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H I S T O RY

Vol.li.

Printed for B.WHITE.Pleet Street
’ MDGGIiXXXl.

B E A R.

Six cutting teeth, and two canine, in each jaw^

Five toes before ; five behind.

In walking refts on the hind feet, as far^as the heel,

Urfus. Plinii, lib. vlii. c, j6. Urfus niger, cauda concolore. BriJJkn

Oppian Cyneg iii. 139* quad, 187.

Urfus. Ge/ner quad. Agricola, An, Urfus cauda abrupta. Lin, fyji, 69,
Subter. 486. Raiifyn. quad, lyi* Biorn. Faun, fuec. No. 19,

Niedzvviedz Rzac^injki Polon. 225. U Ours. De Buffen, \ni. 248. xxxi.
Bar. Klein, quad, 82. Schwoenckfelt Phe^ xxxii. Schreber, cxxxix, cxl. Lev,
riotroph, 13 1. Ridinger Wild, Thiere, Mus.

31-

T> with a long head : fmall eyes : fhort ears, rounded at the
top : ftrong, thick, and clumfy limbs : very fhort tail :
large feet : body covered with very long and fhaggy hair, various
in its color : the largeft of a rufty brown the fmallefc of a deep
black : fome from the confines of RuJJia black, mixed with white
hairs, called by the Germans., ftlver bar 5 and fome (but rarely)
are found in Part ary of a pure white.

Inhabits the north parts of Europe, Afta, and Arabia the Alps'
of Switzerland, and Eauphinl Japan -f, and Ceylon J N, Ame-
rica 11, and Peru §. The brown bears are fometimes carnivorous,
and will deflroy cattle, and eat carrion ; but their general food
is roots, fruits, and vegetables : will rob the fields of peafe ; and
when they are ripe, pluck great quantities up 5: beat the peafe

* Forjkal, iv. f K^empfer, Hijl. Japan, i. 126. % Knox, liijl, Ceylon. 20.'.
Ii’ Lanx/onU Carolina, 1 16. Caiejhy's Carolina, App, xxv, § Condamins's^

nj.oy, 8a,

our*

XX. BEAR.

174. Bi.acic^

BEAR.

American*

out of tlie huflcs on fome hard place, eat them, and carry off the
ftraw : they will alfo, during winter, break into the farmer’s
yard, and make great havock among his ftock of oats : are par-
ticularly fond of honey.

The black bears of America form a very diftindt variety. They
are much fmaller ; their nofes long and pointed, and of a yel-
lowifh brown color : hair on the body and limbs blacker, more
fmooth and gloffy than that of the European kind. The fame is
alfo found in Kamtfchatka : they are very cowardly ; will not at-
tack mankind, unlefs provoked, or in defence of their young,’
Thofe of Kamtfchatka will bite the natives whom they find afleep,
but will not devour them. In both countries confine themfelves
entirely to vegetables, and are remarkably greedy of Mayz and
Potatoes they will even rejedt animal food, tho’ prcffed by
hunger

Bears ffrike with their fore foot like a cat ; feldom or never
ufe their mouths in fighting ; but feizing the affailant with their
paws, and prefling him againfl their breaft, almoft inflantly
fqueeze him to death.

The females, after conception, retire into the mofl fecret
places 3 leaf!:, when they bring forth, the males fhould devour the
young : it is affirmed for fad, that out of the feveral hundred
bears that are killed in America^ during winter, (which is their
breeding feafon) that fcarcely a female is found among f them 3 fo
impenetrable is their retreat during their pregnancy : they bring
two, rarely three, young at a time : the cubs are deformed, but

* Du Pratz, LouiJtanaj ii. 56, 57,

f Out of 500 bears that were killed in one winter, in two counties of /7r-
ginia, only two females were found, and thofe not pregnant. La^/on, 117.

9 '

not

BEAR.

not a fhapelefs mafs, to be licked into lhape, as the antients pre-
tended The cubs even of the brown bears are of a jetty
blacknefs, and- often have round their necks a circle of white.
The flefh of a bear in autunnn, when they are mofb exceflively
fat, by feeding on acorns, and other mail, is moil delicate food i
and that of the cubs ftill finer but the paws of the old bears are
reckoned the moft exquifite morfel : the fat white, and very
fweet : the oil excellent for flirains, and old pains.

The latter end of autumn, after they have fattened themfelves-
to the greateft degree, the bears withdraw to their dens, where
they continue for a great number of days in total inactivity, and
abftinence "from food, having no other nourifhment than what
they get by fucking their feet, where the fat lodges in great abun-
dance. In Lapland they pafs the long night in dens lined warmly
with a vaft bed of mofs, in which they roll themfelves, fecure
from the cold of the fevere feafon f. Their retreats are either in.
cliffs of rocks \ in the deepefl receffes of the thickefl woods ; or
in the hollows of antient trees, which they afcend and defcend
with furprizing agility : as they lay in no wdnter provifions, they-
are in a certain fpace of time forced from their retreats by hun-
ger, and come out extremely lean : multitudes are killed annu-
ally in America^ for the fake of their fleili, or Ikins i which laft
makes a confiderable article of commerce,

* Hi funt Candida informifque caro, paulo fnurihus majort fine oculisy fine pilo 5,
ungues tantum prominent : hanc lambendo paulatim figurant, Piinii, lib. viii. c, 3^6#

I FL Lap, 313, The mofs is a variety of the Polytrkbum Commune^

287

Polar.

B E A R,

White bear. Martin's Spitjberg. lOO. Urfus albus. Martenjli, Klein quad. 82.
Egede Greenl, 59. Ellis <voy. 4?, L’Ours blanc. BriJJon quad. 188. De
^CrantzGreenl. i. 73. Barentznjoy. 18. Buffon, xv. 128. Schrebert cxli. Lev.
45, La Hontan ojoy^ i. 235, Catejby Mus,

Carolina, App. xxvi.

s

Place.

Manners.

T3 with long head and neck : fliort round ears : end of the
nofe black : vaft teeth : hair long, foft, white, tinged in
fome parts with yellow : limbs of great fize and ftrength : grows
to a vaft fize : the flcins of fome are thirteen feet long.

This animal is confined to the coldeft part of the globe : it
has been found as far as navigators have penetrated northwards,
above lat. 80. The frigid climates only feem adapted to its na-
ture. It is unknown, except on the fhores oiHudfon's Bay^ Green-
land^ and Spitzbergen. The north of Norway^ and the country of
MefeUy in the north of Ruffiay are deftitute of them : but they
are met with again in great abundance in Nova Zemblay and from
the river Oby along the Sibirian coaft, to the mouths of the Je-
nefei and hena, but are never feen far inland, unlefs they lofe
their way in mifts ; none are found in Kamtfchatkay or its iflands.

They have been feen as far fouth as Newfoundland but they
are not natives of that country, being only brought there acciden-
tally on the iflands of ice.

During fummer the white bears are either refident on iflands
of ice, or pafling from one to another : they fwim admirably, and
can continue that exercife ^ fix or feven leagues 5 and dive with
great agility. They bring two young at a time : the afiedion

* La Hontan, i.

between

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BEAR,

between the parents and them is fo flrong, that they would die ra-
ther than defert one another. Their winter retreats are under
the fnow in which they form deep dens, fupported by pillars
of the fame, or elfe under fome great eminence beneath the fixed
ice of the frozen fea.

They feed on fifli, feals, and the carcafes of whales ; and on
human bodies, which they will greedily difinter : they feem very
fond of human blood ; and are fo fearlefs as to attack companies
of armed men> and even to board fmall velTels. When on land,
they live on birds, and their eggs ; and, allured by the fcent of
the feals fledi, often break into and plunder the houfes of the
Greenlanders : their greateft enemy in the brute creation is the
Morfe fy with whom they have terrible conrlidls, but are gene-
rally worfted 3 the vail teeth of the former giving it a fope-
riority.

The flefh is white, and faid to tafle like mutton : the fat is^
melted for train oil, and that of the feet ufed in medicine ; but
the liver is very unwholfome, as three of Baren^z's failors expe-^
rienced, who fell dangeroufly ill on eating fome of it boiled.

One of this fpecies was brought over to England a few years
ago : it was very furious, almoft always in motion, roared loud,.,
and feem.ed very uneafy, except when cooled by having pail- fulls-
of water poured on it.

Callixefius Rhodius Jr iri his defeription of the pompous pro-
celTion of Rtolemceus Philadelphus at Alexandriay fpeaks of one
great white. Bear y A^^rog uiyoc?,?] ^-^ocy among other wild beads'

* Egedcy 60,
lib, V. /, 201,

X As quoted by Athen^uSy

f Egede, GreenL 60. 83.

p p

that

BEAR.

that graced the fliew : notwithflanding the local fituation of thh
fpecies at prefent, it is poffible that Ptolemy might procure one;
whether men could penetrate, in thofe early times, as far as the
prefent refidence of thefe Ar^ic animals, I will not venture to
affirm, nor to deny ; but fince my friend, the Flon. Baines Bar-
rington % has clearly proved the intenfe cold that in former ages
raged in countries now more than temperate, it is moft probable
that in thofe times they were ftocked with animals natural to a
rigorous climate ; which, fince the alteration, have neceffiirily
become extinCl in thofe parts : the Polar bear might have been
one ; but that it was the fpecies meant by Callixenus is clear to
me, by the epithet ox great y which is very applicable to

it ; for the white Tartarian land bear (which Ptolemy might very
eafily procure) differs not in fize from the black or brown kind,
but the bulk of the other is quite charabteriftic.

Land bears, fometimes fpotted with white ; at other times
wholly white ; are fometimes obferved on the parts of Rtiffia
bordering on Sihiria^ in a wandering ftate, fuppofed to have ftrayed
out of the lofty fnowy mountains, which divide the two coun-^
tries f.

* Phil. Tra?/ ^qL Iviii. /. 58. f Do<Slor P alias ^

Quickhatch*

BEAR.

291

Quickhatch. Catejhy Carolina, App. xxx.

plagaque lateral! corporis. Lin, JyJl. 176.WolvePvEne*.

Carcajou, or Quickhatch. Dobbs Hud-
fan's Bay, 40.

Quickhatch, or Wolverene. Ellis Hud-
fan's Bay, 42. Clerk's njoy, ii. 3.
Ednx}, 103.

Urfus. Freti Hudfcnis, U. caflanei cOf
loris, cauda unicolore, roflro pedi-
bufque fufcis. Briffon quad, 188.
Schreber, cxliv.

XJrfus lufcus. U. cauda elongata, cor-

pore ferrugineo, roftro iuico, fronte 244* Lev. Mus.

B with a black fliarp-poihted vifage ; Ihort rounded ears, ai-
* moft hid in the hair i hairs on the head, back, and belly^
reddilh, with 'black tips, fo that thofe parts appear, on firft
fight, quite black ; fides of a yellowifii brown, which paffes in
form of a band quite over the hind part of the back, above the
tail : on the throat a white fpot : on the breaft a white mark, in
form of a crefcent ; legs very ftrong, thick and Ihort, of a deep
black ; five toes on each foot *, not deeply divided : on the fere
foot of that I examined were fome white fpots : the bottom of
the feet covered very thickly with hair; refts, like the bear, on its
foot, as far as the firft joint of the leg ; and walks with its back
greatly arched ; claws ftrong and fharp, white at their ends : tail
clbathed with long coarfe hairs ; thofe at the bafe reddifh, at the
end black; fome of the hairs are fix inches long : length from nofe

* Mr. Edwards obferved only four toes on the fore feet of the animal he de—
feribes. My defeription is taken from an entire Ikin, in very fine prefervation,
communicated to me by the late yix.AJhton Blackburns, of Orford, Lancafoire,
who, with indefatigable induftry and great judgment, enriched the cabinets of
his friends with the rareft natural produdlions of that continent : as this work
has profited fo greatly by that gentleman’s labors, it would, be ungrateful to
omit my acknowiegements.

Pp a

to

BEAR.

292

to tail twenty-eight inches : length of the trunk of the tail
feven inches, but the hairs reach fix beyond its end : the whole
body is covered with very long and thick hair, which varies in
color,, according to the feafon.

Inhabits Hudfon's-Bay^ and Canada^ as far as the flraits of
Michilimakinac,

A moft voracious animal : flow of foot, fo is obliged to take
its prey by furprize : in America is called the Beaver-Eatery for
it watches thofe animals as they come out of their hcufes, and
fometimes breaks into their habitations, and devours them.

In a wild fl:ate is vaflly fierce ; a terror to both wolf and bear,
which will not prey on it when they find it dead perhaps on
account of its being fo very foetid, fmelling like a pole-cat :
makes a flrong refiflance when attacked ; will tear the ftock from
the gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces : burrows j*,
and has its den under ground. Mr. Graham y long refident in
Hudfon's Bayy has afTured me, that it will lurk on a tree, and drop
on the deer which pafs beneath, and fallen on them till the animals
are quite exhaufted.

Charlevoix y in Hijt, Nouv. Francey v. 189, gives the name of
this animal (Carcajou) to our i6oth fpecies, the Pumuy or Brown
Panther of N, America,

* Clerk California y ii. 3,

f La HontaPs ^oy, i, 62.

I

BEAR.

■>

O'

Guio. Olatt magni gent, Septentr, 138,
Gulo, vielfrafs. Gefner quad. 554. Klein
quad. 83. tab v.

Rofomak. Rzaczinjki Polon* 218. BelVs
Trauelsy i. 235.

Muller’s Rufs Samlung. iii. 549, 350.

Ritchkoff P’opogr, Orenb. i. 293.

Jerf, Fieldfrofs. Strom Sondmor. 152.
Pontop. Norway, ii. 22. ScheffePs
Lapland i 134.

Hy$na. Brijfon quad. 169. TJhrandts
Ides ‘Tranj. Harris'* s Coll. ii. 923.
Muftela gulo. M. pedibus cor-

pore rufo fufco medio dorfi nigro.
Lin.fyji.6y. Zimmerman. 311.

Jarf, Filfrefs. Faun. fuec. No. 14.
J^eerven. Gunner's Adi, Nidros, iii, !4?,
tab. 111.

Le Glutton. De Buffon^ xiii. 278.

177. Glutton.

TJ with a round head : thick blunt nofe : fliort ears, rounded,
except at the tip: limbs large: back ftrait ; marked the
whole length with a tawny line : tail fhort and very full of
hair: the hair in all other parts black, finely damalked or
watered like a filk, and very glofify ; but fometimes varies into
a browner color. Klein attributes to it five toes on each foot :
that which Mr. Zimmerman defcribes, had but four, very thickly
covered with hair.

The length of one which was brought from Sihiria^ and kept
alive at Drefdeny was a yard and eight inches : the height from
the top of the head was nineteen inches. Mr. Zimmerman de-
fcribes another, rather lefiTer than the former, which was (hot near
Helmjledty in Wolfenhuttle. Its length was three feet three : its
^eight before fifteen inches ; behind, fixteen : the tail fix inches.

Inhabits Lapland, the northern and eaftern parts of Sihiria, and
Kamtfchatka. Klein fays, that one had been killed in Saxony.

# Thofe of Kamtfchatka differ, and vary to white and yellowifh, and
their fkins are effeemed by the natives before the black : they
lay, that the heavenly beings wear no other garments. The wo-

9

Place.

men

294

BEAR.

men wear the paws of the white fort in their hair ; and efteem a
fkin as the molt valuable prefent which their hufbands or lovers
can make.

They are excellively voracious ; that which was confined at
Drefden would eat thirteen pounds of flelli in a day, and not be
fatisfied. The report of their filling themfelves fo full, as to
be obliged to go between two trees to force out part of the food,
feems to be fabulous.

Like the Lynx, it lurks on the boughs of trees, and will fall
on any animal which palTes by, fallen on, and deffroy it. Its
game is chiefly deer 5 and about the Lena^ horfes. Is capable of
being made tame.

It differs from the bear by its lean habit ; by not lying in-
adlive in winter ; and by its living entirely on anim.al food. It is
alfo more bold, voracious, and cunning.

The Ruffians call it Rofomak ; the KamtfchatkanSy 'Timmi •, and
the KoratJkij Haeppi, An animal, called by the Greenlanders-^
Ainankiy is faid to be found in their country, which is fuppofed
to be the Glutton j but as Greenland is dellitute of wood, I fup-
pofe their Amanki, or Amarok^ to be a fabulous animal

* See Crant% Hij}, Grsenland*

5

Raccoon

BEAR.

Raccoon. Lan^fon Carolina ^ l2i. Cate/’-
by Carolina, App. xxix.

Mapach, i'eu an.r...al cancla praetentante
manibus Fernandez, Nov. Hijp. i.
Nieretnberg. 175.

Vulpi affinis Americana. Raii/yn quad.

479. Sloane Jamaica, ii. 329.

Coati. Worm Muf 319.

Coati. Urfus cauda annulatim varie-

gata. BriJJon quad. 189.

Urfus Lotor. U cauda annulata, fafcia
per oculos tranlverfali nigra. Lin,
JyJi. 70.

Le Raton. De Buffon, viii. 337. tab*
xliii. Schreber, cxliii.

Raccoon. Kalrn^s Travels. ForJleAs Tr»
i. 96. 208. tab* II. Lev. JVIus.

"O with a lharp-pointed black nofe : upper jaw the longer :

ears lliorr> and rounded : eyes furrounded with two broad
patches of black : from the forehead to the nofe a dufky line :
face, cheeks, and chin, white : upper part of the body covered
with hair, aOi-colored at the root, whitifh in the middle, and tipt
with black : tail very builiy, annulated with black : toes black,
and quite divided. Sometimes this animal varies : I have feen
one entirely of cream color

Inhabits the warm and temperate parts o( America: found alfo
in the mountains of Jamaicay and in the ifles of Maria^ between
the S. point of California and Cape CorienteSy in the S. Sea f : an
animal eafily made tame , very good-natured and fportive, but as
unlucky as a monkey y almoft always in motion ; very inquifitive,
examining every thing with its paws , makes ufe of them as
hands : fits up to eat : is extremely fond of fweet things, and
ftrong liquors, and will get exceffively drunk : has all the cun-
ning of a fox : very deflrudtive to poultry 3 but will eat all forts

* Lev. Mus. f Dampier's voy* i* 276.

K

178. Raccoon!

Place.

^96 BEAR.

of fruits> green corn, See, : at low water feeds much on oyfters j
will watch their opening, and with its paw fnatch out the fifh ;
fometimes is caught in the Ihell, and kept there till drowned
by the coming in of the tide : fond alfo of crabs : climbs very
nimbly up trees : hunted for its Ikin ; the fur next to that of the
beaver, being excellent for making hats*

Six

BADGER.

297

Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw.

Five toes before, five behind : very long ftrait claws on the
fore feet.

A tranfverfe orifice between the tail and the anus.

Meles. Plinii, lib, viu. r. 38. Gefner
quad, 327.

Meles, fiveTaxus. Raii fyn. quad, 185.

Meles, Taxus, Tafius, Blerellus; Jaz-
wiec, Borfuk. Rzaczinjki Polon. 233.

Coati cauda brevi, Coati grifeus, Tax-
us, meles. Tax. Klein quad,

Dachs. Kramer Aujir. 313.

Meles pills ex Ibrdide albo et nigro va-
riegatis veftita, capite tseniis alterna-
tim albis et nigris variegato. Brijfon

quad, 183* 179*

Le Blaireau, ou Taifon. De Buffon,
viii. 104. tab, vii.

Urfus meles. U. cauda concolore, cor-
pore fupra cinereo, fubtus nigro, faf-
cia longitudinali per oculos aurefque
nigra, Lin fyji, 70.

Meles ungiiibus anticis longillimis.

Graf fuin. Paun fuec. No. 20. Br,

TjOoL i. 64. Br, Zool, illujir, tab, lii.
Schreber, cxlii. Lev. Mus.

'O with fmall eyes : fhort rounded ears : fliort thick neck :

with nofe, chin, lower fides of the cheeks, and middle of
the forehead, white : ears and eyes inclofed in a pyramidal bed of
black : hairs on the body long and rude their bottoms a yellow-
ifh white, middle black, ends afii-colored : throat, breafi, belly,
and legs black : tail covered with long hairs, colored like thofe
on the body : legs very fhort and thick : claws on the fore feet
very long : a foetid white matter exudes from the orifice beneath
the tail : animal of a very clumfy make.

The length is commonly two feet fix inches from the nofe to
the origin of the tail s of the tail fix inches : the weight from fif-
teen to thirty-four pounds. The lafl is rare j but I met with, in
the winter of 1779^ a male of that weight.

Q.q

badger.

Common.

SiSE.

Inhabits

BADGE R.

Inhabits mofl; parts of Europe, as far north as Norway ^ and
RuJJia I and the ftep or defert beyond Orenhurgh, in the Ruffian
Afiatic dominons; in Great Eartary, and in about the river

Eom, and even about the Lena, but none in the north ; inhabits
alfo China, and is often found in the butchers fliops in Rekin, the
Chinefe being fond of them f . A fcarce animal in moft countries :
feldom appears in the day; confines itfelf much to its hole: is
indolent and fleepy : generally very fat : feeds by night ; eats
roots, fruits, grafs, infedts, and frogs : not carnivorous : its flefli
makes good bacon : runs flowly ; when overtaken comes to bay,
and defends itfelf vigorously : its bite hard and dangerous : bur-
rows under ground, makes feveral apartments, but forms only one
entrance from the furface : hunted during night, for the ikim
which ferves for piftol furniture ; the hair, for making brulkes to
foften the fhades in painting. The divifion of this fpecies into
two, viz. the fwine and the dog badger, unnecefiary, there being
only one.

American* a white line from the tip of the nofe, pafTing between

the ears, to the beginning of the back, bounded on each fide,
as far as the hind part of the head, with black, then by a white ones
and immediately between that and the ears is another of black :
hair long : back colored like that of the common badger : Tides
yellowifh : belly cinereous : thighs dufKy : tail covered with long
dirty yellow hairs, tipped with white ; the end dufl^y.

f Pont op. hijt. Nornxjay, ii, 28. f BelPs travels, ii, 83.

10

The

BADGER.

199

The legs were wanting in the flcin I took my defcription from.
M. de Biiffonh defcription, taken from a ftuffed animal * brought
from T'erra di Labrador y will fupply that defe6l : he fays there
were only four toes on the fore feet ; but he fufpefts (as I im.a-
gine was the cafe) that the fifth might have been rubbed off ia
fluuing.

Befcribed from a fldn from Hudford s-Bay y found in a furrier’s
fhop in London : it was lefs than that of the European badger :
the furrier faid, he never met with one before from that country,
Kalm t fays, he faw the European badger in the province of Fen^
fylvaniay where it is called the Ground Hog J i and this proves to
be no other, varying very little from it.

T> with a fmall head, and pointed nofe : fcarcely any external
ears; only a fmall prominent rim round the orifice, which
was oval : color of the nofe and face, a little beyond the eyes,
black : crown, upper part of the neck, the back, and upper part
of the tail, white, inclining to grey ; legs, thighs, bread:, belly,
fides, and under part of the tail, black.

Five toes on each foot ; the inner fmall : claws very long and
ffrait.

Length from nofe to tail about two feet : tail four inches :
hair fhort and fmooth.

* He calls it Le Carcajou^ Suppl. iii. 242. tab. xlix,

•f Kalm* s tra'velsy ForJier*s tranjl. i. 189.

J M. Brijfon defcribes a white Badger, with a yellowifh white belly, and alfo
mdch inferior in fize to that of Europey which M, Reaumur received from New
Torkt Vide BriJJon quad, 185,

180. Indian.

/

Q.q 2

Inhabits

300

BADGER.

PtACB.

/

I

Inhabits : feeds on flefh : is playful, lively, and good«
natured : fleeps rolled up, with its head between its hind legs ;
fleeps little in the day : refufed all commerce with the Englijh -
badger which was turned to it, and lived fome time in the fame,
place : climbs very readily over a divifion in its cage.

In pofieffion of Mr. John Hunter^

i wo .

OPOSSUM.

Two canine teeth in each jaw.

Cutting teeth unequal in number in each jaw
Five toes on each foot : hind feet formed like a hand, with a
diftindl thumb.

Tail very long, (lender, and ufually naked.

Tlaquatzln. Hernandez Mex. Nie- 135. Catejby Cardinal xxix.
rembergf p. 136. and lig. 136. Rochefort Antilles., i. 283.

Tajibi. Marcgra^ Brafl, 222. Rati Fara, ou Ravall ? Gumilla Orenoque f\\u
fyn. quad, 182. 185. 238.

Semi-vulpa, Gefner quad, 870. Icon, Le manicou. Feuillee ohf, Peru, iii. 206.
An. 90. ' Wood-rat. Du Pratz Louifana, ii. 65.

OpofTum. Ph. Tr, abridge ii. 884. tab, Didelphis raarfupialis. D. mammis ofto
xiii ; iii. 593 ; and V. 1O9. lyj, Lanv^ intra abdomen. .? Lin,fyfl, 71.

/on Carolina, i20. Beverley's Virginia, mcen, Acad.? i. 561. Lev. Mus.

Owith long lharp-pointed nofe : large, round, naked, and
• very thin ears, black, edged with pure white : fmali,
black, lively eyes : long llifF hairs each fide the nofe, and behind
the eyes : face covered with fhort foft white hairs : fpace round
the eyes duflcy : neck very fhort j its fides of a dirty yellow :
hind part of the neck and the back covered with hair above two
inches long; foft, but uneven ; the bottoms of a yellowifh white,
middle part black, ends whitifh : fides covered with dirty and
dufky hairs; belly, with foft, woolly, dirty white hair : legs and
thighs black ; feet dufky : claws white : bafe of the tail clothed
with long hairs, like thofe on the back ; refl: of the tail covered

• This Ipecies has eight cutting teeth in each jaw. Tyfon,

vi/ith

xxrr. opos.

SUM,

181. Virginian®

r

I

Size,

Place,

Manners.

False belly.

*

OPOSSUM.

with fiiiall fcalcs ; the half next the body black, the reft white .
it has a difagreeable appearance, looking like the body of a
inake, and has the fame prehenfile quality as that of fome mon-
kies : body round, and very thick \ legs fliort : on the lower part
of the belly of the female is a large pouch, in which the teats are
lodged, and where the young ihclter as foon as they are born.

The ufual length of the animal is, from the tip of the nofe to
the bafe of the tail, about twenty inches ; of the tail twelve inches.

Inhabits Virginia^ Lotiifia7iai hlexico^ Braftl^ and Peru: is very
deftrudlive to poultry, and fucks the blood without eating the
fiefh : feeds alfo on roots and wild fruits : is very adlive in climb-
ing trees : will hang fufpended from the branches by its tail, and,
by fwinging its body, fling itfelf among the boughs of the neigh-
bouring trees : continues frequently hanging with its head down-
wards : hunts eagerly after birds and their nefls : walks very
flow : when purfued and overtaken, will feign itfelf dead : not
eafily killed, being as tenacious of life as a cat : when the female
is about to bring forth, flie makes a thick nefl: of dry grafs in
fome clofe bulh at the foot of a tree, and brings four, five, or fix
young at a time.

As foon as the young are brought forth, they take flielter in the
pouch, or falfe belly, and fallen fo clofely to the teats, as not to
be feparated without difficulty : they are blind, naked, and very
fmall when new-born, and feet ufes : it is therefore necef-

fary that they fhould continue there till they attain a perfedl
ffiape, flrength, fight, and hair ; and are prepared to undergo
what may be called a fecond birth : after which, they run into
this pouch as into an afylum, in time of danger ; and the parent
carries them about with her. During the time of this fecond

geftation^

.X.T,X.1A';

OpoS STJM W18I

<1

\ \

A

V .

. v'-J

>

■ < . ' i-

/ '
‘ i

/

\

'V* '

r

!

V

I

f, *r

OPOSSUM,

gcftation, the female fhews an excefilve attachment to her young,
and will fufFer any torture rather than permit this receptacle to
be opened ; for fhe has power of opening or clofing it by the af-
fiftance of fome very ftrong inufcles.

The flefh of the old animals is very good, like that of a fuck-
ing pig : the hair is dyed by the Indian women, and wove into
garters and girdles : the fkin is very fetid.

M. de Bttffon feems not to be acquainted with this animal, but
has compiled an account of its manners, and colleded the fyho-
nyms of it. The figures * which he has given belong to the fol-
lowing fpecies, as does the defeription.

Carigue, ou Saragoy. De Laet» Philander orlentalis foemina. Seh. Muf 182, Molluca#

Carigeya. Maregrave, 223. i. 61. tab, xxxvi. Jig, i, 2. xxxviii.

Mus Marfupialis, Beutel ratze, Klein Jig, i.

quad, Sarigue, ou I’OpofTum. DeBuffon,‘^\i,

Vulpes major putoria cauda tereti & x. tab. Ixv. Ixvi. Schreber, cxlvi. A,
glabra ? Barrere France JBquin, 166. B. Lev. Mus,

with long, oval, and naked ears: mouth very wide : over
each eye is an oblong fpot of white : lower fide of the upper
jaw, throat, and belly, of a whitifh afh-color : reft of the hair of
a cinereous brown, tipt with tavv^ny, darkeft on the back : tail
long as the body j near the bafe covered with hair, the reft naked t
claws hooked.

On the belly of the female is a pouch, in which the young
(like thofe of the former) fhelter. Maregrave found fix young
within the pouch of the Carigueya, which I confider as the fame
animal. It had ten cutting teeth above, and eight below.

* The figure in my former edition was very indifferent, I have therefore
changed it for the very faithful one in the Fbil, Tranf,

Length

OPOSSUM.

3^4

Size* Length froiYi nofe to tail, ten inches. The tail exceeds the

length of head and body. Its whole figure is of a much more
flender and elegant make than the former .

The tail pulverifed, and taken in a glafs of water, is reckoned
in New Spain a fovereign remedy againft the gravel, colic, and fe-
veral other diforders.

Place. This genus is not confined to America^ as M. de Biiffon fup-

pofes ; who combats the opinion of other naturalifls on this
fubje6t with much warmth: but the authority of Pifo^ Valentyn,
and of Le Bruny who have feen it both in Java and in the MoP
liicca IJleSy and of numbers of colleclors in Hollandy who receive
it frequently from thofe places. This and 183 are proofs of
what I advance. It is alfo met with in New, Holland,

This fpecies is found in great numbers in Aroe and Solor : It is
called in the IndieSy Pelandor Aroey or the Aroe Rabbet, They are
reckoned very delicate eating ; and are very common at the ta-
bles of the Great, who rear the young in the fame places in which
they keep their rabbets. It inhabits alfo Surinaniy and the hot
parts of America,

Greater. Seba and defer! bes, in his ift vol. £4, tab, xxxix, an

OpofTum under the name of Philander maximus orientalis fee^
mina. It has a pouch like the former ; is much larger : feems to
have a longer and more flender tail: has broader ears; has a
dufky Ipot over each eye, and is of a darker color. It feeds on
fruits : was brought from Amboinay where it is called Coes Coes

• In Indiis orient alilus , idque folunty quantum haSlenus conft at y in Amboma,^-w///j
Bejiia (Carigueya) frequent ad felis magnitudinem accident y maSiata ab incolis co-
meditur, Ji rite preparetur, nam alias feetety nomen Hit Coui Co us inditum, Pifo
Praiil, 523.

%

I am

OPOSSUM.

305

I am unacquainted with this fpecies, fo leave thefe two conjoined
till I receive fuller information.

Much is wanted to complete the natural hiftory of this genus.

Filander. Le Bruyn ^voy* Eafi Indies, ii. loi, tah^ ccxiii. Ed* Angl* 1S3. Javan#

(according to Le Bruyn' s figure) with a narrow fox- like
• head : upright pointed ears : a brown ftripe paffing through
the eyes : fore legs very fhort : five toes on the fore feet ; three
only on the hind, two of which are very ftrongj the outmoft
flender and weak; and found on diffedtion to confift internally of
two bones, clofely united, with two weak claws burffing out of
the fkin ^ : tail thick, fhorter than the body.

In the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth ; in the lower two,
which are formed like thofe of fquirrels : no canine teeth “f.

On the belly is a complete pouch, like the Virginian kind :
hair on the body rude : face feemingly that of a hare.

Difcovered firfl by Mr. Le Bruyn^ who faW in Java feveral in Place..
an inclofure along with rabbets : they burrowed like them ;
leaped in their pace; preferved their young in the pouch, which
would often peep out when the old ones were flilL

The fidelity of Le Bruyn^s figure has been fince confirmed by
the fpecimens fent from Java into Holland*

* Pallas in acad. Petrop* pars ii, 229, tab* ix*. f The fame.

R r

f

Kangaroo.

OPOSSUM.

184. Kangurit. Kanguroo. CmVs voy. Hi. 577. tal. xx,

Yerboa gigantca, Zimmerman, 526.

with a fmall head, neck, and fhoulders : body increafing in
• thicknefs to the rump.

The head oblong, formed like that of a fawn, and tapering
from the eyes to the nofe : end of the nofe naked and black : up«
per lip divided.

Noflrils wide and open : lower jaw fliorter than the upper : aper-
ture of the mouth fmall: whiflcers on both jaws; thofe on the
upper longeft : fcrong hairs above and below the eyes.

Eyes not large ; irides duflcy ; pupil of a blueifh black.

Ears eredt, oblongly ovated, rounded at the ends, and thin, co-
vered with fliort hairs ; four inches long.

Teeth. No canine teeth: four broad cutting teeth in the upper jaw:

two long lanceolated teeth in the* lower, pointing forward: four
grinding teeth in each jaw, remote from the others.

Belly convex and great.

Legs. Fore legs very fhort, fcarcely reaching to the nofe j ufelefs for

walking.

Hind legs almoft as long as the body : the thighs very thick :
on the fore feet are five toes, with long conic and ftrong claws ;
on the hind feet only three : the middle toe very long and thick,
like that of an oftrich ; the two others placed very diftindt from
it, and are fmall : the claws fliort, thick, and blunt : the bottom
• of the feet, and hind part, black, naked, and tuberculated, as

the animal refts often on them.

Tail. Tail very long, extending as far as the ears \ thick at the bafe,

tapering to a point,

2

Scrotum

<r

I

(

I

i

I

1

p. 306"

11

ml

H

Mmwm

n

ml

IjW g

Kaiipiirii. 1

o

OPOSSUM.

Scrotum large and pendulous.

Hair on the whole animal foft, and of an afh-color ; lighteft
on the lower parts.

Length of the largeft fidn I examined, three feet three inches Sizi.
from the nofe to the tail : of the tail, two feet nine.

Weight of the largeft which was fhot, was eighty-four pounds;
but this, on examination of the grinding teeth, had not attained
its full growth

Inhabits the weftern fide of New Holland^ and has as yet been Place.

difcovered in no other part of the world. It lurks among the
grafs : feeds on -vegetables ; goes entirely on its hind legs, mak-
ing ufe of the fore feet only for digging, or bringing its food to
its mouth. The. dung is like that of a deer. It is very timid :
at the fight of men flies from them by amazing leaps, fpringing
over bufhes feven or eight feet high ; and going progreffively from
rock to rock. It carries its tail quite at right angles with its
body when it is in motion 5 and when it alights often looks back :
is much too fwift for gre-hounds : is very good eating.

It is called by the natives, Kanguru, Name.

This is a very anomalous animal : but has more relation to this
genus than any other ; and in form of its legs comes very near to
the preceding fpecies.

* CooFs njoy, iii. 586.

307

R r 1

Mu3

OPOSSUM.

jol

185. Murine. Mus fylvellrls Amerlcanus Scalopes Aic- cantibus. BriJJon quad* 21 1.

tus. Seb, Muf, i. 46. tab* xxxi, Didelphis murina, D. cauda femipilofaj
fig. I. 2. mammis fenis. Lin.fyjl. 72.

Philander faturate fpadiceus in dorfo. La Marmofe. De Buffon^ x. 336. tab.
in ventre dilute flavus, pedibus aibi- Hi. liii. Schreber, cxlix.

with long broad ears, rounded at the end, thin and naked :
• eyes encompafiTed with black : face, head, and upper part
of the body, of a tawny color : the belly yellowifli v/hite : the
feet covered with fhort whitifh hair : toes formed like thofe of the
Virginian: tail (lender, covered with minute fcales to the very
rump*, length, from nofe to tail, about fix inches and a half;
tail of the fame length : the female wants the falfe belly of the
former; but, on the lower part, the (kin forms on each fide a
fold, between which the teats are lodged.

This fpecies varies in color; I have feen one from Guiana,
browm above, white beneath.

Inhabits the hot parts of South America : agrees with the others
in its food, manners, and the prehenfile powers of its tail ; it
brings from ten to fourteen young at a time ; at left, in fome fpe-
cies, there are that number of teats : the young affix themfelves
to the teats as foon as they are born, and remain attached, like
fo many inanimate things, kill they attain growth and vigor to
ihift a little for themfelves.

Cayopollis.

OPOSSUM.

309

Cayopollin. Fernandez No^. Fti/p, 10. in ventre ex albo flavicans, cauda ex 186. Msxicah*

Animal caudimanum. Nierembergyi^S, faturate fpadiceo maculata, BriJJon

Mus Africanus Kayopollin didus, mas. quad, 212. Schreber, cxlviii.

Seb. Muf. tab, fig, 3. Le Cayopollin. De BufibUi x, 350.

Philander faturate fpadiceus in dorfo, tab, Iv. Lev, Mus.

Owith large, angular, naked> and tranfparent ears ; nofe
• thicker than that of the former kind : whifkers very large :

a flight border of black furroimds the eyes : face of a dirty whiter

/

with a dark line running down the middle : the hairs on the head,
and upper part of the body, afh-colored at the roots ; of a deep
tawny brown at the tips : legs dufky : claws white : belly dull
cinereous: tail long, and pretty thick, varied with brown and
yellow ; is hairy near an inch from its origin ; the reft naked :
length, from nofe to tail, about nine inches; the tail the length
of the body and head.

Inhabits the mountains of Mexico : lives in trees, where it
brings forth its young : when in any fright, they embrace their
parent clofely : the tail is prehenfile, and fcrves inftead of a
hand,

Le Crabier. De Bujfion, Supplem. \iu ifii, . CayENKE*

Cards ferus major, Cancrofus vulgo didus. Koupara, Barrere France Ad quinoB, 149.

with a long flender face ; ears ere61:, pointed, and fhort : the
• coat woolly, mixed with very coarfe hairs, three inches
long, of a dirty white from the roots to the middle ; fronri thence
to the ends of a deep brown : fides and belly of a pale yellow :
legs of a dufky brown : thumb on each foot diftinfl : on the toes

of

V

OPOSSUM.

310

of the fore feet, and thunab of the hind, are nails •, on the toes
of the hind feet crooked claws : tail very long, taper, naked^
and fcaly.

Length feventeen French inches : of the tail fifteen and a half.
The fubjed naeafured was young.

Inhabits Cayenne: very active in climbing trees, on which it
lives the whole day. In marfhy places, feeds on crabs, which,
when it cannot draw out of their holes with its feet, hooks them by
means of its long tail. If the crab pinches its tail, the animal fets
up a loud cry, which may be heard afar : its common voice is a
grunt, like a young pig. It is well furnifhed with teeth, and will
defend itfelf fboutly againfl dogs : brings forth four or five young,
which it fecures in fome hollow tree. The natives eat thefe animals,,
and fay their flefh refembles a hare. They a.re eafily tamed,, and
will then refufe no kind of food.

188. New Hol- the upper part of the head, and the back and Tides,

LAND, covered with long, foft, glofly hairs, of a dark cinereous

color at the bottoms, and of a rufly brown towards the ends r
belly of a dirty white.

Tail taper, covered with fhort brown hairs, except for four
inches and a half of the end, which was white, and naked under-
neath : toes like the former.

The fkin I examined had loft part of the face : the length from
the head to the tail was thirteen inches : the tail the fame.

This was found near Endeavour river, on the eaftern coaft of

New

OPOSSUM.

New Holland^ with two young ones It lodges in the grafs^ but
is not common.

Mus fylveftris Americana, fcemlna, Seh, ventre helvus, cauda brevi & crafToa^
Mu/, i. 50. tab, xxxi. ^ BriJ/on quad, 213. Schreber, cli.

Philander obfcure rufus in dorfo, in

Owith naked ears : the back of a dull red ^ belly of a paler :

• tail fcarce half the length of the body ^ thick at the bafe^
leflening towards the end : no falfe belly.

Inhabits SoutV America : the young adhere to the teats as foon
as born. Seha fays it lives in woods, and brings from nine to
twelve young at a time.

Philander ex rufo luteus In dorfo, in tab, xxxi, /g, 8. Klein quad, 58.
ventre ex flavo albicans, capite craflb. Le Phalanger. De Buffon, xiii. 92.
BriJ/on quad, 2 1 3. Seb, Mu/, i. 50. tab, x, xi, Schreber, clii.

Owith a thick nofe : fhort ears, covered with hair i eight
® cutting teeth in the upper jaw ; two in the lower: hair on
the upper part of the body reddifh, mixed with light afh-color,
and yellow : the hind part of the head, and middle of the back,
marked v/ith a black line : the throat, belly, legs, and part of the*
tail, of a dirty yellowifh white; the reft of the tail brown and
yellow : the body of the female marked with white ; the firft and
fecond toes of the hind feet clofely united: the claws large: the

* CoolCs ^}oy, iii, 5?6,

thumb

jii

189. Short*

TAILED.

190. PhalangerJ

OPOSSUM.

thumb on the hind feet difliinfb, like that of the other fpecies^ :
the bottom of the tail is covered with hair, for near two inches
and a half ; the reft naked : the length, from nofe to tail, near
nine inches ; the tail ten.

Place. This fpecies inhabits the Eajl Indian iflands, as I am informed

by Dodlor E alias \ nor is it found in Surinam^ as M. Buff on

conjedlures.

191. Mirian

De zak, of Beurs Rot. Merian infeSl,
Surinam, 66. tab, Ixvi.

Mus fylveltris Americana. Seb, Muf, i.

49. tab, xxxi.^. 5.

Philander ex rufo helvus in dorfo, in
ventre ex flavo albicans. Brijfon quad,
212.

Mus fylvefiris Amertcanus^, catulos In
dorfo gerens. Klein quad, 58.
Didelphis dorfigera. D. cauda bafi pl-
lofa corpore longiore, digitis manuum
muticis. Lin.fyji. 72,

Le Philandre de Surinam. De Buffon,
XV. 157. Mus. Lev.

with long, ftiarp-pointed, naked ears : head, and upper part
* of the body, of a yellowifh brown color: the belly white,
tinged with yellow *. the fore feet divided into five fingers the
hind into four, and a thumb, each furniftied with flat nails : tail
very long, flender, and, except at the bafe, quite naked.

Size. The length, from nofe to tail, is ten inches. The tail exceeds

the length of the body and head.

Inhabits Surinam ; burrows under ground : brings five or fix
young at a time, which follow their parent : on any apprehenfion
of danger, they all jump on her back, and twifting their tails
round her’s, fhe immediately runs with them into her hole.

From Merian, a German paintrefs, who firft difcovered the fpecies at Surinam,

r*

Six

WEES E I

Six cutting teeth, two canine teeth, in each jaw-
Sharp nofe : Hender bodies.

Five toes before j five behind.

Muilela. Agrtcola An% Suiter, 485. Gef-
ner quad. 752.

Weafel or Weefel, muftela vulgaris ;
in Torkjhircy the Fitchet, or Fou-
mart. Rail fyn, quad. 195.

The Whitred. Sib, Scot, iii, il.
Wiefel. Klein quad. 62.

Muflela nivalis. Lin.JyJi.Sg,

Sno-mus. Faun Suec. N* 18.

Muftela fupra rutila, infra alba.
fon quad. 1 73.

La Belette. De Buffon, vii. 225. tab,
xxix.

Weefel, Br. ZooL i. 82. Br, Zool. il~
lujir. tab. ci. Schreber, cxxxviii.
Lev. Mus.

WT fn^^F rounded ears : whole upper part of the head and
^ ^ • body of a pale tawny brown ; under fide entirely white :
a brown fpot beneath the corners of the mouth : length, from
nofe to tail, between fix and feven inches : tail two and a half.

Inhabits moll parts of Europe ; is common in Sibiria^ as
far as Kamtfchatka ; is met with in N, America^ even as high as
Hudfon's Bay ; found alfo in Barbary Is very deftrudlive to
chickens, birds, and young rabbets ; a great devourer of eggs :
does not eat its prey on the fpot ; but after killing it, by a bite
near the head, carries it off to its retreat : is a great deftroyer of
field mice ; a gentleman informed me he found eighty-five, new-
ly killed, in one hole, which he believed belonged to this animal :

* ‘Travels f 249.

S f

very

31J

XXIII. WEESEL.

19Z. Common.

W E E S E L.

3M-

very adtive, runs up the Tides of walls with great eafe j no place is
fecure from its ravages : frequents outhoufes, barns^ and grana-
ries : is a great enemy to rats and mice, and foon clears its
haunts from thofe pernicious animals : brings four or five young
at a time : its fkin and excrements intolerably foetid. In Nor-
way^ Swedejt^ Rujfia, and Sihiria, it always changes to white at
approach of winter. In Sihiria it is called Lafmitjka : their fkins
are fold to the Chine fe for three or four rubles the hundred.

J95. Stoat.

Muftela. Qefner quad. 753.

Wiefel. Kramer Aujlr. 312. Meyer^s An.
ii. tab. 23, 24.

Muftela erminea. M. plantis fiflis,
caudae apice albo. Lin. fyji. 68.
Wefla. Faun, fuec. No. 17.

Muftela hyeme alba, aeftate fupra ru-
tila infra alJba, caudas apice nigro.
BriJJhn quad. 176.

Le Rofelet. De Buffon^ vii. 240. tab.

xxix. Sebreber, cxxxvii. A.

Stoat. Br, Zoo/, i. 84. Lev. Mus.

j5. Ermine, when white. Mus Pon-
ticus. P Unity lib. viii. c. ^7. AgrU
cola An. Subter, 484.

Armelinus, Hermelein. Gefner quad.

754-

Gornoftay. R%aczinjki Polon. 235.
Muftela Candida, animal ermineum.

Rail Jyn, quad 198.

L’Hermine. De Buffony vii. 240. tab.
xxSx.fg.T.. BriJ/onquad. 176. Bchre-
bery cxxxvii. B.

Ermine Hiji. Karntfchatka^ 99. Pontop.
Norway y ii. 25. Br. Zocl. i. 84.
Lev. Mus.

with the upper part of the body pale tawny brown :
edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, of a yellowifh
white : throat, breafl, and belly, white : end of the tail black :
length, from nofe to tail, ten inches , tail five and a half : in
the N. of Europe and AJia, and in the Highlands of Scotland^ it
becomes entirely white at the approach of winter, the end of
the tail excepted : refumes its brown color in the fpring : fome-
times found white in England : one was brought to me in a

2

former

W E E S E L.

former winter, mottled with brown and white, the feafon ilot
having been fevere enough to efFe6b a total change ^ ; but in
February 17 So, I faw in my grounds two others in the fl:ate
of mod: perfedl and beautiful ermines. In the mountains of
Southern Afia and Ferfia^ it retains its brown color the whole
year f .

