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BRITISH PLANT-GALLS

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II VMKNOC'I KKOUS fiAl.I.S ON KOSK l.KAX KS CAI SKD llV SI'KCIKS OF KHODl 1 ES

BRITISH PLANT-GALLS

A CLASSIFIED TEXTBOOK OF
CECIDOLOGY

BY

E. W. SWANTON

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH MYCOI.OOICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF ECONOMIC BIOLOGISTS ; CURATOR OF THE EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM,
HASLEMERE; AUTHOR OF “FUNGI, AND HOW TO KNOW THEM”

WITH INTRODUCTION BY

SIR JONATHAN HUTCHINSON

F.R.C.S., D.SC., LL.D., F.R.S.

AND

SIXTEEN COLOURED PLATES
BY

MARY K. SPITTAL

METHUEN & GO. LTD.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON

7

First Published in igiz

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1 No.

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PREFACE

HE principal facts as regards the galls which are

developed on plants and trees, and which present
such various forms, have long been recognized, since
they are, for the most part, very conspicuous. It is,
however, only recently that they have become the
objects of special study, and there is yet much con-
cerning them which needs further investigation.

Although during quite recent years much has been
written respecting them and several valuable works
have been published, chiefly on the Continent, a text-
book with a classifled descriptive catalogue of British
galls was needed, and will be welcomed. The prepara-
tion of it, I feel sure, could not have fallen into better
hands than those of Mr. E. W. Swanton. It demands
a knowledge both of plant life and that of insects. Of
both of these Mr. Swanton possesses, I know, a sound
and extensive knowledge. His little treatise on Fungi
is well known and widely read.

It is not long since the writers on insect galls, almost
without exception, were in the habit of speaking of
them as if they were made by the insects; and although
it is now generally recognized that they are the results
of a sort of partnership between animal and vegetable
life, the shares taken by the two forces are by no means

VI

BRITISH GALLS

definitely limited. It is, in fact, one of the chief charms
of the study of galls that it brings us face to face with
life processes in general, and with the very varied modes
of activity manifested by living material under different
conditions. They are an epitome of biological facts.
Some of these are very simple and others complex, but
in no department of our subject are we allowed to
forget that we have to deal with the activities of life.
The breadth of the subject is, indeed, to most minds
one of its chief attractions.

The student of entomology having identified the
varied forms of fly, moth, and beetle, each in their varied
stages, which concern themselves in gall production,
finds himself at once obliged to recognize also the differ-
ent proclivities of growth tendencies, not only of different
plants, but of different parts of the same plant, and
becomes a student of botany in its several departments.
There is, however, no limitation in our topics, for having
obtained agood insight into both botany and entomology,
the observer will soon become convinced that, in addi-
tion to them, he is obliged to study and recognize the
ever-varying influence of seasons and weather. We may
anticipate for the study of galls that it will soon become
one of the most attractive and fascinating branches of
natural history. It lends itself to the collector with
especial attractiveness, for many kinds of galls are very
easily preserved, and a series should form part of the
possessions of every student. It is at once easy and
difficult ; easy as regards its principles, but full of detail
as regards their application.

In the formation of a “ spangle ” on an Oak leaf, a

PREFACE

vii

“ nail ” gall on a Beech, or the still more marvellous
structure of a “ pineapple ” gall on a Spruce, we have to
observe in all, and especially perhaps in the last, not so
much the production of new growths as the marvellous
modifications of special local endowments. The close
resemblance of the “ pineapple ” gall, which results from
the presence of the eggs of an aphis, to the cones that
result from the impregnated seeds of the tree itself, is a
fact which must ever excite the wonder of the observer.

It is true that at the outset a certain sentiment of
repulsion is caused by the fact that the processes which
we are investigating must be regarded as the results of
violence, and, in a certain sense, of disease. Whilst
we learn, however, that there is no protective agency at
work in Nature which can compel the consistent pro-
gress of any living structure to continue in its apparently
predestined course, and to protect it against the attacks
of other forms of life, we find some consolation in
observing the wonderful and frequently very beautiful
adaptations which these deranged manifestations often
assume, and at the same time we are invariably com-
pelled to marvel at the wonderfully varied forms of
manifestation which “ Nature’s moulds,” under the
stimulus supplied, can be made to evolve.

I will confess that I am somewhat reluctant to
include under the term “ galls ” certain infectious
growths, known in America under the name of “ crown
galls,” about which very interesting information has
recently been accumulated in the United States. They
are infective outgrowths, which have but little alliance
with the rest of the group, and have close alliance to

Vlll

BRITISH GALLS

certain infective forms of inflammation, and perhaps to
some forms of tuberculosis. It is impossible to exclude
them by any definition ; at the same time their compre-
hension under the name of “galls” will probably be
very inconvenient and productive of much confusion.
They should, I think, be allowed to constitute a separate
group, and with them should be placed the diseases
known in England under the name of “ canker.”

A gall in its special but now well-recognized meaning
of the word may be defined as a growth on a plant or
tree caused by the deposit of an insect egg in process of
development, or by the presence of a fungus. The
special kind of gall produced will depend upon the
endowments of the part in which the irritation occurs,
and will vary not only with the kind of plant, but with
the minute details of vital endowment of the part.
Thus it will be influenced by the precise part of the
stem, leaf, or bud which is attacked. The conditions
which are favourable to galls of all kinds are active
vitality on the part of the plant, free supply of sap to
the special part affected, and seasonal conditions of
warmth.

The Oak, of all trees, produces probably not only the
greatest variety of gall structures, but the greatest
abundance of individual forms.

It must be acknowledged that there is much in refer-
ence to peculiarities in different galls which is as yet ill
understood. There is no doubt that the nature of the
gall produced is influenced not only, although chiefly,
by the special endowments of the plant attacked, but
also by the character of the irritation which attacks it.

PREFACE

IX

Thus the peculiar features of a gall may predicate con-
clusively in many cases the insect which has caused it,
whilst in many others they may imply with equal clear-
ness that of the plant attacked, and the special tissue of
the plant which has been implicated. The aphis galls
on the Spruce Fir are especially instructive in this
respect.

It is worthy of remark that it is possible that, after
all, the production of local warmth is the immediate
efficient in the causation of insect galls. Although it is
only conceivable as being very small in amount, there is
no doubt that a development of eggs, as of all other
local processes attended by growth, is productive of
local warmth. It may not be easily appreciable, and
may be impossible of measurement, but it must be
recognized as a constant condition.

It gives me particular pleasure to recommend a work
on the subject of galls from the pen of my friend
Mr. Swanton, because I know that not only has he
been for many years a zealous collector of facts respect-
ing them, but that I know that he is well informed as
to the special branches of natural history which are
involved in their study. He is no specialist restricted
to one branch of natural history, but a specialist alike
in botany, entomology, and general biological science.

JONATHAN HUTCHINSON

Haslemere, 1912

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AUTHOR’S NOTE

The galls arising in plant tissues through the
presence of parasitic insects and fungi are of
peculiar interest and significance, and offer a most
attractive field of investigation, abounding in problems
awaiting elucidation, some of them of great economic
importance.

It was my first intention to publish a descriptive
catalogue only. The volume has assumed its present
form in the desire to meet the wishes of those who
assured me that some introductory chapters were
needed. I have not attempted any detailed considera-
tion of the morphology, etiology, and biology of galls ;
such may be found in Dr. Kuster’s recent book, “ Die
Gallen der Pflanzen.”

I wish to offer my sincerest thanks to many friends
whose names appear in the following pages — in par-
ticular, to Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, who has kindly
contributed the preface and loaned several blocks ; to
the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield for much help, especially in
the preparation of the notes on dipterous galls, and to
Miss Mary K. Spittal for the great trouble she has taken
in the preparation of the most excellent coloured plates.
It is worthy of note that this is the first book to give
coloured illustrations of galls other than those occur-
ring on the Oak. I hope that readers will assist towards

XI

Xll

BRITISH GALLS

the preparation of the second edition of the catalogue
by sending me galls not mentioned therein. They
should be packed in tin boxes, and full particulars
should accompany them. If an answer is required, a
stamped and addressed postcard should be enclosed.

E. W. SWANTON

The Educational Museum
Haslemere
June^ igi2

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION I

II. GALLS CAUSED BY SAW - FLIES AND GALL - WASPS

(HYMENOPTERA) - - - - - l8

III. GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) - - 46

IV. MOTH GALLS (LEPIDOPTERA) - - - - 53

V. GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES (DIPTERA) - - - 59

VI. GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE (HOMOPTERA) - 77

VII. GALLS CAUSED BY MITES (ACARI) - - "92

VIII. EELWORM GALLS (NEMATODA) - - - - I06

IX. GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI AND MYCETOZOA - - II4

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS - - 1 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 253

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES - - - - 260

INDEX 267

Xlll

LIST OF PLATES

Those in colour are marked with an asterisk

PLATE FACING PAGE

I. *THE OYSTER-GALL AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE

COLORATION OF OAK LEAVES - - - 6

II. *WILLOW LEAVES WITH GALLS CAUSED BY SAW-

FLIES ...... 22

III. *GALLS ON LEAVES OF WILD ROSES - frontispiece

IV. *THE OAK-APPLE AND ITS ALTERNATE FORM - 34

V. *OAK SPANGLE GALLS WITH THEIR ALTERNATE

FORMS ...... 36

VI. *GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES - - - “50

VII. *SOME GALL-CAUSING MOTHS, WITH THEIR GALLS- 56

VIII. *GALLS CAUSED BY THE LARVAE OF FLIES (VARIOUS

genera) - . - - - - 66

IX. *GALLS CAUSED BY THE LARVAE OF FLIES (GENUS

OLIGOTROPHUS) - - - - * 70

X. *CONCERNING CHERMES STROBILOBIUS - - 82

XI. TUMOURS ON A BRANCH FROM AN APPLE TREE - 86

From a photograph by Mr. Roger Hutchinson, M.R.C.S.

XII. *GALLS ON LEAVES OF ASH AND POPLAR - - 88

XIII. *MITE GALLS ON SYCAMORE AND MAPLE - - 98

XIV. BEECH TRUNK GALLED BY MITES (?) - - I04

From a photograph by Mr. Sydney Webb.

XV. EELWORM GALLS ON MILFOIL LEAVES - - IIO

Reproduced from “ British Vegetable Galls," by permission of
Messrs. Hutchinson and Co.

XVI. *GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI AND MYCETOZOA - I16

XVII. “witch’s broom” on spruce BRANCH - - II8

From a photograph by Miss Truda Hutchinson.

XIV

LIST OF PLATES

XV

plate facing page

XVIII. GALLS ON PINNULES OF BRACKEN - - - I30

XIX. JUNIPER STEM GALLED BY GYMNOSPORANGIUM

CLAVARIAEFORME - - - - 134

From a photograph by Mr. Edward Step, F.I.S.

XX. “witches’ brooms” on birch - - - 156

From a photograph by Mr. Roger Hutchinson, M.R.C.S.

XXL *GALLS CAUSED BY MITES {ERIOPHYES) - - 1 58

XXII. *OAK LEAVES AND BUDS GALLED BY GALL-WASPS

(genus DRYOPHANTA) - - - - 168

XXIII. LEAVES OF WYCH-ELM GALLED BY OLIGOTROPHUS

LEEMEI 176

XXIV. POPPY-HEADS GALLED BY AULAX PAPAVERIS - 1 86

XXV. BULLACE FRUITS GALLED BY EXOASCUS PR UNI - 1 96

XXVI. BLACKBERRY STEMS GALLED BY CONIOTHYRIUM

FUCKELTI ------ 200

XXVII. HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT GALLED BY PROTO-

MYCES MACROSPORUS - - - - 222

XXVIII. SMALL BINDWEED GALLED BY ERIOPHYES CON-
VOLVULI ------ 226

XXIX. *GALLS ON LONG-ROOTED CAT’S-EAR AND GROUND

IVY - - - - - - - 228

XXX. LEAVES OF MEALY GUELDER ROSE GALLED BY

OLIGOTROPHUS SOLMSII - - - - 238

XXXI. COMMON MILFOIL GALLED BY RHOPALOMYIA

MILLEFOLII ■ - - - - 242

XXXII. LEAVES OF SOW-THISTLE GALLED BY CYSTIPHORA

SONCHI 250

Note. — The line intended to serve as a7t mdex to
the size of the insect is in all cases one-third in excess
of the actual length.

BRITISH GALLS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

HE remarkable hypertrophies of plant tissues with

which this volume is concerned have been termed

“ galls ” from early times. The Greek naturalist and philo-
sopher Theophrastus (372-286 b.c.) alluded to the superior
quality of the gall-nuts of Syria. Then, as now, the Aleppo
gall* was a valuable article of trade. Two well-known
writers of the first century a.d. also alluded to them — viz., the
Greek surgeon Dioscorides and the Roman naturalist Pliny
the Elder. The true cause of the origin of these growths was
quite unknown until comparatively recent times. Dr. Peter
Matthiolus, a physician of great repute in the sixteenth
century, ascribed their origin to spontaneous generation, and
asserted that important events could be foretold by carefully
examining the contents of galls. These views were upheld
by the botanists (herbalists) of that time. Gerard wrote :
“The Oke-apples being broken asunder do foreshew the
sequell of the yeare, as the expert Kentish husbandmen
have observed by the living things found in them : as if
they found an ant, they foretell plenty of graine to ensue ;
if a white worm or magot, murren of beasts and cattell ;
if a spider, then, say they, we shall have a pestilence or
some such-like sickness amongst men.” The authors of a

* Caused by Cynips tinctoria Oliv. chiefly on Quercus infectoria Oliv.
Nearly 800 tons of these Galls were imported in 1861.

2

BRITISH GALLS

book on husbandry called the “ Country Farme ” (i6i6)
gravely inform the reader that “ he shall know a fruitfull
and fertile yeare if he see the Oke-apples, commonly called
Gals.” A curious superstition of Gerard’s day in connexion
with morbid growths on trees survives to this day in some
parts of South-West Surrey, where old people still carry a
little woody tumour from the trunk of an Oak or other
tree as a safeguard against cramp. These cramp-balls,
“crambles” in the vernacular, are of common occurrence
on Oak, Beech, and Holly trunks, and usually vary in size
from that of a marble to that of a walnut. A cramp-ball now
in the Haslemere Museum had been carried fifteen years
by an old man still living in Haslemere.

Apparently John Evelyn the Diarist was acquainted only
with commercial galls, for he remarked in his “ Sylva ”
(1664) : “ Pliny affirms, That the Galls break out all together
in one Night, about the Beginning of Jtine, and arrive to
their full Growth in one Day, this I should recommend to
the experience of some extraordinary vigilant Woodman,
had we any of our Oaks that produced them, Italy and Spain
being the nearest that do. Galls are of several kinds, but
grow upon a different Species of Rohur from any of ours,
which never arrive to any maturity.”

That keen observer Sir Thomas Browne noted, however,
that the Oak produced several kinds of galls. Writing to
his friend Dr. Merrett in 1668, he remarked: “ A paragraph
might probably be annexed unto Quercus. Though wee
have not all the exotic oakes nor their excretions, yet these
and probably more supercrescences productions or excretions
may bee observed in England.’^ He proceeded to give a
descriptive list of those which had come under his notice ;
some of them can be easily identified.

It is said that Dr. Martin Lister (1638-1712), the
physician-in-ordinary to Queen Anne, was the first to
observe that certain insects are always associated with
certain galls. He found gall insects on the Plum, Cherry,
Vine, etc., and alluded to them as the patellae of these trees.

INTRODUCTION

3

In 1671 he discovered that from some a permanent dye of a
carnation-red colour could be obtained by mixing them with
ley of ashes.

The physician Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) was the
earliest systematic writer on galls. He published in 1686
a treatise, “ De Gallis,” concerning the galls of Italy and
Sicily. His disciple was Dr. Derham, Canon of Windsor,
who comments upon Malpighi’s observations and his own
in the notes to his Boyle Lectures (1711-12), in which he
writes: “I find Italy and Sicily more luxuriant in such
productions than England, at least than the parts about
Upminster (where I live) are. For many, if not most, of
the galls about us are taken notice of by him [Malpighi],
and several others besides that I have-neVSr met with,
although I have for many years as critically observed all
the excrescences and other morbid tumours of vegetables
as is almost possible, and do believe that few of them have
escaped me.” Derham was fully aware that galls may
contain parasites, and quaintly remarks: “ I apprehend we
see many vermicules, towards the outside of many oak-
apples, which I guess were not what the primitive insects
laid up in the germ from which the oak-apple had its rise,
but from some supervenient additional insects, laid in after
the apple was grown, and whilst it was tender and soft.”

That much attention was given to the subject by investi-
gators in the latter part of the eighteenth century and early
in the nineteenth is evident from a perusal of the article on
“Galls” in the fifteenth volume of Rees’s “Cyclopaedia,”
published in 1819. The author observes that galls are
morbid excrescences originating from those parts of a plant
that are in most vigorous growth, in consequence of the
attacks of insects; that the two varieties of British Oak
bear several kinds of galls ; and that the main stems of the
large shrubby kinds of Hawkweed (Hieracium sahaudum
and H. umhellatum ) are often attacked and swell into oval
knots, in which, while growing, young insects may be found
latent.

4 BRITISH GALLS

For subsequent bibliography the reader is referred to the
index of literature.

Galls arise only from embryonic tissues which have
received undue stimulus. A plant gall may be defined as
abnormal growth induced by the irritation of an animal or
fungus parasite. The protoplasm of cells predestined to give
rise in ordinary course to the plant or its part has been so
affected by the parasite that these cells deviate from their
normal mode of growth, become phenomenally active,
elaborate a new plan of construction, and give rise to the
overgrowths familiarly known as galls. To term the para-
site a “ gall-maker,” as many writers have done, is to
convey an utterly erroneous idea of its function. It makes
nothing, but induces much.

It was thought at one time that galls arose solely through
the injection of an irritant by an insect, and that each insect
had its own peculiar poison. Both Malpighi and Reaumur
accounted for the phenomenon by the theory that it was due
to an irritant injected by the insect ; the latter observer also
thought that the extent of the wound and the heat of the
eggs were additional factors in inducing abnormal growth.
The infection theory received the support of Darwin, Pro-
fessor Riley, and Sir James Paget. The observations of
Adler, Cameron, and others, show that in the case of the
Cynipidae (gall wasps) no such irritant is introduced by the
insect, and that the larva is the cause of the hypertrophy.
Cameron remarks that the origin of gall structures cannot
be explained comfortably by any one theory, the habits of
the insects associated with them being so very diversified.
“ Even in the Hymenoptera,” he writes, “ we find two
radical distinctions in the habits of the insects; that is to
say, in the Tenthvedinidae the gall is already formed before
the larva quits the egg, while in the Cynipidae the birth of
the larva is synchronous with the formation of the gall.
Until the larva is born and commences feeding, there is no
gall formation.”

The observations of Burdon and others on Chernies

INTRODUCTION 5

galls of the Spruce show that in these a ferment injected
by the female Chernies is the primary cause of the abnormal
growth, and that its action is not strictly localized, but
spreads from cell to cell.

A particular part of a plant— for example, the leaf— may
produce very dissimilar galls, even when attacked by closely
related insects, as may be seen by referring to the frontis-
piece which depicts galls on Rose leaves, all of which are
induced by species of Rhodites.

Galls are always remarkably constant in form, etc., even
to minute peculiarities in the epidermic covering, and are
thus easily recognizable, though their causers are often —
especially amongst the Cecidomyidae — so nearly alike that
it is difficult to distinguish them. In America the Willow
Salix humilis is attacked by ten gall-gnats which cause
distinctive galls, but it is almost impossible to diagnose
the insects, the galls affording the best clue to specific
identity.

Galls are not transmissible to the descendants of the
plant producing them. A tree grown from a seed of a
Birch much infested with mites will not produce “ witches’
brooms,” unless it is visited by mites of the particular
species which causes them. The interesting questions of
the undoubted susceptibility of some trees to the attacks of
parasites, and the comparative immunity of others of the
same species, deserve careful investigation. A Birch tree
laden with “ witches’ brooms,” and having its branches in
actual contact with those of another Birch quite free from
them, is no uncommon spectacle. It may be suspected that
the descendants of the former would show the same pre-
disposition to attack, and the descendants of the healthy
tree the same immunity.

The so-called “oyster” gall of the Oak (caused by
the presence of the larvae of Andricus ostreus) was extra-
ordinarily abundant during the summer of 1911. As this
gall causes, when present in large numbers, marked mar-
ginal discoloration of the leaf, non - infected trees were

6

BRITISH GALLS

n

easily discernible, and I noted in many places two Oaks
[Quercus pedunculata) growing side by side under similar
conditions with their branches intermingled, one bearing
a profuse crop of “ oyster ” galls, and the other almost
or quite without them. From two such trees, near the
Haslemere Museum, I gathered, on August 23, two twigs
at random, one from each tree. One twig had ten leaves ;
on these I counted 228 galls, of which no less than 188
were “ oyster ” galls. All the leaves were brown at the
margin, and presented the conditions seen in Plate I.,
where Fig. i shows the upper surface of one of those
leaves, and Fig. 2 the under surface. The other twig
had fifteen leaves : none showed acroteric death ; I found
two spangle galls (Plate I., Fig. 3) on one and a single
spangle on another. Thirteen of the fifteen leaves were
entirely without galls of any kind. How is the compara-
tive immunity of the latter tree to be explained ? Is there
some special substance in its plasma which has a dele-
terious effect upon the egg of the insect ? I determined,
by microscopic examination, that many of the leaves had
been punctured, but no gall growth had followed.

Certain species of trees rarely produce galls upon their
leaves. I may instance the Horse Chestnut. Only four galls,
all obscure, are known, and none have been observed in
Britain. Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., the acknowledged
authority on leaf-mining insects, informs me that he knows
of “no leaf-miners of the Horse Chestnut in England nor
Europe,” a fact of great interest to cecidologists.

Peyritsch and other investigators have shown that many
plants can be induced to produce double flowers (stamens
changed into petals) under the stimulus of mites. Kerner
gives particulars of his personal observations in the case of
Veronica officinalis, which bore double flowers when infested
with mites. He noted that ripe seeds were produced only
from flowers which had remained single amongst the double
ones, and that the plants from these seeds bore single
flowers. But V. offiwinalis has only two stamens in each

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INTRODUCTION

7

flower, and Kerner thought it possible that double-flowered
plants provided with many stamens, which have been long
grown in gardens, and which produce such flowers when
propagated by seeds, may have acquired this characteristic
in the first place under the influence of the mites. (See
notes in Chapter VII.)

Fungus galls are caused by the presence of a parasitic
fungus in plant tissue. The fungus obtains entrance by
means of the spore (the equivalent of the seed in the higher
plants) which may be carried by wind currents or other
agency to the host, and, germinating thereon, pierces its
outer cells. In most cases entrance is probably more
easily effected in weakly plants, but plants that are to all
appearances quite healthy and vigorous may also be
attacked successfully. The results of infection are very
varied. The mycelium may permeate the host, produce its
spores only at a late stage, and cause no appreciable over-
growth or gall formation. In some plants atrophy may
result, as in Bent Grass infested with Tilletia decipiens; it
is much dwarfed and assumes the form known as pumila, at
one time regarded as a distinct variety. Occasionally the
entire habit of the plant becomes altered, as in the case of
Wood Spurge attacked by Endophylhm euphorbiae, when the
shoots are longer and the leaves shorter and wider than
those of normal plants. Modifications of habit are, however,
outside the scope of this book ; it is localized hypertrophy
alone that comes under our definition of a gall. In some
cases the overgrowth is slight, in others it is very marked.
The fusiform swelling caused by the presence of Peridermium
elatinum (the aecidial stage of Melampsova cerastii) in
branches of Silver Firs, is a good example of the latter.

Plowright observed that the leaves of our native species
of Dock [Rumex), when attacked by Uromyces rumicis, often
“ retain their original green colour long after the unaffected
portions of the leaves have become yellow from age.’
Retention of the chlorophyll is seen also in many leaves
bearing insect galls — e.g,, the hairy tubular outgrowths

8

BRITISH GALLS

on the upper surface of Beech leaves, caused by the dipteron
Oligotvophus annulipes. Leaves may often be picked up in
late autumn which are quite brown except for a green zone
around the gall. The presence of the living parasite pre-
vents the over-oxidation of the adjacent cells and keeps
them green.

Galls exhibit great diversity in form and general
structure. The following arrangement of the chief types
occurring on Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams is
based on that given in Kerner and Oliver’s “ Natural
History of Plants.”

INSECT GALLS

I. SIMPLE GALLS

Abode of an animal or colony of animals on a single
plant organ.

I. Felt Galls

Hypertrophied epidermal cells growing out into variously-
shaped hairy coverings. The felt galls are chiefly caused
by gall-mites. Very familiar examples are the variously-
coloured little patches of felt on the under surface of Alder
leaves.

2. Mantle Galls

Hypertrophy forming a chamber around the insect (in
many cases) and its brood, serving as a protective mantle.
The chamber is always lined with part of the original
surface of the affected part. These galls may be arranged
under three headings :

(^l) Scroll Galls

Rolling and thickening of the leaf (rarely the petiole),
usually on one side only. The rolling is always towards
the surface occupied by the animals, thus forming a
chamber for their protection. See Plate XVIII., which
shows the margins of the pinnules of the Bracken rolled

INTRODUCTION 9

inwards and thickened ; each roll contains the larva of a
fly, Perrisia filicina.

(b) Pocket Galls

Hollow protuberances arising from the tissue of the leaf
lamina and forming an excavated chamber. These galls
exhibit great variety of form and internal structure. Types
caused by aphides [Schizoneum and Tetraneuva) on Elm
leaves are illustrated in Chapter VI. ; others on leaves of
Alder and Mealy Guelder Rose arising from stimulus by
mites are shown in Plate XXI. See also the familiar nail-
gall on the upper surface of Beech leaves caused by the
dipteron Oligotrophus annulipes (Plate IX.).

{c) Covering Galls

Hollow protuberances rising around the animal, the up-
ward growth and over-arching of the tissue finally forming
a roofed-in chamber; the tissues, however, do not fuse
when they meet, and they ultimately contract and shrivel,
leaving a slit for the exit of the insects. A well-known
example is the gall on the leaves and petioles of the
common Nettle, caused by the gall-gnat Perrisia urticae.

3. Solid or Tubercular Galls

Hypertrophy takes place around the larva, which is
hatched from an egg deposited in the tissues ; hence the
chamber is never lined with part of the original outer
surface of the afflicted area. Amongst the numerous galls
of this group may be mentioned those caused by gall-wasps
on leaves of Oak, Willow, and Briar (Plates II., HI. and V.).

4. Root Galls

Spherical outgrowths of variable size on the roots of
many trees and plants. Some result from the attacks of
eelworms, others from insect irritation. The galls on the
root of the common Oak caused by Biorrhiza aptera
(Plate IV.) are perhaps the best known.

lo

BRITISH GALLS

II. COMPOUND OR BUD GALLS

Several adjacent plant organs are involved in the
production of these galls, which chiefly arise from buds.
“ They are extraordinarily varied in their characters, some
being merely abbreviated axes clothed with scale-like leaves ;
in others only the base of the shoot is involved, and above
the gall it continues its growth quite normally ; whilst in
others, again, the axial portion of the structure is much
swollen, and the leaves hardly represented at all ” (Kerner).
It is diflicult to arrange them in groups, but three fairly
well marked may be distinguished.

I. Bud-like Galls

Several or all the parts of a shoot are involved, its axis
is deformed and thickened, and elongation is suppressed.

(a) Modified Foliage Buds

i. Apparently leafless, the leaves transformed into tuber-
cles and knobs. This section includes the various bud galls
of the Oak — e.g., the Oak-apple caused by Biorrhiza pallida
(Plate IV.) and swellings on Poplar branches caused by the
beetle Saperda populnea (Plate VI.).

ii. Galls covered with scale-like bracts, or more or less
fully developed green foliage leaves.

A familiar representative of this section is the Artichoke
gall caused by the hymenopteron Andricus fecundator in Oak
buds, figured in Chapter II.

(b) Metamorphosed Flower Buds

In these the corolla does not open ; the calyx becomes
enlarged and often fleshy, the gall resembling a bud or
bulbil. The gall caused by the dipteron Contarinia loti in the
flower buds of the Bird’s-foot Trefoil is a typical example.
See Fig. i, p. 15.

INTRODUCTION n

2. Galls at Base of Shoots

The base of a shoot alone is involved ; the upper part is
able to continue its growth beyond the gall. This group
includes the pineapple galls of the Spruce caused by
aphides (Plate X.), and the spongy growths on various
Bedstraws caused by the dipteron Pevrisia galii (figured
in Chapter V.), also on cruciferous plants by Dasyneuva
sisymhrii.

3. Rosette Galls

Axis of the bud much stunted, covered with densely
crowded leaf structures, between which the insects live.

{a) Developed in the Foliage Region

These galls resemble a miniature rosette, double Rose, or
Cabbage. Well-known examples are the rosettes at the tops
of Willow twigs caused by the dipteron Rhabdophaga rosaria,
and those on Hawthorn twigs caused by an allied insect,
Perrisia crataegi.

(b) Developed in the Floral Region

Bunches, rosettes, and balls, take the place of flowers.
Very common instances are the whitish hairy gall at the
top of the shoot in the Germander Speedwell, resulting from
attack by the dipteron Perrisia veronicae (Plate VIII.), and
the tuft of crowded erect leaves at the tip of a shoot in the
Yew, caused by the presence of the larvae of the dipteron
Oligotrophus taxi. An uncommon but very distinctive gall
belonging to this section is the tassel-like growth caused
by the homopteron Livia juncorum in the heads of various
Rushes.

FUNGUS GALLS

I. On Part of the Foliage Leaves

The curious galls known as “ Alpine Rose-apples,”
frequent on the Continent on leaves of Rhododendrons

12

BRITISH GALLS

(notably R. hivsutum and R. fermgineum) afford a striking
example of this group. They are caused by Exobasidium
Rhododendvi.

2. On a Sharply Defined Part of the Stem

“ Galls arising from sharply defined parts of the stem
are comparatively rare. One of the most remarkable is
produced on the stems of a Laurel (Laums canavicnsis) by
the parasite Exobasidium Lauvi. When it appears above
the bark it looks like an aerial root, but rapidly grows into a
branched spongy body 8 to 12 cm. long, similar in appearance
to one of the fungi belonging to the family Clavariae”
(Kerner). The pronounced fusiform swellings on Juniper
stems induced by Gymnosporangium clavaviaeforme may also
be included under this group (Plate XIX.).

3. On the Roots

To this section belong the tuberous masses on Alder roots
caused by the hyphomycete Frankiella alni (Plate XVI.),
and the well-known “finger and toe” disease of Cabbage
roots caused by the myxomycete Plasmodiophora brassicae.

4. Floral Organs Modified

Galls belonging to this section are not common.
Characteristic examples are (i) the remarkable green or
reddish outgrowths — sometimes 30 mm. long — on the
pistillate catkins of the Alder caused by Exoascus alnitovquus
(figured in Chapter IX.), and (2) the curious hypertrophy
of the ovaries in Pninus domestica, known as “ bladder
plums,” caused by Exoascus pnmi (Plate XXV.).

5. Branches Modified

To this group belong the curious malformations popularly
known as “ witches’ brooms,” of which, perhaps, the best

INTRODUCTION

13

known are those induced by Exoascus turgidus on the Birch,
and by Peridermium elatinum on Silver First (Plate XVII.).

Galls on Algae, Mosses, and Lichens

A. W. Bennett has described a gall occurring on the alga
Vaucheria Dillwyni Agardh., probably caused by the rotifer
Notommata Wernecki Ehrenb. Similar galls on various
species of Vaucheria have been recorded by Continental
observers. This gall is of very variable size and aspect,
often assuming the form of an elongated capsule bearing
numerous prolongations or tubercles on its surface ; the
causer may be discerned, with the aid of a lens, within
the gall, appearing as a little black point. A copepod
[Harpacticus chelifev O. F. Muller, according to Barton)
galls Rhodymenia palmata, causing numerous papules on the
thallus. A similar agent deforms the thallus of Desmarestia
aculeata Lamouroux.

Connold depicted (“ Plant Galls,” Fig. 278) stems of
Halidrys siliqua Lyn. with pronounced globular swellings.
They were picked up on the beach at St. Leonards in 1902,
between November and April, after heavy storms. “ Many
efforts were made to determine the cause, but without
success.”

Eelworms cause galls on algae and on mosses ; for notes
concerning these, see Chapter VIII. There is a reference
in Chapter VII. to galls on lichens supposed to have been
caused by mites.

The majority of the agents causing galls on British
Phanerogams and vascular Cryptogams are insects included
in the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera,
and Homoptera. These and the galls caused by Mites
(Acari), Eelworms {Nematoda, family Anguillulidae), and
Fungi are discussed in the following chapters. For the
most part, familiar galls only are described, the text being
chiefly descriptive of the plates.

H

BRITISH GALLS

Notes on Collecting and Preserving Galls

The majority of galls may be preserved easily in
the dried state. They should be kept in a series of
glass-topped boxes. Great care must be taken to dry
them thoroughly before putting them away, and to see
that they are not infested with herbarium pests. It is
advisable to put a little naphthaline in each box. The
collection should be supplemented with coloured drawings
of the galls and their inhabitants, and with photographs.
A notebook should always be carried by the cecidologist in
the field, and constantly used. The necessity for continuous
observation and patient jotting down of detail cannot be too
strongly insisted upon. If the galls are collected at the
right season, there should not be much difficulty in breeding
out Hymenoptera and Diptera. A glazed cabinet will be
necessary for the insects. Mites and eelworms may be
preserved in alcohol in test-tubes.

Every specimen should be carefully labelled. Do not
adopt the plan of simply affixing a number to the specimen
and keeping the particulars posted up in the notebooks.
Valuable collections, the work of a lifetime, have been
either disposed of for a mere song or thrown away because
the notebooks containing the keys to them had been lost.

To convey an idea of the size of galls of very variable
dimensions we allude to them as being of the size of a pea,
walnut, or other familiar object. This is a convenient plan,
and I have followed it for such galls in this book, but I am
fully aware that it is not a scientific one. It is certainly
better that all measurements be given in millimetres or
centimetres, as the case may be. For this purpose the most
convenient, and at the same time the cheapest measuring
instrument that I know of is a little clockmaker’s gauge
made by Boley of Esslingen.* It is a slide gauge, and
reads with a vernier up to o*i mm. — a sufficiency of

* It may be had from Messrs. Grimshaw and Baxter, 33-37, Goswell
Road, Clerkenwell, London, E.C. Price 5s.

INTRODUCTION 15

accuracy for all ordinary purposes — and measures up to
10 cm.

In seeking expert help in identification care must be taken
to state very clearly in the case of supposed fungus galls
what information is desired. To my knowledge a cecidolo-
gist sent a cankerous outgrowth from a branch to a well-
known mycologist asking him to identify the fungus. He
examined the specimen, found a saprophyte on the bark, and
sent back its name. The collector, knowing nothing about
fungi, jumped to the erroneous conclusion that the sapro-
phyte was the cause of the gall growth.

The shape, size, and position of the gall are secondary
characters in diagnosis. The occupants must be examined
carefully in all cases with a microscope or powerful pocket-
lens, for it sometimes happens that galls of similar appear-
ance caused by totally different creatures occur on the same
species of plant. Many egregious blunders have been made
(and unfortunately published) by cecidologists who have
omitted to observe this elementary precaution — e.g., galls
caused by eelworms have been ascribed to the presence of
dipterous larvae.

The collector’s field outfit should consist of a good-sized
vasculum (16x8x4! inches is as handy as any), a strong
pocket-knife, a stout pruning-knife, a hand-saw with adjust-
able blade, a few small tin boxes, and a good pocket-lens.

Fig. I. — Seed Pods of Lotus corniculatus, swollen and deformed
THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF THE Larvae OF Contavinia loU. (l/l.)

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE GENERA OF
ON BRITISH PHANEROGAMS

HYMENOPTERA
(Wasps, Saw-flies)

COLEOPTERA

(Beetles)

LEPIDOPTERA

(Moths)

DIPTERA

(Flies)

Cynipidae :

Andricus

Aulacidea

Aulax

Biorrhiza

Callirhytis

Cynips

Diastrophus

Dryophanta

Neuroterus

Rhodites

Trigonaspis

Chalcididae :
Isosoma

Tenthredinidae ;

Blennocampa

Cryptocampus

Micronematus

Pontania

Selandria

Trichiocampus

Cerambycidae :
Saperda

ScOLYTIDAE :

Hylastinus

CURCULIONIDAE :

Anthonomus

Apion

Baris

Brachonyx

Ceuthor-

rhynclius

Mecinus

Miarus

Chrysomelidae ;
Psyllioides

Sesiidae ;
Sciapteron

Pterophoridae :

Platyptilia

Pterophorus

Orneodidae :
Orneodes

Phycitidae :
Dioryctria

Tortricidae :

Epiblema

Grapholitha

Gypsonoma

Laspeyresia

Lobesia

Pammene

Phalonia

Rhyacionia

Tortrix

Gelechiidae :
Stenolechia

OCEOPHORIDAE :

Argyresthia

Elachistidae :

Augasma

Heliozela

Mompha

Nepticdlidae :
Nepticula

Cecidomyidae :

Asphondylia

Atrichosema

Clinodiplosis

Contarinia

Cystiphora

Dasyneura

Diplosis

Harmandia

Harmomyia

Lasioptera

Lowiola

Macrodiplosis

Macrolabis

Massalongia

Mayetiola

Mikiola

Monarthro-

palpus

Oligotrophus

Perrisia

Pseudohor-

momyia

Putoniella

Rhabdophaga

Rhopalomyia

Schizomyia

Stictodiplosis

Thecodiplosis

Muscidae :

Agromyza

Anthomyia

Carpotricha

Chlorops

Lauxania

Lipara

Lonchaea

Myopites

Oscinis

Oxyna

Phorbia

Tephritis

Trypeta

Urophora

ANIMAL AND FUNGUS GALL-CAUSERS
AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS

HOMOPTERA

(Aphides, Plant Lice

AOARI
) (Mites)

NEMATODA

(Eelworms)

FUNGI

(Rust, Smut, etc.)

PSYLLIDAE :

Aphalara

Livia

Psylla

Psyllopsis

Trichopsylla

Trioza

Aphidae :

Aphis

Brachycolus

Callipterus

Chaitophorus

Chermes

Cryptosiphum

Hyalopterus

Macrosiphum

Myzoxylus

Myzus

Nectaro-

siphum

Pemphigus

Phorodon

Phyllapis

Phylloxera

Rhopalo-

siphum

Schizoneura

Siphocoryne

Tetraneura

COCCIDAE :

Aspidiotus

Asterodiaspis

Asterole-

canium

Mytilaspis

Trombidiidae ;
Tarsonemus

Eriophyidae :

Epitrimerus

Eriophyes

Monochetus

Phyllocoptes

Anguillulidae

Aphelenchus

Heterodera

Tylenchus

Chytridiaceae :
Synchytrium
Protomyceteae :
Physoderma
Protomyces

Peronosporeae :
Cystopus
Exoasceae :
Exoascus
Taphrina

Phacidieae ;
Ephelina
Rhytisma

Sphaerioideae :
Coniothyrium
Hypocreaceae :
Epichloe
USTILAGINEAE :
Entyloma
Schinzia
Urocystis
Ustilago

Uredineae :
Aecidium
Coleosporium
Gymno-

sporangium

Melampsora

Puccinia

Uromyces

Thelephoreae :
Exobasidium
Hyphomycetes :
Frankiella

MYCETOZOA
(Fungus Animals)

Plasmodiophora

Sorosphaera

2

CHAPTER II

GALLS CAUSED BY SAW-FLIES AND GALL- WASPS

(HYMENOPTERA)

HE order Hymenoptera includes ants, bees, wasps.

saw-flies, and ichneumon-flies, insects which easily
take the first place as regards intelligence. It is divided
into two very distinct sub-orders.

1. Hymenoptera Sessiliventres — Insects with the abdomen
broad at the base, its first segment not completely amalga-
mated with the thorax.

2. Hymenoptera Petioliventres or Petiolata — The abdomen
connected with what appears to be the thorax by a slender
joint, the posterior part of the apparent thorax consisting of
an abdominal segment.*

This suborder is divided into four families. The larvae
of the majority usually destroy leaves after the manner of
caterpillars, but in one family, the Tenthredinidae or saw-
flies, the larvae of a few species live in galls.

Saw-flies are sluggish insects, chiefly occurring in May,
June, and the early part of July. The second brood appears
at the end of July and throughout August. The eggs are
placed in the plant by a special apparatus, the ovipositor,
or saw. This wonderful instrument has received the
admiration of naturalists from the early days of entomology.
Two centuries ago Reaumur described the saw, and also
commented upon the placid disposition of saw-flies, suggest-

* Sharp, "Insects,” in “Cambridge Natural History ” vol. i.,
P. 503-

HYMENOPTERA SESSILIVENTRES

18

19

GALLS CAUSED BY SAW-FLIES

ing that it was given them to enable us easily to observe
their marvellous operations. The sexes appear to be equal
in only a few species. As a rule, the females are far more
numerous than the males, and in some species males are
unknown, parthenogenesis being frequent. For details
concerning the habits of these most interesting insects the
reader should consult Cameron’s “British Phytophagous
Hymenoptera,” from which invaluable work I have taken
the following paragraphs concerning the gall - causing
species :

“ So far as my observations go, I do not find any marked
difference in the mode of oviposition of the gall and non-
gall-making saw-flies. I have noticed with some of the
latter incipient gall formation following oviposition. No
doubt the distinction between the two lies in the fact that
the former brings its eggs in contact with the cambium
layer, the latter not.”

“ Unlike what happens with a cynips, the saw-fly gall is
fully formed before the larva leaves the egg, so it is clear
that the larva can have nothing to do in setting the gall
growth in motion ; while in the cynipidae no gall commences
to form until such time as the larva quits the egg and com-
mences to feed. The cynips larva, again, feeds on a
particular layer of the gall — namely, that part which im-
mediately surrounds itself, and which contains a large
quantity of starchy matter. They feed up also very rapidly.
The saw-fly larvae consume every part of the gall, which
does not contain a special layer of nutriment, all the gall
(except, perhaps, the outer skin) affording nourishment.
They do not either feed up in a few days, like most
cynipidae ; they are not, indeed, any more rapid feeders
than other larvae. In their general habits and mode of
forming the cocoon they do not differ from their congeners
which feed openly.”

“ The structure of the saw-fly galls is, except in the case
of the woody galls of Euuya pentandyae, very uniform. They
are composed of irregular cells, the ordinary cellular struc-

20

BRITISH GALLS

ture of the plant profoundly modified. The cells forming
the boundary are more regular than those near the centre ;
they are also smaller and more elongated, and this outer
layer (which may be composed of one, two, or three rows of
cells) contains few or no stomata.”

The British gall-causing Tenthredinidae are comprised
in the five genera Blennocampa, Cvyptocampiis, Micvonematus^
Pontania, and Selandria.

Blennocampa and Micvonematus each contain but a single
representative, and there are only two species of Selandria.
Blennocampa pusilla attacks the leaves of wild and cultivated
Roses, causing the margin to roll upwards. Theobald
remarks concerning this .gall :* “ If one of the folds is
opened we find inside one or more pale greyish-green or
grey larvae. This folding of the leaves is mainly accom-
plished by the larvae, and as far as I can see it is done by
them when immature. Cameron, however, says that they
are aided by the incisions made by the females when they
lay their eggs. The deformity produced in the leaves
varies, but the rolls are always more or less cylindrical.
When the leaf dies, the larvae move to another.” Microne-
matus ahhreviatus causes pustular growths on Pear leaves.
Selandria temporalis causes the pinnules of the Bracken to
swell, and 5. analis gives rise to pustules on the lobes of the
Male Fern. The genera Cryptocampus (Euura) and Pontania
(Nematus) contain several species causing galls on Willows.
For the purpose of assisting identification of the galls they
may be arranged as follows :

Bud Galls

The greatly swollen bud does not open, and eventually
dries up {Cryptocamptis saliceti and C. ater).

Stem Galls

(a) Unilateral oblong swelling, 8 to 20 mm. long {Crypto-
campus ater).

* “ Enemies of the Rose,” pp. 51, 52 (1910).

21

GALLS CAUSED BY SAW-FLIES

(b) Unilateral rounded swelling, attaining the size of a
small nut {Cryptocampus mdtillavms).

Leaf Galls

(a) Petiole with fusiform swelling, 2 mm. in diameter ;
sometimes the base of the midrib is involved {Cryptocampus
vemistus).

(b) Margin loosely rolled inwards {Pontania leucosticta,
P. scotaspis, P. viminalis).

(c) In the blade, showing on both surfaces —

(i.) Elongated swelling {Pontania femoralis).

(ii.) Smooth, bean-like, greenish or brown {Pontania
vesicator).

(iii.) Often corrugated, red, reniform {Pontania pro xima).

{d) On the under surface of the blade —

(i.) Glabrous and spherical {Pontania salicis).

(ii.) Hairy and spherical {Pontania pedunculi).

The best known of all the saw-fly galls on Willows is that
caused by Pontania proxima, perhaps better known to British
cecidologists under the name of Nematus gallicola. The leaf
buds are attacked in May. The larva is at first white and
transparent-looking, with a shining blackish head. It soon
becomes green. At maturity the head has a greenish-white
semicircle on the face. The pupa is white. These galls are
often very abundant in June and July on many species of Wil-
lows. As a rule, there are two or three on a leaf (Plate II., i),
but occasionally there are as many as six. It is the excep-
tion to find a gall on the apical third of the leaf. In its
early state the gall is almost solid, excepting a little space in
the centre containing the egg. It usually appears almost
equally on both surfaces of the leaf. The larva feeds
around the interior, and by the time it is full fed the gall is
a mere shell. The gall is yellowish-green at first ; later it
takes on a red tint, which is always more pronounced on
the upper surface, and most vivid in leaves fully exposed to

22

BRITISH GALLS

sunlight. At an indefinite time in its growth the larva eats
a round hole at one end of the gall, from which it ejects the
frass. Occasionally it leaves its home, but never for long.
The hole is always on the under side of the leaf, and
almost invariably in that end of the gall which is towards
the tip of the leaf. (See Fig. la in Plate II.) Fig. 2 depicts
a magnified gall, and Fig. 3 a transverse section. It never
opens directly upon the leaf surface, but is directed slightly
upwards. Sometimes the egg is misplaced ; the gall arises
at the extreme edge of the leaf margin, and is abortive.
The white cocoons are usually spun in the earth, but some-
times the larvae take advantage of the chinks in the bark of
old Willows and pupate in them, occasionally many together.
Cameron observes concerning these galls that “ the cells
adjacent to the epidermal layer are filled with chlorophyll
granules, which give to this part a green, granular appear-
ance. Near the centre the cells are paler, more irregular,
contain apparently less chlorophyll and more intercellular
spaces. When the galls are young the cells are not so
irregular as they are later on — in fact, at first they do not
differ much from the ordinary cells of the leaf.”

Pontania salicis (it is burdened with many other names*)
causes rounded glabrous galls on the leaves of Salix purpurea
and other smooth-leaved Willows. The insect (magnified)
is shown in Plate II., Fig. 8. Each gall is about 8 mm.
in diameter, seated on the lower side of the leaf (Fig. 9),
its presence being indicated on the upper surface by a
rounded reddish-yellow spot (Fig. 10), not infrequently
margined with lemon-yellow discoloration, especially
towards the apex of the leaf. It is green at first, becoming
yellow, and sometimes reddish, at maturity, and is joined to
the leaf by a point. There is no hole for the expulsion of
the frass. The surface is sometimes tuberculated. Fig. ii
is a magnified section of a gall.

The gall caused by Pontania pedunculi on the Goat Willow
is of similar size, and also occurs on the under surface of
* E.g., Nematus gallarum and N. salicis-cinereae.

ri.A'i F. 1 1

(JAI.I.S ()\ WllA.OW I.F.AVIvS CAUSICI) HV SAW Kl.ll-S

GALLS CAUSED BY SAW-FLIES

23

the leaf, but may be distinguished at once by its velvety
appearance, being covered with white hairs (Plate II.,
Fig. 4). Fig. 5 on the same plate shows the spot on the
upper surface of the leaf ; Fig. 6 a section showing the
frass within ; Fig. 7 is a magnified larva. Cameron con-
siders this gall to be only that of P. salicis occurring on
a hairy-leaved Willow. It must be remembered that the
various species of saw-flies belonging to the genus Pontania
(Neynatus) are very much alike, differing but little in
structural details, sculpture, pubescence, and coloration ;
consequently the arrangement and classification of them
is a work of very great difficulty.

The gall caused by Crypto campus medullarius in the young
stems of the Bay-leaved Willow is the size and shape of a
hazel-nut, and is remarkably woody compared with other
saw-fly galls. Cameron remarks that, “ besides the outer
bark layer, there is next to it a wide layer of cellular tissue
before the layer of woody fibre is reached. This, again, is
succeeded by the spongy mass representing the medullary
ray on which the larvae feed.” Frequently through the
fusion of adjacent galls a large plurilocular structure the
size of a walnut is formed.

Pontania vaccinidla attacks the leaves of the Cowberry,
giving rise to oval bean-like galls, which are green at first,
becoming brownish when old. In general structure and
shape these galls do not differ from those of P. salicis.

HYMENOPTERA PETIOLIVENTRES

This suborder contains ten families ; gall-causing insects
occur in only two of them, the Chalcididae and the Cynipidae.
Very few of the Chalcididae are gall-causers ; the majority
are either parasites on gall-causers or inquilines living in
the galls on sufferance only. The members of the genus
Isosoma are, however, truly phytophagous ; the larvae of
certain species live in the stalks of corn, and in some
countries cause much daniage to crops.

24

BRITISH GALLS

The only British gall-causing species are Isosoma
hyalipenne and I. depvessum. The former causes thickening of
the haulm in the Sea Mat-grass ; the internodes are short-
ened, the imbricated leaves are frequently not larger than
the enlarged sheath, and the gall is a fusiform mass. There
is an excellent illustration of it in Connold’s Vegetable
Galls,” Plate XLI. Isosoma depvessum gives rise to irregular
swellings of a yellowish-green hue on the Sheep’s Fescue-
grass.

The galls caused by the Cynipidae have received more
attention than those of any other group of gall-causers,
partly because of their frequency, but chiefly through the
great interest attached to the life-histories of the insects.
Theodore Hartig was the earliest scientific investigator of
them ; he was ably supported by Schenk, Mayr, and
others, but it remained for Dr. Hermann Adler to discover
the alternation of parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction
in these insects. He published his discovery in 1877. His
famous book on Alternating Generations was translated
into French by Lichtenstein (1881), and into English by
Dr. Charles Straton (1894). To the latter work and to
Cameron’s “ British Phytophagous Hymenoptera ” the
reader is referred for detailed information concerning the
gall-wasps.

The eggs are stalked. Adler suggested that the peduncle
is used for respiration, for in those species in which the
eggs are so placed that they cannot receive oxygen from
the plant the peduncle is very long ; in those which place
their eggs in leaves it is short. As a rule, the peduncle
is long in winter generations and short in those of spring.
Some species deposit a large number of eggs ; the ovaries
may contain more than 600. It is obvious that oviposition
is easiest in those species which deposit their eggs in leaves.
Cameron observed that the egg swells after introduction
into the plant.

The larva is footless, white, and of sluggish habits. In
the spring brood the larval life is short ; in the winter

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

25

brood it may be greatly prolonged, the larva remaining
unchanged for several years. The larvae of Callivhytis
glandium, which galls acorns, may delay metamorphosis for
three years. Mr. Fitch collected some galls in 1878 in
which the larvae were still living in 1881. The pupa is
white and fleshy.

The imagines (perfect insects) are sluggish and of un-
interesting habits. The sexes are much alike ; there is
no marked difference in coloration ; the males are a little
shorter and have longer and thinner antennae. The sexual
and agamic females show many points of difference. The
agamic are usually larger, differently coloured, and the
ovipositor differs both in form and size.

In some species the imagines are so much alike that the
only certain test of identification is the gall from which they
have emerged.

It is now generally agreed that cynipidous galls arise
from the irritation of the meristematic tissue by the move-
ments of the larva. The egg alone does not give rise to
gall growth, for in some cases it is deposited weeks before
the gall begins to form. Cameron* concluded “ (i) that
there is no evidence that the venom has anything to do
with the origin of the gall— on the other hand, there is
every reason to believe that its use is to close the wound ;
and (2) that as observation shows that the mechanical
irritation produced by the birth and growth of the larva is
the primary factor in gall genesis, we may fairly conclude
that the theory of mechanical irritation is more in con-
sonance with observed facts than the infection one.” There
IS no permanent opening in the galls of the Cynipidae ; the
larvae are immersed in the substance of the gall, and pupate
in it ; the imagines bore their way out.

The galls may be only slightly attached to the plant, or
more or less embedded in the tissue. If there is only one cell
within, the gall is styled “ monothalamous ” or “ unilocular ” ;
when many cells are present it is termed “ polythalamous ” or
British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” vol. iv., pp. 23, 24.

26

BRITISH GALLS

“ plurilocular The presence of inquilines may convert a truly
monothalamous gall into an apparently polythalamous one.
It should be noted that these galls may contain, in addition to
the true gall-flies or Psenides, insects whose parents effected
a burglarious entrance, and deposited their eggs within the
young gall. These are known as guest-flies and parasites.

The guest-flies are of two kinds :

1. Inquilines. — These are more or less nearly related to
the rightful occupants of the gall. The larvae live in the
gall substance, and usually secure the maximum food-
supply by killing off the owners.

2. Commensals. — These feed on the gall substance, thus
depriving the legitimate occupants of a certain amount of
food-supply, but do not, as a rule, commit murder.

The parasites devour the larvae and pupae not only of
the freeholders, but also of both classes of burglars. They
belong chiefly to the family Chalcididae, small hymenoptera
with gorgeous raiment, brilliant metallic blues and greens
being the predominating colours.

It is obvious that the investigation of the contents of a
cynipidous gall is one of considerable difficulty. Dr. Sharp
remarks “ It is clear that, as we cannot ascertain what is
inside a gall without opening it, and thereby killing the
tenants, it is a most difficult matter to identify the larvae.
The only safe method is that of observation of the act of
oviposition ; this may be supplemented by rearing the flies
from galls, so as to ascertain what variety of flies are
associated with each kind of gall. The last point has been
well attended to ; but the number of cases in which oviposition
of inquiline gall-flies in the galls formed by the Psenides
has been ascertained by direct observation is still very
small ; they are, however, sufficient to show that the
inquilines deposit their eggs only after the galls are formed.”

A surprising number of insects may be bred from the
larger Oak galls ; it is on record that thirty different species,

* “Insects,” in “Cambridge Natural History,” vol. i., p. 532.

27

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

representing nearly all the orders, have been obtained from
a single gall !

The cynipidous galls may be conveniently considered
under two headings.

I. GALLS ON PLANTS OTHER THAN OAK

The causers of these belong to five genera — Aulacidea,
Aulax, Diastrophus, and Rhodites.

Aulacideahieracii SittSLcks the stem and root of the Common
Hawkweed, Yellow Toadflax, and Couch-grass; the larvae
give rise to longitudinal or rounded swellings. In the last
named the distortion is usually slight. Several larvae occupy
a cell. Galls caused by certain species of Aulax are very
familiar objects. Three of them are shown in our plates.

The larvae of Aulax hypochaeridis give rise to elongated and
fusiform (rarely rounded) swellings on the stem of the Long-
rooted Cat’s-ear (Plate XXIX., Fig. i). The petioles are
sometimes attacked, and not infrequently the whole plant
is deformed. The galled part is yellowish-green or brown
at maturity. The gall is plurilocular ; each cell contains a
yellowish-white larva. Fig. 3 depicts a section, natural size.
The larvae pupate in the gall, and the wasps appear in
spring. Plate XXIX., Fig. 4, shows an imago, magnified.

Equally common galls arise on the leaves and stems
of the Ground Ivy (Plate XXIX., Fig. 5) when attacked by
Aulax glechomae. They vary in size from a pea to a large
marble, are yellowish-green at first, becoming suffused with
red or purple at maturity, and are covered with long white
hairs. These galls are usually solitary ; sometimes two or
three coalesce ; a section of such is shown at Fig. 7. The
larva (Fig. 8) pupates in the gall, the imago (Fig. 9)
appearing the following April. In the growing state the
gall is soft and sappy ; at maturity the interior is dry and
fibrous, the larva being encysted in a remarkably hard
inner gall. The larvae are attacked by several parasites.
Reaumur * remarked that these galls were eaten by the

♦ Mem.,” iii., p. 416.

28

BRITISH GALLS

French peasants in his time, “ Dans certaines annees ou
elle en etoit chargee, les paysans se font avises des manger
de ces pommes du lierre terrestre, et les ont trouv^es bonnes.
J’en ai goute, leur faveur aromatique m’a paru tenir
beaucoup de celle que Pordorat fait imaginer que la plante
doit avoir; au reste, il faut cuellir de ces galles de bonne
heure, pour ne pas les avoir trop s^ches et trop filamenteuses.
Je ne scais pour tant si elle pourront jamais parvenir a etre
mises au rang des bons fruits.” Our illustrations of this gall
are from specimens gathered on Brean Down, near Weston-
super-Mare, where I observed them in great numbers in
June, 1910. Many of the afflicted plants bore flowers, and
in the majority the leaves alone were attacked. The usual
colour of galls growing in shade was a yellowish-green ;
those exposed to the sun were vividly tinted.

Aidax papaveris attacks the Common and Smooth-headed
Poppies, causing the capsules to become more or less
swollen and deformed. (See Plate XXIV., which also shows
normal capsules.) The larval cells are often numerous,
ranging from ten to sixty in a capsule. Sometimes the
capsules are very slightly swollen, and the presence of the
parasite may be quite unsuspected by the casual observer.
Cameron considers the Aulax minor of Hartig to be only a
variety of A. papaveris. Houard, however, gives it specific
rank. The galls differ in certain particulars. In those
induced by A. papaveris the larval cells are irregularly
distributed in the capsule, and the septa are obliterated.
In those of A. minor the septa remain intact, the larval
cells are, as a rule, completely separated, and the capsules
are very seldom enlarged.

Diastrophus rubi causes irregular spindle-shaped galls on
the stems of various brambles. These galls are green at
first, then reddish, and are brown at maturity. They range
from 2 to 8 inches in length, and the stem is usually
curved at the point of attack, not infrequently in the form
of the letter S. They sometimes bear several small spines,
occasionally a few large ones only. The surface is always

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

29

mammillated, each protuberance indicating the position of
a larval chamber.

Rose leaves attacked by Rhodites produce some of the
most attractive of British galls. Three of them are shown
in Plate III., the frontispiece. Fig. i is the well-known
and universally admired gall popularly known as “ Robin’s
Pincushion,” “ Moss Gall,” or “ Bedeguar Gall.’’ The
curious word “ Bedeguar” is said either to be derived from
the Persian and Arabic hddawar, “wind-brought,” or to be
a compound of the Persian bad, “wind,” and the Arabic
ward, “rose.” When occurring on the Sweet-Briar this
gall is sometimes spoken of as the “ Sweet-Briar Sponge.”
It arises from the attack of a leaf bud in spring by the
female Rhodites vosae. According to Pazlavsky, she pricks
the bud carefully in three distinct places, causing the
three rudimentary leaves to develop, not as normal leaves,
but into the curious production so well known to botanists.
The “moss” is leaf with but little parenchyma between
the fibro-vascular bundles. The gall is usually large, but
occasionally, through an error of judgment on the part of
the wasp, or more probably through interruption during the
pricking operation, an abortive gall arises, a much smaller
structure seated on a developed leaf. This gall is at its
best in the latter part of July and early in August. It
occurs chiefly on small and weakly bushes. As the male
is rare, Rhodites rosae is doubtless a parthenogenetic species.
The galls were used medicinally in olden times, and less
than a century ago the farmers of the Harrogate district
used them for an infusion to cure diarrhoea in cows. Old
Reaumur said that the smell of Bedeguar galls is attractive
to cats.

Fig. 4 on the same plate shows the graceful little spiny
pea galls which arise from the presence of the larvae of
Rhodites rosarum in the leaflets of the Dog Rose. Fig. 5
shows a detached gall, actual size, and Fig. 6 the magnified
insect. The male was unknown to Cameron. This gall
appears in July, and falls to the ground at maturity. It

30

BRITISH GALLS

bears from two to five sharply pointed spines. Fig. 7
depicts the young state of the smooth pea gall caused by
Rhodites eglanteviae. This gall is frequent in August and
September. It is usually situated on the upper surface of
a leaflet, occasionally it appears on a sepal or on the stem.
It becomes brown or reddish towards maturity. Fig. 8
shows a section of a gall with the larval cavity in the centre,
and cells of inquilines around it. Fig. 9 is an enlarged view
of the larva ; Fig. 10 the female insect, magnified. The male
is very similar, but the abdomen is darker.

The little Burnet-leaved Rose is frequently attacked by
Rhodites spinosissima. The galls occur on the stem, leaves,
petioles, and flower buds. They are green at first, assuming
a pretty red tint at maturity. Isolated ones are either ovoid
or reniform ; they frequently occur in conglomerated hard
woody masses of various shapes. The male of R. spinosissima
is rare. Cameron figures the female, remarking that he
had never seen her consort. Many inquilines and parasites
have been bred from all the Rhodites galls.

II. GALLS ON THE OAK

The great point of interest in connexion with many of the
Cynipidae of the Oak is the alternation of parthenogenetic
and sexual reproduction.

Parthenogenesis, as defined by Von Siebold in 1856, is
the power possessed by certain female animals of producing
offspring without sexual union with a male. Bonnet, as early
as 1745, observed the production throughout the summer
of numerous generations of female yet fertile Aphides.
Hartig carried out extensive breeding experiments with
Oak gall-wasps about 1840, and demonstrated the existence
of numerous species in which only females exist. Bassett,
in 1873, suspected that the parthenogenetic generation of
these is followed by a sexual one. Two years later. Dr. Adler,
who was quite unaware of Bassett’s work and surmises,
solved the problem by careful experiments with wasps of

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

31

the genus Neurotencs, arriving at the surprising result that
from the eggs laid by these, wasps were produced which
were so unlike their parents that they had been placed in a
separate genus, Spathegaster. He published this fact in
1877, and afterwards extended his observations to the
majority of the Oak gall-flies of North Germany, showing
that the phenomenon is observable in many species.

Particulars concerning the methods of investigation
employed by Dr. Adler in the course of his researches may
be consulted in the first chapter of “ Alternating Genera-
tions.” Oak saplings were used, either grown in pots
or obtained from nurserymen ; those from four to six years
old proved to be the most convenient size. It was found
that gauze covers with a glass top were better than ordinary
bell-glass protectors, the absence of free ventilation causing
the latter quickly to become dimmed with moisture. It
was easy to make experiments with species which prick
the leaves or bark, but some difficulty was experienced
with those which only prick flower-buds, as the majority of
four to six year saplings do not produce catkins. Conse-
quently the experiments were made in the open air on full-
grown trees, using cubes of wire covered with muslin, and
tied round the branch. “ It is an essential that a sapling
about to be used in an experiment should have its buds
well developed, as these are always preferred by the flies.”

The following tables concern the known British species
of gall-causing Cynipidae. If the second is examined in
connexion with the footnote, it will be observed (omitting
Cynips Kollavi and C. calicis for obvious reasons) that there
are six species in which the agamous generation alone is
known, and six in which it is unknown. It is probable
that future research will show there are but six species, each
with an alternating generation.

CYNIPIDAE WHICH CAUSE GALLS ON “QUERCUS ROBUR ” IN BRITAIN

I. SPECIES WITH ALTERNATING GENERATIONS

II. SPECIES OF WHICH THE ALTERNATE GENERATION IS UNKNOWN, OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN

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Beyerinck asserts that Cynips Kollari is the agamous generation of Andricus cimdans from the Turkey Oak Bud Gall.
Cynips calicis is recorded from the Channel Islands only.

34

BRITISH GALLS

Some of the galls caused by species in which the alterna-
tion of generations occurs are delineated in Plates IV., V.,
and XXII.

The first of these concerns the familiar “ Oak-apple.” If
the reader visits a coppice in January, and carefully removes
the earth from around some of the roots of an Oak, he may
find upon them hard, brownish, spherical excrescences,
ranging up to ^ inch in diameter. All Oaks do not bear
them, and perhaps considerable patience will have to be
exercised before any are found. These galls may occur
either singly or in large masses as seen in Plate IV., Fig. 5,
but are never truly coalescent. If one of them is cut open,
a yellowish-brown “ fly,” about 6 mm. long, will crawl out
(Fig. 8). “Fly” is the term in general use, but it is not
correct ; the insect is a wasp, not a fly. Figs. 7 and 9 show
respectively the gall and the insect, the latter magnified.

This wasp is the Biorrhiza aptera. It is always a female
and always wingless. Her lot in life is not cast in easy
lines. First of all she has to bore through the hard wall of
the gall, next she has to push her way up through the earth
and gain the trunk. Up this she crawls, a journey beset
with a thousand perils. It is winter-time, and, with
diminished food-supply, trunk-haunting birds, such as tits,
nuthatches, and creepers, are maintaining a very vigorous
search for insects of all kinds. Her quest is suitable
terminal buds, in which she bores canals and deposits her
eggs. Adler has given a vivid description of these boring
operations, which differ from those of other gall-wasps.
The necessary canals are first bored or pricked in the bud ;
the eggs are pushed in afterwards. They are laid, not
singly, but in hundreds, and their deposition requires time.
“On January 27, 1878,” wrote Dr. Adler (I am quoting
from Dr. Straton’s well-known translation), “ a fly was put
upon a little oak, and soon began to prick a bud ; when it
had finished the first bud, it went on, without interruption,
to another, and was altogether eighty-seven hours busily
employed in laying its eggs. In these two buds I counted

FI. A 'I E IF

TMH OAK Al'I'I.H CAM

Wl l ll I I S AI.I KKNATK TIIK HKKKV KOOT (lAl.I.

