and woods. P. Aug.f1

BLECHNUM. Capsules forming 2 parallel lines near
\ the rib of the leaf.

B. Barren leaves wing-cleft : fruitful leaves winged* nar-
rower ; segments very entire.

Hedw. Theor. 5, the fertile and barren leafy with the parts of fruct .
difsect. and magnified— Curt. 1 27 -FA dan. 99 -Frag. 550 —Lon. i.
225.l-C/MX.ii.2i 3.1 -Dod. 469. 1 -Lob.obs. 475. 2 ; ic. i.8 15. 2-
Ger.em. 1 1 4.0.2-Park. 1 04c .2-H.0x.xw. 2 . 2 3-Ger. 97 8 , 2-Bolt .
6-f .B X\\.7 45.2~Cam.epit.665-Gis.4g .

Flowering leaves much narrower than the barren ones. Linn.
Fructifications covered at first with a thin membrane. Capsule of
1 cell and 2 valves, connected by an annular elastic cord, contain-
ing many minute seeds. Hedvtig. Barren Leaves , segments
widest at the base, strap-spearshaped,' the lateral ribs forked, some-
times, though rarely terminating in minute scollops. Fertile
leaves, segments not half so broad, separate, though the conflu-
ence may almost always be traced, and towards the end of the leaf

f A tolerably pure alkaly is obtained from the ashes. The common peo-
ple in many parts of England mix the ashes with water and form them into
balls; these balls are afterwards made hot in the fire, and then used to make
lye for scouring linen^— It makes a very durable thatch; and is an excellent
litter for horses and cows. Where coal is scarce, they use it to heat ovens
and to burn limestone ; for it affords a very violent heat. In the more in-
hospitable climates, bread is made of the roots. The Fern Moth feeds upon it.

765

aquili'na.

Spic'ant.

\

7&S CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Asplenium.

gives a waved appearance to the mid-rib. Woodward, fertile
leaves 12 to 18 inches high, and near 2 inches broad, the lower
part naked or with short imperfect leafits. Barren leaves from
the same root, but only about half as tall, clothed with leafits near-
ly to the bottom.

Rough Sp/eenwort. Osmunda Spicant. Linn. Aerostichum Spi~
cant. Bot. Arr. ed. ii. It is now introduced as a Blechnum in
compliance with the opinion of Dr. Smith and Mr. Robson,
though from the narrownefs of the leafits it is not easy to deter-
mine whether the rows of capsules may more properly be consi-
dered as contiguous and paralled to the mid-rib, which is the cha-
racter of that genus, or as disposed along the edge of the leaf
which would refer it to the Pteris. It appears however from Hed-
wig’s microscopical difsections, that the anthers are found upon the
mid-rib, and that circumstance is I think sufficient to determine
. that the rows of capsules more properly belong to that than to the
edge of the leaf, notwithstanding Hedwig himself has determined
it to belong to the genus Aerostichum. See PI. XIII. fig. g. 10. 1 1.

Groves and moist heaths. [St. Faith’s Newton woods, near
Norwich. Commons in Herts, and frequent in the North. Mr.
Woodward. — At Hainsford, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.]

P. July. — Sept.

ASPLE'NIUM. Capsules disposed in straight and near-
ly parallel lines on the under surface of the leaf.

(1) Leaf simple •

soolopen- A. Leaves heart-tongueshaped ; very entire : stalks hairy,
drium. Curt.—Tourn. 319 -Blackiv. 1 of -Bull. 1 by-Bolt. 11-Gars . 346

-frag. 549 -Fuchs. 294-7. 5. iii. 7 56— Cites. ii. 213.2-Dod.
467. i-Cam. epit. 57 g- Wale. -Lob. obs. 468.3 -Ger. em. 1138.1-
Fark . 1 046. 1 ,f , 2-H.ox.xiv • 1 .1 -Lon. 1.2 2 ^-Matth. 8 3 1 .

Leafstalks rising from the root, about 2 inches long. Leaf strap-
shaped but rounded and hollowed at the base from 8 to 1 2 inches long,
or more; to 2% inches broad, the shortest leaves the broadest.
Fructifications in lines, slanting upwards from the mid-rib, but
not in contact with it.

Spleenzvort or Harts-tongue. Moist shady rocks, mouths of wells,
old walls, and in the fifsures of rocks. On the tops of most of
the high mountains in Yorkshire. Curt. P. Aug, Sept,

Var. 2. Leaves curled and jagged at the edge.

J.B. 111,757 3.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Asplenium.

[Near a petrifying spring, by the side of a rivulet at the bot-
tom of Garn Dingle, 3 milesfrom Denbigh. Mr. Griffith.]

Var. 3. Leaves with many clefts at the end.

C/us, il.21 3.3-TW. 467.2 -Lob. obs. 469.1 ; ic. Y1.805.2-Gsr.cm.
1 138. 2-Par k. 1 047 . 1 -J. B. iii.757.2-//. e.v. xiv.i. row 1.2-
Ger.976.2.

Phylhtis muhifida. R. syn. 117. In a lane near Swaneling,
not many miles Irom Southampton. Gsr. em.

Var. 4. Leaves with many clefts at the edges.

Poum. 451.

Phyttitis ply sc hides, See. R. syn. 117. In woods. Bobart in
R. syn. 1 17.

Var. 5. Stalk branched, with 3 or more leaves.

1 H.ox.xlv.8.

Mr. Gough sent me a specimen of this variety in which the
stalk divides into 5 branches, but it is entire at the base for about
2-| inches, and furnished with its usual leafy border.

► This was gathered on Warton Cragg, near Lancaster.

All the above varieties are much smaller than the plant in its
more common state.

(2) Leaf wing-cleft *

A. Leaves wing-cleft ; lobes alternate, confluent, blunt. Ce’teraciu

Bull. 3 3 3-IL ale. -Gars. 2 1 2 -Barr. 1 05 2 , 1 05 1 , 1 043 , 1 044 -Tourn.
%i8-Trag.55i-I)od. ef)8-Lob.obs.%jo.i : ic.i.8oy.i-Gsr. em.

1 140. 1 -Park. 1046./. i-Ger.gy8.i-Matth.a. C. £.646.1-//,
ox.xiv.2. row sf.^-B/ackw.z 1 6- J.B.iii.yqg— Bolt. 1 2— Matt h.

8 9 g —Cam.epit. 6 40 .

Leaves so covered underneath with scales as to conceal the fruc-
tifications. Linn. Leaves many from a root, 3 to 6 inches long,
the hollows between the lobes of the same size and shape as the
lobes, edges somewhat bent back when the fructifications ripen.

Mr. VVoodw. Segments of the leaves very entire, semi-oval,
green above, thickly covered with brown scales underneath. Mr.

Gough.

Common Sfhemwrt. Old walls and clefts of moist rocks.

About Bristol plentifully. [At Bury, at Asheridge, Hertford-
shire. Northern counties trequent. Mr. Woodward. Heydon,

Norfolk. Mr. Bryant. On old walls cemented with mortar
mixed with clay ; and in a similar soil in limestone fifsures on the
iighest part ofiLendali Fell. Mr. Gough.] F. May — Oct.

I

768

Tricho'manes

filternifo'lium

vir'ide.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Asplenium.

(3) Leaves winged .

A. Leafits nearly circular, scolloped*

Dicks . h. s.-Woodv. 204 -Kniph. 6-Walc .-Bolt .1 3, and 2. 2~ Bull.
18 ij-Tourn.§i 5. A.D.E ,-Fl. dan.ng-Blackiv. 3 jo-Gars. 128 .
B .-Trag. 530. 1 -Lonic. i. 21 2. 1 -Cam.epit. 92 5-Park. 1051-
Matth.i 202.-Dod.tgj 1 .i-Lob.obs.gj 1 .2 ; ;c. i. 8og.2-Ger. em.
so/fio-H.ox.Tw.^. row 1 .lo-Fuchs.'jgb-Gcr.gft 5-Hedvoig.Th.
7.37, aleafit magnified.

Plant from 3 to 7 inches high, consisting of a leaf, several of
which rise singly from a black fibrous root; from -f- to £ of an
inch broad. Leafits either circular or oblong ; sometimes rather
cut into lobes ; capsules when ripe covering the whole under
surface.

Spleenzoort. Miltwaste. Common Maidenhair. Old walls, rocks,
and shady stony places. P. May — Oct.

A. Leafits wedge-shaped, alternate, cut towards the end.

Jacq. mi sc. 5 . 2 -Breyn, cent. 9 7 .

From 3 to 5 inches high. First found in Britain by Mr. Dick-
son, on rocks in the South of Scotland. Linn. Tr. ii. p. 290. P.

A. Leaves spear-shaped : leafits circular, but with 3 or 4
angles.

Dicks. h.s.-Bolt. 1 4.

Leaf-stalk of a pale green, sometimes brownish towards the
root, and in some specimens brown and glofsy as in A. Trichomanes.
Wings rhomboidal, fixed to the leaf-stalk by one of the corners,
the upper and lower sides of the base very entire, the other two
scolloped. Bolt. Wings more lopped at the base than in A.
Trichomanes. Leaf- stalk green, which seems to be the only cer-
tain character by which it is distinguishable from A. Trichomanes .
Mr. Wood. Wings not so circular as those of A .Trichomanes, the
lower side of the base being lopped, much more deeply scolloped,
and thinner. Mr. Woodward.

A. Trichomanes y Linn. Green-ribbed Spleenwort. Moist rocks
on the mountains of Wales, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland. [On.
an old wall at Black Bank near Leeds. Mr. Wood. On Ingle-
borough, Bolt, near the summit, and in Borowdale. Mr.
Woodw. Crib y Ddeseil d Clogwyn du yr Ardau. Mr. Griffith.]

P. June — Sept.

Var. 2. Wings lobed and cut.

H.Qx.xlv.3. 13— Piuk.7z.6-T iurn.% rj.C.F,— G12T.975.
Scotland. Bob art in H,ox ? — Jersey, Pluk.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Asplenium.

Var. 3. Leaf branched. Bolt.

| B^2.3-/f.^.xiv.3.ii~G^.985.2--7.B.iii.755,i.

11 C^r%ulyjnlanes ramosum. Linn. — A Trichomanes (3 (Huds.) On
all the high rocks oi Caernarvonshire. On a stone wall in a
gaiden at Maidstone, Kent, and on limestone rocks Craven, York-

£ Clough. Bo w?8 bd0W °Sdei1 K"k °n tUe °PP°site side of

769

A.Leafitsegg-shaped; serrated; the upper edges expand- mari'num,
ed at the base, the lower hollowed out.

Pet.gaz. 9 1 .i—Bolt. 1 $-H. ox. xiv.3.2 5~Plub.253.5-jyaJc.-L0k
0 bs. 4 7 4 . 3 , , c . i . 8 1 q-Ger.em. 1143. 4 -Park. 1 o 4 5 . 7 .

Stalks reddish brown. Leafits in some specimens spear-shaped
acutely scolloped, the scollops equal in number to the lines of
fructification, lobed at the base on the upper side. Mr. Woodw.
1 lant 5 inches high. Stalk crooked at the base.

On rocks generally on the sea shore, about Prestholm island
near Beaumaris, at Llandwyn in Anglesea, about the Castle of
Hastings, Sufsex, and in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Cumber-
tand. In a stone quarry close to the road from Warrington to
Warwick, Lancashire. Bolt, P. June-Sept.

Var. 2. Leafits deeply cut. Bolt.

Sibbald Scot. ill. t. 3./. 1. 2- Bolt. 2. 4.

Plants corresponding to Sibbald’s figures we found in the Coves
at \v eems in Scotland. Lightf. Adiantum trapeziforme, Huds.

(4) Leaves doubly compound ; divisions alternate .

A. Leafits wedge-shaped, finely scolloped.

Kniph. 6-E. hot. 1 50-S beldr. 6 8-Bull. 1 9 5~JValc.-Cam. epit.^5. -
FI. dan . 1 90 -Tourn. 3 1 7.1 -Bolt. 1 6-Blackiv. 2 r 9 -Gars. 12 8.a-

Pucbs.y §§--Lon.'i.22i .1 y and 2-Trag. 5%0.2-Dod.

470 -Lob. efo.472.1; ic.i. 81 1.1-Ger. em. 1 1 ^.3-Park. 1 650.4
-H.ox.xiv.5.2 2-Ger.98$~Matth. 1041.

Stem bare for near half its length. Fructifications in 2 or 4
rows, on each side the rib of the leaf. Bolt. The foliage at
first sight has something of a Trefoil appearance. Dr. Smith verv
properly observes that the Ferns can only be determined in their
early state before the bursting of the membrane which covers the
capsules, for in an advanced state the back of the leaf is covered
with a confused mafs of capsules, with hardly a vestige of their

Vol. in, — 3 d

ru'ta murahia

77° CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Asplenium.

former disposition. He thinks this species may be best distin-
guished by the membrane always bursting towards an adjoin-
ing vein or nerve, never towards the edge of the leaf, unlefs
when a vein is found on that side. See E. bot. p. 150.

White Maidenhair. Wad Rue. Tentivort. Old walls and
moist crevices of rocks. [Southwold Church, Suffolk, Long Strat-
ton Church, Norfolk. Mr. Stone, Mr. Woodward. Walls
at Shirchampton, near Bristol, and at Bewdley.] P. June — Oct.

Adian'tum A. Leaves almost triply winged : wings alternate ; leafits
ni'grum. spear-shaped, cut-serrated.

Kniph. y-Fl. dan. 2 50-Gars. 126-Blackw. 220-Bolt.ij. 1, and 3-
Dod.^66-Ger. em.n ^j-Ger. 975.1-//. ox. xlv.q..i 6-Lob. ic.\.
8io.2-PtfrZ.io49.2.

Seeds saffron-coloured. Linn. Lobes , the extreme serratures
so acute as almost to appear fringed. Mr. Woodw, Stalks black
or deep red brown ; glofsy. Fructifications 3 to 7 on each seg-
ment.

Black Maidenhair . Oak Fern . Shady places and old walls.
[Pendennis Castle.] P. April — Oct. .

Var. 2. Wings long, divided into very fine and longish seg-
ments. Sherard in R. syn. Pluk. 282.3. Wings with hair-like
segments. Pluk. Fructifications none discovered. Pofsibly a
variety of A. Adiantum nigrum , owing to a very shady situation, ,
but if a variety it is a very extraordinary and beautiful one..
Dill.

Filix non ramosa , Ific. Pluk. aim. p. 150. par. the last but one,,
as corrected according to mant. p. 78. par. 4. Mountains of Mourn
in the county of Down, Ireland. R. syn .

lanceola'tum. A. Leaves doubly winged, spear-shaped : wings alternate ::

leafits inversely egg-shaped, sharply cut and scol-
loped. Huds.

E. bot. 24.0-Bolt. 17. 2, (but lefs sharply cut than in the preceding
figure.)

Stalk black below, green upwards. Leaf bright green. Caps.
in an advanced state, forming roundish, as well as oblong patches.
E. bot. ■

Spear-shaped Spleenveort . On old walls and rocks about St-
ives, and other places in Cornwall. Huds. On a wall in the
village of Wharf, Yorkshire. Bolt. On the great rock at Tun-
bridge Wells. Mr. Forster, P. May — Sept

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. PolyPodium.

POL\ PO'DIUM. Capsules disposed in distinct circular
dots on the under surface of the leaf.

Obs. The investigation of the species of this extensive Penus
has always been attended with difficulties and uncertainties •
partly owing to the prevalence of a general resemblance in habiu
partly to the different appearances observable in them at different
ages, and partly to deficiencies in the specific characters. Nor
have authors always been scrupulously accurate in the applica-
tion of the terms used in describing the leaves.

The plants should not be gathered for examination until of
sufficient age to attain a full state of fructification. The terms
employed in the subdivisions of the species, and in characterizing;
the individuals, should be precisely understood. The attention
should be more particularly directed to the lower parts of the
leaves, wings, &c. for there it is that the characters are most con-
stant, and most observable, the extreme parts generally running
together so as to baffle every attempt at description. &

The following tabular view of the different British species is
offered as a means of facilitating their investigation; the student,
therefore, is advised first to compare the plant in question with
these characters, and then to look forward for the characters and
descriptions given more at large.

( i ) Leaves wing-cleft.

P. vulgare. Lobes oblong, somewhat serrated, blunt.

(2) Leaves winged .

P. Lonchi'tis . Wings crescent-shaped ; finely and sharply
serrated : stems with chaff-like scales.

P. liven* se . Wings opposite, triangular, blunt, hairy un-
derneath, very entire at the base.

P . cam'bricum. Wings spear-shaped, wing-deft,' hairy
underneath : stems hairy.

P. Phegop'teris. Wings strap-spearshaped, wing-deft*
united at the base ; hairy underneath.

P. Oreop'teris. Wings strap-spearshaped, wing-cleft;
lobes bluntisli : clusters of capsules at f.Jie edge#.

3 D 2

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

-v • * i * t \ ’ *

(3) Leaves winged ; wings deeply wing-cleft .

P. F. mas . Wings strap-spearshaped ; lobes blunt, finely
serrated : stem chaffy.

P. Thelyfteris, Wings spear-shaped, acute ; lobes very
entire.

P. dent a turn. Wings egg-spearshaped, opposite ; lobes
egg-shaped, blunt, sparingly cut at the sides, finely
toothed at the end.

P, fonta'num . Wings egg-spearshaped, alternate ; lobes
deeply scolloped.

(4) Leaves doubly winged .

P, aculea'tum • Wings crescent-shaped, acute : leafits ser-
rated with fine prickles : stem chaffy.

- .At

P. spinulo'sum # Wings spear-shaped: leafits strap-egg-
shaped, wing-cleft and serrated with fine prickles.

P. fce'mina* Wings strap-spearshaped: leafits slender,
acute, wing-cleft, or serrated : stems smooth upwards.

P. crista1 turn. The lowermost secondary wings much Ion*-
ger than those nearest opposed to them.

P. fragile. Wings spear-shaped ; leafits wedge, egg, or
strap-shaped : segments bluntly or sharply lobed :
stem very slender.

P. trifdum . Wings spear-shaped, blunt, leafits of the
lower wings mostly 3-cleft: stem bordered.

P. rhx'ticum . Wings spear-shaped ; leafits egg-spear-

shaped, sharply serrated ; lower pairs unequal.

(5) Leaf triply-winged*

P. Dryofteris . Leaves 3 on a stem ; doubly winged.

%

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

( i ) Leaves whig-cleft ; lobes united at the base .

p. Lobes oblong, somewhat serrated, blunt : root scaly.
Ludzv. 1 3-Curt. -FI. dan. 1060-Kniph. 6-Bolt. 1 3-Bull, i g i -Blackw.
2 1 s-Tourn. 3 1 6 -Wale. -Woodv .27 i-Gars .^66-Fucbs ,^33-Trag.
5±o-Dod. 464. 2 -Ger. em. 1132. 2 -Tourn. 31 6-Ger. g j2-Matth.
1 2go)-Dod.^6^.i-Lob.obs.^.y 5. 1 .zV.i.81 ^.z-Ger.em.i 1 32.1 -Park*
io39* 1 -H.ox. xiv. 2 .row i.i-Ger.gy^.i-Cam. epit. gg%-Lon.i9
224* 1 •

Lobes slightly serrated at the edge. Fructifications yellowish
brown, in rows, parallel to the rib of the lobes.

Common Polypody. On old walls, shady places, and at the roots
of trees, very common. P. June-^-Oct.L

\ Var. 2. Lobes doubly serrated.

Barr. of.

Walls of Windsor Castle. R , syn. [Worcestershire-. St.]
Var. 3. Lobes deeply scolloped.

Bolt .2 . ^.b .a portion of a leaf.

In a wood near Bingley, Yorkshire. Mr. Alexander,

Var. 4. Cambricum. Lobes wing-cleft.

H.ox.xiv.2.3-Pluk,^o.i-Bolt.2.^.(a) a portion of the leaf.

In this state it never produces fructifications. The same is
observable of the waved var. of Asplenium Scolopendrium. Lightf.

On a rock in a wood near Dennys Powys Castle, not far from
Cardiff, Glamorganshire. R. syn. [Near Kidderminster.]

P. June — Oct.

Var. 5. acutum. Lobes very long, distantly serrated; tapering
to an acute'point.

Specimen sent by J. W. Griffith, Esq. on rocks in North
Wales.

(2) Leaves winged .

P. Wings crescent-shaped, the bow downwards ; fringe
serrated: stems with chaff-like scales.

f The root is sweetish: by long boiling it becomes bitter. When fresh
t is a gentle purgative. An infusion of 6 drams of it in half a pint of boiling
water may be taken at twice.

3 D 3

m

vulga'r.e*

Lonchi'tis*

774 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

FI, dan. ^gj-Tourn. 31 ^Bolt. I g-Matth. 922 -Ger. 979 -Ger.em,

1 1 40 . 3 -Pluk. Sg.6^H. oAr.xiv. 2 . r ov) 3.1- Cam. epit. 6 6 4 -Park%
io42.i-7.J5.iii.744-Z/0«.ii.34.i.

Leaves in circles round the crown of the root, which is rough
with the remains of decayed stalks, keeled, from the wings being
bent upwards on each side the leaf-stalks. Leajits so closely placed
as to be tiled, the lower edge covering the upper edge of the next
beneath, serratures frequently but irregularly terminating in short
spine-like teeth, furrowed underneath with veins, the margin of
the upper half of the base of each leafit parallel to the general
stalk. Stalk furrowed above. Fructifications disposed in two pa-
rallel lines on each leafit, with 5 or 6 dots forming 2 lines. Mr,
Woodward, Cultivation does not change its appearance. St.
Plant about 4 inches long, and 1 inch broad; generally curved,
LeaftSy the larger serratures ending in semi-transparent thorns.

Royal Polypody f Great Spleemuort. Spleemoort Polypody. Clefts
of rocks. On the highest mountains of Caernarvonshire; on
Glydar near Llanberris, and at the foot of the rocks among the
Highland mountains, P. May — Sept,

Vlven'sc, P. Leafits opposite, united, blunt; hairy underneath ; very
• entire at the base.

Dicks.h.s.-Bolt.^-H.ox.xiv.^^^-Pluk.i'jg.^.

Scarcely more than a finger’s length. Stem greenish, not
blackish purple. Linn. Leafits 6 or 7 on each side the stem ; the
lower ones opposite, the upper alternate ; thick and opaque; ge-
nerally cloven into 5 or 7 segments, rounded at the ends.

Acrostic hum ilvense. Linn. Acr.alpinum. Bolt. Ben Lawers,
Mr, Dickson. Near the top of Clogwyn y Garnedd.

P. July — Sept,

arvonicum. P. Leafits spear-shaped, wing-cleft; hairy underneath : :

stem hairy.

Pluk.og.5~Fl.dan.391 . (Mr. Bolton believes his tab. 9. to be the same,
plant.)

From 3 to 5 inches high. Leafit s 7 to 1 5 pairs, cloven on each
side into 5 or 6 segmentss ; spear-shaped, hairy underneath. Bolt.
It is a very rare plant, even on Snowdon. Mr. Llwyd, in Ray
Syn. p. 1 1 g. On a moist black rock almost at the top of Clogwyn
y Garnedd, facing the North-west, directly above the lower lake.
Dr.RlCIIARDSON, ib.

Aero st. ilvense. LIuds. and Bolt. P. July — Sept.

This seems sufficiently distinct from the V, ilvense found on the
Scottish Alps by Mr. Dickson. Mr. Griffith thinks that Bolt. t. j
9. is only a very small and stiff plant of Polyp, fragile gathered in ||

775

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

a high and exposed situation; and that it is not the plant found
by Mr. Lloyd in Ray's Syn.

P. Lowermost leafits bent back, each pair united at the Phego'pteris
base by a 4-cornered little appendage.

Bo/t. 20 j’-H.ox.xiv.q,. 1 7./. 3, the quadrangular appendage not exprefsed .

Leafits spear-shaped, wing-cleft. Linn. Plant sometimes ig,
and stalk 12 inches high. Leafitsy the lowermost pair not conflu-
ent as all the rest, and placed if inch from the pair above it; in
a vigorous plant bent almost back to back, in consequence of
which, when dried and gummed on paper, they form an acute an-
gle with the stalk, and might lead those who had not seen the
plant growing, to suppose they grew in the same plane with the
rest. Lobes semi-elliptical. Woodward. Whole plant hairy.

Wood Polypody. Clefts of rocks in moist and shady places and
woods, in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Devonshire, and the Low-
lands of Scotland. [Barrowfield Wood near Kendal, by the fall of
Lodore near Derwent Water, and in several woods in the North.

Mr. Woodward.] P.June — Oct.

P. Leafits strap-spearshaped ; segments very entire, blunt- Oreop'teris,
ish : clusters of capsules at the edges.

Bolt.22 .

Stem smooth, with 2 furrows ; 10 to 15 inches high. Wings
alternate; segments strap-spearshaped, v blunt, either entire or
finely serrated. The 2 or 3 lower pair of wings gradually shorter,
and the lowest pair often pointing downwards. Mr. Dickson ob-
serves, that the fructifications are always at the edge of the lobes,
both in the young and in the more advanced state, and that they
never become confluent.

Polypodium montanum. Vogler. P. Phelyptens. Huds. Lightf.

Bolt. Heath Polypody . On dry hills throughout all Scotland.

Dickson. Woods at Castle Howard, Mr. Teesdale, who ob-
serves that the leaves have a very agreeable scent. [Moist woods
near Darlington, never on dry hills in that neighbourhood. Mr.

Robson. In a wood at Old Foot’s Well, near Bromsgrove. Mifs
Read. More frequent in mountainous situations than any other
species. Mr. Griffith.] P.July — Oct.

(3) Leaves winged ; wings deeply wing-cleft,

P. Leaves almost doubly winged : leafits strap-spearshap- Fiflix-mas*
ed : lobes blunt, finely serrated : stem and mid-ribs
chaffy. •

f The lowermost pair of leafits touch the pair above, and their bending
-back to back not exprefsed. Mr. Wood wa ho.

i CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

Dicks. h.s.-Kniph.b-Woodv.^-Bull.iKs-Tourn. 310 to 31 2-Bolt.
24-G^r.g6g. i-Fuchs. 5g 5- J.B .iii.7 38-IW. 462 .1 -B/^w.323
~Gars.2'ji-H.ox.xiv.3,6-Matth.i2Qo-Cam.efiit.ggi’Park.io§6
- Ger.etn.i 128.

From i-f to 4 feet high. Lobes of the wings strap-shaped, the
ends rounded. Fructifications from 3 to 8 on each lobe, placed in
2 rows near to its base and distant from its edges; none at the
end.

Male Polypody. Male Fern . Woods, heaths, stony places,
x P.June — Oct.f

Thelyp'teris. P. Leafits wing-cleft; lobes very entire, the under surface

entirely covered by clusters of capsules.

Hed'W.theor. ^-Schmid. 1 1 . 1 . 2-Bolt. 43-F/. dan. j6o-Mapp. 7. a. at

p. 1 06- J.S.iii.739. i-Grr.g8 1 .3 Ger.em. 1135. 1 -Park. 1 041 . 1 .

Its habit that of P .Filix-mas. Stem smooth. Old leafits covered
with capsules. Barren leaves broader and blunter. Linn. Root
small, creeping. Dickson. Wings deeply divided, but the divi-
sions do not reach to the mid-rib. Lobes when in seed much con-
tracted, and narrower than before the capsules are fully formed,
but this circumstance is very general through the- whole tribe.

Marsh Polypody. Acrost. Thelypteris , Bolton. In Bogs. [St.
Faith’s Newton Bogs near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford. Near
Bungay, SufF. Mr. Woodward. In a moist dell at the foot of
Snowdon near Llanberris. Mr. Aikin.] P. July- — Oct.

„ The Polypodium fragrans of Huds. adopted by Linnaeus is sup-

posed to be only a dwarf plant of this species, but it merits fur-
ther attention from such botanists as live near Keswick, where
Hudson mentions finding it in moist clefts of rocks.

denta'tum0 p, Leafits opposite, wing-cleft; lobes sparingly cut at the

£kles, finely toothed at the ends : stem very slender,

Dicks. h.s.-Dicks.fasc. iii.7. 1 .

Nearly resembles the Polyp, fragile in size and in habit.
Root small, fibrous, bundled, a little woolly. Stems several, slen-
der, pale brown, shining, somewhat scaly at the has e.Leaf spear-

f The Siberians boil it in their ale, and are fond of the flavour which it
imparts to it. The powder of the root is Madame Nouffer’s celebrated re-
medy to expel the tape-worm. She gives the patient a liquid lubricating
supper, and, if costive, a common glyster. Early next morning 2 or 3 drams
of the root in powder are exhibited mixed with water. If thrown up it must
be repeated. The patient must fast two hours, and then take a drastic purge.
See Dr. Simmon's Account of the Tania. 1 have frequently used it, and seldom
without the desired effect.

Ill

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium,

shaped, doubly winged. Wings distant, spear-shaped, mostly
alternate. Leafits egg-shaped, blunt, cut, unequally toothed ;
teeth distant, blunt, pale brown. Clusters of capsules near the
incisions, towards the edge. Dickson.

Such is the account given by Mr. Dickson of this new species
of Polypodium, which he first discovered in clefts of rocks in the
Highlands of Scotland ; but though this description and his spe-
cific character mention it being doubly winged, neither his own
figure, nor the specimens sent out in his Fasciculi of dried plants,
authorise us to say that they are so. They are only simply
winged, and the wings divided into lobes, nor have they any pro-
per midrib. The Polyp, dentatuni of Forsk, in Gmelin’s Syst^
Nat. is a different plant.

P. Leafits alternate, triangular, blunt, deeply wing-cleft;
lobes sharply toothed at the end : stem very slender,

Lob.adv. 361.2, and zY.i.8 10. \-Bolt.2\-Barr, 432.1-PM'. 89.2,
and 3-G<?r.g8o,2.

Its habit that of P. fragile, but the leafits closer together and
not so deeply lobed. Fructifications in large dots, proceeding not
from a roundish scale, but from an oblong white slender valve or
chink. Linn. Plant 3 or 4 inches high. Siam, pale green,
thread-like. Leafits alternate. Bolt.

Old walls and rocks above Hammersham church, and in
rocky places near Wybourne, Westmoreland. — Also in Buck-
inghamshire. Bolt. P. June Sept.

(4) Leaves doubly winged.

P. Wings crescent-shaped: leafits rhomboidal, with prickle-
like teeth : stem chaffy.

Mill, ill. -Bo It. 26.1 and^-H.ox.xiv.g.isf.i-Pluk.ijg.G.ayoung
plant only winged.— Pluk. 1 80. 1 , fully grown.— Pluk. 1 80. 3, in
its middle state of growth.

Lobes awned at the end, and one or two of the serratures awned.
Woodward. Leafits irregularly rhomboidal, with a projecting
angle on the upper edge near to the midrib. . In a young state
the leaf is only simply winged, as represented in Bolton s pi. 26,

^ Prickly Polypody. Woods and shady places. ^ [I11 a ditch in a

meadow in the valley near Bromsgrove. Mils Rf.ad.]

P. June — -Oct.

Var. 2. Leaves sprinkled \vith a mofs-like down. Pluk.

fonta'num.

aculea'tum*

77s

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium.

spinulo'sum. P. Wings spear-shaped : leafits strap-eggshaped, wing-

cleft, and serrated with sharp-pointed teeth.

FI. dan.'] 07,

This has been taken for the Polypod. cristatum, but it is very
different from that ; of a more delicate and transparent texture,
the leaf-stalk but little, if at all scaly, the opposite leafits on the
wings not unequal in size, and the midrib of the leafits serpentine.
It agrees with it in the disposition of the fructifications, and in the
serratures ending in short awns.

[Bogs on Birmingham Heath. Holloways in Devonshire.]

P. July — Sept.

Filix-fae'mina F. Leafits strap-spearshaped, wing-cleft, acute : stems

smooth upwards.

Fructifications egg-shaped, somewhat fringed, solitary. Linn.
Leafits deeply cut with one or two divisions; the teeth often end-
ing in a short awn. Woodward. The most elegant of all our
Ferns. One cluster of capsules on each lobe of the leafit. Bolt.
So that in a ripening state the whole of the leafit seems covered
by them, whilst in the P. Filix-mas the upper end is always bare.
The lower pair of leafits on each wing, that is, the pair next to the
principal or primary leaf-stalk, stand close to it, and parallel
with it, pointing upwards and downwards. The breadth of the
leafits varies considerably in different plants, but when they are
narrow and the wings distant, the whole has a remarkably light
and elegant appearance.

Female Polypody. Moist and shady marshy places. Moist
rocky woods ; about rivulets, and on heaths. [Lewesdon Hill.
Mr. Baker.] P. June — Sept,

1

crista'tum* P. Leafits deeply wing-cleft; segments oblong, blunt,

serrated, fringed : clusters of capsules in a double

row.

Mull.fr id. 2 .y-Pluk, 1 8 1 . 2-Bolt. 2 3 .

Fructifications on the upper, but not on the lower leafits. Linn.
But with us on all the leafits when the plant is come to maturity,
Mr. Dickenson. In moist rich soil 3' or 4 feet high, and trebly
winged; on dry rocks and banks about a foot high, the first pair
of wings the largest and the only pair that are triply divided.
Bolt. Serratures ending in short awns. Woodward. Stem
scaly all the way up. Lower leaves of the lower wings larger and
longer than those opposite to them.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Polypodium. 77

Crested Polypody. Moist woods and shady places in a gravelly
soil. In chinks of moist rocks, and old walls; and in marshy
places at the root of decaying oaks. P. June— Sept.

p. Wings spear-shaped ,* leafits with a few irregular teeth fra'gile.
towards the end : stem very slender and brittle.

Var. 1. Wings long spear-shaped, acute, distant; leafits dis-
tant, pointed.

Bolt.qfi-Fl.dan./pi-Pluk.i 80.5.

From 4 to 7 inches high. Stem red, bare for about 2 inches
at the base ; smooth, slender, brittle. Leafits more than twice as
long as they are broad. In habit approaches nearly to the P.
rh£ticumy but it is not distinctly doubly winged like that plant, nor
are the Igbes of the leafits regularly serrated at the edges, as in
that.

Brittle Polypody . Dry stony places. [Mountains in Wales.
Mr.GRiFFiTH. Walls about Buxton. Mr. Dickenson. Near
Hyde, Glocestershire. Mr. Baker. Road from Bourn Heath to
Worms ash near Bromsgrove. Mifs Read.] ’ P. June — Sept.

yar. $. Wings spear-shaped, acute; leafits crowded.

Bolt A 7- Barr. 43 2- J, B .i ii . 7 4 1 . 2~Seguier. 1 . 1 .

From 3 to 6 inches high. Stem red, bare for % to if inch from
the base; smooth, brittle, but lefs slender than in the preceding.

Leafits not equal in length to twice the breadth.

Mountains in North Wales. Yorkshire and the other Nor-
thern counties. [Near Snowdon on the rocks of Clogwyn du yr
Arddu. Mr. Griffith.]

Var. 3. Wings spear-shaped, blunt.

About 3 or 4 inches high. Stem red, bare for f to 1 inch from

the base; smooth, brittle, slender.

This has a general resemblance to the P.dentatum , but differs
from that in the colour of the stem, in being doubly winged, and
[n the want of fine teeth at the ends of the lobes.

Mr. Griffith of Garn favoured me with specimens of all these
3 varieties gathered from the same root, and I have seen a single
specimen uniting the characters of the 2 former.

P. Wings spear-shaped, blunt; leafits of the lower pair of tri'fidum.
wings mostly 3-cleft : stem bordered.

E.bot.163.

Three or 4 inches high. Stem brown green, slender, bare for
1 inch or more at the base ; edged with a narrow border on each
side. Wings nearly triangular"; leafits 3-cleft, the middle seg-
ment sometimes notched,

7^° CRYPTOGAMIA. F1LICES. Polypodium.

I am indebted to the liberality^ op J. Wynne Griffith, Esq. of
Garn, near Denbigh, for a beautiful specimen of this plant. It is
sufficiently distinct from the Polypodium fragile , though in habit
much resembling our 3d variety of that species. Both this and
the P. fragile have their capsules in a globular bag, which seems
attached to the foliage in one point only, and readily separates
from it. Not having yet adopted the new genus Cyathea, we
lament that we could not use the trivial name given to this plant
by Dr.Smith in E.bot. because there is already a Polypod. incisunt
in Gmel. syst. veg.

Cyathea incisa. E. bot. where it is mentioned as having been
found by Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. on a wall near Walthamstow,
and that he thought it distinct from the P. fragile. Mr. Griffith
found it on Cwm Idwel.

rhse'ticum. P. Wings spear-shaped, distant; leafits deeply lobed ; lobes

pretty regularly toothed at the edges.

Dicks. h.s.-Bolt.q,{ 5 and 2.6-/f.ox.xiv.q.8.

Seven or 8 inches high. Stem red, smooth, slender, convex
on one side, hare for 2 or 3 inches from the base. Wings distant,
spear-shaped, acute ; leafits strap-spearshaped, the edges toothed,
Mr. Bolton has very well observed, that the wings are distinct all
the way up, not becoming confluent at the top, and that the leafits
on the upper side the secondary mid-rib are larger than those on
the lower, by which it may be distinguished from the P. fragile'.
The regular serratures on the sides of the lobes also afford a good
distinction, the lobes in the P. fragile being only serrated towards
the end, and that very irregularly.

Shadow rocks, Scotland. Mr. Dickson. Mountains in West-
moreland. Top of Glyder mountains, on the side which hangs
overLlyn Ogwan Lake; and near Ffynnon felon. [On walls near
Ambleside, Westmoreland. Woodward. On the Leek road L of
a mile from Buxton.] P. June — Sept,

(5) Plant triply winged •

Dryopleris, p. Stem supporting 3 winged or doubly winged leaves.

Kniph. 1 2-Bolt. 28-T rag. 538 -J.B. iii. 741 . i-Lon. i. 224.2-G^.

974,2~C/«j.ii.2 1 2. i-G<?r. em. 1 1 35. 3 -Park. 1 044, middlemost

figure-ff.ox.xiv.q.. 1 g.

Fructifications near the rib of the adary wings. Bolt. Plant
from 5 to 8 inches high. The 3 leaves placed near the end of
the stem, one terminating and one on each side.

Dry stony places in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland,
and Scotland. [Amongst the rocks at the fall of Lodore on the

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Adiantum. 78i

side of Derwent-watcr, Cumberland. Barrowfield Wood near
Kendal, and other rocky woods in the North. Mr. Woodward.

In woods North-east of the road up Frocester-hill, Glocestersh.

Mr. Baker.] P- June— Sept.

Var. 2. Leaves larger. The largest lobes lobed or divided half
way down to the mid-rib. Stalk taller, firmer, white, opaque.

Bolt.

Bolt, i . t .

In White-scars near Ingleton, Yorkshire, and in the Peak of
Derbyshire. Bolt.

ADIAN'TUM. Capsules forming oval spots, under
the ends of the leaves, which are folded back.

A, Leaves doubly compound: wings alternate: leafits Capil'Ius-
wedge-shaped ; lobed, on leaf-stalks. Ven'eris.

Dicks. h.s.-Jacq.misc.W.^ -Bull. 2^-Bolt. 2^-Tourn. 517.2-Ger.

Q%2.2-Tcurn.3ij.2-Cam.epzt.g2 4-Park.io^Q.i-Matth.i20i.

_ J.B . iii. 752-Lob. adv. 361 . 1 , ic. i. 809. 2-Gars. 125. A.-Ger.

g82.i-Fuchs.82-Trag.55i-Dod.^6g.2-Gor.em.n^.i, \

About 5 or 6 inches high. Leafits fan-shaped, with 4 or 5

nicks attheend. BoLT.ofa very delicate semi-transparent green,

which it retains in a dry state. .

True Maidenhair. Rocks and moist walls. Baity Island and

Port Kiris:* Glamorganshire.— Isle of Arran, near Galloway.

& * P. May— Sept.

TRICHO'MANES. Fructifications on the edge of the
leaf, solitary, urn-shaped, ending in a thread-
shaped style.

Tr. Leaves almost doubly winged: wings alternate, pyxidif'erum
crowded, lobed, strap-shaped.

Pet.pter.15.15.

Linnaeus also refers to Ray syn. t. 3. f.3 and 4, but if the opi-
nion be well founded, as I believe it is, that the real Tr. pyxidi-
fe rum is not a native of this island, those figures only represent a
var. of the Tr. Tunbridgense.

Tr, Leaves vfinged ; wings oblong, forked, decuirent, Tunbrid
toothed, seUSe’

782

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Trichomanw.

Fl,dan.gij^E.bot.i62-Pluk.3.yBolt.2.j-H.ox.xy.y.^o.

Wings sometimes not always, serrated or scolloped. Bolt.
Wings elliptical, narrow; teeth sharp. Mr. Woodw. Leave:,
ail producing fructifications when growing in an open exposure,
but in chinks of shady rocks they become luxuriant, afsuming the
appearance of T.pyxidiferum, and never bearing fructifications. Per-
haps in the latter state, it is the plant supposed by the English
botanists to be T. pyxidiferum. Mr. Griffith. Capsules2 valved,
furnished with an elastic ring, and placed round the style-like
column within the 2-leaved involucrum. Dr. Smith.

F unbridge Goldilocks . Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense. E. bot.
Moist clefts of rocks and stony places. Near Tunbridge. Amongst
the pebbles at Cockbush, on the' coast of Sufsex. On Dartmore,
Devonshire, and on the mountains of Westmoreland, Cumber-
land, Yorkshire, Wales, and Scotland. [High mountains at the
Head of Winandermere, Westmoreland. Dr. Smith, — On rocks
in a shady dell, very near to Llanberris. Mr. Aik in.]

P. May — Oct.

Var. 2. Fructifications on naked fruitstalks.

Bolt. 31.

Botanists who can examine this and the preceding in a recent
state must decide whether they be not distinct species. Its habit,
as represented by Mr. Bolton is considerably different from that
in E. bot. and though the latter has indeed fruitstalks springing
from the mid-rib, they are not naked, but pafs within the sub-
stance to the edge of the leaf.

Rocks under Dolbadon Castle near the lake of Llanberris,
and on the ock called Foal foot on Ingleborough, Yorksh. Bolt,

Var. 3. Leaves large, not bearing capsules.

Ray.syn. 3, 3 .atp. 1 2%, and 2 a young plant.-B0lt.3o*

Root woolly and hairy. Stems winged, brownish black below,
green above. Leaves thin pellucid, shining, deep green. Fruc -
tifications none observable. Dill, in R. syn. 127. n. 14. Leaves
indistinctly waved or scolloped on their edges. Our plant proba-
bly only a luxuriant variety of T. tunbrigense , their figure, tex-
ture, and whole habit being the same, and differing only in size.
In cavities excluded from the sun. I have found specimens par-
taking equally of T. pyxidatum and tunbrigense, which are figured
in t. 2. f. 7. Bolt. I have seen specimens according exactly
with Mr. Bolton’s figure, from a root which produced other smal-
ler leaves which bore fructifications. Mr. Griffith. In the
foreign specimens which I have seen of the true Tr. pyxidiferum
the substance of the leaf is strong and opake, not at all like the 1
silky transparency of our plants, and the fructifications are large,
urn-shaped, sefsile, and brown orange.

1

7^3

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Sphagnum.

Trichomancs pyxidifsrum. Huds. and Bolt, but not of Uinn.
Cup Goldilocks. On dripping rocks. At Belbank, half a mile
from Bingley, at the head of a remarkable spring, R. syn. — in a
little dark cavern under a dripping rock, a little below the spring
of Elm Gragg Well, Bolt. P. Aug.

MUSCI.

SPHAGNUM. Male flower? club-shaped: anthers
flat : caps . on the same plant, sitting ; mouth smooth,
covered with a lid, without any entire veil.

S. Branches bent downwards.

Hedw.Theor. 12.42 to q_^,and 13.46,47, 1 .1 ,/3. ii.g.g -VailL
2 3 .3-D;//. 3 2 . 1 -FI. dan. ayj ep-Rluk. 1 o 1 . 1 -S chcuch.it. i.5.4, at p.
38-Lo^.A.ii. 242.2-Dwf.472. 1 -Ger.em. 1 559. i-PnrLi 306.72. 1.

The Capsules burst with a crackling noise. Linn. Stems
growing many together, from 3 to 12 inches high, upright, some-
times divided. Branches at short distances, 2, 3 or 4 from the
same part, heavy and hanging down from abundance of mixture.
Leaves white, egg-shaped, concave, soft, tiling the branches.
Capsules at first sitting, but afterwards they attain short fruitstalks.
Dill. Involucr. scaly. Capsules nearly globular, when open urn-
shaped, generally several together at the top of the stem. Lid
convex, pointed, deciduous.

Grey Bogmofs. Common peat Bogs. P. July. Aug.

Var. 2. The whole habit more slender; more branched; cap-
sules smaller,

Bill. 32.2 -Hedw.hist.i . 3 . %-Mapp.atp. 2 00 . C.

Var. 3. Whole plant of a beautiful peach colour.

On Bogs in the New Forest, Hants.

In variety 1 the leafits are concave, oblong, blunt ; in 2 flat,
awl-shaped, sharp. Are they not distinct species, the first grow-
ing in running, the latter in stagnant water? Willdenow.

* S. Somewhat branched ; upright.

Dill. 32.3.

Sehreber conjectures it to be a Bryum. Linn. Of a beautiful
green. Capsules egg-shaped. Leaves strap-spearshaped, point-
ing 3 ways Neck. In a dense compact tuft, about a finger s

palus'tre.

alpi'nuni.

84

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Phascum.

length, sometimes dividing in the middle into 2 or 3 branches.
Leave's a splendid intense green, long, narrow, pointed, straight,
stiff. Capsules on short fruit-stalks, colour of pale wax, egg-
shaped. Dill.

Bogs on Cader Idris, and Snowdon. Dill. — [But I have ne-
ver found it there in fructification. Mr. Gp,iffith.] See Bryum
flexuosum, var. 3.

arbo'reum. S. Branched, creeping ; capsules lateral, pointing one way.

See Fontinalis secunda .

PHAS'CUM. Capsule egg-shaped, furnished with a
veil, but without a lid or only an imperfect one
which does not fall off.

e /

1 ^ ~ »

( 1 ) Capsule sitting .

acau'lon. Ph. Stemlefs : leaves egg-shaped, pointed, approaching.

S chreb.phafc . 1 . 1 and 2-Cur t. 2 7 6-D///.32 . 1 1 -FI. dan. 2 49.3 -Happ.
ii. Phase, 1 , a-Necki meth. 1 . 1 , atp. 273, a veil mag nified.-Pet. i.

95* 1 4*

A few lines in length, growing in clusters, afsuming rather a
globular shape from the convergency of the leaves, which are
rather broad, membranaceous, concave, soft, nervelefs, green,
delicate, ending in a short hair which is more conspicuous in the
dry plant. Caps, little larger than poppy seed, so concealed with-
in the middlemost leaves as to be more readily felt than seen.
Dill. Although there is no proper lid to the capsule it opens at
the top. The veil leans to one side.

Phascum cuspi datum. Gmelin. Common Earth-mofs. Heaths,
and ditch banks, garden walks, especially in a sandy soil not un-
common, but on account of its minutenefs and the leaves secret-
ing the capsules it is very generally over-looked. A. March.

rau'ticum. Ph. Stem-lefs: leaves egg-shaped, concave, converging,.

not ending in hairs.

Schreb.phasc. 1 .1 1 and 1 2 - Dill. 3 2 . 1 2 - Vaill. 27.2.

Whole plant smaller than the preceding, capsules rounder and
more shining, red yellow; leaves paler, notending in a grey
hair. Capsules ripe a month sooner. Dill.

Phascum acaukn 8 Linn. Garden walks, hedges, ditch banks.

Ae Jan. Feb.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Phascum.

Ph. Stem short: leaves spear-strapshaped, upper ones
bristle-shaped, but broad at the base.