Inhabits, in great abundance, the N. of Europe, and of AJta ;
in Kamtfchatka and the Kurile Iflands : is met with in Newfound-^
land and Canada/^ : the Ikins a great article of commerce in
Norway and Sihiria : is found in the laft place in plenty, in birch
forefts, but none in thofe of fir or pine : the fkins are fold on the
fpot, from two to three pounds fierling per hundred || : taken in
Norway in traps, baited with flefli ; in Sihiria §, either fiiot with
blunt arrows, or taken in a trap made of two flat flones, propped
by a flick, to which is faflened a baited flring, which, on the
lefl touch of the animal, falls down and kills it : its manners
and food the fame with the former 5 but does not frequent houfes :
its haunts are woods and hedges, efpecially fuch as border on
fome brook*

La Fouine de le Guiane. De Buffon, SuppL Hi. i6i. tah, xxiii. s.

CAN FiTCHETi

\hl ^ lharp nofe t that, the cheeks, throat, and

^ ^ • fides of the neck, black : forehead and fides of the head,
to the ears, white : ears fhort, round, and edged with white :

* Br, ZooL illujlr, tah, ci. f Fallas, | Charlevoix hijl, Nouv,

France i v, 197. {| Muller Ruff, Samlung, 516. § BelFs travels, i. 199.

Font op, Norvjaj, ii. 25*

S f 2

from

SlZ^E*

Place.

W E E S E L.

from each ear, a narrow white flripe extends along the Tides of -
the neck : the body covered with coarfe hairs, grey at their
bafes, black and white at the ends : legs and feet black, tinged
with red : the toes not unlike thofe of a rat.

Length from nofe to tail hear twenty-one inches and a half :•
tail full of hair, of a bright chefnut, mixed with white 3 is rather
fhorter in proportion than that of the Englijh Fitchet, to which,
it has a great refemblance.

Inhabits Guiana,

1,95. Fitchet.

Putorius. Gefner quad* 767,

Yltis. Agricola An, Suiter, 485.
Pole-cat, or Fitchet. Rail fyn, quad,
196.

Tchorz. Rzaczinjki Polon, 236.

Muftela fcetida. litis. TeulFels kind,
Klein, quad. 63.

Muftela putorius. M. pedibus fiffis,.
corpore flavo nigricante 3 ore auri-

culifque albls. Lin,fyjl, 67. Iller,-
Faun, fuec. No. 16.

Muftela pilis in exortu ex cinereo al-
bidis, colore nigricante terminatis,
oris circumferentia alba. Brijfon quad,.
1 86.

Le Putois. De Buffon, vii. 199, tah,^
xxiii. Schreber^ cxxxi.

Pole-cat. Br, Zool, i. 77, Mus. Lev..

\\7 with the fpace round the mouth white ; the tips of the ears,
^ ^ • of the fame color: head, body, and legs, of a chocolate- -
color, almoft black : on the Tides the hairs are of a tawny call
tail black : length feventeen inches 3 tail fix.

Inhabits mofb parts of Europe 3 is common in the temperate
parts of Ruffia^ but grows fcarcer in Sihifia^ except in the defert
oi Bar abuy and beyond the lake Baikal, None are found north
of thofe places : they are ufually met with, in the places juft cited,
with white or yellowifh rumps, bounded with black.

The Fitchet burrows under ground, forming a fiiafiow retreat^

about

W E E S E L,

317

about two yards in length, generally terminating under the
roots of fome large tree ; fometimes forms its lodge under hay-
ricks, and in barns : brings five or fix young at a time : preys on
poultry, game, and rabbets : in winter frequents houfes, and will
rob the dairy of the milk. This animal is excelTively foetid ; yet
the fkin is drefTed with the hair on, and ufed as other furs, for
tippets, &c. ; and is alfo fent abroad to line cloaths.

Muftela farmatica, RuJ/ts Perugufna. Zimmerman^ 486. Schreber^ cxxxii,

P alias y ltin» GueldenftaedtyVa Frzenviajka, or the girdled weefel I

Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. 441. tab, x, Rzacxln^l, au6l. h&PFolon, 328.

TXr with broad, fhort, round ears, edged with Long white
• hairs : mouth furrounded with white: head, feet, and
under fide of the body, of a full black : head crolTed beyond each
eye with a white band, paffing beneath the ears along the fides of
the neck, and down to the throat : from the hind part of the
head, another of yellow pafTes on each fide obliquely towards
the fhoulders ; above, is a third : the upper part of the body is
of a brownifh black, flriped and fpotted irregularly with obfcure
yellow: tail dufky, full of hairs, intermixed with white ones,
longer than the refl: : the end wholly black.

Length, from the tip of the nofe, about fourteen inches ; of the
tail fix.

Inhabits only Poland, 2ind the fouthern provinces of Rujfta, be-
tween the Pneper^xid Volga ; and in Afia, the Caucafean mountains,
and Georgia ; and by report, Bucharia.

It is a mod: voracious animal, feeding on the marmots, mice,

and

196. Sarmatian.,

Size.

Place.

M A N WE R.g *

.w E E S E L.

and other lefler animals that inhabit with it the vaft plains of
the RuJJian empire. Seizes on its prey, and firft fucks out the
blood ; does not meddle with eggs ; lives ufually in holes made
by other beads, but is not without the power of burrowing ; preys
by night : fleeps little : very fierce and untameable : its eyes
flaming : its fmell foetid, efpecially when it ereds its tail, which
it does in anger : is very adlive : it moves by frequent jumps :
copulates in the fpring : goes two months, and brings four or
eight young, according to the report of the natives.

197. SiBiRiAN* Muftela Sibirica, Kolonnok Itin. 701.

Wwith the face black, whitifli about the noflrils, and fpot-
• ted towards the eyes ; the reft of the animal of a deep
yellow, nearly approaching to fox or orange color ; with the throat
fometimes fpotted with white : tail very full of hair, and of a
deeper color than the body : hair in general loofe and long : the
foies of the feet thickly covered with fur.

Size. Its body more (lender than the Fitchet, coming nearer to the

form of the Stoat : length to the tail twelve inches i of the tail
fix.

Place, ' Begins to appear in the Altaic mountains, between the Oh and
the Irtijhy from whence it is common, in wooded mountains, to
the Amur and lake Baikal, It has great refemblance in its man-
ners, haunts, and food with the fable •, but does not extend fo
far north.

Viverrac

W E E S E L.

3^9

Vlverra. Pliniit lib. miiu c* Jgri- Viverra pilis fubflavis, longiorlbus, ca- 198. Ferret.

cola An. Suiter. ftaneo colore terminatis (mafc ) M.

Muftela ruftica, viverra, Furo, Idis. pilis ex albo fubflavis veftita. (foem.)

Gejner quad. 762. Rail fyn. quad. Brijfon quad. 177.

lg2. Muftela Furo M. pedibus fiflis, oculis

Fret, Klein, quad. 63. Schreber, cxxxiii. rubicundis. Lin. fyji. 68. Mus. Lev.

Wwith a very lharp nofe : red and fiery eyes : round ears :

• color of, the whole body a very pale yellow : length

about fourteen inches j tail five.

Inhabits, in its wild flate, Africa ^ ; from whence it was ori-
ginally brought into Spain in order to free that country from
the multitudes of rabbets, with which the kingdom was over-
run ; from thence the reft of Europe was fupplied with it : is a
lively adive animal : the natural enemy of rabbets : fucks the
blood of its prey, feldom tears it : breeds in our climate : and
brings five, fix, or nine at a time : but is apt to degenerate, and
iofe its favage nature : warreners X therefore obliged to pro-
cure an intercourfe between the female and a pole-cat, by leaving
it near the haunts of the laft : the produce is a breed of a much
darker color than the ferret, partaking more of that of the pole-
cat. The ferret has the fame difagreeable fmell with that animak

* Sha<iv^s travels t 249.

4 Kat yaXfitij aq r) (ps^ei. SivahOy lib. 111.

J Br. Zool. i. 78. ii. 498.

Marte.g

320

WEE

S E L

199. Martin.

Place.

Martes gutture albo. Jgricola An. Suh-
ter. 485. Gefner quad. 764.
Stein-marter. Klein quad. 64.

Martes, alias Foyna, Martin, or Mart-
let, Rati Jyn, quad. 200,

Kuna. R%ac%injki Polon, 222.

Muftela pilis in exortu albidis caftaneo
colore terminatis veftita, gutture al-

bo, BriJJhn quad. 178.

Mullela martes. M. pedibus fiffis, cof-®
pore fulvo nigricante, gula pallida.
Lin.fyji. 67, Mard. Faun, fuec. No.

La Fouine. De Buffon^ vii. 186, tab.

xviii. Schrebery cxxix.

Martin, Br, Zool. i. 79. Lev. Mus.

Wwith broad rounded ears : lively eyes : head brown,
• with a tinge of red : body, fides, and legs covered
with hair, afh-colored at the bottoms, bright chefnut in the
middle, black at the tips : throat and bread white : belly deep
brown ; tail full of hair, and of a dufky color : feet broad, co-
vered at bottom with thick down : claws white : length eighteen
inches : tail ten.

Inhabits mod parts of Europe, even to the warmer parts of

Riijfia, but does not extend far ead in that empire : is a mod

elegant lively animal : capable of being tamed : is very good-

natured, and fportive : lives in woods ; and breeds in the hollow
«.

of trees j and often, during winter, dielters in magpies neds :
brings from four to fix young at a time : dedroys poultry,
game, &:c. and will eat rats, mice, and moles : the fkin and ex-
crements have a mufky fmell : the fur is of fome value, and ufed
to line the robes of magidrates.

Martes

W E E S E L.

3S1

Subter, 485.

Martes fylveflris. Gefner quad. 765.
Martes abietum. Rail fyn. quad. 20Q,
Baum-Marter. R/eiu quad. 64,

Martes gutturc luteo. Agricola An,

La Marte. De Buffon^Vix. i86. tab, xxii.
Schreber, cxxx.

bldis cartaiieo colore termlnatis, gut- 200.
ture flavo. Brijfon quad., 179,

Yellow-breafted Martin. Er. Zool. i.

Multela pilis in exortu ex cinereo al- Si. Faunul. Sinens, Lev. Mus.

W'with a yellow bread: and throat : the hair of a dark
• cliefnut-color^ and of far fuperior finenefs to the former i
in other refpefts agreeing with it.

Inhabits the N. of Europe, Afia, and America : found alfo in
Great Britain * : are not found about the river Ohy, nor in any
part of Sihiria : inhabits large forefts, efpecially thofe of pines :
never lodges near houfes, as the other fpecies is faid f to do :
M. de Buffon fays, that it brings but two or three young at a
time : its prey is the fame with the former ; its fur of far greater
value. The peninfula of Kamtfchatka, and North America, abound
with them : their fkins a prodigious article of commerce. Thofe
found about Mount Caucafus, with an orange throat, are efteemed
the fineft in the furriers fhops.

* M, de Buffon fays, we have none of thefe animals in England, Farce qu^il
tdy a pas de hois. That gentleman never did our kingdom the honor of making
a progrefs through it.

f All foreign writers agree in this ; but thofe which inhabit my neighbor-
hood always keep in the woods, except in their noilurnal excurhons.

Zobela»’

J22

W E E E L.

201. Sable,

Placi

2obela, Agricola An. Subter, 485*
Muftela Sobella. Ge/ner quad, y6'&t
MuHela Zibeilina, the Sable. Raii fyn,
quad, 201. Klein quad. 64.

Muftela Zibeilina, Arijloteli Satherius,
Nipho cebalus, Alciato Mus Samar-
ticus et Scythicus. Char let on Ex, 20.
Muftela Zibeilina. M. pedibus fiffis.

corpore obfcure fulvo, ffonte exaU-
bida, gutture cinereo. Lin,fyfi, 68.
Muftela Zibeilina. No'v, Com, Peirop,
V. 330. tab. vi.

Martes Zibeilina. Muftela obfcure ful-
vo, gutture cinereo. Brijfhn quad,-

180.

La Zibeline. De Buffony xiii. 309.

Wwith long whlflcers : rounded ears : large feet : white
• claws : long and bufhy tall : color of the hair black at
the tips, cinereous at the bottom : chin cinereous, fometimes-
white, yellow, or fpotted : the edges of the ears yellowifh : •
fometimes the hair has a tawny cafb ; for in fpring, after fhedding
the coat, the color varies : there are inftances of their being ,
found of a fnowy whitenefs

The fize is equal to that of the Martin, to which it has a greats
refemblance in form : but this fpecific diftindlion muft be noted —
the tail of the martin is much longer than the hind legs, when^
extended , that of the Sable fhorter.

Inhabits Sibiria^ liarntfchatka,, and fome of the Kurile ifles,,
which lie between Kamtfchatka and Ja^an, Notwithilanding what
Mr. Scheffer fays -f, it is certain there are none to be found weft
of the Urallian mountains, from whence they increafe in num-
bers, in proportion as you advance eaftward.

Sables live in holes in the earth, or beneath the roots of trees
fometimes, like the martin, form nefts in the trees, and will

^ Strahknberg hijl, RuJJla, 442. Scheffer Lapl, 136,

Ikip

/

‘W E E S E t.

Ifkip with great agility from one to the other : are very lively,
and much in motion during night : deep much in the day ^
one that was kept tame would, on fight of a eat, fit up on its
hind legs : excrements mod: excefiively fcetid : prey, during
fummer, on ermines, weefels, and fquirrels, but above ail on
kares ; in winter, on birds ; in autumn, on hurtleberries, cran-
berries, and the berries of the fervice-tree : but during that fea-
fon their Ikins are at the word, that diet caufing them to itch,
and to rub off their fur againfi: the trees : they bring forth at
the end of March^ or beginning of Aprils and have from three
to five at a time, which they fuckle for four or five weeks
Their chace was, in the more barbarous times of the Ruffian
empire, the employ, or rather the talks, of the unhappy exiles
into Sibiria : as that country is now become more populous, the
Cables have in great meafure quitted it, and retired farther
North and Eafty to live in defert forefls and mountains. They
live near the banks of rivers, or in the little iflands in them f ':
on this account they have, by fome, been fuppofed to be the
of Arijiotky Hijl, An, lib, viii. c. 5 s which he clafifes with
the animals converfant among waters.

At prefent the hunters of fables form themfelves into troops,
from 5 to 40 each ; the laft fubdivide into lefifer parties, and
each chufes a leader, but there is one that direhls the whole : a
fmall covered boat is provided for each party, loaden with pro-
vifion, a dog and net for every two men, and a veffel to bake
their bread in : each party alfo has an interpreter for the coun-
try they penetrate into ; every party then fets out according to

^ Kmtfchatka, 109, &c. f A^vriVs Travels, 140.

T t S the

*

0^4

WEES E L,

the courie their leader points out : they go againfl: the ftreain cf
the rivers^ drawing their boats up, till they arrive in the hunt-
ing-country ; there they ftop, build huts^ and wait till the wa-
ters are frozen, and the feafon commences. Before they begin
the chace, their leader aifembles them, they unite in a prayer to
the Almighty for fuccefs,. and then feparate : the hrfl: fable they
take is called God’s fable, and is dedicated to the church.

They then penetrate into the woods, mark the trees as they
advance, that they may know their way back ; and in their
hunting-quarters, form huts of trees, and bank up the fnow
round them : near thefe they lay their traps, then advance far-
ther, and lay more traps, ftill building new huts in every quar-
ter, and return fucceffively to every old one, to vifit the traps,
and take out the game to flcin it, which none but the chief of
the party mull do : during this time they are fnpplied with pro-
vifions by perfons who are employed to bring it on fledges, from
the places on the road where they are obliged to form maga-
zines, by reafon of the impradlicability of bringing quantities
thro’ the rough country they muft pafs. The traps are a fort of
pit-fall, with a loofe board placed over it, baited with fifli or
fielh : when fables grow fcarce, the hunters trace them in the
new-fallen fnow, to their holes, place their nets at the entrance,
and fometimes wait, watching two or three days for the coming
out of the animal : it has happened, that thefe poor people have,
by the failure of their provifions, been fo pinched with hunger,
that, to prevent the cravings of appetite, they have been reduced
to take two thin boards, one of which they apply to the pit of
the ftomach, the other to the back, drawing them ti«:ht together
lo bv

W E E S E L. 325

by cords placed at the ends ^ : fuch are the hardfhips our fellow-^
creatures undergo, to fupply the wantonnefs of luxury !

The feafon of chace being -finifhed, the hunters re-alTemble ;
make a report to their leader of the number of fables each has
taken ; make complaints of offenders againft their regulations ;
punifli delinquents ; lhare the booty ; then continue at the head-
quarters kill the rivers are clear of ice 5 return home, and give
to every church the dedicated furs.

The following is the commercial hiftory of this fur-trade. Commercial
which Dr. J. R.'Forfter was fo obliging as to trandate for me,
from Muller's Samlung Rufs, Gefchichtey iii. 495 5^5> being

an abftradt from above 20 pages.

Sable, Sobol in Ruffian ; Zobel in German : their price
varies, from i 1. to 10 1. fterling, and above : fine and middling
fable fkins are without bellies, and the coarfe ones are with
them : forty fkins make a colledion called Zmmer ; the fineft
fables, are fold in pairs,, perfedtly fimilar, and are dearer than
fingle ones of the fame goodnefs ; for the Ruffians want thofe in
pairs for facing caps, cloaks, tippets, &c. The blackefb are re-
puted the befl. Sables are in feafon from November to February ;
for thofe caught at any other time of the year are fhort-hair’d,
and then called Nedofoboli. The hair of fables differs in length and
quality : the long hairs, which reach far beyond the inferior
ones, are called Os', the more a fldn has of fuch long hairs, the
blacker they are, and the more valuable is the fur j the very

f BeWs Tra'velsf i. 245.

3^6 W E E S E L.

'bed have no other but thofe long and black hairs. Motchka is
a technical term in the Ruffian fur-trade, exprefling the lower
part of the long hairs ; and fometimes it comprehends likewife
the lower and fhorter hairs : the above-mentioned bed fable furs
are faid to have a black Motchka. Below the long hairs are, in
the greater parts of fable furs, fome diorter hairs, called Podofte^
i, e. Under-Os : the more Podofie a fur has, the lefs valuable : in
the better kind of fables the Podofie has black tips, and a grey or
rudy Motchka : the fird kind of Motchka makes the middling
kind of fable furs ; the red one the word, efpecially if it has but
few Os : between the Os and Podofie is a low woolly kind of hair,
called Podfada ; the more Podfada a fur has, the lefs valuable,
for the long hair will, in fuch cafe, take no other direction than
the natural one ; for the chara61:er of fables is, that notwithdand*
ing the hair naturally lies from the head towards the tail, yet will
it lie equally in any diredlion, as you drike your hand over it \
the various combinations of thefe charablers, in regard to Oj*,
Motchka^ Podofie, and Podfada, make many fpecial divifions of
the goodnefs of furs : befides this, the furriers attend to the fize,
preferring always ceteris paribus the bigged, and thofe that have
the greated glofs : the dze depends upon the animal being a male or
female, the latter being always fmaller. The glofs vaniHies in old
furs : the fredi ones have a kind of bloomy appearance, as they exprefs
it ; the old ones are faid to have done blooming : the dyed fables
alv/ays lofe their glofs, become lefs uniform, whether the lower
hairs have taken the dye or not, and commonly the hairs are
fomewhat twided or crifped, and not fo drait as in the natural
ones : fome fumigate the fkins, to make them look blacker 5 but

the

W E E S E L*

the fmell, and the crifped condition of the long hair, betrays the
cheat ; and both ways are detedled, by rubbing the fur with a
moift linen cloth, which grows black in fuch cafes.

The Chine fe have a way of dying the fables, fo that the
color not only lafts, (which the Ruffian cheats cannot do)
but the fur keeps its glofs, and the crifped hairs only difco-
ver it : this is the reafon that all the fables, v/hich are of
the belt kind, either in pairs or feparatc, are carried to Ruff
fta ; the reil go to China : the very beft fables come from the
environs of Nertchitjk and Takutjk ; and in this latter diftrid,
the country about the river Ud affords fometimes fables, of
whom one liiigle fur is often fold at the rate of 6o or 70
rubles (12 or 14 1.) The bellies of fables, which are fold in
pairs, are about two fingers breadth, and are tied together
by forty pieces, which are fold from i to 2 1. fterling. T ails
are fold by the hundred the very bed fable furs muft have'
their tails, but ordinary fables are often cropped, and a hun-
dred fold from 4 tO' 8 1, fterling : the legs or feet of fables
are feldom fold feparately. White fables are rare, and no*
common merchandize, but bought only as curiofities : fome
are yellowifli, and are bleached in the fpring on the fnow.’'

The common fables are fcarcely better in hair and colors
than the martin. -

The fable is found again in North America. The Ruffians
have often difcovered the Ikins mixed with thofe of martins, in
the fur-dreftes which the Ichutcki get from the Americans by way
of exchange. Their fur is more glofty than that of the Sihirian'
fable, and of a bright chefnut-color ^ but of a coarfer quality. It

i.s^

3^7

2

AmER-ICAN.

Color.

' 302. Fisher.

\

W E E S E L,

is to be- obfervedj that no fables are found N. E. of the river
Anadyr y the country of the ichuteki

The information I received from Do6tor Pallas^ refpecfbing the
charabler of this animal, obliges me to lay afide my notion of its
being found in the new world, under the name of Phe Fijher y yet
I have reafon to fuppofe I have recovered it on that continent, by
feeing thefkin of a quadruped highly refembling it, in the cabinet
of Mrs. Blackburn^ lent from Canada i which I deferibe under the
name of the

Its length, from nofe to tail, was twenty inches. The trunk of
the tail only five inches : but from the rump to the end of the
hairs eight. The ears more pointed than thofe of the Afiatic
fable : feet very large, hairy above and below : five toes with
v/hite claws on each foot.

Color of the head and ears whitifh : whifkers fhort and black :
whole body of a light tawny : feet brown. This feems to have
been one of the bleached kind before mentioned.

Wwith a black nofe : ftrong and EifF whiEeers : fix fmall
• weefel-like teeth above and below : fix large canine
teeth: four grinding teeth in each upper jaw; three fharp-
pointed, the fourth flat; in the lower jaws fix; the laft flatted,
the next tridentated ; the next to thofe bidentated : ears broad
and round, dufky on their outfides, edged with white ; face and
fides of the neck pale brown, or cinereous, mixed with black :
hairs on the back, belly, legs, and tail, black; brownifh at their
bafe : fides brown : the feet very broad ; covered with hair even

• Dodor ? alias y

on

/

W E E S E L.

3^9

on their foies : five toes on the fore feet ; generally four, but
fometimes five, on the hind feet ^ with fiiarp, ftrong, and crooked
white claws : fore legs fhorter than thofe behind : tail full and
bulky, fmallefi: at the end, feventeen inches long : length, from
nofe to tail, twenty-eight inches.

Inhabits North America : notwithllanding its name, is not am-
phibious : preys on all forts of lefler quadrupeds ^ : by the num-
ber of Ikins imported, is not an uncommon animal ; not lefs than
5§o being brought in one feafon from New York and Penfylvania :
feems to be the animal called by JoJfelyn f, the Sable ; which, he
fays, is perfe6lly black. I have feen many of the fl<ins, which
vary in color. Lev. Mus.

Le Vanllre. Ds Buffon, xiii. 167. iah, xxL 203. Mad a gas*

CAR.

Ihort ears : the hair on the whole body brown at the
^ ^ ® roots, and barred above with black, and ferruginous : the
tail of the fame color : the length, from nofe to tail, about four-
teen inches ; the tail, to the tip of the hairs at the end, near ten.

Inhabits Madagafcar^

a letter from Mr. Pder CoUinfon, who received the account from Bar^
tranii of Penjyl^ania*
t ^9y* S7.

Uii u

)

530

W E E S E L.

204. Pekak.

Le Pekan. De Buffon, xiil. 304. tab. xlii. Schreher, cxxxiv. Lev. Mus.

\K7 long and ftrong whifkers : ears a little pointed :

^ hair on the head, back, and belly, cinereous at the roots,

of a bright bay at the ends j very foft and glofly : on the Tides is a
tinge of grey : between the fore-legs a white fpot : legs and tail
black: toes covered with thick hair, above and below: claws
lharp.

In form like a martin : its length, from nofe to tail, one foot
feven inches : the length of the trunk of the tail above ten s and:
the hairs extend an inch beyond.

Inhabits North America : defcribed from a fkin.

205, VlSON^

Le Vhbn. De Buffon^ xiii. 308. tab, xliii.

SlEE#

1X7 with rounded ears : color of the hair brown, tinged with^
^ ^ ® tawny, very bright and glofly : beneath is a thick down^^
cinereous tipt with ruft-color : legs very fliort : tail dufky.

Length to the tail above feventeen inches : tail, to the extre-
mity of the hairs, nine.

Place*

Inhabits North America t defcribed from the ftliffed flcins, in*
1765, in the cabinet of M. Aubry, curate of Saint Louis ^ in Paris t.
A fuller account of this and the preceding animal is defired.

W. with

W E E S E L.

335

\K/ I'ounded ears : broad and blunt nofe t duHcy irides s
* head fiat: face, crown, legs, rump, and tail, black : chin
and cheeks white : throat of a rich yellow : back and belly of a
pale yellow, intimately mixed with cinereous.

I.ength, from nofe to tail, eighteen inches : tail of the fame
length, covered with long hair.

Defcribed from the living animal at Mr, Brooks'?,^ April 1774%
Place unknown.

Le Grifon. Be Buffout xvi. 169. tab. xxv. Allamand, v. 65. tab, viii«

Schreber, cxxiv.

with large head and eyes; fhort but broad ears : upper
• part of the body of a deep brown, each hair tipped with
white, which gives it a grey or hoary look : from each fide of the
forehead extends a broad white line, pafTing over the eyes, and
reaching as far as the fhoulders : the nofe, throat, and whole un™
der fide of the body, thighs, and legs, black.

Length, from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, feveii
inches. By the figure, the tail is little more than half the length
of the body.

Inhabits Surinam^ but is a very fcarce animal : firfl: defcribed
by Mr, Allamand,

CJ li

Galera.

206. White-

CHEEKED,

207, Grii©n«

33*

WEES E L.

208. Guinea,

Place.

Galera, fubfufca, cauda elongata, auri-
bus fubnudis appreffis. Bronv?ie'‘s Ja-
tnaica, 485. tab* xlix.

Le Tayra, ou le Galera. De Bujon^
XV. 155, Schreberj cxxxv.

with the upper jaw much longer than the lower: eyes
' placed mid-way between the ears and tip of the nofe :
ears like the human : tongue rough : tail declining downwards,
lelTening towards the point : feet ftrong, and formed for digging :
fhape of the body like that of a rat : fize of a fmall rabbet : of
a duflcy color : the hair rough.

Inhabits Guinea: common about the negro fettlements : bur-
rows like a rabbet : very fierce \ if drove to neceflity will fly at
man or beafl : very deflrudive to poultry : feems to be the Koke^
hoe of Bofman^y which only differs in color, being red.

209. Guiana. Muftela barbara. M. pedibus fiffis atra^ Muflela maxima atra mofcum reddens.

collo fubtus macula alba triloba'. Lin* Tayra, grofle Belette. Barrere Franct
fyji* 67, jE(iuin* 155.

with round ears, covered with down : an afh-colored fpace
® between the eyes : a trilobated fpot on the lower part of
the neck : fize of a martin : color black : hairs coarfe.

Place. Inhabits and Guiana: when it rubs itfelf againfl trees,

leaves behind an unftuous matter, that fcents of mufk.

^ Hiji* Guinea, 239.

X

1

\

w E E S E L.

333

La petite Fouine de la Guiane. De Buffon Suppl. iii. 162. iah* xxlv. 210, Woolly*

Wwith a long ilender nofe : upper jaw longer than the
# lower : ears very fhort and round : body covered with
woolly hair: tail taper^ endingdn a pointy, between eight and nine
inches long : body^ from nofe to tail, between fifteen and fixteen.

M. de Buffon does not mention the color 5 by his figure the
belly feems white. He fays it inhabits Guyana, I am doubtful
whether it is not one of the above fpecies.

Arijiot. hift. An* lib, ix. c, 6.
Oppian Cyneg. iii. 407.

Ichneumon. Plinii, lib. viii. c. 24.
L’Ichneumon, que les Egyptiens nom-
ment Rat * de Pharaon. Belon obj\
Portraits y 106. Profp. Alp. i. 234.
Gefner quad, 366. Rail Jyn. quad, 202.
Sha<w''s Pra'velsy 249, 376.

Muftela ^gyptiaca. Klem quad, 64.

Meles Ichneumon digitis mediis longio- 21 1. Ichneumon,
ribus, lateralibus asquaiibus, unguibus
fubuniformibus. HaJJelquiJl itin. 191.

Ichneumon : Mus Pharaonis vulgo,

Brijfon quad, 181.

Viverra Ichneumon. V. cauda e bafi
incraffata lenfim attenuata, poilicibus
remotiurculis. Lin.fyji. 63. Schreber,
cxvi, A. Lev. Mus.

Indian. Quil, vel Quirpele. Garcia
Arom. 214. Raii Jyn quad. 197.
Viverra Mungo. Kie7npfer Asncen,

574-

De Mongkos. Valeyityn Amboin. iii.
Serpenticida five Moncus. Rumph.

herb. Amboin. App. 69. tab. xxviii.
Indian Ichneumon. Ed'-oj. 199.

Ichneumon feu vulpecula Ceilonica.

Seb. Muf. i. 66. tab. xYi.Jg. 1,

La Mangoulte. Be Buffon, xiii. iqo.
tab. xix. Le Nems, tom. xvi. 174.
tab. xxvii.

Viverra indica. V. ex grifeo rufefcens.
Briffon quad. IJJ. Raii Jyn, quad. 198,
Schreber, cxvi. Lev. Pvlus.

Wwith bright flame-colored eyes : fmall rounded ears^ al-
® rnofi: naked : nofe long and fiender : body thicker than

* The Egyptians never ftyle it Phar, or Pi'Ioufe, but Nems, or Ferret, from
its refemblance to that animal. Haffelquijl, 196. This F^?o^Wcon^irms, p. 1 1 j.

3 that

(

that of others of this genus : tail very thick at the bafe, tapering
to a point : legs lliort : the hair is hard and coarfe : color various
in different animals, from different countries ; in fome alternately
barred with dull yellowifh brown and white ; in others, pale
brown and moufe-coloured ; fo that the animal appears mottled :
throat and belly of a uniform brown : beneath the tail is an ori-
fice not unlike that of a badger*

The fpecimen in the AJhmolean Mufeum was thirteen inches and
a half long to the origin of the tail ; the tail eleven : the Egyp-
tian variety is the largeff. Some are forty-two inches long from
the nofe to the extremity of the tail. M. de Buffon gives the
figure of one, in the xxvith plate of his Supplement, vol. iii. un-
der the name of La Grande Mangoufte : the tail is longer, and
more llender than that of the common kind, and the hair uni-
verfally more broken and coarfcr.

Inhabits /Egypt^ Barhary^ India^ and its ijlands : a moff ufeful
animal ; being an inveterate enemy to the ferpents and other
noxious reptiles which infeft the torrid zone : attacks v/ithout
dread that mod fatal of ferpents the Naja^ or Cobra di Capello ;
and fhould it receive a wound in the combat, inflantly retires ;
and is faid to obtain ^ an antidote from a certain herb j after

which

^ A fa£l, as yet, not well eftabliffied ; Botanifts are not yet agreed about the
fpecies of this fanative plant, whofe ufe, it is pretended, this weefel pointed out
to mankind : thofe who have feen the combats between the Ichneumon and Naia^
never could difcover it : K(^mpfer, a writer of the firft authority, who vifited
Indiut and who had a tame Ichneumon, and been witnefs to its battles with the
ferpent, fays no more than that it retired and eat the roots of any herb it met
with. It is from the Indians he received the account of the root, whofe veracity

h©

W E E S e‘ L.

which it returns to the attack, and feldorn fails of vi6loiy. Is a
great deftroyer of the eggs of crocodiles, which it digs out of
the fand j and even kills multitudes of the young of thofe terrible
reptiles : it was not therefore without reafon, that the antient
Egyptians ranked tire Ichneumon among their Deities : is at pre-
fent domefticated, and kept in houfes in India and in Mgypt ; for
it is more ufeful than a cat, in deftroying rats and mice : grows
very tame : is very ablive \ fprings with great agility on its preys
will glide along the ground like a ferpent, and feem as if with-
out feet: fits up like a fquirrel,, and eats with its fore feet:
catches any thing that is flung to it : is a great enemy to poultry :
will feign itfelf dead till they come within reach : loves fifh :
draws its prey, after fucking the blood, to its hole,.: its excre-
ments very foetid when it fleeps, brings its head and tail under
its belly, appearing like, a round ball, with two legs flicking out.
Rumphius obferves how fieilfully it feizes the ferpents by the throat,
fo as to avoid receiving any injury : , and Lucan beautifully de-

he fpeaks moll contemptuoully of. Amcen, Exot, 576. Rumphius never faw the
plant growing; but deferibes it from a fpecimen fent him from- Ja^a\ for ho
fays the Indians would perfuade him that it had no leaves. Vide Herb, Amboin^
App, 71. All that feems certain is, that the Indians have a plant, of whofe
ahxipharmic virtues they have a high opinion, and are faid to ufe it with fuccefs
againft the dreadful macajpar poifon, and-^the bite of ferpents. Kampfer fays he
had good fuccefs with one fpecies, in putrid fevers, and found it infallible for the
bite of a mad dog. As there is no doubt but a moft ufeful plant of this nature
does exill in the Indies, it is to be hoped that liridl enquiry will be made after it.
In order to diredl their fearches, they are referred to

Garcia ah Hortons Hiji* Aromatum in Clus, Exot* 214.

Kampfer Amcen* Exot. 573. Rumph. Herb, Amboin* App* 29.

Amesn* Acad* ii, 89. Flora Zeylanicai 190, 239,

\

5,

335

fcrlbes

I

33^ W E E S E L;

fcribes the fame addrefs of this animab in conquering the Mgyf’*
tian Afp.

Afpidas ut Pharias cauda folertior hcjlis
L udit, et iratas incerfa pro^ocat u?nhra :

Obliquanfque caput <vanas Jerpentis in auras

Effuf^e toto comprendif guftura morfu

Letiferafn citra faniefn : tunc irrita pejiis

Exprimitur, faucefquc jluunt pereunte ueneno. Lib. iv, 724®

Thus oft’ th’ Ichneumony on the banks of Nile,

Invades the deadly Afpic by a wile ;

While artfully his {lender tail is play’d.

The ferpent darts upon the dancing fliade ;

Then turning on the foe with fwift furprize,

P'uli on the throat the nimble feizer flies :

The gafping fnake expires beneath the wound.

His gufhing jaws with poifonous floods abound.

And Ihed the fruitlefs iiiifchief on the ground.

}

Rowe.

212. Four-tos©* Le Surikate.

De Buffon, xiii, 72. tab. viii. Schreher, cxvii, MilleAs plates, xx.

^ with a very fiiarp-pointed nofe : head deprefled : cheeks
^ ^ ® inflated: upper jaw much longer than the lower; tip
black ; whiflcers blacky arifing from warty tubera : irides duflcy :
region about the eyes black : ears fmall, rounded, black, lying
^clofe to the head.

Tongue oblong, blunt, aculeated backwards.

Six fmall incifores; two long canine in each jaw^ and five
grinders onxach fide,

Back'

ft.

% ■>

I ■*

s

N

I

A

I

<

■ i

^ St

'1.

t

t

\

\

i

r

I

Yellow WEESEX4.1Sr°2i3 .

W E E S E L, ^

m

Back very broad, and a little convex : belly broad and flat.

Legs fhort : feet fmall, naked at the bottom ; four toes on
each : the claws on the fore feet long, like thofe of the badger j
on the hind feet fhort.

Color of the hairs brown near the bottom, black near the ends,
and hoary at the points ; thofe on the back undulated : infide of
the legs yellowifh brown : tail tufted with black.

Length from nofe to tail eleven inches i of tail eight : the laft
thick at the bafe, ending pretty abrupt.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope^ where it Is called Meer-rat t
feeds on flefh ^ preys on mice ; is a great enemy to : is al-

ways making a grunting noife ; is much in motion: fits quite
eredt, dropping its fore legs on its breaft, and moving its head
with great eafe, as if on a pivot, and appearing as if it liftened, or
had juft fpied fomething new. When pleafed, it makes a rattling
noife with its tail, for which reafon the Dutch at the Cape call it
Klapper-maus It is alfo found in fava^ where the Javanefe
ftyle it Jupe 'y Dutch y Suracatje*, The animal which I ex-

amined was brought alive from the Cape.

Yellow maucauco. Syn, quad. No. io8.

^WT ^ fhort dufky nofe : fmall eyes : ears ftiort, broad,

^ ^ • and flapping, and placed at a great diftance from each
other : head flat and broad : cheeks fwelling out : tongue very
long : legs and thighs fhort, and very thick : five toes to each
foot, feparated_and ftanding all forward: claws large, a little
hooked, and of a flefh-color.

* Pallas Mifcel. Zool, 59, 60.

X X This

4^

13. Yellow>

W E E S E L.

The hairs Hiort, foft^ glofiy, clofely fet together: on the heady,
back, and Tides a mixture of yellow and black : cheeks, infide
of the legs, and the belly, yellow : half way down the middle of
the belly is a broad dufl^y lift, ending at the tail ; and another
from the head along the middle of the back to the tail : tail of a
bright tawny, mixed with black j is round, and has the fame
prehenfile faculty as fome of the monkies have : length from the
nofe to the tail nineteen inches ; of the tail feventeen.

Manners. It was very good-natured and fportive ; would catch hold of

any thing with' its tail, and fufpend icfelf : lay with its head un-
der its legs and belly.

Place. Shewn about tv/elve years ago in London : its keeper faid it

came from the mountains of Jamaica^ and called it a Potto, the
name given by fome writers to a fpecics of Sloth found im
Guinea, Lev. Mus.

Le Kinkajou. De Buffon, xvi. tab. I.

J14. Mexican, with a fhort dufky nofe : tongue of a vaft length t

^ ^ • fmall eyes, encircled with dufky : ears Ihort and
rounded, and placed very diftant ; the hairs fhort on the head,;
upper part of the body, and the tail, the colors are yellow, grey,
and black intermixed ; the Tides of the throat and under fide,
and the infides of the legs, of a lively yellow : the belly of a
dirty white, tinged with yellow.

The toes feparated: the claws^crooked, white, guttered beneath,
SiEE. The length from head to tail two feet five (French) j of the

tail, one foot three : the tail is taper, covered with hair, except
9 beneath.

i

W E E S E I

339

beneath, near the end, which is naked, and of a fine fieOi-color.
It is extremely like the former ^ but larger in all its parts.

Like the former, it has a prehenfile tail, and is naturally very
good-natured: goes to deep at approach of day; wakes towards
night, and becomes very lively : makes ufe of its feet to catch at
any thing : has many of the a6lions of a monkey : eats like a
fquirrel, holding the food in its hands : has variety of cries during
night ;'0ne like the low barking of a dog : its plaintive note is
cooing; its menacing, hiffing; its angry, confufed.

Is very fond of fugar, and all fweet things : eats fruits, and
all kinds of vegetables : will fly at poultry, catch them under
the wing, fuck the blood, and leave them without tearing them ::
prefers a duck to^ a pullet ; yet hates the water.

M. de Buffon calls this animal le Kinkajou, after-a defeription
(given by M. Dennis) of one of that name found in N, America^
deferibed alfo by Charlevoix^ under the name of Carcajou ; both
which, in fafb, are the fame as my Puma^ N° i6o. M. Dennis
gives it the fame manners ; adds, that it climbs trees, watches
the approach of the moofe, falls on, and foon deftroys it.
He fays, he lofl: a heifer by one of thofe animals, which at once
eat through its neck ; but the quadruped in queflion never could
have the powers attributed to fo ferocious a creature. This
therefore is nev/, and by form and manners a proper concomi-
tant of the animal lafl: deferibed.

This animal w/as brought to Paris from New Spain, and lived
there two or three years. It is a very diftinT fpecies from the
former, of which M. de Buffon gives a very indiiferent figure,
taken from the animal I deferibe.

Manners.

X X a

J40

v; E E S E L

215. Brasilian.

Coati, Marcgra^ve Brajil. 22S. Ds Laet%
486, Rail fyn. quad, 180. Klein quad,

VuJpes minor, roftro fuperiorc longluf-
culo, caada annulatim ex nigro et
rufo variegata. Quachy. Barr ere
France jE quin, 167.

Viverra nafua. V. rufa, cauda albo an-

nulate. Lin. fyjl, 64.

Urfus nafo produce et moblli, cauda-
annulatim variegata. BriJJhn quad,
190.

Le Coati brun. De Buffon, viii. 358^
tab, xlviii. Schreber, cxviii.

Badger oi Guiana, Bancroft, 141. Lev#
Mus.

Wwith the upper jaw iengthened into a pliant, moveable
• frohofeis, much longer than the lower jaw : ears round-
ed : eyes fmall : nofe duiky : hair on the body fmooth, foft, and
glolTy, of a bright bay color : tail annulated withdufky and bay :
bread: whitifh : length, from nofe to tail, eighteen inches j tail,
thirteen.

(3. Dusky. Nofe and ears formed like the preceding : above
and beneath the eye two fpots of white : hair on the back
and fides dulky at the roots, black in the middle, and tipt
with yellow : chin, throat, fides of the cheeks, and belly,
yellowifh : feet black : tail annulated with black and white ;
fometimes the tail is of an uniform dufky color he Coati
noiratre oi M., de Buffon, tab, xlvii. Schreher, cxix.- The Coath
mondi of Maregrave,

Inhabits Brafil and Guiana : feeds on fruits, eggs, and poultry :
runs up trees very nimbly : eats like a dog,, holding its food be-

* Defcribed as a diftind fpecies by Linnaus, under the title of ^i^erra Na~
rica. V. fuhfufca, cauda unicolore, 64, and by M. Brijfon, under that of Vrjus
nafo produdio et mobili, cauda unicolore, 190,

tween

W E E S E L.

tween Its fore-legs : is eafily made tame : is very good-natured:
makes a fort of whiffling noife : feems much inclined to fleep in
the day. Marcgrave obferves, that they are very fubjed: to gnaw*
their own tails.

Hernandez Mex* ^"^2 . Raii tah. xWu 2l6. Stiplim©*

Jyn, quad. i8l. Klein quad. 72. Le Coafe. De Bujyn ? xiii.^zSS. tsi,h»

Meies Si rinamenfis. BriJ/on quad. 185. xxxviii. Bchreber, cxx.

Ichneumon de Yzquiepatl. S.eb. Mu//u

with a fhort flender nofe : fhort .ears and legs : black
• body, full of hair : tail long, of a black and white
color : length, from nofe to tail, about eighteen inches.

Inhabits Mexico, and perhaps other parts of America, This,
and the four following fpecies, remarkable for the. pefflferous,
fuffbeating, and moil foetid vapour they emit from behind,
when attacked, purfued, or frightened : it is their only means of
defence : fome turn * their tail to their enemy, and keep them
at a diftance by a frequent creptus^.', and others ejaculate their
urine, tainted with the horrid effluvia, to the diftance of eighteen
feet : the purfuers are flopped by the terrible ffench : fhould
any of this liquid fall into the eyes, it almofl occafions blind-
nefs ; if on the cloaths, the fmell will remain for feveral days,
in fpite of all waffling \ they mufl even be buried in freffl foil, in
order to be fweetened. Dogs that are not true bred, run back
as foon as they perceive the fmell \ thofe that have been ufed to
it, will kill the animal \ but are often obliged to relieve them-

Wood's ^oy. in Dampier, iv, 96 j the refl of the account is taken from Catef-
^ and Kalmt

felve

/

34^ W E E S E L.

felves by tlirufting their nofes into the ground. There is no
bearing the company of a dog that has killed one, for feveral
days.

ProfeiTor Kalm was one night in great danger of being fuffo-
cated by one that was purfued into a houfe where he flept ; and
it affe6led the cattle fo, that they bellowed through pain. Ano-
ther, which was killed by a maid-fervent in a cellar, fo afFeded
her with its flench, that fhe lay ill for feveral days : all the pro-
vifions that were in the place were fo tainted, that the owner
was obliged to throw them away,

Notwith (landing this, the flefh is reckoned good meat, and
not unlike that of a pig : but it miifl be fkinned as foon as kill-
ed, and the bladder taken carefully out. The Virginian fpecies,
or JJzunky is capable of being tamed, and will follow its mailer
like a dog : it never emits its vapour, except terrified.

It breeds in hollow trees, or holes under ground, or in clefts
of rocks : climbs trees with great agility : kills poultry, eats
eggs, and deftroys young birds.

\

Striated. Pole-cat, or Skunk. Lanvfon Carolina* Viverra putorius. V. fufca linels qua-
Pole-cat. Catejby Carolina, ii. tuor dorfallbus parallelis albis. Lin*

Muftela Americana fcetida. Klein quad, fyft. 64.

64, Le Conepate. De Buffon, xiii. 288. tab,

Muftela nigra teniis in dorfo albis. xl. Schreher^ cxxii.

Brijfon quad, 1 8 1 .

Wwith rounded ears : head, neck, belly, legs, and tail,
• black : the back and fides marked Vv/ith five parallel
white lines ; one on the top of the back \ the others on each
fide : the fecbnd extends fome way up the tail, which is long,
' and

!

W E E S E L.

34,1

and bufhy towards the end : fize of an European Pole-cat $ the
back more arched : varies in the difpofition of the flripes.

Inhabits N, America : when attacked, brifties up its hair, and
flings its body into a round form : its vapour horrid. Du Pratz
fays, that the male of the Pole-cat^ or Skunk^ is of a fhining black :
perhaps the Coafe of M. de Buffon is the male ; for his deferip-
tion does not agree with the Tzquiepatl^ which he makes fyno-
ny mous.

Chinche, Feuillee ohf, Peru, 1714, Enfant duDiable, Bete puante. S18. Skunk»

272. ^oix Nowv* France, V. 196.

Skunk, Filkatta. Kalm*s voy. Forjier^s Le Chinche. De Buffon, xiii. 294. tah^
tr. i» 273. tab* ii. JoffelynU njoy* 85. xxxix. Schreber, exxk Lev. MuSo

\'%T with fhort rounded ears : black cheeks : a white ftripe
VV ® from the nofe, between the ears, to the back 2 upper^
part of the neck, and the whole back, white j divided at the bot-
tom by a black line, commencing, at the tail, and paffing a little
way up the back : belly and legs black : tail very full of long
eoarfe hair; generally black, fometimes tipt with white : that
figured by M. de Btiffon entirely white : nails on all the feet,-^
very long, like thofe on the fore-feet of a badger. Rather lefs
than the former.

Inhabits Peru^ and N* America^ as far as Canada : of the fame
manners and flench with the others.

/

Annas'

144

w E E s E l;

\ ■

.gip. ZoRiLLJ.. Annas the Indians, Zorrinas of the Mariputa, MafutIHqui. Gumilla Ore^

Spaniards. GarcilaJJ'o de la Vega, noque, lii, 240. De Buffon, Schreber,
33 1 • cxxiii.

Wwith the back and fides marked with fhort ftripes of
• black and white ; the laft tinged with yellow : tail
long and bulky ; part white, part black : legs and belly black.
Lefs than the preceding*

Inhabits Peru, and other parts of S, America : its pellilential
v<ipour overcomes even the panther of America, and llupefies that
formidable enemy.

