Med K7194 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/b28082023 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Liaiv.v- • RECORDS OF BIG GAME WITH THE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, AND HORN & TUSK MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES FOURTH EDITION By ROWLAND WARD, f.z.s. LONDON ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE/’ 166 PICCADILLY, W. 1903 WELLCOME INSTITUTE LIBRARY Coll. weiMOmec Call No. TO THE SPORTSMEN OF THE WORLD WITHOUT WHOSE ENTERPRISE THESE RECORDS COULD NOT HAVE BEEN COMPILED THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION In this edition the finest known specimens of antlers, horns, tusks, and skins are, so far as possible, recorded. It has been found impracticable in some instances to verify the measure- ments of trophies in distant parts of the world ; and such records must accordingly be taken on the responsibility of their respective owners or those who have been good enough to measure them. It is to be regretted that one pair of hands and a steel -tape are not responsible for the measurements of all the actual “records.” One of the many difficulties in con- nection with compilation of this nature is due to the circum- stance that different measurements of the same specimen are often sent ; this arising sometimes from the use of a common tape or string, instead of a steel -measure. With the horns of freshly killed hollow-horned ruminants an allowance for shrinkage should be made when comparing with older trophies. An average specimen of an Ovis ammon horn, for instance, will frequently shrink half an inch in length and proportionately in girth after it has left the field. With the Cei'vidce many difficulties have arisen as to comparison ; and I may point out that although length of vii PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION viii antlers is invariably put at the top of the list, other particulars such as number of tines , general symmetry , spread , and zveight of antler , are in many instances the making of a good trophy. In this edition the measurements of smaller specimens have been omitted. I have to thank many sportsmen and naturalists all over the world for the help they have afforded, especially Prince Henry of Liechtenstein for the particulars of Continental Red Deer. In the present volume great care has been taken with regard to the accuracy of the dimensions ; and, considering the number of measurements, it will be readily understood the task attempted has been one of no ordinary difficulty. ROWLAND WARD. August 1903. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS — Owner’s measurements and particulars or other known authority. <$ Male. 9 Female. ... Unrecorded. R, Right horn or antler. L, Left horn or antler. Measurements are on the outside of the longest horn from base to tip ; with Deer from the bottom edge of burr, or coronet, to the highest tip-point, except when notified to the contrary. Circumference is at the base ; with Deer above brow-tine ; in the Red Deer and Wapiti group between bez and trez tines. Length is expressed in inches, when not otherwise stated. Weights taken in the field should be accepted as approximate, and, unless mentioned, are of adult males. Heights are in most cases taken at the shoulder of adult males (see p. 488). LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PAGE Abyssinian Bohor Reedbuck Horns Brindled Gnu Horns . 144 (Front View) .... . 207 Bubaline Hartebeest Horns . . 1 14 Abyssinian Bohor Reedbuck Horns (Side Buffon’s Kob Frontlet and Horns . . 191 View) ..... 209 Burchell’s Rhinoceros Horns . . 446 Abyssinian Buffalo Skull and Horns 402 ,, ,, Skull and Horns . 449 ,, Ibex Skulls and Horns 355 Burmese Banting Head . 424 ,, Oribi Skulls 170 Bushbuck Heads .... 288, 292 Addax Skull and Horns 284 Addra Gazelle Head 258 Cape Buffalo Horns • 399 African Elephant Head 454 Cape Hartebeest Horns . 124 ,, ,, Tusk. 456 Chamois Head and Horns . 320 , 323, 324 ,, Rhinoceros Head 442 Chiru Head ..... . 220 ,, ,, Horns 441 Chital Head ..... . 80 Alaskan Elk Skull and Antlers 8 Clarke’s Gazelle Head . . 262 Alpine Ibex Head 352 ,, ,, Skull and Horns . . 260 American Bison Skull and Horns . 4i3 Coke’s Hartebeest Head 121 Anoa Head ..... 410 Congo Buffalo Skull and Horns • 405 Arabian Tahr Skull and Horns 338 Cyprian Muflon Head . • 393 Arna Head . 406 Arui Head ..... 37i Dibatag Skull and Horns . 260 ,, Head .... . 262 Banting Head .... 424 Dorcas Gazelle Head . • 232 Bear ...... 481 Duiker Horns .... • 153 Beira Antelope Skulls and Horns . 266, 267 Beisa Head ..... 281 East Caucasian Tur Head • 366 ,, Oryx Head .... 279 East Siberian Elk Antlers • 13 Bharal Head .... 368 Eastern Red Deer Antlers 14, 40, 42 Bighorn Head .... 373 Eland Horns (Bull) • 3i3 Blackbuck Head .... 213 ,, ,, (Cow) • 3i5 ,, Horns .... 210 Elk Antlers ..... 8, 9, 13 Blesbok Horns .... 143 ,, Skull and Antlers . 8 Blue Duiker Head 156 European Bison Skulls and Horns . 411 Boar Head ..... 432 ,, Muflon Head • 394 ,, Tusk ..... 430 Extinct Giant Irish Deer Skull 67 Bohor Reedbuck .... 206 Bongo Skull and Horns 310, 3i 1 Fallow Deer Head . 64 Bontebok Head .... 137 Four-horned Antelope Head 161 Brindled Gnu Head 145 Fringe-eared Beisa Head 281 xi XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE [ PAGE Gaur Skulls and Horns 417, 418 Markhor Horns (Astor) 342 Gayal Skull and Horns • 423 ,, ,, (Cabul) 346 Gemsbuck Skull and Horns . • 276 ,, ,, (PirPanjal). . 341,344 Gerenuk Heads .... 262, 263 ,, ,, (Suleman) . 346 Giraffe Skull and Head 109, I IO ,, ,, (Western) 345 Goa Head ..... • 225 ,, Head (Suleman) . 347 Goitred Gazelle Skulls and Horns 22S, 231 Marsh-Deer Antlers . . . 105, 106 Grant’s Gazelle Skulls and Horns . 251 Mesopotamian Fallow Deer Head . 66 Gray Rhebok .... I98 Mexican White-tailed Deer Dead . 98 Gray’s Waterbuck . IS7 Mountain Reedbuck Head . 203 Greater Kudu Head . 301 Mule-Deer Head . . . .101, 103 ,, ,, Horns . 305, 307 Muntjac Antlers .... 89 Grysbuck Head .... 175 ,, Head 9i Musk-Ox Head .... 397 Hangul Head .... 44 Himalayan Goral .... 325 Neumann's Ilartebeest Skull and Head. 128 ,, Serow Skull and Horns • 329 Nilgai Head ..... 286 ,, Tahr Head . • 336 Nilgiri Tahr Head 339 Hog- Deer Head .... 78 Nubian Ibex Head .... 356 Hunter’s Ilartebeest Head 123 Nyala Horns 294 Nyasaland Gnu Head .... 147 Ibex Heads ..... 35°> 352 Impala Head .... 217 Oribi Head ...... 168 ,, Skull and Horns 214 Indian Buffalo Head 406 I’ala Head . 217 ,, Elephant Skull and Tusks 450 ,, Skull and Horns .... 214 ,, Gazelle Head 236 Peking Sika Stag ..... 61 ,, Muntjac Antlers # 89 ,, Head .... 62 ,, Rhinoceros Horns 437> 438 Pelzeln’s Gazelle Head, male 241 ,, Sambar Antlers . 69 Pere David's Deer Antlers . 97 ,, Tiger Skin 465 Persian Gazelle Skulls and Horns . 228 Peters’s Gazelle Skulls and Horns . 254 Jackson’s Ilartebeest Skull and Head # 126 Phillips’s Dik-dik Skull 164 Japanese Sika Antlers . 59 Prong-horn Head ..... 1 12 Javan Rusa Skull and Antlers 76 Przewalski’s Gazelle Skull and Horns . 227 Johnston’s Gnu Head . 147 Puku Skull and Horns .... 196 Punjab Urial ..... 39i Kamchatkan Bighorn Skull and Horns . 377 Kirk’s Dik-dik .... 166 Red Deer Antlers (Austria-Hungary) 29, 30, 35 Klipspringer Skull and Head • 1 78 ,, ,, (Caucasus). 40 Korrigum Head .... . 133 ,, ,, (Eastern) . . 14, 40, 42 Kudu Head ..... 301 ,, ,, (Exmoor) . 21 ,, ,, in the Castle at Moritz- Lesser Kudu Head • 308 burg . 37 Lesser Bushbuck Heads 00 00 M 292 ,, ,, (Old English) . 23 Loder’s Gazelle Head . • 243 ,, ,, (Stoke Park) 22 Lichi or Lechwe Head . • 194 ,, ,, (Scotch) . 16 Lichtenstein’s Ilartebeest Head • 130 ,, ,, (Tartarow, Galicia) 25, 26 Livingstone’s Antelope Skull and Horns 173 Red-fronted Gazelle Head 247 Reedbuck Head ..... 200 Malayan Sambar Antlers . 73 Reindeer Antlers . . . 1, 2, 3 Manchurian Tiger Skin 467 ,, Head ..... 4 Marco Polo’s Sheep Head • 379 Roan Antelope Head .... 273 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Rocky Mountain Bighorn Head PAGE • 373 ,, ,, Goat Head • 335 Roe Deer Antlers (Siberian) . 94 ,, Skull and Antlers . • 96 Sable Antelope Flead . . 271 Skull and Horns . . 268 Saiga Head ..... . 219 ,, Florns. .... . 218 Salt’s Dik-dik Head • 163 Sambar Antlers .... . 69 Sassaby Head .... . 141 Schomburgk’s Deer Antlers . • 85 Senegal Gazelle Flead . . 247 Senegambian Buffalo Horns . • 404 ,, Eland Horns . • 318 Shapu Head .... • 388 Shou Skull and Antlers • 49 Siberian Argali Skull and Florns . • 383 Siberian Roe Antlers . 94 ,, Skull and Antlers . 96 Sinaitic Ibex Head • 356 Sind Ibex Skull and Horns . • 359 Sing-Sing Waterbuck Skull and Florns . 183 Situtunga Horns .... . 298 Snow- Leopard Skin • 476 Soemmerring’s Gazelle Head, 6 • 255 Spanish Ibex Head • 362 Speke’s Gazelle Flead, 6 - 239 Springbuck Florns . 222 Steinbuck Head .... . 176 Swamp-Deer Head 82, 84 Swayne’s Dik-dik Head 164 ,, Hartebeest Head . 119 xiii Takin Frontlet and Horns ,, Skull and Horns Thamin Antlers . Thian-Shan Ibex Head Thomson’s Gazelle Head, & Tibetan Argali Head Tiger .... ,, Skins . Topi Hartebeest Head . Tora Frontlet and Horns Tur Heads . ,, Skull and Florns . PACK *■> '*» oo3 • 332 . 86 • 350 • 249 • 385 . 488 465, 467 • 135 . 1 17 362, 366 • 364 Uganda Kob Skull and Horns Urial Head ..... Virginian White-tailed Deer Antlers 192 39i 99 Waller’s Gazelle Head . . . 263 Wapiti Flead . . . .52 ,, Skull and Antlers 57 Wart-Hog Tusks ..... 435 Waterbuck Horns . . . .180 West African Bushbuck Horns . . 296 ,, Hartebeest Horns . . 115 West Caucasian Tur Skull and Horns . 364 White Oryx Head .... 283 White-bearded Gnu Skull and Horns . 149 White-eared Kob Head . . .189 White-tailed Gnu Horns . . 151 Wild Goat Skull and Horns . . . 359 Yak Skull and Horns . . -415 Yarkand Stag Skull and Antlers . . 47 Gazelle Skulls and Horns 228, 231 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Male Woodland Reindeer. From a specimen in the British Museum. REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus). Distinguished from all other deer by the presence of antlers in both sexes ; those of males being complex, with the brow-tines palmated and often unsymmetrical, and the bez, or second tine, also generally expanded. The muzzle is entirely covered with hair, the ears and tail are short, the throat has a fringe of long hair, and the coat is very thick and of a nearly uniform clove-brown colour, with some white in the region of the tail, and on the under parts and legs. The false or lateral hoofs are unusually large and spreading ; and there is a patch B 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME of long white hair covering a gland on the hock, but none on the hind cannon-bone. Height at shoulder reaching to 4 feet 10 inches (New- foundland). Reindeer inhabit the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, in Europe including Scandinavia, Lapland, and Northern Russia ; their Antlers of Male Woodland Reindeer from Nova Scotia. From a specimen in the British Museum. southern limit varies from 52 to 54° N. latitude, while they extend to between 80 and 81 northwards. Several varieties, or local races, of reindeer are recognised. The more important are: (1) the Scandinavian reindeer (R. tarandus typicus) of Northern Europe and Asia, which is a rather small animal with moderately expanded antlers ; (2) the Spitzbergen rein- deer ( R . tarandus spetzbergensis'), characterised by the peculiar form of the nasal bones of the skull ; (3) the woodland reindeer ( R . tarandus REINDEER OR CARIBOU 3 caribou) of the forest districts of Arctic America, distinguished by its large bodily size and the short, much-palmated antlers ; (4) the New- foundland reindeer ( R . tarandus terrce-novce ), which is closely allied to Side view of Antlers of Male Barren-Ground Reindeer. From a specimen in the British Museum. the last, but with even more complex antlers and some differences in coloration ; (5) the Greenland reindeer ( R . tarandus grcenlandicus), which is apparently very similar to the sixth variety ; and (6) the barren-ground reindeer ( R . tarandus arcticus ), from the open country north of the forests in America, a very distinct animal, characterised 4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME by its small bodily size, and the great length and simple form of the antlers, in which, except on the brow-tine, there is scarcely any palma- tion. Certain other local forms have been named by American naturalists ; and the reindeer of Siberia and Nevada Zemlia have Head of Male Newfoundland Reindeer. From Dr. J. A. Allen. respectively received names, viz. R. t. sibiricus and R. t. pcarsoni. Reindeer heads are probably some of the most difficult to measure, owing to the different curves the top points frequently present. Females have smaller and lighter antlers than males. Mr. Abel Chapman, in the Field , states that two or three-year-old bucks run between 224 and 280 lbs. ; but one big stag was made "perhaps erroneously) to scale over 420 lbs., clean. REINDEER OR CARIBOU 5 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. curve. 62 54 40 504 571 54 i3f ... 5 74 54 334 44.4 (outside) -54i 6 42 504 -... 64 ... 53 54§ 44 204 • •• -54 6f 214 32S 54 64 29 37 54 4i 48 52 53 44 48f 54 52i 54 15 264 -52 64 35 39f 52 4h 284 38 51! 44 4o| 48! 50 54 27 38 49 44 24I 32| 48 64 254 4 74 64 4°S 381 464 64 164 28 46 44 244 3i4 46 54 26| 35 454 54 3i4 334 454 44 19! 3i 444 5l 204 264 44f 5s 34 37 44 6§ 234 34 44 54 184 30 44 51 19 264 43t 5l 40 4i| 43 54 214 294 Points. Locality. 21 + 17 Canada . 13 + 7 Arctic Regions 20 + 16 Do. 22+l8 Head of Tanana River, Alaska 41 Do. 11 + 13 N. America 12 + II ? 22+11 Alaska . 21 + 14 Canada . 12+ II Labrador 17 + 12 N. Canada 20 + 30 ? 7 + 7 N. Canada 17 + 14 Hudson Bay . 12 + 11 Barren Ground 7 + 9 N. America 17 + 15 Newfoundland 15 + 14 Itcha Mts. , B.C. 32 British Columbia I5 + I5 Newfoundland 15 + 12 Do. 13 + 12 Do. . 15 + 13 N. Canada 10+ 12 Newfoundland Do. . 18 + 17 Itcha Mts., B.C. 18 + 13 Newfoundland 17 + 14 Do. . 16 + 11 Do. . 10 + 8 Do. . Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Sylvester Browne. W. F. Sheard. Do. British Museum (Sir John Franklin). Paris Museum. Hon. J. C. Lister. D. F. Mackenzie. Hon. Walter Rothschild. J. Talbot Clifton. Imperial Museum, Vienna. David T. Hanbury. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. A. Barclay Walker. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. W. Neil son. J. Turner-Turner. Capt. H. L. Cottingham. H. Charrington. F. C. Williamson. David T. Hanbury. W. R. Greene. C. H. Akroyd. W. Neilson. Admiral SirWilliam Kennedy. Lieut. A. G. Allgood, R.N. St. George Littledale. Capt. R. H. Morgan. 6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. -422 7i 33i 384 -424 42 6\ ... 49.8 (outside) 18^ 42 54 364 39-2 42 5f 38 4*4 41 54 20^ 28 41 6 35 33 41 5 284 32 40 1 6§ 32i 37 40 5i I9l 26 40 74 3i 38 40 6 3*4 354 39 23i 39 6 3i 304 39 7 28 3i 39 81 18 27 39 Si 24! 32 39 7 29 31! 39 Si ... ... 39 4i 26 26f -39 7l 33 3il 381 5l 28^ ... 3H 52 315 335 38A 5 4 22 283 Points. Locality. 22+18 Newfoundland 24 Do. . 33 Alaska . 20+12 Newfoundland 10+ 10 Do. . 15 + 9 Do. . 20 British Columbia 14+17 Newfoundland 20+17 Do. • 12 + 1 1 Do. . 18+19 Do. . 19+ 14 Do. . 17+14 Do. . 15 + 10 Do. . 20+19 Do. . 15+12 Do. . 26 + 20 Do. . 18 + 16 ? 1 1 + 1 1 ? 1 5 + 1 5 Newfoundland 29 + 22 Do. 18+11 Do. . 18+ 1 1 15 + II Owner. R. Gordon Smith. General R. L. Dashwood. Earl of Lonsdale. Q. C. Colmore. E. C. Russell. Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. Lieut. -Col. C. C. Ellis. S. 11. Whitbread. 1LR.H. Prince of Wales. P. B. Vander-Byl. F. C. Selous. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Captain C. E. Stracey. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Capt. G. R. Poole. W. J. Chapman. Duke of Westminster. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. D. E. Moir, B.N. Lord Thurlow. Lord Elphinstone. F. C. Selous. W. O. Bell- Irving. Do. . REINDEER OR CARIBOU 7 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 58 388 414 22 + 15 ? Sir V. Brooke’s Collection. "594 7 38 44 15 + 16 Norway . J. Whitaker. -59 42 424 46 (outside) 7 + 5 Do. . H. J. Elwes. ~58 6 304 37 33 Jotunheim, Norway . S. Ratcliff. -55s 6£ 38 43 s 18 + 8 Sundal Fjelds, Nor- Capt. Gerard Ferrand. 4s way 542 33* 4°f I5 + I3 Norway . J. H. Thomas. 54 5 22 4i? 16 + 11 Do. . Kenneth M'Douall. -524 5 27 364 26 Norway . Abel Chapman. -5i 6rV ... Rundane, Norway . Capt. John Marriott. 5°S 4s 24 29 16+13 ? H. R.H. the Duke of Saxe (outside) Coburg and Gotha. 49 4i 25 364 18+15 Do. . T. II. Barnard. 472 42 17 27 18 + 14 Do. . A. C. Gathorne Hardy. 47 48 23 29 17 + 9 Do. . Kenneth M‘Douall. 464 6 214 26I 37 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. -46 5 29 38 42 Jotunheim, Norway . S. Ratcliff. 454 4l 26* 3° l 12 + 10 Norway . Duke of Bedford. 44* 4s 34 394 1 1 + 10 Do. . Rhys Williams. 44 4i 20* 324 12 + 9 Do. . Col. C. B. Harvey. 41 4 4i ... 244 12 + 9 Spitzbergen W. I). James. 4i 44 26i 3oi 12 + 12 Do. Sir W. Martin Conway. 40 3l 314 344 12 + 9 Norway . B. C. L. Burrows. 4 25i ... 7 + 5 Do. . British Museum, 38 54 214 ... 15 + 13 Do. . Do. 37 4i 18 20* 15 + 1 1 E. Spitzbergen Arnold Pike. -36 64 34 334 23 + 20 Lapland . Dublin Museum. 1 Perished antlers. 8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Male Alaskan Elk. From an Alaskan specimen in the possession of the Duke of Westminster. ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis). Elk are the largest members of the deer tribe, and distinguished by their ungainly form, long limbs, broad, produced, and flabby muzzle (all of which, except a small triangular patch below the nostrils, is covered with hair), the presence of a pendulous hairy organ (the so-called “ bell ”) on the throat of the males, and the form and position of the antlers in that sex. These latter are set on the skull with their bases at right angles to the middle line of the face, and have neither brow- nor bez- tines. In the common species they expand after a short distance into a broad palmation, carrying a number of snags on the outer border. In young elk each antler is divided in a fork-like manner into a small front and a larger hind portion. The main hoofs are long and pointed, and the lateral pair large : there is a gland and tuft of hair both on the hock and hind cannon-bone, the latter being situated high up. ELK OR MOOSE 9 The tail is very short. From birth to old age elk are uniformly coloured ; the general tint of the hair, which is long, coarse, and some- what brittle, varying from yellowish gray to deep blackish brown, and being usually darker in American than in European examples. The height varies from 5 feet 9 inches at the shoulder in Scandinavian examples to as much as 6 feet 6 inches or, it is said, even 8 feet in American specimens ; the weight from 900 to 1400 lbs., that of the antlers being about 60 lbs. The elk inhabits the forests and marshy districts of Scandinavia, Antlers of Common Elk. Eastern and Northern Russia, and the Altai, and in America (where it is invariably known as moose) at the present time is found in Alaska, Montana, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The Euro- pean and American elk are so similar that they do not seem worthy of being regarded as more than local races ; a third race inhabits Alaska. Scandinavian elk not unfrequently show little or no palmation of the antlers, and thus approximate to the East Siberian form. An elk killed at Meswiez, Lithuania, by Count Scheibler, had the following dimensions : — IO RECORDS OF BIG GAME Feet. Inches. Length tip of nose to root of tail 8 6 Height at withers , 5 9 „ „ quarters .... 6 5L Round neck near the ears 4 9 Estimated weight 1500 lbs. A. — American and A/as/can Races. Greatest width. Length to longest tine. Circum- ference above burr. Tip to Tip. breadth of Palm. Points. Locality. Owner. -7S.V 49 l8 40 Yukon \Y. F. Shearcl. -76 43 26 + 21 Alaska A. S. Reid. -74 Do. American Museum of -73i ... 23 24 + 14 Do. Natural History. C. F. Periolot. 72 47i 9i 37i 1 6* 20+17 Do. Duke of Westminster. -7ii 49 8 A 16 20 + 20 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -H- 0 t-s 1 55i 7h 29 ? Do. \Y. W. Hart. -69 55 11 ? 37 21 21 Do. F. B. Tolhurst. 2-69 48 10 32 Do. Dali De Weese. -67 ... 23 Do. J. H. Whitehouse. 66 442 IO* 49 h 14 17+14 Kenai Mts. Viscount Powerscourt. -66 -.ei 9 2 44 14 28 New Brunswick S. Decatur. -65 4i 24 14+13 Manitoba . Otho Shaw. -64^ 47l 8» 45i Hi 31 ? Grahamstown Museum. 64 47 40 13 l6+ l6 Alaska W. H. Welsh. 63 1 45 9 41 H I5+H Do. David Davies. -62 ^ 18 20+12 New Brunswick N. T. de Pauw. 62A ... ... Alaska C. G. Cowan. -6i4 44 ... Canada General R. L. Dashwood. -61 38 11? 50 14 26 New Brunswick J. Bodkin. 60 40 8 38 H I I + IO Canada Viscount Powerscourt. 59i 38 6 h 9'i I I + I I p 1 1.R.I I. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. 1 Height at shoulder, 8 ft. 2 in.?; skull horns, 68 lbs. ; estimated weight, 2600 lbs. 2 Height at shoulder stated to be 7 ft. 8 in.? ELK OR Greatest width. Length to longest tine. Circum- ference above burr. Tip to Tip. Breadth of Palm. Points. 59* 43* 8* 40 14* 14+13 5«* 38 8* 39 II 12+ II 57? 37? 8 35i II* 11 + 13 57* 38 8 21* 14 18+15 57* 40* 8 35 13* 12+ II 57 45 8* 38 13* 10 + 9 57 39 8* 38* 12^ 15 + 12 56* 39* 7? 37 13* 14+ II -56 42 1 10 35? i3i 12+ II 54* 39* 7 38 16 13+12 -54* 4i ... ... 12+ II 54* 4°* 7 2 35 13 9 + 9 54 36* 8 43* 7* 9 + 9 54 36* 6* 41 5* 7 + 6 53* 4i 9 284 13* 15 + H 53 37 7* 33 12 16+ 15 52l 38* 7 ... io| 1 1 + 10 -50* 39 8* 35 19* 18 + 14 MOOSE I I Locality. Owner. Manitoba . G. H. M. Banks. p W. Moat. Canada Thomas Bate. Do. C. H. Akroyd. Maine J. S. Braithwaite. Alaska Hon. J. C. Lister. N. America Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bt. Do. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Do. T. W. Wood, Jun. Canada Sylvester Browne. Do. General R. L. Dashwood. New Brunswick A. C. Bell. Manitoba . T. P. Kempson. Wyoming ? Capt. The Hon. A. Stourton. Canada H.R. II. Prince of Wales. Montana . T. P. Kempson. N. America British Museum ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 1 Inside. I 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME B. — European Race. Greatest width. Length to longest Circum- ference above Tip to Tip. Breadth of Palm. Points. Locality. Owner. tine. burr. -52 32 7 ... 9 9 + 9 Norway . H. J. Elwes. -5lf 33 Si 36* 15* 10+ 10 Do. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. 48 32 8£ 37* 10 + 9 Nr. St. Peters- Prince E. Demidoff. t burg 47 28 6* 32 9 8 + 8 Norway . Sir II. Pottinger, Bart. -46 32i 7* 33 11* 10+ 10 Sweden . Capt. Gerard Ferrand. 1 46 3°i 6i 43 ioi 15 Norway . Abel Chapman. -45 3i 7 28 17 Do. S. Ratcliff. 44+ 3°i 7* 29 i 10 9 + 8 Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 44+ 3°+ ... 40 82 17 Do. Thomas Bate. 43^ 29 7* ioi 24 Do. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 435 27 6i 40 ... 8 + 7 Do. J. II. Barnard. 43l 32 6 9* 7 + 8 Russia British Museum (Sir Edward Caley). -43* 28i 6 33* 1 1 12 + 10 Lithuania Prince Radziwill. 42^ 29 6 30i 7* 1 1 + 9 Norway . Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. 42i 26 6 27* 7 7 + 6 Do. Lord Delamere. 42 2Si 7* 24I 9* 10 + 9 Do. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. -42 ... • • • 16 Do. Sir H. Seton-Karr. 1 Estimated weight, 1260 lbs. EAST SIBERIAN EIK 13 Antlers of East Siberian Elk. From the Hon. Walter Rothschild’s specimen. EAST SIBERIAN ELK (Alces bedfordise). A species, or race, distinguished from the typical form of the Scandinavian elk by the absence of palmation in the antlers, which usually have five large tines on each side. Some antlers from East Siberia show a slight tendency to palmation, but no specimens from that area have hitherto been received showing the full palmation characteristic of so many European, and apparently all American, examples. This elk would appear to be the ancestral form of the group. If it be regarded as a race, rather than a specimen, it should be called A. machlis bedfordice. Greatest Width. Length to longest tine. Circum- ference above burr. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. 42^ 3 oh 7i 28 6 + 5 Siberia Hon. Walter Rothschild. 39i 26i 8 37 4 + 3 Do. British Museum. 37i 31! 8 32 5 + 4 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 14 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Eastern Red Deer. From a Hungarian specimen in the collection of Viscount Powerscourt. Counting from the skull upwards, the first tine is the brow, the second the bez, and the third the trez, above which come the surroyals, or crown. The main shaft is termed the beam. RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). The red deer of Western Europe is the typical representative of the genus Cervus , in which the antlers of the males are set on the skull at an oblique angle to the middle line of the forehead, and always have a brow-tine, while they are generally more or less nearly cylindrical, although sometimes palmated. There is always a large bare portion on the muzzle, the face is long, the ears are generally large, and the tail is comparatively short, often extremely so. Although there is almost always a gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, usually situated high up, there is none on the hock itself. The coat may be spotted. In the red deer the antlers are subcylindrical and complex, generally with a bez-tine, and always with a trez, the number of points exceeding five, and the crown frequently forming a cup. The tail is relatively long and pointed, and there is a distinct light-coloured patch on the buttocks, which includes the tail, although in the summer coat the tail itself is dark-coloured. The general colour of the adult RED DEER i5 summer coat is reddish brown, and that of the winter dress grayish brown, while the young are profusely spotted. Red deer, in the widest sense of the term, are inhabitants of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, and Northern Persia. In the typical red deer (C. elaphus typicus) of Western, Northern, and Central Europe, the antlers attain their maximum degree of complexity, sometimes having twenty or even more points, although in many Scotch examples the bez tine is wanting. In a red deer killed at Spetchley Park the weight was 419 lbs. gross, and 216 when cleaned ; while in one shot at Knowsley many years ago the clean weight was no less than 424 lbs. The height at the shoulder now reaches about 4 feet. H.R.H. the Duke of Braganza saw a continental stag shot which scaled 584 lbs., and shot a io-pointer with a spread of 55 inches. The Corsican red deer (C. elaphus corsicamis ), of Corsica and Sardinia, is a very small race, with the bez-tine of the antlers wanting, and the general colour of the upper-parts dark brown in summer and blackish in winter. Nearly allied is the North African red deer {C. elaphus barbarus ), which is of rather larger dimensions, with a grayish- brown streak down the middle of the back, and small irregular whitish spots on the flanks and sometimes on the back ; traces of such spots being occasionally observable in the summer coat of hinds of the typical race. The bez-tine seems to be very generally wanting. The Eastern red deer (C. elaphus inaral) is a large race, described on page 39. Lord Tweedmouth furnished the following dimensions of a fine Scotch stag, shot, October 9, 1880: — Widest span over all, 39I inches ; span inside below cups, 34 inches ; span outside below cups, 37 inches. Right antler. — Length, 39 inches ; length of brow, 10J inches ; of bez, 10 inches ; of trez, 13 inches. Length of tines in cup, 10, 7, 4J inches. Circumference at coronet, 8^- inches ; between bez and trez, 7J inches ; above trez, 6 inches. Left antler. — Length, 38 inches; of brow, 10 inches; of bez, 8 inches ; of trez, 1 1 inches. Length of tines in cup, 8, 6, and 4 inches. Circumference at coronet, 9 inches ; between bez and trez, 7I inches ; above tray, 6\ inches. Weight, 303 lbs., clean ; but stag was much run. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 6 From a Photograph by IVhyte. Antlers of Red Deer killed by Lord liurton, with fully developed cups. a. — Scotch Specimens. Length Circum- ference Widest inside. on out- side between bez and Tip to Tip. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. -41 7 22), 35 7 + 7 Inverness Col. W. H. Walker. 1-40 (1794) 6 30 10 203 Glentilt Duke of Atholl. -39 7i 34 39i 6-f6 303 Guisachan Lord Tweedmouth. “3 7 i . . . 20§ 26^ • • • 7 + 7 p Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. 37s 5s 26^ . . • 6 + 7 p II. R. II. the Duke of Saxe- J-3^ Coburg and Gotha. ... 35 12 Glenmoriston Col. W. Gordon-Cumming. 36^ 5 34 39i 41 5 + 6 Glenstrath- Viscount Powerscourt (shot 36h 6i -1 T 1 farrar by the late Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming). 32 4 6 + 6 p Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. 36+ 7 22 j 28 ... 7 + 7 2 Do. 36 54 i6i 28 36 7 + 7 5 Duke of Portland. 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais. SCOTCH RED DEER 1 7 Length on outside Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Outside spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. 36 4i 21^ 27 ... 6 + 6 ... Caenlochan . Mrs. Henry Tate. 35^ 5i ... 252 ... 6 + 6 244 Sutherland . Abel Chapman. 352 6 29 12 19 Auchnashel- The late Lord Alexander lach Paget. 35i 42 172 30 . . . 5 + 6 244 Glenisla, For- Viscount Powerscourt. farshire -352 7 • . . 26J 20 . . • Glenquoich . Lord Burton. (See illus- tration.) 35i 45 2 72 34 36| 4 + 3 ... Caenlochan . The late Henry Tate. -355 4s T 1 7 30 6 + 6 Deanich, Ross- G. Percy V. Aylmer. shire 35 45 22 28 • . « 7 + 6 . . • Talladh-a-Bhe- E. Weller-Poley. ithe, Rannoch -35 ... ... ... 34 10 225 N. Morar Major T. W. Gill. -35 ... ... 29 4 1i 7 + 6 p Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. -35 5i 26 33 2 37i .12 ... Guisachan Lord Tweedmouth. 2-35 42 272 8 Cairn Thomais John Hargreaves. Gaick -34l ... ... ... 3ii 3 + 2 236 Cluanie Hon. T. A. Brassey. 342 52 18 26^ 34 6 + 5 ... p W. Brodrick Cloete. 342 5! 37s 342 ... 12 ... Braemore Sir John Fowler, Bart. 342 4i 185 27 ... 6 + 5 ... N. Morar J. R. Hutchison. 2-342 5 ... ... 342 12 231 (clean) Glentilt Duke of Atholl. 342 6 I7f 25 315 5 + 4 222 Caenlochan . Mrs. Henry Tate. 34i 4s I6i 24i ... 5 + 5 ... Auchnasheen F. Devas. 345 4i 22 281 31! 6 + 4 204 Cluanie St. George Littledale. 34 4s 175 26| 29 5 + 4 ... Caenlochan . W. A. L. Fletcher. 34 ... ... 30 11 24O N. Morar Capt. T. W. Gill. 34 4 284 30f 5 + 4 Glenmuick Capt. J. Ponsonby. 34 45 12 232 ... 5 + 4 ? C. A. Grenfell. 34 4 i6| 5 + 4 Blair-Atholl Major A. W. E. Count Gleichen. -34 4§ 19 28 • • • 6 + 5 Rothiemurchus, A. Basil Brooke. Inverness 2-34 ... ... ... 11 Braemar Col. Gordon-Cumming. 2~34 45 36^ 12 Glenbruar, Sir W. Ogilvie Dalgleish. Perthshire 2-34 4s - ... 30 10 Morar . W. Stirling. 2 34 7 . . . 26 14 Glenartney . Earl of Ancaster. 1 Above trez. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais. C 1 8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Outside spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. 33S 51 *9i 252 • • 5 + 5 ... ? H. S. O’Brien. -33* 5 342 ... 5 + 5 280 Dalness J. G. Millais. 332 4 1 6i 25 29 5 + 5 Caenlochan . H. C. Pilkington. 33h 4 23i 28 3°i 4 + 4 ... Glencarron . H. R. Pape. 33h 4§ 20j 28 ... Glenmuick . Hon. A. Borthwick. 33h 42 27 1 2 Kintail . Sir Edmund G. Loder Bart. ~33h 4? ... 36 10 2 SO Jura . Lord George Campbell. -j jj 48 20§ 24? 4 + 4 ... Ben Alder Julius Wernher. 33 4i 24? 28i n ^ 1 002 5 + 4 222 Do. F. C. Selous. 33 4i 21^- 28I n *y 00 4 + 4 Kintail . R. P. Page. 33 4i 21 29? 35§ 5 + 5 ? W. S. Flack. 33 4 12 23i 28 4 + 3 Kildonan Sir William Pearce, Bari. -32? 5 25? 29i 64-6 Ardverikie . Col. W. H. Walker. 32h 4i 17 25i 27 4 + 3 231 Glencarron . G. Cornwallis-West. 1 32 42 31 29^ 40 7 + 9 ... Rhidorroch . Viscount Powerscourt. ~32 34 10 Kintail . Sir Edmund G. Loder Bart. 32 4 17 271 30 5 + 5 ... Deanish J. G. Clarke. 32 4a iS 26% 29i 7 + 4 Glenartney . Waldorf Astor. 32 4 20 23j 27h 6 + 6 Glenfeshie . Hon. H. C. Gibbs. 3*1 4i 141 21 27 6 + 6 Kildermorie . F. Shoolbred. 3*i 3i ... 261 ... 4 + 4 Rhidorroch . Captain F. Cookson. 3i? 4? 18 24? 6 + 5 I96 Inchgrundle . Countess of Dudley. 3*2 42 16 21 232 6 + 5 ... Corriemulzie . R. K. Micklethwait. 3 4? 22 28| 3*1 _L_ 3 + j ... Caenlochan . E. L. Fletcher. 3i4 4 12^ 2ll 25i 6 + 4 Do. W. W. Gossage. 3*£ 5 ... 26i ... 12 238 Auchnasheen J. F. Laycock. 3ii 4 22 26i *■> 0 1. 022 7 + 6 ... Kintail . R. P. Page. 3i4 4 24^ 29 ... 5 + 4 Braulen J. Talbot Clifton. 3*4 4l 21 252 4 + 4 213 Invermark . W. S. M. Burns. 3i4 4| 20j 253 • • • 3 + 3 • . • Dalnacardoch Hon. T. A. Brassey. 1 Above trez. SCOTCH RED DEER 19 Length on outside Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Outside spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. 3i i 4 I2| 244 294 6 + 6 ... ? J. B. Taylor. 3i§ 4§ 8g 24 5 + 5 ... Glenmuick . C. Lawrence. -3ii 54 254 29 Switch Achdalien M. K. North. 3*4 4b 16 244 ... 7 + 5 Rhidorroch . Capt. F. Cookson. 3*4 4§ 24I 32 ... 5 + 3 Ross-shire E. Lort- Phillips. 3ii 4 ... 40 4 6 + 6 ? Dr. Fancourt Barnes. 3*4 4 15 25 5 + 4 Auchnashel- W. Maxwell Lyte. lach 31 4i 24 25 ... 5 + 5 Morar . J. R. Hutchison. -3i Si 324 ... 38 5 + 4 Inverlochy . Mrs. J. E. Platt. 3i 4S i9i 234 334 8 + 6 S. Harris Earl of Dunmore. 31 4§ 244 28! ... 5 + 4 Caenlochan . F. W. Robinson. -3i 4i 20 15 ... 8 + 7 ? J. Benett-Stanford. 31 4i 16* 234 29 6 + 5 Inversanda . J. Hamilton Leigh. 30I 4l 25§ 28! ... 5 + 6 Rhidorroch . W. R. Cookson. 3°i 5 i9i 24 ... 6 + 5 Arisaig J. R. Hutchison. 3°l 4i 13 234 ... 5 + 4 I96 Invergarry Guy Stephenson. 3°4 3t 24S 31 334 3 + 3 ... Inversanda . J. Hamilton Leigh. 3©4 4§ i3i 234 6 + 6 ... Letterewe Gordon Wood. 3°4 4% 174 24i ... 7 + 6 ... Rhidorroch . J. Talbot Clifton. 3°4 4i i8i 24 4 + 3 I96 Glen Tana . Major Plon. A. H. Henni- ker. 3°i 4 254 28| ... 4 + 3 • • . Auchnashel- Capt. H. Reynolds, R.N. lach 3oh 44 22^ 29 3i 3 + 3 ... p L. Breitmeyer. 3©4 4i •*> oil 26 3°i 7 + 5 ... Glencarron . J. R. Aspinall. 3°4 4l 20 254 6 + 5 ... ? H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. -30 4§ , , , 254 5 + 5 210 Blackmount . J. G. Millais. 20 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The spread of the six widest heads in the Duke of Fife’s collection are as follows : — 40 38 37 35 35 35 The six longest antlers of this celebrated collection are respectively — 37 36 35i 3 35 35 The antlers of one of the red deer in Mr. C. Lucas’s park at Warnham Court, Sussex, in 1889, had 34 points; 1890, 34 points; 1891, 37 points ; 1891, 47 points and weighed 17 lbs. ; 1893,45 points, id-g-lbs. A — Irish Specimens. Length on outside Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. J-42i 12 315 Colebrooke . Sir Douglas Brooke Bart. -41 6 I7i 23 10 + 9 325 Do. Do. -40 5i 28 29h 8 + 8 355 Do. Do. 39§ 5k i4i 265 7 + 7 375 Do. Do. 38 5l 20 3°» 10 + 8 350 (clean) Do. Do. OJ 00 ra 9l 23i 8 + 8 ... Roscommon Earl of Kingston. 2 35 5 22 30k 6 + 5 343 Do. Do. 35 4f ... 30 9 ... Ireland lion. A. Charteris. 35 5h i9i 26f 6 + 5 282 Powerscourt Park Viscount Powerscourt. 336 as Do. 35 5i 2l| 29 5 + 5] he fell 252 clean Do. 336 as Do. 342 5 12\ 22\ 5 + 5 ' he fell 252 clean Do. 364 as Do. 34 4i 25h 28 \ 6 + 6- he fell 280 clean Do. 34 5 20^ 26 6 + 6 i 280 clean Do. Do. 34 45 ... 3ih 6 + 5 372 Muckross Ralph Sneyd. 34 4i I3i 25 5 + 5 ... Colebrooke . Major J. M. Rogers. 33i 5 ... 26 5 + 5 308 Muckross Hon. Mrs. Bourke. 3i 4l II 20| 7 + 7 ... Do. Ralph Sneyd. -3i 4 3 i8i 22 5 + 7 ... ? Dublin Museum. 3°f 4 ... 26^ 5 + 5 276 Muckross Geoffrey Carr-Glyn. 1 See Millais’s British Deer and their Horns. 2 Spread, 36^ inches. WEST OF ENGLAND RED DEER 2 I Antlers of Exmoor Stag. c. — West of E?iglcmd Specimens. Length on out- side Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Outside spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. V 54 2l4 324 • • • 5 + 5 Exmoor Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. 40 5s 5l IO 28 38 7 + 6 Do. Do. 39 I5S 28-4 6 + 6 Do. R. A. Sanders. 384 54 m 314 6 + 6 Quantock Hills Viscount Ebrington ; killedin 1885. 374 5 224 304 . . • 7 + 7 Exmoor C. Nelder ; killed in 1803. 374 54 274 35 i 48 6 + 5 Do. Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. 37 54 15 274 324 6 + 6 Quantock E. A. V. Stanley. 36S 6 214 284 • • • 6 + 7 Exmoor Sir A. Acland - Hood, Bart. ; killed in 1893. 364 51 12 23I 304 7 + 6 Stoodleigh . Ian H. Amory. 36 4f IO 24§ 304 9 + 7 Exmoor R. A. Sanders. 36 54 124 23 294 6 + 5 Do. Capt. H. H. Amory. 36 5s 14! 26 344 7 + 6 Do. Morland Greig. 354 5 204 274 • • • 6 + 6 Do. Earl Fortescue ; killed in 1812. 35 5 15! 27 . . . 6 + 5 Do. Com. G. F. Inglefield, R.N. 35 4s 254 32S • • • 5 + 6 Do. Sir C. T. D. Acland, Bart. ; killed in 1893. 34§ 5§ 234 314 ... 6 + 6 Do. Viscount Ebrington ; killed in 1 88 1 . 1 Weight 333 lbs., clean. Length of brow-tine, 17 inches. 22 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Stoke Park Red Deer. d. — English Park Specimens. Length Circum- ference Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Weight (clean) on outside between bez and Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. lbs. - 42 \ 65 ... ... 40 12 Melbury, Dorset Earl of Ilchester. 4Ji 5 1 22f 32 7 + 6 Langley Park J. G. Millais. 403 5* 185 31 41 5 + 5 • • • ? R. V. Berkeley. 39* l5'i 23* 265 355 5 + 5 8 + 7 ... Woburn Duke of Bedford. 37* 5* 22 29i 41* ... Stowe . II. R. II. le Due d’Orleans. "37* 7* 29 * 27\ 36* 10 + 9 ... Wei beck Duke of Portland. -37 75 • . • 37 23 434 Warnham T. Lucas. -36 6i 24 30 6 + 6 Vaynol, North G. W. D. Assheton- Wales Smith. 36 J5* 19 28 h 9 + 11 Woburn Duke of Bedford. 35* 5 7* 20 25 6 + 6 ... ? H. S. O’Brien. 34* 7 JJ 265 20 + 20 Warnham W. II. Lucas. 34i >5* iS* 26 8 + 8 Woburn Duke of Bedford. 34 4^ 23 ... 6 + 6 Stowe . lI.R.II. la Comtesse de Paris. 34 5l 215 28* 7 + 7 Dorset . Earl of Ilchester. 34 6h ... 48 (about) 45 Warnham C. T. Lucas. 33* 4* ... 33 ... 6 + 6 ... Stowe . H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. 33* 5i 21^ 28* ... 9 + 9 Woburn Duke of Bedford. 33 7 452 44 Warnham C. T. Lucas. above trez Some of the above measurements are recorded by J. G. Millais in British Deer and tJieir Horns. 1 White Stag. ANCIENT BRITISH RED DEER 23 Skull and Antlers of Old English Red Deer. (Found in cutting the Manchester Ship Canal.) e. — Ancient British a?id Irish Specimens. Length Circum- ference Tip to Tip. Widest inside. on outside between bez and Spread. Points. Where dug up. Owner. curve. trez. -474 8 35 ... 5 + 8 Manchester Ship Sir R. M. Brooke, Bart. Canal excavations 40 74 22\ 284 434 12 + 9 Combermere Duke of Westminster. 3*4 5 18 30 394 8 + 6 Ireland Viscount Powerscourt. 364 5 24 25 354 8 + 8 Do. Do. 36 54 23 27 374 10 + 9 Kerry, Ireland Do. x-36 54 ... 424 23 South Ireland Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. 354 54 264 32S 424 13 + 11 Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Col- lection. 354 54 314 27f ... 12 + 10 Ireland Viscount Powerscourt. -35 7 21 24 9 + 11 England C. G. Burrow. 344 5 22 30 10+ 10 Ireland Viscount Powerscourt. 33 4l 27 28J 354 9 + 8 Do. Do. 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais. 24 RECORDS OF BIG GAME f. — Norwegia n Specimens. Length on outside m rvp Circum- ference between bezand Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. LUl * C< trez. lbs. -34 ... ... ... 7 Norway . J. If. Thomas. T .Q J A4 4 'i ... 25h ... 6 + 5 I)o. A. Brassey. 3^ 4 h ... 24 J ... 5 + 5 Do. Sir II. Seton-Karr 3 H 4f 2S ... 4 + 3 Do. E. M. Denny. 3i 4i 23 25 292 6 + G Do. J. II. Thomas. 30 5 29 ... 12 280 Do. E. M. Denny. -30 4i ... 2S OJ 5 + 4 Do. Sir 11. Seton-Karr 30 4} 29} 3°? ... 5 + 4 Do. Do. 29-1 4s 26 30.1 6 + 5 Do. G. L. 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O in »- v O ■*-' >-« >> 4) O 2 ,£3 43 x .5 . -3 rt -G ip8^ o 00 to o M ‘ho ^3 c ir to oo •5 a; c G -H rQ *” O »G 4) K/ !— _U 3 ^ £2 G ^ 03 m £ N S P cd g l- g O 00 3 G O G 3 G G O .5 G O a g ^ 03 3G o ) 3 _ 3 G3 4) J-. 4> rG 4) 43 H G3 O Hc - G 3 G3 K- O bo +-> G o; • G jy B ’b o O 43 N3 ‘w 3 T3 > N 3 3 3 O 3 3 Pk «-» rG • • b0G2 • — GJ 43 Z. 4) g: . o >V W 43 43 C>i G 3 3 43 O •S I G ’S 43 O « ts 3 •“ u 3 5 X g • — G rt " 33 G i) 35 5 g6 S 43 -a 3 s 3 i •- 3 -* T3 *j 33 3 1/3 f-\ o OP £ ° S- r- o > TJ rt o 5 l/] H rJ c o - u 3 3 3 LO 3 3 33 i/i . . bo 3 3 C 33 1- 3 O G JZ 3 O. Hungary, i863. Styria, 1881 Hungary, 1873. Hungary, 1873. The Trophies of His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria-Hungarj Some oj the Trophies of Ills Majesty the Emperor ami King of Austria-Hungary. rr 15 cj o j>N — c3 >-4 6 6 o — — * c CJ N IT. C Babat. c o cc Q Q Z3 < 6 I 6 c s i n d — o c rO d i-t o o MX 00 «l-t Ml MX vO MX LO —HI VC vC 00 IM M Tt VC -»1 MX fM VO VC cc*x Mil HX MX —£1 e> ei Ml vo ►— Ml ; 00 o ro Ml rt Ml CO Tf M M ^ CJ MfX M?l f'-tX C3H< >L> i OX —HI KH* MX ccl— ro 00 VO CJ rx *-< $ ei »— « M) co et <0 co cj ro * N* cj Ml ro Ml cj M £ _d tri —IX *ctx Q lO VO Cv M- VO *X CJ co N CJ CJ X* § Q. H ‘ X «-4X OX M+ ox CJ 00 IM Tf 'rt N-i i— CJ M o'o ■5 .£f tJo x v — u . mao ui rf mi mi Ml iStti - O ■4" ~T vC »n vO *+ Ml Ml Ml Ml -HI o ■'I" MX Cv Ml —Cl Cv Ml HH- M Ml Ml 00 Ml Cl CCH* O — Ml M) Ml Ml —■X M0 Tt" 1M O Ml M) MX vC hJ- M1 Ml IM vC M. — vC 00 VO IM vC 00 .rr + + + + + + + + H- + + + H o O O tM 00 tM vo vO o vo tM *1- Cv oo cc 00 CO Ml This is the finest head of Alpine Red Deer known. ANCIENT CONTINENTAL RED DEER 37 Antlers of Red Deer. From a specimen in the Castle at Moritzburg. After Dr. A. B. Meyer. i. — Ancient Continental Specimens. Length (straight). Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. l-48 14 of burr -46^ 8§ above trez 9§ 5 ft. 2 i (on curve) 39i si l6 39i 6i 22 Spread. Points. Locality. 33 + 29 ? 6 ft. 3t% 12+ II p 25 + 12 p 28 ? 22 Alpine Stag? 28 Do. 22 Switzerland 22i inside 9 + 9 ? 31! 39 outside 6 + 6 Germany . Owner. H.M. the King of Saxony, Moritzburg. Do. Do. Ii.R.H. the Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha. Count Erbach-Erbach. Do. Do. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. 1 Weight, 41J lbs. RECORDS OF BIG GAME a 8 j. — New Zealand Specimens ( introduced ). Length on out- side Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve . trez. 42 si- 24h j33 37-4 6+5 ? A. D. Whatman. -42 si ... 37i 9 + 7 Otago W. Allen. -41 4 6 16 ... 284 6 + 5 Do. Do. -41 6± "» T J. Jl2 6 + 5 Do. J. S. Handyside. -41 54 37 7 + 6 Do. C. R. Westmacott. -39 54 ... 3[ 64-6 Do. H. McLean. -38 5 • - 33 64-6 Do. E. C. Studholm. -3 84 6 32 25 17 Wairarapa J. Strang. 3 7k 54 194 28A 64-6 j 400 11). esti- mated j- Otago C. R. Westmacott. 37 5 4 18A 24i -.-.a JJ4 7+6 Do. E. L. Fletcher. -37 5 34 6 + 5 Do. W. Telford. -364 6g ... 32i 9 + 9 Wairarapa J. S. Handyside. -36 4f aat 5 + 5 Otago W. Telford. 35 2 94 27 23i ... 22 Wairarapa N. Grace. -354 74 40i 33 64-7 Do. T. E. Donne. -344 6h 39 3i4 9 + 9 Do. Do. jii 5 V 104 18 64-7 North Island Rupert Wilkin. Length on out- side curve. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 39 Circum- ference Tipt0 between -p- bez and trez. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. \ Skull and Antlers of Eastern Red Deer shot in the Western Caucasus by Mr. St. George Littledale. EASTERN RED DEER or MARAL (Cervus elaphus maral). In this race of the red deer, which probably intergrades with the typical race in the western Carpathians, the height at the shoulder reaches to about 4 J feet, and the build is stouter, the neck thicker, and the head longer and more pointed than in the true red deer. The reddish summer coat of immature animals is very generally marked with numerous yellowish spots ; and the colour of the winter coat is dark slaty gray on the back, with the tail-patch of a very bright EASTERN RED DEER 4i yellow, and a large amount of black on the shoulders, thighs, and under- parts. The large and massive antlers are generally less complex than those of the typical race, the number of points being seldom more than eight on a side, and frequently only six ; while the bez-tine, which may be wanting, is often shorter than the long and upwardly-curved brow- tine, and the fourth tine is generally more distinct from the crown. The average weight is given as about 560 lbs. The typical locality of this race of red deer is the Caspian provinces of Northern Persia, whence it extends into the Crimea, and probably Asia Minor, and so on into Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, probably Circassia, and the Galician Carpathians. The exact limits between the range of this and the typical race are not yet determined ; and it is noteworthy that specimens from the Caucasus have shorter faces than those from Northern Persia, and thus approximate to the true red deer. Sportsmen prefer to call this race the Hungarian red deer ; this, however, is scarcely legitimate, as Hungary is not the typical locality, and the deer from that country are not precisely similar to the true Persian maral. Some naturalists might even be disposed to give them a separate scientific name. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Esti- mated Weight. Locality. Owner. lbs. 4§4 6 30 414 5 + 6 Ichater Dagh, H. R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Crimea Coburg and Gotha. 4§i 7i (single antler) 12 Asia Minor . British Museum (Lord A. 48 Hay). 7i Caucasus St. George Littledale. 47 § 54 38 ... 6 + 5 ... Do. Do. 47i 7i 334 43i 542 10 + 9 Do. Do. 46f 5§ 18 33 8 + 8 Do. British Museum, -46S 6f ... 39 8 + 6 Asia Minor . F. E. Whittall. 45 4 5f 42f 49 52 6 + 6 Caucasus S. H. Whitbread. -454 H 654 ... 14 Do. Grand Duke Mikhael. 454 7i 32f 4°4 46 8 + 8 Do. Prince E. Demidoff. 45i 5l 42 35S 6 + 7 Ak Dagh, The Maclaine of Lochbuie. Asia Minor 454 7S • . • . . • 9 + 6 Asia Minor . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -45 8 36 42 11 + 10 746 Caucasus Prince E. Demidoff. 45 6i 304 384 444 7 + 6 Asia Minor . H. 0. Whittall. E 42 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Esti- mated Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. 44-2 7k }9i 26 3^i 7 + 6 Asia Minor . F. W. Baker. 44i 6| (single antler) 9 Do. British Museum (C. G. Danford). 432 6 . . . 40 • . . 8 + 6 Du. M. Le C. Findlay. 432 5* l6 2S • . • 6 + 6 Crimea. Earl of Dunmore. -42^ 6 h 25 34 10+ 1 1 • • • Crimea (?) . II. J. Elvves. 424 7 27 O1 2 342 8 + 7 Caucasus Prince E. Demidoff. 42 H 28 -.•jl 44 2 9 + 8 ? R. A. Cooper. 42 6 26$. 34s 42 7 + 6 • . . Ak Dagh T. Bowen Rees. 4+g 5i 5t 24 32 36i 8 + 7 . . . p Duke of Bedford. 4iJ 154 284 6 + 5 . . . Caucasus II.R.II. le Due d’Orleans. Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, from the Carpathians, in the Powerscourt Collection. N. AFRICAN RED DEER N. AFRICAN RED DEER (Cervus elaphus barbaras). For characters, see Cervus elaphus. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. 38! 5f ... 36i 4f 22 g 28| 361 4i 1 7\ 2si 302 3f . • . Spread. Points. Locality. ... 6 + 5 North Africa 4 + 4 Do. 4 + 4 Do. ? Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Do. 4 + 3 Duke of Bedford. 44 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Hangul. HANGUL or KASHMIR STAG (Cervus cashmirianus). In this very distinct species the first or brow-tine arises at a con- siderable distance above the burr, or coronet, of the antlers, instead of close to it, as in the red deer ; the bez-tine is usually longer than the brow ; the total number of points is generally only five aside, although a third tine may occasionally be added to the normal terminal pair, thus forming an imperfect cup ; and the beam of each antler is much curved in towards the middle line of the head. The terminal fork is placed obliquely. The tail is short, and not included in the light patch on the buttocks, which is very small ; and the tuft on the hind cannon-bone is situated lower down than in the red deer, HANGUL OR KASHMIR STAG 45 In winter the general colour of the coat is brown, brownish ash, or liver-colour, with the hairs speckled ; the light area on the inner side of the buttocks being dirty white, with a blackish line on the inner sides of the thighs, the upper side of the tail black, and the lips, chin, and inner surface of the ears white or whitish. In the fawns the spotting is stated to remain much longer than in the red deer. In the pairing season the old stags squeal like a wapiti, instead of roaring in the red-deer fashion. The hangul inhabits the forest districts of the north side of the vale of Kashmir and some of the neighbouring valleys, at elevations ranging from 9000 to 1 2,000 feet in summer, but descending to about 5000 feet in winter. The height at the shoulder varies from about 4 feet to 4 feet 4 inches ; the average weight being about 450 lbs. The finest pair of antlers of which Mr. A. O. Hume has any record were given by Raja Gulab Sing to Colonel King, then commanding the 14th Dragoons. On his death they passed to Captain Prettyjohn of the same regiment. What became of these antlers Mr. Hume was never able to ascertain, but he measured them at Meerut in 1852 or 1853, and the record stands, R. 52, L. 5 3T measured along the curve inside. Girth 10 inches at burr, and 7 half-way between bez and trez tines. They were a very wide-branching, symmetrical pair. Length on out- side Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. -48! 7\ 14 33 7 + 5 Sidar Valley . K. S. Laurie. -48 ... ... Kashmir The late Dr. Leith Adams. -47 7% 21 36 7 + 5 Do. Bombay Natural History Society. 47 6S 2Ii 36S 5 + 5 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 47 61 30 35a 8 + 8 Do. Duke of Wellington. -47 ... ... ? Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 45l 8 35 41 6 + 6 Kashmir . (British Museum) Hume Collec- tion. 45§ 6 25S 36 8 + 8 Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 45 6| 19 34 6 + 6 Do. Major -Gen. Sir R. Pole-Carew, K.C.B. -44S 6 20 43 5 + 5 Lidar Valley . Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. -44 1 62 Vh 44f 5 + 5 Kishenganga Valley Do. 44a 6 27! 38S 4 + 4 Sind Valley J. V. Phelps. 44 7\ 30S 405 5 + 5 Do. . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 46 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side rn rvP Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. tui vc» trez. 44 62 23* 36* 5 + 5 Sind Valley Naval and Military Club. 44 6 27 36 5 + 5 Kashmir . lion. Walter Rothschild. -44 ... 32 45 ... Do. . R. Wahrmann. 43a 5a 1 5l 32 5 + 5 Do. . lion. Charles Ellis. 43? 5a 1 8* 29 5 + 5 Do. . C. H. Smith. 43l 6* 25 1 ... Do. . Hon. Charles Ellis. 43 6 20 35 6 + 5 Sind Valley A. O. Hume. 43 5 1 26* 37J 6 + 5 Kashmir . Martyn Kennard. 43 5* 19 2 34* 6 + 6 p Captain F. W. H. Walshe. -42* 6 38 37* 6 + 8 Kashmir . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 42 4* 13* 29* 5 + 5 p Duke of Bedford. 42 52 13* 26* 5 + 5 Kashmir . . E. L. Phelps. 4if 52 23* 35 5 + 5 Do. . Major Kingsley P'oster. 44 51 7* 28 7 + 5 p Captain G. P. Campbell. 41! 52 232 33 5 + 5 Kashmir . (British Museum) R. Lydekker. 41* 6 i5i 29 7 + 6 Tral Valley . P. W. Cobbold. -41 ... ... ... 13 Tral Preserve ^ r H.H. The Maharaja of Travan- -41 ... ... ... 12 Do. J core. -41 6 23 37* ... Kashmir The late Major W. I). B. Fenton. 40* 5§ 34 39* 6 + 5 Do. . . Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. 40* 6* 15* 28 5 + 5 Do. . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 40* 7l 24* 'j J 5 + 5 Do. . Capt. H. W. Codrington. 40 5i 32* 39* 5 + 5 p E. J. Mardon. 40 5a i6| 30 5 + 5 p A. Ezra. YARKAND STAG 47 Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag. From Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. YARKAND STAG (Cervus yarcandensis). This stag, which inhabits the Tarim Valley and Maralbashi in Eastern Turkestan, apparently differs from the hangul by the large and well-defined light rump-patch, which includes the tail ; the general colour (probably in summer) being light fawn. The antlers are usually 5-tined, but by the development of a third snag to the crown may become (as in the figure) 6-tined. They differ from those of the 48 RECORDS OF BIG GAME hangul in that the terminal fork is placed at right angles to the middle line of the head so as to look directly forwards. The fifth tine, which is generally inclined inwards, is larger than the fourth, and the whole upper part of the antler is often bent forwards in a shou- like manner. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 4°f 5 h 23l 3i£ 5 + 5 Near Maralbashi A. 0. Hume. (See illus tration. ) 40 5h 25 3i ... 6 + 5 Maralbashi . E. L. Phelps. 39h 6 24b 25 7 + 6 Do. A. O. Ilume. 39f 5* i6h 28 f 6 + 6 Do. David T. I lanbury. THE SHOU 49 SHOU (Cervus affinis). A very large stag with antlers of the general type of those of the hangul, but larger, and with the beam bent suddenly forwards at the trez-tine, so that the upper half overhangs the face, the number of points being usually five ; the brow-tine is less constantly longer than the bez. The fifth tine is large and inclined inwards, and the terminal fork looks directly forwards. General colour probably rufous brown, with a light rump-patch in winter. The habitat of this imperfectly known deer appears to be the districts immediately north of Bhutan, and probably the valley east- wards of Chumbi, which drains northwards into the Sangpo. 5° RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. 55? 17* 40| 54! 6| 2I§ 3 7* 55? 6| 26£ 44 5 3* 6| 30 45? -53 9 ... 40 52 8 ... ... 49 h 7 2 38 45 h 19! 3H -4S 6 30 42* -48 6 i 305 1 39 48 6! 17 34i 47! 5! 3°! 40A -43 ... ... 4i 6* ... ... 39? 5l 20 3i* Points. Locality. 7 + 6 ? 5 + 5 p 5 + 5 ? 4 + 5 p 5 + 5 5 p 5 + 5 p 7 + 5 ? 5 + 5 Chumbi Valley 5 + 5 Tibetan Frontier 6 + 5 p 5 + 5 p ... Chumbi Valley 6 + 4 p 5 + 5 p Owner. A. O. Hume. (See illus- tration.) British Museum (Dr. Camp- bell). British Museum (B. H. Hodg- son). British Museum (Hume Col- lection). The late Col. H. C. B. Tanner Hon. Walter Rothschild. Col. J. Biddulph. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lord Curzon. II. J. Elwes. II. R. II. le Due d’Orleans. British Museum. Indian Museum. Duke of Bedford. E. I*. Tennant. 1 Spread. THOROLD S DEER (Cervus albirostris). Thorold’s deer is of the same approximate dimensions as the hangul, from which it is readily distinguished by the more flattened antlers, which have no bez-tine, and do not curve inwards, but are sud- denly bent backwards at the point of origin of the trez ; the total number of points being either five or four. Equally distinctive is the pure white muzzle and chin, the white inner surface of the ears, the reversal of the hair on the middle of the back, so as to form a kind of hump on the withers with the points of the hairs directed towards the neck, the low position and large size of the gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the shortness of the tail, which is included in the very large straw- coloured area of the buttocks. The general colour of the coat is uniformly dark brown, with the hairs, which are remarkable for their coarse and brittle nature, minutely speckled. The Tibetan plateau, with perhaps some of the neighbouring parts of Central Asia, is the home of this fine species of deer, which was ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI 5i originally described by the late Colonel Przewalski under the name given above. Subsequently two examples were obtained by Dr. W. G. Thorold, to the north-east of Lhasa, at an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet, which, under the impression that they indicated a new species, were named C. thoroldi by Mr. W. T. Blanford. Length on out- side Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 4t 37 27 5+4 Central Tibet . . Hon. Walter Rothschild, 38 5* ... 5 + 5 Do. . British Museum. -36 4i 32 32 5 + 5 ? 1 Indian Museum. 1 Bought at Darjiling, thither brought by Tibetans. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis). Wapiti are very large deer of the red deer group, easy of recogni- tion by the form of their antlers, which are of great size, carrying, when fully developed, more than five tines, curving backwards, and being much flattened in the upper half. They always have the bez-tine developed, but their most characteristic feature is the great size of the fourth tine, which is larger than either of the others, and with the fifth, which is also long, forms a nearly regular fork ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated almost in the plane of the portion of the beam immediately below them, so that they more or less completely hide one another when viewed from the front aspect. The brow-tine rises close to the burr, and is nearly as long as the bez. The tail is extremely short ; the light rump-patch is very large and includes the tail ; the neck and under-parts are blackish ; and the general colour of the summer coat is yellowish brown on the upper-parts. Wapiti (known in America as Elk) range from North America to North-Eastern and Central Asia ; the typical form being the Rocky Mountain wapiti ( C . canadensis typicus). The height at the shoulder is about 5 feet 4 inches, and the weight from 700 to 1000 lbs. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- ference. TtloP Widest .3- inside. Tip. Widest outside. Points. Locality. 1 ~7°4 -66 Hi above burr. 68 60 6 + 6 6 + 6 Olympic Mts. Washington Wyoming Owner. W. F. Sheard. J. Darley. 1 Other antler, 70 in. Photograph and owner’s measurements of this particular trophy can be seen at Piccadilly. Head of Rocky Mountain Wapiti. Shot by Mi. W. Moncreifte. For measurements see next page. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI 53 Length on outside Circum- ference Circum- between ference of bez and burr. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. -65 trez. 7f 40 7 + 7 Laramie Plains, Schoverling, Daly, Wyoming and Gales. -64 1 9f 414 49 ... 6 + 7 Wyoming J. J. Harrison. &4i 8 314 45 52 7 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. -64i 8 48 7 + 7 N.W. Wyoming A. Rogers. -63I 8| 494 484 7 + 9 North Prong Frank Cooper. 634 8 39 454 52 7 + 7 Wyoming H. A. C. Darley. 62 7§ 33 4 5°l 7 + 7 Snake River, Ernest Farquhar. Colorado 6i| 74 • • . 45 6 + 6 Bighorn Mts. , Do. Wyoming -61 8 ... 52 ... 6 + 6 Do. Sir PI. Seton-Karr. 61 8 364 464 55 8x8 ? Viscount Powers- court. 6o| 84 ... 55 ... 