'V'S 4 With Sixty -fWe Plates of tV/’' c/fjor/i UMAL PROBFCTIOH Surgeon General to the Settlerpent ■U ^ f * •- • ‘ A- • f - • - • ♦•• *• •• . 3 >• « • ^ '* . V ys •v %» %• .r P V^////f// //V" M ][j) c; i: X i: >1 * 4 * I •4 ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIA LIBRARY CLASS Vo H-O ACCN. >3. i‘3k.Q'l6 SOURCE DATE • * •«’ .1 J "O To THOMAS WILSON, Efq. afford you fome Amufement during your Hours of Relaxation, I ftiall efteem myfelf happy if it anfwers that Purpofe. I hope that the Specimens of Natural Hiftory may tend to the Promotion of your favourite Science, and that, on this Account, it will not be unacceptable to you. By the next Conveyance I \ truft I (hall be enabled to make fome Additions, that will not be unworthy the Attention of the Naturalifts. A DEAR SIR, S the following Journal was undertaken at - your Requeft, and its principal Object to A Let / DEDICATION. Let my prefent Communications, which the fudden failing of the Ships from hence, and the Duties of my Department, have rendered lefs copious than I intended, at leaft ferve to con- vince you of my Readinefs at all Times to comply with your Wifhes 5 and of the Refpe£l: and Efteem with which I am, DEAR SIR, YOUR VERY OBEDIENT Sydney Cove, Port Jackfon, New South Wales, November i8th, 1788. AND HUMBLE SERVANT, JOHN WHITE. A DVERTISEMENT. IT becomes the duty of the Editor, as much as it is his inclination, to return his public and grateful acknow- ledgments to the Gentlemen, through whofe abilities and liberal communications, in the province of Natural Hiftory, he has been enabled to furmount thofe difficulties that ne- ceflarily attended the defcription of fo great a variety of ani- mals, prefented for the firft time to the obfervation of the Naturalift, and confequently in the clafs of Non-defcripts. Among thofe Gentlemen he has the honour, particularly, to reckon the names of Dr. Shaw ; Dr. Smith, the poflefTor of the celebrated Linnaean Colledion ; and John Hunter, Efq. who, to a fublime and inventive genius, happily unites a difinterefted and generous zeal for the promotion of natural fcience. The Public may rely, with the moft perfect confidence, on the care and accuracy with which the Drawings have been copied from nature, by Mifs Stone, Mr. Catton, Mr. Nodder, and other artifts ; and the Editor flatters himfelf the Engravings are all executed with equal corrednefs, by, or under the immediate infpedion of Mr. Milton. The Birds, &c. from which the drawings were taken are de- pofited in the Leverian Mu feu m. A LIST OF PLATES. I *7 Sacred King’s Fifher ------ 1 8 The Bankfia Serrata in Bud - - - - 1 9 Do. in Flower - 20 Do. in Fruit - -- -- -- - 21 The Bankfia Pyriformis - _ - - - 22 The Bankfia, and Bankfia Gibbofa 23 Peppermint Tree 24 Tea Tree of New South Wales - - - 25 Bark of the Red Gum Tree - - - . 26 Crefted Cockatoo ------- 27 White Fulica - -- -- -- - 28 Southern Motacilla - - - - - _ 29 Crefted Goatfucker ------- 30 Seine-formed Lizard -----. 31 Muricated Lizard and Snake - - - - 32 Ribboned and Broad-tailed Lizards - - 33 Blue Frogs - 34 Root of the Yellow Gum Tree - - - - 35 White Hawk - -- -- -- - 36 White Vented Crow ------ 37 Fulliginous Peteril ------ 38 Variegated Lizard ------- 39 Pungent Chaetodon and Granulated Baliftes 40 Muricated Lizard, Variety - - - - 41 Superb Warblers ------- 42 Motacilla - -- -- -- -- PAGE. ■ - 193 “ - 221 ■ - 222 - 223 - 224 ■ - 225 ■ - 226 - 230 - 231 - 237 - 238 - 239 - 241 - 242 - 244 - 243 - 248 - 249 - 250 “ 251 - 252 - 253 - 254 - 255 - 256 - 257 43 Snake, A LIST OF PLATES. PAGE. 43 Snake, No. i, ----------- - --258 44 Do. No. 2. - 258 45 Do. No. 5. 46 Do. No. I. and 2. - 259 47 Infers of New South Wales, viz. Large Scolopendra, Spider, Crab, and Caterpillar - -- - -- -- -- -- 260 48 Small Paroquet 262 49 Red Shouldered Do. - 263 30 Cypronaceous Labrus and Hippocampus 264 51 Doubtful! Lophius - -- -- -- -- -- -- 263 52 Southern Cottus and Flying Fifh - -- -- -- - - 266 53 Fafciated Mullet and Doubtful Sparus --..-----268 54 The Kangaroo - - ----------- - 272 53 White Jointed Spider - -- -- -- -- -- - 277 36 Wha Tapoua Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- 278 37 Dog of New South Wales - -- -- -- -- -- 280 38 The Tapoa Tafa - -- -- -- - -- -- -281 39 The Spotted Do. --------------283 60 A Poto Roo - - 285 61 Hepoona Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- -288* 62 Feather of the CalTowary, and Fidi Hooks - - - - ' - - 290 63 Implements of New South Wales j viz. a War Spear, Fiih Gig,, ^ Hatchet, a Sword, and Bafket of New South Wales 292 64 Atherine, Tobacco Pipe, and Remora Fifli 296 65_New Holland Creeper, Female 297* A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. A. A’COURT, William Pierce Aflie, Efq. M. P. Addifon, Edward, Efq, Anderfoii, Thomas, Efq. AnEruther, John, Efq. M. P. Allen, Jofeph, Efq. Arthur, Mr. Adair, James, Efq. B. Burrell, Sir William, Bart. Barnard, Mr. Brifac, Mrs. G. Banks, Sir Jofeph, Bart. Budgen, John Smith, Efq. Buck, George, Efq. Brook, Mr. Brook, Mr. Richard Bolt, John, Efq. Bunbury, Sir Tho. Charles, Bart. M. P. Bonnor, Mr. William Bowering, Mr. Bofville, William, Efq. Bradlhaw, Auguflus Cavendifh, Efq. Buckingham Book Club Bowyer, George, Efq. Boldero, Charles, Efq. Binftead, Thomas, Efq. Blackmore, Mr, a. BuckmaRef, SUBSCRIBERS. Biickmafler, Jofeph, Efq. Bar well, Edward, Efq. Barton, the Rev. Mr. Brown, Jackfon, Efq. Bateman, Lord Vifcount Byrne, William, Efq. Beckett, Mr. Bookfeller, 4 copies Barker, George Hollington, Efq. Baldwin, Mr. Bookfeller, 25 copies Bew, Mr. ditto, 12 ditto C. Crewe, John, Efq. M. P. Caldwell, Sir John, Bart. Cotterell, John, Efq. Cavendifh, Right Hon. Sir Henry, Bart. Carpenter, Richard,, Efq.. Combe, Dr. Callon, William, Efq. Clake, Rev. James Charles Church, James Miller, Efq.. Crooklhanks, John, Efq. Crace, John, Efq. Carter, Thomas, Efq., Clarke, Richard, Efq, Currie, Mark, Efq. Chafe, John, Efq^ Claridge, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Henry, two copies. Calvert, Robert, Efq. Calvert, Charles, Efq. Come wall, Thomas, Efq. Clark, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Clarke, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto Cuthell, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto Cooper, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto D. Dundas, Sir Thomas, Bart. M.P. Dawkins,. Henry, Efq. Donegal, the Earl of Dyer, Mr.^ George Dormer, Lady Cottrell Doo, John, Efq. Digby, the Rev. Noel Delgarno, John, Efq. Dent, John, Efq. Dilly, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Deighton, Mr. ditto 6 ditto~ E„ Ellis, George, Efq. Earle, George, Efq. Evans, Mr. David Elliot, William, Efq. Eardley, Mrs. ERridge, SUBSCRIBER S. Eftridge, John, Efq. Englefield, Sir Henry, Bart. Eaton, the Rev. Stephen Elmfley, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Egerton, Meff. T. and J. ditto, 1 5 do. Edvi^^ards, Mr. ditto, 9 ditto Evans, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto Earle, Mr. 3 copies F. Falkner, Thomas, Efq. Fullarton, William, Efq. Fonnereau, Martin, Efq. Fairbank, Mr. Fitzhugh, Thomas, Efq. Faulder, Mr. Bookfeller, 13 copies Forbes, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies Fofter, Mr. 12 copies Freeman, John, Efq, G. Gardiner, Sir John Whalley, Bart. Godfrey, John, Efq. Gilbert, Captain Garrow, William, Efq. Garrow, Jofeph, Efq. Grierfon, J. Efq. Gregfon, Mr. C. Groombridge, Mr. Goldfmid, Jeremiah, Efq. Goldfmid, Abraham, Efq. Goodenoiigh, Rev. Dr. Gray, Richard, Efq. Gardner, Mr. Bookfeller, 9 copies H. Harwood, William, Efq. Hargrave, Francis, Efq. Holland, Richard, Efq, Hawke, Lord Hawkins, Thomas, Efq. Hookham, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies Hughes, Sir Edward, K. B. Heydinger, Mr. Hume, Sir Abraham, Bart. Holmes, Leonard Troughear, Efq. Hall, Mr. Hoare, Charles, Efq. Halliday, Capt. John Smith Home, Everard, Efq. Hibbert, Thomas, Efq. Hodgfon, John, Efq. Hibbert, George, Efq. Hunter, John, Efq. Heylin, J. Efq. Howe, Captain Harlow, Mrs. Bookfeller, 6 copies - a 2 Hanbury, SUBSCRIBERS. Hanbiiry, William, Efq. Harpur, Robert, Efq, Hafkoll, Mr. j- Jenkins, Rev. Mr. James, Charles, Efq. Inchiquin, the Earl of, K. P.. Jeffery, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies Jervoife Clarke Jervoife, Efq. Jolinfon, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies K. Kanmacher, Mr. Frederick King, Lord Kelfall, Lieutenant Kenton, B. Efq. Kennion, Mr. Keys, Richard, Efq. Kerby, Mr. John, Bookfeller, 6 copies Kerby, Mr. James, ditto, 6 ditto L. Lettfom, Dr. Levvilham, Vifcount Lucan, Lord Lomax, Mr. Charles Lowes, J. Efq. Lawrence, Richard, Efq. two copies L. P. Efq. Lake, Sir James Winter, Bart. Lofack, Mrs. London, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Lefler, Mr. Long, William, Efq. Ladbroke, Felix, Efq. Longman, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Law, Mr. ditto, 9 copies Lewis, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto. M. - ^ Molefworth, Sir William, Bart.. Monro, Dr. John Marfliam, Hon. Charles Mellow, A. Efq. two copies Mundy, Edward Miller, Efe|. M. P'. Mollyneux, Sir Francis, Bart. Murray, Mr. 6 copies Minfhull, William, Efq. Minet, Daniel, Efq. Mollyneux, Mifs Mackenzie, Alexander, Efq- Milton, Mr. Thomas Nefbit,. N, S U B S C Nelbitt, John, Efq. M.P. Noble, Francis, Efq. Naffau, Hon. Mr. O. Orford, the Earl of, 2 copies Orr, Captain Olbaldefton, George, Efq. Ormerod, Rev. Mr. Ogilvy and Speare, Meffrs.. Book- fellers, 3 copies P. Pennant, Thomas, Efq. Pitt, William, Efq. Parker, Sir Hyde Popham, John, Efq. Peachey, Sir James, Bart. Peachey, John, Efq. Price, Charles, Efq. Popplewell, Mr. Pratt, John, Efq. Parkinfon, Rev. John Purling, John, Efq. Poelhkie, Lewis, Efq, Poulter, Rev. Mr, R I B E R S. Pratt, Mr. J. Price, Mr. William. Powlett, the Rev. Charles Pigou, W. H. Efq. Payne and Son, Meffrs. Bookfellers,, 15 copies Phillips, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto R. Rufliworth, Edward, Efq. M. P. Rous, Thomas Bates, Efq. Rainsford, Mr. Ramus, Mr. Roberts, John, Efq. Rebello, D. A. Efq.. Robinfon, J. Efq. Raynsford, Nicolls, Efq'.. Rycroft, Sir Nelfon, Bart. Rigg» J- Reppington, Charles Edward, Efq. Ridley, Sir Mathew White, Baroner,, M.P. Richards, the Rev. Mr. Rowles, Charles Lee, Efq. Rudge, Samuel, Efq. Robinfons, Meffrs. Bookfellers, 6a‘ copies Rivington and Sons, ditto, 6 ditto> Robfon, Mr. ditto, 6 copies^ Spencers; U B S C Spencer, Earl Sturt, Charles, Efq. M. P. Songa, A. Efq. Stimpfon, Captain Styan, Mr. Smith, William, Efq. Swainfon, Ifaac, Efq. Smith, Mr. Shuttleworth, Robert, Efq. Smith, Sir John, Bart. Sage, Ifaac, Efq. Spence, George, Efq. St. John, Lord Staniforth, William, Elq. Smith, Mrs. late Mifs Stone Shaw, Dodor Smith, Dr. Sewell, Mr. Bookfeller, 62 copies Strahan, Mr. ditto, 3 copies Scatcherd and Whitaker, MeflTrs. 6 do. T. Tahourdin, I. S. Efq. Twigge, P all fecured in irons, except the women. In the evening, as there was but little wind, we were towed by the boats belonging to the guardfhips out of the Hamaoze, where the Dunkirk lay^ into Plymouth Sound. When this duty was completed, the boats returned ; and the wind now frefhening fo as to enable us to clear the land, we proceeded to Spithead,. where we arrived the feventeenth, and anchored on the Mother Bank, among the reft of the tranfports and victuallers intended for the fame expedition, under the condudl of his Majefty’s fhip the Sirius. As foon as the fhip came to anchor, I vifited all the other tranfports, and was really furprifed to find the convidts on board them fo very healthy. When I got on board the Alexander, I found there a medi- cal VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 3. ^cal gentlemaa from Portfmouth, among whofe acquaintance I had not the honour to he numbered. He Tcarcely gave me time to get upon the quarter-deck, before he thus addreffed me — “ I am very glad you. are arrived. Sir ; for your people have got a malignant difeafe among them of a mod; dangerous kind ; and it will be necedary, for their prefervation, to. get them immediately relanded !” Sur- prifed at fuch a falutation, and alarmed at the purport of it, I requeded of my adidant, Mr. Balmain, an intelligent young man, whom I had appointed to this fliip for the voyage, to let me fee the people who were ill. “ Sir,”’ re-t turned Mr. Balmain, taking me adde, you will not find “ thing-s by any means fo bad as this gentleman reprefenta “ them to be : they are made much worfe by , him than they really are. Unlike a perfon widiing to adminider ‘‘‘ comfort to thofe who are afilided, either in body or in mind, he has publicly declared before the poor creatures who are ill,, that they mud inevitably fall a facrifice to the malignant diforder with which they are afHidled ; — ? ‘‘ the malignity of which appears to me to exid only in his- “ own imagination. I did not, however,” continued Mr. Bal- main, think proper to contradidl the gentleman ; fuppofingy from 1787. March. B 2 4 1787- March. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A from the confequence he affumed, and the eafe with' “ which he had given his opinion, or more properly his. “ direSiions^ that he was fome perfon appointed by the “ Secretary of State to officiate for you till your arrival. When you go among the people you will be better able tO' “ judge of the propriety of what I have faid,” Mr. Balmaim had no fooner concluded than! went between decks, and found' every thing juft as he had reprefented it to be.. There were: feveral in bed with flight inflammatory complaints ; fome: there were who kept their bed to avoid the inconvenience of the cold, which was at this time very piercing,, and whofe wretched clothing was but a poor defence againft the rigour of it ; others were confined to their bed through the efiedls of long imprifonment, a weakened habit, and low- nefs of fpirits ; which was not a little added to by the de- claration of the medical gentleman above mentioned, whom' they concluded to be the principal furgeon: to the expedi- tion. However, on my undeceiving them in that point, and at the fame time confirming what Mr. Balmain had from the firft told them, viz. that their complaints were neither malig- nant nor dangerous y their fears abated. To this I added^ that I would immediately give orders for fuch as were in: want VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 5 want of clothing, to be fupplied with what was needful ; a power delegated to me by Captain Phillip, together with the liberty of giving fuch other diredlions as I thought would tend to the recovery or prefervation of their health. And further, as they had been nearly four months oa board, and during that time had been kept upon fait provifions, I would endeavour to get frelh for them while in port. This fhort converfation had fo fudden an effedl on thofe I addreffedy and was of fo op polite a tendency to that of the gentleman alluded to, that before we got from between decks, I had the pleafure to fee feveral of them put on fuch clothes as they had, and look a little cheerful. I then pointed out ta Lieutenant Johnfon, commanding officer of the marines on board, and to the mafter of the ffiip, the neeeffity there was of admitting the convicts upon the deck, one half at a time,- during the courfe of the day i in order that they might breathe: a purer air, as nothing would conduce more to the preferva-- tion of their health. To this thefe gentlemen readily affient- ed ; adding, that they had no objection to the whole num- ber coming upon deck at once, if I thought it neceffary, aa they were not apprehenlive of any danger from the indul- gence. On returning to the quarter-deck, I found my new^ medical 1787. March* 6 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A medical acquaintance flill there ; and before I could give forne directions to Mr. Balmain, as I was about to do, he thus once more addreffed me — “ I fuppofe you are now convinced of the dangerous difeafe that prevails among thefe people, and of the neceffity of having them landed, in order to get rid of it.” Not a little hurt at the abfurd ( part the gentleman had aCted, and at his repeated importu- nity, I replied with fome warmth, “ that I was very forry to difFer fo eflentially in opinion from him, as to be obliged “ to tell him that there was not the leafi appearance of malignity in the difeafe under which the conviCls labour- ed, but that it wholly proceeded from the cold ; and was nearly limilar to a complaint then prevalent, even among the better fort of people, in and about Portfmouth.” Notwithfianding this, he Rill perfifted fo much in the pro- priety of their being landed, and the neceffity there was for an application to the Secretary of State upon the occafion, that I could no longer keep my temper ; and I freely told him, that the idea of landing them was as improper as it was abfurd. And, in order to make him perfectly eafy “ on that head, I aflured him, that when any difeafe ren- “ dered it neceffary to call in medical aid, he might reft ‘‘ fatisfied VOYAGE TO NEV7 SOUTH WALES, ^ “ fatisfied I would not trouble him ; but would apply to 17S7. Doctor Lind, Phylician to the Royal Hofpital at Haller, a gentleman as eminently diftinguifbed for his profef- “ lional abilities as his other amiable qualities ; or elfe to “ fome of the furgeons of his Majefty’s Ihips in Portfmouth “ harbour, or at Spithead, moft of whom I had the plea- “ fure of knowing,, and on whofe medical knowledge I w^s^^ certain I could depend.” This peremptory declaration had the delired elFedt. The gentleman took his leave, to- my great fatisfadlion, and thereby gave me an opportunity of writing by that evening’s poft, to inform the Secretary of State, and Captain Phillip, of the real Rate of the lick; and at the fame time to urge the necellity of having fredi pro- vilions ferved to the whole of the conviTls while in port, as well as a little wine for thofe who were ill. Frelh provi- lions I dwelt moft on, as being not only needful for thfe recovery of the lick, but otherwife eftential, in order to prevent any of them commencing fo long and tedious a voyage as they had before them with a fcorbutic taint; ia: confequence that would moft likely attend their living upon fait food ; and which, added to their needful confinement and great numbers, would, in all probability, prove fatal to 8 WHITENS JOURNAL OF A 1787. March, to them, and thereby defeat the intention of Govern- ment. The return of the poft brought me an anfwer ; and like- wife an order to the contractor for fupplying the marines and convicts daily with frefh beef and vegetables, while in port. A fimilar order I found had been given long before my arrival; but, by fome ftrange miftake or other, had not been complied with. The falutary effeCt of this change of diet, with the addition of fome wine and other neceflaries ordered for the lick, through the humanity of Lord Sydney, manifefled itfelf fo fuddenly, that in the fpace of a fort- night, on comparing my lift of lick with that of a furgeon belonging to one of the guardftiips, allowing for the difpro- portion of numbers, mine did not exceed his. And yet, not- withftanding this, which is a well known faCl, the report of a moft malignant difeafe ftill prevailed : and fo induftrioufty was the report promulgated and kept alive by fome evil-minded people, who either wilhed to throw an odium on the humane promoters of the plan, or to give uneaftnefs to the friends and relations of thofe engaged in the expedition, that letters from all quarters were pouring in upon us, commiferating our ftate. The newfpapers were daily filled with alarming accounts VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. accounts of the fatality that prevailed among us ; and the rumour became general, notv^ithftanding every ftep was taken to remove thefe fears, by affurances (which were ftridly true) that the whole fleet was in as good a fl;ate of health, and as few in it would be found to be ill, at that cold fcafon of the year, as even in the moft healthy fituation on fliore. The cleared: tefliimony that there was more ma- lignity in tho report than in the difeale, may be deduced from the vory inconfiderable number that have died flnee we left England ; which I may fafely venture to fay is much lefs than ever was known in fo long a voyage (the numbers' being proportionate), even though not labouring under the difadvantages we were fubjed to, and the crowded date we were in. During the abfence of Captain Phillip, I mentioned to Captain Hunter of the Sirius, that I thought whitewafhing with quick lime the parts of the fhips where the convids were confined, would be the means of correding and preventing that unwholefome dampnefs which ufually ap- peared on the beams and fides of the fhips, and was occa- fioned by the breath of the people. Captain Hunter agreed with me on the propriety of the flep : and with that oblig- C ing 9 1787. March. WHITENS JOURNAL OF A ing willingnefs which marks his character, made the necef^ fary application to commiffioner Martin ; who, on his party as readily ordered the proper materials. The procefs was accordingly foon finilhed ; and fully anfwered the purpofe intended. May 12. His Majefty’s fliip the Hyjena joined us this day, and put herfelf under the command of Captairt Phillip, who had inftrudbions to take her with him as far as he fhould think needful. In the evening the Sirius made the fignal to weigh, and attempted to get down to St. Helen’s^ but the wind Ihifting, and feveral of the convoy not getting under way, through fome irregularity in the feamen, fhe was obliged to anchor. When this was done. Captain Phillip fent Lieutenant King on board the fhips which had occahoned the detention, who foon adjuded the difficulties that had arifen ; as they were found to proceed more from intoxication than from any nautical caufes. 13th. This morning the Sirius and her convoy weighed again, with an intention of going through St. Helen’s ; but the wind being fair for the Needles, we run through them, with a pleafant breeze. The Charlotte, Captain Gilbert, on board of which I was, failing very heavy, the Hyaena II VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Hyaena took us in tow, until £he brought us ahead of 1787. the Sirius, and then caftus off. 15th, An accident of a lingular nature happened to-day. Corporal Baker of the marines, on laying a loaded mufquet down, which he had juft taken out of the arms cheft, was wounded by it in the inner ankle of the right foot. 1 he bones, after being a good deal ftiattered, turned the ball ; which taking another direction, had ftill force enough left to go through a harnefs-calk full of beef, at fome diftance, and, after that, to kill two geefe that were on the other iide of it. Extraordinary as this incident may appear, it is no lefs true. The corporal being a young man, and in a good habit of body, I had the pleafure, contrary to the general expedation, of feeing him return to his duty in three months, with the perfect ufe of the wounded joint. 20th. A difcovery of a futile fcheme, formed by the convicts on board the Scarborough, was made by one of that body, who had been recommended to Captain Hunter previous to our failing. They had laid a plan for making themfelves mafters of the Ihip; but being prevented by this difcovery, two of the ringleaders weie carried on board the Sirius, where they were puniftied ; and afterwards put on C 2 board 12 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. board the Prince of Wales tranfport, from which time they June. behaved very well. Being now near one hundred leagues to the weftward of Scilly, and all well, Captain Phillip found it no longer neceffary to keep the Hyaena with him ; there- fore, having committed his letters to the care of the Hon.' Captain De Courcey, he in the courfe of this day fent her back. 28th. Departed this life, Ifmael Coleman, a convidi, who, worn out by lownefs of fpirits and debility, brought on by long and clofe confinement, refigned his breath without a pang. 30th. In the forenoon paiGTed to the Ibuthward of Ma- deira, and faw fome turtle of the hawks-bill kind. June 2d. Saw and palTed the Salvages. Thefe iflanda are not laid down in any of the charts we had on board, except a fmall one, by Hamilton Moore, in the poflellion of the fecond mate. They lie, by our obfervation, in lat. 30°. I o'. N. long. 1 5°. 9'. W. 3d. This evening, after feeing many fmall fifh in our way from the Salvages, we arrived at Teneriffe, and an- chored in Santa Cruz road, about a mile to the N. E. of the town of that name, in fix teen fathom watery fome of the fhips VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. fliips came to in twenty fathom. We were vifited the fame night, as is the cuftom of the port, by the harbour mafter, and gained permiflion to water, and procure fuch refrefb- ments as the ifland alForded. The marines were now ferved with wine in lieu of fpirits ; a pound of frefh beef was like- wife daily diftributed to them as well as to the convicfts ; to- gether with a pound of rice inftead of bread, and fuch vege- tables as could be procured. Of the latter indeed the por- tion was rather fcanty, little belides onions being to be got ; and ftill lefs of fruit, it being too early in the feafon.. 4th, Captain Phillip, as governor of his Majefty’s ter- ritories in New South Wales, and commander in chief of the expedition, accompanied by twenty of the principal officers, paid his refpe^ls to the Marquis de Brancifort, governor of this and the other Canary iflands. We were received by his Excellency with great politenefs and cor- diality ; and after the ceremony of introdudtion was. over, he entered into familiar converfation with Captain Phillip on generaL topics. In perfon the Marquis is genteel; he h rather above the middle fize, but cannot boaft of much embonpoint \ his countenance is animated ; his deportment eafy and graceful ; and both his appearance and manners perfectly 13 1787. June. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A perfectly correfpond with the idea univerfally entertained of the dignity of a grandee of Spain. This accompliflied nobleman, as I have been informed, is not a Spaniard by birth, but a Sicilian; and defcended from fome of * the princes of that ifland. On this anceftry and defcent, it is vifible that he prides himfelf not a little. The people he is placed over will have it, that he carries himfelf with too much ftatelinefs to be long a favourite there ; they cannot, however, help acknowledging that he preferves a degree of difintereftednefs, moderation, and juftice, in his condudl to- wards them, that is not to be objedled to. 6th. A convict, named James Clark, died of a dropfy; he had been tapped ten days before, and difcharged twelve quarts of water. 8th. During the night, while the people were buhly employed in taking in water on board the Alexander, a iervice in which fome of the convids affided, one of them, of the name of Powel, found means to drop himfelf unper- ceived into a fmall boat that lay along-hde ; and under cover of the night to caft her off without difcovery. He then drifted to a Dutch Eaft Indiaman that had juft come to an anchor, to the crew of which he told a plauftble ftory, and VOYAGE TO NEW TOU’TH WALES. 15 and entreated to be taken on board ; but, though they much. 17^7* wanted men, they would have nothing to do with him. Having committed himfelf again. to the waves, he. was driven by the wind and the current, in the courfe of the night, to a fmall ifland lying to leeward of the fhips, where he was the next morning taken. The boat and oars, which he could not conceal, led to a difcovery; otherwife he would probably have effected his efcape. When brought back by the party lent after him. Captain Phillip ordered him into irons, in which flate he remained for fome time j but at length, by an artful petition he got written for him, he fo wrought on the governor’s humanity, as to procure a releafe from his confinement. As you approach the ifiand of Teneriffe, and even when you are near to it, the appearance from the fea conveys no very favourable idea of its fertility ; one rugged, barren hill or mountain terminating in another, until it forms the famous Peak. The town of Santa Cruz is large and populous, but very irregular and ill built ; fome of the private houfes, however, are fpacious, convenient, and well conftruded. Although this town is not confidered as the capital, Laguna enjoying that pre-eminence, yet I can- not I i6 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. June. not help thinking it ought to be fo; not only from its being more frequented by fhips of various nations, and having a greater fhare of trade than any other port in the Canaries, but on account of its being the relidence of the governor- Among other fleps for its improvement, the Marquis fet on foot a contribution, and from the produce of it has caufed to be built an elegant and commodious mole, or pier, about the center of the town. To this pier, water of an ex- cellent quality is conveyed by pipes; fo that boats may come along-lide, and by applying a hole to the cocks placed there for this purpofe, fill the calks without the ufual trouble and fatigue. The landing or fhipping of goods is likewife, by means of this pier, rendered both convenient and expe- ditious. In fhort, I think I may fafely recommend this port as a very good one for fhips undertaking long voyages to water at, and refrefh their crews ; more efpecially in the time of the fruit feafon. About four or five miles, inland, from Santa Cruz, {lands the city of Laguna ; fo called from a lake near which it is fituated. This lake, during the winter, or in rainy weather, is full of flagnant water, that in a little time becomes VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. becomes putrid, and, in very dry hot weather, is to- tally exhaled. I have before obferved, that Laguna is conlidered as the capital of the ifland, and added my rea- fons for thinking this an ill-judged diftindtion. The road from Santa Cruz to it is a pretty fteep afcent, until you ap- proach the town, which is htuated at the extremity, or rather on a corner, of a plain three or four miles long. This city has two churches, one of them richly ornamented ; and feveral convents both of friars and nuns. It has like- wife three hofpitals ; two of which were originally inftituted for the wife, but ineffedual, purpofe of eradicating the lues venerea ; a difeafe that has long been, and ftill continues to be, very common in this idand. I was however informed, that perfons afflicted with other diforders are now received into thefe two charitable inftitutions ; and that the third is appropriated to the reception of foundlings. Belides the foregoing, there are fome other public, as well as private buildings, that tend to improve the appearance of the town. There is very little trade carried on at Laguna, it being rather the retired refidence of the gentry of the ifland, and of the merchants of Santa Cruz, which is the principal feat of commerce. The officers of juftice likewife relide here ; D fuch WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A i8 1787. fuch as the corrigedor, lieutenant' of the police, &c. and ai judge whofe bulinefs it is to regulate commercial affairs. An office of inquifition, with the proper officers, delegated from, and fubjedl to, the tribunal of the holy office held at Grand Canary, is befides eftabliffied here. The prefent natives of this ifland feem to have in them very little of the Rock from whence they fprung ; intermar- riages with the Spaniards have nearly obliterated all traces of the original Ramina : they are of a middle Rature, in- clining to be Render, and of a dark complexion, with large animated black eyes. The peafants in general are wretch- edly clothed ; when they do appear better, they are habited in the Spaniffi faffiion. The men, in a genteeler line, drefs very gaily, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It is remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and eafe ; which may be attributed to the long cloaks they ufually wear, except on particular occaRons. The women wear veils: thofe worn by the lower ranks are of black Ruff, thofe of the higher, of black Rlk ; and fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty, are far from being over careful in concealing their faces by them. The young ladies, fome of whom I faw that were really VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. really pretty, wear their fine long black hair plaited, and faftened with a comb, or a ribbon, on the top of the head. The common people, and in this they rcfemble the inha- hitants of moll of the illands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif- covered, have a ftrong fpice of furacity in them 5 they are befides lazy ; and the mofl importunate beggars in the world: I obferved likewife, that the itch was fo common among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence, that one would alrnofl: be led to believe it was epidemic there. Some of the women are fo abandoned and fhamelefs, that It would be doing an injuftice to the proflitutes met with in the flreets of London, to fay they are like them. The fe- males of eveiy degree are faid to be of an amorous conffitu- tion, and addided to intrigue; for which no houfes could be better adapted than thofe in Teneriffe. The manu failures carried on here are very few, and the product of them little more than fufficient for their own confumption. They confifl of taffeties, gauze, coarfe linens, blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal dependancc of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of flock for flipping. D 2 With 19 1787. 