220, ^ATELo '^iverra Ratel. Sparman Stock. IVettJk, Stink-bingfem. KoIhen,\\,

Hondl. 1777, 148. tab. iv, Blaireau puant* Voj. de la Caille, 182.

Wwith a blunt black nofe : no external ears-; in their place,
• only a fmall rim round the orifiqe : tongue rough : legs
fhort : claws very long ; ftralt, like thofe of a badger, and gut-
tered beneath : color of the forehead, crown, and whole upper
part of the body, of a cinereous grey : cheeks, and fpace round
the ears, throat, breall, belly, and limbs, black : from each ear
to the tail extends along the fides a duflcy line, leaving beneath
another of grey.

Size. Length from nofe to tail forty inches : of the tail, twelve :

fore claws, an inch and three quarters long : hind claws one
inch.

Place.. Inhabits the Cape of Go.od Hope ; lives on honey, and is a great

enemy

'W E E S E I.

34S

enemy to bees, which in that country ufually inhabit the deferted
burrows of the Mthiopian boar, the porcupine, jackals, and
other animals: preys in the evening: afcends to the higheft parts Manners*
of the deferts to look about, and will then put one foot be-
fore its eyes, to prevent the dazzling of the fun. The reafon of
its going to an eminence, is for the fake of feeing or hearing
the honey -guide cuckoo which lives on bees, and, as it were,
condudls it to their haunts : the Hottentots profit of the fame
guide. This animal cannot climb ; but when he finds the bees
lodged in trees, through rage at the difappointment, will bite
the bark from the bottoms : by this fign alfo, the Hottentots know
that there is a nefl of bees above.

The hair is very fliff*, and the hide fo tough, probably formed
fo by nature, as a defence againft the fting of bees, that it is not
eafily killed. It makes a ftout refiftance by biting and fcratch-
ing, and the dogs cannot faften on its fkin. A pack which could
tear a middle-fized lion to pieces, can make no impreffion on the
hide of this bead; : by worrying, they will leave it for dead, yet
without inflidting on it any wounds.

This feems to be the Stinkblinfem of Kolheny and Blair eaupuant
of ha Cailky which they brand for the horrible flench which it
emits from behind, by breaking wind ; but the Able fays, it
quickly difcharges the noifome air. Mr. Sparman is filent in re-
fpedl to this circumflance. The Hottentots call it Rat el.

To fome animal of this fpecies mud: be referred, in all proba- 221, Quols*.
bility, the quoll of New Holland i which is defcribed as refembling

* A new fpecies, very fond of honey, which by its noife dire£ls men, as well
as this beaft, to the bees neh. Sparman, in Phil, Tranf. Ixvii. 43,

y y a pole-

W E E S E L.

34^

222. Blotched.

223. Civet.

a pole-cat, with a brown back, fpotted with white, and the belly
of a pure white, in which it differs fronn the others of thefe foetid
animals. Seen by Captain Cook in New Holland^ where the natives
call it ^oll

Viverra tigrina. Schreber, tab. cxv.

WT ^ round head : fhort nofe : pointed ears : white

^ ^ • whiflcers : yellowifh white nofe and cheeks ; a round
black fpot on each fide of the former : a dufky line down the
middle of the forehead : back and outfide of the limbs a reddifh
brown : fides and thighs yellowifh white, blotched with deep
brown : tail as long as the body ; of a reddifh brown color i
marked fpirally near the end with black.

Defcribed from the print in Mr. Schreher's work, the ietter-
prefs not being at this time arrived.

La civette qu’on nommolt ancienne- Meles fafciis et maculis albis nigris et
ment Hyaena. Belon. rufefcentibus variegata. Brijfon quad,

Zibettus. Caii opufc. 43. 186.

Felis Zibethus. Ge/ner quad. 837. Viverra Zibetha. V. cauda annulata.

Animal Zibethicum, male, et dorfo cinereo nigroque undatim ftria-

nandez Mex. 580, 581. to. Lin. fyji. 65.

Civet Cat. Raii fyn. quad. 178. La Civette. De Buffon, ix. 299. tab,

Coati civetta vulgo. Klein quad. 73. xxxiv. Schreber, cxi, Liv. Mus.

WT fhort rounded ears : fky-blue eyes : fharp nofe ; the
^ ^ • tip black : fides of the face, chin, breaft, legs, and
feet, black : the reft of the face, and part of the fides of the

9

* CooPs voy. 1770. iii. 626.

neck.

W E E S E L.

347

neck, white, tinged with yellow : from each ear are three black
ftripes, ending at the throat and Ihoulders : the back and fides
cinereous, tinged with yellow, marked with large dufky fpots
difpofed in rows : the hair coarfe ; that on the top of the body
longefb, {landing up like a mane : the tail fometimes wholly
black 3 fometimes fpotted near the bafe : length, from nofe to*
tail, about two feet three inches; the tail fourteen inches : the
body pretty thick.

Inhabits India % the Philippine ifles f, Guinea J,. jEthiopia )[,
and Madagafcar § : the famous drug mujk3 or civet, is produced
from an aperture^ between the privities and t1ie anus, in both
fexes, fecreted from certain glands.. The perfons who keep
them, procure the muflc by fcraping the infide of this bag twice a
week with an iron fpatula3 and get about a dram each time ; but
it is feldom fold pure, being generally mixed with fuet or oil, to *
make it more weighty :: the males yield the moil i efpecially ‘
when they are previouHy irritated^ They are fed,^ when young,,
with pap made of millet,, with a little flefh or fifh; when old, ,
with raw fieih in a wild date prey on fowl.

• Dellon^s ‘voy, SZi f Argenfolay iii. % Bofmany Z'^^. Bar hot,

If Bawwolff^s Pra^eU,\i. ifiz* § Flacouri s Madagafcar 3 154.5 .where.

called Falanouc,

y 5;

F, 2if2T«

J4S

W E E S E L.

$, Zibet. Animal Zlbethecum Ame- Le Zibet. De Buffon^ 299* tal, xxxu
ricanum. Hernandez Mex. 538. Se^re^er, cxii.

Felis Zibethus. Gejner quad, 836.

with fhort rounded ears : Hiarp long nofe : pale cinere-
V V • oils face : head, and lower part of the neck, mixed
with dirty white, brown, and black: fides of the neck marked
with ftripes of black, beginning near the ears, and ending at the
bread and flioulders : from the middle of the neck, along the
ridge of the back, extends a black line, reaching Ibme way up the
tail : on each fide are two others : the fides footted with afh-

i.

color and black : the tail barred with black and white ; the black
bars broader on the upper fide than the lower.

A variety firfl difcinguiilied from the other by M. de Buffo7t ;
but figured long before by Hernandez and Gefner : unknown in
Mexico till introduced there from the Philippine ides. Thefe
animals ieem not to be known to the antients : it is probable the
drug was brought without their knowing its origin 3 for it is cer-
tain the fine gentlemen at Rome ufed perfumes,

Pajlilks Riifillus okt,

* Fernandez Noaj, Hlfp, ii.

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La Genette. ^elon ohf 74.

Genetha, Gefner quad, 549, 55®«
Genetta vel Ginetta, Kaii fyn. quad,
201,

Coati, ginetta Hifpanis. Klein quad, 73.
Mullela cauda ex annulis alternatim
albidis et nigris variegata. BriJJ'on

quad, 186.

Vivcrra Genetta. V. cauda annulata^
corpore fulvo-nigricante maculato.
Lin.fyjl, 65.

La Genette. De Buffon^ ix. 343. tah,
xxxvi. Schreber, cxiii. Lev. Mus.

22'4. Genst^

with ears a little pointed : flender body : very long tall :
© color of the body a pale tawny, fpotted with black , and
the ridge of the back marked with a black line : the tail annii-
lated with black and tawny : feet black : fometinies the ground
color of the hair inclines to grey : about the lize of a martin 3
but the fur is fhorfer.

Inhabits 'Turky, Syriay and Spain 3 frequents the banks of
rivers ; fmells faintly of mufl^, and^ like the civet, has an orifice
beneath the tail : is kept tame in the houfes at Conjiardmopky and
is as ufeful as a cat in catching mice.

La Foflane. De Buffon^ xlii. 163. tab, xx. Schreher^ cxiv. Lev, Mus.

225, FosSANEj,

J with a flender body : rounded ears : black eyes ; body
• and legs covered with cinereous hair, mixed with
tawny : from, the hind part of the head, towards the back and
fhoulders, extend four black lines : the whole under fide of the
body of a dirty white : tail femi-annulated.

inhabits

W E E S E L,

.55^.

Pi,ag2, Inhabits MadagafcaVy and Guinea^ Cochin-china^ and the Philip-m

pine ifles : is fierce, and hard to be tamed : in Guinea is called
Berhe i by the Europeans^ Wine-bibber, being very greedy of
palm-wine ^ : deftroys poultry : is, when young, reckoned very
good to eat -f.

The fpecimen in the Leverian Mufeum differed in fo many re^
fpe6bs, that it is neceffary to give a full defcription of it,

W. with a white fpot on each fide of the nofe, and another
. beneath each eye r the reft of the nofe, cheeks, and throat, black :

cars very large, upright, rounded, thin, naked, and black : fore-
head, fides,, thighs, rump, and upper part of the legs, cinereous r
on the back are many long black hairs : on the ftioulders, fides,.
and rump are difperfed fome black fpots : tail black towards the
^ end; near the bafe mixed with tawny, and flightly annulated-

with black ; feet black : claws white,

«

Size of the Genet, to which it bears a great refemblance %
tail of the length of the body.

* Bc/man, 239.

f Flacourt*s Madaga/car, 512 ; where it is called FaJJa*

Six

OTTER.

Six ciUtlng teethj two canine, in each jaw.

Five toes on each foot 5 each toe conneded by a ftroog
web.

iiUtra. Agricola An, Suiter, 482. Gefner Lutra callanei colons. BriJJhn quad»
quad. 687. Rail fyn^ quad. 187. 201,

Wydra. Rzaczinfai Polon. 221. Le Loutre. Melon Aquat. 26. De Bujon,

Otcer. Klein quad. 91, vii. 134* xi, Schreber^ cxxvi.

Muftela Lutra. M. plantis palmatis A. B.

nudis, cauda corpora dimidio bre- Otter. Br. ZooL i. N® 19. Br, ZooL
viore, Lin. fyji. 66. Utter. Faun, illuflr, tab, c. Lev. Mus.

/uec. No. 12.

Owith fhort ears ; eyes placed near the nofe : lips thick :

« whifkers large : the color a deep brown, except two
fmall fpots each fide the nofe, and another beneath the chin :
the throat and bread cinereous : legs fhort and thick, and loofely
joined to the body 5 capable of being brought on a line with the
body, and performing the part of fins 5 each toe conneded to
the other by a broad drong web.

The ufual length, from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the
tail, is twenty-three inches j of the tail fixteen ; the weight of the
male otter, from eighteen to twenty-fix pounds i of the female,
from thirteen to twenty-two.

Inhabits all parts of Europe^ N. and N. E. of Jfia^ even as far
as Kamtfchatka y is found in none of the Aleutian or Fox IJlands^
except in the eadernmod, which are fuppofed to be near to the
new world : abounds in North America^ particularly in Canada^
where the mod valuable furs of this kind are produced: dwells in
the banks of rivers 5 burrov/s, forming the entrance of its hole
beneath the water i works upwards towards the furface of the
earth, and makes a fmall orifice, or air-hole, in the midd of

fomc

55^

XXIV, OTTER,

226. GfvEAT-ER.-

SiSgv

Tlagi^

35^

O T T E R,

feme buili: is a cleanly animal, anddepofits its excrements in only
one place : fvvims and dives with great eafe : very deflrudcive to
hill 3 if they fail, makes excurfions on land, and preys on lambs
and poultry. Sometimes breeds in finks and drains j brings four
or five young at a rime : hunts its prey againft the dream ; fre-
quents not only frefli waters, but fometimes preys in the fca ;
but not remote from faore : will give a fort of loud whiftle by
way of fignal to one another : is a fierce aniiTialj its bite hard
and dangerous : is capable of being taiPxed, to follow its mader
like a dog, and even to fifli for him, and return with its prey.

The Latax of Ariftotle f 3 polTibiy a large variety of Otter

• Leonard Baldner, iii, 139, fig. This was the peiTon whom Mr. Willughlyi
calls a fillierman on the Rhine ^ of whom, on his travels in 1663, he bought a
moll beautiful and accurate colleClion of drawings of birds, fifn, and a few
beads, frequenting that great river about Strajhourgi of which city Leonard dilcs
himfelf, fifherman and burgher. The work is dated in 1653. If I may judge
from the elegance of his drefs, in the portrait prefixed to the firft volume, it
Ihould appear that he was a perfon of confiderable wealth. A German MS.
defeription is placed oppofite to each drawing. This valuable work is now in.
the pofieffion of Edward King, and had been bought by a relation of
his out of the collection of Dr. Mead.

f Hiji’ -dn, lib, viii. c. 5. vide Br, Zool, i. S6. 4to.

J Mr. Banks y on his return from Ne^jjfoundldndy was fo obliging as to commu-
nicate to me the following account of fome animals feen by a gentleman who
went on that voyage which I take the liberty of inferting here, as they bear
fome relation to the Otter in their way of life. He obferved, fitting on a rock,
near the mouth of a river, five animals, lhaped like Italian grehounds, bigger
than a fox, of a fliining black color, with long legs, and long taper tail. They
often leaped into the water and brought up trouts, which they gave to their
young which were fitting with them. On his appearing, they all took to the
water, and fwam a little way from fl^.ore, kept their heads out of the water, and
looked at him. An old Furrier faid, that he remembered the Ikin of one fold
for five guineas ; and that the French often fee them in Hare Bay,

5 0 Sly a

O T T E R-

Siya ^ Carigulbelu. Marcgranje Brafil, Lutra Brafilienfis. Raii jjn, quad* 227. Br asilian.

234. Des MarchaiSf iii. 306. BriJJ'on quad* 202,

with a round head like that of a cat : teeth feline : eyes
fmall, round, and black : large whiflcers : ears round :
feet in form of thofe of a monkey, with five toes ; the inner the
fhortefl : claws fharp : tail reaching no lower than the feet i fiat
and naked

Hair foft, and not long ; entirely black, excepting the head,
which is dufky \ afid the throat, which is yellow.

Bulk of a middling dog. If the fame with the otters of Gui~ Size.
ana^ mentioned by M. de Buffon, it weighs from forty to a hun-
dred pounds -f*.

Inhabits Braftly Guianuy and the borders of the Oronoko, pro- Place.
vided the Guachi of Gumilla be the fame Marcgrave fays that it is
an amphibious animal ; lives on fifh, and cruftaceous animals, fuch
as cray-fiHi \ and is very dextrous in robbing the nets and weels of
what it finds in them : makes a noife like a young puppy. The

* Barr ere Fr* j^quln.
f Suppl. iii. 158, 159.

J HiJ}* de VOrenoquet iik 239. Gumilla calls them alfo Loups ou Chiens d^eau^
and fays they are as large as a fetting-dog. There is a great difagreement in
the form of the feet, with others of the Otter kind. The writers who have had
opportunity of examining it, are filent about the webs, the charadler of the
genus. Till that point is fettled, I mull remain doubtful whether it be the
rico'vienne of Andrenv The'vet, as M, de Buffon conjeftures. The fize of the lat-
ter is another objedion, which will apologize for my making a feparate article
of that animal till this point is fettled.

Z Z fiefh

354

22,8. Lesser..

Place.

N

OTTER.'

flefli Is reckoned delicate eating, and does not tafle fifhy, notwith-
(landing its food.

If this Is the Guachiy as probably it is, it burrows on the banks
of rivers, and lives in fociety : are extremely cleanly, and carry to
a diftance the bones and reliques of the fifh they have been eat-
ing. They go in troops ; are very fierce, and make a fiirong de-
fence againft the dogs ^ but if taken young are foon tamed.

Noerza. Agricola An^ Subter* 485. Ge/^ hirfutis ore albo. Lin.fyji, 66. Fennis,

ner quaa, 768. Tichurt; Suecis, Mcenk. Faun, fuec*

Latax; Germ. Nurtz. nobis Nurek. N° 13.

Rzaczinjki Polon, 218. Norka. Ritchkoff orenb, Fopogr.i, 295.

Multela Lutreola. M. plantis palmatis, Schreber, cxxvi.

with roundifh ears : white chin : top of the head hoary ;

• in fome tawny : body tawny and du(ky ; the fhort hairs
being yellowiHi ; the long hairs black : the feet broad, webbed,
and covered with hair: tail dulky, and ends in a point : of the
form of an otter, but thrice as fmall.

Inhabits Poland^ and the north of Europe , and is found on the
banks of all the rivers in the country north of the Talk. None
are found beyond the lake Baikal^ or in the north-ead parts of
Sihiria. Lives on fifh, frogs, and water-infe6ts : its fur very va-
luable next in beauty to that of the fable. Caught in Bafbkiria
with dogs and traps ; is mofl excefTively foetid.

The Min^c of North America the fame animal with this. The
late worthy Mr, Peter Collinfoni^ favored me with the following

account

* By letter dated June 14, 1764, Lanv/on alfo gives fome account of it,
p. 122, Hift. Carolina : He fays it is a great enemy to the Tortoifes ; whofe eggs,
2 ■ it.

LESSEB- OTTEIL.]Sf°228.

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account he received fronn Mr. John Bartram, of Penfylvania :
^ The Miny:^ (fays he) ^ frequents the water like the Otter, and
^ very much refembles it in lhape and color, but is lefs ; will
* abide longer under water than the mufl<c qualh, mufk rat, or
^ little beaver : yet it will leave its watery haunts to come and
^ rob our hen-roofts ^ bites off* their heads and fucks their blood :
^ when vexed, it has a flrong loathfome fmell ; fo may be called
‘ the Water Pole Cat : its length, from nofe to tail, twenty inches s
‘ the tail four : is of a fine fhining dark brown color.’

From the conformity between the names this animal goes by,
in America and Sweden (Minx M^nk) it feems as if fome
Swedijh colonifl, who had feen it in his own country, firft be*
Rowed the name it now goes by, a little changed from the origi-
nal ; the fkins are often brought over to England,

Oof the fize of a cat, with a fur fine as velvet, grey and
« black : web footed.

Lives more in the water than -on land : the fiefh very delicate,
and good to eat.

This appears to me to be the very fame with La petite Loutre

ft

it ferapes out of the fand and devours : eats frefli-water mufcles, whofe Ihells
are found in great abundance at the mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers,
in whofe banks they live : may be made domeftic : is a great deftroyer of rats and
mice. La Hontant i. 232, feems to mean the fame animal, by his FoutereaiiXi
an amphibious fort of little Pole-cats,

35S

229, Sarico-

VIENNE.

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account he received from Mr. John Bariram, of Penfylvania :
^ The Minx^ (fays he) ^ frequents the water like the Otter, and
^ very much refembles it in fhape and color, but is lefs ; will
* abide longer under water than the muflc quafh, mufk rat, or
^ little beaver : yet it will leave its watery haunts to come and
^ rob our hen-roofts y bites off their heads and fucks their blood :
^ when vexed, it has a ftrong loathfome fmell ; fo may be called
^ the Water Pole Cat : its length, from nofe to tail, twenty inches ;
‘ the tail four : is of a fine fhining dark brown color.’

From the conformity between the names this animal goes by,
in America and Sweden (Minx and Mcenk) it feems as if feme
Swedijh colonifl, who had feen it in his own country, firft be^
Rowed the name it now goes by, a little changed from the origi-
nal ; the fkins are often brought over to England*

Oof the fize of a cat, with a fur fine as velvet, grey and 229. Sarico
• black : web footed.

Lives more in the water than*on land : the flefli very delicate,
and good to eat.

This appears to me to be the very fame with La 'petite Loutre

ft

it ferapes out of the fand and devours : eats frefti-water mufcles, whofe Ihells
are found in great abundance at the mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers,
in whofe banks they live : may be made domeftic : is a great deftroyer of rats and
mice. La Hontany i. 232, feems to mean the fame animal, by his Foutereauxy
an amphibious fort of little Pole-cats,

Z Z 2

d'eati

O T T E R.

35^

Size.

230. Sea.

d'eaii dome de Cayenne^ defcribed and figured by M. de Buffon
probably from a young animal.

The body, fays he^ is feven inches (French) in length: the tail’
fix inches and feven lines j flender, taper, tuberculated, convex
above, flat beneath : ears rounded, and longer than ufual with ot-
ters : head, cheeks, and back, dulky and the fides marked regu-
larly with the fame colors, ifluing from the back, extending al-
mofb to the belly ; the fpaces between of a yellowifh grey '. above
each eye is a white fpot : the throat, and whole under fide of the
body, of the fame color : the toes before are divided ; thofe be-
hind webbed.

M, de la Borde^ as quoted by M. de Buffon^ mentions another
fpecies of Otter frequent in the rivers of Guiana^ weighing from
twenty to twenty-five pounds,, and of a yellowifh color.

Muftela Lutris. M. plantis palmads pi- trop\ ii. 367. tab, xvi.

Jofis, cauda corpore quadruple bre- Sea Otter. Hiji, Kamt/chatka, 122*.
viore. Lin./yji,66, Schrebery cxxynu Muller* s^oy, 57, 58.

Lutra marina, Kalan. No^, Com, Pe-

with a black noth : upper jaw longer and broader than the
lower: long white whifkers : irides hazel: ears finally
ereft, conic: in the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth; in the
lower four : the grinders broad, adapted for breaking and com-
minuting cruftaceous animals, and fhell-fifh : fkin thick : hair-
thick and long, exceflively black and gloflfy : beneath that a fofc
down : color fometimes varies to filvery : legs thick and fliort :

* Supph iii. 159. tab, xxii.

toes-

f

OTTER.

357

toes covered with hair, and joined by a web : the hind feet ex^
adtly like thofe of a feal, and have a membrane Ikirting the out-
fide of the exterior toe, like that of a goofe. Length from nofe
to tail about three feet: the tail thirteen inches and a half ; flat,
fulleft of hair in the middle ; fharp-pointed. The biggefl of
thefe animals weigh feventy or eighty pounds.

Inhabits, in vafl abundance, Bering's ifland, the Aleutian and
the Fox ijlands between Afta 2iX\di America,

Are moft harmlefs animals: mofl affefbionate to their young;,
will pine to death at the lofs of them, and die on the very fpot where
they have been taken from them : before the young can fwim^
they carry them in their paws, lying in the water on their backs :
run very fwiftly ; fwim often on their back, their fides, and even
in a perpendicular poflure : are very fportive ; embrace each
other, and even kifs : inhabit the fhallows, or fuch which abound
with fea-weeds : feed on lobfters, fifh, Sepi^, and fhell-fifh : breed
once a year; bring but one young at a time; fuckle it a year,
bring it on fhore : are dull fighted, but quick fcentcd : hunted
for their fkins, which are of great value ; fold to the Chinefe for
feventy or a hundred ruhels apiece : each flcin weighs three
pounds and a half. The young are reckoned very delicate meaL,
fcarcely to be diftinguifhed from a fucking lamb.

D I V.

SlZET.

Place,

Manners,

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f

DIGITATED QJJ ADRUPEDS.

Without canine teeth ; and with two cutting teeth
each jaw.

Generally herbivorous^ or frugivorous.

C A V Y.

D I V. IL S'E c T. ilL Digitated Quadrupeds.

XXV. CAVY. Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Generally four toes on the fore feer^, three behind.

Short ears : no tail, or a very fhort one.

Pace creeping ; and How : numerous breeders : Ihort-lived.

231. Capibara, C tihy -htiYSL. Marcgra've Bmjfl, 2^0. Pi/o Capivard. Froger^s ^oy. gg»

Brajllf gg. Raii fyn. quad. 126. Sus hydrochaeris. S. plantis tridaflylis

River Hog. Wafer in D ampler , in, ^oo. cauda nulla. Lin.fyfl. 103.

Cochon d’Eau. Des MarchaiSy\n. Hydrochserus, Le Cabiai. Brijfon quad,

Sus maximus paluhris. Cabiai, cabio- 80. De Bujfon^ xii. 384. tal/.xVix,
nora. Barrere France Aiquin. 160. Irabubos. Gu?nilla Orenaque, iii. 238.

jO with a very large and thick head and nofe : fmall rounded
ears : large black eyes : upper jaw longer than the lower :
two flrong and great cutting teeth in each jaw : eight grinders in
each jaw; and each of thofe grinders form on their furface feem-
ingly three teeth, each flat at their ends ^ ; legs fliort : toes long,
connedled near their bottoms by a fmall web ; their ends guarded
by a fmall hoof : no tail : hair on the body fhort, rough, and

* yi, de Buffon denies this : his defcription was taken from a young fubjed ;
but Marcgrave and Des Marchais, who had opportunities of examining thefe
animals in their native country, agree in this lingular conflrudion of the
teeth*

S

brown i

C A V Y.

brown ^ on the nofe, long and hard whifkers : grov/s to the fizc
of a hog of two years old.

Inhabits the country from the Ifthmus of Darien to the Brafilsy
and even to Paraguay ; lives in the fenny parts, not remote from
the banks of great rivers, fuch as the Oronoquej Amazons^ and
Rio de la Plata : runs (lowly : fwims and dives remarkably well,
and keeps for a long time under water : feeds on fruits and vege-
tables : is very dextrous in catching (ifh, which it brings on lliore,
and eats at its eafe : it fits up, and holds its prey with its fore
feet, feeding like an ape : feeds in the night, and commits great
ravages in gardens*: keeps in large herds, and makes an horrible
noife like the braying of an afs : grows very fat : the flefh is eaten,
is tender, but has an oily and fifhy tafte : is eafily made tame ^3
and foon grows very familiar.

Cuniculus vel Porcellus Indicus. Ge/ner
quad, 367.

Cavia Cobaya. Marcgra<ve Brajtl, 22\,
Pi/o Brajtly 102.

Mus feu cuniculus Americanus et Gut-
neenjisy Porcelli pilis et voce, Cavia
Cobay a. Kaii fyn. quad, 223.

Cavia Cobay a Brajily quibufdam mus
Pharaonis, Tatu pilofus. Klein

quad, 49.

Mus porcellus. M. cauda nulla, palmis
tetradaftylis, plantis tridadtylis. Lin,
fyji, 79. Amasn, Acad, iv. 190. tab, ii.

Cuniculus ecaudatus, auritus albus,
aut rufus, aut ex utroque variegatus.
Brijfon quad, 102.

Le Cochon d’Inde. DeBuffoUi viii. 1.
tab, i. Lev, Mus.

232

with the upper lip half divided : ears very large, broad, and
rounded at the fides : hair eredl, not unlike that of a young
pig : color white, or white varied with orange and black, in irre-
gular blotches : no tail : four toes on the fore feet s three on the
hind.

* Muratori hiji, Paraguay y 258.

j A Inhabits

361

Place.

. Restless.

C A V Y.

362

Place.

2 ^ ^ ^ 0 C K «

Size.

Place.

Inhabits Brafil : no mention made by writers of its manners in
a wild ftate : domefticated in Europe ; a reftlefs, grunting, little
animal ; perpetually running from corner to corner : feeds on
bread, grains, and vegetables : breeds when two months old :
brings from four to twelve at a time ; and breeds every two
months : would be innumerable, but numbers of the young are
eaten by cats, others killed by the males : are very tender, mul-
titudes of young and old perifhing with cold : are called in Eng^
land, Guinea Pigs, being fuppofed to come from that country,.
Rats are faid to avoid their haunts.

Aperea. BraJiUenJihus , nobis veMratte, Cuniculus ecaudatus auritus, ex cine-
vel Bofchratte. Marcgra<ve Brajil, reo rufus. Brijfon quad^ 103.

223. Pifo Brajilt 103. Raii fyn» quad* L’ Aperea. De Buffon, xv. 160, Lev*
206. Mus.

Cavia Aperea. Klein quad* 50.

with divided upper lip : fhort ears : four toes on the fore
feet \ three on the hind :'no tail : color of the upper part
of the body black, mottled with tawny throat and belly white :
length one foot.

Inhabits Braftl : lives in the holes of rocks : is driven out, and
taken by little dogs : is fuperior in goodnefs to our rabbets : its
paces like thofe of a hare*

NarhorsugFs

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Patagonian C ay^ N ? 234

-A V y.

Narhorotigh' s ^ucy, 33. Lev. Mirs» 134

'with long ears, much dilated near the bottom : upper lip
divided: on each fide of the nofe tufts of foft hairs, and
long wh i fleers : tip of the nofe black : face, ‘back, and fore part
of the legs, cinereous and rufl-colored : bread and fides tawny :
belly cf a dirty white: on each thigh a white patch: rump ■
black : legs very long : claws long, drait, and black j four on
the fore feet; three on the hind: tail a mere naked dump.

This animal is found of the'weight of fix-and-twenty pounds
Is found in plenty about Port Deftrey in Patagoyiia : lives la
holes of the earth, like the rabbet : the fledi of a fnowy whitenefs^
and excellent flavor f .

Sir John Narboroughy and other voyagers, call it a hare*

Y%LZ^*^^Marx:gYa^e PifoBra- bus pentada£lylis, lateribus flavef- 235

filyioio De Laeti centi-lineatis. Lin.fyji. %\.

Mus Brafilienfis magnus, porcelli pilis Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, pilis ob-
et voce, Paea didus. Rail fyn» quad, feure fulvis, rigidis, lineis ex albo

226. flavefeentibus ad latera diftin6ti«o

Cavia Paca. Klein, quad. 50. Bnijfcn.quad. 99.

C-unkulus major, paluftris, fafeiis albis Le Paca. Be Buffon, x. 269. tab, xliii,
notatus. Paca Marcgra^e, Barrere Supplem. iii, 203. tab. xliii. Lev,

France jiB quin. 152. Mus.

Mus Paca. M. cauda abbreviata, pedi-

with the tipper jaw longer than the lower: nodrils large :
whifleers long : ears fliort and naked : , neck thick : hairs
fhort and hard : color of the upper part of the body datk

f The fame, 19.

Ni A N i

SpOTTEDc

* Byrotis^oy, 18,

3 A 2

brown j

I

C A V Y.

brown ; the lower part^ or fides, marked lengthways with lines of
grey fpots : the belly white ; in fome, perhaps young ones, the
Tides and fpots are of a pale yellow : five toes on each foot : only
the meer rudiment of a tail: length about ten inches: is made
like a pig, and in Tome parts is called the Hog-Rahhet

Inhabits Brafil^ and Guiana: lives in fenny places: burrows
under ground : grows very fat : is efteemed in Braftl a great de-
licacy : grunts like a pig : eats its meat on the ground, not fitfing
up, as Tome others of this genus do : are difeovered by little
dogs, who point out the places they lie in : the maffer digs over
them, and when he comes near transfixes them with a knife j
otherwife they are apt to efcape : will bite dreadfully. ^ There is
a variety quite white, found on- the banks of the river St.
Francis f .

236* Long-nose, Acuti. Maregrave Brajtl,

224. Pifo Brajil, 102.

Acuti ou Agoutis. De Laet, 484. Ro~
ch^fort Anlilleii i. 287,

Mus i'ylveilris Americanus cuniculi
magnitudine, pilis et voce Porcelli,
Aguti. Rail Jyn. quad. 226.

Cavia Aguti. M. cauda abbreviata,
palmis tetradadylis, plantis, tridac-
tylis, abdomine flavefeente. Lin. fyji,
80.

Cuniculus caudatus, auribus, pills ex
rufo et fufeo mixtis, rigidis veilitus.
BriJJon quad. 98.

L^Agouti, De Buffon^ vlii. 375. tah. 1.
Small Indian Coney. Broavn' s Jamaica ,
484* •

Long-nofed Rabbet. Wafer s njoy. in
Dampier, iii. 401.

Cuniculus omnium vulgatiffimus, A-
guti vulgo. Barrere France AEquin.

153

Q with a long nofe : divided ipper lip : fhort rounded ears :
* black eyes : hair hard an 1 Ihining ^ on the body mixed

* Wafers n.!oy, in Dampier j iii. 401. \ De Laet, 484.

I The animal deferibed by Seha under the name of Cuniculus Americanus ,
i. 67. tah. xli. feems the fame with this, notwithftanding he fays, that the hind
feet are tetradadylous.

5

with

C A V Y.

3^S

with red, brown, and black ; on the rump, of a bright orange-
color : belly yellow : legs almoft naked, flender, and black : four
toes on the fore feet ; three on the hind : tail jfhort, and naked :
fize of a rabbet.

Inhabits Brafil^Guiana^ &c. Grunts like a pig: is very vora-
cious : fits on its hind legs, and holds its food with the fore feet
when it eats : hides what it cannot confume : hops like a hare :
goes very fafb : when purfued, takes fhelter in hollow trees : is
capable of being tamed : when angry, fets up the hair on its
back, and ftrikes the ground with its feet : is eaten by the inha-
bitants of South America,

*r

Cuniculus minor caudatus, olivaceus, L’Akouchy. Di Buffon, xv. 258, SuppL- z'^y, Olivi.

Akouchy. Barrere France jEquin, iii. 211. xxxvi.

153, Des Marchaisy iii. 303.

A Species of Aguti^ lefs than the former, and of an olive-color
which is the whole account left us by M. Barrere, Des.

Marchais fays, it is more delicate food than the other.

Inhabits Guiana^ and the iflands of St. Lucia and Grenada .-in-
habits the woods : dives on fruits : is excellent meat : its flefli Iss
white : eafily made tame : makes a cry (but very rarely) like
the rejlkfs cavy : abhors water.

Java

c A V y.

J‘^va hare, Catefoy Carolina^ App, tah, mixto. AriJJon quad, 98.

‘Xviii. Mus leporinus. Lin. fyji. 80.

Cavia Javenfis. Klein quad. 50. Cuniculus Americanus. Seb. Muf. I,

Cuniculus caudatus auritus, ruferco ad-> 67. tab. xlii. fig. 2.

Cwith a (lender fmall head : prominent’ naked ears, rounded
at the tops : hairs very (lifFlike bridles, efpecially on the
back: color of the upper part of the body reddifh : bread and
belly white : legs long : hind parts large : four toes on the fore
feet ; three on’ the hind : tail fhort : fize of a hare.

Inhabits Surinam and the hotter parts of South America^ where
it is a common food : the flefh is white, but dry. It is not
found in Java or Sumatra^ as Catejhy alTerts. Governor Loten
adures me, that he made the mod diligent enquiry after it in
mod parts of Java^ but'could never find the led traces of any
fuch animal.

239. Cafe.

^avia capenfis. Pallas Mifcel, ILooU'
tab. ii. Spicil, 16. tab. ii.
"Africaanfch baflerd-mormeldier. Vof-

maer Motiogr. De Bujy'on'i Supple fti. lii.
177. tab. xxix.

^ with a thick head, and full cheeks : ears oval, half hid in
the fur : head of the color of a hare : along the top of the
back dufley, mixed with grey : fides and belly of a whitifh grey :
four toes on the fore feet, three behind : dail fcarce vifible : fize
of a rabbet, but the fhape of the body thick and clumfy.

Inhabits in great abundance the rocky mountains near the Cape
^3 of

C A V Y,

of Good HopCy where it is called Kaapfche Dafs, Klip Dafs Or. '

Cape Badger : burrows under ground : has a flow creeping pace 5 ,
fharp voicej often repeated ; is efteemed very good meat.

I.e Rats mufquesj Pilorls. Rochefort tllUst ii. 302, Be Bufon, x$ z*-
Antilles^ i, 288, Bu Tertre hiJi^An-

of a black or tan-t:olor on the upper part of its body : white
^ * on the belly : tail very fhort f : almoft: as big as a rabbet.

Inhabits Martinico and the reft of the Antilles : burrows like a
rabbet : fmells fojftrong of mufk, that its retreat may be traced
by the perfume : an obfeure fpecies, never examined by a na- -
rural ifc

* Kdibetty Dutch edition y as quoted Pallas* La Cailk

rp€cies under the name of Marmot,

•J- Nouu. *voj;, aux ijles ds PAmeriqu£,\*

Tw© .

HARE,

xxvr.

HARE,

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Short tail : or none.

Five toes before ; four behind.

'241. Common. Lepus. Pliniiy lih» viii. 55. Gefner fon quad, 94.

quad. 605. Rati fyn, quad, 204. Le Lievre. De Buff on y vi. 246. tai;,

Hafe, Klein quad, 51. xxxviii. Br, Zcol. i. 87.

iepus timidus. L. cauda abbreviata Arnaeb. Forjkal, iv. Lev. Mus. in
auriculis apice nigris ? Lin.fyji, 77. which are’feveral curious varieties of
Hafe, Faun. fuec. No. 25. colored hares.

Lepus caudatus ex cinereo rufus. Brif-

T T with ears tipt with black : eyes very large and prominent :

• chin white : long white whifl^ers : hair on the face, back,

and Tides, white at the bottom, black in the middle, and tipt with

tawny red : throat and breaft red : belly white : tail black above>

white beneath : feet covered with hair even at the bottom : a

»

large hare weighs eight pounds and a half. I am informed, that
in the JJle of Man Tome have been known to weigh twelve : its
length, from the nofe to the tail, two feeti

Inhabits all parts of Europe^ moft parts of Afta^ Jaffan^ Ceylon
AEgypt and Barbary J .* a watchful^ timid animal : always
lean : fwifter in running up hill than on even ground : when
flatted, immediately endeavours to run up hill : efcapes the
hounds by various artful doubles : lies the whole day on its feat i
Feeds by night : returns to its form by the fame road that it had

Kampfer Japan y i, 126. KnQ;c Ceylon, 20. f Pro/p, Alp, i. 252*

TrawU, 24 9^

taken

HARE.

taken in leaving it: does not pair^. the rutting-ioafon is in Fe-
bruary or Marchy when the male purfues the female by the fa-
gacity of its nofe : breeds often in the year ; brings three or four
at a time : are very fubjedt to fleas : the Dalecarlians make a
cloth of the fur, which preferves the wearer from their attacks :
the fur is of great ufe in the hat manufadlure : feeds on vege-
tables : fond of the bark of young trees : a great lover of birch,
parfly and pinks : was a forbidden food among the Britons : the
Romansy on the contrary, held it in great efteem.

Inter quadrupedes gloria prma lepuSy

was the opinion of Martial and HoracOy who was likewife a Bon
vivanty fays, that every man of tafte mull prefer the wing
Fcecundi leporis fapiens fediahitur armos.

There have been feveral inftances of what may be called mon- Horned Harems.-
fliers in this fpecies, horned haresy excrefcences growing out of
their heads, likeil to the horns of the roe-buck. Such are thofe
figured in Gefner^s hiflory of quadrupeds, p. 634 ; in the Mufeum
Regium Hafni^, No. 48. tab. iv ; and in Klein\ hiflory of qua-
drupeds, 32. tab. iii ; and again defcribed in JVormius's Mufeuniy
p. 321, and in Grew* s Mufeum of the Royal Society. Thefe in-
fiances have occurred in Saxonyy and I think in Denmark, to
which may be added another near AJtracan

A farther account of two flraw-colored animals like dogs,
which run like hares, and were of the fame fize, feen by the late
navigators in New Holland j*, will, I fear, be a long defideratum
among naturalifts.

^ Pallas, f Cook's njoy, iii. 565.

3 B Lcpus

i

%

I

)

370 HARE,,

242. Varying. Lepus hieme albus. Forjlerhijl, ?mt, xlvii, k fyn. quad.

VoLGJE. Ph. Tranf, Ivii. 343, Lepus variabilis. Pallas^ no<v. fp*

Alpine hare. Br. ZooL illujir* 40. tab. Lev. Mus.

TJ with foft halr^ in fummer grey, with a flight mixture of
black and tawny: with fhorter ears^ and more flender
legs^ than the common hare : tail entirely white, even in fumr
mer : the feet moll clofely and warmly furred. In winter, the
whole animal changes to a fnowy whitenefs, except the tips andi
edges of the ears, which remain black, as are the foies of the/
feet, on which, in Sihiria^ the fur is doubly thick, and yellow. .
Lefs than the common fpecies.

I^lace. Inhabits the highefl Scottijh Alps^ Norway, Lapland, Rujfia,,.

Sihiria % Kamtfchatka, and the banks of the Wolga, and Hudfon's
Bay, In Scotland, keeps on the tops of the highefl hills ; never
defcends into the vales ; never mixes with the common hare,
which is common in its neighborhood : does not run fafl : apt
to take fhelter in clefts of rocks : is eafily tamed : full of frolic :
fond of honey and carraway comfits : eats its own dung before -
a florm : changes its color in September : refumes its grey coat
in April : in the extreme cold of Greenland only, is always *j*
white. Both kinds of hares are common in Sihiria, on the
banks of the Wolga, and in the Orenburg government. The one
never changes color : the other, native of the fame place, con-

* Pontop, Nomvay, ii. 9. Scheffer Lapland, 137. Strahknherg Ruffa,
370. Ritchkoff Orenberg Lopog, i. 287.
f Egede, Green L Cz* Grants GreenU i» 70.

ftantly

1 R.Y1NG H-A.B.TE ]^242 . H. SOODED RABBE’"^ J*

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H A R E.

ftantly aflumes the whitenefs of the fnow during winter. This
it does, not only in the open air, and in a ftate of liberty ; but,
as experiment has proved, even when kept tame, and preferved
in houfes in the ftove-warmed apartments ; in which it experi-
ences the fame changes of colors as if it had dwelt on the fnowy
plains

They colle6l together, and are feen in troops of five or fix Migrations.
hundred, migrating in ipring, and returning in autumn f. They
are compelled to this by the want of fubfiftence, quitting in the
winter the lofty hills, the fouthern boundaries of Sihiria, and
feek the plains and northern wooded parts, where vegetables
abound; and towards fpring feek again the mountainous quar-
ters J. Mr. Muller ^ fays, he once faw two black hares, in Sihi- Black hares.
ria^ of a wonderful fine glofs, and of as full a black as jet. Near
-Cafan was taken another, in the middle of the winter 1768. Thefe
fpecimens were much larger than the common kind.

In the fouthern and weflern provinces of RuJJia is a mixed a. Spurious,
breed of hares, between this and the common fpecies. It fuf-
tains, during winter only, a partial lofs of color : the Tides, and
more expofed parts of the ears and legs, in that feafon, become
w^hite ; the other parts retain their colors. This variety is un-
known beyond the UralUan chain. It is called by the Ruffians,

Ruffak ; they take them in great numbers in fnares, and export
their fkins to England and other places, for the manufahlure of
hats ||. The Ruffians and "Tartars, like t\\c Britons of old, hold

* Pallas nov. fp. fafc, i. p. 7. f BeWs Travels, i. 238.
nov. fp, fafc, i. p. 15. |I The fame, p. 6.

3 B 2

J Pallas

the

HARE.

372

the flefh of hares In deteflation, efleeming it impure : that of
the variable, in its white ftate, is exceffively infipid.

243. American* Hare, hedge Coney. Lanvfon, 12a. Catejhy, App. xxvlii.

T T with the ears tipt with grey : upper part of the tail black ;

lower white : neck and body mixed -with cinereous, ruft-
color, and black : legs of a pale ferruginous : belly white ; fore
legs fhorter, hind legs longer, in proportion, than thofe of the
common hare.

Length eighteen inches : weighs from three to four pounds
and a half.

Inhabits all parts of North America, In New Jerfey, and the
colonies fouth of that province, it retains its color the whole
year. In New England Canada^ and about Hudfon-s Bayy at
approach of winter, it changes its fhort fummer’s fur for one very
long, filky, and filvery, even to the roots of the hairs ; the edges
of the ears only preferving their color : at that time it is in the
higheil feafon for the table j* ; and is of vaft ufe to thofe who
winter in Hudfo7i^s Bay, where they are taken in vail abundance,
in fpringes made of brafs wire, to which the animals are led by a
hedge made for that purpofe, with holes left before the fnares
for the rabbets to pafs through.

They breed once or twice a year, and have from five to feven
at a time : they do not migrate, like the preceding, but always
haunt the fame places : they do not burrow, but lodge under

* yo/sljn*5 Rarities, 22. f Ckr^ Californ, i. 156.

2

fallen

HARE.

fallen timber, and in hollow trees : they breed in the grafs ; but
in fpring fhelter their young in the trees, to which they alfo run
when purfued ; from which, in the fouthern colonies, the hun-
ters ^ force them by means of a hooked flick, or by making a
fire, and driving them out by the finoke. I have had an oppor-
tunity of examining this fpecies in its brown drefs from Penfyl-
vanidy and its winter’s drefs from Hudfotis Bay.

Cuniculus. Plinii, lih. viii. r. 55. Gef- aurlculis nudis. Ltn.fyjl* 77. 244. Rabbit*

ner quad, 362. Agricola An. Subt. 'K.z.mn, Faun, fuec. No. 26. Br. Zool. i,

482. 90.

Rabbet, or Coney. Rail fyn. quad, 205. Lepus caudatus, obfcure cinereus. Brip
Lepufculus, cuniculus terram fodiens, fon quad. 95.

Kaninchen. Klein quad, 32. Le Lapin, De Buffon, vi. 303. tab, 1.

Lepus cuniculus, L. cauda abbreviata, H. Lev. Mus,

T T with ears almoft naked : color of the fur, in a wild ftate,

• brown ; tail black above, white beneath : in a tame ftate,
varies to black, pied, and quite white : the eyes of the laft of a
fine red.

Inhabits, in a wild ftate, the temperate and hot parts of Eu-
rofCy and the hottefl parts of Afia and Africa : not originally
Britijh', but fucceeds here admirably : will not live in Sweden, or
the northern countries, except in houfes. Strabo f tells us, that
they were firft imported into Italy from Spain, Not natives of
America \ but encreafe greatly in S, America,

Mofl prolific animals : breed feven times in a year : produce
eight young at a time : fuppofing that to happen regularly, one

* Kalm, ii. 45, f Lih, iii.

pair

374

H A R E.

pair may bring in four years 1,174,840. In warrens, keep in their
holes in the middle of the day ; come out morning and night :
the males apt to deftroy the young : the fl^ins a great article of
commerce ; numbers exported to China : the fur of great ufe in
the hat-manufadure.

(3. Angora Rabbet. With hair long, waved, and of a filky
finenefs, like that of the goat of Angora^ p. 55, and the Cat^
p. 275.

y. Hooded Rabbet. With a double Ikin over the back, into
which it can withdraw its head : another under the throat, in
which it can place its fore feet : has fmall holes in the loofe
fkin on the back, to admit light to the eyes : color of the body
cinereous : head and ears brown.

Defcribed from a drawing, and manufeript account, by Mr. G.
Edwardsy preferved in the Mufeum ; infcribed A Rajfian Rah-
bet 'y' but I find that it is unknown in that empire.

245. Baikal. Cuniculus infigniter caudatus, colons Lepus cauda in fupina parte nigra in

Leporini. Com. Petrop, v. 357. prona alba. Briffon quad. 97.

>tab* xi. Le Tolai. De Buffony xv. 138.

T T with a tail longer than that of a rabbet : ears longer in the
® male, in proportion, than thofe of the varying hare ; fur
of the color of the common hare : red about the neck and feet :

tail

3

H A R E.

tairblack above, white beneath : fize between that of the common-
and the varying hare.

Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, and extends through
the great Gohee, even to "Thibet, The ^ anguts call it Rangwo,
and confecrate it among the fpots.of the moon : agrees with
the common rabbet in color of the fledi ; but does not burrow, ,
running inftantly (without taking a ring as the common hare
does) for flielter, when purfued, into holes of rocks ; fo agrees in
nature with neither that nor the rabbet. Called by the Mongols^^
Tolai, The fur is bad,. and of no ufe in commerce, .

Lepus Capenfis. L. cauda longitudinis capitis, pedibus rubris. Lin. fyft, 78. 246, .Cape...

T T with long ears dilated in the middle : the outfides nafi.ed,
and of a rofe-color : infide and edges covered with ihort
grey hairs : crown and back dufky, mixed with tawny : cheeks
and fides cinereous : breaft, belly, and legs, rufl-colored : tail
bulhy, carried upwards ; of a pale ferruginous color.

Size of a rabbet.

Inhabits the country three days north of the Cape of Good Hope.

Is called there the Mountain Hare, for it lives only in the rocky
mountains ; does not burrow. It is difficult to ffioot it, as it in-*

Handy, on the fight of any one, runs into the fiffures of the
rocks.

The fame fpecies probably extends as high as Senegal. M. Adan'-
fon obferves, that the hares of that country are not fo large.

* Pallas nov.fp. i, 20*

c>

HARE.

as thofe of France ; their color between that of the European kind
and a rabbet ; and their flefh white.

Allied to this feems the Vifcachos, or Vifcachas, mentioned by
Acojia * and Feuillee f, in their accounts of Peru : they compare
them to hares or rabbets. The laft fays, they inhabit the colder
parts of the country. Their hair is very foft, and of a moufe-
color : the tail pretty long, and turns up ; the ears and whifkers
like thofe of the common rabbet. In the time of the Incas, the
hair was fpun, and wove into cloth, .which was fo fine as to be
ufed only by the nobility j:.

* * Without a tail.

347. Brasilian. Tapeti. Marcgra^ve Brajtl, 223. Pifo 78.

Brajil, 1 02. Lepus ecaudatus, BriJ'on quad, 97.

Cuniculus Brajilienjis Tapeti didus. Le Tapeti. De Buffotty xv, i6z.

Rati fyn, quad, 205. ColIarM Rabbet. Wafer's <voy, in Dam^

Braflienfs, L. cauda nulla. Lin, pier, iii. 401.

Hwith very large ears, like the common kind : a white ring
• round the neck : face of a reddifk color ; chin white :
black eyes : color of the body like the common hare, only darker :
belly whitifh : no tall : fome want the white ring round ^the
neck.

Inhabit Braftl : live in woods : do not burrow ; are very pro-
lific : very good meat : found alfo in Mexico ||, where they are
called CitU,

* In Purchas's Pilgrims, iii. 966. f Ohf. Peru, 1725. 32. J Garei-

lajfo de la ‘vega, 331. |j Fernandez An, Nov. Hifp, z.

Lepus

HARE.

377

Lepus Alpinus. 'P alias ^ nov. fp. fafc. i. 52; tab, ii. Itin, ii. 70 1, tab. A,

Zimmerman.

T T with fhort, broad, rounded ears : head long : very long
• whilkers : two very long hairs above each eye : color of
the fur at the bottom dulky, towards the ends of a bright ferru-
ginous; the tips white; intermixed are feveral long dufky hairs;
but on firft infpedlion the whole feems of a bright bay.

Length of that I faw was nine inches.

Thefe animals are firfl feen on the Altaic chain, and extend to
lake Baikal ; and from thence to Kamtfchatka ; and, as is faid, in
the new-difcovered Fox or Aleutian iflands* They inhabit al-
ways the middle region of the fnowy mountains, in the rudeft
places, wooded and abounding with herbs and moiflure.

They fometimes form burrows between the rocks, and oftener
lodge in the crevices ; and are found in pairs, or more, according
to conveniency : in cloudy weather they colledl together,, and
lie on the rocks, and give a keen whiftle, fo like that of a fpar-
row, as to deceive the hearer. On the report of a gun, they run
into their holes ; but foon come out again, fuppofing it to be a
clap of thunder, to which they are fo much ufed in their lofty ha-
bitations.

By wonderful inftin6l they make a provifion againft the ri-
gorous feafon in their inclement feats. A company of them, to-
wards autumn, colle6l together vaft heaps of choice herbs and
graffes, nicely dried, which they place either beneath the over-
hanging rocks, or between the chafms, or round the trunk of fome
tree. The way to thefe heaps is marked by a worn path. In..

3 C many

248. Alpine.

Place.

Voice.

37^

HARE.

many places the herbs appeared fcattered, as if to be dried in the
fun and harvefted properly. The heaps are formed like round or
conoid ricks ; and are of various fizes, according to the number
of the fociety employed in forming them. ' They are fornetimes
of a man’s height, and many feet in diameter, but ufually about
three feet.

Thus they wifely provide their winter’s ftock, otherwife they
muft perifh, being prevented by the depth of fnow to quit their
retreats in quell of food. *.

They feledt the bed of vegetables, and crop them when in the
fulled vigor, which they make into the bed and greened hay by
the judicious manner in which they dry it. Thefe ricks are the
origin of fertility amidd the rocks ^ for the reliques, mixed with
the dung of the animals, rots in the barren chafms, and creates a
foil productive of vegetables.

Thefe ricks are alfo of great fervice to that branch of man-
kind who devote themfelves to the laborious employ of fable-
hunting : for being obliged to go far from home, their horfes
would often perifh for want, if they had not the provifion
of thefe indudrious little animals to fupport them; which is ea-
fily to be difcovered by their height and form, even when covered
with fnow. It is for this reafon that this little bead has a name
among every Sibirian and Tartarian nation, which otherwife would
have been overlooked and defpifed. The people of Jakutz are
faid to feed both their horfes and cattle with the reliques of the
winter dock of thefe hares.

Thefe animals are negledled as a food by mankind, but are the
prey of fables and the Sibirian weefel, which are joint inhabitants
of the mountains. They are likewife greatly infeded by a fort of
a gadfly.

\

7

HARE.

i

gadfly^ which lodges its egg in their fkin in Auguji and Sepemher^
which often proves deflirudive to them*

Lepus Ogetona. Pallas Nov* fp. fafc. i. 59. tab. iii. 249. Ogotona*

with oblong oval ears, a little pointed : fhorter whiflcers
^ than the former : hairs long and fmooth : color of thofe
on the body brown at the roots, light grey in the middle, white
at the ends, intermixed with a very few dulky hairs : a yellowifh
fpot on the nofe : fpace about the rump of the fame color : out-
fide of the limbs yellowifh : belly white.

Length about fix inches : weight of a male, from fix ounces
and a half to feven and a quarter ; of the female, from four to
four and three quarters.

Inhabits only the country beyond lake Baikaly and from thence
common in all parts of the Mongolian defert, and the vafl defert
of GobeOy which extends on the back of China and "Thibety even to
India. It lives in the open valiies, and on gravelly or rocky
naked mountains. Thefe little creatures are called by the Mon-
golsy Ogotona : are found in vaft abundance : live under heaps of
ftones, or burrow in the fandy foil, leaving two or three en-
trances. Their holes run obliquely : in thefe they make a nefi: of
foft grafs. The old females make for fecurity many of thefe bur-
rows near each other, that they may, if difturbed, retreat from
V one to the other.

They wander out chiefly in the night. Their voice is exceffively
fhrill, a note like that of a fparrow, twice or thrice repeated j but
very eafily to be diftinguifhed from that of the Alpine hare.

3 C 2 They

/

H A R E-

They live in the vallies^ principally on the tender bark of a
fort of Service, and the dwarf elm 5 in the fpring on different
herbs. Before the approach of fevere cold, in the early fpring,
they colled great quantities of herbs, and fill their holes with
them, which the inhabitants of the country conhder as a fure fign
of change of weather.

Direded by the fame inftind with the former, they form in
autumn their ricks of hay of a hemifpherical fhape, about a foot
high and wide : in the fpring thefe elegant heaps difappear, and
nothing but the reliques are feen.

They copulate in the fpring, and about the latter end of Jum
their, young are obferved to be full grown.

They are the prey of hawks, magpies, and owls : but the Cat
Manul makes the greatefl: havock among them : and the ermine
and fitchet is equally their enemy.

.250. Calling* Lepus pufillus. Nov. Tp. i. 31. idh, i, Nov. Com, xiii, 535^

tab* xiv. Zimttierman*

T T with a head longer than ufual with hares, and thickly covered
^ * with fur, even to the tip of the nofe : numerous hairs in the

whiflcers : ears large and rounded : legs very fhort : foies furred
beneath : its whole coat very foft, long, and fmooth, with a thick
long fine down beneath, of a brownifh lead-color : the hairs of
the fame color ; towards the ends of a light grey, and tipt with
black : the lower part of the body hoary : the fides and ends of
theTur yellowifh.

Length

H A R E,

Length about fix inches : weight from three ounces and a
quarter to four and a half ; in winter fcarcely two and a half.

Inhabits the fouth-e aft parts of Rujfta, and about all the ridge
of hills fpreading fouthward from the Urallian chain ; alfo about
the Irtijh^ and in the weft part of the Altaic chain j but no
where in the eaft beyond the Ohy. They delight in the moft
funny vallies, and herby hills^ efpecially near the edges of woods,
to which they run on any alarm.

They live fo concealed a life as very rarely to be feen : but are
often taken in winter, in the fnares laid for the ermines \ fo are
well known to thet hunters. About the Volga they are called Sem-
lanoi Saetjhik^ or Ground Hare : the Tartars^ from their voice,
ftyle them ^fchotfchot or Ittfitfnany or the Barking Moufe , the
Kalmucs call them Rujla.

They chufe for their burrows a dry fpot, amidft bufhes covered
with a firm fod, preferring the weftern fides of the hills ; in
thefe they burrow, leaving a very fmall hole for the entrance j
'and forming long galleries, in which they make their nefts : but
thofe of the old ones, and females, are numerous and intricate:
their place would be fcarcely known but for their excrements,
and even thofe they drop, by a wife inftind,' under fome bufh, leaf!:
their dwelling fhould be difeovered by their enemies among the
animal creation.

It is their voice alone that betrays their abode ; it is like the pip-
ing of a quail, but deeper, and fo loud as to be heard at the diftance
of half a Ger?nan mile. It is repeated by juft intervals thrice,
four times, and often fix. This is wonderful, as this little ani-
mal does not appear to be particularly organized for the purpofe.
The voice is emitted at night and morning : felclom in the day^

5 except

pLAei.

Voice.

HARE.

except in rainy and cloudy weather. It is common to both fexes i
but the female is filent for fome time after parturition, which is
about the beginning of Mayy N. S. They bring forth fix at a
time, blind and naked ; which ftie fuckles often, and covers care-
fully with the materials of her neft.

Thefe mod: harmlefs and inoffenfive animals never go from

I

their holes : feed and make their little excurfions by night i
drink often : fleep little : are eafily made tame : will fcarcely bite
when handled. The males in confinement are obferved to attack
one another, and exprefs their anger by a grunting noife.

Two

BEAVER.

383

Two cutting teeth in each jaw. XXVII. BEAVER.

Five toes on each foot.

Tail comprefled, and covered with fcales*

Kcarra^. Ariji, hift. An* lib, viii. c, 5. Caflor caftanei coloris^ cauda horizon- 2^1, CAStoR*
Oppian, Halieutf i. 398. talker plana. BriJJon quad, 90.

Fiber. PUnii, lib, viii. c, 30. Agri- Caftor Fiber. C. cauda ovata plana.

cola An. Subt, Belon Aquat , Lin. fyji. qZ.

Caftor. Gefner quad. 3€>9« Rondel, Bafvver, Biur. Faun./uec. N® 27.

Schone^-veldt Ictb, 54. Le Caftor, ou Le Bievre, De Buffon^

Beaver. Raii fyn. quad, 209. viii. 282. tab. xxxvi.

Bobr. Rzaczinjki Polon, 215. Beaver. Br, Zool, i. 70. tab, ii. Lev.

Biber, Klein quad, gi, Krafner Aujlr, Mus.

315-

”0 with ftrong cutting teeth : fhort ears, hid in the fur : blunt
^ • nofe : hair of a deep chefnut brown : tail broad, almofl
oval, comprefled horizontally, covered with fcales : the fore feet
fmall the hind large : length, from nofe to tail, about three feet :
tail eleven inches long, three broad*

Inhabits Europe, from Lapland to Languedoc* * in great plenty PEAcst^
in the North : a few are yet found in the Rhone f, the Garden, the
Danube, the Rhine, and the Vifiula, I have an inftance of two
old and fix young being taken in 1742, at Gornichem, in Holland-,
another in 1757 in the TJfel, in Gelderland-, and another in 1770
in the Maas, near the village Hedel, not far from Bois le due : this
laft weighed forty pounds, and had two bags of caftoreum, weigh-

* De Fuffon, viii. 286* f Ibid,

ing

BEAVER.

"3 ^4"

Manners.

ing four ounces, and of excellent quality. It had inhabited the
river for fome years, and done much damage to the willow-
trees, with whofe bark its ftomach was found full. They are
much more frequent in the Lippey above Wefely from which river
they might defeend into thofe oi Holland^,

Abound in the Aftatlc part of the Ruffian empire : are found
in companies, or affociated, about the Konduy and other rivers
which flow into the Ohy, They are met with difperfed, or in the
Hate of ^erriersy in the wooded' parts of independent and

in the chains of mountains which border upon Sihiria, None
are to be feen in Kamtfchatka^ by reafon of the interruption of the
w^oods beyond the river Kowyma ; nor yet in the new-difeovered
iflands wefl: of that country : only in the ifle of Kadjaky the neareft
to Americdy fome Ikins have been procured by the Ruffians y which
probably were got by the natives from Americuy in whofe northern
parts they are found in prodigious abundance.

The mofl: induftrious of animals : nothing equals the art with
which they confl:ru6l their dwellings. They chufe a level piece
of ground, with a fmall rivulet running through it. This they,
form into a pond, by making a dam acrofs i fird, by driving into
the ground flakes five or fix feet long, .placed in rows, wattling
each row with, pliant twigs, and filling the intcrflices with clay,,
ramming it down clofe. The fide nearefl to the water is floped ;
the other perpendicular. The bottom is from ten to twelve feet
thick i but the thicknefs gradually diminifhes to the top, which
is about two or three. The length of thefe dams is fometimes
not lefs than a hundred feet. .

f Martinets Katecht/mi Natur* ii. 143^

Their

BEAVER. 3S5

Their houfes are made in the water coilefted by means of the
dam, and are placed near the edge of the Ihore. They are built
on piles ; are either round or oval ; but the tops are vaulted j fo
that their infide refembles an oven, the top a dome. The walls
are two feet thick ; made of earth, ftones, and flicks, mofl arti-
ficially laid together; and the walls within as neatly plaiflered
as if with a trowel. In each houfe are two openings ; one into the
water, the other towards the land. The height of thefe houfes
above the water is eight feet. They often make two or three
flories in each dwelling, for the convenience of change, in cafe
of floods. Each Koufe contains from tv/o to thirty beavers ; and
the number of houfes in each pond is from ten to twenty-five*

Each beaver forms its bed of mofs ; and each family forms its
magazine of winter provifion, which confifcs of bark and boughs
of trees. This they lodge under water, and fetch it into their
apartments as their wants require. Lawfon fays they are fondefl
of the fajfafras, afli, and fweet-gum. Their fummer food is
leaves, fruits, and fometimes crabs and cravz-fifli ; but they are not
fond of flfli.

To effecl thefe works, a community of two or three hundred
aflembles ; each bears his fliare in the labor ; fome fall, by gnaw-
ing with their teeth, trees of great fize, to form beaims or piles.;
thefe are gnawed all round in as regular a manner as a cutter cuts
in falling a tree, bringing the bottom of the wood to a point * :
others roll the pieces along to the water ; others dive, and with
their feet fcrape holes, in order to place them in ; while others

* This will be bell underitood by inTpefling the fpecimens in the Leverian
Museum.

3 13 exert

BEAVER.

exert their efforts to rear them in their proper places : another
party is employed in collecting twigs, to wattle the piles with ;
a third, in colleCling earth, ffones, and clay j a fourth is bufied in
beating and tempering the mortar; others, in carrying it on their
broad tails to proper places, and with the fame inftrument ram it
between the piles, or plaifter the infide of their houfes. A cer-
tain number of fmart ftrokes with their tail, is a fignal given by
the overfeer, for repairing to fuch or fuch places, either for mend-
ing any defeCts, or at the approach of an enemy; and the whole
fociety attend to it with the utmoff affiduity. Their time of
building is early in the fummer; for in winter they never ftir but
to their magazines of provifions, and during that feafon are very
fat. They breed once a year, and bring forth, the latter end of
the winter, two or three young at a birth.

Befides thefe affociated beavers, is another fort, which are
called Terriers', which either want induftry or fagaclty to form
houfes like the others. They burrow in the banks of rivers,
making their holes beneath the freezing depth of the water, and
work up for a great number of feet. Thefe alfo form their win-
ter ffock of provifion.

Beavers vary in their colors : the finefl: are black ; but the ge-
neral color is a chefnut brown, more or lefs dark : fome have
been found, but very rarely, white ; others fpotted : both varie-
ties are preferved in the I.everian Museum. The ffins are a
prodigious article of trade ; being the foundation of the hat-ma-
nufaClory. In 1763 were fold, in a fingle fale of the HudfoTs
Bay Company, 54,670 ffins. They are diftinguiilied by different
names. Coat Beaver is what has been worn as coverlets by the
Indians* Parchment Beaver, becaufe the lower fide refembles it.

Stage

BEAVER.

3S7

Stage Beaver is the worft^ and is that which the Indians kill out
of feafon, on their ftages or journies. The valuable drug Cafto-
ream * is taken fronn the inguinal glands of thefe animals. The
antients had a notion it was lodged in the tefticles, and that the
animal, when hard prelTed, would bite them off, and leave them
to its purfuers, as if confcious of what they wanted to deftroy
him for.

Imitafus Caftora, qui fe
Eunuchum ipfe facit, cupiens e^adere damno
Tejiiculorum, Juvenal, xii. 34,

*r

Jufl as the Beaver, that wife thinking brute.

Who, when hard hunted on a clofe purfuit.

Bites off the parts, the caufe of all the ftrife.

And leaves them as a ranfom for his life, Pryden.

* The RuJJtan Cajloreum is fo much better than the American, that we give
two guineas a pound for that, and only 8r, 6^/. for the laft; the firll being lels
waxy, and pulverifes readier. Notwithftanding we take this drug from RuJJia,
we export there vail numbers of Beaver Ikins. The flefh is reckoned good eat-
ing, being preferved, after the bones are taken out, by drying it in the fmoke.

M6'. hiji* Hudfon*s Bay*

3

Muilafcus,

BEAVER".

Mu.SK,

MuiTafcus, Smith's Virginin^ 27..
Mufquafh. 'Jo£llyn's ‘voy. Neiu Ef^g-
lancE 86.

Mullc Rat. La'nx'fvsi Carolina^ 1 20.
Callor Zibethicus. C. cauda longa com-
pj-effo-Iaiiceolata^ pedibus fifiis. Lin,

Jyfi- 79-

Cailor cauda verticaliter plana, digitis
omnibus a fe invicem feparatis. Brif*
fon quad. 93.

L’Ondatra. De Buffon, x. i. iah, i.

Rat Mufque. Charlensoix Nouns, France,
V. 157. Le/carbot N, Fr. 350. Lev*
M u 3 ,

Y} yAth a thick blunt nofe : ears Hiort;, and almofl hid in the
* fur,: eyes large : toes on each foot fcparated 5 thofe behind
fringed on each fide with ftrong hairs^ clofely fet together : tail
comprefled Tideways, and very thin at the edges, covered withe
fmall fcales, intermixed with a few hairs ; color of the head and.
body a reddifh brown : bread; and belly aih-color,;. tinged with
red : the fur very fine : length, from nofe to tail, one foot; of
the tail, nine inches: in the form of its body, exa6lly refembleS:
a beaver.

Inhabits North America : breeds three or four times in a year
and brings from three to fix young at a time : during fummer,
the male and female confort together : at approach of winter>
unite in families, and retire into fmalb round edifices, covered
with a dome, formed of herbs and reeds cemented with clay at
the bottom are feveral pipes, through which they pafs in fearch
of food ; for they do not form magazines like the beavers : dur-
ing winter, their habitations are covered many feet deep with
fnow and ice; but they creep out and feed on the roots that lie
beneath : they quit their old habitations annually, and build new

* MS, hiji, Hudfon's Bay,

ones.

B E A V E R.

389

OR-es; The fur is fofc, and much efteemed : the whole animal,
during fummer, has a mod; exquifife mufky fmell ; which it lofes
in winter : perhaps the fcent is derived from the Calamus Aro-
maticusy a favorite food of this animal, Lefcarh^t fays they are
very good to eat.

Two i

39°

xxvir.

PORCUPINE.

253. Crested.

PORCUPINE.

1

V

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Body covered with long, hard, and fharp quils.
Upper lip divided.

Arijiot. hiji. An. lib, i» c. 6. Op~
plan Cyneg. iii, 391.

Hyftrix. Plinii^ lib. viii. c. 35. Ge/ner
quad. 563. Rail fyn. quad. 206.

Acanthion cri flatus. Klein quad. 66.

Hyllnx orientalis criftata. ^eb, Muf. i,
•jg. tab. I,

Hyftrix criflata. H. palmis tetrada^ly-
lis, plantis pentadadylis, capita crif-
tato, cauda abbreviata. Lin.fyji. 76.
HaJJelquiJi . itin. 290.

Hyftrix capite criftato. BriJJ'on quad. 85.

Le Porc-epic. De Buffon^ xii, 402. tab.,
li. lii. Faunul. Sinens.

T> with a long creft on the top of the head, reclining backwards,
^ • formed of ftiff briftles : the body covered with long quils ;
thofe on the hind part of the body nine inches in length, very fliarp
at the ends, varied with black and v/hite ; between the quils a few
hairs : the head, belly, and legs, are covered with ftrong briftles,
terminated with foft hair, of a duftcy color : the whifl^ers long :
ears like the human : four toes before, five behind : tail fhort,
and covered with quils : length, from nofe to tail, two feet; tail,
four inches.

Inhabits India, the fand-hills on the S. W. of the Cafpian fea,
fouthern "Tartary, Perfia, and Palejime, and all parts of Africa : is
found wild in Italy but is not originally a native of ^ Europe :
is brought into the markets of Pome, where it is eat f. The
Italian porcupines have fhorter quills, and a lefler creft, than thofe

* Agricola An. Subt. 486,

f Ray's Travels, I . Ph, Tr.alridg, v. 147.

of

PORCUPINE.

of Afta and Africa : is an harmlefs animal : lives on fruits, roots,
and vegetables : fleeps by day, feeds by night : the report of its
darting its qiiils fabulous : when angry, retires and runs its nofe
into a corner, erefls its fpines, and oppofes them to its aflailant :
makes a fnorting noife.

Thefe animals produce a Bezoar j but, according to Seha^ only
thofe which inhabit Java^ Sumatra^ and Malacca, He has given
the figure of one, under the name of Porcus aculeatus^ feu Hyftrix
Malacccnfis : it differs little from the African and Indian kind, and
is allowed by him to be the fame fpecies Thefe Bezoars wefe
very highly valued,^ and have been fold for five hundred crowns
apiece. It has alfo been pretended that a ffone was procured
from the head of this animal, infinitely more efficacious than
other Bezoars f ; but this may be placed among the many irnpo-
fitiohs of oriental empirics.

Forcus aculeatus fylveflris, ftuHyftrlx Hyflrix cauda longiffima, aculeis undi- 254 Long-
oj'ientalis lingularis. Seb, Muf. i. 84. que oblita, in excremo panniculata. tailed.

tab. Hi. BriJJon quad. 89.

Acanthion cauda praelonga, acutis pilis Hyftrix macroura. H. pedibus penta-
horrida, in exitu quafi panniculata. dadtylis, cauda longiffima : aculeis
Klein quad, 67. clavatis. Lin, fyji. 77.

'[5 with long whiffiers : ffiort naked ears : large bright eyes :
^ ® body ffiort and thick, covered with long fliff hairs as ffiarp
as needles, of different colors, according as the rays of light fall

* Seb. Muf. i. 8i. tab. li. If the fame fpecies, it varies from the common
kind, having five toes on each foot, pendulous ears, and no creft. Linnceus ranks
it with the hedgehogs, under the title ErinaceusMalaccenfis . E, auribus pendulis.

4 Tavernier i ii. 154.

10

on

P G R C U P

T

i

N E,

'on them: feet divided into five toes; that which ferves as
thumb turns backwards : the tail is as long as the body, very
flender to the end, which confifls of a thick tuft : the bridles ap-
.pearing as if jointed ; are thick in the middle, and rife one out
of the other like grains of rice ; are tranfparent, and of a filvery
appearance.

Inhabits the ifles of the Indian Archipelago^ and lives in the
forefls.

>255. B RASILIAN. Tlaquatzin. Hernandez, Mex. 336.

-Cuandu. Brajilienjibusy Lujitanis,
Ourico cachiero. Marcgra^e Brajlly
233. P/'/o Brajily 99. 325.

' Iron Pig. idieuhoffy 17.

Hyftrix Americanus. Rail fyn, quad,
208.

Hyftrix prehenftlis, H. pedibus tetra-
dadylis, cauda elongata prehenfili

feminuda. Lin,fyfi. 76.

H. cauda longiflima, tenui, medietatc
extrema aculeorum experte, 87.

Americanus major, 88.

Hyftrix longius caudatus, brevioribus
aculeis. B arr ere France quin. 133.

Hyftrix minor leucophasus, Gouandou.
ibid.

Chat epineux, Des Marchais, iii. 303,

13 with a fhort blunt nofe : long white whiflcers : beneath the
^ • nofe a bed of fmall fpines : top of the head, back, fides, and
bafe of the tail, covered with fpines ; the longed, on the lower
part of the back and tail, are three inches in length, very diarp,
white, barred near their points with black ; adhere clofely to the
flcin, which is quite naked between them ; are diorter and weaker
as they approach the belly : on the bread, belly, and lower part
of the legs, are converted into dark-brown bridles : feet divided
into four toes : claws very long ; on the place of the thumb a
great protuberance : tail eighteen inches long, flender, and taper
.towards the end ; the lad ten inches is almod naked, having

3 only

!a1LI ,

lBRASXI.IATSr PORCTJPINIL

II QUEBEC "MAIIMOT 'N?259

I

t V

*

1

tt

t •

I

/

\

\

r ' s'

/

%

J

(

I

>

1»t . , ■

f

4

I /

t

*

i

r

K -

/

/ - •

V

B -

PORCUPINE.

39J

only a few hairs on it has^ for that length, a ftrong prehenfile
quality.

Inhabits Mexico and Brajil : lives in the woods : preys not only
on fruits, but poultry : fleeps in the day, preys by night : makes
a noife with its noftrils as if out of breath : grunts like a fow
grows very fat : its fleih white, and very good : climbs trees,
but very flowly 3 in defcending, twills its tail round the branches,
for fear of falling : is no more capable of iliooting its quils than
the firfl : may be tamed. Pifo fays there is a greater and leiTer
kind.

This fpecies is very rarely brought into Europe, I had op-
portunity of defcribing it from a fpecimen fome time in pof-
feiTion of Mr. Greenwood 3 who was fo obliging as to permit me
to have a drawing made of it, from which a very faithful figure
is here given. M. de Buffon f has made m.ention of this animal
in his work 3 but unjuftly reproaches Marcgrave with confound-
it with the Mexican fpecies.

Hoitz^acuatzin, feu Tlacuatzin fpino- parentibus, cauda brevi et crafib. 256. Mexican^
lus, Hyttrix novcB Hifpanias. Her- BriJJon quad, 86.
nande'z. Mex. 322. Le coendou. De Buffon, xii. 421, tab,

Hyilnx novae Hifpaniae. H, aculeis ap- liv.

of a duflty color, with very long briflles intermixed with the
* down : the fpines three inches long, flender, and varied
with white and yellow 3 fcarcely apparent, except on the tail.

* Focem edit ut Sus, iii. Marcgrave, 233.
f Under the name of Le Coendou, xii. 421. tab, liv.

.1 E

which

594

Size*

FXjrACE.

2^7. Canada*

PORCUPINE.

which is, according to Hernandez^ thicker and fhorter than that of
the preceding fpecies. He adds, that the tail, from the middle
to the end, is free from fpines.

According to Hernandez^, it grows to the bulk of a middle-
fized dog. M. de Buffo?i fays, its length is fixteen or feventeen
inches from the nofe to the tail j the tail nine, French meafure, but
taken from a mutilated fkin.

Inhabits the mountains of Mexico : lives on the fummer fruits^
and may be eafily made tame. The Indians pulverife the quils,
and fay they are very efficacious in gravelly cafes ; and, applied
whole to the forehead, will relieve the moft violent head-ach^
They adhere till filled with blood, and then drop off.

Porcupine from Hucifon's Bay. Ednv. ocri, dorfo folo fplnofo. Z/;/. A/?. 76.
52. Ellises njoy. 42. Clerk's <voy. i. Hyftrix aculeis fub pilis ocultis, caud^i
I77> 191* brevi et crafla. Brijfon quad. Zy.

Cavia Hudfonis. Klein quad, 51. L’Urfon. De Buffonj xii. 426. tab. Iv.,

Hyftrix dorfata. H. palrais tetradafly- Lev, Mus,.
lis,plantis pentadaflylis, caudamedU

T5 with ffiort ears, hid in the fur: head, body, legs, and up-
^ ® per part of the tail, covered with foft, long, dark brown
hair : on the upper part of the head, back, body, and tail, num-
bers of ffiarp ftrong quils ^ the longeft on the back, the left to-
wards the head and fides ; the longeft three inches ; but all are
hid in the hair : intermixed, are fome ftiff ftraggling hairs, three
inches longer than the reft, tipt with dirty white : under fide of
the tail white : four toes on the fore feet, five behind, each
armed with long claws, hollowed on their under fide. : the form
of the body is exadlly that of a beaver 5 but is not half the fize
10 one.

V

PORCUPINE,

one, which Mr. Banks brought from Newfoundland^ was about
the fize of a hare, but more compadlly made : the tail about fix
inches long.

Thcfe animals vary in color. Sir AJhton Lever has one, which
is entirely white.

Inhabits TV. America^ as high as Hudfon‘s Bay : makes its nefl:
under the roots of great trees, and will alfo climb among the
boughs, which the Indians cut down when one is in them, and
kill the animal by flriking it over the nofe : are very plentiful
near Hudfon's Bay^ and many of the trading Indians depend on
them for food, cfteeming them both wholefome and pleafant :
feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, efpecially juniper : eat
fnow in winter, drink water in fummer ; but avoid going into
it : when they cannot avoid their purfuer, will lidle towards
him, in order to touch him with the quils, which feem but weak
weapons of offence ; for, on ftroking the hair, they will come
out of the fkin, flicking to the hand. The Indians flick them
in their nofes and ears, to make holes for the placing their
ear-rings and other finery : they alfo trim the edges of their
deer-fkin habits with fringes made of the quils, or cover with
them their bark-boxes,

395

Place4

jE a

Two

V

39*5

f

M A R M O T.

XXXL

MARMOT.

258. Alpine.

Place.

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Four toes before, five behind.

Short ears, or none.

Tail covered with hair, and of a middling length ; in fome
very fliort.

Mus Alpinus, Pliniif lih. viii. c, 37.
jlgricola An. Suiter. 484. Gefner quad.
743. Rail fyn, quad. 221.

Glis marmota. Klein quad. 56. Hift.
Mur. Alp. 270.

Murmelthier. Kramer Auftr. 317.

Mus marmota. M. cauda abbreviata

fubpilofa, auriculis rotundatis, buc-
cis gibbis. yyy? Si.

Glis pilis e fufco et fiavicante mixtis
vellitus. Glis flavicans, capite rufef-
cente. Brijfon quad. 116, 117.

La Marmotte, De Buffon, viii. 219.
tab. xxviii.

V

with fhort round ears, hid in the fur : cheeks large : color
* of the head and upper part of the body brov/nifii afiv
mixt v/ith tawny ; legs and lower part of the body reddifli : tail
pretty full of hair : length, from nofe to tail, about fixteen inches ^
tail fix : body thick.

Inhabits the lofciefl; fummits of the Alps and Py rente an moun-
tains : feeds on infedls, roots, and vegetables : while they are*
at food, place a centinel, who gives a whiftie on feeing any fign
of danger, on which they inftantly retire into their holes : form
holes under ground, with three chambers of the Ihape of a
with two entrances ; line them well with mofs and hay ; retire
into them about Michaelmas^ and, fcopping up the entrances
v/ith earth, continue in a torpid fiate till April: when taken out
remain infenfible, except brought before a fire, which revives.-
2 them

/

MARMOT.

them : they lodge in fociety, from five to a dozen in a chamber :
will walk on their hind feet : lift tip their meat to their mouth
with their fore feet^ and eat it fitting up : bring three or four
young at a time ; are very playful : when angry, or before a
Horm, make a moft ftrange noife 5 a whiftle fo loud and fo acute,
as quite to pierce the ear : grow very fat about the backs : are
fometimes eaten ; but generally taken in order to be fliewn, efpe-
cially by the Savoyards : grow very foon tame, and will then eat
anjy filing: are very fond of milk, which they lap, making at
the fame time a murmuring noife, expreffive of their fatisfaClion :
very apt to gnaw any deaths or linen they find : will bite very
hard.

/T with a blunt nofe : fhort rounded cars : cheeks puffed,
• and of a grey color : face duflcy : nofe blade : hair on
the back grey at bottom, black in the middle, and the tips
whitifh ; belly and legs of an orange-color : toes black, naked,
and quite divided ; four, and the rudiments of another, on the
fore feet j five behind : tail fhort, and of a duflcy color : was ra-
ther larger than a rabbet.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay and Canada, Mr. Brooks had one alive
a few years ago ; it was very tame, and made a hifiing noife :
perhaps is the fpecies which the French of Canada call Siffleur.

It has lately been deferibed by Dr. Pallas^, under the name of
Mus empetra

* Nov* /p» quadr, fafe* i. 75.

397

259. Quebec.

Place.

Baliama^

6o. Mary'-lantj.

P-L ACE.

261. HoAny.

Bahama Cony. Catejhy Carolina, ii. 79. Glisfufciis. Glisfufcus, roflfo C cinerea
Monax. Catefiy Carolina App. xxviii. cseruIefcenCe. Brijfon quad. 115,
Monax, or Marmotte of Mus Monax. M. cauda mediocri pi-

104. lofa, corpore cinereo, aaricuUs fub-

Glis Marmota, American us. rotundis, palmis tetradaflylis, plan-

56, Suppl, iii. 175. tis pentadaftylis. Lin, /yjl* 8i,

TWf with fnort rounded ears : black prominent eyes : nofe
fiiarperthan that of the laft : nofe and cheeks of a blueifli
afh-color : back of a deep brown color : fides and belly paler :
tail half the length of the body, covered with pretty long dufley
hair: toes divided^ and armed wlthdiarp claws: four toes before,
five behind : feet and legs black : is about the fize of a rabbet.

Inhabits Virginia and Penfylvania : during winter fieeps under
the hollow roots of trees : is found alfo in the Bahama ifles :
lives on wild fruits and other vegetables : its flefh is very good,
tailing like that of a pig : when furprized, retreats to holes in the
rocks : whether it fieeps, during winter, in the climate of thofe
ifies, is not mentioned.

with the tip of the nofe black : ears fiiort and oVal
•. cheeks whitifii : crown dufiey and tawny : hair univerfally
rude and long ; that on the back, fides, and belly cinereous at the
root, black in the middle, whitilh at the tip, fo that the ani-
mal has a hoary appearance : legs black : claws dufiey \ four be-
fore, five behind : tail black, mixed with ruft-color.

About the fize of the former.

Inhabits

MARMOT.

399

Inhabits the northern parts of North America. Defcrlbed frora
a fpecimen in the Leverian Museum.

Bobak Swiftch. Rzaczinjki Polon, 233. Sogur. Ruhruquis* s travels in Purchas, 26
Bobak. Beauplan hijl» Ukrain^ Chur* iii. 6.

chilVs coll, i, 600, ForJlePs hijl. Arftomys* Pallas no<v* fp. fafc* i. 9».

Volges, Phil. Tranf. Ivii. 343. De tab.

Buffon, xiii, 136. tab. xviii»

with final! oval thick ears^ covered with greyilh white
® down ; with longifh hairs on the edges : eyes final! :
whiikers fin all : color about the eyes and nofe duficy brown 3
among the whlfl^ers ferruginous : upper part of the body greyifh,
intermixed with long black or duiky hairs, tipt with grey:
throat rufi-colored : reft of the body, and the infide of the limbs,
of a yellowifh ruft-color : four toes on the fore feet, with a fhort
thumb furnifiied with a ftrong claw : five toes behind : tail ftiort,
ftender, full of hair.

Length from nofe to tail fixteen inches ; of the trunk of the
tail, about four : the hairs extend an inch beyond the end of the
trunk.

Inhabits the high but milder and funny fides of mountanous
countries, which abound with fifiil or free-ftone rocks : feek dry
lltuations, and fuch which are full of fprings, woods, or fand.
They are found in Poland.^ and the fouth of Rujfia, among tlie
Carpathian hills j they fwarm in the Ukraine.:^ about the BoriftheneSy
cfpecially between the Stila. and Supoy ; and again betw^een the
Boriftbenes and the Doft, and along the range of hills which ex-
tend to the Volga ; they are found about the Talk and other

neighboring*

Bobuk*

Size.

\

Flacf,

400

Manners,

A

MARMOT.

neiffhborine; rivers. Inhabit the fouthern defert in Great 'far-

o o

tary^ and the Altaic mountains eafi: of the Irtis ; ceafe to appear
in Sihiria^ on account of its northern fituation ; but are found
again beyond lake Baikal^ and about the river Argun and lake
Dalay \ in the funny mountains about theL^;^^} and very com-
mon in Kamtfchatka^ but rarely reach as high as lat, 55,

They burrow extremely deep, and obliquely, to the depth of two
three, or four yards : they form numbers of galleries with one
common entrance from the furface ; each gallery ends in the neft
of the inhabitant. Sometimes the burrows confiil of only one
paffage. They are found in great abundance about the fepul-
chrai tumuli, as they find they can penetrate with great facility
in the foft dry earth ^ but they are very common in the rocky
flrata; and in the mineral part of the Urallian chain, often dire6t
the miners to the veins of copper, by the fragments which ap-
pear at the mouth of their holes, flung out in the courfe of their
labors. In very hard and rocky places, from twenty to forty of
thefe animals join together to facilitate the work, and live in fo-
ciety, each with its nefl: at the end of its refpedlive gallery ; but
the fewefl: galleries are found in the foftefl: ground, and very fre-
quently only a Angle one. In each nefl: they collect:, efpecially
tovv^ards autumn, tlie fineft of hay, and in fuch plenty, that fufli-
cient is found in one nefl: for a night’s food for a horfe.

During the middle and funny part of the day they fport about
the entrance of their holes, but feldom go far from them ; on
the fight of man they retire with a flow pace, and fit upright
near the mouth, and give a frequent whiftle, liftening at tlie ap-
proach, In places where they live in large families, they al-
ways

MARMOT.

401

ways place a centinei to give notice of any danger, during the
time the reft are feeding.

They are very fond of oleraceous plants : in a ftate of confine-
ment eat cabbage and bread very greedily, and drink milk with
great eagernefs ; but refufe water, and feem never affedled with
third: they are mild and good-natured 4 never quarrel or fight
about their food in a wild ftate, and when confined, and placed
with others, caught in diftant parts, and ftrangers to them, grow
inftantly familiar with them : they very foon become tame, even
when taken in full age ^ but the young immediately become fa-
miliar.

_

The number produced at a birth is not certainly known, pro-
bably at times eight ; the females being furnifhed with that
number of teats : they breed early, for in June the young are
obferved to be of half the fize of the old.

They lie torpid during winter, except thofe which are kept
tame in the ftove- warmed rooms of the country \ and even then,
finding a defedl of that warmth which the fnug neft of their fub~
terraneous retreat would afford, in cold nights creep for fhelter
into the very beds of the inhabitants. In that ftate they will
not abfolutely refufe food, but eat very little, and that with a
feeming difguft j nature allotting for them, in the wild ftate, a
long deep and ceffation from food, the refult of plenitude pre-
vious to its commencement. They fometimes efcape from con-
finement, find a retreat, and get their winter's fleep, and return
to their mafter in the fpring i but lofe much of their gentle
manners.

They grow very fat : the fat is ufed for foftening of leather i
the fldns are ufed by the Korekij people of Jakutks^ and the Ruf-

3 F ftans^

405

MARMOT.

JianSy for cloathing. The Calmucs take them In fmall nets with
large mefhes, placed before their holes. The inhabitants of
Ukraine catch them in May or June^ by pouring water into the
holes, which forces them into the nets. In South Rujfia they are
deftroyed by means of a log of wood with a weight at top ; the
end direfled into a wooden box placed at the mouth of the hole^
which falls as foon as the animal comes out, and opprelTes it by
the weight. Their flefh taftes like that of a hare, but is rank.

The Calmucs are very fond of the fat ones, and even efleem them
medicinally : on the contrary, the Mahometan SCartars not only
abftain from their flelh, but even give them prote6lion ; fo that
near the hords they are extremely numerous : thefe ‘Tartars efheem-
a warren of Bohucks near them to be very fortunate, and think,
it a fin to kill one of them, a fWallow, or a dbve ; but at the
fame time abominate the following animal.

In Chinefe T artary they are the propagators of Rhuharby whickv
grows among their burrows : the manure which they leave about
the roots contributes to its increafe ; and the loofe foil they fling
up, proves a bed for the ripe feed ; which, if fcattered among the^
long grafs, perifhes without ever being able to reach the ground^.

Mus

Taos

rEAHLESSMAHMOT 1S[!'2 63. IIL:EMMUS IS[?5XJ

HI Jerboa '!S[?29i. '

MARMOT,

40^

Mus Noricus aut Citellus. Agricola An.
Suiter. Ge/ner quad. Rail

fyn. quad. 220.

Ziefel Schnvenkfelt. ^heriotroph. S6.
Mus citellus. M. cauda abbreviata, cor-
pore cinereo, auriculis nullis. Lin.
Xyft 80.

Tfitljan, Le Brun njoy. Mufc, ii. 402 *.
Cuniculus caudatus, auriculis nullis^
cinereus. BriJJon quad. loi.

Le Zifel. De BuJ'on, xv. 139.

Le Soullik 144. 195, Supplm% iii.

191. tab. xxxi,

M us Marmotta. Forjler hijt. nat, Volgce,
Ph. Tranf. Ivii. 343.

Mus Citillus. Pallas no^v. fp. fafc. i,
1 19. tab. vi. vii, B. Nou, com. Pe-
tr op. xiv. 549, tab. vii.

Earlefs Marmot. Syn. quad. 2y6. Ca-
fan M, — — 273,

263. Earless*

T^/T with a cinereous face : over each eye a white line : teeth
yellow: whiflcers black and long: no ears: hind part of
the head, and whole back, of a pale yellowiHi brown ; often dif-
tinftly fpotted with white ; fometimes undulated with grey : un-
der fide of the body, and legs, of a yellowifh white.

Tail covered with long hair; brown above, bordered with
black on each fide; each hair tipped with white: under part of
a bright ruft-color : three middle toes of the fore feet long .:
claws long and lharp : exterior and interior toes Ihort ; the iaft
remote from the others : its claws fhort and blunt.

Length one foots of the tail, to the end of the hairs, four Size;
inches and a half.

Inhabits Bohefniay Atijlrin:, Hungary ^ and from the banks of the

* Un chien courant que j’avois, y prit dans la plaine un petit animal nomme
Zits-jan, qu’il m’apporta en vie, et un autre peu apres, lefquels je iis ’eventrer,
pour les conferver. C’eft un efpece de rat de campagne, de la grofTeur d’un
ecureuil, qui a la queue courte, et le poll et la couleur d’un lapreau, aulfi bien
que la forme, hors qu’il a la tete plus grolTe, et les deux dents de delTous la
moitie plus longues que celles de delTus. II a aufli les pattes de devant plus
courtes que celles de derriere, avec quatre grifes, et une plus petite, et cinque a
celles de derriere, relTemblant affez a celles d’un finge.

3 F 2 Vol^a

404

MARMOT.

l^^olga to India and Perjta j through Sihiridy and Great Idartaryy to
Kamtfchatka ^ ; fome of the intervening ifles^ fuch as Kadjak and
even the continent of America itfelf.

Burrows, and forms its magazine of corn, nuts, &c. for its win-
ter food f : fits up like a fquirrel while it eats : fome inhabit the
fields in Sihiridy others penetrate into the granaries ^ the firft form
holes under ground, with a double entrance, where they fleep
during winter: thofe which inhabit granaries, are in motion dur-
ing the cold feafon. They couple the beginning of Mayy about
the Lendy but about Aftracan earlier, and bring from five to eight
young, which they bring up in their burrows, and cover with.,
hay : only one animal inhabits each burrow : the females are al-
ways feparate from the males, except in the coupling feafon :
whiftle like the marmot: are very irafcible ; quarrelfome among
themfelves, and bite very hard : fit in multitudes near their holes :
are very fond of fait : taken in numbers on board the barges
which are loaden with that commodity at Salikamjkyy and fall
down into the Volga below Cafan^

Are both herbivorous and carnivorous , feed on plants, and
deftroy the young of fmall birds, and the lefler mice.

The Bohemian ladies were wont to make cloaks of the fkins s
we fee them at this time made ufe of for linings, and appear very*
beautiful for that purpofe.

* Yevrafhka, or Marmotte minor. Gmlin n^oj, Sihiriay ii. 448. .
f Raii jyn* quad, 2ZQ*

with truncated ears, the apertures large : fliort tail: upper 264. Gukdu

teeth truncated; lower, Hender and pointed: four
toes on every foot,, each furnifhed with claws : walks on the whole
hind feet as far as the heel : color, teftaceous red.

Size of a fmall rabbet.

Inhabits Barbary towards Mount AtlaSy near MaJJuJin, Defcribed
by the late Mr. Rohtmany a Swede, This account was communi-
Gated to me by Mr. Zimmerman, Gundi. is its Arabic name^
which I retain.

M. with Ihort ears : head'and body of a cinereous brown : the 265*
* ends of the hairs white : two cutting teeth above ; four
below : no tail.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay, . In the Leveri an Museum*,.

With

SQUIRREL,

406

XXX.

SQUIRREL.

s66. Common*

With two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before^ five behind.

Long tail, cloathed with long hair.

Sciurus. Gefner quad, 845. Raii fyn, pentadadlylis. Lin, /yft, 86.

quad. 214, Ikorn, Gralkin. Faun, fuec. N® 37.

Wiewiorka. R%ac%injkt Polon, 225. Sciurus rufus quandoque grifeo admix-
Eichhorn. Klein quad, ^0^, to. BriJJon quad,

Sciurus vulgaris. Sc. auriculis apice L’Ecureuil. De Buffony vii. 258. tab,
barbatis, palmis tetradadylis, plantis xxxii. Br, Zool. i, Lev. Mus.