He duo. stirp. i. § 5-Cur f. 275- FI. dan. 249. 2-Happ.11. Phascum 1 .h-
Dill. 5 2.10- Vaill. 29.4.

Capsules continuing all the summer, reddish and yellowish, in
autumn ripening, turning brown, and opening. R. syn. So mi-
nute as hardly to be visible if it did not grow in patches; from 2
to 3 lines high. Weis. Shoots not branched. Veil covering the
capsule, conical, scored, blunt, of short duration. Neck. In a
rich soil sometimes half an inch high, and with 2 or 3 branches
towards the top. Barren flower in the bosom of -the leaves. Lid
none. Hedw. Only 3 or 4 lines high, but growing in patches
is readily found, and the capsules not larger than a seed of to-
bacco, are very visible on account of tlie slendernefs of the leaves.
Dill. They frequently fall off without opening.

Aid-leaved Earth-mofs . Heaths in a sandy soil ; ditch banks ;

1 not uncommon. A. March — Aug.

I

■ * ♦ 4 . . 1

Ph. Shoots creeping : capsules lateral.

' Dill.85.16.

Stems creeping, adhering to the bark of trees. Branches short,
cylindrical, mostly in pairs. Leaves short, concave, broad at the
base, spit-pointed, cloathing the shoot on every side. Capsules
extremely small; in the bosom of the leaves. Dill.

Trunks of trees in Yorkshire. Dill. [Apple Trees, Cornw.
Mr. Stackhouse.] P. May.

Ph* Shoots thread-like, jointed, branched : leafits of the
involucrum spear-shaped, serrated. Dicks.

Dicks.\.i-Schreh.p,8.t.2.

Extremely minute, at first sight resembling a thread-like
Byfsus, but would scarcely be obvious to the naked eye if it did
not grow in patches. It seems a link which connects the Musci
and the Algae, partaking of the Phascum and the Conferva. It
consists of numerous green filaments, which through a glafs ap-
pear creeping, cylindrical, branched, jointed like a Conferva, the
interstices pellucid, the joints a darker green. Branches alter-
nate, forked, awl-shaped at the end. Capsules egg-shaped, point-
ed, sitting irregularly on the sides of the shoot near its base;
tawny when ripe. I have not found the veil. It has 110 lid which
separates. The involucrum consists of 3 ot 4 spear-shaped leaves,
pointed and serrated. Schreber and Weber . seem not to have
been aware that the jointed shoots belong to the plant,

Vo l. III.— 3 E

785

subula'tum.

re'pens®

1

serra'tum*

736 CRYFTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Phascum.

On the north side of Muswell Hill, near Highgate. Dicks.

April.

stoloni'ferum Ph. Shoots thread-like, jointed, branched; leafits of the

involucrum spear-shaped, toothed. Dicks.

Dicks. 7. 2.

It has the habit of the Ph. serratum, but is rather larger, the
shoots longer ; the space betwixt the joints longer, and the leafits
bluntly toothed and reticulated. Dicks.

Discovered by Mr. E. Forster, junior, growing on clay near
Walthamstow.

alternifo'lium Ph. Fertile stems short: barren stems taller, upright: leaves

alternate, awl-shaped. Dicks.

Dicks. 1.2.

Barren and fertile stems growing intermixed, and forming small
green tufts. Barren Shoots undivided, thread-shaped, fully
„ ' half an inch high. Leaves very short, awl-shaped, alternate, ra-

ther bulging at the base, expanding at the ends. Fertile
Shoots undivided, t -8th of an inch high. Leaves awl-bristle-
shaped, as long again as the capsule. Capsule, one at the end of
each shoot, single, sitting, buried in the leaves, inversely-egg-
shaped, pale yellow. Dicks.

Alternate-leaved Earth-rnofs . Bogs. [Gamlingay Bogs, Cam-
bridgeshire. Mr. Griffith.] April.

{2) Capsule on a fruit-stalk,

curvicol'Ium Ph. Stemlefs: fruit-stalks crooked : leaves spear-shaped,

taper-pointed, expanding.

Dicks. 1 .%-Hedzv.stirp.i.i 1 .

Plant extremely minute, hardly visible to the naked eye, un-
lefs growing in clusters and bearing its swollen capsules. Invo-
lucrum, leaves straight, strap-spearshaped; the other leaves egg-
spearshaped. Fruit-stalks very much bowed. Capsules egg-
shaped, brown and mottled when ripe. Veil very small. Lid
with a short beak. Often mixed with Bryum argenteum. Ripens
in May. Hedwig. Leaves midribbcd, as long as the fruit-stalk.

In barren grafsy places, near Croydon. Dicks.

pilif'erum. Ph. With a stem : leaves oblong, upright, hair-pointed.

Schreb. phase. 1.6/0 1 o.

Stem upright, unbranched. Leaves spear-shaped, ending in
long hairs, tiled upwards, upright but expanding. Fruit-stalk

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Foritmklis.

* extremely short. Wulfen. About inch high; silvery grey.
Caps, chesnut colour ; lid not opening.

On Granite Rocks in Cornwall, matting and covering a large
surface. Mr. Stackhouse.

Ph. With a stem : capsules not taller than the leaves :
leaves awl-shaped, keeled, somewhat bundled.

Hed!U).stirp.\.%e£-Dicks.\ .3.

Exceedingly small ; about 1 -8th of an inch high, upright,
sometimes sending out one or two branches at the base. Leaves
-slender, bristle-shaped, surrounding the stems and rising above
the ends. Capsules egg-shaped, taper-pointed, on short fruit-
stalks, sometimes from the sides of the stem and bosom of the
- leaves, but mostly terminating, solitary, or in pairs, naked or
distinct, though the leaves extend beyond them; when ripe brown-
ish. Dicks.

Shining Earth-mofs. P. axillare. Dicks, i. 2. Bogs on heaths.

SepU

Ph. Stem-lefs : fruit-stalk thrice the length of the leaves :
leaves spear-shaped, mid-ribbed, fine-pointed.

PLATE XVIII. f. 1.

Fruit-stalk and capsule a rich chesnut red. Fruit-stalks
straight, sometimes two from the same root. Leaves 5 or 6.
Whole plant the twentieth of an inch in height. Capsule not
wrinkled.

Specimens from J. W. Griffith, Esq. who found it amongst
trees in the front of Garn H©use, very near the road leading to
Henllan.

FONTINA'LIS. • Capsule nearly sitting, furnished
with a veil, and surrounded by a tiled invo-
lucrum.

Male, bud-like, axillary; on the same plant.

. Obs. Differing from Hypnum in nothing but the Capsule not
being supported on a fruit-stalk. Weis.

F. Capsules lateral: leaves acute, keeled, doubled toge-
ther, disposed in 3 rows.

3 E 2

;

ni'tidum.

rec'tum.

antipyrekica:

788 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Fontinalis.

Dill. 33.1 -Vaill. 33.5-//. ox. yLv.b.^z-Kniph. 1 2 -Buxb. iii.69, 2-
Mich. 59. q-Hed'W.hlsi.i. 5.27 ; ii.g.53; 54, 55, and 1.5.

Shoots a foot long or more, branched. The primary shoot
sends out lateral and terminating ones, and these branch out
again. Neck. Floating in the water. Leaves two or three
lines long, and half as broad, very entire at the edge. Capsules
lateral, in the bosom of the leaves, on very short fruit-stalks,
inclosed in a leafy scaly involucrum. Veil conical. Lid conical,
blunt, starting with a spring from the ripe capsule. Fringe sur-
rounding a central point. Seeds green. Dill.

Greater Water-mofs. Upon rocks and roots of trees, in brooks,
rivulets, slow streams and ponds. P. June — Sept.-j-

mi'nor. F. Capsules terminating : leaves egg-shaped, acute, con-
cave; pointing three ways; always in pairs.

Dill. 33.2.

Leaves doubled together and keeled, on the thicker branches
in pairs. Linn. Shoots 4 inches long, in rapid streams half a
yard or more, very much branched. Branches 3 -sided, ending in
a sharp point. Capsules egg-shaped, on short fruit-stalks. Weber.
Shoots shorter, more branched, and leaves smaller, thicker and
blunter than in the F . antipyretica. Dill.

Lefser Water-mofs . Banks of the Thames on the walls of
Lambeth palace, and on the banks of the Isis at Oxford. Dill.

P. Aug. — Oct.

I * r

squamo'sa. F. Capsules lateral : leaves tiled ; awl-spearshaped.

Dicks. h.s.—Hedmg.sti i i i. 1 2—D///. 3 3 . 3—^. B .i i i . 7 7 8 . 3 .

Leaves sometimes spear-shaped, pointed. Very nearly allied
to F. antipyretica. Huds. Capsules egg-shaped, sitting. Neck.
Long and slender ; fertile stem generally forked; barren stem
more branched; 4 to 6 inches long. Leaves long spear-shaped,
partly embracing the stem, so slender as to appear awl-shaped to
the naked eye. Hedwig. Shoot 4 to 12 inches long, branched,
floating in the direction of the stream, slender, black, bare near
root. Leaves dark green, smooth, shining, black when dry.
Branches 3-sided. Capsules on the side of the branches sitting,
egg-shaped, immersed ina leafy involucrum. Dill. The lower
parts of the stems losing their leaves resemble horse hairs matted
together. Mr. Stackhouse. The capsules are usually produced

f The Scandinavians line thednside of their chimnies with this to defend
them against the fire, for contrary to the nature of all other mofs, this is
hardly capable of burning.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Fontinalis. 7g,

on the shoots of the preceding year, or on the still older branches*
never on the young shoots. Mr. Griffith.

Scaly Water-mofs. Mountain rivulets in Wales, the north of
England and Scotland. [In the rivulet by the old castle, near
Llanberris. Mr. Griffith. Rivulets near Penzance. Mr.
Stackhouse.] P. June — Oct.

f

F. Capsules lateral : leaves pointing 2 ways ; expanding, penna'ta.

Hedvoig.stirp, iii. 1 g- Vaill. 2 7 . q-Hall.enum.^ . 2 , at p. 1 og,/j;V/.^6.

2, at iii.^.56— D/V/.3 2.g.

Leaves with wavy wrinkles. Capsules sitting; nearly cylin-
drical. Neck. Shoots creeping and forming compact patches.

Branches one inch long or more. Leaves closely compacted, about
a line in length, and one fourth of a line in breadth. Capsules
solitary or in pairs, chiefly on one side the branches, one line
long and half as broad, smooth, green, changing to reddish.

Mouth without a ring, closed with a white fringe. Lid pointed.

Veil but half the size of the capsule ; smooth. Involucr. composed
of spear-shaped, pointed, shining leafits, taller than the capsule
and closely embracing it. Pollich. Stem thread-shaped, rigid;
branches in opposite directions, decumbent with age. Leaves
without veins.

Neckera pennata. Hedvvig. Hypn. pennatum . Gmel. syst. veg«

Leathered Water-mofs. Trunks of trees in the woods about Trout-
beck and Ambleside, Westmoreland, P. Aug.— -Oct,

F. Capsules axillary : leaves strap-bristleshaped, pointing eapilla'cea*
one way ; those of the receptacle very long, convo-
luted, awl-shaped. Dicks, ii. 1,

D///.33.5.

Shoots 5 to 7 inches long. Branches sometimes divided. In-
volucrum long, from the bosom of the leaves, chiefly where
branches arise; out of these come forth, Capsules green, small,
egg-shaped. Dill.

Hair-like Water-mofs . Mountain rivulets in Scotland.

F. Capsules lateral : leaves mostly pointing one way, el- alpi'nti.
liptical, bluntish, those of the involucrum spear-
shaped, pointed. Dicks, ii. 2.

Dicks.W.^.i .

Leaves short, twisted when dry, somewhat curled. Capsule%
together with the involucrum, thrice as large as the leaves. Dicks.

Alpine Water-mofs . On rocks and stones in the alpine rivulets

3E3

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCL Buxbaumia.

of Scotland. [On stones in Bala-lake, and rivulets about Llan-
berris, also in many small rivulets about Garn, Denbighshire.
River Glwyde not 10 yards above high water mark, in plenty ;
sq that it is not exclusively alpine. Mr. Griffith,]

secun'da, F. Branched, creeping: capsules lateral, pointing one

way : leaves egg-shaped, taper-pointed.

He die. Stirp. 3 . 1 5— Dill. 3 2 . G- V aill. 27.17.

Deep green. Branches sometimes subdivided. Leaves short,
numerous, triangular, concave. Capsules oblong, on very short
fruit-stalks, on every part of the stem, pointing one way, nearly
enclosed by an involucr. of narrow leafits, ending in hairs, very
numerous. Lid spit-pointed, brown. Dill. An inch high, stiff,
but not upright, more or lefs branched at the base.

Ne cheraheteromalla. Hedw. Hypn. heteromallum. Gmel. syst.veg.
Sphagnum arboreum. Huds, On trees, in orchards. P. Dec. — Feb.

EUXBAU'MIA. Capsule on a fruit-stalk: outer fringe
with 16 teeth; inner membranaceous, pUited.
Male, bud circular.

folio'sa. B. Stemlefs: capsule nearly sitting, surrounded with leaves.

Dicks, h. s.—Schmidel . buxb. 2, lower part of the plate , consisting of
the figures distinguished by roman numerals. -Hall, enum.g. 3, at
p.iog ; hist.yf.%, at m.p. 56-Dill. §2. i^-Fl.dan.i^g.i-Happ.
ii. Phascum 1, the central plant. -Hall. it. helv. 2 .3 , in opusc. at
P- 3°8*

Leaves of the involucrum awned. W illdenow. Leaves, the
lowermost open, oblong, the uppermost upright, spear-shaped,
taper-ppinted. Capsule sitting. Huds. 466.

Phascum vyontanum , Huds. Phascum maximum. Lightf. On
earth upon rocks near Llanberris in Caernarvonshire, Dill. 253^
and on Hartfell mountain near Moffat. Sheffield in Huds.
[Cwn Cennog Rocks, also about Craig du, by the road side near
Llanberris. Mr. Griffith.]

A. Sept, Oct. Dill.- — May — Aug. Huds,

pPLACH'NUM. Capsule cylindrical, veil and recep-
tacle very large : fringe with 8 teeth. 1

. Male, a bud on a different Plant; circular termi-
nating.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Splaehnum. 791

Spl. Receptacle globular: leaves spoon-shaped but taper- sphae'ricum.
ing to a slender point.

Hed-wlg .stirp. ii . 1 6 .

Fruit-stalk very long, greenish and reddish brown. Capsule
very small. Lid blunt. Receptacle green. Linn, the son. Stem
upright, hardly one inch high, seldom branched. Leaves dis-
tant, alternate, spoon-shaped but tapering to a point. Fruit-stalk
very long, (3 or 4 inches,) upright, terminating, tawny at bot-
tom, green above. Receptacle large, globular, green. Capsule
cylindrical, blunt. Lid blunt. Fringe 8 teeth in pairs, yellowish.

He dwig. Fruit-stalks sometimes 4 or finches high.

Mountains near Stirling. Dr. Buchanan in Dicks, p. 3.

[Growing on cowdung near the old castle at Llanberris; also
about Llyn Aled, Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith.]

Spl. Receptacle nearly globular: leaves battledore-shaped, vasculo'sum.
distant.

Hedw.stirp.ii.i 5.

Like S. ampullaceum, but in that species the receptacle is more
top-shaped and yellower ; in this nearly globular and blood-co-
loured. Leaves egg-shaped, pointed. Linn. Barren stems 2
inches, fertile ones one inch long, upright, unbranchcd. Leaves
spatula-shaped, bluntish, alternate, distant. Fruit-stalk one and
a half inch, upright, red. Receptacle large, pear-shaped, blood
red. Capsule cylindrical, upright, brownish yellow. Fringe sim-
ple, composed of 8 teeth, in pairs. He dwig.

Phascum pedunculatum . Huds. ed. i. adopted by Linnaeus.

Upon bogs and cow dung, and on the points of rocks on the tops
of the Highland mountains, as Ben Lomond, and in the Isle of
Sky and elsewhere. Lightf. 697. — On Scarbrae Mofs in the
parish of Kirkmichael. Dr. Bur gess. On mountainous moist
heaths in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Wales.

A. June — Oct. Huds. — P. Hedwig.

Spl. Receptacle cruet-shaped: leaves arrow-spearshaped, sagittifo'lium
acute.

PLATE XVIII. f. 2.

Leaves bordered, arrow-shaped but slender; midrib coloured.

Caps . with 8 single teeth. Mr. Griffith. About 1 inch high.

Stem thickly cloathed with leaves. Fruit-stalks from the last
year’s shoots, about finch long; not much taller than the shoots
©f the present year. Capsules nearly cylindrical.

79 2 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Splaclmum.

[This plant was first discovered, and specimens communicated
to me by J. Wynne Griffith, Esq. who gathered it about Llyn
Idwel; also on the bog by the old castle near Llanberris.]

ampulla'ceum Spl. Receptacle inversely bottle-shaped: leaves spear-

shaped, acute, generally serrated.

F. lot. 1 44 -Hedzvig. stirp. ii. 1 4- FI. dan. 8 2 2-Dill. 44.3- Vaill. 2 G . 4
-H.ox.xv.6. 10-Buxl.u. 1 . 1 .

Receptacle empty, transparent, an extension of the fruit-stalk.
Linn. Stem single or forked, from one to two inches high, up-
right, but feeble, and supported by other collateral stems. Leaves
spear-shaped, acutely pointed. Stamens and pistils on the end of
the same shoot, /^//bell-shaped. Capsule slender, cylindrical,
upright. Receptacle large, shaped like an inverted decanter. Lid
convex. Fringe single, of 8 pair of teeth. He d wig. Fruit-stalks
crimson, 1 to 3 inches long. Veil very small, deciduous.

Purple Bottle-mofs. Turfy bogs, but only where the dung of
animals has fallen, Linn. Bogs and marshes, and often upon
cow-dung. Lightf. Bogs about Hitchin Ferry near South-
ampton, and by W. Wickham, and Addington near Croydon.
R. syn. Flowers in May, ripens its capsules in July. P. He d wig.
[Geldestone Fen near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr, Stone.]

A. March — May.

angusta'tum. Spl. Receptacle egg-shaped: fruit-stalk very short: leaves

serrated upwards, hair-pointed,

Hedzo. stirp.u.i 2 .

Upright, not branched, near one inch high. Le a ves larger
towards the top of the plant, sometimes a little toothed towards
the end. Fruit-stalk hardly rising above the leafy involucrum.
Capsule cone-shaped, but lopped, leaning a little. Mouth fringed
with 8 pairs of teeth. Veil oblique. He d wig.

In moist alpine situations in Scotland. Dicks, ii. 3. P,

Brewe'ri. Spl. Receptacle oblong-eggshaped : leaves spear-ahaped,

very entire,

1

Hedw. stirp, 11.38.

Original stem hardly more than an inch long, but branching
out shoot upon shoot to several inches. Fruit-stalk about one inch
long, upright. Receptacle egg-shaped, lopped. Capsule cylindri-
cal. Lid short. Ring none. Mouth fringed with 16 sharp red 1
teeth. Veil small. Hedwig.

Spl. fastig latum. Dicks. Moist heaths near Llyn Dwythwch,
always on rotten cow dung. Brewer in Dill. 345. Oct. — Jan.P,

r

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Splachnum. 793

Spl. Receptacle inversely egg-shaped : leaves egg-spear- ova'tum.
shaped : stem none.

Dill. 44. 4 -Ray 3. 2 , at p. 1 2 8.

Leaves broad, shining. Fruit-stalks golden yellow. Dill. A
different plant from the Splachnum vasculosim. Linn, to which
Iiuds. improperly referred it. Dicks, II. 2.

Rotton spongy ground, as in the pastures called Emott lyioor,

Lancashire. Also in Montgomeryshire. Dill. On Ben Nevis.

Dicks.

Spl. Receptacle inversely conical ; capsule egg-cylindri- mnioi'des.
cal : leaves spear-shaped, very entire, ending in a
long taper point.

m

Hedzv. stirp.il. 1 1 -FI. dan.i g 2 .

Fertile shoots upright, undivided. Barren shoot generally
branched. Leaves very entire, ending in a long point. Fruit-
stalk upright, terminating, about half an inch long. Capsule up-
right, egg-shaped. Receptacle an inverted cone. Lid flat, bluntly
pointed. Fringe of eight teeth, broad, united. Veil slender.

He d wig. In the star-bearing shoots the edges of the leaves are
sometimes set with hairs. Mr. Griffith. The capsule is larger
than the inversely conical receptacle, but in Spl. Breweri the
receptacle is egg-shaped and larger than the cylindrical capsule.

In both the leaves are with or without hair-like points, but in the
Spl. Breweri the leaves are narrower and the points longer.

Phascum peduncidatum. Huds. ed. I. Linn. syst. veg. according
to Hedwig but not so according to Dicks. I. 2. Dill. 44. 5 has
been referred to this species, and also to the Spl. Breweri of
Hedwig, but it neither resembles the one or the other, nor does
it represent any species which I have seen. Mountainous places.

Dicks. I. 2. [Near Llyn Idwell, Caernarvonshire. It frequently
occurs upon the dung of foxes and badgers, which are very nu-
merous about Snowdon. Mr. Griffith.] P.

Spl. Receptacle inversely conical: leaves egg-oblong, te'nue.
pointed.

Dicks. 4.2.

Approaches very near to S. urceolatum, from which it differs
in the habit of its leaves, its slender and almost cylindrical recep-
tacle, Dicks.

On Ben Lawers in the Highlands,

Spl. Receptacle inversely conical : leaves spoon-shaped, urceola'tum.
bristle-pointed.

Hedwig. stirp. ii.13.

794

purpu'reum,

»

frcdichia’v

num.

s

\

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Splachnum.

About one inch high, simple or forked, one fruit-stalk on each
branch. Leaves spoon-shaped. Fruit-stalk upright, near an inch
high. Receptacle an inverted cone. Capsule egg-shaped, cylin-
drical when o!d. Lid conical, blunt. Fringe oi 8 teeth, in pairs,
orange-coloured. Hedwig.

Highlands of Scotland. On Ben High. P,

Spl. Capsules inversely conical : leaves spear-shaped, ser-
rulated upwards, awn-pointed.

PLATE XVIII. f. 3.

Fertile shoots •§■ inch high. Leaves concave inversely egg-
shaped, entire, bordered, reticulated, the meshes confluent; keel
curved, serrulated, ending abruptly in a serrulated awn-like point.
Fruits- talks 1 to inch high, the lower half bright pink, the up-
per half and the capsule dark purple. Capsule a continuation of
the fruit-stalk, inversely conical, a little leaning to one side ; teeth
16, in pairs. Veil extinguisher-shaped, but blunt, as if lopped. .
Barren shoots, terminated by rosaceous cups; all the leaves spear-
shaped, serrulated, ending in fine points; the sides approaching..
Mr. Griffith ; who first discovered it on cow-dung, about Llyn
Jdwel. P. June, July, ,

Spl. Capsule a club-shaped termination of the fruit-stalk:
leaves battledore-shaped.

Hedw.stl: rp.iii.40.

Leaves folded when dry ; with much moisture they lose their
colour at the edges, thence attaining a membranaceous appearance.
The nerve or keel does not extend to the extremity of the leaves..
Fruitst. pale upwards, of a fine pink colour near the base. Caps ..
a continuation of the fruitstalk, inversely egg-shaped. I have?
not observed any teeth. Mr. Griffith. Plant about an inchi
high. Leaves of a beautiful green, broadest at the end; mid-rib
indistinct, hardly discernible in the lower leaves. Fruitst inch
long. Receptacle very short, and only to be distinguished from
the fruitst. and caps, when the latter is ripe. Hedwig says the.
mouth of the capsule has 8 pair of teeth, which always stand up-
right and never expand, as in the other species.

Specimens sent me by J. W. Griffith, Esq. who first discovered;
It, growing on the eastern side of Snowdon, about 150 yards from
the summit. P, Autumn.

CRYPT OGAM I A . MUSCI. Polytrichum.

POLY'TRICHUM. Capsule with a veil: outer fringe
with 32 teeth.

Male, a circular bud, on a different plant; termi-
nating.

Pol. Stem simple; proliferous: leaves strap-spearshaped,
serrulated: capsules oblong, 4-sided: veils woolly.

Bill . 54. 1 -Happ. i. Polytrich. i-Mich. 59. 1 . /, E, M, O, P, ^ R.-
Black w. 3 7 5- Vaill. 2 3 .8- Ger. 1371.3-Garj.12 9 -Fuchs. 629.1-
Trag.528A-J.BAii.j6o.i--Lon.'i. 222.3-IW. 475.2— Ger.em.
1 559 > Tight hand jig . of the 3 lower mo st-Barr. 251.3 -Kn iph. 12-
*Frag. 946, the tallest of the figures , rising from a bed of Hyp -
num sericeum.—Park. 1052, hand fig, of the two uppennost

- Lob.obs.6^.2.ic . ii.2 45-G<?r. em, 1 559. 2-Ger, 1370. 2-Park,

Stems several inches high, seldom branched. Leaves near half
in inch long, slender, pointed, turning back, finely serrated.
Fruit-stalks terminating, solitary, two to 4 inches long, surrounded
oy an involucr. at the base. Capsule 4-sided; mouth fringed.
Veil very hairy, hanging down below the capsule, ragged. Weis.
From 4 to 12 inches high, stiff, straight. Bruit-stalk golden red.
Veil tawney. Dill.

Great golden Maidenhair , or Goldilocks, Woods and moors in
wet boggy places. P. May, June.

When the Laplanders sleep all night in the woods, they make
;hemselves beds of this mofs; and the bears collect it for the same
purpose. Squirrels and birds use it in making their nests.

Var. 2. Leaves shorter and lefs flexible. Dill.

Bill. 54. z-Vaill^^B-Fl.dan.z^^-H. ox. xv. 7.6 and 8 -Lob, ic, ii,
243. 1 -Ger.em. 1 563. 1 4 -Park, 1 308.9.

Shoots much shorter than invar. 1, and mostly branched.
Weis. Veil double, the outer one hairy, the inner one much
smaller, white, smooth, membranaceous. Leers. Leaves sharp-
oointed, very entire. Fruit-stalks two inches long. Pollich.
Whole plant smaller than the preceding, except the Veil , which
:S larger and more pyramidal. Stem seldom more than one inch
high, seldom branched. Dill. Female plant with one single tuft
of leaves at the top of the stem, the lower part of which is naked.
Recept. orbicular. Veil single. Lid acutely conical, hanging
over the capsule. Ma!ey about an inch of the stem covered with
leaves; and supporting at its top a tiled receptacle in the hollow
of which are the filiforum male organs. Mr. Stackhouse. Mr.
Griffith thinks this distinct from the preceding, the capsule hav-
ing 64 teeth, whilst in that it has only 32.

On hills, dry or wet, P? May, June.

795

commu'ne.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI: Polytrichum,

Var. 3. Linn. Leaves terminating in hairs.

Happ.i.Polytr .2-Dill. p^.^-Vaill .23.j-BuxbA.C2 .3, a barren plant ,

Stems not more than half an inch long, simple, leaflefs below.
Leaves entire at the edges, ending in grey hairs. Fruit-stalk ter-
minating, about one inch long. Weis. Fruit-stalks half an inch
high, or a little more. Capsule with its veil, two lines long, and
one broad. Pollich. Leaves bent inwards a little, not serrated,
terminating suddenly in a long whitish hair. Fruit-stalks and
their sheathing involucrums purple. Dill. Barren and fertile
plants in distinct patches.

Dry woods and sandy barren heaths. Spring,

suhrotim' Pol. Shoots simple : leaves strap-spearshaped ; indistinctly
dum. serrated upwards : capsules roundish,

Hedixh stirp. i. 1 3 - Curt . 102-Dill. 55. 6-H. ox. xv. 7. row 2.7-Pet^
mus.f. 2 2 —Vaill. 26.15, veil wanting .

Vail open, larger than the capsule. Linn. Leaves obscurely
serrated. Capsules roundish, nodding. Hedwig. Leaves some-
times slightly serrated towards the point. Capsules nearly as
broad as they are long.

Mnium polytrichoides . Linn. — Polytrichum polytrichoides . Huns,;
470. Pol. nanum. Hedwig. Heaths. Muddy soil. [Spink’:
Grove in a dry ditch. Mr. Stone. Commons about Kinver ir
large patches,] P, May;

aloi'des. Pol, Shoots simple : leaves spear-shaped, serrated at the

end : capsules cylindrical : veil woolly.

Hedio. sti rp.i.i 4 -Dill. 55.7 -ZhccAi.63.1- Vaill. 2 9 . 1 1 . JJ

Stem near half an inch high, seldom branched. Fruit-stalk.
growing to the length of an inch, fixed rather below the top of the
stem. Caps, cylindrical, upright, but leaning as it becomes older
Veil larger than the capsule. Weis, Shoots proliferous when old
Leaves serrated. Capsule whitish when ripe. Receptacle none
Leers. Leaves awl-shaped, serrated, opake, reddish near th<
point, with an appendage somewhat broader than themselves
Caps . contracted beneath the rim, tapering at the base. Mr
Griffith. Leaves serrulated at the ends and also on the bad
of the mid-rib. Capsules twice as long as they are broad.

Poly trie hum nanum. Huds. 470 . Pol. aloides. Hedwig. Heaths
Muddy soil. [Near Spink’s Grove. Brome, near Bungay, Suf
folk. Mr. Stone. — Edgbaston Plantations.] P. March — July

Var. 3. Leaves strap-shaped, serrated, pellucid, with an ap
pendage of the same width : capsules roundish, not tapering a
the bottom. Fern, plants grey green. Male darker coloured

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Polytrichum. 7,,,

4 J i

they grow in distinct patches. Leaves hair-pointed. Fruit-stalk
and veil orange coloured. Male flowers tiled, cup-shaped, sitting,
terminating, red. Mr. Stackhouse.

[Ditch banks and road sides about Henllan, Denbighshire.

Mr. Griffith. Hills in Cornwall, common. M^Stackhouse.)

Spring.

Pol. Shoots rarely branched : leaves spear-shaped, fleshy t hercy'mcum.
capsules urn-shaped, upright: veils with scattered
hairs.

ILedw. uirp.i. 15.

Stem upright, undivided, 1 inch long. Leaves strap-shaped-,
keeled, very entire, bowed in, alternate, nearly upright, pointed,
naked. Fruit-stalk terminating, solitary, upright, an inch long.

Veil conical, pointed, pale. Capsule upright, oblong, or cylindri-
cal, the mouth between toothed and fringed. Laconical, some-
what pointed* Huds. Mouth fringed with 32 short teeth, con-
nected at the base. Hedwig. Stars or male buds formed of 5
spoon-shaped pointed leaves. Mr. Griffith. Caps, urn-cylin-
drical, rather narrower in the middle.

1 Bryutn incurvum. Huds. Pastures and rocks about Llanber-
ris. Mr. Davies. In the Highland mountains. Dicks.

P. June — Oct.

Pol. Shoots very much branched: leaves spear-shaped, alpi'num*
toothed : fruit-stalks terminating : capsules egg-shaped*

DHL 5 5. ^-Hall.enum. 3.6. atp. 1 og ; bist.^6.6.at ili.p.^G-Fl.dan.

296.

Shoots from § to 2 inches long; very much branched. Leaves
slightly toothed. Capsules egg-shaped, leaning when ripe.' Lid
conical, beaked. Mouth with a ring; fringe fine, short, upright,
white. Weber. Caps, unequally distended, green, blackish when
aid. Lid saffron-colour, its point white. Dill. From 2 to 3
inches high.

Mountainous heaths in the North of England, and mountains
}f Wales and Scotland. P. June, Aug.

@ Huds. F.urnigernm, which see.

Pol. Shoots very much branched: leaves spear-shaped, urni'gcrunu
tooth-serrated: fruit-stalks axillary: capsules cy-
lindrical.

Dtyi.55.5- Vaill.2$. 1 3-Fl.dan.2gy .

Capsules when ripe nodding. Linn. - Two or 3 inches high ;
with lateral branches, somewhat forked, rising to nearly an equal

796 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI: Polytrichum,

Var. 3. Linn. Leaves terminating in hairs.

Happ. i . Polyt r . 2 -Dill. 5 4 . 3- Vail/. 2 3 . 7 -Bux b. i . 6 2 . 3 , a harrenpla nt .

Stems not more than half an inch long, simple, leaflefo, below.
Leaves entire at the edges, ending in grey hairs. Fruit-stalk ter-
minating, about one inch long. W eis. Fruit-stalks half an inch
high, or a little more. Capsule with its veil, two lines long, and
one broad. Pollich. Leaves bent inwards a little, not serrated,
terminating suddenly in a long whitish hair. Fruit-stalks and
their sheathing involucrums purple. Dill. Barren and fertile
plants in distinct patches.

Dry woods and sandy barren heaths. Spring,

subrotiin' Pol* Shoots simple : leaves strap-spearshaped ; indistinctly
<jum# serrated upwards : capsules roundish.

HediO. stirp.i. -Curt. 102-Dill . 55. 6-H. ox.xv. J.ro-zu 2.7-LW,
mus. f.22-Vaill.26. 15, veil wanting.

F«?//open, larger than the capsule. Linn. Leaves obscureh
serrated. Capsules roundish, nodding. Hedwig. Leaves somi
times slightly serrated towards the point. Capsules nearly
broad as they are long.

Mnium polytrichoides. Linn. — Folytrichum polytrichoides. Hue
470. Pol. nanum. Hedwig. Heaths. Muddy soil. [Spin!
Grove in a dry ditch. Mr. Stone. Commons about Kinver
large patches.] P, Ma

aloi'des. Pol* Shoots simple : leaves spear-shaped, serrated at t7

end : capsules cylindrical : veil woolly.

Hedw.stirp. i. 1 4-D///.55.7 -Buxb. i .6 3 . 1 - Vaill. 2 g . 1 1

Stem near half an inch high, seldom branched. Fruit-stain,-
growing to the length of an inch, fixed rather below the top of th<
stem. Caps, cylindrical, upright, but leaning as it becomes older
Veil larger than the capsule. Weis, Shoots proliferous when old
Leaves serrated. Capsule whitish when ripe. Receptacle none
Leers. Leaves awl-shaped, serrated, opake, reddish near the.
paint, with an appendage somewhat broader than themselves
Caps, contracted beneath the rim, tapering at the base. Mr
Gr iffith. Leaves serrulated at the ends and also on the bad I
of the mid-rib. Capsules twice as long as they are broad.

Polytri chum nanum. Huds. 470. Pol. aloides. Hedwig. Heaths
Muddy soil. [Near Spink’s Grove. Brome, near Bungay, Suf
folk. Mr. Stone. — Edgbaston Plantations.] P. March — July

Var. 3. Leaves strap-shaped, serrated, pellucid, with an ap
pendage of the same width : capsules roundish, not tapering a
the bottom. Fern, plants grey green. Male darker coloured t

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Polytrichum.

they grow in distinct patches. Leaves hair-pointed. Fruit-stalk
and veil orange coloured. Male flowers tiled, cup-shaped, sitting,
terminating, red. Mr. Stackhouse.

[Ditch banks and road sides about Henllan, Denbighshire.
‘Mr. Griffith. Hills in Cornwall, common. Mi'.Stackhouse.]

Spring.

Pol. Shoots rarely branched : leaves spear-shaped, fleshy : hercy'mcum.
capsules urn-shaped, upright: veils with scattered
hairs.

Hedw. ctirp. i.15.

Stem upright, undivided, 1 inch long. Leaves strap-shaped,
keeled, very entire, bowed id, alternate, nearly upright, pointed,
naked. Fruit-stalk terminating, solitary, upright, an inch long.
Veil conical, pointed, pale. Capsule upright, oblong, or cylindri-
cal the mOUth bf*<’,,TOOT"' ortr! I~v'< r> rrprl T «<-> —

wl

nf

ST

white. Weber. LMps.

aid. Lid saffron-colour, its point white, i iill.

inches high.

Mountainous heaths in the North of England, and mountains
:>f Wales and Scotland. P. June, Aug.

@ Huds. F.urnigerumy which see.

PoL. Shoots very much branched: leaves spear-shaped, urni'gerunu
tooth-serrated: fruit-stalks axillary : capsules cy-
lindrical.

D iH. $ 5. 5- V a ill. 2 8 . 1 o)-FLdan.2t)'j.

Capsules when ripe nodding. Linn. Two or 3 inches high ;
with lateral branches, somewhat forked, rising to nearly an equal

798 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

, height. Fruit-s talks lateral, two or three inches high. Involucr.
red. Capsule cylindrical egg-shaped, tawney, upright, leaning
as it ripens. Lid yellow, beak white. Mouth with a ring, and
covered by a white membrane. Receptacle none. Barren shoots
unbranched, 2 inches high, stellated at the ends. Leers. Beak
of the lid very slender. Mr. Griffith.

At the foot of Cader Idris. Dill. Highland mountains and
Pentland Hills. Lightf. [Near the road side between Denbigh
and Voylas, by the rivulet before you arrive at a place called
Pensylvania ; and on Cader Idris with the shoots hardly ■§■ inch
high, though the fruit-stalks as tall as usual. Mr. Griffith.]

P. June — Aug.

MNI'UM. , Capsule with a veil: fringe with 16 teeth;
sometimes though rarely with 4.

Male, Bud circular, rarely knob-like, mostly on a
separate plant.

* '

( 1 ) Capsules upright, cylindrical .

acicula're. Mn. Capsules slender ; lid ncedle-like : leaves spear-

shaped, upright, mostly pointing one way.

Dicks.hs.-Hedw.stirp.in.23-Dill.46.25.

One or inch high. Branches upright. Leaves crowded.
Fruit-stalks near an inch high, dark red; on the ends of th6
youtfgerbranch.es. Dill. Leaves spear-shaped. Fruit- stalks not
half an inch higher than the tops of the shoots.

Br. aciculare . Linn. Dicranum aciculare. Hedwig. On stones
thinly covered with mould near Llanberris, Caernarvonshire, and
in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Dill. In the Highlands and
Lowlands frequent. Lightf. [Rocks on the side of the hill about
50 yds. above Garthmeilio, the seat of R. W. Wynne, Esq. Den-
bighshire. Mr. Griffith.] P. May— -Oct,

Var. 2. Stems trailing: leaves somewhat open. Huds.

FI. dan. 1 00 1 . 1 -Dill. 46.2 Hall. it. here. in opusc.p. 152 .f. 1 and 2 ,
Bryum,& c.-Vaill.2'j .16-Pet .mus .cent.i.t .1/.7 4-H.0x.xv . 5.1'ovtx
4.29.

Shoots branched, floating in the water or resting on stones.
Leaves brown green. Fruit-stalks short and blackish. Capsules
oblong, straight, dark green. Veil black. Dill.

On large stones that lie in the rivulets in the moors of the
Peak of Derbyshire. Pet. and in the mountain torrents near Llan-
berris, Caernarvonshire. Dill. [In the tirst brook after crofsing

\

2

j.

CRYPTOG AMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

Ponty Alwen, between Denbigh and Cerrig y druidion. Mr
Griffith.] P. Aug!

Var. 3. Shoots slenderer, upright ; leaves pointing one way.

Like var. 2, but shorter, lefs branched, more upright, and of a
bellower green. Mr. Griffith. Grows with var. 1.

VIn. Stem simple : leaves egg-shaped. ' pcilu-c;dum.

Schmid.§-Fl.dan.Q>QO-Dill.ati.2-Hall.enum.s±.8.atp.i i3 ; hist. 45.

8 .at \\\.p.^i-Vaill.2^.j.

I . Shoots an inch long, seldom branched. Leaves in 4 rows ; mid-
rib purple, ending in a point. Fruit-stalks terminating, an inch
long, pellucid, whitish. Capsules cylindrical, yellowish. Veil
jrerylong. Weis.

Tetraphis pellucida. Hedwig. Woods. Moist shady places,
lind decayed roots of trees. A. Jan. — July.

Var. 2. Leaves exceedingly narrow, and pellucid.

R.syn.p.j8.n.p-Dill.^i.2.E.F.

Heaths near Woolwich. Mar. R.syn .-

W

;|VI N. Shoot branched : leaves strap-spearshaped, bent back, scopa'rium*
pointing one way.

Dicks. h.s.— Dili. 46. 1 6-Curt.-Vaill.28A 2-Kniph. 6 -Buxb. ii.4.1—

Fl.dan.82 4..1-H.OX.XX .7 .1 1 and 13.

Grows in dense patches, branched, nearly upright, 1 to 3
I nches high. Leaves slender, long, ending in a long sharp point,
expanding. Fruit- stalks 1 or 2 inches high, generally solitary.

| Capsules cylindrical, thick, a little crooked, scored. L/V, beak as

I ong as the capsule. Mouth toothed. Veil long. Weis. Fre-
quently Several fruit-stalks in one involucrum. Willdenow.

Bryum scoparium. Linn. Dicranum scoparium. Hedwig. Heaths,
voods, trunks of trees, shady banks, and dry pastures.

P. Feb. and Mar. Curt. June and July. Huds.

April — July. Lightf.

{2) Capsules leaning , roundish .

VIn. Capsules roundish; lid blunt: shoot sometimes fonta'num.
branched, upright : leaves spear-shaped, slender, bent
inwards at the points.

Dill. 4 4.2 -Vaill. 24.1 o—Fl.dan.2 g8-Happ.iii.j-H. ox.xv. 6 . row 3 . 8 ■

-Mich. pH- A-Fluk. 47.2.

8co

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

The old shoots covered with brown knap, and buried 3 inches
deep. From these proceed slender, cylindrical shoots, some of
which end in stars. Fruit-stalks 2 inches long; proceeding from
the shoots of the preceding year. Neck. Readily known by its
stiff habit. Shoots 2 to 4 inches long. Weis. Leaves serratea,
open, in the young shoots mostly pointing one way. In this spe-
cies, and also in the Mnium palustre, the fertile and barren shoots
adhere so closely at bottom as to appear but one plant. Leers.

Br.fontanum. Huds. [Low wet meadows, turf bogs, and
springs, Earsham. Near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone. Cold
clear streams in Westmoreland on the sides of hills. The veil
falls off in May. Mr. Gough.] P. May — Aug.

uligino'sum. Mn. Capsules pear-shaped; lid blunt: shoots rarely

branched : leaves oblong-spearshaped, blunt,

Dicks. h.s.-FIedwig.stirp. i.i and 2-D1II. 49.58,

Shoots very short. Fruit-stalks 3 inches long, terminating.
Capsules dull yellow, inversely egg-shaped. Lid blunt. Growing
in patches. Leaves scattered, 2 lines or more in length. Fruit-
stalks terminating. Capsules upright, afterwards bending a little ;

1 line long. Lid short, pointed, white. Veil smooth, reaching
but halfway down. Pollich. Primary stem not branched, but-
after bearing fruit it sends out a new shoot from its extremity, as
is the case with many Mofses with terminating fruit-stalks. Sta-
mens and pistils in the same or in separate flowers. Ring none.
Fringe double, 1 6 teeth in each. The roots are so closely attach-
ed together, that without great care it breaks off, and the plant
appears without a stem. Hedwig. Short, sitting, sometimes un-
divided, sometimes with 1 or 2 branches. . Leaves green, narrow.
Fruit-stalks about 2 inches high, of a shining gold colour. Di ll.

Wet meadows, in den&e patches. Bryum trichodes . Linn.

Maesia uliginosa. Hedwig. P. May, June.

♦ • * / 1 . ‘ ' •'

(3) Capsules leaning , oblong •

simplex. Mn. Capsules egg-oblong : fruit-stalks lateral : leaves

awl-shaped.

Hedw. x/ /rp . i i . 3 4-D///. 50 . 5 9 -H. ox.xv.j .row 2 . 1 q-Bux £. i v. 65, 2 .

Shoots % an inch long. Fruit-stalks coloured, standing on the :
ends of the young shoots, but on the rib of the old ones. Neck.,
Not branched, often 1 inch long, growing in patches. Leaves
crowded at the ends of the stem, hair-like, not crisp when dry.
Fruit-stalks i or 2 together, 8 or 9 lines long. Capsule inversely
egg-shaped. Pollich. Lid rather broader than the capsule,

1 beaked. Mouth elegantly toothed. Dill. With 16 teeth in a
single row, purplish, Hedwig.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium. 8o

Br.rubrum . Huds. cd. i. Br. simplex. Linn. Dicranum vari-
u’m. Hedwig. Grafsy sandy places. A. Mar. — May. P.Hedwig.

Mn. Capsules egg-shaped ,* lid taper-pointed, bpnt : shoot heteromal-
seldom branched : leaves bristle-shaped. lum.

He d-zv. stirp.i.26-Vaill.2j. j—Dill. 47.3 y-Fl. dan. 4 7 g-II. 0x.xv.6-.
j'ow o^.^.and in 7 the leaves straighl~Buxb.il. 2 .8;

In habit resembling the Mnium scopariumy but much smaller.

Capsules egg-shaped. Lid , beak short. Weis. Stem \ inch high,
upright, but not straight. Leaves not eluded when dry. Barren
\ flower always terminating. Fruit-stalks upright* single, or in pairs.

Veil opening at the side, deciduous. L/V* beak bent. Fringe of
16 teeth. Hedwig. Seldom branched. Leaves hair-like, °fine
green, gradually narrowing from the base, mostly pointing one
way. Fruit-stalks \ to 1 inch high, green, changing to fine red,

1 sometimes in pairs. Veil pale green. Dill.

Bryum heteromallum. Linn. Dicranum heteromallum . Hedwig.

Hedge banks, heaths, and roots of trees. On Snowdon. Dill.

[Cwmldwell. Mr. Griffith,] A. Mar. — May.

1 Var. 2. Leaves shorter, lower ones pointing 2 ways*

D///.47.38.

Leaves yellow green, suddenly narrowing from the base* up-
wards 1 -rowed, downwards 2-rowed, curled when dry. Veil very
islender, pale. Dill. Leaves broad and sheathing at the base,
then bristle-shaped* Fruit-stalks shorter than the shoot. Capsules
egg-oblong, equal in length to twice its breadth. Specimen from
Mr.Griffith, who gathered it on the rocks of Clogwy Du y r Ard-
du p. Snowdon.

Mn. Capsule egg-oblong : lid taper-pointed, bent ; shoots glau'cum.
branched: leaves egg-shaped, acute, tiled.

Dill. 4.6. 20-Vaill. 26. 13-H. ox. xv. 6. rove the las /, 22.

Stem with the appearance of Sphagnum pajustre . Leaves
whitish. Lid awl-shaped. Linn. Leaves 3 lines or more in
length, very entire. L/Jawl-shape'd, very sharp pointed. Mouth
fringed* Pollich. Whole plant brittle, greyish when growing,
or pale glaucous green ; whitish when dry. Veil slender, white.

Dill. One to 3 inches high,* branches thick, Fruit-stalk 1
inch, but only -§ inch higher than the shoots.

Br. glaucum. Linn. Dicranum . Hedwig. Mountainous heaths.

[Near the copper-works at Llanberris; but very rarely bears;
fruit. Mr. Griffith.] P. Aug, — Nov.

Vol. III.— 3 - '

So2

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

pellu'cens, Mn* Capsules egg-oblong, small : lid taper-pointed, bent:

shoot hairy : leaves spear-shaped, reflected, acute.

Hedw.theor.8. i to sg-Dill./)f).2i),2±--Pluk.<\/±.j-Pluk.^<).ii several
shoots rising from the top of that of last year.

Shoots from i to 3 inches, with rust-coloured hair-like fibres
on the lower part. Leaves slender, keeled, crooked, pellucid,
sometimes wrinkled. Fruit- stalks sometimes in pairs; terminat-
ing. Capsules brown when dry. Dill.

Br.fellucidum. Linn. Marshy and shady places. Near North
Bierly, not far from Bradford, Yorkshire, and on the sides of
lakes on Glyder and Snowdon mountains. P. June — Sept.

palus'tre. Mn. Capsules egg-oblong ; lids conical : shoots branched,

forked: leaves awl-shaped, acute.

Dill.^i.^-Vaill.2^.i-H.ox.xv.6. row 3.9.