7 + 6 Wyoming E. Grant. -604 84 14 ... ... 52 9 + 8 White River Dali de Weese. 6o§ 74 43 464 ... 6 + 6 Wyoming Major C. C. Ellis. 60 84 36 374 45 6 + 6 Do. . W. Winans. 60 D? 3i4 4i4 44 9 + 7 ? Viscount Powers- court. 594 7 38 484 52 8 + 7 Wyoming L. E. Sackville West. 594 84 3 374 47 • • • 8 + 8 S.E. Wyoming . His Majesty the King. 59 a 74 ••• *45 ... 6 + 6 ? Sir H. Seton-Karr. 59 7i 39 46 53 9 + 7 Wyoming Sutton Timmis. 5^2 8| 39? 434 534 7 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. 5^4 ... 9 between brow and bez. 464 5o4 10 + 7 Wyoming Plon. T. A. Brassey. -584 84 ... 444 • •• 6 + 6 Do. . J. D. Cobbold. -584 84 48 ... 50 6 + 6 p F. B. P'olhurst. 58 9tV 42 474 7 + 6 Wyoming A. PI. Straker. 58 7§ 434 49 ... 9 + 8 Do. . W. Moncreiffe. (See illustration.) 58 7 46 49 5i4 6 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. 57? 7 36 434 47 6 + 6 ? R. Fleming Crooks. 574 61 244 35f 6 + 6 Montana . Capt. Abdy. 571 7 47 4*6 6 + 6 Wyoming Hon. Charles Ellis. 1 Measured by American Exhibition Committee. 54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- ference of burr. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside 57? 98 32 42i 57 84 ... 353 34 43 -57 7i ... ... ... 57 7s 53 493 61 57 74 ... 35s 4 is -5*4 6J ... 46g 5*4 7i ... 37 394 433 -56 73 11? 32^ 43? 46i 56 7 ... 3i 39 42s 55s 7§ 43i 4S4 558 7 434 47 S 55i 7i ... 40 46i 50 55i 7 29a 4°3 453 55 h 44 45 4 55§ 74 46} ... ... 55 Si ... 4li 55 8 ... 454 55 7s ... ... 473 -55 Si 53 543 -55 84 ... ... 4 1 i 55 73 3S 47 52i *55 6| ... 54l 6i ... 503 5i 60 -54? 6f 39s 433 ... -54 h ... io| 453 54 i 544 8 ... 34? 453 ... 544 9 ... ... palmated 543 6£ 28 37 46 Locality. Owner. Wyoming Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. Do. . Viscount Powers- court. Do. . Count F. Trautt- mansdorfif. Colorado . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Yellowstone Park British Museum. Two Ocean Pass President Roose- velt. ? Duke of Bedford. ? W. F. Gordon Cumming. Wyoming J. V. Colby. Do. . Hon. Charles Ellis. Do. . Major G. Dairy mple White. Do. . P. B. Vander-Byl. Do. . T. P. Kempson. ? A. If. Pollen. ? St. George Little- dale. Wyoming Major Maitland Kir wan. Do. . Do. Do. . E. N. Buxton. ? The late Sir H. B. Meux, Bart. ? A. PendarvesVivian. Wyoming Viscount Powers- court. America . Duke of Bedford. ? E. S. Crasten. Montana . Count Scheibler. Wyoming Capt. M. M ‘Neill. Colorado . Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Wyoming Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. Montana (?) G. Wrey. ? F. I. Mitchell. Points, 7 + 7 6 + 6 7 + 7 8 + 9 6 + 6 6 + 6 7 + 6 7 + 6 6 + 7 7 + 7 6 + 5 6 + 6 6 + 6 6 + 6 7 + 6 6 + 6 7 + 6 6 + 5 i7 6 + 6 7 + 7 H 6 + 6 6 + 6 8 + 6 14 6 + 5 i+7 6 + 6 1 Shed antlers weighed 20 lbs. WEST AMERICAN WAPITI 55 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and Circum- ference of burr. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Points. Locality. Owner. trez. 54§ 6i ... 38I 44s ... 7 + 6 Wyoming E. N. Buxton. -54i 8 43! 10+ 10 Montana . • W. A. Tulloch. 542 7§ 49l 9 + 7 Wyoming Hon. Walter Roths- child. -54 82 ... ••• 13 Teton Mountains H. Lennard. x54 72 ... 48 ... 8 + 7 Wyoming Moreton Frewen. 54 6i 434 442 47i 7 + 7 Do. . H. H. Dutton. 54 71 43 42 45 8 + 7 Do. . ■ P. Niedieck. 54 72 ... 48 7 + 8 Do. . • Moreton Frewen. 54 7 292 354 44 7 + 6 Do. . Sir PI. Seton-Karr. 54 7f 48 44 12 ? M. I’. Grace. -534 8 43 445 ... 8 + 7 Wyoming • Count E. Hoyos. -534 64 39 42 6 + 6 Do. . Major G. Dalrymple White. 53s 7i 47 492 8 + 7 palmated Do. . • Ford G. Barclay. 53 7i 13 2,71 4*4 5i 7 + 7 p Hon. Walter Roths- child. -5oi 74 ... ... 564 584 7 + 6 Wyoming • Hugh Peel. 1 Shot by Sir G. Gore, Bart. WEST AMERICAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis occidentalis). Apparently very closely allied to the typical Rocky Mountain race, but with the head, neck, and limbs blacker in the winter dress. The antlers show considerable tendency to cupping and palmation, and in some cases the portion above the fifth tine is aborted. The range of this form extends from British Columbia and Vancouver to Oregon, and, it is said, Northern California. T.ength on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- ference of burr. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Points. Locality. Owner. 52 00 ... 37 40 6 + 6 Vancouver Barclay Bonthron. -492 64 38 462 ... 10 + 7 Do. . A. E. Leatham. -45 72 37 37 ... 7 + 8 Do. . Clive Phillipps- Wolley. 56 RECORDS OF BIG GAME THIAN-SHAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis songaricus). From the typical wapiti this well-marked local race differs by its inferior size, longer body and shorter limbs, and relatively larger antlers ; the general colour of the coat being brownish gray in winter. This wapiti inhabits the forest-clad portions of the Southern Altai and Thian-Shan ranges; it was first described by Dr. Severtzoff under the name of C. maral , var. songarica , and subsequently by Mr. Blanford, on the evidence of detached antlers obtained by the Second Yarkand Mission, as C. eustephanus. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 1_55 8 ... 6 + 7 Bought at Kashgar . Earl of Northbrook. 54 7i 49 46| 50^ 7 + 6 Thian Shan P. Church. 5 3h 7i 7 + 7 Do. . Do. 53 6 2 3°i 39 46 6 + 6 Do. . J. V. Phelps. 53 6« 46 41 49 8 + 8 ? Duke of Bedford. -5i 10A ... ... ... ? W. T. Blanford. 5i 6h 39i 4°f 5°& 6 + 5 Thian Shan A. Ezra. 5i ei 43i 44h 46| 7 + 6 Do. . St. George Littledale. 5°f 6 29h 3Si 8 + 7 Altai Duke of Bedford. 5°i 9 ... — 10 + 9 Thian Shan P. Church. 50 6 39S 43 46^ 7 + 6 Do. . J. Hamilton Leigh. 50 7i 7 + 7 Do. . J. V. Phelps. -498 8 41 42b 7 + 7 East Thian Shan Paris Museum. -49 ... ... ... ... 6 + 6 China Capt. P. Hambro. 481 6f 36 33 6 + 6 Altai Duke of Bedford. 48 6A 45 41 55s 8 + 8 Kuldja . Do. 46 h 6 36 405 43 6 + 6 p S. W. Carpenter. 45h 6f 34i 39h 47 5^5 Altai H. J. Elwes. 45a 7 27! 35* 4°i 7 + 7 Thian Shan P. B. Vander-Byl. 45i 5i 42h 4iS 44a 6 + 6 Do. . R. Hayne. 44 6f 25I 3ii 462 7 + 6 C. Asia . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 43a 5l 34i 38 40 6 + 6 Thian Shan Lord Elphinstone. 1 Shed antlers bought by the late Sir Douglas Forsyth. Skull and Antlers of Thian-Shan Wapiti. Shot by Mr. P. Church at Tarbagat 58 RECORDS OF BIG GAME SIBERIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis asiaticus). Imperfectly known, but said to differ from the last by the form of the antlers (which have frequently more tines), as well as by its inferior stature and lighter winter coat. It inhabits the Northern Altai and Siberia. MANCHURIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus). Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Thian-Shan wapiti, with the fourth tine relatively smaller in immature specimens, and the portion above it less developed at all ages. In the 5-tined antlers of sub-adult stags the tips of the fourth and fifth tines curve towards one another like crabs’ claws. General colour in winter brownish gray, in summer reddish brown, with the dark winter mane and under-parts of other wapiti. Distribution. — Northern Manchuria -and Amurland. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 33d 5j • 18b 21 b ... 6 + 6 ? H. J. Elwes. 32f 5i 26| 26 1 29 1 7 + 6 ? Do. *2 T A 6 17 25i 29 8 + 7 ? Duke of Bedford. 3G 5 23t 24 26 6 + 6 ? Do. 3i 4i 26 b Af 3 25t 3 °h 6 + 5 ? Do. BACTRIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis bactrianus). Named on the evidence of a specimen recently living in the Zoological Gardens at Moscow, which was at first regarded as related to the shou, although its wapiti affinities were subsequently revealed by specimens from Tchenkend, the head of one of which is now mounted in the British Museum. Distribution. — Tchenkend and adjacent districts. The antlers of the British Museum specimen are somewhat malformed, and have therefore not been measured. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest c , r, • . T outside ference. Tip. inside. SPread* Points‘ Locality. Owner. curve. 40 6 26! ... ... 6 + 4 Turkestan . . Duke of Bedford. JAPANESE SIKA 59 Antlers of Japanese Sika. From a specimen presented to the British Museum by Viscount Powerscourt. JAPANESE SIKA (Cervus sica). The common sika is the typical representative of a small group of deer in which the antlers are shorter and simpler than is usually the case in the red deer group, and have generally four tines, including a trez, but lacking a bez. The coat is spotted, at least in summer, and there is a black-bordered white area in the region of the tail, which is relatively long. In the common sika the tail is white at the tip, but black above for at least some part of its length ; and the gland on the hind cannon-bone is covered with white hairs. The coat is chestnut red with numerous white spots in summer, and browner, with no, or only indistinct traces of, spots in winter. These deer are distributed over Northern China, Manchuria, and Japan, and are represented by two closely allied races differing chiefly in size. In the Japanese sika (C. sica typicus), which inhabits Japan and Northern China, the height at the shoulder varies from about 2 feet 8 inches to 2 feet 10 inches, whereas in the Manchurian sika (C. sica manchuricus) it reaches 6o RECORDS OF BIG GAME 3 feet 3 inches. Both races have been acclimatised in English and Irish parks. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. 254 5 I7-I 4 + 4 Japan Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. 25! 4§ 20* 4 + 4 Do Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 22 4 1 62 5 + 4 Bred in Ireland . .Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection, 2 I 1 -.3 JS i6i 10 + 6 Island of Yezo . Do. 212 23 OS 1 32 4 + 4 p Hon. Walter Rothschild. 184 ->•1 04r 9 Bred in Ireland . Sir Victor Brooke. 174 0 16I 4 + 4 ? Duke of Bedford. i6| OS ... 4 + 3 Japan .... British Museum. i6g 3 9s 4 + 3 Bred in Ireland . Hon. John Ward. *54 2| 92 4 + 4 Bred in England Duke of Bedford. '154 2| i4i 4 + 4 Bred in Ireland . Marquis of Hamilton. 2-i54 ... ... 6 + 5 Do. Viscount Powerscourt. -,2 OS 12I 4 + 4 Do. Hon. R. A. Ward. 1 Weight 143 lbs. as it fell. - This stag when killed was estimated to be fifteen or sixteen 3 ears old, and had no teeth left. MANCHURIAN SIKA (Cervus sica manchuricus). Length on out- side Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. -26 4i I3l 4 + 4 Manchuria . Paris Museum. 23 34 i8i 4 + 4 ? Duke of Bedford. 154 'j 4 + 4 p Do. The following speciviens are from hybrids between Japanese and Red Deer. Length on out- side Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Widest inside. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. 29l 44 172 21 5+4 14 St. p Viscount Powerscourt. 28* 44 144 18 5+4 14 St. clean p Do. 264 4 21 4 21 4 + 4 ? Do. FORMOSAN SIKA 6 1 FORMOSAN SIKA (Cervus taevanus). Nearly allied to the common sika, but distinctly spotted in winter, when the coat retains more or less of the rufous summer-tinge. The dark line down the middle of the back is very strongly marked, there is a more distinct black bar above the white tail-patch, and the limbs are shorter, and the body proportionately longer. The height at the shoulder is about 2 feet 1 1 inches. This species is confined to the mountains of the island of Formosa. Circum- Tip to Length, ference. Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 19S 3i 13 i6§ 4 + 4 Formosa . British Museum. 19 3i ... 4 + 4 Do. . Duke of Bedford. Peking Sika Stag in summer coat, with the antlers in velvet. Photographed by the Duchess of Bedford. 62 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Peking Sika, from a specimen at Woburn Abbey. PEKING SIKA (Cervus hortulorum). In addition to its larger size (between 3 feet 7 inches and 4 feet at the shoulder), this species is distinguished from the Manchurian sika by the hairs covering the gland on the hind cannon-bone being of the same colour as the rest of the coat in summer and only slightly grizzled in winter, and by the tip of the tail being apparently white. The head and neck are bluish gray, and in immature animals spots persist in the winter coat, although these disappear completely at this season in fully adult bucks, whose coats become very long and shaggy, especially on the throat and neck. Hinds are more brightly coloured in winter than the stags, and retain distinct spotting. This deer was first named by the late Consul Swinhoe from an immature buck and doe taken at the sack of the Summer Palace, Peking, and was afterwards PEKING SIKA 63 obtained in the wild state in the Ussuri district of North-Eastern Manchuria, when it received the name of C. dybowskii. In the typical Manchurian race (C. hortulorum typicus) there is no dark line down the back ; but this is present in the smaller southern race (U. hortulorum kopschi) of the Yang-tse valley. Length on out- side Circum- ference, Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 32| 4i I6i 23^ 4 + 4 (Shed horns) . Duke of Bedford. 32 4i 27 24S 4 + 4 (See illustration) Do. 3ii si 27b 261 4 + 4 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 29I 4§ 27S 21 5 + 5 ? W. Banks. 27i 4§ i64 i9i 4 + 4 ? A. Hardcastle. 27 4s 23i 20 4 + 4 Manchuria Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26 3l 18 i5i 4 + 4 Do. . E. P. Tennant. 24 4 22^ 19 4 + 4 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 23i 3i i8£ i6i 4 + 4 Do. . Duke of Bedford. 15! 3 20 4 + 4 Ussuri, Manchuria . British Museum. 64 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Fallow Deer Buck, from a specimen belonging to Mr. J. Whitaker of Rainworth. FALLOW DEER (Cervus dama). Antlers normally without a bez, but with a trez-tine, above which the beam is palmated, with numerous snags on the hinder edge. Coat spotted with white in summer (except in the black breed;, with a black- bordered white area in the neighbourhood of the long tail. Height at shoulder about 3 feet; weight about 140 lbs. clean. The original distribution includes Greece, Spain, Portugal, Anatolia, Rhodes, Sardinia, Asia Minor, Northern Palestine, and North-Western Africa, but the species has been introduced into Great Britain and some other countries. In Asia Minor wild fallow deer are found along the south coast as far as Adana, and at one spot in the interior. Length — on out- side curve. Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Spread inside. Points. Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. 32 4« 18 28 12-f 10 5 * Woburn Duke of Bedford. -31 2-3° 5 4i 23b 26-L 30 10 + 9 7 4 a ? Drummond Castle, Perth Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. J. G. Millais. 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais (. British Deer and their Horns). 2 Weight of antlers, 8 lbs. i oz. on skull, no lower jaw (Millais, o/>. cit.). FALLOW DEER 65 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Spread inside. Points. Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. curve. 30 4 194 24 II + II 6 ? D. M'Douall. -30 44 22 37 l6+ IO 7- Drummond Castle, J. G. Millais. outside Perth -292 5 17 281 H+I3 74 Petworth Park Do. 29! 44 ... 14+ II 8 Woburn Duke of Bedford. Him 00 N 1 4 154 23 9 + 8 5S Essex . W. H. Wilson. 28i 4s l8 24! 8 + 6 4 New Forest. E. Festus Kelly. 1-28| 4 142 26 10+ 11 6 Woburn Park Duke of Bedford. 228i 4 (Span 34) T9 6 Colebrooke . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec outside tion. *28 4 (26) 18 5 Do. Do. 4-2 7l 5 20\ 214 13 + 7 5l Do. A. Basil Brooke. 27S 44 32s 25 11 + 10 Woburn Park Duke of Bedford. 274 4 23 10 + 8 England J. Carr Saunders. -27 Nr. Blair Castle . Dowager Duchess of Athol). 26I 3f 12 174 10 + 7 ••• ? British Museum. -26* 44 234 20l 9 + 7 5s Perthshire . A. Basil Brooke. -26 5 20^ 23! 10+ 10 44 Tasmania T. W. H. Clarke. -26 54 20 224 1 1 + 13 7 Ashton Park J. Whitaker. 5 254 3i I7S 244 10+ 10 6 Surrenden Park . W. Winans. 1 Weight dressed, 165 lbs. 1 2 * Seven years old, as he fell 237^ lbs., 198 lbs. cleaned. 3 Seven years old, as he fell 224 lbs. (Millais, British Deer). 4 Seven years old. 5 Weight 222 lbs. 66 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Mesopotamian Fallow Deer, from a specimen in the British Museum. MESOPOTAMIAN FALLOW DEER (Cervus mesopotamicus). Larger and brighter coloured than the common fallow deer, with the spots near the middle of the back tending to form longitudinal stripes, and the tail wholly white. Antlers of a totally different type, being somewhat expanded at the origin of the trez-tine (which is large, and situated some distance above the short brow-tine), but at the summit only moderately flattened, and breaking up on the hinder border into several snags. Weight about 24 stone, clean (H. E. Whittall). Distribution. — The mountains of Luristan in Mesopotamian Persia. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Spread inside. Points. Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. curve. -364 4i i6f . . . 12 + 15 5§ Karabogha, Asia F. E. Whittall. Minor -29 4s 304 244 IO+ 1 1 54 Asia Minor . Do. —2 1 4 38 h4 9 + 7 Do. Paris Museum (Abbe David). 20£ 5 14 6 + 5 Luristan Mountains Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart, GIANT IRISH DEER 67 Skull and Antlers of extinct Giant Irish Deer (Irish Elk). GIANT IRISH DEER (Cervus giganteus). (Commonly called “ Irish Elk.”) A huge deer, probably standing at least 6 feet at the shoulder, with the antlers enormously expanded, and carrying several large tines on the front border, of which the one above the trez is the longest ; the brow- tine being often flattened and forked. In its typical form this magnificent deer occurs in the prehistoric deposits of Ireland, England, and probably some of the western districts of the Continent. Spread Tip to Tip. Length round inside of Length of both antlers Circum- ference Width of Palm. Points. Owner. antler. across skull. above burr. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. -II 6 •• • ... 20 ... Marquis of Londonderry. -II 5 6 3 * 9l 1 7 II + II Dublin Museum. -II 3 7 54 124 i9i 17 Mrs. Donaldson-Hudson. -II i4 6 9 i • 9i 16I 23 .Sir Peter Walker, Bart. -IO 4a 6 9 13 IO 12 20 Earl of Bessborough. IO 2 5 95 i9i 19 British Museum. -IO 2 Thomas Bate. 98 ... ... ... 20 12 + 11 Hon. Walter Rothschild. 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Spread Tip to Tip. Length round inside of antler. Length of both antlers across skull. Circum- ference above burr. Width of Palm. Points. Owner. ft. 9 in. 5 ft. in. 6 2 ft. 12 in. 5 1 1 2ii I I + 1 1 Viscount Povverscourt. 9 5 6 o 12 IO i3 k 21$ 15 + 13 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Part. 9 3 6 2 13 5 IO 24 12+ IO Duke of Westminster. 9 2 ... i3 6 i5 k ... Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -9 2 ... 1 1 IO io| 22^ 9 + 9 Dublin Museum. -9 2 ... ... 20 Thomas Bate. 8 iif 6 if 85 i7l 10+ 13 lion. Charles Ellis. 8 1 1 5 io ni i7 9 + 9 Viscount Powerscourt. 8 10 5 9 1 1 9k 9i 1 7 12+ 11 Duke of Westminster. -8 IO 12 IO ... i3i ... Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -8 9 ... 1 85 9 + S II. J. Elwes. 8 7 5 9k IO 20 12 + 12 Viscount Powerscourt. 7 6 5 3* 00 10+ 1 1 Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. INDIAN SAMBAR 69 Antlers of Indian Sambar. From a specimen in the British Museum. INDIAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor). The typical representative of the Rusine group of deer, in which the antlers are rounded and three-tined, both the bez and trez being wanting, and the summit of the beam simply forked. Height reaching to 5 feet 4 inches at the shoulder. Antlers large and rough, with the brow-tine given off at an acute angle to the beam, and the two terminal tines of nearly equal length. Hair coarse and shaggy, uniformly dark umber-brown, with some chestnut on the buttocks, at all ages. Face-glands very large, and capable of being turned inside out. Ears large, and the tail relatively long and bushy. Young uniformly coloured. Weight about 600 lbs., when cleaned about 410 lbs. The wooded hilly districts of India and Ceylon form the habitat of the true sambar, which probably extends into Assam. 70 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The largest, or rather longest, pair of antlers known were from the Central Provinces, and measured 48 inches along the curve inside ( = nearly 50 inches on outside curve). Both brow-tines were broken off. They were sent to Mr. A. O. Hume by Mr. R. Blewitt. Length Circum- 0 — on outside ference above Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. brow-tine. 1 -504 9l 24 3 + 3 Bhopal The late Sultan Dulah Nawab Ahmedali Khan. 48 7 Single shed 3 Khandesh . R. H. Madan. specimen -47f 28,4 Cent. Provinces . A. P. Perceval. -46 4 49 1 0 0 Do. R. Wordsworth. 46J 244 30g 3 + 3 Do. A. 0. Hume. -464 ... 45 Garhwal R. M. Nash. -45i 7\ 38 42A 3 + 3 Sangor, C. P. Lieut. -Colonel R. W. Mapleton. 454 6ft 175 324 3 + 3 ? British Museum (Dr. H. Falconer). 45 7i 22^ 004 3 + 3 Mayoghur, Cent. Pro- Sir John Morris. vinces 45 7l 444 3 + 3 Western Ghats . Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. 2 -45 . . . . . . . . . ... Cent. Provinces . Bombay Natural History Society. -45 9 ... ... Orissa II. II. The Maharaja of Tra- vancore. -45 S Picked up by Dr. Cent. Provinces (?) Heigh way Jones. G. Jones 444 74 44 s 454 0 + 0 Rangeer, Do. Col. W. J. Morris. -44 ... 34 ... -» _L -» 0 - 0 Cent. Provinces . J. I). Inverarity. a -44 9 Rewa Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 44 6 9l 24§ I 0^0 Do. ... Major C. F. Pinney. 44 64 19 1 315 3 + 3 Do. H. E. M. Davies. 43 § 5i Single horn ■~y ! *■* 0 ■ 0 Do. British Museum (Hume Collection). 434 Si 1 7 28 3 + 3 Do. ... Sir E. P. Bates. 434 65 25i 34 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces . Viscount Powerscourt. 43§ 6 1 20| 294 3 + 3 Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -43i . . • . . . 3 + 3 Do. Capt. C. Hutton Dowson. 1 Recorded in Asian by Major L. Impey. 2 This is the measurement of only a portion of a Sambar antler, and was recorded in the Journal of theBombay Natural History Society, iii. p. 228. The animal was shot by Mr. R. Gilbert in the Central Provinces, but got away minus this piece of his antler. 3 Height at shoulder, 35^ inches. I INDIAN S AMD AR 7* Length on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow-tine. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 43 6 244 30 3+3 Khandesh . A. Cumine. -43 94 26 23 3+3 Cent. Provinces Capt. J. H. Gwynne. -42| 20 ... 7+5 Do. Bertram -Carey. 42! 5i 26 321 3+3 Do. . A. H. Pollen. 42^ 65 15 27s 4+4 Ghats of Simrol British Museum (Col. J. Evans). -42 6J Single antler ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 415 33s 354 3 + 3 Western Ghats Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. 4if 7 28^ 34f 3 + 3 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. 4*4 74 274 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces Lord Charles Bentinck. 4i4 64 304 364 4 + 4 Do. . P. Jay. 4i 6| 184 29 3 + 3 Do. Duke of Bedford. 1— 41 84 ... 3 + 3 N. Gujerat . . S. C. Law. Ceylon Specimens. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference Tip to above Tip. brow-tine. Widest inside. Points. Owner. 324 64 24 264 3 + 3 A. R. Hay. 314 5 20 17 4 + 3 Major G. E. Hale. -30 8? 214 I9l 3 + 3 J. Ryan. 29 44 25 22\ 3 + 3 Earl Cairns. 27? 4? i6| 20 3 + 3 A. M. Naylor. 1 Height at shoulder, 52 inches. i RECORDS OF BIG GAME / - Skull and Horns of Indian Sambar with abnormal Antlers. P'rom a specimen in the possession of Mr. Bertram-Carey. MALAY SAMBAR 73 Frontlet and Antlers of Malay Sambar. Drawn from a Burmese specimen in the British Museum. MALAY SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor equinus). This local race is nearly as large as the Indian sambar, but the antlers are generally shorter and thicker, with the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front one, and arising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the front tine forms the direct continuation ; the brow-tine is also generally longer. General colour of coat of adult darker, usually a light ring round the eyes, the ears smaller, often with a white margin, and the tail very bushy. Young spotted. The distributional area extends from Assam and Cachar through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Siam, Hainan, Borneo, and perhaps Sumatra. G 74 RECORDS OF RIG GAME Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. -32^ 7i 24s 27l 3 + 2 Burma Lieut. -Col. 0. E. I*. Lloyd. -32 10 Do. Major W. Anstruther Thom son. T 1 Ja2 6 245 26 3 + 3 I)o. B. Lentaigne. 31 6§ Mi i8| 3 + 3 G. Monteath. 30g 6i 17} 19! 7 + 7 Borneo . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -303 5s 27.1 1 3° 3 + 3 Burma Capt. G. H. Evans. -3°i ... 25 21 J + 0 Mogong, Burma . II. A. Kelso. 4s 204* 21.1 3 + 3 Burma . British Museum. -295 6| 18 4 + 3 Manipur Capt. A. Wilson. 27h 4i 2\i 20^ 3 + 3 Burma A. E. English. 25 5* Mi i6£ 3 + 3 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 24'i Si M 3 + 3 1 Outside. Duke of Bedford. FORMOSAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor swinhoei). This race is very closely related to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by its shorter head, concave profile, longer limbs, and certain differences in colour ; the lower part of the legs being brownish or whitish yellow, and the bushy tail black all round. It is confined to the island of Formosa. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Owner. I9i 9 3 + 3 British Museum. 17 4} ... 5 Duke of Bedford. i6i 3§ l6 3 + 3 British Museum. Mi 4i T 4 + 4 • Do. LUZON SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor philippinus). Nearly allied to the two last, the height at the shoulder being probably from 33 to 35 inches, the build stout and massive, with the hind-quarters specially elevated, and the form that of a small Malay sambar. On the head is a blackish streak starting from over each eye BASIL AN AND SZECHUAN SAMBA R 75 to form a line down the middle of the face separated by a band of pale fawn from a moustache-like dark mark in the muzzle. Distribution. — The island of Luzon, in the Philippines ; introduced into the Marianne islands, specimens from which have been described as a separate species under the name of C. mariannus. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. 21 4f Si 3 + 3 Luzon Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 19! 5f 7i 4 + 4 Do. British Museum. 18 1 5i 9f 3 + 5 Do. Do. i8g 5s 14! 4 + 3 Do. Do. 18 4l 13 4 + 4 Do. Do. 16 4 io| 3 + 3 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 15J Si 3 + 3 Do. British Museum. BASILAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor nigricans). Smaller than the last, the height at the shoulder in a mounted specimen in the British Museum being 27 inches. Detached antlers indicate, however, larger animals. Length on outside curve. Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Points. Locality. 13i 00|05 I2g 3 + 3 Basilan Island . i3s 4i Hi 3 + 3 Do. Owner. British Museum (A. H. Everett). Do. SZECHUAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor dejeani). A large race from Northern China, with very massive antlers, which show a tendency to develop small supplemental snags. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest p • outside ference. Tip. inside. oin s' curve. Locality. Owner. 31 6 22 24^ 3 + 3 N.W. China . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 3o§ 5i I5s 182 3 + 3 Ta-tsien-lou Szechuan Paris Museum (type specimen). 7 6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Javan Rusa. From a specimen in the British Museum. JAVAN RUSA (Cervus hippelaphus). General form, coat, and colour sambar-like ; but the ears smaller, the tail thin, the hairs on the back banded with coloured rings, and the under-parts, chin, and inner sides of buttocks whitish. Antlers com- paratively slender and only moderately rough, with the brow-tine medium or short, and making a large acute angle with the beam ; the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer than the front or outer one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the MOLVCCAN RUSA — BA VI AN DEER 77 front or front outer surface of which the front tine arises as an off- shoot ; the two antlers enclosing a lyrate space. Young, uniformly coloured. There are two races of this species — one the Javan rusa ( C hippelaphus typicus) of the approximate size of a red deer, and the other the Moluccan rusa (C. hippelaphus moluccensis ), from Celebes and the Moluccas, said to be smaller, and without a distinct mane on the neck or tuft to the tail. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 37s 51 l6 I7S 3 + 3 Java H.R.H. Prince of Wales. -36 ... II| 3 + 3 Mauritius (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 35s 4§ 22| 3 + 3 Java Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 35i 4s i7s 17 3 + 3 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 34s 4s 1 7k 22\ 3 + 3 Do. Capt. C. Keppel, R.N. 1 34 ... Rodriguez (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 33 4s 25s ... 3 + 3 Java Duke of Bedford. -3°i 42 1 7s ... ... ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. hW 00 4s ill 1 2 2 3 + 3 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 Weight 269 lbs. MOLUCCAN RUSA (Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis). (See above). Length 0 — on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 361 4ft l84 3 + 3 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27s 4f I4s 3 + 3 ? Duke of Bedford. I4S 34 . . . 3 + 3 ? Do. 8f 4 Si . . . Batchian British Museum (A. R. Wallace). 64 3! 51 ? British Museum. BAVIAN DEER (Cervus kuhli). A small deer allied to the Javan rusa {C. hippelaphus ), standing about 27 inches at the shoulder, of light build, and of a uniform brown colour, without a dark stripe down the back. Distribution. — The Bavian Islands, between Borneo and Java Length on Circum- outside curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. 9l io| io£ 3 + 3 Owner. 2 1 ■^8 British Museum. 78 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male IIog-I)eer. HOG-DEER or PARA (Cervus porcinus). Allied to the Bavian deer, but the antlers larger, the build longer and lower, and the summer coat of the adult, as well as that of the young, spotted with yellowish white. General colour in winter rufous or yellowish brown, somewhat speckled above, and much darker beneath ; in summer, upper-parts paler and more or less spotted. Antlers on long pedicles, with the hinder tine of the terminal fork the shorter. Height at shoulder from about 25 to 29 inches. Weight about 90 to 100 lbs. The largest pair of antlers known belonged to a specimen shot by Mr. A. O. Hume in the Ganges Khadir, near Meerut. They measured 20 along the beam inside, and had a mid-beam girth of 3.5. The specimen was destroyed in the Mutiny, the house in which it was hung having been burnt. Distribution. — India, throughout the Indo-Gangetic plain from Sind and the Punjab to Assam, thence through Sylhet to Burma and Tenasserim. Length on Circum- outside ference above Tip to Tip. Locality. curve. brow-tine. ~23i 3i 12I Burma - 21 i 3* 7k Do. -2ii 3t 22\ Owner. Capt. G. H. Evans. Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. HOG-DEER 79 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow tine. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -21 34 i8f Burma Capt. G. H. Evans. -21 34 154 Pegu . Major-Gen. E. M. Norie. 20| 34 221 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. rW 0 1 34 121 Burma Capt. G. 11. Evans. — 20f 34 ... Nepal . Bombay Natural Plistory Society. -20^ 44 174 ? J. Whitaker. -20| 3 94 N.W. Provinces . J. Nugent. -20 -J9i 34 16 Burma Meerut, N.W. P. . Indian Museum (Capt. R. C. Beavan). Capt. W. Q. Winwood. x94 ~x94 34 3§ 131 Dudla Swamp, N.W. Provinces Nepal . Capt. W. E. Stobart. Bombay Natural History Society. -I9l ... ... Ganges Khadir . Major H. S. King. x94 34 94 Do. A. 0. Hume. x94 34 i6i Burma Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. x94 3l i8f ? H. C. V. Hunter. -19 44 5fV Upper Burma C. W. A. Bruce. 00 1 4tV x5 Do. . Do. x-i8 64 19 Ganges Khadir Gen. Sir R. Pole-Carew. -18 ... p W. Gillman. !7i 3 x4§ ? L. J. Mountford. i7f 2f 94 Burma A. E. English. «|-H r-i|N r'- t— i i— i 1 34 94 Nepal . Ganges Khadir . British Museum, the late B. H. Hodgson. Major F. D. V. Wing. x74 34 10^ ? Guy G. Wilson. 1 7 k 34 1 1 Cooch Behar Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. 1 74 ... 94 ? J. Carr Saunders. -i 7 34 Naini Tal Terai . Major-General Alexander A. A. Kinloch. 1 Ten points. 8o RECORDS OF BIG GAME CHITAL or AXIS (Cervus axis). This beautiful species is distinguished from all the other members of the Rusine group, except the Philippine spotted deer (C. alfredi ), by the body being profusely spotted with white at all seasons and all ages ; the general colour of the upper-parts being light rufous fawn, with a dark stripe from the nape to the tip of the tail and a black band on the muzzle. Height at shoulder from 36 to 38 inches; live-weight estimated at about 250 lbs. Antlers supported on short pedicles, long, slender, and moderately rough ; the brow-tine making nearly a right angle with the beam, and the front tine of the terminal fork, which forms the continuation of the beam, much the longer. Distribution. — India and Ceylon. CHITAL 8 1 Length on outside Circumfer- ence above the first Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. point. -38? 4f 194 3 + 3 Asirgarh Jungle, Lieut. -Col. M. Cust. Central Provinces 38 42 18 3 + 3 East Berar Brig. -Gen. F. H. Whitby 38 44 22 4 + 4 ? Col. A. Pollock. 374 32 19 3 + 3 Siwalik Hills . Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 374 44 24 5 + 4 ? F. Pope. 374 44 24! 4 + 4 Bassim, C.P. . A. 0. Hume. 37i 44 1 63 4 + 5 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 364 44 25 4 + 3 Berar C. H. Seely. -364 44 151 4 + 3 Nepal A. E. Leatham. -364 52 192 3 + 3 Central Provinces . Capt. M. McNeill. -364 i6f 4 + 4 Do. Major J. H. Gwynne. 36 44 254 3 + 4 p British Museum. -36 5 15 4 + 3 Mysore Capt. G. IP. Evans. 36 4§ 21 4 + 3 ? Major James Grant. -36 4i 26 4 + 4 Sangor, C. P. . Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. 35l 4 19I 3 + 3 Central Provinces . Major G. T. M. Bridges. 354 44 i8| 4 + 4 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 354 4 124 5 + 5 ? G. W. Hatch. 35i 4s 22| 3 + 3 Western Ghats Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. -354 4 21 4 + 4 ? James J. Harrison. -35 44 N. Ivanara Bombay Natural History Society. 35 44 20|; 4 + 3 Kota, Rajputana Major H. C. Morland. -35 l64 Mandla, Central Capt. B. H. Boucher. Provinces 35 4 244 3 + 3 Nepal Major G. Roos Keppel. -34t 52 I2§ 4 + 4 N.W. Provinces Major E. M‘K. Williams. -344 224 3 + 3 Tapti Valley . J. D. Inverarity. -344 3l ... North Kanara Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. -3i4 32 174 3 + 3 Ceylon . Count Scheibler. 3i4 3 104 3 + 3 Do. . A. R. Hay. 3o4 34 104 3 + 3 Do. . Capt. F. H. Pym. \ .82 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Swamp-Deer. From a specimen in the possession of Mr. II. C. Y. Hunter. SWAMP-DEER (Cervus duvauceli). This species belongs to the Rucervine group, in which the antlers resemble those of the Rusine section in the absence of the bez and trez tines, but have the beam regularly forked, and each branch again dividing, so that there are at least four tines. There is no gland SWAMP-DEER 83 on the hind-leg, or only a vestige thereof. In the swamp-deer the antlers are smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine rising almost at right angles to the beam, which is undivided for about half the total length of the antler, and then splits into a fork, each branch of which is usually simply forked, but sometimes divided in a more complicated manner. General colour bright rufous brown, often speckled near the back. Height at shoulder from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 10 inches ; weight about 717 lbs. Distribution. — India, exclusive of Ceylon. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 41 6h 35s 38 8 + 5 Central Provinces . Capt. W. W. Hancock. 41 52 32 37i 8 + 7 Do. Major C. B. Wood. 41 5i (one intler) 6 + 6 Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. broken 39+ 5 35s 37s 5 + 6 Do. Do. 38i 5s (shed antlers) 6 + 5 Do. C. F. Egerton. -38 43 6 + 6 Do. J. D. Inverarity. -38 ... 6 + 6 Do. Capt. B. H. Boucher. -3 7s 6 + 6 Do. Major H. G. C. S wayne. 37# Si 23S 281 7 + 6 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 36i 5 • • • 20 23 Mavella District Measured by Lieut. -Cob A. E. (outside) Ward. 36 5 29I 33# 6 + 5 Nepal .... British Museum (B. H. 36 Central Provinces . Hodgson). 4s 47 47 6 + 6 Major C. B. Wood. -36 29 ... 6 + 6 Nepal .... J. D. Inverarity. -36 5i 32s 7 + 7 ? Major W. Anstruther Thom- son. “35a ... ... Chutia Nagpur Indian Museum. “35a 7 + 6 Kheri District A. Wilson. 35i 4 i 27 292 ... ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 35? 52 2.2\ ... 7 + 6 Nepal .... H. C. V. Hunter. 35 4i 27s 3o| 5 + 5 Terai .... Capt. E. B. Cook. -34S ... 33 ... 12 + 8 Mymensing F. B. Simson. -34s 5i 24^ 28| 6 + 5 Nepal .... A. E. Leatham. 34s 4l 1 of 28 9 + 6 Mandla, Cent. Provinces Major A. G. W. Malet. 84 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- outside ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 33h 4 § 28i 32\ 5 + 5 N. W. Provinces Major Chambers Didham. 32J 5i 22g 26| 6 + 5 Assam . A. 0. Hume. 32§ 5 33i 35 6 + 6 Nepal Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 32| 5 274 7 + 6 Cooch Behar . Lieut. -Col. Henry Streatfeild. 32* 4i 32 33i 5 + 5 Central Provinces . Major E. D. White. 32J Si I9S 24i 7 + 7 Nepal H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- 32 4 2Q 19 4 + 4 p Coburg and Gotha. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. 3o‘i Si 19 24i 8 + 8 p J. Carr .Saunders. Head of Swamp-Deer Stag with antlers of an abnormal type. From the Proceeding's of the Zoological Society for 1899. SCHOMBURGKB DEER 85 \ Antlers of Schomburgk’s Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. SCHOMBURGK’S DEER (Cervus schomburgki). Allied to the preceding, but the antlers smooth, rounded, and more complex ; the brow-tine very long, frequently forked, and arising nearly at right angles to the beam, which is very short, compressed, and regularly forked, with each of the main branches about equally developed and again forking in a similar manner to terminate in long cylindrical tines. General colour uniform dark brown. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 5 inches. Distribution. — The northern districts of Siam. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Owner. curve. -32t Si • . • ... 12+ II Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 30-8- 5 15! 33 IO+ IO British Museum. 29S 4i 285 3if IO+ II Do. 6 i9i 27 6 + 7 J. Carr Saunders. 281 5i 11 29I 11 + 9 Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection, -28.5 5-25 9-5 28.5 10 + 9 Indian Museum. 20j 4 1 7\ 20 6 + 6 Hon. Walter Rothschild. 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Thaniin. From a Burmese specimen. THAMIN or ELD’S DEER (Cervus eldi). Although belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, this deer is readily distinguished by the peculiar form of the antlers. These are rounded and rough, with a long curved brow-tine, forming a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle ; the beam unbranched for some distance, much curved, and finally forked, with the outer prong more subdivided than the inner. Height at shoulder about 4 feet 3 inches ; weight from 210 lbs. to 245 lbs. There are three races of this species. First, the Burmese thamin (C. eldi typicus ), ranging from near Manipur through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, in which the antlers are rounded throughout, and the coat is uniformly umber-brown. Secondly, the Manipur thamin (C. eldi cornipes ), in which the under-surface of the fetlock is horny instead of hairy. Thirdly, the Siamese thamin (C. eldi platyceros), from Siam and Hainan, in which the tips of the antlers are flattened with a number of small snags, and the coat is redder, with yellowish spots. Swamp-deer from the Central Provinces show a re- markable approximation in the form of their antlers to the present species. THAM1N OR ELDS DEER 87 Length on outside curve, not including Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Length of brow- tine. Locality. Owner. brow-tine. 42 5 29 24 3 + 2 ... Burma A. H. Collins. -41 53 30 36 5 + 7 Do. Capt. G. H. Evans. 41 54 27l 36 5 + 5 ... Upper Burma . Lieut. -Col. O. E. P. Lloyd. 40| 5 303 363 6 + 5 ? C. B. Smales. 1 39s 5 3lS 36! 20 153 Siam Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. (small points) -394 ... 2l4 33 Burma Lieut. -Col. H. de H. Haig. -39 74 22^ 29 10+ 10 Manipur . Capt. H. S. Wood. -39 5 41 ... 5 + 5 Lower Burma . W. 0. Hannyngton. 381 63 254 30f 16+19 ? British Museum. 00 <-0 1 ... ... ... Lower Burma . R. C. E. Underwood. 38* 63 24 303 6 + 5 ... Manipur . A. O. Hume. 38 4f 293 363 5 + 5 ... Pegu G. R. Radmore. 38 44 204 32 5 + 4 ... Burma H. F. Hall. -373 ... ... Lower Burma . C. W. A. Bruce. "374 5 153 26 5 + 5 ... Burma H. A. Kelso. 37 5 23l 4 + 4 Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. 363 4i l6 27 4 + 4 Upper Burma . L. E. Hopkins. -36* 53 424 ... 5 + 5 Pegu B. Lentaigne. -364 54 224 284 4 + 4 Sanaing . 0. F. Wheeler-Cuffe. 36 44 23 31 10 + 9 Burma Capt. H. W. Marsden. 36 5 ... ... 4 + 4 ? Duke of Bedford. 36 6 i8| 244 8 + 8 Burma Dr. Knocker. 353 4s 193 264 4 + 3 Do. Viscount Powerscourt. 354 44 22\ 313 6 + 6 Kyaikto, Lower J. W. Clough. Burma -344 54 19 254 5 + 5 Upper Burma . Capt. W. K. Legge. 344 44 ’ 34 354 4 + 4 Do. R. Gordon Smith. 34s 5 24 323 6 + 6 Burma Hon. Walter Rothschild. 34 5s 234 293 10+ 10 Do. J. Carr Saunders. -34 53 20 • • . . . . • . . Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 1 Measured on front of antler from highest tip to tip of frontal tine 56^ inches. 88 RECORDS OF BIG GAME THAMIN or ELD’S DEER (Cervus eldi) — continued. Extreme length of right antler round the out- side curve, high- est point, to tip of brow tine. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest span. Number points. -56* 5§ 28 37 13 “55i 4i 344 42i 12 _55 7 28^ 384 12 “55 52 30 37 15 “55 5 42 13 “534 54 3S l6 -52f 44 362 12 -51* 5 334 7 -5i 54 27 374 10 -50* 7k 36 394 14 Locality. Owner. Burma W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. Do. Do. Do. Capt. G. H. Evans. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Capt. G. H. Evans. Do. Do. INDIAN MUNTJAC OR BARKING DEER 89 Frontlet and Antlers of Indian Muntjac. INDIAN MUNTJAC or BARKING DEER (Cervulus muntjac). This species is the typical representative of a genus of small Oriental deer differing widely from all those included in Cervus. The antlers, which do not usually exceed half the length of the head, have a short brow-tine and an unbranched beam, and are supported on long skin-covered pedicles, continued downwards as convergent ridges on the forehead, whence the name of rib-faced deer. Tufts of bristly hair occupy the position of the antlers in the females. The muzzle has a large naked portion, and although there is generally a pair of glands on the face, there are none either on the hock or the cannon-bone. The young are spotted, but the adults uniformly coloured. In the Indian muntjac, which is one of the reddish-coloured species, and whose range extends from Ceylon and India through Burma to China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java, the height at the shoulder varies from 20 to 22 inches. The Chinese muntjac {C. reevesi), from Southern China and Formosa, is a much smaller species, also reddish in colour ; but in the rare Tenasserim muntjac ( C \ fece ), and the larger but equally scarce hairy-fronted muntjac ( C . crinifrons ) of Eastern China, the general hue of the body is dark purplish sepia-brown, with white on the buttocks and under surface of the tail. The average height of the Indian species at the shoulder is about 26 inches, and weight about 28 lbs. ; a female stands about 23 inches and weighs about 32 lbs. H 90 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve of antler from burr to tip. Circumference above burr. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -iof ... Java .... H. Van Son. 1 ~9h 42 5 Singapore . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -8§ 3f 6i Java .... Dr. Albert von Stephani. -8g 4i 4fi India W. H. Wilson. l7i 42 32 Lombok . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 2-74 Near M ussuri . Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 3i 34 Lombok . lion. Walter Rothschild. 34 2| Lushhi Capt. A. Wilson. -6| 2^ 2i Perak Perak Museum. 6f 2i 3 Ranikhet . Major B. W. C. Deeble. 3l Java. J. C. Van Son. -64 Do H. Van Son. 64 2§ 34 Nepal British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). 6i 'J 3 3l p A. O. Hume. -64 2 b 34 Namba Forest, Assam Capt. H. S. Wood. -6^ 2$ North of Mussuri Capt. Harry V. Brooke. -6 2i 4f Taroy, Burma . Capt. G. H. Evans. si 4 p R. S. Routh. -54 p Indian Museum. 5* 34 2 4 Assam A. H. Straker. 1 Determination provisional. 2 Weight 37 lbs. TIBETAN MUNTJAC (Cervulus lachrymans). Nearly allied to the last, but smaller. Length on out- side curve of Circumference, longest antler. Tip to Tip. Locality. 24 If 3 Ningpo -24 l4 3i Do. Owner. British Museum (R. Swinhoe). Dublin Museum. MUNTJAC AND ROE 9i Head of Hairy-fronted Muntjac. HAIRY-FRONTED MUNTJAC (Cervulus crinifrons). Length on out- side curve of Circumference, longest antler. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. l4 44 Ningpo . . • British Museum. TENASSERIM MUNTJAC (Cervulus fese). Antlers about two inches long. EUROPEAN ROE (Capreolus vulgaris). Roe may be recognised by the rudimentary tail, and the medium- sized antlers rising close together and almost vertically from the head, without a brow-tine, and regularly forking at a point about two-thirds the total length, with the posterior prong again subdividing, so that the number of points is usually three. There is no gland and tuft on the hock, but one on the upper part of the outer side of the hind cannon-bone. In the European roe the height at the shoulder is about 26 inches. In winter the coat is dark speckly brown with a large white rump- patch, but in summer foxy red, with little or no white behind. The range embraces the greater part of Europe as far as the Caucasus, and probably Asia Minor. 92 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 13 4 144 Germany Viscount Powerscourt. 13 4 144 I)o. Do. 13 34 io| Do. Do. -13 64 84 Do. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. -13 7 IO Do. Do. -13 64 8 Do. Do. I2f 3 84 Do. Viscount Powerscourt. I2£ 4 94 Do. Do. 124 4 $ 9 Servia . Do. -12^ 3t 44 Austria . Capt. John Marriott. 1 -124 ... Perthshire R. Moncrieft. -I2-I I 6-12 5-4 Hungary Count Wenkheim. 1 if 6 Monymuskj N.B. . Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. 2Ill Orton, Speyside Sir G. Macpherson Grant, Bart. ni j 8f Germany Viscount Powerscourt. -Hi 6 6 Perth J. G. Millais. ill 44 8i Servia Viscount Powerscourt. 4-t Scotland . Duke of Bedford. -n| 44 (Single antler dug up) J. G. Millais. 1 1 74 Ross-shire H. M. Warrand. -ii 74 Aberdeenshire Col. Gordon Cumming. 1 1 5 iV 74 Ross-shire H. M. Warrand. 1 1 :i8 8| Germany Viscount Powerscourt. 1 1 74 6» Sligo, Ireland . Sir Henry Gore Booth, Bart. ii 34 64 Ballindalloch . G. B. Macpherson Grant. -ioi 34 -ii Bohemia H.S.H. Prince Alexander of Thurn and Taxis. ioi Beaufort, Ross-shire J. G. Millais. ioi 64 6 Ballindalloch . Sir G. Macpherson Grant, Bart. ioi 34 54 Inverness C. Macpherson Grant. 1 and 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais (British Deer and their Horns'). 3 Abnormal (Peraque). EUROPEAN ROE 93 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality ioi 4 64 Austria . 9 1 5 5 Dorset . 9S 84 Sligo, Ireland -9% 3i 5 Spain -8| 3 6| Do. 8i 44 France . Owner. H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. J. E. Harting. Sir Henry Gore Booth. Abel Chapman. Do. 3 British Museum. 94 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Siberian Roe. From a photo, lent by Mr. Carl Hagenbeck. SIBERIAN ROE (Capreolus pygargus). Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder varying from 28 to 34 inches ; the ears shorter and more hairy, the white rump-patch larger, and the antlers longer and more rugose with numerous nodose snags. Mr. St. George Littledale says the specimens he observed barked like a “ barking deer.” Distribution. — From the Altai and mountains of Turkestan to Eastern Siberia, and probably the Caspian provinces of Persia. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 >— 1 00 i-L. «T 1 6f p Carl Hagenbeck. l6 42 12 ? Viscount Powerscourt. i5i 4^ 13^ Thian Shan . T- V. Phelps. 1 Circumference of burr. SIBERIAN ROE 95 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. *54 4i 84 ? Viscount Powerscourt. 5 Ilf Thian Shan . P. B. Vander-Byl. 154 54 8 Siberia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 154 34 11 Do. . Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 15 4 io£ Thian Shan . Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 15 3§ 15 Altai . . . . Edinburgh Museum. Hi 3l 154 Do J. Hamilton Leigh. 144 4 15 p Duke of Bedford. 1 44 3l 8| Tekkes R. Hayne. ~ 1 4fV llG 3i a Siberia Paris Museum. 14 34 i5f Thian Shan . P. Church. 28 i3l Semirechensk Altai H. J. Elwes. I3l 3 6 Asia ? . . . British Museum. i3i 3f 114 ? H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. 13I 4 9 Upper Yenisei Valley . H. J. Elwes. 134 3l 8| Semirechensk Altai Do. 134 32 9§ Upper Yenisei Valley . Do. 134 34 n4 S. Siberia . W. A. L. Fletcher. 13I 3rt 94 Siberia Paris Museum. 96 RECORDS OF BIG GAME PkRE DAVID’S MI LOU DEER 97 Antlers of Pere David’s Milou Deer. From specimens at Woburn Abbey. PllRE DAVID’S MILOU DEER (Elaphurus davidianus).v This remarkable deer differs from all the preceding, except the elk and roes, by the absence of a brow-tine to the antlers, which are large and branching, the beam forking at a comparatively short distance above the burr, and the front prong of the fork again dividing, while the hind prong is long and straight. The bushy tail is longer than in any other deer, and the neck of the male is maned. There is a gland on the outer side of the upper half of the hind cannon-bone, but none on the hock. In the adult the colour is uniformly tawny, but spotted in the young. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches. In captivity, at any rate, the antlers are shed twice a year. Distribution. — Northern China or (?) Kashgaria ; unknown in the wild state, and apparently now represented only by specimens in Europe, of which the great majority are at Woburn Abbey. 98 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 32| 6f I3l i8£ 8 + 8 Near Peking . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 32 7h ... ... 10 + 8 ? Duke of Bedford. -3°§ 291 5 Si 35* 3 Si c 1 1 + 10 5 + 5 Imperial Park, Peking ? Tar is Museum (Type Specimen, Pere David). Duke of Bedford. -29i 6| 29 3 + 2 ? Maj. W. Anstruther Thomson. H-# CO (I ss 26 \ ... 3 + 3 ? lion. Walter Rothschild. 2S} 8 + 8 p Duke of Bedford. 27 20\ 6 + 5 ? British Museum. 2 25 5 ... 6 + 4 Bred in England I )uke of Bedford . 22 4g 4 + 3 Do. Do. 1 Back tine of this head measures 32J inches. 2 Back point of this head measured 28 inches from beam of antler. WHITE-TAILED DEER Antlers of Virginian White-tailed Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. WHITE-TAILED DEER (Mazama americana). With the exception of the wapiti, all the deer of America are distinguished from those of the Old World, save the elk, roe, and milou deer, by the absence of a brow-tine to the antlers, which are either regularly forked or spike-like, and quite different from those of either the roe or milou deer. In the white-tailed deer they are large and complex, with a long sub-basal snag, and the front prong of the main fork developed at the expense of the hinder, and carrying a number of snags on its upper surface. Tail long. A gland-tuft on the hock, and a small cylindrical white one with a black centre near the lower end of the hind cannon-bone. Colour of upper parts chestnut in summer and bluish gray in winter, with the under surface of the tail and the buttocks pure white. Typically from Eastern North America, where the height at the shoulder reaches to 3 feet 1 inch, but represented by numerous races in other parts of the continent, which gradually decrease in size and complexity of antlers towards the south, where they extend to Peru, Bolivia, and Guiana. Weight of a specimen of the typical race shot by Mr. Selous, 1 2 st. 7 lbs. Mazama , it may be observed, is the oldest name for the American deer, and must be employed if they are all included in one genus. If they are split up, Mazama is the title for the brockets, while the white tail and its allies should be called Dorcelaphus — the name Odocoilus , used by American writers, having several things against it. IOO RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 27l 5l Single antler ... l6 N. America . British Museum. 275 4§ 14J 19 6 + 6 Do. Do. 26 % 4f 94 20 20 Do. Major James Grant. 26I 54 4i i7i 13+13 Ontario . W. S. Browne. 44 9 19 1 1 Maine . H. S. Wellcome. 25$ 4i 1 of 19 I5 + I3 Texas Capt. F. Cookson. 25i 4f I2§ i7i 1 1+9 N. America British Museum. 25 5 6| 19 6 + 5 E. Kootenay, B.C. Col. A. Charlesworth. 24! 44 I2f 1 84 6 + 6 5 J. Carr Saunders. 244 4rt Il4 194 6 + 6 p British Museum. -24 4l 1 J9i 18 Nebraska G. B. Grinnell. -23$ 6 12 i6| 5 + 4 Wyoming James J. Harrison. -2 34 43 4i 144 7 + 10 Nebraska Dr. Albert von Stephani. 23 5 5 16 6 + 6 B. Columbia . J. Turner-Turner. —22 A 4 1 i5^ 12 Metlora, N.D. President Roosevelt. 2lh 3i 3i 134 4 + 4 New York State Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 21 4 12 17 4 + 4 Wyoming F. C. Selous. 194 34 12i 154 5 + 5 B. Columbia . T. P. Kempson. i7f 4l 27 + 25 Do. Moreton Frewen. 1 9 12I 4 s 3 + 3 Do. J. Turner-Turner. 1 Spread. MEXICAN WHITE-TAIL (Mazama americana mexicana). One of the smaller races of the preceding, the height at the shoulder being about 2 feet 9 inches, and the antlers smaller and simpler. D istribu tion. — South Mexico. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 'St) Locality. Owner. -14 34 9 Mexico Major W. Anstruther Thomson. I3l is 64 11 i 3 + 3 Do. British Museum. H 34 6 AJL -> _i_ °2 J J Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 24 4i 6§ 3 + 4 Do. . .Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. MULE-DEER IOI Head of Mule-Deer. From a specimen in the possession of Mr. E. S. Cameron. MULE-DEER (Mazama hemionus). Antlers with a much shorter sub-basal snag than in the white-tailed deer, beyond which the beam is directed outwards for a short distance, and then curves upwards to form a regular fork, both prongs of which are usually equal, and generally subdivide so as to form five points on each side. Ears very large and heavy ; tail short and small, with a black tip. Gland-tufts on hock and cannon-bone coloured like the leg ; the latter of these elongated and situated in the upper half of the cannon-bone. General colour of upper-parts reddish tawny in summer, brownish or rufous speckled gray in winter, with a brown 102 RECORDS OF BIG GAME horse-shoe mark on the forehead. Height at the shoulder, 3 feet 3 or 4 inches in the typical form. Weight (exceptional), 17 stone 2 lbs. (F. C. Selous). Distribution. — The greater part of North America westward of the Missouri, extending from British Columbia to California. There are several local races, among which the South Californian (. M '. hemionus peninsulce) is one of the smallest. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. d ip to Tip. Widest inside. -32 6 26 ... 52 1 82 24i 30 52 4i -29 6\ 29h 2S§ 4i 1 3i 1 72 2S^ 5 1 82 21 28A ... ... 24i 28 4i 22 h 242 27 5i i9i 2 I H 27 5i igh 22 j- -261 5 ... -26$ 4i ... 261 42 i9i 20& 26i 5 i5i l8A 26-15 52 i7i 26i 4 h I5i 22 1 26 4i 20 2I| 26 5 i5i 25i 5 4 2 1 i 25i 4i 27 29 25§ 4i 19 20 25 5i 27§ 27i 25 5 20f 24 25 5 IO 165 Points. Locality. 21 -f 19 Wyoming 5 + 5 p 17 White River, Colorado 8 + 6 Montana 5 + 5 Wyoming 6 + 4 British Columbia White River . 6 + 6 Wyoming 6+5 North America 5 + 5 British Columbia 28 North Dakota . 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Wyoming 6 + 5 British Columbia 12 Wyoming 6 + 6 Do. 7 + 5 Do. 4 + 4 British Columbia 8 Do. 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Do. 16+13 Montana 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 4 Do. Owner. C. R. F. Lutwidge. W. Moat. II. A. James. F. S. Cameron. (See illustra- tion.) Ford G. Barclay. J. Mcl. M ‘Iver Campbell. Major Maitland Kirwan. H. A. C. Darley. Sir Edmund G. I.oder, Bart. D. II. Crake. 1 ’resident Roosevelt. Capt. M. M'Neill. Ernest Farquhar. T. P. Kempson. Hon. F. Thellusson. Capt. F. Cookson. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. J. V. Colby. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Capt. G. J. Fitzgerald. A. H. Pollen. Morcton Frewen. J. L. Scarlett. F. C. Selous. MULE-DEER 103 Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. ~24 i 5 20| ... 24 2 5 2 25 242 5 I3i ... 24 4\ 22| 24 24 Si 242 242 24 4i 19 1 252 -24 42 I5S 22 42 i8i 24 Points. Locality. 6 + 6 Wyoming 10 Do. 3 + 3 British Columbia 10 p 5 + 5 British Columbia 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Do. 5 + 4 N.-W. Nevada . Owner. Dr. Albert von Stephani. T. W. H. Clarke. H. S. Beall. T. P. A. Hoi ford. W. Neilson. Capt. J. M‘Call Maxwell. Count E. Hoyos. J. Turner-Turner. Abnormal head of Mule-Deer from British Columbia, in the possession of Mr. J. Turner-Turner. 104 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BLACK-TAILED DEER (Mazama columbiana). Nearly allied to the mule-deer, but of inferior size, with relatively smaller ears and finer hair ; but specially characterised by the shorter gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the larger and longer tail, of which the upper surface is black and the lower white. Distribution. — Western North America, from Fort George, British Columbia, to California. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 2/5 6 I Si i9i 9 + 6 British Columbia G. Wrey. —22 4 i 1 22 Vancouver Clive Phillipps-Wolley. -21 5 I Si 15 5+5 N. E. California II. C. Nelson. -20$ 5 i7 17 5 + 7 Do. A. E. Leatham. ~19i Sf 21 5 + 5 p Sir W. Gordon Cummins:, Bart. *9i 4i 14 i6A S. California . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 1 Outside. MARSH-DEER 105 Abnormal Marsh-Deer Antlers. MARSH -DEER (Mazama dichotoma). Antlers without a sub-basal snag, forking regularly, with both prongs again dividing, and the upper one usually more complex than the lower. Ears large, with white hair internally. Hair long and coarse, reversed on the withers for a short distance. General colour of upper-parts bright rufous chestnut in summer, browner in winter ; legs black from the knees and hocks downward. No gland on hind cannon- bone. Size, approximately that of a red deer. Although ten is the usual number of points, sports are common. Distribution. — From Brazil to the inner wooded districts of Argentina. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. -25! 5 22\ ... 25 5a i8f 2Ii 24i 5 16 18 232 6£ 26 25 23l • 54 Hi 164 2 3i 6 194 22| 64 20 20\ Points. Locality. 6 + 7 Paraguay 5+4 Do. 5 + 5 Chaco of Paraguay 5 + 5 ? 5 + 4 S. America 12 Do. 5 + 5 Brazil Owner. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. G. R. Stuart. I Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 06 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. —22^ 74 154 6 + 6 Argentina Kenyon Slaney. 22§ 54 25 28 Do. A. Vans-Agnew. 2It> 54 22 161 6 + 6 Paraguay S. Pulley. 2 lh 5 12% 16 5 + 5 Do. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. -2l4 ... I9S 6 + 5 Entre Rios T. Taylor. 20 54 20 4 + 4 Paraguay Count Ilenry Coudenhove. -20 6| 194 I8i 4 + 4 Uruguay . Staff-Surgeon J. Dowson, R.N. i9§ 6 20^ 20 3 + 3 Paraguay R. A. Cooper. Side view of Antlers of Marsh-Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. FA MPAS DEER— PERUVIAN GUEMAL 107 PAMPAS DEER (Mazama bezoartica). A small deer nearly allied to the last, but with the front prong of the antlers simple, and the hinder one divided. A whorl in the hair on the middle of the back and another at the base of the neck, so that the fur of the withers is directed forwards for a considerable distance. Colour of upper-parts light reddish brown, under-parts and lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of latter black. Height at shoulder, 2 ft. 6 in. Distribution. — Brazil to Northern Patagonia, in open districts. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. i4h 2| I3P 3 + 3 Argentina British Museum. Ml 3 I of 3 + 3 Do. . E. M. Crosfield. 14? 3 1 1 3 + 3 ? .Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 14 4i ni 3 + 3 Paraguay . Admiral Sir William Kennedy. l3h 4f 8 3 + 3 Do. . R. A. Cooper. 13 24 I2§ 3 + 3 ? W. Livingstone Learmonth. -13 2f II 3 + 3 ? J. Whitaker. -12^ 34 7 12 + 11 Uruguay . . J. Burnett. 121 2i 84 3 + 3 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 3s 13? 3 + 3 ? British Museum (Charles Darwin). iog 3 84 3 + 3 Patagonia Dr. Albert von Stephani. 10 2k 124 3 + 3 Argentina Count Henry Coudenhove. 74 2i 54 3 + 3 ? Duke of Bedford. PERUVIAN GUEMAL (Mazama antisiensis). Together with the closely allied Chilian guemal (M. bisulca ), this species constitutes a group characterised by the antlers forming a single fork. There is no gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone, the short tail is rather bushy, and the hair coarse and brittle. Distribution. — The high Andes, from Peru to Northern Chili. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. IO 3§ 8 Ecuador * . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 94 7§ 4§ Tinta, South Peru British Museum (H. Whitely), 9§ 24 84 Ceuchepate, Peru (11,000 ft.) Do. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 08 WOOD-BROCKET (Mazama nemorivaga). The brockets are some of the smallest deer included in the genus Mazama , of which they are the typical representatives.1 They are recognisable by their simple spike -like antlers, the tufted crown of the head, and the radiation of the hair of the face from two whorls, which causes that on the nose to be directed downwards. The present species is distinguished by its small size (height at shoulder about 19 inches), its pale pepper-and-salt brownish or gray colour, the streak on the forehead, and the absence of a gland and tuft on the hock. Distribution. — Guiana, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, and Trinidad. Length on front of horn. Girth. Tip to Tip. Locality -4« 3f 4 Trinidad -3 2 Do. Owner. Dr. Percy Rendall. Dr. Albert von Stephani. MUSK-DEER (Moschus moschiferus). From all living deer except the Chinese water-deer this species is distinguished by the absence of antlers, whose function as weapons is discharged in the male by long upper tusks. The tail is rudimentary, the fur coarse and brittle, and the lateral hoofs are very large. The males have a glandular pouch which secretes the musk from which the species takes its name. Height at shoulder about 20 inches, at rump 22 inches. Distribution. — The forest districts of the Himalaya as far west as Gilgit, at elevations of 8000 feet or more in summer, to Tibet, Siberia, Western China, and Amurland. Length of Tusk on outside curve. Locality. Owner. -3 \ Himalaya . . . . . Major W. Anstruther Thomson 3 Gurhwal . . . . . A. O. Hume. 3 Amurland . British Museum. 2| Himalaya . Rowland Ward. 2H Do Dr. Percy Rendall. 2i Kashmir . . . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 2§ Do. Major A. Nugent. ^ 1 Many naturalists include only the brockets in this genus ; taking the name Odocoilus, or Dorcelaphus for the white-tail and its allies (see p. 99). BLOTCHED GIRAFFE 109 Skull of Northern Blotched Giraffe. From De Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897. BLOTCHED GIRAFFE (Giraffa Camelopardalis). Ihuhla of the Swazis. Indhlulamiti of the Zulus. Tuthla of the Basutos. Luomba ningo of the Chilala. Ngabe of the Masawaras. Giri or Halgiri of the Somalis. Kameel of the Boers. Nyama marakiti of the Asenga. The long limbs and neck, the peculiarly-formed head, and the dappled or netted hide, render giraffes distinguishable at a glance from all other living ruminants ; with none of which, except the okapi, they have any very close affinity, although their nearest relatives are the deer. So great is their distinctness that, with the okapi, they constitute a family by themselves — the Giraffidcz. One of the most marked peculiarities of the giraffes is to be found in the horns. The largest pair arise from the head between the ears, and are covered during life with skin. They are never shed ; and in the adult are immovably united to the bones of the skull, although separate in young animals. In addition to these, there is a more or less distinct third horn, or boss, situated on the forehead between the eyes, as well as a rudimentary pair at the back of the head, or occiput. Giraffes have a long, extensile tongue, hairy lips, and broad, low-crowned cheek teeth. There are no tusks in the upper jaw ; and the lateral hoofs are wanting. I IO RECORDS OF BIG GAME There are at least two races of the species. In the northern race ( G . Camelopardalis typica ) the front horn is well developed, measuring from three to five inches in height in old bulls. In the southern giraffe ( G . Camelopardalis capensis') the front horn, even in old bulls, is so reduced in size as scarcely to merit that name at all. Within the last half century this race ranged from the Orange to the Zambesi rivers. Northward of this latter river on the eastern half of the continent, at least, no giraffe is found for about 12 degrees; but north of the Rufizi river they again appear and continue through German East Africa, reaching westward to Lake Tanganyika, and occurring east of the Mau escarpment and south of the Tana river in British East Africa. The giraffes of Nyasaland and Kilimanjaro have received separate names and may indicate distinct races. Head of Northern Blotched Giraffe obtained in the Uganda Protectorate by Sir H. Johnston, and now in the British Museum. The development of the hindmost horns is very marked. GIRAFFES 1 1 1 Northern Race. Total height, ft. ins. At shoulder, ft. ins. Locality. Owner. -i 7 3 IO II British East Africa P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 0 ►—1 1 ... Central East Africa . A. H. Neumann. 9-13 io 8 9i British East Africa Southern Race. British Museum (P. H. G. Powell-Cotton). Total height, ft. ins. At shoulder, ft. ins. Locality. Owner. -18 7 South-East Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. 18 4 Angola .... Hon. Walter Rothschild. -18 o 12 0 South Africa . The late Sir W. Cornwallis Harris. -17 6 Average height South-East Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. 6 17 0 W. Matabililand F. C. Selous. 6 16 6 ... N. Kalahari . Do. -9 15 6 to Average height South-East Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. 16 o THE SOMALI GIRAFFE (Giraffa reticulata). The Somali giraffe (for which the name netted giraffe would be appropriate, were it not that it has a double signification) may be described as a dull, red-coloured animal with a coarse network of narrow white lines dividing the ground-colour into a number of large, irregularly quadrangular and sharply defined patches. The head and upper part of the neck are, however, spotted, while the ears and the legs from the knees and hocks downwards are white. In old bulls the five horns are well developed, although the hinder pair are somewhat less conspicuous than in the northern race of the blotched species. Apparently this type of coloration is specially adapted for render- ing the animal inconspicuous when in covert. I I 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Mead of Male Prong-horn. PRONG-HORN (Antilocapra americana). Although commonly termed an antelope, this animal differs from all the members of the Bovidce by the forking of the horns. These are annually shed from their bony sheaths and replaced by a new pair, which commence to grow up beneath the old ones before they are cast off. In consequence of this difference the species represents a family (. Antilocapridce ) by itself. Horns generally absent in the female. Ears long and pointed, tail short, and neck maned. General colour chest- nut, with a white rump-patch, and white bars on the throat. Height at shoulder, 36 inches; weight, 70 to 80 lbs. clean. Distribution. — Western United States, from British Columbia to Mexico. Length on outside Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Widest inside. 7 Locality. Owner. curve. -i7i 6\ 9 N.W. Canada . J. Whitaker. -17 ... 20 outside ? Otho Shaw. -16 6* ... N. Dakota President Roosevelt. Hi 6i Si • • . Wyoming .... St. George Littledale. PRONG-HORN Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Locality. Owner. curve. i si 6? 8| ... Wyoming .... P. B. Vander-Byl. -15S 5l 20 outside ? Otho Shaw. -15I 6 2 1 ... Teton Mountains H. Lennard. 4i 9i ... Wyoming .... W. R. Cookson. -iSi 51 61 ... Do Count E. Hoyos. x5s 6i 71 -• Col. Ralph Vivian. 15 6 Wyoming .... H.R.H. le Due D’Orleans. 15 51 5l io| Do St. George Littledale. i5 5S 7l Do Isaac Bell. 14I 5 ... New Mexico . . Capt. F. Cookson. Hi 5l 12 ... p C. F. Bengough. J4a I2l Wyoming .... T. W. H. Clarke. I4i 6 9i Laramie Plains, Wyoming . F. G. Barclay. I4i 6§ -- 1 04 ... Wyoming .... Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. Hi 6 6 Alberta .... F. I. Mitchell. -I4i 5s 15s Colorado .... Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. Hi 5i 6| 10 Wyoming .... Count Scheibler. 14? 6 2§ ... ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection H? 7 44 ? J. Mcl. M‘Iver Campbell. J4i 5? 54 Wyoming . Capt. A. J. Carstairs. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 1 4 Horns of Bubal llartebeest. From Mr. Julius Jeppe’s specimen. BUBAL HARTEBEEST (Bubalis boselaphus). This species brings us to the great family of hollow-horned ruminants, or Bovidce , in which the horns are in the form of un- branched hollow sheaths, which are not shed in the adult, and are sup- ported on bony cores. The hartebeests are large antelopes with naked muzzles, abnormally long faces, doubly curved horns, small face-glands, large valvular nostrils (of which the lower lids are covered with short hairs), long, tufted tails, and large lateral hoofs. Both sexes are horned. The present species is the smallest of the group, standing only 43 inches at the shoulder. It has a short pedicle supporting the horns, which are in the form of the letter U, and the colour is uniform tawny, with the tail-tuft black. Distribution. — Northern Africa (interior of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) and Arabia. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 14L S§ 9h North Africa British Museum. 6 1 9? J Col. Ralph Vivian. *3* 9% 9k Tunisia .... Julius Jeppe. 7 sk North Africa British Museum. WEST AFRICAN HARTEBEEST 1 15 Horns of West African Hartebeest. Shot by Major J. W. Carroll. WEST AFRICAN HARTEBEEST (Bubalis major). Kanki of the Hausas. Apparently related to the preceding species, but larger, with more massive horns, which are more bent near the middle, and have long, smooth tips. Body said to be of a uniform grayish brown, face deep brown, the fore-legs streaked with dark brown or blackish from the knees downwards, and the tail-tuft black. Distribution. — Gambia, Lower Nigeria, and the interior of the Cameroons. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 2Si Ilf I A Nigeria . Capt. P. A. Clive. 25l 25i I2f I2f Ilf I3I Yauri, Hausa States Near Borgu Major J. W. Carroll. (See illustra- tion. ) Capt. N. C. Welch. 25 Ilf IO+ Benue River . Julius Jeppe. 24i Ilf l6 Nigeria . Do. 24 Hi 134 Do. . S. B. B. Dyer. 24 I2| 84 Do. . G. F. Lobb. 24 II I of Do. . Capt. W. D. Wright. 23i 12 9 Do. . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 1 1 6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 23h 12 44 Ashanti . C. Beddington. 23i 12 I3i N. of Benue River . W. H. Broun. 23I I2| 14 N. Nigeria Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. -23-5 12-5 6 Togoland Berlin Museum. 23 I2j 9? Niger Sudan . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 23 ni 94 Nigeria . A. A. Smith. 23 12 9i Do. Capt. H. A. Porter. 23 12 7 Do. N. F. Bayne. 22f 13 7 Do. Major R. H. Beddoes. 22^ 124 6 Jebba, Nigeria Capt. G. II. P'. Abadie. 22\ 13 14S Nigeria . Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. -22 12 9s Do. P. C. Key tel. 22 21 J 11 12 I9i malformed 124 Ibi, Nigeria Jebba, Nigeria Major A. H. Festing. Major II. M. Cowper. J2li 12* Lokoja . Capt. C. A. Wilding. 2I-i 9i 84 Nigeria . Capt. lion. C. J. Coventry. 21 J 12 124 Gambia . H. L. Stephen. -2ii 1 1 9b Do. . Paris Museum. 9 20 9§ 6 Lokoja . The late Capt. A. W. M. Brodie. 9 19^ 9 64 Do. . F. H. Barber. 19I nf 62 Gambia . H. C. Goddard. 9 19S 84 4 Jebba, Nigeria Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 9 192 9 44 Lokoja . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 9 195 84 n4 Nigeria . A. G. Williams. 1 Height at shoulder, 54 inches. TOR A HARTEBEEST n 7 Frontlet and Horns of Tora Hartebeest. Shot by Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. TORA HARTEBEEST (Bubalis tora). Native name, Worobo. Horn-pedicle of medium length, the horns themselves in the form of an inverted bracket (' — ¥ — ')• Height at shoulder about 48 inches. Colour uniformly pale tawny fulvous, with the exception of the tail-tuft and chin, which are black. Although of the same uniform colour, this species is easily distinguished from B. boselaphus by its superior size, higher gait, and differently shaped horns. Weight about 400 lbs. Distribution. — Abyssinia and south portion of Blue Nile. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 22\ 9 22§ Sudan . Carl Hagenbeck. 21 9 i9i Do. . . Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke illustration.) 20 1 9i Hi Do Hon. Walter Rothschild. 20§ 9i I3f Do Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 20^ 10? 17 Do Julius Jeppe. 20 1 of i6f Do Capt. H. H. S. Morant. 20 9i I5l Do British Museum. 20 9i Hi Lake Zuay, Abyssinia Prince de Lucinge. I9S 9 16J Dombelas, Abyssinia British Museum. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 1 8 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 19| ioi I2§ Abyssinia P. H. G. Powell Cotton. i9i 9i Hi I)o. Do. 19? 9 i3f Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 19 94 nf Abyssinian Sudan . Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. -18S 10 i7i Sudan .... Sir W. Gordon Cumming, Bart 18-i 8| 154 Do Col. Ralph Vivian. 1 8i 164V Upper Basalam River, J. Menges. Abyssinia 17 9i 13^ Settite River . W. D. James. 9 I5i 71 7f Abyssinia P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 9 14^ 61 51 Sudan .... lion. Walter Rothschild. -9 i4i 64 18 Nubia .... Julius Jeppe. SIG OR S WAYNE’S HARTEBEEST 119 Head of Swayne’s Hartebeest. Shot by Major H. G. C. Swayne. SIG or SWAYNE’S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis swaynei). Sig of the Somalis. Koi'kei of the Gallas. Horn-pedicle and horns of the same general type as in the tora. Height at shoulder about 47 inches ; weight about 300 lbs. General colour pale chocolate -brown, with white tips to the hairs ; face black, except the muzzle and a line between the eyes ; shoulders and upper part of fore-legs, as well as a patch on upper part of hind- legs, also black. Distribution. — Interior of Northern Somaliland and Shoa ; in Somali- land it is found on the dry plateau known as the hand. Length on front curve. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 20\ Hco 00 26! Somaliland Major H. G. C. Swayne. i9i 9 h 22i Do. G. H. Cheetham. -I9l 24i N. Somaliland . J. Menges. -19 9l >— t 00 Do. Capt. M. M‘Neill. I 20 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. iBS 9 214 N. Somaliland . Major R. P. Cobbold. CO Mo 94 16 Do. F. G. Barclay. 184 94 194 Do. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. i8§ 8| 18 Do. Major H. G. C. Swayne. i8J 9 174 Do. Norman B. Smith. -18 8f I of Do. Count J. Potocki. 18 94 20 Do. W. F. Whitehouse. 18 9 22 Do. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. i7l 1 1 17 Galla Country . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 1 7i 8f 21 Somaliland Count J. de By lands. 17S 10 214 Do. E. Lee Townshend. !7l 10 20 Do. Digby Davies. 174 84 194 Do. T. W. H. Clarke. !7-i 94 19 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. i7i 9 2 if Do. J. J. Richardson. i7i 10 2lf Do. Major J. M'Call Maxwell. i7i 10 23f Do. A. E. Butter. i7i 10 18 Galla Country . Lord Hindlip. 9 155 6| 19 Somaliland Count J. de By lands. 9 154 7 n4 Galla Country . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -9 15I . • • N. Somaliland . J. Menges. KONG ONI OR CORNS HARTEBEEST I 2 I KONGONI or COKE’S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis cokei). Horn-pedicle moderate, horns bracket-shaped, very short and thick. Height at shoulder about 45 inches. Weight about 250 lbs. General colour uniform bright fawn, with the lower lip somewhat browner, and the lower part of the rump paler ; tail long, with the black tuft ascend- ing some way up the hinder surface. Distribution. — Eastern Africa, from Usagara northwards to Kilimanjaro and Masailand. Mr. F. J. Jackson says: “This hartebeest ranges as far north as L. Naivasha, south into German territory and east to within a few miles of the coast at the back of the Shimba hills.” A bull shot by Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, C.B., R.N., in Masailand weighed 312 lbs. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -20| ... ... East Africa . Julius Jeppe. I9l ioi 13 Do. . . . R. Meinertzhagen. I9l IO 18^ Do. J. Gardiner Muir. i9i IO 16 Do. . R. Wahrmann. -19 i 9f 13 Do. . P. C. Key tel. i9i 9f 16 Do. . Major E. G. Harrison. 19 9i 16 Do. . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -19 io£ 14 Lake Manjara O. Neumann. Iv 12 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -19 I of M East Africa . Berlin Museum. 19 9 1 51 Do. ... F. W. Belt. 00 oci & 81 i6± Do. ... F. J. Jackson. -i8£ io£ 18 West of Mombasa . C. W. Hobley. 1 8i 10 I2§ East Africa T. P. A. Holford. . 1 10 i6i Makindo, East Africa Rhys Williams. i8* 9^ i8| East Africa . E. N. Buxton. i»i 92 Ms Do. ... H. C. V. Hunter. i8i 9i Mi Do. ... Douglas M'Douall. i8£ ioi i8| Do. ... Norman B. Smith. 18 I Of 141 Do. ... Julius Jeppe. 18 10 u| Do. ... Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. -18 72 12^ Masailand Count Scheibler. 18 10 i3l East Africa Major C. P. Foley. -17S 10 14 Do. ... Capt. W. Jardine. i7f 10 i8| Do. R. II. Fawkes. i7i 81 1 1 Do. Lieut. F. C. Grover, R.N. i7i 9§ 17 Do. ... Lord Basil Blackwood. I7i 10 H Do. ... F. C. Cobb. i7f 9i 1 1 Do. ... J. Carr Saunders. -i7l 10 1 4s Rift Valley, East Africa. C. Steuart Betton. i7i 9i 13 East Africa . C. C. Bowring. *7i 9i I2f Do. Lieut. G. P. Leith, R.N. -i7i 9i i6| Do. ... Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R.N. -i7i ... Do. . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 17 92 12 Do. Lord Delamere. 17 9f i3i Machakos Brig. -Gen. Sir F. J. D. Lugard 17 8f Mi East Africa S. L. Hinde. 17 9 I2i Do. . . . A. Bayley Worthington. 17 10 I of Do. . . . Count Geza Szechenyi. 17 10 If Do. . Major E. J. Tickell. KONGONI OR COKE'S HARTEBEEST 123 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 7 94 15 East Africa . P. Niedieck. - 9 r5i 74 • I7f Do. ... P. C. Keytel. 9iSi 74 124 East Africa . S. L. Hinde. ?i4l 7§ II Do. ... 0. Neumann. - ? 14 74 I5s Do. ... Julius Jeppe. - ? 14 7 134 Do. . J. B. Wheelwright. -?I3f 7i 144 Ndara Teita, East Africa C. Steuart Betton. ? I3i 74 Ilf ? T. P. A. Holford. ? 13 6| 13 ? Lord Delamere. Head of Hunter’s Hartebeest. From a specimen shot by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter. 124 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Male Cape I lartebeest. Mr. F. II. Barber’s specimen. CAPE HARTEBEEST (Bubalis cama). Kama of the Bechuanas. Ingama of the Makalakas. Horn-pedicle greatly elongated, horns very sharply bent, and form- ing a letter V when viewed from the front. Height at shoulder about 48 inches. General colour brownish fulvous, darker than in any of the preceding ; face (except between the eyes), back of neck, chin, shoulders, thighs, and tail, black or blackish ; lower portion of buttocks with a conspicuous whitish or yellowish blaze, forming a marked contrast to the other colours. Distribution. — Africa southwards of the Limpopo, but extending farther northwards along the confines of the Kalahari desert. This fleet and handsome species (the roi hartebeest) is now nearly ex- terminated in the Cape, although still found in the Transvaal. A few still linger in the old Bushman country in the north-west of Cape Colony. Although practically exterminated in the Orange River Colony and in most of the Transvaal (except to the north- west), numbers of hartebeest are to be found in the plains and open forest of British Bechuanaland and the Bechuanaland Protec- torate. In the North Kalahari and the desert regions about the Botletli River big troops are to be met with. This hartebeest is remarkably fleet and enduring, and by no means easy to bag. Its flesh is palatable, and its brilliant coat much sought after by the native tribes. CAPE HARTEBEEST 125 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -25! 12 4 Orange Colony Julius Jeppe. -25 Il£ 104 p Capt. W. Jardine. -25 ... Orange Colony F. II. Barber. (See illustration.) 25 1 1 10 ? C. Rube. -24 1 II 7 Nata River H. M. Barber. 24S 104 9§ ? R. T. Coryndon. 242 12 11 Near Boshof, O.R.C. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 24i 12 94 South Africa . C. D. Rudd. -24I i°4 9t1j Damaraland Th. Rehbock. -24! 11 I7l ? P. C. Iveytel. -24i 11 75 South Africa . Julius Jeppe. -24 Do. W. J. Corder. 23I 10 8| Do. British Museum (Sir Andrew Smith). 23i 104 Kamaland F. C. Selous. 234 12 6f ? J. S. Dawson. -23i 13 5s ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 23 ni 84 ? F. D. Pirie. 23 12 54 South Africa . G. Richards. 23 11 n Do. A. H. Harrison. -224 11 84 Do. A. Ohlsson. -224 104 124 Do. Abel Chapman. - 9 2I§ 84 134 Do. Julius Jeppe. - ? 21 74 154 Do. P. C. Keytel. - 9 20 Orange Colony South African Museum. ? 19! 744 1 jt4 Damaraland Th. Rehbock. 9 8| 84 South Africa G. Richards. 9 19 84 64 Kalahari . H. A. Bryden. -9184 84 64 ? P. C. Keytel. 9 18 7S 9 South-West Africa . A. N. Henderson. 126 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Head of Jackson’s llartebeest. HEUGLIN’S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis lelwel). Generally similar to the preceding, but with the horns less abruptly bent backwards from above. In the closely allied or identical Jackson’s Hartebeest there is no black blaze on the face, and the colour is uniformly foxy red. Weight about 300 lbs. Distribution. — Typically from the Bahr-el-Ghazal, Upper Nubia, and Kordofan ; represented in the interior of British Central Africa, and north of Lake Baringo, Uganda, by the so-called B. jacksoni, to which the under-mentioned specimens belong. Length on front Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. 25 I2j ni Uganda Douglas M'Douall. 24S II? 1 3l Do. Dr. A. Paget. 24! ni 13! Kordofan . . C. E. Lyall. 242 10^ Ilf East Central Africa . F. J. Jackson. 24J nf H| Kordofan . . C. E. Lyall. 12 12 Major A. E. .Smith. 23‘2 io| 8f Sudan Col. B. T. Mahon. 23i ni 8i Uganda . C. Craig. JACKSON’S HARTEBEEST T 27 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner 23i 12 9 E. C. Africa • E. Gedge. 23i n| 6% North end of Lake Albert Col. Trevor Ternan. 23i 12 10% East Africa A. Bayley-Worthington. 23i 9i Do. Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge 23 iif 4i Do. . - W. Cooper. 23 ii| 8i E. C. Africa ■ Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -23 ... 8i ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson 23 I2f 8i E. C. Africa Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. -22 f ■ioi nf E. of Victoria Nyanza Paris Museum. -22| ... ... Uganda | Capt. C. A. Sykes. 22\ n| 5l Do. P. B. Vander-Byl. 22% 1 of 1 of E. C. Africa Capt. E. J. Tickell. 22 % 12 6 ? Major C. N. Price. 22 % 1 1 12 Molo River Rhys Williams. 22 % Hi 6| Uganda Capt. M. F. Gage. 22% II 5f Do. Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. 22f I Of 1 1 Do. Capt. F. D. Lugard. 22| 12 White Nile Capt. C. J. Hawker. 22% 12 1 1 East Africa F. C. Selous. 22 iof I2i White Nile P. Niedieck. 22 1 1 9l E. C. Africa R. Meinertzhagen. 21 IO| 9i Do. Julius Jeppe. -21 III 6f Gelo River 0. Neumann. 9 21 I of Hi White Nile Dr. A. Paget. 9 20f 9! 10 Do. P. Niedieck. 9i8| 8 1 of E. C. Africa E. J. L. Berkeley. 9 1 8* 8 5l Uganda Col. Trevor Ternan. 9 18 88 4l N. Uganda Major R. M. Sanders. 9 18 9 7§ ? Capt. J. Ponsonby. 9 18 8 71 Nile Valley Major M. L. Carleton. 128 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Female and Skull of Male Neumann’s Ilartebeest. NEUMANN’S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis neumanni). Nearly allied to B. lelwel , but distinguished by the more widely separated horns, which at first extend outwards, almost at right angles, and then curve inwards. They are also shorter and more slender, with the terminal rings nearer the tips. Mr. Walter Rothschild gives the following particulars : — Colour of hair fulvous fawn, much richer on the back, where there are also some darker spots, which may be stains or natural ; below very much paler. Chin blackish, tip of tail black. The male is brighter and darker in colour than the female. There are also on the back some patches with longer, thicker, almost whitish-buff hair, perhaps remains of the winter fur. Description. — East Africa, in the neighbourhood of Lake Rudolf. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -21 9l Hi East Africa .... Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. — 2D§ ill Hi El donyo eb Urru, Rift Valley . C. Steuart Betton. 20 ni ni East Africa .... F. C. Selous. 19? 1 1 9f Do. .... W. Cooper. NEUMANN'S HARTEBEEST 129 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -I9l East Africa Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 19 4 iof 94 Lake Nakaru . Capt. J. Ponsonby. i9i 9f 84 Do. ... P. B. Vander-Byl. 19 II 9i ? F. J. Jackson. 19 ni 94 East Africa . H. T. Barclay. -19 ioi 144 Lake Stefanie . O. Neumann. 1 81 10 9 Mau Plateau Major C. H. Villiers. i8i Hi 9f ? A. Brocklehurst. i8J Ilf 6 p T. P. A. Hoi ford. 184 10 9 Near Achmed Agha Capt. J. H. Rivers. i8i ioi 9 Mau Plateau Hon. Walter Rothschild. i7i 10 74 Lake Baringo . Do. i7i II I2f ? Douglas M‘Douall. 10 94 ? C. Craig. i7i ni 9f Kinangop Flat . Lord Delamere. i7i 94 94 W. of Eldomo Ravine G. E. Smith. 1 6i 1 of 84- N. E. of Lake Rudolf A. H. Neumann. 9i6* 8i 9f Lake Nakaru . Rhys Williams. 9 16 84 9f ? C. Craig. 9 15! 84 84 E. Africa .... Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. ?i5l 8 54 Do. ... F. C. Selous. ? i5l 84 8f p F. J. Jackson. 9i5i 7i 84 Achmed Agha . Major R. M. Sanders. 9 1 5i 74 7 Near Lake Elmeteita . T. P. A. Holford. 9 14-I 7f 84 Kero, E. of Bahr-el-Jebel Capt. R. M. Sanders. 9 i3i 7i 9i E. shore of Lake Rudolf . A. H. Neumann. 9 1 3§ 74 10 ? Lord Delamere. 9 13 74 84 Achmed Agha . Major R. M. Sanders. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 13° Head of Lichtenstein's Hartebeest. LICHTENSTEIN’S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis lichtensteini). Horn-pedicle very short and broad, and the horns themselves much curved inwards towards one another below the terminal backward inclination. Height at shoulder about 50 inches, weight about 300 lbs. General colour tawny fulvous, becoming more rufous along the back, with the chin, tail-tuft, and front of cannon-bones black. Distribution. — East Africa north of the Sabi River, throughout Nyasaland and Mozambique to Usagara. Inkulando of the Mashonas. Konze in the Chilala and Chibisa Kokotombwi in Barotsiland. countries. Konshe in the Chinyanja. LICHTENSTEIN'S HARTEBEEST 131 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -24S ? J. Rosen. -22§ 1 1 7i ? Mr. Justice Hopley. -22§ ... ... Nyasaland .... F. Watkinson. 2ll I2i 9 E. of Tanganyika 0. L. Berringer. 21^ I2j 9 Batoka Plateau, Northern F. Smitheman. Rhodesia 2lJ 134 104 Do. T. G. Davey. -2ii ... Do. R. T. Coryndon. 2ii 124 54 ? L. A. Wallace. 21 12 4 8S Barotsiland H. Timmins. -21 ... ... p 0. R. Dunell. -21 124 8 Angoniland Capt. J. Brander Dunbar. -20| I2| 73 / 8 Portuguese East Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. -20| ... ? Julius Jeppe. 20f 13 6 Fort Johnstone, B.C.A. C. C. Bowring. 20\ 124 8f ? George Grey. -20j 94 Batoka Plateau . E. Folley. 20;} 1 1 1 of ? P. C. Keytel. -20f% 7t5c British Central Africa . A. S. Hamilton. 20g 124 iof Congo Free State Julius Jeppe. ~20| I2| 54 German E. Africa 0. Neumann. 20 124 64 British Central Africa . R. Berridge. 20 13 6 N.W. Rhodesia . Col. C. Harding. -20 12 54 Nyasaland W. H. Wilson. 20 124 8 Wami River, East Africa Sir J. Kirk. 20 134 8 Fort Hill, B.C.A. John Yule. I9l I2f 4i Tanganyika Plateau E. Wilson. -I9l I2f 4i S. E. Africa .... H.R.H. Prince Pedro d’Orleans T9f 124 94 British Central Africa . et de Braganza. Capt. R. S. Chichester. i9i Hi 12 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 19I H4 84 S.E. Africa. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 132 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i9i 12^ 53 Tanganyika A. Mathews. i9i 1 3 3i p Dudley West. 19 12 8 British Central Africa . . J. H. Hayes. 19 1 1 H Do. Capt. J. S. Brogden. 19 12 4i Liwondes, B.C. A. C. C. Bowring. 19 III 43 East Africa . British Museum. 1 8| 53 B.C. A. R. H. Storey. -9 U2 ... Bung we F. Lean. 83 4 3 River Sabi, Mashonaland British Museum (F. C. Selous). -?i5 7 8 5$ Portuguese East Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. HUNTER’S HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus hunteri). Somali name, Arole. Gala name, Blanketta . With this species we come to a group of antelopes closely allied to the true hartebeests, but in which the frontal region is not elevated into a horn-pedicle, while the horns themselves form in most cases a lyrate or simple curve, and the face is of medium length. In the present species the slender horns are indeed doubly curved, although without the sudden angulation of the true hartebeests. They slant upwards and outwards, and then bend downwards, after which the long points are directed upwards. Colour uniform rufous, with a white chevron on the face, the inner surface of the ears and the tail -tuft white. Height at shoulders about 4 feet, and the build light and graceful. Distribution. — Southern Somaliland to north bank of Tana River. Len On front curve. gth. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. ~26\ 223 83 123 Jubaland 26i 22 83 123 Tana Valley, East Africa 24l 83 153 Do. 24! 2 1 1 8§ 9 i Do. 9-2i£ i9i 53 1 1 Jubaland 9 21 5f 7 Tana River 203 53 83 Do. Owner. Major E. G. Harrison. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. H. C. V. Hunter. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Major E. G. Harrison. F. H. Barber. Hon. Walter Rothschild. KORRIGUM OR SENEGAL HARTEBEEST i33 Head of Korrigum. KORRIGUM or SENEGAL HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus corrigum). Derri of the Hausas. Horns with a single slightly lyrate curve. Size medium. General colour reddish, with patches on the face, shoulders, upper part of fore- legs, hips, and thighs, and the tail-tuft black ; no dark markings on back and feet. Distribution . — Senegambia and the interior of West Africa. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -26% 9b Hi Senegambia Imperial Museum, Vienna. 23 I 10 8 Lake Chad S. B. B. Dyer. 23s ioi 10 Bornu, Lake Chad . Capt. J. K. Cochrane. 22\ 8f n| Gambia . Julius Jeppe. -2lf 9h I5f Do. . Paris Museum. — 2lf 9b Do. . British Museum (Dr. P. Rendall). 20| 9k 8| Benue River . Major J. A. Burdon. 9 19I 6S 5l Lake Chad S. B. B. Dyer. 9 i9i 6f 8 Between Benue and Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lake Chad 9 i8§ 7i 6| Benue River . Major T. A. Burdon. TIANG (Damaliscus corrigum tiang). Apparently only a local race of the korrigum, from which it is dis- tinguished by its slightly inferior dimensions, and certain differences in the black markings on the face and limbs. Distribution. — Sennar, Kordofan, and Bahr-el-Ghazal. 134 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 24! 94 9 White Nile . H. Cookson. 23 94 84 Do. E. C. Crispin. 22 1 8| 54 Do. Lord St. Oswald. 22f 84 9 Do. British Museum (R. M‘D. Hawker). 9l H Do. Col. B. T. Mahon. 224 84 64 Do. Capt. H. N. Dunn. 22 84 74 Do. J. H. Whitehouse. 2lf 9 74 Do. P. Niedieck. 9 2lf 7 7 Do . . Col. B. T. Mahon. 2 1 1 74 34 Do. Capt. C. J. llawker. 21^ 84 74 Do. Major Hon. W. Guinness. 2ii 9 64 Do. . R. M‘D. Hawker. 21 8f 74 Abyssinian Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfekl. 201 84 6! White Nile H. F. Buxton. 0 M 1 S| 54 Akobo River 0. Neumann. 20^ 74 7 White Nile C. Adeane. 20% 8| 9 Do. Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. 20% 84 6 Do. Major F. J. L. Howard. 204 8 64 Do. . C. Liddell. 9-204 64 ■5 0 Near Fashoda . Hon. F. E. Guest. 9 204 64 6£ Bahr-el-Ghazal British Museum (Consul Petherick). 20 84 54 White Nile Count E. Hoyos. 20 84 74 Do. E. N. Buxton. 20 8 54 Do. G. 11. Cheetham. -I9l 74 64 Bahr-el-Ghazal Sir W. Garstin. 194 74 44 p Capt. J. F. Wolseley. 192 84 8 White Nile . Capt. J. G. A. Massy. -i9s 8 64 Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 19 74 74 Do. Col. St. G. C. Henry. 9 19 64 64 Do. P. Niedieck. 9 19 7 94 Do. E. C. Crispin. 9i8f 6£ 8 Do- W. D. James. 9iSf 64 61 Do. Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. 6 i84 64 74 Sudan Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. TOPI i35 Head of Topi. From a specimen shot by Mr. A. H. Neumann. TOPI (Damaliscus corrigum jimela). Korke of the Gallas. The southern representation of the last, distinguished by its still smaller size (height at shoulder, 43-44 inches), shorter and more slender horns, and the somewhat brindled appearance of the coat, due to patches of longer hairs on the otherwise short fur. General colour a peculiar purple-brown, with the dark markings less defined and less black than in D. corrigum typicus. Weight about 250 lbs. Distribution. — British East Africa from the Juba to the Sabuki River, and thence to Uganda and Uniamwezi. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 21 8 64 North end of Lake Rudolf. The late H. Andrew. i9i 6§ 2— East Africa . H. C. V. Hunter. i9i 00 8 S. Albert Edward Nyanza . E. S. Grogan. 19 72 8 Lake Rudolf A. E. Butter. 36 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 19 6 f u i8f 81 61 -1 8a 7h 6 00 tcH 7l 5s i8-| 8| 81 i8i Si- 51 i8i 71 6 i8| 7 h 14I ’-‘ht 00 t 81 6| 1 8« 6i 5s i8 81 5 s 18 81 9 18 81 6i 1 7l 8 6 i7l \7\ 8 81 9 1 7i 7h 6 A 2 16§ 6g 61 Locality. East Africa North end of Lake Rudolf Jubaland . Tana Rivet- East Africa Do. North end of Lake Rudolf Tana River S. Albert Edward Nyanza East Africa Do. W. of Victoria Nyanza East Africa Do. Do. Do. Do. N. end of Lake Rudolf Owner. A. Louw. A. H. Neumann.1 Major E. G. Harrison. Major H. de Free. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. Julius Jeppe. Capt. C. Ilankey. A. II. Sharp. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. F. J. Jackson. Major G. S. M‘Loughlin. C. Craig. E. Wynstone Waters. L. L. Jenner. F. C. Selous. C. Craig. British Museum (A. E. Butter) 1 Determination provisional. 2 Albino specimen. BONTEBOK 1 37 Head of Bontebok. BONTEBOK (Damaliscus pygargus). Distinguished from the preceding species of the genus by the white blaze on the face, which is continuous from the horns to the nose. Height at shoulder about 40 inches. Weight about 200 lbs. Colour of fore part of back rufous fawn darkening into blackish near the rump, flanks, shoulders, front of limbs, and tail-tuft ; rump, upper half of tail, under-parts, and much of hinder surface of limbs white. The horns very nearly resemble those of the blesbok in shape, but their colour is much darker. Distribution. — Cape Colony, south of the Vaal River ; now nearly ex- terminated. Although formerly occurring in tens of thousands on the Karoos of Cape Colony and the plains of the Orange River Colony, bontebok are reduced to a single herd preserved on some flats on the estate of Mr. Var.der-Byl, near Swellendam, in the south of Cape Colony. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality I6| 6f 9f ? i6£ 6§ 8| Bredasdorp 1 61 8 Do. . Owner. British Museum. A. C. Campbell. British Museum (F. C. Selous). 1 Weight, 200 lbs.; height, 41J at shoulder. L 138 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -I5S 6 4 7tu Bredasdorp Capt. W. Jardine. i5i 6\ 84 Do Hon. Walter Rothschild. -I5i 64 84 Do Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. _I54 64 5 Do A. Ohlsson. i5i 64 9l Do A. C. Humbert. -i5i 61 9l Do Mr. Justice Hopley. T5s 64 84 Cape Colony . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -i5 4 64 9 Bredasdorp . P. C. Keytel. 15 6f 84 Cape Colony . F. C. Selous. 15 6| 78 Do. Capt. F. Cookson. 15 64 6| Bredasdorp W. S. Curtis. -15 ' 6i 74 Do Julius Jeppe. -15 6 94 Do. . Dr. Albert von Stephani. T5 6.4 10 Do A. W. Guthrie. -14 h Do S. African Museum. 9 Hi 5f 74 Do Julius Jeppe. -14 54 8 Do Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 1 9 i3i 54 74 Do British Museum (F. C. Selous). 9-13 5 64 Do Abel Chapman. 1 Height at shoulder, 36!. BLESBOK i39 BLESBOK (Damaliscus albifrons). Nunni of the Bechuanas. Closely allied to the last (of which it may be only a local race), but with less black on the body and limbs, the blaze divided by a white line between the eyes, and the rings on the horns yellowish. Formerly to be numbered by hundreds of thousands, the beautiful blesbok has in the last thirty years grown very scarce indeed, being only met with in small numbers on a few Boer farms in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony. Fifty years ago blesboks often literally darkened the face of the land with their innumerable legions. The north of the Cape Colony, Griqualand West, the Orange River Colony, and the plains of the Western and Southern Transvaal were the true home of this beautiful antelope. Gordon Cumming wrote of a sight he beheld in the blesbok country in 1848. “The plains,” he says, “ exhibited one purple mass of graceful blesboks, which extended without a break as far as my eyes could strain ; the depth of their vast legions covered a breadth of about six hundred yards.” Distribution. — Northern plains of Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, Transvaal, and Bechuanaland ; now nearly exterminated. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 184 5i 124 South Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -l8 64 i of Orange River Colony F. R. N. Findlay. -l8 ... ... ? J. Rosen. -174 64 8a Transvaal J. B. Wheelwright. 174 6f 7 Do. Abe Bailey. -i 7l 64 104 Orange River Colony Capt. W. Jardine. i7i 7i 64 p B. J. Fitzherbert. -17 ... 84 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 1 7 6| 7 ? F. V. Worthington. 17 7 10 ? J. L. Drege. -i6| 7 74 Orange River Colony . Count E. Hoyos. i6| 6| 7 ? T. Stephenson. i6| 64 9s Orange River Colony , Lieut. -Col. W. H. Sitwell. -16# 6§ 94 Orange River Colony Julius Jeppe. 140 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 9-i6i 61 8g 1 6i 7 8 1 6i 6i 9i 1 6i 6| 6 -161 6f ' 9b -161 i6| 7 6| 6g 71 16J 6 § 71 16 6 1 8$ -16 ... -15 1 6i Si 1 6g 7l 15 1 6J 8 7 7b 'Si 61 81 i5 i Sh 72 15 h 6 8 'Si 6§ 6 1 'Si 6i 1 10 'Si 6b 5i 'Si 65 6 h 51 ... 15 6 i 8 -15 5 S'i 15 61 7§ 9 -i4s 4l 81 141 5 5§ 9 14 4l 6| 9 14 5f 5 b Locality. Orange River Colony Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Near Steynsburg . Orange River Colony Do. . Do. . Orange River Colony ? Driefontein, Orange River Colony South Africa . Zululand Orange River Colony Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Do. . Orange River Colony Owner. Julius Jeppe. Capt. H. D. Livingstone. Capt. Sandilands. Major C. F. Pinney. P. C. Keytel. O. R. Dunell. A. E. Croker. Lieut. -Col. F. Fitzherbert. Capt. G. F. Henry. Major Lord Douglas Compton. South African Museum. Mr. Justice Hopley. Lieut. -Col. II. R. Kelham. E. II. E. Abadie. Major C. W. Gartside-Spaight. Capt. F. II. Lehmann. C. II. Akroyd. Lieut. -Col. J. F. M. Fawcett. Col. R. H. Milne-Redhead. British Museum (F. C. Selous). Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. Capt. II. D. Livingstone. Capt. R. 1 1. Mangles. Abel Chapman. Capt. C. R. Staveley. P. C. Keytel. A. E. Croker. Hon. R. A. Ward. T. Stephenson. Weight 180 lbs. Height at shoulder, 39J inches. SASSABY OR BASTARD HARTEBEEST 141 Head of Sassaby. From a specimen shot in Mashonaland by Mr. F. C. Selous. SASSABY or BASTARD HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus lunatus). Incolomo of the Matabili. Ingalowana of the Basutos. Inkweko of the Masubias. Inyundo of the Makalakas. Kaboli in Barotsiland and Lake N garni country. Luchu of the Masaras. M'tengo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Mzanci of the Swazis. Mzanzi of all Zulu tribes XJnchuru of the Makubas. Horns starting obliquely outwards, with a single upward and back- ward lunate curve. Height at shoulder nearly 4 feet. General colour dark chestnut-rufous, with the face, shoulders, hips, upper portions of limbs, and tail-tuft black, and the region of the groin and margin of the ears white. The sassaby has the reputation — in the opinion of all hunters who have tested its speed — of being the fleetest and most enduring animal in South Africa. Were it not that this handsome antelope, in common with its near relative the Cape hartebeest, happens to be lacking in presence of mind, it would very seldom fall to the sportsman’s rifle. A troop of sassaby may be often turned from their course, or 142 RECORDS OF BIG GAME brought to a halt, by firing over the heads of the fleeing animals. Or if the leader of the troop be wounded and turned out, the rest of the herd become confused and now and again offer easy shots. Distribution. — South-East Africa, from north of the Orange River to the Zambesi, westward to Lake Ngami, and northwards to British Central Africa. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -16J 8 1 1 ? J. L. Drege. 16 73 ni ? A. Hugh Bainbridge. 16 78 I2f Chinama, B.C.A. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. -16 ... ? J. Rosen. 7b i5 b Mashonaland . Sir John Willoughby, Bart. 158 7b 1 13 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -I5i 7b 9i S.E. Africa Julius Jeppe. -i5f 7b 133 ? P. C. Keytel. — 1 5i 7b IO§ Pungwe . Capt. W. Jardine. i5i 8 I2£ S.E. Africa British Museum (Sir Andrew Smith). Hb 7b 12 Do. . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 15 7b 1 1 ? R. II. Venables Kyrke. 15 8§ 1 1 8 S.E. Africa G. Richards. 15 7 I I Do. . A. Moseley. Hi 8 10 Lebombo Mountains F. Vaughan Kirby. Hi 7 b I2ij p A. Gerald Biden. -i4l ... Transvaal Abel Chapman. Hi 7b 12 North of Delagoa Bay A. Cameron. 14^ 73 93 Pungwe . Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. Hb 88 1 3b ? F. D. Pirie. 142 73 10 Mashonaland . Col. W. A. Peake. Hb 73 I2i Barotsiland P'. V. Worthington. -Hh 8 i5i Matabililand . J. Brander Dunbar. -Hb 8 15 S.E. Africa James J. Harrison. Hb 7 5 / » 1 1 Mashonaland . . British Museum (F. C. Selous). SASSABY OR BASTARD HARTEBEEST 143 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Hi 7 IO Pungwe . ~?Hi 6 9 Matabililand . Hi 71 13 Do. . -Hi 00 iM-* 11 Pungwe 9 13 1 6§ ill Mashonaland . 9 Hi IO^ p 9 13I 6 9f ? 9 I2f 5f 9i S. E. Africa . Owner. Capt. G. F. Henry. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. W. Van Ness. Count E. Hoyos. British Museum (F. C. Selous). F. D. Pirie. P. C. Key tel. H.R.H. Prince Pedro d’Orleans et de Braganza. Horns of Male and Female Blesbok 144 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Bull Brindled Gnu. From Mr. Julius Jeppe’s specimen. BRINDLED GNU (Connochcetes taurinus). Ee-vuniba of the Makalakas. Ikokoni of the Basutos. Inkone-kone of the Amandebili. Inkongone of the Swazis and Zulus. Kokong of the Barotse and Batoka Minyumbwe of the Baton gas. Numbo of the Masubias. Nyamba of the Chilala and Chis- enga. Unzozo of the Makubas. natives. From their near relatives the hartebeests the gnus, or wildebeests, are distinguishable at a glance by their grotesque shape and smooth horns, as they also are by their habits. The short, broad, and massive head has a blunt and bristly muzzle, and tufts of coarse hair on the forehead and chin ; the chin -tuft also extending on to the throat. The horns, which are placed on the crown of the head, are approxi- mated at their bases, especially in old bulls, and are nearly smooth, more or less flattened at the bases, but almost cylindrical at the tips ; the curvature being at first outwards, or outwards and downwards, and then bending upwards at the tips. An abundant mane of stiff, upright hair clothes the back of the neck ; and the tail is covered with longer and softer hairs, reaching considerably below the hocks. It is from the equine form of the tail that these animals were long popularly known by the name of “ horned horse.” The hoofs are characterised by their narrow form. The blue wildebeest, as this species is called at the Cape, is a large animal, standing about 4 feet 3 inches at the shoulder. Its most characteristic features are the outward direction of the horns, which are but little expanded at the base, and not unlike those of a buffalo, the uniformly black tail, and the absence of long hair on the under-parts. The general colour varies from grizzled roan to blackish slaty brown, with more or less distinct vertical dark stripes on the sides of the neck and fore-quarters ; these stripes being most conspicuous in the lighter- coloured specimens. Typically, the fringe of hair on the throat, like the mane and tuft on the forehead, is black. BRINDLED GNU i45 Distribution . — Formerly ranging from the north of the Orange River for a long distance up East Africa, the brindled gnu is now practically exterminated in the Orange River Colony and the adjacent dis- tricts south of the Limpopo. It is, however, still to be met with in parts of Griqualand West and of the Kalahari, as well as in British Bechuanaland ; while in Khama’s country and Rhodesia, and thence northwards through Central and East Africa, it is Head of Brindled Gnu. comparatively abundant, and it also occurs in Mozambique. In spite of its clumsy and ungainly appearance, the brindled gnu is a rapid mover ; and even when severely wounded will not un- frequently succeed in making good its escape from the mounted hunter. It is generally distributed in South-East Central Africa, and north of the Zambesi is represented by the Nyasaland race {C. taurinus johnstoiii). Another race is noticed below. 146 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of palm. Tip to lip. Locality. ... 29 31 1i3i i5i Sabi Flats -332 285 ... 64 24 Do. 322 29 20 4 261 P. E. Africa 281 2 1 § cl i7l Matabililand 28i 20^ 5 16 Pungvve . 3og 265 21 4i 214 S.E. Africa -3of -27 4 20f Do. 3°l 265 232 5i i6f 3°4 26£ 23^ 64 18J Do. -27 21 44 204 ? 3°4 26 22} 44 184 P. E. Africa 264 2lJ 4i 204 Matabililand -264 3ll 17 Delagoa Bay 30 25I 2li 4i i9l Beira 30 264 2 1 4 44 184 Do. 30 26 21 44 194 Pungwe . -30 26 164 Pungwe . ... 254 22 4i 17 S. Africa . 9 ... 25 22\ 44 10 P. E. Africa -29I 25I 24J 44 184 Do. 291 25i 20i 5 20 Zululand . -29i 26 ... i8f Pungwe . 29 254 3l 19 Do. 29 24? 20j 4i i6| ? 29 25i 21 44 i8^ Zululand . 28§ 24J 22 54 194 S. Africa . 28J 25 1 n 13 p ... 242 20l 5 I7l Matabililand 24a 20 4 i7l Pungwe . 244 21 44 154 Do. . Owner. Dr. R. P. Mitchell B. Secretan. F. Vaughan Kirby. G. H. M. Banks. C. C. Gouldsmith. F. H. Barber. H. M. von Archer. Julius Jeppe. F. C. Selous. Mr. Justice Hopley. Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. Major R. Hayes-Sadler. II. T. and A. II. Glynn. Dr. S. Martin, lion. Walter Rothschild. Count R. Coudenhove. F. Lean. G. Richards. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. M. M‘Neill. Lieut. -Col. D. Bruce. C. B. Addison. H. R.H Prince Pedro d’Orleans et de Braganza. A. Hugh Bainbridge. Lieut. -Col. lion. W. Coke. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. J. Newnham. Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. P. B. Vander-Byl. Marquis of Hamilton. 1 Circumference. BRINDLED GNU 147 Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 28i 25 20| 4§ i9i Pungwe . Capt. T. W. Greenfield, 28£ 23i 20| 4l 00 t— 1 Do. P. C. Keytel. Head of Bull Nyasaland Brindled Gnu. From Sir H. H. Johnston’s British Central Africa. M W 00 24 i8| 4l i8£ British Central Africa C. B. C. Storey. 27i 23S 20J 4 1— 1 Pungwe . P. Niedieck. 1 26 2l| *3i 4i I7S British Central Africa Alfred Sharpe. 1 C. taurinus johnstoni. 48 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 26 2lf HW OO H- 1 4-j 172 Angola C. w. Sharp. 9 25| 2 1 8 l8| 4 I2| Mashonaland . J. ff Darling. "25S 21^ wW 00 4h 134 B.C.A. . R. H. Storey. 1 25i 21 8 4 15 Barotseland R. T. Coryndon. 1-23 20 22 \ 14 B.C.A. . C. Godfrey. 1 -22^ i9i 23 14 Do. P. Barclay. 9 1 7i 135 12 2^ 9d Batoka R. T. Coryndon. 1 C. taurinus johnstoni. WHITE-BEARDED BRINDLED GNU 149 Skull and Horns of a male White- Bearded Gnu. WHITE-BEARDED BRINDLED GNU (Connochcetes taurinus albojubatus). Swahili name, Nyumbu. Somali name, Lavagadli. Masai name, Engat. A local race of the brindled gnu distinguished by its slightly paler coloration, and the yellowish white throat-fringe, a few whitish hairs being also mingled with the mane. The widest part of the front of the horns is somewhat different from the corresponding portion of the typical race. Weight, clean, about 340 lbs. Distribution. — East Africa, Athi plains, Ukambani, north of Kilimanjaro. Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of Tip to Palm. Tip. Locality. Owner. 29i 25^ 24 5? 16! East Africa Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 28! 24! 21 4? i7? Do. . R. Wahrmann. 27l 23! 21 5 16 Do. . Prince P. Demidoff. 27i 23! 2\\ 4t 15? Do. . C. Craig. 27-2- 23S 20 4f I7f Do. . R. Meinertzhagen. 27 2 ... 22 6 152 Do. . Lord Delamere. 27? 23l iS-k 4f 19 Do. . Lord Alex. Thynne. -27! 23l 20^ 155 Do. . O. Neumann. 150 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. 27 23 I9i 4 !7i East Africa -26I 23l 20r'V ... n-rt Do. . 26f 23 I6J 5 20| Do. . 261 23l I7f 4 i8| Do. . z6\ 22| 19^ 4a 20 Do. . 26 \ 22f 15^ 20 Do. . 26 1 22\ 20j 5 13 Do. . 26J 22| 20 4l i8i Do. . 26£ 22 § 1 m Do. . 26 2I| t8| 4^ i6(| Do. . 26 22y 19J 4i m Do. . 25 1 22^ 20J 4f 15 Do. . 25§ 2I| 20 5 Mi Do. . 25i 21^ 19 4i 16J Do. . 25 21^ 4i 16^ Do. . 25 2lJ 20J 4i Mi Do. . 24S 21 i8i 5 14 Do. . 24I 2lJ 19I 4i 15 Do. . 24! 21 19 4i 13 Do. . 24J 2lJ 18 4i 17 Do. . 24? 21 i8i 4i 125 Do. . 9 22§ 16^ 3± 12$ Do. . 9 22 i8| 11J 3i 17 Do. . 9 2lf I9i 16 3 Do. . Owner. Lieut. G. P. Leith, R.N. Capt. M. M'Neill. A. Bayley-Worthington. F. W. Belt. F. J. Jackson. Capt. D. H. Macdonell. R. H. Fawkes. Lieut. F. C. Grover, R.N. H. C. V. Hunter. Capt. C. P. Foley. Julius Jeppe. E. Wynstone Waters. C. C. Bowring. Major C. U. Price. Hon. Walter Rothschild. F. C. Cobb. Major E. J. Tickell. Lord Basil Blackwood. E. N. Buxton. Norman B. Smith. Lieut.-Col. W. A. W. Lawson. R. E. Wemyss. Norman B. Smith. Lord Basil Blackwood. WHITE-TAILED GNU 1 5 1 Horns of White-Tailed Gnu. From Mr. F. H. Barber’s specimen. WHITE-TAILED GNU (Connochoetes gnu). This southern species is the true gnu, being formerly known to the Hottentots by that name, while, by the colonists, it is termed the black wildebeest. Its inferior size (height at shoulder about 3 ft. 10 ins.), the downward curvature of the horns at starting and their great expansion at the base, the pure white tail, and the abundant fringe of long hair on the chest and under-parts, serve at once to distinguish it from the brindled gnu. The general colour is uniform deep umber- brown, passing into black. Females are much smaller than males ; and have the horns more slender and less expanded at the base. Distribution . — The northern range of this species was approximately limited by the Vaal, or northern branch of the Orange River. Before the Boer war it was represented only by herds of a few hundred head preserved in Orange River Colony. On the plains of the latter country, as well as on the Karoos of Cape Colony, it was formerly found in vast herds, generally in company with quaggas. Fierce and treacherous in disposition, it was especially characterised by its habit of indulging in grotesque capers and frolics on the approach of strangers. 152 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -3 °g 1 224 14 Kalahari . Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. -30 104 174 ? Mr. Justice Hopley. -29i 6| 7 Orange River Colony Julius Jeppe. -28 ... Colesburg F. H. Barber. (See illustration. ) -27I- 7 11 Orange River Colony Count E. Hoyos. -275 ... ... Wynburg F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) -274 Victoria W., Cape South African Museum. Colony -265 7 14 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 264 8 144 South Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -264 84 15 Cape Colony . Grahamstown Museum. -264 11 Orange River Colony Abel Chapman. -26 Ilf 1 64 Orange River Colony The Maclaine of Lochbuie. -254 Il4 17 l)o. . J. L. Drege. 25 62 154 Do. . A. Payne-Gallwey. 244 74 18 Orange River Colony Capt. C. Staveley. 24 84 15 Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. 24 H 134 Do. C. D. Rudd. 23 7s 174 Do. A. H. Neumann. 23 7k 15 Do. Bloemfontein Museum. 23 8 124 Do. R. T. Coryndon. 23 72 I4l Do. B. J. Fitzherbert. 22| 74 15 Do. F. C. Selous. 224 6 14 Do. Lieut. -Col. F. Fitzherbert. 224 7k 19 Do. Abel Chapman. 22 7 154 Do. G. L. Buxton. 22 9 174 Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. 22 74 1 14 Do. F. V. Worthington. $ I9S 1 1 34 10-2 Do. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 9 16 4f 1 14 Do. Bloemfontein Museum. 9 16 5 i6| Do. Major C. W. Gartside-Spaight. 9i5l 5 154 Do. Lieut. -Col. F. Fitzherbert. -9 154 5 Hi Do. Julius Jeppe. 1 Circumference. COMMON DUIKER i53 Horns of Common Duiker. From a specimen shot by Mr. F. C. Selous. COMMON DUIKER (Cephalophus grimmi). Puti of the Bechuanas. Impunzi of the Matabele. Gwapi of the Chinyanjas. Impungi of the Swazis and Zulus. Imputi of the Basutos. Gudda of the Hausas. The common duiker, or “ diver,” is the southern representative of an extensive group of small or medium-sized antelopes, mostly confined to Africa, but also containing one genus and species from India. In all of these the muzzle is naked ; face-glands of a more or less elon- gated form are present, as are lateral hoofs ; the tail is of medium length, the knees have no tufts of long hair, and the females are pro- vided with four teats. The horns, which are short and straight, are generally present in both sexes, but are smoother and more slender in the does than in the bucks ; and the upper cheek-teeth have low crowns, with square grinding surfaces. The African duikers have a single pair of horns, generally present in both sexes, and more or less hidden by a tuft of long hairs growing from the crown of the head ; and the face-glands are arranged to form a bare line of pores on each side of the muzzle. The present species — the true duikerbok — is the largest member of a group of three duikers, characterised by the horns (usually absent in the females) inclining upwards at a sharp angle above the plane of the profile of the nose. Other features of the sub- group are the long and pointed ears, the general yellowish or grayish colour, devoid of dark markings, save for a brown nose-spot. Although essentially a southern form, the common duiker, which measures about 23 inches at the shoulder, ranges on the west coast as far north as Angola, and on the eastern side of the continent to British East Africa and Somaliland. Weight about 30 lbs. Throughout its habitat the timid duiker is to be met with wherever sufficient covert exists ; and its furtive, squatting, dodging habits are most aptly indicated by its name. Met with either singly or in pairs, it is never found far M 1 54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME away from covert, strictly avoiding both open plains and steep, rocky mountains. Absence of water is, however, no bar to its existence, as it thrives in the heart of the Kalahari. It is occasionally hunted with foxhounds ; its flesh is but moderately good. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -64 ... Angola E. P. Cooper. -6 2| 3i South Africa James J. Harrison. _5t Do. W. J. Corder. -5ft 24 22 Do. Julius Jeppe. 54 24 21 Selinya, Khama’s F. C. Selous. country 52 2f 2g Cape Colony Mr. Justice Ilopley. “52 British Central Africa . M. L. M. Vaudin. -5* 2f 2f Cape Colony J. B. Wheelwright. Si 2f 14 Zululand Major L. 0. Williams. -si ? 0. R. Dunell. -si 2 4 if ? P. C. Keytel. -si 24 2 Inyamonga, P. E. Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. -54 24 Ift Bredasdorp, C. Colony Mr. Justice Ilopley. 54 2 2g Transvaal . II. T. and A. H. Glynn. 54 2 l'ff 2§ Cape Flats . Capt. W. Jardine. 5 2f 2f South Africa G. Richards. 5 2f 24 Do. F. C. Selous. 5 2£ 2f Angola C. H. Pemberton. 5 H 24 ? C. C. Bowring. 5 24 3i Northern Rhodesia F. Smitheman. -4f ... ... Transvaal . Abel Chapman. -94S 2| 2f ? P. C. Keytel. 4s 2f If South Africa Lieut, the lion. R. 0. B. Bridge- man, R.N. 42 ... 2 4 Algoa Bay . British Museum (F. C. Selous) 42 24 24 South Africa R. A. Cooper. -44 2i 24 Mashonaland A. Ohlsson. 44 2 If South Africa Capt. L. Ravvstorne. ABYSSINIAN DUIKER 155 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -4s ? South African Museum. -4! If ■3 W. Anstruther Thomson. 4i is 2| East Africa Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 4f 2 Do. F. W. Belt. 4s ll 2 Lake Mivern Hon. Walter Rothschild. 4 2 East Africa R. J. Church. 4 2 is Do. F. J. Jackson. 94 If If North of Great Nama- Th. Rehbock. qualand -3i Upper Nile Capt. C. A. Sykes. 3s If Sudan Col. B. T. Mahon. 9 31 I* T — 1 8 Transvaal Julius Jeppe. ABYSSINIAN DUIKER (Cephalophus abyssinicus). Abyssinian name, Midaku . Belonging to the same sub-group as the common duiker, and agreeing with the crowned duiker (C. coronatus) in size, this species differs from the latter by the general colour of the fur being grayish brown, instead of bright yellow. It was discovered by the traveller Ruppell, and its habits have been well described by Mr. W. T. Blan- ford in his Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. Distribution. — The highlands of Abyssinia. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4f 2 J If Abyssinia . W. F. Whitehouse. 4s 2 2 Galla Country Lord Hindlip. 4i If Abyssinia . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. -3 A 2g Do. Prince A. de Lucinge. -3s Is If Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 3 3ts 2 III Galla country Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 25 is If Abyssinia . British Museum. 156 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Blue Duiker. BLUE DUIKER (Cephalophus monticola). Ipiti of all the Zulu tribes. In the great majority of the duikers, that is to say all except the three included in the group mentioned above, the horns, which are generally present in both sexes, slope backwards either in or just below the line of the profile of the nose. The present species is included in a sub-group characterised by the smoky-brown or blackish coloration, and is especially distinguished by the rufous legs and uniformly coloured rump, the height at the shoulder being i 3 inches. Weight about 8 lbs. clean. Distribution. — Southern Africa, from the wooded districts of Cape Colony northwards to Benguela on the west, and Nyasaland on the east. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -2h ... l£ Cape Colony F. Vaughan Kirby. If ii Tushila Plain, B.C.A. lion. Walter Rothschild. -2± ... Knysna, Cape Colony South African Museum. —2$ If if Do. . J. L. Drege. -2j i£ if Do. . Mr. Justice Hopley. 2 if Natal F. C. Selous. 2 if if Benguela . G. W. Penrice. — 2 H if ? P. C. Keytel. _2 ... ? O. R. Dunell. ... ? W. J. Corder. if if if Benguela . Hon. Walter Rothschild. -if if if ? A. Ohlsson. -if 1 9 MB ii Knysna . Lieut. Hon. R. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N. -if If if ? Julius Jeppe. 91* 1 A if Knysna . Lieut. Hon. R. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N. DUIKERS i57 MAXWELL’S DUIKER (Cephalophus maxwelli). This species belongs to the sub-group characterised by the smoky- brown or blackish colour. In size it is small (height at shoulder about 14 inches). The face is coloured like the back ; the limbs, like the body, are grayish brown ; and the rump is not parti-coloured. It was first brought to England by Col. C. Maxwell, and described by Major Hamilton Smith in 1827. Distribution. — West Africa, from Gambia to the Gold Coast. Length on Circum- Tip to front. ference. Tip. Locality. Owner. if 2g 2 Fanti ..... Hon. Walter Rothschild. RED or NATAL DUIKER (Cephalophus natalensis). Rooi-Bosch-bokje of the Boers. Msumbi of the Swazis and Malonga. Mkumbi of the Zulus. Izikupu of the Basutos. Chisimbi of the Lower Zambesi natives. This duiker is classed in another sub-group of small or medium- sized species characterised by the fulvous, rufous, or chestnut ground- colour ; and is specially distinguished by its small size (height at shoulder, 17 inches) and completely uniform coloration, having no dark markings on either the face or body. Distribution. — Natal, Transvaal, and Mashonaland (including all the forest and bush country of the East Coast), also seen by F. Vaughan Kirby and James J. Harrison near the Lualwa River, Mozambique Province. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. “3 5 2 ? Julius Jeppe. -3i 2? Shupanga Forest . F. Vaughan Kirby. 3S 2— ■“2 2| Sabi Flats . . . . . James J. Harrison. -3i 2— 2 ? P. C. Keytel. -3i 3 2 Foothills of Kahlamba , F. Vaughan Kirby. -3i 2— ^3 2§ ? Julius Jeppe. -3i 2| Spitzkop . . . . . H. T. and A. H. Glynn. 00 LO RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. - 9 2§ If I Foothills of Kahlamba F. Vaughan Kirby. - 9 if If 3 4 ? P. C. Keytel. 9 if ... I Near Durban F. C. Selous. 9 if If 2 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. BAY DUIKER (Cephalophus dorsalis). From the last species the bay duiker, together with some allied West African forms, differs by the presence of a black stripe running along the back and continued to the tail. As a species, its special characters are the dark colour of the hams, and the evenly haired tail, which shows no sign of a tuft, and is parti-coloured. Distribution. — West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons ; there being a northern and a southern race. ^front °n Girth. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3H 2! 2 West Africa . . . lion. Walter Rothschild. BANDED DUIKER (Cephalophus doriae). The tiger-like transverse black bands on the orange ground of the back suffice to distinguish at a glance this pretty little duiker from all its kindred. Distribution. — The interior of the West Coast of Africa from Liberia to Sierra Leone, where it is commonly known as the mountain deer. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -If ... I Liberia British Museum (Dr. J.Buttikofer). 1 f i£ Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. YELLOW-BACKED DUIKER (Cephalophus sylvicultor). This species is distinguished from all the other members of the genus by its large size, coupled with its blackish coloration, and the presence of a yellowish crest and similarly coloured longitudinal patch on the rump. Height at shoulder, 34 inches. DUIKERS i59 Distribution. — The West Coast of Africa from Liberia to Angola Length on front. Circum ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 7 3i ... Sierra Leone Capt. C. E. Palmer. 6f 4i Fanti British Museum. 6§ 3l 3S Luapulu River, N.E. G. M. E. Leyer. Rhodesia 6* 3i ... Ashanti C. Beddington. Si 3f 4s Gaboon Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -5i 3f\ 3i Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 5 3i 4? Angola Hon. Walter Rothschild. 5 3l 4s Do. G. W. Penrice. 4f 3i ... Johnston’s Falls . J. Yule. HARVEY’S DUIKER (Cephalophus harveyi). Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3i 2f 2| East Africa Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, R.N. 2I 3iir If Do. E. N. Buxton. 2 2 . . • Kilimanjaro . F. W. Belt. RED-FLANKED DUIKER (Cephalophus rufilatus). The following measurements of a male red-flanked duiker were taken by Lieut.-Col. P. S. Wilkinson. Shoulder to heel . .14^- ins. Len gth of face . 64 » Tail to head • . . • 2 3f „ Tail • . 5i » Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3tV 2i Gambaga, Gold Coast British Museum (Capt. W Giffard). 2i 2 Nigeria Capt. P. A, Clive. 3 2i ii Okutu, S. Borgu . Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 2l 2i 2 Borgu, Nigeria . Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 2§ 2i if Lokoja, Nigeria . Lieut.-Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 2ttt 2-r- ^2 if Lagos C. Vyvyan. 2f 2T5 Togoland . Hon. Walter Rothschild. RECORDS OF RIG GAME 160 WEST AFRICAN DUIKER (Cephalophus coronatus). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4h 2 1 Nigeria . Major J. A. Burdon. 4h 2b Do. Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 4fV 2\ if Okuta, S. Borgu Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 4b 2{ 2 Nigeria . N. F. Bayne. 4 h 2\ 2\ Do. . Capt. W. D. Wright. 4b 2h 2\ Near Borgu, West Capt. N. C. Welch. Africa . 4 if I Between Benue and Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lake Chad . 'l ® 3ttt 2 1 1 Lokoja, Niger Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPE OR CHOUSINGHA 1 6 1 Horns of Male Four-horned Antelope. FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPE or CHOUSINGHA (Tetraceros quadricornis). This antelope is the Oriental representative of the African duikers, from which it is distinguished by the following features. Typically there are two pairs of horns, and the face-glands form deep slits on the sides of the face instead of a long naked line ; the females being hornless. Height at shoulder about 25 inches, and weight about 40 lbs. General colour dull rufous brown, becoming whitish beneath, with the muzzle, the outer surface of the ears, and a line down the front of each leg blackish brown, and some white on the outer side of the pasterns. The front horns are not unfrequently mere knobs, and may even be wanting, as in most of the Madras and Kathiawar specimens. Distribution. — Peninsular India south of the Himalayas. Length of horns on front. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. “5 • • » ... ... ... Jhalavvar H.H. Maharaj Ran a “4a Bahadur of Jhalawar. 2* 2f Il 2- ^8 I Lulitpur . General Walker. 4a 2§ 2j 3 ... ? Capt. J. C. B. Statham. 48 2i 2£ 2§ if India Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. I 62 RECORDS OE BIG GAME Length of horns on front. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Rear. -4s Fore. l£ Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. . India J. D. Inverarity. 4 is Ii 3 ii Indore British Museum (Col. J. 4 2 3 Ii if 2i Karkoie Jungle, near Evans). Lieut. -Col. G.D.F. Sulivan. -4 2 2^ 2f Mhow ? Major L. Impey. -3i ? Indian Museum. -3i If if If 2g Central Provinces . Lt.-Col. R. W. Mapleton. Head of Male Four-horned Antelope. SALT’S D1K-DIK 163 Head of Salt’s Dik-dik. SALT’S DIK-DIK (Madoqua saltiana). This species, the Beni Israel of the Arabs, is the typical representa- tive of a group of tiny, slenderly-built antelopes characterised by the elongated, trunk-like nose, of which the tip is almost entirely hairy, the tuft of hair on the crown of the head, the short and almost rudiment- ary tail, and the minute size of the lateral hoofs. In the present species the last tooth in the lower jaw lacks the third lobe found in almost all ruminants, the muzzle is but moderately developed, and the general colour fulvous or rufous fawn, scarcely more rufous on the sides than on the back. Height at the shoulder, 14 or 15 inches. Distribution. — The Coast Range of Eastern Abyssinia, and adjacent districts of Somaliland. Length m front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3i If Abyssinia . V. Bell. 3 I I Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 2f ... if Do. P. H. G. Powell Cotton. ~2| I Do. J. B. Wheelwright. 2f If Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 2| li ... North Kassala Col. Ralph Vivian. 2i I p P. C. Keytel. 2| . . . 1 g ? British Museum. 164 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Swayne’s Dik-dik. SOMALI DIK-DIKS (Madoqua swaynei, M. phillipsi, and M. guentheri). General native name, Sakdro. Different districts of Somaliland arc inhabited by the three species of dik-diks above named. The first of these is allied to Salt’s dik-dik, but is of smaller size ; it inhabits the northern half of Somaliland. Phillips’s dik-dik, which also occurs in Northern Somaliland, is inter- mediate in size between Salt’s and Swayne’s dik-dik, from both of which it is distinguished by having the back gray and the sides and shoulders rich rufous or cinnamon. On the other hand, Gunther’s dik-dik is widely different from both, being nearly allied to the under-mentioned Kirk’s dik-dik, from which it is distinguished by the form of the nasal bones in the skull. Height at shoulder about 14 inches. Weight, 6 6 lbs. ; ? 5 lbs. (T. W. H. Clarke). Sakdro Guyu ( Madoqua swaynei). Distribution. — Berbera District. Sakdro Go/- Ass ( Madoqua phillipsi). „ Northern Somali- land. Sakdro Gussuli ( Madoqua guentheri). „ Plateau of Central Somaliland. Length on front. Girth. Tip to Tip. t Owner. 1 jSt JU if 2 Col. H. D. Olivier. 3a If Ig J. Kenneth Foster. 3f If 1 i W. W. Ashley. J-3i ... If C. V. A. Peel. 3i If I> Major C. F. Plane. 1 M. guentheri. SOMALI DIK-DIKS 165 Length on front. Girth. Tip to Tip. Owner. a ?i 3s ... T3 1 8 Julius Jeppe. 08 ri A. E. Pease. 1 08 ... J. Brander Dunbar. 3 I Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3 ... If Viscount Edmond de Poncins. ~1 5 “2llf i£ if Do. -,13 zl¥ i* 7 S’ Major E. G. Harrison. -2| Is J. Johnston-Stewart. 2| if If Lord Delamere. 2| If Lord Hindlip. 2| 1 I T. W. H. Clarke. 2| i£ Is A. E. Butter. 2f i£ C. Liddell. X2| ItV Major W. Anstruther Thomson. J-2| is If Julius Jeppe. 1 M. phillipsi. The following are the dimensions of a specimen of M. guentheri : — Length, 23^-. Height, 15^. Horns, 2\. Weight, 8^- lbs. Shot at Njemps, 26:9: 96, by F. J. Jackson. i66 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Kirk’s Dik-dik. KIRK’S DIK-DIK (Madoqua kirki). This dik-dik belongs to a small group of species differing from the one containing M. saltiana by the presence of three lobes to the last tooth of the lower jaw, and likewise by the more decidedly trunk-like character of the muzzle. Of the other members of the group, M. damarensis differs by its superior size, and M. guentheri by the still greater development of the trunk. Weight about 7 lbs. Distribution . — East Africa, from Southern Somaliland to Ugogo, most numerous on the coast. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. J8 1 » 1 i Rift Valley C. Steuart Betton. -7 JL 3 2 l| East Africa Prince P. Demidoff. 3tV iS ifi Do. . J. B. Wheelwright. Do. . F. C. Selous. 3i ii ii Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild 3 i* if E. of Lake Chomo . Lord Hindlip. 'j J ii East Africa F. J. Jackson. 1 9I 5 if if ? F. J. Jackson, C.B. 2i ii if Tana River Capt. C. Hankey. 2| if East Africa British Museum. if Lake Elmeteita Rhys Williams. 1 3 1 a 1 4 Lake Baringo . Do. 1 M. cavendishi. DAMARA AND HEMPR1CH ’S DIK-DIK 167 DAMARA DIK-DIK (Madoqua damarensis). Characteristics mentioned under heading of the preceding species. Distribution . — Damaraland. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -3i I* ii . ? P. C. Keytel. -3 . . . . . . ? Capt. M. Jurich. 0 p- If if Omararu . J. B. Wheelwright. _2& if Do. . Capt. W. Jardine. — 2— ^2 ... ... Damaraland . Cape Town Museum (type specimen). — 2— ■“2 ii ii Do. A. Ohlsson. 2 ii Angola . South African Museu HEMPRICH’S DIK-DIK (Madoqua hemprichiana). Further information is desirable as to the right of this form to specific distinction. Length on front. Circum- re- . re- ference. Tip to lip Locality. Owner. 3§ T 3 f 1 *5 I2 Basa Land . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 2 5 2n 5 T 3 t 1 Abyssinia Do. 1 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Oribi from Pungwe, South-East Africa. CAPE ORIBI (Oribia scoparia). Inla of the Swazis and Zulus. Pulukudukamani of the Basutos. Kaniunda of the Barotse and Batoka natives. The oribis, grysbuck, klipspringer, and their allies constitute a group of comparatively small African antelopes presenting the following char- acters in common. The muzzle has a naked tip, the head is devoid of a tuft of hair, large face-glands open beneath the eyes by a small aperture on each side, the tail is short or moderate, and lateral hoofs may or may not be retained. Horns are present only in the bucks, and are short, almost, or quite, straight, with smoothed tips and ridged bases. The upper cheek-teeth have tall and narrow crowns. The dik-diks are nearly allied, but differ by their tufted heads, and elongated hairy muzzles. The oribis, which are the largest members of the group, have normal hoofs and hair, and are specially distinguished by the presence of a bare glandular spot beneath each ear, and of a large opening in the skull beneath each eye-socket. In the Cape species the horns of the bucks are comparatively smooth and slender, with only their basal two inches slightly ridged ; the tail being tufted and moderately bushy, with its terminal two-thirds black. Height at shoulders, 24 inches. DistributioJi. — Typically, Africa south of the Zambesi. On grassy plains this graceful little antelope is still plentiful in many districts. CAPE ORIBI 169 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip 1 Tip. -74 2 a 2| 7tV 2fV 24 64 2§ -64 If -64 3i 64 24 ... 6 2 — z 8 2— -6 ... 6 2 2f 6 ... 2§ -6 ... 2§ -6 ... ... _5rf 2 24 5S 2f 2| si 2 34 5§ 2 2f 5§ 24 ll 54 2 2-| -54 1 1 34 -54 2 24 -54 34 54 2 2| 54 2 24 -54 ... ... 54 2— 24 54 2 14 -6 . . . 3 Locality. Zomba, B.C.A. Angola . Near Ladysmith Batoka Plateau . ? E. Griqualand . Spitzkop . Natal Angola Do. Do. British Central Africa p British Central Africa Barotsiland Bangueolo . . . . Transvaal . . . . Barotsiland ? Gorongoza, P. E. Africa . ? M’peta Island, Upper Zam- besi Barotsiland ? Pungwe .... ? Batoka Plateau . Owner D. MacAlpine. G. W. Penrice. Lieut.-Col. P. J. R. Crampton. E. Folley. J. L. Drege. British Museum (Jff. Darling) H. T. and A. H. Glynn. South African Museum. C. H. Pemberton. Do. E. P. Cooper. J. Rosen. Mr. Justice Hopley. J. H. Hayes. H. Timmins. F. Smitheman. F. R. N. Findlay. Capt. J. Carden. J ulius J eppe. F. Vaughan Kirby. A. Ohlsson. R. T. Coryndon. F. V. Worthington. O. R. Dunell. Surgeon H. E. Fryer, R.N. George Grey. E. Folley. N RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 7c Skulls of Abyssinian Oribi. Shot by P. H. G. Powell Cotton. ABYSSINIAN ORIBI (Oribia montana). Fdckd of the Abyssinians. Mori of the Dinkas. Very similar in most characters to the Cape species, but with a shorter and less bushy tail, the tip of which has only a few sparse black hairs. Height at shoulder, 22^- inches. These antelopes are shy and rarely seen in the open, preferring the thick bush and long grass. If disturbed they go at a great pace with their heads quite close to the ground. The flesh is good. Viscount Edmond de Poncins states that a fine male weighed 30 lbs. 13 oz., and stood 19.T inches at the shoulder. Distribution . — Abyssinia and Bogosland. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -3 33 2 2g Abyssinia . 5 2h 2i Galla Country 5 2i Abyssinia . 4s 2§ White Nile . -4s 2^ 2 Hawash, Abyssinia 4§ 22 ... Sudan 4s if 2& White Nile . Owner. Julius Jeppe. Lord Hindlip. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. C. J. Ilawker. Prince A. de Lucinge. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. C. Cookson. OR/BIS 1 7 1 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4 h 2i ol Z4 White Nile . Capt. the Hon. M. P. Macnaghten. 4i 2— Do. H. Cookson. -4i 9I Jubaland Major E. G. Harrison. ~4i 2 2 Hawash, Abyssinia Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 4§ 2 2f Abyssinia . . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. ~4i ... If Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 4§ oi z2 If White Nile . Major R. M. Sanders. 4§ T — *4 2| Dombelas, Abyssinia . British Museum. 4i 2— Abyssinia W. F. Whitehouse. 4i 2\ T — a4 Sudan Count J. Potocki. 4. 12 2.2 2.3 Do. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. WEST AFRICAN ORIBI (Oribia nigricaudata). The present species is very close to smaller size, grayer, and with a distinct the Abyssinian oribi, but of black tip to the tail, as in the Cape species. Height at shoulder, 20 inches. Distribution. — The open country of Senegal and Gambia. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4f 2— 2f Lake Chad . S. B. B. Dyer. 4t\ I§ 2 Nigeria F. Dwyer. 4 T — 1 Jr 2 Do. Capt. H. A. Porter. 4 ... Do. Major J. A. Burdon. 3s l| 2— Z4 Do. F. P. Crozier. 3t¥ if Do. Major A. H. Festing. 3f If if Borgu Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 3§ If 2f Nigeria Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. HAGGARD’S ORIBI (Oribia haggardi). Swahili name, Taya . Still imperfectly known, but distinguished from all the other oribis by the stouter horns, which are strongly ridged for rather more than the basal half of their length. Height at shoulder about 24 inches. Distribution. — The coast districts of East Africa in the neighbourhood of Lamu. Discovered in 1887 by Mr. J. G. Haggard. 172 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Si 2\ o 1 ^4 East Africa R. Wahrmann. -sl 2f 2§ Tana River . Major E. G. Harrison. Si 2i 2* East Africa . C. Craig. ... 2i Do. ... C. C. Bovvring. -5i 2§ 2 i Do. ... . Julius Jeppe, 5s 2| Do. ... . Dr. A. Paget. 1 C — 2| 2 East Central Africa lion. Walter Rothschild. 1 el 08 rl ft ITtT 2§ North end of Lake Albert Col. Trevor Ternan. 5 2 East Africa . E. Wynstone Waters. 5 IS 2 h Do. ... . F. C. Selous. 4i 2$ Do. ... Capt. H. de Free. 4i 2h Do. ... Capt. J. Ponsonby. 1 Determination provisional. ZANZIBAR SUNI (Nesotragus moschatus). The two elegant little antelopes included in the genus. Nesotragus are near relatives of the oribis, from which they are distinguished by the absence of a naked glandular patch below the ear and the want of lateral hoofs. They are further characterised by the horns being directed backwards nearly or quite in the plane of the face, and extend- ing at least as far as the back of the head, as also by the large size of the empty spaces in the skull below the sockets of the eyes, and by the nasal bones. In the present species the horns are short and slender, and the colour, inclusive of the tail-tip, fawn gray. Height at shoulder about i 3 inches. Distribution. — Islets near Zanzibar and adjacent coast from Kilimanjaro to Mozambique. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3h l£ 2 Islands, Zanzibar . Sir John Kirk. 3i If Ij Do. . British Museum (Capt. Speke). 3i li Do. British Museum (Sir John Kirk) -3s Zanzibar Major E. G. Harrison. ~1 ft 2 nr i| ii Kikuyu . . F. J. Jackson. II Zanzibar Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. LIVINGSTONE'S SUN / i73 Skull and Horns of Livingstone’s Suni. LIVINGSTONE’S SUNI (Nesotragus livingstonianus). Lumswi of the Shupanga. Intilengana of the Amatonga. Distinguished from the preceding species by its slightly superior dimensions (height at shoulder, 1 5 inches), the longer and thicker horns, more rufous coloration, and the blackish upper surface of the tail. Two specimens killed by F. Vaughan Kirby measured — Male. Female. Extreme length over all, tip of nose to end of tail 27^ ins. 25f ins. Length of tail .... . 3p » 3 „ Perpendicular shoulder-height . Mi » r3i „ „ height at croup . I4f Mi » Girth of neck .... . 6i » 6 „ „ behind the shoulder « i4i 1 3— 1 J 8 ” Distribution. — South-East Africa, from Mozambique to Zululand ; the form from Zululand being distinguished as N. livingstonianus zuluensis . Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -4l 2 ? Julius Jeppe. 4a If if Shupanga Poorest F. Vaughan Kirby. "42 ... if ? F. J. Newnham. 4§ 4 Gungunyana’s country British Museum (H. T. Glynn). 174 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -4i ... ... Delagoa Bay . F. H. Barber. -4? p 0. R. Dunell. -4i I? ? P. C. Key tel. -4s I Delagoa Bay F. C. Selous. ~4s 2 ♦ ? J. B. Wheelwright. -4 ? W. J. Corder. -4 Shupanga Forest . M. L. M. Vaudin. 3l if 2 ? C. D. Rudd. -3l I* If Zambesi Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3l ... Delagoa Bay Capt. W. Jardine. 3U if 2T5iJ Do. Flon. Walter Rothschild. GRYSBUCK i75 Head of Grysbuck, from a specimen shot by Mr. F. C. Selous. GRYSBUCK (Rhaphiceros melanotis). Isikupi of the Basutos. From the other members of the oribi group the grysbuck and its cousin the steinbuck are readily distinguished by the horns rising nearly vertically from the skull, in which the open spaces below the eye- sockets are unusually small. Curiously enough, the grysbuck retains the lateral hoofs, which have disappeared in the steinbuck. In addi- tion to this feature, the former is distinguished by the fur showing a large admixture of white, instead of being uniformly coloured. Height at shoulder, 22 inches. Weight, 24 lbs. Distribution. — South Africa, extending as far north as the Zambesi and Mozambique. Length pn front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4l ii if ? R. A. Cooper. -4§ ... If ? P. C. Key tel. 4i if 2 ? Lieut, -Col. H. J. G. Lloyd. -4 Caledon, C.C. South-African Museum. -4 . . . ? J. Rosen. 3§ if 2\ Knysna, C.C. Lieut, the Hon. R. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N. 3 A if i§ Cape Colony . F. C. Selous. (See illustration. ) ~3k 1 1 2§ Knysna, C.C. Mr. Justice Hopley. 3k 1 h if ? Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 76 Head of Steinbuck. STEINBUCK (Rhaphiceros campestris). IsJiah of the Swahilis. Impulupudi of the Basutos. Ingaina of the Swazis. Phuduhudu of the Bechuanas. Timba of the Barotse and Batoka natives. Urngwena of the Matabili. As mentioned above, this species is at once distinguished from the grysbuck by the absence of the lateral hoofs and the uniform colour of the fur. The general tint of the latter is bright sandy rufous, becoming richer on the head, and frequently with the tip of the muzzle and a horseshoe-mark on the crown brown. Height at withers about 19^- inches. Weight about 25 lbs. Distribution. — Africa south of the Zambesi on the east, and the Cuneni on the west ; northwards of the Tana to Nyasaland represented by Neumann’s steinbok ( R . campestris neumanni ), distinguished by the absence of dark markings on the head. Probably owing to its small size, the steinbuck has managed to escape the fate that has befallen so many of the South African antelopes. Wherever the traveller journeys on the veldt, he is almost certain to meet this species, which may be regarded as the most familiar game animal of the plains. Like many of its kindred, it is independent of water, and can thus exist in the heart of the Kalahari, where water may not occur for a distance of fully fifty miles. STE INBUCK 1 77 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -6| ... Graffreinett . . F. H. Barber. ~5l ..1 ... Kikumbulin . W. Russell Bowker. ~5f if 3 ? Mr. Justice Hopley. su ... 2§ Near Middleburg . . E. H. E. Abadie. ~5f If if ? J. Whitaker. -5f 2 If ? Julius Jeppe. x5i ... i A Kimberley F. C. Selous. -5i ... ... p O. R. Dunell. Si ... if East Africa . C. Steuart Betton. -Si ... 3i Do. . Capt. M. M ‘Neill. 5 A ... 2| Cape Colony . British Museum. 5f 2 If East Africa . E. Gedge. -51 ... ... ? J. Rosen. 5i ... ii South Africa . . J. B. Neilson. si if Do. . Lord R. Wellesley. -Si ... ? South African Museum. -Si I§ Cape Colony . . F. R. N. Findlay. -5i ... • •• ? P. C. Iveytel. Si If if East Africa . F. C. Selous. 4§ If 3 Gilgil, E. Africa . Rhys Williams. 4l ii 2f Portuguese E. Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. 4§ . if 2i South Africa . . G. Richards. 4i ii 2| ? Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. 42 if if South Africa . . H. and C. Beddington. 4i if 2f Do. . F. C. Selous. -42' ... ... Masailand . Major E. G. Harrison. 4i if 2 South Africa . . Major C. F. Minchin. 4§ if 2| Tana Valley . . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 1 Killed with hounds. 178 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Head of Male Klipspringer, from specimens shot in Somaliland by Major H.G.C.Swayne. KLIPSPRINGER (Oreotragus saltator). Alakud of the Somalis. Chipomco of the Chilalas. Chinkomo of the Chinyanjas. Ingulidu of the Makalakas. Sassa of Ikunii of the Basutos. Klipbok of the Boers. Ligoka of the Zulus and Swazis. Njerere in the Batoka country. Abyssinians. Not only from the other members of the oribi group, but from antelopes of all kinds, the agile little klipspringer, or “ rock-jumper,” is distinguished by the peculiar conformation of its hoofs and the structure of its hair. The former are large, cylindrical, blunt, and so situated in regard to the rest of the limb, that the animal walks on what corre- sponds to their tips in other antelopes, the whole hoof thus rising vertically from the ground. As regards the hair, this may best be compared with that of the musk-deer, having the same brittle, pithy structure. Lateral hoofs are retained ; the tail is reduced to a mere rudimentary stump ; and the horns of the bucks rise nearly vertically from the head, with a slight forward curvature, and are ringed for their basal third. The speckly olive -gray hue of the fur is too well known to need description. Height at shoulder from about 20 to 22 inches. Distribution. — Mountainous and rocky districts in South and East Africa, from the Cape northwards to Abyssinia. Klipspringer-shooting is the best mountain sport to be obtained in Africa ; and a pair of these active little animals bounding, as if made of indiarubber, KLIPSPRINGER 179 from rock to rock is a sight never to be forgotten. To bag these exceedingly active and shy little antelopes, the sportsman, especially in the steep mountain ranges of Cape Colony, must, however, be prepared for a long and difficult stalk under a blazing sun. Except when they require its hair for stuffing saddles, the Boers leave the klipspringer alone ; which is doubtless one reason that it is still comparatively abundant. Its venison is of excellent quality. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Si 2 i 2b 28 Mashonaland The late H. H. Eyre. 5s oi 28 2§ Transvaal . F. Vaughan Kirby. -4§ 2— 24 2h Do. Julius Jeppe. 4i 2rs 2 H Wittberg, Cape Colony- H. A. Bryden. 4 i 2 3f East Africa E. Gedge. ~4i ? J. L. Drege. ~4\ ... ? J. W. Corder. 4§ if 2i Matabililand Hon. R. A. Ward. 4i 2 3f S.E. Africa F. C. Selous. 4i 2 3l Near Lake Rudolf H. S. H. Cavendish. -4k 2i 3 Somaliland . C. V. A. Peel. ~4k 3s South Africa A. Ohlsson. -4k .5 23 Do. Mr. Justice Hopley. 4s 2 2i Somaliland Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 4s 2^ T — x4 North Nyasaland James Yule. 4 if 2 East Africa Lord Delamere. 4 if 2§ ? Mr. Justice Hopley. 4 2— 28 If Matabililand W. W. Ashley. 4 2— 2 2 If South Africa H. and C. Beddington. 3i ig 2f Abyssinia . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 3l 2 2f East Africa J. Gardiner Muir. 3l If 2| Somaliland Prince Boris Czetwertynski. 3l 2 2 Do. T. W. H. Clarke. 3l ... li Abyssinia . British Museum. 3t 2§ 3s South Africa Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. i8o RECORDS OF BIG GAME I lorns of Waterbuck. COMMON WATERBUCK Chuzii in the Chilala and Chizenga countries. Kring-gaat of the Dutch. Li Tumogha of the Matabili. (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). M'dongoma or Matutwi in the Barotse country. Swahili name Kuril. Tumoga of the Bechuanas. The waterbucks and their smaller allies the kobs, together with the reedbucks and vaal rhebok, constitute a well-defined group of large or medium-sized African antelopes presenting the following characteristics. They have the muzzle naked, no face-glands, a moderately long tail, well -developed lateral hoofs, and the horns confined to the bucks. In shape and size the horns are variable, being either long or medium, but never spirally twisted, and always with smooth tips, below which they are ridged ; usually they are at first inclined somewhat backwards, after which they are curved upwards and more or less forwards, although they may have a sinuous curvature, and in the vaal rhebok are straight. The upper cheek-teeth are tall and narrow. In the COMMON WATERBUCK 1 8 1 waterbucks and kobs, which include the largest representatives of the group, there are no naked patches on the head below the ears, the tail is comparatively long, with a slight terminal tuft, and the lateral hoofs are large. A characteristic feature of the skull is the presence of a deep hollow in the forehead. From its allies the true or common waterbuck is recognisable at a glance by the elliptical white ring on the buttocks, which extends downwards to the thighs. Height at shoulder from 48 to 53 inches. Weight about 360 lbs. clean. Distribution. — Africa north of the Limpopo along the eastern coast region as far as the Shebeyli River in Somaliland ; thus including Nyasaland and British and German East Africa. Never, apparently, very abundant, this handsome antelope, whose head and horns form one of the chief prizes of the South African hunter, has had its range much curtailed of late years. Its present strongholds are the unhealthy districts between the Sabi and Zambesi, the affluents of the latter river, and the Chobi, Okavango, and other rivers above Lake Ngami. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 36£ 8f 20| Delagoa Bay . F. H. Barber. (See illustration. ) -361 ...' ... South Africa . 0. R. Dunell. -35i 9 14 ? Mr. Justice Hopley. ~342 -335 ... Limpopo Valley, S.E. Africa Do. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. J. da Gama Cruz. -33i io£ 2I| Do. F. Vaughan Kirby. 33i 9 £ 2l£ Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 33 9§ II* Mashonaland . British Museum (F. C. Selous). 33 8i 24 Do. . J. G. Millais. -33 8| 1 7i Do. A. Ohlsson. -33 ... Lake Ngami . South-African Museum. 32S 9f 2I| South Africa . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 32i 9h 29i Barotsiland R. T. Coryndon. 31! 9i 24 Zululand Major L. 0. Williams. -3if H 21* North of Pungwe . Count F. Hoyos. -31 i 9 1 7 ? Julius Jeppe. “3*2 i6§ Batoka Plateau S. M. L. O’Keefe. I 82 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. io| 1 3§ 3*i 9§ l9i 3i 9\ 22 -3i ... ... 3i 9h 22 -3i 9l 17 3°S 8 2 3i 305 8f 25 -30^ 9 26 30 1 9» 2 3i -3°s ... 3°s i3i -30 £ 9h -30 H 27h 29I 9s 12Z -29S ~29t7 9tV 19R -29^ 9h 14 29 H 29 iof l6 29 9i 26 29 9l i6h 28| H 23 00 N 8 27 27I 8 18 26J 8| 21 Locality. Pungwe . ? Zululand Transvaal Mashonaland . E. C. Africa . Pungwe . B. C. Africa . Do. . . . Zululand Macloutsie Mashonaland . Komati River, S. Africa . P. E. Africa . Zululand Somaliland Danakil Piast Africa . Do. . Sabi River East Africa . Do. Lake Baringo Shire Valley . Somaliland Do. . . . Owner. Earl of Dunmore. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. D. Talbot. Abel Chapman. F. C. Selous. James J. Harrison. Major Lord Douglas Compton. S. Robins. Julius Jeppe. A. J. Brandon. Major G. F. T. Leather. F. C. Selous. Count E. Hoyos. Capt. M. M ‘Neill, lion. Charles Ellis. Dr. Donaldson Smith. Prince A. de Lucinge. Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R. N. Rhys Williams. Sir Thomas Fowler, Bart. E. Gedge. Major W. H. Williams. H. Ilyde-Baker. Lieut. -Col. H. H. Williams. A. E. Butter. II. Z. Darrah. SING- SING WATERBUCK 183 'M Skull of Male Sing-sing Waterbuck, from a Semliki. SING-SING WATERBUCK (Cobus defassa). Gurumes of the Gallas. Tambiir of the Dinkas. Distinguished from the common waterbuck (C. ellipsiprymnus) by the presence of a large white patch on the lower part of the buttocks, instead of a white elliptical ring extending higher up. Four more or less distinct local races of this species may be recognised. First, the West African sing-sing ( C \ defassa unctuosus ), of Senegal and Gambia, characterised by its rufous colour and the small amount of white in the region of the eye. Second, Crawshay's sing - sing ( C . defassa 184 RECORDS OF BIG GAME crawshayi ), from British Central Africa, with a dusky coloration. Third, Penrice’s sing-sing {C. defassa penricei ), from the interior of Benguela, Angola, in which the colour is so dark as to be almost black. And, fourth, the defassa sing-sing {C. defassa typicus ), extending from Western Abyssinia through Sennar, Kordofan, and the valley of the White Nile to Uganda and British and German East Africa, in which the ears are longer and more pointed, and there is more white in the region of the eye than in the other races ; the general colour being rufous. The four races are frequently regarded as distinct species, but they are so evidently local modifications of a single somewhat variable form that it appears far preferable to include them all under a single specific heading. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 -354 ... ... Near Toru . Major C. G. H. Sitwell. 3i 4 H 26 White Nile . Col. B. T. Mahon. 31S 8 20f Do. . S. If. Whitbread. 3r§ 9 21 Semliki Valley . . Capt. R. A. Markham. 302 194 White Nile . Major R. M. Sanders. 30 Si IS Do. . . R. M‘D. Hawker. 294 82 i8§ Do. . Capt. the I Ion. M. P. Macnaghten. -29I 8§ 29:3 Do. . . Count T. Palfify. 29i 8 174 ? Douglas M‘Douall. -29i 8S 17 Lake Abaya O. Neumann. -29& 9f 22i Semliki Valley . Sir W. Garstin. 29 8^ I5l White Nile G. II. Cheetham. 29 82 2li- British East Africa . Major E. J. Tickell. 29 8 i6| Abyssinia . . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. -29 8 64 p Julius Jeppe. 2 29 9 22 Lake Mweru lion. Walter Rothschild. 29 84 202 Abyssinian Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 28^ 84 i7i White Nile . Count E. Hoyos. 284 9 19 Uganda . P. B. Vander C. Byl. 2S4 8 22f White Nile . Major C. E. Wilson. 1 Mr. F. R. Hicks favours me with this measurement. 2 Cobus crawshayi. SING-SING WATERBUCK 185 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 284 8f 20 White Nile . Capt. C. J. Hawker. -284 • ••. 28f Do. Sir W. Gordon Cumming, Bart 284 9? i7i p A. E. Butter. -284 19 Bahr-el-Zaraf . Sir W. Garstin. 28 7i 15 White Nile . Lieut. -Col. W. H. Sitwell. 28 7i 1 84 Do. C. Adeane. 28 8f 9i Do. W. D. James. 28 84 I2f Wadelai Major M. L. Carleton. -27s Si 9s Sudan Count T. Palffy. 2 7i Si 1 Si East Africa C. Craig. 27f Si i3i ? British Museum. 274 Si i9i East Africa J. K. Baas. 27i Do. R. J. Church. 27i 9 17 Sudan Capt. H. H. S. Morant. -27i 9 12 East Africa Lord Delamere. 27i Si 23 Sudan Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. 27 8 1 Si Kavalli, Lake Albert . Col. Trevor Ternan. 27 20 S.E. Victoria Nyanza 0. L. Beringer. 27 8§ i3i East Africa W. F. Whitehouse. 27 8* 17 White Nile Lord St. Oswald. 27 8* 9S Sudan H. F. Buxton. -27 9i 20J Do. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. -27 Upper Nile Capt. C. A. Sykes. CRAWSHAY’S SING-SING (Cobus defassa crawshayi). 24i 8§ 13 N.-W. Rhodesia R. T. Coryndon. 23i 84 13 Do. F. W. Worthington 23i 8 i3l Do. Julius Jeppe. 22f 8 1 7i Do. James Yule. O 1 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WEST-AFRICAN SING-SING (Cobus defassa unctuosus). Gumbasa of the Hausas. Height at shoulder, 47 to 48 ins. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 295 71 23 Nigeria Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 29^ 00 17^ Do. R. Marmon. 27! 8 15 Gambia . H. North. 26 7h 20 Nigeria . J. C. Parker. 25s 6| 18 Gambia II. L. Stephen. 252 7f 13* Nigeria Capt. H. A. Porter. 25^ 7 i8i Do. Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. -25 ... *5 Gambia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 24 5 13* Do. Julius Jeppe. 24h OO 19 Do. . II. C. Goddard. PENRICE’S SING-SING (Cobus defassa penricei). Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 29 81 I8J- Benguela . G. W. Penrice. -28^ 00 20 Do. E. P. Cooper. -28± 00 II^ Do. A. Ohlsson. 28 8 22 2 Do. . . . G. W. Penrice. 242 8 9s Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild 20j 6£ I2j Do. . Julius Jeppe. MRS. GRAY'S KOB 187 Head of Mrs. Gray’s Kob. MRS. GRAY’S KOB (Cobus maria). With this species we come to the smaller waterbucks, or kobs ; the present animal being distinguished by the long slender darkly curved horns, which are ridged nearly to the tips, and the blackish brown body-colour of the old bucks. This dark colour is relieved by a whitish patch in front of the withers, the yellowish ears, a yellowish 1 88 RECORDS OF BIG GAME white patch in front of and behind each eye, and the yellowish muzzle, chin, and throat. The limbs and much of the under-parts are wholly dark coloured. Height at shoulder about 38 inches. Distribution. — The swamps bordering the White Nile and its tributaries. It is only of late years that this handsome species has been well represented in collections. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 32 62 Near Junction of Bahr- Capt. H. N. Dunn. el-Gebel and White Nile -3oh 6i 1 7 ? Berlin Museum. -29l 6| 9s ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 29! 61 12 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. 29 1 6k i8i Near Junction of Bahr- Capt. H. N. Dunn. el-Gebel and White Nile 29 7 f I2| p Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. 29 7 l6 Tonga Island, White Capt. W. Iiayes-Sadler. Nile -29 6 1 17 Bahr-el-Ghazal . Sir W. Garstin. 28 6| I4S ? E. C. Crispin. 27I 6| 21^ Bahr-el-Ghazal . Major R. M. Sanders. 2 7k 7 I7l ? Major C. E. Wilson. 27 72 i7s Bahr-el-Ghazal . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26 5 6| I3l Arwan, Bahr-el-Ghazal British Museum (Consul J. Petherick). 261 62 12 White Nile. Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. 26! 7 14 Bahr-el-Ghazal . J. H. Whitehouse. 261 6i 13 Peebo River The late Capt. H. G. Majendie. 24f • • • Near Junction of Bahr- British Museum (Capt. H. N. el-Gebel and White Dunn). Nile WHITE-EARED KOB 189 WHITE EA RED KOB WHITE-EARED KOB (Cobus leucotis). Hamaraia dyl of the natives. Teel of the Dinkas. The old bucks of this smaller species are of the same blackish brown colour as those of C. maria , but have no light patch in front of the withers, and are further distinguished by the ears, a large patch extending from the same to surround each eye, the muzzle, chin, upper portion of the throat, the under-parts, and portions of the inner and front surfaces of the limbs being pure white. Moreover, the direction of the hair is reversed from the loins instead of from the 190 RECORDS OF BIG GAME middle of the back. Young bucks and females are red. Height at shoulder about 34 or 35 inches. Distribution. — The region of the Upper Nile, including the Sobat, Bahr-el-Ghazal, and their tributaries. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 2I| 9f White Niie E. C. Crispin. -2I| 7i I3xt Do. Paris Museum. 2Itj 65 12 Do. . R. M‘D. Hawker. 2l£ 61 I I Do. Capt. W. Ilayes-Sadler. 2 1 £ 6£ 8 Do. Major R. M. .Sanders. -21 7h io£ Do. E. N. Buxton. 20j 6 S£ Do. Capt. H. N. Dunn. 20| 6 95 Do. British Museum (Capt. H. N. Dunn). 20 h 5« 95 Sobat River The late Capt. H. G. Majendie. 20h 7 12 White Nile . Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. Hu 0 rt 1 7 II. 15 Do. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. -2o£ 8g Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 20 6£ 8£ Do. Capt. R. A. Markham. 20 6A 135 Do. Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. 20 6£ io£ Do. Count. E. Hoyos. 20 6 1 I2£ Do. P. Niedieck. 20 6i i°£ Do. Hon. N. Charles Rothschild. -20 7 7 5 Do. Berlin Museum. 19? 14 Do. G. II. Cheetham. _I9i 6£ 13 Do. Sir W. Garstin. -19 6| 71 Do. Julius Jeppe. i8| 5l ioi Do. J. Carr Saunders. i8i 6i 6^ Do. Major Hon. W. Guinness. 18 6 9 Do. Count E. Hoyos. 18 6i 1 °£ Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. BUFFO N’S KOB 191 Frontlet and Horns of Buffon’s Kob. BUFFON’S KOB (Cobus cob). Maria of the Hausas. In common with the Uganda kob and puku kob, this species has the back of the ears rufous like the body ; and it agrees with the former of these in having the horns less than twice the length of the head, the hair short, and the front of the fore-legs black ; its peculiar distinctive features being the presence of a white line over each eye and its comparatively small size, the approximate height at the shoulder being from 32 to 33 inches. Distribution. — -West Africa, from the Gambia to Nigeria. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -20 ••• 12 Benue Capt. W. de L. Williams. I9l 7§ 9 Lake Chad . Col. T. L. N. Morland. I9i 6| 7l N igeria . Major A. H. Festing. i9i 6f 13 Lake Chad J. C. Parker. 19 6J II Do. S. B. B. Dyer. i8| 5i 7\ Nigeria . Captain J. S. Brogden. 92 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i8i 1 1 Niger Major R. H. Beddoes. i8i 6 8£ Benue River . Major J. A. Burdon. 18 6§ 9 h Cameruns Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 18 6 8| Nigeria . . R. S. M'Clintock. i7l 6 12 Do. . Capt. J. F. Loder Symonds. i7s 6| 82 Do. Dr. F. W. Chesnaye. -i7s 7§ 6 Do. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. i7h 8§ Cameruns Hon. Walter Rothschild. i7i 52 9i Lake Chad Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogl I7l 52 62 Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. ■i7i 61 9 ? I\ C. Key tel. 17 6i 72 Nigeria . . Julius Jeppe. i6| 6i 11 Do. Capt. H. A. Porter. i6£ 52 8 Ibi District Carl Jeppe. .0 Skull of Uganda Kob. UGANDA KOB i93 UGANDA KOB (Cobus thomasi). The East African representative of Buffon’s kob, from which it is distinguished mainly by its superior size, and the presence of a complete white ring round each eye, instead of having only a white line above the same. General colour rich fulvous, with the muzzle, lips, chin, under-parts, and inner surfaces of upper portion of fore-legs and thighs white ; front of fore-legs with a black line, and hind-legs with a similar line, which does not, however, ascend within some dis- tance of the hocks. Height at shoulder about 35-^ inches. Distribution. — East Africa, from Kavirondo to Uganda. Native name, Sunu or N’Sunu. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -24! 7s 12 Wadelai Capt. G. A. S. Cape. 23a 7i 61 Mruli .... Capt. J. Ponsonby. 22§ 7k n4 Uganda .... Capt. C. A. Sykes. 22 7 7f Do. . P. B. Vander-Byl. 2lf 7i 9 Do Capt. R. A. Markham. 214 8 9i Do Douglas M£Douall. 21 2 71 9 Do Capt. R. A. Markham. “2l£ ... I2| Do C. Steuart Betton. 2lJ 71 7t Wadelai .... Major M. L. Carleton. 21 7 1 24 Uganda .... Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. 20| 6| 10J Nile Valley . Julius Jeppe. 20 1 6S 11 Do. . Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 20^ 7 9l North end of Lake Albert Col. Trevor Ternan. 20 6! 11 Semaliki Sir W. Garstin. I9S 64 12 Uganda Capt. C. J. Hawker. 194 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head and Fore-quarters of Lechi ( Cobus lichi). From a photograph by Mr. Poulett-Weatherly. LICHI or LECHWE (Cobus lichi). In this handsome antelope the horns are longer than in its allies, considerably exceeding twice the length of the head, while the front of the fore-legs is black, and the hair long. Height at shoulder, 40 or 4 1 inches. Like the puku, this kob was discovered by Livingstone and his companions Oswell and Murray during their journey to Lake Ngami in 1849. In point of size it approximates to the true water- bucks, from which, however, in addition to the features already mentioned, it may always be distinguished by its lighter and more graceful build. The general colour is fulvous, of a lighter tint than in the Uganda kob. Seldom found very far from water, this antelope is most abundant LI CHI OR LECHWE 195 in the lagoons and swamps created by the annual rising of the Upper Zambesi, the Botletli, Chobi, Tamulakan, and other rivers of the interior, in localities where the surrounding flats are inundated for some part of the year. The lichi seldom ventures into the deep rivers from fear of the crocodiles, but among the reed-beds, the shallow lagoons, and flooded flats it is a familiar figure. It is often to be found, in the less accessible regions, in vast herds. An excellent swimmer, it can progress by a succession of splashing bounds at great speed through the lagoons and shallows. It is extremely tenacious of life. Distribution. — Zambesia and Barotsiland. Lechwi in the Barotsi and Lake Ngami countries. Mumembe (male), Ngia (female) in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Leche ', Lee-gwee of the Makololo. Inya of the Masubias. Oonya of the Makubas. Bainajija of the Mushu Kulumbwe. Length on front. Circunv ference, “342 -34 -334 7 3i4 7 30 4 8 3°f 30 84 284 84 28 8f -28 . . . 28 81 27I 74 27I 8 -27S ... 274 1 of 274 74 2 74 8 27 84 -26* 9 -26* 74 Tip to Tip. Locality. p ? 26! Lake Bangweolo 18 N.W. Rhodesia . 1 7 Kafue River 194 ? 20% British Central Africa l6 Barotsiland 164 N.W. Rhodesia . ? ? 164 i8| Barotsiland 14 Okavango Valley 134 ? 194 Chobi Valley 204 Barotsiland 14! Chobi Valley 144 Barotsiland 204 ? 14! Barotsiland Owner. F. H. Barber. J. Rosen. Poulett- W eatherley. Col. C. Harding. C. Fendelow. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. H. Hayes. Capt. J. Carden. George Grey. W. V. Corder. George Grey. South-African Museum. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. P. C. Keytel. British Museum (F. C. Selous). Dudley West. F. C. Selous. F. V. Worthington. Julius Jeppe. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. SMITHEMAN’S LICHI (Cobus smithemani). 23J 5! ii| Near Lake Mweru . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 21? 6J i8f Do. Do. 196 RECORDS OF BIG GAME jz Skull and Horns of Puku. PUKU KOB (Cobus vardoni). Impuku of the Masubias. Puku in Ngamiland. Mwitinya in Barotsiland. Seula in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. From the other small kobs with the back of the ears rufous, the puku is distinguishable at once by the uniformly foxy colour of the fore-legs, as well as by the greater length of the hair, especially in the region of the back and loins, where it has a tendency to curl. General colour reddish yellow. Height at shoulder about 39 or 40 inches. Weight about 190 lbs. Distribution. — Chobi and Zambesi valleys and Rhodesia. Everywhere rare, and found only in small herds. PUKU KOB 197 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. - Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 20f 84 124 Luswesi Valley, Lake F. Smitheman. Bangweolo -194 ... I2f J. Rosen. I9g 6| 84 ? J. Carr Saunders. 194 74 94 ? T. G. Davey. 19 7S 5S Barotsiland . Capt. J. Carden. MW 00 1— 1 6f 84 Do. R. T. Coryndon. 18I 7 64 ? J. L. Drege. -i8f ... Njoko Valley Major A. St. H. Gibbons. 18 7 114 N.W. Rhodesia . Col. C. Harding. 18 7l 6 p George Grey. i7f 74 8 Ulanga River R. Berridge. -174 104 Zambesi Capt. W. Jardine. -i74 ... nf Batoka Plateau . E. Folley. i7i 7 64 British Central Africa . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 1 7§ 64 18 Kabampo Valley Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. (malformed) i74 64 H4 Barotsiland F. V. Worthington. 17 7 44 Ulanga River A. Mathews. 17 7 10 Barotsiland Dudley West. 17 6f 8 Do. Rowland Ward. 17 6 84 Lake Mweru James Yule. -17 64 94 Chobi River Imperial Museum, Vienna. Cobus vardoni loderi. 21 8 8£ ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 198 RECORDS OF BIG GAME GRAY or VAAL RHEBOK (Pelea capreolus). Iliza of the Swazis. Pshiatla of the Basutos. ■ Peeli of the Bechuanas. The short, upright, straight, and slender horns, together with the somewhat woolly nature of the hair, serve to differentiate the Vaal rhebok from the antelopes of the kindred genera. The tail, like that of the reedbucks, is moderately long and bushy ; the ears are tall and narrow ; the build is slight and graceful ; and the general colour is uniformly pale gray, tending somewhat to fawn on the head and limbs. Height at shoulder about 29 or 30 inches. The chief essential dis- tinctions between this antelope and the reedbucks are the form of the horns and the absence of the bare patches below the eyes. Distribution. — The open hilly districts of Africa south of the Zambesi. In the mountain ranges of the eastern and northern districts of Cape Colony, and thence onwards to the Zambesi, the Vaal rhebok affords good and exciting sport ; and although its somewhat stiff GRA Y OR VAAL RHEBOK 199 and stilty appearance is not at first suggestive of unusual activity, yet the pace and regularity with which a party of these antelopes will race up the steep flank of a mountain is wonderful. The most peculiar feature of the vaal rhebok is the soft and woolly nature of the gray coat ; the horns afford but insignificant trophies, and the flesh is of poor quality for the table. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -ni - . Spitzkop F. H. Barber. -Hi Cape Colony South-African Museum. II tV 2— 6| ? Surgeon H. E. Fryer, R. N. -II ? M. E. Bowker. I of 2 2i Basutoland . Julius Jeppe. -io| 6 Cape Colony E. T. Murray. HiCJ 0 l-H 1 2i 4f Transvaal . H. T. and A. H. Glynn. -IOj ... 3f ? P. C. Iveytel. i0iir 2 3r Near Middleburg. E. H. E. Abadie. -9i ... 3i ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. -9l 2 4f Basutoland . Lord Milner. 9 1 2i 2— ? Dr. Oakeshott. r-W ON 1 2i Near Cape Town . Capt. W. Jardine. 9 2— 2f p Mr. Justice Hopley. -8f 2§ 3l ? A. Ohlsson. 8§ 2i 2^ Cape Colony R. PI. Venables-Ivyrke. 8| 2— z2 25 z8 South Africa British Museum (Dr. Burchell). 8i 2l 2 2 ? G. Richards. 8f 2 3l ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 8i 2 2g ? F. C. Selous. 2| 3l ? Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. -8 2 3 Mauchberg . F. Vaughan Kirby. 7l 2i 3t ? Plon. Walter Rothschild. 7i 2| 2g ? R. T. Coryndon. 200 RECORDS OF BIG GAME COMMON REEDBUCK (Cervicapra anmdinum). Bemba of the Masaras. Inzeegee of the Amandebili. Im-vwee of the Masubias. Um-vwee of the Makubas. Inhlango of the Swazis. Iklabu of the Basutos. Impoyooi the Lower Zambesi tribes. Mziki of the Zulus and Matabili. Natafwi in the Mashukulumbwi country. Mutobo in Barotsiland. Sibughat in Ngamiland. Mpoyo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The reedbucks, none of which are so large as the waterbucks, differ from the latter and the kobs by lighter build, and the presence COMMON REEDBUCK 201 of a completely bare or very short-haired patch on each side of the head immediately beneath the ear. The tail, too, is more bushy and shorter, the lateral hoofs are relatively smaller, and the horns, which are of medium length and stoutness, curve regularly upwards, and in some cases also forwards. Till very late in life the basal portion of the horns is of a pasty consistence. The present species, the true reitbok of the Boers, is the largest of the genus, standing about 36 or 37 inches at the shoulder ; and has the ear-patch completely bare, and the horns inclining markedly forwards. They are generally met with in small family parties, and when excited or alarmed utter a characteristic shrill whistle. As their flesh is of fair quality, and their shooting by no means difficult, they are much sought after by sportsmen. Distribution . — South Africa, extending as far north as Angola on the west, and to Mozambique on the east coast. Although formerly numerous in the eastern districts of Cape Colony and Natal, reedbuck have now become scarce in South Africa, and it is not till Khama’s country is reached that they are met with in any numbers. As their name implies, reedbuck frequent the reed-brakes fringing so many African rivers ; and some of the rivers where they are still fairly abundant are the Lotsani in Bamangwato and those of Ngami- land and the country between Mashonaland and the east coast. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. !-l8 ... ... South Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. -174 64 174 Barotsiland Percy C. Reid. -i6i ... ... British Central Africa . G. Le H. IC. B. Ritchie. -i6| 6f 194 Mpimbi, B.C.A. Major F. Trollope. 16J 6 i6f Matabililand R. C. Batley. -i6i 64 10 p Julius Jeppe. -16 54 n4 South Africa A. Ohlsson. 16 74 94 Barotsiland Col. C. Harding. 15! 6f 104 ? C. D. Rudd. *55 6£ 145 ? British Museum. -154 64 io4 Zululand . F. R. N. Findlay. 1 This was seen and measured by Mr. Kirby. It had one horn only ; the other was shot off. P 202 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 1 15? 64 134 Hi 6 19 ~H4 ... ... -154 6§ 154 -154 4s 124 -154 ... -154 ... 12 -i5§ ... 15 i 64 Hi i5i 6 I3l -i5± 6 15 -154 ... i54 6| Il4 15 64 9? -15 ... -15 -15 Hi 6 h4 Hi 6 154 Hi 54 94 Hi 7i 94 h4 6g 7§ h4 54 h4 Hi 64 1 2g -Hi 6 IO -13 • • . Locality. Transvaal .... Tanganyika Nyoko Valley, B.C.A. Transvaal .... ? Datnaraland Baloka Plateau . Transvaal .... Barotsiland Rhodesia .... ? ? Manica Plateau, N. of Zambesi Mashonaland Do. p ? B.C.A Zomba, B.C.A. . British Central Africa ? ? Mashonaland Do. Angola .... Do Owner. Julius Jeppe. Plon. Walter Rothschild. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. W. Jardine. South-African Museum. S. M. L. O’Keiffe. Abel Chapman. F. V. Worthington. George Grey. P. C. Keytel. F. II. Barber. F. C. Selous. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. F. Lean. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. O. R. Dunell. S. Robins. C. C. Bowring. Capt. J. S. Brogden. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. H. B. Dalgety. A. Eyre. C. H. Pemberton. E. P. Cooper. 1 Abnormal head. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK OR ROOT RHEBOK 203 Head of Mountain Reedbuck. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK or ROOI RHEBOK (Cervicapra fulvorufula). Inhlang-amatslie of the Swazis and Zulus. This reedbuck, which measures about 28 inches at the shoulder, is distinguished by the absence of a distinct forward hook to the tips of the horns, and the general grayish fawn colour of the hair, which has, however, in some cases a more or less distinctly rufous tinge. j Distribution. — Eastern Africa to the south of the Zambesi, particularly Natal, Zululand, and Bechuanaland ; represented farther north by the under-mentioned race. Rooi (red) rhebok differ from the typical representative of the genus in being inhabitants of the basal slopes of mountains, at a lower level than the tract frequented by the vaal rhebok. They are generally found in small troops of a dozen head or less ; and from their active habits and the difficult nature of the ground they frequent, afford excellent stalking. In the neighbourhood of the tributaries of the Limpopo, on the Mabubi, 204 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Tamulikan, Machabi, Sunta, and Chobi rivers, as well as the tributaries of the Zambesi east of the Victoria Falls, and throughout Mashonaland and Matabililand, rooi rhebok are still abundant. Those from the Manica plateau, north of the Zambesi may be the East African race. The reedbuck discovered by Mr. Vaughan Kirby in the Lydenburg range of the Transvaal departs from the ordinary type of the mountain reedbuck in exhibiting a tendency to partial albinism. Whether this peculiarity entitles it to be regarded as a distinct race ( Cervicapra fiilvorufula subalpina ) must, for the present, remain a moot point. A reedbuck from East Africa, described by Mr. Walter Rothschild from a single skin as a distinct species, appears to be, at most, nothing more than a local race of the rooi rhebok ( Cervicapra fulvorufula chanleri). In the type specimen the nose shows a dark streak like the one often seen in the rooi rhebok and common reedbuck. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 00 1 43 4 k Humansdorp F. Vaughan Kirby. 53 5 p P. C. Keytel. -H 3l 4k Transvaal . F. R. N. Findlay. 7f 4i 4k p Hon. Walter Rothschild. (Shot by F. C. Selous.) -7i ... 2h T ransvaal J. L. Drege. ~7h 4 3i Lebombo Range, S.A. Count E. Hoyos. -7h ... ... ? H. T. and A. H. Glynn. 73 4k 3 Zululand A. II. Neumann. -7k ... ... ? 0. I\. Dunell. ~7k 4s 2h ? Mr. Justice Hopley. -7k 4k Sk ? Julius Jeppe. 7 0 2 4k Zululand A. Cameron. 6f 4f 4k ? Bloemfontein Museum. 4k 33 Near Ladysmith . Lieut. -Col. P. J. R. Crampton. -6§ 3l 3i ? Mr. Justice Hopley. 6^ 4 3i Zululand Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. 6* 4k 4k Orange River Colony . Lieut. -Col. H. R. Kelham. -6i 4 3 p Major W. Anstruther Thomson. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK OR ROOT RHEBOK 205 The following specimens belong to the East A frican form : — Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 6| 3i 3 E. of Lake Margerhita Lord Hindlip. -6 3§ 2| Rift Valley C. Steuart Betton. -6 4f 5tV p Capt. M. M ‘Neill. 5§ 4§ 4 N.E. of Lake Chomo . British Museum (Lord Hindlip). 51 4 4 ? Lord Delamere. 5f 3i 4s ? Major A. E. Smith. 54 4 3§ Mau Escarpment Rhys Williams. Si ... 34 East Africa Major E. G. Harrison. Si 4 2| Do. . A. Bayley Worthington. 5! I5i 24 ? F. J. Jackson. 5§ 44 44 ? J. H. Penruddock. 54 34 34 Zombene Range . W. Astor Chanler. 54 4 44 East Africa G. Chetwynd. 4s 3§ 3 Baringo Hon. Walter Rothschild. 4i 34 24 Do. ... R. Wahrmann. 4i 34 34 Do. ... . Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. 206 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Ward’s Bohor Reedbuck. BOHOR REEDBUCK (Cervicapra redunca). Distinguished from the mountain reedbuck (with which it agrees approximately in size) by the distinct forward curvature of the tips of the horns, so as to form a hook. General colour uniformly bright fawn, usually somewhat darker markings on the face and part of fore- limbs ; tail only slightly bushy, fawn-coloured above and white beneath. The height of the East African race is about 28 inches. Distribution. — West, East, and North-east Africa. BOHOR REED BUCK 207 The following five races are recognised : — Cervicapra redunca typica. — West Africa, north of forest region. Horns short and stout, very thick at base, curved in front, points turned inwards. Cervicapra redunca cottoni. — Kordofan, White Nile, and Isle of Meroe. Horns long and thin, much curved outwards and backwards, with the points curled straight over or directly outwards. Cervicapra redunca bohor. — Central Abyssinia. Horns longer, stouter, and not so curved as in cottoni. Cervicapra redunca donaldsoni. — East of Lado and Western Somaliland. Horns long, slender, curved outwards, and points much turned inwards. ■ Cervicapra redimca wardi. — Uganda and East Coast of Africa. Horns short, stout, curved outwards, and the points much turned inwards. A. The following specimens belong to the typical race : — Locality. Owner. N. Nigeria L. Donisthorpe. Do. . . Capt. H. A. Porter. Length on front curve. II IO§ Circum- ference. 5 Si Tip to Tip. 7 6£ 208 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner IO§ 6i 2i Lake Chad . . S. B. B. Dyer. 10 5f 5f N. Nigeria . J. C. Parker. 9f 5l 5 Do. A. A. Smith. 9i 5 3s Ganda, Nigeria . . Major J. W. Carroll. 9§ 5i 6i Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. «w oo 6 4 Nigeria Capt. G. W. Denison. MW 00 5i 4l Gambia Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R.N. 8 5i 3i Ibi, Benue River, Julius Jeppe. West Africa 8 6 7i West Africa lion. Walter Rothschild. 8 5 5l Gambia Guy H. Sangster. B. The folloi «//#£■ belong to Cervicapra ? •edunca bohor : — Length on front curve Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Hi Si 8 Abyssinian Sudan Count J. Potocki. I of 5f Hf West of Lake Tana P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 9f 5f 5 Lake Zuay . Lord Hindlip. 9f 6 8 Zuguala Mt. A. E. Butter. c. The undermentioned specimens are referable to Cervicapra re dune a cottoni Length on front curve Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. I4§ 5i 13 Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. I2f 8i Near Kassala Carl Hagenbeck. 12 5f 7i White Nile Capt. the Hon. M. P. Macnagton. Ilf 5i ni Do. H. Cookson. Ilf 5 95 Near Kassala Hon. Walter Rothschild. ni 5 8i White Nile R. M‘D. Hawker. Hi 5i I4f Do. . Capt. H. N. Dunn. II 5i I0| Do. . Major R. M. Sanders. -I I 4f T ^2 1 Sudan Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. BO BOR REED BUCK 209 D. The following specimens are referable to various races of the species : — Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. I3l 5s 84 East Africa . British Museum. 13i 54 44 Do. . . Col. J. R. Macdonald. 1 2| 5§ 5i Do. . British Museum (Sir John Kirk). 1 of 44 54 Do. . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -104 ... Do. . Capt. C. A. Sykes. io| 4i 7 Do. . Dr. A. Paget. ' 10 54 6| Mau Downs . . F. J. Jackson. 10 74 4§ East Africa C. Craig. -9i 4l 3f Galla country . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 9i 54 54 East Africa / E. J. L. Berkeley. 94 54 64- Do. . Major M. L. Carleton. -94 4f Do. . Major E. G. Harrison. 9i 5 54 Do. . Capt. J. Ponsonby. Side View of Horns of Abyssinian Bohor Reedbuck. Shot by P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 2 10 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Blackbuck. From Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. BLACKBUCK or INDIAN ANTELOPE (Antilope cervicapra). Although in former days nearly all the then known species of antelope were included in the genus Antilope , the extent of the latter has been gradually whittled down until it now comprises the Indian blackbuck alone. In addition to being the sole representative of the genus, this species is also the type of a sub-family or group of antelopes, embracing among others the saiga, the gazelles, the pala, BLACKBUCK OR INDIAN ANTELOPE 21 I and springbuck. All these are small or medium-sized antelopes, with hairy muzzles, generally short tails, and tall, narrow -crowned cheek- teeth, like those of sheep. With the exception of the springbuck and the majority of the gazelles, horns are confined to the males. From all the other members of this assemblage the blackbuck is distinguished by the beautiful spiral formed by its horns. It has large face-glands, a short and compressed tail, and well-developed lateral hoofs. Height at shoulder about 32 inches; average weight, 85 lbs. It is only in adult males that the characteristic dark tint from which the species takes its name is developed, young males being uniformly brownish fawn above like the does. Distribution. — India, from the foot of the Himalaya to Cape Comorin, and from the Punjab to Lower Assam ; unknown in Ceylon and the countries to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal. Length straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -304 ? Capt. J. MacRae-Gilstrap. ecw 00 n 1 Jeypore . Lieut. -Gen. Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. ’-H- 00 N 5 i7i Near Delhi A. O. Hume. (See illustration. ) -28 20 Do. Lieut-Col. P. Dunell Pank. -28 5 15 Near Ahmedabad . T. Le Mesurier. Hco N 1 ••V Jeypore . Lieut. -Gen. Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. -27 5 Bikanir . Capt. Harry V. Brooke. 261 4f 26 Ulwar Major L. Impey. 26| 4l 25I Bhurtpore, N.W. P. Major-Gen. Sir E. T. H. Hutton. -26I 4f ... Bikanir . Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. 26\ 5i 27! N.W. P. . Capt. C. B. Oldfield. 26! 5 i7l Sirsa, Punjab . A. O. Hume. -26t\ Si 22 Bikanir . Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. 26J 5 23! Oudh . E. St. J. Lawson. 26 5 2I| Bikanir . Capt. H. W. Codrington. -25f 4i l6 ? F. L. Crawford. 25! 4l 19 Jeypore . Hon. A. Holland-Hibbert. 25*j 4! l8 Punjab . Lieut. -Col. R. H. Rattray. 1 Measured and recorded by Mr. A. O. Hume, but not now in the possession of General Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. 2i2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 25f 5i Hi Sirsa, Punjab . British Museum (Hume Collection). -251 5 19 ? Count E. Hoyos. 25i 4t 19 Jeypore . A. B. Graves. 25^ 5s 15 Kathiawar Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. 255 4s 22^ Bikanir . H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. -25 5* T -jl x02 ? Bombay Natural History Society. -25 ? Lucknow Museum. 24I 5 20 J eypore . Major J. B. Buchanan. 24S 42 i7i Dholpur A. J. Coppinger. -245 Sangar . Lieut. -Col. H. G. Mainwaring. -242 5 18I C. India . Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. 242 5§ 20^ Bikanir . H.H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. 24I 4 1 **k Do. . Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. 24i 4l 19 h ? A. Leslie Renton. 24i 5 i8i ? Marquis of Ailsa. BLACKBUCK OR INDIAN ANTELOPE Length straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 214 Skull and Horns of Male I’ala, from a specimen shot by Mr. A. II. Neumann. PALA or IMPALA (.flSpyceros melampus). Inzero of the Masubias. Luondo and Mpala in Barotsiland, Swalah of the Swahilis. Ngamiland, Chilala, and Chibisa. The graceful pala differs from all the members of the gazelle group by the absence of the lateral hoofs ; its specific name (black-footed) being taken from the pair of tufts of black hair on each hind-foot. The horns of the bucks, which are of considerable length in proportion to the size of the animal, show a characteristic and graceful double curvature ; and the bright foxy red hue of the shining hair of the upper-parts is very characteristic. Height at shoulder about 33 inches. The Boer name of rooibok (red buck) is happily chosen. Weight about 1 1 o lbs. Distribution. — Southern and South-Eastern Africa, extending as far north as Lower Kordofan. In Angola replaced by a form (AE. peter si), usually regarded as a distinct species, but which is perhaps only a local race (AE. melampus petersi ), distinguished by the presence of a purplish black streak down the middle of the face and another PALA OR IMPALA 215 through each eye. In the days of their abundance pala were found in big troops, such as are still to be met with on the Upper Zambesi, in East Mashonaland, and parts of British East and Central Africa. Half a century ago, or even less, they were to be found in similar numbers among the covert on the banks of every river in the Transvaal and Bechuanaland ; but now it is not till the northern border of the former country that they are to be met with, and then only in small parties. Pala are some of the fleetest of all antelopes, and are in the habit of leaping high in the air ; their presence always implies the neighbourhood of water. Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 30 24 6k 174 East Africa Lord Delamere. 294 25 6 24 Do. H. Hyde-Baker. 29k 24k 6 194 Do. Count E. Hoyos. 29 22k 6 9§ Do. Dr. A. Paget. 28| 2 3k 6k 19 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -28I 24 6 Do. C. Steuart Betton. 00 M 1 ... 6k 10^ Do. Capt. M. M‘Neill. 28 23 5f 22| Do. A. H. Neumann. (See illustra- tion.) 28 22 k 6 12 Do. F. J. Jackson. 28 21 5b 124 Do. G. E. Smith. 28 6 20 Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 27S 21 6 94 Do. Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. 27l 23k 6 134 Do. . Capt. H. F. T. Fisher. 27k 23k 5f I2f Do. Rhys Williams. 27k 2.2\ 6 Ilf Do. F. C. Selous. 2 7k 21 5l 14? South Africa . British Museum (Dr. Burchell). 27k 23 k 5l 154 East Africa Julius Jeppe. 2 7k 22 1 6k 104 Do. Capt. C. U. Price. 27k 23 k 6 i8f Do. A. Bayley-Worthington. 27 22 k 6 16 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild 27 22k 6 1 of Do. Major A. E. Smith. 27 21 k 6 i6f Do. F. H. Barber. 2 I 6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 261 22^ 6 T ^>1 JP2 East Africa P. B. Vander-Byl. 26f 22 52 12^ Do. R. Meinertzhagen. -261 ... Do. Capt. C. A. Sykes. -264 20| ... South Africa . Grahamstown Museum. 26§ 2 It* 6 12 East Africa Capt. N. E. Playfair. 261 23 64 1 8| Do. . T. P. A. Holford. 26i I9l 5f 224 Do. . C. W. Hobley. 26 21 64 13 Do. Major E. J. Tickell. 26 20§ 6 164 Do. Norman B. Smith. 26 2ii 6 194 Do. G. Chetwynd. 26 2l| 52 17 Do. R. Wahrmann. 252 20i 6 7-2 Do. Douglas M‘Douall. 254 2ii 64 12$ Do. G. E. Smith. -254 20 6 14 Matamiri Bush F. Vaughan Kirby. 254 20 6 132 East Africa Henry Charrington. -25-13 20 5.12 15-7 Do. . Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 25 20j 54 14 Do. E. Wynstone Waters. 24§ I9S 54 ng Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 24S 194 52 1 42 Do. C. G. Schillings. 24I 21 6 174 Do. R. J. Church. 24f 20 6 u4 Do. Capt. C. P. Foley. 244 194 64 1 1 Do. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. 244 194 54 64 Do. A. Mathews. 244 20^ 6 Ilf Do. Capt. R. E. Wemyss. 242 194 5f I2§ South Africa . British Museum. 24 20 54 12 Chobe Valley . . F. C. Selous. PA LA OR IMPALA 2 1 7 The following specimens belong to the A ngolan race : — Length. 0nfront Straight, curve. & Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 23S i9i 6 14! Angola . C. W. Sharp. 23i ... Si 15 Do. A. H. Harrison. i8| 6 I2i Kaokoland Capt. F. Cookson. 2Ii 18 5i i9i S.W. Africa . A. N. Henderson. -2ii 18 6i 11 Angola . E. P. Cooper. 21 HH 5l nf Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. -21 I7l 6 9i p Rowland Ward. Head of Pala. Q RECORDS OF BIG GAME 218 llorns of Male Saiga, from the Hon. Walter Rothschild’s specimen. SAIGA (Saiga tatarica). One of the most remarkable of all antelopes is the Central Asian saiga, which differs from most of its kindred by the inflated and puffy nose. This forms a kind of trunk, comparable to that of the dik-diks, with the nostrils directed downwards. The tail is short, and lateral hoofs are present. In summer the colour is dull yellowish above and whitish beneath, but in winter the whole coat is uniformly whitish. The short and blunt ears are thickly covered with hair, and the horns of the males pale amber-colour. Height at shoulder about 30 inches. Distribution. — The steppes of Southern Russia and South-Eastern Siberia. Formerly the range extended to the confines of Poland, but the .species is now restricted to the Kalmuk Steppes between the rivers Don and Volga. Length on front Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. Hi Si 3 2 Siberia .... Hon. Walter Rothschild. (See illustration.) I3l 5 ... Volga Steppe . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 13! 4s 3h ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Hi 5 Sh Sarepta, South Russia British Museum. I2§ 5 2 ? Imperial Museum. Vienna. -I2l 5 4i Siberia .... Dublin Museum. I2i 5 5s Do. . Duke of Bedford. SAIGA 219 Length on front Circum- rp. rp. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. I2i 5 4i Siberia . Rowland Ward. H|cq 00 Si Do. . Major W. Anstruther Thomson Head of Male Saiga 220 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Chiru. CHIRU or TIBETAN ANTELOPE (Pantholops hodgsoni). Among several animals peculiar to the Tibetan plateau none is more interesting than the chiru, whose beautiful horns form some of the most cherished trophies of the sportsman. Although very unlike in general appearance, the chiru is a near ally of the saiga, having the nose even more swollen at the sides, at least in the male, but less bent downwards at the tip. The long black horns of the bucks, which are somewhat compressed, rise almost vertically from the head, and are slightly divergent, nearly straight below, but evenly curving forwards above, and ridged in front. General colour of hair, which is very dense and short, pale fawn above, with a pinkish suffusion, but the face and CHIRU OR TIBETAN ANTELOPE 22 1 part of the limbs of the males black or dark brown. Height at shoulder about 31 or 32 inches; weight from 90 to 120 lbs. Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet, at elevations of from 1 3,000 to 16,000 feet, or even more ; the animal associates in pairs or small parties. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 27! 64 134 North of Beansi Pass . A. 0. Hume. 27! 54 II? Tibet .... Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 274 54 154 North of Beansi Pass . A. O. Hume. , 27 6 144 ?■ Hon. Walter Rothschild. -27 ; ... 12 ? J. D. Inverarity. -26| 6 I3l Tibet .... Dr. Albert von Stephani. 26f 5§ 124 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -26* ... Chang-chenmo . Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 26§ 54 I3l Ladak Hon. Charles Ellis. -26 5f II Tibet .... J. Ff. Darling. 26 44 124 Do Capt. G. Campbell. 25! 54 I2| ? Arnold Pike. 254 5l H4 Tibet .... Major C. B. Vandeleur. -254 5f 13l ? W. H. Wilson. 25-1 5t I2| North of Leh British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 25 5f H4 Chang-chenmo . H. Z. Darrah. (See illustration.) -254 5 I of Tibet .... P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 24! 5 II ? E. L. Phelps. 24S 54 154 Chinese Tibet Capt. J. A. Stevvart-Balmain. 24I 5l Il| Tibet .... Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. ~244 4i Do Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. 244 5 I2| Do. . . Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. 24f 4f l84 ? D. L. R. Lorimer. -244 54 I3l Tibet .... B. H. Shaw Stewart. -24 54 1 64 ? Capt. H. W. Codrington. -24 ... ... Changchingris Otho Shaw. 24 54 15 ? Capt. L. Oldfield. -24 ... ... Chang-chenmo . Major H. Trevor. -24 . . . ? Indian Museum. -24 ? H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. 222 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Male Springbuck, from Mr. F. H. Barber’s specimen. SPRINGBUCK (Antidorcas euchore). Although nearly allied to the gazelles, both in bodily form, color- ation, and the shape of the horns, the springbuck presents a peculiarity entitling it to be regarded as the representative of a genus by itself. This peculiarity is the presence of a fold, or narrow pouch, running down the middle of the hinder part of the back, and lined with long pure white hairs. In periods of excitement this pouch is capable of being turned partially inside-out, when the long white hairs are erected, and give a totally different appearance to this region of the animal. Owing to the dark nose-streak stopping short at the level of the eyes, the springbuck has more white on the face than is the case with the majority of gazelles ; and the white on the rump, which includes the tail and joins that of the middle of the back, also occupies a larger area. Height at shoulder, 30 inches. Distribution. — The plains of Southern Africa, extending in the central districts of the continent to about latitude 2 0° S., where its limits are defined by the forests to the south of the Mabebi River ; in the west ranging as far north as Mossamedes and Benguela in Southern Angola, and in the east at least up to the Limpopo. Although now never found in the countless thousands which formerly swarmed over the plains of the Transvaal and Bechuanaland, springbuck are still SPRINGBUCK 223 abundant in many districts. Protected to a certain degree by law, they are to be met with in parts of Cape Colony and the Orange River Colony ; while on the plains bordering the Botletli and the neighbouring salt-pans, as well as in Great Namaqualand, Damara- land, and the Ovampo Flats, they occur in large numbers. Spring- buck-stalking on the open veldt affords excellent rifle-practice ; zest being added to the sport from the fact that the venison is most excellent for the table. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 19 5 20J Kalahari The late W. F. Webb. -i8§ ... 124 ? P. C. Keytel. -17 -i6* ... ... Middleburg Flats . Bechuanaland F. H. Barber. (See illustra- tion.) Vryburg Club. -16 64 Griqualand West . Capt. G. S. Leslie. i5i 64 74 ? Hon. T. Thynne. i54 64 5 p Julius Jeppe. -i5l 64 ... ? Dr. Maloney. 154 64 34 Cape Colony . C. D. Rudd. -154 6 2 2 S. of Great Namaqualand Th. Rehbock. 154 ... ?, J. Rosen. -154 54 4s ? Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. i54 54 7 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 1 Si- 64 54 Ovampo Flats Capt. F. Cookson. 15 5f 7 ? George Grey. 15 54 84 ? Capt. E. J. Lugard. -15 6 64 ? A. Ohlsson. -15 ... Langberg, Kimberley South- African Museum. -15 10 ? Major James Grant. -144 ... ? Alfred Ebden. Hi 5f 44 ? C. L. Blundell. 1 44 64 5 ? C. Ansell. 1 44 6 2 4- ? C. Challis. 1 A malformed specimen. 224 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 14 5f 4i ? British Museum. 14 6 3 ? Hon. J. C. Lyttelton. 14 5 ? F. E. Potter. nl 6 5s Griqualand F. C. Selous. 13I 6 ? Earl of Kingston. i3§ Si si Benguela G. W. Penrice. i3§ 5i 4i Angola . . C. W. Sharp. i3l Sh 5 Do. . A. FI. Harrison. 9 132 4 6| ? Julius Jeppe. 9 13 ... Middleburg Flats . . F. H. Barber. -9 13 South Africa . Alfred Ebden. 9 14 3 H Angola . C. W. Sharp. GOA OR TIBETAN GAZELLE 225 GOA or TIBETAN GAZELLE (Gazella picticaudata). The true gazelles form a large group of delicately built antelopes. They are of medium or rather small size, with the muzzle of ordinary shape, the neck not unduly elongated, and no fold containing a crest of long erectile hairs down the middle of the back. To suit the nature of their haunts, their coloration is generally of a sandy hue, with the under- parts white, and the face in most cases marked with parallel dark and light longitudinal streaks ; dark bands being also frequently present on the rump and on the flanks to separate the tawny of the back from the white beneath. The knees are very generally furnished with brush-like tufts of long, stiff hairs ; and the tail is either short or of medium length. With the exception of four species, horns are present in both sexes ; those of the males being stout, distinctly ridged, and generally of about the same length as the head, although occasionally much longer. Ex- cept at the tips, they curve backwards, so as to present an anteriorly convex lower portion, above which they are generally more or less curved forwards and upwards. Gazelles have a wider geographical dis- tribution than any other genus of antelopes, and are, for the most part, inhabitants of more or less desert regions, or their confines. The Tibetan goa belongs to a small and aberrant group of the genus in which the tail is very short, the usual dark and light streaks on the face are wanting, and the females are hornless. As a species, it is distinguished by its comparatively small size, and the strongly 226 RECORDS OF BIG GAME marked backward curvature of the horns, which are not hooked at the tips, as well as by the white rump and the absence of face- glands. Height at shoulder about 24 or 25 inches. Weight about 45 lbs. Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet and some of the adjacent parts of Central Asia. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. I4i 3§ 2 Hanle, Spiti . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 13! 3l 3 Ladak Major G. F. Mockler. -i3i ... ? Lieut. -Col. T. Greenaway. i3i 3fi 55 Hills N. of Sikhim . British Museum (Hume Collection). -134 4 Tibet Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. -*3i 32 3 Ladak Capt. H. W. Codrington. 13& 4? 3i Do. Capt. Neill Malcolm. i3i 4 3§ Tibet . H. C. V. Hunter. -134 3l 65 S.E. of Hanle P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. -13 35 55 Tibet Bombay Natural History Society. T3 4i 4i East Ladak Col. J. Biddulph. *3 35 3 Major C. B. Vandeleur. -13 > Indian Museum. 13 35 5« N. Sikhim Major A. Pearse. -13 3b 0 7 J8 Near Ilanle Capt. H. W. Codrington. I2| 0 7 05 45 Hills N. of Kumaon A. 0. Hume. 125 3i 4§ ? British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). I2f 4 65 Ladak Baroda State Museum. I2| 4 45 ? Lord Stavordale. I2§ 45 5i Near Hanle H. Z. Darrah. I2| 3^ 54 South of Hanle Col. F. C. Lister-Ivay. 12^ 32 65 Ladak David T. Hanbury. -I2i 34 3 1 IT Tibet Paris Museum (Prince Henri d’Orleans). I2| 34 6i Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. iai 3f 5 Ladak Capt. F. E. S. Adair. PRZE WALSKI’S GAZELLE 227 Skull and Horns of Przewalski’s Gazelle, from a specimen shot by Prince Demidoff. PRZE WALSKI’S GAZELLE (Gazella przewalskii). Nearly allied to the goa, from which it differs by its rather larger size, and the distinct hooks formed by the tips of the horns of the bucks. General colour in summer, deep fawn ; in winter, pale finely grizzled fawn ; white of buttocks running up in an angle on each side of the tail, which is very short, and almost concealed by the fur. Front of limbs more or less brown ; no tufts of hair on the knees. Distribution. — Mongolia. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. . Owner. lO^ 4§ p British Museum. 10 4 4§ ? H.R.H. Henri de Bourbon, Comte de Bardi. 9f 4s 4l North of Pekin British Museum (R. Swinhoe). 3f 4§ North China . Paris Museum (Pere A. David). 228 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skulls and Horns of Yarkand and Persian Races of the Goitred Gazelle. The specimens in the right top corner and lower central figure alone belong to the Persian. All three are in the Collection of Mr. A. O. flume. MONGOLIAN GAZELLE 229 MONGOLIAN GAZELLE (Gazella gutturosa). Jaeisw or Sava-keek in Turkestan. Hwang-yang in Mongolia. Belonging to the same group of the genus as the goa, this larger species takes its scientific title from the peculiar swollen condition of the throat of the male during the pairing season. In addition to its size (height at shoulder about 30 inches), the species is characterised by the comparatively slight backward curvature of the horns, which are not hooked at the tips ; the general colour being pale fawn, with the rump, flanks, and the whole of the limbs white. Distribution . — Northern and Eastern Mongolia and the southern borders of Russian Transbaikalia. This gazelle was discovered by the Russian traveller Pallas, who described it as long ago as the year 1777. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i Si 5 6-34 Lob Nor . A. 0. Hume. -x5i 4i 7i Dscheran . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 14S 4i 3 Chinese Turkestan Major C. S. Cumberland. -I4§ 3fV 4f Lob Nor Paris Museum (Prince Henri d’Orleans). 13S 4s 4i Chinese Turkestan E. L. Phelps. 13S 5 4 Do. J. V. Phelps. i3l 4i 6 Saissan, West Siberia . British Museum (Dr. O. Finsch). 230 RECORDS OF BIG GAME GOITRED GAZELLE (Gazella subgutturosa). A near relation of the Mongolian species, but distinguished by the much longer tail, of which the upper surface is crested with black, and the presence of dark and light markings on the face. These face- markings differ, however, from those of all other species save the Marica gazelle ( G . marica) of Arabia, in that the upper portion of the face, in adult individuals of the typical race, is pure white, so that the central dark band is interrupted on the forehead. From the Marica the Goitred gazelle may be distinguished by its superior size (height at shoulder from 26 to 27 inches), and the absence of horns in the female. The larynx is swollen, forming a peculiar prominence on the front of the upper part of the throat. There are three distinct local races of this gazelle, the ordinary Caspian and Persian G. subgutturosa typica , the Yarkand G. s. yarcandensis, distinguished by its superior dimensions and darker face-markings, and the Altai G. s. sairensis, in which the bodily size is large, but the horns are relatively small. Distribution. — Western Asia from Asia Minor and Caucasia in the west to Turkestan, Yarkand, and Mongolia in the east. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. H? 4 4-J Baluchistan . Capt. T. W. Greenfield. -Hi Si 6 Near Tiflis . • Clive Phillipps-Wolley. Hi 4i 3 Wana Plain, Wazir- A. J. Grant. istan I3§ 4§ 5 Persia Imperial Museum, Vienna. i3i 4i 4 Khelat . A. O. Hume. 13 4i 4i Persia E. Rennie. -12 1 3i 7 Syria . • Dr. Albert von Stephani. I2| 4 5i Do. • Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. The following specimens belong to the Altai race : — II| 4i 6 Altai . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart 1 1 4§ 4§ Do. . St. George Littledale. II 4i 6i Do. . A. Louw. 10 i 4 6§ Do. . P. B. Vander-Byl. \o\ 4 5« Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 10 4-A 6 Do. . Prince E. Demidoff. 9! 4k 6i Do. . Lord Elphinstone. GOITRED GAZELLE 231 B. The undermentioned specimens belong to either the Yarkand or A Itai races : — Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i6f 4i 6f Kuldja Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 16 5 3i Yarkand A. 0. Hume. 1 Si 5 3i Do. Do. H 4l 5-75 Do. Do. 14 5 cs Eastern Turkestan Col. J. Biddulph. 13 h 4i 6| Maralbashi . David T. Hanbury. -I3§ 5th 7b Altai . Paris Museum (Prince Henri d’Orleans). 13 4l 7b Maralbashi P. Church. I2f 4l OS Altai . St. George Littledale. -12 , , , 2 Maralbashi H. Lennard. Skull and Horns of Male Yarkand Goitred Gazelle from Kuldja, in the possession of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 232 RECORDS OF BIG GAME • ■■ fH •: 1 »7>y Head of Dorcas Gazelle. DORCAS GAZELLE (Gazella dorcas). This well-known species brings us to the more typical group of gazelles, in the members of which the central dark face-band is con- tinued uninterruptedly up the forehead, and horns are developed in both sexes. Among the special characteristics of the present species may be noted the circumstance that the white area of the rump does not invade the fawn of the back, the indistinctness of the dark lateral band dividing the fawn of the upper-parts from the white beneath, and the perfectly lyrate form of the horns, which are of medium length, with the middle portion twisted outwardly, and the tips converging towards one another. Height at shoulder, 21 to 22 inches ; total length about 42 inches. General colour pale fawn, of rather variable tint, with the face-markings distinct. Distribution. — Morocco, Algeria, and thence eastwards through Egypt into Palestine and Syria. By the Arabs of Algeria this gazelle is known as rhozal or hemar. DORCAS GAZELLE 233 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. i3i 4l 22 13 4 3i I2| 3 E 4 I2f 3§ 4f -I2j 3l 5i I2j 3i 3l I2§ 3l ... -12 i 3i 3f I2i 4i 3i 12 4 3S n| 3§ 4i -iif 3S Si Locality. Algeria El Obeid, Kordofan Algiers Sudan Algeria Southern Sahara Do. Do. Kordofan . Southern Sahara Do. Do. nf 4 2\ Sudan nl 3i 3i Algeria iif 3S 4 Do. 9 nl 2tV Kordofan . 1 of 4 1 oi Lake Chad - $ 9f ... ... Algeria Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart.. Capt. J. G. A. Massy. A. Louw. Col. B. T. Mahon. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. . J. I. S. Whitaker. British Museum. A. E. Pease. Capt. J. H. Rivers. . J. H. Thomas. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Julius Jeppe. Capt. G. S. Nickerson. . E. N. Buxton. . A. Ohlsson. Capt. J. H. Rivers. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. A. E. Pease. R 234 RECORDS OF BIG GAME EDMI or ATLAS GAZELLE (Gazella cuvieri). From the dorcas the present species may be readily distinguished by its superior size, the imperfectly lyrate form of the horns, which diverge more or less regularly upwards, the presence of a black spot on the tip of the muzzle, and the rough character of the hair. General colour dull fawn, with a very indistinct lateral band, well-defined face- markings, the lower portion of the tail crested with black, and the under -parts, buttocks, and inner surfaces of fore-legs pure white. Height at shoulder from 2 6 to 27 inches. Distribution. — The mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, where it is known by the name of edmi or admi. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Hi 5 3s Algeria . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hi 4t 4i N. Tunis . J. I. S. Whitaker. -142 3i 3 b Algeria . A. E. Pease. Hi 3f 5± Southern Sahara . J. I. S. Whitaker. I4i 3» 55 Algeria . A. Louvv. Hi 4 3i Do. . F. H. Barber. 9 13I 3h 7b Do. . E. N. Buxton. r *1 5 4i 55 Do. . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. I3l 4 h 7i Do. . lion. G. Gordon. I2f 4§ 3i Do. . E. N. Buxton. -I2| Do. Capt. J. Marriott. -I2f 4i Do. . Major W. Anstruther Thomson I2| 3f 4f Do. . A. Ohlsson. 9 11 2b 5b Do. J. I. S. Whitaker. ARABIAN GAZELLE 235 ARABIAN GAZELLE (Gazella arabica). Belonging to the same sub-group of the genus as the edmi, this elegant gazelle may be differentiated from that species by its smaller size, smoother hair, and darker coloration, the general tint of the upper- parts being dark smoky fawn, with the central face-band rufous fawn, and a black spot on the tip of the muzzle. Height at shoulder, 24 or 25 inches. Distribution. — Western Arabia, where it is known as ghasal, its Syrian title being ariel or aiel. In spite of its being one of the commonest of the gazelles, and also one which can easily be obtained in cap- tivity, very little authentic information is forthcoming as to its habits, and even its range is not yet fully determined. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. H 4 2 Mocha, South Arabia British Museum (W. T. Blanford). -9 71 2 4S p Dr. Percy Rendall. 4i 3b 3§ South Arabia . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. HN ■'t 0 if 2\ ? Major H. G. C. Swayne. 236 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Indian Gazelle. INDIAN GAZELLE (Gazella bennetti). Closely allied to the Arabian species, this gazelle (the chinkara of the natives and the ravine-deer of many Anglo-Indian sportsmen) is of smaller dimensions and much lighter colour ; the height at the shoulder varying from 23 to 24 inches, and the general colour of the upper- parts being dull fawn. Distribution. — Peninsular India, thence extending westward through Baluchistan to the shores of the Persian Gulf. In the Book of Antelopes Messrs. Sclater and Thomas remark that, like the lion and the hunting-leopard, this gazelle belongs to an African type, and appears to have been originally a migrant from the west into India, whence it has spread over the greater part of the peninsula. It should, however, be remembered that extinct gazelles and hunting-leopards occur in the north of India. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -15 5 ... Rajputana . I4l 4i 8§ Dholpur -Hi ... Ferozepore District Owner. H.H. Maharaj Rana Bahadur of Jhalawar. L. M. le Champion. (See illus- tration.) Captain Harry V. Brooke. INDIAN GAZELLE 237 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -Hi 61 Dholpur Mrs. W. W. Baillie. _I4i ... Sirsa District, Punjab Major H. Trevor. -Hi ... 4 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 14 4§ 5S Ferozepore District Capt. Harry V. Brooke. -H ... Near Lahore Measured by General Kinloch. -I3l 44 6| Do. C. P. Down. I3S 44 7 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection, I3l 4§ 84 Sind .... L. Napier. I3l 4 1 74 Bikanir Capt. C. F. Vander-Byl. I3l 4? 6§ Muttra, N.W.P. Major G. F. Mockler. ni 4 4? p Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. *3i 4 6i ? Major O. A. Chambers. -i3i 4i ... Delhi Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. -i3i 44 4 Hissar Major P. J. Gordon. 13 34 6 Bikanir Major H. C. Morland. -13 3T¥ ■,15 3tb- Gwalior Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -13 4i 5 ? Major Colvin Stewart. 13 3i 6 ? Lieut. -Col. R. H. Rattray. I2| 44 5 Goorgaon, Punjab A. 0. Hume. I2| 4§ 74 ? H. C. V. Hunter. I2| 4i 5l North Punjab Col. J. Biddulph. I2| 4i 7 ? Capt. L. I. B. Hulke. -I2| 4s 64 Bikanir Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Bart. -I2| 4l 6S Do. Capt. H. W. Codrington. -I2| 4 6 Jodhpore . H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. I2j 4i 54 Bikanir Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. -I2j 1 2§ 4 54 ? Simrol, Bengal . H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. British Museum (Colonel Evans). I2§ 44 6 Do. P. B. Vander-Byl. 9 71 i 2\ ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 238 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. SPEKES GAZELLE 239 Head of Male Speke’s Gazelle. SPEKE’S GAZELLE (Gazella spekei). Dhero of the Somalis. From the edmi and its allies, with which it agrees in its leading characteristics, this very peculiar gazelle is readily distinguished by the development of a flabby corrugated elevation on the skin of the nose ; the general colour of the upper-parts being pale brownish fawn, with the lateral band darker than in the other members of the sub-group. Height at shoulder from 23 to 24 inches. The protuberance on the nose is probably connected with the sexual function ; in dead specimens it exhibits a slight cavity beneath the skin which can be inflated by blowing air into the nostrils, and it is therefore probably capable of distension during life. Distribution. — The plateau in the interior of Somaliland, Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Owner. h|3 Sahara . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Hi 34 3l Do. A. Louw. Hi 34 5t Southern Tunisia . J. I. S. Whitaker. 4? 5» Fayoum, Egypt . Capt. S. S. Flower. ? 1 if 2 3l ? Julius Jeppe. 9-n| • . . . . . Southern Tunisia . J. Menges. ISABELLA GAZELLE 245 ISABELLA GAZELLE (Gazella isabella). Gannai of the natives. In all the foregoing gazelles with horns in both sexes, the horns themselves have their tips slightly curved either inwards or upwards, and never bent back so as to form a right angle with the basal portion. On the other hand, the present species and the Muscat gazelle (G. muscatensis ), while resembling the foregoing in the shape of the white rump-patch and the comparatively light tint of the flank-band, differ by the tips of the horns being hooked inwards or upwards so as to form nearly or completely a right angle. From its ally the present species differs by the pale fawn-colour of the upper-parts ; the lateral bands and other markings being also fawn, instead of blackish. Height at shoulder about 25 inches. Distribution. — The Red Sea littoral from Suakin to Massowa, and through the interior to Bogosland, Barca, and Taka. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. I of Hoo ro 4§ Sudan Major C. Levita. i of 44 3! El Obeid Capt. J. G. A. Massy. ioi 3l 4 White Nile Hon. F. E. Guest. io| 3s 6* Sudan P. C. Lord. io£ 3l 2| Anseba River, Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Abyssinia i of 3i 4s Near Suakin . Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 104 3f 4 Komayli, Abyssinia . (British Museum) W. T. Blanford. 10 3f 4 Eastern Sudan A. W. Haig. -9.14 4 3 Between Suakin and Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. Kassala 97 2 3 Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 97 if 2§ Kordofan British Museum. 24.6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ♦ HEUGLIN’S GAZELLE (Gazella tilonura). This well-marked species brings us to a small sub-group in which the dark band on the flanks is very strongly defined, and black in colour ; the present species being distinguished from its allies by the abrupt inward hooking of the tips of the horns. The general colour is deep sandy, with the central face-band but little darker than the back, no black nose-spot, and the tail sandy at the base but black elsewhere. Height at shoulder about 27 inches. Distribution. — Bogosland, in North-Eastern Africa. Very little is known of this rare species. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4 2h Eastern Sudan Lieut. -Col. lion. W. Coke. I of 3i 4 h p E. Lort-Phillips. I Of 4 2£ Bogosland British Museum. ioi 4l O Near Kassala . Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. I Of 4i 4f Basaland Hon. Walter Rothschild. I of 4s 2l ? Col. Ralph Vivian. 9 1 4l n Bogosland Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 9! 4f Bahr-el-Ghazel F. H. Barber. 9l 4 h 3f p Capt. H. II. S. Morant. 3 Pi -i5l i5l 5* 3 i5l Si 5 15b S h 3i '5h 5l 4h 15b 5l 8 i5i 6g 7b i5l Si 7b *5i 6 6f 7i 6 h Locality. Mount Zomba, B.C.A. ? East Africa Manda Island, B.E.A. B.C.A Pungvve .... p East Africa Do. . . . Natal . . . p ? S. of Albert Edward Nyanza Pungwe . . . . East Africa Pungwe . . . . Kalamba Hills . Okavango River Zululand . Do South Africa British East Africa Pungwe . Transvaal . . . . South Africa Do.’ Do. . Do. . . . Zululand . . . . Pungwe . Nyasaland Owner. C. C. Bowring. W. J. Corder. Capt. M. M ‘Neill. British Museum. R. H. Storey. Col. G. A. Percy. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sheffield Neave. F. W. Belt. General A. W. Drayson. Capt. H. B. Dalgety. O. R. Dunell. A. H. Sharp. Major G. T. M. Bridges. T. P. A. Holford. Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. F. Vaughan Kirby. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. A. II. Neumann. Major L. O. Williams. F. H. Barber. G. E. Smith. Hon. T. Thynne. C. F. Eustace. F. C. Selous. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. R. C. Batley. Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. Hon. Charles Ellis. H. R. Holden. Alex. R. Alston. LESSER BUSHBUCK 291 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 54 54 84 ? Mr. Justice Hopley. 15 54 44 East Africa J. H. Whitehouse. 14 54 74 Wadelai . Major M. L. Carleton. 13 54 7 Benguela . G. W. Penrice. I2| 54 34 White Nile E. C. Crispin. I2i 5 54 S. of Abukutu . Major R. M. Sanders. 124 54 2§ Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 12$ 5 5 Nigeria Major J. A. Burdon. I2i 4§ 5 White Nile Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. II? 5 4i Nigeria N. F. Baynes. I of 44 5 Do. Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold. -104 ... 4 Near Lado Sir W. Garstin. lOi 44 24 Gambia British Museum (late Earl of Derby). io4 5 54 Nigeria Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 94 4f 44 Do. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 292 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Abyssinian race of Lesser Bushbuck shot in the Webbe Shebayle District, Somaliland, by Major H. G. C. Swayne. LESSER BUSHBUCK 293 / Dol of the Somalis. Ducular of the Abyssinians. The following specimens belong to the Abyssinian race (74 scriptus decula ) ; the body measurements being those of one shot by Viscount Edmond de Poncins on the Hawash River, 1898 : — From nose to root of tail . 48-! ins. Height at withers . . . 26 J „ Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -i 7 ... Somaliland Major H. G. C. Swayne. -16J 64 5 Do. ... A. H. Straker. -13S 54 54 Harar, Abyssinia Prince de Lucinge. -12 1 54 34 Near Hawash River, Abys- Viscount Edmond de Poncins. sinia I2f 5 54 Abyssinia .... W. D. James. 12 54 54 Do British Museum. T T 3 ni 6 54 Do A. E. Butter. 1 1 54 5 Settite River, Abyssinia Col. Ralph Vivian. 1 1 4§ 2| Northern Abyssinia . British Museum. 294 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Nyala, from a specimen in the possession of Mr. F. IT. Barber. NY ALA (Tragelaphus angasi). This representative of the harnessed antelopes is a large but delicately built species, standing about 3 feet 6 inches at the shoulder. Weight about 250 lbs. to 300 lbs. In both sexes the hair is very long and coarse, but in the male the colour is dark grayish brown with a small number of indistinct white stripes, while in the female it is bright reddish chestnut with clearly defined stripes. The males have a fringe of long hair on the neck and the under-parts of the body, their horns being much rougher than those of the bongo. As in the latter, the hoofs are short. Distribution. — South-East Africa, including Zululand, Delagoa Bay, and Nyasaland ; on the West Coast it has been reported from Angola, although this form may indicate a distinct local race. Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3*4 24i H 02 Shire River, B.C.A. Fergus Maclagan. -294 24 ni p F. J. Newnham. NY ALA 295 Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 29i 25 75 144 Zululand . Lieut. -Col. D. Bruce. “295 ... Delagoa Bay . F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) -29i ... ••• ... ? 0. R. Dunell. 284 23i 8 I2f Zululand Hon. Walter Rothschild. -281 ... ? W. Russell Bowker. 2 8i 214 74 9l Delagoa Bay . R. T. Coryndon. -28J ... 64 Do. P. C. Keytel. 28 24 8 15 Katanga, B. C. A. John Yule. 28 23 74 134 Near Chiromo, Staff-Surgeon J. Dowson, R.N. B.C.A. 28 ... 84 104 South Africa . British Museum. 28 234 74 8| Delagoa Bay . Dudley West. -28 ... ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. -28 23S 8 11 ? Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 27I 22^ 7s 94 South Africa . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 27§ 23 74 84 Do. Earl of Dunmore. -27i 23 H 13 Do. E. D. Scott. 27I 22| 7§ 84 ? C. D. Rudd. 274 234 74 I Si Delagoa Bay . Sir PI. J. Goold- Adams. 27I 84 104 South Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -27i 22f 74 io| p Julius Jeppe. -274 23i ... r4 Delagoa Bay . H. T. and A. H. Glynn. 27 ... 8 9s Shire River, B.C.A. F. Vaughan Kirby. 27 22§ 7S n4 ? J. R. Buckler. -27 ... ... ? W. J. Corder. 26S 22j 74 11 ? F. E. Potter. 26f 22| 7 ii| Amatongaland H. A. Bryden. -261 ... 7 10 Delagoa Bay . Capt. W. Jardine. 26J 22 64 Hi Do. F. C. Selous. 26 • • • 7f 84 Zululand . Hon. Charles Ellis. .Sabi Valley 26 10 T. R. G. Owen. 296 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of West African Bushbuck, from the Gambia. WEST AFRICAN BUSHBUCK (Tragelaphus gratusj. Together with its near ally the situtunga, this species differs from the other members of the group by the extreme elongation of the hoofs, which are thus adapted for supporting the weight of the body on the spongy soil of the marshes in which these antelopes dwell. The lateral hoofs, too, are much more developed than in other harnessed antelopes. The general coloration of the West African species is very similar to that of the nyala, the ground-colour of the coat of the male being olive, and that of the female bright rufous, marked in both sexes with white stripes on the body and spots on the face. There is, however, no fringe of long hair on the throat. Height WEST AFRICAN BUSHBUCK 297 at shoulder about 3 feet 7 inches. Both in this species and the situtunga the horns of the males are longer and more twisted than in the other members of the genus, and thus come very close to those of the kudus. In the situtunga the coloration of the adult is uniform grayish brown. The West African species ranges from the Congo to the Gaboon and Cameroon districts. It has but seldom been collected by sportsmen, so that very little is known of its habits in the wild state. Several specimens have been bred in captivity at the Zoo- logical Gardens, Amsterdam. Length. On front curve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 34f 281 8 21 Gambia . H. C. Goddard. 32S 27i 9i l6g Gaboon Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 30 26! 7t Hi ? Julius Jeppe. 2 9i 24i 8i 14 Gaboon Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 281 23 8 8 Gambia A. Ohlsson. (See illustration. ) 25 £ 2 1 J °4 12J Do. Guy H. Sangster. 25i 22 8 French Congo Hon. Walter Rothschild. ... 19 ... ... Gaboon British Museum. 23t 18 7i iif Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 22f 191 7 1 of- Nigeria Major J. A. Burdon. -21.5 ... 7-8 ? Berlin Museum. -I9S 6| io p Major W. Anstruther Thom- -17 i4tV 6| Ogoone son. Paris Museum. X 298 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Frontlet and Horns of Situtunga Bushbuck, from Mr. John Yule’s specimen. SITUTUNGA BUSHBUCK Situtunga in Barotsiland. Zoive in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Nakong of the Batauwani at Lake Ngami. (Tragelaphus spekei). Situtunga , P uvula, Unzuzu of the tribes on the Chobi and Central Zambesi. N'zoe of the natives of Lakanga River north of the Zambesi. This species, also known as the nakong, has the same habits and make as the West African bushbuck, from which it differs by its uniformly grayish-brown colour ; the young alone being faintly barred and spotted. Another peculiarity is to be found in the length and SITU TUNG A BUSHBUCK 299 silkiness of the hair. The horns, which are nearly smooth and strongly keeled, form nearly two complete turns, and thus approximate to those of the kudu. Distribution— -The situtunga is an inhabitant of the dense reed-swamps bordering the rivers of Central, South-Central, and East Africa. The form inhabiting the Zambesi and Chobi valleys has been separated as T '. selousi , on account of the female being coloured like the male. These antelopes are semi - aquatic in habits, frequently burying themselves up to the eyes in the water. Consequently they are some of the most difficult of all antelopes to kill ; and have even baffled the energy of Mr. Selous. By firing the reed -beds in the dry season, the natives are able to spear the situtunga as they cross open water. At night these ante- lopes leave the reed-brakes for the islands in the rivers, but before dawn return to their impenetrable covert. Mr. A. B. Phipps, in a letter dated October 1895, states that they have become very rare in the swamps bordering the Okavango River, owing to that river having changed its course and ceased to flow into the Botletli. Consequently they go down to the latter for water, and are shot. A few are found on a bush-clad rocky island far out in the Victoria Nyanza ; in which neighbourhood the species was first discovered by the late Captain Speke. Some writers separate the members of the long-hooped group as Limnotragus. Length. On front Straight Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. line. 35f 28! 8 154 Lake Mweru Hon. Walter Rothschild. 35- 28 74 154 South end of Lake John Yule. (See illustration.) Tanganyika “332 27i 7l 19 ? Julius Jeppe. 33? 26! 8 i6§ Okavango Valley Sir H. J. Goold- Adams. -33 ... ... ... ? Alfred Ebden. 32f 27l 7i 26| Chinde Hon. Walter Rothschild. 32§ 27 74 i6| Chobi Valley F. C. Selous. ~32l ... 74 i8| p P. C. Key tel. 3i 4 25l 84 174 Near Linyanti F. C. Selous. 3i| 24§ 7 1 64 Chobi Valley British Museum (F. C. Selous.) 3i4 25l 74 134 Bangweolo . F. Smitheman. -3ig 25t<5 74 14I Congoland Paris Museum (S. de Brazza). 300 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. On front curve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 31 ^05 8 9i ? G. Richards. 30S 26 8 20 p A. G. Biden. 30h ... • • • ... p 0. R. Dunell. 3°l 24i 8i Hi Barotsiland Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3°k 25i 7i i6g Do. Capt. J. Carden. 3°i 24i 7l 12^ B.C.A. Grahamstown Museum. 30 24 7 iSf ? Rowland Ward. -30 25 71 18 p Mr. Justice Ilopley. 29I 25 8| 17 ? R. A. Cooper. ~29\ 26 7l 16 p A. Ohlsson. 29I 24 7k i7l ? A. II. Bainbridge. -29 ... ... ? W. J. Corder. -28 ... 7l 13 p Capt. W. Jardine. 28 23^ 8 17 Lake Mweru R. H. Venables Kyrke. 20^ i8i 61 10 Benguela . G. W. Penrice. -i7i ... 5S 7 Victoria Nyanza . E. Gedge. 1 5b 144 5! 8| Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Head of Male Kudu. 302 RECORDS OF BIG GAME GREATER KUDU Agarzin of the Abyssinians. Eebala-bala of the Amandebele. Ee-zilarwa of the Makalakas. Dzvar of the Masaras. Godir of the Somalis. Itolo of the Basutos. Itshongonons of the Swazis. Unzwa of (Strepsiceros capensis). Muzeeloua of the Batongas. Ngoma in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Noro of the Mashonas. Tolo of the Bechuanas. Tolo in Barotsiland and Ngamiland. Unza of the Mazubias. the Makubas. Although rather less brilliantly coloured than some of the harnessed antelopes, the kudus are among the handsomest of all antelopes, their spiral horns, striped coat, and noble carriage rendering them really magnificent creatures. Their chief difference from the bushbucks is to be found in the fuller spiral formed by the horns and their larger ears : both sexes being nearly similar in colour. The special character- istics of the greater or true kudu are the large size (height at shoulder reaching to 4 feet 10 inches or 5 feet), the presence of a thick fringe of long hair on the throat, and the open spiral of the horns of the bull. The colour is too well known to require description. Distribution . — The kudu, in suitable localities, ranges over the greater part of Africa south of the Sahara, extending from Abyssinia and Somaliland through East and Central Africa to the Cape, and west- ward across the continent to Angola, where the Congo apparently forms its northern limits. In spite of its bulk, it is an adept at concealment ; and this trait, coupled with its general wariness and acute sense of smell and hearing, has largely contributed to its sur- vival in districts where it is much hunted. Except in the Uitenhage jungles, where it is preserved by English farmers, the kudu has been exterminated from Cape Colony. In Eastern Mashonaland it is still abundant, as it is in the highlands of Somaliland, in which country it is rarely met with on the plains. Although unrivalled at getting across rocky hills, the kudu is by no means a good performer on the flat (where it seldom allows itself to be surprised), and can be ridden down without much difficulty by a fairly well-mounted hunter. Horned females occur rarely. Length. GREATER KUDU 303 Circum- On outside Straight ference. curve. line. 481 64 41 11 63 4§4 1 2| -63 444 -63 39 104 -... 45a -6l h 454 1 of 6i% -454 6o| 44* 12 6o§ 45S 1 1* -6o| 44 -604 47 104 -60 39 10 -59i 45K ... 594 42i T -594 ... 104 -581 464 H4 -5»i 45 ... 00 LO 1 45 H4 -58* 43 I2| -581 46 IO 58 46 58 43 IO -58 46 58 434 I of -58 4i 57a 4i Ilf 5 7* 4i4 IO 57a 4i 104 574 44 III -571 39 9! Tip to Tip. Locality. Ngamiland 23 Mashonaland 49 Macloutsie River . 42f Near Tete, Zambesia 12 ? ... Delagoa Bay . 34 ? ... South Africa . 29 Do. 33 Macloutsie River 3i South Africa . 44l Do. 7f Lebombo Mountains 39f Pungwe Valley 19 ? 46$ ? 4if T ransvaal 46 ? 44l ? 35 ? 39S South Africa . 39 S.E. Mashonaland. 40 Somaliland Zomba, B.C.A. 324 Okavango River ... South Africa . 214 N.E. Transvaal 27 Do. 25 British Central Africa 3i Transvaal 32 Somaliland Owner. F. H. Barber. (See illus tration. ) F. C. .Selous. E. W. Tompson. Major P. W. Forbes. Mr. Justice Hopley. F. H. Barber. A. Griffiths. O. R. Dunell. Frank Harris. F. C. Selous. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. A. Ohlsson. F. Vaughan Kirby. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. G. Richards. P. C. Keytel. F. Van Zeller. O. R. Dunell. Mr. Justice Hopley. J. L. Drege. Julius Jeppe J G. Millais. G. Chetwynd. D. MacAlpine. Sir H. J. Goold-Adanis. South-African Museum. A. M. Naylor. Capt. D. J. Marker. J. H. Hayes. Capt. A. C. H. Kennard. Thelate J. Johnston-Stewart. 3°4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. Circum- On outside Straight ference. curve. line. 57* 45! 10? 57* 42 11* 57* 44! 11 1 57s 43 ng 57 43 14 57 42* 11 57 394 9§ 56i 434 n4 564 42| 1 of 564 4i4 104 564 381 94 -564 35 io4 56* 44* Hi 56 44 iof 55? 4if ... 55? 4i iof 554 394 1 of 554 424 1 14 554 424 104 -55* ... iof -55* 55 4i* Ilf 55 404 124 -55 41 10 55 40 1 1 544 39* 104 544 404 1 1 -544 39 II -544 33* 1 1 -544 . . • Tip to Tip. Locality. 35 British Central Africa 41 Baringo 34i South Africa . 34? Mashonaland . 32 South Africa . 3i Do. 364 Somaliland 264 Matabililand . 38! ? 23? Matabililand . 28S Somaliland 30 Do. 33* South Africa . 39 Do. 35 Mazoe River . 36 Do. 264 Mashonaland 37 Matabililand . 38 Do. 43 Limpopo 304 Matabililand . 28 Do. 324 Zululand 4i ? 36 p 274 Upper Shire, B.C.A. 214 Mashonaland 274 South Africa . 26 Do. Do. Owner. H. C. Macdonald. H. Hyde- Baker. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. H. and C. Beddington. A. Moseley. Capt. M. D. Graham. H. R. H. le Due d’Orleans. W. Van Ness. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. Hon. C. Greville. J. Benett-Stanford. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. F. B. Dunsford. R. C. Batley. F. Struben. A. Neilson. Lord Brackley. Major James Grant. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Capt. W. Jardine. Major R. Hayes-Sadler. C. D. Rudd. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. A. H. Bainbridge. C. C. Bowring. S. Chillingworth. Dublin Museum. Durban Museum. Abel Chapman. GREATER KUDV 305 Length. On outside curve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 54? 4°f io| 39i Zululand C. H. Akroyd. H|X 'sT 1 383 io? 22§ Somaliland P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 54 41 II 37l ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart Frontlet and Horns of Greater Kudu, from Mr. F. H. Barber’s specimen. 54 42 io2 35? Zululand A. Cameron. 54 42 39? Mashonaland Earl of Dunmore. -54 4°2 10 \ 3i? South Africa . Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbriggi 54 40 11? 24 Do. Lieut. -Col. W. Sitwell. -54 39 io| 32 .Somaliland Norman B. Smith. 3°6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. On outside Straight Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. line. 54 39f 1 1 25 h River Ruaha . A. Mathews. -53f 4ii ioi 32h S.W. Somaliland . . C. V. A. Peel. 40.7 8.8 30-9 Bahr Setil Prince Henry of Liechten stein. 53 4ii n| 4 7? Lake Rudolf . A. E. Butter. 5:i 40 10 42 Sudan . Col. B. T. Mahon. -5o Do. . Capt. R. V. Savile. -50 39^ 10 28 Angola . E. P. Cooper. 49 35i 10 21^ Sudan . Major C. E. Wilson. 