— ' f ■

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35

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

582 eggs.” The “ fly ” often attacks the buds so fiercely
that the tissues are destroyed and no gall results ; but
where her zeal has been tempered with discretion the bud
begins to swell about the beginning of May. Gall forma-
tion proceeds rapidly, and by the end of the month the
“Oak-apple” has arrived at maturity (Plate IV., Fig. i). It
is usually solitary, but sometimes three or four may be
found together. It is greenish-yellow at first, and soft and
sappy, becoming harder and tinted rose colour at maturity.
The larval cavities are numerous, and many of them contain
parasites, this gall being exceptionally prone to attack by
many species. The wasps {Biorvhiza pallida, also known as
Tevas terminalis) emerge in July. Both sexes are present;
the male is winged (Fig. 3), the female wingless (Fig. 4), or
provided with rudimentary wings. She much resembles
her mother, but is smaller. Adler proved by experiment
that she crawls down the trunk and pierces the roots. The
presence of the larvae therein gives rise to the root-galls
already described, and so the generations are repeated.
Some females appear to inherit the instincts of the mother
instead of the grandmother, pricking leaves and buds instead
of roots ; the galls that result are, however, always abortive.
The root-gall, it may be observed, yields no inquilines, and
but one parasite.

An Oak sprig bearing an “ apple ” was worn on May 29
to commemorate the return of Charles II. to England on
that date (his birthday), and his escape after the Battle of
Worcester. The custom still survives in some parts of the
kingdom. Excepting in minor details, the life-history of
the “ Oak-apple ” gall-wasp is the same as that of all in
which the regular alternation of generations occurs. The
larvae of the parthenogenetic winter brood develop in more
or less hard galls of slow growth (subterranean in two
species) ; the larvae of the sexual summer generation develop
m soft sappy galls of rapid growth. The soft galls are
produced in spring, when the supply of sap is abundant;
the harder galls arise in autumn, when there is diminished

36

BRITISH GALLS

sap-supply, and these provide the requisite shield for the
helpless larvae during the long months of winter.

Oak galls are remarkably sporadic in their times of
appearance. A gall may be very abundant one year, very
scarce the next, and perhaps for many successive years.
Of course, infrequency of the galls does not necessarily
imply scarcity of the insects : they may have been as
numerous as ever. In the case of spring forms, atmospheric
conditions may retard the rise of the sap, and the larvae
perish. Adler states that he was compelled to attribute to
meteorological conditions a most important influence over
the development of the egg. In 1904 the currant gall
was extraordinarily abundant around Haslemere. I then
recorded in my notebook that “ on nearly every Oak tree
the male catkins are festooned with them, but here and
there a tree may be found which, to all appearances, has
entirely escaped attack. We always find exceptionally fine
galls on Q. sessiliflora. The catkins which do not bear galls
wither up and drop very quickly ; the stalk of a galled one
maintains its vitality for a considerable time.” The currant
gall is well named. It appears in the latter part of May
and early in June on the staminate flowers, and at maturity
exactly resembles a red currant (Plate V., Fig. i).

Fig. 2 on Plate V. depicts a magnified section with
the larval cavity. These galls grow with great rapidity.
The wasps develop with equal rapidity, and by the end of
June the majority will have left the galls. The wasp
known as Netirotenis haccarum (Fig. 3) is about 4 mm. long ;
the male has fifteen joints to each antenna, his partner one
less. The galls also appear on the leaves, in which position
they are larger, and green, never red. Barrett noted that
the Tortrix Sciciphila commtinana lives in these galls. Many
parasites have been bred from them. Rolfe found currant
galls on nine species of Oak in the Quercetum at Kew.
The female N. haccarum attacks the under surface of young
Oak leaves, causing the well-known common spangle gall
(Plate V., Fig. 4, a, a) to appear in July. These galls are

PLATE V

OAK' SI-ANGI.E (.AI.l.S WITH THEIR ALTERNATE EORMS

I.

•^t}' *

•e

' m*

«• i •

• k'

* ■

■ijf- •

.**

M* ^

*

V

* •

4

)h

5T

%

^1

r

?

'A

«

t

♦i;. . 3^

t

#

- t ■ • V*.

• <*

A >

* # .

’ ^ ■•.

4 « '

V

«i

I *•

I

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL- WASPS

37

reddish at first ; Fig. 6 gives a magnified view of a growing
one, and Fig. 5 a section of an adult. They arrive at
maturity (Fig. 4, seven galls opposite to letter a) in
September, become detached from the withering leaf, and
fall to the ground. After falling, the gall loses its umbonate
appearance and becomes round ; the larva continues to
grow in it, pupates in March, and the wasp, Neurotems
lenticularis (Fig. 7), appears in April, a minute insect about
2 ‘5 or 3 mm. long. This gall was as abundant in 1904 as
the alternate form. On three leaves from a sapling Oak
at Haslemere I counted 286, 379, and 326 galls, an average
of 330 for each leaf.

Fig, 8, d, on Plate V., depicts the oval yellowish gall of
Neurotems alhipes. It appears in May; the wasp emerges
and attacks the leaves in June, and the smooth spangle
gall appears in July. This gall is cup-shaped (Plate V. 9,/;
a magnified section is shown at Fig. 10). It matures in
September, falls to the ground, and the wasp, Neurotems
laeviusculuSf appears the following March.

Fig. 8, c, on the same plate, shows two blister galls caused
by the presence of the larvae of Neurotems vesicator. These
galls are pale green, and more or less rounded, projecting
slightly from both surfaces of the leaf. On the superior
surface there is a small raised point from which striae
radiate to the margin (see magnified section. Fig. ii).
They appear in May, and the wasps emerge in June, to
prick the under surface of leaves and give rise to the
beautiful little silk-button spangle galls (Plate V., Fig. g, e ;
Fig. 12 is a magnified section, and Fig. 13 an enlarged view
of a gall), from which N eurotems numismatis emerge in April,
and attack the leaf buds, giving rise to blister galls. The
silk-button gall was remarkably abundant in 1904. Three
leaves bore 1,741 galls, in the proportion of 502, 558, and
681. To appreciate fully the beauty of this gall it should
be examined with a binocular microscope, using a 2-inch
objective.

Fig. 14 on Plate V. depicts two of the hairy Pea galls

38

BRITISH GALLS

caused by the presence of the larvae of Neuroterus tricolor.
These galls are whitish, and covered with erect white hairs.
They appear in June, and mature in July. The wasps
emerge towards the end of that month, and prick the under
surface of the leaf. The cupped spangle galls result
(Fig. 4, ; a magnified section is seen at Fig. 15). This

gall is sometimes confused with that of ISI . laeviuscuhis, but
there should be no difficulty in diagnosis if the sections are
carefully compared. The wasps which emerge are known
as Neuroterus fumipennis. Adler observes : “ They are very
active little flies . . . continually running from side to
side and flying from one shoot to another.”

There is an attractive -looking gall which sometimes
resembles a large ripe cherry, which appears in September
on the under surface of Oak leaves (Plate XXII., Fig. 6).
It is noteworthy that in 1910, which was not a favourable
year for Oak galls, it was very abundant in many districts ;
I noted it in enormous numbers on fallen leaves in Woolmer
Forest. Its vivid tints are chiefly seen in bright summers;
in the dismal summer of 1910 the great majority were
yellowish-green. The colour is retained for a considerable
time after the leaf has fallen and withered (Fig. 7). The
wasp that emerges from it is the Dryophanta"^ folii (Fig. 8).
It usually bores the canal for emergence some time before
leaving its home, the outer skin of the gall remaining
unbroken. It oviposits in the adventitious buds at the
base of the trunk. According to Adler, only one egg is laid
in each bud. The gall which results is small, 2 to 3 mm.
long, of a beautiful dark violet colour, with a velvety
appearance (Fig. 5). These galls appear about the end of
April, and the wasps emerge towards the end of May.
They are the Dryophanta Tasclienhevgi, and were at one time
placed in the genus Spathegaster.

Fig. 3 on the same plate shows the under surface of an
Oak leaf with two striped pea galls and three common
spangle galls. The striped pea gall is easily identified by

♦ Dryophanta = Diplolepis of modern German authorities.

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

39

the white and red stripes ; the surface is usually granular.
It appears early in August, and is mature in October.
The majority of these galls are deformed, stunted, and
infested with parasites. The wasp {Dvyophanta longiventris)
emerges in the beginning of December. Fig. 4 depicts
a magnified section of a gall with a wasp upon it. It seeks
the adventitious buds. The galls which result from the
presence of its larvae therein much resemble those of
D. Taschenbergi, but are more pointed, and greenish-grey,
never violet. The surface also is more pubescent than that
of the purple velvet bud gall, being covered with long white
hairs. This gall is usually found on adventitious buds
low down on old trunks. It appears in April ; the wasp
(Dryophanta similis) emerges in the middle of May. Figs.
I and 2 show galls natural size and magnified. Adler
thought that D. foUi and D. longiventris sought the adven-
titious buds at the foot of the tree because these are the first
to be reached in spring by the rising sap, it being an
advantage for the summer generation to leave early, before
many parasites are abroad.

Five scarlet pea galls are shown at Fig. 12 on Plate
XXII. These galls are the size of small peas, bright red at
first, becoming brown at maturity. They appear about the
end of June, and mature in October. They are seldom
solitary, and always grow from the larger veins. The wasp
{Dvyophanta divisa) emerges in the latter part of November,
and pricks the large terminal buds and rudimentary leaves.
The red wart gall which results appears in May. I have
not found it ; the illustrations are copied from Adler. Fig. 9
shows a gall on a leaf and another on a petiole ; Fig. 10
one on a leaf; Fig. ii one growing through the top of a
bud. Adler observes that the gall matures in the end of
May, and the wasp {Dvyophanta verrucosa) appears about that
time or early in June.

On Plate I. we have depicted the “oyster” gall, which,
as already remarked (p. 5), was very abundant during
the summer of 1911. Magnified illustrations of it are

40

BRITISH GALLS

shown in Fig. 4. The brown flaps of epidermis that remain
after it has fallen away are depicted in Fig. 5. These are
supposed to resemble the valves of an oyster-shell — hence
the popular name, which is not very appropriate. The
falling of the galls caused a constant pattering noise in the
woods throughout August and September, resembling that
of rain drops. They fell in such numbers that on a square
inch of road beneath an Oak on August 21 I counted
thirteen of these galls. The wasp that emerges from the
“oyster” gall is the Andricus ostmis. According to Adler, the
sexual form is Neuroterus Aprilinus, but Mayr holds other
views, and Beyerinck claims to have bred N. Aprilinus from

Fig, 2 — Axillary Bud of the Common Oak with Gall caused
BY THE PRESENCE OF THE Larva OF Aiidricus fccuudator. (1/2.)
Fig. 3 — Staminate Flowers with Galls resulting from the
presence of the Larvae of Andricus pihsus. {sji.)

galls caused by the presence of the larvae of Andricus
solitarius.

In some instances the galls of one generation are rarely
seen, whilst those of the alternate one are very common.
In the majority the apparently rare galls are the little spring
forms on buds and staminate flowers, and it may be con-
cluded that they escape observation through their minute-
ness, and the fact that they are usually situated on the
higher branches.

The hairy catkin gall and its alternate, the well-known
artichoke gall, illustrate this. The former is said to be
rare in Britain. It appears on the staminate flowers in

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

41

May. It is greenish at first, becoming brown at maturity,
and is covered with erect whitish hairs. It much resembles
the gall of Andricus amenti (whose agamic generation is
unknown), but is larger, stouter, not so pointed, and has
longer hair.

Andricus pilosus appears in the middle of June. The
female attacks the axillary buds, giving rise to the arti-
choke or hop gall. This gall occurs chiefly on young
Oaks, often in large numbers on saplings. The scales of
the leaf bud become greatly hypertrophied, and the true
gall lies in their midst. It is small, pear-shaped, green at
first, brown at maturity, becoming hard and woody. In its

Fig. 4 — Galls on Buds of the Common Oak caused by the
PRESENCE OF THE Larvae OF Cyiiips Kollari . (1/2.)

Fig- 5 — Galls caused by the presence of the Larvae of
Andricus circulans in a Turkey Oak Bud. (2/1.)

early state it is joined to the bud, later it becomes detached
and falls to the ground. The wasp {Andricus fecundator)
may emerge in spring, but in many cases the larva lives
within its wooden prison for three, or even four, years
before metamorphosis takes place. Some, for unexplained
reasons, never change. The inquilines and parasites are
not numerous ; lists have been given by Cameron and
others. The moth Carpocapsa juliana is found commonly
in these galls.

1 he very familiar marble gall is situated on a terminal
or lateral bud, and is about the size of a marble when
full grown. It is yellowish at first, becoming brown at

42

BRITISH GALLS

maturity, in September usually. These galls are com-
monly gregarious, and not infrequently coalescent. The
larval cavity is central ; twin galls often have but one larval
chamber. Parasites are numerous. The wasp {Cynips
Kollari) emerges in September or October by a circular hole.

According to Beyerinck, the bud gall of the Turkey Oak
results from the attack of this wasp. He saw Cynips
Kollari pierce the buds in October, 1901, and the follow-
ing April the galls matured. The wasps therefrom are
the Andricus circulans. I have not succeeded in finding the
Turkey Oak bud gall, though I have repeatedly searched
for it in many districts. The illustration of it is drawn up
from Cameron’s figure, and the following notes are taken
from his “British Phytophagous Hymenoptera” (vol. iv.,
pp. 105, 106) ; “ The galls are found in the axillary leaf buds
of Quercus cerris gregariously, one, four, or eight being found
in a bud, and they may be packed so closely together that
they become compressed and flattened. They are glabrous,
well hid in the bud, in colour varying from brownish-yellow
to bright red, thin-walled ; in shape an elongate ovoid, and
in length 2 to 5 mm.

“Miss Ormerod found at Kew some galls which, although
not quite typical, yet still may safely be referable to
A. circulans. My figure is taken from a specimen I had
from Professor Mayr. According to the latter authority,
the normal time for the flies issuing from the galls is
towards the middle of April.”

Beyerinck did not succeed in getting Andricus circulans to
oviposit in Quercus rohur. The fact that the Turkey Oak
bud gall has not been observed in this country since Miss
Ormerod obtained specimens at Kew in 1878 makes it
very desirable that Beyerinck’s experiments be carefully
repeated. It seems unlikely that the alternate generation
of Cynips Kollari is to be found on Quercus cerris, an Oak
which is usually avoided by the gall-wasps which frequent
Quercus rohur.

It may be of interest to note, in reference to the marble

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL- WASPS

43

gall, that it was probably unknown in this country prior to
1830, about which time it seems to have been brought to
Exmouth in connexion with the cloth manufacture at
Exeter, Tiverton, and other places in the West of England,
but whether for dyeing purposes is not quite certain. The
insects escaping, the gall gradually appeared throughout
Devon, spreading east and west, and causing much con-
sternation at the time. A lot of nonsense was spoken and
written about the destruction of the Oak, and in 1852 the
labourers were exhorted to “ rally round the pig,” it being
maintained that the acorn crop was being destroyed and the
farmers ruined. The gall is now abundant over the whole
of Britain, and our oaks are none the worse. A most
interesting account of Cynips Kollari and its gall, with lists
of parasites, is given by Dr. Straton in Appendix I. to
“ Alternating Generations” (pp. 163-167).

Rolfe, in his notes on Oak galls occurring in the Quer-
cetum at Kew (1881), enumerates some of the above-
mentioned galls as occurring on several varieties of Quevcus
pedunculata, also on Quercus Tuvnevi { = Q . pedunculata x Q. ilex),
Qiiercus infectoria, and others. The same observer, with Miss
Ormerod, noted the galls of Callirhytis glandium on Quercus
cerris, var. Lucombeana ( = Q. cerris x Q. ruber). Miss Ormerod
also recorded the occurrence of the galls of Andricus circulans
and Dryophanta Taschenbergi on this Oak. She observed the
last named also on typical Q. cerris. Trail and Rolfe noted
the galls of Neuroterus baccarum on Quercus dentata. Rolfe
makes the highly interesting observation that he “never
found a gall of the Common Oak on either an American
species or on the European Q. cerris, the ‘ mossy cupped ’
oak, even when the branches interlaced, which shows the
existence of some barrier to their dispersal.”

I find, however, in Houard’s “ Zoocecidies des Plantes
d’Europe,’’ the galls of Biorrhiza pallida, Dryophanta Taschen-
bergi, Andricus trilineatus, A. testaceipes, A. ostreus, Neuroterus
albipes, N. lenticularis, and N. baccarum, mentioned under
Quercus cerris.

44

BRITISH GALLS

Economic Notes

There are not many troublesome pests amongst the gall-
causing Hymenoptera ; the attacks of the great majority
are confined to uncultivated plants. Some representatives
which are not gall-causers often cause damage in other
ways ; we may mention Nematus rihesii Curtis, which
defoliates gooseberry and currant bushes ; Lophyrus pini
Curtis, which eats the leaves of the Scotch Pine; Athalia
spinavtim Fabr., which occasionally plays havoc in turnip
fields ; and Cephus pygmaeus Linn., which attacks the stems
of various cereals and grasses.

Two gall-causing Cynipidae are alluded to in Miss
Ormerod’s Manual — viz., Cynips Kollari and Neuroterus
lenticularis. “ With the exception of the marble gall and
the common spangle galls, which sometimes so completely
load the back of the leaves as to cause premature withering,
it does not appear that any kinds are often materially
hurtful." We have had abundant evidence, though, during
the past summer (igii), of the destructive influences of the
so-called “oyster” gall, caused by the presence of the
larvae of Andricus ostreiis. Quite early in the summer the
leaves of Quercus pedunculata in many districts showed
marked peripheral browning. The conditions they pre-
sented are well shown in Plate I., Figs, i and 2, which
show respectively the upper and lower surface of a leaf
gathered on August 23, when many of its galls had fallen
away. In the Haslemere district the majority of the trees
shed their leaves prematurely, and it cannot be doubted
that their growth was seriously checked. Cameron remarks'*'
concerning Cynips Kollari: “Various attempts have been
made to utilize these galls for ink- making purposes, but
without any practical result, owing to the paucity of tannic
acid they contain as opposed to the Aleppo and other galls
— only some 17 as against over 50 per cent. The only
use made of them is for ornamenting fancy baskets, fern-
* “ British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” iv., p. 113,

GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS

45

cases, etc. That the species is injurious in many instances
there can be no doubt. It only frequents stub or young
oaks, not over 3 or 4 feet high. These, when they appear
in numbers in nurseries, they frightfully distort, and not
infrequently render saleless.”

The leaf-rolling saw-lly {Blennocampa pusilla) has of late
years attacked cultivated Roses in various parts of England,
in some cases to such an extent that no blossoms were
produced.

Cultivated Orchids are sometimes attacked by Isosoma
orchidearim (see J. O. Westwood’s paper in the “ Gardener’s
Chronicle,” 1885, vol. xxiv., p. 84, on “Galls on the Roots
of Orchids ”). The surface of the stem is covered with
distinct swellings, and exhibits necrosis in irregular patches.
There are circular or oval holes leading into cavities of
irregular form. The base of the leaf, and often the floral
sheath, is thickened and swollen ; other parts bear isolated
rounded swellings. Attacked buds are swollen, globular,
and thickened. Westwood observed these galls on a
species of Dendrohium, and Fitch found them on Cattelya
T riansei.

CHAPTER III

GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES (COLEOPTERA)

IT is estimated there are about 150,000 species of beetles ;

of these, about 3,300 have been found in Britain. Very
few are gall-causers. Mosley’s catalogue gives only eight,
Connold, in 1909, observed that the number of gall-pro-
ducing British beetles is less than twenty. As a matter of
fact, there are more than forty, but the galls caused by
the majority are very obscure. Houard enumerates about
no Continental forms.

Beetles have four wings ; the posterior membranous pair
are entirely concealed, when at rest, beneath the hard
anterior pair (elytra), which cover the back as a protective
shield. The larva is a maggot-like creature with a head,
three thoracic segments, and eight to ten abdominal segments.
Three pairs of small thoracic legs are sometimes present,
but are often wanting ; in some species they are present in
the early larval stage, but not in the later.

The larval condition is occasionally very prolonged. In
the Cerambycidae (Longicorns) the development of the larva
frequently extends over a year, but when living under
disadvantageous conditions — for instance, in dry wood con-
taining little or no nutriment — the larval state may be
prolonged to an almost incredible length of time. Imagines
have emerged from a table twenty to twenty-eight years
after the felling of the tree from which it was made. Sereno
Watson relates a case of a certain Longicorn in which it
seems probable that the life-cycle extended over a period
of no less than forty-five years.

46

GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES

47

The duration of the pupal state is short, usually varying
from one to three weeks. Beetles chiefly pupate in the
earth or near the feeding-place ; many species make a
cocoon of bits of earth or wood. The pupa is usually soft.
The imago is soft and almost colourless upon emergence,
and sometimes takes several days to attain normal colora-
tion and hardness. The use of the beautiful sculpturing so
frequently seen on the elytra is quite unknown. Beetles
are difficult to rear, and, considered collectively, very little
is known about their life-histories. Dr. Sharp observes
that “ they exhibit, however, extreme diversity correlative
with the great specialization of so many beetles to particular
kinds of life. Most beetles must have exactly the right
conditions to live in.” Thus, many families of plants are
free from coleopterous parasites, whilst others are infested
with many, and the gall-causers in a particular family are
generally members of a single genus.

Amongst the Leguminosae we find numerous galls caused
by species of the genus Apion. As a rule the flowers and
stems are attacked. The beetles of this genus are popularly
known as “ pear-shaped weevils,” the long and arched pro-
boscis and globose body causing a resemblance to a long-
stalked pear.

The larvae of Apion scutellare cause ovoid or rounded
swellings about the size of a large pea on young stems of
the Common and Lesser Gorse, and those of A. immune
give rise to similar deformities on the Broom. Clovers
frequently suffer from the attacks of various species — e.g.^
the Purple Clover is infested by A. assimile, A. varipes,
and A . apricans. A . varipes causes excrescences to arise on
the roots ; the others attack the flowers, and the floral axis
becomes hypertrophied,

Apion Gyllenhali attacks the stems and petioles of Vetches.
Amongst the Labiatae we also find Apion vicinmm infesting
the Catmint and other species, the larvae living in a multi-
locular swelling on the stem.

In the Compositae Apion sorbi attacks Chamomiles {An-

48

BRITISH GALLS

themis cotula and A. arvensis), causing elongation of the
receptacle, with an ovoid cavity within. Apion laevigatum
also causes a similar gall on the latter.

Amongst the Polygonaceae various Docks are frequently
attacked by members of the genus Apion. Four species
attack the Sorrel Dock [R. Acetosa) — namely, A. affine,
violaceum, fnimentariiim, and humih, causing pronounced
fusiform swellings on the stems and petioles.

Fig. 6 — Shoot of Ulex europaeus with Ovoid Gall of Apion scutel-
lare. (i/i.)

Fig. 7 — Section of same, showing the Central Cavity and the
Exit Burrow, (i/i.)

Two or three species of Anthonomus attack the flower
buds in Pyrus, otherwise the order Rosaceae is remarkably
free from attacks of gall-causing beetles.

Miarus campanulae attacks various species of Campanula ;
the larvae infest the seed capsules, and cause great hyper-
trophy.

Many representatives of the Scrophulariaceae are attacked
by beetles belonging to the genus Mecinus. The root and
base of stem of the Common Toadflax produce yellowish
fleshy galls of the shape and size of a pea, containing the
larvae of M. collinus, a rare insect, occurring only in the

GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES

49

south of England. Similar galls are caused on this plant
by M. linaviae.

The swollen ovaries of the Figwort, Marsh Speedwell,
and Brooklime, result from the presence of the larvae of
M. beccabuiigae. Members of the allied family, Plantaginaceae,
are also attacked by species of Mecinus. The larva of
M. collaris causes an elongated swelling on the floral axis of
the Seaside Plantain. The flower head of the Hoary
Plantain is sometimes galled by Mecinus pyr aster (see
Plate VI., where Fig. i shows a normal flower spike con-
trasted with an afflicted one, Fig. 2, containing the larva).
The beetle (magnified ; it is only 4 mm. long) is shown
in Fig. 3. It is widely distributed. It also galls the floral
axis of the Ribwort Plantain.

Many cruciferous plants are attacked by beetles of the
genus Ceuthorrhynckus. The galls, for the most part, are
rounded or fusiform swellings at the base of the stem and
on the roots. The most familiar of all coleopterous galls
are those caused by the presence of the larvae of Ceuthor-
rhynchus sulcicollis Gyllenhal {pleuvostigma Marsh) on the roots
of Turnips, Swedes, and various kinds of Cabbage. They
are often coalescent ; a single gall is a smooth rounded
protuberance, usually about the size of a large pea, situated
on the upper part of the root, just below the surface of the
ground. The beetle is minute, about 3 mm. long. The
elbowed antennae are situated on the long, stout proboscis,
a characteristic of the weevil family {CurcuUonidae) to
which these beetles belong. The eggs are generally de-
posited in holes made by the proboscis, usually one in each
hole. The larvae are yellowish-white, thick, legless, and
armed with dark brown jaws. They are at first difficult to
observe within the gall, but later they hollow out its centre
and are easily found. When full fed, the larva leaves the
gall, and makes a hard case of earth, etc., in which it
pupates. The imago emerges about six weeks or two
months later. This gall may be found throughout the
year, sometimes with living tenants even in severe weather.

4

50

BRITISH GALLS

Miss Ormerod observes that “ the maggots bear being frozen
hard without the slightest apparent injury, for on being
thawed they will at once go down into soft earth and begin
to build up their earth-cases.”

C. sulcicollis Gyll. must be carefully distinguished from
C . sulcicollis Paykull. The latter is not a British insect;
there are Italian records of its larvae causing large fusiform
swellings on stems of Deniavia pinnata Linn.

Plate VI., Fig. 4, shows the Common Whitlow Grass with
a spherical gall on the upper part of its root, caused by the
presence of the larva of Cetithoryhynchus hirttilus. Fig. 5
gives a magnified view of the insect, and Fig. 6 the gall
twice actual size. This beetle is not common. The gall
sometimes occurs at the base of the stem, amongst the
rosette of leaves.

Three species of Ceuthurrhynchus cause galls on the Hedge
Mustard. The catalogue should be consulted for particulars
of these and many others.

Large galls are sometimes caused by the larvae of Saperda
populnea in Poplar and Willow stems in the southern
counties. This beetle belongs to the Longicorn family
{Cevamhycidae), which comprises insects of oblong shape,
with long antennae, and elytra often dull from the presence
of minute hairs, which are frequently arranged in patterns.
Its life-history is briefly as follows: In June, or early in
July, the female, upon finding a suitable young branch, cuts
a shield-like mark in the bark, and deposits a single egg at
the base of the shield (Plate VI., Fig. 7, a). This operation
is repeated three or four times along the same branch at
intervals of about 30 mm. It is said that the presence of
the egg starts the hypertrophy, but it is more probable that
no swelling begins to take place until the larva (Fig. ii) is
hatched. The larva eats its way into the pith, making
galleries above and below the entrance-hole, and remains
in the larval state until the second autumn, when it pupates
in the branch. In the following June or July the imago
emerges from a hole in the swelling, which is usually on

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51

GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES

the side opposite to that on which the egg was placed.
The pronounced rounded or fusiform swellings and the
poor development of leaves cause affected shoots to be
seen easily in the second year of the attack (Fig. 8, b).
As usual amongst the Coleoptera, the female (Fig. 9) is the
larger. It is about 17 mm. long, and more definitely
marked than the male (Fig. 10), which averages about
13 mm. in length. Scipcrda populnea is the sole British
coleopterous gall-causer on the Willows, and Brachonyx
pineti on the Conifers. The presence of the larvae of the
latter on the Scotch Pine causes the needles to be stunted
and thickened in the middle, the edges meeting to form a
cigar-shaped gall.

Smicvonyx jungermanniae Reich causes, on the Continent,
pea-like or fusiform galls, one or two celled, in the stems of
the Great Dodder [Cusuta Europoea Linn.) ; and 5. coccus
Reich gives rise to similar galls on the Lesser Dodder
[Cuscuta cpithymum Murr.). These insects are recorded in
the lists of British Coleoptera, but I have no records of
their causing galls on the Dodder in this country.

Economic Notes

Many beetles are well-known pests of garden, farm, and
forest, though comparatively few are gall-causers. The
galls caused by CetUhoyrhynckus sulcicollis, the Cabbage and
Turnip weevil, have been described above. Miss Ormerod
observes that “ these galls do little harm in themselves, so
far as Turnips are concerned — that is, unless they are very
numerous, or cause decay by wet lodging in the hollows in
the galls from which the maggots have escaped. But with
the Cabbage it is different. Here the gall growths on the
old stocks are not available for food, as they are with
Turnips ; they carry off the sap in the wrong direction,
besides inducing decay.”*

Hylurgus pinipevda bores into young shoots of the Scotch
Pine ; the mouth of the burrow is surrounded by a white

* “ Manual of Injurious Insects,” second edition, p. 35.

52

BRITISH GALLS

lump of resinous matter. Similar exudation occurs at the
aperture of burrows in this tree made by certain lepidop-
terous larvae that are usually classed as gall-causers; but
the absence of hypertrophy of the branch around the
burrow and of excrement within, serve at once to distinguish
the burrow of H. piniperda from that of a caterpillar.

Pseudo-Galls

A few beetles roll up parts of living leaves into marvellous
little pouches or rolls for the reception of their eggs. It is
possible that such productions may be mistaken by some
observers for true galls, but they are outside the domain
of the cecidologist. One of the most remarkable of these
pseudo-galls is that made by Attelabus cufculionoides from
the apical half of the Sweet Chestnut leaf. It is a minute
cylinder, about 8 by 4 mm. ; it hangs from the other half of
the leaf, supported by the midrib only. Each cylinder
contains a golden egg.

CHAPTER IV

MOTH GALLS

ALLS caused by the presence of the larvae of lepidop-

terous insects are not common. The order Lepi-

doptera contains two sections — the Rhopalocera, or Butter-
flies (antennae clubbed, hind-wings without a frenulum),
and the Heterocera, or Moths (antennae variously shaped ;
rarely clubbed, but when they are, the frenulum is present).

No butterflies give rise to galls, and but few moths cause
what may be considered true galls. The life-cycle consists
of four stages — egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The eggs are
laid on the plants on which the larvae feed. The larvae —
usually spoken of as caterpillars — are worm-like creatures
with a head and thirteen segments. The first three seg-
ments are thoracic, and each carries a pair of short limbs.
Two, three, or more of the abdominal segments adjacent to
the thoracic are legless, but some of the posterior ones have
abdominal feet. The termination of the body carries a pair
of thick legs, of somewhat different shape to the abdominal
feet, known as “ claspers.” The larvae are mostly vegetable
feeders, deriving nourishment from the fluid part of the
plant, the solid part passing from the alimentary canal in dry
(usually) pellets, called “ frass.’' Prolonged larval state, so
frequently seen in the Coleoptera, is rare amongst the
Lepidoptera, but the pupal state frequently lasts nine months.
The pupa or chrysalis is remarkable in its outer skin form-
ing a hard chitinous shell.

53

54

BRITISH GALLS

The following list of British lepidopterous gall-causers is
arranged according to the food-plants of the larvae :

Agrimony, Hemp {Eupatorium cannabinum Linn.).

Pterophorus micvodactylus Hiibner : Swelling in the stem.

Alder {Almis votundifolia Mill.).

Argyvesthia Goedavtella Linn.: Staminate catkins swollen
and deformed.

Epiblema tetraquetrana Haw.: Twig swollen at base of a
petiole.

Aspen {Popidus tremula Linn.).

Nepticula argyropeza Zell. : Petiole swollen close to the
leaf.

Laspeyresia covollana Hb. : Shoot swollen.

Honeysuckle (Lonicera Capyifoliuyn Linn , L. Peviclymenum
Linn,, and L. Xylosteum Linn.).

Orneodes hexadactylalAim. : Flowers swollen, not opening.

Juniper (^Junipevus communis Linn.).

Lobesia permixtana Hiib. : Knotty swelling on the stem.

Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare Linn.).

Augasma aeratella Zell.: Bud greatly hypertrophied.

Pine, Scotch (Pinus sylvestris Linn.).

Laspeyresia cosmophorana Tr.: Resinous swelling in the
bark of a branch.

Dioryctria splendidella H. S. : Lumps of resinous exuda-
tion in a branch.

Rhyacionia resinella Linn.: Globular mass of resinous
exudation at the apex of a twig.

Plantain, E-ibwort (Plantago lanceolata Linn.).

Tortrix paleana Herb.: Flower spike swollen and de-
formed.

Oak (Quercus robur Linn.).

Pammene splendidulana Guenee : Young branches swollen.

Stenolechia gemmella Linn. : Extremity of a branch in-
curved and swollen.

Heliozela stanneella Fisch. V. R. : Midrib and petiole
swollen.

Poplar, Black {Populus nigra Linn.).

MOTH GALLS

55

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. : Young branches swollen.

Sciapteron tahaniforme Rott. : Knotty swellings on the
shoots.

Poplar, Grey {Populus canescens, Sm.).

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. : Young branches swollen.

Poplar, White {Populus alba Linn.).

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. : Young branches swollen.

Sciapteron tahaniforme Rott., var. rhingiaeforme Hub. :
Branch swollen.

Kagwort, Common [Senecio Jacohaea Linn.).

Phalonia atricapitana Ste. : Stem swollen.

Ragwort, Marsh {Senecio aquations Hil!.).

Platyptilia isodactyla Zell. ; Stem swollen.

Willows {Salix, various species, see catalogue).

Grapholitha Servilleana Dup. : Fusiform swellings on the
older branches.

Willow Herb {Epilobium, several species, see catalogue).

Momplia decor ella Steph. : Swelling in the stem.

The resin gall moth {Rhyacionia* resinella = Retinia resin-
ella) occurs chiefly in the northern part of England and in
Scotland. It is common in parts of Perthshire and Inver-
ness. Mr. Adkin gives the life-history as follows : “ The
egg is deposited on the twigs of the Fir, and, upon hatching,
the young larva eats through the bark, forms the narrow
gallery, and feeds upon the soft wood of the tender shoot
then growing, this operation probably occupying its first
summer. It now taps the bark on the opposite side to that
by which it entered, and causes the sap to flow, which by its
own weight spreads along the twig in the direction of the
stem, congeals, and forms a resinous lump, the inside of
which the larva gnaws away, at the same time devouring
the bark and a portion of the wood next to it, as it becomes

* The genus Retinia, though a well-established one, was displaced
by Evetria. The latter has been recently replaced by Rhyacionia —
a typical instance of the senseless and irritating changes in nomen-
clature which are constantly being made in all departments of zoology
and botany.

BRITISH GALLS

56

covered, until it has obtained a sufficient size, and thus makes
a habitation in which to pass its first winter. With the
approach of spring the sap begins to flow again, and this
probably supplies the larva with nourishment ; it attains
its most rapid growth at the time when the flush is greatest.
It remains as a full-fed larva through its second autumn
and winter, pupates in April, and the moth emerges at the
end of May or early in June, thus occupying a period of two
years in completing its metamorphosis.” In weakly trees the
shoot above the resinous nest dies, and numerous lateral
shoots appear just below it. Plate VII., Fig. 8, presents a
reduced view of a gall; Fig. 9 is the moth, which is
slightly less than i inch in wing expanse ; Fig. 10 a
longitudinal section of a gall, showing the larval cavity,
half the actual size.

Mompha decorella (Plate VII., Fig. 7) is widely distributed
in England, and is frequent in some districts in the southern
counties. Its principal food-plant is the Broad-leaved Willow
Herb {Epilohium nwntanuni). Barrett observed it in the
Haslemere district in 1865, and published notes on the galls
in the first volume of the Entomologist's Magazine. Fig. 6
shows a gall, half natural size, on the stem of Epilohium
payviflorum. It is fusiform, and about 20 mm. long.

Augasma aeratella is confined to the south-east corner of
England, and is rarely found in abundance. Shoreham is a
well-known station for it. Messrs. Eustace Bankes and
B. A. Bower have kindly sent me galls from that locality.
Plate VII., Fig. i, shows Knotgrass bearing the terminal
pouch-like galls, natural size; Fig. 2, the insect slightly
enlarged ; Fig. 3, longitudinal section of a gall, twice natural
size.

Nepticula argyvopeza is widely distributed in England. It
is a minute insect, only 6 mm. in wing expanse. Plate VII.,
Fig. 5, gives an enlarged view of it ; Fig. 4 shows its gall, a
somewhat spherical swelling on the upper part of the petiole
of an Aspen leaf, one-half actual size.

PLATE 17/

SOMl', (,AT.L CAUSIN(; MOTHS

I I‘H 'I'K Kl (,AL|,S

57

MOTH GALLS

Grapholitha Servilleana attacks various species of Willow.
The larvae burrow into the older branches, avoiding the one-
year shoots. Fusiform swellings from lo to 20 mm. long,
and from 5 to 8 mm. broad arise. The exit is situated m
the lower part of the elongated central cavity.

The following records of lepidopterous gall-causers are
taken from Houard’s “ Zoocecidies ” :

Epihlema luctuosana Dup. : Causes swollen nodes, each
10 by 4 mm. in Ccntauveci neniovalis Jordan. British ?

Galechia niiilinella Zell. : Causes woody swellings, 20 by
13 mm. in the roots of Bartsici aspeva Lange. British ?

Fig. 8— Willow Stems galled by Larvae of Grapholitha Servil-
leana. (i/i.)

Fig. 9 — Section showing the Larval C.avity. (i/i.)

Cynaeda dentalis Schiff. : Causes swellings with nodular
surface on the midrib of the radical leaves of an Alkanet
[Anchusa^ British?

Houard also alludes to a gall caused by Sesia formic aeformis
Esper on the Common Osier {Salix viminalis). It consists of
a more or less rounded and woody excrescence involving
the entire circumference of a branch, and containing a
large central cavity. It is given as a very doubtful record.
I am not aware of any records of galls in British Willows

58 BRITISH GALLS

resulting from the presence of the larvae of this well-known
insect.

In all the galls so far alluded to in this chapter the burrow
remains open, and provides an easy exit for the imago ; such
is the rule with lepidopterous galls. There is an exception to
the rule which I may be pardoned for alluding to, though it
concerns an African moth, because of its interest. Oecocecis
guyonella (Tineidae) deposits its eggs in Limoniastnm guyoni-
amim, a plant that is the favourite food of camels on the
deserts to the south of Algeria. This plant is frequently
covered with sand. The gall completely encapsules the
larva, a feature usually seen in dipterous galls. I am not
aware of a similar record. This observation was recorded
by Gudnee many years ago.* The advantage of the sealed
cavity is obvious.

Economic Notes

There are no very troublesome pests amongst lepidopter-
ous gall-causers. Rhyacionia resinella is the chief British
example. By destroying the terminal bud of young Scotch
Pines it retards the growth of the tree, and where it occurs
in abundance, as it does in a few localities in Scotland, it is
becoming a serious pest. The only way to keep it in check
is to cut off and burn the galls during the second year.

The larvae of Dioryctia splendidella and Laspyresia cosmo-
phorana may affect seriously the Scotch Pine when present
in numbers. In these, as in the case of R. resine.Ua, the
mouth of the burrow is marked by a lump of resinous
exudation. In all there is usually slight hypertrophy of the
twig at the attacked part, which feature only, justifies their
inclusion in this chapter.

* Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), x., 1870.

CHAPTER V

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES (DIPTERA)

HE majority of flies are two-winged ; a few aberrant

forms, such as fleas and certain ticks, are wingless.
The wings are comparatively small ; behind them are a pair
of little erect bodies, the halteres or poisers. The maggots
or larvae are usually footless, with a small and indistinct
head. The pupa may be either exposed and hard, or soft
and enclosed in a capsular seed-like body.

Dr. Sharp* observes : “ About 40,000 species of Diptera
have been discovered, but these are only a tithe of what are
still unknown to science. Tl he order is not a favourite one
with entomologists, and by the rest of the world it may be
said to be detested. . . . Nevertheless, Diptera have
considerable claims to be classed as actually the highest
of insects physiologically, for it is certainly in them that
the processes of complete life-history are carried on with
the greatest rapidity, and that the phenomena of metamor-
phosis have been most perfected. A maggot, hatching
from an egg, is able to grow with such rapidity that the
work of its life in this respect is completed in a few days ;
then, forming an impenetrable skin, it dissolves itself almost
completely ; solidifying subsequently to a sort of jelly, it, in
a few days, reconstructs itself as a being of totally dififerent
appearance and habits, in all its structures so profoundly
changed from what it was that the resources of science are

’ Natural

59

6o BRITISH GALLS

severely taxed to demonstrate any identity of the organs of
the two instars.”

The antennae are of great importance in the classification
of Diptera. The majority of dipterous galls are caused by
the Cecidomyidae or gall-midges, an extensive family of
minute flies, remarkable in the rather long antennae,
furnished with whorls of hairs ; many writers have com-
mented upon the beauty of these insects, and of the
antennae of the males in particular. The larvae of all
Cecids are not parasites on plants ; some feed on dead
animal matter, others prey upon Aphides and Mites, and
some are cannibals.

The peculiar spatula or anchor process which projects
from the prothoracic segment in some species is probably
used either for body movement, for perforating, or, in species
provided also with horny papillae at the terminal segment,
for causing the remarkable leaps executed by the larvae.

The gall-midges are difficult to preserve, being so small
and fragile ; in spite of this they have received much
attention, and about a thousand species have been described
and named from various parts of the world. The original
genus, Cecidomyia, has undergone much revision of late years,
and has been split up into many genera, the chief being
Asphondylia, Contarinia, Hormomyia, Oligotrophis^ Perrisia
(including many species at one time placed in the genus
Dasyfieura), Rhabdophaga, and Rhopalomyia.

Before proceeding to describe some familiar dipterous
galls, attention may be directed to certain curious pro-
ductions which have been recorded as occuring on fungi
on the Continent and in America. It seems desirable to
bring them to the notice of British cecidologists, as but
little is known respecting them at present. The first
observation was published by Professor Boudier* in 1893,
in a paper “ Sur les Causes de Production des Tubercles
Pileux des Lames de Certains Agarics,” in which he records
his discovery of minute oblong or rounded tubercles, about
* See Rev. Gen. Bot. (Paris), vol. v., pp. 29-35.

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

6i

I mm. in diameter, on the gills of Pleurotus ostveatus^
Tficholoma personatum, T. sovdidum, T. nudum, Clitocyhe sp.
Each tubercle consisted of a fine whitish pubescence, and con-
tained either the egg of a fly, a fragment of earth, or grain
of sand, or, very frequently, excreta of a larva. Excepting,
perhaps, those arising from the presence of an egg, these
productions cannot be looked upon as true galls.

In 1899 Vogler alluded to little isolated or gregarious
bodies, 10 to 15 mm high, of variable shape, on the surface
of a mushroom. The extremity of each was rounded,
provided with a mouth less than 2 mm. in diameter, and
contained a cavity 7 fo 8 mm. long. The following year
Riedel discovered that these tubercles were caused by a
Dipteron belonging to the genus Ditomyia, many members
of which pass the larval state in woody fungi.

In 1899 1900 Riibsaamen published an illustrated

note on similar tubercles found on the pileus of a Polyporus.
Each tubercle was subcylindrical, 5 to 8 mm. high, provided
at its apex with a large crateriform opening margined by
a deep black zone. The internal cavity was a tube 7 to 10 mm.
long, with walls of a firmer consistency than the tissue of
the normal fungus. His figure depicts these galls grouped
together on the margin of the fungus adjacent to the
hymenial surface.

In 1903 Thom recorded in the Botanical Gazette, Chicago,
that Omphalia canipanella Batsch is sometimes deformed by
the larva of a fly. Dr. Ross* has recently figured the
hymenial surface of Pomes applanatus, bearing cylindrical
tubercles 8 by 4 mm.

^ Mr. C. G. Lloyd, the well-known American mycolo-
gist, published in his Mycological Notes, April, 1911, the
following note : “ While collecting at Albany I noted a
Myxomycete with curious chimney-like tubes, that on
examination proved to be the home of some insect — some
sort of ‘fly,’ I judge. The Myxomycete is Eiiteridium

(Cecidien) Mittel und Nordeuropas,” 1911,

62

BRITISH GALLS

rozeanum (of Lister), or Entevidium splendens (of MacBride),
but what the ‘fly ’ is I do not know. The ways of Nature
are most curious. Here we have a fly that probably lays
its eggs only on this particular species of Myxomycetes,
and it is a plant that I have noted very rarely in the woods.
The common Lycogala epidendmm, which is a very similar
plant, was developed in abundance by the side of this
Entevidium, and not a specimen was affected. A mycologist
might confuse these two plants, but the fly knew them
apart. While it may be a well-known phenomenon to
the entomologists who study such things, these ‘ fly ’ cases
in Myxomycetes seemed very strange to me.'*

Lloyd’s note is of special interest to me, because some
two or three years ago I found near Haslemere a Myxo-
mycete with similar tubes projecting from its surface.
From a cursory inspection of the specimen in the field I
thought it was a Lycogala. I noted that the tubes, which
I judged to be the cocoons of some dipterous insects, were
all empty; each had a small circular hole at the apex.
Unfortunately, my specimen was lost before its specific
identity was ascertained. It is highly probable that it was
an Entevidmm and not a Lycogala, and that Entevidium
is everywhere infested by a Dipteron which is at present
unknown.

The necessity for careful investigation of the contents of
galls is emphasized by another note in the same number of
Lloyd’s Mycological Notes. He points out that a fleshy
growth on branches of the Southern Cypress {Taxodium
distichum) has been described by mycologists as Mevulius
cupvessi, Cypliella cupvessi, and Canthavellus cupressi. Though
Berkeley long ago said it was an insect production, Saccardo
placed it amongst the fungi. Lloyd received living specimens
from North Carolina, and remarks: “It did not take me long
to decide that Berkeley was right, and that it is an insect gall,
for the cellular structure is quite different from that we find
in fungi, and in addition I found on the inside of each
specimen a little orange grub. I sent specimens to IMr.

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

63

Mel. T. Cooke, who makes a special study of the galls,
and he advises me as follows : ‘ There is but one species of
gall reported on Taxodium disiichum^ and I have specimens
of that species. It is entirely different from the one you
send me. The gall which you send is of insect origin
without doubt, and apparently belongs to the genus
Cecidomyia.’ ”

One of the commonest of British galls is caused by the
presence of the larvae of Pervisia uhnariae on the leaves of
the Meadow Sweet. Wherever this plant occurs— it ranges
throughout the British Isles and Europe — the observer will
find the galls in abundance during the summer. The fly
attacks the leaf in late spring, and the galls appear soon
after as small, glabrous, light green, umbonate pustules on
the upper surface, with whitish projections on the lower
one. They are usually situated on the midrib or the larger
lateral veins, and are often densely gregarious, causing the
leaf to pucker, but not otherwise producing very marked
distortion. Over 200 galls have been counted on one leaf.
Later, the gall assumes a reddish-brown or pinkish tint
on the upper surface, the lower remaining greenish-white.
The umbo vanishes from the upper part, and the lower
assumes the form of an elongated cone covered with a felt
of whitish hairs. The cavity is somewhat triangular. The
larva is yellowish-orange. It pupates in the point of the
cone. A circular separating line is formed in the tissue, to
^able the cap to come away easily when the fly emerges,
rhis is easily demonstrated ; by seizing the point of the cone
with forceps it comes away quickly, and always in exactly
t e same way. The larva frequently bears an external
pamsite, a minute, active, hyaline, worm-like creature.

Pevnsia ulmaviae also attacks Spiraea filipendula. It is

eworthy that the galls on this plant differ very markedly
rom those on 5. uhnariae ; the truncated cone opens on to
16 upper surface of the leaf, the pustule being on the

insert ^ ^ >^ule the galls caused by any species of

on closely allied plants present very slight differences

64 BRITISH GALLS

in shape and position ; we may recall the bean-shaped galls
caused by the hymenopteron Pontania peduncuh on Sahx
capraea and S. cinerea. It is possible that Perrisia ulmanae
attacks the Dropwort, piercing the upper surface of the
leaf, and that another species, indistinguishable to all
appkrances from it, attacks the Meadow Sweet, each
insect keeping to its particular plant. Allusion has already
been made to the highly interesting fact that ten species
of gall-gnats which attack Salix humilis m America are
practically indistinguishable the one from the other, though
each causes a distinctive gall. It may be suggeste , t ere

fore, that Perrisia uhmriae of the Dropwort deserves specific
rank under the name of Perrisia filipendulae.

The Germander Speedwell has a stem “d Ae

t;nrface of the leaves is covered with short white

f"

very like a bunch of white hairs (Plate VIIL, Lig. i).

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

65

is one of the few felt-like galls caused by the presence of
dipterous larvae; the majority arise from the attacks of
mites, and the felt often appears on the surface of a leaf
which is normally quite smooth.

The galls of Perrisia vevonicae occur throughout the summer
and autumn. The pouch in large specimens may be
^ inch in diameter ; the larvae are gregarious, usually seven
or eight together in a gall. They are of a gorgeous orange
hue, which deepens as they approach maturity. The pupae
may be found in August, but larvae are present in some
galls as late as the end of September. The gall laid open
is a most attractive object to view with a binocular micro-
scope, using a 2-inch objective and transmitted light. The
lower margins of the two leaves forming the pouch are
joined together ; the upper are closely adpressed only.
Sometimes the felting extends to the base and petiole of the
second pair of leaves. The apex of all attacked leaves
remains normal. A similar gall occurs on the Ground
Ivy, caused by Pevvisia glechomae. ' Pervisia vevonicae occurs
throughout Europe and the British Isles. On the Continent
it attacks Veronica ojfficiualis and V. inontana^ causing similar
galls, but I am not aware that they have been observed on
these plants in Britain.

The greenish gall induced by Pervisia urticae on the
Common Nettle affords another instance of hypertrophy of
hairs on the galled parts of a plant. Its European range
equals that of the preceding. It is unilocular, containing
but a single cavity, and multilarval, the cavity containing
two or more larvae. Seldom solitary, these galls usually
occur on the lower part of the leaf, with an elongated
opening on the upper surface ; but they appear occasionally
on the stem and flower stalks, and are often tinted violet.

The white larvae leave the gall in autumn, and pupate in
the earth.

The margins of the pinnules of the Common Bracken
are often rolled inwards and greatly hypertrophied

(Plate XVIII.) consequent upon the attack of Pervisia
5

66

BRITISH GALLS

filicina. The roll is cigar-shaped and shining black at
maturity ; it contains a single pale orange-yellow larva,
which pupates in the earth. This gall has a wide range
in Europe and the British Isles. An allied species, Pernsia
ptevidicola Kieffer, causes a similar gall on Bracken in
Germany and Central Europe, but has not as yet been
observed in this country. The hypertrophy is feebler; the
larvae are gregarious and colourless.

The larvae of Pernsia terminalis, perhaps better known to
English dipterists under the name of Dasyneura terminalis ^
cause swollen brown galls in the apices of the shoots of the
White Willow and the Crack Willow (Plate VIII., Fig. 4).
As many as thirty of the reddish larvae may be found in a
single gall, which is formed by the rolling together of the
terminal leaves, which also become thickened and brown.
The larvae pupate either in the gall or in the earth.
Fig, 6 gives a magnified view of a pupa from the gall
shown above it, and Fig. 5 the elegant little fly, highly
magnified, the expanded wings of the insect measuring only
inch from tip to tip. This gall is frequent wherever
Salix fragilis occurs. The illustrations are from specimens
I gathered in a garden in Gower Street, London, in July,
1910.

Perrisia marginem-torquens causes the margins of the leaves
of the Osier and other Willows to become more or less
tightly rolled inwards. The roll often extends the entire
length of the leaf, and consists of an aggregation of little
yellow or reddish pockets, each about 3 mm. long, and each
containing a single larva. The gall of P. Inchhaldiana is
similar, but is bent like a bow and smaller at each end.
Though usually gregarious, these galls are rarely coalescent,
and the margin is never continuously rolled.

Other well-known galls on Willows are caused by gall-
gnats of the genus Rhabdophaga. R. saliciperda causes
hypertrophy of woody tissue on branches up to 4 inches in
diameter. When numerous, as they often are, these galls
collectively form an elongated spindle-shaped (fusiform)

r/.ATK r/j

<.AU,S CAI SK,, „V TMK I.AKV.K „F K..IFS ON (iKKMANOEK SFEKOWKLi., W„.,,ow

I IME AM) OAK

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

67

swelling. The bark ultimately falls away, exposing the
little holes which had been occupied by the larvae. They
must not be confused with the galls caused by R. salicis,
which are pronounced fusiform or rounded swellings, usually
on one-year twigs (Plate IX., Fig. 10) of various Willows ;
the larvae bore into the pith (Fig. ii). There are excellent
illustrations of them in Connold’s “Vegetable Galls,”
Plates XXVI., XXVII., XXVIII.; unfortunately, XXVI.
and XXVII. are erroneously attributed to R. saliciperda.

The familiar rosette galls, consisting of bunches of leaves
at the apex of shoots of many Willows, are caused by
Rhahdophaga rosaria. Another rosette gall of Willows is
caused by R. heterohia ; it may be known from the preceding

Fig. 14 — Stem of Yellow Bedstraw with Galls caused by the
PRESENCE OF THE LaRVAE OF PcYVisio, galii. {l j2.)

Fig. 15— Section of a Gall, (i/i.)

by the white pubescence on the leaves. This gnat also
attacks the male catkins of 5. triandra, causing the filaments
of the stamens and the scales to become thickened and
covered with a white woolly pilosity. Theobald observes
that the Willow flies live only twenty-four hours, and are
attacked by several parasites.

The attacks of Pevrisia gahi cause large hypertrophies on
the flower stalks and terminal part of the stem of the
bellow or Ladies Bedstraw. Sometimes the diameter of a
gall is ten or twelve times that of the stem on which it is
produced. Each gall may contain but a single cell ; usually
three or four are present. The larvae are orange-yellow,

68

BRITISH GALLS

and pupate in the earth. The Yellow Bedstraw occurs
throughout Britain, but Perrisia galii is by no means widely
distributed, apparently occurring chiefly in the south and
east. It attacks various species of Bedstraw on the Con-
tinent, but I am not acquainted with British records.

The inflorescence and the young shoots of the Common
Lime are frequently attacked by Contarinia tiliamm. The
gall takes the form of an elongated or rounded tumour,
sometimes lo mm. in diameter, green at first, becoming
reddish (Plate VIII., Fig. 7). It contains numerous larvae
of a sulphur-yellow hue (see magnified section. Fig. 8).
Other members of the genus attack various plants. There
are fifteen recorded British species of gall-causing Contarinia,
exactly one-quarter of the number known in Europe.

A much higher percentage of the members of the genus
Oligotrophus are gall-causers in this country. Houard
records nineteen Continental species. Eleven occur in
Britain, causing galls of very attractive appearance and of
great interest. Perhaps the commonest of all is the
hypertrophied bud of the Yew, resulting from the presence
of the orange-coloured larvae of Oligotrophus taxi. The gall
consists of a mass of adpressed leaves surrounding a whitish,
fleshy central part. It is usually terminal. Late in May
many of the galls contain pupae ; these are orange-
coloured at first, but gradually become darker. The leaves
are then erect and nearly straight. Early in June the fly
emerges. (It is an orange-coloured creature, 5 mm.
long, and not more than 9 mm. in expanse of wing.)
The apical leaves then curve and twist, so perceptibly
altering the appearance of the gall that it is then quite
easy to distinguish those containing pupae from the empty
ones. It is doubtful if this change is always delayed until
the fly has emerged, for I have found flies crushed between
the leaves at the mouth of the gall. They are so minute
and delicate that it is not to be marvelled at that many
meet an untimely death in their compulsory journey to the
outer world through this dangerous channel of moving leaves.

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

69

The cylindrical hairy outgrowths so frequently seen, in
shady situations, on the upper surface of leaves of the
Ground Ivy arise from the presence of the lar\ ae of
Oligotrophus bursarius. The eggs are deposited in spring.
The gall is green at first, becoming reddish or purple at
maturity. It is about 4 bigh, and contains a single

larva. The interior is smooth, but the aperture is sur-
rounded with hairs. These galls are usually gregarious,
falling away after the larvae have left them to pupate in
the earth, and leaving circular holes in the leaf. The
gall is sparsely covered with hairs.

OF THE Larvae of Oligotrophus bursarius. (i/i.)

Fig. 17 Ground-Ivy Leaf after the Galls have fallen

AWAY. (l/l.)

Fig. i8— Section of a Gall. (5/1.)

The Dogwood is not attacked by many gall-causing
parasites. On the Continent, an Aphis, three mites, and
the dipteron Oligotrophus corni attack the leaves, and the
Neuropteron Lestes viridis Van der Lind causes little swell-
ings on the stem. The galls caused by these parasites
are obscure and of local distribution, excepting that of
Oligotrophus corni, which occurs throughout Europe, and is
the only insect which causes galls on the Dogwood in
this country. Its galls are large and very distinctive
(Plate IX., Fig. 7). They take the form of a truncated
cone, divided into two or three lobes at the apex, which is

70

BRITISH GALLS

on the inferior side of the leaf. They are pale green at
first (Fig. 6), becoming reddish-brown or purple at maturity.
Each gall contains an orange-coloured larva, which pupates
in it (Fig. 8, section; Fig. g, pupa) or in the earth. It is
sometimes plurilocular, containing numerous cells. It is
not common in Britain, but has been recorded from several
counties.

The little hairy tubular galls on the upper surface of
Beech leaves are caused by Oligotrophus annulipes (Plate IX.,
Fig. 5, magnified). Like numerous other galls, those of
0. annulipes are extraordinarily abundant in certain years,
and uncommon or rare in others. In the autumn of 1906
they were very numerous in the Haslemere district, also in
the Beech woods adjoining Heyshott Down, and elsewhere
on the South Downs.

In 1910 they were so scarce that we experienced some
difficulty in finding any for exhibition at the Haslemere
Museum, and they were almost equally scarce in 1911.
This gall stands up on the leaf like a little tube, about
5 mm. high and 2 mm. in diameter (Plate IX., Fig. i),
usually on or close to the midrib. It is yellowish-green,
with irregularly tuberculated surface at the apex, and is
covered with greenish or purplish-brown hairs. Its position
is indicated on the lower surface of the leaf by a slight
circular elevation (Fig. 2) with a reddish or purplish tint
in the centre. A magnified section is shown in Fig. 4.
The interior is rough and fibrous, and contains a white
larva. The gall falls away at maturity, leaving a circular
scar on the leaf. The larva pupates in the earth. The
best time to find these galls is in October, when the leaves
are falling. Leaves bearing them will be quickly recognized
by the conspicuous patch of green surrounding the galls
when the remainder of the leaf is brown (Fig. 3). The oasis
is usually margined with yellow.

The galls caused by Mikiola fagi occupy a somewhat
similar position on Beech leaves, but are easily known by
their more ovoid form, larger dimensions — 8 to 10 mm. high,

n.ATE IX

DM'l'ICKOL'S (,A1 I S ON IIKI'XII, '.VILl.OW AM) DOOWOOT)

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES 71

5 mm. in diameter — absence of hairs, and the thick and very
hard walls. They are of rare occurrence in Britain. On the
inferior surface of the leaf there is a circular pustule
surrounded with a fringe of hairs. These galls have been
detected on fossil leaves of Fagus pliocenica Saporta.

Plate XXX. depicts galls on leaves of the Mealy Guelder
Rose, caused by the presence of the larvae of Oligotrophus
Solmsii. The pustules are lenticular, more or less thickly
scattered over the leaf (never truly coalescent), and are
about 5 mm. in diameter. Green at first, they soon become
red, and are dark purple at maturity. The gall shows on
the lower surface of the leaf as a thin circular whitish disc
covered with minute hairs (see the lowest leaves in the
illustration). Each gall contains a yellowish larva, which
pupates in the earth. It is rare in Britain; its first record
dates from June 12, 1904, when I found it on the Downs
near Maidstone. Miss Spittal informs me that it was very
plentiful about Winchester in the summer of 1911.

An equally rare gall is caused by Oligotrophus Leemei on
leaves of the Wych Elm (Plate XXIII.). It occurred in
great abundance in the large wood above Weston-super-
Mare in June, 1910. Usually the midrib and the larger
lateral veins bear the galls, but the petiole is occasionally
involved, becoming greatly hypertrophied. Not infrequently
the leaf is pressed backwards against the twig from which
it grows. Much distortion results when young and unfolding
leaves are attacked (Plate XXIII,. c). On the lateral veins
the gall usually consists of a rounded yellowish swelling
below, with the aperture above (at b is shown the upper
surface of a leaf studded with little pin-like holes, which are
the orifices from which the larvae have emerged). When
the midrib is attacked, the openings are for the most part
on the under surface of the leaf, and are lateral (c). The gall
is very hard. The larval chambers may be easily made
out with a pocket-lens ; each contains an active yellowish
larva. On June 26 I noticed that many larvae had left
to pupate,, and that the empty galls could be easily recog-

72

BRITISH GALLS

nized by the brown tint around the orifice. The change
of colour is perceptible within a few hours of the departure
of the larva. Connold received these galls from Worksop
in 1909, the first British record; his photograph is here
reproduced.

The galls caused by Rhopalomyia millefolii on the Common
Milfoil are probably not so uncommon as was at one time
supposed. They are usually situated at the top of the root
on a level with the earth, a position which makes them very
inconspicuous (Plate XXXI.) ; sometimes the leaves are
attacked, and even the flowers. They are usually coales-
cent when growing at the base of the stem. This gall is an
elegant structure about the size and shape of a hemp-seed,
green at first, becoming reddish-purple, and finally black.
The opening is stellate, with four or five lobes ; the interior
contains a single yellow larva. To breed the flies, old galls
should be obtained in May, and kept in test-tubes or glass-
topped boxes.

Galls caused by Cystiphova soncJii on the radical leaves of the
Common Sow Thistle are shown in Plate XXXII. Sonchus
arvensis is of wide distribution in Britain, but its gall is rare,
being recorded only from the south of England. The
pustules are evident on both surfaces of the leaf, but less so
on the lower one. They are purple above, greenish below,
and average about 4 mm. in diameter. Usually each gall
contains a white larva, but Connold describes it as contain-
ing two. The right-hand figure in the plate is the lower
surface of a leaf with numerous galls ; some of them show
plainly the orifice from which the insect has emerged.

Two species of Macrodiplosis attack Oak leaves, causing
localized folding of the margin. The galls are very different,
though not infrequently confused. They appear in June.
Those depicted on Plate VIII., Figs. 9 and 10, are caused by
M. dryobia. Some of the lobes are folded downwards until
they touch the inferior surface ; between the folds one to six
whitish larvae may be found. The surface above the fold is
tinted red ; thus, the gall is easily recognizable (Fig. 10).

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

73

The outer surface of the folded lobe is spotted with white
and red.

The gall caused by Macrodiplosis volvens consists of the
folding upwards of that part of the margin which lies
between two adjacent segments. The fold is never so
broad as that of M. dryobia, and there is no marked dis-
coloration. There are one to four pale orange larvae under
each fold. The photographs in Connold’s “ Oak Galls,”
Plate LXIII., and “ Plant Galls,” Fig. 200, depict the galls
of M. volvens, not M. dryobia, as therein stated.

The galls so far alluded to in this chapter are caused by
flies belonging to the family Cecidomyidae. The other family
of British Diptera which contains gall - causers is the
Muscidae, to which allusion must now be made. These flies
have the bristles of the antennae feathered. The species are
generally large and robust (house-flies and blow-flies are
typical examples), and gall-causers are comparatively few.
In the Cecidomyidae we have twenty-seven genera of gall
causers, in the Muscidae only thirteen.

The majority of Muscid gall-causers infest plants belong-
ing to the family Compositae. The genus Tephritis is perhaps
the most extensive. Various species attack the flower head
(capitulum), causing it to swell and remain unopened — e.g.,

T. conura attacks the inflorescence of the Melancholy Thistle,
and T. eluta causes the capitulum of the Black Knapweed to
become hardened. For other species reference should be
made to the catalogue.

Urophora is another well-known genus. The larvae of

U. cardui cause a very pronounced rounded or fusiform
swelling on the stem (usually near the apex) of the Creeping
Thistle. It is hard, glossy, green or brownish, often attain-
ing the size of a walnut. The larval cells are numerous, each
containing a single occupant. If these galls are gathered in
autumn and kept till the following June, there will be no
difficulty in breeding the pretty little flies.

Tvypeta bardanae attacks the Common Burdock, causing
the seed-capsules to become swollen and deformed. Chlorops

74

BRITISH GALLS

taeniopus and Oscinis frit are very destructive to cereals.
Myopites inulae and M. Frauenfeldi cause the receptacle of
the Fleabane and the Golden Samphire to become swollen
and almost woody. As the galls are identical, and Mr.
Collin says the flies have never been well differentiated, they
are possibly forms of the same species.