Capsules crooked after shedding their seeds. Fruit -stalks
slightly waved. Mr. Griffith. Fruit- stalks yellow, Reyg. often
2 inches long, Re lh. from the forks of the stem. Neck, crowded.
Stems upright, 2 to 5 inches high; mostly 2, sometimes with 3
divisions. Leaves slender, soft, pellucid, keeled, yellow green,
yellow when dry. Dill. Stems 2 or 3 inches high, branching
towards the top into 2, 3, or 4 shoots. Leaves , lower ones downy.
Summit-haves flat, large, forming stars, in which are the barren
flowers. Fruit-stalks from the tops of the last year’s shoots, which
now likewise support new shoots. Capsules leaning.

Turf bogs and wet heaths, marshes and moors. [Near Bun-
gay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.] P. June, July.

Var. 2. Stem branched, upright. Fruit-stalks from the bo-
som of the leaves. Huds.

Dill. 31.4.

Stem sometimes simple. Dill. 236. Fertile Flowers not disco-
vered. Dill, in R. syn. 78. n. 3. — Smaller than the preceding.
Fruit-stalks axillary, numerous, not terminating in capsules, but
in small globular heads containing a powder. Seems to be the
male plant.

M. ramosum. Huds. ed. i. 403, and Gmelin Syst. veg.

N y * . - .

purpu'reum. Mn. Capsules nearly cylindrical: fruit-stalks axillary:

shoots branched : leaves oblong, acute, keeled.

Dill. 49. 51 -H. ox. xv. 6. row 4. 4, some of the fruit- stalks ter*
minuting.

Grows in very dense patches. Stem upright, mostly forked, ,
and these shoots sometimes dividing again. Leaves spear.-awl-

2

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

shaped, in some shoots forming terminating stars. Fruit-stalks
an inch high, at first upright, afterwards a little leaning. Lid
conical, pointed, scarlet. Veil upright, afterwards oblique. Weis.

B ryum pur pur cuut . Hudson and Lightf. Dicranum purpureum [
Hedwig. Y\ alls, heaths, rocks, and gravelly banks and pastures.

April.

Var. 2. Leaves lefs rigid ; spear-shaped.

Dill. 49.52.

Leave rending in hair-like points. Capsule finely pointed. Dill.
On Emott Moor on the borders of Lancashire and Shobdon
Marsh, Herefordshire. [Near Llyn Aled Lake. Mr. Griffith.]

June.

(4) Capsules drooping*

' /

\ •>

Mn. Capsules globular, toothed : shoots branched : leaves arcua'tum.
oblong-spearshaped, taper-pointed, scored. Dicks.

Dicks. h.s. and fasc .iu.y .g-Dill.^g.^6.

Leaves upright but spreading; serrulated. Male flower ter-
minating, star-like. Fruit-stalk terminating, crooked, surrounded
by young shoots. Caps, mouth narrow. Fringe , teeth short, up-
right, acute, red. Lid minute, scarcely beaked. Dicks. The
fuscous woolly matter which surrounds the shoot is a constant
attendant. Fruit-stalks at the base of the branches, golden red,
hardly \ inch long, crooked. Capsule golden yellow, globular.

Mr. Bradbury. Leaves serrulated chiefly towards the end.

Hypnurn chrysocomum. Bot. arr. ed. ii. In bogs in the northern
parts of Yorkshire, and in moist places 011 Glyder Mountain.

Dill. Boggy places in Scotland. Dicks. [On bogs with the
Mnium palustre in Greenfield, Saddleworth, Yorkshire, and Stay-
ley, Cheshire. Mr. Bradbury. By the side of Avon las, near
Pistyll, in Llanberris parish. Mr. Griffith.] Nov.

Mn. Capsule spear-shaped; lid blunt: shoots somewhat nu'tans,
branched; leaves egg-shaped, acute.

Hedw.stirp.m.S-Dill.^i .74.

Shorter than the preceding. Capsules pear-shaped, /. /. largest
at the end. Leaves deeply keeled, closing together when dry,
very much crowded and comprefsed. Stem and leaves at the bot-
tom black. Lids very short and blunt. Dill.

Mn. turbinatum. Hedwig. Mnium triquetrum y Huds. 491. Br .
ventricosum y Bot. arr. ed. ii. Marshy places. On Shooter’s
Hill near Eltham, and in Wales. Spring and summep Dill*

3 F 2

8 ©4

hygrome'-

tricum.

euspida'tum.

hor'num.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

Mn. Capsules pear-shaped, lids flat : shoots rarely branch-
ed : leaves oblong, taper-pointed.

D///.52.75— Vaill. 26.16-H.ox.xv.j .ij-Happ.i. Mnium. 2 -Fuchs,
629. 2-£T rag.^2^.2-J.B. iii.760.2 -Lon. i. 2 2 2. 4- IW. 475.1-
Ger . em. 1559. 4, the middle one of the 3 lower figures. -Park.
1052, left hand upper fig.— FI .dan.b f6-Ger .1 37 1 .4.

Grows in large patches. Stem 1 to 2 inches high, but mostly
buried in the earth. Fruit-stalk a full inch long. Caps . pear-
shaped, golden yellow. Weis. It may be found in December,
very small and close to the ground, the leaves veryfine, from the
midst of which projects the young fruit-stalk like the point of a
pin. In January the 4-sided veil appears, of a straw-colour; in
February and March the capsules are found, which ripen in April
and May. Leaves tender, pellucid, veinlefs. Dill.

Bryum hygrometricum. Huds. Koelreutena hygrometica. Hedwig.
Common in woods, heaths, garden walks, walls, old trees, decay-
ed wood, and where coals or cinders have lain. A. Mar. — May.

If the fruit-stalk be moistened at the bottom, the head makes
3 or 4 revolutions: if the head i.s moistened, it turns the contrary
way. Linn.

Mn. Capsules egg-shaped: leaves egg-shaped, pointed, ser-
rated.

Dzll.53 . 7 9— Vaill. 2 6. 1 %-Happ. ii .6.

Shoots inch high ; lower leaves smaller, blunter, alternate,
upper leaves larger, more acute, pellucid, smooth, sharply ser-
rated and pointed at the end by an extension of the midrib.
Fruit-stalk f to 1 inch long, when old saffron-coloured, ifsuing
out of a purple tubercle encompafsed by slender leaves. Capsules
egg-shaped. Dill. Fruit-stalk either solitary or several together.
Wilde now.

Br. serpyllifolium cuspidatum . Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Woods,
moist heaths, shady places, and in bogs on heaths and meadows.

• P. April.

Mn. Capsules egg-shaped: leaves spear-shaped, acute, ser-
rated.

Dill *51 .j 1 -Mich. $g. 2 -Curt. —Vaill. 2 and 5-//. ox. xv. 6. row
the last , 3 and 4, as it sometimes appears before it produces cap-
sules.

From -5- to 1 inch high, but larger in moister situations, mid-
rib red, stiff. Leaves green, pellucid, finely crenated. Fruit-stalk
saffron red, shining, 1 to 2 inches long, bent like a swan’s neck.

r

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

0,blonS>. n°ddin?> sn'°Ue,n’ dark green. Lid brown. Leave:
at the base of the frmt-stalk slender. Dill. Male shoot simple •

- mae branched at the base. Leaves sharply serrated and end-
mg in a sharp point.

Br. ho mum, Huds. Curt. Woods, moist shady and bogo-y
P * P. Feb.— May.

8o

i i

Mn< Capsules oblong-eggshaped: fruit-stalks from near capilla're.
tile root: leaves egg-shaped, keeled, bristle-pointed.

Dill, 50.6 j-H.ox.Ttv.6. row 5. 1 g-Vaill.2^.6.

Shoots, at the ends of some a very small brown star. Very
nearly allied to Bryum caespiticium. Linn. Leaves short, broad,
priding in a short hair. Fruit-stalk 1 inch long, ifsuing from the
.ast year s i shoots. Capsules swollen, reflected. Lid hemispherical,
shining. Ray. Capsules Ids pendent when ripe. Dill. From
2 o 1 inch high. Its sitting shoots, and expanding upper leaves,
hstmguish it from the B. exspiticium, though it should not be in
rmt. Neick. Differs from Bryum coespeticium in its greater size,

he lids of its capsules being sharp pointed, and its leaves not
inning. Weis.

Bi-ynm capillare. Linn. Huds. Mudwalls, heaths, roofs.

P. Feb — March.

vIn. Capsules oblong-eggshaped : fruit-stalks from near anno'tinum.
the root : leaves pellucid, egg-shaped, taper-pointed.

D/Y/.5O.68.

Leaves spear-shaped, pointed, not twisting when dry, turning
rown when soaked in water. Fruit-stalk 1 inch long. Capsule
along, pendent. . Lid pointed; blunter when old. Dill. Stem
1 inch high, simple, or branched almost from the bottom.
eaves veiy entire, those on the stellated shoots broader.

Bryum annotinum. Huds. Woods and moist shady places.

-rib y Ddescil. Mr. Grif FITH.j

P. March, April. Huds. — Summer. Dill.

■4

In. Capsules oblong-eggshaped : stem unbranched : fruit- puncta'tum.
sta.ks often several together 1 leaves inversely e<To'-
shaped, very entire, blunt, dotted.

53 • 8 1 -Happ . i i . 4- V a ill. 2 6 . 5- Pluk. 45 . j-H.ox . x v . 6 .3 g , an d^o.

It varies in the fruit-stalks being solitary or incorporated, and
so in the fertile shoots being upright, and the barren shoots
-eping. Willdenow. Grows in large patches. Stems sim-
“* leaves with a scarlet rib, cartilaginous and purple at the

3 F 3

8 oS

CRYPT0GAM1A. MUSCI. Mnium.

edges. Fruit-stalks terminating, generally single, sometimes 3
or 4 together; one to two inches high; thicker downwards.
Clodding, egg-shaped. Seeds greenish. Shots without
capsules, ending in roses. Weis. Leaves pellucid, smooth, pale
ereen. Fruit-stalks one to three on a plant. Dill.
h Bryum serjyllifolium penctatum . Huds. Mn. serpylh folium.

1 •• T *-*-*/->*•

Var. 2. punctatum. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Leaves longer, more pel-
lucid.

D///.53.80.

Leaves longer and blunter than (3 of Linnaeus. Capsules not
so pendulous. Lid spit-pointed. Fruit-stalks three to five on a

plant. Dill,

In bogs in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

Capsules half ripe in spring. Dill.

undula'tum. Mn. Capsules oblong-eggshaped : fruit-stalks several to-
unmnaiu gether: leaves oblong, waved, serrulated.

Dill.52.je-Vatll.2^-Mich.sg.5-‘rourn.Z26.E.-Pet.gaz.g5.i6t

-H.ox.xv. 6, row the last , 1 -Neck meth.f.6. at p. 273, a star-
like head.

Root strong, creeping. Shots 3 or 4, to 5 or 6 inches long,;

branched or unbranched. Leaves thin .pellucid, . rap-spearc
shined waved and serrated. Caps, pendent; hd blunt. Yen
P • . 1 n.. , Barren flowers surrounded by strap

S^leaCt thl ce-ntre rf shoots ending in roses. W..„
Barren and fertile shoots from the same root. Leaves strap.

Huds‘ Mn.serpylUfoliumundu

latt*?Z“Jlelu. Moist shady woods about the mots o
trees, and hedges. F

Dill.r)2.rj']-Buxh.\ 1 - 1 .3.

Stems straight, naked. Leaves terminating, large, shmm£
pellucid, 'disposed in a circle, widening upwards, ending. n a pom
tlrce sensibly serrated. Capsules on a different plant, rare
Jca . J(jent • lid reddish, blunt. Fruit-stalk 1 inch lonf
\PPeifr nf’d ’ Vet’s elegant inform; shrub-like. Stem nakt

fruit-stalks, one or two inches long, bearing pale orange capsui
Veils not observed. Weis.

807

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Mnium.

Sryum serpyllifolium proliferum. Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii.

Wet places in woods and heaths near Bishop’s Castle. Dill*.— I •
i [Bungay, .Suffolk. Air. Stone.] Winter.

Var. 2. Capsules and fruit-stalks very long.

Dill.§ 2.78.

Fruit-stalks reddish. Capsules pendent. Lid blunt. Leaves
pellucid, ending in hairs, but not grey ones. Root woolly, ochrey.

Dill.

Wet places in woods and heaths.

I

i

Mn. Capsules oblong-eggshaped: shoot unbranched : cru'dum.
leaves spear-shaped, acute.

Hedzv. Ship . i .3 y-Dill. 5 1 .70- IV//. 2 6.1 2.

, Leaves green, almost silky. Fruit-stalks long, red. Linn.

Half an inch high ,* not branched. Leaves , upper ones thrice as
long as the lower, crowded, upright but open. Capsules upright,
then pendent, and lastly upright again. Veil turning up when
the capsule hangs down. Lid hemispherical, beak short, stel-
lated plants not so tall. A powdery brown substance in the
centie of the star. Leers. Fertile stein ^ an inch ; Barren stem
an inch high, or more. Leaves , the upper ones a little toothed
towards the ends. Capsule bent horizontally. Mouth, outer fringe
of 16 teeth. Hedwig. Fruit-stalks from the ends of the young
shoots; pale red. Dill. The whole plant has a silky glofs.

Lower leaves broader and shorter than those above ; a few of the
uppermost sometimes very slender pointed.

Bryum crudum. Linn. Huds. Fens in Cambridgeshire. Dill.

Woods about Rydall, Westmoreland. Huds. [Crib y Ddescil,
Caernarvonshire, Cador Idris, Merionethshire. Mr. Griffith.]

P. March — June.

Mn. Capsules oblong-egg-shaped: shoots short, but branch- cxspiti'ciurs,
ed : leaves spear-shaped, hair-pointed.

Cur t.i 66-Dill. ^0.66-H. ox. xv. 6. row 5.1 s-Vaill^g.y.

Fruit-stalks red at bottom, yellow green at top. Reyg. Grows
ffi broad dense patches. Only a few lines high ; branched at the
top, covered with a brown knap at bottom. Leaves very small,
ttrowded, shining. Fruit-stalks an inch (or 2) high, ifsuing from
the roses of last year’s shoots, surrounded at bottom with a leafy
>heath or fence. Capsule at first upright; slender egg-shaped.

Lid red, shining, nipple-shaped. Mouth slightly fringed. Veil
brown, changing to tawny red. Weis, and Dill.

Bryum ccespiticium . Huds. Curt. Old walls, stones, roofs,
grafs, gravel, banks, and hillocks. P. Feb, — April,

So 8

pseudo-tri'

quetrum.

C R Y P TOGA MIA. MUSCI. Bryum.

Mn, Capsules oblong-eggshaped : shoots branched: leaves
egg or spear-awlshaped, bordered, keeled, pointing
in 3 directions.

Hedw. stirp.ui.j—Dill. 51 .j 2--Vai!l. 24.2 and 2-ff. ox.xy. 6, row
5. 20.

Capsule, the neck downwards becomes gradually narrower.
Dicks. Stems simple or branched; branches sometimes very
slender, at others thicker and shorter; thickest where the fruit-
stalks put forth, the leaves there expanding in the form of stars.
Fruit-stalks near 2 inches long, purple. Capsules bent downwards,
bellying, green. Lid small, shining, white. Veil short, brown
red. Dill. ' ’ *

Bryum ventncosum . Dicks, and Gmelin. Bryum triquetrum .
Huds. Mnium triquetrum according to Lightf. 71 5, Huds. and
Relh. n. 786, but in the specimens of Mnium triquetrum in the
Linnaaan herbarium and Ehrhart’s phytophyllacium the capsules
are upright slanting. Dicks.

Leaves pointing 3 ways; not prefsed to when dry. Mr.
Griffith ; who limits the reference to Dill, to the figures mark-
ed D. E. Leaves midribbed, bordered, bristle-pointed; upper
ones spear-eggshaped, lower ones egg-shaped.

Turf bogs and marshy places. [Turf pits, Ellingham Fens,
Norfolk. Mr. Stone. On mud or gravel by the sides of rivulets
and springs, in the ascent to Snowdon and Glyder. Mr.GRiFFiTH.]

March — May.

Var. 2. Larger in all its parts.

D///.51.73.

Leaves spear-shaped, alternate. Fnuif-stalks red, sometimes
branched. Leaves pellucid, green, shining. When about to flower
it sends forth some reddish shoots, with finer leaves encompafsed
by others of a paler green. Flowers in the summer. Dill. Leaves.
almost hair-pointed.

Bryum triquetrum, (d Huds. 490. Br. ventricosum. (3 Bot. arr. ed.
ii. In marshy places. The red kind is found in the mountain tor-
rents of Snowdon, and the green in high boggy heaths about
London and Oxford. Dill. [Near Celin house, 2 miles from
Holywell. Mr. Griffith.] • ' C* Summer.

BRY'UM. Fruit-stalks terminating, ifsuing out of a
tubercle: capsules with a veil.

Male, a bud either on the same or on a different
plant; often axillary.

A '

* 'm

I

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (A)

809

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE BRYUMS.

A. Capsules sitting, or nearly so.

1 , ' \

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright.

1. Stemlefs,

2. Stem very short , rarely branched,

3. Stems trailing .

4. Stems upright .

a . Capsules roundish.

b. Capsules egg-shaped,

c. Capsules oblong.

C. Capsules on fruit-stalks, leaning.

1. Stem none, or very short and unbranched,

2. Stems upright.

• • . A l >

D. Capsules on fruit-stalks, drooping.

1. Stem none, or very short and unbranched.

2. Stems upright.

A. Capsules sitting, or nearly so,

/ *

Br. Capsules sitting, terminating; beak bent: veil very apocar'pmru
small.

V ailL 27.1 g-Hedv:. stirp.i.^g-Dill.^2. ty-Fl.dan. 48 o-Happ. i i i . 2 .

Shoots one to two inches high ; somewhat branched.. Leaves
at the ends of the shoots and branches, paler, longer, hairy at the
end; from amongst these rise up fruit-stalks , very short, purple,
with a yellow tubercle. Capsules oblong, smooth, green, chang-
ing to a yellow. Mouth purple, open, elegantly fringed. Lid
scarlet. Veil pale yellow, deciduous. The fruit-stalks are so
enveloped by the leaves at the extremity of the shoots, that neither
they nor the capsules can be distinctly seen, but the scarlet lid
strikes the eye. Weis.

Grimmia apocarpa. Hedwig. Rocks, stones, and trees. [Walls

and roofs of houses, in Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

Nov. — April.

Var. 2. Shoots longer and more branched, leafits ending in
hairs.

Hedw.stirp.l40-Dill.32. 5, B dry , A moistened-Vaill.27.1S.

r

™ CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (A)

111 spreading tufts like the preceding, but the stems are longer,
more branched, more leafy. Leaves broader, terminating hairs
longer; dilute green in winter, hoary in spring. The ends of
the branches often hooked, which never happens in the preced-
ing variety. Capsules inclosed in leafy scales, green ; the young
ones at the ends, the old ones at the sides of the branches. Dill.

Hedwigia ciliata. Hedw. Rocks and trees. West Riding of
Yorkshire. Grey Weathers near Marlborough. Hills about
Bishop s Castle. Dill. Rocks on the Highland mountains.
Lightf. St.

[ Upon stones, on hills about Stayley Bridge, near Manchester.
Apnl. Iv If. Bradbury. J Nov.— Jan,

sei she. Br. Capsules sitting; beak straight: leaves straight, keeled.

Dill. 55. 10.

Grows in tufts. Stem about an inch high, somewhat branch-
ed. ^ Leaves numerous, straight, keeled, pellucid when wet,
opake and darker green when dry. Fruit-stalks very short, thick
at the bottom. Veil brown, hairy, striated. Dill.

Bryum striatum . var. 7, Bot. arr. ed. ii. Rocks near Bangor.
Dill. [On stones on the side of a river which are washed by
the water in high floods. Mr. Griffith.J Autumn.

tecto'rum. Br. Capsules sitting ; axillary: veils hairy, conical.

Hedw. stirp.i. 3J-DHI. 55.9- Vaill. 27.1 o-H. ox.xv.6. row the last, 1 3.

Plant smaller than the Br. striatum , leaves smaller, darker
green; veil paler and more distinctly toothed at the base. Dill.
Differs also from it in wanting the inner fringe, and having the
edge of the veil scolloped. Hedwig.

Orthotrichum anomalum. Hedw. On trees, stones, and walls,
and on the ground. Feb. — April, Dill,

0 .. ' __

ria'tum, Br, Capsules oblong, sitting, axillary or terminating : veils

hairy : leaves spear-shaped, acute.

Hedw. stirp. II. 06-Neck. meth. 1.2, at p. 273, a capsule magnified.-
Dill.55.8-Fi.dan.53j. 3-Vaill. 25.5 and 6.

Obs. Nearly allied to the Polytrichums, but wants the
fleshy receptacle below the capsule. Linn.

Shoots i inch high, branched. Capsules lateral. Mouth nearly
smooth, without a ring. Neck. Branched; 2 or 3 inches high.
Leaves as if gnawed at the ends. Florets of both sorts on the
same or on distinct plants. Fruit-stalky very short, sheathed at

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.i) Bii

the base. Capsule egg-shaped. Lid small, beak blunt. Fringe
double, 1 6 teeth in each. Is found both in flower and in fruit
almost all the year. Hedwig.

Polytr. striatum. Huds. Orthotrich. striatum . Hedw. In woods
on trees. The veils appear in winter, and the capsules in Feb.

March, and April. Dill.

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright*

(i) Stemlefs.

Br. Capsules cylindrical, toothed: leaves wedge-egg- cuneifo'lium.
shaped, pellucid, reticulated. Dicks.

D///.45.1 5-Buxb. i.64.

Leaves shorter, broader, softer than in the Br .murale, pellucid,
green, not hoary with hairs. Grows much crowded together, but

not in a circular form. Dill. , r .1

Br. murale 0, Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. 11. On banks of earth
near Streatham, Surry, and at Oxford. Winter. Dill.

Br Capsules oblong: lids conical, acute: shoots very mura'Ie.
short, subdivided : leaves egg-shaped, acute, hair-
pointed.

D,W.45.i4-F<b7/.24.i5, in a

Sometimes grows in tufts, but often spreads in shady places.

Leaves o pake, approaching, rigid, fine green when wet, dull green

WheWarils, roofed tiles, stones, rocks and sandy places, ev^y where.

Rr Capsules inversely egg-shaped, lopped : lid convex : obtu'sum.

leaves spear-eggshaped, taper-pomted. Dicks.

Dicks • b •

Fringe none. Veil bell-awlshaped. Leaves , under the micro-
scope, reticulated, finely toothed. _ Differs from B . trunc atulum 111
the beaked lid, and its capsule being longer, Sec. Dicks.

Stones and rocks on Ben Crechan, Scotland.

V

Br. Capsules egg-shaped: leaves egg-shaped, concave, ova'tum.
hair-pointed. Dicks. ii« 4’

8l2

pusil'linn

pyrifor'me.

stella'lum.'

calca'rcum.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.i)

Dicks. k.s.—He dw. s tirp. i . 6—H. ox. x v . 7. 1 3.

Vcr) minute unbranched, with scarcely any stem. Flowers
r?T\ ruit~sfa_lh upright, not longer than the capsule.
e .j 1 ' 1 01 own. conical, beak oblique. Verv common

^hc ’ Spreading 111 broad and dense patches; seldom on

Gymnostomum ovation. Hcdvvig. Pastures. Mud walls.

April, May.

Br. Capsules oblong, fringed
shaped. Dicks, ii. 6.

leaves concave, ego--awl-

xieefa).stirp.\. 28.

linff h“^nbrrnched’ l,priSht' vel7 minute, not more than 2 or a
m3 3 , T‘! C01’Ca';e and eSS‘EhaPed at the base, but very

3 v-es F , • llp";ards- Barren flowers in the bosom of the,

\s on the, same plant, terminating, thrice as long

divided,3ed.neai' y “pnght- **«' sih§le> °( '6 te«h, deepl^
Trichosutmoaftmllum. Hedwig. In sandy places.

A. Feb. — March.

* 1

Br. Capsules pear-shaped : leaves flat, oblong, acute.

fh. hi.h. s. Dill. 44.6— FA dan.^j. i—Dail/.2g.^-bf.ox.n.v.7. row
2.1 G.p.G^ i - dfo.vAi.64. i .

hrm^l U**st.a^s 2 1 *nch long. Relh. n. 1015. Leaves 1 line

A \ 2 lon£* Involucrumnone. Fruit-stalk about q lines lone.
Capsule, mouth without fringe. Pollich. Veil before the cap-
sule swells, 4-sided ; afterwards it tears into 2, q, or 4 segments.

o/rr -’ 1 ?C!Iueid> PaIe green- Capsules large for the size
tut plant, which rises but little above the ground. Dill.

deaths, hedges and ditch banks. [Near Bungay, Suffolk.

- -i . ion .. .j A. Feb. March, and April.

UR. Capsules pointed, bearded: leaves egg-spearshaped,
pointed, somewhat rolled in. DicKsVii. 6.

Dill.4g.56.

On ditch banks and brinks of rivulets, Scotland,

Br, Capsules inversely conical, toothed : leaves upright,
cylindrical, bluntish. Dicks.

Dicks. h.s .—E.kot.igi-Dlcks.^,^.

CRA PTOGAMIA. MU SCI, Bryum, (b.i)

A dwarfish plant, smaller than B. paludo sum, but the capsules
sufficiently large and conspicuous. Lid conical, with a beak
somewhat slanting. Veil slender, slanting, Dicks. Caps, with
16 teeth ; not with 12 as in Mr. Dickson’s figure.

On limestone rocks near Newmarket Heath.

Br, Capsules egg-shaped, unequal, toothed : leaves very ccrvicuk
slender,

* »

Iled-zv.stirp .iii.37 . A. ,

Not branched; upright. Lower leaves very minute, spear-
shaped; upper oblong-spearshaped, concave, with a very long
tapering point, expanding when moist, closing but not curling
when dry; pale green. Capsules egg-shaped but lefs convex on
one side, which gives it an appearance of leaning. Lid fine red,
slanting, taper-pointed.

Dicranum cerviculatum. Hedwig. On Hampstead Heath near
London, in dry peaty places. Dickson.

Br. Capsule very blunt, mouth wide : leaves bristle-shaped, paludo'si

D///.qq. *53*

Differs from B. viridulum in its brown capsules, and the leaves
not curling when dry. Linn. Extremely small, only observable
from its growing in a quantity together. Leaves minute, hair-
like, but expanding, fruit-stalk terminating, 2 or 3 lines long.

Capsules egg-shaped. Mouth wide, minutely fringed. Veil slen-
der, upright. Differs from the B. virens in the darker green of
its leaves, their being slenderer, not curling when dry, and in
having smaller capsules. Weis. Always grows singly, never
in tufts. Willdenow. Leaves very slender, scarce sensibly
broad, soft, dull green. Capsules, lid deciduous, leaving a large
open for the size of the capsule. Dill. Differs from Br. viridu-
lum in the leaves, which though bristle-shaped are broad at the
base, the midrib only visible in the broader part ; fruit-stalk
twisting when moistened; capsule egg-shaped, with an orifice
equal to its greatest diameter. Mr. Griffith.

In sandy marshes and turfy ground in Yorkshire. Richard-
son in Dill. 387. Moist rocks, and sometimes decayed wood in
damp shady places. Lightf. [On stones and roots of trees in
damp situations in Garn Dingle, Denbighshire, particularly on

sand stones by the petrifying spring. Mr. Griffith.]

A. March — May.

Br. Capsules oblong: shoot very short : edges of the leaves ri'g'ulum
turned in.

8*4 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.i)

*

HedlV.StirpA.25-E.bot. I 30-D///.49.55.

Stems very short. Leaves very entire, bluntish, flat above,
convex underneath, naked. Fruit-stalk terminating, solitary,
upright, inch long, purple. Veil conical, pale. Capsules fringed,
smooth. Lid taper-pointed, purple at the base, half as long as
the capsule. Huns. Fertile plant always taller and slenderer
than the barren plant, but both of them short and thick. Fringe
red, composed of 32 long slender filaments, spirally twisted toge-
ther when moist. Hedwig. Leaves stiff, like those of heath.
Dill.

Barbula rigida. Hedwig. Moist rocks near Wigmore, Here-
fordshire. Brown in Dill. On Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Huds.
[Thorpe, near Norwich. Dr. J. E. Smith.]

P. Nov. — July.

paucif'olium. Br. Capsules oblong: lid taper-pointed: veil reaching

half way round : leaves strap-spearshaped.

Dicks.h.s.-Dicks. 1 .5.

Whole plant scarcely more the 8th of an inch high, the smallest
of this Genus which I have hitherto seen. Leaves 3 or 4, when
viewed through a magnifying glafs strap-spearshaped, ribbed
underneath. Fruit-stalk yellowish, sometimes 2 from the same
point. Capsule upright, oblong, somewhat cylindrical, brownish
when ripe, with a swolen red ring. Lid taper-pointed, somewhat
crooked, nearly as long as the capsule. Veil oblique, minute.
Fringe toothed ; teeth numerous, bent in. Differs from B. palu-
dosum in the leaves not being bristle-shaped, and in the shape of
the capsule. Dicks.

WeiJ’sia controversa. Hedwig. Br.viridulum. Dicks, fasc. i.p. 3 ;
who believes it, on the authority of the Linn, herbarium to be
the Br. viridulumof Linnteus, whose synonym, he thinks are
erroneous, and have misled our botanists. I am far from doubt-
ing the well known accuracy of Mr. Dickson, but it is as easy to
suppose a mistake existing in the Herbarium as in the Sp. PI. and
1 the rather believe this to be the case, because the specific char,
of the Br. viridulum with “ tiled leaves,” does not at all apply
to Mr. Dickson’s plant with only 3 or 4 leaves placed regularly
at the top of the root, though truly descriptive of the plant Linn,
refers to in his synonyms. Under the existing circumstances it
seems necefsary to give it a new trivial name, the Br. Dicksoni ,
and I expect Br. viridulum being allotted to other species. For-
tunately the circumstance of its having only 4 or 5 leaves, allows
us to adopt a name unobjectionable, and exprefsive. Boggy
ground, on Enfield Chace. June,

1

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.2)

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright.

*

(2) Stem very short ; rarely branched.

Br. Capsules oblong; shoot upright: leaves spatula- Hci'mii.
shaped, taper-pointed, toothed upwards.

Hed'W.stirp. i.30.

. Stem near i inc.h high> unbranched, upright. Fruit-stalks ter-
minating, near an inch high. Veil opening at the side. Caps .
long-eggshaped. Lid, beak bent to one side. Fringe none.

Gymnostomum Heimii . Hedwig. Sandy places ; in northern

exP°sures‘ Feb. — June. P.

■ *

I

Br. Capsules toothed: fruit-stalks slanting : shoots nearly Forstc'ri.
stem-lefs: leaves egg-shaped. Dicks.

Dicks, iii. y.8.

. Grows in dense patches. Leaves crowded, keeled, finely
reticulated, dark green, the upper ones closing. Capsule oblong-
eggshaped. Fringe toothed. Beak slanting, ^//awl-shaped.

D*c xs; , Found by Mr. Forster, junior, on dead trunks of trees
at YV althamstow.

Br. Capsules roundish spear-shaped, mouth naked : shoots -icu]a,re.
leaflels below : leaves in bundles : egg-spearshaped,
taper-pointed. Dicks.

Dicks, h.s. and fasc.'m.’j .5.

. Roois strong> brown. Shoots nearly upright. Leaves toothed,
twisted at the end; with a midrib. Lid very blunt. Veil belly-
ing, contracted at the base. Dicks.

Barren sandy places.

Br. Capsules egg-cylindrical, mouth with a membranace- flexifo'huni/
ous fringe : shoots nearly stemlefs : leaves waved,
spear-shaped, serrated. Dicks.

Dicks.fasc. iii. 7.9.

From 2 to^lineshigh. Leaves crowded, upright, but expanding,
acute, keeled, serratod upwards, yellow green, twisted when dry.
fruit-stalk terminating, near \ inch high, pale, yellow. Capsule

I

8 1 6 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.s)

cylindrical, but a little swollen at the base. Lid conical, blunt,
rather thicker at the top. Veil awl-shaped.

On barren sloping ground near Croydon. Dickson.

convolu'tum Br. Capsules cylindrical : involucrum leaves blunt, rolled

up so as to form a cylinder : leaves spear-shaped.

Die ks . h. i . -Hedy). stirp. i . 3 2 -DHL 4 8 . 4 4 *

Grows in dense tufts, f an inch or more in height; branches
ifsuing out of the thickened tops of the old shoots, which are stel-
lated at the ends. Leaves loosely disposed, ending in hairs. Fruit-
stalks from the last year’s shoots, 1 inch long, encompafsed at the
base by an involucrum of awl-shaped hairy leaves. Weis. Some-
times with forked branches. Leaves very slender, hardly •§■ of aline
broad at the base, very entire. Involucrum terminating, embracing
closely the base of the fruit-stalk. Capsule cylindrical, a line
long, hardly j as broad. Mouth without a ring; fringe red.
Lid slender, upright, awl-shaped. Veil pointed, smooth, thread-
shaped, reaching but half way. Pollich. Inner involucrum -
leaves heart-shaped, blunt.

B. setaceum. Huds. 481. Lightf. 729. — ( Mnium setaceum of
Linn, is a different species which has rigid bristle-shaped leaves.)
Dicks. Bar hula convoluta. Hedwig ; in the plate named setacea.
Heaths, hedge banks, and walls, very common. A. March.

dealba'tum. Br. Capsules roundish, somewhat bent, toothed and fring-
ed: leaves spear-shaped, acute, expanding. Dicks.
ii. 8.

Dicks, s.^.a.l.c.

Habit that of Br. trichodes , from which it differs as follows.
Leaves spear-shaped, mostly pale, under the microscope reticulated,
pellucid, finely but obscurely serrated at the end. Lid, beak
short. Dicks.

Moutains in Scotland ; on Ben Lawers.

extincto'rium Br. Capsules cylindrical, entirely covered by the bell-
shaped veils : shoots simple : leaves spearshaped.

Dicks.h.s.-Hedw.stirp.i. 1 Z~FlJan.iooi-Dill.q_$.,(!>-Vaill.2§.i .

Fruit-stalks terminating. Capsule , mouth not fringed. Neck. ,
Grows thick together in patches, \ to 1 inch high; sometimes a 1
little branched towards the top; very leafy, ending in roses.
Fruit-stalks not ^ inch long, upright. Capsules cylindrical. Lid
sharp-pointed. Veil large and hanging down below the capsule.
The veil covering the whole capsule and hanging down below it,
distinguishes this from every other Mofs. Dill.

CR YPTOG A MI A. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.2) 81

Leersia vulgaris. Hedwig. Grafsy places in a sandy Soil, dry
heaths, and rocks. [Castle walls, Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.

Denbigh Castle. Mr. Griffith.] P. Oct. — -Aug.

Var. 2. Veil cut at the base.

Hedzv.siirp. i.ig; thcor. g. 10 to 14, the fructification ; hist. ii.

5. 24. a, the seeds-Fl.dan.1001 ,2-DilL^.g.

Whole plant larger and more branched. Capsule , mouth
fringed. Veil cut at the base 1 to 6 segments ; grey, bent in-
wards. Linn.5«*t. n. 990. Leaves retaining their green colour
when dry.

Leersia ciliata . Hedwig. Rocks about Ludlow Castle. Ripens
its capsules in summer, the preceding variety in winter. Dill.

Early in the spring to July. P.

Br. Capsules oblong, bearded : shoots upright, but little iriucronula'
branched: leaves spear-shaped, keeled. Dicks. turn.

Hedzv.stirp. i.23.

Leaves expanded when moist, twisted when dry. Barren and
fertile flowers on separate shoots, terminating. Sheathing invol.
conical. Fruit-stalks 1 or 2 together, about f inch long, upright.

Ring none. Fringe spreading when dry, spirally twisted together
when wet. Barbulaunguiculata. Hedwig, who cites Dill. 48. 47,
as a synonym, believing his plant to be the same as Mr, Hudson’s
Br. unguiculatum , but Mr. Dickson thinks they are different.

From a comparison of the two, it appears to me that the leaves in
Hedwig’s plant are lefs crowded than in that of Dill, longer and
more properly strap-spearshaped, than spear-shaped, but I cannot
perceive any good grounds for a specific difference. If they are
distinct, Mr, Hudson’s character rather applies to the plant of
Hedwig, and Dickson’s to that of Dillenius.

On sandy commons. Mar. Apr. P;

Br. Capsules egg-shaped : leaves spear-shaped, taper- virid'ulurru
pointed, tiled, but expanding.

Dicks.h.s.-Curt.i^2.i-Hedw.stirp.in.^-Dill.^f.^-Vaill.2g.^.

So small as hardly to be discernible if it did not grow in large
patches. Stems 1 to 3 lines long, upright, seldom branched.

Leaves very slender, sharp at the ends. Fruit-stalks terminating
the last year’s shoots, 1 or 2 on a shoot. Capsules egg-shaped;
fringed at the mouth. Lid red, pointed. Ff/7 pointed. Weis.

Fruit- stalks green, changing to a pale yellow. Capsules from
green to yellow brown, and shining. Veil slender, the colour
of the capsule. Lid very short, reddish, its point bent. Dill.

‘ Leaves awl-shaped, quite straight, curled when dry. Dicks.

Fruit-stalk not twisting when wet. Caps . red at the base and at
Vol. Ilk— 3 G

8i3

CR\ P 1 OGAMiA. MUSCI. Bryum# (B.2)

the mouth, which is small and contracted. Leaves strap-awl-
shaped, the midrib extending the whole length. Mr. Griffith.

Br. virens . Dicks. IVeisia controversa. Hedwig. Boggy ground.
Hedge banks. » June.

• * ' , %

trunca'tulum. Br. Capsules lopped : leaves flat, sharp-pointed.

Curt. 1 ^Z-Hedw.stirp.i.^-Dill.^rj -*Vaill. 26. 2-Buxb. U.2.2-FL
dan. 5^7.

Capsules, when the lid is fallen off, appearing quite lopped,
inversely egg-shaped, and yellowish red, therefore evidently dis-
tinct from the B. viridulum. Linn. Fruit-stalks 3 or 4 lines long.
Capsule without a ring. Neck. One of the least of the Mofses;
grows in patches. Stem 3 or 4 lines long, unbranched, ending
in roses. Lid with a long slender point. Veil with a long taper
point. Weis. Sheathing involucrum conical, lopped.

Br. truncatulum. Hedwig. Ditch banks, meadows, pastures,
and heaths. .... A. Sept.— Feb.

Hafselquist observing this plant growing in great abundance
upon the walls of Jerusalem, conjectures it may be the Hyfsop of
the Scripture, wherein Solomon is said to have known all plants,
from the Cedar of Lebanon even unto the Hyfsop, that groweth
upon the wall.

rufes'cens. Br. Capsules egg-shaped, toothed : leaves strap-shaped,

pellucid, flaccid, pointing one way. Dicks.

Dicks, iii.8. 1 .

Shoots. nearly upright, unbranched. Leaves toothed. Fruit-
stalk terminating. Fringe red. Lid conical, a little bent.

Banks of muddy rivulets in Scotland. Dickson.

callistormum. Br. Capsules egg-urnshaped; toothed: nearly stemlefs :

leaves upright, strap-awlshaped. Dicks.

Dicks. 7. 10.

Shoots nearly stemlefs, upright, leafy. Leaves upright, strap-
awlshaped, yellow green. Fruit-stalk brown ; thicker upwards.
Capsule egg-shaped, brown, when dry the upper part becomes
twisted. Fringe with a ring, toothed ; ring prominent ; teeth •§■
the length of the capsule ; upright but approaching, flattish, red
orange. Lid conical. Veil not observed.

Found by Mr. Dickson on barren rocks on highland moun-
tains in Scotland.

pal'lklum, Br# Capsules egg-cylindrical : leaves awl-shaped.

HedvJ. stirp. i . 2 7 -Dill. 4 9*57.

% y

8 Ip

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCl. Bryum. (B.3)

Stetn short, naked at bottom or with a few very short minute
leaves. Leaves awl-shaped, midribbed, very slender, rather
pointing to one side. Fruit-stalk 1 to if inch high, pale green
or reddish. Caps, upright. Veil reaching but half way round,
deciduous. L/V? bluntly cortical, somewhat bent.

Specimens from J. W. Griffith, Esq, of Garn, who first found
it in our island, growing on the sides of Turbaries (peat holes)
near Lvn Aied, Denbighshire.

* ' O

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright*

( 3 ) S terns t rai li hg,

Br,. Capsules egg-shaped: shoots ascending: branches hypnoi'des*
lateral, short, fruit bearing.

9 ■ /

Var. 1. lanuginosum. Shoot branched, lying down : leaves
oblong, hair-pointed: capsules oblong : veils entire.

Hedwig .stirp.nl. 2 -Dill. 47.32 -H. ox.xv.g. row 2 .7 -Hall. hist. 4 6.

4. at iii. ^.56.

Leaves a little toothed at the sides, but this most conspicuous
in the dried plant. Capsule upright. Mouth fringed with 16
teeth, hair-like, separate quite down to the base. Hedwig. Shoots
rigid, from 3 to 12 inches long; prostrate. Branches numerous,
short, thicker than the main stem. Leaves slender, pale green,
ending in a long grey hair. Fruit-stalks terminating, or nearly
so; short, yellow. Capsules small, egg-shaped. Lid red, sharp
pointed. Dill. Lid regularly conical, but very taper, and about
1 -3d the length of the capsule.

Br. hypnoides cl- Linn. £. Huds. Trichosfomum lanuginosum .

Hedwig. On Snowdon and Glyder. Mendip Hills. Hills in
Yorkshire. Dill. Autumn.

Var. 2. Leaves in bundles, not closely set, spear-awlshaped,
midribbed, doubled together, ending in a short whitish hair;
curled when dry.

Dill. 47. 28. A. something resembles it, but that is described as
hairlefs .

Branched upwards. Fruit-stalk from \ to % of an inch long,
varying greatly in different specimens.

Br. hypnoides Linn, and Huds. On Snowdon. Dill, and
Mr. Griffith. Sometimes the branches are so short as to re-
semble bundles of leaves, and then the fruit-stalks are short in
proportion. Dill. 4 y. 28. B. if furnished with hairs, would be a
pretty good resemblance of it in this state. Specimens from Mr,

Griffith.

3 G 2

I

82 0 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.3)

Var. 3. Leaves in bundles, egg-awlshaped, midribbed, keel-
ed, pointed with a white hair.

From 2 to 3 inches long, trailing, branches and fruit-stalks
longer than in var. 1. None of the figures exactly resemble it.

Var. 4. Leaves in bundles, spear-awlshaped, midribbed,
doubled together, hair-pointed, curled when dry.

Near 2 inches long. Lefs trailing than the preceding, but
chiefly differing in the shape of the leaves, and being of a bright
yellow green.

Var. 5. Leaves in bundles, spear-awlshaped, midribbed, not
hair-pointed : fruit-stalks very short.

Specimen from Mr. Griffith, who thinks it ought to be con-
sidered as a distinct species ; and in favour of this opinion we
may observe, that all the preceding varieties have hair-pointed
leaves, but this and the subsequent ones are not so. The stems
more or lefs trailing, and the leaves growing in bundles are always
sufficient to distinguish the Br. hypnoides and its reputed varie-
ties fi om the Br. canescens, whilst the presence or absence of
that hoarinefs which is caused by the hairs at the points of
the leaves, will at once distinguish the 4 first varieties of the hyp-
noides from the subsequent ones.

Var. 6. Leaves bundled, spear-awlshaped, midribbed, doubled
together, curled when dry : lid not beaked.

D/ll. 47.30.

Leaves crowded, very small, yellowish or brownish green.
Fruit-stalk from the upper branches, f inch long. Dill. It
forms a cushion on the rocks. Linn. In the specimens before
me some plants are distinctly male, and others female. Br.
hypnoides. £ Huds.

On Snowdon. Dill, and Mr. Griffith. Aug.

Var. 7. Shoots long, prostrate, leaves pointing one way, in
bundles or distinct, awl-shaped, bent, very slender and fine* but
not hair pointed.

There is not any figure of this. The plant is brown green,
4 or 5 inches long, branches few, very short; fruit-stalk scarcely
longer than the leaves. Shoot distinct, composed of a bundle of
brown red fibres. Specimen from Mr. Dickson.

1

8 21

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.*)

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright.

(4) Stems upright,

a. Capsules roundish.

Br. Capsules pear-shaped, toothed : leaves egg-shaped, reticula'tum.
serrated, reticulated. Dicks, ii. 4.

Dicks. ^.G.a.b.

Shoots upright. Leaves distant, rather pointed, of a remark-
able net-work texture, transparent, serrated towards the end, be-
low very entire. Fruit-stalk from the base of the plant. Caps.
teeth bent in. Dicks.

On Ben High in the Highlands.

Br. Capsules very small : fruit-stalks terminating : shoot penna'tum.
simple, upright, wing-cleft : leaves pointing 2 ways,
spear-shaped, very entire.

HedvJ.stirp. 1 .sg-Dicks. 1.4.

Plant •§• inch high ; naked at bottom. Barren stems wing-
cleft. Fertile stems, some star.-like, some bearing capsules; very
slender, bright green. Leaves distinct, egg-spearshaped, point-
ing from 2 opposite lines. Fruit-stalks very slender, green, 1 -8th
of an inch long, rising out of a invol. resembling that of the bar-
ren flower. Caps, upright, very small, green, roundish, but
lopped when the lid has fallen off. Veil none observed. Lid
very blunt, reddish. Fringe naked. Dicks. Veil falling off
entire. Hedwig.

Mnium Osmundaceum Dicks, fasc. i. Gymnostomum pennatum.

Hedwig. Hollows in old hedge banks, in a rich soil on the road
from Zele to S. Tawton, 4 miles from Okehampton, Devon. Mr.

Newberry. B. April — June.

Br. Capsules small, roundish: fruit-stalks twisted when verticilla'tum
dry : shoots all of the same height : leaves hair-

Dicks.h.s—Dill. 47 .3 5.

Grows in dense tufts. Stems slender, adhering closely toge-
ther, about an inch high; branched. Leaves hair-like, fine pale
green, towards the bottom of the plant whitish. Fruit-stalks nu-
merous, short, pale, terminating. Capsules small, roundish,
greenish. Lid very small, red, pointed. Dill. Haller unites it
with the B. astivum. Linn _

3 G 3

t

822 CR YPTOG A M I A . MUSCI. Bryum. (B .4.*)

In Yorkshire. Richardson in DUl, On rocks near the sea,
Bangor. Brewer in Dill. P. April — Aug.

pomifor'me. Br, Capsules globular ; lid flat: shoot branched: leaves

strap-spearshaped, tiled but spreading ; bristle-pointed.

Dicks. h.s-Dill.^.i-Fl. dan. /gi%-Vaill.2±.q and 12 -Buxb.wapp.
n.'g-LI.ox.xvB. row 4.6.

. Leaves bristle-shaped. Fruit-stalks solitary, purplish below.
Capsules globular. Veil very much pointed, very small, oblique.
Linn. Grows thick together in broad patches. Stems about an
inch high; the old ones branched, the young ones simple. Leaves
very slender, serrated towards the ends. Fruit-stalks full inch
long, from the ends of the younger shoots, one or more in a
place. Capsule at first slender, when ripe globular. Mouth wide,
fringed, the teeth turned inwards. Veil deciduous. Weis, and
Dill. Leaves broad and midribbed at the base, running out into
a very long and taper point. Mr. Stackhouse. Hedwig seems
disposed to refer this to his new genus Bartramia.

Heaths, rocks, and banks. A. Feb — April.

macrocar'pon Br. Capsules roundish: fruit-stalks terminating: shoot

branched: leaves expanding, spear-shaped, slender.

Dill. 47. 2g ; A. B .the fresh , C. the dried plant- FI. dan. 47C-
Happ. iii.3.

Plant yellow green ; much branched ; leaves slender, curled.
Caps, brown, beak very small. Dill. Fruit-stalk but little
higher than the tops of the shoots. Caps, very small. Lid red,
with a very slender needle-shaped point.