2Q WHITE’S JOURNAL O F A. 1787. June. With thefe the illand abounds; and, in their feafon, pra^ duces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable produc- tions of the European gardens,. , in the greatexl plenty. Te- neriffe enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate.: Indeed I know of none better adapted for the reftoration o£ a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may graduate the air, and chufe that Rate of it which beft fuit? his complaint. Butalthough the inhabitants are thus healthy^ and have fo little occafion for medicaLaid> they loudly com- plain of the want of knowledge in the profeflional gentlemen of the illandi The prefent governor has eftablifhed a manufactory of lilk and woollen goods in the fuburbs of Santa Cruz, which is: carried on by poor children,, old and infirm people, and by abandoned females, with a view to reclaiming them : an inftitution that will ever do honour both to his excellency,, and to thofe who have liberally aided him in fo laudable a fcheme.. Like the inhabitants of mofi: catholic countries, the people of this illand are very profufe in decorating their churches, and even their dwelling-houfes, on the fefiivals held in honour of their faints. This being Corpus Chrifti^ a VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 21 day of much folemnity and parade, I went on fhore with Lieutenant Ball of the Supply to fee the proceffion incident to the occahon. Before we landed we formed a refolution to avoid, as much as lay in our power, giving offence even to the moft zealous devotee. But we found this was not to be done. When we arrived at the church, from whence the proceffion commenced, the Hoft was juft making its appear- ance ; a circumftance that is announced by ringing of bellsj and firing of guns. As it pafled by us we fell on our kneesj as we obferved thofe around us to do; but it unfortunately happening, that the fpot we knelt upon confifted of fand intermixed with fmall rough pebbles, the pofture we were in^ foon became fo exceedingly painful, that, in order to pro- cure a momentary eafe, we only let one knee remain on the- ground. This heretical adl did not efcape the obfervation of one of the holy fathers, all of whom were intent on the exacTt performance of every ceremonious etiquette. It procured for us a frown from him, and treatment that was not of the moft civil kind ; fo that, in order to pacify him, we again dropped on both knees. He did not, however, pafs on, without exhi- biting ftrong marks of ill-nature and refentment in his coun- tenance, at this trivial and unintended breach of refpedfuf attentioEi: 1787. June. i 22 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. attention to the religious rights of the country. The pro- cefTion, in which the governor and all the principal inhabi- tants joined, having paffed through mofl: of the flreets, returned, with the fame folemnity, to the church it had fet out from ; which was richly ornamented, and fplendidly illuminated with large wax tapers, upon the oecahon. During our flay here, his excellency the governor entertained Captain Phillip and all the oiEcers belonging to the expedi- tion with a very elegant dinner. Before we failed from the Motherbank, a fporatic difeafe had appeared among the marines and convi(5ls. On its firfl appearance it refembled the mumps, or fwellings of the chaps; and as that difcemper fometimes terminates in a tranflation of the inflammation to the teflicles, fo this complaint (after the fwelling and induration of the jaws had fubflded, which ufually happened on the flxth or feventh day) never in one inftance failed to flx on thofe parts ; and that in fo very obflinate a manner, as not to give way to the treatment generally found efledual in flmilar inflammations. One of the convidls, thus afledled, was feized with an intermitting fever : between the paroxyfm I gave him an emetic ; which had fuch a fudden and wonderful effedl on this flrange com- plaint, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 23 plaint, that I was induced to repeat it ; and I found it effeilual in this, as well as in all fubfequCnt cafes. As foon as we got to fea, the motion of the {hip a£led on all thofe who were affeded, to the number of feventeen, in a mofl: furpriEng and extraordinary manner. Indeed it was fo fud- den, that it was like a placebo, I could never account, with any fatisfadion to myfelf, for the origin of this uncommon difeafe, though much acquainted with thole incident to feamen ; nor did I ever fee or hear of any that refembled it. The mod deady and prudent of the mariners, even thofe who had their wives on board, were equally affeded with thofe who led more irregular lives. At drd I attributed it to the verdigreafe that might gather on the copper utenlils wherein the providons were cooked ; but I am now fully perfuaded that this was not the fource from which it pro- ceeded ; for at the very time it was mod prevalent, and at- tended with the greated degree of inveteracy, the coppers were cleaned, and made as bright as they could be, every day^. under my own infpedion. Another proof, and a very drong one, that it did not proceed from the before-mentioned caufe is, that the providons dill continued to be dreded in the fame coppers, when the fmalled trace of the difeafe was no longer 1787. June. 24- WHITENS JOURNAL OE A 1787. longer to be perceived ; which was the cafe after being four oj five days at fea. 9th, P. M. the Sirius made the fignal for all officers to repair on board their refpecffive fhips ; an officer was likewife fent to the governor, to inform him that we intended to put to fea in the morning, and, at the fame time, to thank him for the civilities and politenefs he had fhown us. His excel- lency returned, in anfwer to this mefiage, that his beff: and moft fincere good wiffies fhould attend us ; and that he fhould ever feel a very particular intereft in our fuccefs; which he hoped would anfwer the intention of government, and the expedlations of thofe who had fo cheerfully entered as volunteers on fo novel and very uncertain a fervice. loth. This morning the fleet got under way with a light •breeze, which carried us out of Santa Cruz, but left us two ■days becalmed betweenTeneriffe and the Grand Canary. After this a fine breeze fprung up from the north-eaft ; and no oc- currence worthy of notice happened for fome days. We croffed the tropical line in iS'*. 20'. weft; longitude, and was nearly preflTed on board the Lady Penrhynn tranfport, whofe people did not attend to her fteerage, being deeply engaged in fluicing and ducking all thofe on board who had never crolfed it. 17th. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 17th. In the morning faw a flrange fail to the north- ward, and at night the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to fhorten fail. 1 8th. Early this morning the Sirius threw out the Sup- ply’s fignal to make fail, and look out ahead. She imme- diately obeyed, and at eight o’clock made the fignal for feeing land; which was repeated by the Sirius to the con- voy. At eleven we paffed the Ille of Sal, in lat, 16° 38' N. long. 2 2® 5' W. , and in the evening Bonavifla ; two of the Cape de Verd iilands, a cluffcer of idands fo called from a cape of that name fituated oppofite to them on the continent of Africa. We pafled the latter ifland fo clofe, that we faw the breakers which endangered Captain Cook’s fhip in his lafl; voyage. It blew at the time pretty fre£h, and was fo hazy, that we could make no other obfervation, than that the land was high, and the fhore (what we could per- ceive of it through the haze, for the horizon line did not exceed two 'miles) had a white appearance, as if fand or chalk cliffs. At ffx in the evening, the Sirius made a iignal for the convoy to obferve a clofe order of failing, and to fhorten fail for the night; and at twelve, running under an eafy fail, E (he 25 1787. June. 26 WHITENS JOURNAL OF A 1787. file made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their heads to the fouth-eaft. 19th. At day break we made fail, the Supply being a- head on the look-out. At eight o’clock fhe made the iig- nal for feeing land; which proved to be the ifle of Mayo, another of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 15° 10' N» long. 23° W. The Sirius now made the hgnal to prepare to anchor ; which was followed by one, that the boats from the viduallers and tranfports may land, as foon as the Ihips came to an anchor, without afking permiflion as at TenerilFe» We ran down the eafl: lide of the illand, clofe in with the jfhore, on which we could perceive a high furf, or rather the fea, breaking violently among the rocks. The haze ftill con- tinued fo thick that we could only obferve the fhore to be rough, craggy, and bold ; and that feveral parts of the illand feemed high and mountainous. At twelve, through the haze, faw the ifland of Saint Jago, the principal of the Cape deVerd iflands, lying in lat. 14° 54' N. long. 23° 29' W. Half after one, the Sirius leading into Port Praya Bay, on a fudden brought to, as we imagined, to wait for the ftern- moft Ihips, which, as they all came up, likewife brought to. on VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. on the outfide of the entrance into the bay. After the pre- parations which had been made for anchoring, and the dif- pofition fhown by the Sirius to run in, we were not a little furprifed to fee her, at two o’clock, throw out the fignal for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer ; then make fail and bear away, fleering fouth,-weft. At fix in the evening we loft fight of the ifland, running with a fmart top-gallant, and fleering fail, breeze at north-eaft. A fmall Portugueze brig lay at anchor in Port Praya, which was the only veflel of any kind at that time there. This bay is rendered memorable by the action that took place there, on the 1 6th of April 1781, between Commodore Johnftone and Monfieur Suffrein ; in giving an account of which, the French admiral (in a letter faid to be written by him) humoroufly thus obferves : ‘‘In leading into the bay, “ I was fome time at a lofs to diftinguifh which was the “ commodore’s fhip: but on getting more in, I at length “ faw his pendant blufhing through a foreft of mafts ; the “ Romney being fecurely placed in ffiore of the merchant fhips and fmaller men of war.” The entrance into this bay appeared to be about a mile, between two bluff points, which makes it fecure from every E 2 wind, 23 WHITENS JOURNAL OF A 1787. wind, except a foutherly one; and when that prevails, June. LjgL fea tumbles into it. On an eminence, in the cen- ter of the bay, ftands a fort, where the Portugueze colours were difplayed. Many people appeared on the batteries, look- ing at the fliips ; which were probably more in number than had been feen there lince the memorable i6th of ApriL. The appearance of the town and the ifland, from the diftant view we had, gave us no very favourable opinion of them* The face of the country feemed to be flerile in the extreme. The iifelefs brown of the Ifle of Mayo, defcribed by Cap- tain Cook, may very well be applied to this ifland ; for as far as my eye or glafs could reach, not the fmallefl trace of vegetation or verdure was to be perceived, except at the weft end of the fort, on the left ftde of the bay, where a few trees of the cocoa nut or palm kind appeared. But not- withftanding the fterile pidure it exhibits when viewed from the fea, geographers, and thofe who have been on fhore, defcribe it to be, in many places, well cultivated and very fertile y producing fugar canes, a little wine, fome cotton, Indian corn, cocoa nuts, and oranges, with all the other tropi- cal fruits in great plenty; and point it out as a place where fITps, bound on long voyages, may be conveniently fupplied with TOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ^9 with water, and other neceffaries; fuch as fowls, goats, and hogs ; all w^hich are to be purchafed at a very eafy rate. 20th. This evening, (landing to the fouthward with all fail ; the wind moderate ; the air warm and damp, with haze; the Sirius made the Alexander’s (ignal,who had dropped eonhderably ailern, and reprimanded the mailer for hoifiing out a boat without permidion. The two following days the weather was moderately warm, with fome flafhes of light- 1787. ning. 23d. ^The weather became exceedingly daric, warm^ and clofe, with heavy rain ; a temperature of the atmofphere very common on approaching the equator, and very much^ to be dreaded, as the health is greatly endangered thereby,' Every attention was therefore paid to the people on board- the Charlotte, and every exertion ufed to keep her clean and wholefome between decks. My fird care was to keep the. men, as far as was confident with a regular difcharge of their duty, out of the rain ; and I never differed the con- vi oftener flew with fuch force againfl: their fldes as to drop- lifelefs into the water. We caught three fine bonitoes, and thereby rid the poor flying filh, whofe wings feemed to excite the enmity of all the larger finny race, of three formidable enemies. 9th and loth. Caught a great number of fifli, as did the Alexander, who was near us. At night, in the wake of the fhip the fea appeared quite luminous j a phsenomenon: we attributed to the fpawn of the fifli which furrounded us- on all fldes, 14th. About flve in the evening we crofled the equator,, without any wifli or inclination being fhewn by the feamen^ to- 38 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. July. to otferve the ceremony ufually pradifed in paffing under it* The longitude was 26° 37’ W. the wind at eaft, the weather moderate and clear. In lat. 1° 24 S. long. 26'* 22' W. the boatfwain caught fixteen fine bonitoes, which proved a very feafonable and acceptable fupply. At night the fea, all around the Ihip, exhibited a mofl: delightful fight. This appearance was occafioned by the gambols of an incredible number of various kinds of fifh, who fported about us, and whofe hidden turnings caufed an emanation, which refem- bled flafhes of lightning darting in quick fucceflion. What I before fpoke of as the fpawn, I am now fully convinced were rather the fifii themfelves, turning up their white bellies at fome little diftanee below the furface of the water, and thefe fudden evolutions were what gave the fea the luminous appearance obferved on it before. I can the more readily affirm this to be the caufe, as, one evening, when we had immenfe quantities about us, I carefully at- tended to them till it became dark, and was fully fatisfi?d, from the obfervations I was then able to lUgke, that it was the fiffi, and not the fpawn, which occa^^ned the appear- ance ; for there was not an officer or perfon on board but what was able very plainly to pe^eive their frolicfome turn- ings 39 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ings and windings. Indeed, fome of them came fo near the 1787. furface, that we frequently attempted to ftrike them with a pair of grains. 1 8th. Being informed that feveral of the mariners and convidls on board the Alexander were fuddenly taken ill, I immediately vilited that fhipy and found that the illnefs complained of was wholly occahoned by the bilge water, which had by fome means or other rifen to fo great a- height, that the pannels of the cabin, and the buttons on the clothes of the officers, were turned nearly black, by the noxious effluvia. When the hatches were taken off, the flench was fo powerful, that it was fcarcely poffible to Hand over them^ How it could have got to this height is very flrange ; for I well know, that Captain Phillip gave flrid; orders (which orders I myfelf delivered) to the mailers of the tranfports to pump the fhips out daily, in order to keep them fweet and wholefome 7 and it was added, that if the fhips did not make water enough for that purpofe, they were to employ the convids in throwing water into the well, and pumping it out again, until it became clear and untinged. The people’s health, however, being endangered by the circum^ fiance, I found a reprefentation upon the fubjed to Captain Phillip; 40 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787- Phillip needful ; and accordingly went on board the Sirius for that purpofe. Captain Phillip, who upon every occafion fhowed great humanity and attention to the people, with the mofl: obliging readinefs Tent Mr. King, one of his lieu- tenants, on board the Alexander with me, in order to exa- mine into the ftate of the fliip ; charging him, at the fame time, with the moil pohtive and pointed inftrudlions to the mafter of the fhip inftantly to fet about fweetening and purifying her. This commiflion Mr. King executed with great propriety and expedition ; and by the directions he gave, fuch effectual means were made ufe of, that the evil was foon corrected : and not long after all the people, who, fuffering from the effeCts of it, were under Mr. Balmain, my affiftant’s, care, got quite rid of the complaint. I now returned to the Sirius, and folicited an increafe of water ; which Captain Phillip with equal readinefs complied with ; and as we had by this time got into a regular fouth-eaft trade wind, our allowance ferved tolerably well ; every man having three quarts a day. 2 2d^ The weather moderate and cloudy, in lat 9° 6’ S.’ long. 26° 4' W. we faw a noddy and two pintado birds. At night, the commanding officer of marines having re- ceived VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ceived information that three men had made their way, through the hole cut for the admiflion of the windfall, into the apartment of the female convids, againft an exprefs order iflued for that purpofe, he apprehended them, and put them in confinement for trial. 23d. The weather being dark and cloudy, with heavy Tain and ftrong breezes, the Sirius carried away her main- top fail-yard, in the flings; which,, however, in a little time fhe got replaced. In the evening we faw fome grampufes fporting about. 26th. In latitude 15° 18' fouth, the Sirius made the fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation, which was found to be 29° 34,' W. Strong breezes and cloudy weather. The Borrowdale vidualler carried away her foretop-gallant- maft. This evening we obferved fome flying fifli, very different from thofe we had before feen. They had wings on both the head and tail, and when in the a6t of flying, were faid by our people to refemble a double-headed £hot. About fix o’clock the Alexander brought to, and hoifted out a boat in order to pick up a man who had fallen over board from the fpanker boom ; but, as he funk before the boat could reach him, the attempt proved ineffedlual. G 27th, 42 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 27th, The Sirius made the fignal to clofe, and keep nearer the commanding officer. The weather rainy and unfettled, with ftrong breezes, and a heavy fwell from the eaftward. 28th. Freffi breezes and cloudy weather. At ten in the morning the Sirius made the Supply’s hgnal to come within hail, and defired the commanding officer to acquaint the different tranfports, that in the track we then were, lat. 18° 9' S. long. 28° 2 W. there were fome funken rocks, for which we were directed to keep a good look-out. This lig- nal was followed by one, for the fhips to take their proper ftations in the order of failing; and for the Lady Penrhyhy-s. who was conhderably to windward, and aftern withal, to come into the wake of the Sirius. After thefe orders were complied with, we bore away, ileering S. by W. the wind E. S. E. 30th. The Supply hailed us, and acquainted me, that a female convicl, on board the Prince of Wales, had met with an accident which endangered her life. It being then nearly dark, and the fhips making quick way through the water, it was judged imprudent to hoiil a boat out. Lieutenant Ball, of the Supply, therefore promifed to fend a boat early in VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 43 in the morning, in order that I might go and fee her : but i7^7* it was then too late, as fhe "died in the night. Her death was occalioned by a boat, which rolled from the booms, and jammed her in a moft (hocking manner againft the fide of the fhip. Auguft I ft. In latitude 22° 39' S. Captain Phillip for the firft time difplayed his broad pendant ; and in the even- ing made the ftgnal for the longitude 5 which, being conli- derably aftern, we could not difcern. 2d. Early in the morning pafted and fpoke a Portu- / gueze brig fleering the fame courfe with us, which was to the coaft of Brazil. She failed fo very dull, that we pafted her as if fhe lay at anchor, although we had not a fall failing fhip in the fleet. At eight in the morning faw a ganet,' which are feldom feen out of foundings. Being now in expectation of foon feeing land, the commodore made the Supply’s ftgnal to look out ahead ; and the Alexander’s and Prince of Wales’s to take their ftation in the order of fail- ing, being too far ahead. At three in the afternoon the Supply made the ftgnal for feeing land, which was repeated by the commodore to the convoy. At nine at night, being well in with Cape Frio, we fhortened fail, running at an G 2 eafy 44- WHITENS JOURNAL OF A 1787. eafy rate until morning; when the wind was little and variable. 3d. This evening, finding it impofiible to get hold of anchorage, the commodore difpatched Lieutenant King in the Supply, which failed well in light winds, to the viceroy, with information that he was, with his convoy, arrived near the mouth of the harbour. He then made the fignal for the fbips to bring to, with their heads to the fouthward, about fix miles from the fhore, Rio de Janeiro Sugar Loaf bearing weft half north, diftant about fix leagues. In the courfe of the day we faw many whales playing about. 4th. This morning, ftanding in for the harbour, the wind headed us ; which obliged us to tack, and ftand out to fea a little, in order to prevent our falling to leeward of the port, which it would have been no eafy matter to have regained. 5 th. Still calm. This morning a boat came alongfide, ia which were three Portugueze and fix ftaves ; from whom we purchafed fome oranges, plantains, and bread. In trafficking with thefe people, we difcovered, that one Thomas Barret, a convid:, had, with great ingenuity and addrefs, paffed fome quarter dollars which he, affifted by two others, had coined VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 45 coined out of old buckles, buttons belonging to the marines, and pewter fpoons, during their pafTage from Teneriife. The impreilion, milling, character, in a word, the whole was fo inimitably executed, that had their metal been a little better, the fraud, I am convinced, would have paflfed unde- leted. A ftrit and careful fearch was made for the appa- ratus wherewith this was done, but in vain y not the fmalleft trace or veflige of any thing of the kind was to be found among them. How they managed this bufinefs without difcovery, or how they could effet it at all, is a matter of inexpreflible furprife to me ; _ as they never were fufFered to come near a fire ; and a centinel was conftantly placed over their hatchway, which, one would imagine, rendered it impof- fible for either fire or fufed metal to be conveyed into their apartments. Befides, hardly ten minutes ever elapfed, without an ofiicer of fome degree or other going down among them. The adroitnefs, therefore, with which they muft have managed, in order to complete a bufinefs that required fo complicated a procefs, gave me a high opinion of their ingenuity, cunning, caution, and addrefs ; and I could not help wifiiing that thefe qualities had been employed to more laudable purpofes. The officers of marines, the mafter of the 1787. Augufl:. 4.6 1787. Auguft. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A the fhip, and myfelf, fully explained to the injured Portu- gueze, what villians they were who had impofed upon them. We were not without apprehenhons that they might entertain an unfavourable opinion of Englifhmen in ge- neral from the condud; of thefe rafcals ; we therefore thought it neceffary to acquaint them, that the perpetrators of the fraud were felons doomed to transportation by the laws of their country, for having committed hmilar offences there. About one o’clock a gentle breeze from the eafl: carried us within about a mile of the bar ; where, at nine o’clock, we anchored in fixteen fathom water. The calms had baffled the Supply fo much, that fhe had only dropped her anchor a little v/hile before us. 6th. Early this morning, it being quite calm, the com- modore difpatched an officer to the viceroy, who met with a courteous reception, and about eleven o’clock returned v/ith the boat nearly full of fruit and vegetables, fent as prefents to the commodore from fome of his old friends and acquaintance.. Some years ago Captain Phillip was on this coalf, commander of a Portugueze man of war. During that time he performed feveral gallant ads, which, aided by his ■ VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. his other amiable qualities, rendered him extremely popular here, and recommended him to the notice of the court of Liibon. Shortly after, his own country having a claim to his fervices, on the breaking out of a war, he declined a command offered him by the Portugueze, and returned to the Englifb navy ; where he ferved fome time as lieutenant (a rank he had held before he had engaged in the fervice of Portugal) on board the Alexander, under the command of that brave and exemplary character. Lord Longford. About two o’clock we got under way, with a gentle fea- breeze, which ran us into the harbour. In paffing Santa Cruz fort, the commodore faluted it with thirteen guns, which was returned with an equal number. This day a Portugueze fhip failed for Lifbon, which gave us an oppor- tunity of writing fhort letters to our friends in England. 8th. In the forenoon, the commodore, attended by mod: of the officers on the expedition, paid the viceroy a vifit of ceremony. On our landing, we were received by an officer and a friar, who conduded us to the palace. As we paffed the guard on duty there, the colours were laid at the feet of the commodore ; than which nothing could have been a higher token of refped. We then proceeded up flairs into a large 47 1787. Auguft. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. Auguft. a large anti-cliamber, crowded with officers, foldiers, and do- medics. Here we were received by feveral officers belonging to the houfehold, and the furgeon- general to the army, who fpoke good Engliffi, having acquired his profeffional know- ledge in London. A few minutes after our arrival, a curtain, which hung over the door of the prefence-chamber, was drawn ahde ; and on our entrance we were individually in- troduced to the viceroy by the commodore. The ceremony being ended, and a fhort converfation having taken place, we were ufhered into another fpacious room, where we all fat down. I could not help remarking that the viceroy placed himfelf in fuch a manner as to have his back turned on mod of the officers. I was told afterwards that he apo- logized for this ; but I did not hear him, though very near. Neither the room we were now in, nor that into which we were fird introduced, exhibited any marks of magnificence or elegance; I acknowledge, that for my own part I was exceedingly difappointed. From the parade without, fuch as the number of guards, &c. I was led to fuppofe that we fhould find every thing within the palace proportionably magnificent and princely. But this was by no means the cafe. The only furniture I faw in the room we were in, except VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 49 except chairs, were fix card tables, and portraits of two of ^7^7* the fovereigns of Portugal ; one of which was that of King Sebaftian the Firft, the other of her prefen t majefty ; the former placed in the centre, the latter at the upper end of the room. The viceroy appeared to be of a middle age, fomewhere between forty and fifty, flout and corpulent, with a ftrong call or defeat in both his eyes. He feemed to be a perfon of few words, but at the fame time civil and attentive. I could not, however, help obferving the very great differ* cnce there was between his excellency’s manner and addrefs, and that of the elegant and accomplifhed Marquis de Bran-«> cifort. 9th. The contrail being fettled, the commiflary fup* plied the troops and conviils with rice (in lieu of bread)j with frefh beef, vegetables, and oranges ; which foon re* moved every fymptom of the feurvy prevalent among them, iith. The commodore ordered fix female conviils, who had behaved well, to be removed from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte ; and at the fame time an equal number, whofe conduit was more exceptionable, to be returned to the Friendfhip in their flead. The commodore’s view was (a matter not eafily accomplifhed) to feparate thofe whofe de-r i H cent 5° 1787. Augufi. WHITE’S JOUPvNAL OF A cent behaviour entitled them to fome favour from thofb who were totally abandoned and obdurate. 13th. Cornelius Connell, a private in the marines, was, according to the fentence of a court martial, punifhed with a hundred ladies, for having an improper intercourfe with fome of the female convidts, contrary to orders. Thomas Jones was alfo fentenced to receive three hundred ladies, for attempting to make a centinel betray his trud:, in fuffering him to go among the women ; but in confideration of the good charadler he bore previous to this circumftance, the court recommended him to the clemency of the commanding officer; and, in confequence thereof, he was forgiven^ John J ones and James Reiley, privates, accufed of dmilar offences to that of Connell’s, were acquitted for want of evidence, there being no witneffes to fupport the charge except convids, whofe teftimony could not be admitted. 15th. This being a day of great parade and gaiety with the Portugueze, the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro, arrayed in their bed: and riched; attire, as their cuflom is on regale days, began to diow themfelves, during the forenoon, be- tween the city and the church of St. Gloria, which is about a mile didant, and dtuated on a ridng ground near the fea4 Perfon^ VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Pcrfons of all ranksj as well in carriages as equeflrians and W^7* pedeftriansj joined in the crowd ; but what was the purpofe Auguft. of this cavalcade, or to what circumftances it owed its origin, I am ftill at a lofs to know. Gloria church, which is rather neat than rich, was decorated with various flowers (in the difpofal of which fome tafte was difplayed), and mofl: brilliantly illuminated. I obferved that the multitude ge- nerally flopped here, in fucceflion, and employed themfelves in fome religious ceremonies, fuch as praying and flnging hymns, before they returned to the city. This kind of parade was continued the whole day ; the better fort of peo- ple, however, made their appearance only in the afternoon. Returning with the refl of the crowd, after it was dark, to the town, I perceived a fmall church, in one of the bye flreets, richly ornamented and elegantly illuminated. As I faw men, women, and children, flruggling for entrance, I joined in the throng out of rnere curioflty, and with no little difficulty made my way in ; but all the fatisfadlion I yeaped from being thus fqueezed and joflled was, feeing fuch as could gain admiffion fall on their knees, and praying with more fervor, to appearance, than real devotion. On one flde of the church flood a fhabby ill-looking fellow, H 2 felling WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A felling to the multitude confecrated beads ; as did another^ on the outfide of the door. I own I could not help re- fembling them to mountebanks vending and difliributing their noftrums. There were many more of thefe religious hawkers in the flreets ; from fome of whom, as I faw it was the cuftom, I purchafed a few of their beads. At a little diftance from the door of the church was erected a ftage, on which was placed a band of vocal and inftrumental per- formers, who exerted themfelves with might and main to pleafe the furrounding audience. I cannot, however, fay that they fucceeded in pleahng me. About ten o’clock a difplay of fireworks and rockets, of which the Portugueze feem to be very fond, concluded the entertainments of the day. Some intrigues, I have reafon to believe, followed. I was led to this conclufion from feeing many well-drefiTed women in the crowd quite unattended ; and this was the only time, during my flay in the country, that I ever faw any circumftances which could warrant my forming fuch art opinion, I know it has been afierted by fome writers, that the women of Rio de Janeiro are not uncenfurable in this point. They have affirmed, that as foon as it became darky the generality of them expofed themfelves at their doors and VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 53 and windows, diftinguifhing, by prefents of nofegays and 1787* flowers, thofe on whom they had no objedion to beftow their favours ; a diftindion in which ftrangers ihared as well as their acquaintance. That this might have been the cafe I will not take upon me to deny ; and, imprefled with the idea, on my fird arrival, I confldered every woman as a proper objed of .gallantry ; but a month’s refldence among them convinced me that this imputed turn for intrigue is chiefly confined to the lower clafs, and that, in general, the higher ranks are as undeferving of the imputation as the females of any other country. The popularity of our commodore with the viceroy and principal inhabitants here, procured for the officers the liberty of going wherever they pleafed. It has always been the cuftom, for a foldier to follow every foreign officer that landed at this port ; and it was fcarcely ever difpenfed with. It was, however, unknown to us ; and this unaccuf- tomed liberty gave us an opportunity of infpeding more minutely into the manners and difpofition of the women as well as the men. 2ift* This being the Prince of Brazil’s birth-day, the commodore, with moft of his officers, went to court, to= compliment 54- 1787. AugufV. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A compliment the viceroy on the occaiion. As fooii as we landed, we were received by an officer, who conduced us to the prefence-chamber ; where his excellency flood under a canopy of Aate, receiving the compliments of the officers of the garrifon, the principal inhabitants, and fuch foreign- ers as were in the place. After having paid our refpeds, we withdrew, as did every other perfon, except the principal officers of flate, fome general and law officers, and thofe of the governor’s houfehold. The Sirius and one of the forts fired royal falutes. The court was brilliant, if a place where a female does not appear can be faid to be brilliant; but this, I was informed, is always the cafe here. Thofe gentlemen who appeared in the circle were richly and elegantly dreffi- ed. The officers of the army and of the militia were parti- cularly fo, and that in a flile and fafhion which did no fmall credit to their tafie. The viceroy wore a fcarlet coat trimmed with very broad rich gold lace ; and his hair, according to his ufual mode of wearing it, in a remarkable long queue, with very little powder ; an article of drefs to which I ob- ferved the Portugueze were not very partial ; while, on the contrary, they were profufe in the ufe of pomatum, The day ended without any other demonflrations of joy. As the Portugueze VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Portugueze feemed fond of fireworks and illuminations, and never fail to exhibit them on every religious feflival, we were not a little difappointed in finding them omitted on the birth-day of their prince. 31ft. James Baker, a private marine, received two hun- dred lafhes, agreeable to the fentence of a court-martial, for endeavouring to get pafled on fhore, by means of one of the feamen, a fpurious dollar, knowing it to be fo ; and one he had undoubtedly got from fome of the convidts, as it was of a fimilar bafe metal to thofe which they had coined dur- ing the paflage, and had attempted to put off on our firfi arrival at this port. September ift. Having now procured every thing at Rio de Janeiro that we flood in need of, and thoroughly reco- vered and refrefhed our people, the commodore, with fuch officers of the fleet as could be fpared from duty, waited on the viceroy to take leave, and to return our acknowledgments for the indulgence and attention fhown us ; which, I think we may fay, we experienced in a greater extent and latitude than any foreigners had ever before done. On our landing, the fame officer who had attended us upon every other pub- lic occafion, conduced us to the prefence-chamber. As we pafiedji, 55 1787. September, S6 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. September. paffed, every military and public honour vi^as paid to the commodore ; the colours were laid at his feet, as they hitherto had been whenever he landed in his public cha- rader ; a token of refped; that is never beftowed on any perfon but the governor himfelf. When we arrived at the palace, an officer of the houfehold, who was waiting to re- ceive us, conduced us through a moft delightful recefs, hung round with bird-cages, whofe inhabitants feemed to vie with each other, both in the melody of their notes and the beauty of their plumage. The paffage we walked through was adorned on each hde with odoriferous flowers, and aromatic ffirubs ; which, while they charmed the eye, fpread a delightful fragrance around. This paflage led to a private room, on the outflde of the door of which we were received by the viceroy, who flood uncovered, and noticed each perfon feparately in the mofl friendly and polite man- ner. His excellency preceded us into the room, and having requefled all of us to be feated, placed himfelf by the commodore, in a pofltion that fronted us. In return for our thanks and acknowledgments, he faid, “ it gave him “ infinite pleafure and fatisfadion to find that the place had “ aflbrded us the fupplies we flood in need of to this he added, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, added, “ that the attention of the inhabitants, which we “ were good enough to notice, was much fhort of his wifhes.’* We then arofe and took our leave ; but not before his ex- cellency had exprefled a defire of hearing from the commo- dore, with an account of his fuccefs in the eftablifhment of the new colony. He concluded with faying, that he “ hoped, nay did not doubt, from the character the En- glifk bore for generofity of difpofition, but that thofe who “ had fo cheerfully engaged in a fervice, ftrange and uncer- “ tain in itfelf, would meet with an adequate reward — a “ recompence that every one muft allow they juftly merited.’* The room in which the governor received us was that wherein he ufually fat in his retired moments. It was fur- nifhed and painted in a neat and elegant ftile ; the roof difplaying well-executed reprefentations of all the tropical fruits, and the mofl: beautiful birds of the country. The walls were hung round with prints, chiefly on religious fubjedls. Rio de Janeiro is faid to derive its name from being dif- covered on St. Januarius’s day. It is the capital of the Portugueze fettlements in South America, and is fltuated on I the 57 1787. September. 58 1787. September. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A % the weft £de of a river, or, more properly (in my opinion), of a bay. Except that part which fronts the water, the city is furrounded by high mountains, of the moft romantic form the imagination can fafhion to itfelf any idea of. The plan on which it is built has fome claim to merit. The principal ftreet, called Strait Street, runs from the viceroy’s palace, which is near the fouth-eaft end of the town, to the north-weft extremity, where it is terminated by a large convent belonging to the Benedidtine friars, fttuated on an eminence. The ftreet is broad, well built, and has in it a great number of handfome (hops. All the others are much inferior to this, being in general only wide enough to admit two carriages to pafs each other in the centre. The pave- ment for foot-paftengers (except in Strait Street, which is without any) is fo very unfociably narrow, that two perfons cannot walk with convenience together. The houfes are commonly two, and fometimes three ftories high ; of which, even though inhabited by the moft wealthy and refpedlable families, the lower part is always appropriated to fhops, and to the ufe of the fervants and ftaves (who are here extremely numerous), the family rather chuftng to reftde in the upper I VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. part, that they might live in a lefs confined air. To every houfe there is a balcony, with lattice-work before it ; and the fame before all the windows. The churches are very numerous, elegant, and richly de- corated ; fome of them are built and ornamented in a modern ftile, and that in a manner which proclaims the genius, tafte, and judgment of the architeds and artifts. Two or three of the handfomeft are at this time either un- finifhed or repairing ; and they appear to go on but very flowly, notwithftanding large fums are conftantly colleding for their completion. As they are ereded or repaired by charitable contributions, public proceflions are frequently made for that purpofe and the mendicant friars, belong- ing to them, likewife exert themfelves in their line. At thefe proceffions, which are not unfrequent, perfons of every age and defcription afTifl;. They ufually take place after it is dark, when thofe who join in it are dreffed in a kind of cloak adapted to religious purpofes, and carry a lanthorn fixed at the end of a pole of a convenient length : fo that upon thefe occafions you fometimes fee three or four hun- dred moving lights in the ftreets at the fame time ; which has an uncommon and a pleafing effed. Confiderable fums I 2 59 '1787. September. U. ' J are 6o WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. are collected by this mode. At the corner of every ftreet, September, about ten feet from the ground, is placed the image of a faint, which is the object of the common people’s adoration. The town is v/ell fupplied with water from the neigh- bouring mountains ; which is conveyed over a deep valley by an aquedudt formed of arches of a ftupendous height, and from thence diftributed by pipes to many parts of the city. The principal fountain is clofe to the fea, in a kind of fquare, near the palace ; where fhips water at a good wharf, nearly in the fame manner as at TeneriiFe, and with equal expedition and convenience. On the oppolite fide of the fountain are cocks, from which the people in the neighbourhood are fupplied. This convenient and capital watering place is fo near the palace, that when difputes or contentions arife between the boats crews of different fhips, the flaves, See. they are fuppreffed and adjufted by the fol- diers on guard ; who, in the Portugueze fervice, have great power, and often treat the people with no little feverity. While we ftaid at this place, we made feveral fhort ex- curfions into the country ; but did not go near the mines, as we knew the attempt would not only prove hazardous, but ineffedual : and as the liberty and indulgence granted 3 us VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 6i us was on the commodore’s account, we never extended our i7^7- trips beyond a few miles, left our doing fo fliould appear fufpicious, and reflect difcredit on him ; we conftdering him in fome degree refponfible for our condud. As far as we did go, we experienced the fame polite and attentive beha- viour we met with from the inhabitants of the city. Never was more diftinguiftied urbanity fhown to ftrangers, than was fhown to us by every rank. From its complicated ftate, I could learn but few parti- culars relative to the government of Brazil. The viceroy is invefted with great power and authority, fubjed in fome cafes to an appeal to the court of Lifbon ; but, like a wife and prudent ruler, he feldom exerts it, unlefs in inftances where found judgment and true policy render it expedient and neceflary. He is a man of little parade, and appears not to be very fond of pomp and grandeur, except on public days, when it is not to be difpenfed with. When he goes abroad for amufement, or to take the air, his guard conftfts only of feven dragoons ; but on public occaftons he makes his appearance in a grander ftile. I once faw him go in ftate to one of the courts of juftice; and, though it was fituated not a hundred yards from his palace, he was at- tended 62 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. tended by a troop of horfe; His (late carriage is tolerably SeptCTiber. ^ut by DO mcans elegant or fuperb ; it was drawn by four borfes irregularly mottled. Carriages are pretty common at this place ; there is fcarcely a family of refpedlability without one. They are moflly of the chaife kind, and drawn in general by mules, which are found to anfwer better than horfes, being more indefatigable and furer footed ; confequently better calcu- lated to afcend their fleep hills and mountains. The military force of Brazil confids of a troop of horfe, which ferve as guards for the viceroy, twelve regiments of regulars from Europe, and fix raifed in the country : thefe laft enlifl; men of a mixed colour, which the former are by no means fuffered to do. Befides the foregoing, there are twelve regiments of militia alw^ays embodied. This whole force, regulars and militia, except thofe on out-pods and other needful duties, appear early in the niorning, on every iird; day of the month, before the palace, where they un- dergo a general mufter, and review of arms and neceffaries. The private men, although they are conddered as perfons of great confequence by the populace, are, on the other hand, equally fubmilTive and obedient to their officers. This drid: difcipline VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. difcipline and regularity, as the city is in a great meafure under military orders, renders the inhabitants extremely civil and polite to the officers, who, in return, ftudy to be on the moll agreeable and happy terms with them. A captain’s guard (independent of the cavalry, who are always in readinefs to attend the viceroy) is mounted every day at the palace. Whenever Commodore Phillip palled, which he did as feldom as poffible, the guard was turned out, with colours, &c. and, as I before obferved, the fame mark of honour paid to him as to the governor. To ob- viate this trouble and ceremony, he moll frequently landed and embarked at the north-well hde of the town, where his boat conllantly waited for him. On both lides of the river which forms the bay or har- bour, the country is pidurefque and beautiful to a degree, abounding with the mod luxuriant flowers and aromatic Ihrubs. Birds of a lovely and rich plumage are feen hop- ping from tree to tree in great numbers ; together with an endlefs variety of infers, whofe exquilite beauty and gaudy colours exceed all defcription. There is little appearance of cultivation in the parts we viflted ; the land feemed chiefly pallurage. The cattle here are fmall, and when killed do not 64 1787. September. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A not produce fuck beef as is to be met with in England : it is not, however, by any means fo bad as reprefented by fome travellers to be ; on the contrary, I have feen and eat here tolerably good, fweet, and well-tafted beef. I never faw any mutton : they have indeed a few iheep, but they are fmall, thin, and lean. The gardens furnilh moft forts of European productions, fuch as cabbages, lettuce, parfley, leeks, white radifhes, beans, peafe, kidney beans, turnips, water melons, excellent pumpkins, and pine-apples of a fmall and indifferent kind. The country likewife pro- duces, in the moft unbounded degree, limes, acid and fweet lemons, oranges of an immenfe fize and exquifite flavour, plantains, bananas, yams, cocoa-nuts, cafhoo apples and nuts, and fome mangos. For the ufe of the flaves and poorer fort of people, the capado is cultivated in great plenty ; but this cannot be done through a want of corn for bread, as I never faw finer flour than at this place, which is plentiful, and remarkably cheap. Brazil, particularly towards the northern parts, furniflies a number of excellent drugs. In the fhops of the druggifts and apothecaries of Rio de Janeiro, of which there are many, hippo, oil of caftor, balfam capiva, with moft of the valu- able VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. able gums, and all of an excellent quality, are to be found; but they are fold at a much dearer rate than could poflibly have been conceived or expedled in a country of v^hich they are the natural produce. The riches of this country, arihng from the mines, are certainly very greatr To go near, or to get a light of thefe inexhauftible treafuries, is impoflible, as every pafs leading to them is ftrongly guarded ; and even a perfon taken on the I road, unlefs he be able to give a clear and unequivocal account of himfelf and his bufinefs, is imprifoned, and per- haps compelled ever after to work in thofe fub terraneous cavities, which avarice, or an ill-timed and fatal curiolity, may have prompted him to approach. Thefe circumflances made a trial to fee them without permiffion (and that per- miffion I underhand has never been granted the moh fa- voured foreigners) too dangerous to be attempted. In addition to the above fource of wealth, the country produces excellent tobacco, and likewife fugar canes, from which the inhabitants make good fugar, and draw a fpirit called aquadente. This fpirit, by proper management, and being kept till it is of a proper age, becomes tolerable rum. As it is fold very cheap, the commodore purchafed a K hundred 65 1787. Septeiflber. II I 66 1787. September. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A Iiundred pipes of it for the ufe of the garrifon when arrived at New South ¥/ales. Precious and valuable fiones are alfo found here. Indeed they are fo very plenty, that a certain quantity only is fuffered to be colle<5led annually. At the jewellers and lapidaries, of which occupation there are many in Rio, I faw fome valuable diamonds, and a great number of excellent topazes, with m.any other forts of ftones of inferior value. Several topazes were purchafed by myfelf and others ; but we chofe to buy them wrought, in order to avoid impofition, which is not unfrequent when the Pones are fold in a rough Pate. One of the principal Preets of this city is nearly occupied by jewellers and the workers of thefe Pones ; and I obferved that perfons of a Pmilar profefPon generally rePded in the fame Preet. The manufadures here are very few, and thofe by no means extenPve. All kinds of European goods fell at an immoderate price, notwithPanding the fhops are well Pored with them. The Brazil, or native Indians, are very adroit at making elegant cotton hammocks of various dyes and forms. It was formerly the cuPom for the principal people of Rio to be carried about in thefe hammocks j but that fafhion is fuc- eeeded by the ufe of fedan chairs, which are now very com- mon VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 67 mon among them; but they are of a more clumfy form than thofe ufed in England. The chair is fufpended from an aukward piece of wood, borne on the fhoulders of two flaves, and elevated fufficiently to be clear of the inequalities of the ftreet. In carrying, the foremoft flave takes the ■pavement, and the other the ftreet, one keeping a little be- fore the other ; fo that the chair is moved forward in a I ftdelong direction, and very unlike the procedure of the London chairmen. Thefe fellows, who get on at a great rate, never take the wall of the foot-paftengers, nor income mode them in the fmalleft degree^ The inhabitants in general are a pleafant, cheerful people, inclining more to corpulency than thofe of Portugal ; and*, as far as we could judge, very favourably inclined to the Englifti. The men are ftrait and well-proportioned. They do not accuftom themfelves to high living, nor indulge much in the juice of the grape. The women, when young, are remarkably thin, pale, and delicately fhaped ; but, after marriage, they generally in- cline to be lufty, without loftng that conftitutional pale, or rather fallow appearance. They have regular and better teeth than are ufually obferv^able in warm climates, where K 2 fweet 1787. September. 68 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. September. fweet produdions are plentiful. They have likewife the mofi: lovely, piercing, dark eyes ; in the captivating ufe of which they are by no means unfkilled. Upon the whole, the women of this country are very engaging ; and rendered more fo by their free, eafy, and unreflrained manner. Both fexes are extremely fond of fuffering their hair, which is black, to grow to a prodigious length. The ladies wear it plaited, and tied up in a kind of club, or large lump; a mode of hair-dreffing that does not feem to correfpond with their delicate and feminine appearance. Cudom, however, reconciles us to the mod: otUre fafhions ; and what we thought unbecoming, the Portugueze conddered as highly ornamental. I was one day at a gentleman’s houfe, to whom I expreided my wonder at the prodigious quantity of hair worn by the ladies ; adding, that I did not conceive it pof- dble for it to be all of their own growth. The gentleman adured me that it was ; and, in order to convince me that it was fo, he called his wife, and untied her hair, which, notwithdanding it was in plaits, dragged at lead two inches upon the door as die walked along. I odered my fervice to tie it up again ; which was politely accepted, and con- ddered as a compliment by both. It has been faid that the VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 69 the Portugueze are a jealous people ; a difpolition I never 1787. could perceive among any of thofe with whom I had the pleafure of forming an acquaintance ; on the contrary, they feemed fenlible of, and pleafed with, every kind of attention paid to their wives or daughters. The current coin here is the fame as that in Portugal, but iilver as well as gold is coined at this place, where they have an eftablilhed mint. The pieces of gold are of various lizes, and have marked on them the number of thoufand rees they are worth. The mod: common coin is a 4000 ree piece, which paffes for 2. 6, though not fo heavy as an Englifh guinea. The filver pieces, called petacks, value two fliillings, are alfo marked with the number of rees they arc worth. You get ten of thefe in exchange for a guinea ; and for a Spanifh dollar two petacks, fivewintins and a half, which is about four (hillings and eight-pence. Here, as in ‘Portugal, they have five, ten, and twenty thoufand ree pieces. A ree is a nominal coin ; twenty make a vintin, value about three half-pence ; eight vintins make one (hil- ling ; a petack is worth two (hillings, and of thefe there are fome douWe pieces, value four {hillings fterling. One morning, as I attended Mr. Il de Fonfo, furgeon ge- I neral 70 1787. September. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A neral to the army, and a man of ingenuity and abilities in his profefTion, to a large public hofpital, a foldier was brought in with a wound in his left fide. The inftrument had penetrated the abdomen, without injuring the intef- tines ; and from its form and nature the wound mufl have been inflidled with the point of a knife, or a fiiletto. The patient, after being dreffed, acquainted us, that the preced- ing night he had had fome words with another man about a woman ; who, notwithftanding blows had not pafTed, tab- bed him with fome fharp inftrument, of what kind he could not. fee, as it was then dark, and afterwards made his efcape. This account led me to believe that affafTinations were not unfrequent in Brazil ; but Mr. Il de Fonfo affured me to the contrary ; telling me that fuch inffances feldoin happened, except among the negroes, whofe vindictive and treacherous difpolitions led them wonderful lengths to gratify their revenge, whenever night and a convenient opportunity confpired, at once to aid and to conceal their horrid acts. While we remained here, the weather being cool and favourable, I prevailed on the furgeon who was about to amputate a limb, to allow me to take it off according to Allenfon’s 4 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Allenfoh’s method. During the operation I could plainly fee, that he and his pupils did not feem much pleafed with it; and he afterwards told me it was impoITible it could ever anfwer. A very fhort fpace of time, however, made them of a different opinion; and in eighteen days after, when we failed, I had the fatisfadion to leave the patient with his flump nearly cicatrized, to the no fmall joy of the furgeon, who faid, that if the man had died, he fhould have been heavily cenfured for making him the fubjed of experi- ments, The circumftance of a man’s leg being cut off, and almofl healed in as many days as it generally takes weeks, foon became known, and added very much to the eflinia- tion in which the people of this place held Englifh furgeons. Whenever I vifited the hofpital afterwards, the objeds of pity with which it was filled, ufed to crowd around me in fuch a manner, and in fuch numbers, for my advice, that I found it difficult to get from them. And they now would readily have fubmitted to any operation I fhould have propofed ; but as I faw the furgeon did not much approve of my inter- ference, I gave up all ideas of it. The harbour of Rio de Janeiro lies in 22° 54.' fouth lati- tude, and 43° 19' wefl longitude, about eighteen or twenty leagues' \ 71 1787. September. !»■ I'— ' iJ 72 1787. September. Ca ij WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A leagues to the weft ward of Cape Frio. The entrance is goodj and cannot be miftaken, on account of a remarkable hill,, refenibling a fugar loaf, that is on the left hand ftde ; and fome iftands before it, one of which is oblong, and does not, at fome diftance, look unlike a thatched houfe : they lie from the mouth of the harbour S. by W. about two leagues. Ships going in may run on either ftde. The bar, over which we carried feven fathom water, is not more than three- fourths of a mile acrofs, and well defended by forts. The ftrongeft is called Santa Cruz, built on a rock, on the ftar- board ftde as you run in, from which evei-y fhot fired at fhips pafting miift take elFedl:. The other, named Fort Lozia, is fmaller, and built on an iftand or rock, on the larboard ftde,, a little higher up, and lying contiguous to the main land.. The tide in the harbour rarely ebbs and flows more than feven feet ; however, fhips, if pofllble,^^ never anchor in thia narrow pafs. between the forts, as the bottom is foul, and the tide runs with conftderable rapidity. All danger in going in, or running out, may be avoided by keeping the mid channel, or a little bordering on the ftarboard fhore. After Santa Cruz fort is pafled, the courfe is nearly N, by W. and N. N. W. ; but, as I before obferved, the eye is the beft VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. pilot. When you get within a mile of a flrong fortified ifiand which lies before the town (only feparated by a nar- row pafs), called the Ifie of Cobras, you are then in the great road j where we anchored in fifteen fathom water ; or, fiiould you have occafion to get nearer the town, you may run round this iflandj oh the north fide, and anchor above it, before the convent of Benedictine friars at the N. W. end of the city, before fpoken of. The city and harbour are firongly defended and fortified, but with very little judgment or regularity. The hills are very high,* and fo is the coafi, which has fuch ftrange, romantic, and almofl; inacceffible terminations, that nature of her own accord, without the aid of military fkill, feems difpofed to defend them. Taking every thing into the account,- I think it one of the befi: harbours I have ever feen ; and, upon the whole, better calculated to fupply the wants of people who have long been at fea, and Band in need of refrefhment, than any part of the world, every thing being fo remarkably cheap. Beef may be purchafed at feven farthings per pound ; hogs, turkeys, and ducks, both Englifii and Mufcovy, were equally reafohable. Fowls were dearer, but ftilf fold' at n lower rate than in England^ Fifii 73 1787. September. L was 7+ 1787. Septeniber. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A was not very plentiful, but I was told, that at other feafons they have a moft excellent market for that article. Their market for vegetables, however, abounded with fruit, roots, and garden huff, of every kind, notwithflanding it was not the bell feafon for fruit, it then being too early in the fpring to expedt abundance. Oranges, whieh we had in the greateft plenty, coft only five-pence the hundred. On a hill, about half a mile S. E. of the city, ftands a con- vent, named Convento de Santa Therefa; the nuns of which, amounting to about forty, are not allowed to unveil when they come to the grate : and on a plain between this con- vent and the city, ftands another, called Convento A. de Juda, a very large building, governed by an abbefs and fe- veral nuns, all under the direction of a bifhop. Here about feventy young ladies are placed to be educated, who are fubjedl to all the reftricftions of a monaftic life, only they are permitted to be frequently at the grate, and that unveiled. But what is fingular, the nuns of this convent, when they arrive at a proper age, are allowed either to take a hulband, or to take the veil, j‘uft as their inclination leads. They are not however fufFered to quit the convent on any other terms than that of marriage ; to which the confent and approba- tion 3 75 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. \ tion of the bifhop is always neceffary. If they do not get a huiband early in life, it is common for them to take the veil. Many of thefe young ladies were very agreeable both in perfon and difpoiition ; and by frequently converfing with them at the grate, we formed as tender an inter- courfe with them as the bolts and bars between us would admit of. Myfelf, and two other gentlemen belonging to the fleet. Angled out three of thofe who appeared to be the mofl: free and lively, to whom we attached ourfelves during our flay, making them fuch prefents as we thought would prove mofl: acceptable, and receiving more valuable ones in return. Thefe little attentions were viewed by them in fo favourable a light, that when we took a lafl: farewel they gave us many evident proofs of their concern and regret. Indeed every circumflance while we continued at this charming place (except there being no inns or coffee-houfes, where a ftranger could refrefh himfelf, or be accommodated when he chofe to flay a night or two on fhore) confpired to make us pleafed and delighted with it ; and T can truly fay, that I left it with reludance, which I believe was the cafe with many of my companions. September 3d. The commodore fent Mr. Moreton, the L 2 mafler 1787. September. I— y6 1787. September. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A mafter of the Sirius^ and two of his midlhipmen, who had been put on the invalid lift, aboard an Englifh ftiip return- ing from the Southern whale fifliery to England, which, be- ing leaky, had been forced into Rio. As this fhip was to fail in a few days, it furniihed us with an opportunity of writing to our friends. About two in the afternoon the commodore made the ftgnal for all officers to repair on board their refpedlive ffiips, and for the tranfports to hoift in their boats, 4th. At ftx the fleet weighed with, a light land breeze^ On the commodore’s approaching Santa Cruz Fort, he was faluted from the batteries with twenty-one guns ; which he returned from the Sirius with an equal number. About ten o’clock we got clear of the land, fleering to the eaftward with a gentle breeze. Thomas Brown, a convicft, was pu- niflied with a. dozen laffies, for behaving infolently to one oF the officers of the ffiip. This was the firft that had received any puniffiment,. flnce their embarkation on board the Char- lotte. 5th. Wind variable and cloudy ; Rio Sugar-loaf ftill in flght, about eight or nine leagues diftant. 6th. The officers, fhip’s company, marines, and convidsy I were. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. were, by fignal from the Sirius, put to an allowance of three quarts of water per day, including that ufually allowed for cooking their provllions. In the courfe of the day a fleady breeze fprung up at N. E. About fix in the evening, the Fifiiburne vidualler carried away her fore- top-gallant yard, which file foon got replaced with another. • 7th and 8th. The weather continued dark and cloudy, with fonae heavy fhowers of rain. On the evening of the 8‘th, between the hours of three and four,- Mary Broad, a convict, was- delivered of a fine girl. 9th and roth. Fine, clear, dry weather. The commodore made a fignal for the convoy to clofe, being Icattered about at a confiderable diftance from him.- I ithy 1 2thy and 1 3th. Frefli breezes, with fudden fqualls and heavy rain.^ The four fucceeding days, light airs, and hazy, with fome filowers, and a damp moifij air. On the evening of the lythy our longitude being,- by fignal from the commodore, 31" 34" W. we caught a fliark fix feet long, of which the people made a good mefs. 1 8th, Heavy rain, with dark and cold Weather. Saw feveral albatrolTes and pintado birds. 19th. William* Brown, a very well behaved' convicPc, in brinffintr WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A '8 1787. Oilober. bringing fome clothing from the bowfprit end, where he had hung them to dry, fell overboard. As foon as the alarm was given of a man being overboard, the £hip was in- Randy hove to, and a boat hoifted out, but to no purpofe. Lieutenant Ball of the Supply, a moR adlive officer, knowing from our proceedings (as we were at the time fteering with a fair wind, and going near fix knots an hour) that fome acci- dent muPc have happened, bore down ; but notwithftanding every exertion, the poor fellow funk before either the Supply or our boat could reach him. The people on the forecaftle, who faw him fall, fay, that the ffiip went diredlly over him, which, as fhe had quick way through the water, mufi: make it impoffible for him to keep on the furface long enough to be taken up, after having received the ftroke from fo heavy a body. 23d. From the 19th, the weather had been cold, dry, and pleafant ; it now became wet, fqually, and unfettled ; the v/ind wefterly, with a high fea ; albatroffes, pintado birds, and fome fmall hawks, hovering round the ffiip. 30th. The weather became more moderate and pleafant, the wind variable, inclining to calms. Odtober ift. Light airs, with haze and rain. Saw a great VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 79 great number of different birds ; we were then in latitude 34° 42' S. longitude 1° 10' E. of the meridian of London. 13th. The Sirius made the fignal for feeing land ; and at feven in the evening we came to, in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, in feventeen fathom water, abreaft of Cape Town, diftant about a mile or a mile and half. As foon as the Sirius anchored, the commodore and commiffary went on fhore, and took up their refidence in lodgings at the houfe of Mrs. De Witt. They were foon followed by fuch officers as could be fpared from the duty of the Beet, all wiffiing to prepare themfelves, by the comforts and re- freffiments to be enjoyed on ffiore, for the lafh add longeft ftage of their voyage. 14th. The contract for provifions being fettled with Meffrs. De Witts and Cafton, the troops, men, women, and children, were ferved with a 'pound and half of foft bread, and an equal quantity of beef or mutton daily ; and with wine in lieu of fpirits. The convids, men, women, and children,, had the fame allowance as the troops, except wine. 1 6th. Commodore Phillip, attended by moft of the officers of the fleet, paid a complimentary vifit to his excel- lency So 1787. October. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A lency Mynheer Van Graaf, the Dutch governor, by whom we were received with extreme civility and politenefs. A few hours after we had taken leave, he called on the commodore at his lodgings, to return his viht ; and the next day re- turned the vifit of fuch officers, refiding on fhore, as had paid their refpeds to him. Notwithflanding this fludied politenefs, feveral days elapfed before the commodore could obtain a categorical an- fwer to the requifition he had made for the fupplies he flood in need of for the expedition : and had it not been for the judicious perfeverance Commodore Phillip obferved, in urg- ing his particular fituation, and the uncommon exigency of the fervice he was engaged in ; it was believed the governor, fifeal, and council, would have fheltered their refufal under the pretence that a great fcarcity had prevailed in the Cape colony the preceding feafon, particularly of wheat and corn, which were the articles we flood moft in want of. This idea they wifhed to imprefs us with ; but, as jufl obferved, the commodore’s fagacity and induflrious zeal for the fervice fubdued and got over the fupinenefs fhown by the governor, See. and procured permiifion for the contrador to fupply us with as much flock, corn, and other neceflaries, as we could* flow. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. St flow. It is, however, much to be lamented that the quantity we could find room for fell very fhort of what we ought to have taken in ; as the only fpare room we had, was what had been occafioned by the confumption of provifions, &c. fince we left Rio de Janeiro, and the removal of twenty female convids from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte, the LadyPen- rhyn, and the Prince of Wales. After the fupplies had been granted, his excellency Governor Graaf invited the commodore, and many of the officers of the expedition, to a very handfome dinner at his town refidence. The houfe at which we were entertained, is delightfully fituated, nearly in the centre of an extenfive garden, the property of the Dutch Eafl; India company, ufefully planted, and at the fame time elegantly laid out. The governor’s family make what ufe they pleafe of the produce of the garden, which is various and abundant ; but the original intention of the company in appropriating fo extenfive a piece of ground to this purpofe was, that their hofpital, which is generally pretty full when their fhips arrive after long voyages, may be well fupplied with fruits and vegeta- bles, and likewife that their fhips may receive a fimilar fupply. 1787. OiSbober. M This 82 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. Odlober. This garden is as public as St. James’s park ; and, for its handfome, pleafant, and well-fhaded walks, is much fre- quented by perfons of every defcription, but particularly by the fafhionable and gay. There are many other agreeable walks about Cape Town, but none to be compared with thefe. At the upper end. of the principal of them is a fmall fpace walled in for the purpofe of confining fome large oRriches, and a few deer. A little to the right of this is a fmall menagery, in which the company have half a dozen wild animals, and about the fame number of curious birds. As you approach the Cape of Good Hope, a very re- markable mountain may, in clear weather, be difcovered at a confiderable diftance ; it is called the Table Land, from its flat furface, which refembles that piece of furniture. Mr. Dawes, lieutenant of marines on board the Sirius, an ingenious and accurate obferver, who has undertaken during the voyage the aflronomical obfervations ; accompanied by MefTrs. Fowell and Waterhoufe, midfhipmen of the Sirius; Lieutenant De Witt, of the Dutch navy ; and myfelf, went to the top of this mountain ; an undertaking which we found to be of a far more ferious nature than we at firft were aware of. For my own part, I fuffered fo much from heat and VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 83 and thirfl, that had not the fear of fhame urged me on, my companions being determined to accornplifh it at all events, I fliould moft certainly have given it up, before I reached the top. During this fultry and fatiguing expedition, 1 found great benefit, towards alleviating my third:, by keep- ing a'fmall pebble in my mouth; and fometimes by chewing rufhes, which we met with?in our way. But, when we had reached the fummit, the delightful and extenfive profpedt we there enjoyed, the weather being uncommonly fine, fully atoned 'for the trouble, fatigue, and every fuffering, we had undergone. From this elevation we, could overlook all the country about the Cape. As foon as we got to the top, our fird bufinefs was to look out for water ; » but all we could find was fome dagnant rain, which lay in the hollow of the dones. Our third, however, was fo intolerable, that the difcovery even of this gave us inexpredible pleafure ; and, notwithdanding we all perfpired mod violently, and were fenfible of the danger and impropriety of drinking a quantity of bad water in fuch a fituation, yet we could not refrain. As for my own part, it was utterly out of my power to liden at that time to the didates of prudence ; and I believe it was equally difficult M 2 .1787. ^ Oftober. to 84 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. 0£lober. 4 to my companions, if I might judge from the avidity with which they drank out of the little pools, lying on the ground at full length, that being the only poflure in which it was to be obtained. The regularity of the flreets of the town, which interfecT each other at right angles ; the buildings, gardens, cafUe, and forts ; with twenty-three ihips then at anchor in the bay ; all which appeared direcTly underneath us ; was a fight beautiful and pleafing beyond defcription. The per- pendicular height of this land is 1857 feet from the furface of the water. On the top of it we gathered feveral fpecies of heath, fome wild celery, a few fhrubs, and fome non-defcript plants ; we found alfo fome little ftones of a fine polifh and fingular whitenefs. In our defcent, which prov^ed nearly as difficult and trou- blefome as going up, we faw fome runaway negroes, round a fire, on the clift of a ftupendous rock, where it was en- tirely out of the power of their owners to get at them. To look at their fituation, one would think it beyond the utmoft flretch of human ingenuity to devife a way to reach it. Here they remain all day in perfedt fecurity, and during the night make frequent excurfions ta the town and the parts adjacent, ilk VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. adjacent, committing great depredations on the inhabitants. The whole fubfiftence of thefe fugitives depends on this precarious method: and even this method would prove in- fufficient, were it not for the affiftance they receive from thofe who were once their fellow Haves. Nor is it always that they fucceed in the depredatory trips, which necelTity thus urges them to take ; they are often betrayed by their quondam friends ; and when this happens, as the Dutch are not famed for their lenity in punifliing crimes, they are made horrid examples of. But neither the fear of pu- nilhment, nor hunger, thirft, cold, and wretchednefs, to which they are often unavailably expofed, can deter them from making Table Land their place of refuge from what they confider to be greater evils. Scarcely a day paffes but a fmoke may be feen from fome of thefe inacceffible re- treats. In the mild or fummer leafon, which commences in Sep- tember, and continues till March, the Table Land is fome- times fuddenly capped with a white cloud, by fome called the fpreading of the table-cloth. When this cloud feems to roll down the fleep face of the mountain, it is an unerring indication of an approaching gale of wind from the fouth- eafl ; 86 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. 