Economic Notes

There are many destructive pests amongst the gall-
causing Diptera. One of the worst offenders is the Hessian
Fly, Mayetiola destructor Say, which causes swelling of the
base of the haulm and sharp bending of the stem (just above
the part containing the larva) of wheat, barley, and rye. It
was first noted as a British insect by Miss Ormerod. A
long account of it is given in her “ Manual of Injurious
Insects,” and it also forms the subject of leaflet No. 125
issued by the Board of Agriculture. It was prevalent in
this country in 1886 and 1887, t)ut, though still occasionally
met with, it has not caused any serious damage since. It
is said to infest Timothy Grass and Couch Grass in Russia.

The larvae of Asphondylia pimpinellae F. Low cause the
flower stalks and the seeds of the Common Parsnip to be-
come swollen.

A. Muller, in 1870, recorded in the seventh volume of the
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine the occurrence of galls
caused by Asphondylia dorycni F. Low on Dorycnium suffru-
ticosum Vill. {pentaphyllum Scop.). They were about 6 mm.
long and 3 mm. in diameter, were situated at the junction
of the lateral branches, and were covered with long white
unicellular hairs. The larvae pupated in the galls.

Westwood recorded, in 1885, the presence of galls on the
roots of orchids (Dendrobium sp.). They were situated on
the radicle, and attained the size of a wheat grain, which
they also resembled in shape. The ovoid cavity contained
an orange-yellow larva. This Cecid was not determined.
On the Continent Cccidomyia cattleyae Moll, causes galls of

75

GALLS CAUSED BY FLIES

pea-like form on the aerial roots of various species of Cattleya,
doing much damage; and Cecidomyia rhododendri causes
bud-like growths on the twigs of various species of Rhodo-
dendron.

The Cabbage ; root fly, PhovUa hmssicae, is not only a
Cabbage pest, but often does considerable mischief in turnip
plots, causing swellings which resemble somewhat those of
the Turnip gall weevil. Full particulars concerning its
life-history, etc., are given in Theobald’s second report,

“ Economic Zoology,” p. 68. It also attacks the Shep-
herd’s Purse, Charlock, Jack-by-the-Hedge, Wall Mustard,
and the Stock, but I am not aware that it causes galls to
arise on these plants.

Certain members of the genus Diplosis are well-known
pests. D.flava and D. tritici attack wheat ; the larvae of the
former give rise to rosettes of leaves on the haulm ; those of
the latter induce swelling of the glumes and flowers. Diplosis
pyrivora, the Pear Midge, not infrequently causes serious
losses in Pear orchards. It attacks the blossoms, and de-
posits its eggs with the long egg-laying tube. The eggs
hatch in from four to six days. About a fortnight later the
fruit begins to swell abnormally, and is gradually hollowed
out by the larvae, which, in common with other members of
the genus, have the power of leaping. (See Board of Agri-
culture leaflet. No. 53.)

The “ Ribbon-footed corn-fly,” Chlovops taeniopus Miegen,
causes the malformation known as “ gout ” in the haulm of
Wheat, Rye, and Barley, most frequently on Barley. “ The
attack takes its common name of ‘ gout ’ from the swollen
state of the heads when the ear is unable to burst the
sheaths. Whilst the plant is still young, and the forming
ear is wrapped in the sheathing leaves, the fly places her
eggs either within these leaves or so that the maggot can
make its way through them to the ear ; there it usually
eats away some parts of the lower portion of the ear, and
then gnaws, or rather tears, a channel down one side of the
stem to the uppermost knot, and beneath the leaves the

76

BRITISH GALLS

maggot changes to a reddish chrysalis, from which the gout-
fly appears about harvest-time.”*

The frit-fly, Oscinis frit Linn, (vastator Curtis), does much
mischief to cereals and pasture grasses in Europe and
America. The larva eats into the heart of young plants ;
the new shoots become swollen and distorted, the malforma-
tions resembling those induced by eelworms. The gall-gnats
of Willows and Osiers above alluded to not infrequently
occur to an injurious extent. The Board of Agriculture has
issued a leaflet (No. 165) concerning them.

Though Loudon, Selby, and others, held the opinion that
the Yew seldom suffers from the attacks of insects, there are
numerous recorded instances of damage resulting from the
attacks of Oligotrophis taxi^ — e.g., Dr. Lowe observed trees
at Binder, near Wells, that were much infested “ on their
upper branches, which were stunted and unhealthy-looking,
while the lower branches, which were almost free from galls,
were well grown and vigorous.” These galls are more abun-
dant in the southern counties than in the northern, and are
said to be unknown in Scotland.

* Eleanor Ormerod, “ Manual of Injurious Insects ” (second
edition), p. 76.

CHAPTER VI

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE (HOMOPTERA)

The order Hemiptera comprises insects provided with
a mouth specially adapted for piercing the tissues and
sucking the sap from the plants on which they feed. It
contains two suborders, Heteroptera and Homoptera. In
the insects classed under the former the anterior wings are
of unequal consistency, and the front of the head does not
touch the coxae ; in those of the latter the anterior wings
are homogeneous, and the front of the head and the coxae
are in contact. With the Heteroptera we are not concerned ;
two representatives of the family Tingidae — viz., Copium
clavicorne Linn, and C. tencrii Host. — deform the flowers of
Teucriuni chamaedyys and T. montanum on the Continent, but
I am not aware of their occurrence in Britain. Three
families of the Homoptera contain gall-causing insects — the
AphidaCj or “green-fly”; the Psyllidae (springing plant-lice
or leaf-fleas) ; and the Coccidae (scale insects and mealy-
bugs).

The majority of homopterous gall-causers are Aphidae.
Most people are acquainted with them under the names of
“blight” and “green-fly.” These insects are remarkable
for the enormous production of young by parthenogenetic
females, and the rapidity with which the young themselves
attain the same function ; within a summer the progeny of
a single individual is almost innumerable. Huxley calcu-
lated that the produce of a single Aphis would, if all the
individuals survived, in the course of only ten generations
“contain more ponderable substance than five hundred

77

78

BRITISH GALLS

millions of stout men — that is, more than the whole popula-
tion of China.” It is generally held that Huxley’s estimate
was below the mark ! Luckily, they have numerous enemies
which keep them well in check, but many species are often
serious pests in gardens. The generation with which
gardeners are mostly familiar is the parthenogenetic young
produced by wingless females hatched from eggs laid in the
previous autumn. The production of living young by
females without male intervention may go on for several
generations. Later in the year, coincident with decreased
food-supply and lowering of the temperature, sexual insects
are produced, and the females deposit fertilized eggs, which
yield wingless females in spring. These apterous viviparous
females are often termed “ mother queens ” ; they are also
spoken of as “ fundatrices.” In the classified catalogue of
galls at the end of this book the expression “ Aphis ” refers to
the apterous viviparous female. Metamorphosis often takes
place amongst the parthenogenetic generations, and the
habits are very varied. It is the rule, however, that winged
forms appear when food is scarce, and wingless females are
usually the sexually perfect ones. Many Aphides produce
enormous quantities of a sweet sticky substance known as
“ honey-dew,” which is emitted through two tubes or
“ cornicles ” situated on the back. Kirby and Spence
remarked : “You have doubtless observed what is called
the honey-dew upon the Maple and other trees, concerning
which the learned Roman naturalist Pliny gravely hesitates
whether he shall call it the sweat of the heavens, the saliva
of the stars, or a liquid produced by the purgation of the
air. Perhaps you may be aware that it is a secretion of
Aphides, whose excrement has the privilege of emulating
sugar and honey in sweetness and purity. ... It issues in
liquid drops from the abdomen of these insects, not only by
the ordinary passage, but also by two setiform tubes placed
one on each side just above it.”

Probably the best-known of all aphid galls are those
caused by species of Chernies on the Common Spruce Fir.

79

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE

They resemble immature cones in size and shape, and are
often alluded to as “ Pineapple ” galls. It has been dis-
covered within recent years that several insects were at one
time comprised under the name of Chernies abietis, and even
now there is much that is obscure concerning their life-
history.

In the true Chernies abietis the life-cycle is confined to the
alternation of two parthenogenetic generations on the Spruce.
The larva hatched from an egg in autumn pierces a bud or
its vicinity with its long proboscis, and thus firmly anchors
itself for the long winter sleep. These larvae, or fundatvices,
as they are often termed, may be easily found in winter
by carefully examining the base of the shoots with a good
pocket-lens. They are a dirty-yellow colour. In spring,
about April — but the time depends upon meteorological con-
ditions— without moving its position, the Fundatrix begins to
suck, and attains maturity in about a month. It undergoes
three moults, one every ten days or thereabouts. As soon
as it begins to suck, and not before, precocious growth
arises in the cells in the neighbourhood of the cambium, at
the point where the apex of the deeply buried proboscis lies,
and spreads rapidly outwards. In the early stage there is
little or no external evidence of altered growth, but a section
cut through the bud will at once reveal it : the affected part
looks bleached. Later the needles become swollen at the
base. Being closely crowded they quickly begin to press
upon one another, and four grooves result at the base of
each needle. As elongation proceeds, the needles separate
slightly, leaving a space above each. These spaces are
afterwards occupied by the larvae. At this stage the gall
is easily seen with unaided vision. In the meantime the
Aphis has been steadily sucking and waxing fat, at the same
time secreting much white, waxy, wool-like matter which
covers her up, yet makes her presence more apparent. She
has undergone her three moults (ecdyses) and arrived at
maturity. It is now about the second week in May, and
she commences to lay her eggs, continuing to do so through-

8o

BRITISH GALLS

out the month, and perhaps well on into June. A mass of
at least loo light yellow eggs may be found beside her,
each firmly fastened to the twig by a hair-like stem.
Having fulfilled her destiny, the Fundatvix dies. The eggs
hatch at the time when the spaces are formed — a perfection
of adjustment which excites our deepest admiration — the
larvae immediately crawl up into them, and begin to suck.

The edges of the cavities are often ornamented with
purple or reddish hairs. They continue to swell until the

Fig. 19 — Pseudo-Cone on Shoot of Common Spruce caused by
THE presence OF Chemies abietis, showing Larvae upon the
Cone, (1/2.)

Fig. 20 — Section of a Gall, showing the Numerous Larval
Cavities. (1/2.)

margins meet and the larvae are completely enclosed within.
Each cavity contains many larvae — fifty or more. Buckton
remarked that even at a moderate computation a single
gall may contain 2,000 inhabitants. Within these
vegetable palaces the larvae undergo several moults and
pupate. At the end of July or early in August gall growth
ceases, and shrinkage of the margins of the cavities imme-
diately follows, leaving slits through which the pupae
escape. They crawl out upon the gall and the surrounding

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 8i

needles, and here undergo the fourth and last moult, casting
off the pupal skin, which is left attached to the needles.
The winged insects, or Alatae, are all non-migratory females
They are yellow, with black head and upper thorax, and
always have the third joint of the antennae distinctly shorter
than the fourth, an important point in diagnosis. These
winged females lay their eggs at the base of the buds, and
die. From these eggs arise the Fundatrices, and the life-
history as above set forth begins anew. Particulars as
regards the length of time the production of unisexual
generations may continue are wanting; there is evidence,
however, that it may extend over four years. At one time
it was thought there was no male, but Blochmann and others
have shown that this idea was erroneous.

More than twenty years have elapsed since Blochmann
announced the existence of a sexual generation in Chevmes.
Subsequently, Blochmann, Dreyfus, and Cholodkovsky, dis-
covered, independently, the periodic migration of one
generation from the Spruce to the Larch, and the return
of a later generation the following year to the Spruce.
Later, Cholodkovsky discovered the phenomenon known as
parallel series in connexion with the generation on the
larch. It has been investigated chiefly in this country by
Burdon. His valuable paper,* entitled “Some Critical
Observations on the European Species of the Genus
Chermes, is indispensable to all workers in this difficult
genus, as it contains tables of the results of Cholodkovsky’s
investigations.

Even the casual observer of the “ Pineapple ” galls on
the Spruce cannot fail to note that they present marked
itierences in size and colour, and that some open much
earlier than others. The largest of these galls is attributed
to Ch. vmdis, a species which is the “ double ” of Ch. abietis •

1 ° regarded as a variety of it. The Fundatrices

and the Alatae differ from tliose of Ch. abietis in the darker
CO our (some shade of green) and the green eggs. The

* Journ. Econ. Biol., 1908, vol. ii., No. 4.

6

82

BRITISH GALLS

Alatae migrate to the Larch in August, where they deposit
numerous dark green eggs ; the larvae from these are known
as Colonici. They are almost identical with the Fundatrices,
but are perhaps a little smaller and not so woolly. They
hibernate on the Larch stems, but cause no gall growth.
Their eggs are deposited in spring, and produce winged
insects styled Sexuparae. These are yellowish-green in all
stages of growth, and the adults are almost identical with
the Alatae, though much smaller (i to 5-5 mm. long), and
have very little wool. The Sexuparae fly back to the Spruce,
and lay about ten greenish-yellow eggs on the needles.
The yellowish, rather active larvae which hatch from these
eggs feed on the needles near to the dead body of the parent,
and may be found from May to August. The adults, termed
Sexuales, are of both sexes, and appear in August ; the males
are greenish - yellow, the females sulphur -yellow. Each
female deposits a single yellow egg at the base of a shoot.
From these eggs larval Fundatrices are hatched, and the
life-cycle of five generations — 'Fundatrix, Alatae, Colonici,
Sexuparae, and Sexuales — is again repeated.

Burdon failed to find sufficient difference in colour to
distinguish easily the green and yellow broods. I have
experienced the same difficulty in this. In the Alatae the
fourth joint of the antenna may be a little longer or even
shorter than the third, but they are, as a rule, about equal.
Specimens found by Burdon at Royston were, according to
Cholodkovsky’s diagnosis, Ch. viridis, but there are no
Larches there for the Alatae to migrate to ! These obscurities
emphasize the need for more workers in this particular
branch of cecidology.

Chernies strohilohius presents an even more bizarre life-
history. The Fundatrices are black in winter, and greenish
in spring. They may be at once recognized by their posi-
tion, being always seated on the spruce bud, never below it
(Plate X., Fig. i), by their long, straight hair in winter, and
long, white, twisted hair in spring. They almost invariably
attack buds on weak or damaged branches, and the resulting

rLA TK

srA(iK.s IN i-hp: i.iki! mistoky ok curkmks STR(jrii,oHius

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 83

gall is a small pale green thing, about the size of a pea, with
a whitish, waxy bloom (Fig. 2). It ripens very early, and
usually opens in the middle of June. The Alatae migrate
to the Larch, and deposit their eggs on the needles. The
resulting Colonici hibernate on the bark of the branches,
and deposit numerous greenish-brown eggs at the base of
the buds in spring. Fig. 3 shows a third-year Larch shoot
at the end of March, with Colonici and their eggs, and Fig. 4
presents an enlarged view of one with its eggs ; there is no
wool. The generation which hatches from these eggs in
May and June departs from the sequence observed in the
life-cycle of Ch. viridis, and, instead of winged Sexuparae only,
which migrate to the Spruce, we find that the generation
usually splits into two parallel series — wingless insects known
as Exules and the winged Sexuparae. The larval stages of
both are spent on the Larch needles, which often bend at
right angles at the point attacked. Figs. 3 and 6 show
eggs of Exules and Sexuparae on bent Larch needles. The
afflicted needles are often slightly swollen at the affected
part (Fig. 5), and become yellow. The winged sexuparae
(Figs. 9, 10) fly back to the Spruce and deposit their eggs
on the needles. Fig. 7 depicts a Larch shoot with Colonici,
Exules, and winged Sexuparae, some of the latter starting
on their migration to the Spruce. The eggs are said to vary
in colour according to the sex, the yellowish-green ones pro-
ducing male, the reddish ones female, sexuales. The female
deposits her single egg on the shoot, and this egg yields the
Fundatrix. The wingless Exules remain on the Larch, and
ffreenish-brown eggs on the needles. There may be two
generations during the summer. Fig. 8 shows an Exule
with Its pupal skin on a Larch needle. With the approach
of winter they withdraw to the branches to hibernate, and
are then identical with the Colonici.

The double of Ch. strohilohius Kalt. is Ch. lapponicus Cholod.,
which in its life-cycle resembles Ch. abietis. The Fundatrices
are seated on ^le bud, never below it, and differ from those
ot Ch. strobilobms in the larger size, more copious excretion of

84

BRITISH GALLS

wool, and lighter colour. They become reddish towards
the end of egg-laying, and their eggs are dark green. I
cannot separate the Alatae from those of Ch. strobilobiiis.
They are so closely allied that we are, as Burdon remarks,
“ reduced to a sole difference in habit for distinction between
the two species. If the Alatae migrate, the species is Ch.
strobilobius ; if not, it is Ch. lapponicus.’’^

We have thus far considered four species, Ch. abietis and
its double C/(5. viridis, in which the Fundatrices are seated at
the base of the bud ; and Ch. lapponicus^ with its double
Ch. strobilobius^ in which the Fundatrices are seated on the
bud. There still remain Ch. orientalis Dreyfus and its
double Ch. sibiricus Cholod., in which the Fundatrices are
seated on the stem a little distance below the bud. Very
little is known respecting Ch. orientalis and Ch. sibiricus in
this country. Burdon observed the galls caused by one of
them on the Oriental Spruce (Picea orientalis) at Cambridge
in 1907, but failed to find the hibernating Fundatrix. My
experience at Haslemere in 1909 was very similar. I found
numerous galls on Picea sp. late in July, but as this gall
opens very early, May and the first fortnight in June, the
occupants had left. Curiously, I have since failed, after
most careful examination, to find any Fundatrices and new
galls on this tree.

Whether the six forms above alluded to are true species
or merely varieties remains to be proved. According to
Cholodkovsky, they are valid species ; but, as Burdon
suggests, possibly some of them may eventually be shown
to be nothing more than biologic forms.

Certain Aphidae of the genus Schizoneura give rise to some
very striking galls. Schizoneurs. ulini attacks Blm leaves.
The afflicted leaves curl downwards and inwards, forming
a scroll gall of a pale yellow colour. These galls are
not uncommon in summer and autumn in many districts.
There are seven generations in the life-cycle of this Aphis.
The wingless queen or Fundatrix is of variable colour.
She attacks the young leaf, causing it to blister and curl.

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 85

and within the roll her numerous progeny go through
their moults. The adults fly to other trees, and there
deposit their remarkable progeny. Buckton* observes:
“ These young are born in the form of yellow ova, and
might be almost mistaken for such, except from the existence
of two black eyes which are sufficiently perceptible. The
casting of a delicate membrane permits the disengagement
of the limbs and the rapid growth of a golden-yellow pilose
coat.” The fourth and fifth generations are active wingless
creatures, which live on the twigs and powder the leaves
with wool. The sixth generation are winged insects, which
differ from the early Alatae in their smaller size. They fre-
quent the bark, and there give rise to the seventh generation,
in which both sexes are present, the male being very
diminutive. The female lays a single egg, which produces
the hibernating Fundatrix.

The remarkable tumours or “ cankers ” not infrequently
seen on Apple trees are always associated with Myzoxyliis
laniger {Schizoneuva lanigera), the so-called “American blight.”
Descriptions of the insect and its life-history may be found
in Miss Ormerod’s “ Manual ” and other books on economic
zoology. The structure and origin of the canker has been
investigated by Dr. J. E. Blomfield. The deformities are
produced on the roots as well as the stems and branches.
The Aphidae do not attack the green terminal part of a twig,
but select a spot near to the old wood, where the formation
of a periderm is indicated by the reddish-brown tint. Great
activity of the cambial region immediately takes place, and
overgrowth results. The soft parenchymatous tissue splits
in dry weather, and fungi enter, causing necrosis and
ulceration, which the plant tries to heal by producing new
cambial tissue. If this continues long, tumours attaining
the size of a man’s fist may arise. A striking example of
the latter condition is shown in Plate XL, which depicts
part of the branch of an Apple tree bearing thirteen spherical
tumours, the smallest being about the size of a pea, the
• “British Aphides,” vol. iii., pp. 98, 99.

86

BRITISH GALLS

largest 2 inches in diameter. The branch which bears
these hypertrophies is only i foot in length and inch
in diameter. Blomfield does not think that mechanical
irritation initiates the hypertrophy of the cambial cells, and
leans to the view that it must be caused by a ferment from
the salivary gland of the insect. *

1 he galls arising from the presence of Tetraneura ulmi are
not infrequently found in association with those caused by
Schizoneura ulmi, described above. They are, however, quite
distinct. The gall of T. ulmi is a capsule which completely
encloses the Aphis and her progeny. It begins as a blister,
the edges of which rise upwards until they meet over the

Fig. 21 — Elm Leaf with Scroll Gall (a) caused by Schizoneura
ulmi\ AND Capsular Gall, {b) caused by Tetraneura ulmi. (1/2.)

insect. Buckton remarks that “ the leaves, viewed from the
under side, show oblong orifices or slits at the junction of
the peduncle. These ventilating slits are partially closed
by a dense fringe of jointed threads, which doubtless pre-
vents the entrance of many a prying parasite. The cells
were full of winged insects on the 20th of July.” Within this
pedunculated chamber the Aphis undergoes her four moults,
and produces her young. The latter are blackish at first,
becoming greenish after the first moult, and are provided
with a white woolly coat on the abdominal parts. A fairly

♦ Brzezinski asserts that Bacterium mali is the cause of these
tumours.

PLATE XI

PAKT OK A BRANCH FROM A CRAB-TRKE {PyruS Malus) BEARING NUMEROUS TUMOURS. AN APHIS ( MyzO.tyhiS ItXttiger) AliV> A FUNGUS

(Nectria ditissitna) OCCUR in connection with these cankers, anu it was thought that the batter caused them, it has

BEEN ASSERTED RECENTLY, HOWEVER, THAT A BACTERIUM (BactCvium Viall) INITIATES THESE OVERGROWTHS

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 87

large slit occurs at the base of the neck of the gall at the
time when the insects are ready to emerge. An Elm leaf
bearing the scroll gall {(i) of Schizoneuva ulini, also the
capsular gall (b) of Tetraneura nlmi, are shown on the pre-
ceding page.

Some very interesting galls are caused by Aphidae of the
genus Pemphigus on the leaves and petioles of our native
Poplars, also the Lombardy Poplar {Populus fastigiata).
Three of these galls are shown in Plate XII. ; all are in
connexion with the Black Poplar [Populus nigra), the tree
specially affected by these Aphides. Fig. 5 depicts the
scroll galls of Pemphigus affinis, showing the early and green
state at {d), and the later brilliantly tinted one at (e). The
pear-shaped galls of Pemphigus bursarius are shown at Fig. 6
growing from buds. Fig. 7 depicts the apterous viviparous
female, and Fig. 8 a pupa, both about five times the actual
size. These galls may occur also on the petioles and
leaves. On the former they are situated on the upper side
of the groove, and the insects emerge by a small slit at a
point remote from the petiole — that is, at the apex of the
gall. The petiole is also attacked by P. spirothecae, and a
very distinctive and curious spiral gall results. The edges
of the grooved petiole swell up and arch over ; at the same
time the petiole becomes spirally twisted. The swollen edges
meet, but do not fuse. When the limit of growth is reached,
they contract and separate, leaving a spiral slit through
which the insects emerge. Fig. g shows a petiole with the
gall of P. spirothecae, about half the actual size, and Fig. 10
a magnified representation of the apterous viviparous female.

We must now pass on to a consideration of some galls
caused by Psyllids. The Psyllidae, or springing plant-lice,
are minute insects with three ocelli and 8- to lo-jointed thin
antennae. They differ greatly in the early and adult stages,
the legs and antennae varying in length and in the number
of joints. There may be four or five moults. In the early
stages of some species — for example, Trioza rhamni — the body
has long, broad, and flat hairs, known as “ wax hairs,” which

88

BRITISH GALLS

change their form as growth progresses. A remarkable
feature of these insects is the enormous amount of secretion
from their bodies. In some it is solid, as in Psylla huxi,
where it forms a very long string attached to the body ; in
others it is downy or waxy ; and in not a few it takes the
form of “ honey dew,” which is always so attractive to ants
and wasps.

Psylla huxi attacks the apical shoots of the Box ; the leaves
become deformed and bent into a hemispherical gall resem-
bling a cabbage in miniature. Trioza rhanini causes shallow
depressions on the lower surface of Buckthorn leaves.

A well-known Psyllid gall is that caused hy Psyllop sis fraxini
on the leaves of the Common Ash. We found them in great
abundance in June, 1910, in the large wood above Weston-
super-Mare, and in the Ash plantations on the limestones in
other parts of Somerset. Usually only one-half of the leaf
is involved, generally towards the apex. The infected parts
assume a light yellow tint, and are traversed by swollen
reddish veins, presenting a pretty reticulated appearance.
In Plate XII., Fig. i (a) shows a gall in an early state, {h) a
mature gall, (c) an old and broken one. Figs. 2 to 4 show
the Psyllid in various stages of development.

The only insect gall that I am acquainted with on our
native Rushes is caused by the Psyllid Livia juncorum. It is
very distinctive. At maturity it resembles a tassel, and is
usually situated at the apex of the stem. It consists of a
variable number of stunted green blades springing from the
widened sheath of the shortened stem. The galls that are
in the blade are yellowish, but those which catch the sun-
light are beautifully tinted with red. They are not uncommon
on various species of Juncus on the margins of large ponds
in the southern counties — for instance, Frensham Pond,
in Surrey.

We now come to the last family of the British gall-caus-
ing Hornoptera — namely, the Coccidae. The minute insects
which comprise this family are popularly known as scale-
insects or mealy-bugs. All excrete matter which forms a

FLA T]'. XII

l•SVI.I.n) (JAM S ON ASH I.KAVKS, AND APHIS GAl.l.S ON I’OPI.AK’

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 89

scale in some species and a white powdery covering in
others. They are mite-like at first ; the female loses the
power of locomotion later. The generations are usually
similar ; viviparous reproduction and parthenogenesis is the
exception rather than the rule. The sexes are usually very
different ; the male is very minute. The Coccidae are very
remarkable in the great differences exhibited in the post-
embryonic development of the two sexes in the few forms in
which it has been at all closely studied.

“ When hatched from the egg the young Coccids are
all similar, male and female being indistinguishable. A
difference soon appears, with the result that the male, after
passing through more than one pupal condition, appears as
a winged insect. The female never becomes winged, but, if
we may judge from the incomplete accounts we at present
possess, her development varies much according to species.
In some she retains the legs, antennae, and mouth-organs ;
in others she loses these parts, though retaining the original
form in a general manner ; while in a third (Margarodes) she
becomes encysted, and apparently suffers an almost com-
plete histolysis, reappearing after a long period (it is said it
may be as much as seven years) in a considerably altered
form” (Sharp). In Australia certain Coccids cause enormous
galls on Eucalyptus, sometimes a foot in length. The galls
caused by British species are all obscure. Perhaps the best
known are the galls-pits in the bark of Oak twigs caused by
the presence of Astevodiaspis quercicola. Growth takes places
around the female, which remains fixed to one spot, causing
pits about 2 mm. wide and i mm. deep. They may be
found not uncommonly on scrub Oaks in summer.

Mytilaspis pomorum, a species of wide distribution in Europe,
is said to cause tufts of little abnormal branches on a slightly
swollen part of the stem of the Common Ling. Douglas
mentions, amongst other habitats for this insect in Britain,
“ stem of Heather (Calluna),” but does not allude to the gall.
It can scarcely be doubted, however, that M. pomorum does
give rise to these galls on Heather in Britain as well as on

90

BRITISH GALLS

the Continent ; the habits of any one species of insect are
the same everywhere, though it is possible, as the Rev.
E. N. Bloomfield has pointed out to me, that the insect may
cause a gall on an allied plant, and in some cases on various
plants, and the one it favours in Britain may be one on
which it is not found on the Continent. There are several
Continental records of homopterous galls on plants which
find a place only in the alien flora of this country. These
insects have been recorded as British, and it is possible they
may have been introduced on the plants in question; but
until we have certain evidence of their causing galls on
them in Britain, it is advisable to omit them from the cata-
logue of British gall-causing insects.

Experimental Galls

Peyritsch, experimenting with Aphidae in 1888, produced
modifications of the floral organs, chiefly swollen axis and
chloranthy, in species oiArahis. The same observer recorded
that Triozacevastii H. Low, a species not recorded as British,
caused a rounded gall consisting of numerous imbricated
leaves on the stem of Cerastium glomemtum.

Economic Notes

The order Homoptera includes some of the most trouble-
some of all pests. The rapidity of production, and the fact
that its members feed throughout life easily, explain why the
family Aphidat contains the worst offenders. Several are
well-known gall-causers, and the majority that have been
alluded to in this chapter often cause serious losses. Informa-
tion concerning these and many others may be obtained in
the leaflets issued by the Board of Agriculture, and in Miss
Ormerod’s “ Manual.” It may be mentioned here that a
simple method of destroying Aphidae is to spray affected
plants with a wash made of 10 pounds (or less) of soft soap
dissolved in 100 gallons of soft water ; the soap kills them by

GALLS INDUCED BY PLANT-LICE 91

blocking up the breathing pores. Six to eight pounds of
quassia chips are usually added to the mixture in the case
of honey-dew producing species.

Luckily for mankind, Aphidae are kept in check by an
enormous number of insects. The little spotted beetles
known as “ ladybirds ” and their larvae prey upon them,
also the voracious larvae of the hover and lacewing flies.
Various hymenopterous parasites of the family Chalcididae
deposit their eggs in the bodies of Aphides. Ants, how-
ever, value them for their products, and carefully guard
them. The passage of ants up and down the trunk of
a tree is a certain indication that Aphides are present.

CPIAPTER VII

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES (ACARI)

Mites and ticks are included in the order Acari. The
systematic position of this order is in the class
Arachnida, which also includes scorpions, spiders, and
harvest spiders. Mites and ticks are creatures of such
peculiar organization that they seem far removed from the
other members of the Arachnida, but they appear to bear
some affinities with the harvest spiders.

The order contains two groups, the typical mites and
ticks [Acarina) and the worm-like group {Vermiformia). Gall-
causers occur only in the latter group. In the Acarina the
larva has at first only three pairs of legs, it acquires
later the fourth pair ; eyes are usually present. In the
Vermiformia there are no eyes and no tracheae. In some
species the adult has four pairs of three-jointed legs,
but in the family which contains the gall-mites the
third and fourth pair of legs are missing ; the first and
second are placed on the forepart of the body, which is
long and furnished with bristles arranged more or less
symmetrically.

The Vermiform mites are very minute, and are often over-
looked in the absence of microscopic examination for them.
The species known as Eriophyes fraxini, which is responsible
for the curious fasciations of the flowers of the Common Ash,
is one of the pigmies of this pigmy race; it is quite invisible
to the unaided eye, and may be best seen by washing a gall
in a little water and examining a drop of the fluid under a
J-inch objective.

92

93

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES

Elites are rarely found in some galls with which they are
known to be associated, e.g,, the red, pimple-like galls on
Sycamore leaves, and the nail-liKe galls so frequently seen
on the leaves of the Lime. This may probably be explained
to some extent by their migratory habits. There is some-
times great similarity in size and shape betv^een certain galls
caused by flies and mites. They may be distinguished
easily, however, by macroscopic characters. Mite-galls
always have a hole leading into them ; those caused by gall-
gnats have no such opening, the larva being completely
enclosed.

The chief distinguishing feature of mite-galls is the felt of
abnormal hairs which, with but few exceptions, covers the
attacked part. These hairs arise from altered growth of the
flat epidermal cells, which are stimulated, probably by a
secretion from the mites, into outward growth. They assume
various forms — in some galls they are quite simple and
filiform, in others they are strongly clubbed at the apex, and
resemble a miniature agaric. The pubescence is usually
very dense, and the creatures are not easily distinguished,
being so very minute, amidst the mass of tangled hairs in
which they reside. They were quite overlooked by early
botanists, who gave various names to the galls without
being aware of the true cause of their production ; for
instance, the red pustules on the upper surface of Alder
leaves were designated Cephaloneon pustulatnm by Bremi.
Within recent years the mites which infest the hairs received
the name of Eriophyes laevis Nalepa. The flat and often
conspicuously coloured patches of pubescence on leaves were
supposed to be caused by fungi, and w^ere assigned to various
genera — e.g., Erineum and Phyllerium. We may instance the
rusty-brown patches so frequently seen on the under surface
of Alder leaves. Persoon christened them Erineum ahieum ;
about a century later Fockeu gave the name of Eriophyes
brevitarsus to the inhabitants of these miniature forests. The
study of gall-causing mites is difficult, because various other
mites associate with them, reaping a harvest where they

94

BRITISH GALLS

have not sown. The greatest living authority on the Vermi-
formia is Dr. Alfred Nalepa, the distinguished Viennese
zoologist. Notwithstanding his patient and long-continued
investigations, the field of research is so vast that practically
only a fragment of it has been explored.

There are about fifty species of British gall-causing mites ;
the great majority belong to the genus Eriophyes. Of the
species belonging to the four other British genera, Monochetus
sulcatus gives rise to pod-like galls on leaf buds of the Beech ;
Epityimertis trilohus causes the leaf margins of the Common
Elder to roll upwards, forming a pouch ; T arsonemus spirifex
is probably responsible for the looped swellings sometimes
seen on stems of the Mat Grass ; Phyllocoptes acericola causes
a slight swelling on the upper surface of Sycamore leaves,
the depression on the underside being clothed with hairs ; and
Phyllocoptes fraxini attacks Ash leaves. The margins become
tightly rolled towards the lower surface ; the interior of the
roll is lined with hairs.

We must now comment upon some galls caused by
species of Eriophyes,

E. similis commonly galls Blackthorn leaves ; the margin
of the leaf becomes more or less swollen (Plate XXL, Fig. i).
An individual gall is pimple-like, light green at first,
becoming red or brownish at maturity. The galls are usually
present in great numbers, becoming confluent, when they
considerably distort the leaves. They are abundant in June
and July.

Another common mite-gall occurs on Hawthorn leaves,
probably often escaping observation though its unattractive
appearance ; it is caused by Eriophyes goniothorax. Here,
again, the margin is the part usually attacked ; it becomes
involute and slightly thickened ; sometimes the incurvature
extends to the midrib. The affected part is always a lighter
tint than the rest of the leaf.

The radical leaves of the Great Knapweed are sometimes
infested with E. centaureae, causing pustules, which are
greenish at first (Plate XXL, Fig. 4), becoming violet-black

95

GALLS CAUSED LY MITES

at maturity. They are usually present in great numbers,
and project almost equally from both surfaces of the leaf.
The aperture is in the centre of a depression in the con-
vexity on the upper surface. I found these galls in great
abundance on Berry Head, Brixham, in June, 1909 > ^bout
the same time they were taken by the late Edward Connold
at Hastings. They are not common, and had not, to my
knowledge, been observed hitherto in Britain.

Yew buds are not infrequently attacked by Eriophyes
psilaspis. Affected ones become swollen (Plate XXL,
Fig. 9), attaining 8 mm. in diameter. They do not unfold,
are often tinted with yellow, and minutely granulated. The
mites are very numerous, and congregate between the scales.
This gall was first noticed in Britain in the spring of 1875,
when it occurred in great numbers in Yew hedges near
London. It is frequent on trees and bushes that have been
clipped.

Eriophyes viburni causes small red pustules (about 5 mm. in
diameter) to appear on the upper surface of the leaves of the
Mealy Guelder Rose (Plate XXL, Fig. 5). The pustules are
usually coalescent, often occurring in such numbers as almost
completely to cover the leaf, which, however, is never greatly
deformed. These galls are covered with tufts of short, stiff
hairs. The opening is on the lower surface, and is surrounded
by a felt of hairs ; the interior is lined with hairs, amidst
which the mites may be found in hundreds. Various aspects
of the gall under low magnification are shown in Plate XXL,
Figs. 6 and 7. The Mealy Guelder Rose is frequent in the
large wood on the hill to the north of Weston-super-Mare.
A careful examination in June, 1910, revealed only two bushes
afflicted with the mites. These were growing side by side,
and the majority of their leaves, excepting the young
ones, bore the characteristic galls in enormous numbers
(Plate XXL, Fig. 5) ; closely adjacent bushes were quite
free. The limitation of the mites to two bushes only, in a
large wood containing hundreds of these bushes, is of great
interest. The non-infection of the majority cannot be

96

BRITISH GALLS

explained by the theory of immunity. Mites lack wings, and,
being feeble creatures, probably depend entirely on chance
aid in dispersal. It is known that the Currant-bud mite
assumes an erect position and waits an opportunity for
“ getting a lift.” Does Eriophyes viburni adopt the same
tactics? Its present distribution in the wood alluded to
should be investigated by local cecidologists. The mite
Phyllocoptes ohlongus Nalepa is a commensal in this gall.

The bundles of small twiggy outgrowths not infrequently
seen on the branches of various trees are known as
“ witches’ brooms.” They are caused in most cases by
mites, but some are induced by parasitic fungi. They are
particularly numerous on the Common Birch, and are
most apparent in the leafless season, when they resemble
birds’-nests. Plate XX. shows a Birch bearing numerous
brooms caused by Eriophyes mdis. The majority of, if
not all, the brooms on Birches in the south of England
are caused by E. mdis, but it would appear that the
fungus Exoascus turgidus is responsible in Scotland for these
curious outgrowths. These galls exhibit the same dis-
continuous distribution as those of E, viburni ; perhaps but
one tree in a coppice bears them, whilst hundreds near by are
totally exempt. The beginning of a “ witch’s broom ” is a
swollen bud. The axis of the shoot is seen to be pubescent
in March, and yields mites in abundance late in the month
if the weather is mild. The buds on afflicted shoots are
shorter, more globose, and open earlier than normal ones.
The attraction of sap to the spot causes the development of
an enormous number of twigs, which grow from a core that
increases slowly year by year. Some of the very large
brooms occasionally seen on Birches must be of many years’
duration. Some that I have had under observation for the
past fourteen years at Haslemere are depicted in Plate XX.,
and are not very large. Mites are probably also responsible
for the development of the more or less rounded bosses,
usually from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, covered with buds,
that frequently occur on the stems of these trees. They are

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES

97

also said to be the cause of the dense masses of small twigs
which almost completely cover the trunks of some Beech
trees. A remarkable example is shown in Plate XIV. ;
the absence of twigs from the lower part of the trunk is
probably due to rubbing by cattle.

The Sycamore leaf on Plate XIII., Fig. i, is studded with
the galls of Eriophyes macrorrhynchus. They are very common
in June and July, often occurring in hundreds on a single
leaf. The average diameter is 2 mm., the height 3 mm. ;
the shape is shown in Fig. 2, which gives a magnified view
of two galls. Fig. 3 is a section of the same magnification,
showing that the hairs within are more abundant towards
the base. Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of the aperture of the
gall, with its armature of hairs; and Fig. 5 a magnified hair,
to show its unicellular character. Hairs are often present
at the base of the gall on the upper surface of the leaf; a gall
may occasionally be found on the lower surface. Mites
occur but rarely in galls filled with hairs ; hairs are always
present at the orifice, and probably afford some protection
to the inmates.

There is a splendid photograph of these growths in Con-
nold’s “ Vegetable Galls,” wherein they are ascribed to Phyl-
locoptes acericola, a mite which sometimes occurs in company
with E. macrorrhynchus. The characteristic gall of P. acericola^
however, is a very slight swelling on the upper surface of the
leaf, with the corresponding depression on the lower one
filled with a mass of swollen hairs. It is situated between
the larger veins. Fig. 15 is a magnified section through two
veins and the gall of P. acericola between them. Fig. 6
represents E. macrorrhynchus magnified 250 times. This mite
also gives rise to the well-known red pimples often occurring
in enormous numbers on Maple leaves. They appear in
the latter part of May as minute specks, when they are
noticeable only because of their light green tint; at maturity
they assume a beautiful reddish-purple tint (Plate XIII.,
Fig. 7). They are spherical and usually densely gregarious.
Fig. 8 shows three mature galls and a young one ; Fig. 9 is

98

BRITISH GALLS

a section through three galls and one of the larger veins ;
Fig. lo the orifices on the lower surface of the leaf
(Figs. 8 to 10 are magnified). There is another common gall
on Maple leaves caused by Eriophyes macrochelus. It is
abundantly distinct from the preceding in its larger size and
isolated habit (Figs, ii, 12, 13), and may also at once be dis-
tinguished by the pluricellular character of the hairs which
line its interior (Fig. 14). The galls of both species may
occur on one leaf, and leaves quite devoid of galls may often
be found adjacent to infected ones. Several species of
supposed Phyllerium have been observed on fossil Maple
leaves.

At least three species of Eriophyes frequent Alder leaves in
this country, causing familiar galls. In those resulting from
the presence of E. Nalepai the pustules are hemispherical,
about 3 mm. high, seated on the upper surface, always at
the junction of the lateral veins and midrib, and arranged
in pairs. They are glabrous, yellowish-green at first, be-
coming red or brown. Each pustule contains a cavity with
a wide opening on to the lower surface of the leaf. The
hairs are white or yellowish-brown ; when viewed under the
microscope they are seen to be of two kinds — one plural-
celled, blunt-pointed, and thick-walled, usually much dis-
torted and entangled ; the other unicellular, very short and
thick. The slight swellings on these leaves are caused by
Eriophyes brevitarsus. In the early stages of growth the
hairs lining the depressions on the lower surface are whitish ;
they become brown at maturity, and resemble, when viewed
with a pocket-lens, minute crystals of Demerara sugar.
Under the microscope the crystal-like bodies are seen to be
the enormously swollen heads of the hairs. In the inter-
stices between these growths the mites live in hundreds,
browsing upon the “ sugar ” so generously provided for
them by the plant. The busy colony is a most fascinating
object of contemplation. It is difficult to realize that the
remarkable alteration of epidermal cells, from their normally
flattened shape to these peculiar club-shaped bodies, is

rLATK XU I

(.Al.I.S CAUSKI) UY MITKS ON SNCAMORK AND MAl'I.lv l.KAVI'.s

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES

99

entirely due to the stimulus of the irritating presence of
these minute creatures. Yet it is so. Were the mites not
present upon the young leaves in spring, these hyper-
trophies would not arise. Not all the occupants are the
true causers. Epitremevus longitavsus is a commensal therein.
This felt-gall was quite misunderstood by the older botanists.
Persoon thought it was of fungoid origin, and described the
fungus under the name of Erineum alneum. I have received
on more than one occasion Alder leaves bearing patches of
this brown felt, with the request to name the fungus infest-
ing them. The blunder is not an egregious one after all, for
we often find patches on the leaves in autumn without even
a solitary mite in occupancy. These growths are the
summer residences of the mites, and they not infrequently
quit them in early autumn, long before the supply of chloro-
phyll has been cut off from the leaf, or even much diminished.

The last to be described of our trio of Alder-leaf mite-galls
is perhaps the best known. It is caused by Eriophyes laevis.
An individual gall is a little spherical pimple, about 2 mm.
high, on the upper surface of the leaf. It is green at first,
then various shades of yellow and brown, becoming either
bright red or purple at maturity. These galls are usually
densely gregarious (Plate XXL, Fig. 2), often occurring in
hundreds on a single leaf. They are at their best in August,
and not infrequently Alder bushes around ponds have the
majority of their leaves attacked by the mites. A spray of
leaves gathered from such a bush probably harbours millions
of these mites ! The orifice of the gall follows the rule in
being on the under side of the leaf, and thus protected from
rain. It is on a slight swelling surrounded by a circular
canal ; the interior of the gall is lined with cylindrical hairs,
none being visible externally.

The patches of brown hairs often occurring on the axils
of the larger veins of the leaf are also caused by an
Efiophyid, a species at present without a name.

The influence of Eriophyes macrotrichus on Hornbeam
leaves is very curious, and deserves comment here. The

lOO

BRITISH GALLS

secondary veins become considerably elongated, but their
elongation is arrested by the rigid margin of the leaf ; conse-
quently, the leaf becomes contorted in a sinuous manner,
forming a regular series of pleats and puckers.

The “ nail-galls ” of Lime leaves resemble tintacks driven
through the leaf to the head from below. They are very
common. If an inspection of their tenants is desired, they
must be gathered in the early state, while green or yellowish-
green. Sometimes the margin of a Lime leaf is rolled
upwards, and the roll lined with a felt of hairs, conditions
caused by the presence of the mite Eriophyes tetratrichis .

Fig. 22— Lime Leaf with Galls caused by the presence of
Eriophyes tiliae. (1/2.)

Fig, 23— Section of a Gall, showing the Cavity lined with
Hairs. (3/1.)

We often find Hawthorn leaves in summer-time with the
margins of the segments more or less rolled inwards, some-
times to such an extent that they resemble a spike. They
are easily recognizable by the discoloration of the attacked
part ; the roll is lined with hairs. This gall is caused by Erio-
phyes goniothorax. It is the Erineum clandestinum of Greville.

Allusion must now be made to some mite-galls of interest
on account of their rarity in this country.

I was delighted to find in June, 1909, on the slopes of the
headland to the south of the beautiful old fishing village of
Brixham, the Common Bindweed bearing a pretty gall

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES loi

hitherto unobserved in Britain. The leaf stalks, the mid-
rib, and the larger lateral veins, were swollen, especially the
midrib (Plate XXVIII.), forming a pouch with an extended
opening on the upper surface. The hypertrophied parts
were wrinkled or otherwise distorted, very pubescent within
and without, and of a beautiful pinkish-red tint. The mite
responsible for this interesting gall is Eriophyes convolvuli^
hitherto recorded only from Central Europe. It may be
noted that a very similar gall is caused on this plant by
Phyllocoptes convolvuli Nalepa in Germany, France, and Italy.
There is, however, no abnormal pubescence; the hyper-
trophy is less pronounced, of a greenish-yellow tint, never
assuming the attractive hue of the other. This gall should
be looked for on our southern coasts.

In the summer of 1910 I found on the Sheep’s Bit at
Haslemere another gall which is, I think, a new British
record. The affected plant at first sight appeared to be
merely an abnormally large one, with reddish and velvety
involucral bracts. On closer examination I observed that
the unopened buds on some of the stems were very hairy,
also that a few flower heads were transformed into a bunch
' of small velvety leaves. The pubescence at once suggested
the presence of mites, and they were quickly discovered
upon microscopic examination. The Sheep’s Bit mite is
Eriophyes enanthus. Its gall has been recorded from Northern
and Central Europe, also France and Italy.

Walnut leaves are sometimes galled by Eriophyes tristraUis,
var. erineus. A description of this gall is given in the cata-
logue. It was described by Persoon under the name of
Erineum juglandinum. Fossil leaves of a species of Walnut
have been found with galls resembling it.

Galls on Lichens

According to Zopf (1907), an Eriophyid causes scattered
irregular swellings, containing a minute cavity, on the
swollen thallus of the lichen Ramalina Kullensis Zopf. This

102

BRITISH GALLS

author thought that two varieties of lichens described by
Nylander were probably nothing more than malformations
caused by the presence of similar parasites. These lichens
are recorded in Leighton’s “Lichen Flora of Great Britain”
(3rd edition) as Ramalina scopulonm Dicks., var. incrassata
Nylander, with the thallus thick, rigid, tuberculoso-dif-
formate, and Ramalina cuspidata Arch., var. crassa Del., with
the thallus similarly deformed— the former from Harlech
Castle, Wales, La Moye and Mont-Orgueil Castle, Jersey ;
the latter from rocks under Vale Castle, Guernsey. Miss
A. Lorrain-Smith, F.L.S., informs me that she examined
the specimens in the British Museum collections, just
after the publication of Zopf’s paper, and found fragments
of mites, but, as far as she is aware, no one has identi-
fied the species. These interesting galls deserve to be
better known and the causer identified.

Experimental Galls

Peyritsch published in 1888 some very interesting obser-
vations concerning experimental production of galls by
placing mites (species unknown) on various plants. In
Valerianella and Valeriana the deformities were chiefly of the
floral organs; in several species the flowers were doubled, in
others the leaves were rolled inwards, contorted, discoloured,
and covered with the usual pubescence. In the Cruciferae
the malformations also consisted of curious modifications
and proliferations of the floral organs — e.g., in Myagncm per-
foliatum Linn, the flower was deformed and slightly double.
Dr. Kerner’s speculations concerning the possibility of the
transmission of double flowers, when these have arisen
through the influence of mites, are of great interest, and no
apology is necessary for quoting them at length here. He
noted in 1877 that some plants of Veronica officinalis produced
double flowers in consequence of the settlement of mites
upon them, and that adjacent plants without mites produced
normal flowers. In the following year the mites attacked

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES 103

the other plants, with the result that the majority of their
flowers were double, as well as those of isolated plants on
which he had placed mites. He remarks: “ Veronica officinalis
has only two stamens in each flower, and in the double
flowers both these and the two carpels are changed into
petals, so that of course we could not expect fruit and seeds
from them. It would not be impossible, however, that
flowers of other plant families, which are provided with a
large number of stamens, might behave differently. It
might happen, for example, that only some of the stamens
would be changed into the petals by the gall-mites, and that
the carpels v/ould remain capable of fertilization. If on
such plants fruits and seeds capable of germination should
ripen, the latter might perhaps produce plants with com-
pletely and half double flowers. This would be explained
by supposing that the alteration undergone by the proto-
plasm of the cells in the outer part of the flower had ex-
tended to the inner, especially to the ovules and seeds, and,
further, to the plants proceeding from these seeds. I would,
therefore, not undertake to state that the Stocks {Matthiola
annua and incana), the Wallflower [Cheiranthus cheiri), the
Pinks {Dianthus caryophyllus, plumarius, etc.), the Poppies
(Papaver Rhoeas and somniferum), various Ranunculaceae
{Delphinium^ Poeonia, RanunctUus), and many other plants
which have long been cultivated in gardens with semi-
double flowers, and which produce such flowers when pro-
pagated by seeds, had not gained this characteristic in the
first place by the influence of gall-mites.”

Economic Notes

Two species of mites cause much damage in fruit gardens.
The more troublesome is probably the Black Currant gall-
mite, Eriophyes rihis Nalepa. It was observed in this
country at least sixty years ago, but it is only within recent
years that it has spread rapidly and become a serious pest.
These mites shelter in the buds over winter and migrate in

104 BRITISH GALLS

spring, either by crawling or by fastening themselves to
other creatures.

“ During their migration period, which is from the middle
of May to the middle of June, they exhibit curious methods
of locomotion ; the four short anterior legs are ill-adapted
for walking, and yet they continually crawl about at a rate
of twelve to fifteen times their own length in a minute. But
this only takes them from bud to bud at the farthest ; they
get carried farther afield by passing insects and spiders, to
which they adhere first by the stickiness of their bodies, and
then by curling round a hair or antenna in a worm-like
fashion, and holding on tenaciously. This can be shown by
lightly touching an open infested bud with a fine camel’s-
hair brush, when the little white creatures will be found
wriggling among the bristles, yet holding on in a determined
manner. Their third method of getting about the world is
the most interesting. If one watches a community of these
mites in a bud under a microscope, one sees them con-
tinually standing up on their tails, waving the front legs
agitatedly ; then they suddenly disappear, and at first it is
hard to imagine what has happened precisely. The dis-
appearance is not so accidental as it seems ; the animals arc,
in fact, leaping ! The two tail bristles act as springs, and
the mite covers about sixteen or twenty times its own length
at a jump. It is always seen that after standing upright,
waiting for a friendly insect to carry it off on its unsuspect-
ing body, the mite ceases to wave its legs, remains rigid for
a moment, and then launches itself forth, torpedo-like, into
space. It is an entertaining spectacle to watch, for occa-
sionally by retaining too firm a hold on the bud, the leap is
rendered abortive, and the mite simply falls backwards with
considerable impetus instead of making a clear jump. It is
a suggestive fact that while the mites remain upright for
minutes in the still air of a room, yet they can be induced
to leap at once by blowing upon them. It seems, therefore,
that they first try to get an obliging insect to carry them
away, and, failing this, take advantage of a puff of air to

PLATE XIV

{Fag;us sylvatica)\\\T'i\ dense twigc.y ou'i ckowths seated

ON SWOLLEN I'ARTS OK THE TRUNK AND LARGER HRANCHKS. THEY
ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE HEEN CAUSED I!Y MITES ( Ef'iop/tyeS j, THE
IMMUNITY OF THE LOWER PART OK THE TRUNK IS PROBAHLY DUE
TO CATTLE RUBBING AGAINST IT

GALLS CAUSED BY MITES

105

make their blind leap. Perhaps the mite succeeds in
‘ boarding ’ a passing insect which hovers near enough to
fan it by the beating of its wings.”*

Attacked buds may be at once recognized by their swollen
and distorted appearance. The life-history of this mite has
been fully investigated by Embleton, Collinge, Warburton,
and other economic zoologists. A summary of their obser-
vations, together with preventive and remedial measures,
may be consulted in Leaflet No. i, published by the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries.

The Pear-leaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyri Nalepa, is also
on the increase in this country. It causes raised greenish or
red patches or blisters on the leaves, and sometimes on the
fruitlets. It is a very minute species, quite invisible to the
unaided eye. It passes the winter under the outer scales of
the buds on young shoots. “ It does not appear as an
epidemic. Trees often remain unattacked in a garden,
though in close proximity to badly infested trees.” For
particulars concerning treatment of this pest, see Leaflet
No. 239, Board of Agriculture. This mite attacks various
other rosaceous plants, such as the Apple, Service tree.
Mountain Ash, and the rare Cotoneaster vulgaris.

On the Qon\\nent Eriophyes Kerneri Nalepa attacks various
species of Gentiana ; in all cases malformation and discolora-
tion of the floral organs, often with “ doubling,” result, and
the inflorescence of many Labiate plants is reduced and
covered with a velvety pile under the influence of various
mites, notably E. Thomasi, which infests many species.

Theobald, in his first Report of economic zoology (1903),
alludes to a phytoptid disease in violets, causing the leaves
to curl tightly over at each side and become greatly
deformed. The mites were green, and large enough to be
seen easily with a hand-lens. Specimens were sent to
Dr. Nalepa, who considered it to be a hitherto unrecognized
species. He described it under the name of Eriophyes violae.

* Alice L. Embleton, Knowledge, September, 1905, p. 234.

CHAPTER VIII

EELWORM GALLS (NEMATODA)

The eel worms are comprised in the family Anguillulidae,
belonging to the order Nematoda, or threadworms.
It would promote the happiness of the human race if these
creatures were non-existent, for amongst them are some of
the most dreaded of human parasites. Those with which
we are concerned live a parasitic life in plants, causing
remarkable nodosities and tumours.

Eelworms are very minute, and cannot be seen well with-
out the aid of a microscope, the adult in many cases being
only I mm. long. The shape is that of an eel. The mouth
has a sharply pointed spine, which is used for boring into
plants. The ova are hatched within the body of the female;
with growth they distend the skin until it becomes a mere
sac. Eventually the parent dies, and the young are liber-
ated by the rupture of the sac. They attain maturity, on
an average, in thirty days. In the case of Tylenchus devasta-
trix, the larvae bore into the rootlets and become stationary.
The adult female emerges from the plant, and is joined
by the larger male, which bores its way out later. After
fertilization the female degenerates, and at last is nothing
more than a broad pouch containing ova and larvae; the
majority of the ova hatch out within the body of the parent.
There are six or seven generations in one year.

There are ten species of eelworms in this country, belong-
ing to three genera :

ApJielenchus fragariae Ritz. Bos, on cultivated Straw-
berries.

io6

107

EELWORM GALLS

Aphelenchus Ormerodis Ritz. Bos, also on Strawberries.

Herevoderci radicicolci GreefF, on Cucumbers, Tomatoes,
Beet, and Clover.

Heterodera Schachtii Schmidt, on Beet, Hops, and various
Crucifers.

Tylenchus Davainii Bastian, on Mosses.

Tylenchiis devastatrix Kiihn, on Rye, Beans, Oats, Wheat,
Clover, Hops, and Hyacinths.

Tylenchus fucicola De Man, on Algae.

Tylenchtis gratninis Hardy, on Grasses.

Tylenchus millefolUY. Low, on Milfoil.

Tylenchus tritici Roffredi, on Grasses and Wheat.

A phelenchus fraganae causes remarkable enlargement and
fasciation of the stems of the Strawberry ; the entire plant
is sometimes modified, and resembles a cauliflower. The
leaves are more or less deformed, usually with one lobe
instead of three. The worms swarm in the tissues, and
may be found from April to September.

Aphelenchus Ormerodis also attacks the Strawberry, giving
rise to galls which superficially resemble those caused by
A. fragariaey but the affected stems are white, the leaves
yellowish, and the worms live between the sheath and the
stem.

Heterodera radicicola causes nodular swellings on the stem
of the Common Couch Grass, also on Swede, Tomato,
Cucumber, and other cultivated plants. Miss Ormerod first
reported the occurrence of this pest, known as the ‘^root-
knot” eelworm, in Britain. It causes swellings or “knots”
up to 6 mm. in diameter on the rootlets, and larger hyper-
trophies on the thicker roots.

Heterodera Schachtii causes lateral swellings on the slender
root-fibres of the Cabbage, Turnip, and Charlock, and also
does much damage to Beet. Its life-history has been investi-
gated by Kiihn. The female may be found attached to the
rootlets. At her death 300 or more ova are liberated, which
at once attack neighbouring rootlets, and give rise to nodular
swellings thereon.

io8

BRITISH GALLS

Tylenchus Davainii causes galls on Mosses; usually the
terminal internodes remain closed, and the bunch of leaves
forms a terminal artichoke-like gall. Dixon, in 1905, re-
ported its occurrence in Etirhynchhm Swartzi Curnow, and
also recorded that Thanmium {Porotvichim) alopecurum Linn.,
bears galls caused by an unknown species of Tylenchus. He
considered that galls of this nature appear to be very un-
common on Mosses — as he rarely came across them among
the many thousands of specimens that passed through his
hands in twenty years or more. Mr« W. E. Nicholson,
however, has informed me quite recently that in his ex-
perience such galls are not very uncommon in this country.
He kindly sent me some Hypnum cupressiforme gathered

Fig. 24 — Tylenchus Davainii B3iStia.n. Female. (32'!.)

Fig. 25 — Tylenchus Davainii. Male. (32/1.)

on the Downs near Lewes which contained eelworms,
apparently Tylenchus Davainii, in large numbers. The
galls were terminal, each about 2 mm. long. Nicholson
thinks there can be little doubt that these galls are
often overlooked. “ On the Hypnum they might easily be
passed over. They affect the mosses prejudicially, and
they are consequently unlikely to be found on specimens
gathered for herbarium purposes.” He also noted the occur-
rence of Nematode galls on the hepatic Harpanthus scutatus
received from West Inverness. Schiffner has recorded the
occurrence of these eelworms on many Mosses on the Con-
tinent. There are also Continental records of hepatics
attacked by eelworms, presumably this species.

EELWORM GALLS

log

Tylenchiis devastatrix attacks various Clovers, causing arrest
of development. The internodes are shortened and thick-
ened, and the leaves deformed, Avith involute margins. It
also attacks the Buckwheat, causing thickening of the
stems, shortening of the internodes, and enlargement of the
leaves. It causes bulbous swellings at the base of the stem
of the Sweet Vernal Grass, Shepherd’s Purse, and other
wild plants. According to Connold, it is responsible for the
deformed shoots and bulbous swellings on the lower part of

Fig. 26 — Stem Eelworms {Tylenchus devastatrix). (Greatly maj^^nified.)
Fig. 27 — Anterior Portion of a Female, showing the Mouth-
spear. (440/1.)

Fig. 28 — Embryo in Egg. (Greatly magnified.)

From figures by Dr. J. Ritzema Bos. Reproduced from Miss Eleanor
Ormerod’s “Manual of Injurious Insects,’’ by permission of
Messrs. West, Newman and Co.

the stem of the Wild Teasel. Houard attributes the galls
on the Teasel to a Tylenchus, but leaves the species in doubt.
I think I have seen it alluded to as Tylenchus dipsaci, but
cannot find the reference. In T. devastatrix there is but one
generation annually. Each female produces from 600 to
1,000 ova. Miss Ormerod observes that “ the exceeding

no

BRITISH GALLS

slenderness of their eel-like shape can hardly be conveyed
by statement of measurement, but when magnified 200 times,
so that they appear a little more than 8 inches in length,
their greatest magnified width hardly exceeds ^ inch.”
Ova kept dry for six months will produce young, and young
eelworms can survive two years’ drought.

Tylenchus fucicola attacks Seaweeds. It causes oblong
swellings of the thallus with internal cavities in Ascophyllum
nodosum Le Jolis. It is also said to infest Furcellavia fastigiata
Lamouroux. See papers by Barton referred to in the
Bibliography. A species of Tylenchus^ fucicola (?), infests
Chrondus crispus Stackhouse, and Rhodymenia palmata
Greville. Mr. A. D. Cotton, F.L.S., informs me that he
very frequently finds galls on Rhodymenia, but has failed to
discover eelworms in them. “ It appears to me likely
that the wart-like swellings on Rhodymenia may sometimes be
produced by some other cause. I have also found galls not
infrequently on Ceramium rubrum, but am not aware that
anyone has explained their origin and character.”

Tylenchus graminis causes minute oval or elongated, dark
green or blackish pustules on the under surface of leaves in
the Sheep’s Fescue Grass.

Tylenchus millefolii causes very marked distortion of the
entire plant in the Common Milfoil (Plate XV.). The
hypertrophy consists of globular growths about the size of
a hemp-seed, solitary or coalescent, yellowish-green at first,
becoming brown. Each swelling contains numerous worms.
These galls may be found throughout the summer and
autumn, but are by no means common. Our illustration is
from Plate XCVII. in Connold’s “Vegetable Galls,” wherein
these galls are unfortunately ascribed to the presence of the
larvae of the dipteron Rhopalomyia millefoliae.

Tylenchus tritici deforms the Marsh Bent Grass, causing
elongated swellings about 5 mm. by 3 mm., at the base of the
leaf, and globular growths about i to 5 mm. in diameter on
the panicle. These hypertrophies are yellowish at first,
becoming red or purple at maturity.

PL A TK .\'l '

(EAVES OF THE COMMON MU. FOIL ( Achlllca MillcfoUuill) (iAl.I.ED.BY EELWOKMS, TylCHCkuS lllllle/olll

EELWORM GALLS

III

This eelworni also attacks Wheat, giving rise to roundish,
growths resembling purplish or dark-coloured peppercorns
in the ear, but it rarely occurs in sufficient numbers to be a
serious pest. Miss Ormerod remarks : “ The figures [repro-
duced below] give the mass of worms in a cockle gall, and
also the worms just escaping from the eggs, all greatly
magnified. It is difficult to convey any exact likeness of the
wormlet itself at this size on wood, but the figure gives the
general shape, and the upper end shows moderately the
spear or proboscis in the mouth-end, though not its three-
lobed base ; also the rounded muscular swelling just below

29 32

Fig. 29 — WoRMLETS of Tylenchus tritici escaping from Eggs.

Fig. 30 — Section of a Cockle Gall with Wormlets inside.

After Bauer’s figures. (Much magnified.)

Fig. 31 — Spikelet of Wheat with Galls. (Magnified.)

Fig. ^-2— Tylenchus tritici. Wormlet. (Greatly magnified; natural
length about ^ inch.)

Reproduced, by permission of Messrs. West^ Newman and Co., from
Miss Ormerod’s “Manual of Injurious Insects.”

which is one of the characteristics of this species, and the
coarse fat granules in the intestine. The colour is yellowish-
white, and the largest wormlets are from | to even ^ inch
in length.” Dr. Bastian noted that this eelworm may re-
main dormant for twenty-seven years, and again resume its
wonted activity !

1 12

BRITISH GALLS

Professor Trail, in 1883, recorded the occurrence of
Tylenchus galls on the Mouse-ear Hawkweed. The flower
head was swollen, the stalk contorted and coiled on its axis.
The species of eelworm responsible for these malformations
is unknown ; Connold designated it Tylenchus hieracii, but
did not describe it.

Continental Eelworm Galls

In addition to the ten species indicated above, Houard
describes in “ Zoocecidies des Plantes d’Europe ” six others
that are gall-causers on the Continent. I am not aware
that they have been observed in Britain, but some allusion
to their galls seems desirable, as it is quite likely that all
will be found to occur in this country.

Tylenchus Haversteini Kiihn deforms the entire plant in
Medicago saliva. The shoots remain closed, and are four
times in excess of the normal thickness; they are also
contorted and carry deformed leaves which are often trans-
formed into complete scales (No. 3,516).

Tylenchus agvostidis Steinb. attacks various grasses of the
genus Agrostis^ causing the ovary to become elongated and
tinted violet, and the glumes hypertrophied (No. 185, etc.).

Tylenchus hovdei Schoyen gives rise to nodosities on the
top of the radical root in Elynius arenarius Linn. (No. 350).

A species of Tylenchus^ probably T. hyacinthi Prillieux,
causes yellow spots on the leaves of a Eucharis. The spots
become brown later, and there are clearly defined depressions
on the lower surface (No. 433).

Tylenchus nivalis Kiihn causes swellings on the stem and
leaves of Leontopolium (Gnaphalium) alpinum (No. 5594).

Tylenchus phalaridis Steinb. attacks Phleum pratense. The
glume is elongated, thickened, enrolled like a horn around
the pistil (5 to 7 mm.), and of a yellowish tint. The ovary
acquires the shape of a cylinder or spindle, and becomes
yellowish-red or dull purplish-brown. The stamens are
abortive (No. 179).

EELWORM GALLS

113

Economic Notes

It will be apparent from what has been written that
the majority of gall-caiising eelworms ^ are troublesome
pests ; there is, moreover, always the possibility that species
now infesting plants of little economic importance may
establish themselves upon cultivated ones.

Worthington G. Smith recorded in the Gardener s
Chronicle, 1886, voL xxv., p. 4L the presence of little
black spherical galls on the leaves of an Odontoglossum,

which were caused by an eelworm.