Br. hapnoides y Huds. On Snowdon. Mr. Griffith.

\ . .... , . .

pa'tens. Br. Capsules egg-oblong ; fringed: fruit-stalks very short :

shoots nearly upright: branches expanding, rising
nearly to the same height : leaves strap-spearshaped.

Dicks, qf&.a.h.

Shoots somewhat slanting, nearly cylindrical, tapering towards
the base, very much branched. Branches unequal, rather pointed,
somewhat higher than the fruit-stalks. Leaves tiled, prefsed to,
the points standing out, quite straight, strap-spearshaped, pointed,
channelled. Fruit-stalks from the sides ol the uppermost branches,
few, solitary, very short, often zigzag. Capsules rather pear-
shaped, small. Fringe fringed. Dicks. Caps, egg-oblong, as
expreised in the figure.

1

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.a) 823

On rocks in mountainous rivulets. On Ben Nevis, Scotland.

[Rocks above the chapel at Gvvydir, Caernarvonshire. Mr.

Griffith.]

Br. Capsules semi-globular, naked : leaves strap-shaped, stellig'erum.
in star-like whirls. Dicks, ii. 3.

Dicks. ^.^.a.b.

Shoots branched, star-like at the end. Leaves expanding, a
little bowed back at the ends; somewhat whirled. Fringe naked.

Lid flattish, the beak somewhat oblique; as long as the capsule,

Dicks.

Woods in the Highlands.

•/ . ' ' \ : t

Br. Capsules roundish: shoots branched, pointed : leaves acu'tum.
bristle-shaped, upright.

73///. 47. 3 4.

Slender, 1 inch high, branches 2 or 3, sometimes more.

Leaves dark green, hairy, sharp-pointed. Fruit-stalks short, when
young terminating. Veil brownish. Capsules short, roundish.

Dill. In moist situations the capsules are rather longer, and
sometimes the fruit-stalks are bent like those of Br. fragile. Mr.

Griffith.

Snowdon, and mountains about Llanberris. Dill. On Ben
Lomond, and sides of Highland mountains. Lightf. [Crib y
Ddescil. Mr. Griffith.]

Aug.— ♦May. Dill. — Oct. — June. Lightf.

Br. Capsules nearly globular, lateral : leaves bristle-shap- latera'le.
ed, pointing one way. Lightf.

Hedzo. stirp. i i . qp—Hall. enum .3.8, at p. log, hist. 46.8, at iii.7j.56-*

Hall.it.helv.il. 1 .2. in opusc.p.§oo-Fl.dan.%2$.i ; and 5 38.3.

Stems forming tufts, from 1 to 3 inches high ; almost upright,
purplish, but little branched ; covered at the base with fox-co-
loured wool. Leaves numerous, very green, bristle-shaped, soft,
long. Fruit-stalks upright, short, purple. Veil conical, sharp,
pale, deciduous. Capsules fringed, tawny. Lid conical, very
short, tawny. Huds. Male and female flowers in the same in-
volucrum. Fruit-stalks short, stiff, but bending by the weight of
the capsule, fixed to the end of the last year’s shoot, but the growth
of the new shoot makes it appear lateral. Outer fringe of 1 6
teeth. Bartramia Halleriana. Hedwig. In the B. pomiforme , the
leaves are more equally tapering, and the fruit-stalks are longer,

324

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.£.)

Shady woods by the sides of the Highland mountains, and
the sides of rivulets in the fir forests. On Hartfell mountain
near Moffat, [boggy ground on the ascent to Crib y Ddescil,
from Llanberris. About Llyn Idwell, in the ascent towards Twlldu,
in great abundance. June. Mr. Griffith.] P. May — Sept.

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright.

(4) Stem upright .
b. Capsules egg-shaped.

cirrha'tum. Br, Capsules egg-oblong: lid taper-pointed: veil reaching

but half way : shoots branched : leaves strap-spear-
shaped, mid-ribbed, acute.

Grows in large dense patches. Fruit-stalks from one half to
one inch, the young ones terminating, the older from the forks
of the branches. Lid reddish, pointed, very slender, readily
falling off. Mouth with a short fringe. Weis.

Mnium cirrhatum. Bot. Arr. ed. ii.and Gmelin doubts whether
it ought not still to be considered as a Mnium, arranging with
tne Dicranums of Hedwig. Mr. Griffith thinks this is not dis-
tinct from the Br. viridulum, and observes that the Br. viridulum
at the foot of the hill gradually changed in the course of the ascent
until it became Br. cirrhatum. Woods, mountainous heaths,
walls, and hedge banks. P. March — July.

lanceola'tum. Br. Capsules egg-oblong, toothed : shoots nearly upright:

leaves spear-shaped, concave, taper-pointed.

Hedzv. stirp . ii. 23.

Stem upright, 3 or 4 lines high, rarely branched. Leaves , the
lower ones smaller than those above. Lid , beak generally bent.
V eil pale green to whitish, upright, splitting at the side.

Leersia lanceolata . Hedwig. Dry heaths. Hedge banks about
Croydon. ' * Spring and Autumn. P.

linoi'des. Br. Capsules cylindrical, bearded: leaves distant, spear-

shaped, rounded but pointed. Dicks.

D/r^^iii.8.3.

Shoot upright, simple. Leaves expanding, pointed by the
projecting of the midrib. Fringe twisted. Veil awl-shaped,
twice the length of the capsule.

Pastures in Scotland. Dicks.

4

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.4.) 825

- +

Br. Capsules egg-oblong, toothed : shoots very much polyphyl'lum
branched: leaves crowded, spear-shaped; curled

when dry.

He duo. stirp . ii . 3 1 -Dill. 48.41.

Resembles the Br. cirrhatum so much that they are not to be
distinguished without maceration. That however is a more slen-
der plant, has fewer fruit-stalks, and the capsules are paler. Dill.

Br. cirrhatum. (3 Huds. Mn. cirrhatum. Bot. arr. ed. ii. Fifsidens
polycarpos. Hedvv. Hypn. poly carport. Gmelin. syst. veg. On Snow-
don. [Abour* Lanberris. Mr. Griffith.] Autumn.

Ray mentions a var. with much smaller leaves, it is the Br.
cirrhatum y Huds.

Br. Capsules egg-oblong: leaves crowded, spear-shaped, canes cens*
bent back, white haired at the ends.

Hecko. stirp. in.^-Vaill. 26. 1 4 -Dill. 47.27.D. E. F.

Stem upright when young, afterwards declining, and sending
out a few branches of various lengths. Leaves spear-shaped,
keeled, prefsed to when dry. Fruit-stalk straight, f of an inch
in height. Capsule oblpng-eggshaped. Lid a slender cone. Mouth
fringed with 16 long hair-like teeth, divided down to the base.

Veil slender, long, ragged at the bottom. Fruit-stalks lateral.

Hedwig.

Bryum hypnoides $ FI. Suec. Frichostomum canescens. Hedw.
stirp. iii. p. 5. Differs from the B. hypnoides in its upright stem,
its leaves being very slightly serrated only at the ends, and in its
longer fruitstalk. Hedwig. — When moist and growing, yellow-
ish green, when dry woolly, from the number of hairs which ter-
n^inate the leaves. Dill.

Common in dry, high, barren, sandy places. Blackheath,

Woolwich, Hampstead, Enfield Chace, and Dartford heath. Dill.

Feb. March. P„

Var. 2. Shoots simple, or but little branched.

Dill. 47. 27. A. B . C.

About i-§ inch high. Fruit-stdlk lateral. Capsules upright,
egg-cylindrical. Leaves spear-shaped, slender, keeled, hair-point-
ed ; hairs grey and bent inwards when dry.

Specimen from Mr. Griffith, accompanied by others of a
stunted growth, on bleak rocks, not ■§ inch high, and very much
crowded with leaves.

Var. 3. Leaves spear-awlshaped, mid-ribbed: shoots branched.

Dill. 47. 29.

This was considered by Mr. Hudson as a var. of the hypnoides,
hut though the shortnefs of the fruit-stalks favours that opinion,

826 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B,4.$.)

the leaves being equally distributed, not bundled and the want of
trailing shoots induce me for the present t6 place it here, not
however without a disposition to believe that it is a distinct species

Br. hypnoides. yHuds. On some stones forming a circular
wall upon the summit of Snowdon. August.

ericeto'rum. Br. Capsules egg-cylindrical, with a fringed ring: leaves

srrap-spearshaped, twisted when dry. Dicks, ii. 5.

D//4 45* 1 3*

Leaves pellucid, not hair-pointed, keeled, standing out, dull
green. Capsules slender, nearly cylindrical. Fruit-stalks pale
brown, fan inch long. Veil and Lid deciduous. Dill, Shoots
terminated by stars.

Turfy heaths, Scotland.

sesti'vum, Br. Capsules urn-shaped:, fruit-stalks axillary: leaves

spear-awishaped, without a mid-rib, doubled together.

Dill. 47. 36.

This Mofs adheres together when dry, as it doubtlefs does
when wet, like a conferva ; and when dry preserves its beautiful .
blue green colour. It consists of thread-like shoots crowded with
very slender leaves, but dipped in water so that the shoots may
separate, they appear but little branched and the leaves seem iefs
numerous. Dill. In some specimens now before me the fine
bluish green colour like that of a Cantharid is very striking.
Capsules urn-shaped. Fruit-stalks about f inch long. Plant if
inch high. Leaves not crowded, spear-shaped, but very slender
without a mid-rib, doubled together.

Br. cestivum of Huds. is Br. capillaceum , excluding the synon. I
of Dill. 47. 39, which is Br. brevifolium . Marshy places.
Richardson in Dill. 375.

Dickso'ni. Br. Capsules egg-oblong, fringed : shoots branched: leaves

strap-shaped, keeled, rather curled when dry. Dicks.

Dicks.j. 7.

Shoots branched, branches expanding, nearly of 1 height. Leaves
upright, scattered, strap-shaped, keeled, dark green, those at
the end forming a star; curled when dry. Caps, yellowish. Mouth
red, ring slender, teeth short, upright, red. Lid with a long slant-
ing beak. Veil slender. Dicks. Leaves very slender, strap-spear-
shaped, with a mid-rib the whole length. Fruit -stalk hardly -f
inch high.

On rotten wood and decayed trunks of trees. [On a moist 1
rock by the petrifying spring in Garn Dingle near Denbigh.
Wet rocks of Crib y Ddescil. Mr. Griffith.]

1

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.£) 8:

Br. Capsules egg-oblong; mouth bearded : shoots seldom trifa'riuin.
branched : leaves spear-awlshaped, expanding. Dicks.

Hedw. stirp. ii. 28.

Scarcely f inch high, unbranched, upright. Lower leaves
smaller, colourlefs ; upper ones larger, broad at the base and
keeled, awl-shaped at the end, pointing 3 ways. Swartzia tr If aria.

Hedwig. Caps, egg-cylindrical. Lid conical, bent.

Barren hills. Dicks. P.

Br. Capsules egg-shaped: fruit-stalks thicker at the top : cris'pum.
leaves strap-shaped, broadest at the base, crowded,
curled when dry.

Hedw. stirp.il, 35-Dill. 55. 1 i-Pet.mus.f.2 5- JV//.27. g.

In dense tufts, so close, that the under parts decay. About r
inch high, branched. Barren flowers in the bosom of the leaves.

Sheath scarlet. Fruit-stalks terminating, short, straightish, thick-
ening at the top so as to coincide with the pear-shaped capsule.

Capsule from the above circumstance appearing pear-shaped, but
• it is really globular egg-shaped. Lid with a straight short beak.

Ring none. Fringe double, 16 teeth in each. Veil pyramidal,
hairy. Hedwig. Caps, when old with 8 longitudinal streaks,
in each of which lies concealed a pair of teeth belonging to the
outer fringe after it has been bent back. When the seed has
escaped, it contracts in the middle part. Inner fringe 8 white
hairs, the points of which unite in the centre. Outer fringe 8
teeth, each of which at length splits into two. This discovery
may help to account for the variable number of teeth afsigned to
the different species of Splachnums. Mr, Griffith.

Bryum striatum. $ Linn. Syst. pi.

Orthotrichum crispum. Hedw. Trunks of trees. Woods near
Southgate in Middlesex. [Not common. Near Bungay, SufF.
Mr.STONE.] Flowers in spring. Capsules ripe in Mayor June. P.

Br. Capsules egg-shaped, toothed: shoots rather serpen- vagina'Ie.
tine : leaves hair-like but sheathing at the base. Dicks.

Hedw. stirp. i i . 3 3 .

Near ■§• inch high, rather waved, upright. Leaves serpentine,
mostly pointing one way. Beak slender, straight. Dicranum
frispum. Hedwig. Capsules urn-shaped.

Bogs in Scotland. Dicks. P.

Br. Capsules egg-oblong, with a ring, fringed : leaves
pointing one way, strap-awlshaped, stiff, Dicks.

Hedw. stirp, 1.8.

Wei'si.

8^3 CKYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.^)

Stem upright. Leaves awl-shaped, but broad and sheathing
at the base, rigid, not curling up when dry. Involucrutn sheath-
ing. I nut -stalk terminating, always longer than the stem, nearly
upright. Veil slender, upright. Lid a blunt cone. Fringe sin-
gle, of 16 teeth.

Jp csia heteromalla, Hedwig. Woods and sandy places.

' May, June.

splachnoi'des, Br. Capsules inversely-eggshaped, toothed: receptacle

roundish: leaves strap-bristleshaped. Dicks, ii. 5.

FI. dan. 538. 2.

Leaves numerous, upright, open, some bowed back. Recept.
small, hunched, beneath the capsule. Dicks.

On rocks on Ben Nevis, Scotland,

hyperbo'reum Br. Capsules egg-shaped : fruit-stalks short; leaves stiff,

hair-like, crowded. Gunner.

Fl.dan. 538.1.

Full inch high. Capsules but little raised above the foliage.
Beak conical, slanting.

Rocks on Ben Nevis. Dicks.

fascicula'tum Br. Capsules egg-shaped, mouth naked : shoots branched:

leaves hair-like, rather bent outwards, in distinct
bundles. Dicks.

Hedzc . stirp . i i . 2 4 .

Grows in dense tufts. Beak of the lid crooked. Veil small,
splitting at the side. Fringe none. Hedwig. From % to if inch
high ; repeatedly branched.

Gymnostomum curvirostrum . Hedwig. On rocks on Highland
mountains, Scotland. Dicks. P,

B. Capsules on fruit-stalks, upright.

(4) Stems upright .
c. Capsules oblong.

ten' tie. Br. Capsules cylindrical, bearded : shoots upright: leaves
spear-shaped, alternate. Dicks.

Dill, 48.49.

82 9

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (B 4. r.)

At first slender and not branched, fruit-stalks terminating*
when older becoming branched, and fruit-stalks from the forks
of the branches ; reddish, short, slender. Leaves few, narrow.
Dill. Br. purpureum (3. Huds. Mn.purpur. Bot. arr. ed. ii*
Different from the Bryum purpureum. Dicks.

Heaths ; loose sandy and gravelly soil. March.

Br. Capsules oblong, slender : beak of the lid bent : leaves
spear-shaped, tiled, expanding.

Hedw.stirp . i . j-Dill. 48 .4 5.

Stem upright, not branched, about f inch high. Fruit-stalk
upright, generally terminating the old stem. Veil long, conical,
crooked. Lid convex, beak straight whilst under the veil, after-
wards crooked, but in a direction opposite to the bend of the veil.
Hedwig. Stem sometimes branched, {see fig. Dill.) Leavesvery
. slender, keeled, upper ones the longest. Fruit-stalks red, f inch
high, or better. Capsules and lid red. Dill.

Weisia recurvirostra. Hedwig. Bryum curvirostrum. Dicks,
and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Woods in dryish places. Sandy stony places,
interwoven with the grafs. p, Aug.

Br. Capsules oblong, slender; lid taper-pointed, slanting
fruit-stalks lateral : leaves spear-shaped, acute, the
upper ones expanding.

Curt. 2 7 cp-Dill. 48.48.

Grows in tufts, f an inch high, somewhat branched. Leaves
i spear-shaped, pointed. Fruit-stalks inch or more from the base
or the middle of the branch, but never terminating. Capsules
slender. Veil long, lad long, slender, conical. Fringe orange-
coloured or scarlet, twisted like a screw. Curtis. The 45th pi.
of Dill, is referred to by mistake in the observations of Mr. Curtis.
Branches of equal thicknefs, sent off from the lower part of the
plant. Dill.

On walls. P. Dec.— Feb.

Br. Capsules oblong ; beak slanting: leaves slender spear-
shaped, keeled, bent outwards.

D///.48.46. ' \

Fruit-stalks upright, solitary, terminating and lateral, d inch
long. Capsules cylindrical, 1 line long, deep saffron coloured,
blackish at the base. Weber. Fringe long. Haller. Notan
inch high, upright, unbranched at first, but every year sending
out branches after the flowering season. Leaves broad at the base,
and keeled. Barren flower terminating. Hedwig. Grows in
dense tufts. Stems slender, f to 1 inch high, dividing into
branches. Leaves very slender, pale green, upper leaves bent
back. Dill.

recurviros'-

trum.

barba'tum.

imber'be.

830

unguicula'

turn.

tortuo'sum.

flaves'cens.

CRYPT OG AMI A . MUSCI. Bryum. (B.4.c)

Sandy heaths, ditch banks, and walls. [Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
Stone. By the rivulet in Garn Dingle. Mr. Griffith.] Winter.
Dill. A. March, April. Huds.

Br. Capsules oblong ; lid taper-pointed, slanting : leaves
strap-spearshaped, keeled. Huds.

1

Dicks . h. s.—Dill. 48 . 4 y-Buxl.il . 2.9.

Shoots forming patches, about f an inch high; sometimes
branched. Leaves open, near a line in length andf in breadth.
Fruit-stalks terminating. Veil smooth, reaching but half way
down the capsule. Poll ic h. Leaves green, keeled, opake.
Capsules oblong, thickest at the base, green, changing to brown.
Dill.

Walls and sandy places. [Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]
Clay walls. Hedw. A. March, April.

Br. Capsules cylindrical ; lid beaked : shoots branched :
leaves spear-strapshaped, serrated, waved, curled
when dry.

Dill. 48.40 -Hall. etium. 4.2, at p. 1 18, hist . 45. 2, at i i.p. 41 -FI.
daji.88o.i- Scheueh.it. II. 1 9.5— Pet. gaZ.65.8.

Grows in dense crisp patches. Shoots upright, adhering toge-
ther. Leaves a line or i£ line long. Fruit- stalks from the forks
of the branches, straight. 3 to 7 lines long, closely clasped at the
base by the involucrum. Capsules cylindrical, smooth. Ring.
none. Mouth £ ringed. Lid awl-shaped, straight. Veil smooth, ,
extending but half way down. Pollich. One to if inch high,,
somewhat branched. Leaves very numerous, slender, crooked,
curled when dry, fine green, dull yellow when old. Veil slender,
pale green, changing to brown. Capsules nut-coloured when
ripe. Dill.

Heaths, rocks on mountains, and woods. [On a bushy hill,
half a mile from Garn, called Coed Mowr. Mr. Griffith.]

P. Aug. — Nov.

Br. Capsules cylindrical, fringed : shoots mostly simple :
leaves spear-strapshaped, keeled. Dicks, ii. 4.

Dicks. ^.^.a.h-Scop.62. 1 305, at ii. p. 32 1 .

Shoots nearly upright. Leaves between upright and open,
yellowish, the points when dry twisted. Dicks. Grows in broad
patches. Leaves 2 lines long, i-gd of a line broad. Fruit-stalks
1 inch long, saffron-coloured. Capsule slender, long. Veil red
at the top, near 2 lines long. Scop.

Bogs in the Highlands.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCL Bryum. (».4.c.) g9I

Br. Capsules oblong, tapering, imperfectly fringed : lcaves brevifo'lium
crowded, strap-shaped, keeled. Dicks, ib.4.

Dzll.^y. 39-

Sicnder, but little branched. Leaves dark green, very nar-
row and short. Fruit-stalks terminating the new shoots, short.

^apsules o blong, small, dark brown. Dill.

Bogs in Yorkshire and in Scotland.

•y ^ ' 't

dr. Capsules cylindrical, toothed : shoots branched, waved : fl agella're.
leaves awl-shaped, channelled, pointing one way.

Dicks.

Hedw.stirp. iii.i.

Fruit-stalk very slender. Caps, cylindrical, upright. Lid l one ,

; whshaped, bent. Veil splitting at the side, whitish, deciduous.

Dicranum flagellar e. Hedwig. — On Ben Nevis, Scotland.

)lCKS. p

>R. Capsules oblong : leaves in 2 rows, bristle-shaped, capilla'ceum.
somewhat sheathing at the base.

Hedw. stirpdn. 26— FLdan. 1 000. 1 - Dicks . 1 . 6— Hall, enum, 4. 1 , at p.

1 18, hist . 45. 1, at iii. p. 41.

. Capsules oblong. Leaves expanding, bristle-shaped. Huds.

)iffers from B. hetercmallum in its open leaves, and the shape of
s capsules; and from B . flexuo sum in its fruit-stalks slender,
uite straight, and not zigzag, and in the smallnefs of its capsules.

>ICKS* Stem undivided, upright, -§• an inch high. Leaves in 2
>ws, alternate. Barren and fertile flowers together, terminat-
ig. Fruit-stalks § to 1 inch long. Veil opening at the side*
apsides cylindrical. Lid short, conical. Mouth , fringe single,

;eth in pairs. Hedw. Stalks comprefsed, jointed. Mr. Griffith.

Swartzia capillacea. Hedw. B. eestivum . Huds. 485, but not
!‘k* 47* 35* Dn rocks, and moist mountainous situations. On
lgleborough, plentifully. Hudson. About Llanberris. Mr.
avies. Marshy places in mountainous situations. Dicks.
jogs, in the ascent to Crib y Ddescil. Mr. Griffith. Spinks
rove. Brome near Bungay. Mr. Stone.]

Var. 2. Leaves more crowded, shorter, roughish ; capsules
uch smaller.

Not above half the height of the preceding. It afsumes this
‘bit when growing on rocks, or in dry situations, but still it
eserves the jointed stalk, which is an unerring criterion of this
ecies. Mr. Griffith ; but which seems to have escaped the
tice of Hedwig. Maceration in water renders these joints visi-
s in a dried plant.

i

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C.i)

[On the rocks above Cwm Ffynnon
abundantly. Mr. Griffith.]

felen, near Llanberri
P. Apr. — June

C. Capsules on fruit-stalks, leaning.

( i ) Stem none , or very short and unbranched .

subula'tum. Br. Capsules cylindrical; lid conical, acute : shoot ver

short, unbranched : leaves egg-shaped, bluntish.

Curt. 2 1 /p-Fl.dan. 1000.2 -Vaill ,2 5.8-Dill. 45, 10-Buxb.i. 63.2
• ii. 2.3 and 4.

Grows crowded together; but little branched, terminating it
roses. Fruit-stalks an inch or more in length, purplish, shining
straight, twisted. Capsules cylindrical, slender, 3 or 4 lines long
becoming crooked when dry, ripe in summer. Leaves pellucid
pale green, with or without hairs. Weis and Dill. Plant fror
3 to 5 lines high. Fruit-stalks sometimes in pairs. Veil perma
nent, Scop, nearly as long as the capsule.

Moist banks, woods, and walls. P. Jan — May

elonga'tum. Br. Capsule long and tapering at the base : shoot upright

leaves strap-spearshaped.

Hedvo.stirp. 1.36.

Hardly an inch high, upright. Barren and fertile flower
terminating, but on different plants. Fruit-stalk straight, up
right, but a little bent at the top by the weight of the capsule
Capsule oblong, leaning, its lower part a cellular substance, nc
containg seeds. Lid convex, beak short. Mouth with a doubl
fringe, 16 teeth in each.

Pohlia elongata. Hedw. Woods near Loch Nefs, Scotland. May

Cel'sii. Stemlefs : capsules nearly upright : fruit-stalks ver
long : leaves like bristles.

Dill. 49.54.

Sent from Sweden to Dillenius, but now found in Scotland b1
Mr. Dickson. Shoot ry minute. Fruit-stalk F of an inch high
Lid pointed.

On rocks on the Highland mountains. Dicks.

par'vulum. Br. Capsules a little leaning, toothed s shoots upright

short: leaves hair-like, upright, rigid. Dicks.

Hedvo. stirpSi,2g.B.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C<2)

Grows in patches. Scarcely a line in height. Leaves concave
and dilated at the base, fine green, without a midrib. Fruit-stalk
yellow green. Caps, egg-shaped. Beak long, slanting, reddish
at the base.

Dieranum pusilhm. Hcdwig. Pastures in Scotland. Dicks.

Aug. P.

C. Capsules on fruit-stalk, leaning.

(2) Stems upright.

Br, Capsules nearly upright, pear-shaped ; toothed : re- struiuifeVuin
ceptacle crooked : leaves strap-spearshaped, mostly
pointing one way.

' Hcdzv.stirp. ii . 3 2 .

Caps, scored at the mouth, pear-shaped, but crooked with an
irregular knob at the base. Beak bent, fine red at the base.

Fifsidens strumifer. Hedwig. Hypn.strumosum . Gmel. syst.veg.

> Boggy meadows in Scotland. Dicks.

t

Br. Capsules oblong, mouth bearded: shoots somewhat faPlax.’
branched : leaves strap-spearshaped^expanding, bent
outwards. Dicks.

Hedvo.stirp. 1.24.

Different from the Br. imberbe, which has the leaves strap-
awlshaped and straight, and the beak of the lid conical. Barbula
fa/lax. Hedw. but not his synonyms. Dicks. Full £ inch high.

Leaves curled when dry. Lid slender, nearly cylindrical, not
quite straight.

In Scotland, and in Yorkshire.

Br. Capsules fringed, shoots branched: leaves strap- crispa'tum.
shaped, channelled, curled.

- Dicks. 7.4.

The size of Br. virens. Shoots upright. Leaves upright,
twisted, curled, a little toothed. Capsule slightly contracted in
the middle, scored when dry. Dickson. Capsules fringed;

: fringe very long for the size of the plant. Lid deprefsed ; beak
; long, slanting. Leaves pellucid, decurrent. Mr. Griffith.

Bogs in Scotland. [On the rocks of Crib y Ddescil, Cwm
Idwel, and Clog wyn y Garregog, near Llanberris. Mr.G r i-ffith.]

Vol. III.— 2 H

v

832

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C.i)

[On the rocks above Cwm Ffynnon felen, near Llanberri
abundantly. Mr. Griffith.] P. Apr. — June

C. Capsules on fruit-stalks, leaning.

( 1 ) Stem none , or very short and unbranched .

subula'tum. Br. Capsules cylindrical; lid conical, acute : shoot ver;

short, unbranched : leaves egg-shaped, bluntish.

Curt.2 1 /p-Fl.dan. 1000.2 -Vaill. 2 5.8-Dzll. 45, 10-Buxb.i. 63.2
- ii. 2.3 and 4.

Grows crowded together; but little branched, terminating i
roses. Fruit-stalks an inch or more in length, purplish, shining
straight, twisted. Capsules cylindrical, slender, 3 or 4 lines long
becoming crooked when dry, ripe in summer. Leaves pellucid
pale green, with or without hairs. Weis and Dill. Plant fror
3 to 5 lines high. Fruit-stalks sometimes in pairs. Veil perma
nent, Scop, nearly as long as the capsule.

Moist banks, woods, and walls. P. Jan — May\

elonga'tum. Br. Capsule long and tapering at the base : shoot upright:

leaves strap-spearshaped.

Hedw.stirp. 1.36.

Hardly an inch high, upright. Barren and fertile flower
terminating, but on different plants. Fruit-stalk straight, up
right, but a little bent at the top by the weight of the capsule^
Capsule oblong, leaning, its lower part a cellular substance, ***
containg seeds. Lid convex, beak short. Mouth with a do
fringe, 16 teeth in each.

Pohlia elongata. Hedw. Woods near Loch Nefs, Scotland.

Cel'sii. Br. Stemlefs : capsules nearly upright : fruit-stalks
long : leaves like bristles.

Dill. 49*54*

Sent from Sweden to Dillenius, but now found in Scotian
Mr. Dickson. Shoot vzry minute. Fruit-stalk % of an inchh
Lid pointed.

On rocks on the Highland mountains. Dicks.

padvulum. Br. Capsules a little leaning, toothed : shoots upr ^

short: leaves hair-like, upright, rigid. Dicks.

Hedvo. stirp. ii . 2 9 . B .

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C.2)

Grows in patches. Scarcely a line in height. Leaves concave
and dilated at the base, fine green, without a midrib. Fruit-stalk
yellow green. Caps, egg-shaped. Beak long, slanting, reddish
at the base.

Dicranum pusilhem. Hedwig. Pastures in Scotland. Dicks.

Aug. P.

C. Capsules on fruit-stalk, leaning.

(2) Stems upright.

Br. Capsules nearly upright, pear-shaped ; toothed : re- strumifeVum
ceptacle crooked : leaves strap-spearshaped, mostly
pointing one way.

> Hedzo . stirp . i i . 3 2 .

Caps, scored at the mouth, pear-shaped, but crooked with an
irregular knob at the base. Beak bent, fine red at the base.

Fifsidens strumifer. Hedwig. Hypn.strumosum. Gmel. Syst.veg.

• Boggy meadows in Scotland. Dicks.

Br. Capsules oblong, mouth bearded: shoots somewhat fal'lax,1
branched : leaves strap-spearshaped^expanding, bent
outwards. Dicks.

Hedzo.stirp. 1.24.

Different from the p~ ’ 1
lawlshat'- J

p

ictwel,and Clogwyn y Garregog, nearHanberris. Mf.Griffith.]

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCL Bryum. (C.2)

Br. Capsules oblong, toothed: shoots elongated, rather
leaning, sometimes branched : leaves hair-like, point-
ing one way. Dicks.

Hedzv.stirp. iii.g.

An inch high or more, growing shoot upon shoot ; delicate,
feeble, but upright. Leaves sheathing at the base, very long and
slender upwards, rather bent back and pointing oneway. Caps.
oblong, rather swollen on one side. Lid awl-shaped, slanting,
reddish. Veil delicate, pale.

Dicranum Ungifolium. Hedwig. Banks of rivulets in the
Highlands of Scotland. Dicks. P»

O

Br. Capsules oblong, slender : fruit-stalks twisted ; leaves
bristle-shaped.

Dicks.h.s-DM. 47.33. A. B. C. D. E.

From i-| to 3 inches high. Leaves strap-awlshaped ; in
bundles. Fruit-stalk twisted like a corkscrew. Caps, upright.
Lid conical, pale red. This larger growing plant seldom bears
fruit, and when dry afsumes a darker colour than the following,
variety, but I see no reason for believing them distinct species.

Ireland. Rocks about Llanberris. Dill, P. April — June,

Var. 2. Smaller and shorter.

D///.47.33. F. G.

About an inch high, but little branched, slender, thicker up-
wards. Leaves hair-like, yellow green. Fruit-stalks green, turn-
ing yellowish, variously bent and twisted. Capsules oblong,
slender. Lid pointed, red. Veil whitish. Sometimes 2 or 3
fruit-stalks arise from one branch. Dill. From f to 1 inch
high. Br. fragile. Dickson. I see no reason for making it
distinct from Br. flexuosum, with which it agrees in habit, in the
shape of its leaves, and in its waved fruit-stalks. I have not ob
served it particularly brittle in its dried state. Mr. Griffith.

[About Llyn Aled, Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith.]

Var. 3. Very tall, not bearing capsules.

DHL 32.3.

[Cwmldwel, nearTwell du, Caernarvonshire. Mf.Griffith.
Sphagnum alpinum. Linn.

In the autumn of 1788, some plants of the Sphagnum alpinurr
which I brought from Snowdon were placed in a shady corne
under a water spout ; the result was a conviction that the Sphag
num alpinum is only a variety of the Br. flexuosum. Its luxu
riant growth in bogs accounts for its want of capsules. Thus th
Polytrich. commune, on the quaking bogs of Delamere Forest
often grows to the length of oi a yard, but in that state it neve
bears fruit. Mr. Griffith,

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C.a) S3f;

Obs. When the Br. flexuosum is moist, the capsules lie con-
cealed amongst the leaves by a singular hygrometric quality in
the fruit-stalk; but as the moisture exhales, they become nearly
Upright by several spiral revolutions from the right to the left.

In Mn. heteromallum the revolutions of the fruit-stalk are from
the left to the right. Mr. Griffith.

• » /

Br. Capsules nearly upright, somewhat globular : shoots tetrago'num.
4-cornered, the younger tci dril-like : leaves prefsed
to, strap-awlshaped, Licks. ii. 8.

Dicks. ^..g. a. b .

Full grown shoots upright, with leaves disposed in 4 rows,
blackish, yellowish green above, sometimes sending out young
shoots from the ends; young shoots zigzag like a climbing plant,
reddish. Leaves of the full grown shoots very closely tiled,
i prefsed to, upright, strap-shaped, awlshaped towards the ends ;
those of the voting shoots minute, egg-shaped, few. Capsules up-
right, somewhat oblique, mouth contracted. Fringe with a ring;

Dicks.

Ben Lomond, Scotland.

1

Br. Capsules egg-shaped, lopped, toothed : shoots branch- Davie'sii*
ed : leaves crowded, strap-shaped, curled when dry.

Dicks.

Dicks. 7.6.

Shoots nearly upright, branched, crowded with leaves. Leaves
brown yellow when dry. Fruit-stalk terminating, short. . Capsule
brown yellow. Fringe, teeth short, bent inwards. Lul with a
slender crooked beak. Veil distended, ragged at the bottom.

Dicks.

Discovered by Mr. Davies on the mountains of Wales.

\ X

Br. Capsules egg-shaped, leaning: leaves hair-like, spread- inclinakum.
ing, sheathing. Dicks.

Hedw.sthp. ii.27.

\

About 1 inch high, unbranched, upright. Leaves alternate,
pointing 2 wavs.

Swartzia inclinata. Hedwig. Turf bogs in Scotland. Dicks.

Br. Capsules egg-oblong, somewhat slanting, finely tooth- biparti'tum.
ed : shoots cloven : leaves spear-shaped, acute, keel-
ed, tiled, open, Dicks, ii, 7.

3H2

$3<S CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (C.2)

Dill. 49.50.

Branches and fruit- stalks in pairs. Capsules oblong, brownish.
Lid short. Veil slender, pointed. Leaves narrow, keeled, dark
green. Dill.

Hedges in gardens, walls and ditch banks, common.

Feb. March.

rura'Ie. Br. Capsules cylindrical ; lids conical, acute: shoot branch-
ed : leaves reflected, inversely egg-shaped, blunt,
hair-pointed.

Hedw.hzst.L64 28 to 32-D///.45. 1 2-Vaill .2 5.%-FI.ox .xv .6 . row^,
1. and row /±.2-Buxb.v.^.\.

Branched, 1 or 2 inches high, stellated at the ends. Leaves
numerous, broad-spearshaped, pointed. Fruit-stalks an'inch high,
surrounded by an involucrum at the base. Capsules cylindrical;
mouth with a long fringe. Lid a long cone. Wets. Grows
in dense and elevated tufts. Stems upright, branched, 1 to 2
inches high. Leaves crowded, standing open, fine yellowish green
when wet, but dull greyish and brownish in dry seasons. Dill.

Roofs both thatched and tiled, walls and trunks of trees.

P. Dec. — April.

When this takes to grow upon thatched buildings so as to
cover the thatch, instead of lasting but about ten years it will
endure for an age. Finn. ,

andro'gynum Br. Capsules cylindrical : lids taper-pointed : fruit-stalks

terminating: shoot branched, upright: leaves spear-
shaped, rather expanding.

Fl.dan.2QQ-Happ.\[.Mnium 5-DM.2 1 . i-Vaill.2 9. 6-Mieh.pg.S.
H, Ky e.-Neck.meth.i .q-H.ox.xv .j . row 2.20.

Grows in dense patches; better than half an inch high. /«-
iiolucrutn none. Pollich. Barren flowers terminating, globular,
on fruit-stalks only half the length of those bearing capsules. ,
From one half to near 2 inches high, generally branched, nearly
upright. Leaves not crowded, short, very narrow, pale green,
pointed. Dill.

Woods, heaths, and walls. Roots of trees In moist sandy
woods, dry shady banks by the sides of heaths. Crib y Ddescil. .
Mr. Griffith.] A. March, April.

undula'tum. Br. Capsules nearly upright ; oblong: fruit-stalks mostly

solitary : leaves spear-shaped ; keeled ; w aved ; ex-
panding ; serrated.

3

8.37

CRYPTOGAMI A. MUSCI. Bry«m. (D.i)

Dicks. h. s . - Curt.—Hcdw. stirp . i . 1 6-Dill. 46.1 8 -Vaill. 26. 1 7-//.
o.v.xv.7, row 1 sty g.

Stem 1 to 3 inches, upright, unbranched. Leaves , the upper
ones largest, viz. 2 or 3 lines long, and 1 broad. Fruit-stalks ter-
minating, upright, 1 to 2 inches high ; sometimes 2 together.

Capsules oblong, leaning, bent. Lid sharp pointed, marked with
a scarlet circle. Weis. Sheathing involucrum pyramidal, its top
closely embracing the fruit-stalk. Veil cylindrical, splitting on
one side. Capsules cylindrical. Lid convex; beak very long.

Fringe of 32 teeth; single. Hedwig. Stem in part buried in the
ground. Leaves deep green, thin, pellucid, very finely serrated,
soon curling up when the plant is gathered. Dill.

Polytrichum undulatum . Hedwig. Shady banks, woods about
the roots of trees, and heaths. Aug. — Feb. P.

Br. Capsules nearly upright, oblong, fringed : shoots up- lineage,
right, unbranched: leaves strap- spe^rshaped, tiled,
but expanding. Dicks.

Dicks. 111.8.2.

In crowded patches. Leaves green, yellow. Fruit-stalk ter-
minating, much thicker upwards. Caps . brown. Fringe long,
red. Beak slanting, blunt.

Wet sandy banks in the south of Scotland. Dickson.

D. Capsules on fruit-stalks, drooping.

(1) Stem none, or very short and unbranched*

Br. Capsules somewhat globular : leaves alternate, acute. carneum®
Hedwig. stirp. 1 .20-Dill. ^o.6g~Buxh.ii. 2.^, and 6-Hall. enum.^.

6, at p.118, hist. 45.6, atin.p./pi.

Shoots upright, single, or in tufts, dividing into several
branches 4 or 5 lines long. Leaves f or 1 line long, -§■ a line broad,
not hairy at the end, very entire. Fruitst . terminating the shoots
and the branches, 3 or 4 lines long. Capsules roundish, egg-
shaped. Ring none. Lid short, bluntish. Veil smooth, reacti-
ng but half way down. Pqllich.

Bryum delicatulum. Hedwig. Moist watery places and pastures.

[Wet drains near the bath, Ditchingham, Norfolk. Mr. Stone.]

Summer. Dill. — March, April. Huds.

Var. 2. Capsules green. Branches and fruit-stalks longer.

R. syn. p. 102. n. 52.

Dill. 50. 6g. G.

Yorkshire. Mr. Richardson,

3H3

I

838 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (D.i)

recurva'tum. Br. Capsules roundish : leaves bristle-shaped. Dicks, ii. 7

Hechv .stirp.i .ofi-Jacq. M2sc.11. 1 2.

Original stem hardly % a line in height ; very brittle when
dry. Leaves expanding, lower ones spear-shaped. Barren flowers
in the bosom of the leaves. Fruit-stalks terminating, at first
straight, then arching downwards, becoming straighter again
when old and dry. Capsule pear-shaped. Lid convex, beak
slender, crooked. Fringe single, with 16 teeth. Veil splitting at
the side, bent like the beak of the lid.

Grimmia recurvaia. Hedwig, Barren grafsy places. Calca-
reous rocks. Spring — Autumn.

mnioi'des. Br. Capsules pear-shaped; lid conical: shoot but little

branched : leaves strap-shaped.

Dill. 50.60 -Hedw. stirp.i.^-Hall. enum.Q.j, at p. 1 1 8, hist. 45.7 ,
at iii.^.41 .

In this and in the Mn. crudum , the stem is half as long as the
fruit-stalk. Beautifully shining. Leaves of a greenish golden,
hue. Linn. Forming a firm turf. Distinguishable by its long ;
slender leaves. Fruit-stalks an inch or more in length, terminat-
ing, purple, shining, ifsuing from a brownish green involucrum.
Stellated shoots with longer leaves. Weis. Fruit-stalks serpentine,
pale red to golden yellow. Capsules pear-shaped, green, chang-
ing to yellow red. Dill.

Bryum aureum . Huds. W eh era pyriform is. Hedwig. Mniurn pyri-
forme. Bot nxx.ed.Xi. Rocks in Nottingham Park. [Berwyn
Mountain, in the road between Bala and Llangunnry, and on
Snowdon. Mr. Wood.] P. March-June, [and July. Mr. Wood.]

Var. 2. Capsules egg-cylindrical.

H. ox. xv. 6. f. 20.

This plant has the foliage of the Br. hypnoides, and the cap-
sules of the Br. sericeum. The structure however, of the fringe,
accords with the former. It varies much in size, the shoots from
f to 1 inch, and the fruit-stalks from 1 to 2 inches.

Specimens from Mr. Griffith, who found it on Turbaries
about Llyn Aled, Denbighshire; also about Llanberris. Dillen.
in Hist. Muse, inadvertently refers the above figure to his own
51. 72, but it is very different from that, and pofsibly may prove
a distinct species.

argen'tcum* Br. Capsules egg-shaped : shoots cylindrical, tiled, smooth : ’

leaves egg-spearshaped, hair-pointed.

Dill. 50.62— Curt .166-Fl. dan. 880.2- Vail!. 26. 3- FI. ox.xv.6. row
the last , 17.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryiwn. (D.i) S39

I ,

Grows in patches, about ■§• an inch high, dividing into cylin-
drical shoots 2 or 3 lines long. Leaves egg-spearshaped, ending
in hahs, but so prefsed to the stem as hardly to be discernible to
the naked eye. Fruit-stalks from the base of the shoots, near f
an inch high. Capsules egg-shaped, upright when green, pen-
dent when ripe. Lid short, blunt. Mouth fringed. Veil deci-
duous. Weis. In autumn and early in winter green, afterwards
shining silvery white, especially when dry, which circumstance
alone is sufficient to distinguish it from allother moises. Dill.

Sunny banks, walls, roofs, and rocks. P. Oct. — F'eb.

Var. 2. Shoots greener. Leaves not hairy,

DM.50.63.

Pale or darker green, sometimes shining. Leaves more crowd-
ed than in (i.) not hairy. Capsule, mouth not fringed. Dill.

On the gravel walks of the Oxford Physic Garden. Dill.

Jan. — March.

Br. Capsules club-shaped, long : shoots cylindrical ; root- Zie'rii.

leaves expanding, longer than the stem-leaves. DicKs.ii.S.

Dick s. 4.10.

Shoots simple, upright, pointed, of a flesh-coloured whitish
hue, green towards the end. Leaves closely tiled, prelsed to,
egg-shaped, pointed, riblefs, transparent, the ends when dry re-
clining. Root-leaves surrounding the shoots, expanding, spear-
strapshaped, with a rib, taper-pointed, thrice as long as the rest.

Fruit-stalk from the base of the plant, thrice as long as the shoots.

Capsule deprefsed-pendent, when moist rather upright, on a crook-
ed fruit-stalk, in the dry plant club-shaped, very much elongated
and tapering at the base, the surface somewhat granulated. Fringe
with many teeth. Lid short pyramidal. Veilnot observed. Dicks.

Moist banks in the Highlands. Near Aberfeldy. [Crib y
Ddescil, Caernarvonshire. October. Mr. Griffith.]

Br. Capsules cylindrical; lids conical, dagger-pointed: seri'ceum.
shoot simpde: leaves egg-spearshaped, closing.

Hedvo.hist. 1. 4.1 6 to K)-DiJl.50.6i~Hedzv.stirp.i.q..

About \ an inch high. Stamens and pistils in the same flower.

Fruit-stalk i roan i to 2 inches high. Capsules pendent, but after
discharging their seeds upright. Lid convex, beak very short.

Mouth, fringe double, each of 16 teeth. Hedwig. Stems short.

Lower leaves few, shrivelled, brown. Upper leaves fine pale
green. Plants without capsules taller. Dill.

Weber a nutans. Hedwig. Bryum sericeum. Huds. and Bot. arr.
ed. ii. Woolwich Heath, and Snowdon, about Llanberris; on

840

CRYPTOGAM! A. MUSCI. Bryum. (D.2)

Ingleborough, and other places in Yorkshire. [Glogwyn y Gar-
nedd, and Crib y Ddescil, Caernarvonshire. Mr. Griffith*]

P. March — July.

D. Capsules on fruit-stalks drooping.

r t

(2) Stems upright .

nigri'tura. Br. Capsules egg-shaped, toothed: shoots in bundles:

leaves spear-shaped, keeled, acute. Dicks.

Hediv.stirp. i i i . 3 g .

, Plant, black green. Fruit-stalk black red. Caps . shining,
black, brittle. Lid convex, with a small point.

Wesianigrita. Hedwig. Boggy heaths, Scotland. Dicks. P.

a

puivma'tum. Br. Capsules roundish; veils minute: shoot branched :

leaves oblong, hair-pointed,

Dill. 50.6 5-Happ. iii. Bryum i-Vaill.2g.2-Pet. gaz. 95.15-//. ox,
xv. 6, row the last , 21.g5.62g.

Grows in a tuft or round cushion. Fruit-stalks green, short,
bowed down, so that the capsule prelkes upon the leaves. Caps.
egg-shaped. Veil very thin, very short, barely covering the lid.
.L-rfkaper-pointed. LiNN.y?. suec. n. 993, under B. murale. Fruit-
stalks bending down so that the capsules are buried in the foliage ;
hut in some stages of growth they are upright. Neck. In circu-
lar convex dense patches, about •§■ inch high. Leaves, the lower
ones brown and without hairs. Fruit-stalks terminating, very
short, at first upright, but as the capsule ripens bending down.
Mouth toothed. Veil deciduous. Lid short, pointed. Weis.

Walls and roofs ; the most common of all the Mofses.

March, April.

Var. 2. Capsules shorter and rounder: plant white with hoary
hairs.

Specimen sent by Mr. Griffith. The uppermost leaves end-
ing in very white hairs, as long or longer than themselves.

cubit a'ie. Br. Capsules club-shaped, oblong: shoots and fruit-stalks
bent : leaves arrow-shaped, pointed, bordered. Dicks. ii.9,

Dicks. 5.2.

The largest of all the Bryums. Shoots somewhat branched,
rather recumbent at the base. Leaves expanding, taper-pointed,
with a thick midrib and reddish edge. Fruit-stalk terminating,

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Bryum. (D.2)

very long, a little above the base with an clbow-like bend, of a
gold coloured reddish brown, brightly glittering. Capn'le de~
prefsed and pendent, club-shaped, very long. Fringe, teeth nu-
merous, upright. Dicks. Stems traling near the root, often 3
inches long. Fruitst. 2 to 3 inches long. Mr. Griffith. Leaves
sometimes bristle-pointed, but not always so. In the specimens
of smaller growth the stems are nearly upright, and the bend at
the base of the fruit-stalk is lefs observable.

On moist banks in the Scotch mountains, near Aberfeldy.
[On wet brows by the sides of rivulets in the neighbourhood of
Snowdon; Mr. Giffith, who considers this plant as not specifi-
cally distinct from the Br. alpinum.]

Br. Capsules egg-cylindrical : fruit-stalks axillary : shoots alpi'num*
branched : leaves tiled, spear-shaped, midribbed,
pointed, keeled.

D///.50.64.

Grows densely compacted; variously branched; branches ir-
regular in length. Leaves very numerous, oblong, keeled,
straight, acute ; opake, smooth, shining, purplish green, but in
old plants dark purple below, dark red above. Barren branches
taper at the end, those with fruit-stalks broader. Fruit-stalks an
inch high, dark red purple, ifsuing from a large purple tubercle.