Swith ears terminated with long tufts of hair ; large lively
• black eyes : head, body, legs, and tail, of a bright reddifh
'brown : breail and belly white : hair on each fide the tail lies
flat. In Sweden and Lapland * changes in winter into grey. In
many parts -of England is a beautifuP variety with milk-white
tails.

Inhdhits Europe y the northern and temperate parts of and
a variety is even found as {zx fouth as the ifle of Ceylon : is a neat,
lively, adlive animal : lives always in woods : in the fpring, the
female is feen purfued from tree to tree by the males, feigning an
-efcape from their embraces. Makes its neft of mofs and dried
leaves, between the fork of two branches : brings three or four
young at a time: has two holes to its neft : flops up that on the
Fide the wind blows, as Pliny f juftly remarks : lays in a hoard of

Faun* fuse* and Scheffer Laph 135. f Lib, viii. c, 38.

winter

S U I R R E L,

winter provifion, fuch as nuts,’ acorns, &c. : in fummer, feeds on
buds and young fhoots : is particularly fond of thofe of fir, and
the young cones : fits up to eat, and ufes its fore-feet as hands :
covers itfelf with its tail : leaps to a furprifing diftance : when
difpofed to crofs a river, a piece of bark is its boat j its tail the
fail

A large kind of grey fquirrel is found about the upper parts of
the river Ohi^ in the diftridt of Kuznetjky and is called "Teleutjkaya
Belkay or the fquirrel of the T’ eleutian "T artars : it is as large again
as the common grey fquirrels of thofe parts, and is preferred to
them, on account of the filvery glofs of the fkin. Few are fent
into Ruffidy the greatefl: part being fent into China-y and fell for 6/..
or 7 /. fterling per thoufand f .

A white variety is found common in Sihiria,

A beautiful black variety about lake Baikal. In the Leve-
RIAN Museum is a moft elegant fpecimen of this kind.

y. White-legged Squirrel. The head, whole upper part of
the body, fides, and toes, of a reddifh brown : face, nofe, un-
der fide of the neck, belly, fore legs, infide of the ears and
thighs, white : ears flightly tufted with black : tail long, co-
vered with dulky hairs, much fliorter than thofe in the Euro-
pean kind. Br. Muf.: by the catalogue, faid to be brought
from Ceylon..

* Rzaczinjki f Klein, Scheffer ^ Linn<eus.

f ■ Memorahilia Ruff. AJiat. in MulleRs Samlnng, Riff, vii. 124.

407

Sdurus

40S

S U I R R E L.

267, Ce^i'LOH*

^26^. AsESSINIAff,

SziMXXX^ Zeytanicus pilis in dorfo nlgrl^ Sclurus macrourus, long-tailed Squlr«
cantibus Rukkaia diftus a fono. Raii rel. Ind. ZooL tab^ i.
fyn» quad, 215*

O with ears tufted with black : nofe fleih-colored : cheeks,
^ ® legs, and belly, of a pale yellow ; between the ears a yel-
low fpot : forehead, back, fides, haunches, black : cheeks marked
with a bifurcated ftroke of black j under fide red : tail twice as
long as the body, of a light grey, and very bulhy : the part next,
the body quite furrounded with hair: on the reft the hairs are
feparated, and lie fiat. Is thrice the fize of the European fquirreL
Inhabits Ceylon ; is called there Dandoelana : alfo Roekea^ from
the noife it makes* '

Swith a round fiefh-colored nofe : hair on the upper part of
• the body of a rufty black : tail a foot and a half long :
belly and fore feet grey : foies of the feet fiefh-colored. Thrice
the fize of an European fquirrel*

Defcribed from Thevenot^y who fays it was bought at Moco
from an Ahejfiniany that it was very gqod-natured, and fportive
like a fquirrel ; would eat any thing except fiefii, and would crack
the hardeft almonds. A variety of the above

* Voyage des Indes Orient ale, v. 34.

S* black

S U 1 R R E L,

S black on the upper part of the body ; of a light brown on
• the lower ; end of the tail black : on the thumb a round
nail.

This brief account leaves me uncertain whether this is not alfb
a variety.

Inhabits Ja%)a : difcovered by Mr. Sparman, Memoirs fociety
at Gothenburgh, Dr. Pallas.

Swith tufted ears : head, back, Tides, upper part of the legs
© and thighs, and tail, of a dull purple : the lower part of
the legs and thighs, and the belly, yellow : end of the tail orange :
length, from nofe to tail, near fixteen inches ; tail feventeen.

Inhabits Bombay, Defcribed from a Ituffed Ikin in Idodiox Hun^
ter*s cabinet.

Sclurus Erythraeus. Tallat Nov* fp* fdfc* i. 37/.

S with the ears flightly tufted : color above yellow, mi^ed
• with dufky : below of a blood red, inclined to tawny : tail
'flender ; of the fame color, marked lengthways with a black
ftripe.

Four toes on the fore feet i with a remarkable protuberance in-
Head of a thumb : five toes on the hind.

Rather larger in fize than a common fquirreL
Inhabits Indian

3 G Grey

409

zSg* jAY&fnt

•tyo* Boms at;

271.

410

U I R R E L.

S

^72, Grey.

Grey Squirrel. JoJfeljn^s ^voy, Catejhy
Carolina, ii. 74. Smith's ^oy, 27.
Kalm^s ^oy. 95, 310.

Fox Squirrel. Lanvfohs Carolina, 124.
Sciurus cinereus Virginianus majpr.
Raii fyn, quad, 2 1 5.

Sciurus cinereus. Lih, fyft, 86.

Sciurus cinereus. Auriculis ex albo fla«-
vicantibus. Brijfon quad, 107.

Le Petit-Gris. De Buffon, x. 116. tah,
XXV. Lev. Mus.

O with plain . ears : hair of a dull grey color, mixed with black,
^ * and often tinged with dirty yellow : belly and infides of the
legs white : tail long, bulhy, grey, and ftriped with black. Size
of a half-grown rabbet.

Inhabits the woods, of North America^, Peru zndi Chili f are
very numerous in North America ; do incredible damage to the
plantations of Mayz-, run up the ftalks, and eat the young ears ;
defcend in vaft flocks from the mountains, and join thofe that in-
habit the lower parts ; are profcribed by the provinces, and a re-
ward of three pence head for every one that is killed ; fuck a
number was deflroyed one year, that Penfylvania alone paid in
rewards 8000/. of its currency.

Make their nefts in hollow trees, with mofs, flraw, wool, &c.
Feed on the mayz in the feafon, and on pine-cones, acorns, and
maft of all kinds. Form holes under ground,, and there depcfit
a large flock of winter provifion. Defcend from the trees and

* Chinchilles are fmall beafts, like fquirrels, with wondcrfull fmoothe and fdft
&ins, which they weare as a healthTiill thing to comfort the ftomacke ; they
make coverings and rugs of the haire of thefe Chinchilles, which are found on
the Sierre of Peru, ,Acofia in Purchases Pilg, iii. 966.

f Ovalle, in his hiftory of Chile, fays, that the grey or afli-color’d fquirrels,
of the valley of Guafco, are valuable for the furs. Churchill’^ Coll, vol. iii. 44.

viflt

S U I R R E L;

vlfit their magazines when in want of meat; are particularly
blify at the approach of bad weather ; during the cold feafoii
keep in their nefts for feveral days together ; feldom leap from
tree to tree, only run up and down the bodies ; their hoards often
deftroyed by fwine ; when covered with deep fnow, the fquirrels
often perilh for want of food ; are not eafily fliot, nimbly chang-
ing their place, when they fee the gun levelled ; have the adtions
of the common fquirrel ; eafily tamed ; their flelh efteemed very
delicate. The furs which are imported under the name of petite
gris are valuable, and ufed as linings to cloaks.

Quahtechalotl-thlitic. Hernandez Mete, L’Ecureuil noir. Brtffhn quad. J05. 273.

582. Fernandez No^. Hi/p. 8. Sciurus niger. £in, 86. Lev. Mus.

Black Squirrel. Catejby Car. ii. 73,

Q with plain ears : fometimes wholly black, but often marked
* with white on the nofe, the heck, or end of the tail : the
tail fhorter than that of the former : the body equal.

Inhabits the North of Aftay North Americay and Mexico, I
Hiould have placed it as a variety of the lafl fpecies, did not Mr,

Catejhy exprefsly fay, that it breeds and aflbeiates in feparate
troops; is equally numerous with the former; commits as great
ravages among the Mayz ; makes its neft in the fame manner,
and forms, like them, magazines for winter food.

Squirrel, with plain ears : coarfe fur, mixed with dirty white,
and black, but varies to white : throat, and infide of the legs
and thighs, black : tail much Ihorter than thofe of fquirrels

3 G 2 ufually

4SX

V

Black®

SQ^UIRREL.

fu ally are : of a dull yellow color, mixed with black : body
of the fize of the grey fquirrel. Lev. Mus.

Inhabits Virginia i defcribed from, Mr. Knaphan^ colleftion i
who told me that the planters called it the Cat SquirreL

a/q. Hudson’s
Bax*

with plain ears : fmaller than the European: marked along
® the middle of the back with a ferruginous line from head-
to tail: the fides paler : belly of a pale afh-color, mottled with
black tail not fo long, or fo fuH of hair, as the common kind 5
of a ferruginous color,, barred with black, and towards the end is
a broader band of the fame color. Lev. Mus.

Inhabits the pine-forells about the and “iVerra de Labrador^

Carolina ^ Squirrel,, with the head, back, and Tides grey^,.
white,. and ruft-colored intermixed: belly white, divided from
the colors of the fides by a ferruginous line : lower part of the
legs red :- tail brown, mixed with . black, and edged with
white..

Thefe are rather lelTer than the European fquirrels: vary in
the colors : in molt the grey predominates*

* LeiTer Grey Squirrel of the old. edition.

Quauhtecollotlquapaclitl^,'

XLUt

F!4i2

iHuDScm's

m Grey

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S O.- U I R R E L. .

Quauhtecollotlquapachtli. Fernandes Nifp, ^75* Variii?*,,

Le Coquallia,, Dg Buffortf xiii. 109. tab» xiii.

^ with plain ears : upper part of the body varied with black,
white, and brown ; the belly tawny* : twice the fize of the
common fquirrel.

Inhabits ilifmVc? : lives under ground, where it brings forth its
young, and lays in a flock of winter food ; , lives on.Mayz: is
never to be tamed. „

Thefe probably vary in fize : I have feen one that feemed to .
be of this fpecies, but not fuperior in fize to the common fquir»
rel : the colors were brown, orange, ,and cinereous : the bejjj /
orange. ,

Sciurus fiayus^ Sc. auriculis fubrotundis, pedibds pentadadylis, corpore luteo. 276.

Lin./yji. Amcsn*.Acad» i. 561.

Swith the body and tail of a flaxen color: of a very frnall
• fize, with plain round ears, and rounded tail.

Inhabits the woods near Amadahady the capital of Guzaraty in
great abundance, leaping from tree to tree . Linnaeus fays it is ,
an, inhabitant of South America^

* Called by the Indians, CoztiocQte^ualIi?j, or Yellow. Bell}*., ,
f ^L’Ecureuil, blond. Ddl^i Falla., 84.

SciurU'S

II 4

377* Brasilian^

278. Mexican.

SQ^UIRREL

Sclurus Brafilienfis ? Marcgrave Bra- 107.

fiU 3^0. Sciurus aefluans; Sc. grifeus, fubtua

Sciurus colons ex flavo et fufco mixti flavefcens. Lin, fyji, 88.
taeniis in lateribus albis, Brijfon quad,

Q with plain ears, and rounded tail ; head, body, and Tides,
covered with Toft dufky hairs, tipt with yellow : tail round-
ed : the hairs annulated with black and yellow : throat cinere-
ous : infide of the legs, and the belly, yellow : the belly divided
lengthways with a white line ; which begins on the bread:, is
interrupted for a fmall Ipace in the middle, and is then continued
to the tail : length, from nofe to tail, eight inches one quarter s
tail ten.

Inhabits Braftl and Guiana, Mr. Vandeck^ captain of a man of
war in the Portuguefe fervice, who procured them from their fet-
tlements in S, Americay favored me with two.

Tlalmototli. Pernandez No^. Hifp, g, Seh, Mu/, i. 76. tah, xlvii. fig. 2, 3,
Sciurus rariffimus ex Nov. Hifpania. Bri/fon quad, 108.

Sof a moufe-color : the male marked on the back with
• feven white lines, which extend along the tail 5 the female,
with only five : the tail of the male divided into four parts at
the end 5 perhaps accidentally; its fcrotum pendulous, like a
goat’s.

Inhabits New Spain, Seha^ \ntab,ylvi\\. Jig, has the figure of
another, of an uniform color, diftinguilhed alfo by its V2A fcrotum.

Muilela

S U I R R E L.

Muftela Africana. Clus* Exot, 112. So. palmarum. Sc. colons ex rufojct 279,. Palm*.

Rail fyn, quad. 216. nigro mixti, taeniis in dorfo flavi-

Sciurus palmarum. Sc. fubgrifeus ftriis cantibus, Brijfon quad, \og.

tribus flavicantibus, caudaque albo Le Palmifle. De Buffoity x. 126, tah»
nigroque lineata. Lin.fyji* 86. xxvi.

S with plain ears : an obfciire pale yellow ftripe on the middle
• of the back, another on each fide, a third on each fide of
the belly ; the two laft at times very faint : reft of the hair on
the fides, back, and head, black and red, very clofely mixed ;
that on the thighs? and legs more red : belly, pale yellow: hair
on the tail does not lie flat, but encircles it ; is coarfe, and of a
dirty yellow, barred with black. Authors defcribe this kind
with only three fliripes : this had five, fo polTibly they vary.

Governor JLoten did me the favor of informing me that it
lived much in the Coco trees, and was very fond of the fury^ or
palm-wine, which is procured from the tree ; from which it ob-
tained, among the Indians, the name of Suricatsje, or the little
cat of the Sury

According to Clujius and Mr. Ray, this fpecies does not eredt
its tail like other fquirrels, but has the faculty of expanding it
Tideways.

* See the procefs of obtaining this liquor in Rumphius^s herlarlum Amhoinenfe» ,
vol. i. p. 5* The tree is engraved in tab. i. ii.

Barbart. .

S U I R R E L.

•^416

aSo.

;•/. Plan TAKE,

Barbary. Sciurus getulus. Caii Klein quad, 84. BriJJhn quad, 109,
opufc. 77, Ge/ner quad. 847. Barbarian fquirrel. Ednxj, 198.

Sc. getulus. Sc. fufcus ftriis quatuor Le Barbarefque. De Buffoitt x. i26r
albis longitudinalibus. Lin JyJi. 87. tab, xxvii.

Swlth full black eyes and white orbits : head, body, feet, and
• tail, cinereous, inclining to red : lighted on the legs :
Tides marked lengthv/ays with two white dripes : belly white :
^tail bufhy, marked regularly with fhades of black, one beneath
the other : fize of the common fquirrel.

Both thefe fquirrels inhabit Barhary and other hot countries :
live in trees, efpecially from which one takes its name.

This fpecies refembles much the common fquirrel, but is
lighter colored, and has a yellow line extending along the
fides, from leg to leg.

Common in Java and Princess ifland j is called by the Malayes^
Ba-djingy lives much on PlantaneSy is very Ihy j retreats at the
fight of mankind, and clatters over the dry leaves of the Pitang
or Plantams with vad noife. It alfo is common on the -tamarind
trees.

5

Ao with

. ^

K.

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/

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XLIV

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S Q, U I R R E L.

■4*7

A. with membranes from fore leg to hind leg,

Sciurus Sagitta. Sc. liypochondriJs pro- eximie flavefcentis ; cute ab anticis aSl. S*.ti,iNO.

lixis volitans, cauda plano-pinnata cruribus ad poftica membranae in

lanceolata. Lin» /yft. 88. modum extenfa volans, Brijfonquadm

Sciurus petaurifta. Pallas Mi/cel. Zovl, iiz.

^4. tab, vi. Le Taguan ou grand Ecureuil volant.

Sciurus maximus volans, feu felis vo- De Bufon, Suppl, iii, 150. tab. xxi.

Ians. Sc. caftanei coloris, in parte Muf, Roy, Society ••

corporis fuperlore, in inferiore vero

Swith a fmall rounded head ; cloven upper lip : fmall blunt
• ears : two fmall warts at the ontmoil: corner of each eye,
with hairs growing out of them : neck Ihdrt : four toes on the
fore feet-; and inftead of k thumb, a {lender bone> two inches
and a half longj lodged under the lateral membrane, ferving to
flretch it out : from thence to the hind legs extends the mem-
brane, which is broad, and a continuation of the (kin of the fides
and belly s the membrane extends along the fore legs, and
ftretches out near the joint in a winged form : five toes on the
hind feet, and on all the toes fharp, compreffed, bent claws : tail
covered wkh long hairs, difpofedliorizontally : color of the head,
body, and tail, a bright bay ; in fome parts inclining to orange i
breafl: and belly of a yellowifh white 1 length, from nofe to tail,
eighteen inches ; tail fifteen.

Inhabits Java and others of the Indian iilands ; leaps from
tree to tree as if it flew : will catch^hold of the boughs J with

* Where there is the flcin of one in fine prefervation.
f Hamilton's ^oy, ii, 13 1,

% Sir Edward Michdbourne's woy, in Purchas's Pilgrim, i, 134.

the

4lS

S U I R R E L.

the tail. Differs in fize : that defcribed by Linnaeus was the lize of
our fquirrel : that killed by Sir Edward Michelbourne.^ in one
of the Indian ifles, was greater than a hare. Nieuhoff^ de-
fcribes this fpecies under the name of the Flying Cat, and fay^
the back is black : he has given two very good figures of it ;
one in his frontifpiece, the other in the page he defcribes itjn

Severn Ri*» Gr^atei Flying Squirrel. Ixii. 579.

VgR.

Swith back and Tides of a deep cinereous color at the bot-
• tom ; end ferruginous : under fide of the body of a yelr
lowifh white; the hair everywhere long and full.: tail covered
with long hairs, difpofed in a lefs flat way than thofe of the Eu-
ropean kind ;• brown on the upper parr, darker at the end, yel-
lowifh beneath the fkin : the inflrument of flying dilpofed from
leo; to leo: ; but does not border the fore legs.

Size. Size equal to the European fquirrel.

Place. Inhabits the fouthern parts of Hudfon's Bay^ about Severn

river., Muf^ Roy, Society.

283. Frying. AiTapanick. Stnitlos Virginia, 27. yof- ii. 69.

felyn^s ‘voy, 86. De Laet, 88. Sciurus volans. Sc-, hypochondriis pro-

Sciurus Americanus volans. Rail fyn, lixis volitans, cauda rotundata. Lin.
quad. 211;. Lan^jfon' s Carolina, 124. fyjl. 88.

Catefiv Carolina, ii. y6, 'qj, Ed^v. Sciurus volans. Brijfon quad, no. iii.
191. Kahn, i, 32 1, tab, i. Du Pratz, No. 12. Lev. Mus.

Swith round naked ears : full black eyes t a. lateral mem-
• brane from fore to hind legs : the fore legs for the mofl:
part clear of the membrane : tail with long hairs difpofed hori-

* Chur chi IPs coll. ii. 354.

zontallv.

S U I R R E L. 419

zontally, longeft in the middle; and ending in a point : color
above, a brown ifh afh : beneath, white, tinged with yellow.

Much lefs than the common fquirrel.

Inhabits North America and New Spain * : lives in hollow trees i
fleeps in the day : during the night very lively : is gregarious,
numbers being found in one tree : leaps from bough to bough
fometimes at the diflance of ten yards : this action improperly
called flyingy for the animal cannot go in any other diredion
than forward ; and even then cannot keep an even line, but
finks confiderably before it can reach the place it aims at : fen*»
fible of this, the fquirrel mounts the higher, in proportion to the
diftance it willies to reach ; when it would leap, it llretches out
the fore legs, and extending the membranes, becomes fpecifi«
cally lighter than it would otherwife be ; and thus is enabled to
fpring further than other fquirrels that have not this apparatus.

When numbers leap at a time, they feem like leaves blown off
by the wind. Their food the fame as the other American fquir-
rels : are eafily tamed : bring three or four young at a time.

Sciurus Virginlanus volans. Muf, i. tab* xliv. Brtffon fuad, iii. 284* Hooss*.

M'us volans. Lin, JyJi* 85.

Swith the lateral membrane beginning at the chin and ears,

• and extending like the former from fore to hind leg : red-
dilh above 1 cinereous, tinged with yellow, beneath : ears large
and oval.

? Where it is called ^imichpatlan, Iernande7i% Novt Hi/p* 8.

3 H 2 Inhabits

S Ct, U I R R E L.

Inhabits Virginia^ according to Seha ; who is the only author
who has defcribed it, Linn^us's fynonymsy from Ray and Ed^
wardS) erroneous.

'i85, European Mus Ponticus vel Scythkus. Ge/ner volitans, cauda rotundata, Lin.JyJf"^
Fl, Sq^ ^uad, 743. 88.

Sciurus Petaurida volans. Klein quad» Sciurus Sibiricus volans. Brijfpn, no*
54. No. 1,3.

Flying fquirrel, Ph, ^ranf, ahr. ix, Le Poulatouche. DeBuffon, x,

76. tab. V. tab. xxii.

Sciurus volans. Faun. fuec. No. 38, Qnadrupes volatilis Com. acadi

Pallas fp. fafe. i. 355. Petrop» v. 218. Lev Mus.

S,c, volans Sc. hypochondriis prolixis

Swith naked ears^ indented' on the exterior fide: full eyes:

eyelids bordered with black : membranes extend to the
very bafe of the fore feet, and form; a large wing on. the exte-
rior fide : tail full of hair, and round at the end'*., color of the
upper part of the body a fine grey, like that on a gulfs back :
lower part of h pure white.

Sizi. From nofe to tail four inches and a quarter j of the tail to the:

tip of the hair, five..

^Aci, Inhabits Finland 2ind Lapland^ and the Rtijpan dominions, from-

Eivonia to the river Kolytm or Kowyma, in the N, E. part of 6’/--
i?iriay and is: common in all the mountanous wooded tradls oC
that cold region : lives ufually on birch-tree buds and frudlifica-
tions, and on the cones of the^ pines and cedars : ;is not grega-
rious, and leads a folitary life, and wanders, about even in win-~
ter : lives in hollow trees, and makes its nefl: in the mofs of birch-?

trees : -

S Q: U r R R E L. 4

trees : when at reft, it flings its tail over its back ; but in leaping^,
extends it.

The Germans czW /it Konige der Grauwerkc ^ ^ or King of the Names^,
Squirrels , the Ruffians^ Polatucha^ and Letaga j the Poles^ Wkh •

Ttorka Lataiaca,..

Kl

sun

*4

Two

4'21

xyxL

DORMOUSE,

536. Striped.

Place.

Manners.

DORM O U S E.

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before : fi\^e behind.
Naked ears.

Long tail, covered with hair.

Moufe fqulrrel. JoJfeIyn*s ‘voy, 86. Sciurus flriatus. Sc. flavus ftriis qum--
Ground fquirrel. Carolina^ que fufcis longitudinalibus. Lin.fyft,

124. Catejhy Carolina, ii* Edn/j, 87. Klein ^uad, Pallas no^. /p,
1 81. Kalnty i. 322. tab. i. i* 37^'

Sciurus Rail fyn, quad, z\6, Sciurus Carolinenfis, Brijfon quad,

Sciurus minor virgatus. Nov, Com. Pe- Le SuifTe. De Buffon, x, 126, tab*
trcp. V. 344. xxviii. Charlevoix Nouv. Frana, v,

Boern-docflcie. Le Brun, voy, Mofcov* 198. Lev, Mus.
ii. 432.

TX with plain ears : ridge of the back marked with a black
ftreak : each fide with a pale yellow ftripe, bounded
above and below with a line of black : head, body, and tail, of
a reddifli brown ; the tail the darkefl: : breafl: and belly white :
nofe and feet pale red : eyes fulL

Inhabits the north of Afia^ beginning about the river Kama,
and grows more and more frequent in the woody parts of Sibi-
ria \ but found in the greateft abundance in the forefts of North
America : they never run up trees except purfued, and find no
other means of efcaping : they burrow, and form their habitations
under ground with two entrances, that they may get accefs to the
one, in cafe the other is flopped up. Their retreats are formed with
great fkill, in form of a long gallery, with branches on each fide,
each of which terminates in an enlarged chamber, as a magazine

to

Macazikii.

DORMOUSE.

4^3

to ftore their winter provifion in ; in one they lodge the acorns,
in another the mayz, in a third the hickery nuts, and in the lafl,
their favorite food, the chinquapn chefnut. They very feldom
ftir out during winter, at left as long as their provifions laR;
but if that fails, they will dig into cellars where apples are kept,
or barns where mayx is florcd, and do a great deal of mifehief;
but at that time the cat deftroys great numbers, and is as great
an enemy to them as to mice.

During the mayz harveft, thefe animals are very bufy in biting
off* the ears, and filling their mouths fo full with the corn,
that their cheeks are quite diftended, having pouches in their
jaws like the hamft'er. It is obfervable, that they give great pre-
ference to certain food ; for if, after filling their mouths with
rye, they happen to meet with wheat, they fling away the firff,
that they may indulge in the laft. They are very wild, bite fe-
verely, and are fcarcely ever tamed : the flcins are of little ufe i..
but are fometimes brought over to line cloaks*

Glis. Gefner quad, 550, Raii fyn. quad, Sciurus Gils. Sc. canus fuhtus albi- 287.

229. dus. Lin.fyji, 87..

Glis vulgaris. Klein quad. 56. Le Loir. De BuffonyViii, 158. xxiv.

Glis fupra obfeure cinereus, infra ex Mus Glis. Pallas nou. fp, fajc%\,
albo cinerefeente, Briffon quad, 113 .

Dwith thin naked ears : body covered with fofc afh-colored
• hair: belly whit ifli: tail full of long hair: from nofe to.
tail, near fix inches 5 tail four and a half : thicker in the body
than the fquirrel.

Inhabits France and the fouth of Europe, Is found in the
woods in the foutb-weft parts of Ruffian and -was difeovered by

Dodor

DORMOUSE.

4^:4

Doftor Pallas in the rocky caverns about the rivers Samara and
Volga, The late Do6lor Kramer favored me with one from
firial Lives in trees, and leaps from bough to bough : feeds on
fruits and acorns : lodges in the hollows of trees : remains in a
torpid ft ate during winter, and grows very fat,

Ttota mihi dormitur hyemsy et pinguior illo
Tempore fumy quo me nil niji fomnus alit

Was efteemed a great delicacy by the Romans y who had their
Glirariay places conftru61:ed to keep and feed them in. I think
that the Italians at prefent eat them^

-283. Garden* Mus avellanarum major. Ge/ner quad, Mus querdnHs. M. cauda elongate

735. pilofa, macula nigra Tub oculos.

Greater Dormoufe, or Sleeper. Raii fyji, 84.

fyn, quad, 219. Le Lerot. De Buffon, viii, i8i. tab,

Glis fupra obfcure cinereus, infra ex xxv.

albo cinerefcens, macula ad oculos Mus nitedula. Pallas nov, fp, fafc, i*,
nigra. Brijfon quad, 114. 88.

T> with the eyes furrounded with a large fpot of black, reach--
ing to the bafe of the ears, and another behind the ears j
head and whole body of a tawny color : the throat and whole
under fide of the body white, tinged with yellow : the tail long s
the hairs at the beginning very Ihort ; at the end bulky : length,
from nofe to tail, not five inches : the tail four.

Inhabits France and the fouth of Europe : is found in mag-^
pies nefts and hollow trees about the Volgay and other temperate

^ Martial Epig, Lib, xiii. Ep, 59.

s

and

DORMOUSE.

4^5

and foil them parts of the Ruffian dominions. Neither this nor the
former fpecies extend beyond the Uralian mountains ; infefts gar-
dens, and is very deftrudtive to fruits of all kind : is particu-
larly fond of peaches : lodges in holes in the walls : brings five
or fix young at a time : like the former, remains torpid during
winter : has a flrong fmell, like a rat.

Mus avellanarum minor, the Dormoufe pollicibus pofticis mutlcis. Lin, fyft, 289. CoMMONe
or Sleeper. Rati Jyn. quad. 220, 83. Faun. Suec, No. 35. Pallas nov,

Rothe Wald Maufs. Kramer Aujlriat ^9*

317. Le Mufcardin. De Buffon, viii, 193.

G1 is fupra rufus, infra albicans. Brif- tab. xxvi.

fon quad. Dormoufe. Edmo. 266, Br. ZoqU i. 95-

Mus avellanarius. M. cauda elongata Lev. Mus.
pilofa, corpore rufo, gula albicante,

with round naked ears : full black eyes ; body of a tawny
red : throat white : fize of a inoufe, but plumper : tail two
inches and a half long, and pretty hairy, efpecially towards the
end.

Inhabits Europe : lives in thick hedges : makes its neft in the
hollow of a low tree, or in a thick bufli near the bottom, of
grafs, mofs, or dead leaves : brings three or four young at a
time : feldom appears far from its retreat : forms magazines of
nuts : eats its food fitting up, like a fquirrel : at approach of
winter, retires and rolls itfelf up, lying torpid : fometimes in a
warm day revives, takes a little food, and relapfes into its former
ftate.

D. with

4^6

DORMOUSE.

290. Earless.

Size.

Place.

Manners,

Dwith a flat head, obtufe nofc, eyes full and black, upper
* lip bifid.

Auricles very minute, fcarcely apparent : long whifkers.

Head, back. Tides, and front of the fore legs, pale ferruginous,,
mixed with black : from fhoulder to hind parts, on each fide, a
white line : above each eye another : belly and feet of a dirty
white.

Tail black in the middle ; hoary on the Tides.

Toes long and diftindt : the knob on the fore feet larger
claws very long...

Hind legs black behind, and naked.

Size of a common fquirrel, but much broader and flatter.

800 miles above the Ca^e of Good Hope^ about the mountain

Never climbs trees burrows, feeds on bulbous roots, and is,
particularly fond of potatoes : walks often on its hind feet ; and
often lies flat on its belly : very tame, and never offers- to bite 2
frequently flirts up its tail makes a warm neff, and forms in it;
a round hole, in which it lodges, and pulls to the orifice a quan-
tity of materials, in order to dale it.: keeps fometimes in its .
retreat for three entire, days^

Two

JERBOA.

42f

Two cutting teeth In each jaw. XXXII.

Two very fhort fore legs : two very long hind legs, re- JERBOA.

fembling thofe of cloven-footed water-fowl.

Very long tail, tufted at the end,

Theophr, optt/c. Mli&n cofa, paliiiis fubpentada^lylis, fe-

hiji. an, lib, xv. c, 26, moribus longiffimis, brachiis brevif-

Mus bipes. Plinii, lib,^x, c, 65. Texei- limis. Lin. fyji, 85. HaJ/elquiJl ifin,

ra^s Trauilsf 21. 198.

Gerbua. Ed^. 219. Plaijled^s journal Le Jerbo. De Buffon^ xiii. 141.

59. Mus fagitta. Pallas nov, fp. /b/r, L

Musjaculus. M. cauda elongata floG- 306. tab. xxi,

Jwith thin, ere6t, and broad ears t full and dark eyes : long
• whilkers : fore legs an inch long , five toes on each ; the
inner, or thumb, fcarce apparent \ but that, as well as the reft,
furnifhed with a lharp claw : hind legs two inches and a quarter
long, thin, covered with fhort hair, and exaftly refembiing
thofe of a bird j three toes on each, covered above and below
with hair \ the middle toe the longeft ; on each a pretty long
lharp claw : length, from nofe to tail, feven inches and one quar-
ter : tail ten inches, terminated with a thick black tuft of hair j
the tip white ; the reft of the tail covered with very Ihort coarlc
hair : the upper part of the body thin, or comprefted fideways %
the part about the rump and loins large ; the head, back, lides,
and thighs, covered with long hair, afh-colored at the bottom,
pale tawny at the ends i breaft and belly whitifh ; acrofs the up-

31^ per

4^1 JERBOA.

per part of the thighs is an obfcure dufky band : the hair long
and foft.

Inhabits Mgyp^ Barharyy PaleJUnCy the deferts between Bal--
fora and Aleppo, the fandy tra6ts between the Bon and Volga, the
hills fouth of the Irtijh, from fort Janiyfchera to the /even palaces^
where the Altaic mountains begin : as fingular in its motions as
in its form : always Hands on its hind feet ; the fore feet per-
forming the olEce of hands : runs faft ; and when purfued, jumps
five or fix feet from the ground : burrows like rabbets : keeps
clofe in the day : fleeps rolled up t lively during night i, when
taken, emits a plaintive feeble note : feeds on vegetables : has
great ilrength in its fore feet. Two, which I faw living in London,
burrowed almofl through the brick wall of the room they were
in ; came out of their hole at night for food, and when caught,
were much fatter and flecker than when confined to their box.

This is the Daman Ifrael, or the Lamb of the Ifraelites of the
’ Arabs, and is fuppofed to be the Saphan the coney of Holy
Writ : our rabbet being unknown in the Holy Land, Dr. Shaw
met with this fpecies on mount Libanus, and diftinguilhes it
from the next fpecies f . It is alfo the moufe of Ifaiah J, Achbar
in the original fignifying a male Jerboa,

* Bochart difplays a vaft deal of learning on the fubjed:. Vide Hiero^oiconf,
lib, iii. c, 33. p, lOOI.

f Travels, 376.

J Chap. Ixvi. 17. Bochart, I015. animal'was a forbidden food with,

the Ifraelites,

Cuniculus

x i.v:

it

m

.1^ 42p

t

SiLirian J erb o a 1S[? 2^2

JERBOA.

Cuniculus pumilio fallens cauda longif- Flying hare. Strahlenherg s hiji. 292.

lima. No^. Com. Pefrop. v. 351. tab. 370.
ix.Jig. I. Jerboa. Shanv'’s Trav. 248.

Cuhiculus pumilio fallens, cauda ano- Mus jaculus. Pallas nou. fp. fafc. i.
mola longiffima. BriJJon ^itad. 275. tab. xx. Mus. Lev.

O S E truncated ^ end edged with white : lower teeth flender*; «
^ twice as long as the upper.

Ears- large, pointed, tipt with white, naked within : hairs on
the back tawny, of a dark grey beneath, very foft : legs and
whole under fide of the. body white : half the. tail next to the
body covered with fhort whitifla hairs ; from thence, with long
black hairs j the end has a large white feathered tuft an inch long.

Five toes on the fore feet the toe without a nail.

On the hind legs, an inch above the feet, are two long toes
armed with nails : the back part of the legs naked.

Length eight inches and a half f of the tail ten.

This variety is no where very frequent^ but is chiefly. found
from the Cafpian fea to the xiNtx Irtijh. .

Of the fize'of a rat of the color of. the former, except that
the rump on each fide is croffed with a white line.

There is again a variety of this with a more lengthened nofe,
jfhorter ears, and broader : tail thicker, and not fo elegantly
tufted : the hind legs fhorter : the coat longer and thicker.

This middle fpecies is found only in the eaftern deferts of
liria- and Tartary^ beyond lake Baikal i alfo in Barbary ^ and
Syiia f, and even 'as far as 'India

■\ Haym'*s Teforo Brit. ii. p. and tab. 124. % Pallas,

Differs .

SlEIRIANi.

, Great^

Ft ACE.

Middle.

* Shad's Ttanjeh*

43®

7* Pigmy.

Jj'Tanners.

^REAT LEAPS.

JERBOA.^

s

Differs from the Greats in wanting the white circle rotind the
nofe, in having a lefs tuft to the tail, and the end juft tipt with
white : agrees entirely in form j but is far inferior in fize to even
the Middle, Inhabits the fame places with the Great,

Thefe three agree in manners : burrow in hard ground, clay,
or indurated mud : not only in high and dry fpots, but even in
■low and fait places. They dig their holes very fpeedily, not only
with their fore feet but with their teeth, and fling the earth back
Vv^ith their hind feet, fo as to form a heap at the entrance. The
burrows are many yards long, and run obliquely and winding,
but not above half a yard deep below the furface. They end in
a large fpace or neft, the receptacle of the pureft herbs. They
have ufually but one entrance \ yet by a wonderful fagacity they
work from their neft another paffage to within a very fmall fpace
of the furface, which in cafe of neceffity they can burft through,
•and fo efcape.

It is Angular, that an animal of a very chilly nature, ftiould keep
within its hole the whole day, and wander about only in the night.

They fleep rolled up, with their head between their thighs :
and when kept in a ftove, and taken fuddenly out, they feem
quite ftupified, and for a time fcarcely find the ufe of their limbs :
perhaps this arifes from an excefs of heat ; for when an attempt
is made to take them out of their burrows, they are quickly
alarmed on the noife of digging, and attempt their efcape. At
fun-fet they come out of their holes, clear them of the filth,
and keep abroad till the fun has drawn up the dews from the
earth. On approach of any danger, they immediately take
to flight, with leaps i a fathom in height, and fo fwiftly that a

3

man

JERBOA/

man well mounted can hardly overtake them. They fpring fo
nimbly, that it is i mpoffibie to fee their feet touch the ground.
They do not go itr^k forwards, but turn here and there, till they
gain a burrow, whether it is their ovtn, or that of another. In
leaping, they carry their tails ftretched out : in ftanding, or
going or walking, they carry them in form of an S, .the lower-
part touching the ground, fo that it feems a di'redlor in their*
motions. When furprized, they will fometimes go on all fours,
but foon recover their- attitude of Handing on .their hind legs like -
a- bird : even when undifturbed, they ufe the former attitude;
then rife erect, liflen^ and hop about like a crow. In digging or -
eating they drop on their fore legs; but in the laft adtion will
often fit up and eat like a fquirrel.

T ley arc eafily made tame : feek always a warm corner ; fore-
tell cold or bad weather by wrapping themfelves clofe up in hay;
and thofe which are at .liberty Hop up the mouths oH their bur-
rows.

In a wild Hate they are particularly fond of the roots of tulips :
live much on oleraceous.. plants : the fmali Hature of xht fygmy
kind is attributed to their feeding on faline plants. Thofe of the
middle fize, which live beyond the lake Baikal^ live on the bulbs
of the Lilium Pomponium^ and they gnaw, the twigs of the Rohtnia
Cartigana, When confined, they will not refufe raw meat, and-
the entrails of fowls.

They ’are the prey of all leHer rapacious beaHs; The Arahs^
who are forbidden all other kinds of mice, eHeem thefe the
greateH delicacies : as thofe people often are difappointed in dig-
ging after them, they have this proverb, To buy a hole inHead i

of a jerboa A

Easily tamed;

Thee

43^

JERBOA.

’Nam-bs.

The Mongols have a notion that They fuck the fheep : tertahl
it hy they are during night very frequent among the Hocks, which
they difturb by their leaps.

The Mongols call this animal Alagh-'Daagha, Alagh fignifies
variegated, Daagha^ a foal. The Calmucs call it Jalma : the
great fort they ftyle Morin Jalmay or the Horfe Jerboa ; the lelTer
fort, Choin Jalmay or the Sheep,

They breed often in the fummer j in the fouthern parts, in the
beginning of May : beyond Baikaly not till June, They bring
perhaps eight at a time, as they have fo many teats. They fleep
the whole winter without nutriment. About Aftracany they will
fometimes appear in a warm*day m February : but return to their
holes on the return of cold.

Animals of this genus were certainly the two-footed micOy and
th^AEgyptian micey of the ancients, which were faid to walk on their
hind legs; and ufe the fore inftead of hands. Thefe, with the
plant Silphiumy were ufed to denote the country of Gyrene y where
both were found, as appears from the figures on a beautiful gold
coin preferved by Mr. Haym % and which I have caufed to be
copied above the animal, in plate

^93* Cape#

Grand Gerbo. Allamand de Buffon, xv. i r8. Journal Hijiorique, 59.

1 . .

T with a fliort head : broad between the ears : mouth placed far
J • below the upper jaw : lower very ftiort: two great teeth in
each : ears one-third Ihorter than thofe of the common rabbet,
thin and tranfparent : eyes large ; whifkers great.

Fore legs fliort, five toes on each, with a great protuberance

• Te/oro Brit* ii* 124#

nex^

JERBOA.

433

next to the inner toe : four toes behind : claws of the fore toes
crooked, and two-thirds longer than the toes themfelves : claws
of the hind toes fhort.

Color above tawny ; cinereous below, mixed with long hairs
pointed with black : two-thirds of the tail tawny, the reft black.

Length from nofe to tail one foot two inches j of the tail near
fifteen inches ; the ears near three.

, Inhabits the great mountains far north of the Cnfe of Good
Hope, It is called by the Hottentots^ Aerdmannetje ^ and by the
Ijutchy Spr ingen Haas^ or the Jumping Hare,

It is very ftrong % will leap twenty or thirty feet at a time "
its voice a grunting : when it eats, fits upright, with the legs ex-
tended horizontally, ^and with a bent back : ufes its fore feet to
bring the food to its mouth ; burrows with them, which it does
fo expcditioufiy as quickly to bury itfelf. In fieeping, it fits with
its knees feparate, puts its head between its hind legs, and with
the fore legs holds its qars over its eyes.

Mus longipes. M. cauda elongata Vef^ Mus cauda longa veftita, pedibus pofti- 294. Torri®«
tita, palmistetradadylis, plantispen- cis longitudine corporis, flavis, Muf,
tadadylis, femoribus longiffimis. Lin, Ad, L'r, 9.
fyji, 84.

Jwith naked oval ears : long whillcers : four toes on the fore
• feet : the hind feet the length of the body, thick, ftrong, and
thinly haired : five toes on each foot : fcarcely any neck : tail the
length of the body, with very little hair on it ; color of the up-

3 K per

434

JERBOA.

per part of the body yellow j the lower white : fize of a common
moufe.

Inhabits, according to the torrid zone * : mentioned^

by no other writer.

Habitat in torridis regtonibus.

Two

RAT.

43S

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Four toes before ; five behind.

Very flender taper tail ; naked^ or very flightly haired.

* Jerboid.

*15 with a blunt nofe : mouth placed far beneath t upper lip
bifid: earsdarge, naked, rounded: fore legs Ihort, fur«
nifhed with four toes, and a tubercle inftead of a thumb: hind
legs long and naked, like fome of the Jerboas : thumb fhort ::
toes long, flender, and difbindl j the exterior the fhortefl.

The whole length of the animal eight inches ; of which the
tail is four and three quarters.

Color deep brown above, white beneath, feparated the whole
length on each fide by a yellow line.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay, and the Labr adore coafl. Sent by Mr.
Graham^ and depofited in the Mufeum of the Royal Society.

Since I wrote the above, I find thatDodlor Pallas has defcribed
this fpecies under the title of Mus Longipes^. It inhabits the
fandy defert of Naryn^ or Ryn Pejky^ between the Volga and the
Taikj^ near the Cafpian Sea^ in lat. 46 In this tradl fcarcely any
thing grows except the "Porlok^ or Pterococcus Aphyllus^ and a few
other poor plants on which it feeds. Two were there taken fport-
ing in the mid-day fun ; they were both males, and attempted to

• fp.fafc. i. 314, tab. xviii. B. Mus mindianus ? Itin, ii. 702.

3 K 2 cfcape

XXXIII. RAT.

29^. Labrauoi^s

Placi.

43^

RAT.

efcape to different holes. The burrows had three entrances run--
ning obliquely, and were about a yard deep : lined or plaiftered"
with mud. In the bottom was neither neff or provifion of
grafs.

The Afiatic animal differed in color from the American^ being
above of a light grey mixed with tawny, white below *. thefe-
colors divided lengthways by a ftripe of duflcy red. The tail
covered with longer and loofer hair at the end than in the other
parts : the foies of the feet clad with hair. This I could not wxll.
obferve in the fpecimen from Hudfon's Bay, as it was preferved in
fpirits. Linn^us defcribes this fpecies under the title of Mus-
longipes^ Syfi.nat. 84. Do6lor Pallas^ with great reafon, fuppofes.
it to be the fame witff the Jird of Doctor Shaw, which our-
learned countryman defcribes with the Jerboa. It agrees in co-
lors with the above j in its long tail being better cloathed than*
that of a rat ; and in its burrowing under ground. This is fre-
quent m Barb ary y and is reckoned there a good food^.

295. A. CiRCAs-' To this r join, on the judgment of Doftor Pallas^ another-

SIAN. animal, which I defcribed at N® Q05 of x.\\tSynopJiso{ ^adrupeds^,
under the title of Circajftan Marmot^ or

M. with ears like thofe of mice: red fparkling eyes: Iharp^
teeth : body long, and of an equal thicknefs : chefnut-colored
hair, long, efpecially on the back : has lharp claws : tail long and
bufny : fore feet fhorter than the hind feet : fize of the Hamfier^ .

324-

Inhabits the neighborhood of the river Terek^ which flows out

* Shaw's travels, 248.

3

of

RAT.

437

ot Circajfia and falls into tlie Cafpian Sea: runs fall up hillj very
flovvly down ; burrows, and lives under ground *,

Mus Tamaiicinus. Pallas no^, fp. i. 322. iah, xix. ii. 702.

with an oblong head : great whifkers : nofe blunt: noftrils
® covered with a flap : teeth yellow : eyes large and brown :
ears large, naked, and oval : neck fhort ; fpace round the nofe
and eyes, and beyond the ears, white : Tides of the head and neck,
hoary : back and fldes of a yellowifli grey : tips of the hairs
brown : breafi: and belly white : tail cinereous ; above half annu-
Tated with brown : hind legs long : on the fore feet a warty tu-
bercle inflead of a thumb.

Length to the tail above fix inches : tail not quite fo long.

Inhabits the lower falt-marlhes about Saritfchikofkay on the
Lower Talk or Ural^ where they burrow beneath the knotty roots
of the tamariflc bullies ; each burrow has two entrances, and is
very deep : they feed only at night : out of numbers which were
taken in traps placed before their holes, not a female was taken.
Their food is the fucculent maritime tribe of plants, fuch as NL -
traria^ Salfola^ and others, v/ith which thofe deferts abound.

To this divifion of Rats I give the title of Jerhoid^ from the'-
affinity it has to that genus in the length of the hind legs. To
the other. Murine^ as comsprehending all the common fpecies off
Rats and Mice.

S(hobeP& memorab. Aiiat, Rullise in Mulled s Samlung RulT. viii. 124,,

^ * Murine,.

r

Tamarisk.

Size.
Placed .

R A T.

** Murine.

397. Black,

Mus domefticus major quern vulgoRat-
tum vocant. G ef tier quad, -j Rail
fyn, quad, 217.

Mus Rattus, Mus Ciftrinarius. Klein
quad, 57.

Ratze. Kramer Aufir, 316.

Mus cauda longiflima obfcure cinerea.
Brijfon quad, n8.

Mus Rattus. M. cauda elongata fub-
nuda, palmis tetrad.^jStylis cum un-
guiculo poiiicari, piantis pentadac-
tyjis. Lin. Jyji .

Ratta, Faun. Juec, N® 33, Br* Zool, i,
N ^ 27.

Le Rat. De Buffouy vii. 278. tah. xxxvi,
Pallas no^.Jp. fajc, i. 93. Ls v. Mus,

"O of a deep iron-grey color, nearly black: belly cinereous:
,IX® dulky, alinoft naked: a claw, in the place of a fifth

toe, on the fore feet : length, from nofe to tail, feven inches ; tail
near eight.