49 36 10 36i Do. . Capt. G. S. Nickerson. 48 351 ioj 32 Ivordofan Capt. J. G. A. Massy. 472 a53 04 -21 3 2 3 British Museum (Hume Col- lection). 7b "» 0 2t Near Musuri A. O. Hume. -7h Near Dalhousie . Capt. F. E. S. Adair. 7tV T 1 02 Chamba A. H. Ogilvy Spence. 7i "> 0 ■J 0 Do. Capt. E. W. H. Walshe. 7h 3l 2^ Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart.. ~7b 3-Y 3§ Jhelam Valley, Kash- 1*. IT. G. Powell-Cotton. mir 7 2? 'ja 04 p Major J. A. Orr- Ewing. -7 3± 1 Ort 3 • Capt. H. W. Codrington. -7 Near Almora, N.W. P. Capt. B. H. Boucher. -7 3 Indian Museum. -7 Punjab Capt. A. Hicks-Beach. 7 3? 3i 3 Duke of Bedford. 7 ^3 04 ? Major G. S. Rodon. 7 -2 & OH 4 Chamba Lieut. -Col. II. D. Olivier. 7 ?3 3h 2» Kashmir Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. JAPANESE SEP O IV 327 OTHER GORALS. Length Species. Collected by — on front curve. Urotragus edwardsi . Pere A. David °16 8* 9 9 argyrochcetus Do. 94 9 9 caudatus . Do. 6* 6\ 9 9 cinereus . Do. 74 9 9 griseus Do. 4f Girth. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 74 7r 4 2 Moupin, Tibet Paris Museum. 74 4 Ta - tsien - lou, Szechuan Do. 3tV 0 JL North of Peking Do. 4 34 ? British Museum, 34 0 5 01 (T Tibet Paris Museum. 34 ^3 Do. Do. JAPANESE SEROW (Nemorhsedus crispus). A small species serving in some degree to connect the gorals with the serows, since it agrees approximately in size with the former, but in other characters with the latter. Distribution. — The southern islands of Japan ; an allied species (N. swinhoei ) inhabiting the island of Formosa. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. ~6i 3i 3f Japan Imperial Museum, 5i 34 34 Do. British Museum. 4S 3 3i ? E. L. Fletcher. 328 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BURMESE SEROW (Nemorhsedus sumatrensis). A large and clumsily built ruminant, with the ears long, the hair coarse, rather thin, and elongated into a crest from the nape to the withers ; the under-fur found in the gorals being absent. The general colour of the upper-parts is black or dark gray, with a grizzled appear- ance, owing to the whitish bases of the hairs ; the under -parts, shoulders, and thighs being rusty red. Although by no means large, the shining black, somewhat rugose horns form decidedly handsome trophies. Height at shoulder about 34-J- inches. Distribution. — From the Eastern Himalaya, Moupin in Tibet, and Yunnan, to Sumatra, occurring throughout the Assam Hills, Burma, Siam, and the elevated tracts of the Malay Peninsula. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 5 Burma 0. F. Wheeler-Cuffe. 10 5b -> 7 OS Do. Do. -9i 5 5-5 Arakan Hills A. 0. Hume. 9i 5 2-75 Garo Hills Do. 9 5 2 Sumatra British Museum (Hume Col- lection). -9 5 5 Burma Capt. G. H. Evans. -9 Do. C. Toussaint. -9 Arakan Hills Indian Museum. -9 Do. . H. A. Kelso. -9 ... Mogok Ii. S. Fournier. HS 00 1 52 4i Manipur Capt. H. S. Wood. 8| 5-5 4? Muleyit A. 0. Hume. -8| 4s 2 b Perak Perak Museum. -8§ Burma R. C. E. Underwood. 8i 5 3b Upper Burma Hon. Walter Rothschild. -8* 5s 5i Perak Perak Museum. -97 Arakan Hills . W. Thom. HIMALAYAN SEROW 329 Skull and Horns of Male Himalayan Serow (Mr. A. O. Hume’s record specimen). HIMALAYAN SEROW (Nemorhaedus sumatrensis bubalinus). Serow , seroiva of Gurhwal and many parts of the Himalaya. Ramu-Halj , Salabhir. Jungal , Kangra. Yamu, Kulu. Goa , Chamba. Aimu , Kumaon. Although commonly regarded as a distinct species, there can be little hesitation in classing this animal as a local race of the last, more especially as intermediate forms appear to occur in the neighbourhood of Darjiling. The chief distinction is the less decidedly rufous tint Z 330 RECORDS OF BIG GAME of the hair of the western race. Height at shoulder from 33 to 37 or 38 inches ; weight from 120 to 190 lbs. Distribution. — Throughout the Himalaya from Kashmir to the Mishmi Hills, at elevations of from 6000 to 1 2,000 feet ; also recorded from Yunnan. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -12.25 6.5 2.75 Gurhwal A. 0. Plume. (See Illustration on page 329. ) -12 ... ... Himalaya . . Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. -II ... ... ? Lieut. -Col. R. IP. Rattray. ioi 5§ -.1 ? Plon. Charles Ellis. -10^ 5§ 'J i 0-2 Gurhwal . A. P. Davis. -I°H ... ... North of Musuri . . Capt. Harry V. Brooke. -10 5f Mishmi Hills A. 0. Plume. 9 1 9f 9§ 9^ 9i 9i -9 9! 9i ?9i 9 5§ 5s Si 5l 4l 5§ 5^ 5t\ 4? 4i 4?J 6 4i 3f 3i 2i Pir Panjal . p Kashmir Nepal • ? Sind Valley Chamba Do. North of Musuri Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. British Museum (R. Lydekker). Col. C. M. Haggard. St. George Littledale. British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Capt. C. W. Tribe. Do. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. HIMALAYAN SEROW Length on Circum- . front curve. ference. rip to J ip. Locality. Owner. RECORDS OF BIG GAME j.-' 2 Skull and Horns of Male Takin. From Col. J. Biddulph’s specimen. TAKIN (Budorcas taxicolor). Although recently suggested to be related to the musk-ox, this strange ruminant is more generally regarded as an aberrant relative of the serows. It is heavily built, with stout limbs, large lateral hoofs, a short tail, a convex profile, and an almost completely hairy muzzle. But its most remarkable feature is to be found in the horns, which are large, massive, and bent somewhat after the fashion of those of a gnu, curving at first outwards and somewhat downwards, and then bending abruptly upwards about the middle of their length. Height at shoulder about 3^ feet. Horns are present in both sexes, as in the serows and gorals, those of the female being somewhat smaller than those of the males. Distribution. — Typically the Mishmi Hills on the northern frontier of Assam, but represented by one local race in Tibet, and perhaps another in China. Although living within sight of Indian territory, it does not appear that takin have ever been killed by English sportsmen, and specimens are very rare in collections. TAKIN 333 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -25 13 Mishmi Hills F. J. Needham. -24i Do. Col. J. Biddulph. (See illus- tration. ) -24i I2f I2f Do. Indian Museum. 22§ IOg I4l Assam British Museum. 22§ II 12 Mishmi Hills Duke of Bedford. 22 I2| 12| Do. Bombay Natural History Society. 2I| 12 IO Do. Rowland Ward. 21 12 I3i Do. . A. J. Walter. 2C>£ “I Us Assam British Museum (Hume Col- lection). 20| 121 Mishmi Hills A. O. Hume. 20| IO I2| Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 20^ io| I2§ ? British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). I9S 1 1 H| Mishmi Hills Col. J. Biddulph. I9l 1 1 15 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. i9i 12 14 h ? W. J. Reid. Frontlet and Horns of Young Male Takin. From Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. 334 RECORDS OF BIG GAME TIBETAN TAKIN (Budorcas taxicolor tibetanus). Length on Circum- front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -!9g Ilf 13I Tibet . Paris Museum (Pere A. David). KANSU TAKIN (Budorcas taxicolor sinensis). 20 77 iif uf Kansu, China . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT (Oreamnus montanus). This is one of the very few mammals that are permanently white or whitish at all seasons ; and although commonly termed a goat, it really belongs to the same group as the serows, which it closely resembles in the form and colour of the horns. In winter the hair is very long and pure white in colour ; along the back it is erect, and much elongated on the withers and haunches, so as to give to the animal the appearance of possessing a pair of humps. The summer coat is comparatively short, and has a yellowish tinge. Height at shoulder just short of 3 feet ; weight about 300 lbs. Distribution. — North America ; throughout the Rocky Mountains, from about lat. 36° in California at least as far north as lat. 6o°. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -ni ... British Columbia Clive Phillipps-Wolley. -1 1 Kutenay, B.C. . John T. Fannin (measured by). -iof 5t Montana Walter James. I Of Si Si British Columbia R. Rankin. -iof 6f ... Similkameen River, British Columbia Arthur Pearse. iof 5 6f p E. N. Buxton. I of 5t 7b British Columbia M. Egerton. -9 iof 4i ... Do. Capt. A. Egerton. 10 Si Do. J. V. Colby. -9l 5 Montana President Roosevelt. 9? Si 6i N.W. Territories S. Ratcliff. 9f 5i 6 Do. H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. 9l 5i 6 i Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 9i 54 Alaska St. George Littledale. 9i 4i ... North America . J. D. Cobbold. 4i 54 British Columbia P. B. Vander-Byl. 94 5i 6| East Kutenay, B.C. A. E. Butter. 9i 6 5 British Columbia W. Neilson. Head of Male Rocky Mountain Goat, 336 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Himalayan Tahr. HIMALAYAN TAHR (Hemitragus jemlaicus). The three species of tahr are the first representatives of that great group of ruminants which also includes the true goats and sheep. In all these animals horns are, as a rule, present in both sexes, and are generally more or less distinctly angulated ; while the cheek-teeth have tall and narrow crowns like those of the serows, which the tahr serve to connect with the true goats. From the latter tahr are readily distinguished by the small size of their horns, which exceed but little in length the head, as well as by the absence of a beard on the chin of the males. The Himalayan tahr is easily recognised by the great length of the hair of the body, which, although in museum specimens generally combed straight, is very shaggy in nature ; and likewise by the form of the horns, which have a knotted sharp keel in front. Height at shoulder from 36 to 40 inches ; weight about 200 lbs. Mr. Wilson, “Mountaineer,” had a pair of horns with a length of 1 and girth 10^ inches, as measured by Mr. A. O. Hume. Distribution. — The Himalaya, from Bhutan to Kashmir. HIMALAYAN TAHR 337 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 15 9l 5f Chamba -1 ■ -Hit $ 1 5 Do. • -Hi ... ... Do. • -Hi ... .... Hit 82 Chamba • Hi 9 4i Kishtwar -Hi Chamba • Hi 8| 4§ ? Hi ' 8| 6f Kumaon . ~Hi .... ? H ? -H ? Hi 9 8-1 Chamba . nl . ••• ... Do. • 13? 9 ni ? 13S 8i 72 ? Hi 84 74 Kashmir • Hi 84 7i Chamba • -Hi Do. • -Hi 10 ... ? Hi 9 8| Chamba • Hi 9i 52 ? Hi 8| 52 ? Hi 8i 64 Nepal (?) • Hi 8| ? -Hi 9 5 P -H 9 ? -H 9i ... Chamba • -H 9i Himalaya ■ H 9 62 ? H °8 6| ? Owner. , Col. C. M. Haggard. Capt. J. T. C. Murray. . A. H. Ogilvy Spence. H. Vansittart. . J. S. Rivett-Carnac. Capt. W. F. Corbett. . Mrs. W. W. Baillie. A. Cadell. A. O. Hume. A. B. Lindsay. Capt. R. L. Tottenham. Lieut.-Col. A. E. Ward. Hugo de Burgh. Col. R. J. Heber-Percy. British Museum (Hume Collection). I. Morse. . J. H. Phelps. Lieut.-Col. H. D. Olivier. . Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. Major C. F. Blane. A. W. Robertson, Glasgow. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. E. L. Phelps. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Indian Museum. Capt. A. Hicks-Beach. Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. Capt. J. Carden. P. Church. 338 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Male Arabian Tahr. (From Thomas, P.Z.S. 1894.) ARABIAN TAHR (Hemitragus jayakeri). A much smaller and rather shorter-haired species than the last, of a generally tawny brown colour, with relatively longer and more slender horns, which are less boldly knotted on the front edge. Height at shoulder about 24 J inches. This species, of which the type specimen is in the British Museum, was first obtained by Col. A. S. G. Jayaker, in honour of whom it was named by Mr. O. Thomas in 1894. Distribution. — Jebel Taw, and probably some of the other ranges of Oman, South-East Arabia. Length on front curve. Locality. -Ilg Owner. Oman Mountains Col. A. S. G. Jayaker. N1LGIRI TAHR 339 NILGIRI TAHR (Hemitragus hylocrius). Although commonly designated by British sportsmen the “ Nilgiri ibex,” this species (the warriattu of the native shikaris) is really a member of the same genus as the Himalayan tahr. From that species it is at once distinguished by its short hair and the form of the horns ; the latter having the outer surface convex instead of flat, and lacking the knotted front keel. The general colour is dark blackish-brown, old males developing a light saddle-like patch on the back. Height at shoulder from 39 to 42 inches in the males, and up to 35 inches in the females. Distribution. — The hill-ranges of Southern India, including the Nilgiris, Anamalais, and the Western Ghats nearly to Cape Comorin ; usually at elevations of from 4000 to 6000 feet, but occasionally descending to lower levels. This species has been greatly reduced in numbers by constant persecution, but as the herds have now been placed under Government protection, and a special permit is necessary for shooting, there is hope that it may increase. 340 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality -i 7h 9l 6 Nilgiris . -17 95 Do. . i6| 84 58 p -161 Nilgiris . i64 84 6 Do. . -16 9-5 5 Do. . 15 4 7l 5i Do. . 152 8| 7l Do. '5§ 85 65 Do. . 84 6 Do. *54 83 43 Do. 84 5s Do. -15 84 5 Do. . 14? 84 5l Do. j4t 84 74 Anamalai Hills 141 85 64 Nilgiris . 141 8g 5s Do. . 14I 8 48 Anamalai Hills 9 I2§ 54 2S Do. 9 ii| 54 44 Do. 9 11.25 5-25 4 Do. Owner. Rhodes Morgan. Measured by Gen. MacMaster. 1869. A. O. Hume. St. George Littledale. S. G. Bird. Rhodes Morgan. J. H. Whitehouse. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Martyn Kennard. St. George Littledale. Do. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. Sir W. Gordon-Cumming, Bart. Capt. C. S. Timins. M. Loam. British Museum. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. M. Loam. Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. O. Hume. ASTOR AND FIR PANJAL MARKHOR 34i Horns of Pir Panjal Markhor. Shot by the late Major J. C. Shirres, in the Kajnag, April 22, 1884. ASTOR and PIR PANJAL MARKHOR (Capra falconeri typica, and C. falconeri cashmiriensis). The markhor, of which there are several local races, probably passing more or less completely into one another, introduces us to the true goats ( Capra ). The males differ from the tahr by their much larger horns, whose length greatly exceeds that of the head, and likewise by the presence of a more or less distinct beard on the chin. In most races of the markhor the beard is extended so as to form a fringe on the throat and chest ; the hair on the body being also elongated. Moreover, the horns form a spiral, quite unlike the scimetar-shape characteristic of the ibex and common goat. In the Astor (C. falconeri typica ) and Pir Panjal (C. falconeri cashmiriensis ) races of the markhor the horns take the form of an open corkscrew- like spiral, with comparatively few turns, recalling those of the kudu ; the spiral being most open, the spread widest, and the turns fewest in the Astor form. Height at shoulder of a Gilgit specimen, 38^ inches; of Kashmir specimens, from 38 to 41 inches; weight from 342 RECORDS OF BIG GAME about 200 to 240 lbs. The Astor race is found in Astor and Baltistan, while the Pir Panjal form inhabits the Pir Panjal and Kajnag ranges of Kashmir, and extends to the north-west into Hazara and Gilgit, where it probably intergrades with the former. Morns of Astor Markhor. From Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. Length. Circum- On outside Straight ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. line. -63 ... Pir Panjal Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch.1 -60 ... Astor Lucknow Museum. -59 12 36 Kajnag . The late Major J. C. Shirres. (See illustration on p. 341.) -59 Pir Panjal Lucknow Museum. -58* 402 10 38^ Gilgit Marquis of Lansdowne. 5 7* 40 4 7\ Drosh B. C. Graham. -56* 33 11 38 Kashmir . J. Benett-Stanford. -56 ... Astor Major H. Trevor. 1 CM a\ 361 i3f 348 Do. Viscount Edmond de Pon- cins. 1 Picked up either on the Pir Panjal or Kajnag Ranges by the late Col. Cuppage, and measured by General Kinloch. ASTOR AND FIR FANJAL MARKHOR 343 LenSth- Circum- On outside Straight ference. curve. line. -56 514 -554 ... 9 1 55 44i 11 -55 ... ... 54i 104 54 ... 1 of 53f 3«i I2i 53i 424 Il4 -53 98 53 38! 9l 53 35f 1 if 52S 39f 124 52 35 94 5i! 37l 10 -51? ... ... 51-8- nf -5i| • •• 12 5o4 35S 104 50 38 nf 50 36 10 50 364 12 -50 29 n4 -49f ... - ... -491 ... n4 -494 32i 10 J 49? 36 Ili -49 39i Hi -49 11 49 35 14 Tip to Tip. Locality. Near Bunji 3if Chilas 47 ? ... Astor 264 ? -> Astor 4°4 Do. 52 about Do. 26 ? 35i Gilgit 344 Pir Panjal 33t Astor 424 Gilgit 33 Pir Panjal 36 Chitral . 49§ Astor 44i Flaramosh 454 Do. 36 Astor 33 Chitral . 36 Chilas 3i Haramosh 38 Chilas 40 Astor 43 Gilgit 32 Chilas Chitral . 35 Haramosh 44 ? Owner. Capt. T. S. Johnson. Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. East India Club. Otho Shaw. A. O. Hume. Martyn Kennard. Major J. Manners Smith. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion.1 Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. Martyn Kennard. Major F. H. Taylor. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major G. A. Leslie. Martyn Kennard. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. B. H. Shaw Stewart. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. H. Macdonald. Capt. W. Hayes-Sadler. E. L. Phelps. Capt. P. Hambro. H. Lennard. Col. J. Biddulph. Capt. L. W. S. Oldham. C. R. Johnson. Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. A. O. Hume, C.B. (See illustration on page 342.) 1 Shot by Capt. Harry V. Brooke. 344 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Pir Panjal Markhor. From Mr. A. 0. Hume’s specimen. Length. On outside Straight curve. line. 484 484 3ii 48 375 -48 3*i Circum- ference. 1 14 Tip to Tip. 45 264 29 38 Locality. Astor Baltistan Pir Panjal Haramosh Owner. Capt. M. Murphy. H. Z. Darrah. A. O. Hume. (See above illustration. ) J. V. Phelps. 12 ASTOR AND FIR PANJAL MARKHOR 345 Length. On outside curve. o Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. -474 ... II ... 47i 37 \2\ 38 47i 34 I°2 39 Locality. Owner. Kashmir . Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. Chilas Capt. L. W. S. Oldham, Chitral . H. Gough. Horns of Western Markhor. From a specimen in the Collection of Mr. A. O. Hume. Skull and Horns of (i) Cabul, and (2) Suleman Markhor. From Mr. A. O. Flume’s specimens. CABUL AND SULEMAN MARKHOR 347 Head of Male Suleman Markhor. From Mr. A. J. Grant’s Waziristan specimen. CABUL and SULEMAN MARKHOR (Capra falconeri megaceros and C. falconeri jerdoni). In the Cabul race of the markhor {C. falconeri megaceros ), from the trans-Indus districts near Cabul, the horns are nearly straight, but show a slightly open spiral, being intermediate between those of the Pir Panjal and Suleman races. On the other hand, in the latter (C. falconeri jerdoni ) the relatively small horns form a perfectly straight cone, upon which the spiral ridges run like the “ worm ” of a screw. The distributional area of the latter race includes the trans-Indus hill- ranges on the frontier of the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan, 348 RECORDS OF BIG GAME extending in the Suleman range as far as Mithankot, and also to the Quetta district. Length in straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 7? Odd horn Suleman ? British Museum. race 39l ioj 24! Afghanistan British Museum (Col. Grant). 39% 12! 38 Range 25 miles N.W. A. J. Grant. (See illustration. of Wan a page 347. ) 3*h ioi 23I Afghanistan H.R. H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 37 10 32 Kurram Valley . Major G. Roos Keppel. 35? 9? 15 ? Capt. E. Kirkpatrick. -35 Afghanistan Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 34f 1 of 28 Baluchistan The late Capt. E. W. Codrington, n ^ 9i 19? Afghanistan Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 32h 10 22i Buner Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. 32i 9? 28 A. O. Hume. 32 10 2 7h Cabul A. O. Hume. (See illustration on page 346.) 3*h 9h 27 Suleman Range . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 30? 10 25 Baluchistan Col. J. Biddulph. 3°! 8! 21! ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 29? 8! 23? Baluchistan Lieut. -Col. R. H. Rattray. 29i 10 19 Khyber Pass Capt. A. L. Bickford. -28 ... p Otho Shaw. 27 9 18 Sheik Budin Col. J. Biddulph. 26f ni 22 xV Suleman Range . A. O. Hume. (See illustration on page 346.) 26! ... 18 Buner Capt. H. W. Codrington. 26 8! 184 Sheik Budin Gen. Sir If. Collett. 253 10 21 Quetta B. H. Shaw-Stewart. ASIATIC IBEX 349 ASIATIC IBEX (Capra sibirica). The first of the true ibexes, in all of which the long scimitar-shaped horns carry bold transverse knots on the front surface. In the present species the horns are characterised by their large size and well- developed front surface ; the second distinctive feature being the long beard of the males. Height at shoulder from 40 to 42 inches ; weight about 206 lbs., when cleaned from 128 to 153 lbs. Distribution. — The mountains of Central Asia, from the Altai to the Himalaya (exclusive of the Pir Panjal), and from the neighbourhood of Herat to Kumaon. Several local races of this species are recognised ; namely, the Thian Shan ibex (C. sibirica typica ), from Siberia, the Thian Shan, Altai, etc., the Irtish ibex (C. s. lydekkeri ), the Baltistan ibex (C. a ward!), and the Himalayan ibex (C. s. sarin), from the mountains to the northward of Kashmir and adjacent districts as far east as the source of the Ganges. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 56S nh 36i Thian Shan Lord Elphinstone. -56 Tagdumbash Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 54l 29 Thian Shan P. B. Vander-Byl. -54l 104 25 Gilgit . Queen’s Own Corps of Guides.1 54 2 iof 45 Thian Shan H.M. the King. 54 H§ 27 Do. . Lord Elphinstone. -53f 14 China Capt. P. Hambro. 53l ni 42 Thian Shan R. Hayne. 534 ioi 204 Gilgit . Col. J. Biddulph. 53 12 - -> rl j5‘2 Thian .Shan St. George Littledale. 52i I2i 26 Do. . P. Church. -52 -5G IO Baltistan Kashmir H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. Martyn Ivennard. 5i4 9i 34i ? Major J. Manners Smith. 5i 9l 28i ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 5°? ni 34i Thian Shan P. B. Vander-Byl. 5o§ Hf -.r-l o5‘2 Do. . British Museum (St. George Littledale). 1 Picked up by Lieut. -Col. R. E. Hutchinson. - Shot by St. George Littledale. 35° RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 50 1 1 ? Marquis of Lansdovvne. -50 IO| 21 ? Capt. II. Newton. 50 12 I9l Thian Shan J. V. Phelps. -50 p Major H. Trevor. -50 ? 7th Hussars. Head of Thian Shan Ibex. From Lord Elphinstone’s record specimen. 49S 1 of 25i ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 49i 10 2l\ Chitral British Museum (Capt. B. E. M. Gurdon). ~A9h ni 2 7\ Baltistan Major James Grant. 49 io£ 9 i Skardo Major George Douglas. -48^ 9i 34s Gilgit .... Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. 481 98 3° h Nubra, north of Leh . A. 0. Hume. -48 Skardo J. L. Wood. ASIATIC IBEX 35 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 48 10* 24* Tilel Valley, Kashmir J. Campbell of Kilberry. -4 7i Thian Shan F. A. Labouchere. 47 Ilf ... ? Carl Hagenbeck. -47 Baltistan Major E. Guinness. 47 IO ? Major J. Manners Smith. -47 Baltistan A. R. Oldfield. 465 II 245 Kashmir Hon. Charles Ellis. 46* 12 20* Altai .... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 46* IO 25* Kashmir G. A. Lloyd. -46* ... ... ? Indian Museum. 46 - 9i 25 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -46 II* 27 Sind Valley A. 0. Hume. -46 Kashmir Capt. Hon. J. G. Beresford. 45* 9l 19* p Capt. R. L. Kennion. 45* 9l 19* Baltistan T. R. Ubsdell. 45* IO 18* ? A. Courage. -454 9§ 24! Baltistan Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. 45 10* 29 Ladak P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. -45 IO 20* Gilgit .... Col. J. Biddulph. -45 Kashmir Major R. L. Walter. 45 IO* 23* p Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. 45 9 12* Baltistan Major C. B. Vandeleur. 45 1 of 27 ? J. V. Phelps. 35^ RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Alpine Ibex, in the possession of H.M. the King of Italy. ALPINE IBEX (Capra ibex). This species, which only survives in a protected state, differs from the Asiatic ibex by the much smaller size of the beard of the male, as well as by a slight variation in the horns ; the height at the shoulder reaching to about 40 inches. Weight from 85 to 106 lbs., clean. Formerly distributed throughout the higher Alps of Switzerland, Savoy, and the Tyrol, but now surviving only in a few valleys on the Italian side of Monte Rosa. Most of the few specimens now obtainable are comparatively small, and good horns are very scarce in English collections. Length Circum- Tip to * ,• ^ on front ference. Tip. Locality. Owner, curve. v ~44§ 10J 1... Valley of Aosta . . . H.M. the King of Italy. ~39j io| 40^ ? f Imperial Museum, Vienna. 1 Height at shoulder, 33I; weight, 170 lbs. ALPINE IBEX 353 Length on front Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. -381 ... Valley of Aosta . H.M. the King of Italy. -37 1 ... Do. Do. 35i 9 26| Do. Do. 34i 9S ... Styria Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -34i 9 26 Valley of Aosta . H.M. the King of Italy. -33l 9 39f Do. Shot by H.M. the late Victor Emmanuel. -3iS 9s i8f Alps of Savoy . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3° 9 21 ? Dublin Museum. -28£ 9f 18 Valley of Aosta . . C. H. Wilczek. 28 9i Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26f 8f s 22| Do. British Museum. 23i 8| 174 ? Do. 354 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ABYSSINIAN IBEX (Capra vali). This ibex, the vvala of the natives of Simien, differs from the Nubian ibex by its stouter build, shorter beard, and larger and more massive horns, on which the knots are but slightly prominent. The forehead of the skull has a conspicuous bony prominence. Although described by Riippell in 1835, this ibex was practically unknown till 1901, when a fine series of specimens was brought home by Capt. Powell-Cotton. Height at shoulder about 40 inches. Weight about 260 lbs. Distribution . — The mountains of Simien, Abyssinia. Length on ront curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. ]43 10A 23 Abyssinia . • Lady Meux. ‘421 io£ i8f Do. H.M. The Queen. 41! 1 1 i6| Do. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 41 1 1 1 H Do. Do. 4°s 1 1 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 3^ 1 1 i8| Do. P. II. G. Powell-Cotton. 9§ Do. Mrs. Rennell Rodd. 25i 7k 13 Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. 9 134 4l 8& Do. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 1 Presented by Ras Makunnan, 1902. 3 56 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 lead of the Sinaitic Race of Nubian Ibex. NUBIAN IBEX (Capra nubiana). This species may be easily distinguished from both the Asiatic and the Alpine species by the form of the horns, which are very long, rather slender, and with the outer front angle much bevelled off, so that the proper front surface is very narrow, and its transverse knots propor- tionately short. These races are recognised, namely, the typical Nubian form, the S. Arabian C. n. mengesi , and the Sinaitic C. n. sinaitica. In the form of its horns the latter approximates to the wild goat. Distribution . — The mountains of Southern Arabia, Palestine, the Sinaitic Peninsula, Upper Egypt, and probably also those of Morocco and the interior of Senegambia. Arabian name, beden. Comparatively few European sportsmen have killed this handsome ibex. NUBIAN IBEX 35 7 The followhig specimens belong to the typical African form : — Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -51 °8 394 Upper Egypt Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 46! 8 North Africa British Museum. 1 42 74 20 Near Suakin Hon. Walter Rothschild. 4i| 7% i70 North Africa Major W. IT. Besant. 4°f 71 134 Do. ... Julius Jeppe. 40J 74 24 Do. ... A. Fowler. 3§4 74 124 Upper Egypt Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -38S ... 21 North Africa J. fif. Darling. 3§i 8 21 Suakin .... Major A. King 374 74 94 North Africa Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 37 7 1 75 Do. ... Capt. N. M. Smyth. -354 64 16I Egypt .... Dr. Albert von Stephani. 354 74 12 Suakin .... W. P. Gore-Graham. 3°h 8 174 Do Commander A. T. Hunt, R.N, The following specimens are Asiatic : — Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 50 9 Southern Arabia Capt. J. T. Brinkley. 42 74 Arabia .... East India Club. 414 8 1 6i Do Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -4I^o Hadramut, S.E. Arabia J. Menges. 395 94 Markat .... Do. 394 84 194 South-East Arabia Hon. Walter Rothschild. 354 64 12 Sinaitic Peninsula W. E. Pease. 35i 7 i5l Do. ... J. D. Cobbold. -324 64 7 Do. ... Captain John Marriott. 324 7 184 Do. ... E. H. Pease. 3i| 64 134 Do. ... W. Moncreiffe. 3i4 6| 7 Do. ... W. E. Pease. 358 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 30? 6* n a Sinaitic Peninsula . A. W. Haig. 29 ... 13 Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. 28I 7\ 6 Do. E. N. Buxton. 2Si 6 12 Do. British Museum. 9 1 of 3i 2h Do. W. E. Pease. 9 8f ■j i 3h Si Do. W. Moncreiffe. WILD GOAT 359 Skull and Horns of Sind Wild Goat. From Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. WILD GOAT (Capra hircus). The horns of the Persian wild goat (C. hircus cegagrus ), which appears to be the ancestral form of the domesticated goat of Europe and Asia ( C ’ hircus ), differ from those of the various species of ibex by having no distinct front surface, but merely a sharp notched keel, representing the inner front angle of the ibex horn. In old males the beard is very long. The general colour of the upper parts is brownish gray in winter and reddish brown in summer, with the under parts white, and blackish brown and white markings on the face and limbs. Height at shoulder reaching to 37 inches. The so-called Sind ibex (C. hircus blythi) appears to be a second local race of the species, inhabiting Sind and parts of Baluchistan, where it probably passes imperceptibly into the Persian race. It is distinguished mainly by a slight difference in the form of the horns. A second race ( C . h. raddi ) inhabits the Caucasus. Other races inhabit the islands of the yEgean Archipelago, where they appear to have been more or less crossed with domesticated breeds. 36° RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — The islands of South-Eastern Europe, and the mountains of South-Eastern Europe and South-Western Asia from the Caucasus through Persia to the confines of Baluchistan and Sind. Native Persian name, pasang (rock-footed). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 55i 24 Persia Carl Hagenbeck. -53 IO 46 Asia Minor B. H odder. 52! 7l 81 Sind . . A. O. Hume. (Shot by Col. F. Marston.) See illustration. 5T 9 7 Russian Turkestan Prince P. DemidofT. 48i 8| T Caucasus British Museum. -48 8 20^ Sind . . J. D. Inverarity. “472 9l ... Cilician Taurus . C. G. Danford. 461 7l 14 Sind . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 46^ 8g 18'i Asia Minor F. C. Selous. 46 7i 1 1 Sind . Major C. S. Cumberland. -45? 81 9l Daghestan . E. N. Buxton. 45i 81 5 Do. R. Graham. -45i 9i 21 Damascus . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 45i 8 nf Sind . . Col. J Biddulph. 443 81 2l| Caucasus . British Museum. 443 8| I I ? British Museum (Hume Collection) -43i 7 4 Hi p Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 43 9 151 Taurus Range Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 43 H 22§ ? J. Carr Saunders. 42^ 9 IO Russian Turkestan St. George Littledale. 42 8 61 Baluchistan Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -42 7 12 Sind . J. D. Inverarity. -413 Do. . . Major E. C. Tidswell. 4if 81 9i Russian Turkestan Prince E. Demidoff. ~4°2 9s ... Asia Minor Imperial Museum, Vienna. 39i 7l Hi Baluchistan Capt. T. W. Greenfield. -38 ioi 15 Asia Minor . Capt. John Marriott. -38 ... ... ? H.II. Maharaja of Travancore. 36 8i 61 Baluchistan . Hon. Walter Rothschild. DOMESTICATED GOAT 361 DOMESTICATED GOAT. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 52^ 10 4 4°l Daghestan Sir Edmund G. Loder, 44? 6 29i Angora Do. 4oi 9i Daghestan . Do. 37^ 7i 32I Scotland Col. W. H. Walker. -37 74 35 Meoble, N.B. Walter Jones. 35? 7? 38? ? B. de Bertodano. 34? 74 384 Scotland Duke of Bedford. 34 8i 324 Do. F. C. Selous. 334 8 264 Meoble, N.B. Hon. O. C. Molyneux. 2 B RECORDS OF BIG GAME 362 Head of Spanish Tur. Mr. Abel Chapman’s specimen. SPANISH TUR (Capra pyrenaica). Although commonly designated an ibex, the Spanish wild goat has horns more like those of one of the Caucasian tur, and is therefore better designated as a species of that group. The horns, which have a sharp inner edge, are twisted in a very open semi-spiral, with the tips generally turned outwards, and are quite unlike those of the true ibex. In having dark and light markings on the limbs the species is, however, much more like the Persian wild goat than either of the Caucasian tur. The beard of the males varies greatly in size according to age and season. Height at shoulder from about 27 to 32 inches; weight, when clean, about 10 stone. Distribution. — The Pyrenees and the high ranges of Central Spain, Andalusia, and Portugal. The typical form of the species inhabits the Pyrenees ; those inhabiting the more southern parts may be distinguished as a separate race (C. pyrenaica hispanica). SPANISH TUR 363 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 31 8| ... ip- Pyrenees Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -3°i 94 234 Central Spain Abel Chapman ajid W. J. Buck. -29 4 84 23i Almeira H. Brinsley Brooke. 29i 94 234 Sierra Nevada Abel Chapman. 1 NJ 00 ■Nto 104 20§ p Imperial Museum, Vienna. 28 9s 23l Spain . British Museum. 27S 9 25 Do. . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 274 10-f 194 Pyrenees British Museum. 25I 84 i6| Spain Hon. Walter Rothschild. -254 94 13 Do. . . . W. J. Buck. 244 10 14 Val d’Arras E. N. Buxton. 23I 8 16 Southern Spain . Pablo Larios. 22| 94 i8| Val d’Arras E. N. Buxton. 22 74 14 Spain Pablo Larios. -2l4 74 ... Do. . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 20 84 15 Sierra Blanca A. Larios. l6 74 11 Spain Col. R. J. Heber-Percy. -? I Of 58 74 Val d’Arras A. E. Leatham. 2 94 r 3 5s 64 Do. E. N. Buxton. 3&4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of West Caucasian Tur. Shot by Mr. St. George Littledale. WEST CAUCASIAN TUR (Capra caucasica). Of the two peculiar kinds of wild goats inhabiting the Caucasus, and locally known as tur, the present species is easily recognised by the approximation in the form of its horns (especially in immature individuals) to those of true ibex, and the uniform bright chestnut- brown colour of the hair of the adult male in the summer coat ; the chin, beard, and lower parts of the legs being alone black. Although the horns present a considerable resemblance to those of ibex, they are decidedly thicker, have a different curvature, and show distinct knobs, or knots only in their upper half. In young males the knots extend the whole length of the front of the horns, and the long winter coat is a pale drab colour. Height at shoulder about 3 inches. WEST CAUCASIAN TUR 365 Distribution . — The western half of the main chain of the Caucasus. Certain peculiarly-shaped horns appear to indicate the existence of a hybrid race between this species and the East Caucasian tur in the Central Caucasus. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality 40b I2f i Si Caucasus 36 1 Ilf 27§ Do. 34f iif 22y Do. 34i 12 22 Kouban, Caucasus 33i I of 26| Do. 32b Hi 25i Do. 32i lib 25i Do. 3lb 12^ 24l Do. 3°§ Ilf i6| Do. 30 II| I9l Do. J22| i of 22I Do. Owner. St. George Littledale. Do. Do. . Prince E. Demidoff. . St. George Littledale. Do. . Prince E. Demidoff. Do. . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. . St. George Littledale. 1 Presumed hybrid between C. caucasica and C. cylindricornls. 366 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male East Caucasian Tur. EAST CAUCASIAN TUR (Capra cylindricornis). A very different -looking creature from the last is the wild goat commonly designated by sportsmen the “ Caucasian bharal ” ; this name being derived from the resemblance of its horns to those of the true Himalayan bharal. In spite of this point of resemblance, its affinities are, however, evidently with the goats, although it not im- probably indicates a step from the more typical members of that group in the direction of the sheep. In addition to the peculiar form of its horns, this tur is characterised by the extreme shortness of the beard, which merely forms a curling fringe on each side of the chin, instead of the long central tuft observable at certain seasons in the West Caucasian species. The general colour of the fur is uniform dull brown, except on the chin, the tip of the tail, and portions of the legs, where it is blackish brown. Height at shoulder about 3 feet. Distribution. — The Eastern Caucasus, from Kasbek to Daghestan. EAST CAUCASIAN TUR 367 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 42 134 14 Caucasus Prince E. Demidoff. 3 8i 124 Eastern Caucasus . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 36 13 Daghestan . J. D. Cobbold. 34i IO l 134 Caucasus Major Talbot. 33l 13 174 Do. . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 33l 12 I9l Do. . British Museum. 32 13 19 Do. . Berthold Smith. 3J4 12 7S Do. . F. G. Barclay. 3i II 28 Northern Caucasus Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. 30 12 17 Daghestan F. G. Barclay. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 368 Head of Male Bharal. BHARAL (Ovis nahura). Having horns not unlike those of the East Caucasian tur, the bharal, or blue sheep of Tibet, differs from the goats by the absence of a beard and a strong odour in the males, and on account of these and other points of difference from the goats is placed among the sheep, of which group it forms a very aberrant member. The most distinctive external features are the comparatively smooth and olive- coloured horns, which curve at first outwards and then backwards from the sides of the head, and the bluish gray colour of the thick fur of the back and sides, the flanks, under parts, and legs being handsomely marked with black and white. Height at shoulder about 36 inches; weight about 130 lbs. In the complete absence of glands on the face the bharal differs from the more typical sheep and resembles the goats. Distribution . — Tibet, from Hunza and Shigar, in Baltistan, and near Sanju, south-east of Yarkand, to Moupin in Eastern Tibet, and from the main axis of the Himalaya, or locally some distance south of the same, to the Kuenlun and Altyn Tag ; in summer usually met with at elevations between 14,000 and 16,000 feet, and apparently never found below about 10,000 feet. BHARAL 369 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -322 12 Milam Pass Capt. W. de L. Williams. -32 ? The late B. H. Hodgson, P.Z.S. 1840, p. 66. 314 134 22\ Ladak J. Campbell of Kilberry. 301 12 J 2l| Gurhwal A. O. Hume. -3°i II 154 Ladak P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 30 II 24 Hanle, Spiti Capt. B. L. Carew. -30 Baba Pass . Major R. W. Johnston. 29I I2j 22^ Gurhwal A. 0. Hume. 29i Ilf 254 ? H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. 294 12 261 Northern Sikhim Surg. -Major A. Pearse. -29 12 ? Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. -29 ? Lucknow Museum. 28| I2l 22 Chang-chenmo . B. H. Shaw-Stewart. -281 ... ... ? Major H. Trevor. 00 M 12% 261 Hanle Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. -281 IO! ? Indian Museum. 28 1 1 20g ? British Museum (Hume Collec tion). 28 I [ l6 Hanle Arnold Pike. 27! 10J IO Ladak Capt. G. Campbell. 2 74 1 1 2l4 Do. ... St. George Littledale. -27 Do. ... Otho Shaw. 27 Il4 28 Tibet .... Major C. S. Cumberland. 2.6% H4 23 Ladak Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. 261 ioi 20 Kumaon A. S. Crum. 261 12 154 p Lord Stavordale. 26J Il| 23 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 26 i iog 22 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 26 I of 254 ? R. Johnstone. 26 iog 20| ? Capt. W. H. Williamson. 25i 121 314 East of Padarn, Zanskar Capt. M. S. Wellby. 25I 111 184 ? Major C. B. Vandeleur. 370 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 25! 10 13 Ladak Capt. J. A. Stewart Balmain. -25 h III ... Do. Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. 25l II| 2Si Do. St. George Littledale. -25i Iii 24I Do. Capt. H. W. Codrington. 25 10 25i ? Major H. C. Morland. 25 I2| 28 ? Capt. E. Harrison. ARUI OR UDAD 371 ARUI or UDAD (Ovis lervia). The only wild sheep found throughout the continent of Africa is the arui, or fechstal of the Arabs, the udad or Barbary sheep of naturalists ; a species with horns not very unlike those of the bharal, and also lacking glands on the face, but readily distinguished by its uniformly tawny colour, the fringe of long hair depending from the throat, chest, and the upper portion of the fore-legs, and the unusual length of the tail, which exceeds that of all other wild sheep. In the length of this appendage the arui approaches domesticated sheep, of which, however, it is not likely to be the ancestor. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 3 inches. Distribution . — The mountains of Northern Africa, from Egypt to Morocco. 37 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 33i 13! I2| Algeria Julius Jeppe. 29s 12^ 19 Do. V. Cholmondeley. 28| 12 Hi Do. K. A. Cooper. 28i Hi 18 Do. British Museum (Hon. John Ward). 28^ 1 1§ 1 8i Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 28 ni i6£ S. Tunisia . J. I. S. Whitaker. -27S ni Hi* Algeria Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -271 I 2y I3i p Imperial Museum, Vienna. 25s Hi !7i Algeria lion. John Ward. 25s Hi 17 Do. F. de Marietta. 25s IO| 16 Do. Lieut. -Col. G. J. Cuthbert. -25^ I2i 20i Do. Capt. John Marriott. -25 s I I 18 Tunisia A. E. Pease. 232 1 1 »4? Do. P. B. Vander-Byl. 23i 10 I7i S. Morocco . F. G. Atlalo. - 9 20J 10 16 Algeria A. E. Pease. - 9 19 7 17 Tunisia Capt.- John Marriott. 9 16.8 7.6 14.2 Egypt Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN 373 Head of Rocky Mountain Bighorn, from Mr. W. F. Sheard’s specimen. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis). The bighorn of the American continent, inclusive of its local races (frequently regarded as distinct species), is a large sheep, distinguished from the Asiatic argalis, among other features, by the comparative smoothness of the horns, in which the outer front angle is prominent and the inner one rounded off, and also by the smaller size of the face- glands. There is a well-marked whitish patch on the rump, but the amount of white on the under parts and legs shows considerable local variation. In the typical Rocky Mountain race ( 0 . canadensis typica ) the ears are long and pointed, with short hair, and the horns, which are very heavy, diverge but little outwards, and generally have the tips broken. The Californian O. canadensis nelsoni is a paler southern race. On the other hand, in O. canadensis stonei of the North-West Territories the colour of the back is very dark, and the white on the belly and legs sharply defined. Both in this race and the white O. canadensis dalli of Alaska the horns are lighter, more divergent, and more sharply pointed, while the ears tend to become shorter, blunter, and more hairy. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 2 inches. Weight about 350 lbs. The horns of the ewes are very small in comparison with those of the rams, seldom measuring more than 1 5 inches on the curve from base to tip. Large male horns are now difficult to obtain, and of late years it is seldom that those of fresh-killed specimens are seen exceeding 38 inches on the curve from tip to tip. American sportsmen are keen to obtain horns of large basal girth ; but they rarely exceed 1 6 inches. 374 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The Maclaine of Lochbuie possesses a specimen whose girth, according to his own measurement, is 19 inches. Distribution. — The range of the American representatives of the Bighorn extends from the Rocky Mountains southwards to Sonora, Northern Mexico, and California, and northwards to Alaska and the shores of Bering Sea. All the American races except the Alaskan are included in the list below. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -52* 1 8i Selkirk Range, B.C. (?) . W. F. Sheard. (See illustra tion. ) -45 ... ? W. Grant Mackay. -424 16J 25? Lower California . George H. Gould. 42 16 Wyoming T. W. II. Clarke. -... 1 7i Do. Do. -412 15 Kootenay, B.C. Provincial Museum, B.C. c:H< 0 1 1 6$ Yellowstone . British Museum. 40j 20} ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -40 15J Rocky Mountains . Otho Shaw. 40 15 2 1 2 British Columbia . J. W. R. Young. 39§ i5l Colorado St. George Littledalc. 392 1 6i 24? Montana British Museum. 392 !52 19 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3§i 152 22 p Gerald Buxton. 3Si i6§ Bighorn Mountains Sir H. Seton-Karr. i5i i9i Montana Edmund Littledale. 3Si 16 19 N.W. Territories . S. Ratcliff. 38 17 Alberta, N.W.T. . Arnold Pike. 38 15 British Columbia . Capt. F. Cookson. -38 1 6i Do. Col. C. C. Ellis. 37? i5l 23! Mexico .... J. A. H. Drought. -37? i6i 22^ British Columbia . * J. 0. Shields. 37a 16 15 Do. Col. A. Charlesworth. 37i 152 16 Do. J. Turner-Turner. -37 16 3i Wyoming T. W. II. Clarke. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN 375 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 37 i6| Montana Major Maitland Kir wan. 37 i6| 16 British Columbia . R. H. Venables Kyrke. 37 *51 I9i Wyoming Capt. H. A. C. Darley. 37 i5i I8i Do. Lord Rodney. 361 19 15 British Columbia . C. H. Kennard. 36| i5i 22^ Wyoming Moreton Frewen. 36! i4i 22l Do. A. Willis. 362 i6i Do. . Thomas Bate. 36^ . 14 p J. D. Cobbold. 36 15 9 Wyoming J. L. Scarlett. 36 14I 1 6i Montana R. H. Sawyer. 36 Hi 16 Wyoming Major G. Dairy mple White. Hoo VO to 1 Hi i7i Do. Count E. Hoyos. 35! i3l i7i British Columbia . Hon. S. Tollemache. 35i 16 21 Do. T. P. Kempson. 35i I2| 16 California Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 35i i5i i8i British Columbia . Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 35 14 1 8i Do. Admiral Sir Michael Culme- Seymour, Bart. -35 15 19I Wyoming Count Scheibler. 35 14 16 Do. Gerald Hardy. 34i Hi 19 S.E. Montana J. A. Jameson. 34i Mi ••• California G. P. Fitzgerald. -34i 17 N. Chehuahua C. Sheldon. -34 16 17 N.W. Wyoming A. Rogers. 376 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ALASKAN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis dalli). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -435 155 26 Alaska F. Foster. 39? 13 22* Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 38 i3i 18 Do. . A. E. Butter. 37 »3? 20* Do. . Hon. J. C. Lister. 36 14 h 17? Do. . C. G. Cowan. 34 13? 21 Do. . Rowland Ward. 34 I O& 1 wy l8* Do. . J. Carr Saunders. 13* 21 Do. . . W. H. King. 32 * I3i 20* Do. British Museum (J. T. Studley). 9 IO| 4* 5? Do. . Rowland Ward. 99 i 4* 8 Do. . British Museum. FANNIN’S BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis fannini). A provisional race characterised by the gray colour of the back. -4.O7J 13 20 Near Dawson City . Provincial Museum, B.C. NORTH-WESTERN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis stonei). 32* Hi 28^ N. British Columbia American Museum of Natural History. KAMCHATKAN BIGHORN 377 Skull and Horns of Male Kamchatkan Bighorn. Shot by Prince E. Demidoff. KAMCHATKAN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis nivicola). Although the Kamchatkan wild sheep is readily distinguished from the Rocky Mountain bighorn ( 0 . canadensis typica ) by the slender- ness of the horns at the points, and their wider tip-to-tip measurement, as well as by the shorter, blunter, and more thickly haired ears, the shorter face, the longer hair of the body, and the inferior size of the white patch on the rump, yet the Alaskan and the N.W. bighorn, in which the horns are of the Kamchatkan type, and the ears are shorter than in the Rocky Mountain race, tend to bridge over these points of difference. These transitions indicate that all the bighorns are essentially local modifications of the same animal ; the Asiatic forms being, as might be expected, the most aberrant. Height at shoulder about 37 or 38 inches ; weight about 250 lbs. Distribution. — Kamchatka. 2 C 378 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 394 H4 28^ Kamchatka Prince E. Demidoff. 38! H4 3°f Do. Do. -38 134 26 Do. Dr. F. Ii. H. Guillemard. -354 14 264 Do. Do. 0 r 1 002 1 4-2 24S Do. St. Petersburg Museum. 354 144 244 Do. . British Museum (St. George Little- dale). 34l 144 254 Do. St. George Littledale. 34 *34 23§ Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 32f 134 23 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3i4 14 26 Do. Dublin Museum. 3i4 13I 21 Cape Chepunske Col. J. Biddulph. -314 T It I3? 24 Kamchatka Dublin Museum. -30 1 14$ 25! Do. Dr. Albert von Stephani. 9 io| 5 144 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 9 8| 54 9l Do. British Museum. CLIFTON’S BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis borealis). An East Siberian race closely allied to the last, but of a generally lighter colour, with a much larger and less well-defined white rump- patch, much white on the face, a darker tail, and larger ears. Distribution. — The Stanovoi Mountains, the range between the valleys of the Yana and Lena, and other parts of Eastern Siberia. The only known examples in England were shot by Mr. J. Talbot Clifton, by whom a complete male specimen was presented to the British Museum in 1902. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 374 1 1 22^ Yana Valley . J. Talbot Clifton. 33 13 224 ? British Museum (J. Talbot Clifton). 32S H4 244 p J. Talbot Clifton. 264 1 1 20j ? Do. 9 54 n 5 08 54 ? Do. MARCO POLO'S SHEEP 379 Head of Male Marco Polo’s Sheep. From Mr. David T. Hanbury’s specimen. MARCO POLO’S SHEEP (Ovis poli). In common with the following members of the genus Ovis , this splendid sheep has the transverse wrinklings of the horns well developed, and small glands present on the face. The horns of the adult male are characterised by their comparative slenderness and great length, forming a spiral of more than one complete circle, with the front angles typically well developed. The hind-quarters show a large amount of white, extending over the greater part of the thighs ; and in winter the throat is furnished with a voluminous ruff of long white hairs, which disappears in summer. Height at shoulder about 4 feet, or perhaps rather less; weight of adult male about 22 stone. Distribution. — Typically the plateau of the Pamirs in Central Asia, but represented by a closely allied race ( O . poli karelini ) in the Thian Shan range of Turkestan, in which the horns are generally somewhat shorter, and may have the front outer angle rounded off. This sheep was first definitely made known in England by 380 RECORDS OF BIG GAME specimens obtained during the Second Yarkand Mission under the late Sir D. Forsyth ; since which date it has been killed by Mr. St. George Littledale, Major C. S. Cumberland, Capt. H. Bower, Viscount de Poncins, and other sportsmen. Length on front Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. -75 l6 54 2 Pamir .... Field-Marshal Earl Roberts. 73 15 48 Little Pamir The late Col. H. C. B. Tanner. -7i 153 53t Great Pamir Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 70 143 45 Do. ... II. M. The King. 70 17 52 Do. II. II. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. 69^ r5i 56 ? Marquis of Lansdowne. 691 Hi 39 Tagdumbash Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -68;V >5i 45* Do Queen’s Own Corps of Guides. 68^ 15 35* p Lewis Flower. 68 17 43 Pamir .... Major-Gen. Sir R. Pole Carew. -68 16 52 ? Indian Museum. -m 16 53+ p Indian Museum (Col. J. Biddulph). -67 16 Thian Shan 1 1. II. the Maharaja of Travancore. 67 *5i 42 h ? Duke of Westminster. 66J '5§ 46 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 66 1 135 464 Valley between Little and A. 0. Hume. Great Pamir 66 *5i 44 Do. British Museum (Hume Collection). 66 l5i 42 ? A. Leslie Renton. 65i 16 53 Great Pamir (16,000 feet) . British Museum (Col. T.E. Gordon). -65 16 41 ? Dublin Museum. 65 1 6i 493 ? Major C. F. Blane. -65 ? The Empress of Russia. 64^ i6.t 46 Pamir .... Col. C. C. Ellis. 64i 161 4i Do W. Lawrence. 64i 39 Do H. C. V. Hunter. 64 15^ 5° Little Pamir Major R. P. Cobbold. 64 15 39 Do. ... A. Ezra. 64 631 631 63 62f 62^ 62 6ii 6o| 60 60 -60 -60 -60 60 59+ 59 59 59 59 57! 57! 57 561 56 56 56 55! 53a MARCO POLO’S SHEEP 381 Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 15 49 ? i6|r 42^ Pamir 15! 46! Tagdumbash 16 49i Little Pamir i6i 5i Tagdumbash 15 57 ? 15! 40 ? i5i 46! Tagdumbash 15! 46! Pamir 15! 46! Tagdumbash i5i 46 Do. ... Do. 17 Do. 16 52 Do. 15! 43 Do. 16 46 ? l5h 40 Tagdumbash i6J 47 ? >5! 4i ? 14 42! Tagdumbash i5 46! Do. 14! 5° Do. 15! 42 Do. *5i 35a Do. 15 44 Do. 14 45f ? T4i 43 ? 1 5! 43 ? 14! 38! N. Pamir . *5i 38 Thian Shan Owner. Duke of Portland, K.G. Hon. Walter Rothschild. . Earl of Dunmore. Bachelors’ Club (Major R. P. Cobbold). Capt. T. W. Greenfield. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Charles Ellis. E. L. Phelps. St. George Littledale. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. P. Church. Lieut. -Col. H. Bower. H. Dauvergne. H. Lennard. R. Hardcastle. Capt. H. II. P. Deasy. Lord Curzon. Viscount Powerscourt. Martyn Ivennard. David T. Hanbury. Major-General Sir Arthui Ellis, K.C.V.O. Reginald Beech. Don. R. A. Ward. St. George Littledale. E. P. Tennant. Major J. Manners Smith. W. O. Bell-Irving. J. Carr Saunders. R. Hayne. J. V. Phelps. 382 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 554 1 6i 43 Pamir Major C. S. Cumberland. 55 16 44 ? H.R. H. le Due d’Orleans. -9 147 5-90 1575 Great Pamir Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 9 ioi 54 134 Tagdumbash David T. Hanbury. LITTLEDALE’S SHEEP (Ovis saiarensis). This sheep, of which there are two races, the typical smaller one, and the larger O. s. littledalei of the Ili Valley and part of Siberia, is in some respects intermediate between poli and amnion. It differs from both in having the face brown above and white on the muzzle. The horns are less finely ridged than those of amnion and form a longer spiral. In the larger Ili race the horns are much less “nipped in” below the eyes, and also farther away from the ears. Distribution. — Typically from the Saiar Mountains, Altai ; the larger race from the Ili Valley, Thian Shan, and the Semipalatinsk Altai. Length on Circum- front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 62! 19! 00 Altai .... St. George Littledale. 6l4 19! 394 Do. ... British Museum (St. George Littledale). 594 194 384 Do. * St. George Littledale. 494 i6J 2 54 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 464 144 27 Irtisch District . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 46 134 28 ? Rowland Ward. 40 14I 292 Near Sairam Nor Lake Lord Elphinstone. SIBERIAN ARGAII 383 Skull and Horns of Male Siberian Argali. From a specimen shot by Mr. St. George Littledale in the Altai. SIBERIAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon). Closely allied to Marco Polo’s sheep, but distinguished by the thicker and less expanded horns, which often have the outer front angle much rounded off, and the wrinklings very fine. A more or less distinct white patch on the rump, not extending on to the thigh, which is dark-coloured like the back ; no ruff on the throat, even in the long winter coat. In summer the coat of old males, which is very short, tends to become more or less light-coloured all over. Height at shoulder from about 45 inches to 4 feet ; weight from about 250 to 350 lbs. As in the Tibetan race, considerable individual variation may be noticed in the horns, some having the outer front angle much more developed than usual ; it does not appear that these differences can be accounted for by age. Distribution. — In former times apparently extending from the Baikal Mountains in the south of Eastern Siberia through Northern Mongolia to the Altai ; now chiefly restricted to the twro latter localities. 384 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 62 19 Altai . . II. J. Elwes. 60 20 41 Do. Lord Elphinstone. 595 20 41I Do. lion. Walter Rothschild. 59 19 37* Do. Ford G. Barclay. 562 1 33* Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. 55 18 39 Do. Prince E. Demidoff. 54? i8| 30 Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. 542 19! 33? Do. Do. 5 3i 2lf 33i Do. Duke of Bedford, K.G. 53i 19 22 Do. St. George Littledale. 53 18 39 Do. W. E. Pease. 52i 19? 33 Do. Prince E. Demidoff. 52 21 3°2 Do. P. B. Vander-Byl. 5i i9i 33 Do. St. George Littledale. 50 19 J 27i Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -50 i9i 36 Do. Dr. Albert von Stephani. 49i 20\ 25 Do. St. George Littledale. 47i l8? 31 Do. R. Ilayne. 45* 20 27J Do. Prince E. Demidoff. 40 l6 ^ 00 Do. Princess Demidoff. 9 26 7i 2J4 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. TIBETAN ARGALI 385 Head of Male Tibetan Argali. TIBETAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon hodgsoni). Chiefly distinguished from the Siberian argali by the develop- ment of a distinct white ruff on the throat of the males, at least in the winter coat, and also by the less degree of lateral expansion of the horns, which do not form more than a single complete circle, and are generally broken at the tips. The wrinkles on the horns are perhaps somewhat less prominent, and the outer front angle is frequently well developed. The height at the shoulder is perhaps rather less than in the typical argali, of which this sheep is best regarded as a local race. A specimen measured by Lieut.-Col. Greenaway was 76 inches from the nose to the tip of the tail, and the weight about 212 lbs. In another male, whose age was estimated at 10 years, the height at the shoulder was 43 inches, the girth 50 inches, and the weight 205 lbs. (P. H. G. Powell-Cotton). 386 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet, from Northern Ladak to the districts north of Sikhim, and northwards to the Kuenlun ; eastern limits unknown. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 57 i8| 29 Tibet . Arnold Pike. 5°4 184 19 Pangong Lake . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -50 17 ... Tibet . . W. II. Lane. -484 19 ... Do. . E. Howard Brooke. -48 1 84 Do. . Major T. K. E. Johnston. 48 16 23 Rudok Major G. A. L. Carew. 48 184 20 Ladak Major IT. C. Morland. 48 18 31 Do. Lieut. -Col. Hon. A. Dalzell. -47 17 Do. Otho Shaw. 464 192 20 Do. A. O. Hume. -464 164 21 Do. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 464 i6f ... Do. Major II. M. Biddulph. -46 19 ... p Major C. S. Cumberland. 46 16 17 p Hon. R. A. Ward. 454 1 64 17 p Duke of Teck. 45 17 l6 Ladak J. Y. Phelps. -45 } Lucknow Museum. -444 1 7 214 Ladak A. E. Leatham. 44 16 174 Do. Duke of Bedford. 44 16 174 Do. W. R. Lawrrence. -44 18 Do. II. H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. 43 17 19 Do. Comte de Jancourt. 424 164 19 p A. O. Hume. 424 17 p Lieut. -Col. T. Greenaway. -424 16 15 Ladak . Major H. M. Biddulph. 424 16 18 Do. Brit. Museum (Hume Collection.) 424 154 p J. Carr Saunders. 42| 164 20 Tibet I I.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. MONGOLIAN ARGALI 387 MONGOLIAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon jubata). Nearly allied to the Tibetan race, having a distinct yellowish-white throat ruff and generally similar horns, but, in some cases at least, the outer front angles of the latter much rounded off. The white on the buttocks and hinder surface more abundant and purer in colour. Distribution . — Eastern Mongolia to the north of Pekin. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 44! i6tj 23 Manchuria . . . H.R. H. Henri de Bourbon, Comte de Bardi. 388 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Shapu. SHAPU or URIAL (Ovis vignei). A much smaller sheep than either of the Asiatic argalis, with com- paratively slender and well - wrinkled horns of considerable length, which when fully developed curve forwards along the sides of the face ; the males with a more or less strongly developed whitish ruff on the throat. General colour varying from rufous brown to gray in summer, with the chest, under-parts, and portions of the legs white, and some- times blackish “points.” Females with small horns. Height at shoulder about 32 inches ; weight about 120 lbs. Distribution. — From Ladak and Zanskar to Russian Turkestan, Afghanistan, part of the Caucasus, Baluchistan, Southern Persia, the North-West Frontier of India, and the Punjab Salt-Range. Several local races, two of which probably intergrade in the Indus valley, are recognised. First, the typical urin of Astor, the sha or shapu of Ladak ( 0 . vignei typica ) ; secondly, the smaller urial ( 0 . vignei cycloceros) of the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan, in which the colour is redder, the ruff more developed, and the front angles of the horns often show a knotted keel ; and thirdly, the Kopet Dagh Urial ( 0 . v. arkal'). It is possible the Persian form, in which the ruff is said to be but little developed, may form a fourth race. SHAPU 389 (a) SHAPU (Ovis Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 39 ii-2 i5i ? 0°8 I2j Ilf 3H Ilj 8f Near Leh 36J Hi 4? Do. -361 Ilf Do. 361 io| n| Baltistan 34§ 1 1 ? -33i 1 2f 13 Ladak . 33i 12 12 Do. ads Hi 1 of Do. 33 I of 15 Do. 324 10 11 Do. 325 I of uf Do. -32 1 1 9'i Do. -32 Do. 3if I of 7 Do. 3ii I of T *2 — 1 32 Do. -3i II Do. 30 h 8f 19 Do. 30 nf 16 ? -30 ... Ladak . -30 1 1 ... ? -30 ... ... ? 29§ io| p 29i I of 13 Ladak . 29 Hi ... ? 29 1 1 9'i Ladak, W. Indus 28J log 20 ? .28 I of 13 ? vignei typica). Owner. Col. Sir H. S. Ravvlinson, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. E. L. Phelps. A. O. Hume, C.B. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. Major T. A. Salt. East India Club. . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Arnold Pike. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. D. L. R. Lorimer. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Col. J. Biddulph. Capt. T. S. Johnson. Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. B. H. Shaw-Stewart. . J. D. Cobbold. Capt. K. Dingwall. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Otho Shaw. H.H. the Maharaja of Travancore. Lucknow Museum. IL C. V. Hunter. . J. V. Phelps. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. A. Leslie Renton. P. Church. B. Vincent. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 39° Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 274 Hi 1 00 R- -274 IO Locality. ? West Ladak . Owner. Martyn Kennard. Capt. F. E. S. Adair. (/;) PUNJAB URIAL (Ovis vignei cycloceros). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 39! 124 144 Russian Turkestan Prince E. Demidoff. 39! io| 184 Punjab Major F. H. Taylor. (See illus- tration. ) 381 9-75 9-5 Chita Oapar Range, Royal Artillery Mess, Woolwich near Attock (Lieut. -Col. C. F. Massey). -384 Jouaki Land Royal Artillery Mess at Attock. -37 9 ... ? The late Major J. C. Shirres. 361 9 9 Hills north-west of Mess of 60th Rifles (Lord Walter Peshawur Fitzgerald). 36 104 15 Persia Hon. Walter Rothschild. 354 ioi 16 Gulran, Afghanistan . British Museum (Dr. J. Aitchison). 354 io4 i7§ Russian Turkestan Prince E. Demidoff. -354 104 2C>f ? Mess, 2 1st Punjab Infantry. 35i 104 94 Punjab Major F. H. Taylor. -35 11 14 Near Cabul Major J. W. M. Cotton. 344 1 1 12 Russian Turkestan St. George Littledale. 334 94 124 Salt- Range A. 0. Hume. 334 9§ 81 ? Capt. R. L. Tottenham. 334 1 1 81 Russian Turkestan Prince P. Demidoff. 324 10 114 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 7l 12 Punjab G. Blois Johnson. 324 10 114 ? British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 3if 9 1 64 Near Daghestan . R. Graham. 3i4 94 1 61 Salt-Range Capt. H. W. Codrington. 3i4 12 104 p Major J. Manners Smith. -31 ioi Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. Punjab URIAL 39i Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 31 9§ Hi Punjab Lieut.-Col. R. H. Rattray. 30| 9 1 201 Salt-Range Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 30| ii| ni Do. Col. J. Biddulph. -30 8i 6i p Dublin Museum. Head of Male Punjab Uriah Major F. H. Taylor’s specimen. 392 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The following specimens belong to the so-called 0. blanfordi. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3 7i i of 1 1 Haji Khan, Ivelat, A. 0. Hume. 3000 ft. 34h H 16 Sind .... L. Napier. 3 if 9§ Hi Do Brit. Museum (Hume Collection). 281 9 IO Baluchistan Col. J. Biddulph. -251 9i io| Do. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. ARMENIAN MUFLON (Ovis orientalis). The Asiatic muflon, of which this is the typical form, differs from all the preceding species by the absence of horns in the females ; the horns of the males being not unlike those of the urial, but curving backwards, so that their points are situated behind the neck instead of beneath the eyes. General colour of upper-parts some shade of yellow or foxy red ; the under-parts and lower portions of the legs white. Height at shoulder about 2 feet 9 inches. Distribution. — The mountains of Armenia, Eastern Persia, and Asia Minor. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4° i iof 5a ? British Museum (W. Burchart Barker). 3H io§ ? British Museum. 30 b iog 18 p Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 1 to iHw 9r 9h Axylon E. N. Buxton. -26A 8b I2f Cilician Taurus . C. G. Danford. 24 h 9i III Persian Frontier . Prince E. Demidoff. 24^ 9 i6| W. Asia Minor . C. G. R. Lee. 24 9§ 17 Asia Minor Col. J. Biddulph. 23l 9 h Hi Persian Frontier . Prince E. Demidoff. 21 9 I4§ Asia Minor H. O. Whittall. C YPRIAN MUFLON 393 Head of Male Cyprian Muflon. (From Biddulph, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884.) CYPRIAN MUFLON (Ovis orientalis ophion). A small local race of the preceding distinguished by certain differ- ences in coloration, and the complete rounding-off of the front outer angle of the horns of the male. This is the smallest of the wild sheep, stand- ing only about 28 inches at the shoulder. The horns closely resemble those of the Armenian race in general characters, but are less massive, and curve gradually from the base, instead of diverging nearly straight outwards, as is generally the case in the latter. Weight about 70 lbs. Distribution. — The Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Owner. 27 7i 8| Hon. Walter Rothschild. 25 8 1 Si H. Williamson. 23i 00 HH Cn 12-20 Col. J. Biddulph. 23 7 si British Museum. 2 2l 7i 6 British Museum (Gen. Sir R. Biddulph). -22\ 51 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 22\ 8 I2| Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -i 7i 8 i£ Dublin Museum. 16 7i 1 6i Cambridge Museum. 2 D 394 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male European Muflon. From a specimen in the British Museum, shot by Mr. F. G. Barclay. 4 EUROPEAN MUFLON (Ovis musimon). The large light-coloured saddle on the otherwise dark summer coat of the rams and the form of the horns are so distinctive of the species that nothing in the way of description need be attempted in this place. The horns of the rams curve forwards so as to have their tips below the eyes, and are comparatively massive, with the wrinkles of a type somewhat different from that obtaining in the Armenian sheep. Two races appear recognisable, in one of which the ewes are hornless, while in the other they have short horns. Height at shoulder about 27 inches. Distribution. — At the present day the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 38^ 8 1 lh Sardinia Duke of Bedford. 34 h 8| i6| Do. . W. Moncreiffe. 'j 'j JL J J2 9 9 Do. . M. Egerton. DOMESTICATED SHEEP 395 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3 2i 9 9 Sardinia C. Sloane Stanley. 3i H 10 Do. . . C. G. R. Lee. 30J 81 14 Do. Rhys Williams. 29i 8 12^ Do. C. Sloane Stanley. 29I 8 Do. J. D. Cobbold. 29I 8f 11 Do. . . Hon. R. A. Ward. 281 H 21 Do. E. N. Buxton. 285 9 10 Do. F. G. Barclay. 28£ 9§ 9i Do. Edinburgh Museum. 275 8f 5l Do. W. E. Pease. 27I 8| 9 Do. Prince E. Demidoff. 27 9i ioi Do. . . * Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27 H 10 Do. British Museum. DOMESTICATED SHEEP (Ovis aries). The history and ancestry of the various breeds of domesticated sheep are lost in the mists of antiquity, and naturalists are unable to point to the wild stock from which any or all of them are derived. This is the more to be regretted, seeing that the Swedish breed is the type of the genus Ovis. Most domesticated breeds differ from wild sheep by the woolly nature of their coat ; but since hairy tame sheep are met with in several uncivilised countries, this point of difference is of comparatively little importance. More weight has been attached to the great length of the tail, which is much longer than even that of the arui ; and, as mentioned above, that species is almost certainly not the father of the domesticated sheep. There is, however, some degree of probability that the long tails of the domesticated breeds are due to a kind of degeneration. And if this be really the case, their ancestry might be looked for among the muflons or urial or some allied extinct form, since the horns of most breeds approximate to the muflon type. In many breeds, Dorsetshire, for example, the females are horned ; and four, or even five, horns occur in the males of certain breeds. Some eastern sheep, like the Wallachian, have departed from the muflon type by the development of upright corkscrew-horns comparable with those of the markhor or kudu. 396 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Ssr Ti» - Tfp- Locality. Owner. A5h 9 15 Scotland J. A. H. Drought. 39i 8| 21 ? H. E. Surtees. 37 si 20 Loch Awe, N. B. H. Murray. 3 5h 8 165 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 3Sh Si 24 Dorset Hon. Walter Rothschild. 33 1 1 22! Yarkand British Museum (Hume Collec tion). 28! 8 2l£ Scotland Rowland Ward. 22§ 9 h 20! Yarkand British Museum (Hume Collec tion). 22% 9i 22^ Do. Do. 18 8! i6i Fezzan • British Museum. ioi 6 9 Faroe Islands R. J. Cuninghame. Many-horned Breeds. Length on outside curves. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Number of Horns. Owner. 20^ ... 1 6 6 ...4! 15* Four The late Sir H. B. Meux, Bart. i 91-14 6^... 4 h 21 .. .16 Do. P. C. Millbank. 19I...14J 8 ...5i 27 .. • 9i Do. British Museum. 19 ...14 7i.»Si 24 .. - Si ... R. J. Cuninghame. 17|...I4| 7§—4i Ah-- ■ 6! Four British Museum (Hume Collection). 17 6i.»S 6 .. - 8* Do. British Museum. The following belong to the Wallachian breed : — Length on the curve. Length in a straight line. Girth. Tip to Tip. Owner. JJ 172 7h 19h II. R. H. le Due d’Orleans. 32 24 7i 38 Do. 29^ 23! 8 4°i British Museum. ? 1 2% ioi Ai 1 7i Do. MUSK - OX 397 Head of Bull Musk-Ox. MUSK-OX (Ovibos moschatus). In spite of its name, this Arctic ruminant has no near affinity with the members of the ox tribe, the cheek-teeth being more like those of the sheep and goats, the muzzle, except for a small strip between the nostrils, hairy, and the tail reduced to a mere stump concealed among the long hair of the hind-quarters. On the other hand, the resemblance to the sheep is not very close, the horns, which in old males nearly meet in the middle line of the forehead, being of a totally different form and structure, and the skull likewise very distinct. In the males the horns are much flattened and expanded at the bases, after which they are bent suddenly down behind the eyes, to curve upwards again at the tips. In the females they are much smaller, less expanded, and not approximated at their bases. In both sexes their texture is coarse and fibrous, and their colour yellow. The long coat of dark brown hair depending from the back and sides like a mantle affords an adequate protection against the rigors of an Arctic winter ; and the broad spreading hoofs, with hair on their under-surface, give a firm 398 RECORDS OF BIG GAME foothold on snow and ice. Two races are known — the typical Canadian and the Greenland ( 0 . moschatus zvardi). The latter is characterised by the presence of a certain amount of white on the forehead and the smaller expansion of the horns. Height at shoulder about 4 feet. Weight of one weighed in parts, 579 lbs. (D. T. Hanbury). Distribution. — Arctic America, approximately north and east of a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to Fort Churchill on Hudson Bay, Greenland, and Grinnell-land, in lat. 320 2jr \ approximate southern limit lat. 40° N. Length on outside curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 Uj 0 13! 3°i ? W. W. Hart. 27l 10 27b Barren Grounds of David T. Hanbury. Northern Canada -Dh Ilf 23 Do. Caspar Whitney. 27I 12^ 27 Do. Earl of Lonsdale. -27i iofj 27\ Do. Imperial Museum, Vienna. 26i 1 1 27 Do. Warburton Pike. 26S I2| North America British Museum (J. Rae). 26J 13* 2 7§ Do. British Museum. -251 10 25 Do. Dr. Albert von Stephani. 24i 1 1 25i Barren Grounds Warburton Pike. 24! 7i 19 Do. J. Talbot Clifton. 24} 10^ 26 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 24 9f 23s North America Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -24 ... 25 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 23i 6 22f p A. Barclay Walker. -2ii 9 27 ? Dublin Museum. -?2l£ 4l 20| ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 9 i8§ 4f ... North America British Museum (A. G. Dallas) 9 17 4§ 9s Do. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Ovibos moschatus wardi. 24! 8i 22\ Greenland Rowland Ward. 241 7i 27 Do. Do. CAPE BUFFALO 399 , Horns of Male Cape Buffalo (Mr. F. H. Barber’s specimen). CAPE BUFFALO (Bos caffer). Gadars of the Gallas. Mbogo and Nyati of the Swahilis. Inyati of the Swazis and Zulus. Nadi in Barotsiland and Ngami- Mboa and Nyati in the Chilala and land. Chibisa countries. Nari of the Basutos. Among the distinctive features of this fine species may be noted the enormous helmet- like mass formed by the closely ap- proximated bases of the horns in old bulls, the backward inclination and comparatively slight angulation of the horns themselves, the shortness of the face, and the great width and size of the heavily fringed and flapping ears. In colour both the skin and the sparse hairs with which it is clothed are for the most part jetty black ; the hairs themselves being directed uniformly backwards from the nape to the rump. Height at shoulder about five feet. Distribution. — Southern Africa from the Cape to the southern bank of the Congo on the west side, and approximately to the neighbour- hood of the Victoria Nyanza on the east side of the continent. Northwards of this it not improbably gradually passes into the Abyssinian buffalo. Except on the Zambesi, Chobi, and some neighbouring rivers, buffaloes have now become very scarce in South Africa ; but between Umtali and the east coast at Beira, and also from the latter station to the mouth of the Zambesi, they are to be met with in vast herds, and a few years ago existed in countless numbers. Here they are much protected by the un- healthy nature of the country, which is deadly to Europeans, except 400 RECORDS OF BIG GAME between the end of May and November. Save for a few protected herds in the Addo bush, the Knysna and Zitzikamma forests, and thickets of the Fish and Sunday rivers, the species has long since been exterminated in the Cape. It is even rare and local in British East Africa, where, as in other districts on the eastern side of the continent, the rinderpest some years ago played havoc with the herds. Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Tip to Tip. Width of Palm measured on face of horn. Locality 49 44* 40* H* Limpopo -483 44* 36 IO Chiromo, B.C 4* 00 43 3°* II* Sabi River -48 43 Pungwe . -47l 43s 39 s 13 ? -47* p 47 40A 12* East Africa 4°* 26 Do. 46* 44* 37* 6* Pungwe . 45! 4i 27! S Do. . 45 ! 4i* 37* South Africa 45! 40 285 12 Nyasaland 45* 40 27! 1 1 East Africa 45* 11* Kilimanjaro 45* 40! 32! 9 Tana River -45 39! 14 East Africa -45 ... ... Nyasaland 44! 39§ 27* Hi East Africa 44* 39* 29 12 Pungwe . 44* 39* 29 15 Chobe River 44* 37* 12 East Africa 44* 39 3i* 10 South Africa 44 40* 37! 12 East Africa -44 40 ... 11* South Africa -44 40 30* n* Angola . -44 37* 14 Chiringoma, 43 » 37! 26^ 12! East Africa Owner. Sir Richard Glyn, Bart. !.A. . H. C. Macdonald. F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) F. Lean. I*. C. Keytel. C. H. Townsend. F. J. Jackson. Prince Boris Czetwertynski. C. M. Swire. . Julius Jeppe. British Museum. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. D. H. Macdonell. H. C. V. Hunter. Major II . de Free. Count Scheibler. . S. Pulley. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. F. S. Staples. F. C. Selous. F. Charrington. J. B. Taylor. Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie. . J. Lamont. E. P. Cooper. P.E.A. F. Vaughan Kirby. Hon. Walter Rothschild. CAPE BUFFALO 401 Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Tip to Tip. Width of Palm measured on face of horn. Locality. Owner. 43a 384 254 9 Pungvve . H. R. Holden. 434 384 244 134 South Africa . Sir John Willoughby, Bart. 43 384 36 11 N.W. Rhodesia Col. C. Harding. 43 371 29? 14 South Africa . C. D. Rudd. 43 38 3°4 11 Lake Ngami . Capt. J. P. Grenfell. 42S 38 33# 9? East Africa E. J. L. Berkeley. 42i 39f 40 84 Do. Prince P. Demidofif. 42j 39a 404 iif Do. B. Eastwood. -42£ 364 29 Hi E.C. Africa James J. Harrison. 42I 365 294 124 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. 42 38 35? 9 East Africa Lord Delamere. 42 37§ 26^ 11 Pungwe . Capt. F. H. Lehmann. 42 37 304 104 Barotsiland E. D. Scott. -42 36 19 16 ? Mr. Justice Hopley. -42 4i 94 East Africa Major E. G. Harrison. 4i£ 37S 344 10 Pungwe . R. H. Venables- Kyrke. 4i£ 365 28 ... South Africa . British Museum. 4i 354 24f 164 Do. F. C. Selous. 4i 361 37 1 1 Zambesia Comdr. A. T. Hunt, R.N. 4i 364 264 94 Pungwe . Major Lord Douglas Compton. -40| 35 19! 134 Do. . Count E. Hoyos. 404 36| 254 94 Do. . Marquis of Hamilton. 1 0 tS|M 36 35 15 South Africa . A. Ohlsson. 9 4° 354 264 7 Do. F. C. Selous. 40 35 2l£ 10 Matabililand . Major James Grant. 40 34? 21? 8 Pungwe . C. C. Gouldsmith. 39l 344 94 14 Do. . Capt. G. L. Bonham. 39a 351 29 9 Do. . F. W. Belt. 39.12 37 36.11 12 British East Africa . Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. ?38i 33? 27 64 p P. C. Key tel. 402 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Male Abyssinian Buffalo. ABYSSINIAN BUFFALO (Bos caffer sequinoctialis). A smaller animal than the last (height at shoulder about 4 feet), with the general colour blackish or tawny brown, tinged locally with rufous, and tending to grayish on the legs. Horns smaller, much more flattened at the bases, where they are more widely separated, and in some, although not all, cases retreating less markedly behind the plane of the eyes. The fact that in East African specimens of the Cape buffalo the horns are usually less rugged than in more southern examples, tends to confirm the view that the present animal should be regarded as a variety rather than as a species. Distribution. — From Abyssinia and southern Somaliland through the Egyptian Sudan for a considerable distance up the White Nile ; but the southern limits, if definable, not yet determined. Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Tip to Tip. Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. 44 4 2h 43 H White Nile . ' . P. Niedieck. 40 37 32 u s Abyssinia E. Lort-Phillips. 384 34s 32i 8f White Nile R. McD. Hawker. 38 342 28J 7f Do. G. H. Cheetham. -111 34l 34i 8| Upper Baseland J. Menges. 3if 24J 8£ White Nile . Count E. Hoyos. AB YSSINIAN BUFFALO 403 Greatest Width. Outside Inside. Tip to Tip. Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. 36* 33 3°4 94 Sudan Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. 364 32 22f 84 White Nile H. E. Allen. -36 324 27 84 Sudan Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 36 29 24 Mount Elgon, East E. Gedge. Africa 35 i 31! 284 84 t White Nile E. N. Buxton. 354 324 314 7f Do. S. H. Whitbread. -35 3i 29 10 Sudan Sir W. Gordon Gumming, Bart. -34l 304 26* 9t Do. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 344 294 23! 74 White Nile . C. Liddell. 33 28| 234 84 Do. Count C. Hoyos. 33 274 l8| 94 Do. H. F. Buxton. 32| 294 264 84 Do. C. Adeane. 9 324 29I 244 54 Do. H. Cookson. 31! 284 25l 84 Settite River . Col. Ralph Vivian. 3i4 264 214 94 Bogosland G. P. V. Aylmer and W. D, J ames. 3i4 265 27 84 Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 3i§ 26* 24l ... Bogosland British Museum. 3i 284 2I| 1 1 Abyssinia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3i 264 i8f 8 Sudan Col. St. G. C. Henry. “3°i 26% 204 104 Settite River . Count T. Palffy. 3o4 23 204 84 Sudan Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. • • « 23 • * • 134 Somaliland A. E. Butter. 404 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of old Male Senegambian Buffalo, from the type specimen in the British Museum. SMALLER AFRICAN BUFFALOES. Bona of the Ilausas. Lake Tchad Buffalo ( Bos caffer brachyceros). Senegambian Buffalo ( Bos caffer planicero s). Dwarf Congo Buffalo ( Bos caffer na?ius). Despite the enormous differences, alike in size, colour, and the form of the horns, between the little red buffalo of the Congo and its gigantic black cousin of the Cape, such a gradual and apparently complete transition can be traced from the one type to the other, that both seem local modifications of one very variable animal. In the dwarf buffalo of the Congo the colour of the hair is red or yellow, the ears are fringed with very long hair, and the horns are much flattened at the base, with long smooth tips directed upwards. This type may be traced, with some modifications, to the Gaboon and Gambia ; but in the interior of Senegambia it apparently passes into the larger brown buffalo, with more laterally expanded and recurved horns, known as B. caffer planiceros. And this latter is, in its turn, very close to the Abyssinian buffalo ( B . caffer ceqninoctialis) of East Central Africa, which is nearly allied to the typical Cape form. Another type is indicated by the Lake Tchad buffalo ( B . caffer brachyceros ), first dis- covered by Denham and Clapperton. In height the Congo dwarf buffalo only reaches some 42 inches at the shoulder. SMALLER AFRLCAN BUFFALOES 405 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 23i 15 10 Gold Coast Major G. S. C. Jenkinson. 23 i6| 8| Nigeria Julius Jeppe. 22§ i6| 12 Ashanti C. Beddington. “2I| I5S 4 Nigeria Capt. C. A. Wilding. 2ii I2| 2i West Africa British Museum. 21 15 9i Nigeria A. Ohlsson. 21 1 7i i6| Do. Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. 2C>| i6| 10 Do. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. 19 10 • • • Lake Chad Hon. Walter Rothschild. ii| 3i Nigeria W. H. Broun. i8| 12 6| Gambia H. C. Goddard. i8| iof 5i Central Africa British Museum (Capt. Denham and Col. Clapperton). -i8i 15 ii| p P. C. Iveytel. 18 i6| i7l Victoria Island, Lower Capt. R. H. Monck-Mason. Niger 1 7l 10 4l Gambia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 17 12 14I Nigeria Capt. P. A. Clive. i6f 10J 6| Jebba, Nigeria . Major A. H. Festing. i6| I3l 15 Niger Capt. H. A. Porter. I5S 11 9i Nigeria Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. n* 1 1 Do. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. 15 6I1 14 Do. Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold. 9 13 io| io| Do. Julius Jeppe. 9 u| 9l . . • Lokoja British Museum (Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold). 9 11 8| 10 West Africa Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9 9l 7l 8| Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 1 Width of palm. Skull and Horns of Congo Buffalo, from Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold’s specimen. 406 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Indian Buffalo. Shot by the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. INDIAN BUFFALO or ARNA (Bos bubalis). No one is the least likely to confuse this animal with the Cape species. Both belong, indeed, to the same group of the genus Bos , and have the same rounded upper portion of the head and angulated horns. In the Indian species, however, the head is much longer, the ears are narrower and less heavily haired, and the horns of the male are widely separated on the forehead, and totally different in form. Two types of horns may be recognised, one very massive, and curving regularly up from each side of the head in a subcircular manner ; the other much slenderer, though often quite as long, directed for the greater part of their length almost straight out from the head, and always with a wider spread. Height at shoulder about 6 feet 2 inches ; girth behind shoulder, io feet 8 inches. In a bull shot by the Maharajah of Cooch Behar the length from the nose to the tip of the tail was 14 feet 2 inches, and to the base of the tail 11 feet; the maximum girth being 10 feet 8 inches, and the weight of the head, when cut off, 1 5 8 lbs. Distribution. — Typically India, where the range includes the plains of the Bramaputra and Ganges from the eastern end of Assam to Tirhut, and the Terai as far west as Rohilcund, the plains near the coast in Midnapore and Orissa, and also the plains in the Eastern INDIAN BUFFALO OR ARNA 407 Central Provinces as far south as the Godaveri and Pranhita rivers. A fawn-coloured race occurs in Northern Assam, and smaller varieties in Ceylon and some of the Malayan islands. In a domesticated state, South Europe, Egypt, etc. Native name of male, arna ; of female, ami. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Locality. Owner. curve. 77§ 1 7l ? British Museum. -71 214 34i 60 Assam Measured by A. 0. Hume ; shot by A. Forbes. -9 7° 4 18 64 78 Do. The late Sir A. Campbell-Orde. 70 184 60 671 72 Do. J. H. Whitehouse. 651 204 Do. British Museum (Col. J. Mathie). -9 644 18 424 60 96 Do. J. Campbell of Kilberry. -63 18 60 Do. Sir A. Campbell-Orde. 62 17 IOI Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 9 615 15! 22L 454 Cooch Behar H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. 9614 16 22 48 ... 1 Assam Hon. Walter Rothschild. 60 22 64 72 Central Provinces Capt. B. Vincent. 60 20 40 52 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 58! I2| ? British Museum. 584 I2| p Do. -57 18 Central Provinces J. D. Inverarity. 57 l84 414 60 Do. Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. -57 15 49 52 Assam A. H. Straker. -9 57 144 53 61 ... p Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 564 214 40 52| Assam . A. 0. Hume. -56 18 294 574 ? J. Whitaker. 9 56 194 334 5°4 Cooch Behar H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. 56 174 62 614 644 Bengal G. Monteath. 554 l84 29 44 ? J. Carr Saunders. -9 55 134 ... Bhutan Duars Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. 55 22 554 62 66 Central Provinces L. T. Harris. 544 184 384 484 ? British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 408 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Locality. Owner. 9 544 I2| 69| 70 ... Assam A. 0. Hume. 54 4 19 50 59 64 ? Viscount Powerscourt. 54 20 40 47 55 ? Do. -54 23 39 594 Burma Pegu Club, Rangoon. 5 34 53i 1 r 'l 1 -53s 124 124 23 (6 ft. 23 I2| 234 4°§ 30 424 ins. at shoulder) 31 ... p Nepal Cooch Behar Java . British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). British Museum (B. H. Hodg- son). H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. Dr. Albeit von Stephani. 53 19 364 48I 56 p Lieut. -Col. II. Lysons. -53 ... ... p Lucknow Museum. -5i4 134 714 ... ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 5*i l84 22 384 ... Assam Sir Peter Walker, Bart. -5i| 19! 45§ 50 Central Provinces P. II. G. Powell-Cotton. 505 i8§ 544 604 65 Patna Brig. -Gen. F. H. Whitby. ? 50 h 145 404 59 Central Provinces Col. M. M. Bowie. -502 20 64 ... Do. Major H. de Pree. 50 184 484 60 Do. Major C. F. Pinney. 50 i3i 33 Assam Noel Fenwick. 50 17 3i| 50 Do. Lieut. -Col. D. M. Lumsden. -49i 174 i64 37 Cooch Behar Count Scheibler. -492 184 454 494 Central Provinces A. P. Percival. 49 22| 23 354 45 Assam E. W. Dixon. 49 19 494 52 4 59 Central Provinces Major G. T. M. Bridges. -49 18 354 42£ Assam F. J. Needham. 4Si 184 33 5i ... Central Provinces Col. F. C. Lister- Kay. 484 19 27 47 Assam Major E. T. Paul. -484 T 1 484 57 Central Provinces P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 1 Measured round outside curves across skull, 9 ft. njt in. Another pair, 10 ft. 5 ins., circumference of horn at bone 21 inches. INDIAN BUFFALO OR ARNA 409 The following specimens are mostly from Ceylon : — Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Locality. Owner. ?35 9i 3if 3 7i ... Ceylon . R. Wahrmann. 34i 1 Si 25f 35 Do. Earl Cairns. 9 33i 9 3Ik 37 ... Do. Do. 33l 13 32f 38 43 Do. . Capt. F. H. N. Pym. 3rf 16 28 ... 3&£ Do. . Marquis Camden. 3lk ISk 27 34 38 Do. P. Niedieck. 3'k 16 471 South Australia H. L. Heber Percy. (introduced) -928 9l i8i 26 3lk Ceylon . H.M. Von Archer. -9 27| 9k 15 25 29I Do. H.R.H. Prince Pedro d’Orleans et Braganza. 2 E 4io RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Bull Anoa, from life. ANOA (Bos depressicornis). The smallest wild member of the ox tribe, characterised by its straight, upright horns, and the frequent presence of white spots on the sides of the head or elsewhere. Although so different in the form of the head and horns from the adult Indian buffalo, the anoa is in these respects much more like the young of the latter ; and the two are con- nected to a considerable extent by the tamarau, or Philippine buffalo ( Bos mindorensis) of the island of Mindoro. As in all the Oriental buffaloes, the hair of the fore part of the back is directed forwards in the anoa. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 3 inches. Distribution. — The island of Celebes. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Owner. -I5l 7b 7b Paris Museum. -I3H 9i 5 Jesuit College, Manila. I2§ 6 6 b British Museum. O 1— 1 6i 7 Carl Hagenbeck. 10 5b 5f Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -9 h H 00 toH Dublin Museum. 81 4! 4f Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 Measured by Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie. EUROPEAN BISON 41 1 Skull and Horns of Bull and Cow Bison, shot by Mr. St. George Littledale. EUROPEAN BISON (Bos bonasus). The great elevation of the fore-quarters, the mass of long hair clothing the head, shoulders, and fore-part of the body, together with the peculiar form of the head and horns, the latter of which are cylindrical, serve at once to distinguish the bison from the other members of the ox tribe. There is also a difference in the number of ribs between the bison and the more typical oxen, the number in the former varying from 14 to 15 pairs. In the European species the mass of hair on the fore-quarters is not so long as in its American cousin, the form of the skull is different, and the hind-quarters do not fall away nearly to the same extent. Some difference may be noted between Caucasian and Lithuanian specimens, but it is doubtful whether these are sufficient to indicate a racial distinction. Height at shoulder 6 feet 1 or 2 inches. In a bull killed by Mr. St. George Littledale, the length from the nose to the root of the tail measured 1 o feet 1 inch, the height at the shoulder 5 feet 1 1 inches, and the approximate girth of the body 8 feet 4 inches. Distribution. — At the present day restricted to the Caucasus and the forest of Bielowitzka in Lithuania ; the herds in the latter district existing in a protected state. The name aurochs, so commonly applied to the bison, belongs to the extinct wild ox of Europe. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 4 1 2 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Locality. Owner. i8£ I2| 1 i9i Lithuania . British Museum (Czar of Russia). -18.2 10.8 17.5 20. 14 Bielowitzka Prince Henry of Liechten- stein. -18 I2| 16 20 Caucasus St. George Littledale. 175 10 18* ... Bielowitzka Major Algernon Heber-Percy. 17.4 13-4 20.10 Do. Prince Henry of Liechten- stein. i6| I2± 2I| 24i ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9 16 H 12 ? Science and Art Museum, Edinburgh. _I5f I 2y 2Ii ... Lithuania . Imperial Museum, Vienna. 9 i5k 8 6 ... Major Algernon Heber-Percy. 9 13 8i 9l 14 Caucasus St. George Littledale. AMERICAN BISON AMERICAN BISON (Bos bison). Some of the points distinguishing this species from the European bison have been mentioned under the head of the latter, but it may be added that in the typical race of the former the horns are shorter, thicker, blunter, and more sharply curved. In the skull of the American animal the sockets of the eyes have a more tubular form. Height at shoulder about 6 feet ; weight from 15 to 20 cwt. ; an adult bull weighed by W. T. Hornaday scaled 1727 lbs. Distribution. — The greater portion of Western North America, ascend- ing to the Great Slave Lake, and descending to New Mexico and Texas ; now nearly exterminated. American writers recognise two races (or species), the prairie bison ( B . bison typicus) and the larger wood-bison ( B . bison athabascce) of the forest highlands of the North-West. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside spread. Locality. Owner. ~2l£ *5i ... 35 outside Northern Montana W. F. Sheard. 20 1 15 ... 304 Wyoming . Hon. F. Thellusson. -20| i6§ 334 ? W. H. Root. -19 \2\ ... W. Montana P. Liebinger. -184 15 25 ... Wyoming . P. N. Graham. -18 14 ... Montana F. Sauter. I7l 1 2§ 1 5s ? H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. 4 1 4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Locality. Owner. -174 I2l S.W. Montana . President Roosevelt. 1 7h 12 254 Wyoming . H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans. T-7h 134 21 ? Viscount Powerscourt. 174 u§ I Of I7s ? British Museum. -i7 14 1 7h Yellowstone, Montana Count E. Hoy os. -i6| 13 19 4 Nebraska . Imperial Museum, Vienna. i6| i4i 24 Bighorn Mts., Wyoming Moreton Frewen. i64 I2i i9l Colorado Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. i6i Hi ? Duke of Portland. 164 155 25I Colorado Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 14 27f N.W. Territory . E. G. Jenkins. 154 14I ... 19! Wyoming . St. George Littledale. -15.3 12.14 15 Indian Territory near Texas Prince Ilenry of Liechten- stein. YAK 415 Skull and Horns of Male Yak. From a specimen in' the British Museum, presented by Mr. A. O. Hume, C.B. YAK (Bos grunniens). The plateau of Tibet is remarkable for the number of its peculiar mammals, among which is the yak. Apparently its nearest relatives are the bisons, but the yak has not the great elevation of the withers in comparison with the hind-quarters so distinctive of the latter, and the long hair forms a fringe on each side of the flanks, shoulders, and thighs, as well as a tuft on the chest, while the tail is clothed with a huge mass of similar long hair, forming, when cut off and mounted, the well-known “ chowries.” Yak-horns are much larger than those of living bison, and have a totally different curvature ; while there are also important differences in the skull. Height at shoulder from about 4 feet 10 inches to at least 5J feet; girth behind shoulder, 9 feet ij inches ; length from between horns to base of tail, 8 feet \ inch ; 4 16 RECORDS OF BIG GAME tail, 3 feet 2^- inches ; from between horns to nose, i foot 3 J inches (Capt. H. M. Biddulph). Weight about 1140 lbs. Wild yak are uniformly blackish brown in colour, any trace of white indicating domestication, and probably cross-breeding. Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet, part of the Kansu province of China, and Northern Ladak, at elevations between about 14,000 and 20,000 feet. The peculiar grunting cry from which the animal takes its name is developed only in the domestic breed. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -39 ? Lucknow Museum. -381 i8J 17 26^ 19 Kuenluen Mts. . Do. A. O. Hume, C.B. (shot by late A. Dalgleish). Brit. Museum (Hume Collection). 354 15 l6 ? E. L. Phelps. 35* 14 4 17 Tibet . St. George Littledale. 34 12 304 Ladak Hon. Walter Rothschild. -32 1 1 34 19 Tibet . B. H. Shaw-Stewart. -32f I6i m Do. Major H. M. Biddulph. -32| 14 174 Do. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 32^ 16 25 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 32 131 Do. H. C. V. Hunter. 32 14 4 9 Do. I. Morse. 32 16 17 Do. P. Church. 32 i5l 2l| Do. D. L. R. Lorimer. -31! Hi i8i Chang Chenmo . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 3i 4 *54 174 Chinese Tibet Capt. J. A. Stewart Balmain. 3i£ 13 Do. Capt. H. W. Codrington. 3i 14 ... Do. . Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. 3i 134 14 Ladak Arnold Pike. 3°f 134 10J Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 9 3°f 13 20 Do. Capt. L. Oldfield. 930 ni 454 Tibet . Duke of Bedford. 30 Hi I9S p Major W. R. Codrington. 30 13 154 Chang Chenmo . H. Z. Darrah. GAUR 4i 7 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 29i 13^ 1 1 Chang Chenmo . Lieut-Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. 29 15 9 Do. ' . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 29 15 i3i Ladak Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. Skull and Horns of Gaur shot by H.H. The Maharajah of Cooch-Behar 4 1 8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Ilorns of Cow Gaur, from Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. GAUR (Bos gaurus). This splendid wild ox, the miscalled bison of Anglo-Indian sports- men, is the typical representative of a group of oriental species nearly related to the domesticated ox, but presenting certain well-marked points of difference. Among these may be noted the shorter head and tail, the frequently elliptical section of the horns, and, above all, the presence of a more or less distinct ridge running from the withers to the middle of the back, where it terminates in a sudden step. In the gaur this ridge is very strongly developed, but the most distinctive feature of the animal is the great arch on the crown of the head between the horns, which bends forward to communicate a concave profile to the forehead. With the exception of the white “ stockings ” GAUR 419 common to all the members of the group, the colour of the gaur is uniform ; but the much flattened horns are of a peculiar yellowish green tint at the base. The height of adult bulls at the shoulder varies from about 6 feet to 6 feet 4 inches, though specimens of not more than 5 feet 5 or 6 inches are killed. * Distribution. — The forest hill-tracts of Peninsular India, Assam, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, as well as the forests along the outer Himalaya as far west as Nepal. South of the Ganges, where it has not been exterminated, the gaur inhabits suitable districts in Chutia Nagpur, Orissa, the Northern Circars, Central Provinces, Hyderabad territories, and all the Western Ghats. Length on Widest outside. Circum- ference at base. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. outside curve of longest Locality. Owner. - horn. -46 204 33 40 Malay States . H. Da. Prah. “432 1 71 28! • . 1 Travancore H.PI. Maharajah of Travan- core. 43 20 3i 38 32 Cooch Behar Maharajah of Cooch-Behar. -43 20I i8| 39i Salwin, Burma Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. 43 17 324 294 Coimbatore, S. P. Church. India 43 19! 344 28 Upper Burma . C. W. A. Bruce. 42i 184 25 33i 334 Travancore Capt. T. W. Greenfield. -42i ... E. Annamulis . Col. A. Pollock. 424 194 3i 35! 3*1 Madras Major T. J. R. Lucas. 414 16 30 ... 29 Assam A. J. Walter. 4i£ 20 324 361 30 ? J. F. Bryant. 4i 18 24 33l Madura District Bethnal Green Museum (J. D. Goldingham). -41 16 38 30 Central Provinces Lieut. -Col. J. W. H. Flana- gan. 4i 19I 37 271 Kalkerry, S. Capt. W. E. Fairholme. India 404 20 25 34f Vardi Mullay . Baron von Massow. 404 19 29 36 32 Madras Rowland Ward. -40 20£ 23 34 Madras Presi- Lieut. - Col. C. Heyworth- dency Savage. 40 I9l 26 34a 32 Burma A. E. English. 40 1 7 3*1 34 274 E. Madras W. 0. Horne. 40 15 33i • » . 26 Central Provinces C. F. Egerton. 420 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Widest outside. Circum- ference at base. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. outside curve of longest Locality. Owner. horn. 39l 1 8£ 34i 35i 261 ? R. McD. Hawker. 39 h 20 2 Si 33* 31 Annamulis C. W. Wood. -39* 18 31* 33l 29 Asirgarh Jungle, Lieut. -Col. M. Cust. C.I. -381 21 32* 33* Mysore Surgeon-Capt. C. W. H. Whitestone. 38S 172 25? 32I 30 ? A. H. Sharp. -38# 1 8i 28^ ... 28| Raipur, C.P. Capt. M. M‘Neill. -381 18 34 ... 24 p J. D. Inverarity. 38i I7l 28.^ JJ2 273 Cooch-Behar . H. R. Beaumont. 38 18 22^ 33 3if Madras S. Cox. -38 19 18 3i 34* Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 37* 19A 24i 3o| 3i Mysore Viscount Powerscourt. 37* 18 19 32i 3i Colonel Baillie. 3 7i 20 25 3*1 29 Chota Nagpur Major J. W. Yardley. District 36 * 2li 22^ 29I 28 Straits Settle- Mrs. Pauling. ments -36* Hi 17 28 Mysore Capt. G. H. Evans. -3H 20^ 26* 27\ p Major-General W. Rice. i8i 265 26^ p Major R. H. Fraser. 36 i7i 23i 29h 28 S. India . Capt. C. S. Timins. 36 19 i i5i 29 34 p Major F. J. Evelegh. 352 16 18 3i 25* p E. R. Collins. 35* H* 2li 29i 29* C. Provinces W. J. Considine. 35 i9l l6 30* Travancore Major Lord Douglas Compton. -35 i7i ... 29 North Kanara . Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. 35 1 8i 19* 29 291 ? Major H. Patton- Bethune. 35 Hi 19 29* 29 ? Major G. F. Mockler. 35 18 19 291 28 Bastar, C. P. Lord Charles Bentinck. 35 19 23 281 26 Cooch-Behar Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. -34 1 8i 19 28 34 Mysore Lord Curzon. -34 I7S 24 ... Malay States . T. R. Hubback. 9 27 *3i 13 22 24 N. Travancore A. 0. Hume. Hills Widest inside.1 Circum- ference at base. Tip to Tip. 39 I7| 284 36 1 7 264 36 15 264 36 1 7i 27 37i I»i 22 35 1 7i 204 35 18 23 34f 18 224 34i 18 234 34 184 204 34 1 7i 184 34 i5l 24! 34 19 27 'J 18 23l 33 2 18 J5i 33a 15 22 32f 1 7i 32i 32S 1 8| 23I 32i 19 164 32i Hi 2l| 324 i74 204 32 19 i 184 32 16 32 9 22 104 14! 9 ... 104 12 9 ... ni 9 I5a 12 24 Length on outside curve of longest horn. Locality. 294 Siam 2 7i f Assam 26 Central Provinces 26 Do. 304 Travancore 274 Tezpore, Assam 26 Burma 28 Assam 33s Cooch-Behar . 27i Travancore 25 Central Provinces 244 ? 24 Burma 25 Kanara 284 Travancore 23 Assam 2 7i Central Provinces 26 Do. 26 Do. 31! Travancore 33 p 39 N. Travancore . 30 Do. 22 ? 204 Madras 194 N. Kanara 23i Mysore Owner. A. Waley. L. Truninger. Capt. John Fuller. Col. M. M. Bowie A. T. Mackenzie. A. Y. Thomson. Capt. S. L. Robinson. Hon. S. Tollemache. Maharajah of Cooch-Behar. Capt. Hon. E. Baring. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbridge. Capt. H. De Pree. W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. Capt. G. J. Fitzgerald. Capt. H. L. Cottingham. Major E. T. Paul. Major C. S. Cumberland. G. de H. Smith. Capt. C. F. Pinney. A. O. Flume. Major P. Z. Cox. A. W. Turner. J. D. Rees. Major H. de Pree. Major J. W. M. Cotton. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Capt. H. S. Wood. 1 Please note these measurements are inside. GAUR (Bos gaurus ui X K < s w I p0 a O o U c3 2 'V cS Si pO O 05 tj aa P4 O) >> 05 ,. »- ^ Sc o -73 '% > 'O 05 10 J^. '"C c 115 ;/) 05 >1 CO rt 05 '/) ^p 2 78 m •nc^ to CO O o LO -5 '*3 "3 C WH >— 1 HH ^ 0) o • *-• _C r* * ^ HH t— ( HH *+ ►— 4 c - ^ o S» (—1 COM H« »H|r^ Hoo pC tV P 1)7 i— to m HH co NO MpQ .Si S . p-> « j3>t/3 Cn ON ON On ON On ^ O o On O V d % -w cow &IJS 1) •J- o c co co M N CO 5 pO’S w <« d 12 12 12 12 12 CO CO HN CO cow CO - HrJ< o Hi o CO ON o ON CO ON o ON CJ N HH H« HO) w+ H'M cow cow HN CO CO CO CO o CO CO CO 00 co CO 00 00 H NH CO KW o ON ~W ON ON Hi ON ■cf ■w CO CO CO CO W* Hoi CO HM CO COW ■o}- Hrji NO COW o cO N N N CO l CO OM ON cow CO 00 HI o Hi 00 C4 WH M NH N •w t~00 00 t"* COW NO Hi NO H-+ ON r-^+ rr> co 00 f^. fpp NO H» C4 MOO o HO o pp|io O COW NO CO ro CO CO Hi -« O x a in £ o U GAYAL 423 Skull and Horns of Bull Gayal, from Mr. A. O. Hume’s specimen. GAYAL (Bos frontalis). Chiefly, if not entirely, known in a half- domesticated condition, the gayal is a rather smaller animal than the gaur, of a blacker colour, with a large dewlap, and with a straight line between the bases of the massive horns, which are more divergent, less curved upwards, more nearly cylindrical in section, and of a darker colour. The head, too, is much shorter, with the forehead very broad and flat. It may be only a domesticated race of the gaur, as there are indications of a transition in the form of the skull between the two. Distribution . — Reported from the Tenasserim district in a wild state, and kept in a semi-domesticated condition by many of the hill-tribes of Assam and Chittagong. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 15 Hi 26§ ? British Museum. *4i i3i 28 Tenasserim Hills A. 0. Hume. (See illustra tion.) -14 14 ... p Indian Museum. 12% i3i 27S ? British Museum. 424 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Bull Burmese Banting, or Tsaing. From a specimen shot by Mr. R. McD. Hawker. BANTING (Bos sondaicus). The third and last member of the gaur group departs less widely from the type of the common ox than do the two others, the ridge on the withers being less developed, and the horns almost cylindrical. The cows, too, are always reddish coloured, although the bulls may be black, and in the latter sex at least there is always a large white patch on the rump. Very distinctive of the species is the presence of a horny shield on the crown of the head between the bases of the horns. Height at shoulder about 5 feet 9 inches. Distribution. — Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Bali, and perhaps Sumatra. At least two distinct races of the banting are distinguishable. First, the true banting, or Java ox ( Bos sondaicus typicus ), from Java, and perhaps some of the other Malay islands and the Peninsula. In this race the old bulls become of a deep blackish brown colour. The same tint is characteristic of the old male banting in Borneo, but the horns are directed more uprightly. BANTING 425 The second well-defined race ( B . sondaicus binnanicus ) inhabits Burma, and may extend northwards to 'Manipur. Old bulls retain the reddish tint of the cows throughout life, showing more or less of gray on the head. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Locality. Owner. -33 4 1 7 263 35 Upper Burma . Major H. S. Wood. 30 1 6i 24i 32 Do. H. W. Marsden. -30 17 ... Java Indian Museum. 29 16 28 34l Burma . H. L. P. Walsh. -284 *74 304 36 Do. Capt. G. II. Evans. W|05 00 N 1 71 281 34 Do. . W. 0. Hannyngton. -28J 264 36S Java H. Van Son. -2 7l i4i 27! 34l Burma Col. 0. E. Lloyd. 27 Hi 20J 284 Upper Burma . British Museum (R, McD Hawker). 27 1 71 24i 32| Do. J. McF. Petters. 264 16J 2i4 28 Java Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -26 18 174 27 Burma C. W. A. Bruce. 25I i6| 20£ 26| Siam H. C. V. Hunter. 2S% i7l 13 24 Burma Major C. S. Cumberland. -25i *34 29 32 Do. . W. H. Prendergast. 2Sh i9i 244 30 Do. C. W. A. Bruce. 24| 1 2 J 151 24i Java British Museum. 23 i6| 30 29S Do. C. W. A. Buma. ? 23 1 2 2 i6| 25 Upper Burma . R. McD. Hawker. ? 22| i3l 154 23 Java C. W. A. Buma. 2lf I2| 134 i9i Borneo . British Museum (H. B. Low). 20 l6 22| 244 Kudah, B. N. Borneo H. LI. Davies. ? 20 12 214 28 Upper Burma . C. W. A. Bruce. ~I9i Hi 17 20 Borneo . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9*51 7h 74 164 Tammu, Burma Major H. S. Wood. 2 F 426 RECORDS OF BIG GAME DOMESTICATED OXEN (Bos taurus and B. indicus). The domesticated cattle of Europe are the descendants of the primitive wild ox, or aurochs (a name frequently misapplied to the bison) of Europe and North Africa ( Bos taurus primigenius\ now completely extinct in the wild state, although it survived on the continent till the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the humped oxen (zebu) of India and the Galla cattle of Africa appear to trace their origin to a totally distinct species ( Bos indicus ), also extinct in the wild state. Length on Circum- Tip to Tip. Widest outside curve. ference. inside. 8ii 1 84 I03| _? 17 IOO 124 57 194 82 564 1 74 7 6i 47 i5§ 21J 44 12I 70b (about) 42& 23§ 22b 4if H 52f 4°i 1 2* 60I -38 § 12 3*4 10 b 542 37l 12 60 3*4 ioi 232 30 5 I2§ 35 29I Hi 28I 1 74 I of 304 i7i I Of 25i I2| 8 i64 ui 74 single horn Locality. Owner. Ngamiland . The late W. C. Oswell. Do. A. Ohlsson. Bechuanaland Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. South Africa . R. A. Cooper. Abyssinia British Museum (Sir H. Salt). (Galla Ox) p British Museum. Central Africa Brit. Museum (Col. Denham). Madagascar . Bethnal Green Museum. Vienna (Polish British Museum. Bull) Hungary Dr. Albert von Stephani. Italy Bethnal Green Museum. Cape of Good British Museum. Hope Galla . A. E. Butter. Spain . British Museum. Gambia British Museum (Earl of Buenos Aires Derby). British Museum (G. Claraz). (Niati Cattle) India . British Museum. Angola Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Nepal . British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). The following specimens belong to British white park-cattle, which, although now half- wild, are the descendants of at least partially domesticated breeds. DOMESTICATED OXEN 427 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest Inside. Locality. Owner. 1— 1 00 bSH 9i 364 ... Chartley Park Plon. Walter Rothschild. 1 7 34l ... Do. Major James Grant. l8| 1 of 20 21 f Chillingham British Museum (Earl of Park Tankerville). 9i8£ 7 1 of I5l Do. Do. I5l 9§ i7f T-t|O0 CO HH Northumber- British Museum (Duke of land Hamilton). 15 7l 20| ... Chartley Park Capt. G. W. Hill, R.N. 428 RECORDS OF BIG GAME HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius). Somali, Jir. Swahili, Kiboko. Danakil, Dul. Galla, Robi. Chilala, Mourvu. Hausa, Dorina . Masai, Macoiv. Abyssinian, Gumare . Boer, Zee-koe. Swazi, Imvubn. Basuto, Ikubii. Such a familiar animal as the uncouth and unwieldy hippopotamus — the largest member of the swine group — requires but little in the way of description here. It is widely distinguished from the pigs and wart- hogs by the broad and rounded muzzle — so unlike the disc-shaped snout of the latter — and consequently typifies a family by itself. The tusks and molars are likewise of a totally different and distinctive type ; while the feet have four sub-equal toes with symmetrical, rounded nails. In all its organisation the hippopotamus is beautifully adapted for a semi-aquatic life ; the eyes and nostrils forming the highest points of the head, and thus allowing it to come up and breathe with the least possible exposure of its body. The weight of a full-grown bull hippo is at least three tons. Distribution. — Formerly this animal frequented most of the rivers of Africa south of the Sahara, but it has long since been exterminated from the lower reaches of the Nile, and is daily becoming scarcer in the South African rivers. In the Zambesi, where it is less easily attacked than in the smaller rivers of Mashonaland, it is still abundant, as it also is in the Chobi and neighbouring rivers, as well as in Lake Ngami ; and even in the lower reaches of the Orange River a few are still to be met with. North of the Zambesi these animals occur in great numbers. Hippos are chiefly hunted for the sake of their hides, which are manufactured into sjamboks, or raw-hide whips. Their tusks have also a certain commercial value, although not so great as formerly, when they were employed for artificial teeth. In Liberia and some other parts of the West Coast there occurs the much smaller pigmy hippopotamus (H. liberiensis ), an animal measuring only some six feet in length, and possessing more the habits of a pig. It also differs from the common species by having, as a rule, only one, instead of two, pairs of incisor teeth between the tusks. A hippopotamus, shot on the Shire River, British Central Africa, by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby, measured as follows : ft. in. Total length, nose to tail 14 2 Tail .... 1 8 Vertical standing height 3 10^- ft. in. Length of tusks . .25 Circumference of tusks . 8| Weight per pair „ . 14A lbs. HIPPOPOTAMUS 429 The tusks measured 3 1 and 30^- inches, with circumference inches, after they were extracted from the skull. Tusks. Length round out- side curve. Circumference. Locality. Owner. "-5 1 9 (malformed) S.E. Africa J. Lamont. 1 41 8 Do. Tana River, East Africa J. Benett Stanford. ^38 Nyasaland . Major P. W. Forbes. protruding from jaw *371 8£ Shire River Comdr. A. T. Hunt, R.N. 32 9i Lualaba, Central Africa S. L. Hinde. 3i| io| ? Sir Clement Hill. 3if 9§ ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart 3i4 9 ? E. L. Fletcher. 23ii S.E. Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. 3i 10 N.E. Rhodesia . G. M. E. Leyer. 30| 9s St. Lucia Bay Hon. Charles Ellis. -30 1 8 Lower Zambesi . H. M. von Archer. 30 9 (weight 15 lbs. St. Lucia Bay Hon. Charles Ellis. pair) 30 9 Shire River Surgeon J. Dowson, R.N. -30 8^ British Central Africa . A. le H. K. B. Ritchie. 30 9 Zambesia . E. W. Tompson. 30 9 British Central Africa . R. M. Irwin. -30 (weight 11 lbs.) Katungas, Shire River E. B. Vertue. 29I 8f Do. F. C. Selous. 29i 8 Do. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 29 8± Shire River F. Vaughan Kirby. 28 8i British Central Africa . L. G. Ibach. 27i Atbara River, North- W. D. James. East Africa 27 8 East Africa E. Gedge. 26 7i Niger .... Major J. A. Burdon. Straight Tusks. -20 . • • Lower Zambesi . H. M. von Archer. i8£ 6* Nigeria Major J. A. Burdon. 2 Straight tusk 19 ins. long. 1 Malformed. 430 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 1 1 • 1 1 1 TTTT M 1 1 1 1 1*2 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 2 1 1 m | 1 1 1 j Mllllll 1 1 1 -LLJ 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 | 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abnormal Lower Tusk of Wild Boar. WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa and S. cristatus). Most of the European and Asiatic species of wild swine, forming the typical group of the genus Sus , are so like each other, that it is often a matter of difficulty to discriminate between them, and naturalists are not yet in accord as to the number of species which should be recognised. The European wild boar is a large coarsely-haired species, with an under-coat of woolly fur, no warts on the face, and standing about 33 inches at the shoulder. It lacks the crest or mane of long black bristles running from the nape down the back in its Indian cousin ; and the last tooth in the lower jaw is of a rather less complex structure than in the latter (S. cristatus'). A Spanish boar killed by H.R.H. le Due d’Orleans weighed 302 lbs. Distribution . — Europe, Asia Minor, North-East Africa, and India. Tusks. Length on Length of outside curve. tusk out Right. Left. of gum. 12 -ni Albania Locality. Owner. Lord Carnegie. Col. Veernhof. Caucasus WILD BOAR # 43 Length on outside curve Right. Left. Length of tusk out of gum. Locality. Owner. -II| Caucasus .... Capt. Robert Finnie. 9f *9§ Asia Minor Caucasus .... Admiral Sir Michael Culme Sey- mour, Bart. Prince E. Demidoff. 9\ Do Do. 9 Albania .... Sir Reginald Cathcart, Bart. -8§ ... Algeria .... Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 2-8| Si 3 Near Bona, Algeria . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Si Algeria .... Capt. John Marriott. 8 2* Russia .... Count J. Potocki. 1 Weight 372 lbs. 2 Weight 275 lbs. clean. The following specimens belong to the Indian species : — Length on outside curve. Locality. Owner. -I4S ( malformed) -I4§ Purneah, Lower Bengal Hills above Jamu H. R. P. Carter, recorded in Field, January 1895. (See illustration, 'p. Col. Sir Neville Chamberlain. -IO| North Kanara Bombay Natural History Society. -io| Burma .... Mrs. O. F. Wheeler-Cuffe. 1 M O b5H Meerut Tent Club -10 India ..... The late Sir Samuel Baker. -9i ? Meerut Tent Club. 9l Dr. Travers. 9\ Burma .... Langford Whitehouse. 9§ North Kanara Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. 9s Central Provinces Lieut. -Col. J. S. Ashby. 9i Ceylon .... Capt. F. H. N. Pym. 9\ Central Provinces The late J. Moray-Brown. 00 Jumna Valley The late Capt. F. C. Quicke. Si Bengal .... Surg.