Veil purplish. DiLL. Leaves prefsed to when dry. Griffith.

The younger ones pellucid.

Rocks covered with a thin layer of earth in the ruins of an old
castle near Llanberris. Dill. [Also by the side of Llyn Og.wen,
generally growing in tufts, detached from all other kinds of mofs.

As figured by Dill. 50. 64. C; on the small dripping rocks by
Hendre dwyfan bridge near Cerig y druidion; Denbighsh. Mr.

Griffith.] ‘ P, Apr.— June.

Br. Capsules egg-cy]indrical ; lid beaked: leaves egg- tnargina'tum.
spearshaped, pointed, finely toothed, bordered. Dicks.
ii. 9.

Dlcks.g.j ,a.b.

Shoots mostly simple. Leaves , teeth remote, the midrib and
edge red and thick. Fruit-stalks solitary. Caps, half egg-shaped.

Lid conical. Veil awl-shaped. Dicks,

Pastures, Scotland,

Hi .

bryoi'des.

CR Y PTGGAM1 A. MUSCI. Hypnuin. (A.j)

HYP'NUM. Fruit-stalk from a lateral tubercle, fenced
with scales : capsule outer fringe with 1 6 teeth.
Male a bud, generally on a different plant.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE HYPNUMS.

A. ( i ) Unbrauched, winged with leaves : capsules upright.

(2) Unbranched, winged with leaves: capsules leaning,

(3) Branched, winged with leaves: capsules leaning.

(4) Branched, winged with leaves: capsules drooping.

B. ( 1 ) Branches irregular ; leaves irregular : capsules up»

right.

(2) Branches irregular; leaves irregular; capsules
leaning.

C. (1) Shoots winged with branches: capsules upright.

(2) Shoots winged with branches: capsules leaning.

(3) Shoots winged with branches : capsules drooping,

D. (1) Leaves bent back : capsules upright.

(2) Leaves bent back : capsules leaning.

E. Plant shrub-like : branches in bundles1.

i i -

F. (1) Shoots nearly cylindrical : capsules upright.

(2) Shoots nearly cylindrical: capsules leaning.

(3) Shoots nearly cylindrical : capsules drooping.

G. ( 1 ) Shoots crowded : capsules upright.

(2) Shoots crowded : capsufes leaning,

A. (1) Plant unbranched, winged with leaves. Laps, upright.

H. Fruit-stalks terminating; capsules oblong, lid acute :

leafits spear-shaped, acute.

Hecfa). stirp . iii. 2g— Dill. 34. i-Vadl. 24* 1 3“~F/. dan.£J$,l~H'0X.
xv. 6. imv 4. n-BHxl.i.64.3.

2

CRY PTOG A MI A . MUSCI. Hypnum.(A.2) 843

Very small, but distinguished by its capsules edged at the
mouth, with a deep red fringe. Linn. The smallest of the genus.

Shoots 2 or 3 lines long. Leaf is 7 or 8 pair. Fruit-stalks as long,
or longer than the shoots, generally solitary. Capsules upright,
egg-shaped. Weis. Many growing together as if from one root,
but each plant has its separate root, though sometimes 2 or 3
shoots spring from one root. Shoots not branched, short, reclin-
ing. Leaves green, not pellucid. Crpsules small, upright, ob-
long, green. Veil very small, greenish. Lid scarlet. Fruit-stalks
reddish, ifsuing from near the end of the shoots, and without any
evident involucrum. Dill. Midrib of the leafits pellucid. Mr.

Stackhouse.

Fifsidens bryoides . Hedw. Shady places, woods, and ditch
banks. A. Feb. — May.

A. (2; Unbranched , winged with leaves . Capsules leaning •

H. Seldom branched: fruit-stalks from the base: capsules denticulakum
cylindrical ; lid blunt : leaves wedge-shaped, acute,
in pairs, 2 rowed.

D///. 3 4 . 5-//. sa . x v . 6 . row i.o6~Vaill.2g.do

Leafits triangularly egg-shaped, hooked. Weber, Shoots
several, lying on the ground, to i-^inch long, seldom branched.

Leaves in a double row on each side, soft, pellucid, shining, pale
green, pointed and bent back towards the end. Fruit-stalks from
the base of the shoots, reddish, an inch or more in length.

Capsules oblong, straight, covered by the veil, which is of a straw
colour ; becoming bent as it approaches to maturity. Lid short,

Dill.

Woods, and moist shady places on the ground, and on trunks
of trees. P. March, April.

H. Nearly upright: fruit-stalks terminating: capsules asplenioi'des.
nearly cylindrical ; beak bent : leafits spear-shaped,
blunt.

Dicks. h.s. and fasc.5.5.

Habit that of H. adiantoides , but smaller, and the fruit-stalk
always terminating. Leaves tiled at the base, almost embracing
the stem, spear-shaped, bluntisb, somewhat keeled, the midrib
reddish, sometimes rolled in at the ends. Beak slanting, white,
as long as the capsule. Dicks.

Bogs in the Highlands, near Ben Lomond.

/

4§4 CRYPTQGAMIA, MUSCI. Hypniim. (A 3.)

A (2) Branched ; winged with leaves : capsules leaning ,

trichoma- H* Leaves oblong, blunt, hollowed on the under edge : cap-
noi'des. sules nearly cylindrical: beak bent.

Dill, 34.8.

Leaves convex above, the ends reflected. Dill. Leaves in-
versely egg-shaped, but somewhat hollowed on the under edge ;
very broad at the end, but with a minute point. Fence leaves
spear-awlshaped. Capsules nearly upright.

Hypn. complanatum . (3 Hud's, and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Ditches in
Woods, and roots of trees. P.

adiantoi'des. K. Plant somewhat branched : fruit-stalks from the side:

capsules nearly cylindrical : lid conical, short: leafits
spear-shaped.

Diels. h. s.-Hedv), stirp. i ii . 2 6-E. bo t . 2 6 4 -Dill. 34.3- Vaill. 28.5-
Buxb.'ii.i.Q.

Two or three inches long, straight; leafits 12 to 16 pair. Fruit-
stalks 1 inch high. Neck. Branched from the base* Leaves not
pointed. Capsules leaning. Lid red. Veil as long as capsule.
Scop. Upright, branched. Leaves shining. Fruit-stalks red,
lateral. Capsules brownish, turning red. Lid scarlet, pointed.
Dill. Leafits not serrated as mentioned by Leers. Mr. Griffith.

Fifsidens adiantoides . Hcdw. Bogs ; moist heaths. [Crib y
Pdeseil, and Clogwyn y Garnedd. Mr. Griffith.]

F. March, April.

sylvat'icum. H. Plant branched, trailing: frnit-stalks from the side:

Jeafits acute.

Dill. 34.6.

Shoots branched. Branches undivided, few, not shining.
Fruit-stalks lateral. Lids of the capsule pointed. Dill.

Woods at the roots of trees, (Rivelstqn Wood near Edin-
burgh. Dr, J. E. Si^ith. — Near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

P. April, May.

complana'- H. Plant flatted, much branched : capsules egg-shaped;
turn. lid conical : leaves in 2 rows, tiled, bluntly egg-

shaped, doubled together.

D///. 34.7-^/77.23. 4; andii .ij-FI.ox.xv.tj.row 2 .5, and

Forming broad leafy strata on the trunks of trees. Plant from
1 to 3 or 4 inches long, creeping. Leafits alternate, in 2 rows, in

«45

CRYPTOGAMIA. MOSCI. Hypnum. (A. 4.)

the young shoots very closely crowded. Fruit-stalks an inch
high, numerous on the mid-rib, or from the forks of the branches.
Fence large, hairy. Capsules egg-shaped. Lid conical, beaked.
Weis. Two or three inches long. Branches opposite or alter-
nate. Leaves soft, pellucid, yellow green, shining. Fence scaly.
Veil slender, whitish, crooked. Dill.

Trunks of trees. P. March, April.

A. (4) Branched; winged with leaves : capsules drooping,

H. Unbranched; fruitstalks from the base: capsules ob-
long; lid taper-pointed: leafits oblong, acute.

Dill. 34.2- Vail I.24. 1 i-Fl.dan.e^j^.2.

Leafits about 12 pair on each shoot, when young; more in the
older shoots. Capsules near cylindrical, drooping, broadest at
the mouth. Veil turned up at the end. Weis. Leaves spear-
shaped, with a point at the end. Weber. Shoots several* from
one root, not branched ; dark green. Fence at the base of the
shoots, composed of a few scales. Lid scarlet, beak pointed,
crooked. Veil pale. Dill.

W'oods, hedges, and shady banks. Feb. — May.

• v

H. Branched: fruit-stalks lateral: capsules egg-shaped.

Scop. 62. 1333, <2ni. p.321.

Shoots slender, hardly 1 inch long, not numerous. Leaves
thinly set. Capsules reddish ; mouth with 2 rows of fringe. Lid
with a slender brak. Veil white, chaffy. Scop.

Woods at the roots of trees, Scotland, [and on walls. Scop.]

H. Shoots branched; branches tvinged with leafits: fruit-
stalks lateral: capsules drooping: leafits egg-shaped,
dotted.

Dicks, h.s. -Dill. 34. 1 o.

T railing. Branches brittle, blunt. Leaves egg-shaped, pointed,
flat, shining as if wet with dew. Fruit-stalks inch long, lateral.
Capsules nodding. Scop. Shoots about 2 inches long, sometimes
branched. Leaves large, thin, soft, pellucid, pale green, placed
alternately :n 2 or 3 rows. Capsules small for the size of the plant
egg-shaped, more or lefs nodding, dark brown. Lid spit-pointed.
Veil straight, sharp, whitish. Dill.

Woods, wet ditches, wet shady marshy places.

P. April — June,

taxifo'lium.

rotundifo'-

iium.

lu'cens.

$4<> CRYPT OG A MIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (B.i)

1

B. ( i ) Brandies irregular ; leaves irregular ; capsules

upright .

stella'tum. H. Shoots upright: leaves egg-shaped, ending in long

points, rather expanding, coloured.

Dicks, h . s. -Dicks. i .7-D///.39.35- Vaill. 28.10.

Shoots somewhat branched, somewhat tawney at the base, yel-
lowish at the end. Leaves spear-awlshaped, the ends standing
out. Fruit-stalks few, lateral, nearly an inch long, almost upright,
red. Capsules egg-shaped, but bulging on one side. Lid short,
pointed, distinguishable at first sight from H. cuspidatumy by the
leaves at the ends of the stems not being rolled in, but expanding.
Dicks.

Turfy bogs. Relh. n. 1018. [Low wet meadows in Earsham3
near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

• ✓ ' '' Yj

sciuroi'des. H. Shoot upright, somewhat branched, bent; leaves tiled,

egg-spearshaped, hair-pointed : capsules oblong ; lid
conical.

Dill. 41.54- Vaill. 27.1 2 -KniphL-H. ox.xv.^yrorJ) the lastly.

Shoots 2 inches long, cylindrical. Involucrum rising half way
up the fruit-stalk. Neck. Stem creeping, 3 or 4 inches long.
Shoots from 1 to if inch; seldom branched. Leaves closely tiled,
egg-spearshaped, pointed, ending in hairs. Fruit-stalks lateral,
upright, f inch high. Involucrum slender, scaly. Capsules cylin-
drical-eggshaped. Lid conical, pointed. Fringe white. Veil
yellow at the end. Weis. Creeping, interwoven, fixed to the
bark of trees. Branches numerous, upright, simple or divided,
but generally bent like the tail of a squirrel. Involucrum at the
base of the branches, slender, scales narrow, ending in short hairs.
Capsules upright, dark brown when ripe. Lid very small. Fruit-
stalks twisting when dry. Dill.

Trunks of old trees. [Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

P. Feb.— April.

refus'cens. H. Branches comprefsed : leaves hair-pointed, shining :

capsules upright ; lid conical. Dicks.

Dicks. 8.4.

But little branched ; branches cylindrical but flatted, entirely
covered with the tiled leaves, which are slender, straight, spear-
shaped, ending in a hair, seldom a full green, but generally yel-
lowish or reddish. Capsules nearly cylindrical, slender, uptight.
Fringe white . Lid crimson, conical, acute. Haller. Has been
confounded with the Hypn. nitens, but differs from that in hav-

J

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (B.i) S47

ing upright capsules,- a very short involucruto, and few, but long
branches. Dicks. Fasc. iii. p. g.

[Crib y Ddescil, though rarely with capsules. Mr. Griffith.]

H. Shoots ascending : fruit-stalks lateral : capsules oblong ; cris'pum.
beak of the lid bent: leaves oblong, blunt, wrinkled,
in 2 rows.

Dicks. h.s.-Dztt. §6.1 2-Hall. enum. 3. 5, at p. iog, hist. 46. 5, a*

Wi.p, 56-Happ.ii.Hypn.5-H.ox.xv.rj, row 3. 10,/. 62,5.

The most elegant of the genus. Grows in dense broad strata.

Shoots a span long, flat, a little raised. Leafits closely tiled, alter-
nate, in 2 rows, spear-shaped, blunt, shining, wrinkled. Fruit-
stalks inch long, lateral. Involucrum , leaves paler. Capsules
nearly upright, egg-shaped. Lid with a long beak. Veil long.

Weis. From 2 to 12 inches long, crowded and lying one upon
another, branches comprefsed, blunt, undivided, alternate or in
pairs. Leaves crisp, transversely waved. The whole plant is
pale green in winter, yellowish in summer. Dill.

On chalk hills near Gravesend, and on the hanks of the
Thames out of the tide’s way. O11 St. Vincent's rocks, and on the
Welsh mountains. [About Kirby Lonsdale, Westmoreland.

Dr. J. E. Smith. On rocks in Gam Dingle, 3 miles from Den-
bigh. Mr. Griffith.] P. March, April.

H. Shootscreeping: leaves broad, spear-shaped, pointed, rne'diimj.
tiled but open: capsules cylindrical, fringed.

DHL 4 2.6 5.

Crowded together. Leaves prefsed to when dry. Fruit-stalks
lefs than -§• inch in length. Dill.

The foot of trees in woods in Scotland.

H. Shoots crowded, upright: branches somewhat bundled, pulcheVlun?,
strap-shaped: fruit-stalks long: capsules upright,
somewhat oblique. Dicks, ii. 13.

Dicks.h.s. and fasc. 5.6.

Shoots short, crowded into close tufts. Branches nearly equal,
expanding. Leaves near together, egg-spearshaped, shining.

Involucrum short. Fruit-stalk as long again as the shoot, rising
from its base, upright. Capsules inversely-eggshaped. Fringe
toothed. Lid pyramidal. Veil, none on the specimens. Dicks.

Shadv woods, Scotland.

1 '

84B

viticuloEum.

ruscifo'Iium,

lutes'cens.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (B.2)

H. Shoots branched, prostrate: leaves oblong, acute, ex-
panding : capsules oblong; lid conical.

Dicks.Ls.-Dill.^g.^-ILox.xv.^y row t .j-VaHl.23. i-Pluk.tpj

Covering the trunks of trees in large patches. Stems fibrous,
creeping, very long, branched. Branches upright, when dry
cylindrical, and twisted like a rope. Leasts nearly triangular,
the upper ones largest. Fruit-stalks about an inch high, rising
from the bosom of the branches, out of small hairy scaly fences.
Capsules small, shining. Lidve ry short, conical, pointed. Mouth
fringed when magnified, smooth to the naked eye. Weis. Fruit-
stalks and capsules upright. Appears crisp when dry. Leaves tri-
angular, keeled, pointed but not hairy. Dill.

On trunks of trees, and sometimes on the ground on the chalk
hills between Northfleet and Gravesend. Dill. 307. — [By the
north west corner of the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale; and in Ar-
mingdale Wood, near Norwich. Dr. J. E. Smith. — Earsham,
Suffolk. Mr. Stqne.] P. March, April.

\ 9

B. {2) Branches irregular ; leaves irregular ; capsules leaning .

H. Stem elongated, somewhat branched ; leaves heart-
shaped,' concave, finely serrulated, diverging; lid
convex, beaked.

Hedw.stirp.iv.^-Dill.^S.^ r .

Adhering to stones under water, in broad patches, 1 or 2
inches or more in length, according to the rapidity ol the stream.
Branches upright, cylindrical below, flat above. Leaves egg-
spearshaped, closely tiled, 2-rowed, and lefs compacted upwards.
Fruit-stalks on the stem between the shoots, and from the bosom
of the leaves. Capsules short, thick, drooping. Lid beaked.
Mouth, fringe long. Weis. Leaves deep dull green. Fruit-stalks
% an inch high. Dill.

Hypn, riparioides. Hedwig. H.rutabulum. h Huds. and Bot. arr.
ed. ii. In rivulets and waters in Yorkshire. Dill.

The shoots are often incrusted with calcareous earth, which^
in time it accumulates so as to form stones of 20 or 30 pounds
weight. Weis,

H. Shoots trailing : fruit-stalks lateral : leaves egg-spear-
shaped, scored.

Dicks.h.s.-Hedw.stirp.i^ 1 6-D///.42.60.

Differs from H. senceum in the shoots being longer, more
slender and limber ; the branches more distant and ieis crooked,
the fruit-stalks longer, the leaves and the involucrum longer ;

249

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (B.s.)

the capsules rather shorter, and bent; the lid also bending.
Fruit-stalks from the shoot as well as from the branches. Dill.
Plant of a pale yellow' green.

H. sericeum. y Huds. ed. ii. 506. Chalk Hills between North-
fleet and Gravesend, and on trunks of trees near Woding and
Beddington, Surry. Huds. — Gogmagog Hills. Relh.

P. Jan. — April.

H. Leaves spear-shaped, scored, hair-pointed.: capsules cami'bicum*
cylindrical, leaning. Dicks.

Vail!. 27.1. •

Nerves on the leaves more than three* Caps, never upright*

Scop.

On trees, in moist shady places.

H. Shoots creeping: branches short : fruit-stalks lateral; intrica'tum,
capsules urn-shaped, beak bent: leaves spreading,
spear-shaped, taper-pointed.

E.l>0t.2O2-VaiI!.28.2.

Forms a close green mat on the decayed bark of trees in damp
woods. Shoots several inches in length. Branches short, slender.

Veil slender, cylindrical, whitish. E. hot.

First found by Mr. Teesdale, and since by Dr. Smith, in
woods on the south east side the river at Matlock Bath.

H. Shoots branched ; branches somewhat winged : leaves undulahurn*
waved and folded : fruit-stalks lateral and axillary.

Dicks. h.s.—Dill.^6. 1 i-H.ox.xv.6.33.

A span long, lying flat. Leafits closely tiled, in a double or
triple series. Weis. Fruit-stalks long, slender, reddish. Veil
straw-coloured, with a brown spot at the end. Capsules oblong.

Lid spit-pointed. Mouth fringed. Involucrum , leaves narrow,
short, bent back. Shoot not always branched; its rib yellowish.

Leaves tender, pellucid, smooth, shining, pale green, not chang-
ing colour when dry. Involucrum lateral, and in the angles ot the
branches, composed of short, narrow reflected scales. Fruit-stalks
1% to 2 inches long. Capsules rust-coloured, crooked when ripe.

Lid pointed. Dill.

Woods, shady places, and moist rocks. On the top of Snow-
don. [Rivelston Wood, near Edinburg. Dr. J. E. Smith.]

P. March — ApriL

VOL, III % l

»

35°

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (B.2.)

albicans# H. Shoot branched, ascending: fruit-stalks lateral : cap-
sules oblong, lid conical, blunt: leaves oblong-spear-
shaped, bristle-pointed.

- ' /

Dicks.h. s.-Hedw. stirp. 1v.5-Vaill.26. g -Dili. 42.63.

Shots about 2 inches long, scattered, almost upright, but little
branched, yellowish green mixed with white. Leaves spear-shaped,
bristly at the end, everywhere surrounding the stem. Fruit- stalks
lateral, £ inch high, upright, red; but rarely found. Capsules
small, oval, oblique, rather nodding; yellow red. Lid short.
Mouth fringed. Dicks. Scarcely upright, not crowded together,
a little branched, shoots slender, yellowish pale green. Leaves
slender, prefsed to, soft, shining. Involucrwn hairy. Dill.

In loose sandy soil on heaths, and places thinly clothed with
grafs ; but seldom with capsules. Dill. 329. — [Bungay Common,
Suffolk. Mr. Cr owe. Mr. Stone.] 0 May.

stria'tum. H. Branches crooked : leaves egg-shaped, scored, acute,

expanding in every direction : lid pointed.

Hedw.stirp.lv. 13-Dill. 38. 30-Vaill. 27. l-H.ox.xv.5, row 3. 8 .
p. 625.

Slender, creeping, matted together, irregularly branched.
Leaves small, triangular, pale green. Fruit-stalks to i of an
inch in length. Capsules swollen, short, nodding. Involucnm
slender, scales narrow, ending in hairs. Dill.

Hypn. rutabuhm. y. Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Woods and
bushes, on the rootsand trunks of trees. Dill. P, Jan,

triquetrum# II. Branches bowed back ; leaves egg-shaped, spreading:

fruit-stalks axillary.

Dill. 3 8 . 2 3- Vaill. 28.9- Bux b . i v . 6 3 . r .

Branches unequal. Leaves triangular, pointed. Linn. Spread-
ing to a foot in length, reddish, elastic, rising upwards. Often
grows upright. Branches frequently bent to the ground, their ex-
tremities taking root. Leaves broad, triangular, not keeled, ten-
der, pellucid, pale green, pointed. Involucrum rigid, oblong,
composed of reflected scales, sometimes 2 or 3 together. Fruit-
stalks seldom more than an inch high. Capsules upright, thin ;
when ripe thicker, leaning, crooked. Dill.

Woods about the roots of trees, and in dry barren pastures.

P. Sept, — J an.

Used to pack glafs and earthen ware, Weis.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (C.i.) 85

H. Shoots branched : capsules oblong; lids conical : leaves flu'itans.
egg-spearshaped, distant, expanding,

C///.33.6.

Fruit-stalks fine, red, in some plants very long, in others
scarcely an inch long. Capsules red, hooked, very^short, fringed
at the mouth. Linn. Much branched, slender, a foot long or
more, either upright or floating. Leaves narrow, alternate, thoee
on the stem fewer and broader than those on the branches, soft,
pellucid, yellow green. Capsules not hitherto found. Dill.

Stagnant waters. Marshy places in Ireland, in a ditch near
the road from Oxford to Marston, ditches near Hackney, and
elsewhere about London, and in a small pond in a pasture oppo-
site Great Founder’s Close, Cambridge.

H. Branches irregular, ascending : leaves tiled, egg-shaped, rutab'ulum,
acute, sharp-pointed: lids conical.

Hedciv.stirp.W.i2-Buxb.iv.62.2-Fl.dan.82^.2-H.ox.xv.6. row 5.

18- Valll. 27.8 —Dill. 38. 29, capsules the best , but the shoots , as
Haller remarks , arc too round-H.ox.xv .6.35.

Leaves pellucid. Capsules nodding. Mouth i ringed. Weis;

Leaves triangular, green, shining when dry, not keeled. Caps.
dark brown, shining. Dill.

Grows much crowded, in patches, and full of fructifications.

Caps. curved, leaning one way. Leaves keeled, but without a
midrib; transparent, closely tiling the shoot. Mr. Stackhouse.

Woods and hedges, on the roots and trunks of trees, and shrubs :
on the ground in barren places. P. Sept. — Jan;

Var. 2. Upright, short. Leaves slender.

Marshy places. Dill. in. R. syn.p.8%, n. 18.

C. (1) Shoots winged with branches : capsules upright .

H, Leaves nearly circular, somewhat concave : capsules Smith'iu
egg-cylindrical: veil hairy upwards. Dicks, ii. 10.

Dicks. 5.4.

Deep green. Shoots hard, woody, pointed : in the middle, or
towards the end bowed in. Branches if prefsed down recovering
their former direction, on the prefsure being removed. Wings
strap-shaped, bowed in and curled at the ends. Leaves tiled-open,
prefsed to at the base. Jnvolucrum cylindrical, the leaves egg-
ipearshaped, ending in hairs. Fruit-stalks numerous, solitary,

3i 2

$52

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (C.i.)

very short. Capsules upright, egg-shaped, nearly cylindrical,
reddish brown, shining. Fringe obscurely toothed. Lid roundish,
with a beak a little oblique. L?// slanting. Dicks.

Trunks of trees near Barham Downs, Kent. Dr. J. E. Smith.

penna'tuin. H. Leaves egg-spearshaped, tiled, pointed, in 2 rows, com-

prefsed, waved : involucrum as long as the fruit-
stalk.

Dicks.h.s.-Hedw.stirp. iii.20 -Dicks, fasc.i.B.

Differs from H. complanatum in the leaves being transversely
waved, and the fruit-stalk not being longer than the involucrum;
and from the Fontinalis pennata in the capsule standing out of
the involucrum. Dicks.

Neekera pumila . Hedw. Hypn . pumilum , and H. Dickson! , of
Gmel. syst. veg. [Trunks of tree9 in woods between Troutbeck
and Ambleside, Westmoreland. Dr. J. E. Smith.]

ni'tens. M. Branches very short: leaves spear-awlshaped, shining.

DM-39-3 7-

Shoots upright, 1 to 3 inches high. Branches lateral. Leaves
closely set. Fruit-stalks terminating and axillary. Capsules egg-
shaped, leaning when ripe. Lid short, conical, pointed. Mouth
entire. Weber. Leaves very narrow, almost hair-like. Invol,
very long. Dill. Fruit-stalk near 2 inches long; capsule rather
crooked, which gives it the appearance of leaning.

Turf bogs, Scotland. Dicks, ii. 12.

% ,

prolix'um. H. Shoots very long, rather leaflefs below: capsules egg-

shaped, fringed: fruit-stalks lateral, ascending, short.

, D///.38.32; and 85.20.

Shoots 12 inches or more in length, upright in stagnant, float-
ing in running water, closely crowded, sending out a few short
branches towards the ends. Leaves numerous, small, tiled ; under
ones the largest. Involucrum a small bulb, composed of a few
short scales. Fruit- stalks short. Capsules small. Dill.

Alpine rivulets in Scotland. On Ben Glow.

plumo'sum. H. Shoots creeping: branches crowded: leaves tiled ; awl-

shaped.

Dicks. h. s.-IIedw. sti rp . i v . 1 5-D///.3 5. 1 6.

Shoots about a span long, brownish, with dark rust-coloured
wool underneath, by which it adheres, closely. Branches from
each side of the shoot, generally undivided, cloathed with very
♦lender soft and shining leaves. Involucrum hairy. Dill.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (C.2.)

H. sericeum (3 Huds. 506. Trunks and roots of trees in En-
field Forest, and on brick walls about London. Dill. Jan. Feb-

C. (2) Shoots winged with branches: capsules leaning .

H. Shoots proliferous; nearly flat, not shining: fruit-stalks proliferum.
several together: involucrum bristly.

Curt .-Dill. 3 5 . 1 4- F aill. 25.1 -if. ov.xv. 5, rove ^.po-Tourn.^Q.c.

- Ger . 1 372.7 -Ger.em. 1 56 1 .j-Park. 1 3 1 0.3- J.F.iii.765. 1 ,

Its structure is very singular; one large compound shoot pro-
ceeding from the middle or disk of another, and this repeated
several times in the same plant. Linn. A span long or more,
doubly winged. Fruit-stalks an inch long, (or more) from the
middle of the shoot, and from the rib of the branches 1 to 3 (4 or
5) in a place. Involucrum large, conical, hairy. Lid conical,
pointed. Veil oblique. Weis. Capsules leaning, reddish, thick.

Mouth, fringe in a double row. Leaves so minute as hardly to be
well distinguished by the naked eye. Caps, reddish, at first straight,
then crooked. The leaves smaller, not shining, the shoots more
serpentine, and the bristly involucrum distinguish\this from the
Hypn. parietinum. Dill. Hypn. pari etinum, and Hypn, prolife rum
pf Gmel. syst. veg. are both the same plant.

Heaths and thick shady woods. P. Dec. — Feb. Curt.

Covers the surface of the earth in the thickest woods through
which the sun never shines, and where no other plant can grow.

Linn,

H. Shoots proliferous, nearly flat, shining: fruit-stalks parieti'numl
several together: involucrum scaly.

Vaill.2g.1-Dill.35.13-Buxb.ii. 1.2, and ii. 2. 1. Happ. i.Hypn.

3-Vaill. 29.1.

Fruit-stalks 4, 5, or more together, at the base of the
branches ; about 1 5 lines long. Shoot bent at the places where
the branches ifsue out, so as to be zigzag. Very like the //.
proliferum in its mode of growth, and in the proliferous shoots
sending out other similar shoots, but the leafits are more distinct,
lefs compacted together, of a pale green with a silky glofs. Weis,

Shoots lying on the ground, from a span to a foot long, consisting
of 3 or 4 parts, shewing the annual increase, and as it grows in
length at one end, the other end is converted into roots. Branches
winged. The new shoot puts forth in the spring not from the
end of the old one, but near to its end ; is very densely cloathed
with leaves, and after a time sends out branches. Fence scales
reflected. Dill. Both in this and in the Hypn. proliferum 5 the
shoots resemble the winged leaves of Ferns.

3 * 3

*>54 CRYPTOGAM! A. MUSCI. Hypnum. (C.3.)

Woods, heaths, and shady places. P. Feb. March.

It i$ used in Sweden to fill up the chinks in the walls of tim-
ber houses.

fllic'inum. H. Shoots simply winged : leaves oblong, taper pointed,

reflected, pointing one way: capsules nearly cylin-
drical ; lid convex.

Vaill. 29. g.— D///.36. 1 g.

Fertile shoots trailing, the barren ones upright. Fruit-stalks
1 or 2 inches long; from the bofom of the branches; coloured.
Neck. Shoots from 3 to 6 inches, undivided, winged. Wings
leafy. Fruit-stalks from the middle of the shoots, one or more in a
place. Fence hairy. Capsules leaning. Lid conical, short, blunt.
Weis. Sometimes branched; alwayssending out numerous lateral
shoots, which are shorter as they grow nearer to the end of the
stem. Leaves very numerous, pleasant green, narrow, bent back.
Dill.

Marshy places, and near springs. [Bungay, Suffolk.Mr.STONE ,]

P. March. Huns. — Summer. Dill,

Var. 2. Smaller; yellow green.

Dill. 36.21.

Leaves yellow green, fmooth, narrow, fpit-pointed, upper ones
straight, lower ones mostly bent back. Fruit-stalks often twisted
and varioufly bent, reddish, if inch long. Fence pyramidal, fcaly
and hairy. Dill.

Wet heaths and other marshy places. Early ip the spring.

Crista-cas- H. Branches near together; bowed back.

tren'sis# Dicks. h.s.-Vaill. 27, 1 4.-D///. 36,20.

It very much resembles an ostrich feather from its shining parallel
rays, by which, and by its silky hue, it is readily distinguishable*
Fructifications seldom to be met with. Linn. Fruit-stalks f inch
to inch long; from the base of the branches. Neck. Grows in
broad patches, reclining, flat, one plant over another. Leajits
hooked, very sharp. Branches triangular, the ends bent back.
Weis. Branches crowded, ends reflected. Leaves numerous, bent
back, yellowish green ; downy, crisp. Dill.

Chalk hills, rocks, about the roots in dry woods and stony soils.

[Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.] P. March, April.

. \

C. (3) Shoots winged with branches', capsules drooping .

du'bium. H, Shoots taper-pointed : leaves upright but expanding :

capsules oblong, crooked. Dicks,

D/V/.36.21.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCL Hypnnm. (C.3.)

Leaves yellow green, smooth, narrow, spit-pointed, upright on
the upper, reflected on the lower shoots. Fruit-stalks often bent
and twisted in a young state; afterwards becoming straight.

Capsule oblong, crooked when old. Lid short. Involucrinn pyrami-
dal, its scales hair-pointed. Dill.

Wet heaths and marshy places. Febr.

H. Branches somewhat cylindrical, distant, unequal: leaves abie'tinum,
egg-spcarshaped, closely tiled.

Dill 35. 1 j—Vai/leg. 1 2. --/Ac*, xv.ro w. 4. 2 2. ^.6 26.

Fruit -stalks from the middle of the rib of the shoot, single, purple,
straight, as long as the shoot. Veil upright; awl-shaped; pale.

Capsule yello wish red, more bowed back than in any of the rest :
edge of the mouth entire, with a short open fringe within. Linn.

Shoots 2 to 4 inches long, elastic when fresh, brittle when dry.

Wings limber, alternate below, opposite and shorter abovef Leajits
egg-spearshaped, scored, ending in hairs, closely tiled. Weis.

Branches straight. Leaves straight, which distinguishes it from
the H.jilicinum. Scop. Grows matted together, half upright,
sometimes branched, 3 to 5 inches long. Side shoots awl-shaped,
numerous, opposite, surrounded on every side by small dull yel-
low green leaves. No fructification yet found. Dill.

Mountainous places. On hills near Hinkfey, Oxfordshire. Dill,

. — In dry shady places., and on Chalk hills about Northfleet.

P. March.

H. Shoots somewhat winged ; trailing, fibrous : branches prxlon'gum
remote : leaves egg-shaped.

Hedw.sfi: rp . i v. 2 g . -Dill. 3 5 . 1 5 VailL 2 3 . 9 . ■ - Buxb . I v . 6 3 . 3 .

Leajits ferrated. At first sight distinguishable from ail the
other Hypnums by its shoots being very long, very closely crowd-
ed together, covering the trunks of trees in broad patches and
hanging down. Shoots trailing, very tender, brittle when dry,
a span long, or more, clinging to the trees by means of nume-
rous brown woolly fibres. Leajits small, triangular, endingin a
hooked hair; alternate, in a double row. Weis. From a
span to a foot in length; doubly winged. Leaves very small, tri-
angular. Fruit-stalks an inch long, purple. Capsules deli green,
brown when ripe; short, nodding. Veil pale green, straight. Dill.

Trunks of trees, rotten wood, and wet ground. [Bungay,

Suffolk. Mr, Stone.] - P. Oct, — Feb.

^5^ CRYPTOGAMIA, MUSCI. Hypnum. (D.i.)

D. ( i ) Leaves lent back : capsules upright .

.ugo sum. H. Snoots scattered, rather upright : leaves pointing one

way, wrinkled at the base : fruit-stalks axillary.

Dicks .h.s .—Dill. 37.24.

Leaves spear-shaped, narrow, sharply pointed, closely tiled.
Poll 1 c n. Shoots seldom more than g inches long, thick, lying
on the ground, crowded together, irregularly branched. Leaves
exceedingly crowded, dry, crisp, their points in one direction,
yellow gieen, when old or dry quite yellow. The fruit-bearing
plants glow a little distant from the others, and have a different
appeal ance. They are thinner, more pointed ; the leaves more
uniform, and lefs yellow. Lnroolucrum open, scaly, at the origin
of the branches. Fruit-stalks of an inch high. Capsules cylin-
drical, straight, slender, red when ripe. Dill.

In bogs in Scotland. Near Loch Rannoch, Dicks.

•dagellaie. H. Shoots creeping: branches upright, rarely divided:

leaves spear-shaped, taper-pointed, the ends re-
flected.

Dill, 3 9.42.

Leaves small, smooth, not much pellucid, produces its cap-
sules in September. Dill.

On stones near rivulets in the Highlands of Scotland.

D. (2) Leaves bent back : capsules leaning .

^corpioi des. H. Branches waved, trailing, hooked : leaves pointing

one way, tapering to a point.

Dicks. h.s .-DHI.3J ,2 5.

'Branches brown, hooked, and yellow at the ends. Linn. Shoots
trailing, cylindrical, 1 to 3 inches long. Branches rising upwards,
thick, bent and thicker at the ends, about 1 inch long. Leaves
spear-shaped, often ending in hairs, wrinkled at the base. Fruit-
stalks •§ to 1 inch high. Capsules cylindrical, slender, leaning.
Lid pointed. Mouth with a white fringe. Weber. The barren
plants are longer and thicker than the fertile plants, colour dark
red, the ends purple and green. The fertile plants are entirely
green, except here and there a little purple. Dill.

Turfy bogs and marshes. Near Bishop’s Castle, Shropshire,
and about Penter, near Bangor. Near Norwich, and in the
North of England; and at Corriattaehan in Strath Swandie in

/

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. H

ypnum. (D.2.) 857

the Isle of Sky, [Turf pits on Ellingham and Geldcstone fens.

Mr. Stone. On Snowdon and Cader Idris. Mr. Griffith.]

P. Nov. — April.

H. Branches straggling : leaves spear-shaped, acute, bent squarro'sum.
back in 5 different directions.

Fl.dan. 535.1-Dill. 39.3S-H.0x.xv. 5, row 2.2-Fi.dan.6±S.3.

Often 6 inches long, creeping, rib a beautiful purple, shining
through the interstices of the leaves. Leaves ending in a sharp
point, as fine as a hair. Fruit-stalks 1 inch to if high, straight,
springing from a cylindrical, scaly and hairy fence. Capsules egg-
shaped, leaning. Lid blunt. Mouth wide open, fringe yellow.

I have found capsules in July. Weis. Dill. Capsules rarely
met with. Ray. Fruit -stalks -solitary or in pairs. Lid not large
enough to cover the mouth of the capsule, but joined to it by a
kind of groove. Mr. Stackhouse.

Moist meadows and pastures. P. Feb. Mav.

4

Var. 2. Smaller. Leaves triangular, open, reflected. Dill.

Vaill.2j.5-Dill.39.3cj.

Not much different from ( 1) except in the leaves being smaller,
paler, closet set, and more bent back. Weis. The Capsules too
are smaller, and the lid sharper. Dill.

Wet places,

H. Shootscreeping: branches crowded ; upright, on one palus'tre.
side the shoot : leaves egg-shaped ; pointing one
way : capsules nearly upright.

Hedw. sti ip.iv. 1 -Dill. 37.27.

Branches upright, comprefsed, from f to 1 inch high, nume-
rous. Leaves in a double or triple series, sharp, hooked. Webek.

Shoots slender, creeping, with few leaves, and those shrivelled.

Branches generally simple, short. Leaves dull green, hooked at
the end. Fruit-stalks from the base of the branches, red, longer
than the branches. Caps, oblong, a little inclining, brown when
ripe. Lid larger in diameter than the capsule. Veil straight,
pale. Dill.

Leskia palustris. Hedw. In wet places. On the banks of
the Thames near Battersea. Dill. At the roots of trees and in
wet stony places. Huds. [Water fall at Roslin near Edinburgh.

Dr. J. E. Smith. By the rivulet, Garn dingle. Mr. Griffith.]

P. Jan. — April.

H, Shoots creeping: branches waved, upright: leaves lo'reum.
pointing one way : capsules roundish egg-shaped.

85S CRYPTOGAM1A. MUSCI, Ilypnum. (D.2.)

► *

Dicks, h. s.—Dill. 39,40-^/7425. 2-//. ox.x V.5, row the last , 24.
p.626— Buxb.1v.6q.. i-G^r.1370.1 .

Fruit-stalks from the base of the branches. Neck. Nearly
allied to the H. squarrosum. Ends of the branches thickest, bent
back. Weis. Fruit-stalks more than an inch high, from the stem
between the branches, upright. Capsules egg-shaped, leaning.
Shoots near a foot long or more, the rib rigid, brittle, surrounded
by pale green leaves, those towards the end bent back. Dill.

On the mountains in Crevetenan Ballenahinch, in the county
of Down, Ireland; in hilly situations near Glocester. Dill. In
the mountainous woods of Breadalbane. Mr. Stuart in fl. scot .
[Near Ambleside Westmoreland. Dr. J. E. Smith.] P, April.

adun'cum. H# Shoots nearly upright ; somewhat branched : leaves

pointing one way ; spear-awlshaped; curled; branches
hooked.

He duo. iv.2 4-D//437.26.

Resembles the H. cuprefsiforme , but the shoots are more
straight, lefs branched; leaves longer, hooked, their ends point-
ing one way; fruit-stalks twice as long, rising as well from the
middle of the shoot as from the bosom of the branches. The
shoots are remarkably rigid. Fruit-stalks 2 inches long, rising
out of a slender, short, scaly involucrum. Caps, egg-shaped, dis-
tended, leaning. Lid conical, short, blunt. Weis. Plant yel-
lowish or tawney when growing out of water. Ray. Involucrum
oblong, slender, scaly* Veil straight. Lower leaves lefs hooked
than the upper ones. Dill.

Marshy and watery places, bogs, and wet pastures. [Turf
pits on Ellingham and Geldestone fens, Mr. Stone.]

P. April — Aug.

cuprefsi- H. Shoots somewhat winged: leaves pointing one way;
tor'me. hooked ; awl-shaped at the end.

Dicks. h. s.- Hedzv.stirp.iv. 23-F/. dan. 5 3 5- D/74 37. 2^~Vaill.2j.
13 —Pluk. 447. 6 —H. ox. xv. 5, row 2.8.

Fruit-stalks from the base of the branches, and often twice
their length. Neck. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, creeping, irre-
gular. Branches irregular, very leafy. Leafits very densely
tiled, hooked and hairy at the end. Fruit-stalks from the princi-
pal stem, an inch long. Capsules cylindrical, at first upright,
leaning and bent when ripe. Lid short, conical, pointed. Veil,
whilst young, straight, oblong. Weis. Stems stratified, forming
large and dense patches ; 2 or 3 inches long, irregularly branch-
ed. Leaves small, crowded, soft, ending in hooked points, plea-
sant green, smooth. Upper branches thick, bent at the ends;

2

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (E.)

lower ones thinner and straighter. The plant has the appearance
ot crispnei's, but is not really so. Dill.

Woods at the roots at trees, and on thatch. R. syn. St.

P. Feb. — -March.

H. Shoots comprefsed, winged with branches : leaves comprefsum.
hooked, taper-pointed : capsules egg-shaped : lid
short, conical,

Hedw. st irp. i v. 2 2-D///.3 6 . 2 2 .

Resembles the H . jUicinum in the crisp appearance of its leaves,
jts winged shoots and greenish yellow colour, but it is much
shorter, lefs branched, its branches more creeping and forming a
more acute angle with the stem. Leafits hooked, ending in hairs.

Cap sides thick, egg-shaped. Weis. Two or three inches long,
tender, comprefsed. Leaves narrow, in two rows, sharp, points
1 bent backwards, pale green, soft, shining. Fruit-stalks \ inch
long, reddish. Capsules oblong egg-shaped, green, upright, yel-
low red, and inclining when ripe. Dill.

Hypntrn molluscum. Hedwig. Woods on the trunks of trees
» ^nd on young twigs. In a wood near Tottenham. Dill.

March, April. In Summer; Weis,

E. Plant shrub-like : branches in bundles •

H. Shoot upright, naked below, above with bundles of dendroi'des.
leafy branches ; leaves strap-spearshaped, tiled: cap-
sules nearly cylindrical, upright; beak bent.

Dill.^o.qS-Fl.dau.S2^.2-‘H.ox.\v.^.roiio 5 . 3 1 - . 3 2 6 - 77 aill.

2 6 . 6-Happ , i . Hypn. 1 .

Readily distinguished by its stems closely compacted together,
its shrub-like appearance, from 2 to 4 inches high, terminated by
a bush of branches. Branches upright, cylindrical, smooth,
pointed at the end. Leaves egg-spearshaped, pointed, flat, closely
tiled. Weis. Fruit- stalks more than an inch long, from the base
of the branches ; upright. Capsules slender, upright. Lid coni-
cal, short. Veil slender. Dill. Fruit- stalks longer than the
shoots. Veil covering the whole capsule. Leaves a little serrat-
ed. Leers.

Moist woods and shady places about the roots of trees, and in
moist pastures. P. Feb. March.

H, Shoot upright : branches in bundles ; terminating ; alopecu'rum.
sub-divided : capsules rather drooping.

Dill. 41.49- Vaill. 23.2, and 5-H.ex.xv. 5. rev: the last .

S6o CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI, Hypnum. (F.i.J

Leaves of the stem open. Linn. In its tree-like mode of
growth it resembles the II. dendroides , but the shoots are longer,
the trunk is taller, the branches expand more, and are more fre-
quently branched again; the extremities are not straight, but
hanging down, and the leaves expanding. When dry the leaves
bend back at the points, but in the H. dendroides they lie close
prefsed to. W eis. Stem 4 or 5 inches high, covered with whitish
pointed scales. Leaves serrated. Fruit-stalks shorter than the
branches, bent. Capsules egg-shaped. Lid, beak bent. Leers.
Stems light red, rising from a trailing root. Leaves broad at the
base, tapering to a point, alternate. Involucrum scales ending in
hairs, compact. Dill.

Moist and shady places at the roots of trees, and by the sides
of rivers. p. March, April.

F. (1) Shoots nearly cylindrical : capsules upright .

gra'cile. H. Shootscreeping : branches cylindrical ; nearly upright:

capsules egg-shaped.

Iledw.stirp. i v. 6 -Dill. 4 1 .^^-Fl.dan.6 49 . 2 .

Hangs suspended from the bark of trees in numerous cylindri-
cal pointed branches bending upwards, and somewhat resembling
the claw of a bird. Fruit-stalks from the base of the branches, f an
inch high. Caps, upright, pointed, ochrey colour when ripe. Dill.
H. ornithopoides. Huds. Fterigynandrum gracile. Hedw. Trunks
of trees and rocks. On beech trees in Enfield Chace. On rocks
on the Grey Weathers. P. Feb — April.

attenua'tum. H. Shoots branched : branches bowed in, sometimes ta-
pering, sometimes thickening : leaves egg-shaped,
pointing one way : capsules upright, tooth fringed.
Dicks, ii. 13.

Hedw.sti, rp.1.1 2-Dill. 42 .66,

Fruit-stalks upright, lateral. Veil slender, twisting. Capsules
cylindrical. Beak blunt. Fringe double, outer row of teeth 16.
Hedwig. Rather thick, much branched, yellow green, tawney
when dry. In large patches on the trunks of beeches, particu-
larly on the Northern side. Dill.

Woods on trunks of trees, Scotland.

stramin'eum. H. Shoots upright, thread-shaped, somewhat branched :

leaves egg-spearshaped, without a mid-rib, tiled.
Dicks. 6.

Dicks.h.s. and fas c. i.g.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (F.2.) 861

Shoots nearly upright, strap-shaped, slender, when dry very
brittle, 2 inches and more in length, straw-coloured, sometimes
simple, or with r or 2 branches. Leaves convex and concave,
glittering, prefsed to. Fruit-stalks lateral, upright, red, 1 and
sometimes 2 inches long, solitary or 2 together. Capsules egg-
shaped, upright, bulging on one side. Ltd short, somewhat
pointed. Dicks.

In a marshy place on the West side of Hampstead Heath,
near London.

H. Shoots creeping: branches and capsules cylindrical: cylin'dricum.
leaves closely tiled, egg-shaped, pointed.DicKs.ii.i 2.

D///.41 .57.

Shoots (on the ground) sometimes branched, soft, shining, pale
green or yellowish. Leaves narrow, not hairy, prefsed to. Fruit-
stalks reddish, i-gdof an inch long. Capsules upright, slender,
cylindrical. Lids pointed. Dill.

Woods on the trunks of trees, Scotland.

\ '

F, (2) Shoots nearly cylindrical : capsules Irani ng .

H. Shoots branched : leaves pointed, open, distant. ripa'rium.

Dill. 40. q.^-Hed'iv. stirp.i v. 3- FI. dan. 6 4g. 1 - fhevAii.3.3 .

Stem 4 to 6 inches long. Shoots few and irregular, cylindrical
if above, winged if below the surface of the water. Leaves egg-
shaped, closely tiled on the young cylindrical shoots, more dis-
tant and spear-shaped on the the principal stem, and hairy at the
end. Fruit- stalks an inch long, upright, lateral. Capsules egg-
shaped. Lid conical, beak short. Mouth fringed. Veil upright,
covering the young capsule. Involucrum very short. Weis.