Inhabits mofi: parts of Europe : of late, the numbers much lef-
fened, and in many places extirpated, by the next fpecies : very
deftru61;ive to corn, furniture, young poultry, rabbets, and pi-
geons : will gnaw the extremities of infants when aOeep : breeds
often in a year : brings fix or feven young at a time : makes its
nefl, in a hole near a chimney, of wool, bits of cloth, or ftraw :
will deftroy and devour one another: its greatefl enemy’ is the
weefel. Firfl introduced by the Europeans into South America %
about the year 1544, in the time of the Viceroy Blqfco Nunnez,
Is now the peft of all that continent.

The word Rattus is modern. The Romans probably compre-
hended all kinds under the word Mus, The IVelJh call this Elygoden
Frengig, or the French Motife^ which evinces it not to be a native

• Garcilajfo de la ^ega, 384. O^alle, Churchill" s colU iii. 43.

of

RAT.

of our idand. There is a very minute variety of this kind about
the Volgay in the deferts of the lower part (for they have not
reached the upper) which fcarcely weighs feven drams.

I cannot trace the original place of the black rat: none are
found in Sihiria or Kamtfchatka.

Rats (I know not of what fpecies) are found in the Papuas
iflands, off New Guinea * , but according to the account given by
Dodtor Forjier -f, the common black rats fwarm in Otabeite, and
other of the Society iflandsj and are alfo met with in. the other
groupes of iflands, in New Zealand^ and in New. Holland, They
feed in Otaheite on the fruits of the country, and are fo bold as
even to attack the inhabitants when they are afleep. The na-
tiv'es hold’ them in the utmofl: deteflation, as unclean animals,
and will even avoid killing them, leaft they fhould be polluted by
the touch. They will not even eat the bread-fruit thefe ani-
mals fliould happen to run over.

South-Sea^

Islands,.

M us cauda longiflima, fupra dilute ful“ xxvii. 298. BrowN'c.

vus, infra albicans, Le Rat de Bois. Norway Rat. Br. Zaol. i. N° 26.

Brijfon quad. 120. Mus Decumanus. Pallas no<v. fp. fafc,

Le-Surmulot. De Bujvn, win, 206. tab, i. 91. Lev. Mus,

TJ with the head, back, and fides, of a light brown color,
mixed with tawny and afh-color: breaft and belly dirty
white : feet naked, and of a dirty fielli-color: fore feet furniflied
with four toes, and a claw inilead of the fifth : length, from nofe

* Captain Ferrefi* f Oh/err^ationSf 185, 187,

to.

4+0

RAT.

In Europe.

Asia.

to tall, nine Inches ; tail the fame : weight eleven ounces : is
flronger made than the laft.

Inhabits mofi: parts of Europe i but was a ftranger to that
continent hill the prefent century : came into Great Britain about
fifty years ago : not known in the neighborhood of Paris half
that time. Is the fame animal with what is called in the Eaft In^
.dies a Bandicote, a large rat which burrows under ground : under-
mines the foundations of houfes^ even to caufe them to fall
down ; fo probably the fpecies was brought from thence in
fome of the Indian fhips f. They fwarm in Peterjburg, Have
reached Pruffia, but not the oppofite fide of the Baltic ; at left
Einn^us takes no notice of them.

Are numerous \nPerfia, where they burrow in the fields
In Hyrcania they occupy the deferred holes of the porcupine.
Some years ago, an immenfe migration arrived from the weft at
the town of Jaik-, and in the year 1727 rin equal number ap-
peared about AJlracany filled the whole bed of the Volgay and in-
fefted the houfes to that degree, that nothing could be preferved
from them. They have not yet reached Sihiria, Thefe probably
were the Mures Cafpii of MliaUy which he fays were little lefs than
Ichneumons j and made periodical vifits in infinite multitudes to
the countries bordering on the Cajpian Sea : fwimming boldly
over the rivers, holding by one another’s tail |[.

* Purchas, ii. 1 1 70.

f This may be the fpecies found in Guinea^ called by Burbot, 214, Field
Rats ; which, he fays, are as big as cats. Bofman calls them Wild Rats. Burbot
alfo mentions another, as long, but flenderer than the former; which Negroes
eat, and call Boutees, which do great damage to their corn.

^ Doctor Pallas, ll uElian hiji, an. xvii. c, 17.

Burrow

R A T,

441

Burrow, like the water-rat, on the fides of ponds and ditches :
fvviin well, and dive readily : live on grain and fruits, and will
defliroy poultry and game : encreafe fall ; bring from fourteen to
eighteen young at a time: are very bold and fierce j will turn
when clofely purfued, and fallen on the Hick or hand of thofe who
offer to ftrike them : have deflroyed the common black rat in
mod places. Inhabit fields part of the year, but migrate in great
numbers into houfes, and do infinite mifchief,

Leverian Museum. 299,

Mus Caraco ? Pallas Nov, fp, fafc, i. 335. tab. xxiii.

"O with the upper jaw much longer than the lower : head long :

^ nofe narrow and pointed : ears large and naked : whifkers
fine, but long : tail naked, and like that of the black rat, but not
fo long.

Color a deep brown 5 on the belly inclines to afh-color : hair
ruder than in the preceding fpecies.

In fize larger than the black, leffer than the brown rat.

Inhabits North America j but I am uncertain whether it is en-
tirely wild, or whether it has yet found its way into houfes and
out-houfes. Mr. Bartram * mentions the rat (but does not de-
termine the fpecies) which lives among the ftones and caverns in
the Blue Mountains^ far from mankind: comes out at night, and
makes a terrible noife \ but in very fevere weather keeps filent
within its holes.

The Mus Caraco of Dodlor Pallas is fo nearly allied to this i
fpecies, that I do not at this time venture to feparate them : the

* In Kahn's trav, ii. 48.

3L

American*

. Caraco.

whiflcers

442

RAT.

whiflcers of the former feem rather Ihorter, and the tall^ in propor-
tion to its length, thicker ; but the thinnefs of that part might, in
the fpecimen in the Leverian Museum, arife from its being
dried j neither could I examine it thoroughly, as it was within a
glafs cafe. The Caraco has not as yet appeared to the weft of
the Jenefei^ but fwarm about and beyond lake Baikal, It has
much agreement with the laft kind, being, as the Mongals report,
converfant among lakes and waters, and is called by them Cha->
rachoy and Jike-Cholgonach or the Great Moufe, It burrows in the
banks of rivers : is fuppofed to extend to China^ and to be very
noxious there.

300. Water.

Le Rat d’Eau. Belon, Aquat, 30. tah,
xxxi.

Mus aquatilis. Agricola An, Rubier,
488. Gefner quad. 732. Rail fyn,
quad, 217. Klein quad, 57,

Waffer-maus. Kramer Auftr, 316.

Mus Amphibius. M. cauda elongata
pilofa plantis palmatis. Lin,fyji, 82.
Faun, fuec, 32. P allies Nou. fp.

fafc, i. 20.

M. cauda longa pllis fupra ex nigro et
flavefcente mixtis, infra cinereis vef-
titus. Brijfbn quad, 124.

Le Rat d’Eau. De Buffon, vii. 348. tah,
xliii.

Water Rat. Br, Zool. i. N° 27. Lev.
Mus.

T> with a thick blunt nofe : ears hid in the fur : eyes fmall :

teeth yellow : on each foot five toes j inner toe of the fore
foot very fmall; the firft joint very flexible; head and body co-
vered with long hairs, black mixed with a few ferruginous hairs :
belly of an iron grey : tail covered with fliort black hairs ; the
tip whitifli : weight nine ounces : length, from nofe to tail, feven
inches ; tail only five : fliape of the head and body more compad:
than the former fpecies

* It has fome refemblance to the Beaver, which induced Linneeus, in the firlt
edition of his Fauna ^uecica, to hyle it Cajior cauda lincari iereti%

1

Inhabits

Inhabits Europe, the north of Jfia, and North America bur-
rows in the banks of rivers, ponds, and wet ditches : feeds on
fmall hill, and the fry of greater j on frogs, infedls, and roots :
is itfelf the prey of pike : fwims and dives admirably, though it
is not web-footed, as Mr. Ray fuppofed, and Linnaeus copied af-
ter him : brings fix young at a time. This animal and the Otter
are eaten in France on matgre days.

Mus domeflicus communis feu minor. da£lylis. Lin. JyJt, Pallas Nov,

Gefner quad, 7 14. Rail fyn, quad. fp. fafc. i. 95.

218. ' Mus. Faun. fuec. 34.

Mus minor, mufculus vulgaris. Klein Mus cauda longillima, obfcure cine-
quad, reus, ventre fubalbefcente. Brijfon

Maufs. Kramer Aujir, dfiS. quad. 119.

Mus mufculus. M. cauda elongata. La Souris. De Buffon, vii. 309. tab,
palmis tetradaftylis, plantis penta- lix. Br, Zool, i. N° 30. Lev. Mus.

A N animal that needs no defcription : when found white, is
^ very beautiful, the full bright eye appearing to great ad-
vantage amidft the fnowy fur.

Inhabits all parts of the world, except the Arctic : follows
mankind.

Lavjfon hift, Carolina, 122. He alfo mentions another, which he calls the
Marjh Rat, being more hairy than the common rat ; but apparently is the fame
with this. Thofe of Canada vary to tawny and white. Vide De Buffon, xiv.
401. XV. 146,

3 L 2

Mus

444

RAT.

302. Field* Mus agreflis minor. Gefner quad, Mus fylvaticus. M. cauda longa, pal-

M us domefticus medius. Rati Jyn, quad, mis tetradadlylis, plantis pentadadly-

218. lis, corpore grifeo pilis nigris abdo-

Maufs mit weifTen bauch. Kramer Aujir, mine albo. Lin, fyji. 84. Pallas
317. 94* Suec. N® 36.

Mus cauda longa fupra e fufco flavef- Le Mulct. DeBuffon, vii. 325. xli.
cens, infra ex albo cinerefcens. Brif- Long-tailed Field-moufe. Br, Zool, i.
f on quad. 123, N" 28. Lev. Mus.

Ty with full and black eyes : head, back, and fides of a yellowifh
iv® 5j-own, mixed with fome dufl^y hairs : breaft of an ochre-
color : belly white : length, from the tip of the nofe to the tail,
four inches and a half: tail four inches, flightly covered with
hair.

Inhabits Europe: found only in fields and gardens: feeds on
nuts, acorns, and corn : forms great magazines of winter provi-
fion : hogs, tempted by the fmell, do much damage in the fields,
by rooting up the hoards : makes a neft for its young very near
the furface, and often in a thick tuft of grafs : brings from feven
to ten at a time : called, in fome parts of England^ Bean Moufe^
from the havock it makes among the beans when juft fown.

Is common in Ruffia^ and about the Uralian chain, but not
beyond.

a. American R. with very long whificers, fome white, others
black : ears large, naked, and open : from the head to the tail,
along the middle of the back, a broad dark ftripe, ferruginous
and dufky : the cheeks, fpace beneath the ears, and fides, quite
to the tail, orange-colored : under fide, from nofe to tail, of a
fnowy whitenefs : feet white : hind legs longer than thofe of

the

R A T.

445

the European kind : tail dufky above, whitifli beneath. Nem
York,

The lefs long-tailed Field-Moufe, Br, ZooL ii. App* 498. Lev. Mus. 3^3* Harvest*

"O with eyes lefs prominent than thofe of the former : ears
prominent : of a full ferruginous color above, white be-
neath : a ftrait line along the fides divides the colors : tail a little
hairy : length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a half: tail two
inches : weight one-fixth of an ounce.

Inhabits Hampjhir'e ; where it appears in greateft numbers dur-
ing harveft : never enters houfes ; but is carried into the ricks of
corn in the fheaves j and often hundreds are killed on breaking up
the ricks : during winter, fhelters itfelf under ground : burrows
very deep, and forms a warm bed of dead grafs : makes its nefl
for its young above ground, between the ilraws of {landing corn 5
it is of a round fhape, and compofed of blades of corn : brings
about eight young at a time.

Mus orientalis. Seh, Muf.iu 22, tah. M. cauda longa, ftriis corporis longitu- Oriental,

xxi. Jig. 2. dinalibus & pundis albis. Muf* Ad.

M. cauda mediocri fubnuda, palmis te- Fred. 10.

tradadlylis, plantis pentadaclvHs, Mus cauda longa, rufus, lineis in dorfo
corporis ftriis pundlatis. Lin.Jyft,%^. albicantibus, margaritarum semulis,

BriJJhn quad, i 24.

TJ with round naked ears : of a grey color : the back and fides
elegantly marked with tv;elve rows of fmall pearl-colored
fpots, extending from the head to the rump : tail the length of
the body : in fize, half that of a common moufe.

Inhabits

305. Bareary*

306. Mexican,

307* Virginian,

R A T,

Inhabits India, In the fame country, and in Guinea^ is another
very fmali fpecies, which fmells of muik. The Portuguefe living
in India call it Cherofo^ and fay its bite is venomous, Boullaye la
Gouz, 256. Barbot's Guinea^ 214.

Mus Barbaras, M, cauda mediocrl cor- mis tridadlylis, plantis pentada£lylis,
pore fufco, ftriis decern pallidis, pal- Lin. fyji* tom, i. pars ii. addenda.

y ESS than the common moufe : of a brown color: marked
on the back with ten flender Ereaks : three toes with claws
on the fore feet, with the rudiments of a thumb : tail of the
length of the body.

Inhabits Barbary.

Mus Mexicanus maculatus. Seh. Muf. 74. tab. xlv. Jig. 3.

*

Rof a whitifh color, mixed with red : head whitilh : each fide
• of the belly marked with a great reddifh fpot.

According to Seba inhabits Mexico.

Mus agreftis Americanus albus, ^eh. Muf. i, 76. tab. xlvii, fg, 4.

*0 with pointed ears and nofe i the lafe black : whilkers long :

fur very fhort: limbs very weak and flender: tail at the
bafe thick, growing gradually fo from the rump, fo that the
junftion cannot be diftinguifhed 3 decreafes gradually, and be-

9

comes

RAT.

comes very long and {lender ; ends in a pointy and Is In all parts
befet with lono; hair.

Color of this animal univerfally vdiite.

According to Seha^ found in Virginia, The thicknefs at the
bafe of the tail is its fpecihe difference.

Mus Vagus, Pallas Nov, fp, fafe* u 327. iaL xxii. /g, 2.

T5 with an oblong, head : blunt nofe, with a red tip: cutting
• teeth yellow ; the upper truncated : eyes placed midway
between the nofe and the ears : ears large, oval, naked ; the tip
dufky and downy : limbs {lender : inftead of a thumb, on the fore
feet, is a conic wart : tail longer than the body, and very {lender.

Color above a pale alh, mixed and undulated with black :
along the back to the tail is a black line : ends of the limbs
whitilh.

Length, from nofe to tail, between two and three inches ; the
tail near three.

Inhabits the whole ’Tartarian defert ; and at certain times
wanders about in great flocks, and migrating from place to
place during night. Obferved as high as lat. 57, about the Irtijhy
and between the Ohy and Jenefeiy in birch woods : is of a very
chilly nature ; foon becomes torpid, and Heeps rolled up in the
cold night, even of the month of June, Lives in fiffures of
rocks, under (tones, and in hollow fallen trees : has carnivorous
inclinations ; for on being placed in a box with a moufe of ano-
ther fpeciesj it killed and devoured part, notwithftanding it had

feeds

447

Place..

joS.Wanderin®*

44^

RAT.

309. Beech.

Size.

Place.

310. Rustic.

feeds to feed on. Is called by the Tartars^ DJkickis-fttfdanj or gre-
garious Moufe,

Mus Betulinus. Fallas No^./p. fafc* i. 332. tah» xxii. Jig* i.

TJ with a lharp nofe, with the end red : ears fmaller than thofe
• of the former, brown, briftly at the end : limbs very fen-
der : toes long, fender, and very feparable : tail very long and
fender, much exceeding the length of the body 5 brown above,
white below.

Color of the head and body a cinereous ruf:, with a few dufl^y
hairs interfperfed : breaf; and belly, pale afh : along the top of
the back is a dufcy line.

Lefs than the former.

Inhabits the birch woods about the plains of Ifchini and Baraha,
and between the Ohy and Jenefei : lives in the hollows of decayed
trees : very tender, and foon grows torpid in cold'weather : runs
up trees, and fallens to the boughs with its tail ; and, by afliflance
of its fender fingers, adheres to any fmooth furface : emits a weak
note.

Mus Agrarius. Pallas Nonj, fp.fafc, i. 341. tah* xxiv. A. Itin, i. 454.

Mus Rubeus. Schnjjenkfeldt Anim. Silef* 114.

TJ with a fharp nofe : oblong head : fmall ears lined with fur :

• color of the body and head ferruginous, with a dufcy line
along the back : belly and limbs whitifi : above each hind foot is
a duf<y circle.

A little

R A T.

A little lefs than the field moufe. The tail only half the
length of the body.

Inhabits the temperate trad of Ruffidy and Sibrna^ as far as the
Irtijh : in the former, chiefly about villages and corn-fields j in
the latter. In woods. In Ruffia is often migratory, and often very
noxious to the grain : It is called there Shitniky or the Corn Moufe y
for it abounds in the fheafs and ricks. At times they wander In vaft
multitudes, and deflroy the whole expedations of the farmer.
This plague did in particular, in the years 1763 or 1764, make
great ravages in the rich country about and Arjk'y but came
in fuch numbers as to fill the very houfes, and became through
hunger fo bold as todleal even the bread from the table before
the very faces of the guefts. At approach of winter they all dif-
appeared.

They make their retreats a little below the furface, which in
thofe places appears elevated : each has a long gallery, with a
chamber at the end, in which they place their winter food, which
confifls of various forts of feeds.

Mus minutus. Pallas Nov. fp, fafe. i. 345. tah. xxiv. B. Itin^ i. 454.

TJ with a fliarpifh nofe : dufky, with a whitenefs at the corner
of the mouth : ears fmall, half hid in the fur: body more
flender than that of the common moufe : tail fhorter and more
flender.

Color, a deep tawny above, white below : feet grey.

The left of the genus ; little more than two inches long from
nofe to tail 3 weight not half a dram.

3M

449

Size.

Place,

311, Littli*

Size.

Accompanies

R A T.

450

Place.

Accompanies the former fpecies, in corn-fields and barns 3 alfo
plentiful in the birch-woods. More males among them than fe-
males. Seem to wander without any certain places for their
nefls.

With tails of middle length.

312, Rock.

Mus Saxatilis. Pallas No^* fp» fafc, i. 255. tah» xxiii. B.

Size.

with an oblong head : nofe rather pointed : ears rifing above
• the fur 3 oval, downy, at the edges brown : whifkers fhort :
limbs flrong : tail not half fo long as the body, with a few hairs
fcattered over it.

Color above, brown flightly mixed with grey : fides incline
more to the lafl color *. belly of a light cinereous : fnout dufky,
furrounded with a very flender ring of white.

Length four inches : tail one and a half.

Place.

Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, and the Mongolian
defert : makes its burrows in a wonderful manner, confidering the
weaknefs of its feet, between the crannies of the rocks which had
been forced open by violence of frofl, or the infinuation of roots
of plants : it chufes its habitation amidft the rudefl rocks, and
lives chiefly on the feeds of Afiragali, The burrows confifl, firfl;-
ly, of a large winding oblique paflfage, through which the ani-
mal flings out the earth : fecondly, of one or more holes point-
ing downwards, which likewife wind among the rocks 3 and at

their bottom is the nefl, formed of foft herbs.

Mas

i

K. A. T»

45*

Mus CEconomus. Pallas No^* Tegoulichitck. Defer, Kamtfchatkai

i. 234, tab. xiv. A. bin. iii. 692. Engl, ed, 104.

with fmall eyes : ears naked, and iifually hid in the fur ;
* linabs ftrong : teeth very tawny : color black and yellow,
intimately mixed 5 duflcy on the back ; from throat to tail hoary ;
beneath the hair a dark down ; ends of the feet dufky.

Length four inches and a quarter ; of the tail, more than an
inch : in form of body like the meadow moufe, but is rather
longer, and the belly bigger.

Inhabits in vail numbers all Sihiriay efpecially the eaftern parts,
and Kamtfchatka ; and even found within the ArElic circle.

They are called by Do61:or P alias y Mures CEconomi or CEco-
nomic Mice, from their curious way of living. They inhabit
damp foils, and fhun the fandy ; form burrows beneath the up-
per cruft of the turfy ground and have in them many cham-
bers, and feveral entrances. In the firft they form magazines
for winter food, confifting of various forts of plants, which they
colledl in fummer with great pains ; and in funny days draw
them out of their nefts, in order to give them a more effedlual
drying. During fummer they never touch their hoards, but live
on berries, and other vegetable produdlions.

They in certain years make great migrations out of Kamtf-
chatka ; they colledl in the fpring, and go off in incredible multi-
tudes. Like the Lenmus, they go on in a dire61: courfe, and
nothing ftops their progrefs, neither rivers nor arms of fea : in
their paffage they often fall a prey to the ravenous fifties 1 but
on land are fafe, as the Kamtfehatkans pay a fiiperftitious regard

'3 M 2 for

13. GiCONOMIC,

Size.

Place.

Manners,

R A T.

314. Red,

Size.

for themi and when they find them lying, weak or half dead
with fatigue, on the banks, after pafllng a river, will give them
all poffible adifbance. They fet out on their migration weflward.
From the river Pengin they go fouthward, and about the middle
of July reach Ochotjka and Judomay a tra61: of amazing extent.
They return again in O^oher, The Kamtfchatkans are greatly
alarmed at their migrations, as they prefage rainy feafons, and an
unfuccefsful chace but on their return, exprefifes are fent to all
parts with the good news.

Many fables are related of them, fuch as that they cover their
provifions Vv^ith poifonous herbs before their migrations, in order
to deftroy other rats which may attempt to plunder their maga-
zines ; and if by chance they fliould be pillaged, they will flrangle
themfelves through vexation, by fqueezing their necks between
the forks of Ihrubs ; for this reafon the natives never take away
all their ftore, but leave part for their fubfiflence, or leave in its
place fome caviare, or any thing that will ferve for their fup-
port.

Mus Rutilus. Pallas Nov, fp, fafc, i. 146. tab, xlv. B.

with the nofe and face very briflly : ears, like thofe of the
* former, naked, except the tip, on which is a rufty down :
tall full of hair : color, from the middle of the forehead, along
the back, to the rump, an uniform pleafant tawny red : the fides
light grey and yellow : under fide of the body whitifli : feet
white *. tail dulky above, light below.

Length not four inches \ tail above one.

Inhabits

RAT,

453

Inhabits Sihtria^ from the Oly eaftward to Kamtfchatka^ In
woods and mountains ; and alfo within the Ar5lic circle. Creeps
fometimes into houfes and granaries : lives abroad under logs of
wood, or trunks of trees : they wander out the whole winter, and
are very lively even amidft the fnows : eat any thing which comes
in their way \ even flefh,

A variety is found about Cafanj, a little lefTer than the Sihirian
kind, and the tail longer and more flender : the red on the back is
not fo much difflifed as in the other. The fame kind has alfo
been difcovered in the botanical garden at Gottengen.

Mus Alliarius. Pallas Nou, fp.fa.fc* i. 252, tab, xiv. C.

“O with great open naked ears, very apparently out of the fur :

tail cloathed with hair: color on the back cinereous,
mixed with longer hairs tipped with dufky grey : fides of a
whitiih afh : breaft, belly, and feet white : tail marked along, the
top with a dufky line, the reft white.

Length a little above four inches 5 tail one and a half.

Inhabits the country about the Jenefei and Lena : is frequent in
the fubterraneous magazines of bulbous roots, efpecially the
Allium angulatum^ or angular garlic, formed by the Sihirian pea-
fan ts.

TJ with the nofe a little extended : four toes on the fore feet,
® with a tubercle inftead of a thumb : five toes on the hind
feet : round ears covered with fur : tail of a middling length, and

hairy 1

Ft ACE,

515. Garlic,

Placi>

316, SORICINIs

RAT.

hairy ; color of the upper part of the body yellowifli grey ; belly
white.

Inhabits the neighborhood of Strajbourg, Difcovered by Pro»
feflbr Herman,

^ ^ ^ With fhort tails.

317. Lemmus. Lemmar vel Lemmns. Olai magni de rufo et nigro variegatus,

gent. Septentr. 358. ICO.

Leem vel Lemmer. Ge/ner quad. 731. Mus Lemmus. M. cauda abbreviata,
Mus Norvegicus vulgo Leming. pedibus pentadadlylis, corpora fulvo

Muf. 321, 325. Scheffer Lapland y 136. nigro vario. Lin. fyfi. 80. Pallas
Pcntop. Nor^ivay, ii. 30. Strom Sond~ no^. fp. fafc.i. 186. xii. A. &B,
mor, 154. Raiifyn. quad. 227. Fial-Mus, Sabell-Mus. Lappis,

Sable-mice. Ph. Tr. abridg. ii. 875. Lummick. Faun. Suec, N‘' 29.

Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, ex flavo, Le Leming. De Buffon, xiii. 314.

with two very long cutting teeth in each jaw : head pointed :
^ long whifivers; fix of the hairs on each fide longer and
ftronger than the reft : eyes fmall and black : mouth fmall : up-
per lip divided : ears fmall, blunt, and reclining backwards :
fore legs very fhort : four flender toes on the fore feet, covered
with hairs , and in the place of the thumb a fharp claw, like a
cock’s fpur: five toes behind: the dcin very thin: the color of
the head and body black and tawny, difpofed in irregular
blotches : belly white, tinged with yellow.

Size. Length, from nofe to tail, about five inches; in large fpeci-

mens a little more : the tail about half an inch. Thofe of Ryfftan
Lapland are much lefs than thofe of the Norwegian or Swedijh.

Place. Inhabits Norway and Lapland^ the country about the river

9 Oyh,

R A T,

455

Ohy^ and the north extremity of the Uralian chain. They ap-
pear in numberlefs troops, at very uncertain periods, in Norway
and Lapland: are the pefb and wonder of the country: they
march like the army of locufts, fo emphatically defcribed by the
prophet Joel : deftroy every root of grafs before them, and fpread
univerfal defolation : they infedl; the very ground, ana cattle are
faid to perifli which tafle of the grafs which they have touched :
they march by myriads, in regular lines : nothing fliops their
progrefs, neither fire, torrents, lake, or morafs. They bend their
courfe flrait forward, with moft amazing obilinacy 3 they fwim
over the lakes 5 the greateft rock gives them but a flight check,
they go round it, and then refume their march diredly on, with-
out the left deviation : if they meet a peafant, they perfift in
their courfe, and jump as high as his knees in defence of their
progrefs : are fo fierce as to lay hold of a ftick, and fuffer
themfelves to be fwung about before they quit their hold: if
ftruck, they turn about and bite, and will make a noife like a
dog.

They feed on grafs, on the rein-deer liverwort, and the catkins
of the dwarf birch. “The firfl they get under the fnow, beneath
which they wander during winter ; and make their lodgements,
and have a fpiracle to the furface for the fake of air. In thefe
retreats they are eagerly purfued by the Ardiic foxes.

They make very fhallow burrows under the turf ; but do not
form any magazines for winter provifion : by this improvidence
it feems that they are compelled to make thefe num.erous migra-
tions, in certain years, urged by hunger to quit their ufual re-
fidences.

They breed often in the year, and bring five or fix young at a

time t

RAT.

time : fometimes they bring forth on their migration j fome they
carry in their mouths, and others on their backs.

They are not poifonous, as is v^ulgarly reported ; for they are
often eaten by the Laplanders^ who compare their flefh to that of
fquirrels.

Are the prey of foxes, lynxes, and ermines, who follow them
in great numbers : at length they perifh, either through want of
food, or by deltroying one another, or in fome great water, or in
the fea. They are the dread of the country : in former times fpi-
ritual weapons were exerted againft them ; the priefl exorcifed,
and had a long form of prayer to avert the evil * : happily it does
not occur frequently \ once or twice in twenty years : it feems
like a vail colony of emigrants, from a nation over-flocked j a
difcharge of animals from the great Northern hive, that once
poured out its myriads of human creatures upon Southern Eu^
rope. Where the head-quarters of thefe quadrupeds are, is not
very certainly known : Linn^us fays, the Norwegian and Lapland
Alps ; Pontoppidan feems to think, that Kolens rock, which di-
vides Nordland from Sweden^ is their native place : but wherever
they come from, none return : their courfe is predeflinated, and
they purfue their fate.

* Worm, Muf, 333. where the whole form is preferved. It was once ferloufly
believed that thefe animals were generated in the clouds, and fell in Ihowers
upon the ground : Per tempejiates et repentinos imhres e calo decidant, incompertum
undej an ex remotiorihus in/ulisy et hue <vento delata, an ex nubibus faculentis naiee
deferantur, Olai Magni de Gent. Septentr, 358.

Mus

Mus tOfquatus. Pallas Nov, fp, fa/c, i. 205=.

‘‘rt with a blunt nofe : ears hid in the fur ; legs ftrong and
fhort : foies covered with hair : claws very ftrong^ hooked
at the end : the hair on the whole body very fine.

Color of the upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with
grey and yellow j fometimes pale grey, clouded with undulated
lines of dufky rufl-color : from the ears, down each fide of the
cheeks, is a bed of the fame color, and behind that a ilripe of
white, fo that the neck appears encircled with a collar ; behind
thefe again is another bed of the former color.

Length to the tail little more than three inches ; of the tail
one j at its end is a hard tuft of briftles.

Inhabits the northern parts about the river Ohy, Makes its
burrows, with many paffages, beneath the turfy foil. The nefls
are filled with rein-deer and fnowy liverworts. They are faid to
migrate at the fame feafons with the Lemnms,

Mus Hudfonias. Pallas Nov, fp, fa/c* i. 208.

with flender brown whifkers : very fine long foft hair i cine-
reous, tinged with tawny, on the back, with a diiflcy flripe
running along its middle : along each fide a pale tawny line :
belly pale cinereous : limbs very fhort ; fore feet very ftrong : the
two middle claws of the male very ftrong, thick, and compref-
fed 5 divided at the end : thofe of the fuppofed females (of the

3 N leffer

Size.

Place.

Hudson^s,

4S8

R A T.

Size.

320. Hare-
tailed.

Size.'

Place.

Manners.

lefTer fl<ins) linall r tali very fhort, terminated by fome ftlir
briftles.

Length about five Inches. Defcribed by Do6lor P alias from
fome fkins fent to him from Labrador^ one of which he favored
me with.

Mus Lagurus. Fallas Nov. fp. fajc, i. 210. tab, xiii. A. Pin. ii. Jpp. 704*

T3 with a long head, and blunt nofe : rough lips, and fwelling
out: ears iliort, round, flat, juft appearing out of the
fur: limbs fliort and flender: tail the fhortefl: of ail the genus,.

f

fcarcely appearing out of the hairs : fur very foft and full, cinereous
on the upper part, mixed with dufley : along the back is a darL
line: belly and feet of a pale afh-color..

Length between three and four inches.

Inhabits the country above the Taik^ and Jenefei. They

love dry foils, but firm; in which they make burrows with two
entrances ; one oblique, leading to the nefl, the ether perpendicu-
lar, but both end at it, or unite beyond ; the nefl: is formed of
grafs. Ufually the male has a different habitation, but fome-
times they live together. When more males than one get toge-
ther, they fight, and the conqueror devours the vanquifhed ; the
mate of the deceafed inftantly fubmits to the embraces of the
former, even though pregnant.. They are very falacious, and
bring their young frequently in the air : they bring fix at a time :
emit often a mufley fmeli when in heat : the males fight fitting
up, and bite very hard, and make a noife by ffriking their teeth
together. They fleep very inuch, and like the Marmots, rolled

f

R A t.

up ; and, like them, are (low in their motions : are very fond of
the dwarf iris, but feed on all forts of feeds : they have alfo car-
nivorous appetites, for they will devour one another, and even
others of different fpecies, of the fame fize with themfelves ; for
which reafon few other kinds live near them. They migrate in
great troops ; therefore are called by the fT artars^ DJhilkis-
ZizchaUy the Rambling Moufe,

Mas focialis. Pallas Nov. fp. fafc, i. 218. iah. xiii. B. Itin. ii. ■Apf, 705.

¥

Rwith a thick head and blunt nofe : ears oval, naked : limbs
® fhort and ftrong : tail (lender : nofe duilcy : upper part of
the body a light grey s paled on the fides : fides, fnoulders, and
belly, white.

' I.ength above three inches 5 tail half an inch.

Inhabits the Cafpian defer t, between the Volga and the Taik^
and the country of Hyrcania. They live in fandy, low, and
herby places, in large focieties ; and in many places the whole
ground is covered with the little hills formed by the earth they
cad out of their burrows : the burrows are about a fpan in
depth, with eight or more paifages. They are always found to
live in pairs, or with a family. They live much on tulip-roots.
They rarely appear in autumn, but fwarm in the fpring. They
are faid either to migrate or change their places in autumn, or to
conceal themfelves among the bufhes ; and in the winter to (helter
in hay-ricks. They breed later than other kinds. Are the prey
of weefels, fitchets, crows, and vipers.

321. Social,

Size.

Place.

Manners.

Mus

t

4S0

R A T.

22. Meadow.

Size.

Place.

Mus agreftls capite grandi brachiurus.

Rait fyn. quad. 218.

Mus terreftris. M. cauda mediocri fub-
pilofa, palmis fubtetradadlylis, plan-
tis pentadadlylis, auriculis vellpre
brevioribus. Lin.fyji. 82.

Molle. Faun. fuec. N® 31
Mus cauda brevi, pilis e nigricante &
fordide luteo mixtis in dorfo, & fatu-

rate cinereis In ventre veflitls. Brlf^
/on quad, 125.

Le Campagnol. De Buffon, vii. 369.
tab. xlvii.

The fhort-tailed Field-moufe. Br, ZqqL
i. N° 31.

Erdzeifl. Kramer Aujir. 316.

Mu? arv.alis. Pallas No'v, fp. fnfc, i.
78. Lev. Mus.

Rwith a large head : blunt nofe : ears -fhort, and hid in the
• fur : eyes prominent : tail Ihort : color of the head, and
upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with black : belly
deep afh-color : feet dufky.

Length, from nofe to tail, fix inches i tail only one and a half,
thinly covered with hair, terminated by a fmall tuft.

Inhabits Europe: alfo in great abundance inNewfoundlandy where
it does much mifchief in the gardens : in England^ feldom infefls
gardens : makes its nefl in m.oift meadows : brings eight young
at a time : has a ftrong affedtion for them : rcfides under ground:
lives on nuts, acorns, and’ corn.

* The fpecies, 30. Faun, fuec. defcribed by the flyle of Mus cauda ahhri’-
yiatUs corpore nigro fufcot ahdomine cinerefcentCi feems the fame with this.

Mus

2^ 4()1

V’

/

*

l.Hamtter ]S[?3 24 ll.Black Hamfler P.462

RAT,

461*

Mus gregarius. M. cauda corpora triple Mus gregalis. Dallas Nov» fp. fafe* i,
breviore fubpilofa, corpora grifeo, 79,.
fubtus pedibufque albis.

TO with a fmall mouth and blunt nofe : ears naked, and ap-
pearing above the fur : hair on the upper part of the body
black at the roots and tips, ferruginous in the middle : throat,
belly, and' feet whitilli : taikthrice as fhort as the body, covered
with thin white hairs; the end black and afh-color : is a little
larger than the common moufe.

\x\h.2ih\ts Germany Sweden : eats fitting up : burraws, and:
lives under ground*.

Short-tailed,

With pouches in each jaw.

Hamefter, Cricetus. Agricola An. Sui-
ter. 486. Gejner quad. 738. Raii fyn.
quad. 221. Meyer An. 1, tab. Ixxxi.
Ixxxii.

Skrzeczek, Chomik, Rzaczinjki Polon*
232.

Porcellus frumentarius. Sch-wenkfelde
Theriotroph. I 1 8.

Krietfch, Hamller. Kramer Aujir. 317,
Pallas Nov. fp. fafe. i. 83. Zimmer^
man. 343. 5 i !•

Mus cricetus. M. cauda mediocri, auri-
cuiis rotundatis, corpora fubtus ni-
gro, lateribus rufefeentibus maculis
tribus albis. hin.fyji. 82.

Glis ex cinereo rufus in dorfo, in ventre
niger, maculi* tribus ad latera albis,
Brilfon quad. 1 1 7 .

Le Hamfter. De Buffon, xiii. 1 17. tab,
xiv. xvi. Suppl. iii. 183.

German Marmot. Syn, quad. N” 200,
Lev. Mus.

*13 with large rounded ears : full black . eyes color on the
• head and back, reddifh brown : cheeks red : beneath each
ear a v/hite fpot, ,and another behind.; a. fourth near the hind

legs :

V

323. Grega-
rious,

324. Hamster*

t

/

4^7 R A .

Size.

kgs : break, upper part of the fore legs, and the belly, black ;
tail kiort, almofl naked : four toes, and a fifth claw, on the fore
feet; five behind: about nine inches long ; tail three.

The males are always bigger than the females ; fome weigh
from twelve to fixteen ounces : the females feldom exceed four or

Place.

fix. They vary fometimes in color. About Cafa7i is found fre-
quently a family entirely black.

Inhabits Auftria^ Silefta^ and many parts of Gennany^ Poland^
and Ukraine y in all the fouthern and temperate parts of Ruffia
and Sihiria, and even about the river Jeiiefei, but not farther to
the eaft. They are alfo found in the Tartarian deferts, in Tandy
foil, difliking moift places. They are very fond of fuch fpots
w^hich abound with liquorice, whofe feeds they feed on. They
fwarm fo in Gotha^ that in one year 11,564, in another 54,429,
and in a third 80,139 their fleins were delivered at tht Hotel de
Ville of the capital^, thefe animals being proferibed on account
of their vafl: devaftations among the corn.

^Manners.

They are very deflrudlive to grain ; eating great quantities,
and carrying kill more to its hoard : within its cheeks are two
pouches, receptacles for its booty, which it fills till the cheeks
feem ready to burk : the Germans therefore fay of a very greedy
fellow, Er frijft vuie ein Hafnjler.

They live under ground ; firk form an entrance, burrowing
down obliquely : at the end of that paifage the male finks one
perpendicular hole ; the female feveral : at the end of thefe are
formed various vaults, either as lodges for themfelves and young,
-or kore-houfes for their food : each young has its different apart-

I

* T>e BuJfoUf Suppl, iii, 185. c^uoted from Mr. Sulzer*

3

ment y

R A T.

ment ; each fort of grain Its different vault ; the firft they line
with ftraw or grafs ; thefe vaults are of different depths^, according
to the age of the animal ; a young Harafter makes them fcarcely
a foot deep ; an old one finks them to the depth of four or five ;
and the whole diameter of the habitation, with all its communis
cations, is fometimes eight or ten feet.

The male and female have always feparate burrows \ for, ex-
cepting their fliort feafon of courtffiip, they have no intercourfe.
The whole race is fo malevolent as to conftantly rejed all fociety
with one another. They will fight, kill, and devour their own
fpecies, as well as other leffer animals; fo may be faid to be
carnivorous as well as granivorous. If it happens that two males
meet in fearch of a female, a battle enfues ; the female makes a
iliort attachment to mhe conqueror, after which the connexion
ceafes. She brings forth two or three times in a year, and brings
from fixteen to eighteen at a birth.' Their growth is very quick i
and at about the ane of three weeks, the old one forces them out
of the burrows to take care of themfelves : flie fliews little affec-
tion tor them ; for if any one digs into the hole, fhe attempts to
fave herfeif by burrowing deeper into- the earth, and totally neg-
ledls the fafety of her brood : on the contrary, if fne is attacked
in the feafon of coiirtfhip, flie defends the male with the utmoft
fury.

They lie torpid from the firfc colds to the end of the winter^
and during that time are feemiingly quite infenfible, and have the
appearance of being dead ; their limbs ftifi, and body cold as
ice : not even fpirits of wine, or oil of vitriol, poured in to them,
can produce the left mark of fenfibiliry. It is only in places be-
yond the reach of the air in which it grows torpid ; for the fevereft

cold .

464

R A 1\

cold on the furface does not affe£l it, as has been proved by ex-
periment.

In its annual revival, it begins firft to lofe the ftiffnefs of
its limbs I then breathes deeply, and by long intervals : on
moving its limbs, it opens it mouth, and makes a rattle in the
throat ; after fome days it opens its eyes, and tries to ftand ;
but makes its efforts like a perfon much concerned in liquor ;
at length, when it has attained its ufual attitude, it refts for a
long time in tranquillity, to recoiled itfelf, and recover from its
fatigue.

They begin to lay in their provifions in Auguft ^ and will carry
grains of corn, corn in the ear, and peas and beans in the pods,
which they clean in their holes, and=carry the hufics carefully out :
the pouches above mentioned are fo capacious as to hold a quar-
ter of a pint Englijh, As foon as they have finifhed their work,
they flop up the mouth of their paffage carefully. As they lie
torpid during the whole fevere feafon, thefe hoards are defigned
for their fupport on their firfl retreat, and in the fpring and be-
ginning of the fummer, before they can fupply themfelves in the
fields. In winter, the peafants go what they call a Hamfter-neJling -\
and when they difcover the retreat, dig down till they difcover the
hoard, and are commonly well paid } for, befides the flcins of the
animals, which are valuable furs, they find commonly two bufhels
of good grain in the magazine. Thefe animals are very fierce }
will jump at a horfe that happens to tread near them, and hang
by its nofe, fo that it is difficult to difengage them : they make a
noife like the barking of a dog. In lome feafons are fo numerous
as to occafion a dearth of corn. Pole-cats are their greatefl: ene-
mies } for they purfue them into their holes, and deftroy numbers.

It

RAT.

4^5

It is remarkable, that the hair flicks fo clofe to the as not
to be plucked off without the utmoft difficulty.

In my former edition I fuppofed the Vormela of Agricola ^ to
have been a variety of this kind. He fays it is lefs i the whole
body marked with yellow and tawny fpots ; the tail cinereous^
and white tipped with black \ but as he adds that it is a palm
and a half long, I muft refer it to another fpecies, or perhaps
genus ; for it is not unlikely but that it is the fame with the Sar-
matian Weefsl, N® 196.

Mus accedula. Pallas Nov. fp. fa/c. i. 257, tab* xviii. A.

Mus migratorius. ' Pallas Itin. ii. App. 703.

Rwith a thick fnout : blunt nofe : very fleffiy lips : upper lip
® deeply divided : upper fore teeth fmall, yellow, convex
outwards, truncated ; the lower (lender, pointed : eyes large : ears
great, oblongly oval, high above the fur, naked : tail very ffiort,
cylindrical : color about the face white : upper part of the body
of a cinereous yellow, mixed with brown ^ below of a hoary
whitenefs.

Length near four inches.

Inhabits the deferts about the Talk : runs about during night,
when it quits its burrow. It is faid by the Cojfacks to migrate in
great numbers out of the deferts, and to be followed by multi-
tudes of foxes, prefaging a good hunting-feafon : but Dodlor
Pallas doubts whether this fpecies, or any of the pouched kinds,

De anirn. fuhter* 486.

3 O go

325. Vormela*

326. Yaik*

Size*

Place an©
Manners.

RAT.

go far from their homes, as thofe receptacles for provifion arc
calculated only for Ihort excurfions.

PtAClr

Mus Phaeus, Pallas Nov. fp. fafi* i. 261. tah. xv. A.

Rwith the forehead much elevated : edges of the eyelids
• black : ears naked, oval, Handing far out of the fur : tail
very Ihort, flightly furred : color above, a hoary afli-color, with
long dufky hairs, running from the neck, along the middle of the
back, to the tail : the lides whitlfh : the circumference of the
mouth, under fide of the body, and the extremities of the limbs>
of a fnowy whitenefs.

Length about three inches and a half.

Inhabits the deferts of Aftracan^ about Zarizyn ; and is taken in

I

traps frequently in winter, in places near to ftables and out-
houfes. It is alfo common among the Hyrcanian mountains,
about the Terjian villages, where it commits great ravages among
the rice. It does not grow torpid during winter, as is proved by
the flomachs of fuch which are taken in that feafon, being found
full of food.

528. Sand® arcnarius. Fallas Nov. /p.fa/c. i. *66. tah. xvi. A. Itin. il. App. 704.

Rwith a longilli head and fnout, and Iharp nofe : the pouches
• very large : ears great, oval, brownifti : body Ihort : nails
white : color of the upper part of the body hoary ; fides, belly,
limbs, and tail, of a pure white.

Length

RAT.

467

Length near four inches; tail above one. Sike.

Inhabits the fandy plains of the Baraba^ not far from the river Placm,
Irtijh, The males inhabit a very deep burrow, with a Angle en«
trance, at whofe bottom is the nefb, made of the Elymus arenariusT^
and other plants : other burrows, perhaps of the females, had
three entrances : in another, difcovered in Mayy were five young
in three nefts ; two were preferved alive ; were untameable very
fierce, and would fling themfelves on their back, and defend
themfelves by biting: they went out only in the night, and hid ,
themfelves during day in their fodder.

Mus fongarus. Fallas Nov* fp.fa/c, i. 269. tab, xvi. B. Itin, ii. App* 703.

329. SoHCAfc.

Rwith a thick head and blunt nofe : ears oval, very, thin, ap«
• pear above the fur, are very (lightly cloathed with hoary
down : tail very fhort, blunt, thick, and hairy : color above, a
cinereous grey, marked along the back, from head to tail, with a
black line : fides of the head and body marked with great white
Ipots in certain parts, running into one another, in others bounded
with brown : belly and legs white.

Length three inches.

Inhabits, with the former, the Barabay ufually in the dry fandy
faline places : dwells during fummer in the (hallow new-begun
burrows ; thofe of the females have a very deep oblique paflTage
at the end of it : the neft formed of herbs 5 in one of which were
feven young ; from this neft ran another deep hole, perhaps the
winter retreat. The young were much grown, yet blind. Doc-
tor Valias pricferved them long : they grow foon familiar, contrary

3 O 2 to

Sl2E^

PLACg.

4.68

RAT.

CO the nature of other mice ; would feed from his hand, lap milk,
and when placed on a table, fhew no defire of running away ; but
were flower in all their motions than the other fpecies. They
v/allied their faces with their paws, and eat fitting up : wan-
dered about in the day and morning : flept all night rolled up :
feldom made any cry, and when they did, it was like that of a
bat.

330. Bara BA, Mus furunculus, T alias Nov. fp. fafc. i. 273.

Mus Barabenfis. ltin» ii. App, 704.

^ with a fharp nofe : large broad naked ears, dufky edged
* with white : tail longer than that of the preceding : color
of the upper part of the body cinereous yellow, growing paler
towards the fides : below of a dirty white : from the hind part
of the neck extends a black line, reaching not quite to the tail :
tail white, marked above with a dufky line.

Size. Length about three inches and a quarter: tail near one inch.

Inhabits the fandy plain of Baraha^ towards the Oh', and be-
tween the Oyion and Argun, and about the lake Dalai in the Chi-
nefe empire. Nothing is known of their manners : the fpeci-
mens from whom the defcriptions were formed, were taken run-
nino; about the fields.