Miss Ormerod, in 1891, observed galls on Vida Faba
Linn, caused by Tylenchus devastatrix. The stem is short"
ened and bears pronounced irregular swellings.

There are numerous Continental records of galls on mem-
bers of the family Liliaceae caused by Tylenchus devastatrix.
The evidences of attack are slight in many cases, but there
is undoubted hypertrophy and consequent weakening of the
plant.

Heterodera radicicola does much mischief on the Continent
amongst cultivated varieties of Clematis and various
Ruhiaceae (notably Gardenia, Coffea, Ixora, and Hamiltonia),
causing nodosities to arise on the roots.

For detailed particulars concerning the stem eelworm
(T. devastatrix) and the Wheat eelworm {T. tritici), the
reader should consult the second edition of Miss Ormerod’s
“ Manual of Injurious Insects,” and Leaflets 46 and 75
issued by the Board of Agriculture.

8

CHAPTER IX

GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI AND MYCETOZOA

UNGI are plants without a system of true tissues and

X without chlorophyll ; the tissues are replaced by inter-
twining threads known as “hyphae,” Oxygen is absorbed,
and carbon dioxide is given off. The order is a very large
one, comprising minute species known popularly under such
terms as rust, smut, mould, and mildew, also the larger
species, often spoken of as mushrooms and toadstools. The
majority may be arranged under two headings, saprophytes
and parasites. There are some intermediate forms. Certain
saprophytic fungi may become true parasites. Saprophytic
fungi flourish on dead organic matter, such as rotting wood,
leaves, etc. Parasitic fungi feed on living organic matter,
either plant or animal ; many that occur on plants give rise
to gall structures.

A parasitic fungus lives at the expense of its host as a
rule, and confers no benefit in return, but many instances
may be adduced in which a kind of give-and-take arrange-
ment exists between host and parasite ; such is known as
symbiosis or mutualism. It may be seen in all lichens, a
lichen being a composite plant, made up of a fungus and an
alga, the latter the host, the former its parasite.

In some cases symbiosis favours vigorous growth and
the production of more seeds than in the case of plants not
affected by the parasitic fungus — e.g., the hyphae which
occur in Lolium temulentum and other grasses of the same
genus. Spherical tumours occur on the root - fibres of
many leguminous plants — e.g.^ the Bird’s-foot Trefoil and

GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI

115

Lady’s Fingers. They contain bacteria-like organisms, and
are regarded by some authorities as examples of symbiosis
rather than true parasitism.

The rootlets of trees belonging to the Cupuliferae are
often invested with hyphae known as Mycorrhiza. They
are usually seen in plants grown in soil where humus is
abundant, and would seem to be determined largely by the
rate of transpiration. Mycorrhiza are usually found in
plants with slow transpiration current, and some give rise
to definite gall-like structures on the roots and rootlets.

The peculiar root tubercles on the Common Alder are
shown in Plate XVI., Fig. 4. They are not uncommon
on both large and small plants. They were first described
in 1829 by Meyen, who considered them “ pseudomor-
phosed roots.” At one time they were classed by Woronin
with the Mycetozoa under the name of Schinzia alni. Ac-
cording to the latest view, they result from the presence of
a hyphomycete, Frankiella alni (Wor.) Rene Maire. Hiltner
proved experimentally, in 1896, that these tubercles enabled
the plant to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air by a pro-
cess resembling that which occurs in leguminous plants, and
showed that Alder plants can grow without tubercles if
nitrogen is present in the soil, that the production of
tubercles is hindered if nitrogen is present in abundance,
and that calcium nitrate stopped their growth entirely.
The tubercle masses often attain large dimensions. An old
woodman on Sir Jonathan Hutchinson’s estate at Inval,
Haslemere, procured me some roots bearing numerous
masses, each 3 inches in diameter.

Tubercle masses also ^occur on the roots of the Bog
Myrtle. They differ in some important particulars from
those of the Alder, and though at present the fungus held to
be responsible for them is known as Frankiella Brunchorstii
(Moller) Rene Maire, it will probably be placed eventually
m a separate genus. Shibata placed it under Actinomyces;
and Pecklo, in 1909, claimed to have isolated an actino-
myces-hke fungus from the tubercles, which is said to be

ii6

BRITISH GALLS

the only recorded instance of actinomycosis amongst plants.
The masses of tubercles vary in size from that of a pea to a
small walnut, but are usually never so large nor so abundant
as those of the Alder. A single tubercle is a root-like growth,
branching di- or trichotomously after attaining about 2 mm.
in length, each tip sending out a thread-like structure, some-
times 3 cm. long, much resembling an ordinary rootlet,
but tapering towards the tip. It is at first greyish-pink,
then flesh colour, becoming dark brown when exposed to
the air ; sometimes the tubercles are quite black when very
old. Mr. William Herridge observed these tubercle masses
in abundance on the roots of Bog Myrtle in the clay-pits at
Newton Abbot in igio, and they are probably of frequent
occurrence on this plant.

Fungi that cause reduction in size of the afflicted plants,
or abortion of certain organs, are termed Atrophytes. With
such the cecidologist is not concerned, except in a few
instances in which the dwarfing is accompanied with
minute gall-like excrescences on various parts of the plant,
as may be seen in the case of Dandelion plants attacked by
Synchytvium tavaxaci. Under the influence of the parasite
the dwarfed plants produce minute pustular galls on the
leaves and involucres.

Fungi causing enlargement of the entire plant, or hyper-
trophy of certain organs only, are termed Hypertrophytes.
They may be either autoecious, going through the life-cycle
on a single host plant, or heteroecious, growing on different
host plants during the various periods of the life-cycle.

Amongst the most remarkable of hypertrophies caused by
fungi on leaves are the cherry-like structures which appear
in July on the under surface of the leaves of Rhododendron
ferrugineum^ hirsutum, and Wilsonii^ induced by Exohasidium
rhododendri. The gall is a bullate excrescence, sometimes
attaining the size of a Walnut, pale at first, becoming reddish
and shining. It is known as the “ Alpine Rose Apple ” ; it
superficially resembles the “ Cherry gall” of the Oak leaf,
but is sweet. This large structure is connected with the

pi./x n: xyt

(.ALl-S CAUSKI) liV KUNfit OM NKTIl.R AND (,KASS SrHM>., AND AI.DICK ROOTS;
AND ON TUI! CO'.RMANDKR STI'.I;D\VF,I,I, IlY (INK OK THK MVCKT070A

GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI 117

leaf by a narrow band, never exceeding 2 mm. in width, and
the leaf is seldom distorted. 1 hese galls also occur on the
stems and petioles.

Coleospovium senecidnis is a typical example of a heteroecious
fungus. Its aecidiospores are produced on the needles and
young branches of the Scots Pine in May and June ; the
perennial mycelium causes pronounced fusiform swellings
on the branch. In this stage it is known as Peridermimn
pini. The spores are carried by wind-currents to the
Groundsel and to various Ragworts {Senecio viscosus, sylvaticus,
and Jacobaea), and, germinating thereon, enter the tissues,
and give rise throughout the year to uredospores and
teleutospores, which appear in orange-coloured pustules on

the leaves.

Another interesting heteroecious fungus gall-causer infests
the Common Juniper. Juniper bushes in April and May not
infrequently have large fusiform swellings on the branches,
from which project compressed, elongated, pale orange
bodies, 10 to 12 cm. long, which are firm and horny at first,
becoming gelatinous. These bodies contain the dark yellow
teleutospores of Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Plate XIX.).
These spores are carried to Hawthorn bushes, and, alighting
on a damp leaf or other growing part, germinate and enter
the tissues. In about a month’s time the spores (aecidiospores)
of the second form of the fungus appear. These are carried
back by wind, insects, or other agency, to the Juniper bushes,
where they germinate, obtain entrance, and ultimately give
rise to the teleutospores. The mycelium is perennial in
the branches.

In the “witches’ brooms,” the dense masses of twigs
seen on the branches of many trees, there is a suggestion
of symbiosis. The parasite stimulates growth at the point
of infection. The branches of the “broom” are more or
less erect ; its leaves are usually reduced in size, often lack
chlorophyll, and the fruit-bodies (“cluster cups”) of the
fungus appear on them. We have already observed that the
“ witches’ brooms ” so frequently seen on the Birch often

ii8

BRITISH GALLS

result from the stimulus afforded by mites. Whatever the
cause, once the growth is initiated, it may continue long
after its cause has vanished, and these growths sometimes
attain enormous dimensions. In the south of England the
majority of the “ brooms ” on the Birch appear to be caused
by mites. Worthington Smith has observed the fungus
Exoascus Uwgidus in connexion with these growths on Birches
in Scotland.

The “ witches’ brooms ” on the Silver Firs [Abies pectinata,
etc.) are caused by the fungus at one time known as
PevideYmium elatinum, the teleutospore form of which occurs
on Chickweeds (Cerastium); it is the Melampsora cerastii.
The mycelium is perennial in the bark, cambium, and stem
wood, causing excessive localized hypertrophy. From the
top of the fusiform swelling the twigs grow almost vertically
upwards. Plate XVII. shows a dead branch bearing an
old “ broom ” ; such may be commonly found beneath trees
afflicted by this fungus. The leaves on these twigs are
smaller and arranged in a spiral manner ; the orange
pustules containing the spores of the fungus appear on
them. These “ brooms ” are never so dense as those which
occur on the Birch. The majority of “ brooms ” produce
atrophied leaves only, but in some cases the leaves are
normal, and even flowers are produced on the twigs. A
“ witch’s broom ” from a Larch was brought to the
Haslemere Museum in 1905. The twigs formed a com-
pact mass; upon the outermost well-grown leaves were
present ; there were also male and female flowers, and near
the centre were many old cones that had not been shed.
No trace of a parasite, either fungus or insect, could be
discerned. The structure was of enormous size and weight,
and probably had lived through two decades. Connold
alludes to a “ broom ” on the Horse Chestnut ; similar
growths occur on Oak, Ash, Beech, Hazel, Blackthorn, etc.

The somewhat rare phenomenon of metamorphosis of the
floral leaves is seen in an extreme form in the elongated,
thin, and twisted purple-red lobes which occasionally take

PLATE XV 11

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GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI H9

the place of bracts in pistillate flowers of the Common
Alder. These peculiar galls result from the presence of
Exoasms alnitorquus ; they are sometimes 30 mm. long, and
as many as ten small ones may occur on a single catkin.
They may be found from June to October, but are rare
in Britain. Alder trees abound at Haslemere, but I have
never succeeded in finding the galls in this district.

In the latter part of May and throughout June Nettles
afflicted with the aecidial stage of Puccinia caricis are fre-
quently met with. The gall which arises is very noticeable ;
the condition is well shown in Plate XVI., Fig. 2. The
stem becomes greatly swollen and bent; immersed in the
swollen tissue are the bodies (pseudoperidia) containing the

Fig. 33 — Female Catkins of Alnus glutinosa, the Upper
GALLED BY Exouscus ahUtorquus. ijz.

orange-yellow aecidiospores. The fungus also fruits on the
leaves, forming yellow spots. It is heteroecious, and the
aecidial stage is known under the name of Aecidium urticae.
The aecidiospores are carried to various Sedges, on which
the teleutospores are produced from July to April.

On the same plate (Fig. 3) may be seen grass stems
attacked by the “ Reed Mace ” fungus, Epichloe typhina.
Afflicted plants do not flower, and growth is seldom pro-
longed above the galled part, which is usually the upper leaf
sheath. Upon its first appearance on the stem the fungus
is a thin whitish crust ; it becomes yellow later, and is then
studded with the mouths of the perithecia immersed in the

120

BRITISH GALLS

swollen part. The perithecia are the flask-shaped bodies
containing the long needle-like spores. This fungus is widely
distributed in the south of England, and does much mischief
in some districts, where it attacks many pasture grasses.

Protomyces macrosporus infests various umbelliferous plants,
giving rise to conditions well shown in Plate XXVII.,
in which we see a large indurated swelling on the stalk
of the Hemlock Water Drop wort, and numerous swollen
seed-vessels. The tumefactions are at first pale yellow,
then pinkish, and finally brown. They contain the spores
which are formed in the continuity of the mycelial hyphae.
These galls may be found from May to October ; they are
very uncommon.

There are some excellent photographs in Connold’s “ Oak
Galls” of the cankerous growths commonly seen on the
branches of young Oaks in many counties. They are
attributed to the fungus Dichaena quercina, but mycological
authorities agree that this is not at all likely, and the
cause of these tumours still awaits investigation. The
first indication is rounded swellings about the size of peas,
these coalesce and not infrequently girdle the stem. They
grow slowly, and in a few years become deeply fissured.
I have never observed a fungus upon these hypertrophies.
Connold also figured, in “Plant Galls,” roots of Araucaria
imhricata with large tumours, which he attributed to the
presence of Periderniium elatinum ; also similar growths on
Hazel, Sallow, etc. There is a considerable collection of
wood tumours in the Haslemere Museum on stems and
branches of Scots Pine, Cedar, Hazel, Elder, Holly, Larch,
Horse Chestnut, Beech, Birch, etc., and on roots of Scots
Pine and Vines, but in no instance is it possible to state with
confidence the primary cause of the overgrowth. It may
have resulted from mechanical injury to a bud, from insect
or fungus irritation, or from the presence of a bacterium.

GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI

I2I

Galls caused by Mycetozoa

There are certain organisms which occupy neutral ground
on the borderland of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms.
They form the group known as Mycetozoa, or bungus-
animals. In one stage of the life-cycle they exhibit affinities
with plants, in another they approach more nearly to the
Protozoa. At least two species give rise to galls on the
plants which they infest. The best known is Plasmodiophora
brassicae, a species which gives much trouble to gardeners
and farmers, causing the only too well known “ finger and
toe ” disease of Turnips, Swedes, Cabbages, and other
cruciferous plants. It usually attacks the root, giving rise
thereon to nodular or warty outgrowths. Sometimes the
entire root is swollen, clubbed, and distorted (see Leaflet 77,
Board of Agriculture). Another mycetozoon gall structure
may be seen in Plate XVI., Fig. 2, which delineates the
stem of the Germander Speedwell with tumours caused by
SoYosphaeva vcYonicae. The life-history of this parasite
resembles that of Plasmodiophora hrassicae. The spores,
however, are united in a hollow sphere ; in P. hrassicae they
are free and regularly formed. Blomfield and Schwartz
described in detail the life-history in Annals of Botany,
January, 1910, and observed : “We have been successful in
producing tumours by sowing Veronica seeds in a pot and
sprinkling them with water containing the sporospheres
from dried tumours pounded with a pestle in the water.
There was no evidence of any disease in the roots, many
of the young roots being examined microscopically with
reference to this possibility ; for this reason, doubtless, the
parasite does little damage to the host plant ; its effect is
largely local, and we find no such destruction as that caused
by Plasmodiophora in Cabbage plants.” I am indebted to
Dr. Blomfield for the galled plant figured in the plate.

122

BRITISH GALLS

Economic Notes

Many gall-causing fungi are dreaded pests. The “ black
scab ” of Potatoes and Beet is caused by Oedomyces lepvoides
Trb. Large nodulose fleshy tumours occur on the upper
part of the root of the Beet and on the young tubers of the
potato.

Ckrysophyctis endohiotica Sch. causes gall-like growths on the
tubers and lower leaves of the Potato (see Journal of Board
of AgricttUun, ix., igo2, p. 320, paper by Professor Potter).

Exoascus deformans attacks the leaves of Nectarine, Peach,
and Almond. The leaves become greatly hypertrophied
and distorted, and brightly tinted with red and purple. This
disease is very common. Puccinia fahae causes thickened
white spots on the seed-pods of Beans and Peas.

The parasitic Rose canker Coniothyrium Fuchelii attacks
cultivated as well as wild Roses, causing cankered over-
growths on the stems. It apparently attacks RuU also.
Plate XXVI. depicts cankered stems of Ruhus plicatiis from
Dungeness.

An excellent illustration of a Bullace branch bearing what
are popularly known as “ pocket plums ” or “bladder
plums” may be seen in Plate XXV. This swollen and
deform ed’condition of the fruit is caused by Exoascus fruni,
a fungus which also attacks the Sloe, Wild Cherry, and
cultivated Plums. The fruit of the fungus appears as a
delicate whitish bloom in July. The fungus does not spread
backwards on a branch, and may be kept in check by hard
pruning.

The researches of F. P. Brzezinski on “ Canker,” extend-
ing over a period of seven years, indicate that the fungus
Nectria ditissima, previously thought to be the cause of this
disease, is only a saprophyte growing on dead tissue
destroyed by other agents (see Comp. Rend., M^y 20, igo2).
Probably, as remarked above, the canker is in most cases
due to the presence of insects or of a bacterium.

123

GALLS CAUSED BY FUNGI

In June, 1911, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
issued a leaflet (No. 245) concerning the crown-galls on
Plum, Rose, raspberry, and logan-berry recently sent to
Kew, and similar galls in every stage of development on
the roots of the Paris Daisy {Chrysanthemum frutescensy L.).

“ The galls are usually formed just under ground on the
collar or root, and so escape observation. They commence
growth as minute wart-like bodies j growth is rapid, and
the surface of the gall becomes coarsely warted and dark
coloured, and varies in size from 2 to 3 inches in
diameter to that of a football, or even larger. The galls
usually decay at the end of one season’s growth, and leave
an open wound, which penetrates for some distance into the
wood. The following season gall growth commences round
the edge of the wound formed in the previous season.
These galls perish in turn, and the process is repeated each
season, resulting in a large, deep wound. When two or
three such wounds are present on different sides of the
collar, the tree usually breaks off at the wounded part.

“ Two distinct organisms have been found to occur in the
tissues of the galls, but a bacterium, Bacillus tumefaciens,
has been proved, in America, to be the primary cause of the
disease.”

For remedial and preventive measures the pamphlet
should be consulted. Full particulars concerning the
fungus pests mentioned in this chapter may be found in
Massee’s “ Textbook of Plant Diseases ” and the various
leaflets issued by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

A

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A CLASSIFIED AND DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE

OF

BRITISH GALLS

4

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH
PLANT-GALLS

The first catalogue of British plant-galls was com-
piled by Albert Muller, and published in 1872 in
the Entomologist's Annual. The gall-causers represented
five Orders of Insects in the following proportion : Hymen-
optera 36, Coleoptera 9, Lepidoptera 2, Diptera 36,
Homoptera 8 — total 91.

The second catalogue was published twenty-six years
later, by Mr. S. L. Mosley, in the Naturalist's Journal.
It gave brief descriptions of 197 galls. The causers were
arranged under the following headings : Hynienoptera 67,
Coleoptera 8, Lepidoptera 3, Diptera 80, Homoptera 9,
Acari 13, Nematoda 7, Unknown 5.

No catalogue has appeared since 1898. Early in 1909, the
late Edward Connold published in his “ Plant Galls of Great
Britain,” descriptions of 425 galls. No systematic arrange-
ment was attempted, and no effort was made to enumerate
all British records. A few galls caused by fungi were
included. In the present catalogue over 800 galls, caused
by Insects, Eelworms, and Fungi, are described. The
numerical proportion of the causers under their Orders is
as follows: Hymenoptera 136, Coleoptera 91, Lepi-

doptera 37, Diptera 248, Homoptera 117, Acari 76, Nema-
toda 25, Fungi and Mycetozoa 145. About 25 are
imperfectly known.

The great majority of British naturalists possess a more
or less intimate knowledge of our native wild plants ; hence
the most commendable basis of classification for a catalogue

127

128

BRITISH GALLS

of British plant-galls appears to be a botanical one, and
such is here adopted. The families are arranged as in
Engler’s Die Natiirlichen Pflazenfamilitn. For the nomen-
clature of species I have followed the tenth edition of the
well-known London Catalogue of British Plants.

The separate tabulation of galls caused on various parts
of a plant by the same causer has not been attempted,
because it involves too much repetition of names. The
galls under each plant are arranged according to their
causers, and in the sequence set forth above.

To facilitate easy reference, the section to which the
causer belongs is indicated in the left-hand margin of the page.

The name in italics which, in a few cases, immediately
follows the description of the gall is that given to it by
writers before its character was properly understood. The
number that follows the reference to the imago indicates
the year of its emergence — I, II, and so on.

The term “ aphis ” concerns the apterous viviparous
female.

“ M. G.” denotes that metamorphosis takes place within
the gall; “ M. E.” that the larva pupates in the earth.
The illustrations in this volume are cited within brackets.
The synonymic names (in italic type) precede the citation
of authorities, and both follow the name of the causer,
which is in heavy type, and is followed by a number in
the right-hand margin of the page. The references to
authorities should be read in connexion with the more
detailed description in the alphabetical bibliography which
follows. It may be remarked that in all cases, unless
expressly stated otherwise, the references to the following
authors concern their works here mentioned :

Houard, Zooc'ecidies des Plantes d' Europe^ the number being
that appended to the gall therein.

Plowright, Monograph of British Uredineae and Ustilagineae.

Buckton, Monograph of British Aphides.

Cameron, British Phytophagous Hymenoptera.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 129

The majority of our plants have well-established popular
names; these I have given, and included in the general
index.

The number which follows the scientific names of the
plants indicates the number of counties in which the species
have been reported to occur, and is taken from the tenth
edition of the London Catalogue.

It cannot be expected that a catalogue of this magnitude
will be free from errors. The literature of the subject
being so widely scattered (see Bibliography), it is highly
probable that many records have been overlooked. I claim
the indulgence of my readers on this score, and invite their
kind assistance towards the preparation of a second edition
by means of letters of criticism, and by sending galls of
which mention has been omitted.

9

130

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

n

>9

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

FILICES

Pteris aquilina Linn. 112. Bracken.

Pinnules swollen and discoloured, containing several
eggs. The larvae feed externally on the frond.

Selandria temporalis Thoms. i

Houard, No. 70.

Fusiform swelling at the base of the frond, surface
irregularly dented or rugged. Cavity central, 20 to 40 mm.
long, containing a single larva.

CvNiPS sp. 2

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 70. Apparently the same is
alluded to by Houard (No. 71), but is described as multi-
locular.

Margins of the pinnules rolled inwards and greatly
thickened ; reddish at first, becoming quite black at
maturity. Each roll contains a pale orange-yellow larva.

M. E. (Plate XVIII.)

Perrisia filicina Kieffer 3

Syn. Cecidomyia pteridis Muller.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 83 ; Plant Galls, fig. 71.

A. Muller, 1871, pp. 99, 100. Trail, 1878, pp. 77, 78.
Houard, No. 68.

Tip of the frond more or less rolled inwards, each lobe
containing a white larva. M. E.

Anthomyia signata Brischke 4

Houard, No. 65.

Athyrium Filix-foemina Roth. no. Lady Fern.

Tip of frond rolled inwards. See No. 4.

Anthomyia signata Brischke 5

Trail, 1878, p. 78. Houard, No. 63.

Lastrea Filix-mas Presl. 112. Male Fern.

Pustules on the margins of the lobes.

Selandria analis Thoms. 6

Houard, No. 58.

Tip of frond rolled inwards. See No. 4.

Anthomyia signata Brischke 7

Houard, No. 56.

Lastrea aristata Rend, and Britt, {dilatata Presl.).

III. Buckler Fern.

Tip of frond rolled inwards. See No. 4.

Anthomyia signata Brischke 8

PLATE XV III

BRACKEN {Pieris aqutlina) with the margins of the pinnui.es

ROLLED INWARDS AND THICKENED. THIS CONDITION ARISES
THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF THE LARVAE OF THE GALL-GNAT

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CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 131

Diptera

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

99

Fiingi

Diptera

Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. 88. Adder’s-tongue.
Elongated swelling on the upper surface of the frond,
about 15 mm. by 6 mm. ; numerous larval cavities, each
containing a greenish-white larva.

Cecidomyia sp. 9

Swanton, Naturalist’s Journal, 1901, vol. x., p. 124.
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. no.

CONirEEAE

Juniperus communis Linn. 78. Common Juniper.

Knotty swelling on the stem.

Lobesia PERMIXTANA Hiibner 10

Syn. Lobesia reliquana^ Entom. Syn. List.

Houard, No. 133.

Fusiform terminal growth resembling a large bud. It
comprises the three uppermost whorls of leaves and
occasionally the fourth. The leaves of the first (inner-
most) are shortened, of a chestnut-brown tint, and form
the larval cavity ; those of the second are a little longer,
carinated, and swollen at the base ; those of the third
(outermost) are of normal length, but enlarged and
thickened at the base. Larva solitary, orange. M. G.

OLIGOTROPHUS JUNIPERINUS Linn. II

Syn. Hormomyia juniperina Linn.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 129.

Little woody and hemispherical nodosity on the stem.

Cecidomyia sp. 12

Fitch, 1883, p. 6. Houard, No. 134.

Very apparent fusiform swellings on the branches and
stems, bearing the ligulate, compressed, pale orange
spore masses. April and May. Aecidiospores on
Crataegus monogyna and Pyrus com7nunis. (Plate XIX.)

GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME Jacq. I3

Plowright, p. 233. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 142.

Taxus baccata Linn. 17. Common Yew.

Artichoke-like growth at the termination of a twig,
consisting of numerous shortened, soft leaves ; externally
a slightly lighter shade of green than normal, internally
discoloured. Contains a single red larva. M. G.

Oligotrophus taxi Inchbald 14

Syn. Cecido7nyia taxi Inchbald.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 88; Plant Galls, fig. 330.
Houard, No. 150.

132

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Diptera

Cole-

optera

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Extremity of a shoot deformed, consisting of 8 to i6
rounded, brown, confluent, pea-like masses.

Adelges taxi Buckton i

Buckton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., 1886, p. 327. Houard,

No. 152.

Bud swollen, sometimes 8 mm. in diameter, remaining
nearly or completely closed, tinted with yellow or red-
dish brown. Attacked parts become fleshy and covered
with minute granules or warts. (Plate XXL 9.)

Eriophyes PSIL.YSPIS Nalepa 16

Syn. Phytoptus taxi Murray.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 60 ; Plant Galls, fig. 329.
Houard, No. 153.

Pinus sylvestris Linn. 17. Scotch Pine.

Needles stunted, thickened in the middle, edges oc-
cluded, forming a cigar-shaped gall, the interior contain-
ing a velvety whitish larva with a black head. M. G.

Brachonyx pineti Payk. 17

Houard, No. 77.

Resinous swelling in the bark of a branch, with a gallery
containing a greenish-yellow larva with a brown head.

LASPEYRESIA COSMOPHORANA Tr. 1 8

Syn. Coccyx cosmophorana Entom. Syn. List. Asthenia
cosmophorana Barrett.

Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lep., p. 513.

Larva in a gallery beneath the bark of the branches,
causing a lump of resinous exudation.

Dioryctria splendidella H. S. 19

Syn. Doryctria sylvestrella Rag.

Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lep., p. 369.

A globular mass of resin about the size of a small walnut
at the apex of a twig, in which the larva pupates. Larva
deep yellow with light brown head. Normal leaves grow
through the gall, and stunted ones above it. (Plate VI I. 8.)

Rhyacionia resinella Linn. 20

Syn. Retinia resinella Linn., Evetria resinella Linn.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 37 ; Plant Galls, fig. 243.
Houard, No. 75.

Leaves short, thickened, and discoloured; a reddish
larva concealed in the sheath.

Thecodiplosis br.ychyntera Schwaegr. 21

Syn. Dipiosis pini De Geer (?)

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

“ On the terminal shoots of this tree {Pinus sylvestris),
in the form of a small cone, much like the fruit of the tree
in miniature, but with this difference, that the fruit

Ul

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 133

Acari

Fungi

terminates in a point, whereas the pseudo-cone is nearly
globular. Its colour also, instead of being gieen, is
reddish ; but it exhibits the tiled scales of the fruit cone
(Rennie). “ Gaine des aiguilles ddformd et ^largie en
forme de coupe ” (Houard).

Adelges pini Ratz.

Syn. Aphis pini Linn.

Rennie, Insect Architecture, p. 348 (1857).^ Houard,
No. 78. Buckton does not allude to this gall in “ British
Aphides.”

Rounded nodular swelling about the size of a nut in
the bark of a branch.

Eriophyes pini Nalepa

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 74.

Fusiform swellings in the young branches. Aecidio-
spores orange, contained in whitish sacs. May and June.
The uredospores and teleutospores occur on various
species of Senecio.

Aecidial stage of COLEOSPORl^M senecionis Persoon

Syn. Peridermium pini Cher., P. acicoluni Link.

Plowright, p. 248.

22

23

24

? Dense mass of twiggy outgrowths usually at the end of

a branch, forming a “ witch’s broom.” Often attaining
large dimensions ; persisting for many years.

25

S wanton, Naturalist’s Journal, February, 1903.

Picea excelsa Link {Abies excelsa D.C.). Common
Spruce.

Homop- Gall resembling a pineapple in miniature, about 25 mm.
tera long, formed by the fusing together of the greatly swollen
basal parts of the lower needles of a bud. The margins
of the cavities between them are always hairy, and tinted
red or brown. The shoot usually grows beyond the gall,
which does not completely surround the branch. Aphis
dingy green, seated at the base of the bud, eggs light yellow.

The gall opens and the alatae (non-migratory) appear at
the end of July.

Chermes abietis Kalt. 26

Syn. Adelges abietis Kalt.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 34. Burdon, Journ. Econ.
Biol., 1908, vol. ii., p. 125. Houard, No. loi.

,, Gall similar to that of A. abietis^ but larger, 25 to 30 mm.
long. Hairs around the openings purple or red, generally
more brightly coloured than in A. abietis. Shoot usually
grows beyond the gall. Aphis dark or light green, seated

BRITISH GALLS

134

at the base of the bud ; eggs green. Gall opens about
the middle of July; the alatae migrate to the Larch.

Chermes viridis Ratz. 27

Syn. Adelges viridis Ratz.

Burdon, Journ. Econ. Biol., 1908, vol. ii., p. 124. Houard,

No. 102.

Homop- Gall usually terminal, similar to that of A, abieiis^ but
tera much smaller, about the size of a large pea ; usually pale
green with a whitish bloom, the mouths of the cavities
seldom coloured. Growth never prolonged beyond the
gall. Weak buds on poorly grown shoots are chiefly
attacked. Aphis black, becoming greenish-brown in spring,
seated on the bud ; eggs yellow or greenish-yellow. The
galls open about the middle of June; the alatae migrate to
the Larch. (Plate X. 2.)

Chermes strobilobius Kalt. 28

Syn. Adelges strobilobius Kalt., Cnaphalodes strobilobius
Kalt.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 1 12, a. Burdon, Journ. Econ.
Biol., 1908, vol. ii., p. 124. Houard, No. 94.

Picea orientalis. Oriental Spruce.

Gall terminal, elongated ; usually one side only of the
shoot is affected, and it becomes curved. The swollen
bases of the needles do not usually fuse together to form
definite cavities. Greenish -yellow with reddish hairs on
the swollen parts. The shoot grows beyond the attacked
part. Aphis dark brown, becoming yellowish-brown,
seated on the stem a little distance below the bud ; eggs
brownish-yellow. According to Cholodkovsky, the inter-
mediate hosts of this species are Pinus sylvestris and
P. strobus,

Chermes sibiricus Cholod. 29

Syn. Adelges sibiricus Cholod.

Abies pectinata D. C. Common Silver Fir.

Fungi Fusiform cankered swelling on the branches, with a

mass of erect twigs bearing stunted yellowish leaves grow-
ing upon it. The aecidia are produced only on the leaves
of the “ witch’s broom,” not on the swollen branch. The
teleutospore form occurs on species of Cerustium.
(Plate XVII.)

Aecidial stage of Melampsora cerastii Persoon 30

Syn. Uredo caryophyllacearunt Johnst., Peridermium
elatinum Wallr.

Plowright, p. 248. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 113.

Larix europaea D. C. Common Larch.

Homop- Needles bent, often at right angles, discoloured and
tera swollen, with a dark brown woolly aphis seated in the

PLATE XIX

JUNIPER {JuH7pC7US COIIllllunis). A BRANCH (iAl.I.ED BY I HK FUNGUS GyinnospOvnu-
^itan clavariac/onne, the ki.ongateu fruit bodies of which are sp:hn protruding

FROM THE SWOLLEN PART

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CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 135

angle. The alternate stage of the “ pineapple ” gall on
the Spruce. (Plate X. 7.)

Chermes strobilobius Kalt.

Syn. Adelgcs strobilobius Kalt.

Burdon, Journ. Econ. Biol., 1908, ii., p. 126.

Densely fasciated mass of twigs at the end of a branch,
sometimes at the apex of the stem, forming a “ witch s
broom,” often of large dimensions.

Swanton, Haslemere Mus. Gaz., i., p. 535.

31

32

GRAMINEAE

Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn. 112. Sweet Vernal
Grass.

Nematoda Stem abnormally thickened, short, bulbous near the
base. Leaf sheaths enlarged, with swollen and wavy
margin. Awn rudimentary or non-apparent.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 19 1. Houard, No. 169.

Phleum pratense Linn. in. Cat’s-tail Grass.

Fungi F usiform swelling immediately below the upper leaf

sheath, white at first, becoming yellow at maturity. The
presence of the fungus also causes abortion of the inflores-
cence, and checks growth above the part attacked.

Epichloe typhina Persoon

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 125.

Agrostis canina Linn. loi. Brown Bent Grass.

Hymen- Ovoid swelling on the stem, with a cavity opening below,
optera ISOSOMA sp.

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 194.

Fungi Fusiform swelling on upper part of stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 125.

Agrostis alba Linn. 112. Marsh Bent Grass.

Homop- Leaves elongated, clustered, internodes slightly swollen,
tera Aphis yellow or shining black.

Brachycolus stellariae Hardy
Trail, Aberdeen Nat. Hist. Soc. Trans., 1885. Houard,
No. i86.

33

34

35

36

37

Nematoda Elongated swelling, about 5 by 3 mm., at the base of a
leaf. Globular swelling about 2 mm. in diameter on the
panicle. Greenish yellow, becoming reddish or purple.

Tylenchus tritici Bastian 38
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 54. 39

BRITISH GALLS

136

Fungi

Hymen-

optera

Acari

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Diptera

Fungi

Agrostis tenuis Sibth. {vulgaris With). 112. Fine
Bent Grass.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34.

Epiciiloe typhina Persoon 40
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 125.

Ammophila arenaria Link. 64. Mat Grass.

Haulm thickened at the summit, where the internodes
are shortened. The imbricated leaves are often not larger
than the enlarged sheath, the whole forming a pyriform
mass. ^ Larva pupates in the gall, imago appears the
following April or May.

ISOSOMA HYALIPENNE Walker 41
Syn. Eurytoma hyalipe7i7iis Walker.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 41 ; Plant Galls, fig. 155.
Houard, No. 21 1.

Haulm swollen at the sheath ; the epidermic cells hyper-
trophied and assuming various shapes, usually either
looped or twisted like a gimlet ; hyaline at first, becoming
brownish. M. G.

? Tarsonemus SPIRIFEX Marchal 42
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 156. Swanton, Knowledge,
June, 1910.

Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv. 112. Tufted Hair
Grass.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 43

Holcus mollis Linn. no. Creeping Soft Grass.

Leaves erect, tufted. They “embrace each other at
their bases like those of a sedge. In this manner a kind
of boat is formed for the protection of the colony.’’ Aphis
yellow or shining black, mealy.

Brachycolus STELLARIAE Hardy 44
Hardy, North Brit. Agriculturalist, pt. ii , p. 788.
Buckton, ii., p. 148. Houard, No. 218.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34, and Plate
XVI. 3.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 45
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 125.

Holcus lanatus Linn. 112. Meadow Soft Grass.

Swelling on the stem in the immediate vicinity of a
node, under the sheath of the corresponding leaf, tinted
violet or purple. Larvae white, gregarious.

Mayetiola holci Kieffer 46
Whitehead and Gray’s Report, 1887. Houard, No. 215.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 47
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 125.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 137

Avena pubescens Huds. 94* Downy Oat Grass.

Fungi Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 40

Diptera

Phragmites communis Trin. 104. Common Reed
Lateral branches shortened, walls of the terminal inter-
nodes thickened and hardened. Interior of the haulm
filled with a blackish grumous mass in which are reddish-
yellow larvae, each living in an isolated and distinct

gallery. .

Lasioptera ARUNDINIS Schiner

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 241.

Isolated or grouped growths in the interior of the haulm,
quite invisible externally. Each is firmly attached to the
inner wall, and about 7 mm. long. Surface rough, pale
yellow or brown, soft at first, becoming very hard at
maturity. Each gall contains a white larva. M. G.

Perrisia inclusa Frauenfeld
Syn. Cecidomyia inclusa Frauenfeld.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Plouard, No. 245.

Terminal fusiform swelling attaining the size of the
middle finger. The axis of the stalk is shortened because
of the arrested development of from ten to fifteen terminal
internodes. The central cavity, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter,
50 to 80 mm. long, has very thick and woody walls. It
contains a single larva. M. G.

Lipara lucens Meigen
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 32 ; Plant Galls, fig. 258.
Houard, No. 238.

Homop- Small depressions on the upper surface of the leaf, which
tera is often powdered with yellow dust when the Aphides are
numerous. Aphis bright green, more or less covered with
yellow meal ; cornicles dark grey, very small.

HYALOPTERUS ARUNDINIS Fabr.
Buckton, ii , 112. Houard, No. 247.

Cynosurus cristatus Linn. 112. Dog’s-tail Grass.

Fungi Fusiform swelling at the apex of the stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon

Poa annua Linn. 112. Annual Meadow Grass.

Nematoda Plant bulbous at the base of the stem.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 191. Houard, No. 260.

Fungi Fusiform swelling near the apex of the stem. See

No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon
Massee, Textbook of Plant Disea<^es, p. 125.

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

138

BRITISH GALLS

Diptera

Namatoda

Fungi

>>

H3nnan-

optera

Nematoda

Diptera

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

Poa nsmoralis Linn. 93. Wood Meadow Grass.

Medium or upper part of the stem swollen above a node.
From the swelling issue numerous root-like filaments
which curve around the stem. Each gall has a single
cavity containing numerous larvae. M. G.

Mayetiola poae Bose. 56

Syn. Hormomyia poae Bose.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 245. Houard, No. 264.

Plant bulbous at the base of the stem.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 57

Fusiform swelling near the apex of the stem. See
No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 58

Poa pratensis Linn. 112. Smooth Meadow Grass.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 34.

Epichloe typhina Persoon 59

Festuca ovina Linn. 112. Sheep’s Fescue Grass.

Irregular yellowish-green swelling on the stem, situated
above the first or second node. M. G. Imago appearing
in spring.

IsosOMA DEPRESSUM Walker 60

Syn. Euura depressa Cameron.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Walker, 1871, p. 451.
Houard, No. 282.

Minute oval or elongated pustules, i to 2 mm. long, on
the under surface of the leaf. Green or bluish-black.

Tylenchus graminis Hardy 61

Hardy, 1850, p. 182. Houard, No. 283.

Brachypodium sylvaticum Roem. and Schult. {gradle
Beauv.). in. Slender False Brome Grass.

Top-shaped swelling on the stem in the vicinity of a
node, causing a slight swelling outside the sheath.
Chestnut-brown, becoming blackish.

Cecidomyia sp. 63

C. Zimmerman, 1907. Houard, No. 297.

Agropyron repens Beauv. 112. Couch Grass.

Spindle-shaped swelling on the stem.

Aulacidea hieracii Bouch^ 63

Syn. Aulax hieracii Sch.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 114.

Terminal internodes remaining short and thickened,
within a cigar-shaped sheath formed by imbricated leaves.

The cavity is elongated, and contains a yellowish-white
larva. M. G.

Chlorops TAENIOPUS M eigen 64

Connold, Plant Galls, Ijg. 95.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 139

Diptera Terminal bud hypertrophied ; leaves elongated, forming
a cigar-shapcd, hard parvicornis Meigen

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 98- Houard, No. 3M-

Nematoda Nodosities on the stem. _ ^

Heterodera radicicola Greet!

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 75. attributed to H. Schachtii,

Kiihn. Houard, No. 315.

65

66

CYPERACEAE

Eleocharis palustris Roem. and Schult. 1 1 1 . Creeping

Spike Rush. _ ,1 td *•

Fungi Elongated rather flat swellings on the stalks Kestmg

spores smooth, brown. August.

PHYSODERMA HELEOCHARIDIS Schroet. 67

Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans., iii., p. m.

Scirpus nanus Spreng. [parvulus Roem. and Schult.).

3. Small Club Rush.

,, Swellings on the roots containing the blackish-brown

spore-masses.

USTILAGO MARINA Durieu 6b

Plowright, p. 275.

Carex vulpina Linn. 86. Great Sedge.

Diptera Utricle swollen and elongated, thinner above, 8 mm,
long. Containing an orange larva. Cocoon white. M. G.

PERRISIA MURICATAE Meade 69
Syn. Dasyne.ura muricatae Meade.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 82 (without name). Houard,

No. 361.

Carex contigua Hoppe {muricata auct. angl.) 80.
Great Prickly Sedge.

,, Utricle swollen. See No. 69.

Perrisia muricatae Meade 70
Syn. Cecidomyia muricatae Meade.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 362.

Carex caespitosa Linn. i. Tufted Sedge.

.. Globular swelling on the stem near its base, about the

size of a wheat grain, brown or reddish brown. Solitary
or in groups of three to five. M. G,

PSEUDOHORMOMYIA GRANIFEX Kieff. 71
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 83.

Carex limosa Linn. 26. Mud Sedge.

,, Elongated plurilocular excrescences, 5 to 8 mm. long.

140

BRITISH GALLS

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Homop-

tera

between the sheaths of the lower leaves. White, thin
and woody. M. G.

Hormomyia Fischeri Frauenf. 72
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus bufonius Linn. 112. Toad Rush.

In the cells of the periblem of the living root, causing
swellings about 10 mm. long and 3 mm. in thickness.

Syn. Entorrhiza cypericola Mag.

SCHINZIA CYPERICOLA Magnus 73
Plowright, p. 299 ; Bernard, L’Evolution dans la Sym-
biose (1909).

Juncus squarrosus Linn. 108. Heath Rush.

Root swollen. See No. 73.

ScHiNZiA CYPERICOLA Magnus 74

Plowright, p. 299.

Juncus inflexus Linn, Ehrh.) 90. Hard Rush.

Terminal leaves forming a compact, imbricated, tassel-
like mass. The leaves are atrophied, swollen, tinted red and
purple below. Numerous larvae in the enlarged sheaths.

Livia JUNCORUM Latr. 75

Syn. Livia lamprocarpus Latr.

Houard, p. 99, and No. 402.

Juncus elfusus Linn. 112.

Terminal leaves swollen and deformed. See No. 75.

Livia juncorum Latr. 76

Houard, No. 400.

Juncus conglomeratus Linn. 112.

Terminal leaves swollen and imbricated. See No. 75*

Livia juncorum Latr. 77
vScott, 1876, pp. 565, 566. Houard, No. 309.

Juncus bulbosus Linn. 107. Lesser Jointed Rush.
{Juncus supinus Moench ; J. uligmosus Meyer.)

Terminal leaves swollen and imbricated. See No. 75.

Livia juncokum Latr. 78

Houard, No. 406.

Root swollen. See No. 73.

SCHINZIA cypericola Magnus 79

Plowright, p. 299.

Juncus articulatus Linn, no, Shining-fruited Jointed
Rush {Juncus lamprocarpus Ehrh.).

Terminal leaves forming a tassel. Se.e No. 75.

Livia juncorum Latr. 80
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 103; Plant Galls, fig. 267
(printed upside down). Houard, No. 397.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 14 1

Fungi

Hoinop-

tera

Fungi

Acari

Fungi

Hymen-

optera

Root swollen. See No. 73* c q.

SCHINZIA CYPERICOLA Magnus 8 1

Plowright, p. 299.

Juncus sylvaticus Reich in. Sharp-flowered Jointed
Rush {Juncus acutijionis Ehrh.).^

Terminal leaves imbricated. See No. 75.

Livia juncorum Latr. 82

Houard, No. 405.

LILIACEAE

ColcMcum autumnale Linn. 40* Meadow Safifron.
Swollen patches and lines on the leaves containing the

black spore-mass. April to July. c i 1

^ UROCYSTIS COLCHICI Schlecht 83

Syn. Urocystis colchici Tulasne.

Plowright, p. 286.

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans regia Linn. Walnut.

Swollen rounded patches, 10 to 15 mm. in diameter, and
about 5 mm. high, chiefly on the upper surface of the leat ;
the concavity below is lined with a felt of white filiform
hairs. Erinetun juglandineum Persoon.

Eriophyes tristriatus Nalepa, var. erinea
Nalepa Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 70, 75, a. Houard,
No. 462.

MYRICACEAE

84

Myrica Gale Linn. 81;. Bog Myrtle or Sweet Gale.
Masses of tubercles on the adventitious roots, varying
in size from a pea to a small walnut. Each tubercle^ is
di- or trichotomously divided, and each tip ends with
a long, slender, thread-like appendage. Flesh colour.

I. to XII. , n/r • o

Frankiella Brunchorstii (Moller) Rene Maire 85

Syn. Frankia subtilis Brunchorst., F7~ankui Brun-
chorstii Moller. A uu O'!

I have received specimens from Newton Abbot. 1 hese

galls are probably common.

SALICACEAE

Salix pentandra Linn. 59. Bay-leaved Willow.

An irregularly ovoid swelling on the stem, about the size
of a hazelnut, formed of hard, woody tissue, and contain-

144

BRITISH GALLS

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

t >

Acari

Hymen*

optera

Rounded swellings on the branches. See No. 91.

Saperda populnea Linn. 97

Houard, No. 624.

Leaf margin tightly rolled towards the lower surface,
forming a compact, short (3 mm. by 2 mm.) gall, which is
smaller at each end, coloured yellow, red, or purplish-
brown, and bent like a bow. Usually gregarious and
sometimes coalescent, but the margin is never continu-
ously rolled. Each gall contains a single larva.

Perrisia Inchbaldiana Mik. 98

Syn. Cecido7nyia clausiliae Bre.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 323. Inchbald and Meade,
1886A pp. 223"22f. Houard, No. 627.

Terminal leaves stunted and rolled. See No. 92.

Perrisia terminalis H. Low 99

MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 614.

Slight swelling on the stem. See No. 94.

Rhabdophaga saliciperda Dufour 100

R. Stewart MacDougall, Jour. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905.
Houard, No. 621.

Arrested development of the terminal internodes ; the
leaves are shortened and crowded, forming a rosette-like
gall, which contains a pale red larva sheltered in a bundle
of erect linear leaves. Sometimes all the leaves of the
gall are atrophied and erect, and it then resembles a
small fir-cone.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low ioi

Syn. Cecidomyia rosaria H. Low.

MacDougall, Gall-Gnats on Osieis and Willows, Journ.

Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard, No. 613.

Leaf margins tightly rolled, either upwards or down-
wards. The affected part is but slightly swollen, about
3 mm. long, glabrous, greenish or reddish. The galls are
seldom coalescent, hence the deformity is not very ap-
parent. Pubescent within.

Eriophyes sp. 102

Houard, No. 591.

According to Houard, the mites most frequently found
in this gall are Eriophyes truncatus Nal., E. tetano-
thrix Nal., and Phyllocoptes fuagnirostis Nal. In all
probability Connold’s Eriophyes marginatus (see Veg.
Galls, pi. 58, and Plant Galls, fig. 324) is one of these.

Salix alba Linn., var. vitellina Linn. 14.

Margin of the leaf evenly rolled inwards until it meets

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 145

Hymen-

optera

t »

» t

% »

I •

the midrib; the roll is usually on one margin only, and
extends about two-thirds of the length,

PONTANIA VIMINALIS Hartig I03

Syn. Nematus nigrolineatus Cameron.

Cameron, ii., p. 194, pi. ir, fig. 7. Houard, No. 650.

Buds greatly swollen, remaining closed and withering
away. Each contains a single larva.

Cryptocampus ater Jurine 104

Syn. Cryptocampus angustus Hartig, Euura 7iigritarsis
Cameron.

Inchbald, 1864, P- 47* Houard, No. 646.

Salix purpurea Linn, 76. Purple Osier.

Oval or long and narrow pustule on the upper surface
of the leaf, parallel to but not touching the midrib, reddish
or purple above, yellowish-green below. Sometimes there
is a second pustule on the other half of the blade. Larva
yellowish, with brown head and blackish eyes.

PONTANiA FEMORALIS Cameron 105

Syn. Nematus femoralis Cam., N. ischnocerus Zadd.

Cameron, ii., p. 196 ; i., pi. 5, figs, 5, 10. Houard,

No. 706.

A spherical swelling (7 to 12 mm. in diameter) on the
lower surface of the leaf, to which it is attached by a
point ; glabrous, green, yellow, or red. It appears on the
upper side of the leaf merely as a rounded reddish spot.

The gall is reduced to a thin shell before the larva quits
it. M. E. (Plate II. 9.)

PONTANIA SALICIS Christ 106

Syn. Ne/natus gallamm Hartig, N.viminalis Vollenh.,

N. Vollenhoveni Cam,, N. salicis-cinereae Cam.

Cameron, ii., p. 199. Houard, No. 708.

A large bean-shaped swelling equally developed on both
surfaces of the leaf, between the midrib and the margin
towards the base ; yellowish-green or brownish-red, thin
walled, with a spacious cavity containing a single large
yellowish-green larva (15 mm. long) with reddish ex-
tremities, and black spots above its feet. M. E.

PONTANIA VESICATOR Bremi 107

Syn. Nematus vesicater Cameron.

Cameron, ii., p. 183 ; i., pi. 5, fig. 8.

Leaf margin rolled inwards. See No. 103.

PONTANIA VIMINALIS Hartig I08

Cameron, 11., p. 194. Houard, No. 701.

Leaf stalk swollen (diameter 3 mm.); the swelling
often extends the entire length and involves the midrib.

10

146

BRITISH GALLS

Greenish-yellow tinted with red. Larval cavity usually
axial.

Cryptocampus venustus Zadd. 109
Syn. E Ultra venusta Zadd.

Houard, No. 697.

Diptera Fusiform or spherical swellings on one-year twigs. See
No. 95.

Rhabdophaga salicis Sch. 1 10
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 696.

.. Slight swelling on the stem. See No. 94.

Rhabdophaga SALiciPERDA Duf. 11 1
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 695.

,, Terminal leaves shortened and rosette-like. See No. 101.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low 112
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 684.

Hymen-

optera

Salix purpurea Linn., var. Woolgariana Borr.

Spherical swelling on the lower side of the leaf. See
No. 106.

PONTANIA SALICIS Christ. II3
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 319. Cameron, ii., p. 199.

Bean-shaped swelling on the leaf. See No. 107.

PONTANIA vesicator Bremi 1 14
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 320.

Lepi- Fusiform swelling, 10 to 20 mm. long, 5 to 8 mm. in

doptera diameter, on the older branches, not on the one year
shoots ; green, with a central elongated cavity containing
a caterpillar. M. G. (Text, Figs. 8, 9.)

Grapholitha Servilleana Dup. 115
Syn. Hedya servilleana Entom. Syn. List., Acrolita
servilleana Barrett.

Houard, No. 694.

Salix purpurea Linn, x viminalis Linn. {S. rubra
Hudson). 36. S. Helix Linn.

Hymen- Leaf margin rolled inwards. See No. 103.
optera Pontania viminalis Hartig 116

Syn. Nematus leucostigmus Cam.

Cameron, ii., p. 194. Houard, No. 716.

Bean-shaped swelling on the leaf. See No. 107.

Pontania vesicator Bremi 117
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 237. Houard, No. 717.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 147

Hymen-

optera

» I

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

Hymen-

optera

Salix viminalis Linn, 88. Common Osier.

Margin of the leaf turned towards the lower surface and
slightly rolled.

PONTANIA scOlWSPiS Foerster 118

Houard, No. 753.

Fusiform swelling on the stem, 8 to 20 mm. long, with
a large cavity in the woody tissue containing a caterpillar
with brown head and black eyes. M. G. II.

Cryptocampus ater Jurine 1 19
Inchbald, 1864, p. 47. Houard, No. 741.

Leaf margin rolled loosely inwards. See No. 87.

PONTANIA LEUCOSTICTA Hartig 120
Cameron, ii., p. 189. Houard, No. 752.

Fusiform swellings on the older branches. See No. 115.

Grapholitha Servilleana Dup. 12 1

Houard, No. 744.

Stem more or less swollen. See No. 94.

Rhabdophaga saliciperda Duf, 122
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 745.

Leaf margin rolled inwards. See No. 93.

Perrisia marginemtorquens Winn. 123
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 81 ; Plant Galls, fig. 234.
Houard, No. 749.

Fusiform swellings on one-year twigs. See No. 95,

Rhabdophaga salicis Sch. 124
MacDougall Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 747.

Salix caprea Linn. 106. Goat Willow.

An ovoid or spherical swelling, about 5 mm. in diameter,
on the under surface of the leaf ; green, yellow, or whitish,
sometimes tinted red, covered with white hairs. Its
presence is shown on the upper surface by a rounded
yellowish-brown spot bordered with red, or sometimes
entirely red. Solitary or gregarious. Larva solitary.
(Plate II. 4.)

PONTANIA PEDUNCULI Hartig 1 25
Syn. acc. to Houard, Nematus curticorhis Cameron
N. bellus Zaddach, N, baccarum Cameron. *

Cameron, ii pp. 198, 201 ; i., pi. 5, fig. 9. Connold,

P ‘ Plant Galls, fig. 273. Houard,

No. 815. ’

Bean-like swelling on the leaf. See No. 90. Cameron
observes that on S.capraea these galls are “somewhat

148

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

» V

) >

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

oval, dark shining green, glabrous above, very hairy
beneath.”

PONTANIA PROXIMA Lepel I26
Syn. Neinatus gallicola Steph.

Cameron, ii., 203. Houard, No. 814.

Bean-like swelling on the leaf. Usually closer to the
midrib than that of P. proxima^ and with the long axis
parallel to it.

PONTANIA Bridgmani Cam. 127
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 274. Houard considers it to
be the same as P. proxuna Lepel, but it appears to be a
distinct species. Houard, No. 814.

Petiole and base of leaf considerably thickened, green
or reddish in the centre. Each gall contains a yellowish-
green larva.

Cryptocampus saliceti Fall. 128
Syn. Crypto campus gemmarum Zadd., Nematus mucro-
jiatus Hartig.

Houard, p. 137.

Ovoid swelling on the stem. See No. 86.

Cryptocampus medullarius Hartig 129
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 795.

Petiole swollen. See No. 109.

Cryptocampus venustus Zadd. 130
Syn. Euura venusta Zadd.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 212. Houard, No. 804.

Bud greatly swollen, remaining closed and withering
away ; also elongated swellings in the young branches,

8 to 20 mm. long, with a spacious internal cavity excavated
in the woody tissue by a caterpillar with brown head and
black eyes. M. G.

Cryptocampus ATER Jurine 13 1
Syn. Cryptoca7Hpus a^igicstus Hartig, Euura nigritarsis
Cam., Euura angusta Cam. 131 A

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 270, p. 246. Houard, No. 790.

Rounded swellings on the branches. See No. 91.

Saperda populnea Linn. 132

Houard, No. 802.

Fusiform swellings on the older branches. See No. 1 1 5.

Grapholitha servilleana Dup. 133

Houard, No. 797.

Bud-like gall on the shoot.

Dasyneura salicina Sch. 134
Syn. Cecidotnyia salicina Sch.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 149

Diptera Leaf margin rolled inwards near the petiole. Rare on
this species of Willow. See No. 93*

Perrisia marginemtorquens Winn. 135

MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., Connold,

Plant Galls, fig. 350. Houard, No. 807.

,, Ovoid or spherical swelling, i to 5 mm. in diameter, on

both surfaces of the leaf, yellowish-green or pale yellow,
often tinted with violet or reddish-purple above. Gre-
garious or coalescent. Opening inferior, rounded, larval
cavity containing a single larva, white at first, then orange,
red at maturity. M. E.

Oligotrophus capreae Winn. 136
Syn. Hormo7uyia capreae Wtz.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 95; Plant Galls, fig. 272.
Houard, No. 812.

,, Terminal leaves shortened, forming a rosette. See
No. loi.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low 137
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 784.

Fusiform swellings on one-year twigs. See No. 95.

Rhabdophaga salicis Sch. 138
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Connold,

Veg. Galls, Pis. 26, 27 ; Plant Galls, fig. 269. Houard,

No. 800.

M vStem more or less swollen. See No. 94 and Plate IX. 10.

Rhabdophaga saliciperda Dufour 139
MacDougall, Gall- Gnats on Osiers and Willows, Journ.

Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard, No. 798. The galls de-
picted on Plates XXVI. and XXVII. of Connold’s “Vege-
table Galls,” and on Fig. 269 of “ Plant Galls,” are caused
by the presence of Rhabdophaga salicis Sch., not /?. salici-
perda, as therein stated.

A.cari Pedunculated yellowish or reddish pubescent pustule

on the upper surface of the leaf. The interior may be
either subdivided by projections or quite smooth. Aperture
inferior, surrounded by hairs. Gregarious or coalescent.

Eriophyes tetanothrix Nalepa 140
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 66 ; Plant Galls, fig. 271.

-> Smooth pustular growth on the leaf, showing equally
OB both surfaces, yellow or red. Interior smooth, or
subdivided by excrescences from its walls. Gregarious
or coalescent.

Eriophyes SALICIS Nalepa 14 1
Houard, p. 146. There is some doubt concerning the
species of Eriophyes responsible for this gall and the
preceding one.

150

Fungi

Hymen-

optera

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

Hymen-

optera

BRITISH GALLS

Circular or irregular large black patches, 4 to 5 mm.
thick, on the upper surface of the leaves, white inside.
Autumn and winter.

Rhytisma salicinum Fries. 141a
Syn. Xyloina salicmum Persoon.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., 71, 72.

Salix aurita Linn. 106. Round-eared Sallow.

Leaf stalk swollen. See No. 109.

Cryptocampus venustus Zadd. 142

Houard, No. 852.

Pea-like excrescence on under surface of the leaf. See
No. 125.

PONTANIA PEDUNCULI Hartig 1 43
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 238. Cameron, ii., p. 198.
Houard, No. 863.

Oval or elongated pustules on the upper surface of the
leaf. See No. 105.

PoNTANiA FEMORALIS Cameron 144
Syn. Nemaius fe7noralis Cameron.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 322.

Bud greatly swollen, remaining closed, and ultimately
shrivelling up. Contains a solitary larva. M. E. Imago II.

Cryptocampus saliceti Fall. 145
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 836.

Rounded or fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 1 1 5.

Saperpa populnea Linn. 146

Houard, No. 850.

Fusiform swellings on the older branches. See No. 94.

Grapholitha servilleana Dup. 147

Houard, No. 845.

Terminal leaves forming a rosette. See No. loi.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low 148
Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 85, 86 ; Plant Galls, fig. 321.
Houard, No. 827.

Fusiform swellings on one-year twigs. See No. 95.

Rhabdophaga salicis Sch. 149
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Houard,

No. 848.

Salix cinerea Linn. 106. Grey Willow.

Bean-like swelling on the leaf. See No. 90.

Cameron observes that the galls on this species of
Willow are “ oblong, dark green, like those on S, capraea^

but are smaller and more hairy.”

PONTANIA PROXIMA Lepel 1 50

Syn. Nemaius galJicola Ste.

Cameron, ii., p. 203. Houard, No. 903.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 151

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

f •

Fusiform swellings on the older branches. See No. ii5‘

Grapholitha servilleana Dup. 1 51

Houard, No. 887.

Elongated swelling on the young twigs (12 by 6 nim.),
coalescent, and split into wavy longitudinal furrows. This
gall resembles that of Cryptoca^npus (see No. 119).

It differs in having a very small internal cavity, containing
a greenish-white larva without a distinct head.

Agromyza SCHINERI Giraud 152

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 23, 24 ; Plant Galls, fig. 317*
Houard, No. 882.

Terminal leaves forming a rosette. See No. loi.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low 153

MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905* Houard,

No. 872.

Male catkins deformed. See No. 88.

Rhabdophaga HETEROBiA H. Low 154

MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905*

,, Fusiform swellings on one-year twigs. See No. 95.

Rhabdophaga salicis Sch. 155
MacDougall, Journ. Bd. Agric., Oct., 1905. Connold,

Veg. Galls, pi. 28. Houard, No. 890.

Salix cinerea Linn. X phylicifolia Linn. (5. laiirina
Sm.). II.

Hymen- Oval or elongated swellings on the upper surface of the
optera leaf, usually in pairs.

Pontania femoralis Cameron 1 56
Syn. Nematus ischnocerus Thom.

Cameron, ii., p. 196. Houard, No. 946.

,, Bean-like swelling on the leaf. See No. 107.

Pontania vesicator Bremi 157
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 237. Houard, No. 945.

Salix repens Linn. 98. Creeping Willow.

Diptera Terminal leaves forming a rosette. See No. lor.

Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Low 158

Houard, No. 910.

Lepidop-

tera

Fusiform swellings on the older branches. See No. 115.

Grapholitha servilleana Dup. 159

Houard, No. 917.

Salix herbacea Linn. 31. Dwarf Willow.

Hymen- Roundish bean-like swelling on the leaf. See No. 150.

optera As a rule, one gall on a leaf. Cameron says of the larva

that it is the only gall-inhabiting larva of the Tert-

152,

BRITISH GALLS

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Fungi

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Fungi

thredinidae which bears regularly arranged marks on the
body. Scotland and Cumberland.

PONTANIA PROXIMA Lepel i6o

Syn. Nematus herbacea Cameron.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 316. Cameron, ii., p. 203.
Houard, No. 1013.

Populus alba Linn. 70. White Poplar.

Fusiform or rounded swellings on the twigs and small
branches, with a cavity in the pith containing a large
yellowish-white larva. M. G.

Saperda populnea Linn. 161

Houard, No. 476.

Branch swollen, the long larval cavity, no mm. by
4 to 5 mm., opening at the exterior in the centre of an
irregular lateral nodosity. M. G.

SCIAPTERON TABANIFORME Rott., var. RHINGIAE-
FORME Hiibner 162

Houard, No. 6218.

Young branches slightly swollen, with shortened and
distorted ramification.

GyPSONOMA ACER! ana Dup. 1 63

Syn. Hedya aceriana Barrett.

Houard, No. 478.

Convex blisters or swollen patches on the upper surface
of the leaf, with a corresponding concavity below, up to
I cm. across, golden-yellow.

Taphrina aurea Fries. 164

Syn. Asco?nyces aureus Magnus., Exoascus aureus
Sadebeck, Exoascus populi Thiim.

Massee, Textbook Plant Diseases, p. 91.

Populus alba Linn.x tremula {P. canescens Sm.). 49.

Grey Poplar.

Fusiform or rounded swellings on the branches. See
No. 161.

Saperda populnea Linn. 165

Houard, No. 517.

Young branches swollen near the apex, 20 mm. long
by 12 mm. in diameter, yellowish or light brown.

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. 166

Syn. Hedya ace7'ia7ia Barrett.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 36 ; Plant Galls, fig. 250.
Houard, No, 518.

Convex blisters on the upper surface of the leaf. See
No. 164.

Taphrina aurea Fries. 167

Massee, Textbook Plant Diseases, p. 91.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 153

Hymen-

optera

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Populus tremula Linn. 105. Aspen. , , . ,,

Petiole swollen. The eggs are laid on the leaf stalk,
which becomes swollen and bends over on each side to
cover the eggs. Larvae (July and August) green with
black head, becoming orange, with twelve large black

marks. Imago September i. ,0

Trichiocampus viminalis Fall. 168

Syn. Claduts viminalis Y2W.

Theobald, First Rep. Econ. Zool., 1903, p. 37. This
insect also occurs on various Willows, but I can find no
records of its causing galls thereon.

Fusiform or rounded swellings on young branches. See
No. 161 and Plate VI. 7.

Saperda populnea Linn. 169

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 21 ; Plant Galls, fig. 37. Houard,

No. 489.

Petiole with an elongated swelling close to the base of
the leaf, containing a pale yellow larva. (Plate VII. 4.)

Nepticula argyropeza Zell. 170

Syn. N, apicella Ste., of Meyrick’s Handbook Brit.
Lep., p. 726.

Houard, No. 495.

Shoots swollen, with a cavity containing a single larva.

LASPEYRESIA COROLLANA Hb. I71

Syn. Laspeyresia Leegerana Wilk.

Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lep., p. 51 1. This insect was
found once at Whittlesea Mere many years ago ; perhaps
now extinct in Britain.

Diptera Leaf margins rolled upwards, but not tightly ; yellow-
green, becoming brown. Slightly pilose. M. E.

CONTARINIA sp. 172

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 40. Swanton, Knowledge,
June, 1910, erroneously recorded as caused by Eriophyes
dispar Nalepa. Houard, No. 502.

,, Small rounded swellings, about 5 mm. in diameter, on
the twig or on the petiole, generally tinted with red, and
slightly pubescent. The larval cavity has a conical pro-
longation, opening at maturity with a circular lateral orifice.
Larva orange. M. E. 173

Harmandia petioli Kieff. 174
Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 94, 117 ; Plant Galls, fig. 39.
Houard, Nos. 493, 497.

,, Rounded pustules (3 to 4 mm. in diameter) on the upper
surface of the leaf, gregarious or coalescent, usually bright
red or purple. The pustule is compressed at its base, and

154 BRITISH GALLS

opens by a slit on the inferior surface. Larva solitary,
yellowish. M. E.

HaRMANDIA TREMULAE Winn. I75
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 41. S wanton, Knowledge,
June, 1910. Houard, No. 506.

Acari Leaves very small, crinkled and thickened, yellow or

red, often rolled upwards on one or both marg-ins.