When growing out of the water, or \vhere it is often exposed to
the air, the leaves are shorter and blunter, surrounding the stem,
but wrhen it is always immersed in water they are longer, more
pointed, and wing the stems. Dill,

On walls, and moist stony places on the banks of rivers, on
planks and stones about water mills, and in rivers. [Bungay,

Suffolk. Mr. Stone.] P. Sept. — April.

LI. Shoots creeping; branches mostly upright in one direc- mura'le.
tion : leaves egg-shaped, concave. Dicks.

Hedvj.stirp . i v . 3 o- Dill. 41.52.

About an inch long, branches very short, mostly upright.

Leaves numerous, dark green, not shining. Dill.

862

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (F.2.)

Hypn. myostiroides. y Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. On walls.

Dec. Jan.

mol'le. H. Shoots pendent, slender, very much branched : leaves
tiled, egg-shaped, acute : capsules roundish. Dicks.
ii. II.

Dicks. 5.8.

Whole plant soft, flaccid, and flexile. Shoots bundled, float-
ing, roundish, somewhat zigzag. Branches of very unequal
lengths, the ends mostly blunted. Leaves upright, concave at the
base, open at the end, broad-eggshaped. Scaly bulb , leaves spear-
shaped, taper-pointed. Fruit-stalks few, short, bowed in. Fringe
with a ring, with many teeth. Lid and Veil not found. Dicks.
Banks of rivulets in the Highlands of Scotland.

euspida'tum H. Shoots spreading, winged with branches, ending in a

long point : leaves oblong, taper-pointed : capsules
cylindrical ; lid conical.

Dicks. h.s. -Dill. ^g.^^-Buxb.'u.^.i and 2.

The sharp rigid points at the ends of the middle and terminat-
ing shoots, afford a ready mark of distinction. From 1 to 4
inches high. Fruit-stalks 2 or 3 inches long, upright, lateral.
Involucrum scaly, long. Capsules egg-shaped, thick, a little bent ;
leaning. Lid blunt, short, scarlet. Mouth fringed. Weis. Pale
green, yellowdsh or reddish when in fruit. Leaves alternate, thin,
pellucid, shining. Dill.

Bogs, marshes, wet pastures and moist woods. P. Mar.-May.

filifo'lium. H. Shoots spreading; branches numerous, very short:

leaves awl-shaped, acute: capsules oblong; lid co-
nical, blunt.

» , _ • ’* |M>

Dill. 42.62.

Forming a compact interwoven tuft. Much branched;
branches slender. Leaves very narrow, smooth, resplendent green,
when dry prefsed to, standing out when fresh. Fruit- stalks •§■ inch
high, very slender, reddish. Capsules slender, at first upright,
afterwards leaning a little, and again upright when ripe. Involu-
crum slender, hairy. Dill.

H. fdiforme. Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Trunks of trees.

P. Feb.

Ilec'cbrum. H. Shoots and branches diverging, nearly upright, blunt.

Dill. 40.46- V cull. . 2 5. J~FI. dan .706.1.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (F. 8(j,

Leaves ending in a spit-point ; very closely tiled. Pale, slim-
ing, tender, like the//, pur urn y but differs in its branches being blunt
thick, short, not winged. Neck. Involucrum , leaves ending in
hairs. tit-stalks inch high. Capsules egg-shaped, upright *
when old leaning a little. Lid pointed. Mouth fringed. Weber!

Leaves roundish, entiiely covering the stalks. Capsules small,

short, upright. Ray. Branches cylindrical. Leaves very pale
green. Dill. ' r

Heaths, shady places, and moistish pastures. Huds.

P. March, April — Oct.

H. Shoots crowded, thread-shaped, branched : capsules egg- filamento'sum
shaped, fringed: involucrum bulb-like. Dicks. ii. ii.

D///.q6. i 8.

» ^Crowded, comprefsed, closely interwoven, so that it is hardly
possible to extricate a single plant. Shoots and branches cylin-
drical, not thicker than a strong sewing thread. Fruit-stalks
purple, an inch long. Capsules slender, straight, reddish and
bent when ripe. Involucrum oblong, large, composed of unequal
'scales. Dill.

Woods in Scotland. [Crib y Ddescil. Mr. Griffith.]

F. (3) Shoots nearly cylindrical: capsules drooping.

H. Shoots winged, spreading, awl-shaped: leaves egg- pu'runu
shaped: blunt: approaching.

C urt . 2 oy-FUan. 706. 2- Dill. 40.45- VailL 28.3.

Blanches bowed. Leaves ending in a spit-point. Neck.

Readily known by its peculiar sleek habit, by its freedom from
iirt, and its long, cylindrical winged scaly shoots. A span long
n wet, but shoi ter in dryer places. Fruit-stalks 1 to 2 inches
righ, from the midrib of the shoot and branches; upright, shin-
ng. Involucrum oblong, scaly. Capsules cylindrical, lean-
ng. Lid beaked. Mouth fringed. Weis. nearly cylin-

drical, upright or reclining; often branched. Branches winged.

-.eaves blunt, thin, soft, smooth, rather shining, when dry crump-
ed, Dill.

Pastures, meadows, banks, and woods. P. Nov,

fishermen make use of it to scour their worms.

Var. 2. More slender. Midrib of the leaves red.

L>dl.^p.^y-Vaill.2g.io~ISeck.meth,i .io-Buxk.lv.6^..it the right
hand of the upper figures ; and 3 .

Longer and more slender than the preceding, branches and
saves more pointed, more shining when dry, more thinly set,
nd exposing more distinctly the red midrib. Dill.

364 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (G. i.)

curtipen'du- II. Shoots upright, branched, leafy: leaves oblong-egg-
lum. shaped, acute, tiled: capsules egg-shaped ; lid taper-

ing to a point.

Dicks. h.s.—Di 7Z.43.6g.

From 2 to 4 inches inches or more in length. Wide spreading,
much branched, rigid. Leaves ending in a sharp hair-like point,
closely tiled, broader and more dense at the ends of the shoots,
so as to give them a blunt club-like appearance. Fruit-stalks
hardly \ inch long, mostly 2 together, upright. Capsules cylin-
drical at first, and upright ; when ripe egg-shaped and pendent.
Lid short, beaked. Involucrum rising nearly up a third of the
fruit-stalk. Weis. Recumbent, matted together. Shoots thick,
rigid, irregularly branched. Leaves gre n, numerous. Involu-
crum long, pointed. Capsules yellowish. Dill.

On the trunks ot beeches, in woods. On stumps in Enfield Forest,
near Southgate, and in Yorkshire. On large stones on the Marl-
borough Downs, Wiltshire; and on the rocks of Snowdon. Dill.

P. Feb. — April.

I •' ; • . .* \

atro-vi'rens. PI, Shoots creeping, branched : leaves egg-spearshaped,

limber: capsules inversely-eggshaped, fringed, droop-
ing. Dicks, ii. 10.

D///. 43.6 7.

Slender, irregularly branched. Leaves very small, loosely
disposed, dull green and pellucid when wet, opake and blackish
when dry. Involucrum pale, slender, fixed near to the origin of
the branches. Fruit-stalks blackish. Capsules small, black. Lids
(deciduous. Dill.

Woods at the roots of trees, Scotland.

G. (1) Shoots crowded : capsules upright,

serie'eum. PI. Shoots branched, creeping : leaves oblong, hair-pointed,

tiled, capsules cylindrical ; lid taper-pointed, bent.

Hedw.stirp.iv.i'/-Dill.^2.^g-Curt.i26-H.ox,xv. 5, row 4, 25-
Vaill.2j .3.a.L-Gars.6$g.

i Grows so firmly to the trunks of trees that it can scarcely be

taken away entire. Linn. Shoots long, creeping, crowded, greatly
branched. Branches short, roundish. Leaves slender, very closely
tiled, ending in long hairs. Fruit- stalks -§• to 1 inch high, lateral,
crowded. Involucrum short, thick, scaly. Capsules long, nearly
cylindrical, but thickest at bottom, upright. Mouth narrow,

GRY PTOGAMIA. MUSC1. Hypnuni, (G.2r)

fringe white. Lid beaked. Veil pale. Weis. Branches mostly
pointing one way. Leaves soft, shining. Dill.

Leskea sericea. Hedw. On the ground on dry banks, trunks
of trees, and walls. P. Sept. — April.

H. Shoots very much branched, awl-shaped, crooked, ta* myosu'ron.
pering upwards and downwards.

Hedw. stirp.iv. 8-Dill. .50 -H. ox .xv.5.2 7 -V ailL 28.4.

Stem 2 to 4 inches long; branched towards the end. Leaves
closely tiled, egg-spearshaped, hair-pointed. Involucrum short,

■slender, scaly. Capsules upright or leaning. Weis. Shoots thin,
creeping, sending out thready brown roots. Branches numerous,
cylindrical, tapering at each end. Leaves crowded, egg-shaped,
pointed, smooth, shining, prefsed to when dry, rather standing
out when fresh. Involucrum slender; scales straight, longer than
the leaves. Fruit-stalks reddish, ^ or ^ of an inch long. Capsules
cylindrical, upright, tawny when ripe. Dill.

Hypn. myosuroides. Hedw. H. myosuroides. (3. Huds. and Bot.
arr. ed.ii. At the roots of trees, and on large stones in woods.

Jan. — March*

G. (2) Shoots crowded: capsules leaning *

H. Plant creeping, very much branched : brandies cylin? myosuroi'des
drical : leaves egg-spearshaped, hair-pointed, up-
right, tiled : capsules cylindrical.

Dill.^i.^i-H.ox.xy.6. row 3.3-FW//.27.6.

1 f

Pale green. Stem-leaves almost 3-cornered. Dill.

Woods at the roots of trees, and on stones and rocks, f Bun-
gay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.] P. Jan. — March*

Var. 2. Leaves dark green, shining, hair-pointed.

D///.41.53.

Leaves soft, dark green, shining, ending in hairs, which ap-
pear grey and reflected when the plant is dry. Dill.

On old walls, as of Westham Abbey, near Stratford, Efsex ;
and on rocks on Emott pastures, Yorkshire. Dill.

H. Shoots creeping ; branches thread-shaped : Icaveslike sePpefis*
bristles: capsules cylindrical, crooked: lid taper-
pointed.

Dill. 4 2 . 6 4 -Ka///. 2 8 . 2 ,6 , 7 , 8 -H. ox. x v.5, row the Iasi > 2 i> p % 62
Buxb,lv.6%.2.

Vol* III— 3 K

866

veluti'num.

clavella'tum.

CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. Hypnum. (G.2)

Shoots on the ground 6 inches, on trees 2 inches long. Nec
Shoots abounding with thick set slender fibres, forming broad
patches, closely adhering ta the earth. Branches very slender.
Fruit-stalks numerous, upright. Capsules cylindrical, leaning.
Lid pointed. Mouth fringed. We i s . Branches numerous, short,
generally simple. Leaves too small to be distinctly seen by the
naked eye ; green, not shining. Involucrum small, hairy. Fruit-
stalks an inch high, or more, fine purple. Capsules long, straight-
ish. Veil upright, broad at the base, silvery, shining. Dill.

On the ground under hedges, on the trunks of trees, especially
young ones, on wood, stones, and sometimes on old bones. Dill.
On rotten wood, and in wells. Lightf. P. March, April.

H. Shoot creeping : branches crowded ; upright : leaves
awl-shaped.

V .

Dill. 42.61 - Happ . i i \-Hypn . 6-F/. dan .4 75- Vail l . 2-6.9.

Leaves hairy at the end. Fruit-stalks lateral, an inch long.
Involucrum scaly, inclosing the thick base of the fruit-stalk.
Capsules cylindrical, or egg-shaped. Lid conical, short. Weis.
Shoots crowded, interwoven, firmly adhering to the earth and the
bottom of trees by rust-coloured woolly fibres. Stem^leaves broader
than the branch-leaves. Involucrum short, hairy. Lid blunt.
Dill.

At the roots of trees, in woods, and hedges, in shady places
and barren pastures. P.

Capsules appearing in autumn, and coming to perfection in
Feb. and March.

Var. 2.- Smaller, shorter, of a “paler green. R. syn .

Shoots seldom more than 3 or 4 lines long. Leaves egg-shaped.
Fruit-stalks coloured. Neck. . ■-.> /

. f r ’j » f jf

’ - • • • L. ' ‘

H. Creeping: branches upright, greatly crowded: cap-
sules bowed ; beak bent.

D///.85.17.

Fruit-stalks twice as Jong as the branches. Neck. Shoots 5
to 7 inches long, stiff, growing in dense patches, tiled one upon
another. Branches upright, or trailing, on opposite sides of the
shoot, short, rigid, 2 or 3 lines long, and nearly 1 broad; those
in the middle the longest. Leaves hair-lefs, very entire.. Fruit-
stalks \ ateral, 4 or 5 lines long, inclosed at the base by an invo-
lucrum. Capsules a line in length. Lid very sharp. Veil smooth,
a line long, reaching half way. Pollich. Fixed by slender
rust-coloured roots to the bark of trees. Leaves small, crowded.
Capsules roundish. Lidy beak crooked. Veil brownish, broad at
the base, suddenly tapering to a point. Dill.

On the dead branches and trunks of trees. P. Dec. — Feb.

CRA P 1 OGAMIA. HEPATICiE. Jungermannia. (A.)

867

HEPATICdS.

• 1 • « ' •

JUNGERMAN'NIA. Fruit-stalk naked: capsule 4-
valved : seeds roundish.

-* , v "f I ( r -■ ' / 1

Obs. Many of the species are beautiful microscopic objects.
Fora fuller account of the parts of fructification, see Vol. i.p
364,31^389.

SUBDIVISONS OF JUNGERMANNIA*

A. Plant unbranched, and without a midrib.

B. 1. Leaves winged : fruit-stalks terminating.

2. Leaves winged: fruit-stalks lateral, or at the base.

C. 1. Leaves winged ; leafits with appendages : fruit-stalks

terminating;.

O * * 1

«

2. Leaves winged; leafits with appendages : fruit-stalks
lateral, or at the base.

v. iJ L \ r ’ ■ , „ ■ ... ,

D. Shoots tiled.

A. Plant simple , without a midrib .

J. A little leaf growing upon a large one.

Dicks .h.s .—Hedw .theor .21 . and 22, and 2%-Schmid. jung. f. 1 , to
6— Dill. 74.41 -Fl.dan.% 59~HaPP • i dunS‘ 1 -Mich. 4 . Mars ilea. 1 -
Col.ecphr . i .33 1 . %-Park, 1 3 1 4.. 5-MtiH.fr id. 2. 6 and 5.

“Leaf variously scolloped and curled at the edge, pale green,
firmly fixed to the mud by fibres from its under side. Weis. Fruit-
stalks hollow, 2 inches high. Scop. Bears its fruit in the spring,
but flowers in autumn, the barren flowers appearing like dots on
the older leaves, and the fertile ones in the cylindrical sheaths,
Involucrum of 1 leaf, irregular, wrinkled. Germen globular,
smooth, on a very short fruit-stalk, which is ensheathed. Lower
part of the involucrum fixed in a kind of groove. Style very short,

gKa

\

I

epiphylfla.

S68

CRY {'TOG A MI A. HEPATIC.#. Jungermannia. (A)

Filaments on the germen of no determinate number. Mr. Knapp.
Leaf short, roundish, moderately broad ; segments blunt, shallow,
fine green, pellucid. In winter a dark green head appears upon
the middle of the leaf. In spring this head breaks forth from a
valve on the surface of the leaf, circular and open at the top,
afterwards cut into 4 shallow segments. Out of this the fruitst.
rises, growing rapidly to the height of if or 2 inches, white, pel*
lucid, supporting a dark green globe which opens into 4 brown-
ish and roundish segments, discharging a yellow brown powder
mixed with fibres. This being done, the old leaf dies, and one or
more young ones shoot out. Dill.

[Ellingham Fen, near Bungay, Suffolk, near the direction post.
Mr. Stone.] P. March, April.

pusilTa. J. Shoot mostly divided into winged clefts: lobes tiled:

involttcrum plaited.

D///.74.46.

Leaf simple, very short, slightly divided into winged clefts.
Lobes tiled. Involucrum bell-shaped, plaited on one side. Head
before it expands black. Linn. Leaf deeply divided into strap-
shaped lobes, which again are sometimes forked. Lobes blunt,
thick, flat, ascending. Fruit-stalks often in pairs. Leers. About
f an inch long. Pollich. Cap, round, black, shining; valves
roundish, finely toothed. Dill.

Grows in patches; of a most beautiful light pellucid green.
Fruitst. white, pellucid, shining if inch high. Mr. Stackhouse.
Shady lanes and banks, and wet places on heaths near Woolwich.
Dill. — Wray Wood near Castle Howard, Yorkshire. Huds.

P. March to June — Oct.

furca'ta. J\ Shoots strap-shaped; branched; the ends forked and

bluntish.

FIedvo.theor.i^,and20-Dill.rj^./^r)-Vaill.2^.ii-Micb.^.^. ,

Plant hardly 1 inch long. Scholl. Leaves flat, greenish.
Fruitst. seldom more than 2 or 3 lines long. Involucrum globular.
Cabs, nearly globular, reddish brown. In a young state it is often
found amongst Mofses on trees, of a pale yellow. It is then very
brittle, and on handling falls into a yellow powder, greasy to the
touch. Weis. Fringed at the edge. Involucrum and Caps,
hairy. Both on fruit-bearing and barren plants, on the mid-rib-
underneath the leaves, are found hemispherical or kidney-shaped
bodies, a little hairy, becoming powdery. Leers In stony sha-
dy places where it thrives well, it grows in tufts, and the plants
support one another nearly upright, but when scattered amongst
other Mofses on trees or on the ground it creeps. Leaves flat,
comprefsed, very thin, pale green, pellucid, with a distinct vein
running through the middle, more or Iefs lobed, trifid or bifid at
the end; lobes blunt. Dill.

869

CRY PT OG AM I A . HEPAIICdE. Jungermannia. (A)

On the ground, on rocks, and in woods on the trunks of trees,
Dill. — and wet shady places. Hods. — [Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
Stone.] P. April.

J. Shoot doubly wing-cleft, flat, indented, open, ending
in two unequal lobes. Dicks, ii. 16.

Dill, 74.44-MAA4.3.

Leaves permanent deep green, thin, pellucid, flat, cut into
winged segments. Dill. Seems to be proliferous. Leaves lying
one upon another, in which way it appears to increase till it has
covered a large patch of rock. When first taken from the water
it has a strong and to me an agreeable scent. I have never found
fructifications, though I have examined it at different times of the
year. I suspect they have never yet been found in England.
Mr. Wood.

At the head of Elm Cragg Well, under Bell Bank, near
Bingley, Yorkshire. Dill. — [Mr. Wood. — Pretty plentifully at
the head of a spring in Middleton Wood, 2 miles from Leeds, on
rocks and stones entirely under water. Mr. Wood.]

J. Leaf oblong, indented, slippery.

E.bot. 1 8 ^-Schmid. 3 5-Dill. 74*42 -Mich . 4. Marsilea. 2~Pluk.$2 .2
-Valll. 19.4.

Fertile plant smaller and more jagged, the others growing
close together, and supporting each other become upright.. Dill.
in R. syn . no. Fruits t. with a sheathing involucrum, white, pel-
lucid, from 1 to 3 inches high. Caps, egg-shaped, black, shin-
ing, opening with 4 valves. Other leaves of a longer form not
bearing caps, are set with green warty substances about the mid-
dle. Weis. Involucrum at first inconspicuous, afterwards long,
tubular, entire, pale green. Fruitst. white, 1 to 2 inches long.
Dill, from the hollow indentures of the leaf. Involucrum long,
cylindrical.

Marshy places and Bogs. [Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

April,

J. Shoots with doubly winged clefts.

E.bot. 186-D///.74.43?

Leaves pale green ; clefts blunt. Involucrum at tne .base of
the leaves, and at the edges of the segments ; cylindrical.
Friiit- stalk about an inch long from the base of the leaves. Neck.
Leaves fiat, pellucid, succulent, greasy to the touch, pale yellow
green; those without fruitst. the most deeply divided. Seldom
exceeding $ an inch in length it would with difficulty be found,

sinua'ta.

pin'guis*

muUiPida.

870] CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungenaannia. (B.i)

being mostly covered by other Mofses, did it not grow in quan-
titles together. Weis. Fruitst. white. Caps, dark green, shin-
ing. Dill.

Woods and moist shady places. Cane Wood, near Highgate,
and Charlton, Kent, Dill.— and about Hampstead. Huds.

P. April, May,

(1 ) Leaves ivinged : fruit -stalk terminating.

aspic nioi'des. J. Leafits egg-shaped; somewhat fringed.

Hed'W.theor , 1 6. 1 7.8 1 . to S3-Dill.6g.^-Mich. 5,3.00.

Shots 3 or or 4 inches long ; pale green. Leaves , upper edge
fringed with little teeth, alternate. Fruit-stalks terminating, an
inch long, rising out of a sheathing involucrum. Capsules egg-
shaped, purplish black, shining. Weis. Trailing, sometimes
branched. Leaves pellucid, pale green, without veins, I have
never observed any roots. Dill.

Road sides and on trees, in woods and wet shady places ; also
near springs and rivulets, when it is sweet scented, [Earsham
and Sexton Woods, near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr, Stone.]

P. Feb. — April,

Var.2. Leafits more crowded.

Fl.dan. 1061-Dill. 6g.6-Mich. 5. 1 .and 2 -Vaill. ig.j-H. ox. xv.6.
rozu 2 .q.2— Scop .62 .1 337 fnstead of 1 338,^ ii. 7.32 1

Plant from 1 to 2 inches long. Fruit-stalks 1 2 lines long, ter-
minating. Neck. Shoots more branched than in 1, and shorter.
Leafits smaller and more crowded. Weis.

Jn the same situations with var. 1.

scala'ris# J. Leafits very entire, egg-shaped, pointing 2 ways: male

fruit-stalk terminating.

Dicks. 8 . jp-Dill. 3 1 . 5- Schmid. Jung f. 1 7 , and 1 8 .

Shoots creeping and striking root ; terminating in powdery
globular substances. Scop. Branched or unbranched, forming
compact patches of a beautiful shining brownish green, one shoot
lying on another. Leaves in 2 rows, minute, roundish, blunt,
very entire, L of a line in diameter. Globules terminating, sitting.
Pollich. Creeping on the ground, 1 or if inch long. Leaves
tender, pellucid, pale green, in pairs. Fruit-bearing branches
short, the leaves alternate. Capsules or globules small, green,
of short duration. Dill. Shoots creeping, tapering each way,
with appendages underneath; leafits roundish egg-shaped, some-
times slightly notched at the end ; sheathing involucrum below the

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungexmannia.(B.i.) 871

shoot, cylindrical, hairy, fixed in the earth. Fruit-stalk near if
inches high. Dicks.

J . trickomanes. Liglitf. Mpium trichomanes. Linn. J.tricho -
.Titanis. Dicks. Scop, and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Woods, hedges, and
wet shady heaths. P- Apiil~~Oct.

1 ' * ' 't ' t ^ \ ‘ y ’i+'p 7‘

» # - 4k % . ^ . , • • < V 1 i /

J, Shoots spear-shaped: fruit-stalks terminating: leafits lanceola'ta.
very entire. • •

Dill, 70.1 0-Mich. 5 . 6 and J-Happ.i. jung.2.

Grows in large patches. Shoots hardly 1 inch long, simple,
or divided into 2 or 3 branches. Leafits alternate, crowded at the
ends of the branches. Fruit-stalk near ■§■ an inch long, white.
Caps . greenish brown or blackish. Weis. Shoots sometimes
branched. Involucrum slender, pallid, cloven into segments. Dill.

Moist shady banks, Feb, Match.

J. Shoots trailing, branched: fruit-stalks terminating:
leafits egg-shaped, with 2 teeth: stipulas spear-shaped,
with 4 teeth.

Schmid, jung.f. 1 4 —Dill. 70. 1 i-Tl.dan.%2>2>~V cull. 1 9*8 -H.ox.xv.

6. me 2,47— Mich, 5,12-Pet. 13.^. ,

Involucrum terminating; obscurely 3 -cornered.^ Fruit- stalk
whitish, tender, an inch long. Neck. Shoots 1 to 3 inches long,
generally branched. Weis, Leafits with 2 teeth at the end form”
ing a half moon. Scholl. Leaves pale green, pellucid, alter-
nate, fixed by a broad base to the rib, pointing upwards. Fruft-
{talks leafy at the base. Capsules black brown. Dill.

Woods and moistish heaths, and shady banks, Oct. — Dec.

Var. 2. Smaller,

Bill. J 0, 1 2-Mich.$, 1 3,

Leafits shorter, blunter, and lefs deeply cut than in the pre-

te Jung, inflate. Huds. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Shady moist places
on heaths and in Woods. Nov.-March.

bidenta'ta*

> •

J, Shoots branched : fruit-stalks terminating : leafits w ith
5 teeth.

Dill. 7 1 .2$- Mich. 6.2, larger than our plants.

Involucrum with 5 teeth, a line or more in length. Neck.
Shoot sometimes simple, taking root as it creeps along. apsu es
appear in autumn ; it blofsoms in the spring. Leaves 4-sided,
teeth or scollops from x to 6. Shoots crowded, t to 1 5 in«h lonS»

quinque-

denta'ta#

*

S72 . ORYPTOGAMIA, HEPATIC^. Jangermannia. (B.2.)

in general branching into forks. Weber, Creeping, crowded,
sometimes branched. Leaves pellucid, numerous, broadest at the
base, pleasant green, lower ones ending in 3 sharp teeth, upper
ones in 4 pr 5. Fruit-stalk terminating. Involucrum toothed,
angular. Caps, black. Dill.

Woods in wet shady places. About Tunbridge, and in the
West of Yorkshire. (In the ascent to Ffynnon ireck. p. Llan-
berris. Mr. Griffith.] p. April.

macro rhi'za. J. Shoots upright, branched : fruit-stalks terminating :

lpafi.ts alternate, slightly notched ; open. D1cKs.ij.16.

Dicks. 5. 10.

Leaves , the uppermost purplish. Root large, branched. Dicks.

Higher mountains of Scotland. [Crib y Ddescil. Mr. Grif-
fith.]

sphoeroce- J. Leafts with 2 teeth : fruit-stalks terminating or lateral,

supporting a barren globular flower.

D///.31.6.

Small, whitish, creeping, leaves pointing 2 ways, Leafits
notched at the end, and the segments sharp-pointed. Scop. Roots
extremely slender and numerous from the mid-rib, and fixing the
plant firmly to the ground. Fruit-stalks short, terminating and
lateral. Capsules or powdery heads, pale green. Leafits tender,
pellucid, cloven at the end, opposite. I have seen no other pap-
sules than these powdery heads. Dill.

Mniumfifsum. Linn. Jung.fi/sa. Scop, and Ligh^f. In wet
places about Highgate, and on Shooter’s Hill near Eltham, and
especially in a rivulet running through Oldfall Wood, between
Highgate and Muscle Hill. Scotland. Lic.htf.

Feb. — -April. Dil l •?. March — Oct. Huds.

B. (2) Leaves winged : fruit- stalks in the middle or at the

base .

sphag'ni. J. Shoots taking root, fruit-stalks lateral : leafits roundish,

very entire, tiled, pointing one way. Dicks. 6.

Dicks. 1 . 10.

Shoots, an inch or more in length ; sometimes branched, some-
times not, bending in various directions, and here and there put- 1
ting forth fibrous roots. Leaves roundish, brovvnish, yellow, con-
vexo-concave, gll pointing one way, though placed in 2 rows, al-
ternately lying on each other. Caps, t or 2, ifsuing from the

CRYPT0GAM1A. HEPATIC#). Jungermannia.(B.2.)

same side of the shoot near the top or the bottom. Fruit-stalk
pellucid, white, £ inch high. Sheath whitish, oblong, brownish
at the top. Caps. small, roundish, brown; but rarely seen. Differs
from the J. polyanthos. Linn, in the leaves being of a brownish
yellow, pointing one way, and also in the fibrous roots. Dicks.
Marshy places, frequently adhering to Sphagnum palustre ,

near Croydon, Surrey. May.

<

J. Fruit-stalks from the middle: leafits broadish, lopped,
with 3 blunt teeth : capsule bell-shaped. Dicks. 7.

Dicks. h,s.-Schmid.22-Hedw,theor.i8.8g to g2~ Mich. 5. 1 o-Diii.

71. 22. C,D,E.

Shoots simple or branched. Leaves flat, green, pellucid, end-
ing in 3 blunt teeth. Distinct from J. trilob at a , the pinnules of
which are eared and the leafits smaller. Dicks.

Moist shady places. In Wales. Dill. Sept.

J. Leafits flat, naked, strap-shaped.

DiH.Gg.’j-Vaffl.a.b, between /. 7 and f. 2 -Mich. 5.4.

Shoots 3 inches long; branches 1 or 2 inches. Leafits egg-
shaped, the edges fringed and bent back, so that they appear
convex. Fruit-stalks on the mid-rib, mostly towards the lower
part of the shoot, and at the origin of the branches ; an inch long,
or more. Involucrum cut into segments. Caps, roundish, black,
shining. Weis. Dill.

Shady ditch banks, and woods in wet places. About Sling-
ford, Sufsex. Dill. P. March, April.

• '* \ t

J. Leafits very entire ; tiled ; convex.

Dili.yo.g-Mich.^. 5.

Shoots about 1 inch long, winged. Leafits alternate, egg-
shaped, with a blunt point. Fruit-stalk inch high, from the
mid-rib and the origin of the branches. Caps, brown red ; egg-
shaped. Weis. Short, branched, stiff. Leafits roundish, short,
thin, pellucid, tiled. Involucrum white, short, 4-cleft. In the fig.
of Micheli the leaves are ill done, and rpots are erroneously ad-
ded to the flower. Dill.

Woods, moist shady banks, amongst mofs, and on the sides of
rivulets. Lead hill, and between Darking and Cold Harbour,
Surrey, in marshy places. P. March, April.

J. Fruit-stalks from the middle : leafits with 2 teeth.

E.hpt. 2 8 1 - Dili . 70. 1 3 -Mich, 6 . 1 7 -Schmid, Jung,,

• 8 73

angulo'sa.

viticulo'sa.

polyan'thos.

bicu$pidartav

874 CRYPTQGAMIA. HEPATICAE. Jungermannia.(B.2.)

Fruit- stalks 6 to 8 lines long. Capsules oblong, brown. Dill,
Shoots lefs branched than in the J. bidentatay and more limber,
from to i inch long, Involucrum 2 lines long, at the origin of
the branches. Weis. Leafits with 2 teeth at the end, forming art
acute angler Scholl.

Shady places and moist woods. P. March, April,

minu'ta, J, Shoots upright, branched : leafits with appendages un-
derneath : leaves roundish. Dicks, ii. 13.

D///.6g.2. , ’

Very slender, branched. Leafits not distinguishable by the
naked eye, alternate, roundish, pellucid, in single rows. Roots
very fine woolly filaments fixed to the back of the mid-rib. Dill.

♦ Amongst mofs in the Highlands of Scotland. [Summit of

Carnedd Llewelyn. Mr, Griffith. ]

yentrico'sa. J. Fruit-stalks from the middle : sheath sphaerodial : leaves

cloven. Dicks, ii. 14-

Mi ch. 5 . 1 5-D///. 70.14.

Leaves more deeply cloven than represented by Micheli. Dicks,
Woods.

spinulo'sa. J* Shoots upright, branched: leafits inversely egg-shaped,

sharply toothed. Dicks, ii. 14.

D///.70.15.

Fructifications not hitherto discovered. Dicks. Shoots upright,
or reclining, but not creeping ; branches numerous. Leaves al-
ternate, not closely set, dull green, pellucid, the upper ones
smaller, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end ; lower ones with more teeth.
Dill. Teeth acute, mostly on one side the leafit.

On Snowdon. Dill. On the mountains of Scotland, Dicks,
[On Crib y Ddescil, and Cader Idris. Mr. Griffith.]

I „ % ) 1 , . ' »

pauciflo'ra. J. Shoots creeping, very much branched, thread-snaped :

fruit-stalks from the middle: leaves bowed in, deeply
divided: sheaths conical, remote. Dicks, ii. 15.

Dicks

Leaves alternate, remote, cloven down to the base ; segments
equal, strap-awlshaped, bluntish, concave, transparent, the mter
slices opaque. Fructifications solitary, remote. Sheaths conical.

■ • Fruit-stalks as long again as the involucrum. Nearly allied to the
J. multiflora, and at first sight greatly resembling it, but differs
from it in the number of its fruit-stalks, & c. Dicks.

(

s7

CRYPTOG AMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungennannia.(C.i.)

Near Croydon, growing on Sphagnum palustre. Dicks. York-
shire. Mr. Teesdale.

C. (i) Leaves winged : leafits with appendages : fruit-stalks

terminating .

. . ' l r

J. Shoots doubly winged above : fruit-stalks terminating : undula'ta.
leafits roundish, very entire, waved.

Vaill. i g.6 -Dill.y i . 1 7.

My specimen accords with Vaillant, but not entirely so with
Dillenius’s. Leaves pointing from opposite lines, expanding, near,
not at all tiled, but disposed in a double row on each side, alter-
nate, distinct, equal,' those underneath not being smaller or united
with those above, all slightly waved. Linn. Leafts roundish,
convex above, concave underneath, connected by a small appen-
dage near the rib, with the leafit above it. Involucrum terminat-
ing, oblong, green. Fruit-stalk white, 1 inch long. Caps . round-
ish. Weis. Dill.

Shady places. P. March, April.

J. Shoots doubly winged above : fruit-stalks terminating : nemorofsa.
leafits fringed.

Hedw.theor. 1 5-D///.7 1 . 1 8-Mich.$.8.

Leafits broad at the base, and enveloping the mid-rib, so that
there appears no interstice between the leafits and the appendages
or coloured scales placed above them. Weis. Plant mostly about
i-f inch long, branched or unbranched. Leafits oblong, nume-
rous, green, pellucid. Involucrum terminating, broad ; at first
leaning. Dill.

Woods and moist shady places in Westmoreland.

P. March, April.

J. Shoots doubly winged above: fruit-stalks terminating; resupina'ta,
leafits finely scolloped ; tiled ; circular.

Dill.y i.ig.

Very rarely flowers. Underneath resembling a step-ladder.

Plant- 2 inches long. Leafits (if magnified) appear edged with a
double fringe, with appendages on the upper side. Neck. Stems ■
forked, or imperfectly winged, lying one on another, rigid, brittle.’

Leaves in 2 rows; entire at the sides, but with 3 or more minute
teeth at the end. Pollich. Grows crowded together; reclin-
ing. Barren plants longer than the fertile ones. Leaves round-
ish, appendages standing out, so that the plant has a crisped or
curled appearance. Involucrum short, distended, toothed. Fruit-

876 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATlCiE. Jungerminma.(C.i.)

stalks near an inch high, white, on short shoots near the base of
the plant. Dill.

In clefts of rocks, and on turfy heaths. P. April.

arbicans. J. Doubly winged above : fruit-stalks terminating: winged:

leafits strap-shaped ; bowed back.

• ** . 4 »

Dill.j i . 20 -Vail!. 19.5.

Shoots 1 to 2 inches long, not creeping, but reclining. Weis.
Forming dense patches, one shoot lying on another. Leafits 2
rowed, f a line long, and -J- broad, very entire ; ending in a blunt
point. Besides these larger leaves, there is another set only half
the size on the upper side of the mid-rib, 1 at the base of each
larger leaf. Involucrum cylindrical, white, terminating. Barren
stems reddish at the ends and containing minute greenish globules
filled with a powder. Pollich. Crowded together, simple or
branched; whitish when dry. Dill.

Woods and wet shady places. P. March, April.

r

cochleari- J. Somewhat cylindrical, rather upright : leafits concave,
forbids. roundish.

Dill. 6 g. 1 -Mich. 5. 1 6, but more evidently fringed than hi our plants.

Leaf is pointing from 2 opposite lines, nearly egg-shaped, trans-
parent, smooth, embracing the stem, pointed, each furnished
with a very small ear-like appendage. I have never seen any
other than male plants. Linn*. Stems hollow, reddish. Scop.
Shoots creeping, strip-shaped, the ends rising upwards. Leafits
about a line in diameter, flat. Pollich. Varies greatly in ap-
pearance. The young plants in wet places crowded, upright.
Leaves very small, roundish, nearly flat, pellucid, alternate,
without appendages. When older, the leaves are larger, more
closely set, convexo-concave, with scaly appendages at the base,
resembling the leaves in shape. In some plants when fully
grown the leaves are roundish ; in others spoon-shaped ; and in
another variety gathered on the banks of mountain lakes, I have
found the leaves green, pellucid, not crowded, almost embracing
the stem, Shoots sometimes branched, from 1 inch to a foot long
when growing in running water. Have not found it in flower.
Dill. Have frequently found it with fertile heads. Huds. I
have found the capsule filled with ripe seeds, but closely invelop-
ed by the leaves at the extremity of the plant, and probably never
rising abo\re them.

Since writing the above I have received a specimen irom Mr.
Griffith in fruit, the fruit-stalk more than an inch Jong, He

877

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungermannia.(C.2.)

found it for the first time in this state, last summer, when the
rills were dry or nearly so, and thence concludes that it only
flowers in very dry seasons. Pofsibly the very tender and deli-
cate fruit-stalk may be destroyed in rainy seasons.

Jung, purpurea. Scop. Lightf. and Bot. arr. ed. ii. Mniwn
Jungermannia. Linn. Bogs, rivulets, and cascades in mountai-
nous situations, and in ditches and turfy heaths. On Cader Idris,

Snowdon, and Glyder. Dill. [In moist peat earth on a moun-
tain called Cowsand, and on the sides of hills in the Forest of
Dartmoor, Devonshire. Mr. Newberry. In all the rills near
Snowdon. M r. Griffith.] P. March — Aug. -

Var. 2. Leafits very entire.

Smaller than the preceding, upright, green, not purple.

Seems to be the var. mentioned by Dill, as growing in bogs.

Specimens from J. W. Griffith, Esq.

C. (2) Leaves winged : leafits with appendages : fruit-stalks .

in the middle , or at the base, \

J, Shoots creeping, branched: leafits egg-shaped, alter- oya'tsu.
nate, with appendages underneath : sheathing invo-
lucrum inversely egg-shaped. Dicks, iii. 11.

Dicks. 8.6.

Fruit-stalks terminating and lateral. Invo lucrum ragged at the
top. Dicks.

On barren heaths.

J. Shoots doubly winged underneath ; leafits squarish, triloba'ia*
slightly 3-lobed.

D///.71.22.A.B.

About 1 inch long, trailing, branches distant. Leafits with 3
to 5 shallow clefts at the end. Involucrum about 2 lines long,
terminating. Fruit-stalks very short. Weis. Sometimes branch-
ed, creeping. Leaves flat, green,* pellucid, with three blunt teeth
at the end. I have not found it in flower. Dill.

Wales. Dill. On Crib y Ddiscil near Llanberris. Huns.

P. March, April.

J. Shoots doubly compound : fruit-stalks from the middle : rep'tans*
leafits 4-cornered, snipt towards the end ; stipule 4-
cleft.

Dill. 7 t < 2 \-SchmidJ ung ./. 8 . 1 3 .

1

878 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungermannia. (D.)

Fruit-stalk from the base. Caps . blackish, shining. Dill.
Appendages underneath the leafits. Neck. Tender, creeping*
irregularly branched, limber, about i inch long. Leafits very
minute, ending m 3 or 4 little teeth. Involucrum 3-sided, whitish,
toothed. ¥1 tut -stalk white, shining. Caps, oblong-eggshaped.
Weis. Dill. r

Moist shady places. P. Dec. ApriL

multi'flora. J. Shoots creeping, branched: leafits alternate, in pairs,

bristle-shaped, equal. Linn. Leaf simply wino-ed’
ilowering at the base. Huds. 510.

D///.6g.q.

Shoots thread-shaped, f to 1 inch long. Leafits short. Weber.
Involucrum central, numerous, crowded, white, 4-cleft. Fruit-stalk
slender, white, long. Caps, large, reddish brown. Dill.

Shooter’s Hill, near London. Dill. March. Huds.

D. Shoots tiled .

complana'ta T. Shoots creeping : leafits doubly tiled ; with little scales

underneath : branches of an equal breadth throughout.

FI . dan .106 2 -Curt. -Dill. 72.26- Mi c h. 5 . 2 1 .

Leafits circular. Fruit-stalks terminating ; very short. Neck.
From 1 to 2 inches long, flat, irregularly branched, adhering
close to the bark of trees in broad patches ; soft to the touch and
flaccid when wet. Fruit-stalk hardly a line long, rising from the
origin or the branches as well as from their extremities, out of a
scaly involucrum, which is lopped at the end. Caps, small, black,
of short duration. Weis. Dill. Without visible roots. Plant
pale or yellowish green, tender, but hardly pellucid. Fruit-stalks
solitary or in pairs. Dill.

Trunks of trees, in hedges and thickets, flourishing most in a
wet situation. P. jan.— April.

dilata'ta. J. Shoots creeping: leafits doubly tiled; with little scales

underneath : branches broader towards the end.

DilIij2.2j-VaiIL 1 9. 1 o-Mich.6.6-Neck. meth. 1 .3, at 77.273.

Leafits circular, in a double row. Neck, convex, smaller,
and shoots narrower than in the J. complanata. Involucrum ter-
minating the branches, 3-cornered. Neck, colour dark green,
or reddish. Fruit-stalk 1 line long. Weis. Dill. Shoots strap-
shaped, lying on one another, forming dense roundish patches.

2 •

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICiE. . Jungermannia. (D.)

Branches distant, winged. Involucrum mostly terminating, a a line
long. Fruit-stalk very short. Caps, minute, globular. Pollich
Trunks of trees, closely adhering to the bark. P. Mar.- Apr!

J. Shoots doubly compound: fruit-stalks terminating:
leafits roundish, with appendages underneath: sti-
pule egg-shaped, notched. • - *

Dill. 72.31 -Mich. 6. 5- Valll. 2 3 . 1 o.

Greatly resembles.!, dilatata . Neck, but the shoots are much
longer, crowded and lying one upon another, more slender, more
branched, branches of a uniform breadth, blunt at the ends, not
closely attached to the tree on which it grows, but rather hanging
down. The midrib is more exposed to view, and on the under
side appears jointed, and covered with small scales cloven at the
end. Fruit-stalk terminating, very short. Caps, brown yellow.
Weis. Dill. circular, very entire. Caps, very minute.

Pollich.

Trunks of trees and rocks. P. Feb. March.

,. . . f ’ ; s f * . • • * 1

J. Shoots creeping, branched: fruit-stalks terminating:
leaves tiled, concave, notched at the end; sheathing
involucrum inversely egg-shaped. Dicks, iii. 11.

Dicks. 8.7.- ^

Shoots cylindrical, closely tiled with leaves. Involucrum toothed
at the top. Dicks.

Moist shady woods.

J. Shoots trailing ; tiled underneath : leafits heart-shaped,
acute.

r ?

J . # \

Vaill.ig.g- Dill. J 2.32 -Mi ch . 6.3 and ^-H.ox.xw 6. rozv 2.44-
Happ.m . Jungermannia.

Shoots very much branched. Neck. Branches spreading.
Scholl. About a finger’s length, growing in close patches;
doubly winged. Leafits egg-spearshaped, tiled in a double row,
with appendages underneath. Weis. Fruit- stalk shorty lateral
and terminating. Involucrum blunt, comprefsed, about 1 line in
height. Capsules minute, upright, smooth, shining, yellowish.
Pollich. Grows in large tufts on walls and trunks of trees one
layer upon another, fixed only by the ends, irregularly branched.
Leaves crowded, tiled, pellucid, thin, dark green, the edges and
the ends turned down. Dill.

Woods on trunks of trees, and on walls. [Old walls, Bungay,
Suffolk. Mr. Stone.] P. March, April.

879

tamarisci**

fo'lia*

excis'a*

platvphyl'Ia

88a CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICAL Jungermannia. (D.)

Var. 2. Leaves shorter and rounder. Hall. n. 1872. Light?.
78 5-

Dill. 72.3 3- Af/ r A 6 . 1 .

Leaves heart-shaped, rounder than in the preceding. Midrib
entirely covered underneath by scales. Branches at right angles
to the shoot. Have not seen it in flower. Dill.

Trunks of trees. Dill.

cilia'ris. J. Shoots creeping, downy above : leaves entire, very

downy. Ehrhart. Dicks, ii. 14.

D///.73.35.

Primary branches alternate, secondary ones alternate likewise,
but so closely set as to appear nearly opposite ; larger and more
numerous in the barren than in the fertile plants. Leaves pale
green, woolly, extremely crowded, and very minute. Involucrum
in the angles of the branches, long, woolly, straw-coloured.
Fruit-stalk white, pellucid. Caps, oblong, black. Dill.

Jung. Foment ella. Dicks. Moist woods and heaths and wet
mofsy places near rivulets in Yorkshire, Cumberland, and West-
moreland; in a small current of water which runs through Old-
fall Wood between Highgate and Muzzle Hill, about Chichester,
Sufsex, and Darking, Surry. R. syn. and Dill. In the High-
land mountains near Aberfeldy. Dicks. [On a dry sandy bank
on Brome Heath near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Stone.]

P. March, April.

va'ria. J. Shoots nearly upright ; tiled ,* pointing 2 ways : leafits
deeply divided.

D///.7 3 . 3 6 -Mich. 5.9.

Shoots short, stiff, brittle ; frequently with green or yellowish
globules at the end. Fruit-stalk white, shining, 5 lines long,
terminating. Involucrum egg-shaped, with 4 teeth. Cap*.. glo-
bular, black and shining. Pollich. At first creeping, undivid-
ed, winged with leaves ; when older rising up, somewhat branch-
ed, the leaves surrounding the branches. Dill.

Woods and heaths in moist shady places. P. March, Apr.

pulchcrMma. J» Shoot, s creeping : leafits doubly tiled ; appendages under-
neath, fringed.

D/7/. 6 9. 3.

Branches alternate, convex above, tiled with a double row ofi
scales, and tiled with appendages underneath. Leafits and appen-
dages fringed, with the fringe bent back, whence its rough ap-
pearance ; upper haves often cloven. Linn. Shoots the length of

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICyE. Jungermannia. (D.)

a finger, winged and branched, the branches alternate. Leafits
very hairy. Fruit-stalk from the forks of the branches, thick
white, pellucid, i to 2 inches long. Involucrum hairy, lon^*
straw-coloured. Caps, dark purple. Weis. Leaves sometimes
entire, sometimes cloven at the end, alternate, elegantly fringed
with hairs at the edges and at the ends, pellucid when plunged
in water. It grows in tufts, upright ; the ends crooked : seldom
found in flower. Dill.

Jung. ciUaris. Sp. pi. On heaths in England and Scotland.
Dicks. P. March.

J. Shoots thread-shaped, bent at the ends: leaves expand-
ing, pointing one way : fruit-stalks terminating, short.
Dicks, iii. 12.

Dicks. 8.8.

Leaves nervelefs, cloven, points acute; 3 together, or rather
pointing in 3 directions. Mr. Griffith. Shoots trailing, branch-
ed. Leaves tiled, but standing open ; spear-strapshaped, chan-
nelled, the point a little turned back. Fruit -stalk short, crooked.
Sheathing involucrum short, roundish.

On shaded banks in the Highland of Scotland. Dicks.

J. Shoots cylindrical, upright : leafits tiled on every side :
flowers on fruit-stalks.

FI. dan. 1 002.2-D//A73.38.

Brittle. Fruit-stalk terminating. Neck. Shots slender, cy-
lindrical, silky, from f to 1 inch high; sometimes forked. Leaves
so closely comprefsed as hardly to be observable, which distin-
guishes it from every other species. Weber. Grows in very
dense tufts ; shoots and branches cylindrical, and silky when
fresh. Dull greyish green, and brittle when dry. Fructifications
rare. Capsules small, red brown. Fruit-stalk short, white, rising
out of a toothed involucrum. Dill. Scales of the involucrum
cloven, membranaceous. Leaves when magnified cloven, not
unlike those of Jung, curvifolia. Mr. Griffith.