The laft divifion of mice is of thofe which lead a fubterra-
neoiis life, like the Mole, v/hich I take the liberty of naming

% »

^ TV'Jcic

*. ' •»■

•T

<* • ■ ^

? N

>

_J

, r ■) ; ■

A

V- ^ -■

v:

I

. I

' r f

1

l.Blina Mole Rat. N? 351
11.D auiariaiL M.B-at N? 332 111. Cape M.Hat 'N ? 534

T,

^.6 9

Mole-Rat.

Mus Typhlus. Pallas Nou. fp> fafc, L com. Petrop. xiv. 41 1. tab. viii. ix.
Lemni. Rzaczinjk, Jujl. Polon» 325, De Mus oculis minutiffimis, auriculis cau-
Buffon^ XV. 142. daque nullis. Lepechen. ibid. 509. tab.,

Slepez. Gmelin Itin. i. 131. tab. xxii, xv.

Spaiax microphthalmus. GusldenJi.No^, Podolian Marmot. Syn, quad. 204.

33 F. Blind*.

"O with, a great head broader than the body : not the left aper-
ture for the dyes ; yet beneath the fkin are the rudiments
of thofe organs^ not bigger than the feed of a poppy : no exter-
nal ears : the end of the nofe covered with a thick ftcin : noftrils
very remote^, and placed below : the mouth gaping, and the teeth
expofed : upper fore teeth fhort, lower very long, and none of
them hid by the lip ends quite even : body cylindrical : limbs
very ftiort : five toes on each foot, all feparated, except by a thin
memibrane near the bafe : claws ftiort : hair univerfally ftiort,
thick, and very foft 3 dufley at the bottom, at the ends of a cine-
reous grey : the fpace about the nofe, and above the mouth,
white.

Length between feven and eight inches : weight of a male
above eight ounces.

Inhabits only the fouthern parts of Ruffia^ from Roland to the
VolgUy but is not found any where to the eaft of that rivers
but is very common from the Syfran to the Sarpa : is frequent
along the Don, even to its origin, and about the town of
excepting the fandy parts, for it delights in moift and turfy foils.

It

Size.

Pl

ACI.

47<^

RAT.

It lives in great numbers in the fame places with the Earless
Marmots.

It forms burrows beneath the turf for a very confiderable ex«
tent, with feveral lateral paffages made in quell of roots, on which
it feeds. At the interval of fome yards, there are openings to the
furface to difcharge the earth, which forms in thofe places hillocks
of two yards in circumference, and of a great height. It works its
way with its great teeth, and calls the earth under its belly with
the fore feet, and again behind it, with its hind feet: it works
with great agility ; and on any apprehenfion of an enemy, it
forms inllantly a perpendicular burrow. The bite of this animal
is very fevere. It cannot fee its alTailant, but lifts up its head in
a menacing attitude. When irritated, it fnorts, and gnalhes its
teeth, but emits no cry. It often quits its hole, efpecially in the
morning, and during the amorous feafon balks with the female in
the fun. It does not appear that it lies torpid during winter,
nor whether it lays in provifion for that feafon. It is particularly
fond of the bulbous Charophyllum,

The Rujfiant call it Slepezy or the blind : the CoJfackSy for the
fame reafon, llyle it Sfochor Nomon. In Ukrainey the vulgar be-
lieve that the touch of a hand, which has fuffocated this animal,
has the fame virtue in curing the king’s-evil, as was once believed
to be inherent in the abdicated family of GreaS Britain,

Mu5

RAT.

47*

Mus Afpalax. Fallas Nov,/p. fafc, i. 165. tab, X. Itin. iii. 692. 332. Dauurian.

Mus Myofpalax. Laxman,

T3 with a thick flat head ; fhort fnout : blunt nofe, fit for dig-
* ging: upper fore teeth naked; lower covered with a
moveable lip: no external ears: eyes very fmall, yet vifible, lodged
deeply in their fockets^ which are fo minute as fcarcely to admit
a grain of millet : body fhort, and depreflfed : limbs very flrong,
efpecially the fore legs : fore feet large, and adapted for digging;
naked, and furnifhed with five toes, and very long and ffrong
claws, nightly bent,^on the three middle : hind feet naked to the
heel ; on each are five toes with fmall claws : tail fhort : hair foft,,
and loofe;, color at bottom, dufky, outwardly of a dirty cine-
reous grey : in fome is a white line on the hind part of the.
head.

Differs in fize. Thofe of the Altaic chain, are near nine inchess Size.
from nofe to tail thofe about lake Baikal not fix :* the tail of the
former is near two inches long.

Inhabits,, firft, the Altaic mountains;, and' again. beyond lake PiAeso
Baikaly and from thence for fome fpace fouthward; but none are
found to the north- In the former it lives on the bulbs of the
Erythronium I in the latter on , thofe of the Lilium,Pomponium,

It burrows like the former^ a little below the furface, and:
fpreads over an extent of a hundred fathoms ; and the direftion ^
it takes is known by the number of hillocks.

Its voice is weak and plaintive. It digs with both nofe and-
fore feet ; . but lefs than the preceding with the teeth : by commi-
nuting the earth, and flinging it up in hillocks, it prepares the
3 ground:

R A T.

47 2

ground for the reception of various kinds of rare feeds ; which
grow ufually in greater plenty about fuch places than any others.

The Tangujiy about lake Baikal, call this fpecies Monon Zokor,
or blind ; yet it is not quite deprived of fight. The Ruffians ftyle
it Semiunaja Medwedka, or Earth Bear,

333. African, with a large head: nofe black; end flatted and corrugated:

*** * eyes minute, much hid in the fur : no ears : upper teeth

one-third of an inch long, fulcated lengthways ; lower, one inch
and a quarter, expofed to view : legs fliort : on the fore legs are
four toes and a thumb', detached and free : inmofb toe the longeft,
the others gradually Ihorten : on the thumb is a fhort claw ; the
other claws are very long, and flightly bent : the foies'^ are naked,
and difliinguilhed by two great tubercles : hind feet very long,
large, and naked, which the animal refls on even to the heel :
they have five toes with fhort claws.

Tail comprefTed, and covered above and below with fhort
hairs : on the fides befet with very long briftles difpofed horizon-
tally.

Color a cinereous brown, palefl on the lower parts.

^52,2. Length to the tail thirteen inches : tail two.

Place. Inhabits the fandy country near the Cape of Good HopOy where

it is called Sand Moll, It burrows, and flings up hillocks, like the
former ; and renders the ground fo hollow, as to be very incon-
venient to travellers ; for it breaks every fix or feven minutes un-
der the horfes feet, and lets them in up to the fhoulders. This
animal feeds on the roots of Ixi^e Gladioli^ Anthol^z^y and Irides ;
10 grows

R A r.

47 J

grows to the fize of a rabbet, and is by fome efleemcd a good
difli^'. This, from its fuperior fize, I fuppofe to be the Sand
Moll of Mr. Majjon,

Mus Capenils. Pallas No<v. fp, fafc i. iah xlvi.

172. tab. vii. La Taupe da Cap, ^Journal hijl. p.

Long-toothed Marmot. BronjorP s Zool, fig. 04.

Rwith a blunt nofe : minute round noftrils : eyes fmall, but
d larger than thofe of the preceding : no ears : upper fore
teeth contiguous, truncated ; lower, an inch long, not contiguous,
bend upwards, excavated on the upper furface : end of the nofe
naked and black, the reft white : chin, and lower fides of the
cheeks, of the fame color : fpace round the ears and eyes white :
on the hind part of the head is a white fpot ; reft of the head,
cheeks, back, and fides, of a rufty brown, and cinereous :
belly cinereous : five flender toes on each foot, furnidied with
fmall claws : tail very fhort, befet with bridles.

Length, from nofe to tail, about feven inches.

Is very common about the Cape, and very deftru6live to gar-
dens I flings up hillocks, and eats roots of various kinds.

* Ma£hn*s trav^ Ph^ Tranf Ixvi. 304. De la Cailk,

3P

Mus

334. Capi,

Sizi.’

474

RAT;

335. Talpine.

Size.

Place.

Manners,

%

Mus Talpinus. Fallas Nov. fp, fafc. i. 176. tab. xi. B. Nov. com. Peirop. xlv.-

568. tab. xxi. fg. 3,

with a large fhort head : thick fnout : nofe truncated : up,-»

‘ per teeth extending out of the mouth, long and flat
lower longer, rounded at the ends ; eyes.fmall, hid in the fur : no
ears : the aperture bounded behind by a fmall rim : body fhort :
fore feet flirong : on thofe, and on the hind feet, five toes fur-
nifhed with fmall claws : tail very fliort, fcarcely appearing be-
yond the fur: color of the head, nofe, back, and fides, dufky:
cheeks greyifh : chin white : belly and limbs whitifh..

Length near four inches.

Inhabits all the open grounds and' commons of the temperate
parts of RuJJia and weflern Sihiria^ but fcarcely any beyond the
Irtijh, and^ none as far as the Ohy,

Loves a black turfy foil, and is frequent in meadows near vil-
lages : feldom in fandy or mudded tradls : always abound where
there is' plenty of Phlomis tuherofa, 2indi La thy r us efculentus. Its
place is known by the little hillocks it flings up along the courfe
of its burrow, which is of great extent; for this reafon the Ruf-
fians call it Semleroika^ or Earth-digger. In thefe burrows it liirks
all the day, but in evening and morning renews its labors ; nor
does it quit its hole unlefs to fling out the earth, or in the feafon
of love to feek a mate, or to change the place of its habitation.
It does not bear the full light of day 5 therefore its few excur-
fions are ufually in the evenings.

It does not grow torpid in winter ; but makes its nefl: beneath
fome fhrub or hay-rick. They make their neft. deep in the

ground,.

RAT.

47 S

ground, and keep themfelves warm by lining It with foft grafs 2
and often make a lodge, which they fill with tuberous roots.
During the cold feafon their fur grows univerfally thicker and
longer.

It is very eafily taken : but foon grows fick in confinement,
unlefs a quantity of earth is put into the place. They emit a
puling note, but that rarely : they often gnafh, and, as it were,
whet their teeth againfl: each other.

They are in heat the end of Marchy or beginning of April ; at
that time the females have a ftrong mufky fmell. They bring
three or four at a time.

They fometimes vary in color, and are found quite blacko

3 P 2

fwo

1

S H R E W.

« XXXIV.
SHREW.

336. Musky.

Two cutting teeth in each jaw, pointing forward.

Long flender nofe : fmall ears.

Five toes on each foot.

Mus aquaticus. Clufii exot. 373. TForm,

Muf. 334.

Mufcovy or Muik rat. Rail fyn. quad,

2iy, Non;. Com. Petrop. iv. 383.

Calior mofchatus. C. cauda longa coniT
preffo-lanceolata pedibus palniatis.

Lin.fyji. 79.

^ with a long flender nofe, like that of a fhrew-moufe : no ex-
^ ® ternal ears : ver)^ fmall eyes : tail comprefTed fidev/ays :
color of the head and back duflcy \ the belly whitifh afh-color :
length, from nofe to tail, feven inches ; tail eight.

Inhabits the river Volgo. and lakes adjacent, from Novogrcd to
Sara^of; never found in Riijfiay and its exiftence in Lapland doubt-
ed It never wanders far from the Tides of the rivers or lakes :
is very flow in its pace : makes holes in the cliffs, with the en-
trance far beneath the lowefl fall of the water ; works upwards,
but never to the furface, only high enough to lie beyond the
higheft flow of the river : feeds on fifh : is devoured by the Pikes
and Siliiri:, and gives thofe fifli fo flrong a flavor of mufl^, as to
render them not eatable : has the fame fcent as the former, efpe-
cially about the tail : out of which is expreffed a fort of muflc,
very much refembling the genuine kind f. The llcins are put

I Schohsr in MulkNs Bandung Rujf. vii. 41. 42.

into

Dsefman, Faun. fuec. No. 28. De Buf-

fony X. I .

Calior cauda verticaliter plana, digitis
omnibus membranis inter fe con-
nexis. Brijfon quad, gz,

Long-nofed Beaver. Syn. 192,

^ Dr, Pallasy MSS.

SHREW.

477

into chefts among deaths, to drive away moths ^5 and to pre-»
ferve the wearers from peftilence and fevers.

At Oreyiburgy the fkins and tails fell for fifteen or twenty copecs
per hundred. They are fo common near Nizney Novogorody that
the peafants bring five hundred apiece to market, where they
are fold for one ruble per hundred. The German name for thefe
animals is Biefem-ratze ; the Ruffian^ JVychozhoL

Mus Pilorides ? Pallas No^. fp, fafe. i. 91. pER FUMING®

Mus albus Ceylonicus f BriJfQn, 122. Lev, Mus.

^ with a long (lender nofe : upper jaw extending far beyond
^ ® the lower : upper fore teeth fhort : lower long, fiender, in-
curvated : v/hifleers long and white : eyes fmall : ears tranfpa-
rent, broad, and round : hair fhort and clofe, on head and body,
of a fine pale cserulean : the belly lighter : feet white.

Length from nofe to tail near eight inches i tail three and a
half.

Inhabits Java^ and others of the Eajl Indian iilands ; eats rice 1
has fo itrong a feent of muiL as to perfume every thing it runs over.

I have it from the moft undoubted authority, that it will render
the wine in a well-corked bottle not drinkable, by merely palling
over it. Cats will not touch them,

* Ritchkojy Orenh, Hopogr* i, 286.

Tacao.

478

SHREW,

338. Mexican. Tucan. Fernandez Nou» Hi/p, 7. Le Tucan. De Buffon, xv, 159T

^ with a fliarp nofe : fmall round ears : without fight : two
® long fore teeth above and below : thick, fat, and flelhy
body : Ihort legs, fo that the belly almofl touches the ground :
long crooked claws : tawny hair : fliort tail : length, from nofe
to tail, nine inches.

Inhabits Mexico : burrows, and makes fuch a number of cavi-
ties, that travellers can fcarcely tread with fafety : if it gets out
of its hole, does not know how to return, but begins to dig ano-
ther: grows very fat, and is eatable : feeds on roots, kidney-
beans, and other feeds. M. de Buffon thinks it a Moles but by
the ears, it ihould be claffed here.

339, Brasiiian. Mus araneus figura muris. Marcgrave La mufaraigne de Brafil. De Buffon?

Bra/ly 229, XV. 160.

Swith a fharp nofe and teeth : pendulous fcrotum : of a dufky
color, marked along the back with three broad black
ftrokes : length, from nofe to tail, five inches ; tail two.

Inhabits Braftl : does not fear the cat : neither does that ani-
mal hunt after it.

S. murinus.

SHREW.

S. murinus. S. cauda mediocri, corpora fufco, pedibus caudaque cinereis." 340. Murine.

Lin, /yji. 74,

with a long nofe, hollowed beneath : very long hairs about
kJI® the noftrils : ears rounded, and rather naked : of an afh-
color : body of the fize of a common moufe : tail a little fhorter
than the body, and not fo hairy.

Inhabits Java,

Mvya,},'n, ^lian hifl. Ah, lih,v\,c.22» maus. Klein quad, , Kramer Aufir, 'Jii, Foetid,*
^^voycc^^y} ‘ J^toJ'coyid, lih, 11. c, 4a. 3^^*

Mus araneus. Agricola An, Subter, 485. Sorex araneus S. cauda mediocri, cor-
Ge/ner quad. 747. pore fubtus albido. Lin. fyft, 74.

Mus araneus, mus csecus. Ge/ner econ. Nabbmus. Faun. fuec. No. 24.

1 16. Mus araneus fupra ex fufeo rufus infra

Mus araneus. Shrew, Shrew-moufe, albicans. BriJ/hn quad. iz6.

or hardy bhrew. Raii Jyn, quad. La Mufaraigne. De Buffony viii. 57.

233. tab. X.

Mus araneus rollro produdiore Spitf- Shrew-moufe. Br. ZocL i, iiz.

Swith fhort rounded ears : eyes fmall, and almofl hid in the
• fur : nofe long and flender, upper part the longeft : head
and upper part of the body of a brownifh red : belly of a dirty
white: length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a. half] tail one
and a half.

Inhabits Europe^ Sibiria^ and even the ArFiic flats, and Kamt-^
fchatka y it is alfo found about the Cafpian fea : lives in old walls,
heaps of Hones, or holes in the earth : is frequently near hay-
ricks, dunghills and neceflary-houfes : lives on corn, infedls, and
any filth : is often obferved rooting in ordure, like a hog : from

3

SURE W.

its food, or the places it frequents, has a difagreeabie fmell :
cats will kill, but not eat it : brings four or live young at a
time. The antients believed it was injurious to cattle, an error
now detefled. There feems to be an annual mortality of thefe
animals in Auguft^ nuinbers being then found dead in the paths.

Water. Mas araneus dorfo nigro, ventreque 64. tab. xi.

albo. Merret Pinax, 167. Water Shrew- moufe. Br, ZooL illuflr.

Sorex fodiens. Pallas*. tab. cii. Lev. Mus.

La Mufaraigne d’Eau. De Buffon, vlii.

vdth a long flender nofe : very minute ears; and within
each a tuft of white hairs : very fmall eyes, hid in the fur :
color of the head and upper part of the body black : throat,
breall, and belly, of a light afh-color : the feet white : beneath
the tail a triangular dulley fpot : much larger than the laid:
length, from nofe to tail, three inches three quarters ; tail two
inches.

Inhabits Europe and Sihiria, as far at left as the river Jenefei ;
long fince known in Englaiidy but loft till May 1768, when it
was difcovered in the fens near Revejhy Ahhyy Lincolnjhire : bur-
rows in the banks near the water ; and is faid to fwim under wa-
ter j* : is called by the Fen-men the Blind Moufe : chirrups like
a grafshopper, and its note often miftaken for one.

* Do6lor Pallas favored me with feveral prints of this animal in 1765, but
never publifhed them : he difcovered it Berlin : it is called there Graber^ or
The Digger.

f L. Baldner, iii. 137,

Sorex

Sorex minutus. S. roflro longiffimo, Lin, Jyft, 73

Swith a head near as big as the body : very (lender nofe s
• broad Ihort naked ears : whilkers reaching to the eyes 2
eyes finally and capable of being drawn in : hair very fine and
Alining; grey above, white beneath : no tail,

Iniiabits ^ihiria^ about the Oby and near the Kama : lives in a
neft made of lichens^ in fome moift place beneath the roots of
trees : lives on feeds : digs : runs fwiftly : has the voice of a bat.

Swith a very long (lender nofe : in (hape and color like the
• FOETID, but paler: the tail very (lender near the roots, then
fuddenly grows remarkably thick and round ; and again grows
gradually lefs to the end.

Linn^us imagines that the laft is the left of quadrupeds.
Dodor Pallas, who communicated this fpecies, think this has
a better dame to that title, as its weight is only equal to, or very
little above half a drachm.

Is very common between, and about the rivers Jenefei and
Oby,

Sof a dufky cinereous color : belly white : cutting teeth
• white : tail (lender and hairy.

3 CL

4S1

343. Minute,.

344. PiroMY*

345. White*

TOOTH, D.

S. of

482

S H R E W.,

346. Square-
tailed*

347, Carinated.

348. Unicolor.

Flaqi*

Sof a dufky cinereous ‘color: belly paler*.' cutting teeth.
• brownifh : tail inclines to a fquared form.

This Ipecies has no bad fmell.

Sof a dullcy cinereous whitifh on the belly, with brownilli
• fore teeth ; a white fpot beyond each eye *.' tail flender and
taper, carinated or ridged below*

Sof an uniform^ dufky cinereous color : bafe of the tail nar-
« row, or comprefTed.

The above four fpecies inhabit the neighborhood of Sir air
iourgs and were difcovered by ProfelTor Herman.

Long

‘ Long nofe : upper jaw much longer than tlie lower.

No ears.

Fore feet very broad^ with fcarcely any apparent legs before :
hind feet fmalL

Talpa. Agricola An, Subter. 490. Gef- pentadaetylis. lin,fyft, 73.

ner quad, 931. Klein quad, 60. Mullvad, Surk. Faun, fuec. No.

Talpa, the Mole, Mold-warp, or Want. Br, Zool, i. 108.

Raii fyn. quad. 236. Talpa caudata, nigricans pedibus an-

Kret. Rzac%injki Polon. 236. ticis et pofticis pentada6lylis.-5 rijfo'n

Scheer, Scheer-maufs, ‘ Maul-wurf. quad, 203.

Kramer Aujir, La Taupe. De Bt^on^ viii. 81. tab,
Talpa Europseus. '1'. caudata, pedibus xii. Lev* Mus.

with very minute eyes, hid in the fur : long fnout : fix
cutting teeth in the upper, eight in the lower jawy and
two canine in each : nO external ears, only an orifice : fore part
of the body thick and mufcular ; hind part taper : fore feet placed
obliquely, broad, and like hands: five toes, each terminated’ by
ftrong claws : hind feet very fmall, with five toes to each : tail
Ihort : Ikin very tough, fo as fcarcely to be cut through : hair
fhort, clofe fet, fofter than the finefi: velvet : ufually black, fome-
times fpotted * with white ; fometimes quite white : length five
inches three quarters j tail one.

Inhabits Europe^ and the temperate or fouthern parts of Rujfia
and Sihiria^ as far as the River Lena, The Sibirian is much larger
than the European Mole.

* Spotted Mole, Ed^, 268,

3 0-2

It

XXXV.
M O L Ee

349, European.

Place*

484

MOLE.

Manners.

It lives under ground : burrows with vafl rapidity with its fore
feet ; flings the earth back with its hind feet : has the fenfe of
fmelling exquifite, which directs it to its food — worms^ infedls,
and roots : does vafl damage in gardens^ by flinging up the foil
and loofening the roots of plants : is moft a6live before rain, and
in winter before a thaw, worms being then in motion : breeds in
the fpring : brings four or five young at a time : makes its neft
of mofs, a little beneath the furface of the ground, under the
greateft hillock : raifes no hillocks in dry weather, being then
obliged to penetrate deep after its prey : makes a great fcream
when taken. Talma chrijli and white hellehorey made into a pafte,
and laid in their holes, deftroys them. None in Ireland,

(3. ‘Yellow M. in form refembling the European^ but larger,
being fix inches two-tenths long j the tail one inch : hair foft,
filky, and glofiy, of a yellowifh brown color at the ends ; dark
grey at the roots : brightefl about the head s darkeft about
the rump : belly of a deep cinereous brown : feet and tail
white.

Inhabits N. America, Defcribed from a fkin in which the
jaws were taken out.

T aipa

485

MOL E.

Talpa Sibiricus verficolor, J/palax
tus. Seb, Mu/, i. 51, tab. xxxii. /g.
4, Klein quad. 60.

Talpa Afiatica. T. ecaudata, palmis
tridadylis. Lin, fyjl. 73.

Talpa ecaudata, ex viridi aurea, pedi-

bus antkis trldadylis, poftlcis te-
tradadylis. Bri/fon quad. 206.

La Taupe doree. De Buffon, xv. 145.
Variable Mole. Broivns ZooL Ii8.
tab. 44.

350. SllJIRIAN.

7^/r with the nofe fliort and blunt : fpace between the tip, and
• corner of the mouth covered with pale brown hair: from
the corner of the mouth, a broad whitifh bar points upwards along
the hides of the head : color of the hair on the upper part of the
body varied with glofly green and copper-color : below is of a
cinereous brown : in the upper jaw are two fliarp cutting teeth ;
in the lower the fame, with a lharp canine tooth contiguous to

t

them on each fide.

On the fore feet three toes with vaft claws ; that on the outmofl:
toe exceedingly large : on the hind feet five fmall toes and weak
claws : no tail : rump round.

Length four inches.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope^ not Sibiria, as Seha fuppofes :
Whether this is the Bles Moll of the Dutch^ which lives in the
harder grounds about the Cape *, I cannot determine.

* MaJB)7i'*s Tranj. Ph, ^ranf. Ixvi. 305*

Teeth«

Size.

Place,

Sorex

to

486

MOLE.

351. Radiate®.

Place.

52, Long-tail-
ed.

Place.

353. Brown.

Sorex crlflatus. S. naribus carunculatis, cauda brevlore. Lin, Jyfi, yp

Lev. Mus.

yT with finall but broad fore legs ; five long white claws on

long 5 the edges befet with radiated tendrils :
hair on the body duficy, very fhort, fine, and compadt ; on the
nofe longer : the hind legs fcaly : five toes on each foot : length,
from nofe to tail, three inches three quarters ; tail fiender, round,
and taper, one inch three-tenths long.

Inhabits N. America, Forms fubterraneous pafiages, in dif-
ferent directions, in uncultivated fields j raifes walks about twd
inches high and a palm broad : the holes often give way and lei
in the walkers. Feeds on roots : has great ftrength in its legs.

with a radiated nofe : the fore feet pretty broad, hind feet
X ±9 ^ fliort hairs on them : the claws on

the fore feet like thofe of the common Mole ; on the hind very
long and fiender : hair on the nofe and body foft, long, and of a
rufiy brown color : tail covered with fhort hair ; the length two
inches ; that of nofe and body four inches fix-tenths.

Inhabits N, America, Lev. Mus.

Sorex aquaticus. S. plantis palmatis, palmis caudaque brevlore albis.

Lin, JyJi, 74. Lev. Mus.

the

with a fiender nofe : upper jaw much longer than the
• lower 3 two cutting teeth in the upper, four in the lowerj
two middle of which are very fmall : no canine teeth : fore
3 feet

Mole. 487

feet very broad : nails long : hind feet fmall ; five claws on
each : hair very foft and glofly, brown at the ends, deep grey at
the bottom : tail and feet white : length, from nofe to tail, five
inches and a half : tail very flender, not an inch long.

Inhabits N. America: called there the Brown Mole: fent from Place.
New Xork by Mr. A, Blackburne, with (3. Yellow Mole, and No.

351 and 352. The black and fhining purple Fir^^iria/^ Mole,,,
defcribed by Seba ^ as the fame with the common kind, was not
among thofe that gentleman favored us with. Linn^us places
this, and our radiated Mole, in his clafs of Sorex, or Shrew, on,
account of the difference of the teeth 3 but as thefe animals pof-
fefs the ffronger chara6ters of the Mole, fuch as form of nofe and
body, fhape of feet, and even the manners, we think them better
adapted to this genus than to the preceding,

Talpa rubra Americana. Seb» Muf, i. tab, xxxii. Jig, 2. 354. Redw.

TVT a cinereous red color : three toes on the fore feet, four
^ • on the hind : form of the body and tail like the European

kind.

According to Sebuy it inhabits America 3 but he does not in»~
form, us whether it is North or South.

EivC’'

I. 5 1 . tab. xxxii, fig. 4,

H E D G E - H O G.

XXXVI.

HEDGE-HOG.

Five toes on each foot.

\

Body covered with ftrong fliort fpines.

355. Common.

Erinaceus. Agricola An* Suhter* 481. datis naribus criftatis. Lin*fyjl, 75,

Echinus terreliris. Ge/ner quad. 368. Igelkott. Faun, fuse* 22, Br, ZooLi,

Echinus fc, Erinaceus terreftris. Urchin, io6.

or Hedge-hog. 23 1. Erinaceus auriculls ereflis. Briffon

Jez. Rz.aczinjki Polon. 233. quad. 128. Seb.Muf, i. 78. tab. xlix.

Acanthion vulgaris noftras. Klein quad, L’Heriflbn. De Buffouy viii. 28. tab. vi*
66. Hserbe, vel Ganfud. Forjkaly iii. Lev.

Igcl. Kramer Aujir, Mus.

Erinaceus Europeus. E. auriculis rotun-

Elacb.

T T with a long nofe : noflirils bordered on each fide with a
• loofe flap : ears rounded, fhort, broad, and naked : eyes
finall : legs fhort, naked, and dufky : inner toe the fliortefl: :
claws weak : upper part of the face, the Tides, and rump, covered
with flirong coarfe hair of a yellowifh and cinereous color ^ the
back, with flrong fliarp fpines of a whitifli color, with a bar of
black through their middle : tail an inch long : length, from nofc
to tail, ten inches.

Inhabits Europe and Madagafcar* y is common in many parts
of Rujfiay but fcarcely or ever found in Sihiria : is in motion
during night ; keeps retired in the day : feeds on roots, fruits,
worms, and infe6ls : erroneoufly charged with fucking cows and
hurting their udders : refides in fmall thickets, in hedges, and at
the bottom of ditches covered with bufhes ; lies well wrapped up in

• Flacourt voj, Madagafcary 152, where they are called Sora,

mofs

IRADIATED MoEE H LON'G -TAILED 2 .

m Hedge hog‘H°355.

T»

• '• 1.

> k

* **■ .

\

/\ r ▼

4 •

A

\

'ft

.:1i

' V ^

F]

' /

f

. .T

■)

N

i

I

i

I

r

♦

f

4

r

<•

. 1

V*. <

#

%

(

/

HEDGE-HOG.

mofs, grafs, or leaves, and during winter rolls itfelf up and fleeps
out that dreary feafon : a mild and helplefs animal ; on approach
of an enemy, rolls itfelf into the form of a ball, and is then in-
vulnerable.

Erinaceus Auritus, Fallas & Gmelin, in No^, com, Fetrop, xiv. 519. 57^, tab,

xvi. and xxi. Jig, 4.

Hwith the upper jaw long and (lender : with very large open
• oval ears, naked, brown round the edges, with foft whitifli
hairs within : tail (hotter than that of the common hedge-hog :
upper part of the body covered with (lender brown fpines, encom-
palled at the bafe, and near the ends, with a ring of white : the
limbs and belly cloathed with a mod elegant foft white fur.

Generally much inferior in fize to the common kind ; but be-
yond Baikal is found much larger than that fpecies.

Is very common in all the fouthern deferts, from the Bon to
the Oby,

Grows very fat : deeps all the winter, lodged in a hole a few
inches deep : lives on infedls, even the mod caudic, and will eat
(as experiment has been made) above a hundred Cantharides
without any injury : rolls itfelf up, and has all the manners of
the common kind.

Le

4-S ^

356. SiBIRIAN.

Place

490

357' Asiatic.

Place.

V

H E D G E - H O G.

Le Tendrac, et Le Tanrec. De Buff'on^ xii. 438.

T T with a long {lender nofe : fhort rounded ears : fhort legs :

the upper part of the body covered with fliort fpines,
white, nnarked crofs the middle with ruft-color : the face, throat,
belly, buttocks, and legs, thinly covered with whitifh fine but
hard hair : tail very fhort, covered with fpines : about the nofe
fome hairs above two inches long : fize of a mole. This is the
fpecies M. de Buffon calls Le Lendrac,

The other, or the LanreCy is rather larger : covered with fpines
only on the top and hind part of the head, the top and fides of
the neck, and the fhoulders the longell: were on the upper part
of the neck, and flood eredf : the refl of the body was covered
with yellowifh briflles, among which were intermixed fome that
were black, and much longer than the others. Each of thefe ani-
mals, which are varieties of the fame fpecies, had five toes on
each foot.

Inhabit the ifles of India, and that of Madagafcar : are, when
of their full growth, of the fize of ^ rabbets : grunt like hogs :
grow very fat : multiply greatly : frequent f fhallow pieces of
frefh or fait water : they burrow on land : lie torpid during fix
months, during which time their old hair falls off. Their flefh is
eaten by the Indians, but is very flabby and infipid.

* Dutch •voy. Eaji IndieSy 203. Thofe in the cabinet of the French King
were much fmaller; probably young.

f Caliche voy. Madagafcar , 53. Flaccurt hijt, Madagafcar, 132.

American

H E D G E - H O G;

Amtriczxi\lQ6igt-\iO^, Bancroft GumnUy Brtj^on, quad^ 13 1. 35^

144. Erinaceus Americanus albus. Seb,Mu/.

Erinaceus inauris. E. auriculis nullis, 78. tab* x\ix. fg. 3.

Y T without external ears, having only two orifices for hearing:

* has a fhort thick head : back and Tides covered with fhort
fpines of an afh-color, tinged with yellow : face, belly, legs, and
tail, covered with foft whitifh hair : above the eyes, of a chef-
nut color; the hind part and Tides of the head of a deeper color;
length, from nofe to tail, eight inches ; tail fhort : claws long
and crooked. ’

Inhabits Guiana^

491

. Guiana*

Placb#

3 R 2

D I V.

D I V. II. Sect. IV.

•r

DIGITATED (QUADRUPEDS

Without Cutting Teeth.

SLOTH.

XXXVII.

SLOTH.

35p. Three-

TOED.^

DIV. II. Sect. IV. Digitated Quadrupeds.

Without cutting teeth in either jaw.
With canine teeth and grinders.

Fore legs much longer than the hind.

Long claws.

Arftopithecus, Gefner quad, 869. Icon
quad. 96.

Ignavus live per oc^t(p^a,a-iv, Agllis. CIu/".
exot. 1 10. 372.

Ai, live Ignavus. Marcgranje Brajil, 221.

Sloth. Rail fyn. quad. 245. Ednx), 310.

Ignavus Americanus, rifum ftetu mif-
cens. Klein quad. 43.

Tardigradus pedibus anricis & pollicis
tridadlylis, Briffon quad. 21.

Ai, five Tardigradus gracilis America®'
nus. Seb. Muf. xxxiii. 9%-. 2. Scbre^
ber,~n. j'. tab. Ixiv.

Ouaikare, Parefleux. Barrere France
jSquin. 154.

Bradypus tridaftylus. B. pedibus tridac*
tylis cauda brevi. Lin.fyji. 50.

L’Ai. De Buffon, xiii. 34. tab, v. vL
Br. Muf. Lev. Mus.

O with a blunt black nofe, a little lengthened : very fmall ex-
ternal ears: eyes fmalb black;, and heavy; from the corner
of each a dulky line : color of the face and throat a dirty white r
hair on the limbs and body long and very uneven, of a cinereous
brown color, with a black line along the middle of the back :
each fide, about the fhoulders, is dafhed with rufl-color ; the reft
of the back and limbs fpotted irregularly with black. The
young, fuch as I fufpedt to be that in the Britijh Alufeum^ have
few or no fpots. Tail fhort, a meer flump : legs thick, long, and

9 aukwardly

:xj.TX.

:l.OTII isr?3 5p

I ' ' i ^ '

> XV

/

!•

I

I

J*

S

*

•H

<»

r

«

*)'

N

>4’'^

f

V

SLOT H.

495

aukwardly placed : face naked : three toes, and three very long
claws on each foot.

It grows, as Nieuhoff to the bulk of a middle-fized

fox

Inhabits mofl: parts of the eaflern fide of South America : the
mod: fluggifh and mod: dow of all animals ; feems to move with
the utmod: pain i makes a great progrefs if it can go a quarter of
a league m a day f : afcends trees, in which it generally lives, with
much difficulty : its food is fruit, or the leaves of trees ; if it
cannot find fruit on the ground, looks out for a tree well loaded,
and with great pains, climbs up : to fave the trouble of defcend-
ing, flings off the fruit, and forming itfelf into a ball, drops from
the branches ; continues at the foot till it has devoured all ; nor
ever flirs, till compelled by hunger ^ : its motion is attended
with a mofl moving and plaintive cry, which at once produces
pity and difgufl:, and is its only defence i for every bead: of prey is
fo affecled by the noife, as to quit it with horror || : its mouth is
never without foam : its note, according to Kircher, is an afcend-
ing and defcending hexachord which it utters only by night:
its look is fo piteous as to move compaffion ; it is aifo accom-
panied with tears, which diffuade every body from injuring fo
wretched a being : its abflinence from food is remarkably power-
ful ; one that had faflened itfelf by its feet to a pole, and was fo
fufpended crofs two beams, remained forty days without meat^

* 'Nieuhoff'* s tra^» Churchill s colleil, ii. i8.

*1- Gumilla Orenoquey ii. 13.

X Ulloa's i. 103.

11 IbU.

§ Kircher' s Mufurgia i as quoted by Mr. Stillingfleet, in his mifcellaneous
trails, /. 100,

drink,-

Size.

Place*

Manner?.

4^

SLOTH.

360. Two-toed.

£

Place.

drinkj or fleep ^ : the ftrength in its feet is fo greats that there
is no poffibility of freeing any thing from its claws, which it
happens to feize on. A dog was let loofe at the abovemientioned
animal, when it was taken from the pole ; after fome time the
Sloth layed hold of the dog with its feet, and held him four days,
till he perifhed with hunger f .

Tardigradus Ceilonicus faemina, Seh, Tardigradus pedibus anticis didadlylis,
Muf. i. tab, xxxiv, pofticis tridadlylis. BriJJon quad, 22.

Bradypus dida£lylus. Br. manibus di- L’Unau. De Bu£on, xiii, tab/i» Br%
dadlylis cauda nulla. Lin, fyji, 51. Muf,

Schreber, ii* 10. tab, Ixv.

with a round head : fhort projedcing nofe : ears like the hu-
man, lying flat to the head : two long ftrong claws on the
fore feet, three on the hind : hair on the body long and rough ;
on fome parts curled and woolly : in fome, of a pale red above,
cinereous below; in others, of ayellowifh white below, cinereous
brown above. No tail. Length of that in the Britijh Mufeum
eleven inches : I believe a young one.

Inhabits South America and the ifle of Ceylon, The laft is flre-
nuoufly denied by M. de Buffon^ who has fixed the refidence of this
genus to America only: but, befides the authority of Seha,^ who
exprefsly fays his fpecimen was brought from Ceylon^, a gentleman,
long refident in India^ and much diftinguifhed in the literary
world, has informed me he has feen this animal brought from the
Paliacat mountains that lie in fight of Madrafs ; which fatisfies
me that it is common to both continents.

• Kircber*

f ibid>

There

S I. O T H.

There is reafon to think that it is met with alfo in Guinea^ or
at left fome fpecies of this genus ; for Barhot and Bofman de»
fcribe an animal by the name of Potto^ to which they give the at-
tributes of the former, and defcribe as being grey when young,
red, and covered with a fort of hair as thick fet as flocks of
wool. Both thefe writers were fenfible men, and, though not na-
turalifts, were too obfervant of the animals of Guinea to miftakc
one whofe charadters are fo ftrongly marked as thofe of the
$loth

497

%

* Bofman, 2'^j. Barhot, 212*

•<

3S

Without

ARMADILLO.

XXXVIIL

i\RMADILLO.

Without either cutting teeth or canine teeth.

Head, and upper part of the body, guarded by a cruftaceom
covering ; the middle with pliant bands, formed of various
fegments, reaching from the back to the edges of the belly.

361. Three- Tatu apara. Marcgrmje BrajHj 232. pedibus pentacfadlylis.

BANDED. Rail fjn. quad. 2'^^. Cataphradus fcutis duobus cingulis tri-

Armadillo feu Tatu genus alterum. bus. RriJJon quad 24.

Cluf. Exot. 109. Klein, quad, 48. L’Apar, ou leTatou a trois bandes. Ds
Tatu feu Armadillo orientalis. Ruffon, x, 206. Schreber, ii, 28. tab,

i, tab. xxxviii. Jig, 2, 3. Ixxii, A. Ixxvi. j^g, i, 2.

Dafypus tricindlus. D. eingulis tribus.

Place and
Mann ERs.

A with fliort but broad rounded ear^ : the cruft on the head,

^ back, and rump, divided into elegant pentangular tuber-
culated fegments ; three bands in the middle : five toes on each
foot i fhort tail.

The whole genus inhabits South America : the manners of all
much the fame : burrows under ground ; the fmaller Ipecies in
moift places, the larger in dry, and at a diftance from the fea :
keeps in its hole in the day, rambles out at night : when over-
taken, rolls itfelf into the form of a ball, which it does by
means of the pliant bands on its middle, and thus becomes in-
vulnerable: when furprized, runs to its hole, and thinks itfelf
fecure if it can hide its head and fome part of its body. The
dians take it by the tail, when the animal fixes its claws in the
earth fo ftrongly that there is no moving it till the Indian tickles

, 9 is ‘

ARMADILLO.

499

it with a flick : is hunted with little dogs, who give notice to
their mafter of its haunts by barking, who digs it out ; to take
it out incautioufly is very dangerous, on account of the fnakes
that commonly lurk in the burrows. Feeds on potatoes, melons,
and roots, and does great damage to plantations : drinks much :
grows very fat, and is reckoned very delicious eating when young ;
but when old, has a mufky difagreeable tafle : is very numerous ;
breeds every month, and brings four at a time : is very inoffen-
five

Tatou. JBeloH oh/. 211, Portrahs, 106. Dafypus fex cin£lus. D. cingulis fenis, 362.Six-bande»,
Tatu & Tatu paba ; Armadillo pedibus pentadaftylis. Z</«. 54.

Hi/paniSf Lu/tanis Encuherto, Marc- L’Encourbert, ou Le Tatou a fix
gra<ve Brajtl, 13 1 • bandes. De Buffon., x, 209. tab. xlii.

Cataphradlus fcutis duobus, cingulis Supplem,\\\. tab.Wxv, Schreber,

fex. Brijfon quad, 25. ii. 31. tab. Ixxi. B. Lev, Mus.

A with the crufl of the head, flioulders, and rump, formed of
^ ^ • angular pieces : the bands on the back fix j between which,
alfo on the neck and belly, are a few flattered hairs : tail not the
length of the body, very thick at the bafe, tapering to a point :
five toes on each foot.

Inhabits Brajil and Guiana, Place,

• The authorities for the natural hiftory : Marcgra^ve, 231. DampUrt ii* 61,
Gumilla OreHoque^ iii, 223 to 226, Nicuhoff, ip, Bancroft's Guiana, 145. Rochi-*
fort Antilles, i. 286*

3 S a

Ayotochtli t

5C0

ARMADILLO.

363. Eight-

S.ANDBD,

Place.

^64. Nine-
sanded,

/\yotochtli ? Hernandez Mex. 314.
Tatuete Brajihenfibus, Verdadeiro Lujt"
tarns. Marcgra-ve Brajily Cluf.

exot 330^

Cataphraddus fcutis duobus cingulis
odto. Brijfon quad, 26,

Erinaceus loricatus cingulis feptenis

palmis tetradadiylis, plantis penta»
dadlylis. Jmcen. Acad. i. 560.
Dafypus feptem cindlus. Lin.fyji. 54*
Le Tatuete, ou I'atou a huit bandes.
De Buffony X. 2iz, Schreber, ii, 34,
36. tab. Ixxii. Ixxvi.yf^. 3, 4.

A with upright ears, two inches long : fmall black eyes : eight
bands on the fides : four tees on the fore feet, five on the
hind : length, from nofe to tail, about ten inches ; tail nine.

Inhabits BraJtL Reckoned more delicious eating than the
others..

Armadillo. Worm> Muf. 333^:.

Tatu porcinus, Schiidverkel, Klein,
quad. 48.

Pig -headed Armadillo. Grenxds raritiesy
l8„ Rail fyn. quad. 233.

Tatu five Armadillo Americanus. Seb.
Muf. tab. xx\x. fig. I.

Dafypus novem cindus. D. cingulis no-
vem, palmis tetrada6ly-lis, plantis
pentadadlyiis. Lin. fyfi. 54. Phil,

tranfi. liv. 57. tab. vii.

Cataphradlus fcutis duobus, cingulis no-
vem. Brijfon quad 27.

Le Gachichame,ouTatou a neuf bandes.
De Bufi on y X. 215. tah. xxxvii. Sup'^
plem. iii, 2B7. tab. Iviii. Schreberyi.
37. tab. Ixxiv. Ixx'A.fig. 7 10.
American Armadillo. Phil, tranfi. liy,
57. tap. vii. Lev. Mus.

A with long ears : cruft on the fhoulders and rump marked
with hexangular figures; the cruft on the head marked. in
die fame manner: nine bands on the fides, diftinguifhed by tranf-
verfe cuneiform marks : breaft and belly covered with long hairs :
four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind : tail long and taper :
length of the whole animal three feet; the tail a little longer=
than the body.

3

loj

armadillo*

In the Leverian Museum is a fpecimeii of the fame form,
number of bands, and proportions, with this ; but the cruus on
the head, and other parts, are covered with large fcales not an-

gular.

Inhabits South America. One was brought a few years ago to
England, from the Mof>iuito Ihore, and lived here fome time it
was fed with raw beef and milk, but refufed our grains and

fruit *.

Tatu five Armadillo Africanus. Cataphra6tus fcatls duobus, cingulis

Miif. i. tab. XXX. fig, 3, 4. duodecim. BriJJhn quad. 27. ^'Ctore-

Le KahaUbu, oj Tatou a douze bandes. her, li. 40. tab, ixxv. lxxvi.>^. li*
De Buffon.yX, tab, x\, 12.

A with broad upright ears : the cruPc on tne fliouldcrs marked

with oblong pieces; that of the rump with hexangular :

twelv^e bands- on the Tides : five toes, with very large claws, on the

fore feet ; five leffer on the hind : tail fhorter than the body .

* ' «

fome hairs fcattered over the body.

M. de Buffon'\ mentions another of twelve bands, with a tail
covered with riiomboid figures, which he is doubtful whethei to
refer to this fpecies. It is the largeft I ever heaid of, being fiom
nofe to tail two feet ten inches long ; the tail about one foot
eight : by the figure (for I never faw the animal) it varies greatly

from the other,

♦ This corroborate.*? what Marcgra^e fays of one of thefe animals, Cumculos^
M^es mortuas aliaque de^orant ; which is very extraordinary in quadrupeds which,
want both cutting and canine teeth,
f B, 256. tab, xli.-

PlACBv

365. Twelvj^-
bandeb.

Weefledieadech

loa

ARMADILLO,

366. Eighteen-

BANDED.

Flaci ,

Weefle-headed Armadillo. Gre^joU ra- Cataphraftus fcuto unico, cingulis oc-
ritiesy 19. todecim. Brtjfon quad. 23.

Tatu Muftelinus. Rati fyn» quad. 233. Le Cirquin90n, ou Tatou a dixhuit
Dafypus unicind;us. D. teginine tripar- bandes. De Buffon,x* 220. xlii.
tito, pedibus pentadadylis. Lin./yft, Schreber, ii. 42.

53-

A with a very (lender head : fmall eredt ears : the cruft on the
fhoulders and rump confiding of fquare pieces: eighteen
bands on the fides : five toes on each foot : length, from nofe to
tail, about fifteen inches; tail five and a half.

Inhabits South America^

DIV.

D I V. II. Sect. V.

DIGITATED (QUADRUPEDS;

Without Teeth,

D I V. IL Sect. V. Digitated Quadrupeds.

XXXIX. MANIS.

367. Long-Tail-
ed.

Placed

Back, fides, and upper part of the tall, covered v/ith large
flrong fcales.

Small mouth : long tongue : no teeth.

Lacertus peregrinus fquamofus, Cluf»
exof. 374. Rail fyn^ quad. 274.

Scaly Lizard. Grenv^s rarities y 46.
Manis tetradadlyla M. pedibus tetra*^
daftylis. Lin.JyJi. 53. Schreberj ii.
23. tab. Ixx.

Pholidotus pedibus auticis et poflicis
tetradaftylis, fquamis mucronatis,
cauda longiffima. Brtffhn quad. 19.
Le Phatagin. De Dufforiy x. 180. tab<.
xxxiv, JJh. Mu/y Lev. Mus,

*1^ /f with a flender nofe \ that and the head fmooth : body, legs,
and tail, guarded by large fharp-pointed ftriated fcales :
the throat and belly covered with hair : fhort legs : four claws
on each foot, one of which is very fmall : tail a little taper, but
ends blunt.

Inhabits Guinea ? Thefe animals approach fo nearly the genus
of Lizards, as to be the links in the chain of beings which con-
nedt the proper quadrupeds with the reptile clafs.