-Capt. J. M‘Kie. -8. 30 Assam .... Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -si Bikanir .... H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. -7.85 Assam .... Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 432 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Locality. Owner. 8 ? Capt. P. A. Bainbridge. 7^ Mhou . • H. Dibble. 7i p H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Head of Wild Boar. BUSH- PIG t 433 CAPE BUSH -PIG (Sus [Potamochcerus] choeropotamus). Bosck-vark of the Boers. Ingulubi of the Swazis and Zulus. The bush-pigs, or river-hogs, of Africa and Madagascar form a peculiar group of swine characterised by having only 42, in place of 44, teeth, small tusks, and a large ridge-like prominence on each side of the face, due to the presence of a ridge of bone on the sheath of the tusk. The ears may be surmounted with tufts of long hair. The various species are best distinguished by the character of their skulls, colour forming a very uncertain guide. The Cape bush-pig, or bosch- vark, is very generally gray, but the late Sir Andrew Smith stated that “ scarcely any two specimens of this species exhibit the same colours ; some are a brownish black variegated with white, and others are almost entirely of a light reddish brown or rufous tint, without any white mark- ings ; indeed, such are the varieties that it is scarcely possible to say what are the prevailing colours.” In British Central Africa, where they have been wrongly identified with the West African species, they are invariably reddish. Height at shoulder about 3 1 inches ; weight, 3 5 lbs. Lower tusks average 6 to 7 inches long, and a good specimen shot by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby had tusks protruding out of jaw 4^ inches. Distribution . — South and South-East Africa. WEST AFRICAN BUSH-PIG or RED RIVER-HOG (Sus [Potamoclicerus] porous). In this species the colour is always some shade of rufous, either shining brownish red with a tinge of yellow, or dark reddish yellow with black on the forehead, ears, and limbs, the mane of the back, part of the margins of the ears, tips of the long tufts of hairs with which they are surmounted, and streaks above and below the eyes white. Distribution. — West Africa, from Angola to Senegambia, and eastwards to Monbuttu. Height at shoulder. Weight. Locality. Owner. -23J 35 lbs. Shire River, British Central Dr. Percy Rendall. Africa 434 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BABIRUSA (Babirusa alfurus). The pig- deer (to translate its Malay name) is not the least notable of several remarkable animals restricted to Celebes ; the peculiar form and position of the upper tusks of the boars rendering them almost comparable to horns. Unlike other pigs, in which they curve upwards from the sides of the lips, the tusks grow from the centre of the muzzle, piercing through the skin, and as they are not worn by the lower pair, attain extraordinary dimensions. Both pairs are quite devoid of enamel ; the lower ones growing from the sides of the jaw in the ordinary manner. The cheek-teeth are somewhat less numerous than in ordinary pigs. In other parts of its organisation the babirusa is, however, very like the latter, although its nearly naked skin is remarkable for its coarse and rugged nature, being almost comparable to the bark of a tree. The height at the middle of the back, the highest point of the animal, is about 42 inches. Unlike the rest of its tribe, the female babirusa produces only a pair of young at a birth, which are of the same uniformly slaty hue as their parent. Babirusa are confined to the island of Celebes, where they afford good sport to the natives, who drive them into nets and then spear them. Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard recorded in the Cruise of the “ Marches a ” ; \ Weight, male, 128 lbs.; female, 85 lbs. Height at shoulder, 2 7 1 in. ; female, 25 J in. Length. Upper tusks. Lower tusks. Owner. -17 H. Van Son. i6| 1 3h Rowland Ward. -Hh Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. -i3i 15 Imperial Museum, Vienna. WART-HOG 435 Tusks of Male Wart-Hog, Mr. F. H. Barber’s specimen. WART-HOG- (Phacochoerus aethiopicus). Bango or Nguruwe of the Swahilis. Ikulubi of the Basutos. Indaigazana of the Swazis and Zulus. Karkary of the Somalis. Ngolobwi in Barotsiland. Ngolobwi in Ngamiland. Injiri in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Vlak^vark of the Boers. Darungu of the Hausas. For downright ugliness the African wart-hog is hard to beat, and as it is well armed and possesses a bad temper, it is in all respects an undesirable acquaintance. The name is derived from the presence of three pairs of wart-like protuberances on the sides of the face between the eyes and the tusks ; the head itself being characterised by the disproportionate length and flatness of the face. Unlike the true pigs, the stout upper tusks are longer than the lower pair ; the inferior surfaces of their basal halves being worn to smooth facets by the points of the latter. Another peculiarity of the upper tusks is that they have no enamel, except at the extreme tips, which are soon worn off by use. But a further peculiarity is presented by the last molar teeth of each jaw, which, together with the tusks, are often the only teeth remaining in very old animals. They are both long and tall, consisting of a number of closely-packed cylindrical columns of enamel, 436 RECORDS OF BIG GAME which, when worn, present a characteristic pattern. Except along the neck and back, where it carries a mane of bristly hair, the skin is nearly naked ; and the young differ from those of ordinary pigs in being neither striped nor spotted. Height at shoulder, 30 inches. Distribution. — The wart-hog is typically an inhabitant of South and South-East Africa. Animals of the same genus extend, however, right through East and Central Africa to Abyssinia ; those from the latter country having been described as a distinct species, under the name of P. africanus. Not improbably, however, the northern animal is only a local race of the southern form. Wart- hogs, possibly from their habit of going to ground when pursued, are but seldom hunted with the spear; “ pig- sticking ” being, in fact, a sport practically unknown in Africa. The lower tushes seldom exceed 6 inches on the front curve. Upper Tusks. Length on outside curve. Length exposed from gum. Locality. Owner. -27 \ Annesley Bay Capt. Ralph Berners, R.N. 26 J 20 17? South Africa . F. 11. Barber. i6£ I3i! ? J. Whitaker. -152 132 Matanari Bush F. Vaughan Kirby. 15 i3h British Central Africa R. Ii. Storey. -15 South-East Africa . W. Russell Bovvker. Ml British Central Africa John Yule. ... 135 Zambesia R. J. Cuninghame. I3r?r ... Somaliland Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 13 South-East Africa . F. C. Selous. -I2i 10^ ? P. C. Key tel. ... nf .Somaliland Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -12 ... East Africa . C. Steuart Betton. -12 South-East Africa . James Meldrum. 1 1 2 East Africa . Capt. M. Al ‘Neill. ... -ni South-East Africa . Julius Jeppe. -ill • • • Do. James J. Harrison. WART-HOG 437 Length on Length exposed outside curve. from gum. II lOf -II II -... iof ioi loh ioi IOj 9s 9 9 9 9 Locality. Rhodesia Mashonaland . East Africa . British Central Africa Barotsiland . East Africa . Do. . Near Ruo River, South- east Africa Somaliland Pungvve Somaliland Do. Sudan . . . . Lower Tusks. Somaliland Do. Owner. George Grey. S. Chillingworth. Count Scheibler. Major R. Skeffington Smyth. Col. C. Harding. Douglas M‘Douall. H. Hyde Baker. C. C. Bowring. W. R. Bindloss. W. W. Ashley. Count E. Hoy os. Prince Boris CzetwertynskL A. E. Butter. Prince Colloredo Mansfeld. J. D. Inverarity. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Horn of Indian Rhinoceros. 438 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Record Horn of Indian Rhinoceros. Shot by Lord Curzon. INDIAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros unicornis). In addition to being the giant among its Asiatic kindred and possessing but a single horn, this huge rhino is specially characterised by the form of the folds in its hide, and the large tubercles on the fore- and hind-quarters, which look as though the skin had been fastened to the body by means of rivets. A fold before and behind the shoulder marks off one large triangular shield on each side, while another fold before each thigh separates a large rump-shield ; the saddle-shaped body- shield being defined by the fold behind the shoulder and the one in front of the thigh, both of which extend across the back. Very characteristic, too, are the great folds which form heavy rings of skin round the neck. Although the tubercles are largest on the fore- and hind-quarters, they also occur on other parts of the body. Height at shoulder from 5 feet 8 inches to at least 6 feet ; girth, 105 inches. The late Dr. T. C. Jerdon mentions 24 inches as the length of a fine horn. INDIAN RHINOCEROS 439 Maharajah of Cooch Behar’s Specimens Height at shoulder . 6 ft. 4^ ins. 6 ft. 1 in. 6 ft. 1 2 in. Total length . 1 4 ft. i in. 1 3 ft. 2 ins. 1 3 ft. 1 0 ins. Body .... 1 1 ft. ii ins. 1 1 ft. 2 ins. 1 1 ft. 8 ins. Girth behind shoulder i 1 9 ins. 1 1 2 ins. Biggest girth 144 ins. 1 42 ins. Round neck nearest body 90 ins. 84 ins. » » head 74 ins. 75 ins* Horn .... 1 6\ ins. I3| ins. Distribution. — Chiefly the Assam plain at the present day. At one time this animal was found over the greater part of the Indian peninsula, as attested by fossil remains, but now it is restricted to Assam ; its place farther south in the Sanderbans, Chittagong, and Burma being taken by the smaller R. sondaicus. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Weight. Locality. Owner. -2l| 24! Nepal Lord Curzon. I9l 22§ India British Museum. ? l8 l6 Assam M. H. Logan. i6| Belsire, Assam . W. C. Sherwill. 9i6£ . . . Cooch Behar H. H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. 9 16 34 lbs. Nowgong, Assam L. Fabre Tonnerre. ldk 21 . . . Assam Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 9 14 22| 4| lbs. Nowgong . L. Fabre Tonnerre. -I3l Cooch Behar Maharajah of Cooch Behar. 1 13 Do. . Do. 13 2• 106 Sudan Capt. C. J. Hawker. -6 2 1 96 Do. Do. 6 10 | i9i 80 Upper Nile Lieut. W. B. Drury, R. N. 6 9k j f i9i 80 Do. Do. 6 9 i8i 8l Uganda . C. Craig. 6 9 i7l ... Kilimanjaro F. J. Jackson. 6 8 1 7 74 ? Julius Jeppe. 6 7 i6i South-East Africa . F. C. Selous. 6 61 i5l B. C. Africa . R. H. Storey. 6 4 J 96 Si i2i N. of Lake Rudolf . A. Ii. Neumann. 6 4i 1 7i East Central Africa . H. S. H. Cavendish. 6 4i | i9i Upper Nile P. B. Vander-Byl. 5 ii 1 20| ... Do. Do. -6 4 19 65 Lake Mweru . Poulett Weatherley. 6 3a 18 60 East Africa C. Steuart Betton. 6 I 7i Masailand Sir John Kirk. (spiral tusk) 5 5i i8| ... Near Wadelai . Capt. R. A. Markham. 5 2i J 19 ... Do. Do. 5 ° 1 I4f 49 Abyssinia A. E. Butter. 4 8 J I4f 47 Do. Do. 4 ii 15 26 Somaliland A. Ii. Straker. 4 9k Hi 33 i Do. Capt. E. W. S. Brooke. 4 i3i ... Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 4 5 i2i ... Somaliland Lord Delamere. 4 4 13S 26 Do. Major J. M‘Call Maxwell. 460 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Feet ( see also page 453). Circumference at base. Width at bottom, back to front. Locality. Owner. 64 20* Toro . E. S. Grogan. 62 20 East Africa C. Craig. -6o| Somaliland . Capt. M. S. Wellby. 60 19 Wadelai . Major M. L. Carleton. 581 19 East Africa Capt. Neill Malcolm. 58* 19 E. C. Africa . H. S. H. Cavendish. 1 Ln OO 21 Tana River Major H. De Tree. -57* 21 Lake Mweru Poulett-Weatherley. 56* l8* B. C. Africa C. B. C. Storey. -56 Upper Nile Capt. C. A. Sykes. 54 Kilimanjaro F. J. Jackson. -54 17 Somaliland . Count E. Hoyos. 53 17 Do. Capt. J. M‘Call Maxwell. -5i Gallaland . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 50 17 South Africa F. C. Selous. 49* i7i Do. Do. 49* Abyssinia . A. E. Butter. MAMMOTH OR SIBERIAN ELEPHANT 461 MAMMOTH or SIBERIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas primigenius). Nearly allied to the Indian elephant, but the plates of the teeth still narrower and more numerous, the tusks spirally twisted, and the skin clothed in woolly fur with long bristles intermixed. Remains of this species occur in the superficial deposits of Europe and Northern Asia. In the frozen soil of Siberia the skin, flesh, and hair are frequently preserved, and the ivory is often suitable for the purposes of the turner. Length (out- Greatest Circum- Weight. Locality. Owner. side curve). ft. in. 12 ference. in. 19 lbs. ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. 11 5 I7l ... ? Do. 1 1 20 1 173 Siberia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 462 RECORDS OF BIG GAME LION (Felis leo). Ambassa of the Abyssinians. A seed of the Arabs. Imbubi of the Swazis and Zulus. Lendjandnek of the Gallas. Libbah of the Somalis. Libbaka of the Abyssinians (Dan- akil). Mkango or Nkalamo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Simba of the Swahilis. Fait of the Basutos. Tanw in Barotsiland. Tauw in Ngamiland. Zaki of the Hausas. Any description of such a familiar animal as the lion (the only cat in which the male is furnished with a mane on the head and shoulders, and a tuft of long hair to the tip of the tail) would obviously be superfluous here. One of the great points of interest attaching to the species is its wide geographical distribution. Several local races are now recognised. Somali lions, for instance, are smaller and greyer than those from either the Cape or Algeria, although their manes are often very fine. Heights of 3 feet 4^ and 3 feet 8 inches at the shoulder have been recorded in African specimens (the larger measure- ment by F. C. Selous), and 3 feet 6 inches in an Indian example (by Gen. W. Rice). General Paget estimated the weight of a Somali lion at about 550 lbs. Wild lions never develop the enormous manes frequently seen in menagerie examples. A lion skull may be easily recognised when placed beside that of a tiger by observing that in the lion all the terminations of the sutures of the skull on the frontal are almost level ; in a tiger the nasal bones extend much further back — besides this a lion skull will stand much flatter on a table than that of a tiger. Distribution. — In modern times Africa from Algeria to the Cape, Mesopotamia on the west flanks of the Zagros range, Persia south of Shiraz, and India in the districts of Kathiawar, Sind, the Central Provinces, and Bundelcund. Now very rare in India, where it appears to be confined to Kathiawar. 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Do. tT c3 pQ d cj £ V 43 O o o • pH a j3o 43 o o o 3 £ CJ "3 a CJ 43 0 0 0 0 Q i_> CJ TJ a Tj a. ’-W . - cO . • ON co ro CO CO CO CO H« • - vO * O' : cr> CO CO CO '-W H|N • * HH • o On M d HH HH Ho • vO 00 ON • • ci Cl Cl Cl E/3 CJ CJ c ’> o >-l a r—t d a C d> u a o u d c~| d> PQ 43 O O o U o U 3 QJ a s- O ciT a 3 CJ H 43 a H> h4 O qj EhJ 1C fc/J !d o hH HH < . J s in Vh CD *3 c . . ci * 33 cu a W OG£ > PS u CO * ^ m c #o o o *“ > c O o u c? »hH cj*;? >» O i-3 £ o o (J • cS • • • CJ CJ aj /~v h-4 J-i 3-h Ph‘ 0 ra' rt cti c <3 aj ffl • c rt aj P3 rt 3— qj c3 -C c3 J: £ *o CJ CJ o o CJ CJ o o OJ >> O m ■vj" rf >- . n j= 2 M 3 f-l« N m C! 1 £ h|3- to -c o V t- ! - C o h fe « LO> oo i-t ^ u • o O hh -a c« t-H jr to HC1 w>o .£ . . N . i «— ex VO VO * vO ’“' o 'o ^ — ' . H|N j= « -d in 8 SO VO vO UO 1-0 u-> t*. >-. i> Mo c 5 -> T 2 J>2 28* N. E. Transvaal . Dr. Percy Rendall. 90 lbs. -6 4 Somaliland The late Capt. J. Johnston- Stewart. The following are the dimensions of a specimen shot in the Eastern Transvaal by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby. Total length in straight line. Do. over all. Tail. Vertical height. Girth of forearm. Do. shoulders. 6 ft. 8 in. 7 ft. 7 in. 2 ft. 9 in. 2 ft. u£. in. 8J in. 31 in. SPOTTED HYAENA (Hyaena crocuta). Somali Uaraba. Setongwani in Barotsiland. Danakil Yangula. Piri in Ngamiland. Abyssinian Jib. Chimbwi in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The hyaenas form a small family of Carnivora allied in some respects to the cats, but distinguished by the form of the skull, the more numerous teeth (which are, however, to a considerable extent cat-like), and the four-toed feet, with non-retractile claws. The spotted hyaena is the largest of the three species, and takes its name from the large dark blotches on its tawny coat. Its carnassial teeth are more cat-like than those of the other species. Distribution. — Africa, south of the Sahara. Nose to root of tail in a straight line, 4 feet 9}, inches. Length of tail, 1 foot 1 inch. Extreme length over all, 6 feet 3 inches. Vertical standing height, 3 feet. Girth behind shoulders, 39^ inches. Skulls. Length. Width. Weight. Locality. Owner. in. in. lbs. 07. -i2i 7i 2 8 South-East Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. -I2j 7i 2 12 Zomba, B.C.A. D. MacAlpine. -I I 7h Somaliland Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -I I 6£ South-East Africa . F. Vaughan Kirby. 1 1— » O ocfcn 2 'j a East Africa Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, R.N. BEARS 48 1 Brown Bear. BEARS (Ursidae). Bears are so unlike other animals and so like one another that no one has the slightest difficulty in recognising a member of the group when he sees it. They constitute a family of Carnivora — the Ursidce — and are spread over the greater part of the globe, with the exception of Africa to the south of the Sahara desert, and the Australasian islands. As some of their leading characteristics may be mentioned their large bodily size, clumsy build, shaggy fur, uniform coloration, the very short tail, and the application of the whole sole of the foot to the ground in walking. The skull and teeth are likewise very peculiar and 482 RECORDS OF BIG GAME distinctive, although these need not be taken into consideration in this place. In consequence of the marked similarity to one another of most members of the group, it is a matter of extreme difficulty to come to a definite conclusion as to the number of species of bears — not that this is a matter of very much importance one way or another. The typical member of the group is the familiar brown bear {Ursus arctus) of Europe, whose colour is generally a darker or lighter shade of brown, but occasionally tends to grayish. The Syrian bear (U. arctus syriacus ), in which this grayish tinge predominates, may be regarded as a local variety, and the same is the case with the snow-bear of Kashmir ( U . arctus isabellinus ), in which the colour is generally a light creamy brown. European specimens probably seldom exceed eight feet, but the huge Kamchatkan bear ( U . arctus collaris') grows to nine feet. Even more gigantic is the Kadiak bear (U arctus middendorft) of Kadiak Island, Alaska; while the Yezo bear {IJ. arctus yesoensis') of Japan is another large form, with much the external appearance of a grizzly. The Alaskan bear ( U . arctus dalli ), from the mainland of Alaska, is also a huge animal, slightly smaller than the one from Kadiak Island, with more resemblance to an ordinary brown bear than to a grizzly. The typical grizzly of the Rocky Mountains is a smaller animal, with longer and straighter claws, but scarcely entitled to rank as more than another local race ( U . arctus horribilis ), next to which comes the Barren Ground bear ( U ’ arctus richardsom). Finally, the last animal which can be included in this group of the genus is the African bear ( U . arctus crowtheri ), of North-Western Africa, still imperfectly known. The extinct cave-bear ( U '. spelceus) is a large species allied to the brown bear. The little blue bear ( U \ pruinosus) of Tibet, with more or less of white on the head and shoulders, seems to form a distinct species. The same is the case with the American black bear {U. aniericanus'), which is generally black, and exhibits distinctive features in the skull and teeth. Not improbably the Himalayan black bear (U. torquatus ) is a relative of the last-named species ; it may be recognised by the con- spicuous white gorget on the breast. In Japan it is represented by the Japanese black bear ( U \ japo?iicus'). The smallest species of the genus are the very distinct Malayan bear {U. malayanus ), and the allied spectacled bear (£/. ornatus ) of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, the latter distinguished by the light-coloured rings generally surrounding the eyes, from which it derives its name. The most distinct of all the species included in the genus Ursus is BEARS 483 the Polar bear ( U. maritimus ), so distinct, indeed, that many naturalists think it ought to form a group by itself. Externally its chief charac- teristics are its white coat, and the presence of a certain amount of hair on the soles of the feet ; both these peculiarities being evidently adaptations to the Arctic habitat of the animal. It has been recently stated that very old Polar bears exhibit a tendency to the development of a brownish tinge in the fur. Last of all comes the Indian sloth-bear ( Melursus ur sinus), which is so different from the other kinds as to form a genus by itself. It is too well known an animal to need description, some of its characteristics being the long and bare snout, the ragged, wiry hair, extensile tongue, small cheek-teeth, and the diminished number of front teeth. (a.) Skulls. Basal length Width across from back the zygo- to front, matic arches. Weight cleaned. Race, or Species. Locality. Owner. in. in. lbs. oz. i8f Ilf 12 0 Cave bear Europe . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 18 II 10 0 Kamchat- Siberia . Hon. Walter Rothschild. kan -1 7k I of Alaska . Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. -164 . . Do. . H. W. Seton-Karr. 16 9 E 5 8 Polar Nova Zembla. J. Lamont. Hoo 104 5 13 Do. Polar Seas Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 15! (D) 9i 5 10 Grizzly . Brit. Columbia Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 15I 9i 4 10 Kamchat- Kamchatka Comdr. R. E. R. Benson, R.N. kan I4ri 9 Brown Kamchatka . St. George Littledale. Hi 81 4 8 Grizzly . Brit. Columbia S. B. Bennett. !4§(c) 85 5 0 Do. New Mexico . Montague Stevens. i3§ 8f Red Kashmir B. H. Shaw-Stewart. — 12| 7 Sloth Mysore . Capt. M. M‘Neill. I2j 7i Do. Cent. Prov. C. F. Egerton. I2| 7 Grizzly . Wyoming J. L. Scarlett. 124 (B) 6| Sloth Cent. Prov. Surgeon-Major M. O’C. Drury. I2§ 7f Snow Kashmir A. Ezra. 1 2§ 7\ Red Do. . Major C. B. Wood. 124 7f Grizzly . Wyoming J. L. Scarlett. 12 7b Sloth Cent. Prov. C. F. Egerton. Il4 (A) 6| Brown W. Caucasus . St. George Littledale. -8.5 8.3 Malayan . Borneo . W. T. Blanford. 484 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ( b .) Skins. Length from nose to tip of tail. Girth. Weight. Race, or Species. Locality. Owner. ft. -13 in. 6 1 ft. in. ft. in. lbs. 1656 Kadiak Kadiak Island, J. C. Tolrnan. -II 64 1 IO 2 2 1536 ? Alaska Nevada, 1881 W. F. Sheard. -I I 6 1 (from one front paw to other) ? Alaska . American Museum of 9 IO1 Alaskan Do. . Natural History. Rowland Ward. 9 8 1 Do. Do. . South- African Museum. 9 5 1 Do. Do. . Dublin Museum. 9 5 4 6 Polar Baffin Bay W. Livingstone Lear- 9 5 1 Alaskan Alaska . month. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 8 10 1 4 0 Do. Do. . British Museum. -8 7 (mounted) 1600 Polar Arctic Seas . Captain Lyon. -8 7 Grizzly . Wyoming T. P. Kempson. -8 7 Polar Spitzbergen . A. Barclay Walker. -8 6 Grizzly . Wyoming T. P. Kempson. -8 6 Polar Franz Josef Dr. S. H. T. Armitage. 8 5 Black Land Kashmir Capt. W.Westropp White. 8 4 Do. 9 Surg. -Major W. White. 8 3 Kam- Kamchatka . Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. -8 3 chatkan p Alaska . C. G. Cowan. -8 o.V Grizzly . Wyoming T. W. H. Clarke. -8 0 Polar Spitzbergen . A. Barclay Walker. -8 0 ( d) 3 u Grizzly . Brit. Columbia Sir Peter Walker, Bart. -8 0 (c) 735 Do. . New Mexico Montague Stevens. -7 1 1 800 Brown . Norway Capt. Gerard Ferrand. -7 9 (about) Snow Kashmir Major C. F. Blane. -7 4 Red Do. B. H. Shaw Stewart. -7 54 ... ... Black Wyoming T. W. II. Clarke. 1 Skin measurement. 2 Measurement of head in the flesh from tip of nose to base of skull, 29 inches ; between ears, 16 inches. BEARS 485. Length from nose to tip of tail. Height at shoulder. Girth. Weight. Species. Locality. Owner. ft. -7 in. of ft. in. ft. in. lbs. 680 Brown . Lithuania Prince Radziwill. -7 O 3 2 (about) Do. . India . Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. -6 II Black Wyoming James J. Harrison. -6 IO 3 O 4 42 423 Sloth Cooch Behar H.H. the Maharajah of -6 92 forearm 25 Snow Kashmir Cooch Behar. S. V. Occleston. ~6 8(B) Do. Do. A. Ezra. -6 6 Grizzly . Wyoming Count E. Hoyos. -6 5 Do. . Do. J. L. ScarletJ. -6 42 Snow ? Major H. M. Biddulph. -6 3 Grizzly . Wyoming J. L. Scarlett. -6 2i Black Brit. Columbia Count E. Hoyos. -6 G Sloth . Mandla, Cent. Capt. B. H. Boucher. -6 1 Cinnamon Provinces Wyoming James J. Harrison. -6 oi Sloth Hyderabad . Count E. Hoyos. -6 0 4 6 ... Black ? Col. H. G. Mainwaring. -6 0 3 O 280 Do. ? The late G. P. Sanderson. -5 ioi 3 O 3 4 Red ? Major H. M. Biddulph. -5 5 2 5S 2 1 of 250 Black Brit. Columbia Count Scheibler. -95 22 2 4 4 about 600 Grizzly . Do. Do. -5 2 (A) about Brown . W. Caucasus St. George Littledale. -4 7 Asia Minor . H. 0. Whittall. N.B. — Some of the specimens entered as “ Grizzly ” may be the Barren Ground bear. 486 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WALRUS (Odobsenus rosmarus and 0. obesus). The unwieldy seal-like animals commonly known by a corruption of the Scandinavian name valross (whale-horse) form in some respects a connecting link between the true seals and the eared seals, although differing from both in the huge upper tusks which depend from the muzzle of males and females alike, as also by the thick yellow bristles covering the muzzle itself. Like the true seals, walruses have lost all traces of external ears, but, unlike the former, and like the eared seals, their huge hind-flippers are turned forwards beneath the body when on land. The molar teeth, which are adapted for crushing the shells on which these monsters feed, have simple flattened crowns, quite unlike those of seals. Although young and adolescent walruses have fairly thick coats of yellowish fur, in old individuals the tough hide becomes almost bare, except for the aforesaid bristles. Walruses are estimated to attain a weight of from 2250 to 3000 lbs. Walruses are exclusively confined to the Arctic seas, where they spend much of their time on the ice. There are two kinds, now generally regarded as separate species ; the one confined to the North Atlantic, and the other to the North Pacific. The distribution of these animals is by no means of circumpolar extent, the Atlantic walrus (0. rosmarus ) apparently not ranging on the Asiatic coast east of the mouth of the river Lena ; while in America they do not appear to inhabit the vast extent of coast lying between the western shore of Hudson Bay and Alaska. The Pacific walrus, which is the larger animal of the two, with considerably the longer tusks, always had a restricted range, and is now becoming very scarce. In European museums it appears to be represented only by skulls and tusks, and even these are rare. Formerly the Atlantic walrus occurred in count- less thousands, but in accessible situations its numbers have been greatly reduced, owing to incessant persecution for the sake of its valuable oil and ivory. Between 1870 and 1880 at least 100,000 of these animals are estimated to have been slain. The largest walrus ever shot by Mr. W. Livingstone Learmonth measured 1 2 feet 8 inches in length, and the tusks when extracted measured 25^ inches in length and 8j in circumference at the largest part, but, as is the case with nearly all old bull walrus, the tusks were much broken at the points. NAR WHAL 487 Tusks. Total length of tusk. Weight, lbs. oz. Girth. Locality. Owner. 36 ? Sir Thos. Hesketh, Bart. -334 1 7 io£ 8* Kamchatka G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. 32! 8| ? Bethnal Green Museum. -32 9 9 Pacific Norwich Museum. -31 6 1 F. Gordon George. 30& 9s Kamchatka Lieut. H. A. Gillett, R.N. 29 94 Arctic America C. C. Branch. 28| 9i Do. Do. -25fc 84 Baffin Bay W. Livingstone Learmonth. Length from gum. 22\ 7S Spitzbergen Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 20f 74 Do. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. OO 74 Do. Arnold Pike. 1 25^ from gum. NARWHAL (Monodon monoceros). The Arctic narwhal is the only Cetacean furnished with tusks. These are present only in the male, and generally the left one alone is developed. Occasionally, however, both grow, as exemplified in a specimen in the British, and a second in the Cambridge Museum. A model of the animal is exhibited in the British Museum. Distribution . — Arctic Seas. Tusks. Length. Circumference. Weight. Owner. ft. in. lbs. 9 44 74 Major H. A. Steward. 8 84 8§ Bethnal Green Museum. 8 74 84 14 Rowland Ward. 8 7 84 15 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 8 34 7i Bethnal Green Museum. 8 34 74 Hon. Charles Ellis. 8 0 71 A. Barclay Walker. 7 11 J. H. Whitehouse. 488 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Hints for recording the Length of Animals in the Field. As the body lies on the ground, and where circumstances permit, proceed as follows : — Length. Pull the nose and the tail so as to get them as nearly as possible in a straight line. Fix four pegs in, one at the end of nose, one at end of tail, one at root of tail, and the fourth at the nape of neck behind ears. Height at shoulder. Put the leg or paw in a standing position and place a peg at top of withers and measure carefully standing height (a) with extended paw, (b) with spread paw, as well as length of fore and hind legs from pegs at the stomach-line. The entries in the game-book should be as follows : — A to F. Straight length from nose to tip of tail. A to E. Length along curve to root of tail. E to F. Length of tail. A to B. Length of head to nape of neck. N. Girth, upper arm. M. ,, fore-arm. O. ,, of body. P. Girth of head. D to G. Height at hind-quarters. C to 1,. ,, shoulder. K to L. Length of fore-leg. H to G. „ hind-leg. Weight, cleaned. ,, not cleaned. Cleaned skull (length, breadth, height, weight). In addition to the above measurements, the sex, estimated age, date and locality, condition of the animal, with any other features of interest, such as colour of the eyes and skin, length of the hoofs, con- dition of teeth, should be mentioned. Tiger shot by Major H. G. C. Swayne in the Central Provinces. INDEX OF SPECIES Abyssinian Buffalo PAGE 402 Babirusa , , Bushbuck . 293 Babirusa alfurus . ,, Duiker 155 Bactrian Wapiti . ,, Ibex . 354 Banded Duiker ,, Oribi . 170 Banting Addax .... 284 Barasingh. See Hangul. Addax nasomaculatus . 284 Barking Deer Addra Gazelle 258 Basilan Sambar ALpyceros melampus 214 Bastard Hartebeest , , , , petersi 217 Bavian Deer . African Elephant . 454 Bay Duiker . ,, Rhinoceros 441 Bears .... Alaskan Bighorn . 376 Beatrix Oryx A Ices bedfordice 13 Beira Antelope ,, machlis 8 Beisa Oryx . Alpine Ibex . 352 Bharal .... ,, Red Deer . 36 Bighorn Altai Gazelle 230 Bison .... ,, Wapiti 56 Blackbuck . American Bison . 4i3 Black-tailed Deer . ,, Deer 99 Blesbok Ammodorcas clarkei 260 Blotched Giraffe . Ancient British and Irish Red Deer 23 Blue Duiker . ,, Continental Red Deer 37 Bohor Reedbuck . Anoa .... 410 Bongo ,, Antidorcas euchore 222 Bontebok Antilocapra a?nericana . 112 Boocercus euryceros Antilope cervicapra 210 Bos bison Aoul .... 255 ,, bonasus . Arabian Gazelle . 235 ,, bubalis . ,, Tahr 338 ,, coffer . Armenian Muflon . 392 ,, ,, eequinoctialis . Arna .... 406 ,, ,, brachyceros . Arui .... 37i ,, ,, nanus . Asiatic Ibex . 349 ,, ,, planiceros Astor Marklior 34i ,, depressicornis . Atlas Gazelle 234 ,, frontalis Aurochs. See Bison. Axis .... . 80 , , gaiirus . ,, grunniens 2 K PAGE 434 434 58 158 424 89 75 141 77 158 481 282 266 279 368 373 41 1 210 104 139 109 156 206 3” 137 3ii 4i3 411 406 399 402 404 404 404 410 423 418 415 490 INDEX OF SPECIES Bos indicus . , , sondaicus ,, taurus . Boselaplms tragocamelus Brindled Gnu Bubal Hartebeest . Bubalis boselaphus ,, cama , , cokei , , lelvjel , , lichtensteini ,, major ,, neumanni , , swaynei . ,, tora . ,, ,, neumanni. Budorcas taxicolor , , , , sinensis ,, ,, tibetanus Buffaloes Buffon’s Kob Burchell’s Rhinoceros . Burmese Serow • > Stag Bushbuck Cabul Markhor Canadian Lynx Cape Buffalo ,, Bush- Pig ,, Hartebeest . ,, Oribi . Capra caucasica . , , cylindricornis ,, falconeri cashmiriensis ,, ,, jerdoni . , , , , mcgaceros ,, „ typica . ,, hire us ,, ibex . ,, nubiana ,, pyrenaica . ,, sibirica ,, vali . Capreolus pygargus , , vulgaris Caracal Caribou Caucasian Bharal . Caucasian Tur Central African Buffalo Cephalophus abyssinicus PAGE 426 424 426 286 144 114 114 124 1 2 I 126 130 115 128 ii9 1 17 128 332 334 334 399 191 447 32S 86 288 347 479 399 433 124 16S 364 366 34i 347 347 341 359 352 356 362 349 354 94 9i 479 1 366 364 404 155 Cephalophus coronatus . ,, dorice ,, dorsalis ,, grimmi ,, harveyi ,, maxwelli . ,, monticola . ,, natalensis . ,, rufilatus . , , sylvicultor . Cervicapra arundinum . ,, fulvorufiila . ,, redunca ,, ,, bohor ,, ,, cottoni ,, ,, donaldsoni ,, ,, typica . ,, ,, wardi Cervulus crinifrons ,, fea ,, lachrymans ,, muntjac . Cervus ajjpnis , , albirostris . , , axis , . canadensis 5* 5 ) 1 J 7 1 >1 ) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ,, asiaticus . ,, bactrianus , , occulentalis , , songaricus , , xanthopygus cashmirianus dama duvauceli . elaphus , , barbarus , , maral . eldi .... giganteus . hippelaphus ,, moluccensis hortulorum kuhli mesopotamicus . porcinus . schomburgki sica . ,, manchuricus taevanus . unicolor . , , dejeani ,, equinus PAGE 160 . 158 158 153 . 159 ‘ ■ 157 • 156 157 159 158 . 200 • 203 206 . 207 . 207 . 207 . 207 . 207 91 91 90 89 49 50 . 80 • 5i 58 . 58 55 . 56 - 58 44 64 82 14 - 43 40 86 67 76 77 62 77 66 ■ 78 85 59 60 61 69 75 73 INDEX OF SPECIES 49i PAGE Cervus unicolor nigricans 75 ,, ,, philippinus . 74 ,, ,, swinhoei 74 ,, yarcandensis 47 Ceylon Buffalo 409 ,, Sambar 7 1 Chamois .... 320 Chiru ..... 220 Chita ..... 479 Chital ..... 80 Chousingha .... 161 Clarke’s Gazelle . 260 Clifton’s Bighorn . 378 Clouded Leopard . 477 Cobus cob .... 191 , , defassa 183 ,, ,, craws hayi 185 ,, ,, penricei . 186 ,, ,, unctuosus 186 ,, ellipsiprymnus 180 ,, lichi .... 194 , , leucotis 189 , , maria 187 ,, smithemani 195 ,, thomasi 193 ,, vardoni 196 ,, ,, loderi 197 Coke’s Hartebeest 121 Common Waterbuck 180 Connochcetes gnu . 151 ,, taurinus 144 ,, ,, albojubatus 149 Continental Red Deer . 27 Corsican Red Deer 15 Crawshay’s Sing-Sing . 185 Cynalurus jubatus 479 Cyprian Muflon . 393 Dama Gazelle 259 Damaliscus albifrons 139 ,, corrigum . 133 ,, ,, jimela . 135 , , ,, hang 133 ,, hunteri 132 ,, lunatus 141 ,, pygargus . 1.37 Damara Dik-dik . 167 Decula Antelope . 293 Derbian Eland 318 Dibatag 260 Dik-dik Antelopes 163, 164 Domestic Goat 361 Domestic Oxen ,, Sheep . Dorcas Gazelle Dorcotragus melanotis Duiker . Dwarf Antelopes . ,, Buffalo East Caucasian Tur East Siberian Elk Eastern Red Deer Edmi Gazelle Eland . Elaphurus davidianus Eld’s Deer . Elephant, African ,, Indian . Elephas africanus ,, maximus . ,, primigenius Elk . English Park Red Deer European Bison . ,, Lynx . ,, Muflon . Fallow Deer Fannin’s Bighorn . Felis concolor ,, leo , , lynx , , nebulosa ,, onca ,, pardus . ,, tigris . ,, tincia . Formosan Sambar ,, Sika Four-horned Antelope Fringe-eared Beisa Gaur Gayal . Gazella arabica , , bennetti , , cuvieri , , dama , , , , mhorr , , dorcas , , granti ,, gutturosa . PAGE 426 395 232 266 r53 164 404 366 13 40 234 3H 97 86 454 450 454 450 461 8 22 411 479 394 9i 64 376 478 462 478 477 477 472 466 475 74 61 161 281 418 423 235 236 234 259 259 232 251 229 492 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE PAGE Gazella Isabella • 245 Hungarian Red Deer . 36 , , leptoceros . • 243 Hunter’s Hartebeest - 132 ,, pelzelni . 241 Hunting- Leopard 479 ,, peter si - 254 Hyaena .... . 480 , , picticaudata . 225 Hycena crocuta . 480 , , przewalskii . 227 ,, ruficollis : . 258 Ibex ..... • 349 , , nijilrons . • 247 Impala .... . 214 , , scemmerringi 255 Indian Antelope . . 210 ,, ,, berberana • 256 ,, Boar 430 ,, ,, typica . 257 ,, Buffalo . 406 ,, spekei • 239 ,, Elephant . 450 , , subgutlurosa . 230 ,, Gazelle • 236 ,, thomsoni . ■ 249 ,, Leopard • 472 ,, tilonura . 246 ,, Hunting-Leopard 479 Gemsbuck Oryx . . 276 ,, Muntjac 89 Gerenuk . 263 ,, Rhinoceros 458 German Red Deer 27 ,, Sambar 69 Giant Irish Deer . 67 Inyala. See Nyala. Giraffa Camelopardalis . . 109 Irish Elk 67 ,, reticulata . I I I ,, Red Deer 20 Giraffe . 109 Isabella Gazelle 245 Goa .... . 225 Goat .... • 359 Jackson’s Hartebeest 126 Goitred Gazelle . . 230 Jaguar ..... 477 Goral .... • 325 Japanese Serow • 327 Grant’s Gazelle • 251 Sika ... 59 Gray Rhebok 198 Javan Ox ... • 424 Greater Kudu . 302 ,, Rhinoceros . 440 Grysbuck • 175 ,, Rusa .... 76 Kamchatkan Bighorn . • 377 Haggard’s Oribi . . 171 Kansu Takin 334 Hairy-fronted Muntjac . 9i Kashmir Stag 44 Hangul 44 Kirk’s Dik-dik . 166 Harnessed Antelope. See Bushbuck. Klipspringer - 178 Hartebeest . 1 14 Kob .... . 187 Harvey’s Duiker . • 159 Kongoni .... 121 He mi tragus hylocrius . 339 Korrigum .... 133 ,, jayakeri • - 338 Kudu ..... sJ ■ 302 , , jemlaicus . • 336 Hemprich’s Dik-dik . 167 Leopard • 472 Heuglin’s Gazelle . . 246 Lesser Bushbuck . 288 ,, Hartebeest 126 ,, Kudu 308 Himalayan Goral . 325 ,, Reedbuck . . 203 ,, Serow 329 Lichi ..... 194 ,, Tahr . • 336 Lichtenstein’s Hartebeest . 130 Hippopotamus . 428 Littledale’s Sheep . . 382 Hippopotamus amphibius . 428 Lion . 462 , , liberiensis . 428 ,, Skulls .... - 464 Hippotragus equinus • 273 Lithocranius walleri • 263 „ niger . 268 Livingstone’s Suni - 173 Hog-Deer . . . 78 Loder’s Gazelle . 243 INDEX OF SPECIES 493 Luzon Sambar PAGE • 74 Lydenburg Reedbuck . . 204 Lynx ..... . 478 Madoqua damarensis . 167 ,, guentheri 164 ,, hemprichiana . . 167 ,, kirki 166 ,, phillipsi . . 164 ,, saltiana . • 163 ,, swaynei . . 164 Malay Sambar • 73 Mammoth .... . 461 Manchurian Sika . 60 ,, Wapiti 58 Maral ..... 40 Marco Polo’s Sheep • 379 Marica Gazelle . 230 Markhor .... • 34i Marsh-Deer .... • 105 Maxwell’s Duiker . • 157 Mazama americana 99 ,, ,, mexicana . 100 ,, antisiensis . 107 ,, bezoartica 107 ,, columbiana 104 ,, dichotoma . 105 ,, hemionus . IOI ,, nemorivaga . 108 Mesopotamian Fallow Deer . . 66 Mexican Deer . 100 Mhorr ..... 259 Moluccan Rusa • 77 Mongolian Argali . • 387 ,, Gazelle . 229 Monodon monoceros . 487 Moose ..... 8 Moschus moschiferus . 108 Mountain Reedbuck . 203 Muflon ..... • 392 Mule-Deer .... . IOI Muntjac . 89 Musk-Deer .... . 108 » Ox 397 Narwhal .... 00 Natal Duiker • 157 Nemorhcedus crispus • 327 ,, sumatrensis . 328 „ ,, bubalinus • 329 Nesotragus livingstonianus . . • 173 ,, moschatus . • . 172 Neumann’s Hartebeest PAGE . 128 New Zealand Red Deer • • • 38 Nilgai .... . 286 Nilgiri Tahr • 339 North African Red Deer • 43 North-Western Bighorn • 376 Norwegian Red Deer . . 24 Nubian Ibex • 356 Nyala .... . 294 Nyasaland Gnu • 145 Odobaenus obesus . . 486 , , rosmarus . 486 Oreamnus montanus 334 Oreotragus saltator . . . 178 Oribi .... . 168 Oribia haggardi . . 171 ,, montana . . 170 ,, nigricaudata . 171 ,, scoparia . 168 Oryx beatrix . 282 , , beisa ■ 279 ,, ,, callotis . 281 , , gazella . . 276 , , leucoryx . 283 Ounce .... • 475 Ovibos moschatus . • 397 Ovis ammon . - 383 ,, ,, hodgsoni . . . 385 ,, ,, j lib at a • 387 ,, aries * 395 ,, canadensis * 373 ,, ,, borealis ■ 378 ,, ,, dalli ■ ■ • 378 ,, ,, fannini • 376 ,, ,, nivicola • 377 ,, ,, stonei . • 378 , , lervia . • 37 1 , , musimon • 394 ,, nahura ■ - 368 ,, orientalis • 392 ,, ,, ophion . • 393 ,, poli • 379 , , sairensis . 382 ,, vignei . . - . 388 ,, ,, cycloceros . ■ 390 ,, ,, typica • 389 Pala .... - 214 Pampas Deer . 107 Pantholops hodgsoni . 220 Para .... 78 494 INDEX OF SPECIES Peking Sika . Pelea capreolus Pelzeln’s Gazelle . Penrice’s Sing-Sing Pere David’s Milou Deer Persian Gazelle ,, Wild Goat Peruvian Guemal . Peters’s Gazelle Phacochcerus cethiopicus Philippine Deer . Pir Panjal Markhor Polar Bear Pot a mock cerus chceropota tnus , , porcus Prong-horn . Przewalski’s Gazelle Puku Kob Puma .... Punjab Urial Pyrenean Ibex Rangifer tarandus Red Deer ,, Duiker . ,, Lynx Red-flanked Duiker Red-fronted Gazelle Red-necked Gazelle Red River- Hog Reed buck Reindeer Rhaphiceros ccimpestris . , , melanotis . Rhinoceros bicornis ,, simns . , , sondaicus , , sumatrensis . ,, unicornis Roan Antelope Rocky Mountain Bighorn 5 J 5 * 5 * 5 * Roe Deer Rooi Rhebok Rupicapra tragus . Sable Antelope Saiga . Saiga tatarica Salt’s Dik-dik Sambar Deer Goat Wapiti PAGE 62 I98 241 . 186 97 230 • 359 107 254 435 74 • 34i • 483 • 433 • 433 1 12 . 227 196 . 478 • 390 362 M 157 • 479 • 159 247 258 • 433 . 200 1 176 175 • 44i • 447 • 440 440 438 2 73 *7 ** j 334 51 91 203 . 320 . 268 218 218 . 163 69 Sassaby Schomburgk’s Deer Scotch Red Deer . Senegal Gazelle ,, Hartebeest Senegambian Eland Serow . Shapu . Sheep . Shou Siberian Argali ,, Elephant . , Roe ,, Wapiti Sig Sind Wild Goat Sing-Sing Waterbuck Situtunga Bushbuck Smitheman’s Lichi Snow- Leopard Soemmerring’s Gazelle Somali Dik-diks . ,, Gazelles ,, Giraffe Spanish Red Deer ,, Tur . Speke’s Gazelle Spotted IIy?ena . Springbuck . Steinbuck Strepsiceros capensis ,, imberbis Suleman Markhor Sumatran Rhinoceros ,, Serow . Sns chccropotamus . ,, cristatus ,, porcus , , scrofa Swamp-Deer Swayne’s Dik-dik ,, Hartebeest Swift Gazelle Szechuan Sambar . Tahr . Takin . Taurotragus der bianus ,, oryx. Tenasserim Muntjac Tetraceros quadricornis Thamin PAGE . 141 . 85 16 • 247 • 133 • 318 • 328 . 388 . 368 49 • 383 . 461 94 • 58 . 1 19 • 359 • 183 . 298 • 195 • 475 • 255 164 239, 241 1 1 1 . 24 362 • 239 . 480 . 222 176 302 • 308 347 440 . 328 433 430 433 430 82 164 . 1 19 • 259 75 • 336 • 332 - 318 - 3i4 9i . 161 . 86 INDEX OF SPECIES 495 PAGE I PAGE Thian-Shan Wapiti ■ 56 Wallachian Sheep 396 Thomson’s Gazelle • 249 Waller’s Gazelle 263 Thorold’s Deer .... 50 Walrus ..... . 486 Tiang ...... • 133 Wapiti ... 5i Tibet Antelope .... . 220 Wart-Hog ..... ■ 435 „ Argali .... • 385 Waterbuck .... 180 ,, Gazelle .... - 225 West African Buffalo . 404 ,, Lynx • 479 ,, Bushbuck 296 ,, Muntjac .... 90 ,, Bush-Pig . • 433 ,, Takin ..... • 334 ,, Duiker 160 Tiger 466 ,, Hartebeest • 1 15 Topi ...... • 135 ,, Oribi 171 Tora Hartebeest .... 1 17 ,, Sing-Sing . 186 Tragelaphus angasi • 294 West American Wapiti . 55 , , gratus . 296 West Caucasian Tur • 3d4 , , scriptus . 288 West of England Red Deer . 21 ,, ,, decula . • 293 White-bearded Brindled Gnu • i49 ,, spekei . 298 White-eared Kob 189 Tur • 362 White Oryx ..... • 283 ,, Rhinoceros • 447 Udad • 371 White-tailed Deer 99 Uganda Kob .... • 193 White-tailed Gnu 151 Urial ...... . 388 Wild Boar ..... - 430 Urotragus argyrochoetus • 327 ,, Goat .... 359 ,, caudatus 327 Wood-Brocket ..... 108 , , cinereus 327 ,, edwardsi • 327 Yak • 415 „ goral . • 325 Yarkand Gazelle ..... • 231 ,, griseus . 327 „ Stag 47 Ursidce ..... . 481 Yellow-backed Duiker . . 158 Vaal Rhebok .... 198 Zanzibar Suni .... . 172 Virginian Deer 99 Zebu ...... 426 THE END Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh. ROWLAND WARD LIMITED practical IRaturalists & taxidermists By Special Appointment to the Courts of Europe “THE JUNGLE” 166 PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. TELEPHONE 3644 Practical and Artistic Taxidermists, Designers of Trophies of Natural History, Preservers and Adapters of all Specimens of Animal Life. Natural Features of Animals adapted in Original Designs for Decorative Purposes and Every-day Uses. Furriers and Plumassiers, and Collectors in Natural History, Arms, and Curios. NOTICE. — Rowland Ward is the only member left in the pro- fession of the Ward Family, long unrivalled for their accumulated experience and their skill in Practical Taxidermy, especially in its artistic department. MEDALS AND DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR FOR ARTISTIC WORK London International Exhibition, 1862. Paris International Exhibition, 1862. Vienna International Exhibition, 1873. London International Fisheries, 1883. Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883-84. London International Health Exhibition, 1884. London Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886. The Anglo-Danish Exhibition, South Kensington, 1888. The Royal Military Exhibition (Army Medical Depart- ment), 1890. THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, 1886 THE JUNGLE AND INDIAN ANIMAL LIFE WAS DESIGNED AND ARRANGED, AND THE ANIMALS MODELLED, BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. WHAT THE PRESS SAID: “ But everything else here is likely to be forgotten in presence of the wonderful jungle scene which Mr. Rowland Ward has constructed. . . . This will certainly be the first of the many attractions to which visitors will turn. . . . They will find themselves in presence of a scene which is likely to keep their gaze for some time. Mr. Ward has made the most of his limited space, into which he has collected the scenery and life which, in reality, is found scattered over an area of many thousand square miles. On the right we have a trophy from Cooch Behar, formed by His Highness the Maharajah, the most prominent feature of which is a tiger hunt. We see a great group in the deep grass jungle. . . . Adjoining this are trophies designed to represent generally the Fauna and Flora of India, by representative animals and birds, picturesquely grouped in illustration of their life-habits.” — Times. “ The visitors . . . were lost in admiration of Mr. Rowland Ward’s masterly designs, modellings, and general arrangement. The novelty is already known as ‘ the Jungle.’ . . . The deep grass jungle is occupied necessarily by many creatures which would not in their native wilds be found in such close companionship. . . . The scene is rendered with true tragic power.” — Daily News. “These numerous beasts . . . seem to illustrate the Fauna of India in a most vivid manner, and are very artistically prepared and arranged. . . . The entire trophy has been prepared by Mr. Rowland Ward. This group will unquestionably be one of the leading attractions of an exhibition which is already full of marvellous things.” — Morning Post. “ Fitted up with the most perfect completeness — a jungle — the work of Mr. Rowland Ward. . . . The whole scene depicted is so life-like that one is startled by its vivid realism. . . . This jungle alone is almost enough to make an exhibition. . . . Besides, Mr. Rowland Ward has designed and arranged such other scenes in connection with several Colonial Courts." — Daily Chronicle. “ Mr. Rowland Ward, of Piccadilly, provides what will probably prove the most attractive feature of the exhibition, in the form of a series of picturesque trophies representing India, Ceylon, South Africa, Canada, and Queensland. ” — Sportsman. “ Perhaps the first place must be accorded to the jungle scene of Mr. Rowland Ward, which stands at the head of the Indian Courts, and which will certainly prove one of the favourite sights of the vast show.” — Daily Telegraph. EMPIRE OF INDIA EXHIBITION, 1895-96 THE JUNGLE “ A veritable triumph of the taxidermist's art — a tableau of jungle life which is entirely fresh and in every way remarkable.” — Daily Telegraph. “A series of scenes illustrative of jungle life, admirable alike in its artistic effect and fidelity to nature.” — Morning Advertiser. “ ‘ The Jungle ' will give the visitor vivid notions of Indian life.” — Times. “ Will draw all eyes — gentle and simple, town-bred and country-bred ; is a wonderful exhibit. . . . such wealth of pelt and plumage, such glories of shikah . . . the very combined essence of all jungles.” — Daily Chronicle. “ A specially fine representation of an Indian jungle, with its characteristic vegetation and animals and wild scenery, to which Mr. Rowland Ward has contributed all his knowledge as a naturalist and his unrivalled skill as a taxidermist.” — Standard. “ Most attractive ... a comprehensive representation of animal life in the jungle and on the mountains of India . . . surpasses all former efforts . . . most realistic." — Sporting Li/e. “ Entirely fresh, and in every way remarkable." — Graphic. “ Rowland Ward’s Jungle is the finest thing of the kind ever seen in this country, and should not be missed by any one.” — Court Journal. “A realisation of nature in its wildest and most tragic moods . . . provides instruction and amusement for the thousands in whose breast the love of nature and animal life is implanted.” — Globe. “ Grand grouping of tropical life. Scrupulous attention to detail. . . . The hoarse coughing roar of the tiger closely imitated.” — South Africa. “ Surpasses in interest any of the excellent exhibitions of the kind previously shown.” — Manchester Guardian. “The number of persons who visited Mr. Rowland Ward’s Jungle was 10,500, making over 200,000 since the opening.” — Times (August 6, 1895). LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 1 66 PICCADILLY 2 A SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF SPORT, TRAVEL AND NATURAL HISTORY huunana Ward Copyright THE JUNGLE AT THE INDIAN AND COLONIAL EXHIBITION, 1886 DESIGNED AND THE ANIMALS MODELLED BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. PUBLISHED BY ROWLAND WARD, limited 166 PICCADILLY, LONDON 3 One Vo/., Post Zvo, bound in leather. Price $s. 6d. net Great Game Shooting and Practical Taxidermy THE Sportsman's Handbook TO PRACTICAL COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND ARTISTIC SETTING-UP OF TROPHIES AND SPECIMENS TO WHICH IS ADDED A SYNOPTICAL GUIDE TO THE HUNTING GROUNDS OF THE WORLD WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS By ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. “ With this in his portmanteau, no one fond of shooting and collecting need any longer lament his inability to preserve his trophies, since the directions given for skinning and preserving animals of all kinds are extremely clear and simple, and rendered all the more intelligible by the wood engravings by which they are accompanied. Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects are all dealt with in turns, and directions given not merely for skinning them, but also for mounting them, if desired, a year or two (it may be) after they have been procured. ” — Field. LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED “THE JUNGLE,” 1 66 PICCADILLY Royal 8w, 340 pp. Price Ss. 6d. net SPORT IN EAST CENTRAL AFRICA BEING AN ACCOUNT OF HUNTING TRIPS IN PORTUGUESE AND OTHER DISTRICTS OF EAST CENTRAL AFRICA By F. VAUGHAN KIRBY (MAQAQAMBA) AUTHOR OF “ IN HAUNTS OF WILD GAME ” WITH ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 4 With about 150 Illustrations. One Vol., uniform with “ Horn Measurements ” 342 pp. Price 30s. net RECORDS OF BIG GAME CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES, LENGTHS, AND WEIGHTS MEASUREMENTS OF HORNS AND FIELD NOTES For the use of Sportsmen and Naturalists By ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. AUTHOR OF ‘ THE SPORTSMAN’S HANDBOOK,’ ETC. THIRD EDITION “In its present form, the work deals with nearly all the species of horned and antlered game, as well as with elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, and wild boars, together with some of the larger carnivora, such as lions, tigers, leopards, and bears . . . the figures are admirable. With such an up-to-date and authentic record before them, sportsmen will in future have an easy task in deciding whether or no their trophies are record specimens. We may also call attention to the careful attention that has been paid to the proper scientific nomenclature.” — The Asian. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY One Vol., Royal 8w, 477 pp. Price 255. net TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN SOUTH-EAST AFRICA Being the Narrative of the last eleven years spent by the Author on the Zambesi and its Tributaries ; with an Account of the Colonisation of Mashonaland and the Progress of the Gold Industry in that Country By F. C. SELOUS GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AUTHOR OF ‘ A HUNTER’S WANDERINGS IN AFRICA ’ WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP “It is impossible even to indicate all the points of interest with which Mr. Selous deals. Illustrations are both numerous and excellent.” — Times. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 5 Demy 8vo, 288 pp. Price 105. 6 d. net SUNSHINE AND STORM IN RHODESIA BEING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS IN MATABELELAND BOTH BEFORE AND DURING THE RECENT NATIVE INSURRECTION By F. C. SELOUS GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AUTHOR OF ‘TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE,’ ETC. FULLY ILLUSTRATED “ It is a plain tale which Mr. Selous has to tell, and he tells it in a straightforward manner. This volume deserves to be widely read, not only because it is the earliest book on the recent rebellion, but also because it records facts without favour, and facts intensely interesting to Englishmen in all parts of the Empire.” — Morning Tost. LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY Crown 8z>o, 408 pp. Price "]s. 6d. net SEVENTEEN TRIPS THROUGH SOMALILAND AND A VISIT TO ABYSSINIA WITH SUPPLEMENTARY PREFACE ON THE ‘MAD MULLAH ’ RISINGS By Major H. G. C. S WAYNE, R.E. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY THIRD EDITION. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS “Will be carefully studied by those who have been there, and those — and there are many — who have an eager desire to go. It is full of thrilling episodes. . . . The last chapter . . . contains some highly interesting notes on the wild fauna of the country. The appendices, which deal with the fitting out of Somali expeditions and with the physical geography, have a distinct value. ” — Times. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 6 Post 4-to, 134 pp. Price ys. 6c/. net THE ENGLISH ANGLER IN LLORIDA WITH SOME DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OF THE GAME, ANIMALS, AND BIRDS BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. 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Lodge COLOURED PLATE AND MAP LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY Imperial 4to, 140 pp. Price £4 : 4s. net SPORT IN SOMALILAND BEING AN ACCOUNT OF A HUNTING TRIP TO THAT REGION By Count JOSEPH POTOCKI Translated from the Polish With a Coloured Frontispiece of the Author , 58 Coloured Illustrations, 1 8 Page Photogravures , 7 Text Figures , a?id Map LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 8 Demy Svo, 506 pp. Price 21s. net SPORT IN THE HIGHLANDS OF KASHMIR BEING A NARRATIVE OF AN EIGHT MONTHS’ TRIP IN BALTISTAN AND LADAK, AND A LADY’S EXPERIENCES IN THE LATTER COUNTRY ; TOGETHER WITH HINTS FOR THE GUID- ANCE OF SPORTSMEN HENRY ZOUCH DARRAH INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE WITH FIFTY -TWO ILLUSTRATIONS (FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE WRITER ) AND TWO MAPS LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 9 Medium 8 to, 33 6 pp. Price 21s. net HUNTING TRIPS in the CAUCASUS By E. 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Smit ; also a number of Process-Drawings of Horns, as well as Photographic Reproductions of living Deer in the Woburn and other Collections “Mr. Lydekker’s beautiful volume will, of course, find its way into the hands of every sportsman who can afford to indulge in the fascinating pursuit of ‘ big game 5 shooting, but it will also form an authoritative work of reference for naturalists of all countries, who will find in its pages a fund of useful information.” LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY Uniform with the above. Price £$ : 5 : O net WILD OXEN, SHEEP, AND GOATS OF ALL LANDS By R. LYDEKKER Illustrated by Twenty-eight Coloured Plates, drawn by J. Smit and Joseph Wolf ; and a number of Drawings of Horns, as well as Photographic Reproductions of living Specimens LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 11 PRICE £5 : 5s. THE GREAT & SMALL GAME OL ALRICA Being a full Account of their Distribution, Habits, and Natural History, with Numerous Experiences of their Pursuit in the Field WITH NUMEROUS HAND-COLOURED AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS CONTRIBUTORS Lieut. -Col. A. J. ARNOLD H. A. BRYDEN T. E. BUCKLEY T. W. H. CLARKE Lord DELAME RE Dr. D. G. ELLIOT Capt. B. T. FFINCH II. C. V. HUNTER J. D. INVERARITY F. J. JACKSON Sir HARRY JOHNSTON F. VAUGHAN KIRBY R. LYDEKKER Capt. JOHN MARRIOTT A. II. NEUMANN A. E. PEASE . G. W. PENRICE Viscount EDMOND DE PON CINS Dr. PERCY REN DALE F. C. SELOUS ALFRED SHARPE Lt.-Col. WILLIAM SITWELL A. H. STRAKER Major H. G. C. SWAYNE POULETT WEATHERLEY General Editor.— H. A. BRYDEN LONDON ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 12 Price £4 : 4s. net. Uniform with “ Deer of all Lands” etc. THE GREAT AND SMALL GAME OF INDIA BURMA, AND TIBET BEING A FULL ACCOUNT OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND NATURAL HISTORY Illustrated by Nine Hand-Coloured Plates and numerous other Illustrations By R. LYDEKKER WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY SPORTSMEN LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY Uniform with above . £4 : 4 .s'. net THE GREAT AND SMALL GAME OF EUROPE WESTERN AND NORTHERN ASIA AND AMERICA THEIR DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND STRUCTURE Illustrated by Eight Hand-Coloured Plates and numerous other Illustratio?is By R. LYDEKKER LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY 13 Post 4-to, 3 i 8 pp. Price i 2 s. 6d. net AMERICAN ANIMALS A POPULAR GUIDE TO THE MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH INTIMATE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE MORE FAMILIAR SPECIES BY WITMER STONE AND WILLIAM EVERETT CRAM WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, limited “THE JUNGLE,” 1 66 PICCADILLY Price 30 s. net. 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