Eriophyes dispar Nalepa 176

Houard, No. 486.

,, Small, irregularly rounded, red pustules on the glands

at the base of the leaf near the petiole.

Eriophyes diversipunctatus Nal. 177
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 499.

A swelling on the upper surface (usually) of the leaf,
with a corresponding concavity below, the latter lined with
numerous projections. Whitish at first, then brown.

Phyllocoptes populi Nalepa 178
Ermeu7n popuUnum Persoon.

Greville, 1827, pi. 250. Houard, No. 514.

Fungi Convex golden-yellow blisters on the leaf. See No. 164.

Taphrina aurea Fries. 179

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 200.

,, Carpels becoming much swollen, and assuming a bright

golden colour.

Taphrina johansonii Sadebeck 180
Massee, Textbook Plant Diseases, p. 92.

Coleop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Homop-

tera

Populus nigra Linn. Black Poplar.

Fusiform or rounded swellings on the young branches.

See No. 161.

Saperda populnea Linn. 181

Houard, No. 526.

Young branches swollen above. See No. 163.

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. 182

Houard, No. 530.

Knotty swellings on branches of the first and second
years’ growth.

SCIAPTERON TABANI FORME Rott. 1 83

Houard, No. 527.

Leaf margins bent downwards, with blisters on the
under side and black patches on the upper. Aphis pale
brownish-green, very hairy ; eyes bright red. Larvae
various shades of green.

Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch 184

Buckton, ii., 136. Houard, No. 541a.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS i55

Homop-

tera

9 9

9i

Fungi

1 86

‘-f "sss.;

attacked. (Plate XII. 5-) pj.,,pHiGUS affinis Kalt. 185
Buckton, iii., 122. Houard, No. 541*

Petiole greatly swollen ; the swelling (i 5 to 3°
coLtts orcondguous spiral rolls, which are greenish-
Tehow at firs?, then reddish. The large internal cavity
Lntains the Aphides in various stages of development

Anhis pale green, very woolly. Autumnal. (Plate XI . 9.)
Apnis paie grcc , i^emphigus spirothec.\e Pass.

Buckton, iii., 122. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 248;

Veg. Galls, pi. 105. Houard, No. 535-

Bud deformed, making a vesicular gall °

hazel nut with a rounded opening at its apex. It som^i
occurs on the petiole, and commonly on the leaf. Greenish
?dlow, becoming tinted with red. Aphts dusky green 87
with fuscous head. (Plate XII. 6.)

Pemphigus bursarius Linn.
Buckton, iii., ii7- Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 104; Plant
Galls, fig. 247. Houard, Nos. 523, 529, 533.

Golden-yellow blisters on the leaf. See No. 164. ^

^ Taphrina AUREA Fries.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 249. Massee, Textbook of

Plant Diseases, p. 17.

BETULACEAE

189

190

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

Betula alba Linn. Aggr. 112. Common Birch.

Ovoid or rounded swelling of a branch at the nodes,

containing a \vhitish caterpillar.

Epiblema tetraquetrana Haw.

191

Syn. Phloeodes tetraquetrana Barrett. . ,

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 58 (without name). Houard,

No. 1074.

Roundish pustules, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, about 2 him.
in thickness, showing equally on both surfaces of the leaf.
Solitary or gregariouli seldom coalescent, yellowish-^een
with a narrow band of red or purple at the margin. Each
pustule contains a larva, white at first, then sulphur-yellow.

M. E.

CONTARINIA BETULINA Kiett. 192
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 63 (without name). Swanton,
Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 1076.

156 BRITISH CtALLS

Fusiform elongated swelling, 10 mm. long, on the mid-
rib or on a lateral vein, green or violet, containing three
or four larvae, which are white at first, then bright red.
Metamorphosis takes place outside the gall on the dried-
up leaf.

Massalongia rubra Kiefif. 193
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 62 (without name). Swanton,
Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 1075.

Catkin deformed and dwarfed.

(?) Oligotrophus betulae Winn. 194
Syn. Cecido7nyia hetulae Wtz.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 120; Plant Galls, fig. 64.
Binnie, 1877, P- 182. Houard, No. 1068 (without name).

On the under surface of the leaf, usually in the axils of
the nervures, in a depression corresponding with a more
or less circular swelling (2 mm. high) on the upper surface,
a mass of cylindrical contorted hairs. Reddish-brown
above, the pubescence reddish. Phyllerimn tortulosu7n
Greville.

Eriophyes lionotus Nalepa 195
Connold, V^eg. Galls, pi. 55 ; Plant Galls, fig. 60. Houard,

No. 1081.

Bud swollen, up to 10 mm. in diameter, with more or
less imbricated and recurved scales. The branch below
the terminal gall is always thickened, and often quite
arrested in development ; if its growth is continued the
internodes are usually shortened; ultimately a “witch’s
broom” results. Axillary buds are also attacked. Felt-
like patches of white or reddish hairs on the leaf (usually
below) are caused by the same agency. (Plate XX.) 196

Eriophyes rudis Canest. 197
Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 16-20, 63 ; Plant Galls, fig. 59.
Houard, Nos. 1072, 1085.

Irregular rounded swelling on the upper surface of the
leaf, usually between the veins, covered with a rough
yellow, brown, or red felt. The corresponding depression
below filled with a mass of white club-shaped hairs.
Solitary, gregarious, or coalescent. June to October.

Eriophyes rudis Can., var. longisetosa Nal. 198
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 61. Houard, No. 1083.

Numerous buds, slightly hairy, massed together on a
more or less circular woody boss of variable size on the
stem and larger branches.

Eriophyes sp. 199

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 57. Houard, No. 1073.

Diptera

Acari

"LATE XX

HiKCii (Betula alba) wi'i'H numerous
I’RESE.N’CE OK MI TES, KriofikyCS

FOR MANY YEARS. THE ‘

‘ WrrCUES-BROCTMS ” resulting from thf.
THIS TREK HAS BEEN UNDER OBSERVATION

brooms’' grow very slowly

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Fungi

Acari

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS i57

Dense masses of long twiggy
branches, often springing from a large woody core,

forming a “witch’s TURGiDUS Sadebeck 200

^yvi. Ascomyces turgidus Y\i\\.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., pp. 17, to-
Betula tomentosa Reith. and Abel {pubescens Ehrh.).

The lowlr'surface of the leaf usually in the axils of
the lateral veins, a depression lined with cylindrical con
torted hairs. Slight swelling on upper surface. Phyl e-

Hum tortuosum Greville. lionotus Nalepa 201

Greville, 1824- ii- P'- 94- Houard, No. 1095.

Alnus rotundifolia Mill, {gluiinosa Gaertn.). no.

T eniitoD ^'sSht swelling- on a twig at the base of a petiole, some-
"tra"' times caurng ffexure beyond, the point of attack. The

internal cavity ^e^^Xquetrana Haworth 202

Svn. Phloeodes tetraquetrana Barrett.
cLnold, Plant Galls, 6g. 21. Houard, No. 1123.

Staminate catkins Linn. 203

Syn. Argyresthia literella Haworth.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 26.

Acari On the lower surface of the leaf (very rarely on the

upper) a mass of unicellular hairs, white at first becoming
brownish. The hairs are much swollen and club-shaped
at the extremity. There is a slight swelling or blister on
the upper surface of the leaf. Erineum alneum Persoon.

^ Eriophyes brevitarsus Focken 204

It is doubtful whether Connold’s illustrations (see Veg.
Galls, pi. 49, and Plant Galls, fig. 23) are of this gall.
Houard, No. 1133-

Little subspherical red excrescences on the upper
surface of the leaf, about the size of a
stricted at the base. These pimples open on the inferior
surface by a mouth situated on a slight swelling surrounded
by a circular depression. The interior
cylindrical hairs that are not visible externally. Cepha-

loneon pustulatum Bremi. (Plate XXL 2.)

iuntun^, Eriophyes laevis Nalepa 205

Connold, Veg. Galls, PI. 54 i PLnt Galls, fig. 24.

Houard, No. 1 128.

BRITISH GALLS

158

Acari

Fungi

Diptera

Hemispherical pustules (3 mm. high) on the upper
surface of the leaf, always at the junction of the lateral
veins and midrib. Yellowish-green, becoming red and
brownish. Each pustule contains a cavity with a wide
opening on the lower surface of the leaf. It is lined with
hairs that are either white or a clear yellowish-brown.
When the galls are very numerous the margins of the
leaf are deflected. Ermeum axillare Fee.

Eriophyes Nalepai Focken 206

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 48 ; Plant Galls, fig. 22.
Houard, No. 1132.

Pistillate catkins deformed, producing long tongue-like
greenish or reddish outgrowths, which are either straight or
curled, attaining 30 mm. in length. Solitary or gregarious,
sometimes ten on one catkin. June to October. The
same fungus also produces blisters on the upper surface
of the leaves. (Text, Fig. 33.)

Exoascus alnitorquus Winter 207

Syn. Ascomyces alnitorquus Massee. 208

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 25. Swanton, Fungi and
how to Know Them, pi. 14, fig. 6.

Branches swollen, bark destroyed, the margin of the
wound surrounded by a thickened irregular mass of
living bark, commonly known as “ canker.”

208^2

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 127.

At one time supposed to have been caused by the fungus
Neciria ditissima, which, however, is a saprophyte. Prob-
ably of bacterial origin.

Small white or yellowish blisters usually on the under
surface of the leaves ; less frequently on the upper surface.

Taphrina Sadebeckii Johans. 209

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 91.

Clusters of abnormal thickened tubercles, forming
nodular spherical masses varying in size from a pea to
a walnut. Sometimes occurring at the base of the stem.
Reddish-brown or yellowish. I. to XII. (Plate XVI. 4.)

Frankiella alni (Wor.) Rene Maire 210

Syn. Schinzia Woronin, Plasmodiophora rt/z/f Won,
Frankia subfilis Brunchorst.

Connold, Plant Galls, frontispiece and fig. 20.

Carpinus Betulus Linn. 37. Hornbeam.

The midrib is swollen on the upper surface of the leaf
between two lateral veins, of which the bases are also
swollen. The gall contains two cavities, each with a single

ri.A TJ-: ,v.v/

GAl.l.S INDl-CKI) RY MT'l'KS ON I.KAVKs OK RKACKTHOKN, AI-OKl-J, (»K1''A'I‘ KNAl'WEKI)
AND MKAl.Y (;UKLDEK KOSK, AND ON YEW HDDS

Acari

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS i59

larva. The greater part of the midrib is often involved,
the galls coalescent, and the cARPim F. Low 2U

leaf is covered w,th abnormal^hajrs.^^^^ XENELLUS Schl. 212
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 141-

T eaf atrophied and wrinkled in a remarkable manner ;
‘tnrt“iafer“ vets, wh” h t TaUy , , ,

ErIOPHYES MACROTRICHUS Nal. -Ij

Lennon confusuvi Bremi. ,

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 140* Houard, No. 1046.

.. • of short twigs with atrophied leaves,

usmtlly seated upon a bough, forming the growth known

as a “ witch’s broom.” ExOASCUS CARPINI Ros. 214

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 137*

FAGACEAE

Corylas Avellana Linn. m. Hazel.

Diptera Staminate catkins swollen, more or less pyriform, with
enlarged, smooth scales. Larvae white, gregaiious.

^ STICTODIPLOSIS CORYLINA F. Low 21 5

Syn. Dipiosis corylina F. Low.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Acari Masses of deformed twigs, forming a “ witch’s broom.”

The growth may be dense or straggling ; the leaves are

stunted, and the nodes are always swollen. 5

Eriophyes avellanae Nah, var. : 210

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 14, I5- A very doubtful diag-
nosis.

Staminate catkins swollen, more or less pyriform,
scales enlarged and rough.

Eriophyes avellanae Nal.
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 134- Houard, No. 1053 (with-
out name).

217

Bud deformed, hypertrophied, forming an almost
spherical yellowish orreddish-brown massabout 8 to 10 mm.
in diameter, composed of swollen scales, the innermost

i6o

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

covered with minute wart-like projections, amongst which
the mites swarm in summer.

Eriophyes avellanae Nal. 218

Syn. Phytoptus coryli Pers.

Connold, Veg, Galls, pi. 47; Plant Galls, fig. 133.
Houard, No. 1056.

Quercus Robur Linn. 105. British Oak.

I. Cynipidae with Alternating Generations

On the male catkin. Gall ovoid, about 2 mm. high,
taking the place of a stamen, green at first, becoming
brown. It is covered at the apex with a closely crowded
mass of white hairs, 6 to 8 mm. long. It appears at the end
of April. Sometimes all the stamens of a catkin are
attacked ; the axis of the latter does not develop, and the
gall then appears as a mass of cottony threads surrounded
by the bud scales. Imago, June, I.

Andricus cirratus Adler 219

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 14 ; Plant Galls, fig. 220.
Houard, No. 1185. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. iia.

In an axillary bud. Gall fusiform, with a long stalk ;
total length 20 mm., yellowish-green, becoming brown,
marked with more or less pronounced longitudinal ribs.

First appearing in May. Imago, spring, III.

Andricus cirratus, form callidoma 220

Syn. Andricus callidoi7ia Giraud ; Aphilothrix calli-
doma Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 18; Plant Galls, fig. 184.
Houard, No. 1254. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, pi. 2, fig. ii.

On the leaf ; the colour, shape, and size of a pea,
glabrous above, slightly hairy below, provided with a
large cavity containing an internal gall. Sometimes on
the terminal twig. Always causing distortion and bend-
ing of the part attacked. Spring and summer. Imago,

May and June, I. 221

Andricus curvator Hartig 222

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 6, 7 ; Plant Galls, figs. 169, 195.
Houard, No. 1351. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 9«.

In an axillary bud. Gall minute, fusiform, 3 to 4 mm.
long ; its basal part, together with a small peduncle which
supports it, is hidden by the bud scales. The apex is
pointed ; just below the point there is a circular depres-

ON THE COMMON OAK

i6i

Hymen-

optera

9J

f 1

sion, which keeps the green tint when the rest of the gall
has become reddish-brown. Appearing in summer;
mature in October, when it falls to the ground. Imago,
spring, III.

ANDRICUS CURVATOR, form COLLAR IS 233

Syn. Andricus collaris Hartig ; Aphilothrix collaris
Adler.

Connold, Oak Galls, fig. 8 ; Plant Galls, fig. 185.
Houard, No. 1216. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 9*

In the axillary and terminal buds. Gall very minute,
ovoid, 2 mm. long, green, becoming brown, smooth and
shining. Appearing in May. Imago, July or August, I.

Andricus gemmatus Adler 224

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5 ; Plant Galls, fig. 177.
Houard, No. 1297. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 7^-

In the bark at the base of the trunk, gregarious woody
galls, each covered with a conical operculum, fleshy and
red at first, which falls off at maturity, when the gall re-
sembles a minute cone with its point buried in the bark,
its base (3 to 4 mm. in diameter) slightly exposed. Around
the edge of the base are a series of little punctiform de-
pressions ; in its centre a rounded smooth swelling, within
which is the larval cavity. Imago, April or May, II.

Andricus gemmatus, form corticis 225

Syn. Aphilothrix corticis Linn. Andricus corticis Mayr.

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 19, ‘loa ; Plant Galls, fig. 166.
Houard, No. 1291. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 7.

Terminal buds of a twig remaining short and thickened,
causing a thick swelling ( 1 2 mm. by 7 mm.), bearing some-
what tufted leaves. The central cavity contains an internal
gall firmly fixed to the bottom ; lateral twigs often grow from
the gall after the insect has emerged. Imago, June, I.

Andricus inflator Hartig 226

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. ii; Plant Galls, fig. 170.
Houard, No. 1205. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. %a.

In a bud. Gall solitary, green, glabrous, 3 to 5 mm. in
d ameter, seated on a swelling and surrounded at its base
by the bud scales, fleshy and soft beneath its outer layer.

It contains an internal hard, woody gall, covered with a
reticulated network of lines. The gall falls to the ground
in October, and the internal one drops out. Imago in
spring, II., III., VI.

Andricus inflator form globuli 227

II

i62

BRITISH GALLS

Syn. Andrtcus globuli Hartig ; Aphilothrix globuli
Adler.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 23; Plant Galls, fig. 187.
Houardj No. 1277. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 8.

Hymen- Slight swelling, i to 5 mm. long, on the bark of a twig,
optera due to the presence in the woody tissue beneath the bark
of a small, ovoid^ white gall, i to 3 mm. long. These galls
are usually gregarious, and then cause pronounced
irregular elongated swellings on the branch, which is
sometimes completely distorted and atrophied. The
swellings also occur on petiole and midrib. Imago,
August or September, I., II.

Andricus trilineatus Hartig 228
Syn. Andricus noduli Hartig. 228a

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 12 ; Plant Galls, fig. 171.
Houard, No. 1294. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. ^a.

,, Gall many-celled, situated on exposed roots or at the

base of the trunk just above the earth ; nodular, white or
tinted with rose at first, rounded, attaining the size of a
small apple, and somewhat fleshy. After the second
spring it becomes very hard, woody, and dark brown.
Imago, spring, III.

Andricus trilineatus form radicis 229
Syn. Andricus radicisF3.br.; Aphiloihrix radicis F3hr.
Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 26 ; Plant Galls, figs. 163, 164.
Houard, No. 1290. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 5.

,, On the male catkin, an ovoid, sharply pointed little

gall, not exceeding 5 mm. in height, green at first, be-
coming brownish. Sometimes sparsely hairy at the apex.
Gregarious- Rarely more than two clusters on a catkin.
Imago, June, I.

Andricus nudus Adler 230
Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 13 ; Plant Galls, fig. 222.
Houard, No. 1191. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 12a.

f) In an axillary bud, solitary. Gall subsessile, fusiform,

about the size of a grain of barley, green, with five or six
longitudinal striae, often tinted bright red and converging
to the blunt but slender pointed apex. It falls to the
ground in September. Imago, spring, III.

Andricus nudus, form malpighii 231
Syn. Andricus malpighii ; Aphilothrix ?naipighii
Adler.

Hymen-

optera

) f

ON THE COMMON OAK 163

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 23; Plant Galls, fig. 188.
Houard, No. 1283. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 12.

On the male catkin. Gall minute, pyriform, about
2 mm. high, inserted in the axis of the catkin between two
stamens ; green at first, becoming brown, covered with
erect white hairs. Usually solitary. Imago, June, I.

(Te.xt, Fig. 3.)

Connold, Oak Galls, pi.
Houard, No. 1189. Adler
Generations, pi. i, fig. 10a.

Andricus pilosus Adler 232
13 ; Plant Galls, fig. 223.
and Straton, Alternating

Bud greatly enlarged, resembling a hop-cone. The
scales are imbricated and enlarged ; there is a cavity be-
tween the central ones, at the bottom of which lies a
small, hard, ovoid gall, containing the larva. Imago,
spring, III., IV. (Text, Fig. 2.)

Andricus pi lotus, form fecundator 233
Syn. Andricus fecundatrix Cam. ; Aphilothrix fecu7ida-
trix Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 22 ; Plant Galls, fig. 186.
Houard, No. 1214. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 10.

On the male catkin. Gall ovoid, brown, minute, about
2 mm. high, fixed to the base of the catkin, and covered
with hairs 6 to 8 mm. long. The galls are often massed
together on the catkin, and form a rounded or ovoid
swelling about the size of a pea, entirely concealed in a
covering of white or yellowish hairs.

Andricus ramuli Linn. 234
Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 14 ; Plant Galls, fig. 224.
Houard, No. 1186. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 13a.

In a bud, an ovoid gall, about 5 mm. high, terminating
in a point. It is glabrous, greenish, with a reddish
tint on the upper part, which shows above the bud ; the
broad base is buried in the bud. Within the fleshy
covering there is a woody internal gall marked with
longitudinal striae. In September or October the gall
becomes detached ; the external part dries up and ex-
poses the internal gall. Imago, spring, III.

Andricus ramuli, form autumnalis 235
Syn. Andricus autumnalis Hartig; Aphilothrix autum-
nalis Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 23 ; Plant Galls, fig. 183.
Houard, No. 1219. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 13.

164

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

) I

? )

Slight fusiform swelling, about 2 to 3 mm. long, on the
petiole or the midrib, glabrous, green. This gall much re-
sembles those of Andricus trilineatus Hartig (see No. 228),
which occur in similar situations, and the imagines are so
much alike that, according to Adler, they cannot be dis-
tinguished with certainty. Imago, August or September, I.

Andricus testaceipes Hartig 236

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 16 ; Plant Galls, figs. 196, 197.
Houard, No. 1318. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 6<2.

At the base of very young oaks and on twigs and
branches which touch the ground. Galls gregarious,
appearing as little red excrescences in longitudinal chinks
in the bark, each assuming later the shape of an obtuse
cone. The outer covering dries up at maturity and falls
away, leaving a conical hard gall 5 to 6 mm. high and
4 to 5 mm. in diameter, marked with longitudinal striae
extending from the base to the summit. Imago, March, III.

Andricus testaceipes, form Sieboldi 237

Syn. Andricus Sieboldi Hartig ; Aphilothrix Sieboldi
Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 27-30; Plant Galls, fig. 172.
Houard, No. 1293. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 6.

Gall developed from a terminal bud, rounded, fleshy,
smooth, yellowish tinted with reddish-brown, varying in
size from that of a walnut to a small apple. In section
showing numerous ovoid larval cavities, with the longer
;ixis parallel to the branch which bears the gall. Imago,

June or July, I. (Plate IV. i.)

Biorrhiza pallida Oliv. 238

Syn. Terns terminalis Fab. ; lBior7'hiza termbialis Cam.

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 56, 57 ; Plant Galls, fig. 174.
Houard, No. 1262. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. I7^:^.

On the subterranean roots, sometimes at a depth of
3 feet. Galls at first brownish-yellow, or reddish in parts ;
they occur on roots of all sizes ; the surface is warty and
substance fleshy. At maturity the gall is blackish-brown, of
a woody consistency, and about the size of a pea or a cherry,
and contains one or many larval cells. Often gregarious,
sometimes welded together into a large mass. (Plate IV. 5.)

Biorrhiza pallida, form aptera 239

Syn. Biorrhiza aptera Bose ; Biorrhiza ter??iinalis Cam.

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 31-34 I Plant Galls, fig. 165.
Houard, No. 1289. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi 2, fig. 17.

Hymen-

optera

>>

> )

ON THE COMMON OAK

165

on buds on the ^ark of the Jower
and on small tw.gs and branches g ^

Gall rounded, 5 to 7 mm. d'ameter, w > h a m.n p
point ; surface smooth and shmmg, w>’ite becoming

beautiful reddish-pmk, and 1“'?^ *'j These galls

no internal gall. Imago, May and June, 1. 1 nese g

are usually gregarious, .j.^, „egaptera Panzer 240

P"' Galls, figs. .68,

l75.°"Houard, No. 1280. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig.

On the lower surface of the leaf, attached to a vein by a

short slender stalk ; gall kidney-shaped average leng^

3 mm., at first pale green or yellowish, becoming more or

less tinted with red. Imago, spring, IH. tjipmttm 0,11

Tricon ASPis megaptera, form renum 241

Syn. Trigonasph renum Giraud ; Biotrhtza renum

”cild. Oak Galls, pi. 34 1 Plant Galls fig^ W
Houard, No. I343- Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, pi. 2, fig. 18.

Gall formed at the extremity of the terminal part of a

lateral leaf-vein, the growth of which 'S arrested a^^^^
leaf in consequence is often segmented to the midrib at
that part. The gall is minute (2 mm. ^ong), soft, fleshy,

and yellowish-white. Imago, May, I. (Pla.e V. 8, d.)

^ Neuroterus albipes Schrenck 242

Syn, Spathegaster albipes Schx

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5t i Plant Galls, fig. 214.
Houard, No. 1346. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, pi. i, fig. 2a.

On the lower surface of the leaf, and attached to it by a
small point, a rounded gall, 3 to 5 mm. m diameter, plane
or concave, whitish or brownish on its lower surface, with
minute central umbo on the upper, which is dull red or
veined with red. The gall is either quite glabrous at maturity,
or has a few short hairs on the margin of the upper sur-
face. Usually gregarious. Imago, March, II. (Plate V. 9,/.)

Neuroterus albipes, form laeviusculus 243
Syn. Neuroterus laeviusculus Schrenck.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 47; Plant Galls, fig. 208.
Houard, No. 1332. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 2.

On the male catkin, a rounded gall about 5 rnm. in
diameter, juicy, reddish, when numerous causing the

BRITISH GALLS

1 66

catkin to resemble a bunch of red currants. Imago emerges
in May or June. This gall also appears on the leaf ; it is
then greenish-yellow_, rarely tinged red. On the upper
surface of the leaf there is a slight rounded swelling with
a central scar ; the bulk of the gall is below. It becomes
dry and rapidly shrivels at maturity. Imago, June, I.
(Plate V. I.) 244

Neuroterus baccarum Linn. 245
Syn. Spaihegaster baccarum Linn.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 53 ; Plant Galls, figs. 215, 227.
Houard, Nos. 1196, 1355. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. la.

Hymen- On the lower surface of the leaf, a button-like gall,
optera 4 to 5 mm. in diameter, below almost plane, glabrous and
whitish, attached to the leaf by a short and slender stalk.

The upper surface of the gall is conical, yellowish-white,
and closely covered with purplish or brown hairs, often
densely gregarious. Imago, March, II. (Plate V. 4, a.)

Neuroterus baccarum, form lenticularis 246
Syn. Neuroterus lenticularis Oliv.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 48 ; Plant Galls, figs. 210, 352.
Houard, No. 1336. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. i.

,, On the under surface of the leaf, a small spherical gall,

not exceeding 6 mm. in diameter, white or yellowish,
covered with white or brownish hairs, which fall away at
maturity ; often densely gregarious and deforming the
leaves. Imago, July, I. (Plate V. 14.)

Neuroterus tricolor Hartig 247
Syn. Spathegaster tricolor Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 54 ; Plant Galls, fig. 216.
Houard, No. 1356. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 4a.

,, On the under surface of the leaf, a butlon-like gall,

from 2-3 mm. in diameter, not exceeding 1*5 mm. in
height. Its lower surface is plane or slightly convex,
with a central short stalk ; the upper surface of the gall is
yellowish, with a prominent central papilla. The edges
of the gall are not adpressed to the leaf, and both sides
of it are sparsely covered with stellate reddish or brown
hairs. Often densely gregarious. Imago, April or May, 1 1.
(Plate V. 4, bi)

Neuroterus tricolor, form fumipennis 248
Syn. Neuroterus fumipennis Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 46 ; Plant Galls, fig. 207.
Houard, No. 1338. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. i, fig. 4.

Hymen-

optera

9 i

ON THE COMMON OAK

167

A rounded pustule about 3 mm. »
on both surfaces ^ \ „^een or brownish, marked

tirstVfatr<i;a&"9 the ^ -

internal gall. Imago, ^“NkuRoWuS VESICATOR Schl. 249

Syn, Galls, fig. 218.

Ho't.rd?No.?3t3. Adler Ld Mraton, Alternating Gener-
ations, pi. i, fig- 3^-

"■ NeuToTERUS VESICATOR, form NUM.SMATIS 250

P"- ^[roirGX‘Tb%°''piant Galls, fig. 2t2.
Ho"n o.°340. A^ler Ld ttr'aton. Alternating Gener-

ations, pi. i, fig- 3-

ance. Imago, May, I. VERRUCOSA Schl. 251

S\n. Spaf/tegasfer verrucosus Schl . ^

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 42 ; Plant Ga Is, figs. I94, 217.
Hmiard, No. 1349- Adler and Straton, Alternating Gener-
ations, pi. 2, fig. i6rf.

On the midrib and lateral veins °“,*o >otver surface

^h^icari"«at^e^^^^^

7^ mm height 5 mm. ; green or brownish, shining,

^fteTt’in?ed® red^ hecoming hard Scattered. Imago,
October or VERRUCOSA, form DIVISA 252

Svn Dryophanta divisa Hartig.

cLnold, Oak Galls, pi. 42; Plant Galls fig. 204.
Houard! No. 1328. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, pi. 2, fig. 16.

In dormant adventitious buds of the trunk and branches.

Gall very minute, about 2 mm. long, greenish-grey, pointed.

i68

BRITISH GALLS

covered with long white hairs. Imago, May, I. (Plate
XXII. I.)

Dryophanta similis Adler 253
Syn. Spathegaster similis Adler.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 52 ; Plant Galls, fig. 192.
Houard, No. 1261. Adler and Straton, Alternating Gener-
ations, pi. 2, fig. I5«.

Hymen- On the under surface of the leaf, attached to the midrib
optera or the lateral veins. Gall spherical, 8 to ro mm. in diameter,
red, often girdled with a series of large yellowish bands,
which are often granulated. Internal cavity elongated.
Imago, November or December, I. (Plate XXII. 3.)

Dryophanta similis, form longiventris 254
Syn. Dryophanta longiventris Hartig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 43 ; Plant Galls, fig. 205.
Houard, No. 1322. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, pi. 2, fig. 15.

” In dormant adventitious buds of the trunk and branches.

Gall very minute, ovoid, 2 to 5 mm. high, rounded, slightly
depressed at the top, at first red, becoming violet ; covered
with very short hairs, which give it a velvety appearance.
Imago, May or June, I. (Plate XXII. 5.)

Dryophanta Taschenbergi Schl. 255
Syn. Spathegaster Taschenbergi Schl.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 52 ; Plant Galls, fig. 193.
Houard, No. 1259. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 14a.

• > On the under surface of the leaf, attached to the midrib

and the lateral veins. Gall large, spherical, 10 to 20 mm. in
diameter, occasionally even 30 mm. in diameter, at first
shining, fleshy, green or yellow, more or less tinted with
red, smooth or rough, with little tubercles. After the de-
parture of the insect it contracts and dries up. There is
no internal gall. Solitary or gregarious. Imago, Sep-
tember to December, I., II. (Plate XXII. 6, 7.)

Dryophanta Taschenbergi, form folii 256
Syn. Dryopha7ita folii Linn. ; Dryophanta scutellaris
H artig.

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 1,44, 45 ; Plant Galls, fig. 206.
Houard, No. 1320. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 14.

PLATE XXI.

GAl.l.S CAUSED HV WASI'S {Cyni f>i(i(r) ON I. EAVES AND KUDS OK THE COMMON OAK

Hymen-

optera

ON THE COMMON OAK 169

II. Cynipidae of which the Corresponding
Generations are as yet Unknown

{a) Sexual Generation only

In the terminal buds, rarely in the axillary ones. The
gall is formed by the welding into a mass 8 mm. high and
5 mm. in diameter of the internal swollen scales. Green,
then brownish. There are small and scarcely deformed
scales on the surface. Imago, April or May, I. Alternate

generation oi Andricus osireus (?)

Neuroterus Aprilinus Giraud 257

Syn. Spathegaster Aprilinus Giraud.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 52; Plant Galls, fig. 19 1-
Houard, No. 1215. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. I9<a:.

On the male catkins. Gall ovoid, minute, 2 mm. high,
i mm. in diameter, formed at the extremity of the filament
of a stamen, on the side of which the anthers form two
longitudinal swellings. Green at first, becoming brown
and covered with short yellowish hairs. Imago, May, I.

Andricus amenti Giraud 258

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5; Plant Galls, fig. 219.
Houard, No. 1 188.

In an axillary bud. Gall 3 to 5 mm. in diameter, inserted
by a very short stalk and bearing a little umbo at its apex ;
the surface, which is slightly wrinkled and yellowish-brown,
bears some short whitish hairs. The internal gall is quite
round, and lies in the centre of a cavity in the spongy
tissue. Imago, February or March, I.; October or
November, II.

Andricus Clementinae Giraud 259

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5 ; Plant Galls, fig. 176. Houard,

No. 1279.

In an axillary or terminal bud. Gall green or reddish-
brown, about 6 mm. long, swollen and rounded below,
subcylindrical above. Entirely covered with a felt of long
snow-white hairs. Imago, spring, II., III.

Andricus glandulae Schrenck 260

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 10 ; Plants Galls, figs. 178, 179.
Houard, No. 1256.

In an axillary bud ; the cupule is sometimes affected also.

Gall rounded, often attaining the size of a hazel nut, pale
yellow, covered with very numerous projections, 4 to 8 mm.
long. Each projection is slender^ erect or slightly bent, and

170

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

9

bears at its apex a red and sticky papilla. Imago, March
or April, II. Rare in Britain.

Andricus LUCIDUS Hartig 261
Syn. Aphilothrix lucida Mayr. 262

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5; Plant Galls, fig. 180.
Houard, Nos. 1172, 1226.

In a terminal bud. Gall fusiform, about 10 mm. long,
brown, covered with a felt of hairs of the same colour ; its
walls are woody and but slightly thickened. 1 he hairs
fall off when the gall arrives at maturity. Imago, Sep-
tember, I.

Andricus solitarius Fonsc. 263
Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 15; Plant Galls, fig. 181.
Houard, No. 1255.

ip) Agamous Generation only

On the under surface of a leaf. Scattered. Gall hard,
rounded, 2 to 3 mm. long, flattened at the poles ; its larger
axis is parallel to the midrib (or rarely a lateral vein), on
which it is situated between two little valves, the remains
of the membrane which enveloped the growth at an early
stage. Green at first, then yellow, with red spots. Imago,
October, I. Alternate generation of Neuroterus Aprilinus
(.?). (Plates 1., II., IV.)

Andricus ostreus Giraud 264

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 50; Plant Galls, fig. 213.
Houard, No. 1326. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, pi. 2, fig. 19.

In an axillary bud. Gall solitary, elongated, subcylin-
drical, acorn-shaped, 4 to 5 mm. long, usually with a little
recurved point at the apex, glabrous, entirely smooth,
green with whitish bands, giving it a furrowed appearance
longitudinally. Falls in May. Imago, spring, II., III. ; or
November, I.

Andricus albopunctatus Sch. 265

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 17, and fig. 7. Cameron con-
siders this insect to be A. quadrilineatus attacking buds.
Houard, No. 1284.

On the margin of a leaf. Solitary. Gall pyriform or
fusiform, 3 to 4 mm. high, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, green,
longitudinally marked with red or yellowish-brown stripes.
Imago, Spring, II.

Andricus marginalis Adler 266

Syn. Aphilothrix marginalis Schl.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 24; Plant Galls, fig. 198.

Hymen-

optera

I >

I »

ON THE COMMON OAK

Houard No n47. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations^ Cameron considers ^

to be quadrilineatus galling leaves, not a distinct

species.

On the male catkin. Gall unilocular, ovoid, about 3 mm-
high and 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous, brown, its surface

marked longitudinally with irregular striae, and terminating

in a slightly marked umbo. Often abundant, sometimes

more than thirty on one catkin.

Andricus quadrilineatus Hartig 267

Aphilothrix quadrilineata _

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 13; Plant Galls, fig. 225.
Houard, No. 1201. Adler and Straton, Alternating

Generations, p. 91.

On the male catkin. Gall unilocular, fusiform, 3 fo 6 mm.
long, attached to the axis of the catkin usually by a shoit
stalk, green, more or less marked with longitudinal striae,
its extremity marked with a minute umbo encircled by
hairs more closely set at this point than elsewhere on the
surface. The stalk of the catkin is much swollen at the
point where the gall is seated. Imago, spring, II., III.

Andricus seminationis Adler 268

Syn. Aphilothrix seminaiionis Giraud.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 24 j Plant Galls, fig. 226.
Houard, No. 1200. Adler and Straton, Alternating
Generations, p. 87.

On the lower surface of the leaf. Solitary or scattered.

Gall ovoid, 4 mm. long, at first yellowish white, becoming
yellowish-brown. Attached by a very short, stout stalk
to the midrib or a lateral vein. Surface glossy, slightly
nodular. Imago, October or November, I.

Uryophanta agama Hartig 269

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 40; Plant Galls, fig. 201.
Houard, No. 1327.

On the under surface of the leaf. Solitary or scattered.

Gall spherical, markedly flattened at the poles, 4 fo 5 mm.
high ; there is a slight depression at the upper pole, with a
wart in the centre, slightly shining, yellow. Firrnly
attached by a small stalk to the midrib or a lateral vein.
There are two cavities within ; the larva occupies the lower.

Imago, October or November, I.

Dryophanta disticha Hartig 270

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 41 ; Plant Galls, fig. 202.
Houard, No. 1329.

172

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

n

Lepidop-

tera

Appearing below buds on the twigs and branches. Gall
spherical, 12 to 23 mm. in diameter, at first green, then
yellow, finally brown, often sprinkled with little nodosities.

Its parenchyma is yellowish-brown, firm, but easily cut
with a knife. It appears from the side of a bud which
remains intact. Solitary, gregarious or coalescent. Imago
appears in August or September. Said (by Beyerinck) to
be the alternate generation of Andricus circulans. (Text,

Fig- 4*)

Cynips Kollari Hartig 271, 272
Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 35-39; Plant Galls, fig. 190.
Adler and Straton, Alternating Generations, p. 163.
Houard, Nos. 1248, 1263.

Cupule affected. Gall the shape of a truncated cone,

15 to 20 mm. high, fixed to the cupule by a broad base
25 mm. in diameter ; substance woody, coloured like the
cupule. Its surface is marked with 5 to 8 keels, often inter-
rupted by depressions ; those at the apex surround a
circular hole giving access to a chamber — below which is
another cavity, entirely closed, containing the internal
gall and larva. Imago, February or March, II. This gall
has been recorded from Jersey, Channel Islands, but not
from the United Kingdom.

Cynips calicis Burgsdorflf 273
Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 61 ; Plant Galls, fig. 344.
Houard, No. 1180.

Acorn attacked. Membrane slightly swollen, several
little rounded galls within. Sometimes the development
of the acorn is arrested, and it scarcely appears above the
cupule. M. G. Imago in spring, I., II., III., IV.

Callirhytis glandium Giraud 274
Syn. Andricus glandiuni Giraud; Andricus rufescens
Mayr.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 9. Houard, No. 1168.

III. Agents other than Cynipidae

Woody nodosities in young branches and shoots.

Pammene splendidulana Guenee 275
Syn. Coccyx spie7ididula7ui P'ntom. Syn. List.

Houard, No. 1303.

173

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

> >

Acari

ON THE COMMON OAK

branch, Carerprllnr in oEMMELbA Unn. ay6

Houard, No. 1300.

On the leaf The midrib swollen, 5 to 8 mm. long, colour
yellowish, also on p«iol^ *e affe^d aU
times the normal diameter. '-^'=rpn ^ r

with brown hairs, he^ad Fisch. v. R. 277

Houard, No. 1316.

Terminal internodes not expanding, the leaves f°™™|
loose tufts, crinkled along their swollen veins. Larvae

whitish, gregarious, quercina Rtib. 278

Trail, Scottish Nat., iv., 1877. Houard, No. 1207.

One or more of the marginal lobes of the '“f thickened^

forifngrpTch'':hich ifr‘S"dkXve Tnd spotted with
red and yellow below. Larvae gregarious, two to six,
whitish. (Plate VUl. F. Low 279

Syn. Diplosis dryobia F. Low.

Houard, No. 1306.

The edges of the leaf segments folded over on the

--VXr ^tiXXnoXarrd SsIXraU

of the affected parts. ^OLVENS Kieffer 280

... H-p.

No. 1307.

On the lower surface of the leaf, adjacent to the larger
veXffdt of aXrmal hairs of two kinds: one hyaline
iery long and much contorted ; the other shorter and
cylindricll, scarcely bent, and often swollen into a club

7, t the ton Erineum quercintcmY exsoon.

at tn® top. Y Eriophyes quercinum Can. 281

Trail, in Wild Fauna and Flora of Kew Gardens, 1906,
p. 44. Houard, No- 13^ 3-

174

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

) )

i t

?

Hymen-

optera

Leaf margin folded downwards, scarcely swollen. Aphis
oval, pale green or yellow, with very short green cornicles,

Callipterus quercus Kalt. 282

Buckton, iii., p. 21. Houard, No. 1628.

Minute swelling on the upper surface of the leaf; a
rounded depression below, about i mm. in diameter.

Trioza remota Forster 2S3

Houard, No. 1312.

In the bark of the twigs. Little circular pits, 2 mm. in
diameter, surrounded by an elevated circle of bark, single,
gregarious or coalescent. May to July.

Asterodiaspis quercicola Bouche 284

Syn. Asterolecanium variolosuni Rtz., Coccus vario-
losum Rtz.

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 62 ; Plant Galls, fig. 173.
Houard, No. 1299.

Rounded swellings in the bark, chiefly of saplings,
which attain the size of a hen’s egg, and then crack and
become deeply fissured and cankered, sometimes attain-
ing large dimensions.

284<«

Connold, Oak Galls, pis. 65, 66 ; Plant Galls, fig. 167

Attributed to the fungus Dichaena quercina^ but prob-
ably resulting from the attacks of insects.

Quercus cerris Linn. Turkey Oak.

Oval gall, not exceeding 5 mm. in height, seated in the
centre of a bud, surface smooth and shining, yellowish-
brown or red. Sometimes gregarious, five to six in a bud.
Imago, March to May, I. According to Beyerinck, the
alternate generation of the marble gall-causer, Cynips
Kollari. (Text, Fig. 5.)

Andricus circulans Mayr. 285

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5. Houard, No. 1840.

Staminate catkin deformed. A flower is changed into
a hard urn -like structure, 15 mm. high, 10 mm. wide, with
a wide collar above. Plurilocular. Usually the axis of
the catkin is greatly swollen, the galls numerous, and
grouped into a mass attaining 40 mm. in diameter.
Imago, July, August, I. This gall has not been observed
in Britain. Cameron, however, captured a female insect
at Loch Lomond.

Andricus aestivalis Giraud 286

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 5. Houard, No. 1811.

Diptera

Hymen

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS I75

Hymen- Minute ovoid gails in dormant adventitious buds. See
optera No. 255. Dryophanta Taschenbergi Schl. 287

Ormerod, 1877, PP- 42, 43-

-\rorn containing numerous larval cells. See Na 274.

,, Acorn conraiimig callirhytis GLANDIUM Giraud 288

Connold, Oak Galls, pi. 8. Houard, No. 1809.

Castanea sativa Mill. i mm in

C. Zimmermann, 1907. Houard, No. 1167.

Fagus sylvatica Linn. 67. Beech.
ymen- On the roots, solitary or coalescent, yellowish
optera brown tumours, varying in size from a pea to a y*

See No. 239. BiORRHiZA APTERA Bose. 290

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 137*

Diptera On the midrib or on the adjacent part of a lateral vein,
on the upper surface of the leaf. A glabrous gall of w y
consistency, ovoid but pointed, 8 to 10 mm. high, 5 mm.
in diameter, with thick green walls. Green or tinted with
red. On the lower surface of the leaf the gall is indicated
by a slight rounded swelling with a minute central open-
ing guarded by a fringe of hairs. Unilocular, larva white.

M. E. Gall falls away at maturity.

MiKiOLA FAGI Hartig 291

Hormoinyia fagi¥i2iX\\%.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 96; Plant Galls, fig. 5L
galls appear to be those of Oligotrophus annulipes. He
describes them as being only 4 rnm. in girth. Houard,

No. 1 1 51 (he does not allude to Connold’s plate).

,, On the midrib or a lateral vein on the upper surface of

the leaf. Gall soft, hairy, ovoid, bluntly pointed, i to 2
mm. in diameter, walls thin and fragile, covered with
white or brown hairs. Unilocular, becoming detached at
maturity, leaving a circular scar on the leaf. Larva white.

M. E. (Plate IX. i.) tt •

Oligotrophus annulipes Hartig 292

Syn. Hormomyia piligera F. Low, Hormomyia annulipes

Hartig. ^ .

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 98 ; Plant Galls, fig. 52.
Houard, No. 1153*

176

BRITISH GALLS

Homop- Leaves folded and bent along the lateral nervures,
blistered on the upper surface, the depression below con-
taining the woolly Aphides. Aphis bright green or
yellowish-green with large red eyes ; the cornicles are
mere tubercles.

Phyllaphis fagi Linn. 293
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 346. Buckton, Hi., p. 38.
Houard, No. 1 161.

Acari Densely tufted mass of short twigs on the branches and

on the trunk. Those on the branches sometimes resemble
a “ witch’s broom.” (Plate XIV.)

? Eriophyes 294

Swanton, Haslemere Mus. Gaz., i., p. 534.

Tufts of short thick hairs, forming more or less rounded
spots on the lower surface of the leaf. White at first, then
rosy, finally brown. Erineuni fagineiiin Persoon.

Eriophyes nervisequus Can., var. maculifer Trotter 295
Greville, 1827, pi. 250, vol. v. Houard, No. 1164.

.. Leaf margin more or less rolled upwards, the interior

of the roll lined with hairs. Sometimes the lateral veins
are swollen, the leaf folded, covered with abnormal hairs,
and tinted with red. Legnon circumscriptu7n Bremi.

Eriophyes stenaspis Nalepa 296
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 50. Houard, Nos. 1159, 1160. 297

.. Leaf folded longitudinally, with a mass of abnormal

hairs in the axils of the nervures on the lower surface. A
discoloured swelling on the upper surface.

Monochetus sulcatus Nalepa 298
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 72 ; Plant Galls, fig. 53.
Houard, No. 1163.

? Branches much cankered and hypertrophied; the swell-

ings are often tumour-like and large.

299

Connold, Plant Galls, figs. 48, 49. Massee, Textbook
of Plant Diseases, p. 127. At one time supposed to have
been caused by Neciria ditissima ; it is probable that it is
induced by Aphides.

PLATE XXIII

I EAVES OF THE WYCH El.M {U IviUS glabra) \SV\ W GAELS CAUSED BY
THE EKESENCE OF THE EAKVAE OF THE

Lcanei a, young leaves much distorted and s\nollen.

B, Ul'FEU surface SHEWING EXIT HOLES; C, LOWER SURFACE WUH
(iALLS IN A LATERAL BOSITION ON THE MID-RIB

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CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 177

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Homop-

tera

ULMACEAE

Ulmus glabra Huds. {montana Stokes). 99. Wych
Elm.

Midrib of the leaf much swollen. The gall usually
appears as a rounded, hard, yellowish-green swelling on
the under surface, and a cylindrical projection on the
upper one, with the aperture at its apex ; but not i'. fre-
quently the aperture is on the lower surface at right angles
to the swollen midrib. When young shoots are attacked
the leaves are much distorted. Larva solitary, greenish-
yellow. M. E. Imago, April, II. (Plate XXIII.)

Oligotrophus Lemeei Kieffer 300

Swanton, Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 2061.

Ovoid swelling on the midrib just above the petiole,

10 to 14 mm. high 7 to 10 mm. in diameter, covered with
serrated white hairs, yellowish. The leaf is more or less
deformed, and the midrib is incurved below the point of
attack. July and August. Aphis white or pale yellow.

Pemphigus pallidus Halliday 301

Syn. Pemphigus ulmi Halliday.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 108. Buckton, ii., 127.
Houard, No. 2062.

Leaf margin swollen, puckered, and rolled loosely in-
wards ; very rarely both halves of the blade are attacked
and incurved. Greenish-yellow, tinted with red. June to
October. Aphis covered with cotton-like fibres.

SCHIZONEURA ULMI Linn. 302

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 107 ; Plant Galls, fig. 109.
Houard, No. 2067.

Blisters or swollen patches on the leaves. The patches
are dark green at first, then blackish-brown, and often
cover a large area of the leaf.

Taphrina ulmi Johans. 303

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 92.

Ulmus campestris Linn, {surculosa Stokes). 60.
Common Elm.

On the upper surface of the leaf. An elongated or subglo-
bose glabrous gall, 10 to 12 mm. high ; pale green, purple
or reddish above, with an apical opening, which, together
with the neck of the gall, is surrounded with white hairs.

The leaf is discoloured and somewhat thickened around
the gall. Solitary or gregarious. June to September.

12

BRITISH GALLS

178

Aphis shining, dark green or black, globular. (Text,

Fig. 2 1 A)

Tetraneura ulmi I)e (leer 304
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 108; Plant Galls, fig. 107.
Houard, No. 2048.

Homop- Leaf margins folded upwards, midrib much swollen,
tera yellowish-green, aperture on the upper surface. Lateral
veins slightly swollen. June to October.

Tetraneura alba Ratzeburg 305
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 108; Plant Galls, fig. 106.

,, Leaf margin swollen and rolled inwards. See No. 302

and Text, Fig. 21a.

SCHIZONEURA ULMI Linn 306
Buckton, ii., 100. Houard, No. 2050.

,, Leaf completely deformed and hypertrophied, dilated

and contorted to form a densely hairy bladder, 60 to 80
mm. in diameter. Green at first, slowly becoming brown,
and remaining attached to the branch after the normal
hairs have fallen. Aphis black, clothed with cottony
filaments.

SCHIZONEURA LANUGINOSA Hartig 307
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 105. Buckton, iii., 104.
Houard, No. 2051.

,, Midrib of leaf swollen. See No. 301.

Pemphigus pallidus Halliday 308

Buckton, iii., 127.

Acari Minute pustule, about i mm. in diameter, on the upper

surface of the leaf, opening on the lower surface in a
minute cylindrical protuberance. Green and red ; often
very numerous.

Eriophyes ulmi Nalepa 309

Houard, No. 2053.

Fungi Dense mass of twigs on a branch, forming a “ witch’s

broom.” The leaves on the abnormal twigs are atrophied.

Exoascus turgidus Sad. 310 |
Swanton, Haslemere Mus. Gaz., i., 531. Connold, 1
Plant Galls, p. 95. j

Leaves blistered. See No. 303. !

” Taphrina ulmi Johans. 311 |

Mas5ce, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 92.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 179

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Fungi

URTICAOEAE

Urtica dioica Linn. 112. Great Nettle.

Unilocular, rounded, greenish- white swelling, 3 to 8 mm.
in diameter, usually at the base of the leaf, with an
elongated aperture on the upper surface ; becoming violet
at maturity. Sometimes occurring on the stem and the
flower stalks. Larva white. M. E.

PerriSIA URTICAE Perris 312

Syn. Dasyneura urticae Perris.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 90 ; Plant Galls, fig. loi.
Houard, No. 2095.

At the extremity of a branch. A bunch of leaves with
involuted margins.

Aphis urticae Fabr. 313

Buckton, ii., 50. Houard, No. 2094.

Leaves deformed and curled.

Trioza urticae Linn. 314
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 162. Houard, No. 2097.

Elongated swellings on the stems, with much thickening
and distortion. The orange-yellow aecidiospores appear
on roundish yellow spots thereon, also on the leaves. May
and June. (Plate XVI. 2.)

Aecidial stage of PUCCINIA CARICIS Schum. 31
Syn. Aecidiuvi urticae D. C.

Plowright, p. 169. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 257.

Urtica urens Linn. 108. Small Nettle.

Swellings at the base of the leaf. See No. 312.

Perrisia urticae Perris 316

Houard, No. 2099.

Leaves crumpled and deformed.

Trioza urticae Linn.

Houard, No. 2100.

3U

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum convolvulus Linn. 31. Black Bindweed.
Blossom swollen, containing the dark violet mass of
teleutospores. June to September.

Ustilago UTRICULOSA Nees 318
Syn. Ustilaj^o utriculosa Tulasne.

Plowright, p. 280.

BRITISH GALLS

i8o

Polygonum aviculare Linn. in. Common Knot-
grass.

Lepidop- Buds swollen, conical or fusiform swelling at the ex-
tera tremity of the twig amongst the terminal leaves ; tinted
red, sometimes 15 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Each gall
contains a green caterpillar. (Plate VII. i.)

Augasma aeratella Zell. 319
Syn. Asychna aeratella Zell. 320

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 145. Houard, No. 2153, 2154.

Fungi

Polygonum hydropiper Linn. 105. Biting Persicaria.
Inflorescence swollen. See No. 318.

USTILAGO UTRICULOSA Nees 32 1

Plowright, p. 280.

Polygonum persicaria Linn. 112. Spotted Persicaria.
Inflorescence swollen. See No. 318.

USTIL.\GO UTRICULOSA Nees 322

Plowright, p. 280.

Polygonum lapathifolium Linn. 103. Pale-flowered
Persicaria.

•' Inflorescence swollen. See No. 318.

USTILAGO UTRICULOSA Nees 323

Plowright, p. 280.

Polygonum amphihium Linn. 108. Water Persicaria.
Diptera Flowers deformed. Leaf margins rolled inwards,
slightly serrated, much swollen and contorted ; brightly
coloured^ orange, red, or purple. Larvae gregarious, red.

M. G.

Perrisia persicariae Linn. 324
Syn. Dasyneura persicariae Linn. 325

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 82. Plant Galls, fig. 246.
Houard, No. 2157, 2159.

Polygonum bistorta Linn. 74. Snakeweed.

Fungi Thickened hemispherical spots on the leaves, containing

the dark violet teleutospores. July and August.

USTILAGO BISTORTARUM D. C. 326
Syn. Tilletia bullata Fckl.

Plowright, p. 277.

Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. {esculentufn Moench).
Buckwheat.

Nematoda Stems swollen and twisted, internodes shortened and
thickened, leaves often hypertrophied.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 327

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 2175.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS i8i

Fungi

Oxyria digyna Hill. 31. Mountain Sorrel.

Inflorescence swollen, containing the very pale violet

teleutospores. -r. 1 1

tJsTiLAGO VINOSA Berkeley 320

Syn. Ustilago vinosa Tulasne.
Plowright, p. 278.

Coleop-

tera

Rumex conglomeratus Murr. 97- Sharp Dock.
Fusiform swelling in the midrib of the leaf, contain-

ing a bright orange larva.

Apion MINIATUM Germar 329

Houard, No. 2118.

Rumex pulcher Linn. 43. Fiddle Dock.

Fusiform swellings in the stem and lateral branches.

Apion violaceum Kirby 330

Houard, No. 2125.

Rumex crispus Linn. 112. Curled Dock.

Homop- Margins of the leaf curled inwards and slightly
tera swollen. Aphis wholly black. Larvae at first slate-grey,
then blackish.

Aphis rumicis Lmn. 331

Buckton, ii., 83.

Rumex Acetosa Linn. 112. Sorrel Dock.

Coleop- Somewhat rounded or subconical ; hard, unilateial
tera swelling on the floral stem, 1*5 to 2 by 2 to 4 mm., uni-
locular. Situated at a node or just above it, the internode
always shortened.

Apion affine Kirby 332

Houard, No. 2137.

Fusiform swellings on the stem and lateral branches.

Apion violaceum Kirby 333

Houard, No. 2138.

)j On the midrib of the leaf or on the petiole. A fusiform
swelling, yellow or red, surrounded by a zone of darker
colour, 10 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter, containing an
orange larva.

Apion frumentarium Linn. 334

Houard, No. 2132.

M On the midrib or the petiole. Gall similar to that

caused by the larva of A. frumentarium. See No. 334*

Apion humile Germar 335

Houard, No. 2133.

i82

BRITISH GALLS

Coleop-

tera

Ilomop-

tera

33

Rumex Acetosella Linn. 112. Sheep’s Sorrel.

On the roots and the subterranean part of the stem.
Rounded swellings varying in size from a pea to a nut,
each containing a white larva.

Apion sanguineum De Geer. 336

Houard, No. 2130.

On the leaf. Swelling on midrib or the petiole. See
No. 334.

Apion frumentarium Linn.

Houard, No. 2139.

On the leaf. Midrib or petiole swollen. See No. 335.

Apion humile Germar

Houard, No. 2140.

337

338

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album Linn. 112. White Goose-foot.

Leaf margin loosely revolute, hypertrophied and dis-
coloured. Aphis (oviparous ? ) glaucous green, with
two occipital smoky spots ; larva variously coloured, from
green to olive and black.

Aphis atriplicis Linn. 339

Houard, No. 2182.

Atriplex patula Linn. 93. Orache.

Leaf deformed. Margins revolute, forming two hollow
pods. Greenish-yellow at first, brown at maturity. June
to September. See also No. 339.

Aphis atriplicis Linn 340

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. loi ; Plant Galls, fig. 233.
Buckton, ii., 87. Houard, No. 2197.

Leaf irregularly wrinkled at the margin.

Trioza atriplicis Licht 341

Syn. Trioza chenopodii Reut.

Scott, Ent. Mag., 1881, vol. xviii., p. 275. Houard,

No. 2198.

Atriplex hastata Linn., ^95. Halberd-leaved Orache.

Leaf margin rolled upwards. See No. 339.

Aphis atriplicis L. 342

Houard, No. 2204.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 183

Honio.''-

tera

Diptera

) J

CAROPHYLLACEAE

Silene latifolia, Rendle and Britten {inflata Sm.)*

104. Bladder Campion. ,

Summit of the plant curiously distorted and bunched.
Aphis greenish with black head ; mealy, cornicles very
small, black. July and August. The aphides often

crowd within the capsules.

Hyalopterus melanocephalus Buckton 343
Buckton, ii., ii6. Houard, No. 2264.

Silene acaulis Linn. 21. Cushion Pink.

On the stem. Terminal internodes remaining closed ;
leaves bunched very large and very thick, usually dis-
coloured ; almost white towards the base, green at the
apex. Larvae gregarious, rosy-red. M. E. ...

^ Perrisia alpina F. Low 344

Houard, No. 2274.

Lychnis alba Miller. 103. White Campion.

Flower buds swollen, not opening. Larvae gregarious,

white or yellowish. M. E., ii. u

CONTARINIA Steini Karsch 345

Houard, No. 2291. According to Collin (Ent. Mo.
Mag., 1904, p. 96), this is apparently the insect of which
the larvae and the galls caused thereby were described
by Binnie in Proc. Glasgow N. H. Soc., 1876, p. 184 | and
the gall described by Barrett in Ent. Mo. Mag.,
1872, vol. viii., p. 205, would appear to be caused by
the larvae of a different species, possibly Perrisia lych-
nidis Heyd.

Cerastium vulgatum Linn, {triviale Link). 112.
Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear.

The two terminal leaves joined along their margins
and slightly thickened, forming a cavity for the reddish
larvae. Occasionally the buds are attacked and become
swollen. M. G. Imago appears in August or in the
following spring.

Perrisia lotharingiae Kiefter 346
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 95. Swanton, Knowledge, 347
June, 1910. Houard, Nos. 2331, 2334.

A mass of hairy reddish leaves at the extremity of a
shoot with an oval cavity between them containing

several orange-coloured larvae. M. G.

Perrisia cerastii Bmme 348

Syn. Cecidomyia cerastii Binnie.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 2338.

184

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

) )

?

Nematoda

Fungi

Margins of the terminal leaves rolled backwards, form-
ing a pod. The leaves are swollen and sometimes loosely
bunched together. Aphis elongated, yellow or shining
black, mealy. May to July. M. G.

Brack YCOLUS stellariae Hardy 349
Syn. Aphis hold Hardy,

Buckton, ii., 148. Houard, No. 2339.

Stellaria Holostea Linn. 109. Greater Stitchwort.
Terminal leaves swollen and clustered. See No. 349.

Brachycolus stellariae Hardy 350
Buckton, ii., 148. Houard, No. 2312.

Stellaria graminea Linn. 109. Lesser stitchwort.
Terminal leaves clustered and swollen. See No. 349.

Brachycolus stellariae Hardy 351
James Hardy, North Brit. Agriculturalist, pt. ii., p. 788.
Buckton, ii., 148.

Sagina ciliata F r. 68. Ciliated Pearlwort.

Entire plant deformed. Shoots transformed into an
ovoid, purple, fleshy gall about 3 to 4 mm. thick.

352

Trail, 1904, p. 130. Houard, No. 2354.

Spergula arvensis Linn. 112. Corn Spurrey.

Stem thickened and distorted,

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 353
Bd. Agriculture Leaflet, No. 46.

RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis Vitalba Linn. 49. Traveller’s Joy.

Leaf stalk and young shoots swollen and considerably
distorted. The swollen parts contain the yellow aecidio-
spores.

Aecidium clematidis D. C. 354

Plowright, p. 265.

Thalictrum dnnense Bum. 37. Meadow Rue.

Fusiform swellings on the stems; thick, black pustules
on the leaves containing the spore mass. June to August.

Urocystis sorosporioides Korn 355

Plowright, p. 287.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 185

Diptera

Thalictrum minus Linn. 36. Lesser Meadow Rue.
Fruit deformed, swollen ard globular. Isolated galls
are very inconspicuous. Larvae yellow. M. E.

CLINODIPLOSIS THALICTRICOLA Rub.

Syn. Cecidomyia thahctri Trail. ■.» nyr

Houard, No. 2441. According to Collin (Ent. Mo. Mag.,
May, 1904, p. 97), the gall mentioned by Trail in Proc.
Ent. Soc. Lond. of September 7, 1881, and in Botan. Excli.
Rep., 1883, p. 83, is apparently that of Rubsaam^ s
Clinodiplosis thalictricola (v. Kieffer, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
1901, p. 526).

356

Fungi

Diptera

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 355-

Urocystis sorosporioides Korn 357

Plowright, p. 287.

Thalictrum flavum Linn. 71. Common Meadow Rue.
Fruit deformed, swollen and globular. See No. 35^*

CLINODIPLOSIS THALICTRICOLA Rlib. 358

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 266. Houard, No. 2448.

Fungi Thickened spots on the leaves, purple-brown above,

yellow below, containing the orange-yellow aecidiospores.

May and June. .

PUCCINIA PERSISTENS Plownght 359

Plowright, p. 180.

Anemone nemorosa Linn. 108. Wood Anemone.

Fungi Roundish or elongated svvellings on the stems and

midribs, containing the blackish -brown spore masses.

July and August.

Urocystis anemones Persoon 360
Syn. Urocystis pompholygodes 3^^

Plowright, p. 288. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 256.

Ranunculus acris Linn. 112. Upright Buttercup.

Diptera Leaflets thickened at the base and margins, the latter
rolled back until they meet, forming a rylindrical pointed
(sometimes reddish) receptacle for the gregarious red
larvae. M. G. or M. E. Imago, June, II.

Perrisia ranunculi Bremi 362
Syn. Cecidomyia ranunculi Bremi.

Houard, No. 2423.

Fungi

Stem and midribs swollen. See No. 360. 363

Urocystis anemones Persoon 364

Plowright, p. 288.

1 86
Fungi

Diptera

Fungi

Diptera

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Fungi

BRITISH GALLS

Rounded or fusiform swellings on the stem, becoming
yellowish-brown. June to November.

Entyloma microsporum Ung. 365
Syn. Protomyces viicrosporus Ung.

Plowright, p. 291.

Kanunculus repens Linn. 112. Creeping Buttercup.
Leaflets thickened and rolled. See No. 362.

Perrisia ranunculi Bremi 366
Fitch, 1880, p. 146. Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 84. Plant
Galls, fig. 255. Houard, No. 2431.

Stems and midribs swollen. See No. 360.

Urocystis ANEMONES Persoon 367
Plowright, p. 288. 368

Stems swollen. See No. 365.

Entyloma microsporum Ung. 369

Plowright, p. 291.

Ranunculus bulbosus Linn. 106. Bulbous Buttercup.
Leaflets thickened and rolled. See No. 362.

Perrisia ranunculi Bremi 370

Houard, No. 2438.

Stems swollen. See No. 360.

Urocystis ANEMONES Persoon 371

Plowright, p. 288.

Cal tha palustris Linn. 112. Marsh Marigold.

Leaf margin deformed, atrophied, and discoloured.

Aphalara calthae Linn. 372

Houard, No. 2365.

Long swellings on the stems, containing the orange-
coloured aecidiospores. May.

Aecidial stage of PUCCINIA CALTHAE Link 373
Syn. Aecidium calthae Greville.

Plowright, p. 145.

Aquilegia vulgaris Linn. 62. Common Celandine.
Thickened round yellow spots on the leaves and
elongated swelling on the stems, containing the orange
aecidiospores.

Aecidium aquilegiae Persoon 374

Plowright, p. 263.

■^LATE EX IV

SEED CAPSULES OF THE COMMON l'OVV\ ( Papaver R hacas), THE SWOLLEN AND DROOPING
ONE IS GALLED BY THE LARVAE OK AulaX papaveriS

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 187

Fungi

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

Hymen-

optera

Coleop-

tera

) >

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis vulgaris Linn. 86. Common Barberry.

Swollen spots on the leaves, reddish above, yellow
below, containing the orange aecidiospores. May to July.

Aecidial stage of PucciNiA graminis Pers. 375
Syn. Accidiuni berberidis Pers.

Plowright, p. 162.

PAPAVERACEAE

Papaver Rhaeas Linn. 106. Common Poppy.
Capsules more or less swollen and deformed, mterior
divisions destroyed, containing numerous larval cells (ten

to sixty). M. G. May, IL

Aulax papaveris Perris 376

S>yr\. Aulax rhaeadis

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 128; Plant Galls, fig. 251.
Houard, No. 2477.

Capsules swollen, containing numerous larvae. H. G.

Perrisia papaveris Winn. 377

Syn. Cecidomyia papaveris^ Wtz.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 2479-

Papaver dubium Linn. 105. Long Smooth-headed
Poppy.

Capsules swollen. See No. 376 and Plate XXIV.

Aulax papaveris Perris 378

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 128 ; Plant Galls, fig. 251.
Houard, No. 2481.

CRUCIFERAE

Matthiola incana Br. 4. Hoary Stock.

Tubercles on the stem.

Baris laticollis Marsh 379

Houard, No. 2740.

Cheiranthus cheiri Linn. Common Wallflower.

Fleshy rounded swellings, about the size of a pea,
situated on the upper part of the root.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 380

Syn. Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis GylL, nec Payk.

Houard, No. 2725.

i88

BRITISH GALLS

Myce-

tozoa

Diptera

5)

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

Nodular or warty outgrowths on the roots, which become
swollen and clubbed. The well-known ‘finger and toe’
dise ise.

Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin 381

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 227.