0(5):ober. eafl; ; wliich generally blows with great violence, and fome- times continues a day or more, but in common is of fhort duration. On the firft appearance of this cloud, the fhips in Table Bay 'begin to prepare for it, by flriking yards and top-mads, and making every thing as fnug as poflible. A little to the weftward of the Table Land, divided by a fmall valley, flands, on the right hand fide of Table Bay, a round hill, called the'Sugar Loaf ; and by many the Lion’s Head, as there is „a continuance from it contiguous to the fea, called the Lion’s Rump ; and when you take a general view of the whole, it very much refembles that animal with his head eredl. The Sugar Loaf or Lion’s Head, and the Lion’s Rump, have each a flag- Raff on them, by which the approach of fhips is made known to the governor, par- ticularizing their number, nation, and the quarter from which they come. ^ To the eaflward, feparated by a fmall chafm from the Table Land, Hands Charles’s Mount, well known by the appellation of the Devil’s Tower ; and fo called from the violent gufls of wind fuppofed to ifTue from it, when it partakes of the cap that covers the Table Land; though thefe gufls are nothing more than a degree of force the wind acquires in coming through the chafm. When this I 87 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.' this phaenomenon appears in the morning, which is by no ' 1787* means fo frequent as in the evening, the lailors have a laying, as the Devil’s Tower is almoft contiguous to the Table Land, that the old gentleman is going to breakfaft ; if in the middle of the day, that he is going to dinner; and if in the evening, that the cloth is fpread for fupper. The foregoing high lands form a kind of amphitheatre about the Table Valley, where the Cape Town ftands. From the fhipping the town appears pleafantly fituated, but at the fame time fmall ; a deception that arifes from its being built in a valley with fuch ftupendous mountains directly behind it. On landing, however, you are furprifed, and agreeably difappointed, to find it not only extenfive, but well built, and in a good flile ; the ftreets fpacious, and interfedling each other at right angles with great precifion. This exa6t- nefs in the formation of the ftreets, when viewed from the Table Land, is obferved to be very great. The houfes in ge- neral are built of ftone, cemented together with a glutinous kind of earth which ferves as mortar, and afterwards neatly plaftered, and whitewaflied, with lime. As to their height, they do not in common exceed two ftories, on account of the violence of the wind, which at fome feafons of the year blows 88 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1787. 06lober. blows with great ftrength and fury ; indeed fometimes fo violently as to fbake the houfes to the very foundation. For the fame reafon, thatch has been ufually preferred to tiles or fhingles ; but the bad effects that have proceeded from this mode when fires happen, has induced the inhabi- tants in all their new buildings to give the preference to dates and tiles. The lower parts of the houfes, according to the cuftom of the Dutch nation, are not only uncommonly neat and clean in appearance, but they are really fo ; and the fiirniture is rather rich than elegant. But this is by no means the cafe with the bed-rooms or upper apartments ; v/hich are more barely and worfe furnifiied than any I ever beheld : and the ftreets feem to be much upon a par with them, they being rough, uneven, and unpaved. I was, however, upon the whole, extremely well pleafed with the town. Many of the houfes have a fpace flagged before the door, and others have trees planted before them, which form a pleafant fhade, and give pleafing novelty to the ftreets. The only landing-place is at the-eaft end of the town, \ where there is a wooden quay running fome paces into the fea, with feveral cranes on it, for the convenience of loading and unloading the fcoots that come along fide. To this VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. this place excellent water is conveyed by pipes, which makes the watering of fliips both eafy and expeditious. Clofe to this quay, on the left hand, hands the caftle and principal fortrefs ; a ftrong extenhve work, having excellent accommodations for the troops, and for many of the civil officers belonging to the company. Within the gates, the company have their principal ftores ; which are fpa- cious as well as convenient. ,This fort covers and defends th? eaft part of the town and harbour, as Amfterdam fort does the weft part. The latter, which has been built ftnce corrimo- dore johnft one’s expedition, and whereon both French and Dutch judgment have been united to render it effeiftual and ftrong, is admirably planned and calculated to annoy and harafs ihips coining into the bay. Some fmaller de- tached fortifications extend along the coaft, both to the eaft and weft, and make landing, which was not the cafe before the late war, hazardous and difficult. In a word. Cape Town is at this time fortified with ftrength, regularity, and judgnient. There are two churches here 5 ^ one large, plain,' and unadorned, for the Calvinifts,, the prevailing fecft ; and a fmaller one for the Lutherans. The hofpital, which is. la,rge and extenfive:, is fituated N Sg .1787- Octobet:. at go 1 787. Odtober. WHITENS JOURNAL OF A at the upper end of the town, clofe to the company’s garden* It is an honour to that commercial body, and no fmall orna- ment to the town. The only objedion that can be made to it as a building, is its fituation : had it been eroded on an eminence, and a little detached from the town, which might eafily have been done, no fault could have been found with it. As it is, the convalefcents have free accefs to the com- pany’s gardens, where they reap the benefit of a wholefome pure air, perfumed with the exhalations of a great variety of rich fruit trees, aromatic fhrubs, and odorous plants and flowers and likewife have the ufe of every produdion of as before obferved ; advantages that compenfate, in a great meafure, for the flat fltuation of the hofpital. The inhabitants are all exceedingly fond of gardens, which they keep in mofl excellent order. The doing this is very little trouble to them, the climate and foil being moil benign and friendly to vegetation. Among the many which afforded me delight, I mufl not forget that belonging to Colonel Gordon, commander in chief of the Dutch troops at the Cape ; where not only the tafte and inge- nuity of the gardener, but the fkill and knowledge of the botanifl, are at once manifefl:. The colonel is a man of fcience, of an afiive and well-cultivated genius, and who appropriates I ;• t/t a I? O '■ ■ '■ •> T I 1 ! VOYAGE TO NEW SOU.TH WALES. appropriates thofe hours he. can fparei from his military- duties (in which he is faid to excel),' to , a perufal of the hook of nature, and refearches after ufeful knowledge. Theie purfuits tend not only to his amufement, but to his honour 5 and they will, doubtlefs, at fome time or other, farther conduce to the advancement of natural hiftory, and to the honour of his country ; a« it is faid he intends to publiih the obfervations and remarks which have been the relhlt of his refearches. Thofe he has made on the Hotten- tots, CaflTres, and the countries they inhabit, will doubt- iefsly be valuable j he having made himfelf better acquainted with the fubje WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A thus far but for the fuccour given them by myfelf and my afTiftants. 9th. WTnd variable, and weather hazy, damp and dark ; with fome vivid flafhes of lightning, fucceeded by diftant peals of loud thunder. On the morning of this day died Edward Thomfon, a convidl, worn out with a melancholy and long confinement. Had he lived, I think he would have proved a deferving member of fociety, as he feemed fenfible of the impropriety and imprudence of his former life, and fludious to atone for it. loth. The wind variable, and weather dark and gloomy, with a very troublefome high fea. About two o’clock P. M. we had one of the mod fudden guds of wind I ever remember to have known. In an indant it fplit our main- fail ; and but for the adivity fhewn by the failors, in let- ting dy the fheets, and lowering the top-fails, the mads mud have gone over the fide. The Prince of Wales, who was clofe to us, had her main yard carried away in the flings. Fortunately for us the fquall was of fhort dura- tion, otherwife the fhips mud have fudered conliderably from the uncommon crofs fea that was running ; which we VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. we had found to be the cafe ever fince we reached this coaft. nth. and 12th. The wind variable, inclining to the fouthward and weftward, and ftill an unpleafant crofs troublefome fea. We faw a ' whale, feveral feals, and many large oceanous birds, which we frequently fired at, without their betraying the fmallefl lymptom of fear either at the report, or at the balls, which frequently dropped clofe to them. A conclufion may be drawn from hence, that they had never been harafled with fire arms before ; if they had, they would undoubtedly have fhown fome fear ; a fenfation they feemed to be totally unacquainted with. In all our firings we did not kill one of them. 19th. In the evening we faw the land over Red Point, bearing W. by N. the extremes of the land from S. S. W. to N. We were then about three leagues from the fhore ; and finding it unlikely to get in that night. Captain Hunter made the fignal for the convoy to come within hail ; when he acquainted them, that the entrance into Botany Bay bore N. N. W. : adding, that for the night he intended to ftand off and on, and early in the morning make fail for the bay. 113 1788. January. U. — >— ■ mi .20th, At WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 114 1788. 20th. At four in the morning the Sirius and convoy' made fail, and at eight o’clock anchored in eight fathom water; Cape Banks E. S. E. Point Solander S. S. E. and the entrance of the bay, between thefe two lands, W. S. W. We found here the Supply tender, which had arrived the i8th, and the Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendfhip tranfports, who had only arrived the day before. To fee all the fhips fafe in their deRined port, without ever having, by any accident, been one hour feparated ; and all the people in as good health as could be expeded or hoped for, after fo long a voyage, was a light truly pleafing, and at which every heart muft rejoice. As we failed into the bay, fome of the natives were on the fhore, looking with feeming attention at fuch large moving bodies coming amongft them. In the evening the boats were permitted to land on the north fide,, in order to get water and grafs for the little flock we had remaining. An officer’s guard was placed there to prevent the feamen from ftraggling, or having any improper inter- courfe with the natives. Captain Hunter, after anchoring,, waited on the governor, on board the Supply ; who, with feveral other officers, landed. As they rowed along the fhore, fome of the natives followed the boat ; but on her putting VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES* putting in for the fhore, they ran into the woods. Some of the gentlemen, however, before they returned on board, ob- tained an interview with them; during which they fliowed fbme dillruft, but, upon the whole, were civilly inclined. The boats fent to haul the feine returned, having had tolerable fuccefs. The fifli they caught were bream, mullet, large rays, befides many other fmaller fpecies. 2 1 ft. The governor. Captain Hunter, and the two mafters of the men of war, with a party of marines, fet off this morning, in two rigged long boats, to examine Port Jackfon, a harbour lying a little to the northward, which was difcovered by Captain Cook. 23d. The party returned this evening, full of praifes on the extent and excellence of the harbour, as well as the fuperiority of the ground, water, and fttuation, to that of Botany Bay ; which, I own, does not, in my opinion, by any means merit the commendations beftowed on it by the much-lamented Cook, and others, whofe names and judg- ments are no lefs admired and efteemed. During his excel- lency’s abfence the lieutenant governor had iffued his orders to land all the artificers that could be found among the con- vi ■ % i X f: ■■y/- li VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 30th. John Freeman was tried for flealing from another convict feven pounds of flour. He was convidted, and fentenced to be hanged ; but while under the ladder, with the rope about his neck, he was offered his free pardon on condition of performing the duty of the common exe- cutioner as long as he remained in this country ; which, after fome little paufe, he reluctantly accepted. William Sheerman, his accomplice, was fentenced to receive on his bare back, with a cat-o’nine- tails, three hundred lafhes, which were inflicted. A New Holland Cajfowary was brought into camp. This bird flands feven feet high, meafuring from the ground to the upper part of the head,' and, in every refpeCt, is much larger than the common Cajfowary of all authors, and differs fo much therefrom, in its form, as to clearly prove it a new fpecies. The colour of the plumage is greatly flmilar, confifting of a mixture of dirty brown and grey; on the belly it was fomewhat whiter ; and the remarkable ftruCture of the feathers, in having two quills with their webs arifing out of one fhaft, is feen in this as well as the common fort. It differs materially in wanting the horny appendage on the top of the head. The head and beak S are 129 1788. February. 130 i7?8. February. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A are much more like thofe of the oflrich than the common Cafibwary, both in fhape and fize. Upon the upper part of the head the feathers, with which it is but thinly covered, are very fmall, looking more like hair than fea- thers, and in having the neck pretty well clothed with them, except the chin and throat, which are fo thinly covered, that the ikin, which is there of a purplifh colour, may be feen clearly. The fmall wings are exceedingly fhort, which form a ridiculous contrail: with the ' body, ' as they are even lefs than thofe of the CalTowary : they have no large quills in them, being only covered with the fmall feathers that grow all over the body. Another Angu- larity alfo prefents itfelf in this fpecies, which is in refpecd: to the legs. As to the back part of them, the whole length is indented, or fawed, in a remarkable manner; The toes are three in number, the middle one long, the other two fhort, with flrong claws, not unlike the fame part of the common fpecies. On examining the vifcera, they differed from that of every other fpecies of the fea- thered kind which I had ever feen; particularly in having no gizzard, or fecond flomach ; and the liver was fa very fmall, that it did not exceed in Aze that of a black- bird. 3 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, bird. To this liver was joined a large gall-bladder, well diftended with bile. The crop, or ftomach, was filled with at leaf!: fix or feven pounds of grafs, flowers, and a few berries and feeds. The inteftinal canal was at lead fix yards long, very wide, and of a regular cylindrical fhape from the opening of the ftomach to the vent. The heart and lungs were feparated by a diaphragm or midriff, and bore a tolerable proportion to the fize of the bird. The flefh of this bird was very good, and tafted not unlike young tender beef. This bird is fuppofed to be not uncommon in New Hollandy as it has been frequently feen by oiir Settlers both at Botany Bay and Port Jackfon^ but is exceedingly fhy, and runs fafter than a greyhound. One of them however has been fhot^'. March 9th. The governor, with two long boats manned and armed, returned from Broken Bay, fituated a little to the northward, which he had been exploring for feveral days. It affords good fhelter for fhipping, and the entrance is bold ; * A drawing was taken from this bird, of which an engraving is annexed. It has been lately fent to England by the governor, as a prefent to Lord Sydney, \yho, through the medium of Sir Jofeph Banks, has depofited it in the colledlions of Natural Hiftory of Mr. John Hunter in Leicefter Square, S 2 it 1788. March. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 13^ 1 783. March. It cannot, however, be compared to Port Jackfon. While he was there, he faw a great many of the natives, fome of whom he thinks he had obferved before, either at Botany Bay or in the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. One of the females happened to fall in love with his great coat ; and to obtain it, flie ufed a variety of means. FirH:, fhe danced, and played a number of antic tricks ; but finding this mode ineffedlual, fhe had recourfe to tears, which fhe fhed plenti- fully. This expedient not anfwering, fhe ceafed from weeping, and appeared as cheerful as any of the party around her. From this little incident it may be feen that they are not a people devoid of art. At Broken Bay many of the females, young and old, had the firfl: joint of the little finger, on their left hand, cut off. As this was the cafe with thofe who were married, or appeared to be fo from their having young children, as well as with thofe who were too young for a connexion of that nature, it was not poffible to ac- count for the caufe of fuch an amputation. Thefts and depre- dations on one another have becomie fo very frequent and glaring among the convids, that fcarcely a day paffes without fome of thefe miferable delinquents being punifhed. So hardened in wickednefs and depravity are many of them, that they feem I infenfible VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. • infenfible to the fear of corporal punifhment, or even death itfelf. The principal bufinefs going forward at prefent is eredling cabbage-tree huts for the officers, Ibldiers, and convidts ; fome ftore-houfes, &c. ; and a very good hofpital ; all which in the completion will cofi: a great deal of time and trouble, as the timber of this country is very unfit for the purpofe of building. Nor do I know any one purpofe for which it will anfwer, except for fire-wood ; and for that it is excellent : but, in other refpedls, it is the worfl: wood that any country or climate ever produced ; although fome of the trees, when ftanding, appear fit for any ufe whatever, mafts for ffiipping not excepted. Strange as it may be ima- gined, no wood in this country, though fawed ever fo thin, and dried ever fo well, will "Afloat. Repeated trials have only ferved to convince me that, immediately on immerfion, it finks to the bottom like a ftone. The ftone of this country is excellent for building, could any kind of cement be found to keep it together. There is not any lime-ftone (I believe) in New South Wales. The governor, notwithfianding that he had colledled together all the ffiells which could be found, for the purpofe of obtaining 1788. Marcii. 134 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. March J obtaining from them the lime neceflary to the conhrucStion of a houfe for his own rehdence, did not procure even a fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. The foun- dation ftone of a private houfe for him has been laid ; and a plate of copper, with the following infcription engraved on it, is to be placed in the wall ; ARTHUR PHILLIP, Esq. Captain General in and over his Majefty’s Territory of New South Wales, and its Dependencies ; Arrived in this Country on the i8th Day of January, 1788, with the firft Settlers 5 And on the 15 th Day of May, in the fame Year, the firft of thefe Stones was laid. The Supply tender returned from Norfolk Idand ; where, with great difficulty and danger, the ftores fent with Lieu- tenant King were landed, on account of the rockynefs of its ffiore, and the violence of the furf that almoft continually beats upon it. In her paffage there ffie fell in with an idand. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, ifland, in lat. 31° 36' S. long. 159° 4' E. never before dif- eovered, to which Lieutenant Ball, who commanded the Supply on this occalion, gave the name of Lord Howe’s Ifland. On her return to this port Ihe flopped at it, and found the landing nearly, if not quite, as difficult as at Norfolk Ifland. The fhore in many places was covered with excellent turtle, eighteen of which were brought Here, and proved a feafonable fupply to the convidls afflidted with; the fcurvy, many of whom were in a deplorable fituation. The fmalleft turtle brought from Lord Howe’s Ifland did not weigh lefs than 1501b. They alfo found on it, in great plenty, a kind of fowl, refembling much the Guinea fowl in fhape and flze, but widely different in colour ; they being in general' all white, with a red flefhy fubflance riflng, like a cock’s comb, from the head, and not unlike a piece of fealing-wax. Thefe not being birds of flight, nor in the leafl; wild, the failors availing themfelves of their gentlenefs and inability to take wing from their purfuits,, eaflly firuck them down with flicks. There were alfo many birds of the dove kind, as tame as the former, and caught with equal facility. Some of them were brought- alive to* this place. Befldes thefe, the fhore abounded with fea birds. 135 178S. March. WHITENS JOURNAL OF A birds of feveral fpecies. The illand is very barren^ and not more than twenty miles in circumference. 25th. The Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, and Charlotte, tranfports, being cleared of government ilores, w^ere dif- charged from the fervice, and are fhortly to depart for China, in order to load home with tea, they being chartered by the EaO; India company for that purpofe. April 15th. His excellency, attended by Lieutenant Ball of the navy. Lieutenant George Johnflon of the marines, the judge advocate, myfelf, three foldiers, and two feamen, landed in Manly Cove (fo called from the manly conduct of the natives when the governor firft vihted it), on the north lide of the entrance into Port Jackfon harbour, in order to trace to its fource a river, which had been difcovered a few days before. We, however, found this impracticable, owing to a thicket and fwamp which ran along the fide of it. The governor, anxious to acquire all the knowledge of the coun- try in his power, forded the river in two places, and more than up to our waifis in water, in hopes of being able to avoid the thicket and fwamp ; but, notwithfianding all his perfeverance, we were at length obliged to return, and to proceed along the fea fiiore, a mile or two to the northward. At % { K S ■V? ■‘■'I' ezj- l6^ yicd t/c7'cct^j)cc: 2i).fJ8QZ’j J/Zr- -eti VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. At the end of this we fell in with a fmall falt-water lagoon, on which we found nine birds, that, whilft fwimming, mofi: perfedUy' refembled the rara avis of the ancients — a black fwan. We difcharged feveral fhot at them, but the diftance was too great for execution. Our frequent firing, however, caufed them to take wing, and they flew towards the fea, which was very near, in the order that wild geefe generally preferve ; the one before the other. Had we not raifed them, we fhould certainly have concluded that they were black fwans ; but their flight gave us an opportunity of feeing fome white feathers, which terminated the tip of each wing ; in every other part they were perfectly black. Their fize appeared not equal to that of an European fwan, but the fhape exadtly correfponded, except about the wings, which feemed rather fmall for the body. We not long after difcovered the great brown King’s Fiflier, of which a plate is annexed. This bird has been defcribed by Mr. Latham in his General Synopjis of Birds^ vol. ii. p. 603, nearly to the following purport — The length eighteen inches ; the bill black above, and white beneath ; the feathers of the head narrow, and pretty long, fo as to form a kind of crefl. They are of a brown colour, ftreaked with paler brown ^ the T back 138 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 178^. April. back and wings in general brown ; the lower part of the back and rump pale blue-green ; the outer edges of the quills blue; within and the tips black. On the wing covert is a patel of glofly blue-green : the tail is barred with ferru- ginous, and fteel'black, glolTed with purple ; the end, for one inch, white; the under part of the body is white, tranf- verfely ftreaked with dulky lines ; legs yellow, claws black. This bird is not uncommon in many iflands of the South Seas^ being pretty frequent at New Guinea^ from whence the fpecimen came from which Mr. Latham took his de- fcription : it is alfo an inhabitant of New Holland^ from whence feveral have been fent over to England, We rounded this lagoon, and proceeded four or five miles weftward, along the banks of a fmall frefh-water river, which emptied itfelf into it, and had for its fource only a fwamp, or boggy ground. After we had pafied this fwamp, we got into an immenfe wood, the trees of which were very high and large, and a confiderable diftance apart, with little under or brufli wood. The ground was not very good, although it produced a luxuriant coat of a kind of four grafs growing in tufts or bufiies, which, at fome dif- tance, had the appearance of meadow land, and might be miftaken I / I 4 jf V i . ! t ? ) \^A ■jd. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. miftaken for it by fuperficial examiners. Here we pitched our tents (without which the governor never travelled) for the night, near a fwamp, out of which we were fupplied with water, not, indeed, either of the beft or cleareft kind. The night being cold, and a heavy dew falling, we kept up a large fire before the tents, which, though in one refped; an excellent precaution, far from chafing away, feemed to allure the mufquitos, which tormented us inexprefiibly during the whole night. We this day difeovered the Bankfian Cockatoo. This fpecies was firft deferibed by Mr. Latham^ in his feventh volume or fupplement to the Ge^ neral Synopfis of Birds^ and the one in the plate annexed differs from that in fome few particulars. — In Mr.’ Latham\ figure the general colour is duiky black, the fea- thers of the head longer than the reft, forming a creftf and each of thofe on the head, back of the neck, and major part of the wings, have a fpot of buff-colour at the tips ; the under parts of the body barred with narrow bars of buff-colour ; the tail is black at the bottom and ends of the feathers, but the middle of a fine red, barred irregu- larly with black. — In our fpecimen, the general colour of the bird is olive, or rufty black ; the head feathers pretty T 2 long, 139 1788, April. 1 42 i'^88. April. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A the care of Lieutenant Ballj and a marine, fupplying them with provilions fufficient to lad; them till they reached the fhips. His excellency, with the reft of the party, pufhed on to the weftward, by the water ftde, in hopes of finding better land, and a more open country. About four o’clock in the afternoon we came to a fteep valley, where the flow- ing of the tide ceafed, and a frefh-water ftream commenced. Here, in the moft defert, wild, and folitary feclufion that the imagination can form any idea of, we took up our abode for the night ; dreftbd our provifions, waftied our ftiirts and dockings, and turned our inconvenient fituation to the bed advantage in our power. Saw this day the Anomalous Hornbill, of which a plate is annexed. This bird is fo very Angular in its feveral charaderiftics, that it can fcarcely be faid to which of the prefent known genera to refer it. In the bill it feems moft allied to the hornbill^ but the legs are thofe of a toucaii^ and the tongue is more like that of a crow than any other : it mud therefore be left to future ornitho- logifts to determine the point, reding here fatisfied with defcribing its external appearance. The fize of the body is not much lefs than that of a crow: the bill is very large, and bent, particularly at the tip of the upper f , f a /U. .//.m /rr/ /'• /„j,,do,L Pu6fi„7,^^ D^c iff.2/Sf^ i'/ ILrlrett VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. upper mandible ; the noftrils and Ipace round the eyes are bare and red ; the head, neck, and all beneath, are of a pale grey, crofTed over the thighs with dufky lines ; the back and wings dulky lead-colour, with the end of each feather black ; the tail is long and wedge-fhaped, the fea- thers white at the ends 5 near which is a bar of black. The bill and legs are brown ; the toes are placed two before and two behind, as in the parrot or toucan genus. This lingular bird was met with at New Holland^ from whence three or four fpecimens have found their way to England, but whether it is a numerous fpecies has not been mentioned. The next morning we hid our tents and the remains of our provihons, and with only a little rum, and a fmall quantity of bread, made a forced march into the country, to the weftward, of about fourteen miles, without being able to fucceed in the objedl of our fearch, which was for good land well watered. Indeed, the land here, although covered with an endlefs wood, was better than the parts which we had already explored. Finding it, however, very unlikely that we fliould be able to penetrate through this immenfe foreft, and circumftanced as we were, it was thought J43 1788. April. ill « ■ ■ ii'iJ white’s journal of a 144. 1788. April. thought more prudent to return. We, accordingly, after an expeditious walk, reached the ftream from whence we had fet out in the morning, and taking up the tents and provifions which we had left, proceeded a little farther down, to the flowing of the tide, and there pitched our tents for the night ; during which it rained very heavily, with thunder and lightning. The Wattled Bee-eater, of which a plate is annexed, fell in our way during the courfe of the day. This bird is the flze of a mijfel thruJJo^ but much larger in proportion ; its total length being about fourteen inches. The feathers on the upper part of the head, longer than the reft, give the appearance of a creft ; thofe of the un- der part are fmooth ; the plumage for the moft; part is brown, the feathers long and pointed, and each feather has a ftreak of white down the middle ; under the eye, on each fide, is a kind of wattle^ of an orange colour ; the middle of the belly is yellow ; the tail is wedge-fhaped, flmilar to that of the inagpie^ and the feathers tipped with white ; the bill and legs are brown. This bird feems to be peculiar to New Holland^ and is un- doubtedly a fpecies which has not hitherto been defcribed. 1 8th. We began our progrefs early in the morning, bending o i \ i \ '.i. , '.X' 1^6 1788. April. I, ,ji WHITENS JOURNAL OF A forming two bars of the fame acrofs it, The general colour of the bird otherwife is brown, changing to vinaceous red on the breafl, in the manner of our domeftic fpecies. The fore part of the head and chin are buff colour, with a ftreak of brownifh red palling on each lide through the eye. The quills and tail are darker than the reft of the plumage, but all the feathers of the laft, except the two middle ones, incline to lead colour, with a bar of black near the tip. The bill and legs are of a dull red. This fpecies is a native of IVew South Wales^ feveral of them having been fent from Fort Jackfon, 2 2d. On the morning of this day the governor, accom- panied by the fame party, with the addition of Lieutenant Creffwell of the marines and ftx privates, landed at the head of the harbour, with an intention of penetrating into the country weftward, as far as feven days proviftons would admit of; every individual carrying his own allowance of bread, beef, rum, and water. The foldiers, beftde their own proviftons, carried a camp kettle, and two tents, with their poles, &c. Thus equipped, with the additional weight of fpare fhoes, ftiirts, trowfers, together with a great coat, or Scotch plaid, for the purpofe offteeping in, as the If VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. the nights were cold we proceeded on our deftination. We likewife took with us a fmall hand hatchet, in order to mark the trees as we went on ; thofe marks (called in America Mazing) being the only guide to diredt us in our return. The country was fo rugged as to render it almoft impoflible to explore our way by the afliftance of the compafs. In this manner we proceeded for a mile or two, through a part well covered with enormous trees, free from under- wood. We then reached a thicket of brufh-wood, which we found fo impervious, as to oblige us to return nearly to the place from whence we had fet out in the morning. Here we encamped, near fome ftagnant water, for the night, during which it thundered, lightened, and rained. About eleven o’clock the governor was fuddenly attacked with a moft violent complaint in his iide and loins, brought on by cold and fatigue, not having perfedlly gotten the better of the laft expedition. The next morning being fine, his excellency, who was rather better, though ftill in pain, would not relinquifh the objed of his purfuit; and therefore we proceeded, and foon got round the wood or thicket which had haralTed us fo much the day before. U 2 After 148 1788. April. white’s journal of a After we had pafTed it, we fell in with an hitherto unper- ceived branch of Port Jackfon harbour, along the bank of which the grafs was tolerably rich and fucculent, and in height nearly up to the middle, interfperfed with a plant much refembling the indigo. We followed this branch weftward for a few miles, until we came to a frnall frefh water flream that emptied itfelf into it. Here we took up our quarters for the night, as our halts were always regulated by frefh water, an elTential point by no means to be difpenfed with, and not very abundant, or frequently to be met with, in this country. We made a kettle of excellent foup out of a white cockatoo and two cro-ws whichl had fhot, as we came along. The land all around us was fimilar to that which we had paffed. At night we had thunder, lightning, and rain. The governor, though not free from pain, was rather recovering. 24th. As foon as the dew, which is remarkably heavy in this country, was off the ground, we proceeded to trace the river, or fmall arm of the fea. The banks of it were now pleafant, the trees immenfely large, and at a conliderable diftance from each other ; and the land around us flat, and rather low, but well covered with the kind of grafs juft mentioned. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. mentioned. Here the tide ceafed to flow ; and all further progrefs for boats was flopped hy a flat fpace of large broad flones, over which a frefh water flream ran. Jufl above this flat, clofe to the water-fide, we difcovered a quarry of flates; from which we expe WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A the murder had been committed, in hopes, by fome means or other, to be able to find out, either the adtual perpe- trators, or thofe concerned. As moPe of their clothes, and all their working tools were carried ofF, we expedled that thefe might furnifh us with fome clue ; but in this we were difappointed. We could not obferve a fingle trace of the natives ever having been there. We then crofled the country to Botany Bay, fiill flattering ourfelves that we might be able to difcover, among a tribe at that place, fome proof that they had been concerned ; as the governor was refolved, on whomfoever he found any of the tools or clothing, to fhew them his difpleafure, and, by every means in his power, endeavour to convince them of his motives for fuch a procedure. In our route we faw feveral kangaroos, and {hot a very fine teal. A little before fun-fet, after a long and fatiguing march, we arrived at Botany Bay. When we approached the bay, we faw eleven canoes, v/ith two perfons in each, fifhing ; moft of them had a fire in their canoe, a convenience which they feldom go without at any time or feafon, but particularly at this, as the weather was very cold. Here we pitched our tents, for (as I have before obferved) we never VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. never travel without them, and kindled large fires both in front and rearj fiill, however, the cold was fo very intenfe that we could fcarcely clofe our eyes during^ the night. In the morning the grafs was quite white with a hoar froft, fo as to crackle under our feet. After breakfaft we vifited the grave of the French abbe, who died whilft the Count de Peyroufe was here. It was truly humble indeed, being diftinguifhed only by a commoa head-flone, fiuck fiightly into the loofe earth which covered it. Againft a tree, juft above it, was nailed a board, with the following infcription on it ; I HIC JACET LE RECEVEUR EX F. F. MINORIBUS GALLIA SACERDOS PHYSICUS IN CIRCUMNAVIGATIONE MUNDI DUCE D. DE LA PEYROUSE. OBIIt'diE 17th FEBR. ANNO 1788. As the painting on the board could not be permanent, Go- vernor Phillip had the infcription engraved on a plate of copper, and nailed to the fame tree ; and at fome future day he intends to have a handfome head-ftone placed at Y 2 the 163 1788. May. 11.J 164 1788. May. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A the grave. We cut down fome trees which flood be- tween that on which the infcription is fixed and the fliore, as they prevented perfons pafiing in boats from feeing it. Between this and the harbour’s mouth, we found forty- nine canoes hauled upon the beach, but not a native to* be feen. After we had pafled them, we fell in with an Indian path ; and, as it took a turn towards the camp, we followed it about two miles ; when on a fudden, in a valley or little bay, to the northward of Botany Bay, we were furprifed at hearing the found of voices, which we inftantly found to proceed from a great number of the natives, fitting behind a rock, who appeared to be equally aftonifhed with ourfelves ; as, from the filence we obferved, they had not perceived us till we were within twenty yards of them. Every one of them, as they got up, armed himfelf with a long fpear, the fhort flick before defcribed, ufed in throwing it, a fhield made of bark, and either a large club, pointed at one end, or a ftone hatchet. At firft they feemed rather hoflilely inclined, and made figns, with apparent tokens of anger, for us to return ; but v/hen they faw the governor ad- vance VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. vance towards them, unarmed, and with his hands opened wide (a fignal we had obferved among them of amity and peace), they, with great confidence, came up to him, and received from him fome trifles which he had in his pocket, fuch as flfh-hooks, beads, and a looking-glafs. As there appeared not to be lefs than three hundred of them in this bay, all armed, the foldiers were ordered to fix their bayonets, and to obferve a dofe, well connected, order of march, as they defcended the hill. Thefe people (as already mentioned) feem to diflike red coats, and thofe who carry arms ; but, on the prefent occafion, they fhewed very little fear or diftrufl: ; on the contrary they, in a few minutes, mixed with us, and conduced us to a very fine flream of water, out of which fome of them drank, to fhew that it was good. The women and children kept at fome diftance, one or two more forward than the refi l excepted, who came to the governor for fome prefents. While he was diflributing his gifts, the women danced (an exercife every defcription of people in this country feem fond of), and threw themfelves into fome not very decent attitudes. The men in general had their fkins fmeared all over with WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. with greafe, or fome ftinking, oily fubftance ; fome wore a fmall ftick, or hill-bone, fixed crofs-ways, in the di- vifion of the nofe, which had a very flrange appearance; others were painted in a variety of ways, and had their hair ornamented with the teeth of fifh, faftened on by gum, and the fkin of the kangaroo. As they conducted us to the water, a toadftool was picked up by one of our company, which fome of the natives perceiving, they made figns for us to throw it away, as not being good to eat. Soon after I gathered fome wood-forrel, which grew in our way, but none of them endeavoured to prevent me from eating it ; on the contrary, if a conclufion may be drawn from the figns which they made relative to the toadftool, they fhewed, by their looks, that there was nothing hurtful in it. We halted but a fhort time with them, as it was growing late, and we had a long way to walk. Before we parted from them, the governor gave them two fmall hand- axes, in exchange for fome of their ftone axes and two of their fpears. As we afeended a hill, after our de- parture from them, eight of them followed us until we had nearly reached the top, where one of thofe who had been VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. been mofl; familiar with us made £gns for us to hop;-, which we readily complying with, he ran to the fum- mit, and made a ftrange kind of hallooing, holding at the fame time his hands open above his head. As foon as we came up to him, we difcovered another large body of them in a bay, about half a mile below us'. Our new friend feemed anxious to carry us down to them ; but it not being in our way, we declined his offer. Seeing us take another direction, he halted, and opened his hands, in order, as we fuppofed, to put us in mind that he had received no- thing from us ; upon which we prefented him with a bird, the only thing we had, with which he returned, to appear- ance, fully content and fatisfied. We now proceeded to- wards the camp, where we arrived about fiin-fet. This was the greateft number of the natives we had ever feen together fince our coming among them. What could be the caufe of their affembling in fuch numbers gave rife to a variety of conjedtures. Some thought they were going to war among themfelves, as they had with them a tempo- rary ftore of half-flinking fifh and fern-root, the latter of which they ufe for bread. This we remarked, as feveral of them were eating it at the time we were among them. Others 167 1788. May, O ” I — mj i68 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1 788. May. Others conjedlured that fome of them had been concerned in the murder of our men, notwithftanding we did not meet with the fmalleft trace to countenance fuch an opi- nion, and that fearing we fhould revenge it, they had formed this convention, in order to defend themfelves againfl: us. Others imagined that the affemblage might be occafioned by a burial, a marriage, or fome religious meeting. The T'ahuan Parrot^ one of which was obferved here, and of which a plate is annexed, is a bird about eighteen inches in length, and bigger than the Scarlet Lory. The head, neck, and under parts, are of a fine fcarlet ; the upper parts of the body and wings are of a beautiful green ; acrofs the upper part of the wing coverts is an oblique bar of yellowifii green, more glofiy than the reft ; the lower part of the back and rump is blue ; there is alfo a fmall patch of blue at the lower part of the neck be- hind, between a fcarlet and green, dividing thofe colours ; the tail is pretty long, and of an olive brown colour; the bill is reddifh ; the legs deep brown, nearly black. The Female is moftly green ; the head, neck, and under parts olive brown; belly red; rump blue; tail, on the upper furface, green ; beneath, dufky. The VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Tlie above inhabits Botany Bay, and feems much allied to the T’abuan Parrot defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his Synopfis of Birds', but in that the head, neck, and under parts, incline to purpliih or chocolate colour; both quills and tail are blue, more or lefs edged with green, and a crefcent of blue at the back part of the neck ; it has alfo the under jaw furrounded with green feathers. It is probable, therefore, that our bird is only a variety of the Tabuan fpecies. June 4th. This being the anniverfary of his Majefty’s birth-day, and the firft celebration of it in New South Wales, his excellency ordered the Sirius and Supply to fire twenty- one guns at fun-rife, at one o’clock, and at fun-fet. Im- mediately after the King’s fbips had ceafed firing, at one o’clock, the Borrowdale,' Friendfhip, Fifiiburne, Golden Grove, and Prince of Wales; fired five guns each, .The battalion was under arms at twelve, and fired three vollics, fucceeded by three cheers. After this ceremony had taken place, the lieutenant-governor, with all the officers of the fettlement, civil and military, paid their refpeds to his excellency, at his houfe; ‘ At two o’clock they all met there again to dinner, during which the band of mufick Z played 1 69 1788. May, ♦ 1 70 1788. June. WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A played “God fave the King,”^ and feveral excellent marches. After the cloth was removed, his Majefty’s health was drank with three cheers. The Prince of Wales,, the Queen and royal family, the Cumberland family, and his Royal Highnefs Prince William Henry, fucceeded. His Majefty’s minifters were next given y who, it was obferved, may be Fitted againft any that ever conducted the affairs of Gr^at Britain. When all the public toafts had gone round, the governor nominated the diftri<3: which he had taken poffeffion of, Cumberland County y and gave it fuch an extent of boimdary as to make it the largeff county in the whole worldv His excellency faid, that he had intended to have named the town, and laid the firft done, on this aufpicious day ; but the unexpe6ted difficulties which, he had met with, in clearing the ground, and from a. want of artificers, had rendered it impoffible y he therefore put it off till a future day. Its name, however, we underftand, is to be Albion. The day was paffed in cheerfulnefs and good- humour ; but it was a little damped by our perceiving that the governor was in great pain,, from' a return of his complaint. Though his countenance, too plainly indicated the VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. the torture which he fuffered, he took ever)r iHethod in his power to conceal it, left it fhould break in upon the feftivity and harmony” of the day. His ejtcellency or- dered every foldier a pint of porter, beftdes his allow- ance of grog ; and every convid half a pint of fpirits ^ made into grog, that they all may drink his Majefty’s health 5 and, as it was a day of general rejoicing and feftivity, he likewife made it a day of forgivenefs ; remitting the remainder of the puniftiment to which the failors of the Sirius were fubje6t, and pardoning Lovel, Sideway, Hallj and Gordon, who had been confined on a little fterile ifiand, or rather rock, fituated in the harbour, until a place of banifhment could be found. This a£t of lenity and mercy, added to many others which the governor had fhewn, it is to be hoped will work fome change on the minds of thefe men* Indeed fome good may be expecfted ' from Hall and Gordon, who, fince their fentence, have appeared penitent ; but from Lovel and Sideway very little change for the better can be expedted, bCcaufe they feem fo truly abandoned and incorrigible. At night every perfon ' attended an immenfe bonfire that was lighted for the occafion ; after which the principal officers of the fettlement, and of Z 2 the 1.72 1788, June. U I WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A the men of war, fupped at the governor’s, where they termi- nated the day in pleafantry, good humour and cheerfulnefs. The next morning; we were ahoniflied at the number of thefts which had been committed, during the general fedi- vity, by the villanous part of the convidts, on one another, and on fome of the officers, whofe fervants did not keep a dridt look-out after their marquees. Availing themfelves thus of the particular circumfcances of the day, is a drong indance of their unabated depravity and want of principle. Scarcely a day pades without an example being made of fome one or other of thefe wretches 3 but it feems to have no manner of effedl upon them. loth. John Afcott and Patrick Burn, two convidts, were brought before the criminal court, and profecuted by Lieutenant G. William Maxwell of the Sirius, and Mr. Kelter the Mader of the fame fhip, for having, a few nights before, in a riotous manner, with many more of -the con- vidls, attacked fome feamen belonging to the men of war, and behaving in an infolent and contemptuous manner to them. After a long and judicious hearing, the prifoners were acquitted, as the charge brought againd them was by no means fubdantiated. 26th, .u VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH, WALES. 26th. About four in the afternoon a flight fhock of an earthquake was felt at Sidney Cove, and its environs. This incident had fo wonderful an effedt on Edward Corbett, a convidl, who had eloped about three weeks before, on a difcovery being niade of his having ftolen a frock, that he returned arid gave himfelf up to juftice. A few days ante- cedent to his return, he had been outlawed ; and was fup- pofed to have driven 'off with him four cows, the only animals of this kind in the colony. This, however, he declared himfelf innocent of ; but confefled his having com- mitted the theft laid to his charge. The ftridteft fearch was made, but in vain, after the cows. It is probable that they have ftrayed fo far off in this endlefs wild, as to be irrecoverably loft. Previoufly to the return of Corbett he mrifl have fuffered very feverely- from hunger ; his eyes were funk into his head, and his whole appearance fhewed that he had been half ftarved. While he was abfent, he fays, he frequently fell in with the natives, who, though they never treated him ill, did not feem to like his com- pany. He informed us, that in a bay adjacent to that where the governor and his party had met with fo many of the natives, he faw the head of one of the convi6ls lying near the 173 1788. WHITE’S JOURNAL OE A the place where the body had been burnt in a large fire. This, in all likelihood, was Burn, who was carried off at the time Ayres was wounded, as he has not been heard of fince. The natives of this country, though their mode of fub- fifting feems to be fo very fcanty and precarious, are, I am convinced, not cannibals. One of their graves, which I faw opened, the only one I have met with, contained a body which had evidently been burned, as fmall pieces of the bones lay in the bottom of it. The grave was neatly made, and well covered with earth and boughs of trees. The Pennantian Parrot (of which fee plate annexed) was about this time firft noticed. The general colour of the body, in the maky is crimfon ; the feathers of the back black in their middle ; the chin-and throat blue ; the wings blue, with a bar of a paler colour down the middle of them ; the tail is long, and blue alfo, and all but the two middle feathers have the ends very pale. fetnale differs, in having the upper parts of the neck and body of a greenifh colour; the top of the head red, and a patch of the fame under each eye ; the chin and throat n I 99/r9>/ Z„nA», P„m,/,rJ IV,f,r(>l , fy a /( 175 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. throat blue ; lower part of the neck and breaft red y as are the rump and vent ; the middle of the belly dulky green ; tail dark blue, fringed with chefnut y fhouldets blue y the reft of the wing the fame, but darker ; bill and legs as in the male. 24th. The governor revoked the decree by which Corbett was Gutlawedv and he was tried by the criminal courts ftmply for the theft he had committed, and fentenced to be hanged. Samuel Payton, a convid, likewife received the lame lenteace, for felonioully entering the marquee of Lieu- tenant Fuzer, on the night of the fourth of June, and fteal- ing from thence fome fliirts, ftockings, and combs. His trial had been put off to the prefent time, on ‘account of a wound in his head, which he had received from Captain Lieu- tenant Meredith, who, on his return from the bonfire, found Payton in his marquee. When brought to the hofpital, in confequence of the wound which he had received, he was perfedly fenfelefs. During the time he remained under my care, I frequently admoniftied him to think of the perilous fituation he then ftood in, and to make known the accom- plices whom he was fuppofed. to have ; but he firmly and uniformly denied his guilt ; and difclaimed. his having any knowledge 178-8. June. 176 lySS. June. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A knowledge of, or concern in, robbing Lieutenant Fuzer. He further faid, that he did not recoiled: how he came to Captain Lieutenant Meredith’s tent, or any circumftance relative to it. However, hnce he received his fentence, he has confefled that he robbed Lieutenant Fuzer; and gave him information where to find the articles he had been robbed of : he at the fame time acknowledged that he entered Mr. Meredith’s marquee with an intention to rob him, doubting not but he fhould be able to make his efcape undifcovered, as every one feemed fo fully engaged on the pleafures of the day. When he and Corbett were brought to the fatal tree, they (particularly Payton) addrefled the convids in a pathetic, eloquent, and well-direded fpeech. He acknowledged the juftice of his fentence ; a fentence, which (he faid) he had long deferved. He added, that he hoped and trufied that the ignominious death he was about to fuffer, would ferve as a caution and warning to thofe who faw and heard him. They both prayed mofl: fervently, begging forgivenefs of an offended God. They likewife hoped, that thofe whom they had injured, would not only forgive them, as they themfelves did all mankind, but _ offer up their prayers to a merciful VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. a merciful Redeemer that, though fo great linners, they might be received into that blifs, which the good and vir- tuous only can either deferve or expe(5t. They were now turned off ; and in the agonizing moments of the feparation of the foul from the body feemed to embrace each other. The execution of thefe unhappy youths, the eldeft of whom was not twenty-four years of age, which feemed to make a greater impreflion on the convicts than any circumftancc had done fince their landing, will induce them, it is to be hoped, to change their conduct, and to adopt a better mode of life than, I am forry to fay, they have hitherto purfued. The principal buiinefs now going forward, is the eredling huts for the marines and convids, with the cabbage -tree. We have been here nearly lix months, and four officers only as yet got huts : when the reft will be provided with them feems uncertain ; but this I well know, that living in tents, as the rainy feafon has commenced, is truly uncomfortable, and likely to give a fevere trial to the ftrongeft and moft robuft conftitution. The trees of this country are immenfely large, and clear of branches to an amazing height. While ftanding, many A a of 75 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. June. of them look fair and good to the eye, and appear fufficient to make a mail for the largeft fhip ; but, when cut down, they are fcarcely convertible to any ufe whatever. At the heart they are full of veins, through which an amazing quantity of an aftringent red gum iffues. This gum I have found very ferviceable in an obftinate dyfentery that raged at our lirfl landing, and ftill continues to do fo, though with lefs obftinacy and violence. When thefe trees are fawed, and any way expofed to the fun, the gum melts, or gets fo very brittle, that the wood falls to pieces, and appears as if the pieces had been joined together with this fubftance. How any kind of houfes, except thofe built of the cabbage tree, can be raifed up, the timber being fa exceedingly bad, it is impoffible to determine. I have already faid that the (lone of this country is well calculated for building, could any kind of cement be found to keep them together. As for lime-ftone, we have not yet difcovered any in the country; and the fliells colleded for that purpofe have been but inconhderable. From Captain Cook’s account, one would be led to fuppofe that oyfter and cockle fhells might be procured in fuch quantities, as to make a fufficiency of lime, for the purpofe VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. purpofe of conftruding at leaft a few public buildings 5 but this is by no means the cafe. That great navigator, notwithftanding his ufual accuracy and candour, was certainly too lavifh of his praifes on Botany Bay. The peculiarity I have mentioned relative to the wood of this place is ftrange. There are only three kinds of it, and neither of them will float on the water. We have found another refln here, not unlike the balfam Tolu in fmell and efled, but diflering widely in colour, being of a clear yellow, which exudes from the tree.^ This, however, is not to be met with in fuch quantities as the red gum before mentioned, nor do I think that its medicinal virtues are by any means fo powerful. A kind of earth has 'been difcovered which makes good bricks, but we ftill are in want of a cement for them as well as for the ftone. What animals we have yet met with have been moftly of the Opoflum kind. The Kangaroo, fo very accurately delineated by Captain Cook, is certainly of that clafs, and the largefl: animal feen in the country. One has been brought into camp which weighed a hundred and forty-nine pounds. See plate annexed. The conformation of this animal is peculiarly Angular. Its hinder parts have great mufcular A a a power, 179 1788. Tune. WHITENS JOURNAL OF A power, and are, perhaps, beyond all parallel, out of proportion, when compared with the fore parts. As it goes, it jumps on its two hind legs, from twenty to tv/enty- eight feet, and keeps the two fore ones clofe to the breafl: ^ thefe are fmall and fhort, and it feenis to ufe them much like a fquirrel. The tail of thefe animals is thick and long j they keep it extended, and it ferves as a kind of counterpoife to the head, which they carry eredl, when bounding at full fpeed. The velocity of a Kangaroo as far outflrips that of a greyhound, as that animal exceeds in fwiftnefs a common dog. It is a very timid, fhy, and inolfenfive creature, evidently of the granivorous kind. Upon our firft difeovering one of them, as it docs not ufe its fore feet to afTift it in running, or rather jumping, many were of opinion that the tail, which is immenfely large and long, was made ufe of by them in the adt of progrefhon ; but this is by no means the cafe. Had it been ufed in fuch a manner, the hair would probably have been worn away from the « part which, of courfe, muft be applied to the ground. The tail, from its iize and weight, feems to ferve it for a weapon both of defence and oiFence ; for it does not appear that nature has provided it with any other. Its mouth and head. even VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. €7611 when full grown, are too fmall for it to do much execution with the teeth ; nor is the conformation of either at all calculated for the purpofe. Indeed, its fore feet, which it ufes, as a fquirrel or monkey, to handle any thing with, and which affifl: it in lying down, are too fmall, and out of proportion, as are all the fuperior parts, to admit of its either poffefling or exerting much ftrength. It has been reported by fome convidls who were out one day, accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog, that the latter feized a very large Kangaroo, but could not prefervc its hold. They obferved that the animal effeded its efcape by the defenfive ufe it made of its tail, with which it ftruck its affailant in a moll tremendous manner. The blows were applied with fuch force and efficacy, that the dog was bruifed, in many places, till the blood flowed.' They obferved that the Kangaroo did not feem to make any ufe of eithjer its teeth or fore feet, but fairly beat off the dog with its tail, and efcaped before the convids, though at no great diftance, could get up to fecure it. The female has a pouch or pocket, Uke the OpoiTum, in which ffie carries her young. Some have been {hot with a young one, not larger than a walnut, flicking to a teat in i82 1788. June. U. — > — — J WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A in this pocket. Others, with young ones not bigger than ^arat : one of which, moll perfectly formed, with every mark and diftinguifhing charadleriflic of the Kangaroo, I have fent to Mr. Wilfon, of Gower Street, Bedford Square. There is a peculiar formation in the generative parts of this animal. Of its natural hiftory we at prefent know little ; and therefore as we are fo unacquainted with its habits, haunts, and cuftoms, to attempt particular and accurate defcriptions of it might beget error, which time, or a fuller knowledge of its properties, would diredly contradidl. As to mere conjedures (and fuch too often are impofed upon the public for inconteftible fads), it cannot be improper to fupprefs them. Every animal in this country partakes, in a great meafure, of the nature of the Kangaroo. We have the Kangaroo CpofTum, the Kangaroo Rat, See. In fad every quadruped that we have feen, except the flying fquirrel, and a fpotted creature, nearly the flze of a Martin, refembles the Kangaroo in the formation of the fore legs and deet, which bear no proportion to the length of the hind legs. The fcarcity of boats will prevent our being fo well fupplied with fifli, as otherwife might be expeded. Fifli IS VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. is far from abounding at the cold feafon of the year ; but, in the fummer, judging from the latter end of the laft, we have every reafon to conclude that the little bays and coves in the harbour are well ftored with them. The fi£h caught here are, in general, excellent; but feveral of them, like the animals in^^fome degree refembling the Kangaroo, partake of the properties of the fhark. The land, the grafs, the trees, the animals, the birds, and the fifh, in their different fpecies, approach by ftrong fhades of fimilitude to each other. A certain likenefs runs through the whole. ' July 8th. A party of the natives came to the place where the Sirius’s boat had been to haul the feine, and / having beaten the crew, took from them by 'force a part of the hfh which they had caught. It is a great misfortune to m that we cannot find proper wood in this place wherewith to build a boat; particularly as fifh is not only fo very plentiful in the fummer, but the only change from fait provifions which we can procure, there being neither wild nor domeflic animals fit for food. Here, where no other animal no.uriihment is to be procured, the Kangaroo is confidered as a -dainty ; but in any other country I am fure that fuch food would be thrown to the . 1S3 1788. ' Tune, WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A the dogs ; for it has very little or no fat about it, and, when fkinned, the flefh bears fome likenefs to that of a fox or lean dog. A few days fince a civil court of jurifdidion (which conhfted of the judge advocate, the Reverend Mr. Johnfon, and myfelf), was convened, by his excellency, to hear a complaint made againft Duncan Sinclair, mafter of the Alexander tranfport, by Henry Coble and Sufannah his wife (the Norwich convidls who fo much excited the public attention), for the non-delivery of a parcel fent on board the Alexander, by Mrs. Jackfon of Somerfet Street, containing wearing apparel, books, and other things, for the ufe of the faid Henry Coble, his wife, and child, value twenty pounds. The parcel was proved (and this even by the acknowledgment of the mafter) to have been received on board; and it likewife appeared in evidence that, on moving it from one part of the fhip to another, the package had broken, and the books had fallen out, which books the convid: faid had been delivered to him. The court, after deducing five pounds (the value of the books received), gave a verdidl in favour of the couple, in whofe caufe the world had feemed fo much to intereft themfelves, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 185 and in confequence of the authority unto them granted by AS: of Parliament, in fuch cafes made and provided, they adjudged the mafter of the tranfport fully to com- penfate the lofs of the convicts, amounting to fifteen pounds. Sinclair confidered it as oppreffive to be obliged to pay for that on account of which he had not received any freightage ; but this objedlion had no weight with the court, as the fhip was in the fervice of government, and paid for the foie purpofe of conveying thefe people, and the little property which they poffefTed, to this country. July 13th. The Alexander, Friendfhip, and Prince of Wales tranfports, with the Borrowdale victualler, failed for England. His Majefty’s brig the Supply failed at the fame time for Norfolk Ifland, with provifions, 8cc. for the people there. 2 1 ft. I went down the harbour, with the mafter of the Golden Grove victualler, to look for a cabbage tree, as a covering for my hut. On our return, we fell in with three canoes that had been out lifhing. We rowed towards them, when the natives in them fuddenly appeared intimidated, and paddled away with all poftible difpatch. Willing to B b 1788. I convince i86 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. convince them that they had nothing to dread from ns, we , rowed after them, in order to prefent them with fome trifles which we had about us. When we approached the canoes, an old woman in one of them began to caft her flfli overboard, in great hafte; whether it was for fear that we fhould take them from her, or whether fhe threw them to us, we could not afcertain. However, when we came along-flde, oun condudl foon convinced her that her alarms, with refped to us, were groundlefs. She had in the canoe with her a young girl, whom, as fhe wore a complete apron, we could not help confldering as fuch an inftance of female decency, as we had not at any other time obferved among the natives. The girl did not betray the leafl; flgn of apprehenflon, but rather feemed pleafed at the interview. She laughed immoderately, either at us, or at the petulance fhown by the old woman, who, I believe, was more terrified on the girl’s account than on her own. After this we left them fully fatisfied that we did not mean to offer them any injury. We difcovered the Nem Holland Creeper ; (See plate annexed). The general colour of the bird is black, fpotted in various parts with white ; the bill is dufky, growing paler towards Icr,iJcn TuMM.J JDcc.-2^, IJicircUr. VOYAGE TO NEW .SOUTH WALES. towards the tip. vThe neck, breafl:, belly, and fides are more or lefs flreaked with white ; over the eye is alfo a white flreak, and the lides of the neck and beginning of the back have likewife fome ftreaks of the fame. The ■quills and tail feathers are marked with yellow on the outer margins ; the laft are rounded in fliape, and two or three of the outer feathers fpotted within, at the tip, with white; legs dulky; is about the fize of a nightingale^ and meafures feven inches in length. It is probably a non- defcript fpecies. A party of convidts, who had croffed the country to Botany Bay to gather a kind of plant refembling balm, which we found to be a good and pleafant vegetable, were met by a fuperior number of the natives, armed with fpears and clubs, who chafed them for two miles without being able to overtake them ; but if they had fucceeded in the purfuit, it is probable that they would have put them to death; for wherever perfons unarmed, or inferior in num^ bers, have fallen in with them, they have never failed to maltreat them. The natives had with them fome middling Bzed dogs, fomewhat refembling the fpecies called, in England, fox-dogs. A fervant of Captain Shea being Bb 2 one i88 WHITER JOURNAL OF A 1788. one day out {hooting, he found a very young puppy, belonging to the natives, eating part of a dead Kangaroo. He brought it to the camp, and it thrives much. The dog, in fhape, is rather fhort and well made ; has very fine hair of the nature of fur, and a fagacious look. When found, though not more than a month old, he Ihowed fome fymp- toms of ferocity. It was a confiderable time before he could be induced to eat any flefh that was boiled, but he would gorge it raw with great avidity. (See plate annexed). 23d. The blackfmith’s fhop, which was built of common brufh wood, was burnt down. Very fortunately for us, the bellows and the other tools were, through the exertion of the people, faved. To effedl this was no eafy point, as, in the courfe of three or four minutes, the wood being very dry, every part of the fhop was in flames. 29th. One of the convidls was met by fome of the natives, who wounded him very feverely in the brcafl and head with their fpears. They would undoubtedly have deftroyed him had he not plunged into the fea, near which he happened to be, and by that means faved himfelf. When he was brought to the hofpital he was very VOYAGE, TO NEW SOUTH WALES. very faint from the lofs of blood, which had flowed plentifully from his wounds. A piece of a broken fpear had entered through the fcalp and under his ear, fo that the extraction gave him great pain. Their fpears are made of a kind of cane which grows out of the tree that produces the yellow gum ; they are ten or twelve feet long ; pointed, and fometimes barbed, with a piece of the fame cane or the teeth of fifh. Thefe they throw, with the afliftance of the fiiort flick already mentioned, which has a fhell made fafl to the end of it with the yellow gum. With this gum they like wife faflen their barbs to their fpears and fifli-gigs. The latter of thefe differ from the former by having four prongs, and being always barbed; which is not generally the cafe with the fpears. Their fpears, the only weapon they are ever feen> to have that may be confldered in any degree as dangerous, they throw thirty or forty yards with an unerring preciflon.. When equipped for any exploit, they are alfo armed with a fhield made of the bark of a tree, with whicb they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown at them.. An humble kind of fcymitar; a bludgeon, or club,, about twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end and. 189 1788. Tulv. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A and fpmetimes a flone hatchet ; make up the catalogue of their military implements. We this day hiot a K7wb-fro?ited Bee-eater ; (See plate •annexed). This is about the fize of a blackbird; the plumage moftly brown above and white beneath ; the head' and upper part of the neck are fparingly covered with narrow feathers, almoft like hairs ; but the fore part of the neck and bread; are furnifhed with long ones, of a white colour and pointed at the ends; the tail is pretty long, and the feathers tipped with white ; the bill is about one inch in length, and pale; but what is moft remarkable, on the forehead, juft at the bafe of the bill, is a fhort blunt knob, about a quarter of an inch in length, and of a brownifh colour; the tongue is nearly of the length of the bill, and briftly at the end ; the legs are brown. This inhabits New South Wales ^ and is fuppofed to be a non-defcript fpecies.. This day three canoes, with a man and woman in each, .came behind the point on which the hofpital is built, to fifh. I went over to them, as did two other gentlemen, my afiiftants, without their fhewing any fear at our coming; on the contrary, they manifefted a friendly confidence. We 5., i' % , ■ V ■f jj/ y V. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. We gave them fome bread, which they received with appa- ' 1788. rent pleafure, but did not eat any of it while in our prefence. ■ We likewife prefented them with a looking-glafs, but this they received with indifference, and feemed to hold' in no kind of eftimation. I gave one of the v/omen a pocket handkerchief, which (he immediately tied round her head, and fhewed great fatisfadion. She had' a young child between her knees in the canoe,, (the way in which they always carry their infants), for whom fhe folicited fomething, in the moft fuppliant tone of voice I ever heard. The only thing I had about rtre was a narrow flip of linen, which I gave her ; and trifling as it was, fhe appeared to be perfedly fatisfied with it, and bound it round the child’s head. She would not come out of the canoe, though along-flde the rocks; but the man quitted it, and fhewed us fome wild figs that grew near at hand. Such as were green and unripe he did not pull; but, after fome fearch, having found one that was tolerably ripe, he made me pluck it and put it into his mouth. He eat it with an apparent relifh, and fmacked his lips, after he had fwallowed it, to^ convince us how good it was. At 192 1788. July. V — V— — J ■ ' WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A * At fome little diftance from the place where we were a flueep lay dead. As foon as he had difcovered it, he took it by the horns, and, as well as we could underftand him, he was extremely inquihtive and anxious to know what it was. When his curiohty was fatisfied, he went into the canoe, where the woman had v been waiting for him. About ten or twenty yards from the fhore, among the long grafs, in the fhallow water, he ftruck and took with his fifh-gig feveral good fifh 5 an acquifition to which, at this feafon of the year, it being cold and wet, we were unequal. While he was engaged in watching for them, both he and the woman chewed fomething, which they frequently fpit into the water ; and which appeared to us, from his immediately ftriking a filh, to be a lure. While they were thus employed, one of the gentlemen with me fung fome fongs ; and when he had done, the females in the canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any thing fpoken by us they moft accurately recited, and this in a manner of which we fell greatly fhort in our attempts to repeat their language after them. While we were thus amicably engaged, all on a fudden they -Ij J)c< (n^JD.eT?r^^. ( \ VOYAGE TO NEW SPUTH WALES. they paddled away from us. On looking about to dif- 1788. cover the caufe, we perceived the gunner of the Supply at fome little diftance, with a gun in his hand; an inftrument of death, againfl which they entertain an infuperable averfion. As foon as I difcovered him, I called to him to ftay where he was, and not make a nearer approach ; or, if he did, to lay down his gun. The latter requeft he immediately complied with ; and when the natives law him unarmed, they {hewed no further fear, but returning to their employment, continued alternately to hng fongs, and to mimic the gentlemen who accompanied me. We this day fhot the S'acreJ Kings- Fiper (See Plate annexed). This bird is about the lize of a thrulh, and meafures nearly ten inches in length : the top of the head is blue, and crefted ; fides of the head, and back part of it, black ; over the eye, from the noflirils, a rufty coloured ftreak ; the chin, the middle of the neck, all round, and all the under part of the body, buff-colour, more or lefs inclining to ruft ; the upper part of the plumage chiefly blue; but the beginning of the back is black, as are alfo the quills and tail feathers within, C c bein^ 194 i^SB. Auguft. C, — a -WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A being blue only on the outer edges ; the bill is large and black, but the bafe of the under jaw is whitifh ; the legs are brown. This bird is fubjedb to great variety, feveral of them being mentioned by Mr. Latham in his Synopjts. The prefent feems to come neareft his Var. C. See vol. ii. page 622, of that work. Augufl 1 2th. Celebrated the Prince of Wales’s birth- day. The men of war fired a royal falute, and all the officers in the colony, civil and military; dined with the governor. The evening was fpent in making bonfires, and teftifying fuch other demonftrations of joy as could be ffiewn in this country. The weather is now very wet and cold, and has been fo for the lafi: fix weeks. Several mornings we have had a hoar froft, and a few didindl pelicles of ice were formed on ffiallow fpots of water ; the thermometer frequently as low as the freezing point. 1 6th. A convidl who had been out gathering what they called fweet tea, about a mile from the camp, met a party of the natives, confifting of fourteen, by whom he was beaten, and alfo flightly wounded with the ffiell- ftick ufed in throwing their fpears 3 they then made him ftrip, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 195 llrip, and would have taken from him his clothes, and probably his life, had it not been for the report of two mufquets; which they no fooner heard, than they ran away. This party were returning from the wood with cork, which they had been cutting, either for their canoes or huts; and had with them no other inftruments than thofe that were neceffary for the bufinefs on which they were engaged ; fuch as a ftone hatchet, and the Ihell ftick before mentioned. Had they been armed with any other weapons, the convidt would probably have loft his life. That which we call the fweet tea, is a creeping kind of vine, running to a great extent along the ground ; the ftalk is not fo thick as the fmalleft honey-fuckle ; nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay leaf, though fomething ftmilar to it ; and the tafte is fweet, exadlly like the liquorice root of the ftiops. Of this the convidts and foldiers make an infufton which is tolerably pleafant, and ferves as no bad fuccedaneum for tea. Indeed were it to be met with in greater abundance, it would be found very beneficial to thofe poor creatures, whofe conftant diet is fait provifions. In ufing it for medical purpofes, C c 2 I have 1788. Auguft. ) V/ HITE’S JOURNAL OF A I have found it to be a good pecToral, and, as I before obferved, not at all unpleafant. (See Plate annexed). We have alfo a kind of fhrub in this country refembling the common broom; which produces a fmall berry like a white currant, but, in tafte, more limilar to a very four green goofeberry. This has proved a good antifcorbutic; but I am forty to add, that the quantity to be met with is far from fufficient to remove the fcurvy. That diforder Rill prevails with great violence, nor can we at prefent find any remedy againft it, notwithftanding that the coun- try produces feveral forts of plants and fhrubs, which, in this place, are confidered as tolerable vegetables, and ufed in common. The mofl: plentiful, is a plant growing on the fea fhore, greatly refembling fage. Among it are often to be found famphire, and a kind of wild fpinage, befides a fmall fhrub which we diftinguifii by the name of the vegetable tree, and the leaves of which prove rather a pleafant fubftitute for vegetables, 2 2d. His Excellency Governor Phillip, Lieutenant George Johnfton, his Adjutant of Orders, Lieutenant Crefiwell of the Marines, myfelf, and fix foldiers, landed in Manly Cove, in order to examine the coaft to Broken Bay. At a fhort 197 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. fhort diftance from the fhore, we faw Exteen canoes, with 1788. twoperfons in each, and in fome three, employed in fifhing. \. They feemed to take very little notice as we paffed them, fo very intent were they on the buEnefs in which they were engaged. On our landing, we faw Exty more of the natives, - about two hundred yards diftant from us. Some of them ' immediately came up to us, and were very friendly. A black man, who carried our tents, gave two of them a flocking each, with which they feemed much pleafed ; and pointing to the naked leg, exprefled a great deEre to have that alfo clothed. The morning was fo cold, that thefe poor wretches flood fliivering on the beach, and appeared to be very fenEble of the comfort and advantage of being clothed. We fent back our boats, and proceeded northward along the coafl about Ex miles, where we were forced to halt for near two hours, until the tide had run out of a lagoon, or piece of water, fo as to admit of its being forded. While we were detained here, an old native came to us, and, in the moft friendly manner, pointed out the Eialloweft part of the water we had to crofs; but the tide ran with too much rapidity at that time for us to attempt it. After we had White’s journal of a had waded through, one of our company fhot a very fine duck, which we had drefied for fupper, on a little eminence by the fide of a cabbage tree fwamp, about half a mile from the runof the tide. Here the v/hole party got as much cabbage, to eat with their fait provifions, as they chofe. While we had been detained by the tide, feveral natives were on the oppofite fide, who alfo pointed out to us the flioaleft water, and appeared, by their figns and geftures, to wifh us very much to come over; but before the tide was fufficiently low, they went away. One of them wore a fkin of a reddifii colour round his fhoulders. Near the place where we pitched our tent, we faw feveral quails exactly like thofe in England. I fired four or five times at them, but without fuccefs, as my fhot was too large. 23d. As foon as the dew was off the grafs, we began our march, and about twelve o’clock fell in with the fouth branch of Broken Bay : but finding the country round this part very rugged, and the diftance too great for our fiock of provifions, we returned to the fea fhore, in order to examine the fouth part of the entrance into the bay. This, like every other part of the country we have feen, had a very indifferent afped. From the entrance of VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. of Port Jackfon to Broken Bay^ in fome places from fifty to a hundred, in others to two hundred yards diftant from the fea, the coaft indeed is very pleafant, and tolerably clear of wood ; the earth a kind of adhefive clay, covered with a thick and fhort four grafs. All along the fhore we met the natives, who feem to have no fixed refidence or abode; but, indifcriminately, whenever they meet with a hut, or, what is more common, a convenient excavation or hole in the rocks, take pofiefiion of it for the time. In one of their huts, at Broken Bay, which was conftru^ted of bark, and was one of the befh I had ever met with, we faw two very well made nets, fome fifhing lines not inferior to the nets, fome fpears, a ftone hatchet of a very fuperior make to what they ufually have, together with two vehicles for carrying water, one of cork, the other made out of the knot of a large tree hollowed. In this hut there were two pieces of coarfe linen, which they muft have obtained from fome of our people, and every thing about it befpoke more comfort and convenience than I had obferved in any other. A little way from it we fell in with a large party of natives, whom we fuppofed to be the proprietors ; they 199 178. Auguft. 200 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A iy88. they were armed with fpears and ftone hatchets. One latter they very earneftly wifhed to exchange for one of ours. ' Though we would readily have obliged them, it was not in our power to comply with their wifhes, as we had only a fufficient number wherewith to cut wood for our own fires. However, notwithflanding our refufal, they parted from us without appearing at all diffatisfied. As we proceeded along the fandy beach, we gathered fome beans, which grew on a fmall creeping fubftance not unlike a vine. They were well tailed, and very fimilar to the Englifli long-pod bean. At the place where we halted, we had them boiled, and we all eat very heartily of them. Half anhourafter, the governor and I were feized with a violent vomiting. We drank warm water, which, carrying the load freely from our ftomachs, gave us immediate relief. Two other gentlemen of the party ate as freely of them as we had done, without feeling the fmalleft incon- venience or bad effedl. About this place we got fome rafberries; but they had not that pleafant tartnefs peculiar to thofe in Europe. 24th. We returned by the fame pafiage, along the coaft, with VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ■201 withoiit feeing any objeds worth, notice, until we came to a convenient fpot to encamp for the night, where there was great plenty of cabbage trees, and tolerable water ; a circumflance, as I have already obferved, not generally to be met with in this country, except on the fea coaft ; and even there by no means in abundance. While foup was making of fomc birds we had lately killed (which proved very good), and every thing was^ getting ready for the night, the governor, the two other gentlemen, and myfelf, took our guns, and afcended a hill juft above us. From this eminence wc faw the fouth- crn branch of Broken Bay, which ran far into the country. During our return, we picked up, in the diftance of about half a mile, twenty-five flowers of plants and fiirubs of different genera and fpecies, fpecimens of which I have tranfmitted to Mr. Wilfcn^ particularly the Red Gum Tree. (See Plate annexed). On the fpot where we encamped, the grafs was long, dry, and four ; and in fuch abundance, that we fet it on fire all around, for fear the natives fhould furprife us in the night by doing the fame ; a cuftom in which they feem always happy to indulge themfelves. 25th. We fet off early in the morning to look at the D d branch 1788. Auguft, 202 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. Auguft. branch of Broken Bay which we had feen the evening before ; and were led to it by a path not very much frequented. At the head of this branch we found a frelh water river, which took its rife a little above, out of a fwamp. Such is the origin and fource of every river we have yet difcovered in this country; though few, when compared to thofe in any other part of the world. It is very extraordinary that in all this extenfive tra6t, a living fpring has not yet been explored. On this river we faw many ducks and teal. Mr. Creffwell fhot one of the latter, and I fliot one of the former. They were both well tailed, and good of their kind. At the head of this branch we found the country rough and impalTable. Having followed the courfe of the river to its origin, we that day returned to Manly Cove, where we furprifed two old men, an old woman, a grown-up girl, and thirteen children, in a hut. When the children faw us approach, they all gathered themfelves clofely together around the girl ; they cried, and feemed much terrified. The old men fhowed fuch diflike to our looking at them, that the governor and the reft of the party withdrew to fome little diftance to dine. Some of the children, on feeing all the party gone but myfelf VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. niyfelf and another gentleman, began to laugh, and thus proved that their fears had vanilhed. When we joined the re/l of the party, the old man followed us in a very friendly manner, and took part of every kind of proviiion we had, but he ate none of it in our fight. The women and children flood at fome diflance, and beckoned to us when the men, of whom they feemed to fland in very great dread, had turned their backs. As foon as we had dined, and refrefhed ourfelves, the governor, by himfelf, went down to them, and diflributed fome prefents among them, which foon gained their friendfhip and confidence. By this time fixteen canoes, that were out fifhing, came clofe to the fpot where we were, and there lay on their paddles, which they managed with wonderful dexterity and addrefs ; mimicking us, and indulging in their own merriment. After many figns and entreaties, one of the women ventured to the governor, who was by himfelf, and with feemingly great timidity, took from him fome fmall fifhing lines and hooks ; articles which they hold in great eflimation. This made her lefs fearful ; and in a little time fhe became perfectly free and unreflrained. Her conduct influenced many others, D d 2 who WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 204 1788. who came on fhore for what they could procure. Many Anguft. qP them were painted about the head, breaft, and fhoulders, • with fome white fubftance. None of thofe who were thus ornamented came on fhore, till by figns we made them; underftand that we intended to offer them fome prefents; and even then, only one of them ventured. To this- perfon Lieutenant CreiTvvell gave a white pocket hand- \ t kerchief, with which fhe feemed much pleafed. Every gentleman now fingled out a female, and prefented her with fome trinkets, not forgetting, at the fame time, to beflow gifts upon fome of her family, whom fhe took confiderable pains to make known, left they fhould fall into the hands of fuch as did not belong to her. It was remarked that all the women and children, (an old woman excepted) had the little finger of the left hand taken olf at the fecond joint; the ftuinp of which was as well covered as if the operation had been performed by a furgeon. While we were thus employed among the women, a body of men came out of the woods with a new canoe, made of cork. It was one of the bcft we had ob- ferved in this country ; though it fell very fhort of thofe which VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. which I have feen among the American or Mufquito-fhore Indians ; who, in improvements of every kind, the Indians of this country are many centuries behind. The men had alfo with them fom6 new paddles, fpears, and filh- gigs, which they had juft been making. They readily (bowed us the ufe of every thing they had with them. Indeed they always behave with an apparent civility when they fall in with men that are armed ; but when they meet perfons unarmed, they feldom fail ta take every advantage of them. ^ Thofe females who were arrived at the age of puberty did not wear a covering ; but all the female children and likewife the girls wore a flight kind of covering before them, niade of the fur of the kangaroo, twifted into threads. While we went towards the party of men that came out of the woods with the new canoe, all the women landed, and began to broil their fifh, of which they had a large quantity. There feemed to be no har- mony or hofpitality among them. However, the female « to whom I paid the moft attention gave me, but not un- till I afked her for it, fome of the fifti which fhe was eating. 205 1788. Auguft. 2c6 1788. Aiiguft. WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A eating. She had thrown it on the fire, but it was fcarcely warm. Many of the women were ftrait, well formed,' and lively. My companion continued to exhibit a number of coquettifli airs while I was decorating her head, neck, and arms, with my pocket and neck handkerchiefs, which I tore into ribbons, as if defirous of multiplying two prefents into feveral. Having nothing left, except the buttons of my coat, on her admiring them, I cut them away, and with a piece of firing tied them round her waifi. Tlius orna- mented, and thus delighted with her new acquirements, file turned from me with a look of inexprefiible arch- nefs. Before the arrival of the boats, which was late, the natives pointed to a hawk, and made figns to us to fhoot it. It had alighted upon an adjoining tree, and the governor defired that I would bring it down. The report of the gun frightened them very much. Some ran away ; but on perceiving that no harm was intended againfi them, they returned, and were highly pleafed to fee the hawk prefented by the governor to a young girl, who appeared to VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, to be the daughter of the moft diftinguifhed amongft them. While the boats were preparing for our reception, an old woman, perfedly grey with age, folicited us very much for fome prefent ; and in order to make us comply^ threw herfelf, before all her companions, into the moft indecent attitudes* The cockfwain of the boat informed us, that while he was waiting for our return, the day before, two parties of r the natives met, and commenced hoflilities againfl each other. The man thus defcribed the manner in which this encounter was carried on. A champion from each party, armed with a fpear and a fhield, prefTed forwards be- fore the reft ; and, as foon as a favourable opportunity offered (till which he advanced and retreated by turns), threw his Ipear, and then retired ; when another imme- diately took his place, going through the fame manoeuvres ; and in this manner was the conflidl carried on for more than two hours. The boats crew and two midfhipmen, who faw the whole of the proceeding, perceived that one of the natives walked off with a fpear in his fide. During the engagement, the women belonging to them, who flood 207 1788. Auguft. L— % — ^ at 2o8 WHITE’S JOURNAL OE A 1788. Auguft. at fome diftance, difcovered ftrong marks of concern, and fcreamed loudly when any of the combatants appeared to be wounded. As the boat was returning clofe along fhore, a fpear w^as thrown at the people by fome of the natives, who were lurking behind the trees and rocks. It was hurled with fuch force, that it flew a conflderable way over the boat, although we were between thirty and forty yards from the fhore. It was late in the evening before we arrived in Sydney Cove ; and as foon as the governor landed, he was informed that a gold mine had been difcovered, near the entrance of the harbour, by a convidl. During his excellency’s abfence, the convidfc had made this difcovery known to the lieutenant governor and the judge advocate ; for which, he • faid, that he hoped and expected to have his freedom, and a pecuniary reward. The gentlemen to whom he applied anfwered, that they could not promife to grant hjs requefl: until he fhould have put them in pofleflion of the mine; but, that they were well afiured that the governor would beflow on him a proper recompence, after fuflicient proof of the difcovery. A boat was, in confequence, ordered from die Sirius, to carry him and Captain Campbell down to the place * VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. place where he declared that the mine was htuated. At their landing, he begged leave to withdraw a little, on fome necelTary occafion ; when, inftead of returning to Captain Campbell, he went back to the camp, and waiting on the lieutenant governor and judge advocate, afferted that he had put Captain Campbell in pofTeflion of the mine^ who had difpatched him over land for another officer and a proper guard. His account not being doubted, he was well fed and treated ; and Lieutenant Paulden, with a guard and all neceffary articles, was ordered to attend him to the place. But, before they could fet out, to the great aftoniffiment of all. Captain Campbell arrived, and unravelled the whole of this extraordinary deception. This produced an unexpected revolution. Inftead of receiving a reward for his golden difcoveries, the impoftor was immediately taken into cuftody, with two others, fuppofed to be concerned in carrying on the artifice. The next day he was examined, with great privacy and ftriCtnefs ; but no fatisfaClory elucidation being obtained from him,, he was ordered to be feverely whipped. Subfequently to this puniffiment, of which he was prepared to expeCl a weekly repetition, between the intervals of hard labour, and to be E e loaded 209 1788. Auguft. J 210 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A loaded incelTantly with heavy irons, during the time of his remaining in the colony, he mofl audacioufly perfifted in endeavouring to maintain the deliifion, and declared that if an officer was fent with him, he would ffiow him the mine ; adding, that he was heartily forry for what had happened. Accordingly, he was fuffered to accompany Lieutenant G. Johnfton, the Governor’s Adjutant of Orders, to the place in queflion. Before the boat had reached its deftination Mr. Johnfton argued with him, yet not with- I out protefling, that if he either attempted to deceive hun as he had impofed upon Captain Campbell, or prefumed to move five yards from him and his party, he would inftantly order him to be ffiot. Finding that this officer was not to be trifled with, but feemed determined, he acknowledged that it was unnecefTary to proceed any farther ; that he was ignorant of the exiflence of any fuch mine, and that the fpecimens ffiown by him were only a compofltion of brafs and gold, which he had filed down and melted. Mr. Johnflon brought him back; when he was again examined, and ordered to be puniffied. It is needlefs to add that no further difcovery was made. He is now at liberty. He is, however, obliged to wear a large R on his 21 1 VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. his back. The man, whofe name is Daily, appears infane; yet others cannot be perfnaded that he is a lunatic, but are rather of opir^ion that he is a deiigning mifcreant, and that time wiU difclofe a deep-laid fcheme, which he had planned for fome purpofe hitherto undifcovered. For my own part, I freely confefs, that I cannot coincide with their fentiments. He was fo artful as to circulate a report that he had fold feveral pounds weight of the ore to the mafler of the Golden Grove, and fome of his feamen. This rumour was received with fuch credulity, that, in confequence of the impreflion which it made, none of the failors were fuffered to leave the fbip after a certain hour in the evening. In a word, fo many ridiculous circumftances attended this aifair, that to attempt a complete enumeration of them would prove not lefs difficult than uninterefting. 26th. The Supply arrived from Norfolk Mand, after a long and rough paffage. She had landed, but neither in apparent fafety nor with facility, the flores which fhe carried to that place : and, upon the prefent occalion, I am forry to add, that the hazard of landing and embarking from this little ifland is fo very great, that Mr. Cunning- ham, a midffiipman of the Sirius (who reiided on it with E e 2 Lieutenant 212 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A Lieutenant King, the fuperintendant), was loft, with three feamen, in a boat that was fwamped by the furf, which on 'every part of the coaft runs high, and beats againft the fhore with great violence ; fo that I much fear, from the difticulty of accefs, and its fttiiation, it never will prove of any great confequence, although it promifed fome advan- tages ; particularly in furnifhing us with pine trees, which grow here to a ftze nearly equal to thofe of Norway. In the whole iftand there is not a harbour capable of admitting even fo fmall a veftel as the Supply, and the anchorage on every part of the coaft is equally bad. The iftand produces a kind of gladiolus luteus, or iris paluftris, of which, as may be feen by the fpecimens fent Mr. Wilfon, exceeding good hemp is to be made; and which is to be procured in any quantity, the plants growing in great abundance throughout the whole iftand. The foregoing articles, were the iftand larger and more eafy of accefs, with even a tolerable harbour, might, in any other country, be of the ftrft confequence to a maritime nation. But from every information which I have gained from the ofticers and crew of the Supply, the procuring of this bene- ficial acquifition is at prefent fomewhat doubtful. The people VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. people fettled upon it, when theycan venture out, get great plenty of fi£h; and, at certain feafons, turtle. In the ifland alfo are pigeons, as tame as domeflic fowls ; and the foil feems well adapted for the growth of all kinds of grain and vegetables. It produces a wild banana, or plantain tree, which, by cultivation, may affift the fettlers, as a fucce- daneum for bread ; and I am not without hopes that we fhall be able to make fome additions from thence to fuch neceffaries of life as may in time be produced here. A few days fince the natives landed near the hofpital, where fome goats belonging to the Supply were browfing ; when they killed, with their fpear, a kid, and carried it away. Within this fortnight, they have alfo killed a he- goat of the governor’s. Whenever an opportunity offered, they have feldom failed to deftfoy whatever flock they could feize upon unobferved. They have been equally ready to attack the convidls, on every occafion which prefented' itfelf ; and fome of them have become vidims to thefe favages. I have already obferved that they iland much in fear of a mufquet, and therefore they very feldom approach any perfon by whom it is carried ; and their apprehenfions are almofl equally great when they perceive a red garment. September 213 1788. Auguft. ' WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A September 5th. About half after fix in the evening, we faw an aurora auflralis, a phsenomenon un common in the fouthern hemifphere. Odober 2d. His Majefly’s fhip the Sirius failed for the Cape of Good Hope, for a fupply of flour, it being difco- vered that our flock of this article bore no praportion to the fait beef and pork. The fame day the Golden Grove failed for Norfolk Ifland,, with a reinforcement of male and female convids ; two free men, as gardeners ; a midfhipman from the Sirius, to fill up the vacancy occafloned by the death of Mr. Cunningham;, a fergeant, corporal, and fix privates ; and a fupply of neceflaries for eighteen months. 4th. A convidl, named Cooper Handley, who went out with an armed party of marines to colledt wild vegetables and fweet tea, ftrayed from them, and was afterwards met by the natives,- who murdered and mutilated him in a> fliocking manner. The natives were fo near our men, that they heard them very diftindly fhouting and making a great noife, yet were unable to overtake them in the purfuit. In the evening, a party of foldiers and convids were fent out to bury the deceafed. loth. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, 215 loth. A general court martial was convened by warrant from the governor. When the members, with the deputy judge advocate, were affembled, they gave it as their opinion, that notwithflanding the governor has full power and authority to grant and hold court martials among regular troops; yet, as a corps of marines, under the influence of a particular code of laws, and inflirudHons from the Admiralty, and only amenable to that board, they could not proceed to trial ; the board of Admiralty not having delegated any part of their authority over the marine corps, particularly that of holding court martials, to the governor ; neither did any part of the afl of Parliament for forming a colony in New South Wales contain direflions relative to that fubjeft. The marine inflruflions, with refpecfl: to court martials, ftate, that no general court martial can be ordered but by the Lord High Admiral, or three commiflioners for executing the office ; nor any fentence be carried into execution until approved of by him or them, unlefs the marines, as in America, fliould be, by acfl of Parliament, confldered as a part of the army; which is not the cafe here. They are truly and literally governed and regulated by the fame rules and inftrudions as the marine diviflons at Chatham, .8871 06tober. 2i6 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A 1788. Chatham, Portfmouth, or Plymouth; and, confequently, their proceeding to trial would not only be illegal, but a dired infult to the governance and power of the Board under which they ad, and to whom every appeal from them muft come ; unlefs an ad of Parliament, in that cafe made and provided, otherwife direds. 28th. A marine went to gather fome greens and herbs, but has not returned ; as he was unarmed, it is feared that he has been met and murdered by the natives. 31ft. A fergeant and four privates, who had been miffing three days, returned. They were fent by the commanding officer to look for the marine, and loft them- felves in the woods. In the evening of this day we had very loud thunder, and a fhower of hail; many of the hail-ftones were meafured, and found to be five-eights of an inch in diameter. November 2d. This day more hail ; the weather dark and gloomy, with dreadful lightning. The mercury during the whole of the day flood between 66 and 68. 7th. A criminal court fentenced a convid: to five hundred lafhes for ftealing foap, the property of another convid, value eight pence. loth. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 1 0th. The Golden Grove returned from Norfolk Ifland with a few fpars, and fome timber for the governor. While flie lay there, fhe was obliged to cut her cable and fland to fea, there being (as before obferved) no harbour in the whole ifland, where a fhip can ride in fafety. The mafter of the fhip was fwamped in the furf and nearly loft, with his boat and crew. iith; Thomas Bulmore, a private marine, died in confequence of the blows which he received during a battle with one of his companions ; who is to be tried for his life, on the 17 th inftant, by a criminal court. So fmall is our number, and fo neceftary is every individual who compofes it, for one purpofe or another, that the lofs of even a fingle man may truly be confidered as an irreparable difad vantage ! 217 1788. OcStober. t ■ 1 1 J The preceding is all the account I am able at prefent to fend you of the territories of New South Wales, and its pro- ductions. The unfettled ftate in which you muft naturally fuppofe every thing, as yet, to remain, will not permit me to be as copious as I could wifh ; but, by the next difpatch, F f I hope 2i8 WHITE’S JOURNAL, I hope to be able to fend you no inconliderable additions to the Natural. Hiftory, and at the fame time fuch further in- formation concerning our affairs here as during the interim fliall have occurred, P E N D I \ NATURAL HISTORY. THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BANKSIA. TH E fineft new genus , hitherto found in New Holland has been deftined by Linnceus^ with great propriety, to tranfmit to pofterity the name of Sir Jofeph Banks ^ who firfl: difcovered it in his celebrated voyage round the world. It is indeed one of the moft magnificent genera with which we are acquainted, being nearly allied to Protea and Emhothrium in habit and botanical characters, but fufficiently diftinguifhed from both by its fruit. Four fpccies of Bankjta are defcribed in the Supplementum Plan- tarum of LinnceuSy fpecimens of which we have feen in his Herbarium now in thepoflefiion of Dr. Smith of Marlborough Street \ and we have depofited with the fame gentleman fpecimens 222 appendix. fpecimens of all the plants we are about to defcribe in this work. Dr. Gaertner^ in his admirable book on fruits and feeds, has figured the fruit of feveral Bai^kfias^ fome of them defcribed by hinnceus. Having had his plates, with the names, engraved before he faw the Eupplementum of Linnceusy his nomenclature differs from that of the laft mentioned author; but he quotes his fynonyms in the letter prefs. We mention this, that he may not be accufed of wantonly changing Ginncean names, and that for the worfe, as it would appear to any one uninformed of this circumftance. The charaTer of the genus is very badly made out in Linnceus, Gaertner has greatly corrected it, but it is ftill a doubt whether the fiowers are conftantly monopetalous or tetrapetakus^ nor have we materials fufiicient to remove this difficulty. All we can fay is, that Bankjia is next in natural arrangement to Protea, from which it is effentially difiinguifhed by having an hard woody bivalve capfule, containing two winged feeds, with a moveable membranous partition between them. It is firangely mifplaced in Murray^ 14th edition of Syftema Vegetahilimn, being put between Ludwio-ia and Oldenlandia ! o Mr. V/hite has fent imperfect fpecimens and feeds of four I •V- VrJ/.u-' ,Je/'/'a^Oy ^/ly 3/c an^?' .a^/'/w'/.w' z/,^. ,^,,t Dt^. i^.lJ/l^.iy TBiOrc^^. . t ,r. ; •• Vi £o7c^Jo>iy ^AcS-' c/^j-z-o^u Ay J-J ') i i appendix. 223 four fpecies of Bankfia, which we have endeavoured to fettle as follows: I. B. ferrata. Linn, Supp. 126, B. conchifera. Gaertn, 221, t, \ This is the mofl (lately of the genus. Its trunk is thick and rugged. Leaves alternate, Handing thick about the ends of the branches on fhort footftalks, narrow,, obtufe, ftrongly ferrated, fmooth and of a bright green colour above, beneath opaque and whitifh, with a ftrong rib running through their middle. A very large cylindrical fpike of flowers terminates each branch. Moft of the flowers are abortive, a few only in each fpike producing ripe feed.’ The form of the capfules may be underflood from the figure, which reprefents a whole fpike in fruit,, about half the natural flze. The capfules are covered with thick down. Another plate of the plant in flower fhews the curved pofl- tion in which the flyle is held by the corolla ; the increafe of the former in length being greater and more rapid than, that of the latter.. 2. B«. 224 APPENDIX. 2. B. pyriformis. Gaertn* 220. /. 