Wet rocks and by the side of rivulets on Cader Idris, Glyder
and Snowdon, and the Highland mountains. [On rocks on the
sides and tops of hills in Dartmoor, Devonshire. Mr. Newberry.]

P. Sept. Oct.

J. Shoots cylindrical, somewhat comprefsed, closely tiled,
compact : leaves convex and concave, smooth : flowers
on fruit-stalks. Lightf. 786.

D///.73. 38, J. julacea is spoken f by Lightf. as tie best represents

adun'ca

jula'cea*

concinna

882

CUYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC/E. Jungermannia. (D.)

Grows matted in tufts, reddish brown above, pale green below.
Stalks j of an inch high, very slender, brittle when dry, closely
tiled with leaves, thickest at the ends. Leaves undistinguishable
by the naked eye, smooth, membranaceous at the edge, always
prefsed to. Fruit-stalks terminating, short. Capsules brown.
Lightf. Shoots comprefsed, but obscurely ^-cornered. Scales
of the involucrum entire, rounded, which distinguishes it from J.
julacea. Mr. Griffith.

Is it not a variety of J. julacea ? Huds. 651.

Rocks on the Highland mountains frequent. [On Snowdon.
Mr. Griffith.] Sept.— Oct.

rupes’tris, J. Shoots cylindrical : leafits awl-shaped, pointing one way.

Dicks. h.s.— Dill. 73.40.

The whole plant very short, being about one third of the length
of a pin, blackish, upright, seldom branched. Linn. Shoots
branched, dark green. Leafits bent back. Involucrum cylindri-
cal, not tiled as in the J. alpina . Weber. Grows densely crowd-
ed together, short, naked below. Leaves very slender, reflected ,
dark green, blackish when dry, pointing one way. Involucrum
very minute, terminating, reddish, not scaly. Fruit-stalk very
short. Caps, very small. Dill.

On moist rocks on Snowdon and Glyder, Caernarvonshire ;
the north of England, and the Highland mountains. [Plentifully
upon rocks on the sides and tops of hills in Dartmoor, Devonsh.
Mr. Newberry.] P. March — Oct,

richophyl'la J. Shoots cylindrical : leafits hair-like, equal.

Schmid. 42. 1 to 23-D///.73.37.

Shoots only a few lines in length, closely surrounded by very
slender leafits, of a pale yellow green. 'Fruit-stalk terminating.
Involucrum long, cylindrical, cloven. Weis. When magnified
the leafits appear divided quite down to the base into 3 or 4 awl-
shaped segments, composed of globular joints. Fruit-stalky inch
long. Caps, black. Leers. Leaves pale green, extremely slen-
der. Branches numerous, irregular. Dill.

Turfy heaths near North Brierly, Yorkshire. Richardson in
FI.Ang.516. P. April.

alpi'na. J* Shoots cylindrical: leafits egg-shaped, expanding : in-

Yolucrum tiled.

Dicks, h.s. -FI. dan. 1 002 . 1 -DiH.73.3g.

Shoots y to 1 inch high, crowded together in tufts, branching
into short forks. Involucrum terminating. Fruit -stalk seldom found ;
very short. Weber. One to 2 inches long; cylindrical, not
brittle. Involucrum scaly, light red, resembling the bud ot the
beech tree, Capsdark red , Dill,

883

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Jungermannia. (D.)

Wet rocks on Snowdon and Glyder, Caernarvonshire and
bogs on Cader Idris. Dill. And on the mountains of the north
of Englands. Huds. And of the Highlands. Lightf. [On the
the top of Glyder ; and Carnedd Llewelyn. Griffith.]

P. April — Oct.

J. Shoots creeping, branched, cylindrical: leaves tiled, curvifoMa.
roundish, taper-pointed, cloven, the segments hooked*

Dicks, ii. 15.

Dicks. 5. 7.

The points of the leaves next to the involucrum upright.

Dicks.

Plighlands of Scotland. [Many places in the ascent to Crib
v Ddescil from Llanberris. On the summit of Carnedd Llewelyn ;
also near Llyn Llumbren, Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith.]

J. Shoots creeping, doubly winged above: fruit-stalk from cine'reai
the middle : sheath cylindrical : leaves rounded.

Dicks, ii. 15.

Mi ch. 6.1 8-DM.j 2.28.

1 *

Grows creeping upon other mofses. Shoots short. Leaves
round, grey, very small, tiled. If immersed in water and mag,-
nified, other secondary leafits may be found underneath these.

Dill. t

\

Woods. Bagley Wood, near Oxford. Dill.

J. Shoot very short, unbranched : leaves tiled, circular,, pu'mila*
nearly opposite: fruit-stalk very long.

PLATE XVIII. f. 4.

Grows matted together. Shoot simple, about i-8th of an inch
high. Leafits 6 to 8, circular, entire, tiled, nearly opposite*

Sheath toothed. Fruit- stalk terminating, £ of an inch long, or
more.

Sent b\ J. Wynne Griffith, Esq. who first discovered^ it on
Cwm Idwel,

I . *

TARGIONIA. Calyx 2 valves, compressed, contain-
ing at bottom a capsule , nearly globular, many-
seeded. See vol. I. p» 390.

T. Fructifications solitary: calyx open. Dicks* hypophylla

3 L 2

r

384

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC/E. Marchantia.

E.bol.2Z"j-Mich.^, Targionia-Dill.yft.q-Buxb.i .61 .t^-Col.ecplr.

'•f- 33 '•/• 333-

Not larger than the little finger nail. Green, not pellucid;
rough with white rising dots. Leaf heart-spearshaped, at first
green, afterwards dark purple, blackish underneath. Fructif ca-
tion at the end, on the under side, the size of a vetch. Calyx
black ; opening, containing the fruit covered with a yellowish
skin, and filled with a yellowish pulp which rubs to powder be-
tween the fingers, and stains them. Column, ecphr.

Heaths and sides of ditches near Dawlish, Devonshire.

P. March — May.

sphaerocar- T. Fructifications crowded together: calyxes perforated
pus. at the end. Dicks. 8.

E. lot. 2 9 g-Mich . 3 . Spharo carpos-Dill. 7 3 . 1 7.

Calyx reticulated like the leaf of a Jungermannia. Capsule:
sitting; brownish when ripe. Dicks. 8. The thick tops of this
plant have much the appearance of some of the smaller Mofses,
and have, doubtlefs, on that account been overlooked, but they
have a glaucous hue which instantly announces them to the eye
accustomed to observe them. Mr. Woodward.

Spheerocarpos terrestris. E. bot. [Cloverfields, Pleyden and
Norwich. Mr. Bryant. Very common on our cloverfields in
autumn, on sandy loams along with Riccia glauca, the first year
of the clover. Mr. Woodw.]

' X'

%

MARCHAN'TIA. Male: Calyx salver-shaped: anthers
numerous, imbedded in its disk.

Fern. Calyx target-shaped, flowering on the under
. side : capsules opening at the top : seeds fixed
to elastic fibres.

Obs. For a more particular account of the parts of fructifica-
tion, see vol. I. p. 366, and 388.

polymor'pha M. Leaf bluntly lobed: calyx of the female flowers mostly

10-cleft.

* f . -r .

Schmid.2 g. 1 to 3 o-Hedw.theor . 24. 127 to 131, fructification-E.
lot. 2 10-Dill. y 6.6. E.E-Mich. 1 . 1 and %-Lon. i. 2 1 g .2— Fuchs.
473, {misprinted 476) Trag.^2^-Matth.io^8-Lol.ols.6^6.i ,
ic. ii.2 46. i~Dod. 47 3. 2-Ger. cm, ^ ^^.^-Ger. 1376 ~Matth,a,
C. B. rjo>2-Gars.aiQO.

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICLE. Marchantia.

A yellowish substance resembling a lock of wool proceeds
from the capsules, appearing to move within them whilst the seed
is falling out. Linn. From 3 to 5 inches long, 1 broad, and
irregularly lobed ; dark green, shining. Fruit-stalks in the an-
gles o f the lobes, 1 to 3 inches high. Caps, greenish, dividing
into 3 or 1 (^segments. On the upper surface we here and there
observe certain glafs-shaped conical cups, on short pedicles, with
a wide and scolloped margin, W eis. which inclose about 4 little
bodies, very finely serrated at the edges. Pollich. In figure
somewhat resembling an oak leaf; surface reticulated. Dill.

In wet places both shady and open. On wet shady walks, and
on the sides of wells and springs. P. June Aug.

Var. 2. Plant smaller ; not shining.

DiH.yj.j-Mtch. r ,2-Lob, cbs. upper right baud jig. —Lob, ic. 246-
J. L. ill. y 58.2.

Leaves smaller and shorter than in 1 ; fine green, not shining,
not reticulated ; densely compacted one upon another. Dill.

On the north side of walls, and stones, and in shady areas be-
hind houses. Dill. July, Aug.

Var. 2. Calyx with 8 clefts.

Mich. 1.5.

M. Female calyx with 4 divisions ; segments tubular,
D///.75. g- Mich. 4 , Lunaria-Buxb. i . 6 2 . 2 .

Crowded in its growth, sometimes branched, new leaves pro-
ceeding from the ends of the old ones, from f to 1 inch long, plea-
sant green, not pellucid, not veined. Calyx with 4 and some-
times 5 divisions. Dill. Fruit-stalk white, tender, brittle ; 1 to
2 inches high. Mr. Stackhouse.

Shady courts and garden walks. P. June — Oct.

crucia'ta

M. Leaf scolloped : female calyx 5-cleft; hemispherical, he'misph

Schmid. 3±-DM.'j5.2-Mich.2.2-Fl.dan.j62-Buxb. ii.5.1. r*ca#

Head hemispherical, with 5 globules underneath. Globules
Dursting, and pouring out seeds. Linn. Leaf from f to if inch
ong, concave, edge waved and scolloped ; at first simple, cloven
vhen older, and a young one ifsuing from the end. Fruit-stalks
in inch high, brownish, naked. Dill.

Sides of rivers and wet ditches, and wet rocks. P. April, May.

VI. Leaf forked, indented : female calyx somewhat egg- cohiica,
shaped, with about 5 cells underneath.

886 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICiE. Blasia.

Schmid.% i -Hedviftheor, 2 5,1 34 to 1 36 -Mich. 2 . 1 -Dill. 7 5.1 - Fa///.

3 ^.R-FlJan, 2 7 £-CoI.ecphr. 3 3 1 . 1 -Park. 1 3 1 4. 4 .

Leaves pleasant pale green, slippery to the touch, creeping on
the ground, dotted on the surface, producing new leaves £fom the
ends of the old ones. Dill. Male flowers on the leaf, resembling
warts. Linn. Fruit- stalks 3 or 4 inches high, transparent, very
tender. Common calyx; 5 cells bursting at the base, often vary-
ing in number from some proving abortive. Seeds when ripe
hanging out attached to threads, having the appearance of the
ufoolly substance which contains the seeds of the Lycoperdons.
Mr. Wo odw. Leaves in large clusters, indented, blunt, green,
with several white tubercles.

On the ground on the banks of brooks in shady places, and
sometimes on rocks. Dill. [Very common, but I have only
found it in fruit in one place on the shady banks of a ditch at
Ditchingham, Norfolk, where I have observed it for some years.
Mr. Woo dw. In a wet ditch near Belsey Bridge, Ditchingham,
Mr. Stone, Road from Kingshill to Cam, Gloucestershire, in
fruit. Mr. Baker.] P, March, April,

ftndrog'yna,

M. Leaf forked, segments strap-shaped; female calyx en->
tire, hemispherical.

Dicksfls.~rDill.75. 3. A. C~Mi ch.2. %-DiH. 7 5 . 3 . B,

Shoots strap-shaped, forked, dotted ; often notched at the end ;
midrib blackish. Weber, Fruit-stalk terminating, f to 1 inch
high. Plant green, strap-shaped, smooth, flat, in forked divisions.
Dill.

Under wet rocks on the mountains of Scotland. Dicks, ii. 17.

BLA'SIA. Male; solitary, imbedded in the substance
of the leaf.

Fern. Capsule egg-shaped, l-celled, crowned withi
a tube through which the seeds escape.

Obs. For further particulars of the fructification, see Vol, I,
p. 368, and 390.

pusll'la, B*

Schmid. Bias.— He dwa the or. 27. 156 to 164 -Dill 01.7 -Mich. 7,
Bias! a— FI. dan. 45.

Seeds when ripe flowing out of a cup-like cylindrical vefsel,
so small that their figure is not discernible to the naked eye. LinN,
s;icc. n , 1053. Leaves in a circle, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter,
deep purple at the base, green at the edges, jagged. Grows in 4

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICJE. Riceia.

circular form in shady places. Leaves thin, green, pellucid, with
whitish veins towards the base, waved at the edge, cloven at the
ends. Fruit-stalk i-8th of an inch high, several rising in suc-
cession from near the ends of the leaves. Dill.

On the sides of ditches and rivers in a sandy soil. Huds. At
the breaking of Medlock River Bank at Feasington Wood be-
tween Garret and Knotmiil, about a mile from Manchester. Har-
rison in Dill. 238. Near Halifax. Bolton. On Hounslow
Heath, Huds. P. Aug. — Now

RIC'CIA. Capsules sitting, globular, 1 -celled, grow-
ing at the apex of the leaf, and containing from
20 to 30 brown or white seeds. (See vol. I. p.
368, and 391.)

R. Leaves inversely heart-shaped ,* fringed.

E.bot.2 5 2 -Dill. 78.18.

The edges of the leaves are not really fringed, but afsume that
appearance in consequence of their sending out fibrous roots.
Weber. About fan inch long. Fringe sometimes white. Scholl.

sometimes only inversely egg-shaped, and without any notch
at the end; entire at the edge, bright green. Weber. Very
nearly allied to Targionia hypophylla. Huds.

Pools about Hadley, Suffolk. Buddle in Dill. 537. [Sawston
Moor, Cambridgeshire. Mr. Relhan.] A. Aug. — Oct.

R. Leaves smooth ; deeply divided ,* acute.

D///.78. 1 i—Mlch. 57.6, magnified- Schmid. 45.3 » ends of the seg-
ments Hunt.

Shoots hardly a line in breadth, generally forked, entire and
pointed, or else notched at the end. In the substance, and towards
the base of the leaf, in the month of October we may observe
greenish globules, changing to brown and then to black. Weber.

On Black Heath near Greenwich. Dill. In places that have
been overflowed. Huds. A. Nov. Dec.

R. Leaves smooh, channelled, 2-lobed, blunt.

Schmid. 44. 1 -Hedzv. theor. 29.165 to ijq.-Vaill.iQ. i-Fl.dan.8g8.

i-Mich.^j.q-DHl.j^,io-Buxb.u.^.s»

I have frequently observed black spots immersed in the sub-
stance of the leaves, which are what Midheli has described as
capsules full of seeds, and which has been since clearly ascer-
tained by Hedwig. Mr. Woodward. Leaves small, the undei
side firmly fixed to the ground, adhering at the base to each other,

888 CIIYPTOGAMIA. HEPATIC^. Anthoceros.

deeply divided, Pollich. whitish green, thick, slippery, very
smooth, broadish, furrowed on the upper side, frequently forked;
segments blunt. Weber. Growing in a circular form. Leaves
thick, ifsuing from a centre, often cloven. Roots fine black fibres
from the under surface of the plant which floats on the water.
Ray. hist. I have never seen it on the water, but in roads and
wet corn fields both in spring and autumn. Dill.

Sandy v moist heaths. [In the same situations, and usually
growing with Targionia Spharoccupos , and at the same time. Mr,
Woodward. In clover stubbles near Bungay, Suffolk, frequent.
Mr. Stone.] A. Oct.— April,

flu'itans. R. Leaves forked ; strap-threadshaped.

V ail! . 1 9.3 -Dill. 7 ^.qp-Mich%\. 6-E. hot. 251 -Pet. mus.2. 253 -FI.
dan. 275.

Not having myself seen its fructifications, it is still a doubt
whether it really belong to this genus. Linn. Floating in stag-
nant water; brown green in spring, pure green in summer. Dill,
Ditches and sides of pools, P. Jan. — Dec.

fruticulo'sa. R. Leaves upright, comprefsed, variously branched: branches

upright, forked, awl-shaped.

FI. dan. 898.3.

Its habit that of Jungermannia furcata. Colour verdigris, or
greenish blue. Dicks.

On the bottom of the trunks of trees among mofs.

ANTHQ'CEROS. Capsule awl-shaped, 2 -valved 2
seeds fixed to the partition or to the valves.

Obs. For more particulars of the fructification see vol. I. p„
367, and 390,

puncta'tus. A. Leaf curled, indented, jagged, dotted.

Dill . 68.1 —Mi ch.j.2-FL dan .396.

Caps, and fruit-stalks from 1 to 3 inches long, spreading wide
in shady places. Leaves' short, scolloped, jagged, thin, pellucid,
deep green. Fruit- stalks'. green, numerous, sheathed at the base.
The whole plant turns black when dried in paper. Dill. Leaves
deep green, crisp, resembling Jungermannia pinguis. Fruit-stalks
simple, form a lopped sheathing involucrum. Caps, at the end
@1 the fruit-stalk; valves 2, bursting. Seeds adhering to a co-

CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICAL Anthoceroa. &&

lumnar receptacle. Mr. Woodward. Dots on the leaves black.

Weber.

On heaths in moistish shady places. [Ellingham fen, Bungay,

Suffolk, near the direction post. Mr. Stone. Brome, Norfolk,
on the borders between the high and boggy ground. Woodw.]

F. August — April,

A. Leaf with doubly winged clefts ; segments strap-shaped, multi'fidus*

Dill. 68.4.

Dillenius had not discovered this plant, but figured it from
specimens sent by Haller. I am indebted to Mr. Dickson for it.

Somewhat resembles the Riccia fluitans, but the segments are
pointed, not lopped at the end.

SND OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

ADDITIONS.

t

Additions to Vol. 2nd, to follow Screen us nigricaiffe, at

page So.

ferragin'ens SCHGL'NUS. Straw naked : flowers in a doable spike :

larger valve of the involucrumas tall as the spike.

//.tfx.viii.12.40.

Bogs in mountains. Found by Mr. Dickson in Scotland, in
great plenty. P. July,

To follow Sax i frag a hypnoides, at page 407.

(4) Stems trailing •

petre'a. SAXIFRAGA. Leaves on leaf-stalks, hand-shaped, with

3 divisions; segments mostly 3-cleft: stem limber,
lying down, much branched : fruit-stalks very long,
I -flowered.

H.ox.xu.g.2$-Pluk.2 22.s~Gouan ///. 18.3, is the plant, but "aery
much larger than the other figures or our specimens, ( Gunn.
Norw. 9.1.3, is a different species , and Fl.dan.G6, seems to be the
same.)

Nearly allied to the S. tridactylites, and viscid like that ;
but the stem is very much branched; the leaves are broad, hand-
shaped, with 3 divisions, the segments cut and the blofsoms 4
times as large. Linn. Root-leaves sitting, mostly 3-cleft, wedge-
shaped ; the rest 3-cleft, all covered with long jointed transparent
hairs, which taper to a fine point. Stem about 2 inches high,
branched, supporting from 5 to 8 flowers, each subtended by a
3-cleft floral leaf. Calyx 5-cleft, segments oval, covered with
short globuliferous hairs. Petals expanding, thrice as long as the
calyx, oval blunt, each marked with 3 pale green lines. Whole
pla?it hairy, the hairs jointed like a Conferva, and secreting a
glutinous liquid. Flovcer yellow white, with a greenish tinge.
Petals 3 fibred. The notch at the end mentioned in Gmelin’s
spec. char, is not constant.

We are indebted to the indefatigable researches of J. Wynne
Griffith, Esq. for this beautiful addition to our Flora. He found
it on the rocks ofCwm Idwell, above Llyn Idwell, near Twll du,
and favoured me with recent specimens. It is a very scarce plant.

P. April — June.

INDEX

S91

TO THE

' . V

Second and Third Volumes.

\

Generic names in small capitals.
Specific names in roman print.

Synonyms l
and 1

Englifh names

,es i

in italic.

ABele-Tree 375
^ Acer 368
campestre 369
Pseudo-platanus368
Acetosa-rotun-
difolia 367

Achillea 741
Millefolium 742
Ptarmica 741
Acorus 343

Calamus 343
ACROSTICHUM763

alpinum 774
ilvense 764
ilvense 774

septentrio-
nale 764

Spirant 7 66
7’helypteris 77 6
Actjea 483

spicata 483

Adder st ongue 761
Adiantum 781
Capillus-
Veneris 781
trapeziforme 769
Adonis 503

aestivalis 503
autumnalis 503

Adoxa

Moschatel-

lina

Mgilops incur -
vat a

A^go PODIUM

;86

1 <*> »■>

Podagraria
JEthusa
Cynapium
Meum
Agrimonia
Eupatoria
Agrimony
Agrostemma
Githago
Agrostis
alba
alpina
canina
canina
capillaris
littoral is
maritima
minima
minima
nigra
pallida
paluftris
folymorpha

pumila
Spica-venti 126
386 stolon ifera 13 1

stolonifera 1 32
169 sylvatica T33

QI4 vinealis 127

314 vulgaris 132

304A1RA 135

304 aquatica 135

305 aquat : dis-

442 tans 14 1

443 ceerulea 1 39

443 casspitosa 136

431 carvophylleai38

431 canescens 137

124 crist at a 145

129 flexuosa i36

128 montana 136

127 prascox 137

128 set ace a 137

133 varia 14°

J29AJUGA ^ 516

132 Chamaepi- ■,

134 thys . 517

146 genevensis 516

I3I pyramidalis 516

128 reptans 517

126 Alchemilla 204

j 33 alpina 205

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

a

Ipina

205 Anagallis 2q8

vulgaris

o

Alder

238

238

239

227

204 arvensis
207, 259 cecrulea

Alehoof 52 6 tenelJa

Alexanders 310 Anchusa

Alisma 361 sempervirens 227

Damasonium 361 Andromeda

Janceolata 362 IDaboecia 373

natans 362 Angelica 297

Plantago 361 sylvestris 298

ranunculoides362 angelica 298

Allisanders 310 archangelica 297

Allgood 270 Anemone 498

All-heal 528 532 apennina ^00

Cymbalaria 543
Elatine 349

Linaria 3,31

majus 552

minus 531

monspefsula-

nuin

Orontium
repens

55°

552

551

55°

549

Allseed \ 76, 273,323

Alkane t

Allium

ampeJopra-

•sum

arenarium
carinatum
ole race um
Schaenopra-
sum

ursinum
vineale
A LOP EC UR us

a

nemorosa 499
Pulsatilla 498
pratensis 498

ranunculoides499
332 Anethum 310

10

227

332

O 0
03

agrestis

bul bos us
geniculatus
genic : bulb os us

5
334

333

1 19

1 19

737

738

740

739

740

358

333 P'ceniculum ^

333 Anise 312,313,

334 . 314

Anthem is 737

arvensis
Cotula
maritirna
nobilis
tinctoria

1 20 Anther 1 cum 338
120 calyculatum 339
120 calyculatum

monspcliensis 1 2 1 ofsifragum

paniceus 121 serotinum

1 1 9 Anthoceros
128 multifidus
318 punctatus
420 Antiioxan-
420 THUxM
420 odoratum
318 Anthyllis
611 V ulneraria
61 1 Antirrhi-

N U M
arvense

repens
spurium
Aparine
minima
A P HANES

arvensis
Apium
graveolens 314
Apple- Tre e 463

Aquilegia

192

4

4

3T4

vulgaris

pratensis
ventricosus
A L S I N E
aquatic a
font ana.
longifolia, &'c.

media
Althjea
officinalis
Amaranthus 174
Biitum 374

339

339

888

889

888

58

58

629

629

549

55°

Arabis •
arenosa
stricta
thaliana
Thaliana
Turrita
Arbutus
alpina
Unedo
Uva-ursi
Archangel

53°

Arenaria
juniperina
larici folia
marina
media
peploides
rubra
rubra

serpyllifolia

tenuifolia

trinervia

verna

495

495

587

588

587

5S7

588
588

399

399

399

399

527>

421
424
424

422
422

421

422

422
42 1

423

42 1

423

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

argentine

Arctium

Lappa

Aristolo

Clematitis

Artemisia

maritima
vulgaris
Arum

A R u N D O
arenaria
Calamaeros-

O

tis

Calamagrosth

Epigejos

Epigejos

Asarum

europseum

Ash-tree

Ash-weed

Asp

Asparagus

officinalis

Aspen-Tree

Asperugo

procumbens

Asperula

cynanchica

odorata

Asphodel 340,
Asphodelus lan-
c astride 340,
Asplenium
Adiantum ni-
grum

704

alternifolium

694

Ceterach

694

lanceo latum

'36°

marinum

360

ruta-muraria

359

Scolopend ri-

512

11 m

380

Trichomanea

381

Trichomanes

708

7 richomanes

7 10

viride

7°9

Aster

71 1

Tripolium

7°9

Astragalus

710

danicus

497

glycyphyllos

497

hypoglottis

166

uralensis

167 Athamanta
Libanotis

167

Meum

I23

Oreoselinum

167

Athanasia-

I23

rnaritima

166

Atrip lex

440

erect a

440

hastata

440

laciriiata

57

littoralis

31 5

pat ula

376

pedunculata

34o

portulacoides

34®

AtriplexvalvL

376

&c.

231

Atropa

231

Belladonna

185

Avena

186

elatior

185

fatua

35S

f

flavescens

nu da

35®

pratensis

7 66

pubescens

strigosa

770

Avens 477^

767

769

Awhvort r;6'
Azalea 2

procumbens 2^9

769 TJallota 533
JO nigra 533
7 66 Balm 539

768 Bane-berries 483
768 Bank-crefses 384
Barberry 33 r

Barbula rigida 814
convoluta 816
Barley 171, 172

Bartsia 341
alpina 342

Odontites 342
viscosa 341

Base-Rocket 446

Basil 535> 53s

Bast 490

Bastard-Crefs 369

294 Bastard- Parsley 2S 7

Bastard- Peili-

707 tory 741

274 Batchelors-but -

275 ^ 743

274 Baum 538, 539

274 Bawd-money 3 05

275 Bear-berries 400

273 Bearsfoot 205

276 Bearsfoot

274 Beech Tree
e Bee-flower

Beet 277

Bell-flower 241
242, 243, 244

245

163 Bell is 733

164 perennis -733

363 Zfew/ 126, 1 33

164 Berbfris 3^0'

768

726

643

644

294

294

3°5

51 1

444
28

276

252

16

165

166

jtnQ

vulgaris

o r r>
9 *77

Beta ^

maritima 277-

Bethlem-star o 0 7

Oj /

8.94

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

!

Betonica

53°

Bloodwort 199,

353

pinnatus

163

officinalis

53°

Blue-bottle

743

pinnatu

ir.8

Betony 15,

531

Bog-mofs

783

polymorphic j 39

Betula

206

Bog-rush

78

ramosus

l6 I

alba

206

Borage

231

squarrosus

]60

alnus

2 o5

Borago

230

sterilis

l62

nana

207

officinalis

220

Kj

sylvaticus

36l

B I D E N S

7°5

Bottle-mofs

792

Brooklime

15

cernua

7°5

Box

2 10

Brook-weed

246

minima

706

Brakes 764, 765

Broom

624

tripartita

7 06

Bramble 468, 469

Broom rape

5 58

Bifolium palustre 35

47°, 471

Bruisewort

408

Bilberries 370,

371

Branks

385

Bryonia

67

Bindweed 240,

3S5

Brassica

589

dioica

67

Bird-grafs

144

campestris,

59°

Bryony 67, 344

Birds-Cherry

455

camfestrisy

Br yum,

808

Birds -eye

235

&c.

59°

aciculare

79S

Birdsfoot 641,

657

moncnsis

593

acutum

823

Birds -nest

29O

muralis

592

aestivum

826

Birds-nest 29

32

Napus

59°

cestivum

83r

39s

oleracea

59i

alpinum

841

Birch tree

206

oriental is

589

androgynum 836

Birk

206

turrita

59°

annotinum

805

Bistort

383

Breakstone

2I5

apocarpum

809

Bitter-crefses

580

Briza

148

argenteum

838

Bitter-fweet

253

maxima

149

aureum

s38

Black berried

media

148

barbatum

829

Heath

177

minor

148

bipartitum

835

Black-berry

470

Brome-grafs

*59

brevifolium

831

Black-thorn

457

160, 1-6 1,

162

cdespiticium

807

Bladder -Campi-

163

calcareum

812

on

412

Bromus

J59

callistomum

818

Bladder-nut-tree 0 1 8

altifssimus

161

canescens

825

Bladder snout 19

, 20

arvensis

162

capillaceum

831

Blattaria his pa-

arvensis

161

capillare

805

nic a

25O

asper

161

837

— lute a

t

25O

erectus

160

Celsii

802

Blasia

88(5

giganteus

162

cervical atum 812

pusilla

886

hirsutus

161

cirrhatum

824

Blea-berries

37°

hordeaceus

160

cirrhatum

825

Bleciinum

765

madritensis

161

convolutum

816

Spicant

765

montanus

161

crispatum

833 1

Blinks

*75

muralis

161

crispum

827

Blite

2 73

nemoralis

161

crudum

807

INDEX to Vol. II. and III,

S95

cubUale
cuneifolium
Daviesii
dcalbatum
delicatulum
Dickson i
cl on gat mn
ericetorum
extinctorium
fallax
fasciculare
fasciculatum
fl a gel hire
flavescens
flexifolium
flexuosum
fontanum
Forsteri
glaucum
Heimii

4

heteromallum
hornum
hygrometricum
hyperboreum
hypnoides
hypnoides 822,
“ 826
imberbe
inclination
incurvum
lanceolatum
lanuginosum
laterale
linearc
linoiclcs
longifolium
macrocarpon
marginatum
mnioides
mucronula-
tum
mu rale
murale
nigritum

S40

obtusum

811

811

ovatum

811

835

pallidum

818

816

paludosuin

813

8 37

parvulum

832

826

patens

822

832

pauci folium

814

826

pellucidum

802

8l6

pennatum

821

833

polyphyllum

825

815

pom i forme

822

828

p.ulvinatum

840

831

purpureum

803

830

S29

815

pusillu

812

834

pyriforme

812

Soo

recurvatum

838

815

recurviros-

801

trum

829

815

reticulatum

821

801

rigid um

813

805

rub rum

801

804

rufescens

818

828

rurale

836

819

scoparium

799

825

sericeum

839

trichodes Soo

trifarium 827

triquetrum 808
truncatulum 818

S27

808

Virens

Weifsii

816
814

817

827

839

Buck shorn 198

Bucks horn 256, 259

735

205

205

5J7

sericeum

829 serpyllifolium
835 806, 807

797 sefsile
824 setaceum
819 simplex

823 splachnoides

837 stellatum

824 stelligerum
8 34 striatum
822

841 striatum

838 strumiferum
subu latum

817 tectorum
81 1 tenue
8 1 1 tctragonum
840 tortuosum

839 Bui lace
804 Bull-rush

457

75

Bumblekites 470

562
562
291

810 Bunias
816 Cakile
801 Bunium
828 Bulbocasta-
812 num
822 Bulbocasta-
810

num

291

292

827 flexuosum 291
8io Bupleurum 285
833 rotundifolium28 5
832 tenuiisimum 285
810 Bupthalnum 738

828 Burnet 199 493
835 Burnet-Saxi -

830 frage 312

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

Burdock 283, 694

patula

242

polyacanthos

698

Bur-weed

1 1 2

Rapunculus

242

pratensis

701

1 *3

rotundifolia

241

tcnuiiiorus

698

Butchers-broom

6b

Trachelium

243

Car ex

81

Butomus

393 Campion 412,

413

acuta 108, 109

umbollatus

393

4*5> 431’

432

acuta

109

Butter & eggs

552

Canary-graJ s

1 J3

am pul lace a

1 10

Butterbur

72a

1 14

arenaria

90

Buttercups

506

Candock

489

atrata

105

Mr

5°9

Candy tuf t 575576

axillaris

89

But ter jags

^59

Canterbury-

brizoides

88

Butterwort

18

bells 243,

244

caespitosa

106

Buxbaumia

790

Capon-tail-

canescens 88,

93

foliosa

790

grafs

152

capillaris

IOi

Buxus

210

Caraway

310

clandestina

96

sempervirens 2 10

Card amine

576

curt a

88

amara

580

depauperata

102

r'Abhage 590,

59r>

bfllidifolia

577

digitata

95

^ 592> 593

dexuosa

578

dioica

86

Calamagros-

hirsuta

578

distans

100

TIS

122

hirsuta 578 ,

579

disticha

9r

arenaria

I23

impatiens

577

divisa

92

color at a

124

impatiens ,&c. 578

divulsa

93

Epigejos

I23

minor , ferV.

578

elegans

104

lanceolata

122

parvi flora

579

extensa

99

variegata

124

petraea

577

filiformis

97

Calami nt

539

pratensis

579

flava

9y

Calamus

344

pumila 577,

588

flava

100

C A LENDULA

746

Cardinal-floiv-

gracilis

109

arvensis

746

er

245

hirta

1 10

Calf s- snout

552

Carduus

697

incurva

89

Callitrighe

5

Acanthium

704

intermedia

91

autumnalis

6

Acanthoides

698

leporina

88

verna

5

acaulis

7°3

limosa

i°3

Caltha

51 1

arvensis

697

montana

106

palustris

51 1

crispus

698

muricata

92

Caltrops

2I3

eriophorus

700

ovalis

88

Camline

562

helenioides

702

pallescens '

103

Cammock

627

heterophyllus

702

paludosa

108

Campanula

241

7°3

panicea

loo

gloinerata

2 44

lanceolatus

699

paniculata

94

hederacea

244

marianus

700

patida

87

hybrida

244

nutans

699

pauciflora

87

latifolia

243

palustris

697

pendula

96

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

pilulifera i oy Caucalis

preccox 97

pseudo-cype-

rus

•pulicaris
recurva
remota
rigida
riparia
rostrata
s picul a
stellulata
stricta
trigosa
sylvatica
teretiuscula
tomentosa
uliginosus
ventricosa

104
86
102
88

106
108
1 10

93

87 485, 5°4

107 Centaurea
96 Calcitrapa

102 Cyan us

95

98

80

287 Chameemelwn 739

288 Chamomile 7 on , 740

288'CliARA ' 2

287 flexilis 3

288 hispida 3

288 tomentosa 2

287 vulgaris 2

289 Charlock 594, 595
287 Cheese -renni nguyi
289 Cheiranthus 585

Anthriscus
arvensis
daucoides
helve tic a
latifolia
leptophylla
nodos 1
pumila
scandicina
Celandine 483,484 Cheiri

586

sinuatus 586

742CHERLERIA 424
745 sedoidcs 424

742 Chelidonium 483

743 corriiculatum 484

Scabiosa 744 Glaucium 484

solstitialis 745 hybridum 485

102 Centory 194, 255 laciniatum 484

vesicarta 102,110 Gentunculus 198 majus 4<J3

vesicaria no minimus 198 Chenopodium 270

nigra

vulpina
Carlina
vulsiaris
Car line-
Thistle
Carpinus
Betulus
Carum
Carui

93 Cerastium 433
704 alpinum 434

704 aquaticuiti 436

arvense 434

latifolium 434

pumilum 435

semidecan -

drum 435

tomentosum 435

7°5
44 2
44 2

31 1

31 1
290

27 1

270

272

272

273

272

273

umbellatumi 7^435

viscosum
vulgatum

Carrot
Caryophyllus
holosteust&c.43$

Catchfly 413, 414 Ceratophyl-
415, 416, 417 lum

^23 demersum

Catcbweedn 9 3 2 3 1 s ub me r s urn

Cat-mint 520 Cmrophyl-

Cats-ears 691,692 lum

Cats-foot 5 26,7 13 sylvestre

Cats-milk 449
Cats-tail 111,112
1 14

temulum

Chadlock

Chaffweed

433

433

440

440

441

3°8

QOS

308

594

199

album

Bonus-Hen-
ricus
gl au cum
hybrid um

j

maritimum
mural e
olidum
polyspcrmum 273
rubrum 271

urbicum 270
viride 272

Chequered "Daf-
fodil 336

Cherry Tree 455

' . 456

Chervil 306, 307

3° 8

Chesnut Tree 444
Chickweed 5, 13
17,18,175,206
412, 420, 422

Vol. IIL— 3 M

$9$

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

Chironia
Centaurium
pulchella
Chlora
perfoliata
Chr YSANTHE-
MUM

Chamomilla
in odor urn
Leucanthe-
mum
maritima
parthenium
s^oetum

254 salicifolius 491

“255 surrejanus 492

255 Cistus 398, 491,492

3^9. 493

369 Clary 21

Cleavers 193

733 Clematis 500

736 Vitalba 500

734 Cliff-Kale 563

Clinopodium 534

733 vulgare 535

736 Clivers 193

735 Clot weed 283

_ 735 Clottburr 694

Chrysosple- Cloudberry 471

^ nium 401 Claver 657, 660

alte mi folium 401 Clover 646, 652

opposititoliun^oa Club-grafs 73, 75 , 76
Churnstaff 449 77, 73

Cl^lyr3° 5*306 Clubmofs 757, 758

Columbines
CoMARUM
pa lustre
Comfrey
Couch-grafs
Couch-wheat
Conium
maculatum
CoNVALLARIA
majalis
multiflora
Polygonatum 342
verticillata 341
Convolvulus 239

495

479

479

230

*73

*73

292

292

341

34J

342

C I C H O R I U M
^ Intybus
Cichory

ClCUTA

virosa
Cineraria
alpina
campestris

455

571

574

575

574
573

575

693 759

693 Clttb-rujh 73, 74, 75

694 77, 78
304 Cluster -cherry
304 COCHLEARIA

anglica

730 Armoracia
730 Coronopus
Cinquefoil 473 ,474 danica

475» 479 dldyrna

Circle a 10 groenlandica 573

. alpina ir officinalis 571

I u te t i an a 10 Cockle 43 j

Cirsium angli- Cocksfoot 149,150

702 Cockshead 642, 643
britannicumt 544

&V. ,702 Codded-mouse-

Cistus 490 ear ^37

anglicus * 490 Codlings® cream 367

guttatus 491 Co L chi cum 359

Helianthe- , autumnale 359

492 Colewort 240, 563

491 Coltsfoot 719, 720

492 721

arvensis
sepium
Soldanella
Con yza
squarrosa
Cop-rofe
Coralwort
Coreopsis bidens 706
Coriander 306
Coria N D R U M 305
sativum 305
Corn-berries 372
Corji-cale 594

Cornel 200, 201

239

240

240

717

717

487

576

mum

hirsutus

polifolius

Corn-f Giver
Corn-parsley
Corn-rose
Corn sail ad
Cornus
herb ace a
sanguinea
suecica
Corn-violet
Corrigiola
littoralis
CoRYLUS
Avellana
Cotton-grafs 7
Cottonweed
Cotula alba

743

3°°

487

6?

200

201
200
200

245

3*

318

378

37s
1, 72

7°7

738

INDEX to Vol. II. and II

*899

Cotula fdetida 739 Ciow-berries 177
Cot ula non f<£ti day 38 Crow-flower 432
Cotyledon 425 Crowfoot 504, 505

426 506, 507, 509

425 Crow-Garlic 334

426 Cuckow-bread 4 ^6

3°4 43 1

308 Cuckow -flower 43 1

296 432, 433

149 Cuckowpint
234 Cucubalus
308 baccifenis

lutea

Cmbilicus
umbilicus
Cowbane
Cow-parfley
Cow-pars?iep
Cowquakes
Cowslips
Cow -weed

Cow-wheat 544, 545 Behen
546, c47

Coxcomb
Crab- Tree
Crake-berries
Crake-needle
Crambe
maritima

497

41 1

411

412

Otites 412

542 Cudweed 707 ,712
462 713,714,715716

177 Currants 26426 5266
307 CuSCUTA 208

563 Epilhymum 209

563 europsea 208

C> 'an-berries r 372 Cyathea ncisa 78 O
Crane sb ill 600, 601 Cyclamen 235
602, 603, 604 europaeum 235

605, 60S, 607 CYNOGLOSSUM227

608, 609, 610 officinale
Crap 167, 385 sylvaticum
Crataegus 458 C.ynosurus
Aria 458 casruleus

Oxyacantha 459 cceruleus
torminalis 458 cristatus
Crefset 564 echinatus

Crofswort 187, 192 Cyperus

688 acieularis
690 longus

689 nigricans
689 Cyperus

295 Cyperus- grafs 77,97
295 Cyphel 425, 452
68 Cypripedium 43
officinalis 68, 69 calceolns 43
sativus 68

68 TAactylis 149

69 JL/ glomerata 130

316

376

377

376

Crepis
biennis
fast id a
tectorum
Crithmum
maritimum
Crocus

227

228

150

1 51

140

15°

1

78

78

79

78

79

stricta jaq

Daffodil 2

Daisy 733» 734

Dame wort 387
Dandelion 679, 680
681, 682
Dane wort
Da p h n e
Laureola
Mezereum
Darnel 167 , 168 169
Datura 251

Stramonium 25 1
Daucus 289

.Carota 289
maritimus 290
polygamus 290
Dead-nettle 527, 530
Dead-tongue 302
Dee-nettle 527
Deers -hair 73

Delphinium 494
Consol id a 494
Dens leonis , &c. 681
Dentaria
bulbifera
Devils -bit
Devils-bit
Dew-betry
Dianthus
Armeria
barbatus

vernus

Crocus

5 76

576

I83

680

469

4O9

409

409

csesius 41 1

Caryophyllus4ro
Caryophyl lus 410

deltoides 410

glaucus 4 1 1

prolifer 409

virgineus 4 1 1

Dicranum 801

aciculare 798

cerviculatum 8 1 3

cri spurn 827

M 2

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

801

555

555

210

182

182

182

flagellar e 831
heterofflalliim 801
longifo Hum 834
pusillum S33
scoparlum 799
varium
Digitalis
purpurea

mi

PlPSACUS
fullonum
pi] os us
sylvestris 182
Dittander 567, 568
Dock 353, 354, 355

356-35°>357>35S
Dock-crefses 693

Dodder 209

Dogberry tree 200
Dogs-grafs 173
Dogs-Merctiry 392
Dogs-tail 150* 1 51
Dogs-wheat 1 74
Doronicum 732
Pahlalianches732
Doubletooth 705,706

56 5
566

566

565

Draba
incana
muralis
stellata

verna

5 6 5

Drank

169

Dropwort 301,
3°3> 463

3°2

Prosera

323

anglica

324

longifolia

324

rotundifolia

323

Dryas

47S

octopetala

47S

Duckmeat 43

, 44

Dutch- Agrlmot/yyoy
Dutch-myrtle 208
Dutch- Rujhes 756

Dwale 252

Divarf-Bay 377
Dwarf-Elder 3 1 6
Dway-berries 252
Dyers-weed 445,624

JfAr th-mofs 7 84 7 8 5
^ 786, 787

Earth-nut 292
Echinophora 285
spinosa 285
Eciiium 232

italicum 232
violaceum 233
vulgare 232
Elatine 386
Alsinastrum 386
Elder 317

Elecampane 730,731

732

Elm 278

Elymus 169

arenarius 170
caninus 170
caninus 174

europaeus 170
Empetrum 376
nigrum 176

Enchanters-wort 1 1
Endive 694

Epilobium 366
alpinum 3 68
angustifolium 366
hirsutum 366
hirsutum 367
montanum 367
palustre 368
parviflorum 367
parvijlorum 367
tetragonum 368
villosum 367
Epimedium 199
alpinum J99
Equisetum 753

753

755

756
755

754

arvense
fluviatile
hyemale
limosum
palustre
sylvaticum 7^2
Erica 372

cinerea 374
Daboecia 372
‘Mwa 373
I etraux 373
vagans 373

vulgaris 374
Erigeron 717
acre 718

alpinum 718
canadense 718
Eriocaulon 184
septangulare 184
Eriophorum 71
alpinum 72
angustifolium 72
polystachion 72
polystachion 72
vaginatum 71
Ervum 639

hirsutum 640
soloniense 638
tetraspermum 639
Eryngium 283
campestre 284
maritimum 283
Eryngo 283, 284
Erysimum 5^3
Alliaria 584
Barbarea 584
cheiranthoi-
des 585

officinale 583
Eupatorium 706
cannabinum 706
Euphorbia 446
amygdaloides 452
Characias 4 5 r

INDEX to Vol II

Cyparifsias

45 1

duriuscula

exigua

447

durieuscula

helioscopia

449

dumetorum

hyberna

45°

ejatior

v Paralias

448

elatior

Peplis

446

fluitans

Peplus

447

fluit, prat .

platyphyllos 449

glabra

platyphyllos

447

Loliacea

Portland ica

448

myurus

segetalis 447,450

ovina

verrucosa

449

pinnata

Euphrasia

543

pinnata 158,

Odontites

543

pratensis

officinalis

543

rubra

Everlasting

712

sylvatica

JLvonymus

259

tenuifolia

europaeus

259

Fetch

Eyebright 543,

544 Feverfew 736,

Exacum

194

vie aria verna

fjliforme

194

Fiddle-Dock

Figwort 553,

AGUS 443

Castanea 443 Fi l a g o
sylvatica ^44 arvensis
Fair-maids of arvensis

february 331 gallica
Fat -hen 275 Gallica

Feaberry 266 german ica

Feather-grafs 163 germanica
Felwort 280, 281 montana
Fen-berries 372 montana
Fennel 5, 310 Finkle

Fern 764, 765, 770 Fir

776 Fifsidens adian

Fescue-grafs 151,152 t aides

*53> >54. 155>J56 bryoides

1 5 7, 15 8 polycarpos

Festuca 15 1 strumifer

bromoides 1 5 1 Five leaved g\
capibrica 155 Flag
decumbens 158 Flax 321, 3
decumbens 148 Fleaba?2e 7
dumetorum 154 719, 73

and III. <^01

%

153 Fleawort 729, 73*

155 FI owe ri ng- Fern 763

156 Flowering-Rujh 393
156 Fluellin 12, 13

156 FlueUin 5 50

154 Fontinalis 787

157 alpina 789

15 1 anti py ret ica 787

152 capillacea 789

158 minor 788

1 59 secunda 790
156 squamosa 788

153 Fools-parsley 305

158 Fools-stones 124

155 Fowlgrafs ' 144

637 Foxglove 555

737 Foxtailgrafs 119,120
504 121

356 Fragaria 47*

554 sterilis 472

555 vesca 47*

746 Framboise 468

746 Frankenia 352

716' laevis 352

746 pulverulenta 352

715 Frankivort 352
746 Fraxinus 57
717 excelsior 57
746 French-Mercury 393

716 French- Wheat 385

310 Freshwater
616 Soldier 49&

Friar s-cr own joi
844 Fritillaria 335
843 Mel.eagris 335
825 Fritillary 336

833 Frogbit 394

''afs 475 Frogs-lettnce 213
69, 70 Fumaria 620

22, 323 capnoides 620
17, 718 capreolata 621
742 claviculata 621

INDEX to Vo l* II. and III.

Intermedia 620 Gentle Thistle

minor 620 Gentian J94,

officinalis 62oGentiana

Fumitory 621 , 622 Amarella
Furze 626 campestris

Gentaurium

702 Gilli flower 386
281 Gladden 70

280 Gladiole 245, 393

281 Gladwyn 70

281 Glafswort^, 273,278
255 Glastonbury -

282 thorn AKn

VJT nivalis

33 1

collina

282 Glaux

268

Gale

208

filiformis

282

maritima

268

Galeobdolon 530

nivalis

280 Glecoma

525

luteum

53°

Pneumonan-

hederacea

526

Galeopsis

528

the

280 Globe- flower

5IQ

cannabina

529 Gentianella

Gnaphalium

711

grandiflora

528

fugax

281

alpinum

7*4

Ladanum

528

purpurea

281

arvense

716

Tetrahit

529 G

ERANIUM

600

dioicum

712

villosa

528

bat rack, alt .