Radicula sylvestris Druce {Nastur/ium sylvestre
Br.). 64. Yellow Watercress.

Large ovoid spongy swelling at the base of the leaf stalk.
Flowers much deformed and swollen, forming a globular,
spongy, yellowish mass about 12 mm. across. Larvae
yellow, gregarious. M. G.

Dasyneura sisymbrii Schrank 382

Syn. Cecidomyia sisymbrii Sch. 383

Connold, Plant Galls, figs. 307, 308. Houard, No. 2648.

Radicula palustris Moench {Nasturtium palustre
D. C.). 84. Marsh yellow Cress.

Inflorescence and stem swollen. June to November.

See Nos. 382, 383.

Dasyneura sisymbrii Schrank 384

Houard, No. 2652.

Barbarea vulgaris Ait. 102. Yellow Rocket.

Flower stalks, inflorescence, leaves and petioles, de- 385
formed and swollen. May and June. See Nos. 382, 383. 386

Dasyneura sisymbrii Sch. 387

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 326. Houard, Nos. 2640-2643. 388

Cardamine amara Linn. 76. Large-flowered Bitter-
cress.

On the stem, usually at the base, a unilateral feeble
swelling, resulting from hypertrophy of the cortical paren-
chyma, containing a larval cavity. Small, and easily over-
looked.

PSYLLIOIDES NAPI Koch 389

Houard, No. 2673.

Flowers not opening. Calyx normal ; the unopened
corolla consists of green petals with swollen bases, the
stamens and filaments shortened and thickened. Larvae
red, about six in a gall. M. E.

Perrisia cardaminis Winn. 390

Syn. Cecidomyia cardaminis Wtz.

Inchbald, 1883, p. I94- Houard, No. 2672.

Cardamine pratense Linn. 112. Cuckoo Flower.

Irregular axial swelling and elongated distortion of the
stem, very variable in size and shape. The leaf stalk is

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Fungi

Coleop-

tera

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 189

sometimes distorted in a similar manner. Numerous
larval burrows pectoralis Schult 391

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 66. Houard, No. 2668.

Slight swelling on the lower part of the stem. See
No. 389. PSYLLIOIDES NAPI Koch 392

Houard, No. 2669.

Flowers remaining closed, forming a globular gall. See

390- Perrisia cardaminis Winn. 393

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 67. Houard, No. 2665.

Floral leaves greatly hypertrophied. Stem and bovvers
much distorted and swollen, affected parts snow-white
appearing as if polished at the time when the conidia are
forming beneath the epidermis ; upon
latter the free conidia appear on the surface as a w
T-vr\wrlpr vvGll“lcnown. wliitc rust*

powder, i ne wen kro cystopus candidus Lev. 394

Syn. Albugo Candida Lev. 394^

Massee, Textbook PI. Diseases, p. 59- 394

Cardamine hirsuta Linn. no.

1 n egularly subglobose, unilocular, small, fleshy sw'elhngs

on the petioles of the radical leaves. i,

CeuthorrhynchuS contractus Marsh 395

Houard, No. 2657.

Erophila verna E. Meyer {==.Draba verna'L), 109.

Common Whitlow Grass. * • „

An ovoid swelling at the base of the stem, containing a

single w'hite larva. M. E. (Plate VI. 4.)

^ CEUTHORRHYNCHUS HIRTULUS Germar 396

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 2688.

Cochlearia armorica Linn. Horse Radish.

Rounded swelling on the upper part of the root.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 397

Houard, No. 2510.

Hesperis matronalis Linn. Dame’s Violet.

Seed-pod (siliqua) swollen.

CeuthorrhynchuS inaffectatus Gyllh

Houard, No. 2737.

398

I go

Homop-

tera

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

BRITISH GALLS

Leaf margin rolled upwards.
Houard, No. 2739.

See No. 410.

Aphis brassicae Linn. 399

Sisymbrium officinale Scop. in. Hedge Mustard.
Seed-pod swollen.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS ASSIMILIS Payk. 4OO
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Ormerod, p. 156.

Unilocular ovoid swelling, 7 to 8 mm. long, 4 mm. in
diameter, on the petiole or the midrib, dull green, axial,
sometimes lateral. M. E.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS CHALYBAEUS Germar 40I
Houard, No. 2522.

Fleshy excrescences each about the size of a pea, at the
base of the stem.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 402

Houard, No. 2519.

Inflorescence deformed; the flower-stalks swollen,
forming a fleshy or spongy mass, from which the crowded
seed-pods arise in a peculiar spicate manner. Larvae
gregarious, white. M. E.

CONTARINIA RUDERALIS Kieflfer 403

Houard, No. 2516.

Inflorescence deformed. See Nos. 382, 383.

Dasyneura sisymbrii Schrank 404

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 29 ; Plant Galls, fig. 160.
Houard, No. 2517.

Sisybrium Sophia Linn. 64. Flix-weed.

Root swollen at its apex. See No. 402.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 405

Houard, No. 2539.

Inflorescence deformed. June to November. See
Nos. 382, 383.

Dasyneura sisymbrii Sch. 406

Houard, No. 2538.

Erysimum cheiranthoides Linn. 38. Treacle Mus-
tard.

Root swollen at the junction with stem. See No. 402.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 407

Houard, No. 2716.

Coleop-

tera

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 191

Brassica oleracea. Cabbage. ,

Irregularly globular swellings, 12 mm. to 15 mm.
acrSf at the base of the stem, solitary or coalescen .
Each containing a single white larva. M. E. Spring, II.

CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 408
Syn Ceuthorrhynchus ^ulcicollts Gyll., nec Payk.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 90. Ormerod, p. 35-

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Laree irregular swellings and mammillated protuber-
ances on the root and rootlets, coalescing when numerous.

Phorbia brassicae Bouche 409

Syn Anthomyia brassicae Bouchd.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 90- Ormerod, p. 25.

Discoloured blisters and wrinkles on the upper surface
of the leaf. Aphides congregate below. Aphis greyish-
green with black spots, covered with a whitish mealy coat.

Larvae at first oval, shining, bright yellow. ^ ^ •

Aphis brassicae Lmn. 410

Buckton, ii., 34- Houard, No. 2578.

Nematoda Lateral swellings on the slender root fibres. The eel-
worms live on the surface of the galls ; there is no internal

Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 41 1
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 75*

Fungi

Myce-

tozoa

Swollen white patches on stems, leaves, etc. See

No. 394. _ ,

Cystopus candidus Lev. 412

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 59-

Roots swollen. See No. 381.

Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. 413

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 334-

Brassica napus Linn. Rape.

Coleop- Root swollen. See No. 402.
tera CEUTHORRHYNCHUS PLEUROSTIGMA Marsh 414

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 8. Houard, No. 2597.

Diptera Seed-pod slightly swollen, tenanted by numerous non-
leaping larvae. M. E.

DaSYNEURA BRASSICAE, Winn. 415
Syn. Cecidomyia brassicae Winn.

Houard, No. 2591.

Root swollen. See No. 409.

Phorbia brassicae Bouchd 416

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 299.

192

BRITISH GALLS

Myce-

tozoa

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Myce-

tozoa

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Nematoda

Coleop-

tera

Root swollen. See No. 381.

Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. 417
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 300.

Erassica Rutabaga D. C. Swedish Turnip or Swede.
Root swollen. See No. 402.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 418
Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 9, 10 ; Plant Galls, fig. 298.

Root swollen. See No. 409.

Phorbia brassicae Bouche 419

Seed-pods swollen. See No. 415.

Dasyneura brassicae Winn. 420

Roots swollen. See No. 381.

Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. 421
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 334.

Erassica rapa Linn. Common Turnip.

Hemispherical galls near the top of the root. See
No. 402.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 422
Houard, No. 2586.

Root swollen. See No. 409.

Phorbia brassicae Bouche 423

Ormerod, p. 25.

Leaf puckered and swollen.
Houard, No. 2589.

See No. 410.

Aphis brassicae Linn.' 424

Roots swollen. See No. 41 1.

Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 425

Houard, No. 2587.

Erassica arvensis O. Kuntze {sinapistrum Boiss).
Charlock.

Solitary, gregarious or coalescent swellings, each about
the size of a pea near the top of the root, just below the
ground, with a single larva in each. M. E.

Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk 426
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 11; Plant Galls, fig. 87.
Houard, No. 2605.

Galls resembling those of the preceding.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 427
Houard, No. 2606.

Coleop-

tei'a

Homop-

tera

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS i93

Galls resemblinir those of the preceding.

ualls resem CONTRACTUS Marsh 42!=

Kirby and Spence, 1828, p. 188. Houard, No. 2607.

Floral axis thickened, flowers |-nish.^

Buckton, ii., 34- Houard, No. 2601.

Nenratoda Roots swollen. See^No^dU^^^^ Schachtii Schmidt 43°
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 75*

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic. 112. Shepherd’s
Purs0«

Homop. Leaf margin rolled upwards. ^ _

Buckton, ii., 34- Houard, No. 2739*

tera

Nematoda

Stem swollen and distorted.

Tylenchus

Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 46.

DEVASTATRIX Kiihn 432

Fungi Swollen white patches on stem, leaves, etc. See

Cystopus candidus Lev. 433
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 59-

Coleop-

tera

Fungi

Lepidium campestre Br. 86. Common Pepperwort.
Spherical tumours at base of stem. See No. 439.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 434

Houard, No. 2492.

White swollen patches on stem, leaves, etc. See

O. 394. T f

Cystopus candidus Lev. 435
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 59.

Coleop-

tera

Lepidium Draba Linn. Whitlow Pepperwort.

Nodular swellings of very variable size on the roots and
stem, containing several larval cavities.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigm^v Marsh 436-

Houard, No. 2491.

Thlaspi arvense Linn. 84. Penny-Cress.

Elongated spindle-like swellings on the stem and
branches, containing many cells with a single larva in

13

194

Coleop-

tera

> >

> i

Fungi

Myce-

tozoa

BRITISH GALLS

each ; sometimes the interior is reduced by the larvae to a
single large cavity.

Ceuthorrhynchus contractus Marsh 437
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 241. Houard, No. 2505.

This beetle also attacks the stems of Thlaspi perfoliatum
Linn, in Central Europe.

Rounded swelling on the upper part of the root.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 438
Houard, No. 2504. Also attacks Thlaspi perfoliatum
in Germany.

Cakile maritima Scop. 64. Purple Sea- Rocket.

Pea-like swelling in the lower part of the stem, below
the cotyledons, resulting from hypertrophy of the bark
containing the larval cavity.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 439
Houard, No. 2543.

Raphanus Raphanistrum Linn. iii. Wild Radish.
Tumours on root. See No. 426.

Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Pay. 440
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 202.

Fleshy, unilocular pea-like galls on the roots, usually
near the stem, sometimes larger and plurilocular, each
cavity containing a white larva. M. E.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh 441
Houard, No. 2629.

On the midrib of the leaf, or the petiole, an elongated
fusiform swelling with a large axial cavity. Imago,
June, I.

Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panzer 442
Houard, No. 2631.

Swollen white patches on stem, leaves, etc. See
No. 394.

Cystopus candidus Lev. 443
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 59.

Tumours on the roots. See No. 381.

Plasmouiophora brassica Wor. 444
Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 334.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 195

Fungi

Homop-

tera

9 )

Fungi

Homop-

tera

) >

Acari

SAXIFRAGACEAE

107. Golden

Chrysospleiiiuiii oppositifolium Linn.

^ Thickened, whitish, and roundish spots on the leaves,
containing the hyaline teleutospores. June to ^‘^eptember. ^
^ Entyloma CHRYSOSPLENii B. and Br. 44^

Syn. Protomyces chrysosplenii B. and Br.

Plowright, p. 291.

Ribes Grossularia Linn. Gooseberry.

Large reddish or brown blisters on the leaves. I he
aphides congregate in the concavities on the inferior
surface. Aphis shining mottled green, with long antennae
and pale green cornicles, the winged viviparous ? has a

black head and yellow cornicles.

Rhopalosiphum ribis Koch 446

Buckton, ii., p. i. Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 68 (revised
1908).

Large reddish-brown or yellow blisters on the leaves,
which often curl up, especially on the top shoots. Aphis
much resembles the preceding, but the winged viviparous
? has an olive head and black cornicles.

Myzus ribis Linn. 447

Houard, No. 2789. Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 68 (revised
1908).

Fruit and leaves with thickened spots, reddish above
and yellow below, containing the yellow aecidiospores.

Aecidium grossulariae Gmelin 448

Plowright, p. 263.

Ribes rubrum Linn. Red Currant.

Leaves blistered. See No. 446.

Rhopalosiphum ribis Koch 449
Buckton, ii., p. i. Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 68 (revised
1908).

Apical leaves blistered and contorted. See No. 447.

Myzus ribis Linn. 450

Connold, Plant Galls, p. loi. Houard, No. 2808.

Buds hypertrophied and deformed. Leaves and flowers
are but rarely produced, and such are always atrophied.

Eriophyes ribis Nalepa 451

Syn. Pkytoptus ribes Murray.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. loi. Houard, No. 2807.

ig6

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Acari

Hymen

optera

Diptora

Homop-

tera

} )

Ribes nigrum Linn. Black Currant.

Leaves blistered. See No. 446.

Rhopalosiphum ribis Koch 452

Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 68 (revised 1908).

Apical leaves blistered and deformed. See No. 447.

Myzus ribis Linn. 447.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 106; Plant Galls, fig. 100. 4;^
Houard, No. 2794.

Buds hypertrophied. See No. 451.

Eriophyes ribis Nalepa 454

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 62 ; Plant Galls, fig. 99.
Warburton and Embleton, 1902, pis. 33, 34. Houard,

No. 2793.

ROSACEAE

Prunus spinosa Linn. 108. Blackthorn.

Hard, globular, gregarious or coalescent growths on the
subterranean roots. wSee No. 239.

Biorrhiza aptera Bose. 455

Connold, Plant Galls, pp. 54, 137, 245.

Leaf thickened along a nerve, usually the midrib, form-
ing a yellow or reddish glabrous pouch on the inferior
surface, with a narrow elongated opening on the superior
one. Larvae yellowish-orange. M. E. Imago, spring, II.

PUTONIELLA MARSUPIALIS F. Low 456

Syn. Cecidomyia pruni Kltb.

Connold, Plant Galls, pp. 82, 245. Houard, No. 3295.

Leaf margins crumpled and swollen. Aphis pale green,
mottled with dark green, and having a black dorsal stripe ;
cornicles small, black.

Hyalopterus pruni Fabr. 457

Buckton, ii., iii. Houard, No. 3289.

Leaf margins crinkled and swollen. Aphis pale green
with red eyes, and having one to three green stripes down
the back.

Phorodon humuli Schank 458

Buckton, i., 167. Houard, No. 3292.

Leaves distorted and swollen. Aphis yellowish -green
with three greenish olive stripes, lower abdominal rings
stained ochreous.

Aphis padi Linn. 459

Houard, No. 3290.

/

PLATE A'.Vy

BULLACE ( Prumts insititia). a branch with tour normal fruits, and three

THAT ARE GREATLY ENLARGED THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF THE FUNGUS ExonsCUS

pruni

» W ^

' • t 'v

^ ■■ ■ ;

. . • . ■

• ' jU % • i . ■ ^

• V

■ ■*

•4^i^ V

/ .. *

t.. '-■

%

► ^.1

. V

• 1

t

*

t

I ‘

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 197

Acari Pustules about 4 by 2 mm. on the upper surface of the

leaf, Rreen, reddish, or brown, often numerous and
coaiescent, opening by a minute hairy aperture on the

inferior surface. (Plate XXL i.)

Eriophyes similis Nalepa 460

Syn. Phytoptus similis Nal. ^ c as

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 65; Plant Galls, fig. 68.

Houard, iSo. 3294.

Fungi Densely fasciculated twigs on the branches, forming a

“ witch’s broom.”

EXOA.SCUS DEFORMANS Fuckel 46 1
Syn. Ascomyces deformans Berk.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., p. 15.

Fruit much swollen and deformed, often curved and
” flattened, about three times the normal size, without stone
or kernel. The whitish bloom, which appears m July on
these malformed fruits, is the fruit of the fungus, and

consists of closely packed asci. -r... , , ^

EXOASCUS PRUNI Fuckel 462

Syn. Ascomyces prtmi"B. and Br.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., p. 14*

Pninus insititia Linn. 67. Bullace.

Homop-

tera

Leaf margins swollen. See No. 457.

HyalopteruS PRUNI Fabr. 463

Buckton, ii., 1 1 1.

Acari

Pustules on the leaves. See No. 460.

Eriophyes similis Nalepa 464

Houard, No. 3265.

Fungi

Densely fasciated twigs. See No. 461.

Exoascus deformans Fuckel 465

9 9

Fruit deformed. See No. 462 and Plate XXV.

Exoascus pruni Fckl. 466

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 126, 129; Plant Galls, fig. 79.

? Branches swollen, bark destroyed, the margin of the

wound surrounded by a thickened irregular mass of living
bark, presenting the condition known as “ canker.”

467

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 127.

At one time said to have been caused by the fungus
Nectria ditissima, which, however, has been shown to be
only a saprophyte. Probably results from the presence
of aphides.

BRITISH GALLS

198

9

Homop-

tera

Acari

9

Fungi

) }

Homop-

tera

Diptera

Pninus Cerasus Linn. 36. Dwarf Cherry.

Bark of stem and branches cankered and destroyed in
some parts, thickened in others. See No. 467.

468

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 89.

Prunus Padus Linn. 70. Bird Cherry.

Leaves involute, crumpled, and swollen. Aphis yel-
lowish-green, with three greenish-olive stripes ; lower
abdominal rings stained ochreous red.

Aphis padi Linn. 469

Buckton, ii., 62. Houard, No. 3313. This aphis attacks
various grasses on the Continent, including Agropyron
repens Beauv., Holcus mollis Linn., and Alopecurus
pratensis Linn.

Minute glossy nail-like projections, 3 to 4 mm. high, on
the upper surface of the leaf, gregarious, but not often
coalescent, greenish-yellow, red or reddish-brown, open-
ing on the inferior surface. June to September.

Eriophyes padi Nalepa 470

Syn. Phytoptus padi Nalepa.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 65. Houard, No. 3314.

Bark cankered and thickened. See No. 467.

471

Massee, Textbook of Plant Diseases, p. 127.

Fruit swollen and deformed. See No. 462.

Exoascus pruni Fckl. 472

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., p. 15.

Densely fasciated twigs on the branches. See No. 461.

Exoascus deformans Fckl. 473

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., p. 15.

Spiraea TJlmaria Linn. 112. Meadow Sweet.

Leaf margin rolled inwards, bent, and discoloured.
Aphis large, shining green, cornicles green or tipped with
black.

Macrosiphum ulmariae Sch. 474

Syn. Siphonophora pisi Kalt.

Buckton, i., p. 134. Houard, No. 2833.

Small hemispherical yellowish or carmine swellings
on the upper surface of the leaf, often very numerous ;
the swellings on the inferior surface are cylindroconic.

ROSACEAE

199

Each gall is inhabited by a yellowish larva. June to

September. M. G. (Text, Fig. 12.) ^

^ Perrisia ULMARIAE Bremi 475

Syn. Dasyneura ulmariae Bremi, Cectdomyia ubjianae

^c'SHnold, Veg. Galls, pi. 89; Plant Galls, fig. 158.
Houard, No. 2839.

Diptera

Spiraea Filipendula Linn. 65. Dropwort.

Solitary or conglomerated swellings, each forming a
hollow truncated cone, in the axils of the leaves, or on
the leaf itself, green at first, becoming reddish or purple.

The gall is hemispherical on the inferior surface of the
leaf, and cylindrical on the superior one, with the opening
at the apex of the cone. Each gall contains a yellowish-

white larva. M. G. (Text, Fig. 10.) ,

Perrisia ulmariae Bremi 470

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 103. Houard, No. 2830.

Rubus idaeus Linn. i ii. Raspberry.

Hymen- Large elongated swelling on the stem, which is fre-
optera quently greatly curved. Surface mammillated, each pro-
jection denoting the position of an ovoid or circular larval
chamber. Reddish or purple when growing, brown at
maturity. M. G.

UlASTROPHUS RUBI Hartig 477
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 85. Houard, No. 2963.

Diptera Slightly elongated, but pronounced swelling on the
stem ; surface rough, bark cracked and fissured longi-
tudinally, reddish-brown. The irregular cavities within
contain white larvae. M. G.

Lasioptera RUBI Heeger 478

Houard, No. 2964.

,, Leaves distorted, midrib swollen and bent. Larvae

white, gregarious. M. E. Spring, 11.

Perrisia plicatrix H. Low 479

Houard, No. 2966.

Homop- Leaf margins greatly twisted and involute, often to the
tera 'midrib. Leaf usually discoloured and slightly thickened.
Aphis large, shining green, slightly pilose, cornicles
curved and slightly thickened at the base. May and June.

Nectarosiphum RUBI Kalt. 480
Syn. Siphonophora rubi Kalt.

Buckton, i., 140. Houard, No. 2968.

200

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

Acari

Fungi

Coleop-

tera

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

Bubus plicatus Weike and Nees (fruticosus Linn.).

69. Bramble,

Elongated swelling on the stem. See No. 477.

Diastrophus rubi Hartig 481
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 40 ; Plant Galls, fig. 72.
Houard, No. 2975.

Leaves distorted. Midrib swollen. See No. 479.

Perrisia plicatrix H. Low 482
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 86. Houard, No. 2978.

Slightly elongated swelling on the stem. See No. 478.

Lasioptera rubi Heeger 483
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 117; Plant Galls, fig. 73,
Houard, No. 2976.

Leaves, shoots, and all green parts bearing a silky felt
of greyish-white hairs, which are cylindrical and pointed.
Phyllerium rubi F ries.

Eriophyes gibbosus Nalepa 484

Trail, Wild Fauna and Flora of Kew (1906), p. 42.
Species of Rubus not stated.

Large warty excrescences from the size of a pea to that
of a walnut. On shoots of “blackberry.” ? A'. Plicatus,

CONIOTHYRIUM TUMAEFACIENS Gliss. 485
Journ. Hort. Soc., xxiv., p. 230 (1908).

Elongated red patches on the stems, which crack in
winter. Large rugged outgrowths of callus are formed in
the neighbourhood of the cracks. (Plate XXVI.)

CONIOTHYRIUM FUCKELii Saccardo 4S6

Rubus rusticanus Merc. 74.

Flower bud swollen, remaining closed.

Anthonomus rubi Herbst. 487

Houard, No. 2992.

Rubus caesius Linn. 78. Dewberry.

Greatly elongated swelling on the stem. See No. 477.

Diastrophus rubi Hartig 488
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 85. Houard, No. 3023.

Slightly elongated swelling on the stem. See No. 478.

Lasioptera rubi Heeger 489
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 85. Houard, No. 3024.

PLATE XXVI

liLACKBERRY STEMS ( Rubus pUcaUis) WITH GALLS RESULTING FROM
THE PRESENCE OF THE FUNGUS Coniothyrinm L'uckclii. THE CON-
DITION POPULARLY KNOWN AS “ CANKER ”

4'

^r*

- • • * •

f

' *«^-
. - »*

.0 -f

> -

r.

i I «'

E^. ^

••' . ^
»*,. iC,

|5-i:

k/'

"Ici

k'

' ft

k'.

* -' I

J «

<

« - •

*“ '.«^jr riii

. -

M _ r

• I

■••» * •

*5

-1

,- ♦ w ^ iji- ,
^ . ..

\V

■ -.J

4 ■-«

•* f,

r« » i

■ .Y_,

*#»' * - ■*
». ■■ »

» ■•

‘I 1,^ ’ '’;^

k Li« i

“ — I*

»■ •

f -.

1^* - •

,.V

^ 1*'

» ■■

ROSACEAE

201

Diptera

Nematoda

) J

Hymen-

optera

Leaves distorted,

midrib swollen. See No. 479.

Perrisia plicatrix H. Low 49°

Houard, No. 3025.

Fragaria vesca Linn. iii. Wild Strawberry.

Stem deformed, much swollen, with numerous buds.

The abnormal branches are much enlarged, sometimes
fasciated, often remaining separated, and the plant then
resembles a small cauliflower. Leaves more or less de-
formed, with one lobe instead of three. The parasites
swarm in the tissues. April to September.

Aphelenchus fragariae Ritz.-Bos 491

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 287. Houard, No. 3055.

Gall superficially resembling the preceding, but the
thickened parts of the stem are white, the leaves are
somewhat yellowish, and the roots not so abundant. The
eelworms live between the sheaths and the stem.

Aphelenchus Ormerodis Ritz.-Bos 492

Houard, No. 3056.

Potentilla erecta Hampe. 112. Common Tormentil.

Ovoid or spherical swellings on the stem, rarely on a
petiole, consisting of a single cell or numerous larval
cells which never become fused. Greenish-yellow, red-
dish or purple.

Xestophanes brevitarsus Thoms. 493

Syn. Xestophanes tormentillae Cam.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 43 ; Plant Galls, fig. 295.
Houard, No. 3064.

Potentilla reptans Linn. 99. Creeping Cinquefoil.

Rounded swellings on the stem, sometimes in a bud,
singly, about the size of a pea, forming a long fusiform
swelling when coalescent ; the surface cracks at maturity.
Each cavity contains a single larva. M. G. Imago, May
or June, II.

Xestophanes potentillae Retz 494

Syn. Aulax spiendens Havtig.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 13, 14, \2<^b ; Plant Galls, 494<'Z
fig. 92. Houard, Nos. 3060, 3061.

Potentilla argentea Linn. 57. Hoary Cinquefoil.

Rounded or fusiform swelling on the stem, surface
usually mammillated ; plurilocular.

Diastrophus Mayri Reinhard 495

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246.

202

BRITISH GALLS

Acari

Hymen-

optera

J ?

J >

Diptera

Poterium Sanguisorba Linn. 74. Lesser Burnet.

All the green parts of the plant and the inflorescence
deformed, and covered with a felt of long yellowish or
white variously contorted hairs.

Eriophyes SANGUISORBAE Can. 496
Syn. Phytoptus sanguisorbae Can.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 64 ; Plant Galls, fig. 81.
Houard, No. 3103.

Eosa spinosissima Linn. 94. Burnet-leaved Rose.

Ovoid or reniform swellings on the stems, leaves,
petioles, and flower buds, covered with minute spines and
tinted green, purple, or bright red. Often conglomerated,
and then attaining considerable dimensions ; sometimes 497
fusiform or flattened. Each cell contains a single larva. 498

Rhodites spinosissimae Giraud 499
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 42 ; Plant Galls, fig. 259. 499^^
Houard, No. 3239.

Glabrous rounded swelling about the size of a pea,
attached by a minute stalk to the upper surface of the
leaflet, occasionally to a stem or a sepal. It is both
solitary and gregarious. Tinted yellowish-green, brown,
or red.

Rhodites eglanteriae Ilartig 500

Houard, No. 3238.

Rosa mollis Sm. (/?. villosa Linn.). 71.

Pea-like swelling on the leaf. See No. 500.

Rhodites eglanteriae Hartig 501

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 3138.

On the inflorescence, stems (at the place of a bud) and
leaves. A mass of small, rounded, very hard galls, each
containing a larva, the whole covered with a shaggy mass
of long pinnatifid hairs of a clear green colour, or more or
less tinted with red. Dimensions variable. Autumnal.

Rhodites rosae Linn. 502

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 3136.

5021^

Leaflets folded upwards, the margins meeting and form-
ing a pod, which is often tinted red or browm. Each pod

contains numerous yellowish-red larvae. M. E.

Perrisia rosarum Hardy 503

Syn. Dasy?ieura rosarum Hardy ; Cectdo7nyia rosarum

Hardy.

Hardy, 1850, p. 186. Houard, No. 3^35*

203

Hymen-

optera

>)

Diptera

Hymen-

optera

> J

M

9 i

Diptera

ON WILD ROSES

Rosa Eglanteria Hudson. 63. Sweet-briar.

Moss-like growths on leaves, etc. See No. 502.

° Rhodites rosae Linn. 504

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. n6; Plant Galls, fig- 288.
Houard, No. 3155-

On the leaflets gall shape and size of a large pea,
glabrous, with a few large spines projecting from it,
vellowish-green or white, tinted pink or red. Unilocular
ind Linilarval, often deformed by the presence of parasites.

Rhodites rosarum Giraud 505

Syn. Rhodites nervosus Cameron.

Houard, No. 3157*

Globular swelling on leaflet. See No. 500. „ . ,

Rhodites eglanteriae Hartig 500

Houard, No. 3158-

Leaflets folded upwards. See No. 503.

Pfrrista rosarum Hardv ^07

Rosa canina Linn. 112. Dog Rose.

Glabrous pea-like swellings on leaflets. See No. 500

and Plate III. 7. . „

Rhodites eglanteriae Hartig 508

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 1 12 ; Plant Galls, figs. 260, 261.

Houard, No. 3191.

Moss-like growths on leaves, etc. See No. 502 and

Plate III. I. .

Rhodites rosae Lmn. 509

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 114, ^5 1 Plant Galls, fig. 264.

Houard, No. 3187.

Globular spiny outgrowths on leaflets. See No. 505

and Plate 1 1 1. 4. ,

Rhodites ROSARUM Giraud 510

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 113; Plant Galls, fig. 263.

Houard, No. 3186.

Leaflets folded into rolls of variable intensity, forming
a pouch for the greyish-green larvae. Larva with black
or brown head. M. E. Imago, spring, II.

Blennocampa pusilla Klug. 511

Theobald, Enemies of the Rose, 1910, figs. 3, 4.
Houard, No. 3183.

Leaflets with folded margins. See No. 503.

Perrisia rosarum Hardy 512
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 87 ; Plant Galls, fig. 261.
Houard, No. 3186.

204

Fungi

BRITISH GALLS

Hymen-

optera

? J

>>

Acari

Homop-

tera

Acari

Homop-

tera

Acari

Stem swollen and cankered. See No. 486.

CONIOTHYRIUM FUCKELii Saccardo 513
Theobald, Enemies of the Rose, 1910, p. 31.

Rosa arvensis Hudson. 69. Trailing Rose.

Glabrous pea-like swellings on the leaflets. See No. 500.

Rhodites eglanteriae Hartig 514

Houard, No. 3117.

Moss-like growths on stem, etc. See No. 502.

Rhodites rosae Linn.

Houard, No. 3115.

515

Globular spiny outgrowths on leaflets. See No. 505.

Rhodites rosarum Giraud 516

Houard, No. 3116.

Subspherical swellings with tuberculated surface, seated
on the nodes, and attaining the size of a walnut.

ERIOPHYES ROSAE 517

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 265. Houard, No. 3114,
ascribed to an unknown Eriophyid. The name given
above is a provisional one.

Pyrus torminalis Ehrh. 50. Wild Service Tree.

Terminal leaves deformed, bunched, and recurved.
Aphis small, yellowish-green or reddish-brown.

Aphis sorbi Kalt. 518

Buckton, ii., p. 59. Houard, No. 2901.

Pyrus Aria Ehrh. 50. White Beam Tree.

Pustules slightly elevated above the surface on both
sides of the leaf, glabrous, frequently coalescent.
Greenish-yellow at first, ultimately brown, opening on
the inferior surface.

Eriophyes pyri Pagenst 519

Syn. Phytoptus Pyri Murray.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 44. Houard, No. 2902.

Pyrus Aucuparia Ehrh. 108. Mountain Ash.

Terminal leaves deformed. See No. 518.

Aphis sorbi Kalt. 520

Buckton, ii., p. 59. Houard, No. 2908.

Pustules on the leaves. See No. 519.

Eriophyes PYRI Pagenst 521

Houard, No. 2912.

ROSACEAE

205

Acari

>>

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

) >

Homop-

tera

Acari

Lenticular chocolate-coloured pustules on the leaves,
greerarious, often coalescent.

Eriophyes pyri Pagenst.var. variolata Nal. 522

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 46, l^b ; Plant Galls, fig. 36.
Houard, No. 2913.

On the leaf blade, usually on the inferior surface, a tuft
of short, blunt, cylindrical or club-shaped hairs, whitish
at first, becoming rusty brown. Erineum sorbeu7n Per-

soon. „

Eriophyes sp. 523

Greville, 1827, v., pi. 263. Houard, No. 2911.

Pynis communis Linn. 49. Pear Tree.

Brilliant translucent pustules, usually solitary, showing
equally on both surfaces of the leaf.

Micronematus abbreviatus Hartig 524
Syn. Ne7natus abbreviatus Htg.

Houard, No. 2872.

Young fruit abnormally swollen, with numerous larvae
within. May to July. M. E.

CONTARINIA PYRIVORA Ridley 525
Syn. Diplosis pyrivora Ridley.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 123; Plant Galls, fig. 240.
Houard, No. 2855.

Leaf margin rolled upwards and thickened, green or
yellowish.

Perrisia pyri Bouch6 526

Syn. DasyTteura pyri Bouch^.

Houard, No. 2864.

Leaves rolled towards the base, margins shrivelled and
crumpled.

PSYLLA PYRISUGA Forst. 527

Houard, No. 2867.

Pustules on the leaves. See No. 519.

Eriophyes pyri Pagenst 528
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 59 ; Plant Galls, figs. 239, 348.
Houard, No. 2871.

Tufts of hairs, at first yellowish or reddish, becoming
rusty brown, forming a felt occurring in patches on both
surfaces of the leaf, but usually on the inferior one.
Eri7ieu77i Pyrinu77i Persoon.

Eriophyes sp. 529

Greville, 1823, i., pi. 22. Houard, No. 2873.

2o6

BRITISH GALLS

Fungi

Coleop-

tera

n

Diptera

Homop-

tera

> I

1 J

Acari

Thickened yellow spots on the branches, leaves, and
fruit, containing the pale brown aecidiospores. June to
August. Teleutospores on Jutiiperus co)nmunis.

Gymnosporangium clavariap:forme Jacq. 530

Plowright, p. 233.

Pyrus Malus Linn. 89. Crab Apple.

Bud swollen, remaining closed.

Anthonomus pomorum Linn. 531

Houard, No. 2881.

Leaf bud not expanded, transformed into a mass of
abnormally folded little leaves, the external ones making
a kind of hood surrounding a tough case composed of
decaying leaves stuck together.

Anthonomus rosinae Des Gozis 532

Houard, No. 2945.

Leaf margins recurved, forming compact, glossy, swollen
rolls, which are often tinted with yellow, red, or purple.

Perrisia MALI Kieffer 533

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 31. Houard, No. 2885.

Leaf curled near the petiole, which is deformed and
shrivelled. Aphis dark slaty grey mottled with green.
Larvae powdered with white meal, numerous.

Aphis pomi De Geer 534

Syn. Aphis mali Fabr.

Buckton, ii., 46.

Irregular protuberances on roots, stems, and branches,
at first soft, then woody. Surface rough. Aphis dark
shining brown, with a sparse cottony coat. (Plate XL)

Myzoxylus laniger Hausm. 535

Syn. Schizofieura lanigera Hausm. 536

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 35 ; Plant Galls, fig. 28.
Buckton, iii., 90. Houard, Nos. 2882, 2883.

Leaves yellow or red, with incurvature and rolling of
the margins. Aphis almost sooty black, hairy, with two
strong spines on the prothorax.

Aphis pyri Fonsc. 537

Syn. Aphis crataegi Kalt.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 29. Buckton, ii., 97. Houard,

No. 2898.

A mass of blunt hairs usually on the inferior surface of
the leaf, forming a felt-like covering, reddish white at
first, becoming brownish. Erbieum inalinurn D. G.

Eriophyes malinus Nalepa 538

Houard, No. 2892.

ON THE HAWTHORN

207

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Acari

n

Fungi

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. iii. Common Hawthorn.

Ovary feebly swollen.

Anthonomus pomorum Linn. 539

Houard, No. 2939.

Terminal leaves deformed, forming a rosette, their
surfaces covered with little green or reddish tubercles.
Petiole and lower part of midrib swollen. Larvae gre-
garious, reddish. M. E. Imago, spring, II.

Perrisia crataegi Winn. 540

Syn. Cecidomyia crataegi Winn.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 79! Plant Galls, fig. 128.
Houard, No. 2942.

Little red swelling on the leaf.

PSYLLA CRAT.AEGI Schrank 541

Houard, No. 2951.

Leaves of the young shoots blistered and rolled, forming
tingled masses of a reddish-brown colour. May to July.
Aphis bright green, slightly mealy ; cornicles dark at the
tips.

Aphis crataegi Buckton 542

Buckton, ii., p. 35. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 127.

Small lenticular pustules on the upper surface of the
leaf, with a small opening on the inferior one. Gregarious,
often coalescent, orange, brown, or purple.

Eriophyes crataegi Can. 543

Syn. Phytopius crataegi Can.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 50; Plant Galls, fig. 129.
Houard, No. 2950.

Margins of the leaf tightly rolled inwards, colour normal.
Interior of the roll lined with short club shaped brown
hairs. Erineum clandestinmn Greville. Erineum oxya-
canthae Persoon.

Eriophyes goniothorax Nalepa 544

Syn. Phyt Optus goniothorax Nalepa.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 53, 76^ ; Plant Galls, fig. 130.
Houard, No. 2948.

Thickish blisters of irregular shape on the leaves, green
at first, then dark brown, and frosted with the spores. The
leaves do not curl.

Taphrina bullata Tulasne 545

Syn. Exoascus bullatus Fckl. Ascomyces bullatus
Berk.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv , p. 15.

2o8

BRITISH GALLS

Fungi

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Thickened yellow spots on the stems, leaves, and fruit,
containing the pale brown aecidiospores. Teleutospores
on Juniper us communis.

Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme Jacq. 546
Syn. Roestelia lacerata Tulasne.

Plowright, p. 233. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 126.

LEGUMINOSAE

Genista anglica Linn. 86. Needle Whin.

Terminal leaves tufted, swollen, forming a yellowish
hairy mass about the size of a hazel nut. Sometimes the
flowers and buds are also thickened and distorted. Larvae
gregarious, white at first, then pale rose colour. July and
August. M. E.

Perrisia genisticola F. Low 547

Houard, No. 3349- 547a

547^

Genista tinctoria Linn. 76. Dyer’s Green Weed.

Terminal leaves and flowers swollen. See No. 547.

Perrisia genisticola F. Low 548

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 120. S wanton. Knowledge, 549
June, 1910. Houard, Nos. 3368, 3369.

Internodes at the extremity of the twig shortened and
much thickened, forming globular fleshy galls about 8 to
10 mm. in diameter; the lateral shoots are also often
atrophied and deformed. Plurilocular. Larvae yellowish-
white, movements jerky. M. E. Imago, April, II.

CONTARINIA MELANOCERA Kieffer 550

Houard, No. 3372.

Ulex europaeus Linn. 112. Common Gorse.

Young stems with rounded or ovoid swellings about
the size of a large pea, longitudinally striated. Unilocular,
with a single larva. M. G. Spring, II. (Text, Fig. 6.)

Apion scutellare Kirby 551

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 116. Swanton, Knowledge,
June, 1910. Houard, No. 3399.

Bud swollen, forming a green, fleshy, ovoid or conical
gall, about 5 mm. high by 3 mm. in diameter, with a large
internal cavity.

Asphondylia ULICIS Verrall 552

Verrall, 1875, P- 224 Trail, 1873, p. 172. Connold,
Plant Galls, p. 245.

209

ON GORSE AND BROOM

Elongated swelling, 50 to 70 mm. long, at the apex of
the stem, deeply furrowed longitudinally, 24 to 30 mm. m
circumference. There is occasionally much curvature.
Leaves shortened, swollen at the base, and crowded.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. H5- The cause of the
swelling was unknown to Connold. I have not observed
it, and it is not mentioned in Houard’s “Zoocecidies des
Plantes d’Europe.”

Ulex nanus Roth, {minor Yorsitr). 27. Lesser Gorse.
Pea-like swelling on stem. See No. 551.

Apion SCUTELLARE Kirby 554

Houard, No. 3403.

Cytisus scoparius Link. 109. Common Broom.
Elongated ovoid swelling on the stem, 40 to 60 mm.
long, about 5 mm. in diameter, containing numerous

larval cavities just beneath the bark.

Apion immune, Kirby 555

Houard, No. 3428.

Axillary buds deformed, swollen and fleshy, ovoid,
sessile or definitely stalked, 5 to 12 mm. long. The in-
florescence is sometimes attacked, the buds remain closed,
and are slightly swollen. Unilocular and unilarval.
Larva greenish ; it does not leap. May to October.

ASPHONDYLIA SARATHAMNl H. Low 556

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 75- Houard, Nos. 3414, 557
3422.

Pod deformed, having at its basal end a swelling about
the size of a pea. Rarely two galls are present on a pod.
Each gall contains a single orange-coloured larva. June
to August. M. G.

Asphondylia Mayeri Liebel 558

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 76. Binnie, Proc. Glasgow
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1877, p. 112. Houard, No. 3412.

In an axillary bud. A smooth tube-like gall, 5 to 10 mm.
long, 2 mm. in diameter, or less. Apex with four or five
teeth curving outwards, or two teeth bending inwards.

The aperture is always provided with numerous shining
hairs directed upwards. Larva red. M. E.

Perrisia tubicola Kieffer 559

Houard, No. 3423.

14

210

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

I )

9 9

Discoloured, unilateral, oblong, or subspherical masses
on the subterranean part of the stem. Solitary or coales-
cent. The e tumours proceed from an expansion of the
parenchyma through the bark, and have no internal
cavity. Their surface is smooth at first, becoming fissured.
Aphis black.

Aphis laburni Kalt. 560

Houard, No. 3376. Buckton records this aphis from
laburnum pods in July and August, but does not allude to
a gall.

Medicago sativa Linn. Lucerne.

Soft, hairy, ovoid, yello\\ish-green swelling, consisting
of a deformed shoot surrounded by two swollen stipules,
opening at its summit at maturity. Larvae gregarious.

M. E.

Perrisia ignorata Wachtl. 561

Syn. Dasyneura ignorata Wachtl. Cecidomyia rncdi-
caginis Bremi.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 3515.

Medicago falcata Linn. 5. Yellow Medick.

Flowers and seed pod swollen, reddish. Larvae gre-
garious. M. E.

CONTARINIA LOTI De Geer 562

Syn. Dipiosis loti De Geer.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Melilotus altissima Thiull. {officinalis Lam.). 73.
Common Melilot.

Flowers remarkably green, larva living in the interior
of the stem and near the apex.

Apion MELILOTI Kirby 563

Houard, No. 3543.

Trifolium pratense Linn. 112. Purple Clover.

Floral axis thickened ; calyx swollen, containing a larva.

Apion assimile Kirby 564

Ormerod, Manual, p. 55. Houard, No. 35^o-

Excrescences on the roots, each containing a larva.

Apion varipes Germar 565

Houard, No. 3587.

Flowers transformed into a tubercular hard mass.
Larva within a cavity in the floral axis.

Apion apricans Herbst 566

Ormerod, Manual, p. 55. Houard, No. 3581.

ON CLOVERS

21 1

Coleop- Flowers greenish, larva living in a long gallery in the
tera stem.

Hylastinus OBSCURUS Marsh 567

Houard, No. 3582.

Diptera Leaflets folded upwards in the form of a pod, swollen,
reddish or yellowish. Larvae pale reddish-yellow, gre-
garious. Leaflets sometimes folded inwards. M. G.

Perrisia trifolii F. Low 568
Syn. Dasyneura trifolii F. Low. Cecidomyia trifolii
F. Low. 5^9

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, Nos. 3589, 3591.

Nematoda Development of the plant arrested, internodes shortened
and thickened ; leaves deformed, with margins rolled in-
wards.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 570
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 3584.

Fungi Elongated swellings and distortions of the petioles ; the

sori containing the brown uredospores burst through the
epidermis.

Uromyces trifolii Alb. and Schw. 571
Syn. Trichobasis fallens Cooke.

Plowright, p. 124.

Trifolium medium Linn. 108. Zigzag Clover.

Diptera Leaflets swollen, pod-like. See No. 568.

Perrisia trifolii F. Low 572

Houard, No. 3596.

Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. ii. Sulphur-coloured
Trefoil.

Coleop- Floral axis thickened ; calyx swollen, containing a larva,
tera Apion ASSIMILE Kirby 573

Houard, No. 3599.

Flowers deformed.
Houard, No. 3560.

Apion trifolii Linn. 574

Trifolium repens Linn. 112. White or Dutch Clover.
Oval swelling on the stem.

Apion laevicolle Kirby 575

Houard, No. 3563.

Flowers greenish, larva in a long gallery in the stem.

Hylastinus obscurus Marsh 576

Houard, No. 3562.

212

BRITISH GALLS

Diptera

Nematoda

Fungi

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Leaflet swollen and pod-like. See No. 568.

Perrisia trifolii F. Low 577

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 93. Houard, No. 3564.

Arrested development, with deformity. See No. 570.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 578

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244.

Petioles distorted. See No. 571.

Uromyces trifolii Alb. and Schw. 579

Plowright, p. 124.

Trifolium procumbens Linn. 105. Hop Trefoil.

Fusiform swelling. 6 mm. long, 2’5 mm. in diameter ; at
the apex of the stem, containing a single larva. M. G.

Apion PUBESCENS Kirby 580

Houard, No. 3554.

Trifolium dubium Sibth. {ntinus Sm.). 109. Lesser

Yellow Trefoil.

Fusiform swelling on the stem. See No. 580.

Apion pubescens Kirby 581

Houard, No. 3546.

Antbyllis Vulneraria Linn. 105,. Kidney Vetch.

Flowers not expanding, swollen ; the various organs are
thickened and fleshy. Larvae orange-coloured.

Cecidomyid sp. 582

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 360.;.

Lotus corniculatus Linn. 112. Common Bird’s-foot
Trefoil.

Flowers swollen and distorted, usually somewhat hairy,
reddish-brown. The galls are terminal, conical, some-
times as many as eight in a cluster. The terminal leaves
are rolled, thickened, and distorted. Occasionally the
axillary buds are deformed. Larvae gregarious. M. E.
(Text, Fig. I.)

CONTARINIA LOTI De Geer 583

Syn. Diplosis loti De Geer.

Connold, Plant Galls, figs. 296, 297. Houard, No. 3614.

Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr. 100. Marsh Bird’s-foot
Trefoil.

“ Bud galls formed of an atrophied bud surrounded by
stipules and stunted leaves, all somewhat thickened.”

Perrisia loticola Riibs. 584

Trail, Scot. Nat., L, 1891, p. 124. Wild Fauna of Kew
Gardens, 1906, p. 42.

ON VETCHES

213

Ciptera

>>

Coleop-

tera

n

Diptera

f >

f f

Coleop*

tera

Astragalus danicus Retz. 43- . Hilk Vetch.

Leaflets folded upwards into a kind 'Rremi

Perrisia onobrychidis isrerni 503

Syn. Dasyneura onobrychidis Bremi. Cectdomyia

^ Trail! .873, p. 78. Fitch, . 88o^, p. . 5 ■ • Connold, Plant

Galls, p. 244.

Houard, No. 3646.

Onohrychis viciaefolia Scop. 30. Sainfoin.

Leaflets folded upwards into a kind of a pod. • -sa

Leaneib luiu f Perrisia ONOBRYCHIDIS Bremi 586
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 3690.

Vicia hirsuta Gray. 109. Hairy Tare.

On the stem, either floral or leaf stalk. An unilocular
thin-walled swelling, attaining twice the normal thickness

of the attacked part. ^

Apion Gyllenhali Kirby 5°7

Trail, 1885. Houard, No. 3752.

Vicia Cracca Linn. 112. Tufted Vetch.

Stem swollen. See No. 587.

Apion Gyllenhali Kirby 58b

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Trail, 1878. Houard,

No. 3722.

Flower deformed, calyx twice the normal size, petals
enlarged and swollen at the base, filaments of the staniens
swollen and very thick, anthers atrophied. Ovary short
and swollen. Style remaining rudimentary. Larvae

gregarious, yellowish-orange leaping. M. E.

^ ^ CONTARINIA CRACCAE Kieffer 589

Houard, No. 3721.

Vicia sylvatica Linn. 80. Wood Vetch.

Leaflets forming a pod, hypertrophy very pronounced.

Perrisia viciae Kieffer 590

Trail, 1873. Houard, No. 2731.

Leaflets folded upwards, with slight hypertrophy, form-
ing a pod. Larvae white.

Cecidomyia sp. 591

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 3730.

Vicia sepium Linn. 112. Bush Vetch.

Stem swollen. See No. 587.

Apion Gyllenhali Kirby 592

Trail, 1890. Houard, No. 3695.

214

Diptera

if

f f

Hymenop-

tera

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

ff

BRITISH GALLS

Flowers deformed. See No. 589.

CONTARINIA CRACCAE Kieffer 593

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 122 ; Plant Galls, fig. 302,
attributed therein to Contarinia loti De Geer. Houard,

No. 3693.

Margins of the leaflets rolled back, swollen, forming a
hard pod. Sometimes many leaves are attacked. July
to October. Larvae gregarious, white. M. G. Imago,
spring, II.

Perrisia viciae Kieffer 594

Trail, Scot. Nat., II., r873, P- ; Trans. N. H. Soc.
Aberdeen, 1878, p. 59.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 301, attributed therein to
Contarinia loti De Geer. Houard, No. 3696.

Leaflets with revolute margins which meet to form a
pod ; the midrib, which is often much swollen, forms the
keel of the pod. Larvae gregarious, usually five to seven
in a leaflet, reddish. M. E.

Perrisia lathyricola Riibs. 595

Syn. Cecidovtyia lathyri Frfld.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 80; figs. 237, 238. Houard,

No. 3771.

Lathyrus montanus Bernh. 107. Tuberous Bitter
Vetch.

Woody swelling on the rhizome, 10 mm. long, and
12 to 14 mm. in maximum diameter.

Aulax sp. 596

Cameron, 1893, p. 205, pi. ix. 4. Houard, No. 3780.

EUPHORBIAOEAE

Euphorbia Esula Linn. Leafy-branched Spurge.

Terminal leaves deformed, much enlarged, forming a lax
globose gall containing numerous orange-red larvae. M. G.

Perrisia capitigena Bremi 597

Syn. Dasyneura capitigena Bremi. Cecidomyia euphor-
biae^ Low.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246.

Mercurialis perennis Linn. 107. Dog’s Mercury.

More or less elongated ovoid swellings on the stem, 598
branches, flower stalks, and occasionally on the petioles. 599

Apion semivittatum Gyllh. 599^2

Houard, No. 3867.

Mercurialis annua Linn. 42. Annual Mercury.

Stem swollen. See No. 599.

Apion semivittatum Gyllh. 600

Houard, No. 3865.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 215

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Acari

Diptera

BUXACEAE

Buxus sempervirens 1 inn. 3. Box. .

Pustules in the parenchyma of the leaf, which is
thickened and somewhat yellowish. Larvae yellow. M. G.

MONARTHROPALPUS BUXI Laboulb. 6ol

Svn. Diplosis buxi Lab.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 82. Houard, No. 391 1-

The leaves at the extremity of a branch deformed and
bent into a hemispherical gall resembling a cabbage m
miniature. Greyish or light brown.

Connold, Plant Galls, 6g. 69. Houard, No. 3908.

ACERAOEAE

Acer Pseudo-platanus Linn. Sycamore.

Brilliantly coloured pimples (i to 2 mm. in diameter),
carmine, purple or brown, on the upper surface of the leaf ;
often very numerous The internal cavity is lined with
unicellular brown hairs which are particularly numerous
at the opening on the inferior surface. Ceratoneon vulgare

Bremi. (Plate Xllf. i.) ,

Eriophyes macrorrhynchus Nalepa ooj

Syn. Phytoptus acens Nalepa. Phytoptus niyriadeum

^aJnnold, Veg. Galls, pi. 73;.Hant Galls fig. 290, therein
attributed to Phyllocoptes acertcola^'^?i\. Houard, No. 3970.

Isolated glabrous pimples on the upper surface of the
leaf 2 to 4 mm. in diameter. Internal cavity lined with
brown pluricellular hairs, opening inferior. Cephalo7ieon

solitariuni Bremi. . ^ ^

Eriophyes macrochelus Nalepa 604

Syn. Phytoptus macrochelus Nalepa.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 289. Swanton, Knowledge,

June, 1910. Houard, No. 3979-

Slight swelling on the upper surface of the leaf at the
junction of the nervures ; the depression on the correspond-
ing inferior surface is clothed with a mass of swollen haiis.

(Plate XIII. 15.) XT 1 A

Phyllocoptes acericola Nalepa 605

Houard, No. 3975*

Acer campestre Linn. 62. Maple. ^

Elongated fusiform swelling on the petiole ; occasionally
the basal part of the midrib is also involved. Reddish-

2i6

BRITISH GALLS

Acari
) )

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Homop -
tera

Fungi

brown or purple. Usually contains a single white larva.

M. E. July to October.

Atrichosema ACER is Kieffer 606

607

A Muller, 1869, p. 21. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 153.
Swanton, Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 4030.

Scattered pustules on upper surface of the leaf. See
No. 604 and Plate XIII. ii.

Eriophyes macrochelus Nalepa 608
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 56; Plant Galls, fig. 151.
Houard, No. 4017.

Numerous minute pustules on the upper surface of the
leaf. See No. 603 and Plate XIII. 7.

Eriophyes macrorrhynchus Nalepa 609
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 57 ; Plant Galls, fig. 1 52.
Houard, No. 4016.

RHAMNACEAE

Rhamnus catharticus Linn. 58. Buckthorn.

Leaf margins rolled upwards, much thickened and
twisted, often brij?htly coloured, red or purplish-brown.

Trichopsylla Walkeri Forster 610
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 77. Houard, No. 4069.

Little shallow depressions on the lower margin of the
leaf.

Houard, No. 4068.

Trioza rhamni Schrank

61 1

Leaves and peduncles greatly distorted, often with very
large bright yellow swellings. Spores orange-yellow. May
and June.

Aecidial stage of Puccinia coronifera Kleb. 612

Syn. Aecidiu7)i crassum Persoon.

Plowright, p. 163.

Rhamnus Frangula Linn. 66. Alder Buckthorn.

Leaf margins rolled upwards. See No. 610.

Trichopsylla Walkeri Forster 613

Houard, No. 4077.

Leaves and peduncles swollen and distorted. With
orange-coloured swellings. May and June.

Aecidial stage of Puccinia coronata Corda 614

Plowright, p. 163.

ON LIMES

217

Dipt3ra

) >

> )

Acari

J J

TILIACEAE

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. 3. Broad-leaved Lime.

Globular growths instead of flowers, flower stalks and
branches svvollen, with rounded or elongated tumour^^
upon them, 2 to 10 mm. m diameter, reddish or green.
Larvae solitary or gregarious, sulphur-yellow. M. tL.

Imago, August, I., or opting, tiliarum Kieffer 6i6

Svn. Cecidomyia tiliae Sch., Ceddomyia tilicola Rud. 617
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 30- Houard, Nos. 4122, 4123,

4125.

Tilia vulgaris Hayne {europaea Linn.). Common

Leaf margin rolled upwards and thickened, leathery,
tinted greenish-yellow or dark red. Usually the distortion
is limited to the margin near the petiole, sometimes,
however, the whole of one side is involved. Larvae

gregarious, reddish-yellow. M. E. Imago, II. „ ■, _ ^,0
^ * Perrisia tiliamvolvens Rubs. 61 b

Houard, No. 4160.

Flower stalk swollen. See No. 616 and Plate 7' ,

CONTARINIA TILIARUM Kiefter 6 IQ

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 121 ; Plant Galls, fig. 150.
Houard, No. 4154-

Margins of the bracts move or less swollen and curled,
often sickle-shaped, slightly pubescent. Yellowish-green,

suffused with red. July to September.

Eriophyes tiliarius Con. 620

Syn. Phyioptus tiharius Murray.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 69; Plant Galls, fig. I49-
Houard, No. 4132. ?

Leaf margin more or less rolled upwards, the interior
of the roll is very hairy ; sometimes reddish-brown with-
out.

Eriophyes tetr.mrichus Nalepa 621
Syn. Phyioptus tetratrichus Nalepa.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 67 ; Plant Galls, fig. 147.
Houard, No. 4159-

Glabrous, tubular projections, about 8 mm. high, on the
upper surface of the leaf, often very numerous; yellowish-
green, reddish, or purple brown. Hairy within, the open-

2i8

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Diptera

> 9

} 9

9 9

ing on the inferior surface is surrounded by hairs. The
well-known “ nail” gall. (Text, Fig. 22.)

Erioph\^es tiliae Pagenst 622
Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 68 ; Plant Galls, fig. 148.
Houard, No. 4162.

MALVACEAE

Malva sylvestris Linn. 91. Common Mallow.

Leaves more or less crinkled, the margins turned down-
wards. Sometimes the flower buds are also deformed.
Aphis yellow or pale green, head brown or reddish
between the antennae. 623

Aphis malvae Koch 624

Buckton, ii., 42. Houard, No. 4182.

HYPERIOACEAE

Hypericum perforatum Linn. loi. Common St. John’s
Wort.

Apical leaves swollen, carinated at the base and tinted
with red. The white larvae live between them. M. E.

Perrisia serotina Winn. 625

Syn. Cecidomyia serotina Wtz.

According to Kiefifer (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1901,
p. 341), the galls described by Trail (Scot. Nat., II., 1873,
p. 31) as caused by this species are those of P. hyperici
Bremi.

Houard, No. 421 r.

Apical leaves bunched together, slightly deformed, but
neither incurved nor carinated. Larvae red. M. G.

Perrisia hyperici Bremi 626

Syn. Cecidomyia hyperici Bremi.

Trail, Scot. Nat., II., 1873, P- Houard, No. 4212.

Hypericum humifusum Linn. 100. Trailing St. John’s
Wort.

Apical leaves swollen. See No. 625.

Perrisia serotina Winn. 627

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 4196.

Apical leaves bunched together. See No. 626.

Perrisia hyperici Bremi 628

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Hypericum pulcErum Linn. iii. Small St. John’s
Wort.

Apical leaves swollen. See No. 625.

Perrisia serotina Winn. 629

Houard, No. 4203.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 219

I Diptera

Apical leaves bunched together. See. No. 626.

Perrisia hyperici Bremi 630

Trail, Scot. Nat., IL, 1873, P- 3i- Houard, No. 4204.

CISTACEAE

Helianthemum Chamaecistus Mill. 92. Common

Rock Rose. _ , r 1 r J

Gall terminal, ovoid, consisting of a rosette of deiormea

leaves. M. G. , .

CONTARINIA HELIANTHEMI Hardy 63 1

Syn. Diplosis helianthemi Hardy.

Hardy, 1850, p. 187. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246.

Houard, No. 4269.

VIOLACEAE

Viola odorata Linn. 8o. Sweet Violet.

'I'erminal leaves clustered, their edges revolute, slightly
thickened. The revolute margins often meet. The
affected parts are smooth, and streaked with red or brown.
Larvae gregarious, white at first, tinted with orange at

the extremities, or entirely pale orange. M. G.

Perrisia affinis Kieffer 632

Syn. Dasyneura affinis Kieffer.

Trail, Scot. Nat., I., 1873, p. 124. Houard, No. 4281.

Swellings on stems and midribs containing the black
spore mass. May to September.

Urocystis violae Sow. 633

Plowright, p. 288.

1)

: Fungi

Viola sylvestris Kit. 55. Lilac Hedge Violet.

Leaf margins revolute. See No. 632.

Perrisia affinis Kieffer 634
Trail, Scot. Nat., 1., 1873. Houard, Nos. 4283, 4284. 635

Stems and midribs swollen.
Plowright, p. 288.

See No. 633.

Urocystis violae Sow. 636

Viola canina Linn. 88. Dog Violet.

I Diptera Terminal leaves revolute. See No. 632.

Perrisia affinis Kieff. 637
Trail, Scot. Nat., I., 1873. Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 92 ;
and Plant Galls, fig. 305, in both attributed to Cecidomyia
{^Perrisia) violae. Houard, No. 4290.

220

BRITISH GALLS

Fungi

Diptera

> J

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

?

Lepidop-

tera

Stems and midribs swollen. See No. 633.

Urocystis viola e Sow. 638
Connold, Veg. Galls, p. 100 ; Plant Galls, fig. 304.

Viola arvensis Murr. 112. Wild Pansy.

Ovary swollen, transformed into a gall.

Lauxania aenea M eigen 639

Houard, No. 4296.

Tufts of leaves at the extremity of the stem, with
abnormal pilosity. Larvae gregarious, pale orange-red.

Perrisia violae F. Low 640
Syn. Cecidomyia violae F. Low, Dasyneura violae
Kieffer.

Houard, No. 4293.

ONAGRACEAE

Epilobiumangi'stifolium Linn. 96. Rose-bay Willow-
herb.

Buds swollen, ovoid not opening. Calyx slightly
modified, the other floral organs shortened, the petals
deformed, brown. Larvae gregarious, colour of chamois
leather. M. E. 641

Perrisia epilobii F. Low 64:

Houard, No. 4345.

I

Margin of the leaf rolled upwards. {

Aphalara nebulosa Zett. 641

Scott, 1881, p. 275 ; i882<5, p. 42, 43. Houard, No. 4349. j

Epilobium hirsutum Linn. 96. Great Hairy Willow- 1
herb. j

Elongated swelling on the stem containing a white larva. 1
M. G. The white cocoon is left sticking out of the gall
after the moth has emerged.

Mompha decorella Stephenson 64.!

Syn. Laverna decorella Ste.

i

Protuberances of irregular form on the side of the seed |
capsule. Small, seldom more than three together. 1

641

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 325. ■

Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. 103. Small flowered |i
Willow herb. :

Swelling on the stem. See No. 644 and Plate VII. 6.

Mompha decorella Steph. 64|i

Barrett, 1865, p. 197. Houard, No. 4334. I

221

I i^epidop-
tera

Homop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

; Homop
tera

M

Fungi

ON WILLOW-HERBS

Epilobium montanum Linn. 112. Broad, smooth-
leaved Willow-herb. ^

Swelline on the stem. See No. 044.

swelling uii mompha decorella Steph. 647

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 106. Houard, No. 4335-

Terminal leaves contorted, midrib shortened. Some-
times the entire summit of the plant is deformed. Aphis
dull black powdered with wh.te nteah^^^^^

Buckton, II., p. 71- Houard, No. 4336.

Epilobium palustre Linn. no. Narrow-leaved Willow

^^Songated swelling on the stem. See No. 644.

^ Mompha decorklla Steph. 049

Barret, 1865, p« t97- Houard, No. 4344-

ARALIACEAE

Hedera Helix Linn. 122. Common Ivy.

Margin of the leaf crinkled and swollen.

^ ASPIODOTUS HEDERAE Sign. 650

Houard, No. 4366.

Margins of the leaves on the young shoots rolled in-
wards. Aphis dull brown with black tarsi. June.

Aphis HEDERAE Kalt. 051

Buckton II., p. 75. Houard, No. 4365.

UMBELLIFERAE

Sanicula europaea Linn. 109. Wood Sanicle.

Purple thickened spots on the stems and leaves con-
taining the yellow aecidiospores. , Ar-o

Aecidial stage of PUCCINIA SANICULAE Grev. 652
Syn. Aecidium saniculae Carm.

Plowright, p. 160.

Apium graveolens Linn. ^8. Wild Celery.

Conspicuous elongated swellings on the stems, contain-
ing the orange-yellow aecidiospores. Appearing m iV ay.

^ ^ ^ PucciNiA APli Wallr. 653

Plowright, p. 156.

222

BRITISH GALLS

Fungi

9}

>9

Diptera

99

Acari

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Apium nodifloruDi Reichb. fil. 82. Procumbent
Marshwort.

Conspicuous indurated swellings on the stems and
petioles. At first translucent, pale yellow, then white, at
length brownish. May to October.

Protom YCES macrosporus Unger 654

Plowright, p. 300.

Aegopodimn Podagraria Linn. 100. Goutweed.

Stems and midribs much swollen and distorted by the
presence of the mycelium.

PUCCINIA AEGOPODII Schum. 655

Plowright, p. 202.

Elongated swelling on the stem. See No. 654.

Protomyces macrosporus Unger 656

Plowright, p. 300.

Pimpinella Saxifraga Linn. 102. Burnet Saxifrage.

Seed swollen, much enlarged and rounded, diameter
3 to 5 mm., containing an orange larva. M. E.

SCHIZOMYIA PIMPINELLAE F. Low 657

Syn. Asphondylia pivtpinellae F. Low.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 215. Houard, No. 4445.

P'lowers swollen, globular, not opening, more or less
tinted with red. Larva solitary, bright brimstone yellow,
leaping. M. E, II.

CONTARINIA Traili Kieflfer 658

Houard, No. 4446. According to Kieffer this is the
dipteron which inhabits the galls described by Binnie in
Proc. Glasgow N. H. Soc., 1877, p. 185.

Leaflets deformed, club-like, pale green, becoming red
or purple. Rachis seldom galled. June to August.

ErIOPHYES PIMPINELLAE Con. 659

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 275.

Conopodium majus Loret {Bunium denudatum^ D. C.).

109. Common Earth-nut.

Swellings on the stems, containing the orange-yellow
aecidiospores. Somewhat rare in Britain.

Aecidium bunii D. C. 66o

Plowright, p. 270.

Anthriscus sylvestris Hoflfm. 107. Wild Chervil.

Turgidity of the margin causes a swelling on the in-
ferior surface of the leaf. The margin is bent inwards.

Trioza viridula Zett. 661

Houard, No. 4391.

ate XXVII

HEMLOCK WATER DROI’WORT (Ocnant he CrOCata) WVVM GALLS CAUSED BY THE FUNGUS

Protomyces niacrospo7-us

«

i

ON UMBELLIFERAE

223

Elongated swellings on the stems. See No. 654.