47./. i. This fpecies was unknown to Linnaeus; and as Gaertner has given no fpecific charadler of it, we beg leave to offer the following: floribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis puhefcentihus^ foliis lanceolatis integer rimis glabris, Banklia with folitary flowers, ovate downy capfules, and lance-lhaped entire fmooth leaves. The capfules are larger than in any other known fpecies. In the figure they are reprefented fomewhat fmaller than the life ; but the feed is given as large as life. 3. B. gibbofa. B. dadlyloides Gaertn, 221. A 47. f, 2. P B. floribus folitariis^ capflulis ovatis gibbofls -rugofls^ foliis teretibus, Bankfia with folitary flowers; ovate, tumid, rugged cap- fules; and cylindrical leaves. V/e fufpe^L th is to be the Bankfia dadyloides of Gaertner \ I but if fo, his figure is by no means a good one ; as he is generally very accurate, we are rather inclined to believe ours J^cc: ^ P'Ptpy't^^ i / J/Zu’ . appendix. ours a different plant, and have therefore given it a new name. The leaves are very peculiar, being perfectly cylin- drical, about two inches long and one line in diameter, pale, green and fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. Fig. I. of the fame Plate reprefents the capfule of another Bankfia, belonging to thofe which bear the flowers in fpikes, but we cannot with certainty determine the fpecies. The capfules are fmooth, at leafl: when ripe, and a little (hining. We think this is neither the B. ferrata, integrifolia, nor dentata of Linnaeus, nor probably his ericifolia ; fo that it feems to be a fpecies hitherto undefcribed. The leaves and flowers we have not feen. Gg THE 226 APPENDIX. THE PEPPERMINT TREE. Eucalyptus piperita. An Eucalyptus ohliquay U Heritkr Serf, AngL p» 1 8 ? (See Plate annexed.) This tree grows to the height of more than an hundred feet, and is above thirty feet in circumference. The bark is very fmooth, like that of the poplar. The younger branches are long and flender, angulated near the top, but as they grow older the angles difappear. Their bark is fmooth, and of a reddifh brown. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, pointed, very entire, fmooth on both lides, and remarkably unequal, or oblique, at their bafe ; the veins alternate and not very confpicuous. The whole furface of both lides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute rehnous fpots, in which the elTential oil relides. The foot- flalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. What Mr. White has fent as the ripe capfules of this tree (although not attached to the fpecimens of the leaves) grow in duffers, from fix to eight in each, fefTile and ■ S APPENDIX. 227 and conglomerated. Thefe cinders are fupported on angular alternate footftalks, which form a kind of panicle. Each capfule 15? ahont the fize of an hawthorn berry, globular, but as it were cut off at the top, rugged on the outfide, hard and woody, and of a dark brown colour. At the top is a large orifice, which fhews the internal part of the capfule divided into four cells, and having a fquare column in the center, from which the partitions of the cell arife. Thefe partitions extend to the rim of the capfirle, and terminate in four fmall projedions, which look like the teeth of a calyx. The feeds are numerous, fmall, and angular. The name of Peppermint Tree has been given to this plant by Mr. White on account of the very great refem- blance between the efiential oil drawn from its leaves and that obtained from the Peppermint [Mentha piperita] which grows in England. This oil was found by Mr. White to be much more efficacious in removing all cholicky complaints than that of the Engliffi Peppermint, which he attributes to its being lefs pungent and more aromatic. A quart of the oil has been fent by him to Mr. Wilfon, The tree above defcribed appears to be undoubtedly of the fame genus with that cultivated in fome greenhoufes G g 2 in 228 APPENDIX. in England, which Mr. U Her itier has defcribed in his Sertum Anglicum hy the name of Eucalyptus obliqua^ though it is commonly called in the gardens ’Mp.trofideros obliqua\ but we dare not affert it to be the fame fpecies, nor can this point be determined till the flowers and every part of both be feen and compared; we have compared the befl fpecimens we could procure of each, and find no fpecific difference. The Eucalyptus obliqua has, when dried, an aromatic flavour fomewhat flmilar to our plant. We have remarked indeed innumerable minute white fpots, befldes the refinous ones, on both furfaces of the leaves in fome fpecimens of the garden plant, which are not to be feen in ours, and the branches of the former are rough, with fmall fcaly tubercles. But how far thefe are conftant we cannot tell. The obliquity in the leaves, one fide being fhorter at the bafe than the other, as well as fomewhat narrower all the way up, as in the Bego?iia nitida of the Hortus KewenfiSy is remarkable in both plants. The figure reprefents a branch of the Peppermint Tree in leaf : on one fide of it part of a leaf feparate, bearing the gall of fome infed ; on the other the fruit above defcribed. TEA 229 APPENDIX. TEA TREE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Melaleuca ? trinervia. This is a fmall fhrub, very much branched. The bark full of longitudinal fiflures, and eahly feparated from the branches. Leaves on Ihort footftalks, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, entire, about three quarters of an inch in length, fmooth on both fides, marked -with three longitudinal ribs, and reticulated with tranf* verfe veins j they are alfo full of relinous fpots, the feat of an aromatic elTcntial oil. The flowers we have not feen, nor can we determine with certainty the genus of this plant. It mofl: nearly approaches the Leptofpermum virgatum of Forfter, re- ferred by the younger Linnaus, perhaps improperly, to Mela-* leuca. At leafl: it may fafely be determined to belong to the fame genus with the Melaleuca virgata Linn. Supp. though a diftincfl fpecies. The fpecific difference between them is, that the leaves of our plant have three ribs, whereas M. virgata has leaves perfectly deftitute of ribs or veins. Hence vv^e judge the figure and defeription of Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. V. 2# t. 1 8. to belong rather to our Tea Tree, than to M. virgata; and if this coujedure be right, the plants are ftill further diftin- guifhed by the inflorefcence, which in M, virgata is an umbel, whereas in the figure above mentioned the flowers are folitary. a. Reprefents a leaf flightly magnified. SWEET 230 appendix. SWEET TEA PLANT. Smilax? glyciphylla. This is a tree or fhrub whofe leaves only we have feen, but from them we judge it to belong to the genus of Smilax. For want of the ftem we cannot fettle its fpecific character. Thefe leaves are about two inches long, ovato- lanceolate, pointed, entire, marked with three longitudinal ribs, and many tranfverfe elevated veins, fmooth and fhining above, glaucous beneath, with a thick cartilaginous edge of the fubftance of the ribs. The leaves have the tafte of liquorice root accompanied with bitter. They are faid to make a kind of tea, not unpleafant to the tafte, and good for the fcurvy. The plant promifes much in the laft re- fpe6t, from its bitter as a tonic, as well as the quantity of faccharine matter it contains. Leaves of this plant are reprefented on the fame plate with the Tea Tree. A. is the front, B. the back of a leaf. THE .T-D e/r/e^ . *J -* ‘ ..-y Mi }. , '■ •'■ r'V .*>■ ' ,}7:t ■ s- • ■, V' ( y ‘ "" • • i '^y' I, >5 ‘ 'J. \ i H ^•"v. • • ' <• APPENDIX. 231 THE RED GUM TREE. Eucalyptus resinifera^ Florihus peduncuJatis^ calyptrd contcd citutd, (See Plate annexed.) This is a very large and lofty tree, much exceeding the Englilh Oak in fize. The wood is extremely brittle, ^nd, from the large quantity of relinous gum which it contains, is of little ufe but for firewood. Of the leaves Mr. White has given no account, nor fent any fpecimeris. The flowers grow in little clufters, or rather umbels, about ten in each,, and every flower has a proper partial footftalk, about a quarter of an inch in length, befides the general one. The general footftalk is remarkably comprefled {anceps)y and the partial ones are fo in fome degree. We have perceived nothing like braEiece^ or floral leaves. The flowers appear to be yellowifh, and are of a very Angular ftrucfture. The calyx is hemifpherical, perfedlly entire in the margin, and afterwards becomes the capfule. On the top of the calyx,, rather within the margin, ftands a conical pointed calyptra, which APPENDIX. of the fame colour with the calyx, and about as long as that and the footftalk taken together. This calyptra, W’hich is the effential mark of the genus, and differs from that of the Kucalypttis obliqua of IS Heritier only in being conical and acute, inftead of hemifpherical, is perfedlly entire, and never fplits or divides, though it is analogous to the corolla of other plants. When it is removed, we perceive a great number of red (lamina, Handing in a conical mafs, which before the calyptra was taken off, were completely covered by it, and filled its infide. The A7ttherce are fmall and red. In the center of thefe ftamina is a fingle ftyle or pointal, rifing a little above them, and terminated by a blunt ftigma. The ftamina are very refinous and aromatic. They are inferted into the margin of the calyx, fo that the genus is properly placed by Mr. IS Heritier in the clafs Icofandria, Thefe ftamina and ftyle being removed, and the germen cut acrofs about the middle of the calyx, it appears to be divided into three cells, and no more, as far as we have examined, each containing the rudiments of one or more feeds, for the number cannot with certainty be determined. Whether the calyptra in this fpecies falls off, as in that defcribed by Mr. IS Heritiery or be permanent, we appendix. 233 we cannot tell. From one fpecimen Pent by Mr. White, the latter fhould feem to be the cafe ; and that the calyx fwells and rifes around it nearly to the top, making a pear- fhaped fruit, with the point of the calyptra flicking out at its apex; but as this appears only in a fingle flower, and none of the others are at all advanced towards ripening feed, the flower in queftion may pofTibly be in a morbid ftate, owing to the attacks of fome infed:. (See Fig. g.J Future obfervations will determine this point. We have been the more diffufe in our defcription on account of the Angularity of the genus, and the value of the plant. On making inciflons in the trunk of this tree, large quantities of red reflnous juice are obtained, fometimes even more than Axty gallons from a Angle tree. When this juice is dried, it becomes a very powerfully aftringent gum-reAn, of a red colour, much refembling that known in the fliops by the name of Kino, and, for all medical purpofes, fully as efficacious. Mr. White adminiflered it to a great number of patients in the dyfentery, which prevailed much foon after the landing of the convicts, and in no one inftance found it to fail. This gum-reAn diflblves almofl entirely in fpirit of wine, to which it gives a blood red tindure. Water H h diflblves 234 APPENDIX. diffolves about one fixth part only, and the watery folution is of a bright red. Both thefe folutions are powerfully adringent. The Plate reprefents a portion of the bark of the Euca- lyptus rejtniferay with the fructification annexed. a. Is a bunch of the flowers the fize of nature. b. The flower, its calyptra, or hood, being removed. r. Calyx. d. Stamina. e. Piftillum. f. Calyptra feparate. g. The enlarged flower, which we fufpeCl to be in a difeafed ftate. THE APPENDI X. 235 THE YELLOW RESIN TREE. Thi s is about the fize of an Englifli walnut tree. Its trunk grows pretty ftraight for about fourteen or fixteen feet, after which it branches out into long fpiral leaves, which hang down on all lides, and refemble thofe of the larger kinds of grafs or fedge. From the center of the head of leaves arifes a fingle footftalk, eighteen or twenty feet in height, perfectly ftraight and eredt, very much refembling the fugar cane, and terminating in a fpike of a fpiral form, not unlike an ear of wheat. This large ftem or footftalk is ufed by the natives for making fpears and fifh gigs, being pointed with the teeth of fifti or other animals, fome of which are reprefented, in the plate of Implements, from originals now in Mr. Wilfon’s poftellion. But the moft valuable produce of this plant feems to be its refin, the properties of which vie with thofe of the moft fragrant balfams. This reftn exudes fpontaneoufty from the trunk ; the more readily, if inciftons are made in its bark. It is of a yellow colour; fluid at firft, but being infpiflTated in the fun, it acquires a folid form. Burnt on hot coals, it H h 2 emits 236 APPENDIX. emits a fmell very much refembling that of a mixture of balfam of Tolu and benzoin, fomewhat approaching to florax. It is perfedlly foluble in fpirit of wine, but not in water, nor even in eflential oil of turpentine, unlefs it be digefled in a ftrong heat. The varnifh which it makes with either is very weak, and of little ufe. With refpedl to its medicinal qualities, Mr. White has found it, in many cafes, a good pedtoral medicine, and very balfamic. It is not obtainable in fo great abundance as the red gum produced by the Eucalyptus relinifera. The plant which produces the yellow gum feems to be perfectly unknown to botanifts, but Mr. White has commu- nicated no fpecimens by which its genus or even clafs could be determined. TPIE I APPENDIX* 237 THE CRESTED COCKATOO. PsiTTACus Cristatus. Lin. I cannot regard this bird in any other view than as a variety of the Pfittacus Criflatus of Linnjeus, or large white Cockatoo, which has been defcribed by almoft all ornitho- logifts, and figured in feveral works of Natural Hifiory. The bird fecms liable to great variation both as to fize and colour ; the white in fome being of a much purer appear- ance than in others, and the yellow on the crefl and tail more predominant. All the varieties yet known agree in having the beak and legs blackifh. The individual fpeci- men here figured feemed of a fomewhat flenderer form than ufual. The colour not a pure white, but flightly tinged on the upper parts, and particularly on the neck and fhoulders, with dulky. The feathers on the front white, but the long lanceolate feathers below them, which form the crefl, of a pale jonquil-yellow. The tail white above, and pale yellow beneath; as are alfo the wings. THE 238 A P P E N D . I X. THE WHITE FULICA. Fulica alba. Fulica alba^ rojiro fronteq^ue rubrisy humeris fpinojisy pedibus Jlavis ? Corpus magnitudine fere gallinre domeficee. Humeri fpina parva incur'uata. In fpecimme exfccato pedes favi ; fed fortafj'e in viva ave rofro concolores. White Fulica, with the bill anxl front red, fhoulders fpined, legs and feet yellow ? The body is about the fize of a domeftic fowl. The fhoulders are furnifhed with a fmall crooked fpine. In the dried fpecimen the legs and feet are yellow; but, perhaps, in the living bird might have been of the fame colour with the beak. Th IS bird is the only fpecies of its genus yet known of a white colour. The birds of this genus rank in the order called by Linnaeus Grail®, and moft of the fpecies frequent watery places. To this genus belongs the well-known bird called the Moor-hen, or Fulica chloropus ; as alfo a very beautiful exotic fpecies called the Purple Water-hen, which is the Fulica porphyrio of Linn®us, and which in fhape ziiuch refembles the White Fulica now deferibed. THE 1 THE SOUTHERN MOTACILLA. Motacilla Australis. M, cineray fuhtus jiava, N. B. Gula fere albida, Afli-coloured Motacilla, yellow beneath, iV. B. The throat inclines a little to whitilh. It is not perhaps abfolutely clear whether this bird Ihould be referred to the genus Motacilla, or Mufcicapa : the pro- bability, however, is in favour of Motacilla. The bird is about the fize of the Motacilla flava of Lin- naeus, or yellow wagtail, but feems of a ftouter make. The beak is of a pale colour, and the legs brown. The two middle tail-feathers have the very extremities /lightly marked with white. The genus Motacilla is extremely numerous, and it is not eafy to fix upon a proper or expreflive trivial name. Such names fhould, if pofilble, convey fome idea either of the colour, or fome other circumftance relative to the manners or habits of the animal ; but in new fpecies, whofe hiftory is unknown, this is impracticable. The trivial name, there- fore, of Auftralis may be allowable, though it cannot be re- garded as fufficiently diftindive. WATTLED WATTLED BEE-EATER, or MEROPS, Female. The female Bea-eater is Router in the body and in the legs, more brilliant in the plumage, the bill more curved ; and the tail cuneated and tipped with white ; but fliorter than in the male. The feathers on the head are fmall, each tipped with white, and fomewhat ereded : it has no wattles, but on the chin the feathers are dark, long, and hang dif- The general colour of the bird is a blackifh chocolate, lighter on the breaR, and towards the vent ; darker on the abdomen and to\vards the tip of the tail. The' feathers on the neck and breaR have each a Rreak of white through the middle. On the wing the outer long feathers' are Rightly edged with whitiRi, thofe of the middle region round-ended and tipped only; and on the upper part of the wing each feather bears a Rreakd own the middle, fuddenly dilating at the tip. The legs yellower than thofe of the male ; claws blackiRi. THE \ APPENDIX. 24.1 THE CRESTED G O A T - S U C R E R. CaPRIMULGUS CRISTATUS. C. cinereo-fufcusy fubtus pallidust remigibus caudaque fafclis fallidis numerojis^ vibrijjis utrinque erecio-crijiatis. Corpus fupra pwiSiis minutijfimis fubalbidis irroratum^ Cinereous-brown Goat-fucker, pale beneath ; with the long feathers of the wings and tail fprinkled with numerous pale fafciae, and the vibriffae (or briftles on the upper mandible) landing up on each fide, in the manner of a creft. The body on the upper part is fprinkled with very fmall whitifli fpecks. The birds of this genus are remarkable for the exceflive widenefs of the mouth, though the beak is very fmall; in their manner of life, as well as general flrucTure, they are very nearly allied to the genus Hirundo, or fwallow; and indeed may be regarded as a kind of nodlurnal fwallows. They feed on infects, particularly on beetles. The name Caprimulgus, or Goat-fucker, was given to this genus from an idea that prevailed amongfl: the more ancient naturalifts of their fometinies fucking the teats of goats and llieep ; a circumftance in itfelf fo wildly improbable, that it would fcarce deferve to be ferioufly mentioned, were it not that fo accurate a naturalifl as the late celebrated Scopoli feems in fome degree to have given credit to it. I i THE appendix. 242 THE SCINCOID, or SKINC-FORMED LIZARD. Lacerta Scincoides. This Lizard comes nearer to the Scinciis than any I am acquainted with, but is ftill a diftind fpecies. In the two fpecimens fent over by Mr. White, one had a procefs on the upper part of the tail, near the top, almofl like a fupernumerary or forked tail, but which I rather con- ceive to be natural ; and as this one was a male, I am inclined to think that this is j>eculiar to that fex, which would in fome degree have been more clearly made out, if the other, which had not this procefs, had proved a female y but as its being gutted and huffed before I faw it, prevented my . examination, this remains hill to be proved : but what makes the conjedure very probable, is, that it is mentioned by Mr. White that fome are without, and fome with this , procefs. Now if it was a monfter, arifing either from acci- dent, or originally fo formed, it would hardly be fo com- < mon as to be taken notice of. The tail is longer than that of the Scincufes, and not fo taper ; the animal is of a dark | iron-grey colour, which is of different fhades in different ^ parts, forming a kind of ftripes acrofs the back and tail, j The ; 'appendix. ' • I ' The fcales of the cuticle are flrong, but not fo much fo as thofe of the Scincus. Its legs are Jfhort and ftrong, covered with the fame kind of fcales as the body, but the fcales of the feet are not. On the cuticle are fmall knobs, as if it were fludded. The toes on each foot are pretty regular; the difference in length not great, and the fame on both the fore and hind foot ; which is not the cafe with the Sineus, it having a long middle toe. There are fmall fhort nails on each toe; on their upper furface they are covered with a feries of fcales, which go half round, like a coat of mail. Juft within the verge of the extern al opening of the ea on the anterior edge, is a membrane, covering about one third of it, which is fcolloped on its loofe or unattached edge ; this can hardly be called an external ear, nor can it be called the referve, viz. a valve ; but if it is al^ aftiftant to hearing, which it moft probably is, it fhould be conft- dered as the external ear. The teeth are in a row on each fide of each jaw, becom- ing gradually larger backwards. They are fhort above the gum, and rounded off, fitted for breaking or bruifing of fubftances, more than cutting or tearing. I i 2 THE 244 A P- P E N D I X. THE MURICATED LIZARD. Lacerta Muricata: L. caiida tereti longa^ corpore grifeOy fquamis carin.'itis mucronatts. Corpus fupra fafciis tranverjis fufcis \ fubtus pallidum. Valde affinh Aganic? et Calotcs. L. with long rounded tail, body greyiih, fcales carinated and fharp- pointed. The animal on its upper part is fafciated with tranfverfe dulky bars, and is pale beneath. This fpecies is very nearly allied to the L. Agama and Calotes. ^ This fpecies meafures fomewhat more than a foot in length. The general colour is a brownifh grey, and the whole upper part of the animal is marked with tranfverfe dufky bafs, which are mod: confpicuous on the legs and tail. The tail is very long; the fcales on every part of the animal are of a fharp form, and furnifhed with a prominent line on the upper furface ; toward the back part of the head the fcales almofi: run into a fort of weak fpines ; the feet are furnifhed with moderately ftrong, (harp claws. THE APPENDIX. 545 THE RIBBONED LIZARD. LaCERTA TuENIOLATA, L. Icevlsi cauda tereti longa, corpore fupra tcenioHs albis nigrijque, fubtus albo, Affinis L. lemnifcatce. Crura fupra albo nigroque friata: digiti unguiculati: aures conjpicua : fquamce totius corporis Icevijjimce, nitidijjim^t cauda vise ’ dijtinSie friata^ Jubferruginea,. This is si vpry elegant fpecies. The length of the animal is about fix inches and a half; and is diftinguifhed by a number of parallel ftripes, or bands of black and white, difpofed longitudinally throughout the whole upper part of the body, except that on the tail the bands are not carried much above the bafe ; the remainder being of a pale ferruginous colour. In fome fpecimens a tinge of this colour is alfo vifible on the back ; , the lower part of the body is of a yellowifli white ; the tail is perfectly round, of a great length, and gradually tapers to the extremity. THE APPENDIX, 246 THE BROAD-TAILED LIZARD. Lacerta Platura. L. cauda deprejfo-plana lanceolata, margtne fubaculeatOy corpore grifeo- fujco fcabro. Ungues quaji dupUcati. Lingua brevis, lata, integra, feu non forfcata ; apice autem leniter emarginato. L. with a depreffed lanceolate tail, almoft fpinj on the margin j the body of a dufky grey colour, and rough. The claws appear as if double; the tongue is fliort and broad, not forked, but flightly emarginated at the tip. This Lizard is flrikingly diflinguiihed by the uncommon form of its tail, which is of a dcpreffed or flattened fhape, with very thin edges, and gradually tapers to a fliarp extre- mity. This depreffed form of the tail is extremely rare in Lizards ; there being fcarcely more than two other fpecies yet known in which a fimilar Rruclure takes place. One of thele is the L. Caudiverbera of Linnssus, in which the tail appears / APPENDIX. 247 appears to be not only deprefTed, but pinnated on the fides. Another fpecies with a deprefTed tail has been figured by the Count De Cepede, in his Hiftory of Oviparous* Quadrupeds. The prefent fpecies is about four inches and a half in length. The head is large in proportion; and the whole upper furface of the animal is befet with fmall tubercles, which in fome parts, efpecially towards the back of the head, and about the tail, are lengthened into a fharpened point. The lower furface is of a pale colour, or nearly white* THE Appendix. 248 THE BLUE FROG. Rana C^rulea. R. Cisruleaj fubtus grifeo-piin6tata, pedibus tetradadfylisy pojierioribus pal- math, M^agnitudo Ranee temporaries^ Blue Frog, fpeckled beneath with greyiih ; the feet divided into fouf toes; the hind-feet webbed. Size of the common Frog. Plate p JO* ' : > ( APPENDIX. Plate A. annexed, reprefents a produdion of which Mr. White has fent no defcription, nor can we give any fatif- fadory account of it. This is faid to come from the root of the Yellow Gum Tree, and is a congeries of fcales, cemented, as it were, together by the gum. Whether they are the bafes of the leaves of that tree, or part of a parafiti- cal plant growing upon it, future obfervations muft deter- rnine. The latter fuppohtion feems to be countenaneed by the appearance of fibrous roots at the bafe of this fingular production. ESI Kk THE 250 APPENDIX. THE WHITE HAWK. Falco Albus. Falco-albust rojlro nigroy cera pedibujque jlavisy White Hawk, with black beak, cere and legs yellow.. This fpecies, in fhape and general appearance, feemt very nearly allied to the bird called, in England, the Hen* Harrier, which is the Falco cyaneus of Linnaeus. It is very nearly of the fame fize, and the legs and thighs are of a {lender form, as in that fpecies. The whole plumage is white, without any variegation. TEIE APPEND! X. THE WHITE-VENTED CROW, f CoRVUS Graculinus. Corvus niger, remigum re5iricumque bafi a pice the tail broad alternate bars of black and yellow. In fome fpeci- mens the yellow was much paler than in others, and nearly whitifh. THE APPENDIX. 254 THE LONG-SPINED CH^TODON. Ch^todon Armatus. Chest odon albefcens, cor pore fafeiis feptem nigris, fpinh pinna dorfaHs fex^ tertia longijjima, Whitifh Chaetodon, with feven black ftripes on the body, fix fpincs on the dorfal fin, the third very long. This appears to be a new and very elegant fpecies of the genus Chaetodon. The total length of the fpecimen was not more than four inches. The colour a Elvery white, darktr, and of a bluifli tinge, on the back ; the tranfverfe fafcice, or bands, of a deep black ; the fins and tail of a pale brown. The third ray or fpine of the firfl: dorfal fin is much longer than the refi:^ MURICATED 77 oTularL- Ji*u/>-l(^/i^^ ao iA^ t^^oir cUk-e^ Dec.:Q.^,/J8^, ■P: ■■ • .1 ■ ' ,■■'•'■ ■ ■. ..' ■ ' a, C' . . ■ ''i.' '! .:i .' V, / if:.: ■'■/.' ... -r^j ■ ‘.•'Ti*.' ir. V*" APPENDIX* 255 MURI GATED LIZARD* Lacerta Muricata. Var. This variety chiefly diflers from that reprefented in a fubfequent Plate in having the head lefs diftindly ac- culeated, and the fcales on the body not fo flrongly cari- nated. Figure i. in the fame Plate is a fmall Snake, about a foot in length, of a white colour, tinged with ferruginous ; the body marked by diftant black bands,^ and each fcale on the back marked with a fmall black fpeck* SUPERB appendix. SUPERB WARBLER. Motacilla Superba. Motadlla nlgrat remigibus fufcist abdomine albo^ fronte genifque carulets. Black Warbler, with the long feathers of the wings brown ; the belly white j the forehead and cheeks blue. This beautiful fpecies is generally found in the ftate above defcribed in the fpecific charader ; but it appears to be fubjed to great variety, fome of the fpecimens lately brought from New Holland having not only more blue on the head than ufual, but alfo a patch of brilliant blue on each hde the back, and a mark of reddidi brown or orange near the fhoulders. SMALL X appendix. 257 MOlACILLA, OR WARBLER. Motacilla Pusilla. M.fufca, fubtus fallida, cauda prope afkem fafcia fufca. Brown Warbler, pale beneath, with a band of brown towr the tail. ' towards the tip of This little bird is about the fame fize with the Superb Warbler, and has evidently fome affinity with that fpecies, but (exclufive of the difference in colour) the tail is not in the leaft cuneated, but even at the end. L 1 SERPENTS. appendix. SERPENTS. The fpecies of Serpents are much lefs eafily afceitained than thofe of moft other animals ; not only on account of the great number of fpecies, but from the innumerable vari- ations to which many of them are fubjed in point of colour. Ambngft thofe lately received from New Holland, the fol- lowing are the mofl remarkable. Snake, No. t, about three feet and a half in length, of a bluifh afli-colour, coated with fcales rather large than fmall, and having nearly the fame general proportion with the common Englifh fnake, or Coluber Natrix of Linn^us. V Snake, No. 2, nearly three feet in length, flender, and of a tawny yellowiili colour, with numerous indiftind bars of dark brown, and fomewhat irregular, or flexuous, m their difpolition. Snake, r 6e^r'6z xar 17^-vr’im/) •J; tUJcO rj8^. ty II>^J^rM. APPENDIX. 259 Snake, No. 5, upwards of eight feet in length, of a darki£h colour, varied with fpots and marks of a dull yellow: the belly alfo is of a yellowifh colour. The fcales are fmall in proportion to the lize of the animal ; the tail gradually tapers to a point. SNAKES. See Plate containing Two Figures. * No. I. Small, about fourteen inches in length, coated with very fmall fcales, and varied with irregular markings of yellow on a dark brown or blackifh ground. It is probably a young fnake. No. 2. Small, about fifteen inches in length, and fafciated with alternate bars of black and white. None of the above Serpents appear to be of a poifonous nature : they belong to the Linn^ean genus Coluber ; yet No. 5. has fome characters of the genus Anguis. L 1 2 INSECTS. 26o APPENDIX, INSECTS. The Infeds received from New Holland are : No. I. The large Scolopendra, or Centipede (Scolopen- dra Morfitans Lin.) The fpecimens feemed of a fomewhat darker colour than ufual. See Plate of large Scolopendra^ &c. annexed. No. 2. A fnialler Spider^ of a dark colour; with a fmall thorax and large round abdomen, and with the joints of the legs marked with whitilE. No. 3. A fmall fpecies of Crab, or Cancer, of a pale colour, and which fhould be ranked amongft the Cancri brachyuri in the Linnasan divifion of the genus. No. 4. A Caterpillar, befet with branchy prickles, and confequently belonging to fome fpecies of Papilio or butterfly. LIZARD APPENDIX. 2.61 LIZARD EGGS. With the fpecimens of Lacertae, feveral Eggs were received. They were of an oval fhape, and of a livid brown colour, whitifh within and not much larger than peafe. On opening them the young Lizards were extradled, perfectly formed, and in all refpeds refembling the Scincoid Lizard, except that the tail was longer in proportion. See Plate of the Skinc-formed. Lizard, Fig. 2, 3, and 4, which are given of the natural lize. Fig. i. reprefents the Eggs in the pro- portion they bear to the adult fpecimen. SMALL 262 APPENDIX. SMALL PAP. O QJJ E T. PSITTACUS PUSILLUS. PJittacus fiibmacrourus v'lridis, capifiro reBncumque haji rubru. Cauda fubtus Jlavefcens^ baji rubra. Remiges latere interiore f^ XtUrCco^eX ei^ ^Xct Uor'e^ciaDcc:'!^. fJ8^, ^ IT)eXrett^. 269 APPENDIX. The Non-defcript Animals of New South Wales occupied a 'great deal of Mr. White’s attention, and he preferved feveral fpecimens of them in fpirits, which arrived in England in a very perfect ftate. There was no perfon to whom thele could be given with fo much propriety as Mr. Hunter, he, perhaps, being moft capable of exa- mining accurately their Ifrudture, and making out their place in the fcale of animals ; and it is to him that we ' are indebted for the following obfervations upon them ; in which the anatomical ftrudiure is purpofely avoided, as being little calculated for the generality of readers of a work of this kind.. It is much to be wilhed that thofe gentlemen who are defirous of obliging their friends, and promoting the ftudy of Natural Hiftory, by fending home fpeci- mens, would endeavour to procure all the information* they can relating to fuch fpecimens as they may collect, more efpecially animals. The fubjeds themfelves may be valuable, and may partly explain their connexion with thofe related to them, fo as, in fome meafure, to eftablifh •their place in nature, but they cannot do it entirely ; they only Q APPENDIX. only give iis the form and condrudlion, but leave us in other refpeds to conjc^flure, many of them -requiring further obfervations relative to their (economy. A negled: in procuring this information has left us., almoft to this day, very ignorant of that part of the Natural Hiftory of animals which is the mofl; interehing. The OpolTum is a remarkable inftance of this. There is fomething in the mode of propagation in this animal that deviates from all others ; and although known in fome degree to be extraor- dinary, yet it has never been attempted, where opportunity offered, to complete the inveffigation. I have often endea- voured to breed them in England ; I have bought a great many, and my friends have affiffed me by bringing them or fending them alive, yet never could get them to breed ; ,and although pofleffed of a great many fads refpeding them, I do not believe my information is fufficient to complete the fyffem of propagation in this clafs. In •colleding animals, even the name given by the natives, if poffible, fhould be known ; for a name, to a Naturaliff, fhould mean nothing but that to which it is annexed, having no alluffon to any thing elfe; for v;hen it has, it divides the idea. This obfervation applies particularly to the animals which APPENDIX. 271 wliich have come from New Holland; they are, upon the whole, like no other that we yet know of ; but as they have parts in fome refped hmilar to others, names will naturally be given to them expreflive of thofe fimiJarities; which has already taken place: for inftance, one is called the Kangaroo Rat, but which Ihould not be called either Kangaroo or Rat; I have therefore adopted fuch names as can only be appropriated to each particular animal, conveying no’ other idea; Animals admit of being divided' into great claffes ; bur will not fo diftindly admit of fubdivifion, without inter- fering with each other. Thus the clafs called Quadruped is fo well marked, that even the whole is juflly placed^ in the fame clafs. Birds the fame; Amphibia (as they are called) the fame; and fo of fifh, &c. ; but when we aro fubdividing thefe great clafles into their different tribes, genera, and fpecies, then we find a mixture of properties ; fome fpecies of one tribe partaking of fimilar properties with, a fpecies of another tribe. Of 2J2 appendix. Of the KANGAROO. This animal (probably from its fize) was the principal one taken notice of in this illand ; the only parts at firft brought home were fome Ikins and fculls ; and I was favour- ed with one of the fculls from Sir Jofeph Banks. As the teeth of fuch animals as are already known, in fome degree point out their digellive organs, I was in hopes that I might have been able to form an opinion of the particular tribe of the animals already known, to which the Kangaroo Ihould belong ; but the teeth did not accord with thofe of any one clafs of animals I was acquainted with, therefore I was obliged to wait with patience till I could get the whole: and in many of its other organs the deviation from other animals is not lefs than in its teeth. In its mode of propagation it very probably comes nearer to the Opoffum than any other animal ; although it is not at all fimilar to it in other refpefts. Its hair is of a greyifh brown colour, fimilar to that of the wild rabbit of Great Britain, is thick and long when the animal is old ; but it is late f / ?y/a appendix. 