602

gallicum

7J5

Gating ale

79

cicutarium

609

germanicum

716

Galium

1 86

columbinum 603

luteo-album

712

anglicum

191

difsectum

603

margarita-

Aparine

192

lancastriense

600

ceum

712

boreale

192

lucid um

607

montanum

7*5

cruciatum

186

malvaefolium 603

Norvegicum

7l3

erectum

189

maritimum

606

rectum

7*3

mollugo

189

molle

604

supinum

714

montanum

187

moschatum

609

sylvaticum

7*3

moiUanum

188

nodosum

601

sylvaticum

714

montium

188

phasum

605

uliginosum

7*5

palustre

187

pimpinellifoli-

Goatsbeard

672

187

pusiJlum 188

scabrum 190

spurium 190

spurium 1 90

tricorne 190

uliginosum 188

verum 191

um

pratense

pusillum

5°9

728

Garlic 333, 334, 335 Germander 1 7

Gat ten tree 200 Germander 517, 518

610

606 Goldenrod
6 04 Goldilocks 505, 782
pyrenaicum 601 783, 796

robertianum 608 Goldins 734, 735
rotundifolium6o7 GWJ of pleafure 562
sanguineum 600 Good Henry 270

sylvaticum 602 Good King Henry2rjo

Gooseberry 2 66

Goosecorn ,46

Gatteridge tree 2 59
Genista 624 Geum

anglica 625 rival e

pilofa 624 urbanum

tinctoria 624 <?///

5r9

477

478

477

526

Goosefoot 270, 27 1
272, 273

Goose-grafs 188, 189
190, 191, 192,

i93> 473

Index i0 Vol. n.and m.

Goosetongue 741 TJAir-grafs 135 Helme iao

r°’Ze, j at- „ *36> 137 , 138 Hemlock 292, qor

&3£f* fcr“ St 7°5

Goulans
Goule
Goutweed
Gramm alpi -
warn, &Y.

735 Hard-grafs
208 Hard-heads
3*5 Hard-irons
Harebell
1 30 Haresfoot
cantrium, &V.131 Harestail
capill . locust , Harestrong

r52r 155 Hartshorn
miliaceiim,&c.i 33 Harts tongue
montanum,ts? <\ 1 3 1 Hartwort
rad. repente 132 Hasel-nut
Grafs oj Par - Hat her

najsus 319 Hawk-nut ^ XJ_CIU ^eraJ

Grajspoly 441,442 Howksbeard6$ 9 690 Herb- Paris
Grafswrack 497 Hawkweed 683, 684 Herb-robert

G rnvmtlt 226 68" ” *

I 69

744 Hempweed 707
744 Henbane 252

343 Henbit 17, 528, 593
650 Hensfoot 287, 288

71 289

294 Hep-tree 467

198 Heracleum 293
766 Sphondylliurn295
287 Herb-Bennett 477
378 478

374 Herb -Christopher^^
292 Herb Gerard 316

385
608

Gray mill

Greed, 44 688, 689, 990 HernVaIm

Green-weed 624, 625 692 glabra

Greenwood 624 Hawthorn 458, 459 hirsuta

. 374 Headwark 487 He speris

Grimmta apocar- Heartsease 262 inodora

Pa o°? ^fat^ 373> 374> 375 Hieracium

recurvata 838 Hedera 267 alpinum

Grotmll 226 Helix 267 Auricula

Gromwell 226, 227 Hedge-hog grafs 99 dubium

Ground- Ash 315 Hedge hyj. sop 442 folio, &c

Ground-furze 62 7 Hedge-mustard 584

Ground- Ivy 526 Hedw/gia ciliataSlo

Ground pme 317 Hedypnois autiim -

Groundsel 722, 723 680, 684

7“4> 725> 72^ Hieracoides 6nA

Guelder-Rose 313 hispidum 681

Guinea-hen- paludosa 680

flower 336Hedysarum 642

Gymnostomum Onobrychis 642

curyirostrum 828 Hellebore 40, 310
8*5 511

812 Helleborine 40,41,42
821 H ELLEBORUS 5IO

20 fsetidus

viridis

686, 687 Herb-twopence 238

269

269

270
586
586
682

C 683
684
684
68 1
*681
~ 688
- 686
'* 687
686
682

Heimii
ovatum
pennatum
Gypsie-wort

tncanum •
molle
murorum
murorum
paludosum
Pifosella

prenanthoides685
sabaudum 683
s pica turn 685
sylVaticum 687
Taraxaci 683
umbellatum .688
villosum 687
510 High- taper 248
510 Hind-berry 468

9°4

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

Hippocrepjs
comosa
Hippophae
Rhamnoides
Hippuris
vulgaris
Hogs-fennet
Hog weed
Holcus
avenaceus
avenaceus
lanatus
mollis
Holly

Holosteum
umbellatum
Holy -rose
Honesty
Hone-wort
Honeysuckle
Honeysuckle
dwarf
Heps

Hop- Trefoil
Horehound 533,
Horde um
cylindricum
maritimum
xnaritimum
murinum
murinum
pratense
secalinum
sylvaticum
sylvaticum
Horehound
Hornbeam Tree
Hornbeech Tree
Horned- Poppy
Hornwecd
Horse bane
Horse-Beech
Tree

Horse-knops

641 Horse-radish b75
64 1 Horse- shoe- Vetch(y\ r

2°4 753> 754> 755

204 7 36

5 Horsetail 2

5 Hottonia 236

294 palustris 236

296 Hounds berry 200

134 Hounds tongue 228

135 Hounds tree 200

164 House leek 452

134 Hover 165

135HUMULUS 277

21 1 lupulus 277

175 Hur-burr 694

175 Hurtle-berries 370
398 Hurtsickle 743
500 Hyacinth 343

30 1 Hyacinth us 343
247 non-scriptus 343

H YD RO CHARI S 393

201 Morsus-
277 Ranae 394

655 Hydrocotyle284
534 vulgaris 284

170 Hymen ophyllum 782
172 Hyosgyamus 252

172 niger

252

172 Hyoseris 690

1 7 1 minima 690

172 Hypericum 663

17 1 Andros2emum663

172 dubium 664

170 elodes 665

172 hirsutum 666

20 humifusum 665
442 montanum 666
442 perforatum 664
484 pulchrum 66 7

44 1 quadrangulum663
303 Hypnum 842

abietinum 855

442 adiantoides 844
744 aduncum 858

albicans 8»o
alopecurum 859
asplenioides 843
atro-virens 864
attenuatum 860
bryoides 842

cafsubicum 849
chrysocomum 803
clavellatum 866
complanatum 844
complanatuiii 844
compre-fsum 859
crispum 847

Crista-castren-
sis 854

cuprefsiforme 858
curtipendu-

lum 864 1

euspidatum 862
cylindricum 861 r
dendroides 859
denticulatum 843
Dicks oni 8521
dubium 854:
filamentosum 863
filicinum 854
filifolium
fliforme
flagellare
fluitans
gracile
heteromallum 79c
illecebrum 862
intricatum
loreum
lucens
lutescens
medium
molle
molluscunt
murale

myosuroides S6r
mxosuroides 86.

86*

862

862

856

8^1

860

845

85 /

84 c
84^.
845
86:

85!

861

INDEX to Vol. II. and IIU

myosuron 865 glabra
nitens 852 macuiata

pakistre 8 37 radicata
parietinum 853
pennatum 852 yAck-by-the -

pennatum 789 J hedge

pJumosum 852 Jacobs -ladder

polycarpon 825JASIONE
prcelongum 855 montana
proliferum 853IBERIS
prolixum 852 amara
pulchellum 847 nudicaulis
pumllum 852 Ilex

purum 863 A qui folium

refuscens 846 Illegebrum
riparioides 848 verticillatum
riparium 861 Impatiens
rotundifolium 845 Noli-tangere
rugosum 856 Impatient
ruscifolium 848 Impera toria
rutabulum 851 Ostruthium
rutabulwn 848 Inula

850 crithmoides
sciuroides 846 cylindrica
scorpioides 856 dysenterica
sericeum 864 Helenium
sericeum 849, 853 Inula pulic aria
serpens 865 uliginosa
Smithii 851 Iris
squarrosum 857 fsetida
stellatum 846 pseudacorus
stramineum 860 Xiphium
striatum 850ISATIS

strumosum 833 tinctoria
sylvaticum 844ISOETES
taxifolium 845 lacustris
trichomano- Juncus
ides 844 acutus

triquetrum 850 ' ayuaticus
undulatum 849 biglumis
velutinum 866 bufonius
viticulosum 848 bulbosus
rlypocHjERis 691 campestris

Vol. III.— 3 N

692 comprefsus 04 7

691 congloniera- °

692 tus q4 r.

ettusus q4r

niiiormis 346

585 inflexus 343
241 maximus 349

247 nemorosus 34 7

247 pi 1 os us 349

575 articulatus 347

575 spicatus 330
575 squarrosus 346

2 1 o sylyaticus 347,349

210 trifidus 043
267 triglumis 349
267 uliginosus 348
263 idiginosus 347
2 63 Juniper-Tree 599
263 Juniperus 399
308 communis 399
308 JUNGERMAN-
73° NIA 867

732 adunca 88 r

731 albicans 876

731 alpina 882

730 angulosa 873

732 asplenioides 870
732 bicuspidata 873

69 bidentata 871

70 ciliaris 880

69 ciliaris 881

69 cinerea 893

563 cochlearifor-

564 mis 876

7 60 complanata 878
760 concinnata 88 r
344 curvi folia 893

346 dilatata 878

347 epiptiyiia 8$7

348 excisa 879

348 fifsa 872

348 furcata 868
350 inflat a 871

I

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

julacea
lanceolata
macrorhiza
minuta
multi fida

multi flora

nemorosa

ovata

pauciflora

pinguis

platyphylla

polyanthos

629 amplexicaule
403 difsectum
425 purpureum
646 rubr : minus
340 Lancashire As -
292 phodil

83 1 Kidney -vetch

871 Kidney wort

872

874 Kings-claver
869 Kings -spear

878 Kipper -nut

875 Knapweed 743, 744 Lang dehoeuf

877 Knawell 407, 4°^ Lapsan-a
874 Kneed-grafs 115 communis
869 Knee -holly 68 Larkheel

879 Knolles 591 Larkspur

873 Knopweed 744* 745 LathrjEA

pulcherrima 880 Knotgrafs 267 Squamaria

pumila 893 407LATHYRUS

pusilla 868 Knout-berries 47 1 Aphaca

purpurea 877, Koelreuteria hy-
quinque-den- grometrica 804

527

527

527

527

tata
reptans
resupinata
rupestris
sea laris
sinuata

871

877 T Adder to he a -

hirsutus

latifolius

Nifsolia

palustris

87', ven 24 1 pratensis

882 Ladies-bedstraw 187 sylvestris
870 190, 191 Lavatera

869 Ladies-Cushion 407 arborea

s pi 1 2e r 0 c e ph a - Ladies -finger

la 872 Ladies hair

sphagni 872 Ladies-mantle

spinulosa 874 Lady seal

tamariscifolia 879 Ladies-JUpper

Tfoment el la
trichomanes
tricophylla

trilobata 877 579

875 L.actuca

629 Lavender-thrift
149 Leersia ciliata
205 lanceolata
344 vulgaris
43 Lemna

undulata
varia
ventricosa
viticulosa
fur nut
Ivy

Ivy-leaf

880 Ladies-traces 34 , 1 24 gibba
87 1 Lady-grafs 1 24 , minor
882 Lady-smock 577, 578 polyrhiza

trisulca

676 Leontodon

580

880 saligna

m.

874 Scariola
873 Scariola
292 virosa
267 Lagurus
678 ovatus
Lakeweed

678

677

678
677
166
166
380

autumnale
hirtum
hispidum
officinalis
Tarax : palit
dos •

Raii

Taraxa/'iirn

340

673

693

693

494

494

547

547

6ql

632

633

634

632

635

633

634

6l4

6l4

920

817

8241

817

43
44-

44
44

43

679:

680
682

681

67s

Kelpwort
Kernelwort
Kex

56 3 Lambs-lettuce 67 ,196
278 Lambs -quarters 275 Leo kurus
554LAMIUM 526 _ cardiaca

68c

68c

68ii

534

5^

292

album 526 Leopards bane 73^

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

9°7

Lepidium
anglicum
didymum
latifoiium
ruderale
petraeum
Leskia palustris 8^7 Lob-grafs

566 lacustris
568 Live -for ever

567 Lizard- flower

567 Lobelia

568 Dortmanna
567 urens

sencea

Lettuce 677, 678L0LIU

194
712

3°
245

245

246

- . J59

865 Locke r-Gowlans 510

clavatum 736
inundatum 758
Selaginoides 757

75^

231
231

M

Leucojum
^Estivum
Li GUSTICUM
cornubiense
Meutn
scoticum
Ligustrum
vulgare

167

160

169

167

168

Selago
Lycopsis
arvensis
Lycopus
europaeus
Lysimachia

331 arvense
331 bromoides

296 perenne

297 temulentum
305 London-pride 404
296L0NICERA 246

10 Periclymenum246
10 Xylosteum 247
Lily of the valley 341 Loose-strife 237 , 234

20

20

237

237

nemo mm
Nummularia 228
thyrsi flora

vulgaris
Lythrum
Hyfsopifoli-
n m

Salicaria

O'

237

237

441

44 1
44 1

Lime-grafs
Lime-Tree
Li MOSELLA
aquatica
Linden-Tree
Linnjea
borealis
Ling
Linum

170 441

490 Lords and Ladies 497
557 Lotus 656

557 corniculatus 676
490 cornicul : major

556 ©v. 657

556 fol. longiorib .

374 • Gte-

pentaphyllos
tenuif simus

657

65"'

657

259

548

297

321

angustifolium 322
catharticum 323 Louse
perenne 321 Lousewort
Radiola 323 Lovaage
tenuifolium 322 Love in idlenefs 262
usitatifsimum 32 1 Lucern 658

644 Lungwort 228, 229
248, 68 7

226Lychnis 431

226 dioica 431

226 diuma 431

Flos-Cuculi 432

vesper tina 431

viscaria 433

492 Lycopodium 756
alpinum 759

194 annotinum 75^

Liquorice
Lithosper-

MUM

arvense

officinale

Ji/f Adder 185, 190
1 1 192, 194
Madnep 296

Madwort 16

M^enchia 562

sativa 562

Maidenhair 76S

78 r> 796

Maidenhair blacky j®
Maidenhair
white
Mai the s
Mak inboy
Malaxis
paludosa
Mallow

770

5°3

450

39

39

612, 613

purpuro-caeru-
leum 226
Little Sun -
flower

Littorel-
LA

qN :

Malva 612

moschata 613

pusilla 612

parvi flora 612

rotundifolia 612

sylvestris 613

Maple 369

Mar CHANTIA 884

androgyna 886

conica 885

908

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

cruciata 885
hemispherica 885
polymorpha 884
Mare st ail • 5

Ma rle-g raj s 651
Marigold 735, 746
Marjoram 535, 536
Marram 123

falcata
lupulina
minima
mnricata
polycar pos ,
&c.

polymorpha
sativa

658 Menyanthes 235

659 nymphoides 235

660 trifoliatum 236

661 Mercuriahs 392

annua

660 perennis
660 Mercury 270

658

Marrubium 533 Medick 658, 659 Mespilus

vulgare 533 660 germanica

Marsh-cleaver 236 Medlar 461 Men

Marsh-Gentian 280 Melampyrum 544 Meum athamanti-

392

392

392

393

461

461

3°5

Marsh-locks 479
Marshmallow 612

arvense 545 cum.

cristatum 544 Mezereon

3°5

377

Marsh-trefoil

236

sylvaticum

546 Milium

122

Masterwort

3°9

Melic 138, 139

, 140 effufum

122

Matgrafs

71

Mel?ca

138 lendigerum

122

Matfellon

744

cserulea

139 Milk-thistle

700

Mat hen

739

, Lobelii

140 Milkivort

623

Matricaria

736

montana

138 Millet

122

Chamomilla

737

nutans

138 Millet-grafs

122

inodora

734

nutans

140

J33

suaveolens

737

uni flora

1 00 Mill-mountain

323

Ma t weed 7 1 ,

- 123

Melilot 646, 659 Milkweed

293

Mauls 612,

613

Melissa

538 Milkwort 643, 268

May

459

Calamintha

538 Miltivaste

7 68

May-Lily

34 1

Nepeta

538 Mint 521, 522,

> 523

May -weed

739

Melittis

539 524- 525

Mazzards

45 6

Melifsophyl-

Mifsel

203

Meadowhouts

51 1

lum

539 Mifseltoe

203

Mcadow-g raj's

141

Mentha

521 Mithri date-mils-

*43> J44>

145

aquatica

5 23 tar d

569.

146, 147

arvensis

524 Mnium

798

Meadow -Pinks

432

gentilis

524 aciculare

798

Me ado w-S affron

1360

hirsuta

522 annotinum

805

Meadow-Saxi-

piperita

523 arcuatum

803

frage

295

Pulegium

525 caespiticium

807

Meadowsweet

464

rotundifolia

522 eapillare

805

4<>3

rubra

524 cirrhatum

824

Mealy-tree

3J5

sativa

525

S25 ,

Med jc ago

658

sylvestris

521 crudum

807

arabica

660

villosa

521 cuspidatum

804

cochleata

<56o

viridis

521 fij'sum

872

INDEX to Vol II. and III.

9°9

fontanum 799
glaucum 801
lieteromallum 80 1
hornum 804
hvSTometri-
cum 804

fungerman-
nia 877

nutans 803

osmundaceum 821
palustre 802
pellucens 802
pellucidum 799
polytrichoides 796
proliferuin 80 6
pseudo-trique-
trum 808
punctatum 805
pnrpureurn 802
• purpureum 829
pyriforme 838
ramosum 802
scoparium 799
serpyllifolium 80 6
simplex 800
trichomanes 87 1
trique trumSoS ,803
turbinatum 803
uliginosum 800

(3

undulatum 806
Moneywort 238, 239

557

Monotropa 398
Hypopithys 398
Montia 175

fontana 175

Moonflower 734
Moonwort 762, 763
Moor -berries 372
Moorgrafs 72, 140

324

Moer-woit 373
Mofs-berries 372
Moschatel 386

Mofs -crops 71, 72 Nasmythia
Mother-wort 5 34 Navelwort

Mountain Saf-
fron

185

460 Navew

Neckera hetero-

59 1

339 malla

790

225 penvata

789

435 pumila

652

683 Needle-Furze

625

327 Av/>

52°

557 Nepeta

5>9

187 Cataria

5!9

Mousetail
Mudvoeed
Mug-weed

Mugwort 187, 71 1 Nettle 202, 203
Midlein 248, 249 Nettle-Hemp 528

250, 251 Nightshade 11, 252

Muscovy 60 9 253, 254

Mustard 594, 595 Nipplewort

Myagrum sati - Nonsuch

vum 562 Nympi^a

Myosotis

arvensis

palustris

Myosurus

minimus

Myrica

Gale

Myriophyl-

lum

spicatum

693

659

4S8

489

488

389

389

verticillatum 390
Myrtle-flag 344

Myrtle-grafs 344

3° I

Af Ail-wort
Nape

Narcissus
biflorus
poeticus
Pseudo-Nar-
cil'sus 332

Nardus 71

stricta 71

Narthecium 339
ofsifragwn 339

340

225 alba
225 lutea
225

326 f)Ak 387

326 ^ CW164, 165,166
208 Oat-grafs 159, 164
208 169

Oculus-bovis 738

Oenanthe 301

crocata 302

fistulosa
pimpinello-

ides 302

Oiler 207

One -berry 386

Ononis 627

arvensis 627

inermis 628

spinosa 627

Ophioglos-

SUM 761

vulgatum 761

OPHRYS 92

anthropophora 37
apifera 38

aranifera 39

565

59‘
33 1
33 2
33 1

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

910

Corallorhiza

32 sylvaticus

630 Rhasas

486

corclata

35 tuberosus

631 somniferum

487

insect if era

38 Orpine

426 Parietaria

201

Loeselii

35 Orthotrichum ano- officinalis

201

Monorchis

36 malum

810 Paris

385

muscifera

37 crispum

827 quadrifolia

385

Nidus-avis

32 striatum

8 1 1 Park leaves

663

ovata

34 Osier

55 Parnassia

3*9

paludosa

40 Osmund a

762 palustris

3'9

spiralis

33 crispa.

763 Parsley

3>4

Or ache 27 1,

273 Lunaria

762 Parsleypiert.

4

274, 275 276

regal is

763 Parsnep

3°9

Orobanche minor , Spicanthus

763 Pasque-flower

498

&c.

558 Osmund-royal

763 Pastinaca

3°9

Orchis

21 Osmund Spicant 766 sativa

S°9

abortiva

29 Owler

207

630

bifolia

21 Ox A LIS

420 Pearlwort 21 5,

216

conopsea

fusca

28 Acetosella
26 eorniculata

430 Pear-iree
430 Pease-everlast-

462

insect if era 38

, 39 Ox-eye 734,

74° ing .

634

lati folia

26 Ox -he el

5 1 1 Peaseling

631

lilifolia

36 Oxlips

234 Pedicularis

548

maculata

27 Oxtongue 673,

674 palustris

548

mascula

24

syfvatica

548

militaris

25 pAddock-pipe
23 ^ Paddowpipe

755 Pellitot'y

201

Morio

5 Pennycrefs

568

my odes

38 Pag i Is

234 Penny-grafs

542

pyramidal is

23 Paigles

234 Penny -royal

525

ustulata

22 Painted-cup 541 ,542 Pennywort 284, 425

23> 24> 25

, 26 Panick 115,116, 1 1 7 Peppergrafs

76a

27,28,29,36,38 Panicum

1 14 Peppermofs

760

Origanum

535 Crus-galli

1 1 5 Pepperwort

567

vulgare

535 dactylon

1 1 6 Perriwinkle

269

Ornithoga-

sanguinale

1 15 Per sic aria 380,

382

LUM

336 verticillatum

1 14 Pestilent -wort

720

luteum

337 viride

1 1 5 Pettigree

68'

pyrenaicum

337 Pansies

263 Petty-muguett

191

umbel] atum

337 Papaver

485 Pe tty-whin 6 25,

627

Ornithopus

640 Argemone

486 Peucedanum

294

perpusillus

640 dubium

487 minus

294

Orobanche

557 cambricum

488 officinale

294

major

557 caule ramosa

485 Silaus

294

ram os a

558 hybridum

485 Pewter-wort

756

Orobus

630 maritimum

486 Phalaris

”3

I

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

n

arenaria 113 Pilcorn
arundinacea 1 1 4 Pilewort
arundinacea 124 Pills

1 1 3 Pillwort

cananensis

phleoides

Phascum

acaulon

acaulon

164

5°4

164

760

759
7 60

I 14 PlLULARlA
784 globulilera
784 Pimpernell 199, 238
784 239, 246

comprefsa
cristata
decumbens
distans
clauca

alternitolium 7 86 Pimpinella

ax: l la re 787

curvicollum 786

cuspidatum 784

maximum 790

montanum 790

muticum
nitidum

dioica
difsecta
magna
orientalis
saxifraga

31 1

3*3

312
3*3
312

31 1

147

Mo

*47

141

148

J74

147

146

146

141

784 Pink 409, 410, 41 1

787 PlNGUICULA
pedunculatum 791 lusitanica
793 vulgaris
piliferum 786 Pin us

rectum 787 sylvestris

785 Pipnvort

loliacea
maritima
minima
nemoralis
pratensis

pratens . alpin, 148
rigida 146

rupestris 146
set ace a 1 4 1

trivialis 143

18 Pohlia elongata 832
l8 PoLEMONIUM 24I
18 cceruleum 241
6 1 5 Poley -mountain 398
6 1 5 Pollichia amplexi-

785 Pipperidge-bush 351 Polycarpon 176

679 tetraphyllum 17b

Pheasants-eye

Phellandri-

repens
serratum

stoloniferum 7 86 Pifs-a-bed
subulatum 785 Pi sum

503 maritimum
Plantago

3°3

3°3

1 17

119

114

117

118

1 8 r. caulis

528

629 Polygala
629 vulgaris
195 Polygonum

UM

aquaticum

Phleum

alpinum

arenarium

arenarium

nodosum

coronopus
lanceolata
major
maritima
media
Plantain 195.

198

196

195

J97

196

196

622

622

376

383

379

382

197, 198,361,557
paniculatum 117 Pleasant in sight 432

pratense
Phyllitis multi -
jida

Phyteuma
orbicularis
Picris
echioides
Hieracioides 673
Picris , feV, 680

Pignut 292

1 17 Plowmans Spike-

nard
767 Plumb-Pree
245 POA

aciculare
amphibium
Bistorta
Convolvulus 385
Fagopyrum 384
Hydropiper 379
38a
381
q8o

379

383

minus

pallidum

Persicaria

terrestre

viviparum

717

456 „

140 Polypodium 771

245

673

673

alpina 142

angustifolia 142
angust . nemor, 146
annua 143

aquatica 14°
bulbosa -142

aculeatum

arvonicum

cambricum

cristatum

dentation

Dryopteris

777
774

773

778

776

780

2

gi2

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

Filix-mas nnr
Filix fae'mina 778
fontanum 777

fragile
fragrans
livense

comprefsum
cri spurn
den sum

455

779

776

774

gramineum
luce ns

Lonchitis 773

775

montanum
Oreopteris 777
Phegopteris 775
rhaeticum 780
spinulosum 778
Thelypteris 777
Thelypteris 776
trifid urn 779
vulgare 773

Polypody 773, 774

77')' 776. 777
778, 779

POLYTRICHUM 795

aloides
aloides
alpinum
commune

marinum
natans
pectinatum
perfoliatum
pusillum
setaceum
PoTENTILLA
alba

Anserina
argentea
aurea
fruticosa
reptans
rupestris
sylvestris
Torment ilia
verna

797 POTERIUM
795 Sanguisorba

796

79 6

hercynicum 797 I’renanthes

tianum

796 muralis

polytrichoides 796 Prickmadam
striatum 81 1 Pricktimber 200
subrotundum 796 Prickwood 200,
undulatum 837 Prim

urnigerum 797

Primula

Pond weed

7, 212

acaulis

2*3> ‘

2I4> 215

elatior

379 '

farinosa

Poor- Mans- Pep-

officinalis

per

567

sylvestris

Poplar

375 376

veris

Poppy

486, 487

vulgaris

488 Primrose 2

Po P U LU

375

nigra

375 ff\nt

376 Privet

tremula 373 Prunella
Potamogeton2I 1 vulgaris

213 Prunus

213 avium 456

212 Cerasus 45

214 communis , &V.45
domestica 456

213 insititia 456

21 1 Pad us 433

213 spinosa 437

212 Pteris 764

214 aquilina 7.63

214 crispa 764

472 PuLMONARIA 228
474 angustifolia 228

473 maritima 229

474 officinalis 228

475 Purslane 173, 274

47 2 Pyrola 400

474 minor 401

473 rotundifolia 400

476 secunda 401

476 uniflora 401

475 Pyrus 46 2

493 communis 462

493 Malus 462

678

678 r\Uake~grafs 148

429k, 149

,259 Q hteen of the
259 Meadows 4 64

ioQuercus 387
233 femina 387

233 lati folia 387

234 Robur 387

2 35 Quicken-tree 460
2 34 Quirk-in-hand 263

’2 33 Quillwort 760

234 Quitch-grafs 173

233

2 34 T) Adicula sylves-

235 11 # 581

10 Ragged-Robin 432
10 Ragwort 724

540 ifo/V 508

541 Rampions 242 , 245

0s,

INDEX to Vol II. and III.

Ramsons

335

nigrum

26 z Rue -weed

Ranunculus

5°3

rub rum

264 R

UMEX

acris

506

spicatum

265

Acetosa

aquatilis

5°7

Uva-crispa

266

Acetosella

arvensis

509 kib-grafs

iq6

acutus

auricomus

505 Riccia

887

aureus

bulbosus

508

lluitans

888

crispus ‘

Ficaria

5°3

fruticulosa

888

digynus

Flammula

5°4

glauca

887

Hydro-Iapa-

gramineus

5° 5

minima

887

thum

hederaceus

5°7

natans

,887

maritimus

hirsutus

5°8

Roan-tree

460

obtusifolius

Lingua

504 Robin run in the

paludosus

parviflorus

506

hedge

526

pulcher

repens

509 Rock-crejs

576

sanguineus

reptans

505 Rocket

564 R

U P P I A

scecleratus

5° 5

Rosa

464

maritima

Raphanus

Raphanis-

trum

Rash-berries
Raspberry
Ray -g raj's
Red-Morocco
Redrot
Redshanks
Reed 123,
Reedmace
Reseda
iutea
Luteola
Restharrow
628

Rhamnus
catharticus
Frangula
Rhinanthus
Crista-gal ii.
RHOD IOLA
rosea
Ribes
alpinnm
Grofsularia
Vol

arvensis

canina

5 9 1

596

596
37 1

468

167

5°3
324
*75

1 66 Rosemary
ill Roseroot

445 Rose wort

446 Rottbollia
445 incurvata
627, Rubia

anglica

501

353
357

35^

354

356
353

357

355

356

356

353

^5

215

270

464 Rupturewort
, . 467 323

eglantema 467 Ruscus 67

rubiginosa 466 acuieatus 63

spinosifsima 465 71, 73, 76

suavifolia 467 345, 346, 347

villosa
Rosa Solis
Rose 465, 466, 467
Rosebay 239, 366

348, 349, 350

39d

466

324 n r

Rush -grays 76, 78
79, 80, 81
398 Rush-wheat 173
389 JR!)'* 171

389 Rye-grafs 167,171
169

I69
193
x93
*93

256 peregrina
256 jjy/x;. as per a 193
259 tinctorum 193
542 Rubus 468

542 arcticus 4?°
389 cassius 468

389 Chamaemorus 471
264 fruticosus 469
264 idasus 468

266 saxatilis 47a
III— 3 O

QAffron 68, 69
° Sage 21

Sage of Jerusa-
lem 228

Sagina 215

apetala 216

cerastoides 216

e recta 216

procumbens 215

Sagittaria 512

sagittifolia 512

Saintfoin 642

Salicqrnia 4

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

hferbacea

4 Samolus

246 Scabiosa

183

Salix

45 Valerandi

246

arvensis

183

acumnata

53 Samphire 4,

285,

columbaria

184

alba

55 295, 732

succisa

183

amygdalina

47 Sandwort 421,

422 Scabious 183,

184

arena ia

52 423, 424

248

aurita

50 Sanguisorba

199

ScANDIX

306

caprea

53 officinalis

199

Antliriscus

208

caprea 50

, 54 S anicle 18,

285

Anthriscus

289

cinerea

54 Sanicula

284

Cerefolium

3° 7

deprefsa

51 europsea

284

odorata

3°6

fragilis

47 Santolina

7°7

Pecten

3° 7

fusca

5 1 maritima

7°7

ScHiENUS

79

herbacea

48 Saponaria

408

albus

8r

hermaphrodi-

concava

4°9

albus , ( fuscus ) 80

tic a

46 hybrida

408

compre fs us

80

lanata

50 officinalis

408

comprefsus 8c

>, 8 r

lapponum

51 Satyr ion 30, 3]

U 32

ferrugineus

890

latifol . rotund . 53 Satyrium

29

fuscus

80

monandra

43 albidtim

3i

mariscus

79

myrsinites

48 hircinum

29

nigricans

So

pentandra

4 6 repens

31

rufus

pi

80

pcntajidra

46 viride

3°

OCI LLA

337

purpurea

At Sauce-alone

585

autumnalis

338

repens

51 Saw-wort 695, 696

bifolia

33S

repens 5 1

, 52 Saxifraga

402

verna

338 *

reticulata

49 a.zoides

4°4

Scirpus

73

retusa

48 autumnalis

4°5

acicularis

74

rosmarini folia

52 ceespitosa

406

acicularis

78

rubra

49 cernua

4°5

casspitosus

73

triandra

45 g ran u lata

4°5

fluitans

74

viminalis

54 Hire ulus

4°4

Holoschamus

75

vitellina

47 hypnoides

407

lacustris

75

Sallow-thorn

204 moschata

406

maritimus

77

Salsola

278 nivalis

4°3

palustris

73

fruticosa

278 oppositifolia

404

paucillorus

74

Kali

278 petraea

890

roman us

76

Saltwort 4, 2 68 pyrenaica

406

setaceus

7 6

Salvia

21 stellaris

402

sylvaticus

77

praten sis

21 tridactylites

J

406

triqueter

76

verbenaca

21 umbrosa

403

ScLERANTHUS

407

Sambucus

316 Saxifrage 297,

0 12

annuus

407

Kb ul us

316 313, 402,

403

perennis

4°7

nigra

316 404,405,406,407

plovcarpos

4°8

INDEX to Vol. II. and 111.

9‘

S cor pi-on- g rafs

225 95, 96, 97, 98,99 Service 460, 461

Scotch- Fir

616 100, 101,

102 Shave-grafs

756

Scrambling-

103, 104,

105 Sheeps -bit

248

Rocket

584 106, 108,

109 Shepherds-needle 306

Scrogs

457

3°7

S croobygrafs

572 Seg gram

724 Shepherds-pouch 571

ScROPHULA-

Self-heal

541 Shepherds-purse

570

RIA

553 Selinum

293 t 57 1

aquatica

554 palustre

2 93 Shepherds rod

182

nodosa

553 sylvestre

293 Shepherds staff

182

Scorodonia

553 Sempervivum 452 Sherardia

185

vernalis

554 tectorum

452 arvensis

185

Scurvygrafs

240, Senecio

721 Shore -weed

195

573> 574 .aquaticus

725 Sibealdia

3 26

Scutellaria

540 Jacobaea

724 procumbens

0,26

galericulata

540 sarracenicus

72 6 Sibthorpia

556

minor

540 paludosus

725 europaea

5:>6

Sea-colewort

592 sylvaticus

722 Silverweed

326

Sea-cushion

320 tenuifolius

723 SlLENE

4»3

Sea-Gill ijio ive r

320 viscosus

722 acaulis

4l6

Seagrafs

4 viscosus

723 anglica

413

Sea- Holly

28 3 vulgaris

721 anglica

4 13

Sea Lavender .

321 Sengreen

402 Armeria

4i5

Sea Parsley

297 Sept foil

476 conica

416

Sea-Parsnep

285 Serapias

40 conoidea

4i5

Sea Rocket

563 ensifolia

42 maritima

414

S eaves

345 grandiflora

42 noctiflora

416

Sea-wheat

1 74 lancifolia

42 nutans

4i3

Sea-Wormwood

709 latifolia

40 quinquevul-

Seduivi

426 longifolia

41 nera

413

acre *

427 longifolia
427 palustris

42 Silverweed

473

album

* r . >

41 Simplers-foy

52°

anglicum

428 rubra

42 Sims on

722

dasyphyl-

Seseli Meum

305 Sinapis

594

lum

428 Sesleria

140 alba

594

minus , &c.

427 casrulea

140 arvensis

594

reflex tun

429 Setterwort

51 1 nigra

595

rube ns

428 Serratula

695 Si son

300

rupestre

429 alpina

696 Amomum

.300

sexangulare

428 arvensis

<596 in undatum

3°r

Tele phi um

426 cynoglofsifo -

segetum

300

villosum

426 Ha

696 verticillatum

ft1

Seg 86, 87, 88

, 8o tinctpria

695 Sisymbrium

580.

90, 91, 92, 93, 94 Service-Tree
0 O 2

458 ainphibium

581

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

f iquatlcum
Irio

monetise
muraie
murale
Nasturtium
Sophia
sylvestre
terrestre
Si u m

581 asper

583 canadensis 674
582 oleraceus 675
582 palustris 674
59 3 Sorb 458,460

675 Spignell 294, 305

SO SoRBUS
582 aucuparia

58 1 domestica

582 hvbrida
298 Sorrell

angustifolium 299 Southernwood

latifolium
nodidorum
repens
S her ret
Skullcap
Sloe-tree
Small age
Smyrnium
Olusatrum
Snail shell

460

460

460

461
358
7°9

271

259

270

463

463

463

464

790

299 Spa rag us
540 Spar gan 1 um
457 erectum
314 natans
310 rumosum
simplex

384> _
Snapdragon

O b r-

Ou0

298 710, 711

299 South ane

300 Sowthistle 674., 67

340
1 1 2

1 12
J12
1 12

310 simplex 112

660 simplex natans 1 1 3
Snakeweed 336, 379 Spar tium 623

380, 381, 383 scoparium 623

Spat ling- Poppy 4 1 2

549 Spearivort 504

340

436

436

437
437
437
4?fi

r-

884

783.

783

984

79°
7s 3
3°5
39
339

55° 55h

552

Speedwell 12,

553

os

MH

GO

Sneer ewort

741

S per age

Snowdrop

33 1

Spergula

Soap wort

408

arvensis

Soft-grafs

*35

laricina

So LANUM

253

nodosa

Dulcamara

2 53

saginoides

nigrum

2 54

subulata

Solidago

727 Spheerocarpos

cambrica

728

rest ns

integrifoiia

729

Sphagnum

Laponica

728

alpinum

palustris

729

arboreum

Virga-aiirea

727

arbor cum

Solomons- seal

341

palustre

Spindle-tree
Spinnage
Spiraea
Filipendula
salicifolia
Ulmaria
SpLACHNUM

ampullaceum 792
augustatum 792
Breweri 792
fastigiatum 792
frelichianum 794
mnioides 793
ovatum 793

purpureum 704
sagittifolitom 791
sphaericum 791
tenue 793

urceolatum 793
vasculosum 791
Spleenwortp66 , 767
768, 770, 774
Spoonwort 574
Spring-grafs 59
Spurge 447, 448

449- 45°.

452

Spurge- flax
Spurge- Laurel 377
Spurge-Olive 377
Spurry 422,

437

S pur -wor t
Squill
Squinancy berries266
Squinancy wort 186
S quitch 1 3 1, 132

Squit ch-grafs
Stachys1
arvensis

45r

377

377

377

436

185

338

34

34-3 .
SoN/.HUS

arvensis

Spieknell
674 Spider Ophrys
674 Sfiderwort

germanica

palustris

sylvatica

173

531

532
53 2
5 32
53 1

reticulata
St. P arnabys
Th is He
STEL .ARIA
cerastoides
Dilleniana
glauca
graminea
gr amine a
Holostea
media
media
liemorum
ul iginosa

idiginosa
Stipa
pen bata

519

5j8

500

5°°

501

502
501
268

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

Staph yl.ea 317 Strawberry-Tree^ Tent-wort nn0

pinnata 317 Straw-berry 472 Tetraphis pellu- ‘

Star-grafs 5, SSubularia 564 cida 7,10

Star of the earth 198 aquatica 564 Teucrium gg
Star-Thistle 745 ^^^674,691,694 Chained rys ?,8

Star-wort 5, 725 Suffolk-gtafs 143 Chatrurpithys 517

Statice 319 Sulphurwort2g4,295 Scordium

Armeria 319 Sundew 324,325 Scorodonia

Limonium 320 Swartzia cap'll- Thalictrum

320 iacea 831 alpinum

inclinata 835 flavum

745 Szveet-briar 467 majus

417 Siveetfern 306 minus

4 2 1 S zveet Flag 34 4 T H E s I U M

420 Stvect' IVMiarn 409 linophyllum 263

420 S^zveet -willow 208 Thistle 698, 699

419 S\VERT I A 280 7OO, 7OI, 702

420 perennis ' 280 7 03, 704

^17 Swmes-crefs 574 Thlaspi
4j8 Swines-eye 6 91 aluestre

420 Szhines-Succory 691
477 Sycamore-tree 369
420 Symphytum
420 officinale

1 63 pate?is

_ 163 tuberosum

Stitchwort 2 1 6, 4 j 7

418,419,420 I ^Amarix

iS/. 'James's- JL gallica

724 I'amus

iS*/. Johns - communis

tuor/ 664, 665 Tanacetum
666, 667 vulgare

Stockhill 608 7" tf&jy

Stonecrop 278, 426 Taraxacum _

427, 428, 429 T<?;t 634, 637, 638 Thrumwort 361, 362

Stone-Parsley 294 640 Throat -wort 243

3°° Targionia 883 244

Stonewort 2, 3, 4 hypophylla 883 Thyme 536, 537*538

300,301 sphserocarpus 884 Thymus 536

*5V. Peters -tvor t 66 4 Tafsel-graJ's 215 Acinos 537

Strapwort 318 Tax us 614 serpyllum 536

Stratiotes 495 baccata 614 Tilia 490

Abides 496 182 cor data 490

91

A.

alpestre

arvense

230

220

230

2 90

318

318

344

705

568

57°

57°

568

Bu rsa-pastoris57i
campestre 560
folds, (Jc.
hederaceum
hi r turn
montanum
perfoliatum
vac car ice, (ffr.569
344 Thorn-apple 2^1
7 08 Thoroughwax 285
708 Three-faces under
708 « hood 262

679 Thrift 320, 321

57°

573

509

57°

569

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

europxa 490

Tilljea. 175

nmscosa 175

7 imothy -eraf > 114

1 17, 1 18, 1 19

55 2
206

358

35S

339

547

286

7 load flax
Toadgrafs
To FIE LIMA
palustris
palustris
Too thwart
Tordylium
. JlnthriscusiZ’j ,389
apiilum 287

maximum 286
officinale 286
nodosum 2S7, 289
Torment il 476
Tormentilla 476
erect a 47 6

officinalis 476
replans 476

Touch-me-not 263
Tower-mustard 589
Tower-wort 589
Tragopogon 672
porrifolium 672
pratense 672
7 rave llers -joy 500
7 re acle -mustard 568
Tret -mallow 614
• Trefoil 430, 645
646, 648, 6 49
650, 65.1, 652
653- 654 > 655
659, 666

Tric ho manes 781
pyxidiferum 781
pyxidiferum
Turibridg-
ense

7 rich! sternum

Trientalis
europaea
Tri folium
alpestre
arvense
filiforme
flexuosum

363 T unhoof ■ 52 6

3 63 Turkey-pod 587, 588

fragiferum

645 Turneps
65 1 Turritis
649 glabra

655 hirsuta

651 Tussilagq
654 Farfara

glomeratum 648 hybrida

hybrid urn 647 Petasites

maritimum 653 Tutsan
medium 650 7 ’way blade 32, 33
medium 65 1 34, 35, 36, 37, 38

ochroleucum 653 40

M. officinalis 645TYPHA nr

M. Qrnithopo- ansrustifolia 111

59 1

588

588

589

719
)

720

663

dioides
pratense

64

6

0

latifolia

lex

1 1 1

626

pratense hirsut. 6 53 T T ]

654 europaeus 626

procumbens
repens

re pens hybri-
dum

scabrum
st ell at um
striatum

646 Ulmus 278

campestris 278

647 effusa '279

648 montana 279

6 !

04 montana 219>

649 Upland Burnet 493

subterraneum647 Urtica 201,

suffocatum 656 dioica t2Qi

Tri glo chin 359 pilulifera 202

maritimum 359 urens 202

palustre 359 Utricularia 19
1 y 2 minor .20

173 vulgaris 19

174

T RJ TICU M
can i num
caninum

/83

78I

Canescens

usillum

r-

825
Qi 2

junceum
loliaceum
repens
Trollius
europaeus
7 rue -love
Tuber oot
Tulip
Tuliea
sylvestris

1 73 T T accinium 370.

174 V Myrtillus 370
173 Oxycoccos 372

509 uliginosum 370

510 Vitisidasa 371

386 Valantiaaparine iyo
360 crHciata < 187,
336 Valerian 65, 66, 67
336 241 •

336 Valeriana 3 63

9

INDEX to Vol. II. and III.

dioica
Iocusta
officinalis
rubra
V E L L *
annua
Velvet-leaf
V enus-Comb
Ve mis -looking-
glafs

Va RBASCUM

65 Vttchlmg 6 32, 633 Water-. AgrimonynoS

66 634, 635 707

66 63 4, 6^

66 Viburnum
65 La tana
564 Op 111 us

564 Vicia
6 1 4 angustifolia
3 07 bithynica

Cracca
245 hybrida

Blattaria

251 la f by r aides

Lychnitis

249 638

nigrum

250 lu tea

Thapsoides

249 sativa

'1 hapso-nt-

se piu m

grum

248 sylvatica

Thapsus

248 Vinca

virgatum

250 major

V ERBENA

520 minor

officinalis

520 V/7^ wild

Vernal grafs

59 Viola

V ERONICA

1 1 canina

agrestis

17 hirta

alpina

14 lutea

Anagallis

1 5 odorata

arvensis

12 pal ustris

Beccabunga

1 5 tricolor

Chamaedrys

16 Violet 260, 26

hedersefolia

17 l/iolet Calathla

humifusa

15 Viper-grafs

hybrida

12 Virgins bower

montana

I 6 V I S C U M

officinalis

3 3 album

saxatilis

14

496

478

554

489

580

355

-! i ^

2l6

sS3

7°7

315 IVater- Aloes
3 1 5 IVater- Avetis
315 bVater-Betony

635 IVater- can

637 Water-crefses

639 581, 38c?

636 Water-Dock
639 IVater -Elder

638 W at er-gilli-

637 flower
IV iter -hemlock

(>39 3°4

6 36 bp ater-hemprjo6,rjOrj

637 Water-lily 235, 489

635 Water- Milfoil 19

268 390

269 bVater-mofs 788,709
268 IVater-parsnep 299

67 301

260 Water-Pepper

261 IVater-radish
260 Water-rockgt
2 63 b Vat er -socks

260 IVater -trefoil

261 bVater-violet

262 PVaterwort

380

581

581

489

236

236

387

17 r

*95

spicata

serpyllifolia

scutellata

triphyllos

verna

Vervain

12 lVAhe-rob>n

14 bVall-crefs

16 bp all- flower

17 Wall- Penny -

1 3

520 IVall- Pepper

Vetch 63 T, 632, 635 Wall-rue

638 W allwort
64 1 , 644 Wart-wort

6-6, 63 7,

639>

280 bb ay-bennet
232 Way-bread
500 PVax-fa ri ng- 1 ree q i 3
203 Weasel-snout 5 30
203 Weber a nutans 839
pyriform is 838
497 bVeisia cent ro-
ve rsa 814, 816
nigrita 840
re curvi rostra 829

. 5 70/ 445

427 bl heat-grafs 1 70
770 626

3 1 6 bVhitebeam- T ree 4 5 8
449 White-bottle 412

4*9

586

42u

INDEX to Vol* II. and III.

White -rot 284
White-thorn 459
IVhitlow-grafs 406
565, 5 66

Whortle-berries 370

371’ 37 2 » 4°°

Wild-Cheir 586

Wild-Briar 466,467

Wild-climber 500

Wilding

Wild- Parsley

Wild Pear

Wild-Radish

Wild Rocket

Wild-T ansey

Wild-Williams 4

Willow 45, 46, 47

48, 49, 50, 51

52- >4* 56

Willow-herb 237

366, 367, 363

462

293

45*

595

593

47 3

44 442>

Wind-berries

Winter-crefses
Wintergreen
400, 401
Whiter- rocket
Witch-Elm
Witch-Hazle
Woad 445,
Woids
W olfsbane
Wi olfsclaw
Woodbine
Woo dr oof
Woodrowe
Wood Sage
V 00 d- sorrel
W oodwaxeti
Worm seed 584,
Wormwood 709?
Worts 370,

40 Woundwort 531

37° 532» 533» 728

384 Wymote 612

363

XANTHIUM 283

strumarium 283

279

279 T/ Arrow 741, 742
564 ^ Eel low- Rat tie 542
445 Yellow-wort 370
733 Yellow-weed 445,

757 ^ 446

247 IT’io Tree 614

li^Touthwort 324
185

519 ^ ANNICHEL-
430 Z-i LIA 6

624 palustris 6

585 ZoSTERA 496
710 marina 496

37 3 oceanica 497

END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

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