Protomyces macrosporus Unger 662

Plowright, p. 300,

Oenanthe crocata Linn. 92. Hemlock Water Drop-

'^Tndurated swellings on the stems. See No. 654 and
Plate XXVII.

Protomyces macrosporus Unger 663
Plowright, p. 300. Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 135*

Angelica sylvestris Linn. 112. Wild Angelica.

Flower swollen, remaining closed.

Cecidomyia sp. 664

Binnie, 1877. Houard, No. 4475.

Indurated swellings on the stems. See No. 654*

Protomyces macrosporus Unger 665

Plowright, p. 300.

Peucedanum sativum Benth. and Hook. fil. 58.
Parsnip.

Seeds and flower stalks deformed. See No. 657.

SCHIZOMYIA PIMPINELLAE F. Low 666
Connold, Plant Galls, p. 91. Houard, No. 4499.

Heracleum Sphondylium Linn. 112. Hogweed.

Leaves folded, thickened at the parts where the white
gregarious larvae occur. M. E.

Macrolabis CORRUGANS F. Low 667
Syn. Cecidomyia corruga7ts F. Low.

Houard, No. 4512.

Yellow pustules, usually near the leaf stalk, each con-
taining a white, leaping larva. If the galls are numerous,
the leaf becomes bent and folded at its margins. M. E.

CONTARINIA heraclei Rtibs. 668
Syn. Cecidomyia heraclei Kalt.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 4513*

Indurated swellings on the stems and petioles. See
No. 654.

Protomyces macrosporus Unger 669

Plowright, p. 300.

Daucus Carota Linn. 109. Wild Carrot.

Floral axis, peduncles and seeds swollen and deformed.

The swollen seeds are often raised above the inflorescence

BRITISH GALLS

224

and are either violet or brown. Sometimes there is
atrophy, and the seed loses the normal longitudinal ridges
and points. Larvae yellowish. M. E.

SCHIZOMYIA PIMPINELLAE F. Low 670
.Syn. A:>pho7idylia pimpinellae F. Low.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 119; Plant Galls, fig. 84.
Houard, No. 4529.

Homop-

tera

The segments of the leal margins bent inwards and
turgid, giving rise to a slight swelling on the upper surface.

Trioza viridula Zett. 671

Houard, No. 4536.

CORNACEAE

Cornus sanguinea Linn. 67. Dogwood.

Dintera Galls in the form of a truncated cone developed chiefly
on the under side of the leaf. The cone is divided into
two or three lobes at the apex which is on the inferior
surface. Pale green, becoming purple or reddish. Larvae
orange-yellow. IVLE. Imago, spring, II. (Plate IX. 7.)

Oligotrophus corni Giraud 672
Syn. Hormomyia corni Giraud.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 102. Houard, No. 4543.

ERICACEAE

Homop-

tera

Calluna vulgaris Hull. 112. Ling.

A small tuft of little abnormal branches grouped to-
geth*^r above a slightly swollen part of the stem.

Mytilaspis pomorum Bouchd 673
Douglas, 1888, p. 16. Houard, No. 4575-

Acari Numerous densely fasciated abnormal branches form- j

ing a miniature “ witch’s broom.” The leaves are wrinkled i
and covered with w’hitish hai s. j

Eriophyes callunae 6741

Houard, No. 4574 (without specific name). The above
is a provisional name. I

Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea Linn. 67. Cowberry.

Hvmen- Galls bean-hke, appearing on both sides of the leaf; the
ontera of the lar\ al cavity are at first thick, but become

^ very thin by the time the larva is full fed. Dull green at

first, then brownish. These galls much resemble those of j
Pontania salicis.

PONTANIA vacciniella Cameron 67.'

Syn. Nematus vacciniellus Cameron.

Cameron, 1876, p. 190. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 100.
Houard, No. 4573-

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 225

Diptera

Fungi

Diptera

f f

Homop-

tera

On the stem. A gall composed of hypertrophied imbri-
cated leaves, reddish below, glabrous and shining, with a
central cavity containing a yellow larva.

Cecidomyia sp. 676

Trail, 1878, 1885. Ilouard, No. 4571-

Vaccinium Myrtillus Linn. loi. Whortleberry.

Red or purplish swollen spots on the leaves, which are
variously deformed ; also elongated fusiform swellings on
the stems.

Exobasidium vaccinii Won 677

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 96. Massee, Brit. Fung. 677a
Flora, i., 108.

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus excelsior Linn. 109. Common Ash.

Circular pustules, 6 to 8 mm. in diameter in the leaf
parenchyma, not very pronounced ; tinted green or yellow-
ish-green, with an irregularly rounded opening on the
inferior surface. The gall falls away at maturity, leaving
a hole with a brown border in the leaf.

Dasyneura fraxinea Kieffer 678

Trail, 1886, p. 108 ; 1888, p. 24. Houard, No. 4647.

On a petiole, or more frequently on the midrib, of a
leaflet. Elongated pouch-like galls, opening by a slit on the
upper surface in September. Tinted with reddish-brown
or purple. Larvae orange-coloured, gregarious. M. E. 679

Perrisia fraxini Kieffer 680

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 93 ; Plant Galls, fig. 33 ; as
caused by Diplosis bjtularia Wtz., w'hich is, however, only
an inquiline. Houard, No. 4644.

Leaflets thickened and hardened, their margins folded
upwards until they form a pouch for the numerous white
larvae. M . E.

Perrisia acrophila Winn. 681

Syn. Dasyneura acrophila Winn.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 244. Houard, No. 4643,

Leaf thickened, loosely rolled inwards, greenish-yellow,
tinted, and streaked with red and purple. Usually the
blade on one side of the midrib only is affected ; rarely
both margins are rolled. (Plate XII. i.)

PSYLLOPSIS FRAXINI Linil. 682

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 74 ; Plant Galls, fig. 34, as
caused by Phyllocoptes fraxini N alepa. H ouard, N o. 464 1 .

15

226

BRITISH GALLS

Acari

?

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Flowers and fruit greatly swollen and deformed, forming
conglomerations resembling a cauliflower; they are soft
and yellowish at first, becoming brown and hard at

Eriophyes fraxini Karp. 683

Syn. Fhytopfus frarmi

Masters, 1869, p. 421, fig- 202. Connold, Plant Galls,
fig- 35- Diplosis fraxinella Meade is an inquilme.
Houard, No. 4636.

Leaf margin very tightly rolled inwards, the interior
covered with abnormal hairs. Colour green or yellowish.

Phyllocoptes fraxini Nalepa 084

Houard, No. 4642.

Connold (Veg. Galls, pi. 74; PLnt Galls, fig- 34)
delineates galls which he ascribes to this mite, but which,
judging from his description, are young state of the
galls caused by the psyllid P syllepsis fraxim. He makes
no allusion to the hairs; the purple streaks are very
characteristic of the psyllid galls.

Branches swollen, then fissured. A thickened irregular
margin of living bark forms around the wound, giving
rise to the familiar cankered appearance.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 32- Massee, Textbook of
Plant Diseases, p. 127. At one time attributed to
Nectria ditissvna^ but probably results from the presence
of aphides.

Ligustrum vulgare Linn. 83. Common Privet.

Margins of the upper leaves rolled inwards and dis-
coloured ; the entire leaf is sometimes bent and twisted-
Aphis bright yellow or greenish, with long cornicles tipped

with black. rhopalosiphum ligustri Kalt. 686

Buckton, ii., 13- Houard, No. 4682.

GENTIAN ACE AE

Menyanthes trifoliata Linn. no. Buckbean.

ThicLned purplish patches on the leaves, more or less

round, sometimes confluent ; spores brownish. ^ AQ7

’ Purt'mMvrFs; mknyanthis De Bary 087

Plowright, p. 301.

}’LATE XXV I II

SMALI. BINDWEED (CoHVolvuluS ar7ieHSIs) WITH
DISTORTED AT THE MID-RIB THROUGH THE

Eriophycs convolvuli

LEAVES SWOLLEN AND
PRESENCE OK MITES,

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 227

Acari

Homop-

tera

Fungi

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus arvensis Linn. 96. Small Bindweed.

Midrib of the leaf, the petiole, and sometimes the lateral
veins, swollen, forming a pouch opening on the superior
surface. The hypertrophied part is wrinkled, pinkish-red,
and completely covered with a velvety pile of short hyaline
hairs on both surfaces. June and July. (Plate XXVI 11.)

Eriophyes convolvuli Nal. 688

Swanton, Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 47i4-

BORAGINACEAE

Lithospermum of&cinale Linn. 78. Common Grom-
well.

Terminal leaves more or less bent towards the stem,
forming a distorted mass. Aphis reddish-brown, with a
large black dorsal spot. Larvae green, with similar dark
spot.

Aphis cardui Linn. 689

Houard, No. 4742.

LABIATAE

Mentha rotundifolia Huds. 54. Round-leaved Mint.
Stem much swollen ; aecidiospores pale yellowish.

May to October.

Aecidial stage of Puccinia menthae Persoon 690
Syn. Aecidium menthae D. C.

Plowright, p. 157.

Mentha longifolia Huds. Linn.). 64. Horse-

mint.

Stem swollen. See No. 690.

Puccinia menthae Persoon 691

Plowright, p. 157.

Mentha spicata Linn, {viridis Linn.). Spear Mint.

Stem swollen. See No. 690.

Puccinia menthae Persoon 692

Plowright, p. 1 57.

Mentha aquatica Linn. 112. Water Mint.

Stem swollen. See No. 690.

Puccinia menthae Persoon 693

Plowright, p. 157.

228

Coleop-

tera

Fungi

Acari

Homop-

tera

Diptera

Acari

Coleop

tera

BRITISH GALLS

Mentha arvensis Linn. iii. Corn Mint.

Unilocular swelling on the stem, ovoid or spherical,

4 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 3 nim. in diameter; red, situated
just above the upper nodes ; the walls are at first thick
and fleshy, becoming thin and hard at maturity. Ih

cavity contains a citron-yellow larva. M. O. tz- u ArM

^ Apion viciNiUM Kirby 604

Houard, No. 4953-

Stem swollen. See No. 690.

PUCCINIA MENTHAE Persoon 695

Plowright, p. 157-

Origanum vulgare Linn. 90. Common Marjoram.

Inflorescence deformed, the whole forming a mass of

white hairs, amongst which the mites creep.

uniie nairb, ct 5 Eriophyes ORIGANI Nalepa 696

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. i54- Houard, No. 4901-

Thvmus Serphyllum Linn. 1 12. Wild Thyme.

Ovoid red swellings on the young shoots, not abnor-
mally hairy. Elongated abnormally pubescent red swell-
Ws t^4 mm. long, i to 2 mm. thick, on the stems. The
epidermis of the swelling does not crack. The internal
cavity contains a yellowish M.

Houard, Nos. 4922.

Corolla completely altered, transformed into an ovoid
hodv with a large cavity, stamens and pistil absent. Caly
Si enfarged^ twice the normal sire, always exceeding

the corolla. The cavity contams^a smg^ Kieffer 699

Trail, Scot. Nat., ii., 1873, P- Houard, No. 4913-

Flower head and terminal leaves deformed, the leaves
elongated and swollen; the whole covered with an abun-
dant® white pilosity resembling cotton wool. May

Eriophyes Thomasi Nalepa 7°i
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 293- Houard, No. 492°-

Calamintha Acinos Clairv. [arv^«sis Lam.). 75-

. ^ OvoTd swe'iling on the stem. ^o. 694.^^^_^^

Houard, No. 4896.

PLATE XSIE

(;au.s; causkii uv liAi.i. wasi-s

ON l,ON(.-KOi)TKn CAIS-IAK- ANI> ( iUOl N D -1 V V

V

ON GROUND IVY, ETC.

22Q

Coleop-

tera

Hymenop

tera

Diptera

n

Fangi

Diptera

Nepeta Cataria Linn. 59. Cat-mint.

A multilocular elongated swelling with dented surface,
sometimes 30 mm. long, on the stem.

Apion viciNlUM Kirby 703

Houard, No. 4801.

Nepeta hederacea Trev. {Glecho7na^ Benth.). 103.
Ground Ivy.

Globular fleshy swellings on the leaves (rarely on the
stem), varying in size from that of a pea to a marble ; pubes-
cent, usually solitary ; yellowish-green, becoming suffused
with red or purple. Unilocular or plurilocular, each cell
containing a single larva. The cells are fleshy at first,
very hard at maturity. M. G. Imago, April, II. (Plate
XXIX. 5, 6.) 704

Aulax glechomae Linn. 705

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 75, 109 ; Plant Galls, fig. 122.
Houard, No. 4811.

Cylindrical hairy outgrowths on the upper surface of
the leaf, about 4 mm. high ; green at first, then reddish or
purplish ; brown at maturity, falling away and leaving a
circular hole in the leaf. Solitary or gregarious, each
containing a white larva. M. E. (Text, Fig. 16.)

Oligotrophus bursarius Bremi 706

Syn. Cecidoinyia bursaria Bremi.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 78; Plant Galls, fig. I2i.
Houard, No. 4809.

Flowers swollen, remaining closed. Two uppermost
leaves thickened and reddish at the base, folded upwards
so that their margins meet to form a kind of pouch for the
gregarious white larvae. M. E. Imago, June, I.

Perrisia glechomae Kieffer 707

Houard, Nos. 4807, 4808. 708

Elongated swellings on the stems, petioles, and nervures.

Sori yellowish, teleutospores chestnut-brown. June to
October. 709

PUCCINIA GLECHOMATIS D. C. 710

Plowright, p. 214.

Stachys sylvatica Linn. 112. Hedge Woundwort.

Inflorescence and terminal leaves swollen and deformed.
Calyx swollen with enlarged sepals ; stamens and ovaries
atrophied. Leaves covered with grey hairs. Larvae
gregarious, yellowish-orange. M. E. 71 1

Perrisia stachydis Bremi 712

Syn. Cecidomyia stachydis Bremi. 713

Connold, Plant Galls, figs. 284, 285. Houard, Nos. 714
4860, 4861, 4862.

230

BRITISH GALLS

Galeopsis Tetrahit Linn. 112. Common Hemp-

. A u-

Homop- Terminal leaves tufted, with incurved margins. Aphis
tera greenish-white with bright red eyes, cornicles long, sub-
cylindrical. The aphides cluster beneath the leaves.

Phorodon galeopsidis Kalt. 715

Buckton, i., p. 172. Houard, No. 4832.

Lamium Galeobdolon Crantz. 67. Yellow Archangel.
Diptera Rounded or oval gall on the young shoots about the
size of a pea, formed of two leaves with margins in juxta-
position. The pouch is covered with a felt of white hair.
Larvae white. M. G.

Perrisia galeobdolontis Winn.

Syn. Dasyneura galeobdolontis

Mosley, British Galls, Nat. Journ., Jan., 1899, p. 208.
Houard, No. 4847.

716

Acari

Ajuga reptans Linn. 109. Creeping Bugle.

Terminal leaves bunched and covered with whitish telt.
Margins of radical leaves folded upwards (slightly), and
usually on one side only, accompanied by excessive
pilosity of the superior surfece of the afflicted parts of the
leaf ; occasionally the felt spreads to other parts of the
leaf and the petiole. The hairs are yellowish white, cylin-
drical, four or five celled. Attacked leaves are often re

or purplish. Eriophyes ajugae Nalepa

Syn. Phyioptus ajugae Nalepa. r- w e.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 45, 118 ; Plant Galls, fig. 78.

Houard, Nos. 4759, 476i*

717

718

Fungi

Stems greatly swollen.
Plowright, p. 158.

See No. 690.

PUCCINIA MENTHAE Persoon 7^9

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Linaria vulgaris Mill. 99- Yellow Toad-flax.

Hymenop. Longitudinal or rounded swelhngs on the

tera stem, greenish and pubescent at first, becoming g

and brown. June to August. Larvae yellow. M. G.
ana uruw j HIERACII Bouch6

720

Syn. Aulax hieracii Sch.
Connold, Plant Galls, p. ii4-

Houard, No.

Coleop-

tera

n

M

Diptera

Coleop

tera

Diptera

I)

ON TOAD-FLAX

231

Yellowish fleshy swellings about the of a pea, at the
junction of root and stem, or on the radical root.

locular. M. E. mecinus collinus Gyllh. 721

Syn. Gyjnnelron collinus Gy\\\^-

cLnold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 5031-

Pea-like gall at the apex of ihe root just below the
ground. Unilocular. M. uNARIAE Panrer 722.

Houard, No.

Mecinus noctis Herbst. 723

Capsule swollen.

Houard, No. 5025-

Terminal buds not opening : the leaves are drawn to-
gether in a tuft, deformed, enlarged and thickened at t e
b.ise, forming an ovoid gall about 5 mm. m diameter.

Larvae whitish, Winn. 724

Syn. Diplosis linariae Winn.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 5028.

Scrophularia nodosa Linn. 109. Knotted Figwort.

Seed case swollen. .

Mecinus beccabungae Lmn. 725
Syn. Gymrietron beccabungae Linn.

Mosley, Brit. Galls, Nat. Journ., March, 1898, p. 56.

Flowers deformed, remaining closed and globular,
greenish or reddish-brown. Larvae gregarious, white or
yellowish ; they occur in little depressions on the surface of
the hypertrophied pistil, or on the stamens. M. L.

Stictodiplosis scrophulariae Kieff. 726
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. in. Houard, No. 5063.

Veronica serphyllifolia Linn. 112. Thyme-leayed

^Terminal leaves clustered and thickened, forming a
rosette, greenish, brown or purple. Larvae gregarious.

’ ^ Cecidomyia sp. 727

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 283. Houard, No. 5107.

Veronica Chamaedrys Linn. in. Germander Speed-

The terminal leaves, covered with a felt of white hairs,
have their margins more or less united with the under

232 BRITISH GALLS

surface outwards, forming a pouch containing the orange-
yellow larvae. M. G. (Plate VIII. i.)

Perrisia VERONiCAE Vallot 728

Syn. Dasyneura veronicae Vallot.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 91 ; Plant Galls, fig. 281.
Houard, No. 5080.

Acari Leaf margin slightly rolled, hairy ; or with a slight

depression on the inferior surface covered with a felt of
white hairs. The leaves do not approach at their margins
to form a pouch.

Eriophyes anceps Nalepa 729

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 286. Houard, No. 5082.

Mycetozoa Stems, petioles, and leaves swollen and stunted, bearing
tumours of variable size up to 12 mm. in dianieter. If
a tumour involves one side of a stem the latter is usually
bent or curled. (Plate XVI. i.)

SOROSPHAERA VERONICA Schroter 730

Blomfield and Schwartz, Annals of Botany, vol. xxiv..

No. 93, January, 1910.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 280.

Veronica scutellata Linn. 107. Marsh Speedwell.

Coleop- Flower enlarged through the swelling of the ovary,
tera Mecinus beccabungae Linn. 731

Houard, No. 5092.

Veronica Anagallis-aquatica Linn. 100. Water-
Speedwell.

Ovary swollen.

” Mecinus villosulus Gyllh. 732

Syn. Gymnetron villosulus Gyllh.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. Houard, No. 5097.

Veronica Beccabunga Linn. 112. Brooklime.

,, Ovary swollen.

Mecinus beccabungae Lmn. 733

A. Miiller, 1876, p. 19. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 86.
Houard, No. 5°99-

Bartsia Odontites Huds. in. Red Bartsia.

Nematoda Elongated fusiform swelling on the stem, which becomes
bent and distorted. Flowers sometimes drawn together.

Tylenchus sp. 734

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 43- Houard, No. 5125.

Acari

Fungi

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 233

Pedicularis sylvatica Linn. 112, Red RaUle.

Leaf margin incurved, tinted with red,
inferior surface with a felt of simple, more or less 1
hairs intermingled with some star like hairs.

Phyllocoptes pedicularis Nal.

Trail, 1885. Houard, No. 5133.

Rhinanthus Crista-galli Linn. 112. Common Yellow

Rattle. . . u 1

Elongated blackish gouty swellings on the basal part

of the stem, or on the root, appearing in autumn.

Ephelina radicalis Massee 73°

Syn. Ephelis rhinanthi Phil.

Massee, Brit. Fung. Flora, iv., p. 75*

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago major Linn. 112. Greater Plantain.

Homop- Leaf margins crinkled and folded. Aphis bright green,

tera body pilose and slightly tufted with bristles.

Aphis myosotidis Koch 737

Houard, No. 5163.

Coleop-

tera

Plantago media Linn. 82. Hoary Plantain.

Elongated swelling on the floral axis, with a cavity con-
taining a blackish larva. (Plate VI. 2.)

Mecinus pyraster Herbst. 73b

Mosley, Brit. Galls, Nat. Journ., March, 1898, p. 56.

Plantago lanceolata Linn. 112. Ribwort Plantain.

On the floral axis, rarely on the petiole. An elongated
swelling about 8 mm. long, containing a blackish

larva. M. G. ,

Mecinus pyraster Herbst. 739

Connold, Plant Galls, p. I97- Houard, No. 5151.

Lepidop-

tera

Flower spike swollen and bent, often branching, con-
taining about six larvae, which pupate therein. May to
June.

Tortrix paleana Herb. 740
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 244.

Nematoda Stem swollen and distorted.

Tylf.nchus devastatrix Kuhn 741

Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 46.

234

BRITISH GALLS

Coleop-

tera

Nematoda

Diptera

Fungi

Diptera

Plantago maritima Linn. 78. Seaside Plantain.
Elongated swelling on the floral axis, unilocular, con-
taining a blackish larva. M. G.

Mecinus collaris Germar 742

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Irregularly elongated swellings on the leaves, 2 to
10 mm. long, of a paler tint than the surrounding normal
tissue. These galls also appear on the petiole and the

flower stalk. _

Tylenchus sp.

Trail, 1885. Houard, No. 5149*

743

RUBIACEAE

Galium boreale Linn. 43. Cross-leaved Bedstraw.

On the stem above a node. An ovoid or spherical
swelling, with thin walls. The single cavity contains a

solitary larva. ^ ,

^ Cecidomyia sp. /44

Trail, 1878, p. 63. Houard, No. 5196.

Galium cruciata Scop. 97- Crosswort.

Considerable swellings and distortions in the stems
caused by the presence of the mycelium. Aecid ospores
orange-yellow ; uredospores round or oval, pale brown ,

teleutospores elliptical, brown.

^ ^ PUCCINIA GALII Persoon 745

Syn. Aecidium gain Persoon, Trichobasis gain L6v.

Plowright, pp. I43> H4-

Galium verum Linn. 112. Yellow Bedstraw.

Flower not opening, thickened, ovoid ; reproducti\
organs atropied or entirely absent. The pH usually con-
tains a single yellow

Binnie, 1876, p. i54- Houard, No. 5281.

Stems and flower stalks deformed and swollen. Galls
solitary or gregarious and coalescent, glossy, mounded,
Ibout 8 mm. in diameter ; green at first then redd, sh-

brown. Larvae yellow. M. £. Low 747

7 Ao

Syn. Cecidomyia gain ,

cLnold, Veg. Galls, pi. 25; Plant Galls, fig. 40-
Houard, Nos. 5284* 5^92*

235

Homop-

tera

Acari

M

Diptera

Homop

tera

Fungi

Diptera

Acari

Diptera

ON BEDSTRAWS

A terminal gall consisting of a rounded mass of en-
larged and incurved leaves.

Hardy, 1853, p. 3876. Houard, No. 5291.

Inflorescence and terminal leaves swollen and defoirned.

Gall ovoid or fusiform, yellowish-green or brownish, hairy,
terminating in a small point. Often attains the size of a
pea. Interior surface with greenish projections.

^ ERIOPHYES GALIOBIUS Can. 750

Syn. Phytoptus galiobus ^ ^

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 52; Plant Galls, fig. 47-
Houard, No. 5283-

Stems swollen and distorted. See No. 745*

PUCCINIA GALII Persoon 752

Plowright, p. 144-

Galium Mollugo Linn. 77- Great Hedge Bedstraw.
Terminal leaves, also those at the nodes, swollen and
bunched, greenish or reddish-brown. Larvae gregarious,

orange-yellow. M. E. t -

^ Perrisia GALIICOLA F. Low 753

Syn. Dasyneura galiicola F. Low.

Trail, Scot. Nat., i., 1871, p. 156. Connold, Plant Galls,
fig. 1 17. Houard, No. 5209.

Terminal rounded mass of enlarged and incurved leaves

of a pale tint. .

Trioza GALII Forster 754

Houard, No. 5210.

Stems swollen and distorted. See No. 745.

PucciNiA GALII Persoon 755

Plowright, p. 144.

Galium saxatile Linn. in. Smooth Heath Bedstraw.
Inflorescence deformed. See No. 746.

SCHIZOMYIA GALIORUM Kieffer 756

Trail, Trans. N. H. Soc. Aberdeen, 1878, p. 55. Houard,

No. 5248.

Inflorescence swollen and pubescent. See No. 750.

ErIOPHYES GALIOBIUS Can. 757.
Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5250.

Galium palustre Linn. 112. Water Bedstraw.

A terminal gall, about the size of a hemp seed, consisting
of grouped and thickened leaves.

Perrisia sp. 758

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5277.

236

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Diptera

) )

Homop-

tera

Acari

Fungi

Terminal leaves forming a rounded mass. See No. 754*

Trioz.\ GALII Forster 759

Scott, 1882a, p. 15. Houard, No. 5276.

Stems swollen and distorted. See No. 745*

PUCCINIA GALII Persoon 760

Plowright, p. 144.

Galium uliginosum Linn. 93. Rough Water Bed-
straw.

Terminal leaves forming a rounded mass. See No. 754-

dRioZA GALII Forster

Douglas, 1878, p. 92. Houard, No. 5271.

Stems swollen and distorted. See No. 745.

PUCCINIA GALII Persoon 702

Plowright, p. 144.

Galium Aparine Linn. 112. Goose-grass.

Gall terminal, resembling a pineapple, the size of a pea
or a blackberry, consisting of undeveloped leaves much
hypertrophied below, covered with abnormal hairs,
yellowish-green or brownish. Larvae pale sulphur-yellow,

gregarious. M. E.

Syn. Dasyneura aparines Kieff. , , r- u

Trail, Scot. Nat., 1878, p. 63. Connold, Plant Galls,

fig. 1 19. Houard, No. 53*^3*

Shoots deformed. Branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits
agglomerated and atrophied, with numerous cavities, each

containing a single larva. CECIDOMYIA sp. 7&4

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5304.

Terminal leaves forming a rounded mass. See No. 754-

Trioza GALII Forster 7^5

Hardy, 1853, p. 3876. Houard, No. 5306.

Leaf margins rolled either upwards or downwards
contorted, often sickle-shaped. Yellowish-green, then

ERIOPHYES GALII Karp. 766

Phytoptus

cLnold, Veg. Galls, pi. 51 i Galb, fig. ub.

Houard, No. 53^8.

Stem swollen and distorted. See No. 7 45* ,

PUCCINIA GALII Persoon 707

Plowright, p. 144*

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 237

Fungi

Homop-

tera

Asperula odorata Linn. 106. Woodruff.

Stems swollen and distorted. See No. 745- ,0

PTTr'r'TMT.\ oAT.ii Persoon 700

Plowright, p. 144-

Sherardia arvensis Linn. 109. Field Madder

Terminal leaves forming a rounded mass. See INo. 754-
lerminaiicd 5 Trioza GALII Forster 7^9

Houard, No. 5172.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Adoxa Moschatellina Linn. 91. Moschatel.

Funei Stems swollen, the hypertrophied parts, also the leaves,

bearing the black sori containing the brown teleutospores.

March to May. „ ^

PUCCINIA ADOXAE D. C. 77®

Plowright, p. 207.

Acari

Sambucus nigra Linn. 109. Cornmon Elder.

Leaf margins rolled upwards, forming a pouch.

Epitrimerus TRILOBUS Nalepa 771

Trail, Fauna of Kew Gardens, 1906, p. 43- Houaid,

No. 5333-

Viburnum Opulus Linn. 102. Guelder Rose.

Homop- Leaves at the extremity of a shoot tufted and deformed,
tera red or brown. Aphis black, with pale greenish antennae,
and hairy, pale green legs, excepting the femora and tarsi,
which are black.

Aphis viburni Scop.
Buckton, ii., 77- Houard, No. 5340.

772

Acari Green or reddish minute pustules, often very numerous

and coalescent, on the upper surface of the leaf, covered
with stiff hairs. The opening is on the inferior surface,
and is surrounded by a mass of hairs. Cephaloneon
'bubescens Bremi.

Eriophyes viburni Nalepa 773
Syn. Phytoptus viburni Nal.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pL 71 ; PLnt Galls, fig. 123.

Viburnum Lantana Linn. 45. Mealy Guelder Rose.
Diptera Lenticular pustules of parenchyma on the leaves, about
5 mm. in diameter, often numerous ; tinted red or purple
above ; yellowish or white below, very slightly raised and

238

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

Acari

Lepidop-

tera

Homop-

tera

Lepidop-

tera

Homop-

tera

covered with minute hairs. Larva yellowish. M. E.
(Plate XXX.)

Oligotrophus Solmsii Kieffer 774
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 310 (without name). Swanton,
Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 5349.

Terminal leaves of a shoot deformed. See No. 772.

Aphis viburni Scop. 775

Buckton, ii., 77. Houard, No. 5345.

Pustules on the upper surface of the leaf. See No. 772

and Plate XXI. 5. xt i a

Eriophyes viburni Nal. 776

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 309- Houard, No. 535®*

Lonicara Caprifolium Linn. Perfoliate Honeysuckle.

Flowers swollen, remaining closed. M. E.

Orneodes hexadactyla Linn. 777

Houard, No. 5356.

Lonicera Periclymenum Linn. 112. Common Honey-
suckle.

Flower swollen. See No. 777* , . ^

Orneodes hexadactyla Lmn. 775

Houard, No. 5359*

Flowers deformed, small, and greenish. Floral leaves
and the discoloured bracts are irregularly contorted and
rolled. Aphis bright green with black cornicles.

Siphocoryne xylostei Schrank 779

Syn. Ap/tzs xylostei Koch. ^ ^

Buckton, ii., 25. Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 127 ; Plant

Galls, fig. 136. Houard, No. 5358.

Lonicera Xylosteum Linn. i. Upright Fly Honey-
suckle.

Flowers swollen. See No. 777- . „

Orneodes hexadactyla Lmn. 780

Houard, No. 5370-

Flowers deformed. See No. 779- , , «

Siphocoryne xylostei Schrank 781

Buckton, ii., 26. Houard, No. 5377.

PLATE EXE

LEAVES OF THE MEAI.V (iUELDEK KOS E f J WITH PUSTULAR

GALLS CAUSED I!Y THE PRESENCE OF THE LARVAE OF THE GALI.-GNAT

Oligotrophus Solnisii. the lowest leaves shew the conditions present

ON the under surface

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 239

Fungi

Diptera

Fungi

Homop-

tera

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana dioica Linn. 73. Small Marsh Valerian.
Thickened spots on the leaves and stems bearing the
sori with orange-yellow aecidiospores. May and June.

Aecidial stage of Uromyces Valerianae Schum. 702
Syn. Aecidium valerianacearum Duby.

Plowright, p. 128.

Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan. in. Great Valerian.
Leaves crumpled, swollen, twisted, and discoloured,
with a white larva in the folds. M. E.

DiPLOSiS sp. 783

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5422.

Thickened spots on the leaves and stem. See No. 782.

Uromyces valerian ae Schum. 784

Plowright, p. 128.

Kentranthus ruber D. C. Red Valerian.

Flowers and leaves deformed. Flowers hypertrophied,
greenish ; calyx swollen, toothed, or irregularly lobed at
the margin ; tube of the corolla very short and very thick,
with enlarged greenish lobes, sometimes bent and vari-
ously contorted. Leaves revolute, making a large sub-
fusiform gall of a pale green or purplish colour. Sometimes
there are swellings on the superior surface of the leaf and
the midrib. The margin is always swollen, and numerous
papillae are developed on the surface of the gall.

Trioza centranthi Vallot 785

Houard, Nos. 5431, 5433* 786

Valerianella carinata Lois. 16. Carinated Corn-salad.

Flowers deformed. Corolla short, swollen, greenish ;
stamens atrophied ; bracts and leaves contorted. When
numerous adjacent flowers are attacked they form a
cerebriform pale yellowish-green mass. Lateral prolifera-
tion also occasionally occurs.

Trioza centranthi Vallot 787

Houard, No. 5398.

Valerianella dentata Poll. 82. Narrow-fruited Corn-
salad.

Flowers deformed. See No. 787.

Trioza centranthi Vallot 788
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 94 (without name). Swanton,
Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard, No. 5397.

240

BRITISH GALLS

Nematoda

Acari

Coleop-

tera

DIPSACEAE

Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. 74. Wild Teasel.

Development arrested, bulbous swellings at the base of
the stern, with deformed shoots.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kiihn 789

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 19 1. Houard, No. 3445 (with-
out name).

Scabiosa Columbaria Linn. 72. Small Scabious.

Flowers aborted, swollen, forming a greyish pubescent
mass. Terminal leaves dwarfed, swollen, and closely
covered with abnormal whitish hairs.

Eriophyes squalidus Nalepa 790

Connold, Plant Galls, figs. 276, 277. Houard, No. 5464
(without name).

CAMPANULACEAE

Jasione montana Linn. 80. Sheep’s Bit.

Whole plant enlarged, leaves, buds, and flowers usually
very velvety cm hairy ; floral leaves sometimes reddish.

The capitulum is rarely normal, sometimes more or less
atrophied, often changed into a tuft of little velvety leaves.

Eriophyes enanthus Nalepa 791

Houard, No. 5552»

Campanula Trachelium Linn. 59. Nettle leaved
Bellflower.

Seed capsules much swollen, one or two black larv'ae
pupate in each.

Miarus campanulas Lmn. 792
Syn. Gymnetron campanulae Linn.

Houard, No. 5495-

Campanula rapunculoides Linn. 24. Creeping Bell-
flower.

Capsule swollen. See No. 792.

Miarus campanulas Lmn. 793

Houard, No. 55°^-

Campanula rotundifolia Linn. iii. Hairbell.

Capsule swollen. See No. 792. ^

Miarus campanulae Lmn. 794

Connold, Plant Galls, p. H3- A. Muller, 1876, p. 19.

louard. No. 55^^-

Coleop-

tera

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 241

«•“’* .iS-i EE-, I

one side Stamens thickened. Larvae gregarious. M. E
one siae. c^iamci cq^tarinia campanulae Kieffer 795

Svn. Cecidomyia campanulae Muller.
cLnold, Plant Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 551 1-

Axillarv buds resembling a little onion bulb. The
” terminal "leaves are often attacked, and the galls are

closely adjacent. Perrisia trachelii Wachtl. 796

A. Muller, 1871^, p- 8. Houard, No. 5513. 797

Campanula Rapunculus Linn. 31- Rampion Bell*
flovi'er.

Capsule swollen. See campanulae Linn. 798

Houard, No. 5531*

Campanula patnla Linn. 3°- Spreading Bellflower.
Capsule swollen. See campanulas Linn. 799

Houard, No. 5533*

COMPOSITAE

Eupatorium cannabinum Linn 98. Hemp Agrimony.
Lepidop- Small swelling in the neighbourhood of a node.

tera*^ PteROPHORUS MICRODACTYLUS Hub. 800

Houard, No. SSS^-

Solidago Virgaureae Linn. no. Golden-rod.

Homop- Leaves of the axillary buds with margins bent uP'yAtds,

tera® discoloured, slightly swollen, and Jj®

parts. Aphis garnet-red, with long cvlmdncal black

cornicles. Macrosiphum solidaginis Fabr. 801

Syn. Siphonophora solidaginis Fabr.

Buckton i., 156. Houard, No. 5562.

Beilis perennis Linn. 112. Common Daisy.

Nematoda Stem swollen and distorted.

Tylenchus devastatrix Kuhn 802
Bd. Agric. Leaflet, No. 46.

Aster Tripolium Linn. 88. Sea Starwort.

Dintera Inflorescence deformed.

inpvera, TEPHRITIS PLANTAGIXIS Hall 803

Houard, No. 6238.

16

242

BRITISH GALLS

Homop-

tera

) 9

Diptera

a

if

Erigeron canadense Linn. Canadian Fleabane.

Leaf margins thickened, discoloured, yellowish, be-
coming slightly rolled in a screw-like manner. Aphis
bright green, body pilose and slightly tufted with bristles.

Aphis myosotidis Koch 804

Houard, No. 5577.

Filago Germanica Linn. 96. Common Cudweed.
Inflorescence distorted, leaves more downy than usual.
Aphis yellowish-green with black antennae and eyes, and
plentifully covered with a white powder.

Pemphigus filaginis Fonsc. 805
Buckton iii., 129. Houard, No. 5590.

Inula crithmoides Linn. 19. Golden Samphire
Receptacle swollen, hard, without projections above.
Multilocular. M. G. Imago, August, September, I.

Myopites inulae Roser 806

Houard, No. 5626.

Receptacle swollen, hard, without projections above.
Multilocular. M. G. Imago, August, September, I.

Myopites frauenfeldi Schiner 807

Houard, No. 5625.

Pulicaria dysenterica Gray. 79. Fleabane.

Receptacle swollen, almost woody. Imago, spring, II.

Myopites inulae Roser 808

Houard, No. 5635.

Receptacle swollen, almost woody. Imago, spring, II.

Myopites frauenfeldi Schiner 809

Houard, No. 5634.

Achillea millefolium Linn. 112. Milfoil.

Capitulum not ripening, there is no visible deformity
or hypertrophy.

Tephritis dioscurea H. Low 810

Houard, No. 5679.

Spherical, fleshy, unilocular gall at the junction of root
and stem, about the size of a pea. Often gregarious.
Larva white. M. G. Imago, June and July.

OXYNA FLAVIPENNIS H. Low 8ll
Syn. Tephritis Jlavipen7iis H. Low.

Houard, No. 5682.

PLATE XXXI

ON THE MILFOIL

243

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Roots swollen near the stem.

Trypeta GUTTULARIS Meigen 812

Syx\. Carpotricha guttularis

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246. A. Muller, 1876, p. 18.

Capitulum on the bud transformed in a hairy, subglobose,
spongy gall, 5 to 20 mm. in diameter, white or tinted with
red. Plurilocular.

Rhopalomyia ptarmicae Vallot 513

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5676, 5681. 814

Flowers, leaves, and stems attacked. Galls about the
size and shape of a hemp seed, green at first, becoming
reddish, black at maturity ; opening at the summit star-
like with 4 or 5 rays. Interior lined with hairs, and con-
taining a single yellow larva. The galls are either solitary
or coalescent, in the latter state some imes forming a
bunch as large as a filbert nut at the base of the stem.

M. G. Imago, spring, II. (Plate XXXI.) „ , o

Rhopalomyia millefolii H. Low 815

Syn. Hormo7nyia millefolii 'Lo'n. 816

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 327. S wanton. Knowledge, 817
June, 1910. Houard, No. 5673, 5680, 5685, 5691. 818

A little depression on the lower surface of the leaf, with
a raised area on the corresponding superior surface.

Aphalara nervosa Forster 819

Scott, 1881^, p. 18. Houard, No. 5689.

Nematoda Leaves and petioles swollen and distorted, bearing
globular growths about the size of a hemp seed. Solitary
or gregarious and coalescent, yellowish-green, becoming
brown. Each gall contains numerous eel- worms. June tc
October. (Plate XVI.)

Tylenchus millefolii F. L5w 820
Connold, Veg. Galls, pis. 77, 97 (in the latter the galls 821
are wrongly ascribed to Rhopalo^nyia millefolii) ; Plant
Galls, fig. 328. Houard, No. 5684, 5688.

Achillea Ptarmica Linn. 112. Sneezewort.

Diptera Entire head of the plant transformed into a spongy,
hairy, subglobose mass, 30 mm. in diameter, white or
tinted rose colour, surrounded by numerous leaves.
Cavities numerous, containing many larvae. M. G.
Imago, spring, I.

Rhopalomyia ptarmicae Vallot 822
Syn. Hormoinyia ptarmicae Vallot.

Inchbald, i860, p. 164. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 246.
Houard, No. 5706.

244

Diptera

Coleop-

tera

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Diptera

BRITISH GALLS

Galls resembling hemp seed on various parts of the
plant. See No. 815.

Rhopalomyia millefolii H. Low 823
Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5703, 5707. 824

Anthemis Cotula Linn. 76. Fetid Chamomile.

Receptacle deformed, globular and subovoid (the
normal form is an elongated cone), becoming twice as
thick as the base of a healthy one. Its wall is thick and
hard ; the ovoid cavity contains a white larva. M. G.
Imago, spring, I.

Apion laevigatum Payk 825

Houard, No. 5667.

Receptacle elongated, cylindrical, hard, with an ovoid
cavity containing one or more larvae. M. G. Imago in
September.

Apion sorbi Herbst. 826

Houard, No. 5668.

Anthemis arvensis Linn. 73. Corn Chamomile.
Receptacle elongated. See No. 826.

Apion sorbi Herbst. 827

Houard, No. 5663.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Linn. 112. Great
White Oxeye. . .

Pea-like fleshy galls on the top of the root, containing
numerous larval cells the size of a millet seed.

Tephritis proboscidea H. Low 828

Houard, No. 5734-

Leaf deformed and bent.
Houard, No. 5739-

See No. 850.

Aphis cardui Linn. 829

Tanacetum vulgare Linn. 105. Tansy.

Stem, leaves, and flowers attacked The galls are very
like those induced by the larvae of Rhopalomyia millefolii,

H. Low (see No. 815) ; the teeth at the aperture are
rather more sharply pointed. Solitary or gregarious,
each gall containing a single flesh-coloured larva. M. G.

Imago, spring, I. xr o-

Rhopalomyia tanaceticola Karsch 832

Syn. Hormomyia tanaceticola Karsch.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 291. Houard, No. 5750, 575^,

5754-

830

831

>)

if

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS n5

Diptera Capitulum swollen. Dipteron sp. 832^1!

A. Muller, iSyoi, p. 51 Fitch, 1879, P- ^59- Houard,

No. 5751-

Artemisia Absintliium Linn. 74- Common Worm-
wood.

Twig swollen. Oxyna tessellata H. Low 833

Syn. Tephritis tessellata H. Low.

Houard, No. 5765-

A T^'Pinisia vulgaris Linn. no. Mugwort.

V^rsman ovoid pustules on all parts of the upper
surface of the leaf. M. G. and M. E. Imago, escaping
by an aperture on the H. Low 834

^^XiXecidomiafoliorumy^.l^^^^

Fitch, 1881, p. 22. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 132.
Houard, No. 5824.

T eaves deformed, thickened and folded downwards ;

the terminal ones are bunched; bright red or golden-

vellow Aphis greyish-black with reddish eyes. 35

yellow. P 6 / CryPTOSIPHUM artemisiae Pass. 836

Connold, Plant Galls, pp. 132, 133. Houard, No. 5819.

5825.

Tn<»qilaffo Farfara Linn. 112. Colt’s-foot.

Slightly^ thickened, yellow spots on the
surroundL by a violet margin. Spores orange-yellow.

June and PUCCINIA poarum Nielsen 837

Syn. Aecidium compositarum Mart., var. Tussilaginis
Persoon.

Plowright, p. 168.

Senecio vulgaxia Linn. 1 12. Common Groundsel.

Flower receptacle swollen, forming an ovoid gall con

taining numerous larvae. M. G. QoQ

lainmg uu UROPHORA MACRURA H. LOw 838

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Eenecio Jacobaea Linn. 112. Common Ragwort.

Lenidon- Stem swollen. M. G. Imago, spring, I.

tera Phalonia atriCAPITANA Steph. 839

Syn. Conchylis atricapitana Steph.

Houard, No. 5868.

Homop-

tera

Fungi

Diptera

246

Diptera

)>

Fungi

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

Lepidop-

tera

Diptera

BRITISH GALLS

Capitulum slightly swollen, with a little cone covering
the larva.

Phorbia seneciella Meade 840

Houard, No. 5863.

Involucres greatly swollen, usually tinted red at the
base. Larvae gregarious, yellowish-white, living amongst
the florets. M. E.

Stictodiplosis jacobaea H. Low 841
Syn. Diplosis jacobaea H. Low.

Houard, No. 5865.

Capitulum greatly swollen, sometimes thrice the normal
size ; ovoid, fleshy, remaining green. The orange-coloured
larvae occupy a cavity below the receptacle.

Cecidomyia sp. 842

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5864.

Elongated fusiform swellings on the petioles and mid-
ribs, bearing the black sori with dark brown spores.
August to November.

PucciNiA GLOMERATA Greville 843
Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 253.

Plowright, p. 209.

Senecio aquations Hill. in. Marsh Ragwort.

Stem swollen.

Platyptilia isodactyla Zell. 844

Houard, No. 5861.

Capitulum swollen. See No. 842.

Cecidomyia sp. 845

Trail, 1878. Houard, No. 5858.

Senecio Sarracenicus Linn.

Stem swollen.

Platyptilia isodactyla Zell. 846

Houard, No. 5851.

Arctium majus Linn. 44. Common Burdock.

Seed capsules swollen and deformed. Larvae solitary
or gregarious. June to August. M. G.

Trypeta bardanae Schrank 847
Syn. Tephritis bardanae Sch.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 124; Plant Galls, fig. 80.
Houard, No. 5891.

Cnicus lanceolatus Will. 112. Spear Thistle.

Floral receptacle hypertrophied, gall hard, plurilocular.

Trypeta jaceae Rob. Desr. 848

Houard, No. 59^0-

247

Diptera

Homop-

tera

Diptera

) }

i)

ON THISTLES, ETC.

Floral receptacle hypertrophied, gall hard,

^ IJrophora stylata Fabr.

Houard, No, 59°9-

Leaves rolled, bent, or otherwise deformed, discoloured.

Aphis reddish brown or golden-yellow, with a large spot
on the dorsum, and black cornkles.^^^^^

Buckton, ii,, 92.

Onicus arvensis Hoffm. 112. Creeping Thistle.

Rounded or fusiform swelling, usually nrar the top o
the stem (sometimes the involucres are affected), hara,
glossy, greenish or brownish, attaining the size of a wa -
Lt or even, according to Houard, “la dimension du
poing.” Larval cavities numerous, each with a single

occupant. M. G. Imago, June, I, Titan

^ Urophora cardui Lmn. 051

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 33 i Plant Galls, fig. 292. 852

Houard, Nos. 5925> 5929*

Cnicus heterophyllus Willa. 58. Melancholy Thistle.
Floral receptacle hypertrophied, without induration,

containing a plurilocular gall. „

^ ^ Tephritis conura H. Low 853

Houard, No. 5913.

Centaurea nigra Linn. 112. Black Knapw^eed.

Floral receptacle transformed into a hard, cylindrical
or ovoid gall, usually containing three cells, each inhabited

by a single larva. M. G. „ t- Or-..

^ ® Urophora solstitialis Lmn. 854

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 125 ; Plant Galls, fig. I44-

Houard, No. 59^4-

Fusiform swellings on the midrib, veins or petiole ;
green, surrounded later by a violet or yellow border.

Larva yellow. M. E. t ••

^ LOEWIOLA CENTAUREAE F. Low 856

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 143 (without name). Swan-

ton, Knowledge, June, 1910.

Capitulum swollen, hardened, plurilocular. M. G.
Imago, July, August, I.

^ ^ Tephritis eluta Meigen 857

Houard, No. 5966.

248

BRITISH GALLS

Hymenop

tera

ti

Acari

Homop-

tera

Hymenop-

tera

Diptera

Centaurea scabiosa Linn. 82. Great Knapweed.

Large elongated swellings, or small rounded projections,
on the stems, striated longitudinally. Colour normal,
larval cells numerous. M. G. Imago, May, I.

Aulax scabiosae Giraud 858

Syn. Atdax centaureae Thoms.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 86. Houard, No. 5988.

Irregular oviform swelling, about the size of a pea, on
the midrib at the extreme base of the leaf. Colour slightly
paler than that of the non-affected part.

Aulax Fitchi Kieffer 859

Fitch, 1877, p. 124. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 93 (with-
out name). S wanton. Knowledge, June, 1910. Houard,

No. 5991.

Well-defined rounded pustules, 2 to 4 mm. in diameter,
on the radical leaves, projecting from both surfaces, chiefly
on the inferior ; colour greenish, becoming dark violet or
black at maturity. Opening situated in the centre of a
depression on the upper surface. (Plate XXL 4.)

Eriophyes centaureae Nalepa 860

Houard, No. 5989.

Lapsana communis Linn. 112. Nipplewort.

Irregular bending and folding of the leaf. Aphis grass-
green, slightly reddish on the head ; cornicles long, pale
green. Aphides abundant in early June on the under sur-
face of the leaves.

Macrosiphum alliariae Koch 861

Syn. Siphonophora alliariae Koch.

Buckton, i., 124. Houard, No. 6030.

Crepis paludosa Moench. 62. Marsh Hawk’s-beard.

Stem swollen.

Cynips sp. 862

Fitch, 1879, P- 259. Houard, No. 6125.

Hieracium Pilosella Linn. no. Mouse-ear Hawk-
weed.

Gall ovoid, often 10 mm. in diameter, velvety, forrned
by the rolling of a deformed leaf round the atrophied
shoot. Larvae gregarious, white, becoming red. M. G.
Cocoon white.

Macrolabis pilosellae Binnie 863

Syn. Cecidoynyia pihisellae Binnie.

Binnie, 1877, p. 179. Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.
Houard, No. 6199.

Diptera

Nematoda

Hymen -
optera

Acari

Hymen-

optera

Diptera

ON HAWKWEEDS 249

Capitulum

swollen, containing one to four white larvae.

TEPHRITIS RURALIS H. LOW O64

Houard, No. 6196.

Flower-head swollen, rernaining closed, stalk contorted,

sometimes cocted on its axis ; yellowish-green. 1 j oAr

Tylenchus HiERACii Connold 005

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 124. Trail, 1883. Houard,

No. 6198 (without name).

Hieracium vulgatum Fries. 90. Common Hawkweeck
Longitudinal or rounded swellings on the roots and
stem, greenish-yellow and pubescent at first, becoming
brown and glabrous. June to August. Larvae yellow.

Aulacidea HIERACII Bouch6 866
Syn. Aulax hieracii Sch.

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 38 ; Plant Galls, fig. 125 (as on
H. sylvaticuDi Gouan, but this is doubtful). Houard,

No. 6165.

Leaf margin rolled upwards and serrated.

Eriophyes longisetus Nalepa 867

Trail, 1885. Houard, No. 6167.

Hieracium boreale Fries. 96. Savoy Hawkweed.
Swellings on stem and roots. See No. 866. , , 0^0

Aulacidea hieracii Bouche 86a

Inchbald, 1865, p. 4^- Connold, Plant Galls, p. ii4-
Houard, No. 6145.

Swollen and woody ovary.

Trypeta reticulata Sch. 869
Trail, 1878, p. 66; Fitch, 1879, p. 257. Connold, Plant
Galls, p. 245. Houard, No. 6142 (without specific
name).

Leaf folded. t .. o

Macrolabis CORRUGANS F. Low 870

Syn. Cecidomyia corrugans F. Low.

Connold, Plant Galls, p. 245.

Hieracium umbellatum Linn. aggr. 88. Umbellate
Hawkweed.

Capitulum swollen, containing one to four larvae.

Carpotricha papillata Fallen 871
Fitch, Entomologist, 1879, P- 257* Houard, No. 6151.

250

BRITISH GALLS

Hypochaeris radicata Linn. iii. Long -rooted
Cat’s-ear.

Hymen- Elongated fusiform swellings (rarely rounded) on the
optera stems and petioles, often in such numbers as completely
to deform the plant. Yellowish-green, brownish upon
maturity. Larval cells numerous, each containing a
yellowish white larva. June to October. M. G. Imago,
spring, II. (Plate XXIX. i, 2.)

Aulax hypochaeridis Kieffer 872

Connold, Veg. Galls, pi. 39 ; Plant Galls, fig. 85.
Houard, No. 6036.

Diptera Achenes swollen, rounded, brown, marked with longi-
tudinal ridges. The gall is thin walled, about 3 mni. in
diameter. Larva white.

Trypeta sp. 873

Trail, 1878, p. 65. Houard, No. 6033.

Nematoda Midrib of the leaf with an elongated irregular swelling
of a yellowish-green tint. The gall is not infrequently
formed on the blade, and is then more or less rounded.

Anguilluli sp. 874

Trail, 1885. Houard, No. 6040.

Diptera

Leontodon autumnale Linn. 112. Autumnal Hawk-
bit.

Capitulum closed and swollen. ^

Tephritis leontodontis De Geer 875
Houard, No. 6057.

Fungi

M

Taraxacum officinale Weber. 112. Dandelion.

Confluent or solitary elongated swellings on the midrib

f the leaf and the petiole. .

Protomyces pachydermus Thum 870

Plowright, p. 300.

Minute pustules on the leaves and involucres. Entire

olant much dwarfed. ^

” Synchytrium taraxaci De Bary 877

Sonchus oleraceus Linn. in. Sharp-fringed Sow-

Diptera ^^Capitulum remaining closed, involucral bracts hyper-
trophied. Tephritis Formosa H. Low 879

Houard, No. 6109.

pl.A'IE XXXII

RADICAI. I.EAVKS (a, UI’I'EK SUUEACE; B, THE EOWEk) OF CORN SOW -
■x\\\^-Y\.K(SoncIms a7-vc7isis]\s\T:\\ numerous pustular galls caused
BY THE PRESENCE OF THE LARVAE OF THE GALL-GNAT Cysi I pltOva SOnc/U

w

• r , ^
f

^ '

t ^sT

b

f

H

4-'

4

s

I

br>-

■ f

»

I

«' 1
‘It.

’’

■*'.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANT-GALLS 251

Sonchus arvensis Linn. 112. Corn Sow-thistle.

Diptera Gregarious circular patches on the radical leaves ; green
at first, becoming red or purple, glabrous or glossy. The
swelling is the more pronounced on the superior surface.
Each gall contains a white larva. M. G. Imago appear-
ing in the autumn. (Plate XXXII.)

Cystiphora sonchi F. Low 880

Syn. Cecidomyia sonchi Connold.

Connold, Plant Galls, fig. 279. Houard, No. 6100.

ERRATA

The galls on Blackthorn leaves described on pp. 94
and 197. and figured in Plate XXL, Fig. i, are caused by
Eriophyes padi Nalepa, not by Eriophyes similis Nalepa.
The galls which result from the presence of Eriophyes
similis on Blackthorn leaves are whitish, with an elon-
gated hairy aperture (often with purplish margin) on the
upper surface of the leaf.

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253

BRITISH GALLS

254

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BRITISH GALLS

256

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258

BRITISH GALLS

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1885.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES

PLATE I

FIG.

I.

2.

3.

4-

5.

Upper surface of an oak-leaf, showing peripheral death in summer,
resulting from the presence of galls of Andricus ostreus. (^.)
Lower surface of the same leaf, with galls of Aiidyicus ostyeus, and
scars where others had fallen away, (f.)

Lower surface of an oak-leaf, with two galls of Neuroterus lenticu-

Three galls on midrib of an oak-leaf caused by the presence of the
larvae of Andricus ostreus. (|.)

Scar after detachment of gall of Andricus ostreus.

(^)

PLATE II

I Galls of Pontania proxima on leaves of Salix fragilis—{a) {a) fully
■ developed on the lower surface ; {b) {b) ditto on upper surface ;
(c) immature galls of second brood on young leaves. )

2, Gall showing position of orifice, (f.)

3-

4-

5.

6.

7-

8.

9-

10.

11.

Section. (^.) , r , r r 7- j.

Gall of Pontania pedunculi on lower surface of leaf of Salix caftea.

(i)

Upper surface of the leaf, (f.)

Section of gall, showing frass. (|.)

Larva, (f.)

Pontania salicis. {\.) r, /i\

Gall of P. salicis on lower surface of leaf of Saltx purpurea. {\.)

Upper surface of the leaf. (\.)

Section of gall, (f.)

PLATE III [Frontispiece)

1.

2.

3.

4-

5-
6.

7-

8.

9.

10.

Gall of Rhodites rosae on bud of Rosa canina. (^.)

Section of gall of R. rosae in its early state. (^.)

Section of mature gall of R. Rosae, showing larval cavities. [\.)
Galls of Rh. rosarum on leaflets of Rosa canina. (J.)

A detached gall of Rh. rosarum. (i.)

Rhodites rosarum. (f . ) .

Galls of Rhodites eglanteriae on leaflets of R. canina.

Section of gall of Rh. eglanteriae, showing larval cavity, and two o

inquilines. [\.)

Larva of Rh. eglanteriae. [\.)

Rhodites eglanteriae. [\.)

260

description of the plates

261

PLATE IV

7: Gall in an oak-bud arising through the presence ot the larvae of

Biorrhiza pallida. (|.)

2. Ditto. (§.)

3. Biorrhiza pallida 0. (i-)

4. Ditto 9 . (^) X /I \

5. Galls of Biorrhiza aptera on oak-root. U-)

6. Ditto, section. (|.)

7. Section, (f.)

8. Section, with wasp emerging, (f.)
g. Biorrhiza aptera. (J.)

PLATE V

1. Galls of Neuroterus baccarum on staminate flowers of the oak. (^.)

2. Section of a gall. (^.)

3. Neuroterus baccarum ? . (|.)

4. (a) {a) Galls of Neuroterus lenticulans. (^.)

{b) {b) Ditto of Neuroterus fumipennis. (^.)

5. Section of gall of N . lenticularis, (t*)

6. Early stage of gall of N. lenticularis. (t-)

7. N euroterus lenticularis.

8. (c) Gall of Neuroterus vesicator. (^.)

W) Ditto of N. albipes. (^.)

9. [e) G3.\\s oi N euroterus numismatis. (t-)

(/) Ditto of iV. (i.)

10. Section of gall of N . laeviusculus. (x-.)

11. Ga.\\ oi Neuroterus vesicator. (1.)

12. Section of gall of N. mmismatis. (f.)

13. Gall of N. numismatis. {\,)

14. G^^\ oi Neuroterus tricolor. [\.)

15. SQCiion ol oi Neuroterus fumipennis. (|.)

PLATE VI

I Normal flower-spike of .

2. Flower-head of P. media galled by larva of Mecitius pyraster.

3. Mecinus pyraster. {\.)

(i)

5-

6.

MCClnUS yyYUbU^r» \j* f . c 1.1

Gall caused by larvae of Ceuthorrhynchus hirtulus on root of Erophua
verna. (^.)

Ceuthorrhynchus hirtulus. {\.)

D. Gall of C. hirtulus. (|-.)

7. Branch of Populus tremula attacked by Saperda populnea.

8. Ditto, with galls caused by the presence of the larvae of Saperda

populnea. (^.)

9. Saperda populnea 9 . (|.)

10. Ditto $. (f.)

11. Gdcrvd. oi S. populnea. (|.)

262

BRITISH GALLS

PLATE VII

1. Polygonum aviculare, with galls caused by the presence of the larvae

of Augasma aeratella, (^.)

2. Augasma aeratella. (f.)

3. Longitudinal section of gall of R-)

4. Leaf of Popuhis tremula, with the petiole hypertrophied through the

presence of the larva of Nepticula argyropeza. (^.)

5. Nepticula argyropeza. (|.) , , , r

6. Stem of Epilohium parviflorum, with gall caused by the presence ot

the larv'a of Mompha decor ella, (^.)

7. Mompha decorella, (f.) . „ . ^ ^ t r,-

8. Resinous gall of Rhyacionia {Retinia) resinella in shoot of Pinus

sylvestris. {^.)

g. Rhyacionia resinella. {^.) , , • /i \

10. Section of gall of R. resinella, showing the larval cavity, (i-)

I.

2.

3-

4-

6.

7-

8.

9-

10.

11.

I.

2.

3-

4-

5-

6.

7-

8.

9.

10.

11.

PLATE VIII

Veronica Cha?naedrys, with gall caused by the presence of the larvae
of Perrisia veronicae. (f.)

Perrisia veronica S ■ (f-) . , . , , ,, .

Larva of P. veronicae amidst the white hairs of the gall, (y.)

Twig of Salix fragilis, with leaves galled by larvae of Perrisia

terminalis. (^.)

Perrisia terminalis S •

Pupd, of P. terminalis. (f.) , , , r .u

Twig of Tilia vulgaris, with galls caused by the presence of the

larvae of Contarinia tiliarum. (^.)

Section of gall, showing larvae, (f.)

Under surface of leaf of Quercus pedunculata, with galls caused by
the presence of the larvae of Macrodiplosis dryobia, (i*)

Aspect of upper surface of ditto, (i.)

Larvae of M. dryobia (f.)

PLATE IX

jails caused by the presence of the larvae of Oligotrophus annulipes
on the upper surface of leaves of Fagus sylvatica. R.)

Under surface of an attacked leaf. iA.) n \

\ withered leaf retaining chlorophyll around two galls, (f )
5ection of gall of 0. annulipes, showing cavity with larva {j.) ( i ne
line to the left of the section indicates the actual length ot a

crawling larva.)

Oligotrophus annulipes. (|.) , ,, r

Lower surface of leaves of Cornus sanguinea, with immature galls of

Oligotrophus corni. (^.)

Leaves of ditto, with mature galls. {{.) _

Section of gall of 0. corni. showing pupa in cavity, (i) is
placed incorrectly ; the aperture should be below.) _

Pupa of O. corni. (f ) (The line immediately above it indicates

Tw!g^of^5fl?t> caprea'! yxith galls caused by Rhabdophaga saltcis. (i.)
Section of same, showing the larvae. (^.)

FIG.

1.

2.

3-

4-

5-
6,

7'

8

9

description of the plates

263

PLATE X

Cher„„s strohMius. larval (t)

^“::;!hCvat:n°^ oneXrat base of each bud. (*.)

k"ggrorexu?ef on fla’f of Larix europac.. (f )

: Sror^anv colonlci. exules, and winged

sexuparae, (^.)

. Exule with pupal skin, (f.)

10. Winged sexuparae. (}.)

PLATE XI

An apple-tree branch, with numerous tumours associated with

M^%lus laniger ( - Schizoneura lanigera). (i- )

PLATE XII

Galls on leaBets of W

^ans caused by #««•

7 Pemphigus bursarius, apterous viviparous ? . (tO

g': Eeaf°orp"o%.h!?lig«, with its petiole galled by Bmphig.. s/.>e-

10. Pemphius ipilothtcae, apterous viviparous ? . (}.)

PLATE XIII

1. Leaf of with galls caused by Eno/-/,y« macrorrhyn

chus. (^.)

2. Two galls, (f )

4 ipenurfof |Sl of B '^macrorrhynchus on lower surface of leaf. ({.)

5 UnLllular hair from gall of B macrorrhyuhm. (V.)

t wi^ caused by Ericpkyes .acrcrrUy.-

chus (i )

8. GaUs in various stages of developrnent. (^.)

9. Section through three galls and of the leaf (f.)

10. Aperture (lower surface ° galls caused by Eriophyes macro-

11. Leaf of Acer campestre, with two galls causea uy -c, .x

chelus. {\.)

12. Gall, (f.)

13. Section of gall, (j-)

264

BRITISH GALLS

Fir,.

14. Pluricellular hair from interior of gall of E. nmcrochelus.

15. Felt of hairs between the axils of the larger veins on the under

surface of leaf of Acer psetido-platanus, caused by Phyllocoptes
acericola. (4.)

PLATE XIV

Fagus sylvatica. The dense mass of twigs on the trunk are said to
have arisen through the presence of a species of Eriophyes.

PLATE XV

Leaves of Achillea millefolium, with galls caused by the presence of
Tylenchus millefolii. (^. )

PLATE XVI

1. Stems of Veronicae Chamaedrys, with tumours resulting from the pre-

sence of Sorosphaera veronicae. (^.)

2. Stem of U rtica dioica, with gall caused by Aecidium urticae, the aecidial

stage of Puccinia caricis.

3. Stems of Holcus mollis, galled by Epichloe typhina. (4.)

4. Stems of Alnus glutinosa, galled by Frankiella alni. (L)

5. Section of a mass of tubercles. (|.)

PLATE XVII

Branch (dead) oi Abies pectinata, with swelling bearing a "witch’s
broom,” caused by the presence of the aecidial stage {Peridermium
elatinum) of Melampsora cerastii.

PLATE XVIII

Part of frond of Pleris aquilina, with the margins of the pinnules in-
curved and thickened through the presence of the larvae of
Perrisia filicina.

PLATE XIX

Branch of Juniperus communis, with gouty swelling consequent upon
the attack of Gymnosporangium clavariacforme. The bodies con-
taining the teleutospores ot the fungus are growing upon the
hypertrophied part of the stem.

PLATE XX

Betula alba, with numerous *' witches’ brooms ” caused by Eriophyes
rudis.

PLATE XXI

1. Shoot of Primus spinosa, with leaves galled by Eriophyes similis.

2. Leaves of Alnus glutinosa, with galls caused by the presence of

Eriophyes laevis. {4.)

3. Section of gall of E. laevis. {{.)

265

description of the plates

FIG.

4-

5-
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Radical leaf of Cenluum ScMosa. with galls (early stale) caused by

galled by Eriophyes vibumi. (i-)

Ga.\\ o{ E. viburni. (|.)

Ditto, showing aperture on under surface of leal. (f.J

Shoo; om°«5 btlta. with bud galled by Encphyes pHla, pis. (J.)
Bud of Taxus baccata, galled by Eriophyes psilaspsts. (i-.)