273 late in growing, and when only begun to grow, it is like a firong down 5 however, in Ibme parts it begins earlier than others, as about the mouth, &c. In all of the young Kangaroos yet brought home (although fome as large as a full grown cat), they have all the marks of a foetus ; no hair; ears lapped clofe over the head ; np marks on the feet of having been uled in progrellive mption. The large nail on the great toe fharp at the point ; and the hdes of the mouth united fomething like the eye-lids of a puppy juft whelped, having only a paftage at the anterior part. This union of the two lips on the fades is of a particular ftrudure, it wears off as it grows up, and by the time it is of the fize of a fmall rabbit, difappears. Of the 'Teeth of the Kangaroo. The teeth of this animal are fo ftngular, that it is impoffible, from them, to fay what tribe it is of. There is a faint mixture in them, correfponding to thofe of different tribes of animals. Take the mouth at large, refpeaing the fituation of the teeth, it would clafs in fome degree with the Scalprts ■M- „ dentata ; APPENDIX. dentata^'\ in a fainter degree with the Horfe, and Ruminants 5: and with regard to the line of direction of all the teeth, they are very like thofe of the Scalpris dentata. The fore teeth in the upper jaw agree with the Hog ; and thofe in the lower, in number, with the Scalpris dcntata ; but with regard to pofition, and probably ufe, with the Hog. The grinders would feem to be a mixture of Hog and Ruminants ; the enamel on their external and grind- ing furfaces, rather formed into feveral cutting edges^ than points. There are fix incifors in the upper jawj and only two in the lower ; but thefe two are fo placed as to oppofe thofe of the upper 5 five grinders in each fide of each jaw, the moft anterior of w’hich is fmall. The pror portions of fome of the parts of this animal bear no analogy to what is common in moft others. The difproportions in the length between the fore legs and the hind are. very confiderable ; alfo in their ftrength ; yet perhaps not more than in the Jerboa. This difproportion between the fore legs and the hind is principally in the more adult ; for in the very young, about the fize of a half grown rat, they are pretty * This tribe includes the Rat, &c. well APPENDIX. ^75 well proportioned ; which Ihews that at the early period of life they do not ule progreflive motion. The proportions of the different parts of which the hind legs are compofed, are very different. The thigh of the Kangaroo is extremely fhort, and the leg is very long. The hind foot is uncommon- ly long ; on which, to appearance, are placed three toes, the middle toe by much the largeft and the ' ftrongeft, and looks fomething like the long toe of an Oftrich. The outer toe is next in fize ; and what appears to be the inner toe, is two, inclofed in one fkin or covering. The great toe nail much refembles that of an Oftrich, as alfo the nail of the outer toe; and the inner, which appears to be but one toe, has two fmall nails, which are bent and ftiarp. From the heel, along the under fide of the foot and toe, the fkin is adapted for walking upon. ' The fore legs, in the full grown Kangaroo, are fmall in pro- portion to the hind, or the ftze of the animal ; the feet, or hands, are alfo fmall ; the fkin on the palm is different from that on the back of the hand and fingers. There are five toes or fingers on this foot; the middle rather the largeft; the others - become very gradually fhorter, and are all nearly of N n 2 the 276 APPENDIX. the fame fhape. The nails are fharp, fit for holding. The tail is long in the old ; but not fo long, in proportion to the fize of the animal, in the young. It would feem to keep pace with - the growth of the hind legs, which are the infiruments of progreflive motion in this animal ; and which would alfo fhew that the tail is a kind of fecond inftrument in this adlion. The under lip is divided in the 'middle, each fide rounded off at the divifion. It has two clavicles ; but they are fiiort, fo that the fhoulders are not thrown out. WHITE^ V . ■ c^ c^c ye^4sJ)e-€7^^.IJ 8^.1^ 1-I>e^c4it . APPENDIX. 277 WHITE JOINTED SPIDER. The fpecies of Spiders, unlefs feen recent, and in the utmoft ftate of perfection, are not eafily diftinguifhed. The prefent fpecies is moll remarkable for the lucid furface of its thorax and legs, which latter are furniihed with feveral long moveable fpines, that may be either elevated or deprelTed at the vs^ill of the animal; this however is not peculiar to the pre- fent fpecies, but is feen in fome others. The eyes are eight in number, and are arranged in the fame manner as thofe of the great American Spider, or Aranea Avicularia of Linnaeus. The colour of this Spider is a clear chefnut brown, except the body, which is a pale brown, with a very deep or blackifh fafcia on its upper part, reaching about half way down. The orifice at the tip of each fang is very vifible by fo flight a magnifying power as that of a glafs of two inches focus : this Spider is therefore of the number of thofe which poifon their prey before they defiroy it. The Plate exhibits the back and front view, of the natural fize. A. the order in which the Spines are placed. The lefier a, two Spines enlarged, fhewing the Bracket on which they turn, and the Groove or Niche they fhut into when clofed. C. the Fangs magnified. WHA APPENDIX. 273 WHA TAPOAU ROO. This animal is about the fize of a Racoon, is of a dark grey colour on the back, becoming rather lighter on the fides, which terminates in a rich brown on the belly. The hair is of two kinds, a long hair, and a kind of fur, and even the long hair, at the roots, is of the fur kind. The head is fhort j the eyes rather prominent ; the ears broad, not peaked. The teeth refemble thofe of all the animals from that country I have hitherto feen. The incifors are not continued into the grinders by inter- mediate teeth, although there are two teeth in the interme- diate fpace in the upper jaw, and one in the lower. The incifors are limilar to thofe of the Kangaroo, and lix in num- ber in the upper jaw, oppofed by two in the lower, which have an oblique furface extending fome diftance from their edge, fo as to increafe the furface of contact. There are two cufpidati on eachlidein the upper jaw, and only one in the lower ; five grinders on each fide of each jaw, APPENDIX. 279 jaw, the firft rather pointed, the others appear nearly of the fame fize, and quadrangular in their fhape, with a hollow running acrofs their bafe from the outfide to the inner,, which is of fome depth j and another which crofTes it, but not fo deep, dividing the grinding furface into four points. On the fore foot there are five toes,, the inner the fhortefi:,. refembling, in a flight degree, a thumb. The hind foot re- fembles a hand, or that of the Monkey and OpofTum, the great toe having no nail^ and' oppofing the whole foie of the foot,, which is bare. The nails on the other toes, both of the fore and hind foot, refemble, in a fmall degree, thofe of the cat, being broad and covered; and the lafi: bone of the toe has aprojedion on the under fide, at the articular^ tion. Each nail has^ in fome degree, a fmall fheath, covering its bafe when drawn up. The tail is long, covered with long' hair, except the under iurface of that’half towards the termination, of the breadth of half an inch, becoming broader near the tip or terminal tion: this furface is covered with. a ftrong cuticle, and is. adapted for laying hold. DINGO,, 28o appendix. A DINGO, or DOG, of NEW SOUTH WALES. / This animal is a variety of the Dog, and, like the fhep- herd’s dog in mofl countries, approaches near to the original of the fpecies, which is the wolf, but is not fo large, and does not fland fo high on its legs. The ears are iliort, and eredt, the tail rather bufhy; the hair, which is of a reddifh dun colour, is long and thick, but ftrait. It is capable of barking, although not fo rea- dily as the European dogs ; is very ill-natured and vicious, and fnarls, howls, and moans, like dogs in common. Whether this is the only Dog in New South Wales, and whether they have it in a wild ftate, is not mentioned ; but I fhould be inclined to believe they had no other; in which cafe it will conflitute the wolf of that country ; and that which is domefticated is only the wild dog tamed, without having yet produced a variety, as in fome parts of America. TAPOA 'tu?pvoj^ APPENDIX, 281 the T a P O a T a F a, or T A P H A, This animal is the Eze of a rat, and, has very much the appearance of the martin cat, but hardly fo long in the body in proportion to its Eze. The head is flat forwards, and broad from Ede to Ede, efpecially between the eyes and ears ; the nofe is peaked, and projeaing beyond the teeth, which makes the upper jaw appear to be conEderably longer than the lower j the eyes are pretty larger the ears broad, eljpecially at their bale, not becoming regularly narrower to a point, nor with a very Enooth edge, and having a fmall procefs on the concave, or inner furface, near to the bafe. It has long whilkers from the Edes of the cheeks, which begin forwards, near the nofe, by fmall and fhort hairs, and become longer and ftronger as they approach the eyes. It has very much the hair of a rat, to which it is Emilar in colour ; but near to the fetting on of the tail, it is of a lighter brown, forming a broad ring round The fore feet are Ihorter than the hind, but much in the fame proportion as thofe of the rat 5 the hind feet are O o more 282 APPENDIX. more flexible. There are five toes on the fore feet, the- middle the largeft, falling off on each fide nearly equally ; but the fore, or inner toe, is rather fiiorteft : they are thin from fide to fide, the nails are pretty broad, laterally, and thin at their bafe ; not very long but fharp ; the animal walks on its whole palm, on which there is no hair. The hind feet are pretty long, and have five toes ; that which anfwers to our great toe is very fhort, and has no nail ; the next is the longeft in the whole, falling gradually off to the outer toe ; the fhape of the hind toes is the fame as in the fore feet, as are likewife the nails ; it walks nearly on the whole foot. The tail is long and covered with long hair, but not all of the fame colour. The teeth of this creature are different from any other animal yet known. The mouth is full of teeth. The lower jaw narrow in comparifon to the upper, more efpecially backwards, which allows of much broader grinders in this jaw than in the lower, and which occafions the grinders in the •upper jaw to projed: confiderably over thofe in the lower. In the middle the cufpidati oppofe one another, the upper piercers, or holders, go behind thofe of the lower ; the fecond clafs of incifors in the lower jaw overtop thofe of the APPENDIX. 283 the upper while the two firft in the lower go within, or behind thofe of the upper. In the upper jaw, before the holders, there are four teeth on each fide, three of which are pointed, the point (landing on the inner furface; and the two in front are longer, (land more obliquely forwards, . and appear to be appropriated for a particular ufe. The holders are a little way behind the laft fore teeth, to allow thofe of the lower jaw to come between. They are pretty long, the cufpidati on each fide bpcomc longer and larger towards the grinders ; they are points or cones placed on a broad bafe. There are four grinders on each fide, the middle two the largeft, the laft the lead ; their bafe is a triangle of the fca- lenus kind, or having one angle obtufe and two acute. Their bafe is compofed of two furfaces, an inner and an outer, divided by proceftes or points : it is the inner that the grinders of the lower jaw oppofe, when the mouth is regularly fhut. The lower jaw has three fore teeth, or inci- fors, on each fide; the firft confiderably the largeft, project- ing obliquely forwards ; the other two of the fame kind, but fmaller, the laft the fmalleft. The holder in this jaw is not fo large as in the upper jaw, O o 2 and 284 APPENDIX. and clofe to the incifors. There are three cufpidati, the middle one the largefl:, the laft the lead: ; thefe are cones (landing on their bafe, but not on the middle, rather on the anterior fide. There are four grinders, the two middle the larged, and rather quadrangular, each of which has a 'high point or cone on the outer edge, with a fmaller, and three more diminutive on the inner edge. It is impofTible to fay critically, what the various forms of thefe teeth are adapted for from the general principles of teeth. In the front we have what may divide and tear off ; behind thofe, there are holders or deflroyers; behind the latter, fuch as will aflifl in mafhing, as the grinders of the lion, and other carniverous animals; and laft of all, grinders, to divide parts into fmaller portions, as in the graminiverous tribe : the articulation of the jaw in fome degree admits of all thofe motions. THE >i /■ .V." N’ >■ - / 'a' i : ^ APPENDIX. 285 THE TAPOA TAP A. Another 2.nini2.1 oF the fknie fpecies j only dilFering From the Tapoa TaFa in its external colour, and in beino- Fpotted. THE 286 APPENDIX. THE POTO ROO, or KANGAROO RAT, The head is flat fideways, but not fo much fo as the true Scalpris Dentata. The ears are neither long nor Ihort, but much like thofe of a moufe in proportion to the fize of the animal. The fore legs are fhort in comparifon to the hind. There are four toes on the fore feet, the two middle are long, and nearly of equal lengths, with long narrow nails, ilightly bent; the two fide toes are fhort, and nearly equal in fize, but the outer rather the largeft. From the nails on the two middle toes, one would fuppofe that the animal burrowed. Their hind legs are long, and it is in their power to fland either on the whole foot, or on the toes only. On the hind legs are three toes, the middle one large, and the two fide ones fhort. The tail is long;. The hair on the body is rather thin ; it is of two kinds, a fur, and a long hair, which lafl becomes exterior from its length. The fur is the fineR, and is compofed of Terpentine hairs ; the long hair is fircDger, and is alfo ferpentine, for more than two thirds APPENDIX. 287 thirds of its length near to the ikin, and terminates in a pretty ftrong pointed end, like the quill of a hedge hog. It is of a brownifli grey colour, fomething like the brown, or grey rabbit, with a tinge of a greenifli yellow. It has a pouch on the lower part of the belly, the mouth opens forwards, and the cavity extends backwards to the pubis, where it terminates ; on the abdominal furface of this pouch are four nipples or two pair, each pair placed very; near the other. THE appendix. 2 8-8 THE HEPOONA ROO. This animal is of the lize of a fmall rabbit : it has a broad flat body, the head a good deal refembles that of the fquir- rel: the eyes are full, prominent, and large : tlie ears broad and thin : its legs fliort, and its tail very long. Between the fore and hind legs, on each flde, is placed a doubling of the fldn of the flde, which, when the legs are extended laterally, is as it were pulled out, forming a broad lateral wing or fin, and when the legs are made ufe of in walking, this flcin, by its elaflicity, is drawn clofe to the flde of the animal, and forms a kind of ridge, on which the hair has a peculiar - appearance. In this refped it is very flmilar to the flying fquirrel of America. It has five toes on each fore foot, with fharp nails. The hind foot has alfo five toes, but differs conflderably from the fore foot ; one of the toes may be called a thumb, having a broad nail, fomething like that of the Monkey or Opoffum : what anfwers to the fore and middle toes are united in one common covering, and appear like one toe with r '■ I V 5 % . J * ':t APPENDIX. 289 with two nails; this is fomewhat fimilar to the Kangaroo, the two other toes are in the common form, thefe four nails are fharp like thofe on the fore foot. This formation of the foot is well calculated for holding any thing while it is moving its body, or its fore foot, to other parts, a property belonging (probably) to all animals who move from the hind parts ; fuch as the Monkey, Mocock, Mongoofe, OpolTum, Parrot, Leech, &c. Its hair is very thick and long, making a very fine fur, efpecially on the back. It is of a dark brown grey on the upper part, a light white grey on the lower fide of what may be termed the wing, and white on the under furface, from the neck to the parts adjacent to the anus. FEATHER 2Q0 appendix. FEATHER of the CASSOWARY. The feathers of the New Holland CafTowary are of a remarkable condrudlion ; and may, perhaps, be more eahly delineated than defcribed. The fpecimen is figured of the exad: fize, and confifts of two long fiender fhafts, extremely flaccid, ifluing from one fmall quill. The feather at the bafe of each fhaft is clofely fet, foft, and flofly, widening and growing harder gradually to the tip, refembling the texture of a dried plant. The colour browniih alli, whitening towards the quill. Itfeems incapable of refifling water, or of holding air. This circumflance in the feather, added to the great pliability of the {haft, is a mofl admirable provifion for a bird whofe fafety is entrufted folely to its feet. FISH appendix. 291 FISH HOOKS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Fig. A. reprefents a hook of the fame hze, formed of a hard black wood-like fubftance, neatly executed, and finilhed with a fmall knob to aflift in faftening it to the line; it is well mounted: the line confifts of two ftrands very evenly laid, and twilled hard ; made with a grafly fubftance dark in colour, and nearly as fine as raw filk ; the length of it is fhewn by the top of the rod being broken olf. Fig. B. is a hook of mother of pearl, formed by an internal volute of fome fpiral fhell, allifted by grinding it a little on one fide only : the point of this hook, as well as of the for- mer, feems, to an European, to turn fo much as to render them almofl: ufelefs. Fp 2 LMPLEMENTS sg2 APPENDIX. IMPLEMENTS of NEW SOUTH WALES. A A. is a War Spear, formed of a light reed-like fubftance produced by the Yellow Gum Tree, vide p. 235, which if the ends marked with the letters were joined together, would fhew its full length: the long pointed head is of hard wood, of a reddifb colour, and is faflened into the fliaft in the firmefl: manner by a cement of the yellow gum only. B. is a Stick, at one end of which is a fmall peg faftened with the fame cement, and forming a hook : the other end is ornamented with the fhell of the Limpet or Patella,^ ftuck on with the gum ; and, thus conftrudled, it is ufed to throw the fpear — * in this manner: The fliell end of the flick being held in the right hand, and the fpear poifed in the left, the end of the hook at B. is inferted into a hollow at the foot of the fpear at D, and thus thrown with a force limilar to that of a flone from a fling ; this is fliewn more particularly in a reduced figure at the upper part of the Plate, a, b. CC. is a Spear or Gig, of a fubftance fimilar to the former, for flriking fifh in the water; the true length of which will be known I APPENDIX. 293 known by fuppofing the parts joined together at the lettered ends : the fhaft confifts of two pieces, a large and a fmall one, joined by the gum : and the head is compofed of four flicks inferted into the fhaft with gum, and tied together above with flips of bark, which are afterwards tightened by little wedges, driven within the bandage : each of thefe flicks is terminated by the tooth of a fifh, very fharp, and fluck on by a lump of the gum cement: the fhaft of this inflrument is pundured in many places with very fmall holes, to the pith in the centre, but for what purpofe is not known. H. is a Hatchet, of which the head is a very hard black pebble ftone, rubbed down at one end to an edge ; the handle is a flick of elaflic wood, fplit, which being bent round the middle of the flone, and the extremities brought together, is flrongly bound with flips of bark, and holds the head very firmly, as fmiths chiffels are held by hazel flicks in Europe. S. is a kind of blunt Sword, of hard wood, like the head of the fpear A. F. feems to be an inflrument of offence ; it is a ftick of the natural growth, with the bark on ; the root of which is cut round into a large knob; the end F. is made rough with notches, that it may be held more firmly in the hand. R. is APPENDIX. 294 R. is a Bafket, formed by a Bngle piece of a brown fibrous bark. This feparated whole from the tree is gathered up at each end in folds, and bound in that form by withes, which alfo make the handle. The Bafket is patched in feveral places with yellov/ gum, from which it appears to have been fometimes ufed for carrying water. Thefe Implements are drawn from exa£t meafurements, and fitted to a fcale of three feet, inferted at the foot of the Plate, FLYING- APPENDIX. 295 F L Y I N G - F I S PI. Exoc^tus Volitans. This fifli is fo well known to Naturalifts, and is fo fre- quently feen in every voyage, that it is unneceflary to give a particular defcription of it. See Plate page 266* A SEA-HORSE, OR HIPPOCAMPUS. This animal, like the Flying-filh, being commonly known, a defcription is not neceffary. It is the Syngnathus Hippo- campus of Linnaeus, See Plate page 264, GRANULATED BALISTES, Balistes Granulata, Baltjles pinna dorfali anteriore biradiafa, corpore granofo. Valde affinis B. Papillofo Ldnncei. Corpus albido-cinerafcens ^ fapillis par-- vulis afperfim, thorax ‘uelut m facculum produdfus, Baliftes with the anterior dorfal fin two-fpined, and the body covered with granules. This fifh is extremely nearly allied to the Baliftes Papillofus of Linnjeus, The body is of a whitifh afh-colour, and covered with fmall papillae. The thorax as it were produced into a Sacculus beneath. See Plate page 254. SOUTHERN APPENDIX. 296 SOUTHERN ATHERINE. Atherina Australis. . Au vere diJUnSta ah A. Hepfeto ^ A, pinna am radiis Jedecim. Corpus jubferrugineum. Cauda forjicata. Fafcia lateralis nitidijjima* Doubtful whether really diftind; from the A. Hepfetus of Linnseus. Atherine with the anal fin furnifhed with fixteen rays. The body is of a fubferruginous call. The tail forked. The lateral line extremely bright. THE TOBACCO-PIPE FISH. This fifh is fo well known, that a particular defeription need hot be given. It is the Fiftularia Tabacaria of Linnaeus. REMORA, OR SUCKING-FISH. The Echeneis Remora of Linnaeus. / This fifh, like the preceding, does not require a particu- lar defeription ; is met with in moll feas, and poflefTes power- I fully the faculty of adhehon, by the top of the head ; fre- quently to fhips bottoms, whence it is named Remora. NEW c^T'ceCt ^cc-'Z^.f^S^ 6y J-JJ t^Urxstt^. APPENDIX. NEW HOLLAND CREEPER, Female. The general colours of the female are the fame as in the male, but lefs vivid ; nor has it the white markings on the front of the head and over the eye, but on the cheeks only. The back and breaft are black without white interfperfions. The abdomen black, ftreaked with duiky white ; the yellow on the wings and tail inclining to an olivaceous green, the feathers in the latter obtufely pointed. A fcapulary of brown adorns the fhoulders, terminating in a lanceolate fhape, half way down the back. In this bird the bill is longer, and the legs and general form ftouter than the male. Q.q DEATHS APPENDIX 298 DEATHS between December 1786 and July 1788. On the PciJJ'age. Marines - 1 Marines Wives - I Marines Children - I After the 'Landing. Marines - 3 Marines Children 2 Total 8 On the Pafage. Male Convidls - 3^ Female Convidls - _ _______ 4 Convid;s Children - 5 After the Landing. Male Convidls, including two murdered ______ 22 Fema’e Ditto - - 8 Convidts Children - 9 Total 84 Executed, by a fentence of the Criminal Court - - - - - 4 Condemxcd to death by the C ouit, but pardoned by the 7 f. Governor - ^ Miffing, including one Female - - - - 9 A P P E N D I X. 299 cn W < tn H o CO W :z; h H C CL, cq Q < H >-i w M Oh 2 < U CO W 2 C .S rl 4-t CU ri o •< w K cn z K O a H P w d rt d (U 4-J 3 aj D-, rS u a o z p H Ui H 4- 1 3 < Q CO CIh d o Id ^ ^ J .2 O p d 3 p d aj aj o. \ I I ^ - 2 o • ^ g. T1 O d P rt ^ p dj §-2 ^ 'o O P r<^ < o p Cp X3 d rt G p o > p 3 CO G G p' a 0 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < ci w PH < p-i > I— t p p a G CO CO 0 I— a P pC <; w pj P-* 03 z *-4 P P \ 1 1 W H 1 1 1 d 0 d P-J < p PQ CO 3 P CO 3 U cu pci a *^•4 0 d C) 0 ClJ H 3 U CO < C 3 3 a C£l W c5 P CcC p 0 < S d 3 P Z > < a Q u 0 d -4 K- ►4 H < pci ei Q •— j Q H K:, ►tH A DIARY OF THE Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, WITH THE DIFFERENT LATITUDES and LONGITUDES, IN A VOYAGE T O FORT JACKSON, NEW SOUTH WALES. a DIARY of the Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, &c. with the different Latitudes and Longitudes. MAY 1787. APPENDIX. TD " C c d u bD C/3 (U CO c *C > .1 *4-( 4-J • TJ pi < .-i 'S (3J 1 '< 4-» u 3 ■U) i-d till c/2 0 00 4— » CO CO J ►J 'U c a ^ N S I 1 1 1 I 1 1 > V 1 1 1 1 1 1 I cu CO <22 0 00 0 a d 0 1 1 1 1 0 <0) 0 0 <22 0 pq CO Cl CO CO CO a u, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e» C5 'TlH 02 0 CO 0 H LO VO UO Vo ; ^ CO UO CO 0.^0 - 0> Qj J- CO C2 a ^ c 1 1 1 W M 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 - CO W CO d I w) y vj Sr'S 0 CO 1>- <22 a fcij 1 1 02 CO 0 CO CO CO c 1 1 ' d uo CO 0 0 CO 00 0 fl N. d) 02 •T3 1 I 0 'S cS U4 c3 u, cS > 02 3 0 a d d QJ t:-. •T2 3 bD bO d> u u u u e£i u 0 u Fo Winds. w CO S. E. Variable E. S. E. s. s. w. CO* South W.N.W. >** CO 1 1 1 1 1 00 <22 1 ° 1 1 ^ 1 1 ^ 1 Q APPENDIX. Frefh gales in the evening. Some rain in the evening. Strong gales, and high fea. Saw feme Gulf weed. C Frelh gales, with a following X fea. 1 Ditto weather: no obferva- ^ tion. ( Saw the Deferter Ides, alfo t fome turtle. Mercury in the Sun 98. /\VO I j . 1 Ml CO I 1 1 I 1 1 1 o o - cq cs CO VO d VO VO o CO 0 d rK CTi d d Ti tH o o 0 03 o o o o o o ' 0 CO CO d CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o o o o o O o O O O 0 o CO 03 o M CO VO 0 VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO o VO d 00 O o VO d 1 o f CO CO CO d VO 1 CO 1 M M M M O Ml d d CO VO M *N M M HH M Ml tH • 00 M CO c» 03 03 03 O VO CO M d VO VO cq d VO iH M M M CO VO VO VO VO M M l-H M« Ml kM • !z; ci « d VO cq 03 VO OO d VO d O oo VO CO cq 0 Ti- CO CO CO CO CO 1 >K» >» u> u Ui \ Urn *T3 u T3 Ui Ut c< cS 1 rS a 0.> OJ > w w w w w c/3 • • 1^’ V • Izi Ui o ;zi • 0 w CO VO VO oo 1 03 o 01 N cq 1 01 eq cq 1 O T3 3 §1-2 «>. oo Barom* ! CO 05 o o CO CO 1 1 1 I ! 1 O O o O O O O M G D CO rl^ U5 CO H c-^ CO W Pi < w Pi TD C C O rt N E < rt t>> s T3 C o o c C4 i-t cj CO — A- o oo oo iH ^ 'S rS •TlJ c: Q C W) ^co rt- I I 1 1 1 c CJ 1 1 1 1 1 o o CO '-o G • f-» 0> •X3 C3 o I 1 1 1 ! ' CO '=5- 1 1 1 1 1 *r3 c3 cr\ v-l ° U u rt ^ 3 3 .« O ^ 60 C , • ^ d v2 ^ ^ 3 Ut % CG pj rS CO O lO LO u. OJ fQ e C oo O tH 03 1 1 r r 03 1 1 1 1 03 O o O CO CO CO o o O o o o o O o CO CO m CO oo CO o CO CO !>. 1>F 1 1 1 1 1 I I o O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tH 03 cq 1 1 1 1 1 03 o 03 1 1 1 1 1 tH Cl 'Tl oo 03 iH tH tH tH Cl N. 1 1 f 1 1 CO oo CO 1 1 1 1 1 CO (N CO VO CO ■w oa (N Cl >% >, >» 1 to >» >, 'O '3 3 3 L# OS oS QJ T3 3 '3 3 '3 D o U O U o U H U o U O u o U O 0 Calm Calm South N. E. N. E. 00 cr> o * - (M CO i VO CO tH j 1-i I tH I tH I APPENDIX. ■9 oo o r\ • • T3 cS O c CA) >> . c« 4.J ta ■ • CO 3 o O 1. Pi .*c3 Gj eo ^ C "O tj-’ ^ "5? t: o o rt M .5 CIh Lightnir >. c S. n cti I- G a O CS CO S tH CL, -. t'' 00 oo oo oo u iT-Q ■ , 0,^0 U u t. H3 ca s c eq 1 1 1 O 1 ’So " j 1 1 1 rH lO 1 =|-g 0 22 - CO d 22 d • txb 'CO CO CO C o tH tH CO VO VO >-i o CO CO d 01 (M 01 ° OJ N 01 01 CM 01 d H3 CO I>* CO cr> CO OD d w o d »o d c°° CO CO rH o OD M rH tH (D >% ■TO N N >> N u CS U, cS T3 S3 CS CS (O u 4-J 4-» W s vi! wit g- 00 •S c: c • OJ V-» c *a trf 0> 4-J Vi • CO c H • tS (L> > S-H 01 u > u • CJ 0^ o o u ’c3 4.J J the eezes 2 bb 5 4-» W CO 00 J v*^ 1 1 I 1 I 1 CO CO CO VO a _ O O O O o o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O O O O o O o iH « VO (S O tH e? CO 00 00 CO OO OO 00 r; I VO tH 1 CO 1 J CO 'i- I 'V 1 : VO o CTi CO , VO CO 1 tH CO N (S (?l (M e< (SI (J^ (>^ e» (S N VO N CT) 00 cr> CO tH (N IN (7). 00 00 OO !>. >% 1^ U4 2 1 XJ d s nj d a & (U rS QJ "rt > cS > c/i CO CO t U5 CO 1 1 OO 1 o « G ■*-» rt 0 S'o .-C <1 Frefli breezes ; a the S. E. ! Caught a Boneta. wo . c fi 0 C3 N S 1 1 1 I 1 1 > S 1 1 1 1 1 J Om tr^ «o VO 00 VO H ir> B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E cx> 00 00 00 00 00 0> lT-^ P-, (U 0 0 C) *-> f-Q 0 a ^ ^ I 1 1 I 1 1 1 :: 3 >0 1 J 1 4 1 1 1 •—0 T to E ‘-I = •= -d 00 Sh => l-J ^ OJ iH .5 fco c CO C5D VO VO CO CTt 0 ' CO CO » Cxi C/O 1 ^ CO CO co’ CO JQ -Q C/D ! co' CO CO CO CO co’ >> tH ct CO 1 1 ^ 1 00 Cj 1 1 0 APPENDIX u J3 T3 C O Lm d> CO o . rj ffy ^ T3 >> fC i_, bD i> O > U I O Q 6 S ■§) o B .5 3 S .. = « a rS ^ _e2 .tJ rt S . oo Ch !>» !>. I>. ; > > CO oo CO CO CM o •VO Cl tH Cl VO CO CO o o ■H d t>. u •Td >, >. 'U '3 Ut TO D N N 3 3 TO TO TO w o TO TO O ‘ o dJ (U dJ u u X 3: u U u CO CO >> m CO uj . w ca TO W X) tjj X W X X cii X W CO* CO* cid rt w r/i ••:• CO CO CO CO W cr> o N CO VO 1 VO I - rH '1 tH I ’-' 1 'V 1 rH b o^ f JULY 1787. APPENDIX. REMARK S. Saw a Noddy. 0 4-> &: C/3 Ova ^ S a. ^ d d Ui w 0 ffi ! r Strong breezes, as the day ^ before. Variation per Az. and Am, VO 0 vn 0 6 oW. 0 0 ^ 1 VO (S CO VO 1 OVO I ! 1 VO fs. 0^ ON CO E * M HH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 pq CO CO CO CO CO CO CO - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 On ON On VO IS^ H 00 CO r>s ^ tT -Q 0,^0 ^ U 1-. = jz c 1 I 1 1 1 • = 1 1 1 1 ] 1 [ ^ c ^ c c 0 c w. ti - VO 0 VO VO VO VO ^ •T3 00 CO t>. 8 0 C4 S VO VO c3 0 VO VO 00 ON 0 hH - • u. 0 U, C3 u a 1h C3 U d >. T3 C >> dJ , -Q JO d UJ jO _Q tj w w W W w 00 CO 0 - - 1 ■rH Cl 1 M (N 1 CM 1 M Q APPENDIX. CJ . dj CO Ui " G v2 u. . ^s. w. 1 1 I I 1 I 1 CO 1 i i 1 1 ov ^ k>H 1 CO VO VO VO oc ON 0 d d d d d . S2 >-. •-Q T3 > tii >1. >> • , ■ ca -Q J3 CO -Q CO CO w w a W w W w uo 1 VO - 1 00 ON 0 w N 1 d 1 ei 1 d 1 d 1 CO CO b 2 AUGUST 1787. APPENDIX 0 :-t 1 u, 0 uT ct 0 QJ c Oh J3 (U c 'n CTJ 1—0 T3 G 0 s 0 ei » C Pi .s T3 h QJ ^ 4-» c ^ u. fcO E,3 dJ ^ 0 0 JD a rt •U a 00 CS bO 3 C - NN 0 1 I 1 1 1 cj 0 1 1 I 1 1 ra cn s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -C vrj CO c< ON M -l 0 ^ ro d . CO H3 0\ CO CJ VO 1 1 " CO h-i 1 1 *•2 rt „ C4 CO CO CO CO i-J ° , >% >% tM -C r3 1 C3 N N N n «-) d) cn w w X) 3 c3 JD cS ri j , • ' 1-1 ’ 'u* ' u> C3 Iz; > ri > > cj > U 1 •H 0 CO ^ * vr> VO 1 fi APPENDIX, AUGUST 1787. • . A P P E N D I X. to UJ Cii C S w Pi o It *S c re u o {5 S-c U O 3 O O rt ^ A CJ a cS 0 0 I-, 0 On ON C» VO VO H *0 NO 1>~ Jj ^ 0.^0 0 ^ H-!f § 1 I ■1 1 [ 1 1 ■Soi-) T t-H ^ •-3 1 J G Long. I 1 1 1 1 1 I c fl> ■3 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 Weather. i Rain Dark Dark Cloudy Clear Clear Hazy 0 OJ OJ (U (U <0 'O JD a \o .03 3 Oj 3 rS 3 ol • S B 1 CS > Ui c3 > “ Oj Ut C3 > o3 > o3 u rS u Days. <2 20 22 O) APPENDIX o u, ". O O Vis oo 'd* tv. VO tv. tv. >v U) no *-# U- u. N cS Oj 3 rS rj rt cj > ci > u C3 > U i ^ to 1 oo cr> o CM 04 C4 04 04 1 CM CO SEPTEMBER 1787. APPENDIX. CO < Pi O 2 bb c/3 .ZZ O ! tn QJ tC U o> CJ 1) c o JT) .2 c CO T3 0 0 0 • 4-* 0 _c bO OJ c=I cu c C3 U 0 ix: u. ^ • ^ c« 00 T3 CLi 3 rt . r>* • C> «- -O P- 4/ ^ O O »3 •T3 ^ ^ ^ k-J C3 bo o N CO C4 U-i O .£ rt wj CO CO CO ) ■+ cl VO d Weather. Clear Clouciy Dark Clear Cloudy Cloudy Dark Winds. Calm Calm Calm Variable Variable W W ^ el CO »o CO C4 n APPENDIX. Showery at times. Fine dry weather. Strong breezes, with fqualls. r Ditto weather, with heavy \ rain. Ditto weather. Light airs. Caught a Shark. Damp moift air. E. o o 1 1 CO I 1 1 ■ 1 I 1 ^ o 1 CO VO d o VO N s OO CO VO CO 'O NO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO ON On I 1 I 1 ON I oo 1 1 1 1 CO J ON CO »H CO CO CO CO « WN VO oo 00 tN, VO M Ni* CSl W M d d 0\ oo Jt^ fN. VO d d .. CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO c/5 NO VO VO o oo VO VO CJ CO d CJ d -* Ui Ul >% c c ■ ^ 1 >> T3 3 3 i 3 zz O O c3 1 o o o u u U “ 1 u . cii w w w w -ic-^ cd -Q >> 3 O >. c/5 cd cd w ui cd CO CO ■ ON o rH d eo VO 1 VO rH tH I tH I 1 tH c APPENDIX 00 M pL, OQ T3 o n3 rt i-. CO pC '1 -% <3J C3 rt C JD <-• (U > o £ ci is •XJ flj c c o L) - o 2 o JO ,b ■z: P3 CJ (U >s Si OD 2 C3 p 2^ fcO c o rj Pi *" <3 o Xm Q I'-V'vJ < L-W u CO c c O c« ariat Az. Am. 1 1 1 I ! 1 ►> CD CL. '4- cn « VO CO VO B 1-^ W CO CO o o O O O o o C3\ m CO CO CO CO CO CO 03 . O O O O o o o B CO u, »o s 3 . '* . CO ►-I »o VO c3 (M M 03 CO CO ° CO CO CO CO CO CO CO (D •X3 3 ^ K/ Zi ncs 3 ri U Q U U u U Q "S I w -c: W -O W w W ui c 1 ^ 1 >> JD . 2 3 O C/D c/5 2 2 W 2 CO 2 • < ^ 1 !->. CO CT) o 03 I • CO ^ 1 ' •»• rH (N 03 1 C3 Cl APPENDIX c % APPENDIX. tv* oo M w cq O pH u b 0 _c wea CO T3 c Vx U, u> c Urn c 4H c/3 >- 4H C2 n c rt • A cS QJ Pi c c t; • QJ cS (D (U a. *TJ u* n < c -C -o 4H CU c Pi Pi a great rrent ki * d 00 CO »H CN ON nj ON 0 0 0 0 0 ON PQ N CO CO CO CO CO 6 U, 0 VO ON UN 0 r~. ON c »H UN UN CO 0 0 ^ CQ CO UN VO VO a CO (L> 'O (M C3N 0 UN ON 00 H4 3 -J CO CO CO CO 1 CO CO CO >» - cj ci QJ Q 0 u 0 P-i .Fo u Q Winds. I "z Z N. E. N. by W. I E. by N. 1 1 - 1 1 ^ UN VO - d 1 1 1 I 1 1 0 1 APPENDIX. T APPENDIX. to u! < w O ® faD G QJ "S > .2: o £ (D • • JJ C_) C ID O t£ < ^ ../> > -5 j O - CS 1 tH tS C) v 1 I 1 I cS 03 1 CS , 1 1 1 1 u -. ^ 1 C3 1 I 1 1 1 X! XI cd 00 1 cd > 00 <7) o CO VO 1 VO tH H tH tH d NOVEMBER 1787. APPENDIX. ■I APPENDIX. cn , to lI T3 G JQ CO N cu M £ O u QJ SJ u, 'a « 'O • JD e 4-^ w Ui QJ -C te A c cn CJ / o W} rain "cS bD bO . & ci §.s 1-1 i-i o> T3 fed > CJ ■*-» Ui o rs CO C/D a: I I 0 O 1 o 1 1 CO 1 CO 03 d cJ M o o oo O ON CSJ M CO o M o o ON ON o CO CO CO CO « (S CO o o 0 o o o o CO CO CO CO CO eo M M N vn VO oo o N4 (N N N rvi cc CO v> CO CO o VO o CO •o o\ CO CO oo ON On o CO CO CO CTi CO >» HD a >. no 3 Ui OS , N td N Ui Cj 0-) o U o u u u X U s. s. w. Variable • oo E. S. E. E. N. E. w. s. w. Variable VO VO I 00 ON 1 o Cl d 1 eq 1 C4 1 d 1 CO ^ 2 DECEMBER 1787. I ( I APPENDIX. 1 • • rv 1 * 1/ rt ^ Cj t.^ bO c 1 _r^ Cl. 5 oD 03 CJ pj c/3 .-G 4-/ <13 (JJ cr Pi 4~* c oS CO •X} ' qj > G ^ C3 'S w •- 'Zi < ' a. -Q ^ -G n «-> M & w >- c bD 2 bD ^ C *J 0 c L- -u> ^ 4-1 4-4 C3 Pi oj CM CO CM 1 VO VO ON 00 0 « M ON a. C4 CN Ct CO CO CO Cl B 00 0 r>> cc 00 rs. CO 00 VO cl On ON ON ON 1 ON ON ON PQ CS (N CJ OJ ! csr CSJ' d s 0 0 LO 0 0 0 0 CO CO CO V M 0 CO 0 M h VO VO VO VO Vo VO ^00 03 *-■ n3 (u D Jjj; C *-* 1 3 1 tn M 1 1 1 1 ’So ^ hJ C G VO M >-1^ -S p4 txb 00 0 0 0 M c " vn IH M vri 0 '-n CO CM VO CO 0 CO 00 'ch- a . • fH CO 0) •T3 - CO 00 VO UN ON 1 CO M CO d „ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1— ) ° U$ 1-9- Ui *T3 Ut u* C3 r3 C3 N c3 rt (U u 0 u r3 tc s M N [ CO UN VO 1 C3 1 Q APPENDIX. N Q> QJ U* JD (U 4^ cS S-t QJ o Ji 'S 2 O aj to c CD bO >-■' V° 15 cl rs .n::: M -a u >, u» CM 0> CJ •U S >> 'Ll > u. +-• 3 |W TS Ui o • *T3 QJ *13 4-» c/5 .2 a m C Ji o 1 rS pi CO (L> s cs CO 1% c/i < w oi 3 o OJ e v2 weathe ales. weather. ;e out ce of W N OJ C-» Ut JD rt .5 oo Cold Wh 'O O "r; O^Qh .5 ’rl d Frefh rain, < — . — 1 uw c: c O rt rS N f3 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 > s ON 04 HH s »o CO VO o d ON oo CO O I cj 1 o O ON On ON o pq CO CO CJ d d CT) . a O O o o o o CO CO CO o 1 Vo vn lo ON On H cr> cn cn cn vr> CO QJ U ^ 0,^0 O u (U C^ 2-^ § ‘Eoy J 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 §|-a h-3 £-' « d W ti o\ ON t>«. c " cr> Ci cs d o a\ M -4- VO 0 CO ° rv OO OO oo ON <3> d o cn o VO lO ■cl- M S ^ rH d CO cs 0 ^ m M M W -J '-i- rj- >. >% 0> 'S cj Dark T3 3 O U Dark T3 3 o Dark Hazy Hazy Winds. IZ j=i cn Variable 1 Variable cd W. N.W. W. by N. o d CO C!j 1 1 ■*-* ca d d d Q 1 APPENDIX I A P P E N D I X. 00 GO <; < G » lU t • Ph oj C -P rP 1 Saw foine Seals, L AlbatroEes. [ Some Mother Car i ens about the Ihi ; Cold weather ; p ' fca-weed. Some fqualls, wit [ Saw the S. W. Ca 1 taolland. " T3 • c c O W c5 N S 1 I 1 03 O o 1 1 1 1 1 C3 1 1 > s M N-l M Q-t • 03 VO o PO OO o B 1 VO o> OO CO ON u, 1 CT\ On o C3N CN ON n (N 03 CO M 03 9~ ^ 03 A 0 o O o o i CO o e\ VO to so 03 to to to tfN to VO i-. . ^ o iT -c> cu . hJ o 3 on cn CT) X tJ- M i-« M c CO . >> 0) '5 L_ c3 CU T3 3 Rain ‘X! 3 3„ a Q-> XJ 3 o o u o o u u u U u to &; N. W. ’ cid 3 XI 'z z z QJ Z z to - 1 a 1 CO ^ 1 to I *13 c: o Birds and e Ship. o J3 CS c/l T3 T3 c; l! *3 e: 4S w #v U U w 4^.5 CS c 4-1 J=! •''.SP 1-1 ^ C cJ ta »-■ n3 lu ^ g Q ^ T3 a tio s o ll Squally, about th CS V) • o Ou ^ o E E Ditto wea breezes. Ditto we thunder i 4-1 (T) O '4- o o O N o 1 1 CO d in 'i- in in CO 1 1 in w OO ON O o O « - M VO Ja4 O ON ON VO ON ON n» CO 4>^ N VO ON ON ON On ON ON ON o ON d d d d « d d COv d tfN o o O o o o o vn CO cn CO CO CO <^o VO M in d VO VO H- in VO VO VO VO VO VO 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 O O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO '4* M in in N4 M I 1 1 1 1 1 !' 1 i 1 vn oo vn M 1 On ON d 1 d 1 CO CO d d H4 o t>« t>. CO CO CO >s ts-. 1 no Ut >> >> 1 44 >> 1 o ri N d 1 H N o ca o o C3 c3 i? c3 cr CO Q u G ffi Xi -£5 o 3 JJ 3 > > > cd > ^ • > 00 1 ON 1 O 1 ^ d CO in 1 lO 1 ^ 1 yH 1 e 4 A P P E N D I X. oo oo < < -, — ol bnSQ <3 pq c o < O cd .£ >, P3 s o ^ 1) c c o *-« .c W _o; 4_, > E .2 'O Oh -O a _C G O c2 -a n G c ca « Si Qjl o o o C G c C H- 1 Pi < »— *«»v^ a a O cJ E. rt N £ o 1 I 1 - 1 1 t> s ON CL, VO VO o tv S ov CO (S CO CO Q> •£: O vn vr> H t>* tv s- •* 1) "Q cug_o w 1 . Oi -c T3 Ut U c3 3 cj cS 1 lU o O (U u 1 1 CO >- 1 1 1--V oo o - 1 - 1 CO J -■H 1 N ! 1 et APPENDIX I *• 1- X '+H JZ ^ C/5 £ ^' o M \ ^ u Si o ^ u -- 'a -S nd . . . . f— ^ gj L. t- sr* * 'w O t-> •Td |_I C gj O ^3 iX O (L> T3 G PL, is VJ W l-J (U V r"' c/3 IB H I o rt 'S c >, o £ ^ -a £ 5 -= w O rH N cq N cq CO CO NEW PUBLICATIONS PRINTED FOR J. DEBRETT, oppofite Burlington House, Piccadilly. JOURNAL of a VOYAGE from PORT JACKSON, NEW SOUTH WALES, to CANTON, in 1788, through an unexplored Paflage. By THOMAS GILBERT, Efq. Commander of the Charlotte. Illuftrated with Views of the following Iflands difcovered on the Paflage, viz. Chatham’s, Ibbit- fon’s, Matthew’s, Calvert’s, Knox’s Daniel’s, Marlar’s, and Gilbert’s. Elegantly printed in Quarto. Price 8s. fewed. 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