PLATE XXII

Bud of Q«srms peiuncMata, galled by the larva of Dryophmta
shnilis. (b)

I Sr°of Q}ped««c„Ma, with galls caused by the preface of the
^ larvae of DFyo/i/iflw/fl longiventris, the alternate generation of the

4. Se?t?on of"|all. with D. longiventris that has just emerged from its

5. BuS! with galls arising from the presence of the larvae of D. Taschen-

6. Leaf^with cherry-like galls caused by the presence of the larvae of

Dryophanta folii. {%.)

7. Withered leaf, with gall of D. folii. (f.)

9. Spring leaves of pedunculata, with gall on leaf and one on

caused by the presence of the larvae of Dryophanta verrucosa (after

Adler), (j-.)

10. Ditto, on leaf (after Adler). (?.)

11. Ditto, in a bud (after Adler), (f) r rs

12. Galls caused by the presence of the larvae of Dryophanta divisa, the

agamous generation of the preceding, (j.)

PLATE XXIII

Leaves of Ulmus montana, galled by Oligotrophus Leemei (a) distorted
young leaves, with galls on the midrib ; [b) upper surface of ,
showing apertures of galls ; {c) (cl two leaves, showing the under
surface with numerous galls on tne midrib, (f .)

PLATE XXIV

Pabaver dubimn, showing two normal capsules, and one gaHed by
the presence of the larvae of Aulax papaveris, causing it to become
swollen and to droop. (|^ )

PLATE XXV

A branch of Prunus insititia, bearing four normal fruits, and three
that are greatly hypertrophied through the presence of the
{\xng\is Exoascus pruni. (J^.)

266

BRITISH GALLS

PLATE XXVI

FIG.

Stems of Rubus plicatus, galled by the fungus Coniothyrium Fuckelii.

ih)

PLATE XXVII

Seed vessels and stem of Oenanthe crocata, with galls caused by the
presence of the fungus Protomyces macrosporus.

PLATE XXVIII

Convolvulus arvensis, with the midribs of the leaves much hypertro-
phied and distorted through the presence of Eriophyes convolvuli.

PLATE XXIX

1. Flowering stem of Hypochaeris radicata, with gall resulting from the

presence of the larvae of Aulax hypochaeridis. (f.)

2. Ditto, much galled and with abortive flower. (|.)

3. Ditto, a transverse section, showing the larval cavities. {{.)

4. Aulax hypochaeridis. (|.)

5. 6, Stems and leaves of Nepeta hederacea, with galls resulting from the

presence of the larvae of Aulax glechomae. (^.)

7. Section of gall of A . glechomae, showing the larval cells. (^.)

8. Larva. (^.)

9. Aulax glechomae. (f.)

PLATE XXX

Leaves of Viburnum Lantana, with galls caused by the presence of
the larvae of Oligotrophus Solmsii, The lowest leaves show the
under surface of the galls. {}.)

PLATE XXXI

Leaves and stems of Achillea millefolium, with galls caused by the
presence of the larvae of Rhopalomyia millefolii. {\)

PLATE XXXII

Radical leaves of Sonchus arvensis, with galls caused by the presence
of the larvae of Cystiphora sonchi. (|.)

INDEX

{Plant families in heavy type.)

Abies excelsa, 133

„ pectinata, 118, 1 34
Aceraceae, 215, 216
Acer campestie, 215, 216
,, Pseudo-platanus, 215
Achillea millefolium, 242, 243
„ Ptarmica, 243, 244
Aciolilha servilleana, 146
Actinomycosis, 116
Adder’s-tongue, 131
Adelges abietis, 133
„ pini, 132, 133
„ sibiricus, 134
„ strobilobius, 134, 13S
„ taxi, 132
„ viridis, 134

A ikin, R. : notes on Retinia resin-
ella, 55, 56

Adler, Dr. Hermann, 24, 30, 31,
34, 38. 40

Adoxa Moschatellina, 237
Aecidium aquilegiae, 186
,, berberidis, 187
„ bunii, 222

,, calthae, 186

,, clematidis, 184

„ compositarum, var. Tusbi

laginis, 245
,, crassum, 216

„ galii, 234

,, grossulariae, IQS

„ menthae, 227

„ saniculae, 221

„ urticae, 119, I79

,, valerianacearum, 239

Aegopodium Podagraria, 222
Agrimony, Hemp, 54
Agromyza Schineri, 151
Agropyron repens, 138, 198

Agrostis, 1 12

„ tenuis, 136

„ vulgaris, 136

Ajuga reptans, 230
“ Alatae” (definition of), 81
Albuga Candida, 189
Alder, 8, 9* 54» 99> ^^5

119

Aleppo gall, I
Algae, 13
Algeria, 58
Alkanet, 57
Almond, 122
Alnus glutinosa, 157
„ rotundifolia, 54, I57
Alopecurus pratensis, 198
Alpine Rose-apples, ii, 116
American “blight,” 85
Ammophila arenaria, 136
Anchusa, 57
Andricus aestivalis, 1 74

„ albopunctatus, 170

„ amend, 41, 169

„ autumnalis, 163

„ callidoma, 160

„ circulans, 42, 43, 172, 174

„ cirratus, 160

„ Clementinae, 169

„ collaris, 160, 161

„ corticis, 161

„ curvator, 160

„ fecundaior, 10, 41, 163

„ gemmatus, i6t

„ glandium, 172

,, glandulae, 169

„ globuli, 161, 162

,, inflator, 161

„ lucidus, 169, 170

„ malpighii, 162

267

268

BRITISH GALLS

Andricus marginalis, 170
,, noduli, 162

,, nudus, 162

„ ostreus, 5, 40, 43, 44, 170

,, pilosus, 41, 163

,, quadrilineatus, 1 70, 171

„ radicis, 162

,, ramuli, 163

„ rufescens, 172

„ seminationis, 17 1

,, Sieboldi, 164

,, solitarius, 40, 170

,, testaceipes, 43, 164

,, trilineatus, 43, 162, 164

Anemone nemorosa, 185
Anemone, Wood, 185
Angelica sylvestris, 223
Angelica, Wild, 223
Anguillulidae, 106
Anlhemis arvensis, 48, 244
,, cotula, 48, 244

Anthomyia brassicae, 191
„ signata, 130
Anthonomus, 48

„ pomorum, 206, 207

,, rosinae, 206

,, rubi, 200

Anlhoxanihum odoratum, 135
Anthriscus sylvestris, 222, 223
Anthyllis Vulneraria, 212
Ants, protectors of aphides, 91
Aphalara calthae, 186
„ nebulosa, 200

,, nervosa, 243

Aphelenchus fragariae, 106, 107,201
,, Ormerodis, 107, 201

Aphidae, 77

,, method of destroying

them, 90, 91
,, enemies of, 91

Aphilolhrix autumnalis, 163
,, callidoma, 160

,, collar is, 16 1

,, corticis, 16 1

,, fecundatrix, 163

,, globuli, 161, 162

,, lucida, 170

,, Malpighii, 162

,, marginalis, 170, 17 1

,, quadrilineata, 171

,, radicis, 162

,, seminationis, 17 1

,, Sieboldi, 164

Aphis atriplicis, 182

,, brassicae, 190, 191, 192, 193
,, cardui, 227, 244, 247
,, crataegi, 206, 207
,, epilobii, 221
,, hederae, 221
,, laburni, 210
,, mali, 206
,, myosotidis, 233, 242
,, padi, 196, 198

n Pini, 133

,, pomi, 206
,, pyri, 206
,, rumicis, 181
,, sorbi, 204
,, viburni, 237, 238
,, xylostei, 238
Apion affine, 48, 181
,, apricans, 47, 210
,, assimile, 47, 210, 21 1
,, atomarium, 228
,, frumentarium, 48, 181, 182
,, Gyllenhali, 47, 213
,, holci, 184
,, humile, 48, i8r, 182
,, immune, 47
,, laevicolle, 21 1
,, laevigatum, 48, 244
,, meliloti, 219
,, miniatum, i8i
,, pubesoens, 212
,, sanguineum, 182
,, scutellare, 47, 208, 209
,, semivittatum, 214
,, sorbi, 47, 244
,, trifolii, 211
,, varipes, 47, 210
,, vicinium, 47, 228, 229
,, violaceum, 48, 181
Apium graveolens, 221
,, nodiflorum, 222
Apple-tree “canker,” 85, 86
Aquilegia vulgaris, 186
Arabis, galls produced experiment-
ally on, 90
Araliaceae, 221
Araucaria imbricata, 120
Archangel, Yellow, 230
Arctium majus, 246
Argyresthia Goedartella, 54, 157
,, literella, 157
Artemisia Absinthium, 245
,, vulgaris, 245

INDEX

269

Artichoke gall, 40, 41
Ascomyces alnitorquus, 158
,, aureus, 152

,, bullatus, 207

,, deformans, 197

,, pruni, 197

„ turgidus, 157

Ascophyllum nodosum, no
Ash, 88, 92, 94, 225, 226
,, Mountain, 204, 205
Aspen, 54, 56, 153, 154
Asperula odorata, 237
Asphondylia dorycni, 74
,, Mayeri, 209

,, pimpinellae, 74> 222,

224

,, saraihamni, 209

,, thymi, 228

,, ulicis, 208

Aspiodotus hedeiae, 221
Aster Tripolium, 241
Asterodiaspis quercicola, 89, 174
Asterolecanium variolosum, 174
Asthenia cosmophorana, 132
Astragalus danicus, 213
Asychna aeratella, 180
Athalia spinarum, 44
Athyrium Filix-foemina, 130
Atrichosema aceris, 216
Atriplex hastata, 182
,, patula, 182
Atrophytes (definition), 116
Attelabus curculionides, 52
Augasma aeratella, 54, 56, 180
Aulacidea hieracii, 27, 138, 230, 249
Aulax centaureae, 248
,, Fitchi, 248
,, glechomae, 27, 229
,, hieracii, 138, 230, 249
,, hypochaeridis, 27, 250
,, minor, 28
,, papaveris. 28, 187
,, rhaeadis, 187
, , scabiosae, 248
,, splendens, 201
Australia, large coccid galls in, 89
“ Autoecious ” (definition of), 116
Avena pubescens, 137

Bacillus tumefaciens, 123
Bacterium mali, 86
Bankes, Eustace, 56
Barbarea vulgaris, 188

Barberry, Common, 187
Baris laticollis, 187
Barley, 75 , ^ ^

Barrett, Charles, 36, 56
Bartsia aspera, 57
,, Odontites, 232
,, Red, 232
Bassett, 30
Bastian, Dr., lii
Beam Tree, White, 204
“ Bedeguar,” meaning of word, 29
Bedstraw, Cross-leaved, 234
,, Great Hedge, 235

„ Rough Water, 236

,, Smooth Heath, 235

„ Water, 235, 236

„ Yellow, 67, 68, 234, 235

Beech, 8, 9. 70* 7i> 94. 97. U5
Beetles, 46, 47
Bellflower, Creeping, 240

„ Nettle-leaved, 240
„ Rampion, 241
„ Spreading, 241
Beilis perennis, 241
Bennett, A. W. , 13
Bent Grass, 7
Berberidaceae, 187
Berberis vulgaris, 187
Berry Head, Brixham, 95, too
Betula alba, iS5"^57
„ pubescens, 157

,, tomentosa, 157

Betulaceae, I55'’^59
Beyerinck, 40, 42
Bindweed, Black, I79

,, Common, lOO. 227
Biorrhiza aptera, 9, 34. 35. 164, 190

„ pallida, lO, 35. 43. ^^4

„ renum, 165

,, terminalis, 164

Birch, Common, 155-157

the “witches’ brooms ot,

5, 12, 96, 117, 118

Bird’s-foot Trefoil, lO, 114
Bittercress, Large-flowered, 188
Black currant bud mite, 103, 104
Blackthorn, 94, 196. I97
Bladder Campion, 183
“Bladder Plums,” 12, 122
Blennocampa pusilla, 20, 45, 203
Blister gall, 37

Blomfield, Dr. J. E., 85. 86, 12 1
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., 90

270

BRITISH GALLS

Bog Myrtle, 115, 141
Bonnet, 30
Boraginaceae, 237
Boudier, Professor, 60
Bower, B. A., 56
Box, 215

Brachonyx pineti, 51, 112
Brachycolus stellariae, 135, 184
Brachypodium sylvaticum, 138
Bracken, 8, 65, 66, 130
Brambles, 28, 199-201
Brassica arvensis, 192, 193
,, napus, 191, 192
,, oleracea, 191
,, rapa, 192
,, Rutabaga, 192
,, sinapistrum, 192
Brean Down, 28
Brook Lime, 49, 232
Broom, 47, 209, 210
Browne, Sir Thomas, 2
Brzezinski, 86, 122
Buckbean, 226
Buckler Fern, 130
Buckthorn, 88, 216
,, Alder, 216
Buckton, G. B., 80
Buckwheat, 109, 180
Bud galls, classification of, 10
Bugle, Creeping, 230
Bullace, 122, 197
Bunium denudatum, 222
Burdock, Common, 73, 246
Burdon, E. R., on Chermes galls,
5, 81, 82, 84
Burnet, Lesser, 202
Buttercup, Bulbous, 186
„ Creeping, 186

„ Upright, 185, 186

Buxaceae, 215
Buxus sempervirens, 215

Cabbage, 49., 5L 75, ^91
Cakile maritima, 1 94
Calamintha Acinos, 229
„ arvensis, 229

Callipterus quercus, 174
Callirhytis glandium, 25, 43, 172,

175

Calluna vulgaris, 224
Caltha palustris, 186
Cambridge, 84

Cameron, Peter, 19, 23, 22-25, 44

Cameron, Peter, on origin of galls, 4
n i> on the Turkey Oak

bud gall, 42
Campanula patula, 241

,, rapunculoides, 240

,, Rapunculus, 241

,, rotundifolia, 240, 241

,, Trachelium, 240

Campanulaceae, 240, 241
“Canker,” Brzezinski on, 122
Cantharellus cupressi, 62
“Capitulum” (definition of), 73
Caprifoliaceae, 237, 238
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 193
Cardamine amara, 188
,, hirsuta, 189

,, pratense, 188, 189

Carex caespitosa, 139
,, contigua, 139
,, limosa, 139, 140
,, muricata, 139
,, vulpina, 139
Carolina, North, 62
Carophyllaceae, 183, 184
Carpinus Betulus, 158, 159
Carpocapsa Juliana, 41
Carpotricha guitularis, 243
,, papillata, 249

Carrot, Wild, 223, 224
Castanea sativa, 175
Catmint, 47, 229
Cat’s-ear, Long-rooted, 27, 250
Cattelya Triansei, 45

,, attacked by cecids, 75
Cecidomyia betulae, 156
,, brassicae, 191

,, bursaria, 229

,, campanulae, 241

,, cardaminis, 188

,, carpini, 159

,, cattleyae, 74, 75

,, cerastii, 183

,, clausiliae, 144

,, corrugans, 223, 249
,, crataegi, 207

,, euphorbiae, 214

,, foliorum. 245

„ galii, 234

,, Giraudi, 213

,, heraclei, 223

,, heterobia, 142

,, hyperici, 218

,, inclusa, 137

INDEX

271

Cecidomyia lathyri, 214

,, medicaginis, 210

muricaiae, 139
,, papaveris, 187

,, pilosellae, 248

’’ pruni, 196

,, pteridis, 130

,, ranunculi, 185

,, rhododendri, 75

,, roboris, 173

,, rosaria, 144

,, rosarum, 202

,, salicina, 148

,, saliciperda, 143

,, salicis. 143

,, serotina, 218

,, sisymbri, 188

,, sonchi, 251

,, stachydis, 229

„ taxi, 131

,, terminalis, 143

,, thalictri, 185

,, tiliae, 217

,, tilicola, 217

,, trifolii. 211

,, ulmariae, 199

,, violae, 219, 220

Cecidomyidae, 60
Celandine, Common. 186
Celery. Wild, 221
Centaurea nemoralis, 57
,, nigra, 247

,, scabiosa, 248

Cephaloneon pubescens, 237

,, pustulatum, 93, I57
,, solitarium, 215

Cephus pygmaeus, 44
Cerambycidae, 50
Ceramium rubrum, IIO
Cerastium glomeratum, 90
,, triviale, 183, 184

,, vulgatum, 183, 184

Ceratoneon vulgare, 215
Chaitophorus leucomelas, 154
Chalcididae, 23
Chamomile, Corn, 244
,, Fetid, 244
Chamomiles, 47
Charlock, 75, 192. I93
Cheiranthus cheiri, 187, 188
Chenopodiaceae, 182
Chenopodium album, 182
Chermes abietis, 79, 81, 133

Chermes lapponicus. 83, 84
,, orientalis, 84

,, sibiricus, 84, 134

,, strobilobius, 82-84, I34i

13s

,, viridis, 81, 82, I33> ^34

Cherry, Bird, 198
,, Dwarf, 198
,, Wild, 122
Cherry gall of the oak, 38
Chervil, Wild, 222, 223
Chestnut, Horse, 6

,, Sweet, 52, 175
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, 190, 192,

194

chalybaeus, 190
contractus, 189,

193

hirtulus, 50, 189
inaffectatus, 189
pectoralis, 188, 189
pleurostigma, 49,

’ 187, 189 194

,, quadridens, 194

sulcicollis, 49*5^1

187 ^

Chickweeds (Cerastium) , 1 1 8

Chlorophyll, retention around galls
on leaves, 7

Chlorops taeniopus, 74i 75* ^3°
Cholodkovsky, 81
Chrondrus crispus, IIO
Chrysanthemum frutescens, 123

Leucanthemum,

244

Chrysophyctis endobiotica, 122
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, 195
Cinquefoil, Creeping, 201
„ Hoary, 201
Cistaceae, 219
Cladius viminalis, 153
Classification of typical galls, 8
Clematis and Coffea attacked by
eelworms, 113
Clematis Vitalba, 184
Clinodiplosis thalictricola, 185
. Clitocybe, 61
Clover, 47

„ Purple, 210, 21 1

,, White or Dutch, 211, 212

„ Zigzag, 21 1

Clovers attacked by eelworms, 109
Cnaphalodes strobilobius, 134

272

BRITISH GALLS

Cnicus arvensis, 247
M heterophyllus, 247
,, lanceolatus, 246, 247
Coccidae, 77, 88, 89
Coccus variolosum, 174
Coccyx cosmophorana, 1 32
,, splendidulana, 172
Cochlearia armorica, 189
Colchicum autumnale, 141
Coleosporium senecionis, 117, 133
Collecting, notes on, 14, 15
Collin, W., 74
Collinge, W. E., 105
“ Colonici,” explanation of term, 82
Colt’s-foot, 245

Commensal ’' (definition of), 26
Compositae, 73, 241-251
Conchylis atricapitana, 245
Coniferae, 131-135
Conioihyrium tumaefaciens, 200
Connold, Edward, 13, 67, 72, 120
Conopodium majus, 222
Contarinia betulina, 155
,, campanulae, 241
,, Craccae, 213, 214
,, helianthemi, 219

,, heraclei, 223

,, linariae, 231

,, loti, 10, 210, 212, 214

,, melanocera, 208
,, pyrivora, 205

,, quercina, 173

,, ruderalis, 190

,, Steini, 183

,, tiliarum, 68, 217
,, Traili, 222

Convolvulaceae, 227
Convolvulus arvensis, 227
Cooke, Mel. T., 63
Copium clavaricorne, 77
,, teucrii, 77
Cornaceae, 224
Cornicles (definition of), 78
Cornsalad, Carinated, 239

,, Narrow-fruited, 239
Cornus sanguinea, 224
Corylus Avellana, 1 59
Cotoneaster vulgaris, 105
Cotton, A. D., on galls on seaweeds,
1 10

Couch Grass, 27, 74
‘ Covering ” galls, 9
Cowberry, 224, 225

Crab Apple, 206
Cramp-balls, 2
Crataegus monogyna, 207
Crepis paludosa, 248
Cress, Yellow, 188

,, ,, Marsh, 188

Crosswort, 234
“Crown-gall,” 123
Cruciferae, 187-194
Cryptocampus angustus, 145, 148
,, ater, 20, 145, [48

,, gemmarum, 148

,, medullarius, 21, 23,

142, 148

,, saliceti, 20, 148, 150

,, venustus, 21, 146,

Cryptosiphum artemisiae, 245
Cuckoo flower, 188, 189
Cudweed, Common, 242
Cupuliferae, mycorrhiza on roots of,

Curculionidae, 49
Currant, Black, 196
„ Red, 195
Currant galls, 36
Cuscuta epithymum, 51
,, Europaea, 51
Cushion Pink, 183
Cynaeda dentalis, 57
Cynipidae, notes on gall-causing,

24-45

Cynips calicis, 33, 172

„ Kollari, 42 45, 172, 174

,, tinctoria, i

Cynosurus cristatus, 137
Cyperaceae, 139, 140
Cyphella cupressi, 62
Cypress, Southern, 62
Cystiphora sonchi, 72, 251
Cystopus Candidas, 189, 191, 193,

194

Cyiisus scoparius, 209, 210

Daisy, Common, 241
Dame’s Violet, 189
Dandelion, 116, 250
Darwin, 4

Dasyneura acrophila, 225
,, affinis, 219

,, aparines, 236

,, brassicae, 191, 192

,, fraxinea, 225

INDEX

273

Dasyneura galeobdolontis, 230
,, galiicola, 235

I, ignorata, 210

,, marginemtorquens, 143
,, muricatae, 139

,, onobrychidis, 213

,, persicariae, 180

„ pyri, 205

,, rosarum, 202

,, salicina, 148

,, sisymbrii, ii» 188, 190

,, terminalis, 66, 143

,, trifolii, 21 1

,, ulnjariae, 199

,, urticae, 179

,, veronicae, 232

„ violae, 220

Daucus carota, 223
Definitions of “ gall,” 4
Dendrobium attacked by cecids, 74
„ „ Isosoma,

Dentaria pinnata, 50

Derham, Dr., 3
Deschampsia caespitosa, 130
Desmarestia aculeata, 13
Dianthus caryophyllus, 103
,, plumarius, 103
Diastrophus Mayri, 201

,, rubi, 28, 199) 200
Dichaena quercina, 120, I74
Dinder, 76

Dioryctria splendidella, 54> 5°» *3^
,, sylvestrella, 132
Dioscorides, i
Diplolepis, 38
Diplosis buxi, 215
„ botularia, 225
,, corylina, 159

,, dryobia, 173

,, flava, 75

,, fraxinella, 226
,, helianthemi, 219
,, jacobaea, 246

,, linariae, 231

,, loti, 210, 212

„ pini, 132

,, pyrivora, 75> 205

„ tritici, 75

Dipaaceae, 240
Dipsacus sylvestris, 240
Diptera, notes on, 59
Ditomyia, 61
18

Dixon on moss galls, 108
Dock, Curled, i8i

„ Fiddle, 181

,, Sharp, 181

,, Sorrel, i8i

Docks, 48
Dodder, 51
Dog rose, 29, 30
Dogwood, 69, 7O) 224
Dorycnium pentaphyllum, 74
,, suffruticosum, 74

Double flowers. Dr. Kerner’s specu-
lations concerning, 102, 103

Douglas, J. W., 89
Draba verna, 189
Dropwort, 63, 64, 199

Hemlock Water, 223

Dryophanta agama, 17 ^

,, disticha, 17 1

,, divisa, 38, 39. t^8

„ folii, 38, 39. 168

,, longiventns, 39, loa

scutellaris, 168
similis, 39, i67i 1^8
Taschenbergi, 38, 43»
168

„ vemicosa, 39

Dyer’s Green Weed, 208

S>

Earth-nut, Common, 222
Economic notes concerning—

Acari, 103-105
Coleoptera, 51 > 5^

Diptera, 74
Fungi, 122, 123
Homoptera, 90, 9*
Hymenoptera, 44, 45
Lepidoptera, 58
Nematoda, 113
Eel worms, 13, 106

,, continental gall-causers,

112

,, dormant for many years,

no. III

„ list of British gall-caus-

’ ing, 106, 107

Elder, Common, 94, 237
Eleocharis palustris, 139
Elm, Common, 9, 84, 85
„ Wych, 177

Elymusarenarius, 112

Embleton, Miss Alice, quoted, 104,
105

2 74

BRITISH GALLS

Endophyllum euphorbiae, 7
Enteridium roseanum, 62
,, splendens, 62
Entorrhiza cypericola, 140
Entyloma chrysosplenii, 195
,, microsporum, 186
Ephelina radicalis, 233
Ephelis rhinanthi, 233
Epiblema luctuosana, 57

,, tetraquetrana, 54, 155,

157

Epichloe typhina, 119, 120, 135-138
Epilobium, 55

,, angustifolium, 220
,, hirsutum, 220
,, montanum, 56, 221

,, palustre, 221

,, parviflorum, 56, 220,
221

Epitrimerus longitarsus, 99
,, trilobus, 94, 237

Ericaceae, 224, 225
Erigeron canadense, 242
Erineum alneum, 93, 99, 157
,, axillare, 158

,, clandestinum, 100

,, fagineum, 176

,, juglandinum, loi, 141

,, malinum, 206

„ populinum, 154

„ pyiinum, 205

„ quercinum, 173

,, sorbeum, 205

Eriophyes ajugae, 230
,, anceps, 232

,, avellanae, 159, 160

,, brevitarsus, 93, 98, 157

,, callunae, 224

,, centaureae, 94, 95, 248

,, convolvuli, loi, 227

,, crataegi, 207

„ dispar, 154

,, diversipunctatus, 154

,, enanthus, lOi, 240

,, fraxini, 92, 226

galii, 236

„ galiobius, 235

,, gibbosus, 200

,, goniothorax, 94, 100, 207

,, Kerneri, 105

„ laevis, 93. 99, 157

,, lionotus, 156, 157

,, longisetus, 249

Eriophyes macrochelus, 98, 215,
216

,, macrorrhynchus, 97, 215,

216

,, macrotrichus, 99, ico,

159

,, malinus, 206

,, marginatus, 144

„ Nalepai, 98, 158

,, nervisequus, var. ma-

culifer, 176
,, origani, 228

,, padi, 198

,, pimpinellae, 222

„ pini, 133

,, psilaspis, 95, 132

„ pyri, 105, 204, 205

,, ,, var. variolata, 205

,, quercinum, 173

,, ribis, 103, 104, 195, 196

,, rosae, 204

„ rudis, 96, 156

,, „ var. longisetosa,

,, salicis, 149

,, sanguisorbae, 202

,, similis, 94, 197

,, squalidus, 240

,, stenaspis, 176

,, tenellus, 159

,, tetanothrix, 144, 149

,, tetratrichus, 100, 217

,, Thomasi, 105, 228

,, tiliae, 217, 218

,, tiliarius, 217

,, tristatus, var. erineus,

loi, 141

,, truncatus, 144

„ ulmi, 178

„ viburni, 95, 96, 237, 238

,, violae, 105

Erophila verna, 189
Erysimum cheiranthoides, 190
Eucharis attacked by eel worms, 112
Eupatorium cannabinum, 54, 241
Euphorbia Esula, 214
Euphorbiaceae, 214
Eurhynchium Swartzi, 108
Eurytoma hyalipennis, 136
Euura angusta, 148
,, depressa, 138
,, pentandrae, 19, 142
,, nigritarsis, 14S

INDEX

275

Euura venusta, 146, 148
Evelyn, John, 2
Evetria resinella, 55* ^3^

Exoascus alnitorquus, 12, IIQ, 15°

,, aureus, 152

„ bullatus, 207

„ carpini, 159

,, deformans, 122, 197, I9°

„ populi, 152

,, pruni, 12, 122, 197. 190

,, turgidus, 13, 96, 157, 178

Exobasidium Lauri, 12

,, Rhododendri, 12, 1 16,

I17

,, vaccinii, 225

“ Exules ” (definition of), 83

Fagaceae, 159-1
Fagus pliocenica, 7^

„ sylvatica, 175
Fagopyrum esculentum, 180
,, sagittatum, 180

“ Felt” galls, 8
Festuca ovina, 138
Figwort, Knotted, 49, 231
Filago Germanica, 242
Filices, 130, 1 31

“Finger and toe” disease, 12, 121
Fir, Common Silver, 134
Fitch, Edward, 25, 45
Fleabane, 74, 242

,, Canadian, 242
Flixweed, 190
Fomes applanatus, 61
Fossil galls, 71, 98, 1 01
Fragaria vesca, 201
Frankia Brunchorstii, 141
„ subtilis, 141, 158
Frankiella alni, 12, 158

„ Brunchorstii, 115, 141
Fraxinus excelsior, 225, 226
Frensham Pond, 88
Frit-fly,

“ Fundatrices ” (definition of), 78,

89.

Fungi, notes on, 114
Fungus animals, 121
„ galls, 7, II
Furcellaria fastigiata, no

Galechia mulinella, $7
Galeopsis Tetrahit, 230
Galium Apaiine, 236

Gahum boreale, 234

„ cruciata, 234

„ Mollugo, 235

„ palustre, 235, 236

„ saxatile, 235

„ uliginosum, 236

„ verum, 234, 235

“ Gall-maker,” an erroneous term, 4
Gall-midges, 60
Galls (definition of), 4

,, Algae, Mosses, and Lichens,
13, loi, 102
,, caused by fungi, ^

,, chief types of, 8-13
,, constancy of form, 5
,, dissimilar on similar struc-
tures, 4

,, fossil, 71, 98, loi
„ injurious influence on leaves,
5,6

„ instrument for measuring, 14
„ not transmissible, 5
„ origin of, 4 _

„ produced experimentally, o,
90, 102, 103

Gardenia attacked by eelworms, 1 13
G enera of British gall-causers, synop-
tic table of, ib, 17
,, of British gall-causing
Tenthredinidae, 20
Genista anglica, 208
,, tinctoria, 208
Geutianaceae, 226
Gerard quoted, l
Germander Speedwell, ii, 121
Golden-rod, 241
Gooseberry, 195
Goosefoot, White, 182
Goose-grass, 236
Gorse, Common, 47, 208, 209
,, Lesser, 209
“ Gout ” of cereals, 75
Goutweed, 222
Gower Street, 66
Gramineae, 1 35-1 39
Grapholitha Servilleana, 55, 57,
146, 148, 150, 151
Grass, Annual Meadow, 137
,, Brown Bent, 135
„ Cat’s-tail, 135
„ Common Reed, 137
„ Couch, 138, 139
„ Creeping Soft, 136

276 BRITISH GALLS

Grass, Dog’s-tail, 137

,, Downy Oat, 137

,, Marsh Bent, no, 135

„ Mat, 136

,, Meadow Soft, 136

,, Sheep’s Fescue, no, 138
,, Slender False Brome, 138

,, Smooth Meadow, 138

,, Sweet Vernal, 109, 135
,, Tufted Hair, 136

,, Wood Meadow, 138

Gromwell, Common, 227
Ground Ivy, 65, 69, 229
Groundsel, Common, 117, 245
Guelder Rose, 237

„ „ Mealy, 9, 71,95, 96,

237, 238

Gu6iee, 58

Gymnetron beccabungae, 231
,, campanulae, 240

,, collinus, 231

,, villosulus, 232

Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme,
12, 117, 131, 206, 208
Gypsonoma aceriana, 55, IS2> *54

Hairbell, 240

Halidrys siliqua, 13

Hamiltonia attacked by eelworms,

”3 .

liarmandia petioli, 153

„ tremulae, 153, 154
Harpacticus chelifer, 13
Harpanthus scutatus, 108
Harrogate, 29
Hartig, Theodore, 24, 30
Haslemere, 2, 36, 37, 44, 5^> ^2,
84, 96, loi, 119, 120
„ Museum, 2, 6, 118
Hastings, 95

Hawkbit, Autumnal, 250
Hawksbeard, 248
Hawkweed, 3, 27, 112

,, Common, 249

,, Mouse-ear, 248, 249

,, Savoy, 249

,, Umbellate, 249

Hawthorn, 100, 117, 207, 208
Hazel, 159
Heather, 89, 90
Hedera Helix, 221
Hedge Mustard, 50
Hedya servilleana, 146, 152

Helianthemum Chamaecistus, 219
Heliozela stanneella, 54, 173
Hemlock Water Dropwort, 120
Hemp Agrimony, 241
Hemp-nettle, Common, 230
Heracleum Sphondylium, 223
Herridge, William, 116
Hesperis matronalis, 189
Hessian Fly, 74

Heterodera radicicola, I07> H3j

139

,, Schachtii, 107, 191-193

“ Heteroecious ” (definition of), 116
Hieracium boreale, 249

,, Pilosella, 248, 249

,, sabaudum, 3

,, sylvaticum, 249

,, umbellatum, 3, 249

,, vulgatum, 249

Hiltner on alder root tubercles,

115

Hogweed, 223
Holcus lanatus, 136
,, mollis, 136, 198
Honey-dew, 78, 88
Honeysuckle, moth galls on, 54

,, Common, 238

,, Perfoliate, 238

„ Upright Fly, 238

Hop or Artichoke gall, 41
Hormomyia annulipes, 175
,, capreae, 149

,, corni, 224

„ fagi, 175

., Fischeri, 140

,, juniperina, 131

,, millefolii, 243

,, piligera, 175

,, poae, 138

,, ptarmicae, 243

Hornbeam, 99, 100, 158, 159
Horse Chestnut, 6
Houard, Professor, 57, 112
Huxley, Professor, 77, 78
Hyalopterus arundinis, 137

,, melanocephalus, 183

,, pruni, 196, 197

Hylastinus obscurus, 211
Hylurgus piniperda, 51, 52
Hypericaceae, 218, 219
Hypericum humifusum, 218
„ perforatum, 218

„ pulchrum, 218, 219

INDEX

277

>}

“ Hypertrophytes ” (definition of),
116

Hypochaeris radicata, 250

Imagines (definition of), 25
Inquilines (definition of), 26
Insect galls, classification of types, o
Instrument for measuring galls, 14
Inula ciithmoides, 242
Isosoma, 23

depressum, 24, 130
hyalipenne, 24, 136
,, orchidearum, 45
Ivy, Common, 221
Ixora attacked by eel worms, 113

Jack-by-the-Hedge, 75
Jasione montana, 240
Juglandaceae, 141
Juglans regia, 141
Juncaceae, 140, 141
Juncus acutiflorus, 141
„ articulatus, 140
„ bufonius, 140
„ bulbosus, 140
„ conglomeratus, 140
„ effusus, 140
„ glaucus, 140
j, inflexus, 140
„ lamprocarpus, 140
,, squarrosus, 140
„ supinus, 140
,, sylvaticus, 141
„ uliginosus, 140
Juniper, 12, 54, 117, 131
Juniperus communis, 54, 131, 200

Kentranthus ruber, 239
Kerner, Dr. Anton von, 6, 7, lo, 12,
102, 103

Kew, the Quercetum, 36, 42, 43
Kidney Vetch, 212
Kirby and Spence quoted, 78
Knapweed, Black, 73, 247
„ Great, 94, 248
Knotgrass, Common, 54, 180

Labiatae, 227-230
Lady Fern, 130

“ Ladybirds” destroyers of aphides,

91

Lady’s Fingers, 115
Lainium Galeobdolon, 230

i)

)}

Lapsana communis, 248
Larch, 81-83, 134, I35

large “ witches’ broom on,
118

Larix europaea, I34> I35
Larval condition very prolonged m
certain beetles, 46
Lasioptera arundinis, 137

„ rubi, 199, 200
Laspeyresia Leegerana, 153

corollana, 54, I53
cosmophorana, 54,

132

Lastrea aristata, 130
dilatata, 130
Filix-mas, 130
Lat'hyrus montanus, 214
Laurel, 12

Laurus canariensis, 12
Lauxania aenea, 220
Laverna decorella, 220, 221
Legnon confusum, 159
Leguminosae, 208-214
Leighton’s “ Lichen Flora,” 102
Leontodon autumnale, 250
Leontopolium (Gnaphalium) alpin-
um, 112

Lepidiura campestre, 193
„ Draba, 193

Lepidoptera, list of British gall-
causing, 54, 55
Lestes viridis, 69
Lewes, 108
Lichens, 13, loi, 102
Ligustrum vulgare, 226
Liliaceae, 113, 141
Lime, Broad-leaved, 217

,, Common, 68, 100, 217, 218
Limoniastrum guyonianum, 58
Linaria vulgaris, 230, 231
Ling, Common, 89, 224
Lipara lucens, 137
Lister, Dr. Martin, 2
Lilhospermum officinale, 227
Livia juncorum, ii, 88, 140, 141
„ lamprocarpus, 140
Lloyd, C. G., quoted, 61, 62
Lobesia permixtana, 54, 131
„ reliquana, 131
Loewiola centaureae, 247
Lolium temulentum, 114
Lonchaea parvicornis, 139
Lonicera Caprifolium, 54, 238

278

BRITISH GALLS

Lonicera Periclymenum, 54, 238
„ Xylosteum 54, 238
Lophyrus pini, 44
Lorrain-Smith, Miss A. L., 102
Lotus corniculatus, 212
„ uliginosus, 212
Lowe, Dr. 76
Lucerne, 210
Lychnis alba, 183
Lycogala epidendrum, 62

Macrodiplosis dryobia, 72, 73, 173
„ volvens, 73, 173
Macrolabis corrugans, 223, 249
,, pilosellae, 248
Macrosiphum alliariae, 248
,, solidaginis, 241
ulmariae, 198
Madder, Field, 237
Maidstone, 71
Male Fern, 130
Mallow, Common, 218
Malpighi, Marcello, 3, 4
Malva sylvesiris, 218
Malvaceae, 218
Mantle galls, 8
Maple, 97, 215, 216
Marble gall, 41-43
Marjoram, Common, 238
Marshwort, Procumbent, 222
Massalongia rubra, 156
Mat-grass, 94
Matlhiola annua, 103

,, incana, 103, 187
Matthiolus, i
Mayetiola destructor, 74
,, hold, 136
„ poae, 138
Mayr, Professor, 40, 42
Meadow Rue, 184

,, ,, Common, 185

,, ,, Lesser, 185

Meadow Sweet, 63, 64, 198, 199
Mecinus beccabungae, 231, 232
,, collinus, 48, 231, 234

„ linariae, 49, 231

,, noctis, 231
„ pyraster, 233
,, villosulus, 232
Medicago falcata, 210
,, sativa, 112, 210
Medick, Yellow, 210
Melampsora cerastii, 7, Il8, 134

Melilotus altissima, 210
„ officinalis, 210
Mentha aquatica, 227
,, arvensis, 228
,, longifolia, 227
,, rotundifolia, 227
,, spicata, 227
,, sylvestris, 227
,, viridis, 227
Menyanthes trifoliata, 226
Mercurialis annua, 214
,, perennis, 214
Merrett, Dr., 2
Merulius cupressi, 62
Miarus campanulae, 48, 240, 241
Micronematus abbreviatus, 20, 205
Mikiola fagi, 70, 71, 175
Milfoil, 72, no, 242, 243
Mint, Corn, 228
,, Horse, 227
, , Round-leaved, 227
,, Spear, 227
,, Water, 227

Mite galls, characteristics of, 93
Mites, dispersal of, 96
„ notes on, 92, 93
Mompha decorella, 55, 56, 220, 221
Monarthropalpus buxi, 215
Monochetus sulcatus, 94, 176
“ Monothalamous ” (definition of),

25

Moschatel, 237
“ Moss gall,” 29
Mosses, 13, 108
Moths, their life-history, 53

,, list of British gall-causing,

54. 55

Mountain Ash, 204, 205
Mouse-ear, Narrow-leaved, 183
Mugwort, 245
Muller, A., 74
Muscidae, 73
Mustard, Hedge, 190
„ Treacle, 190

Myagrum perfoliatum, 102
Mycetozoa causing galls, I2I
Mycorrhiza, 115
Myopites Frauenfeldi, 74, 242
„ inulae, 74, 242

Myrica Gale, 141
Myricaceae, 141
Mytilaspis pomorum, 89, 224
Myxomycetes and flies, 62

INDEX

279

Myzoxylus lanif5er, 85» 206
Myzus ribis, I95>

“ Nail” galls on lime-leaves, lOO
Nalepa, Dr. Alfred, 94
Nasturtium palustre, 188
,, sylvestre, 1 88

Nectarine, 122
Nectarosiphum rubi, 199
Nectria ditissima, 122, 176, 197,

226

Nem 'tus abbreyiatus, 205
„ baccarum, 147

„ bellus, 147

„ crassulus, 142

„ cuiticornis, 147

„ femoralis, 145. 15°

„ gallarum, 22, 145

„ gallicola, 21, 22, 142,

H3, 150

„ herbacea, 152

„ ischnocerus, 145, 151

,, leucostictus, 142

,, leucostigmus, 146

,, mucronatus, 148

,, nigrolinealus, 145

,, ribesii, 44

,, salicis-cinereae, 22, 145
,, vacciniellus, 224

,, Valisnierii, 142

,, vesicator, 145

,, viminalis, 145

,, Vollenhoveni, 145

Nepeta Cataria, 229
,, Glechoma. 229

,, hederacea, 229

Nepticula apicella, 153

,, argyropeza, 54, 56, 153
Nettle, 9, 65

Nettles, fungus galls on, 119
Neuruterus albipes, 37, 43, 165

,, Aprilinus, 40, 169, 170

,, baccarum, 36, 43, 166

,, fumipennis, 38, 166

,, laeviusculus, 37, 38, 43,

165

,, lenticularis, 37, 43, 44.

166

,, numismatis, 37, 167

,, tricolor, 38

,, vesicator, 167

Newton Abbot, 116

Nicholson, W. E., on moss galls, 108 [

Nipplewort, 248
Notommata Wernecki, 13

“ Oak-apple ” gall, 34-36
Oak galls, catalogue of British,
160-174

„ caused by Macrodiplo-

sis, 72, 73

„ „ » moths, 54

„ sporadic appearances

of, 36

Odontoglossum attacked by eel-
worms, 1 13

Oecocecis guyonella, 58
Oedomyces leproides, 122
Oenanthe crocata, 223
Oleaceae, 225, 226
Oligotrophus annulipes, 8, 9, 70, 71,

17s

,, betulae, 156

,, bursarius. 69, 229

,, capreae, 149

,, corni, 69, 224

,, juniperinus, 131

,, Leemei, 71, 72, 177

„ Solmsii, 71, 237, 238

,, taxi, II, 68, 76, 131

Omphalia campanella, 61
Onagraceae, 220, 221
Onobrychidis viciaefolia, 213
Ophioglossum vulgatum, 13 1
Orache, 182

,, Halberd leaved, 182
Orchids attacked by eelworms, 113
„ ,, „ sawflies, 45

,, galls on roots of, 74, 75
Origanum vulgare, 228
Origin of galls, views of early
writers, 1-3

Ormerod, Miss E., 42, 43. 5°>

74, 76, 85. 107, III, 113
Orneodes hexadactyla, 54, 238
Osier, Common, 57,66, 147
,, Purple, 145
Oscinis frit, 74, 76
,, vastator, 76
Oxyna flavipennis, 242
Oxyria digyna, l8l
“ Oyster ” gall, 5, 39, 40

Paget, Sir James, 4
Pammene splendidulana, 54, 172
Papaver dubium, 187

28o

BRITISH GALLS

Papaver Rhaeas, 103, 187
,, somniferum, 103
Fapaveraceae, 187
Paris Daisy, crown-gall on, 123
Parsnip, 223

“ Parthenogenesis” (definition of), 30
Pazlavsky, 29

‘‘ Pea galls ” on oak leaves, 37-39
Peach, 122
Pear Midge, 75
,, Tree, 205, 206
Pear-leaf Blister mite, 105
Pearlwort, 184
Pedicularis sylvatica, 233
Pemphigus affinis, 87, 155
,, bursarius, 87, 155
,, filaginis, 242
,, pallidus, 177, 178
,, spirothecae, 87, 155
,, ulmi, 177
Pennycress, 193
Pepperwort, Common, 193
„ Whitlow, 193
Peridermium elatinum, 7, 13, 118,

133, 134

,, pini, 117,133
Perrisia acrophila, 225
,, affinis, 219

,, alpina, 183

,, aparines, 236

,, capitigena, 214

,, cardaminis, 188, 189
,, carpini, 159

,, cerastii, 183

,, crataegi, ii, 207

,, epilobii, 220

,, filicina, 9, 66, 130
,, filipendulae, 64
,, fraxini, 225

,, galeobdolontis, 230
,, galii, II, 67, 68, 234

,, galiicola, 235

,, genisticola, 208

,, glechomae, 65, 229

,, hyperici, 218, 219
,, ignorata, 210

,, Inchbaldiana, 66, 144
,, inclusa, 137

,, lathyricola, 214

,, lotharingiae, 183
,, loticola, 212

,, lychnidis, 183

,, mali, 206

Perrisia marginem-torquens,66,i43,
149

,, muricatae, 139
,, onobrychidis, 213

,, papaveris, 187

,, persicariae, 180

,, plicatrix, 199-201

,, pteridicola, 66

,, pyri, 205

,, ranunculi, 185, 186
,, rosarum, 202, 203

,, serotina, 218

,, stachydis, 229

,, terminalis, 66, 143, 144
,, tiliamvolvens, 217
,, trachelii, 241

,, trifolii, 211, 212

,, tubicola, 209

,, ulmariae, 63, 64, 198, 199

„ urticae, 9, 65, 179

,, veronicae, ii, 64, 65, 232

,, viciae, 213, 214

,, violae, 219, 220

Peucedanum sativum, 223
Peyritsch on experimental galls, 6,
90, 102, 103

Phalonia atricapitana, 55, 245
Phleum pratense, 112
Phloeodes tetraquetrana, 155, 157
Phorbia brassicae, 75, 191, 192
,, seneciella, 246

Phorodon galeopsidis, 230
,, humuli, 196

Phragmites communis, 137
’ Phyllaphis fagi, 176
Phyllerium, 93

,, on fossil maple leaves,

98

,, rubi, 2C»

,, tortulosum, 156, 157

Phyllocoptes acericola, 94, 97, 215
,, fraxini, 94, 225, 226

,, magnirostis, 144

,, oblongus, 96

,, pedicularis, 233

,, populi, 154

Physoderma heleocharidis, 139
Phytoptus aceris, 215
,, ajugae, 230

,, coryli, 160

,, crataegi, 207

,, fraxini, 226

,, galii, 236

INDEX

281

9 •

99
99
9 9

99

99

99

99

Phvtoptus galiobus, 235

goniothorax, 207
macrochelus, 215
myriadeum, 215
padi, 19^
pyri, 204
ribis, 195

sanguisorbae, 202

similis, 197
taxi, 132
tetratrichus, 217
tiliarius, 217
viburni, 237
Picea excelsa, 133
,, onentalis, 84, 134
Pimpinella Saxifraga, 222
Pine, Scotch, 51, 54. *^7. ‘32. ‘33
“ Pineapple” galls, 8l
Pinks, 103

Pinus sylvestris, 54, 132
Plantaginaceae, 233, 234
Plantago lanceolata, 54. 233
major, 233
maritima, 234
,, media, 233
Plantain, Greater, 233

Hoary, 49, 233
,, Ribwort, 49, 54. 233

,, Seaside, 49, 234

Plasmodiophora alni, 158

brassicae, 12, I2l,

” 188, 191, ‘92.

194

Platyptilia isodaciyla, 55, 246
Pleurotus ostreatus, 61
Pliny the Elder, i, 78
Plowright, Dr., 7
Poa annua, 137
„ nemoralis, 138
,, pratensis, 138
Pocket galls, 49
Pocket plums, 122
Polygonaceae, 179-182
Polygonum amphibium, 180
aviculare, 54, 180
bistorta, 180
Convolvulus, 179
Hydropiper, 180
lapathifolium, 180
Persicaria, l8o
p.^lvporus, 61 .

“ Polythalamous ” (definition of), 25
Pontania Bridgmanii, 148

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

9 9
99
9 9

99
99
9 9

Pontania femoralis, 31, 145.

leucosticta, 21, 142
pedunculi, 21, 22, 64, 147.

proxima, 21, 22, 142. ‘43>
148, 150. ‘52
salicis, 21-23, 145. ‘40
scotaspis, 21
vacciniella, 23, 224
vesicator, 21, 145,146.

viminalis, 21, 145, ‘46
Poplar, Black, 54, 55. ^54. i55
„ Grey, 55. 152
„ White, 55. 152

Poppy, Common, 28, 103, 187
,, Smooth-headed, 28, 187
Populus alba, 55. ^52

canescens, 55, 1 52
fastigiata, 87

nigra, 54. 55. 87. ^54. ^55
tremula, 54, I53> ^54
Potatoes, “black scab” of, 122
Poterium Sanguisorba, 202
Potter, Professor M. C., 122
Preserving and collecting galls,
notes on, 14, 15
Privet, Common, 226
Protomyces chrysosplenii, 195

niacrosporus, 120, 222,
223

,, menyanthis, 220

microsporus, 186
I, pachydermus, 250

Prunus Cerasus, 198
domestica, 12
insititia, 197
Padus, 198
spinosa, 196
Pseudo-galls, 52

Pseudohormomyia granifex, 139

Psylla buxi, 88, 215
„ crataegi, 207
„ pyrisuga, 205
Psyllidae, 77. 87, 88
Psyllioides napi, 188, 189
Psyllopsis fraxini, 88, 225, 226
Pteris aquilina, 130
Pterophorus microdactylus, 54, 24
Puccinia adoxae, 237

aegopodii, 222
apii, 221
calthae, 186
caricis, 1 19, 179

99

99

99

99

99

9 9

99

282

BRITISH GALLS

Puccinia coronifera, 216
,, fabae, 122

»» galii, 234-237

,, glechomatis, 229
,, glomerata, 246

„ graminis, 187

,, menthae, 227, 228, 230

,, persistens, 185

,, poarum, 245

,, saniculae, 221

Pulicaria dysenterica, 242
Putoniella marsupialis, 196
Pyrus Aria, 204
M Aucuparia, 204, 205

„ communis, 205, 206

„ Malus, 206
,, torminalis, 204

Quercetum, the Kew, 36
Quercus cerris, 42, 174. 175

>> M var. Lucombeana, 43
„ dentata, 43

,, infectoria, i, 43

M pedunculata, 6, 43. 44

M Robur, 42, 54

>> >> catalogue of galls

on, 160-174

>> ,, list*of British cyni-

99

,, pidous gall-
causers on, 32, 33
,, list of British lepi-
dopterous gall-
causers on, 54
sessiliflora, 36
Turneri, 43

Radicula palustris, 188
sylrestris, 188
Radish, Horse, 189
Ragwort, Common, 55, 117, 245,
246

,, Marsh, 55, 246
Ramalinacuspidata, var. crassa, 102
,, Kullensis, loi, 102
,, scopulorum, var. in-
crassata, ro2
Ranunculaceae, 184-186
Ranunculus acris, 1^5, 186
,, bulbosus, 186
,, repens, 186
Rape, 191, 192
Raspberry, 199
Rattle, Red, 233

Rattle, Yellow, 233
Reaumur, 4, 18, 27
Rees’s “Cyclopaedia,” 3
Retinia resinella, 55, 132
Rhabdophaga heterobia 142, 151
,, rosaria, ii, 67, 144,

146, 149, 1 51

,, saliciperda, 66, 67,

I43» T44, 146, 149
,, sahcis, 67, 143, 146,

149- 15 I

Rhamnaceae, 216
Rhamnus catharticus, 216
,, Frangula, 216
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, 233
Rhodites eglanteriae, 30, 202-204
„ nervosus, 203

,, rosae, 29, 202-204

,, rosarum, 29, 30, 203, 204

,, spinosissima, 30, 302

Rhododendron, 75

,, ferrugineum, 12,

1 16

>, hirsutum, 12, 116

,, Wilsonii, 1 16

Rhodymenia palmata, 13
Rhopalomyia foliorum, 245

,, millefolii, 72, 243

244

,, ptarmicae, 243

,, ^ tanaceticola, 244

Rhopalosiphum ligustri, 226
„ ribis, 195, 196

Rhyacionia resinella, 54, 58, 132
Rhytisma salicinum, 150
Ribbon-footed Corn-fly, 75
Ribes Grossularia, 195
,, nigrum, 196
,, rubrum, 195
Riedel, 61
Riley, Professor, 4
“ Robin’s Pincushion,” 29
Rock Rose, Common, 219
Rocket, Yellow, 188
Roestelia lacerata, 208
Rolfe on oak galls at Kew, 43
Root galls, 9

“ Root-knot ” eelworm, 107
Rosa arvensis, 204
,, canina, 203, 204
,, Eglanteria, 203
,, mollis, 202
,, spinosissima, 202

INDEX

283

Rosa villosa, 202
Rosaceae, 196-208
Rose, Burnet-leaved, 202
„ Dog, 203, 204
,, Sweet-briar, 203
,, Trailing, 204
Rose canker, 122

leaves attacked by Blenno-
” campa, 20, 45

,, dissimilar galls on, S>
29, 30

Rosette galls, types of, 1 1
Ross, Dr., 61
Royston, 82
Rubiaceae, 234-237
Rubsaamen, 61
Rubus caesius, 200, 201
„ fruticosus, 200
„ idaeus, 199
„ plicatus, 122
„ rusticanus, 200
Rumex, 7

,, Acetosa, 48, i8i
,, Acetosella, 182
,, conglomeratus, 18 1
,, crispus, 181
,, pulcher, l8l
Rush, Creeping Spike, 139
,, Hard, 140
,, Heath, 140
,, Lesser Jointed, 140
,, Sharp-flowered Jointed, 140
,, Shining-fruited Jointed, 140
,, Small Club, 139
,, Toad, 140
Rushes, tassel galls on, 88
Rye, 75

Saffron, Meadow, 141
Sagina ciliata, 184
Sainfoin, 213
Salicaceae, 141- 155
Salix, 55

,, alba, 143, 144 ,

,, ,, var. vitellina, 144, 145

,, aurita, 150

,, caprea, 64, 147*150

,, cinerea, 64, 150

,, fragilis, 66, 142, 143

,, Helix, 146

,, herbacea, 1 51, 152
,, humilis, 5, 64

,, laurina, 151

Salix pentandra, 141, 142
,, purpurea, 22, 145

,, var. Woolganana,

’ 146

,, repens, 151
,, rubra, 146
,, triandra, 67, 142
,, viminalis, 57
Sambucus nigra, 237
Samphire, Golden, 74> 242
Sanicle, Wood, 221
Sanicula europaea, 221
Saperda populnea, 10, 50, 5^* H2>
144, 148, 150, 1 52- 1 54
Sawflies, notes on, 18-24
Saxifragaceae, 195, 196
Saxifrage, Burnet, 222
,, Golden, 195
Scabiosa Columbaria, 240
Scabious, Small, 240
Schitfner, Professor, 108
Schinzia alni, Ii5>

,, cypericola, 140, 141

Schizomyia galiorum, 234, 235
,, pimpinellae, 222-224
Schizoneura lanigera, 85, 86, 206
,, lanuginosa, 178

„ ulmi, 84-87, 177. 178

Sciaphila communana, 36
Sciapteron tabaniforme, 55, 1 54 _

,, var. rhin-

eiaeforme,

55, 152

Scirpus nanus, 139
,, parvulus, 139
Scotch Pine destroyed by Rhyacionia
resinella, 58

„ galls on, 132, 133
Scroll galls, 8, 9
Scrophularia nodosa, 231
Scrophulariaceae, 230-233
Sea Mat-grass, 24, 94
Sea-Rocket, Purple, 194
Seaweeds attacked by eel worms,

1 10

Sedge, Great, 139

,, Great Prickly, 1 39

,, Mud, 139

,, Tufted, 139
Selandria analis, 20, 130

,, temporalis, 20, 130
Senecio aquaticus, 55, 246

,, Jacobaea, 55, 117, 245, 246

284

BRITISH GALLS

Senecio Sarrasenicus, 246
,, sylvaticus, 117
,, viscosus, 1 17

,, vulgaris, 245

Service Tree, 204
Sesia formicaeformis, 57
“ Sexuparae” (definition of), 82
Sharp, Dr. David, 18, 26, 47, 59,
89

Sheep’s Bit, loi, 240
,, Fescue Grass, 24
Shepherd’s Purse, 75, 109, 193
Sherardia arvensis, 237
Shoreham, 56
Sich, Alfred, 6
Silene acaulis, 183
„ inflata, 183
,, latifolia, 183
Silk-button gall, 37
Silver Firs, “witches’ brooms” on,
118

Siphocoryne xylostei, 238
Siphonophora alliarae, 248
,, pisi, 198

,, rubi, 199
,, solidaginis, 241

Sisymbrium officinale, 190
,, Sophia, 190
Sloe, 122

Smicronyx caecus, 5 1

„ jungermanniae, 51
Smith, Worthington G., 113, 118
Sneezewort, 243, 244
Solid galls, 9
Solidago Virgaureae, 241
Sonchus arvensis, 251
,, oleraceus, 250
Sorosphaera veronicae, 121, 122
Sorrel Dock, 48
,, Mountain, i8i
,, Sheep’s, 182
Sow Thistle, 72
,, ,, Corn, 251

,, ,, Sharp-fringed, 250

Spangle galls, 37
Spathegaster albipes, 165
,, Aprilinus, 169

,, baccarum, 166

,, similis, 167, 168

,, Taschenbergi, 168

,, tricolor, 166

,, verrucosus, 167

,, vesicalrix, 167

Speedwell, Germander, 64, 231, 232
,, Marsh, 49, 232
,, Thyme-leaved, 231
,, Water, 232
Spergula arvensis, 184
Spiraea Filipendula, 63, 64, 199
„ Ulmariae, 63, 64, 198, 129
Spittal, Miss M. K., 71
Spruce, Common, 80-84, 133, 134
,, galls, II, 79
,, Oriental, 84, 134
Spurge, Leafy-branched, 214
Spurrey, Corn, 184
Stachys sylvatica, 229
Starwort, Sea, 241
Stellaria graminea, 184
,, Holostea, 184

Stenolechia gemmella, 54, 173
Stictodiplosis corylina, 159
,, jacobaea, 246

,, scrophulariae, 231

Stitchwort, Greater, 184
,, Lesser, 184
St. John’s Wort, Common, 218
,, ,, Trailing, 218

,, ,, Small, 218, 219

St. Leonard’s, 13
Stock, Hoary, 187
Stocks, 75, 103
Straton, Dr. Charles, 24, 43
Strawberries attacked by eelworms,
107

Strawberry, Wild, 201
Swartz, E. J., quoted, I2i
Swedes, 49, 192
Sweet Briar, 29
,, Gale, 141
Sycamore, 94, 97, 215
Synchytrium taraxaci, 1 16, 250

Table of British cynipidous gall-
causers on oak, 32, 33
,, of genera of British gall-
causers, 16, 17
Tanacetum vulgare, 244, 245
Tansy, 244, 245
Taphrina aurea, 152, 154, 155
,, bullata, 207

,, johansonii, 154

,, Sadebeckii, 158

„ ulmi, 177, 178

Taraxacum officinale, 250
Tare, Hairy, 213

INDEX

285

))

5>

) )
> >

Tarsonemus spirifex, 136
Taxodium distichum, 62, 63
Taxus baccata, 131
Teasel, Wild, 109, 240
Tenthredinidae, 18
Tephritis bardanae, 246
conura, 73, 247
dioscurea, 242

eluta, 73, 247

flavipennis, 242
formosa, 250
leontodontis, 250
plantaginis, 241
proboscidea, 244
ruralis, 249
Teras terminalis, 164
Tetraneura alba, 178

ulmi, 87, 88, 177. 178

Teucrium chamaedrys, 77
,, montanum, 77
Thalictrum dunense, 184
,, flavum, 185

,, minus, 185

Thamnium (Porotrichum) alopecu
rum, 108

Thecodiplosis brachyntera, 132
Theobald, F. V., 20, 75. 105
Theophrastus, l
Thistle, Common Sow, 72
Creeping, 73, 247
Melancholy, 73> ^47
,, Spear, 246, 247
Thlaspi arvense, 193, I94
,, perfoliatum, 194
Thom, Professor, 61
Thyme, Wild, 228
Thymus Serphyllum, 228
Tilia europaea, 217
,, platyphyllos, 21 7
,, vulgaris, 217, 218
Tiliaceae, 217, 218
Tilletia bullata, 180
,, decipiens, 7
Timothy Grass, 74
Tingidae, 77

Toadflax, Yellow, 27, 48, 49. 230,

Tormentil, Common, 201
Tortrix paleana, 54, 233
Trail, Professor, 43, II2
Transmission of double flowers,
102, 103

Traveller’s Joy, 184

II

II

I I

I I
»l
II

n

I)
I)
1 1

Treacle Mustard, 190
Trees, immunity from galls, 5* ®
Trefoil, Common Bird’s-foot, 212
Hop, 212
Lesser Yellow, 212
Marsh Bird’s-foot, 212
,, Sulphur-coloured, 21 1
Trichiocampus viminalis, 153
Trichobasis fallens, 21 1
„ galii. 234

Tricholoma nudum, 61

personatum, 61
,, sordidum, 61
Trichopsylla Walkeri, 216
Trifolium dubium, 212
medium, 21 1
minus, 212
ochroleucon, 21 1
pratense, 210, 21 1
,, procumbens, 212
,, repens, 21 1, 212

Trigonaspis crustalis, 165
,, megaptera, 165

,, renum, 165

Trioza atriplicis, 182
,, centranthi, 239
cerastii, 90
chenopodii, 182
galii, 235-237
remota, 174
rhamni, 87. 88, 216
urticae, I79
,, viridula, 222, 224
Trypeta bardanae, 73, 246
„ guttularis, 243
,, jaceae, 246
,, reticulata, 249
Tubercular galls, 9
Tumours on various trees, 120
Turkey Oak bud gall, 42. I74
Turnip, Common, 192
,, Swedish, 192
Turnips, 49, 51
Tussilago Farfara, 245

Tylenchusagrostidis, 112

,, Davainii, 107, 108

„ devastatrix, 106,

H3- 13s. 137,

180, 184, 193.
212, 233, 240
dipsaci, 109
fucicola, 107. no
graminis, 107, no.

I)

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

107

138

211

138

286

BRITISH GALLS

Tylenchus Haversteini, 112
tj hieracii, 112, 249

M hordei, 112

M hyacinthi, 112

„ millefolii, 107, no, 243

,, nivalis, 112

>, phalaridis, 112

M tritici, 107, no, III, 113,

135

Ulex europaeus, 208, 209
,, minor, 209
M nanus, 209
Ulmaceae, 177
Ulmus campestris, 177, 178
„ glabra, 177
montana, 177
,, surculosa, 177, 178
Umbelliferae, 221-224
“ Unilocular” (definition of), 25
Uredo caryophyllacearum, 134
Urocystis anemones, 185, 186
,, colchici, 141
,, pompholygodes, 185

,, sorosporioides, 184, 185

,, violae, 219, 220
Uromyces rumicis, 7

,, trifolii, 211, 212
,, Valerianae, 239
Urophora cardui, 73, 247
,, macrura, 245
,, solstitialis 247
,, stylata, 247
Urtica dioica, 179
,, urens, 179
Urticaceae, 179
Ustilago bistortatum, 180

,, marina, 139

,, utriculosa, 179, 180

,, vinosa, i8i

Vaccinium Myrtillus, 225

,, Vitis-Idaea, 224, 225

Valerian, Great, 239
„ Red, 239

,, Small Marsh, 239

Valeriana dioica, 239

,, sambucifolia, 239

Valerianaceae, 239
Valerianella carinata, 239
,, dentata, 239

Vaucheria Dillwyni, 13
Veronica Anagallis-aquatica, 232

Veronica Beccabunga, 232

„ Chamaedrys, 121,231, 232

„ montana, 65

„ officinalis, 6, 7, 65, 102,

103

„ scutellata, 232

,, serphyllifolia, 231

Vetch, Bush, 213, 214
,, Kidney, 212
„ Milk, 213
,, Tuberous Bitter, 214
,, Tufted, 213
„ Wood, 213
Vetches, 47

Viburnum Lantana, 237, 238
„ Opulus, 237

Vicia Cracca, 213
„ Faba, 113
,, hirsuta, 213
,, sepium, 213, 214
,, sylvatica, 213
Viola arvensis, 220
,, canina, 219, 220
,, odorata, 219
,, sylvestris, 219
Violaceae, 219, 220
Violet, Dog, 219, 220
,, Lilac Edge, 219
,, Sweet, 219
Violets attacked by mites, 105
Vogler, Professor, 61

Wall Mustard, 75
Wallflower, Common, 103, 187
Walnut, loi, 141
Watercress, Yellow, 188
Watson, Sereno, 46
“ Wax hairs,” 87
Weevils, 49

Weston-super-Mare, 28, 71, 88, 95,
96

Westwood, J. O., 45
Wheat attacked by Chlorops, 75, 76
,, „ Diplosis, 75

Whin, Needle, 208
Whitlow Grass, 50, 189
Whortleberry, 225
Willow, Almond-leaved, 142
,, Bay-leaved, 23, 141, 142
,, Crack, or Withy, 142, 143

,, Creeping, 151

,, Dwarf, 151, 152

,, Goat, 22, 147-150

INDEX

287

Willow Grey, 150, 15 1
,, Round-leaved, 150

„ White, 143, 144
Willow-herb, 55

,, Broad smooth-

leaved, 56, 221
,, Great Hairy, 220

,, Narrow-leaved, 221

,, Rose-bay, 220

,, Small flowered, 220

Willow leaves, galls on, 21-23
„ shoots, galls on, 66
Willow', galls on branches, 5S> 57»
66

Winchester, 71

“ Witches’ brooms,” 5, 12, 96, 97,
117, 118

Wood Spurge, 7
Woodruff, 237
Wormwood, Common, 245
Woundwort, Hedge, 229
Wych him, 71, 72

Xestophanes brevitarsus, 201
,, tormentillae, 201
Xyloma salicinum, 150

Yew, II, 68, 76, 95. ^3^

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