They grow to a great length : that which was preferved in the
Mufeum of the Royal Society, was a yard and a half long * : from
the tip of the nofe to the tail, was only fourteen inches s the tail
itfelf, a yard and half a quarter.

* Gre^,

Lacertui

M A N I S.

Lacertus fquamofus. Bontius Java,6o,
Pet* Gax, tab, xx. Jig. n,
Armadillu3 fquamatus major, Ceilani-
tusy Teu Diabolus Tajovanicus dic-
tus. Seb, Muf. i. tab, liii, liv. Klein
quad, 47. Scbreber, ii. 22. tab. Ixix,

Pholidotus pedlbus anticis et poflicis 368,SHoaT«TAiL-
pentada£lylis, fquamis fubrotundis. ed,

BriJJon quad. 18.

Manis pentadaflyla. Lin,/yjl. 52.

Le Pangolin. De Buffon, x, 180. tabi
xxxiv. Jjb, Muf, Lev. Mus.

Tiyr with back, fides, and legs, covered with blunt fcales, with
• briftles between each : five toes on each foot : tail not
longer than the body : ears not unlike the human : chin, belly,
and infide of the legs, "hairy.

Inhabits the iflands of hidia^ and that of Formofa, The Place.
Indians call it Pangoelling ; and the Chine Chin Chim Seick
Feeds on lizards and infedls : turns up the ground with its
nofe : walks with its claws bent under its feet : grows very
fat : is efleemed very delicate eating : makes no noife, only a
fnorting.

Perhaps is a native of Guinea : the Fluogelo of the Negroes j
which Des Marchais f fays grows to the length of eight feet,
of which the tail is four : lives in woods and marfby places :
feeds on ants, which it takes by laying its long tongue crofs
their paths, that member being covered with a flicky faliva^
fo the infe6ts that attempt to pafs over it cannot extricate
themfelves : walks very flowly : would be the prey of every
ravenous beaft, had it not the power of rolling itfelf up, and
oppofing to its adverfary a formidable row of eredled fcales.

* Dalhman in ASl. Stockh. 1749, 265.
t Voyage du des Marchais y i. 200. Bar hot, 114.

3 T

In

5o6

M A N I S.

In vain does the leopard attack it with its vaft claws, for at iaft
it is obliged to leave it in fafety The Negroes kill thefe ani-
mals for the fake of the flefli, which they reckon excellent.

* Is laid to deftroy the Elephant ^ by twitting itfelf round the trunk, and com-
prefling that tender organ with its hard fcales.

Body

ANT-EATER.

S®7

Body covered with hair*

Small mouth : long cylindric tongue.
No teeth.

XL,

ANT-EATER.

Tamandua-guacu. Marcgraue Brajil^
225.

Tamandua-guacu five major, Pifo
Brafily 320.

Pifmire-eater, Nieuboff, 19.

Tamandua major cauda panniculata.

Barrert France j^quin. 1I62.
Mange-fourmis. Des MarchaiSy iii. 307.
Great Ant-Bear. Raii fyn. quad, 24 u
Myrmecophaga roftro longiflimo, pe-

dibus anticis tetrada£tylis, pofiicis
pentadadylis, cauda longiflimis pilis
veftita. Briton quad. 13.

Myrmecophaga jubata. M. palmis
tetradaftylis, plantis pentadadylis,
Lin, fyfi, 52. Kletn quad, 45. tab, v.

Le Tamanoir, De BuffonyX, 141. tab,
xxix. Suppi, iii. 278. tab, Iv. Scbreber^
ii. 14. tab, Ixvii. Br, Muf,

369. Great.

A E. with a long flender nofe : fmall black eyes : fliort round
ears : flender tongue, two feet and a half long, which lies
double in the mouth t legs flender : four toes on the fore feetj
five on the hind : the two middle claws on the fore feet very
large, flrong, and hooked : the hair on the upper part of the
body is half a foot long, black mixed with grey : from the neck^
crofs the fhoulders, to the fides, is a black line bounded above
with white : the fore legs are whitifh, marked above the feet
with a black fpot : the tail is cloathed with very coarfe black
hairs a foot long : length, from nofe to tail, about three feet ten
inches 1 the tail two and a half: weight about a hundred pounds.

Inhabits Braftl and Guiana : runs flowly : fwims over the great
rivers 5 at which time it flings its tail over its back : lives on
ants I as foon as it difcovers their nefts, overturns them, or digs

3 T 2 them

^LACE AK®

Manwii^s.

A ]sr T . E A T E R .

them up with its feet > then thrufls its long tongue into their re-
treats^ and penetrating all the palTages of the neft, withdraws it
into its mouth loaded with prey : is fearful of rain, and protects
itfclf againft wet by covering its body with its long tail. This
(as well as every fpeeies of this genus) brings but one young at
a time, at which feafon it is dangerous to approach the place :
it does not arrive at its full growth under four years. The flelli
has a flrong difagreeable tafte, but is eaten by the Indians. Not-
withftanding this animal wants teeth, it is fierce and dangerous y
nothing that gets within its fore feet can difengage itfelf. The.
very Panthers of America * are often unequal in the combat ; for
if toe Ant-eater once has opportunity of embracing them, it fixes,
its talons in their Tides,, and both fall together,, and both perifh ;
for fuch is the obftinacy and flupidity of this animal, that it will
not extricate itfelf even frora a dead adverfary -j- fleeps in the
day j preys by night..

370. Middle. Tamandua-i. Marcgrave Bra^l, zzy. pentadadylis, cauda fere'nuda.

Rail fyn. quad. 242. fon quad. 16.

Tamandua minor. Pifo Brajil, 320. Idyrmecophaga tetradaftyla. Lin. fyft..

Barrere France JEquin. 162. yz. Z400ph. Grono^v. No. 2.

Tamandua-guacu. Nieuhoff, 19, Le Tamandua. De Buffony x. 144.

Myrmecophaga roftro longiffimo, pedi- SchreLer, ii. 16. tab^ Ixviii.
bus anticis tetradafitylia, pofticis

A E. with a long fiender nofe, bending a little down : fmalL
^ • black mouth and eyes : fmall upright ears : bottoms of the
fore feet round; four claws on each, like thofe of the former;

* Gumilla Onnoque, iii. 232.- f PJ/o Brajil, 320*.,

five.

r

A N T-E A T E R.

five on the hind feet : hair fliining and hard, of a pale yellow
color : along the middle of the back, and on the hind legs,
dudcy : each fide of the neck is a black line, that crolfes the Ihoul-
ders and meets at the lower end of the back : the tail is covered
with longer hair than the back, is taper, and bald at the end :
length, from nofe to tail,, one foot feven inches ; the tail ten
inches.

Inhabits the fame country vdth the laft : its manners much the.
fame : when it drinks, part fpurts out of the nollrils ; climbs
trees, and lays hold of the branches with its talk

Le Tamandua, Be Buffon-, Supplem. iii. 281. tab. IvL.

\ E. with a taper nofe, the upper mandible extending very
** far beyond the lower : eyes exceedingly fmall : ears round
and fhort:. tail covered, equally with long hairs: five toes on the
fore feet.

Body and tail tawny ^ the firit marked downwards with broad
flripes^of black the laft annulated: legs and nofe ftriped in the
fame manner: belly of a^ dirty white^

Length from nofe to tail thirteen inches French of the tail
feven and a half;

M. de Biiffon fpeaks.of one, which he fuppofes to be the fame
with this j but the difference in fize and colors forbid us to fub^
feribe to his opinion. The account was tranfmitted to him by
M. de la Borde^, phyfician at Cayenne, The hair, fays he, is whitifti,,
and about two inches long : it has very ftrong talons j eats only '

ini

50^

Flags*

37l»STRXf?lS3*‘

/

A N T-E: A T E R.

in the day-time i keeps in the great woods : the flefh is good :
it is much more rare than the great Ant-eater.

Weighs lixty pounds-
Place. Both thefe inhabit Guiana.

372. Lest,

Tamandua minor flavefeens ; Ouati-
riouaou. Barrere France jEqutn, 163.

Tamandua five Coati Americana alba,
Seb. Mu/, i. tab xxxvii.

Myrmecophaga roftro brevi, pedibus
anticis didadylis, polticis tetradac*
tylis. Bri/on quad* 17.

Myrmecophaga didadyla. M. palmis
didadylisjplanus cetrada^lylis, cauda
villo!a. Lin, fyjh 51. Zooph. Grono'^.
No, i ,

Lict'e Ant-eater, Ednx>, 220.

Le F OLirmilier. De Buj/on,x* 144. tab.
XXX. Schreb^r, ii. 17. tab. Ixvi.

A E. with a conic nofe^ bending a little down : ears fmalb
• and hid in the fur : two hooked claws on the fore feet, the
exterior much the largeft j four on the hind feet ; head, body,
limbs, and upper part and Tides of the tail, covered with long foft
filky hair, or rather wool, of a yellowifh brown color : from nofe
to tail feven inches and a half s tail eight and a half, the laft four
inches of which, on the under fide, naked : the tail is thick at
the bale, and tapers to a point.

Inhabits Guiana : climbs trees, in quefb of a fpecies of ants
which build their nefts among the branches : has the fame pre-
henfile power with its tail as the former.

Place. There is a fourth fpecies found at the Cape of Good Hope^ and

in Ceylon ; but being deferibed from a meer foetus we fhall
avoid giving a tranfeript of Dr. Pallas'^ account of it, but wait
•for further information. We fhall only fay, that it has four toes

/

3

f Fallas Mifcel. Zool. 64.

on

1'

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ANT-EATER.

on the fore feet, and pendulous ears, which diftinguifhes it from
other kinds. Kolhen * defcribes their manners particularly, and
fays they have long heads and tongues, and are toothlefs i and
that they fometimes weigh loolb. j-: that if they fallen their
claws in the ground, the flrongeft man cannot pull them away :
that they thruft out their clammy tongue into the ants neft, and
draw it into their mouth covered with infedls. That the African
fpecies agrees with the American in every external particular, is
confirmed ; but that the laft is furnifhed with grinding teeth,
like the Armadillo^ in the lower end of the jaws, is a difcovery
proved from the remarks of Do6lor Camper ^ a celebrated zoolo-
gifl in Holland, Mr. Strachan, in his account of Ceylon J, gives the
fame account of the manners of what the natives call the ^algoi^
or Ant-Bear. It is not therefore to be doubted, but that thefe
animals are common to the old and new continents.

• Hift, Cape, 1 1 8 ; where they are called Earth Hogs,

f As quoted by Dr. Pallas ; I fuppofe from the Dutch edition..

t Phil, Tran/, ahridg, v. 1 8o.

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D I V. IIL

PINNATED QJU ADRUPEDS;

Having fin-like feet : fore legs buried deep in the fkin t hind
legs pointing quite backwards^

/

W A L R U B.

P*

D I V, HI. Pinnated Quadrupeds.

WALRUS. With two great tufts in the upper jaw, pointing downwards.

' Four grinders on both fides, above and below.

No cutting teeth.

Five palmated toes on each foot,

37 j, Arctic, Rofmarus. Pi/c» 21 1. Klein Odobenus, La vache marine, Brifon

quad, 92, quad, 30,

Walrus, Mors, Rofmarus. Worm, Muf, Trichechus Rofmarus. T. dentibua
289. Raii fyn, quad* 191. laniariis fuperioribus exfertis. Lin*

Sea-horfe, or Morfe- Marten’s Spit^' /yfl 49.

berg^ xo'ji 182. Egede Greenland, ^z* Le Morfe. De Buffon, xiii. 358. tab*
Sea-cow. CrantzGreenl* i. 125, S€bre-‘ liv. Br*Muf* Ajh*MuJ* Lev. Mus,
beri ii. 88,

TT7 with a round head; fmall mouth; very thick lips, covered
^ • above and below with pellucid briftles as thick as a draw ;

fmall fiery eyes ; two fmall orifices inftead of ears ; fhort neck :
body thick in the middle, tapering towards the tail ; ftin thick,
wrinkled, with fhort brownifh hairs thinly difperfed : legs fhort ;
five toes on each, all connefted by webs, and fmall nails on each :
the hind feet very broad ; each leg loofely articulated j the hind
legs generally extended on a line with the body ; tail very fhort ;
penis long.

SiEE. Length, from nofc to tail, fometimes eighteen feet, and ten or

twelve

WALRUS,

twelve round in the thickeft part : the teeth have been fome«
times found of the weight ^ of 20 lb. each.

Inhabit the coaft of Spitzbergen^ Nova Zembla^ Hudfon's Bay^ and
the Gulph of Su Laurence y and the Icy Sea, as far as Cape TJchuktf-
My and the iflands off it , but does not extend fouthward as far as
the mouth of the AnadyVy nor are any feen in the iflands between
Kamtfchatka and America, Are gregarious : in fome places appear
in herds of hundreds : are fhy animals, and avoid places which
are much haunted by mankind f : are very fierce \ if wounded in
the water, they attempt to fink the boat, either by rifing under it,
or by ftriking their great teeth into the fides j roar very loud, and
will follow the boat till it gets out of fight. Numbers of them
are often feen fleeping on an ifland of ice ; if awakened, fling them-
felves with great impet'uofity into the fea j at which time it is
dangerous to approach the ice, leafi: they fhould tumble into the
boat and overfet it : do not go upon the land till the coaft is
clear of ice. At particular times, they land in amazing numbers :
the moment the firft gets on Ihore, fo as to lie dry, it will not
ftir till another comes and forces it forward by beating it with its
great teeth ; this is ferved in the fame manner by the next, and
fo in fucceflion till the whole is landed, continuing tumbling
over one another, and forcing the foremoft, for the fake of quiet,
to remove further up.

* Teeth of this fize are only found' on the coaft of the Icy Sea, where the
animals are feldom molefted, and have time to attain their full growth.
Kamtfchatka, 120.

f In 1608, the crew of an Englijh veflel killed on Cherry Tfle above 900 WaL
rufes in feven hours time; for they lay in heaps, like hogs huddled one upon-
another. Marten^ sSpit%berg, 181, 182.

3 U ^ The:

51S

PtAGB.

Manners.

^ ■

WALRUS.

516

-Chacb,

The method of killing them on the Magdalene iiles, in the
gulph of St. Laurence^ as I am informed, is thus : — The hunters
watch their landing, and as foon as they find a fufficient number
for what they call a cuty go on fhore, each armed with a fpear
lliarp on one fide like a knife, with which they cut their throats :
great care muft be taken not to fiand in the way of thofe which
attempt to get again to fea, which they do with great agility by
tumbling headlong ; for they would crufh any body to death by
their vaft weight. They are killed for the fake of their oil, one
Walrus producing about half a tun. The knowlege of this chace
is of great antiquity ; OdiheVy the Norwegiany about the year 890,
made a report of it to King Alfredy having, as he fays, made the
voyage beyond Norwayy for the 7nore commoditie of fijhing of
horfe-whales, which have in their teeth hones of great price and
excellencicy whereof he brought fome at his returne unto the King
In fa6l, it was, in the northern world, in early times, the fubfti-
tute to ivory, being very white and very hard. Their fkins,
Odiher fays, were good to cut into cables. I do not know whe-
ther we make any ufe of the flein j but M. de Buff on fays, he
has feen braces for coaches made of it, which were both ftrong
and elaftic.

They bring one, or at mofi; two, young f at a time : feed on
fea-herbs and filh ; alfo on fhells, which they dig out of the fand
with their teeth : are faid alfo to make ufe of their teeth toafeend
rocks or pieces of ice, faftening them to the cracks, and drawing
their bodies up by that means. Eefides mankind, they feem to
•have no other enemy than the white Bear, with whom they have

^ Hakluyt* s coil, Voy, \,^, f Barentz njoy, 4*

terrible

W A I- R U S.

517

terrible combats ; but generally come off viftoriouSj by means
of their great teeth.

Le Dugon. t)e Buffon^ xiil. 374. ial, Ivi, Schreler, ii. 93.

374. Indian.

fliort canine teeth, or tulks, placed in the upper
^ • jaw pretty clofe to each other: in the upper jaw four

grinders on each fide, placed at a diftance from the tulks j in the
lower, three on each fide.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and the Philippine ifles. The
head defcribed above being fnppofed to belong to an animal re-
fembling a Walrus^ found in the feas of Africa and India, as ap-
pears from fome citations’ from travellers, too unfatisfadlory to
merit repetition. It is faid by one, that it goes upon land to
feed on the green mofs j and that it is called in the Philippines^
4he Dugung

Place*

* Buffon, xiii. 377. the note.

% >

Cutting

518

S E A I i.

XLII. SEAL.

I75« Common.

VtACE,

Cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.

Five palmated toes on each foot.

Body thick at the Ihoulders, tapering towards the tail.

Arifi, hifi» An,lth. vl. I 2. Op* tah» vi. 3.
pian Halieut, v. 376^ Kafligiak. Crantz hifi, Qreenl.i. 123,

Vitulus Oceani, Rondeletii, Phoca vitulina, Ph. capita lecvi inauri-

Le Veau Marin, ou Loup de Men Be- culato. Lin»Jyfi. 56.

Ion BoiJfonSy 25. Sial Faun. fuec. 4.

Phoca. Gejner Fife. S^Oi, Worm. Mu/, Le Phoqus. De Buj/on^ xiii. 333. taF*
289. Klein quad, 93. Briffon quad^ 162. xlv. Schreber, cxxxiv.

Seal, Seoile, or Sea Calf; Phoca five Seal, Br, ZooL i. 71. Br, Zool, illujin
WtnlxjisM^LTixins, Rail /yn, quad, i^g, xlviii. Lev. Mus.

FhiL tran/ abrtdg, ^oL xlvii. 120.

Q with large black eyes : large whifkers : oblong noftrils : flat
• head and nofe : tongue forked at the end : two canine teeth
in each jaw: fix cutting teeth in the upper jaw; four in tho
lower ; no external ears : body covered with thick flaort hair :
fliort tail : toes furniflied with firong fliarp claws : ufual length
from five to fix feet : color very various, dufky, brinded, or fpot-
ted with white or yellow.

Inhabit mofi: quarters of the globe, but in greateft multitudes
towards the North and the South ; fwarm near the Ar/iic circle,,
and the lower parts of ^outh America \ in botk oceans ; near the

* Dampler fays, that they are feen by thoufands on the ifle of Juan Fernandez
that the young bleat like lambs ; that none are found in the South Sea, north of
the equator, till lat. ^ \ ; that he never faw any in the Weji Indies, except in the.*
Ba^ of Campeachy ; nor yet in the Eaji Indies, i, 88, 89,

3 foutherni

SEA Lf

fouthern end of fT err a del Fuego \ and even among the floating icc
as low as fouth lat, 6o. 21 Pound In the Cafpian\ Sea^ in the
lake Aral^ and lakes J Baikal and Oron, which are frefli waters.
They are lefler than thofe which frequent fait waters , but lo fat
that they feem almoft fliapelefs. In lake Baikal fome are covered
with filvery hairs 1 others are yellowifli^ and have a large dark-
colored mark on the hind part of the back^ covering almoft a
third of the body.

Seals bring two young at a time^ which for fome fhort fpace
are white and woolly j bring forth in autumn^, and fuckle their
young in caverns^ or in rocks, till they are fix or feven weeks old,
when they take to fea : cannot continue long under water 1 are
therefore very frequently obliged to rife to take breath, and often
float on the waves. In fummer, fleep on rocks, or on fand»
banks : if furprized, precipitate into the fea \ or if at any dif-
tance, fcramble along, and fling up the fand and gravel with great
force with their hind feet, making a piteous moaning : if over^
taken, will make a vigorous defence with their feet and teeth : a
flight blow on the nofe kills them, otherwife will bear numbers
of wounds.

Swim with vaft ftrength and fwiftnefs ; frolick greatly in their
element, and will fport without fear about flaips 1| and boats;

* Cook’*s ‘voy. i. 34,

■f BelVs travels, i. 49.

J The fame, 280.

li On a fhip’s approaching the ifle of Lohos, near the river Plata, it is met by
fhoals of feals, who will hang by their fore feet to the fides of the veflel, flaring
at the crew 5 then drop off, and pafs and repafs the veffel for a confiderabk
time. Muratori Hift, Paraguay^ 229.

which

5^0

SEAL.

376. Mediter-
ranean.

^vhich may have given rife to the fable of Sea-nymphs and Sirens.
Their docility is very greats and their nature gentle : there is an
inftance of one which was fo far tamed as to anfwer to the call
of its keeper, crawl out of its tub at command, ftretch at full
' length, and return into the water when diredled ; and extend its
neck to kifs its mailer as often and as long as required

They never go any great diilance from land : feed on all forts
of fifh : are themfelves good food, and often eaten by voyagers :
killed for the fake of the oil made from their fat ; a young feal
will yield eight gallons : their fkins very ufeful in making waiit-
coats, covers for trunks, and other conveniences : thofe of the
lake Baikal are fold to the Chinefe^ who dye them, and fell them
to the Mongals -f to face their fur-coats : are the wealth of the
Greenlanders ^ fupplying them with every neceflary of life.

Vitulus Maris Mediterranei. Rondel. dentibus incis : utriufque maxillee

quatuor, palmis indivifis plantis exj-
Phoca Monachus, capite inauriculato, unguiculatis. Herman,

g with a fmall head : neck longer than that of the common
* feal : orifices of the ears not larger than a pea : hair fhort
and rude : color duiky, fpotted with afh-color : above the navel,
cf the fpecimen defcribed by Mr. Herman^ \V2iS a tawny fpot : the
toes on the fore feet feet furniihed with nails : the hind feet pin-
niform, and without nails.

When the animal is placed on^ its back, the fkin of the neck
folds like a monks hood.

* Dr. Parfons in Ph. tranf, xlvii. 113*
f Muller s Rujf, Samlung, iii, 559.

Length.

SEAL.

Length of the fpecimcn defcrlbed by Mr. Herman was eight
feet feven inches : the greateft circumference above five feet.

Inhabits the Mediterranea?i Sea, and as yet not difcovered in
the ocean. The common, or oceanic fpecies, is probably an in-
habitant of the fame fea, for the fpecies defcribed by Hrijiotle^
is of that kind; he minutely defcribes the feet, and attributes to
the hind, as well as the fore feet, five toes, every one furnifhed
with nails : that fpecies therefore is the Phoca of the antients,
not the kind juft under confideration.

Long-necked Seal. Gre-w^s Mufeum, 95.

c with a flender body : length from the nofe to the fore legs
• as great as from the fore legs to the tail : no claws on the
fore feet, which refemble fins.

This was preferved in the Mufeum of the Royal Society.

Dodlor Parfons has given a figure of it in the xlviith vol. of
Ph. Tr. tab. vi. but we are left uninformed of its place.

A LLIED to this is another Seal in the fame Mufeum, fent of
late years from the Falkland ijles : its length is four feet:
hair Ihort, cinereous tipped with dirty white.

Nofe fhort, befet with ftrong black briftles : Ihort, narrow,
pointed auricles.

Upper cutting teeth fulcated tranfverfely ; the lower in an

Size.

Place,

377 Lokg-

NECKED.

378. Falkland

ISLE.

• HtJ}, an. lib. ii. c, i,

3X

oppofitc

522

SEAL.

Flace.

379. Tortoise-
headed.

oppofite dire6lion : on each fide of the canine teeth^ a leffer^ or
fecondary one ; grinders conoid, with a fmall procefs on one fide
near the bafe.

No claws on the fore feet ; but beneath the (kin evident marks
of the bones of five toes : the ficin extends far beyond their ends..
On the toes of the hind legs are four long and (trait claws 1 but
the fl^in (Iretches far beyond,, which gives them a very pinniform
look.

This fpecies probably inhabits alfo the feas about Juan Fer-
nandez ; for Don Ulloa ^ informs us of one kind, which is not a-
bove a yard long. The fmall Seals inhabit from the Falkland
IJlands, round Cape Horny, even as far as New Zealand \ and are
feen further from ihore than any other kind. They are very
fportive, dipping up and down like porpoifes, and go on in a pro-
grefiive courfe like thofe fi(h. When they deep, one fin general-
ly appears above the water. They perhaps extend as far as the
Society IJlandsy at left the natives have a name for the Seal,,,
which they call HumL

Tortoife-headed Seal. Fh, TranZ xlvii. 120. tah, vi.

^ with a head like that of a tortoife : neck flenderer than head
or body : feet like thofe of the common Seal.

We are indebted to Do6tor Parfons for the account of this
fpecies, who fays it is found on the fhores of many parts of
Europe,

* Ulloa fays, the firft fpecies of Seal found near that ifle, is not above a yard,
long. ii. 226.

9'

s. wltfi

5^3

S E A L.

Swith very fhort fine glofly briflly hair, of an uniform color,
• aimoft black ; marked along the fides, and towards the
head and tail, with a ftripe of a pale yellow color, exaftly re-
fembling a rubbon laid on it by art ; words cannot fufiiciently
convey the idea, the form is therefore engraven on plate , from
a drawing communicated to me by Do6lor Pallas^ who received
it from one of the remoteft Kuril iflands.

Its fize is unknown, for Do6tor Pallas received only the middle
part, which had been cut out of a very large fkin, fo that no
defcription can be given of head, feet or tail : a. fliews the part
fuppofed to be next to the head ; b. that to the tail.

Other obfcure fpecies in thofe feas, which are mentioned in
StelleP^ MSS. are, 1. A middle-fized Seal, elegantly fpeckled in
all parts : IL One with brown fpots, fcarcer than the reft : III. A
black fpecies with a peculiar conformation of the hind legs,

Phoca Leporina. L^pechin. aSi» acad, Petrop. pars i. 264. tab. viii. ix,

Swith fur, foft as that of a hare, upright and interwoven ; of
• a dirty white color : whifkers long and thick, fo that the
animal appears bearded : head long : upper lip thick : four cut-
tins: teeth above ; the fame below : nails on fore and hind feet.

Ufual length fix feet and a half 3 greateft circumference five
feet two.

Inhabits the White fea during fummer j afeends and defeends
the rivers in queft of prey s found alfo off Iceland^ and from
Spitjhergen to the "Tchiitkinofs^

J X 2 Sea

380. Rubbon.

Obscure Spe-
cies.

381 , Leporine.

Size,

Place.

SH

SEAL,

382. Great.

Place.

383. Rough,

Place.

Sea Calf. P^r/. Tranf. ix. 74. tab, v. Utfuk ? Grants Green!, i. 125. Schre^.
Le grand Phoque. De BuJ^on, xiii. 345. her Cab. i. 43. Lev. Mus.

O refembling the common^ but grow to the length of twelve *
w® feet: that defcribed in the Fhil. Tranf. was feven feet and
a half long, yet fo young as to have fcarce any teeth ; the com-
mon Seal is at full growth when it has attained the length of
fix.

Inhabits the coail of Scotland^ and the fouth of Greenland. The
fl<in is thick, and is ufed by the Greenlanders to cut thongs out
of for their Seal fiflicry. Perhaps is the fame with the great
Kamtfchatkan Seal, called by the Ruffians^ Lachtach^ v/eighing
8co lb. 'f, whofe cubs are black.

Neitfek. Crantx. Green!, i. 124. Schreher, clxxxvi.

Swith rough briftly hair, intermixed like that of a hog ; of a
• pale brown color.

Inhabits Greenland: the natives make garments of its ficin,
turning the hairy fide inmoft. Perhaps what our Newfoundland
Seal' hunters call Square Phipper', whofe coat, they fay, is like
that of a water-dog, and weighs fometimes 5001b.

• A gentleman of my acquaintance fliot one of that fizc in the north of Scot--
!and.

f MuUePs Foy, Ka?ntfchatkat 60.

Clap-myfs.

4

.y

4 • ■

t

✓

(

2^.525

H

cLHVJX

SEAL.

Clap-myfs. Egede GreenL Neitferfoak, Crantx, GreenL i, 124.

O with a ftrong folded d^in on the forehead, which it can fling
over its eyes and nofe, to defend them againfb ftones and
fand in ftormy weather : its hair white, with a thick coat of thick
black wool under, which makes it appear of a fine grey.

Inhabits only the fouth of Greenland, and Newfoundland : in
the lafl: is called t\\t Hooded Seal: the hunters fay they cannot kill
'^it till they remove the integument on the head.

Black-fided Seal. Egede Greenl. plate iii. Phoca oceanica. Krylatca Ruff. Lepechin
Attarfoak. Cranttz Greenl, i, 124. Schre^- a£i. acad, Petrop, pars i. 259. tab,
her. Cab, i. 39. vi. vii.

Swith a pointed head and thick body, of a whitifh grey color,
• marked on the fides with two black crefcents, the horns
pointing upwards towards each other ; does not attain this mark
till the fifth year ; till that period, changes its color annually,
and is diftinguiflied by the Greenlanders by different names each

year.

Inhabits Greenland and Newfoundland, Iceland, the White Sea,
and Frozen Ocean, and pafles through the Jftatic flrait, as low as
Kamtfchatka : is the mofl valuable kind ; the fl^in the thickefl
and beft, and its produce of oil the greatefl: : grows to the length
of nine feet. Our Fifhers call this t\\Q Harp, or Heart Seal, and
fliyle the marks on the fides the faddie. There is a blackifh va-
riety, which they fay is a young Harp, called Bedlemer,

525

384. Hooded*

385. Harf.

Plage.

Le petit

SEAL.

526

386. Little.

Size.

387. Ursine.

Le petit Phoque. De Buffon, iii. 341. tab. liii. Schrebert cxxxv.

Lev. Mus.

^ with the four middle cutting teeth of the upper jaw bifur-
D. cated i the two middle of the lower jaw (lightly trifur-
cated : a rudiment of an ear : the webs of the feet extending far
beyond the toes and nails : hair foft, fmooth, and longer than in
the common Seal : color dufley on the head and back \ beneath
brownifh : length two feet four inches.

Our Seal-hunters affirm, that they often obferve, on the coaft
of Newfourtdland^ a fmall fpecies, not exceeding two feet, or two
feet and a half, in length. M. de Bnffon fays the fpecimen in the
cabinet of the French king came from India \ but from the au-
thority of Bampier^ and of modern voyagers to the Eajl Indies^
who have affured me they never faw any Seals * there, I fufpedl
he was impofed on.

Urfus Marlnus. ^teller. Nov, Com, Be- Phoca Uriina. Ph. capite auriculato.

trop, ii. 331. tab. xv. Lin.JyJi. 55.

Sea-Cat. Hift. Kamtfchatkaf 123. Mul- L’Ours Marin. BriJJon quad. 166. Schre~
ler^s Exped. 59. ber, cxxxii.

HERE are three marine animals, which keep a particular
fituation, and feem divided between the N. E. of Afta^ and
N. W. of America-y in the narrow feas between thofe vaft conti-

* A gentleman, the moft curious, and greateft navigator of the Indian feas now
living, informed me, that he not only never met with any Seals in thofe feas,
but even none nearer than the iHes of GallopagoSy a little north of the line, on
the coall of America.

nents.

SEA L.

527

nents. Thefe are what are called the Sea Lion and Sea Bear,
and the ManatL They inhabit, from June to September^ the ifles
that are fcattered in the feas betwen Kamtfchatka and America^ in
order to copulate, and bring forth their young in full fecurity.
They never land upon Kamtfchatka, The accurate and indefa-
tigable naturalifb S teller was the firfl: who gave an exact defcrip-
tion of them ; he and his companions, in the Ruffian expedi-
tion of 1742, were in all probability the firfl: Europeans who gave
them any difturbance in thofe their retreats. In September ^ thefe
animals quit their ftations, vaftly emaciated i foine return to the
Afiatic^ others to the American fhores \ but, like the Sea Otters,
are confined in thofe feas between lat. 50 and 56.

They are not, as far as I can difcover, found from thofe places,
any where nearer than lAew Zealand % where they are very comx-
mon, and again about Staten Land f, the frozen ifland q( New
Georgia and the Falkland iflands |[. I fufpedl that they are alfo
found in the ifland of Juan Fernandez ; for, among the Seals fo
imperfedlly defcribed by Don Ulloa §, his fecond kind feems to
be of this fpecies. I may add, that Alexander Selkirk fpeaks of
Seals Vv'hich come on fhore in that ifland in November to whelp f ,
which nearly correfponds with the time our late circumnavigators
faw them in New Tears iflands^ where they found them and their
young mLecember, Laftly, I may mention the ifles of GallopagoSy
where Captain IVoodes Rogers, fays he was attacked by a fierce
Seal, as big as a bear, and with difficulty efcaped with his life

* For/ler^s ohf 189. f Cook's n^oy. ii. 205. J Cook's njoy, ii. 213.

Torjler's ^oy. ii. 529, || Pernetti, Engl. ed. 187. tah, xvi» § Foy, ii. 226.

4 In Woodes Rogers' ^ucy, 136. ** The fame, 265,.

Place.

The

t

Sa8

SEA L.

The JJrfine Seal, a name we fubftitute for the fea-bear, leads,
during the three months in fiimmer, a moft indolent life ; it ar-
rives at the iflands vaflly fat 3 but during that time they arefcarce
ever in motion : confine themfelves for whole weeks to one fpot,
fieep a great part of the time, eat nothing, and, except the em-
ployment the females have in fuckling their young, are totally
ina6live. They live in families; each male has from eight to fifty
females, vrhom he guards with the jealoufy of an eaflern monarch;
and though they lie by thoufands on the fhores, each family
keeps itfelf feparate from the refb, and fometimes, v/ith the
young and unmarried ones, amount to a hundred and twenty.
The old animals, which are defbitute of females, or deferted by
them, live apart, and are excefTively fplenetic, peevifh, and quar-
relfome : are exceffively fierce, and fo attached to their old
haunts, that they would die fooner than quit them. They are
monflroufly fat, and have a moft hircine fmell. If another ap-
proaches their ftation, they are rouzed from their indolence, and
inftantiy fnap at it, and a battle enfues; in the conflidl, they per-
haps intrude on the feat of another : this gives new caufe of of-
fence, fo in the end the difcord become$ univerfal, and is fpread
thro’ the whole fhore.

The other males are alfo very irafcible : the caufes of their dif-
putes are generally thefe : — The firft and the moft terrible is, when
an attempt is made by another to feduce one of their miftreftes,
or a young female of the family. This infult produces a com-
bat, and the conqueror is immediately followed by the whole fe-
raglio, who are fure of deferting the unhappy vanquifhed. The
fecond reafon of a quarrel is, when one invades the feat of ano-
ther. The third arifes from their interfering in the difputes of

others.

^ S E A L.

529

others. Thefe battles are very violent ; the wounds they receive
are very deep, and refemble the cuts of a fabre. At the end of
a fight they fling themfelves into the fea, to wafli away the
blood.

The males are very fond of their young ; but very tyrannical
towards the females : if any body attempts to take their cub,
the male ftands on the defenfive, while the female makes off with
the young in her mouth ; fliould fhe drop it, the fonr.er inftantly
quits his enemy, falls on her, and beats her againfl: the ffones,
till he leaves her for dead. As foon* as fhe recovers, flae comes
in the mofl: fuppliant manner to the male, crawls to his feet, and
waflies them with her fears : he, in the mean time, flalks about
in the mofl infulting manner j but in cafe the young one is car-
ried off, he melts into' the deepefl: afflidlion, and fhews all figns
of deep concern. It is probable that he feels his misfortune the
more fenfibly, as the female generally brings but one at a time ;
never more than two. Even the cubs of thofe on the ifland of
New Georgia * are very fierce, barking at our failors as they
pafTed by, and biting at their legs. The breeding-time in this
ifland is in the beginning of January.

They fwim very fwiftly, at the rate of feven miles an hour. If
wounded, will feize on the boat, and carry it along with vaft
impetuofity, and oftentimes fink it. They can continue a long
time under water. When they want to climb the rocks, they
faften with the fore paws, and fo draw themfelves up. They arc
- very tenacious of life, and will live for a fortnight after receiving
fuch wounds as would immediately deflroy any other animal.

• Ferjiir's vej, ii, 516. J29.

3 Y The

I

53*^

Description.

SEAL.

The male of this fpecies is vaftly fnperior in fize to the fe-
male. The bodies of each are of a Conic form, very thick be-
fore, and taper to the tail. The length of a large one is eight
feet 5 the greateft circumference five feet; near the tail, twenty
inches. The weight 800 lb. The nofe projedts like that of a
pug dog, but the head rifes fuddenly : noftrils oval, and divided
by a feptum : the lips thick 5 their infide red and ferrated ;
whifkers long and white.

The teeth lock into each other when the mouth is clofed. In
the upper jaw are four cutting teeth, each bifurcated ^ on both
fides is a fmall fharp canine tooth bending inwards ; near that
another, larger : the grinders refemble canine teeth, and are fix
in number in each jaw: in the lower jaw are alfo four cutting
teeth and two canine : but only four grinders in each jaw ; in
all, thirty-fix teeth.

Tongue bifid : eyes large and prominent : iris black : pupil
fmaragdine : the eyes may be covered at pleafure with a flefhy
membrane : the ears are fmall, fharp-pointed ; hairy without,
fmooth and polifhed within.

The length of the fore-legs is twenty-four inches ; like thofe
of other quadrupeds, not immerfed in the body like thofe of
Seals : the feet are formed with toes, as thofe of other animals,
but are covered with a naked fkin, fo that externally they feem a
fhapelefs mafs, and have only the rudiments of nails to five la-
tent toes : the hind legs are twenty-two inches long, are fixed to
the body quite behind, like thofe of Seals, but are capable of be-
ing brought forward, fo that the animal makes ufe of them to
fcratch its head : thefs feet are divided into five toes, each di-
vided

531

SEAL.

vided by a great web, and are a foot broad : the tail is only two
inches long.

The hair is long and rough; beneath which is a foft down, of
a bay-color : on the neck of the old males the hair is ereft, and
a little longer than the reft. The general color of thefe animals
is black, but the hairs of the old ones are tipt with grey. The
females are cinereous. The Ikins of the young, cut out of the
bellies of their dams, are very ufeful for cioathing, and coft about
3 s. 4d. each ; the Ikin of an old one, 4 s.

The fat and flelh of the old males is very naufeous ; but the
flefh of the females refembles lamb ; and the young ones roafted
are as good as fucking-pigs.

Sea Lion. Dampier*s ^oy, i. 90= iv. 15. flato. Lin* Jyfl, 55.

Rogers's ^oy, 136. Jn/on’s ‘voy. 122. Le Lion Marin. Briffon quad, i6y, De
Phoca Leonina. Ph. capite antice cri- Buffon, xiii. 35-1. Schreber, cxxxiii.

S(the male) with a projedling fnout, hanging five or fix
• inches below the lower jaw : the upper part confifts of a
loofe wrinkled fkin, which the animal, when angry, has the
power of blowing up, fo as to give the nofe an hooked or arched
appearance : the feet ftiort and dulky ; five toes on each, fur-
niftied with nails : the hind feet have the appearance of great
laciniated fins : large eyes ; great whiflcers : hair on the body
ftiort, and of a dun color ; that on the neck a little longer : the
fkin very thick. Length of an old male twenty feet ; greateft cir-
cumference, fifteen.

Female, Nofe blunt, tuberous at the top : noftrils wide : mouth
breaking very little into the jaws ; two fmall cutting teeth be-

Y 2 low.

388. Bottle-

HOSE.

SlSE«

53^

SEAL.

Size.

Place.

low, two fmall and two larger above ; two canine teeth, remote
from the preceding; five grinders in each jaw ; all the teeth
conic : eyes oblique and fmall : auricles none : fore legs twenty
inches long : toes furnifhed with flat oblong nails : hind parts,
inftead of legs, divided into two great bifurcated fins : no tail :
the whole covered with fliort ruft-colored hair. Length, from nofe
to the end of the fins, four yards : greateft circumference two
yards and a half

Inhabits the feas about New Zealand f, the ifland of Juan Fer-
nandez J and the Falkland ijlands ||, and that of New Georgia §,
S. lat. 54 — 40. Are feen in great numbers, in June and July^ the
breeding-feafon, on the ifland of Juan Fernandez^ which they refort
to for the purpofe of fuckling their young on fhore, and continue
there till September. They bring two at a time. The female, during
that feafon, is very fierce : one of Lord Anfon\ failors was killed by
the enraged dam of a whelp, which he had robbed her of. The male
fliews little attachment to its young, but the female is excef-
fively fond of it : the former will fuffer it to be killed before his
face without fhewing any refentment. Towards evening, both
male and female fwim a little way to fea, the lafl with the young
on its back, which the male will pufli off, as if to teach it to
fwim.

They arrive on the breeding-iflands very fat and full of blood :
when they are in motion, they feem like a great Ikin full of oil, from
the tremulous movement of the blubber, which has been found

* Defcribed from a well-preferved fpecimen in the Mufeiim of the Royal
Society. This is the animal called by Dr. Par/ons, a Manati,

t Forjier's obf. 190. \ AnforTs ^oy. 122. j{ Fernetfi 20Z.

§ CooPs^oy. ii, 213. FcrJieAs 'voy.

to

SEAL.

533

to be a foot thick. The Spaniards therefore call them Lohos de
Aceyte or wolves of oil ; and the French bellow on this and the
Urjine Seals, the common name of Sea Wolves. One has been
known to yield a butt of oil ; and fo full of blood, that what has
run out of a fingle animal j- has filled two hogfheads. The flefh
is eatable; Lord Anfon's people eat it under the denomination of
beef, to diftinguifh it from that of Seal, which they called lamb.

The old animals have a tremendous appearance, yet are ex-
cefiively timid, except at the breeding-feafon, when they feem
to lofe their apprehenfions, and are lefs difturbed at the fight of
man. At other times, they hurry into the water ; or, if awakened
out of their fieep by? a loud noife, or by blows, fall into vafl con-
fufion, tumble down, and tremble in every part, thro' fear.

Thefe animals aflbeiate in families, like the former, but not in
fuch great numbers : the males fiiew equal jealoufy about their
miftrefifes, and have bloody combats on their accounts : oft-times
there is one of fuperior courage to the reft, and procures by dint
of valour a greater number of females than others. They are
of a very lethargic nature, fond of wallowing in miry places, and
will lie like fwine on one another : they grunt like thofe animals,
and will fometimes fnort like horfes in full vigor. They are very
inactive on land : to prevent furprize, each herd places a centi-
nel, who gives certain fignals at appearance of danger : during
the breeding-feafon, they abftain from food, and before that is
elapfed become very lean ; at other times they feed on fifti and
the fmaller Seals.

* UUoa*s voy. ii, 227. f Anfori^z <voy, 123,

Belfia

534

SEAL

389. Leonine. ^t^\2iyi2i\m^yKurilUsiKamtfchadalistt Sea Lion. Cook's woy, ii. 203. Forjier's

RuJJisy Kurillico nomine Siwutfcha <voy, ii. 513, PernettVs <voy, 240.
didla. No^, Com, Petrop, ii. 360. tab, xvi.

Swith a fliort nofe turning a little up : great head : eyes large :

• whifkers long and thick, and ftrong enough to ferve for
pick-tooths : on the neck and fhoulders of the male is a great
mane of coarfe, long, waying hair, not unlike the fhaggy ap-
pearance of a lion : the reft of the body covered with a very
diort, fmooth, and glofty coat. The whole color is a deep brown :
thofe of the Kamtfchatkan iflands are reddifti ; the females tawny.

The fore feet are like thofe of the Urjine Sealy refembling a flat
fin, formed of a black coriaceous fubftance, without the left external
appearance of toes, as moft erroneoufly reprefented by Pernetti :
the hind feet are very broad, furnifhed with very fmall nails,
with a narrow ftripe of membrane extending far beyond each : tail
very fhort : hind parts vaftly large, fwelling out with the vaft
quantity of fat.

Size. xhe old males are from ten to fourteen feet long, and of

great circumference about the fhoulders ; they weigh from twelve
to fifteen hundred pounds : the females are from fix to eight
feet in length, of a more flender form than the males,' and are
quite fmooth.

Penrofe and Pernetti afcribe a much greater fize to thole of the
Falkland ifles. The former fays, that fome of the males are
twenty-fix feet long * 1 and the latter affirms that their length is

9

• Exped. Falkland Ijlesy 28.

twenty-

SEAL.

twenty-five feet, and their girth round the flioulders from nine-
teen to twenty

They inhabit in vafl numbers Pinguin and Seal ifiands^ near
Cape Pejirey on the coafl of Patagonia f ; are found within the
ftraits of Alagellany and on Falkland ijles : they have not yet been
difcovered in any other part of the fouthern hemifphere, or in
any other place nearer than the fea between Kamtfchatka and
America.

They live in families feparate from the Urftne and other Seals :
thefe pofTefs the beach neareft to the fea : they have much of the
lethargic nature of the former ; and, like them, are polygamous ;
they have from two to thirty females apiece : they have a fierce
look; the old ones fnort and roar like enraged bulls ; but on the
approach of mankind, fly with great precipitation : the females
make a noife like calves : the young bleat like lambs.

The old males lie apart, and poflTefs fome large flone, which no
Other dare approach ; if they do, a dreadful combat enfues, and
the marks of their rage appear in the deep gafhes on various
parts of their bodies. The males frequently go into the water,
take a large circuit, land, and carefs their females with great af-
fedlion ; put fnout to fnout as if they were killing one another.
The females, on feeing their male deflroyed, will fometimes at-
tempt to carry away a cub in their mouth, but oftener defert
them through fear.

The food of thefe animals is the lefler Seals, Pinguins, and fifh ;
but while they are afhore they keep, in the breeding-time, a fafl
of three or four months ; but to keep their flomachs diftended,
will fwallow a number of large ftones, each as big as two lifts,

• Voy. Maloiiines, 240. f Narlorough, 31,

S3S

Place.

Manners,

Pinniform

536

M A N A T I

XLiir.

M A N A T I.

390. Whale-
tailed,

Place.

Pinnlform fore-legs : hind parts ending in a tail, horizon-
tally fiat.

^ I

Manati. RuJJhrum Morlkula Korowa. Schreher, ii. 95. Hiji. Kamtfchatkaf

^teller in No^. Corn. Petrop. ii. 294. 132.

HIS animal in nature fo nearly approaches the cetaceous
tribe, that it is merely in conformity to the fyftematic
writers, that I continue it in this clafs : it fcarce deferves the
name of a biped ; what are called feet are little more than pec-
toral fins ; they ferve only for fwimming ; they are never ufed to
afiaft the animal in walking, or landing ; for it never goes afhore,
nor ever attempts to climb the rocks, like the Walrus and SeaL It
brings forth in the water, and, like the whale, fuckles its young
in that element : like the whale, it has no voice ; and, like that
animal, has an horizontal broad tail, without even the rudiments
of hind feet.

Inhabits the feas about Bering'^ and the other Aleutian ifiands,
which intervene between Kamtfchatka and America^ but never ap-
pears off Kamtfchatka^ unlefs blown afliore by a tempefii. Is pro-
bably the fame fpecies which is found above Mindanao ^ ; but is
certainly t that which inhabits n^diV Diego Rodriguez^wAg^Lvly called
Diego Raisy an ifland to the eaft of Mauritius, or the ifie of

• Dampier*s voy. i. 321.

4 In Mr. Banks’s colledion of drawings is an accurate Iketch of one cxaflly
correfponding with Mr. StctlePs defcription.

France,

M A N A T L

537

France^ near which it is likewife found ^ : and it is likely that this
fpecies extends to New Holland Bampier fays he has feen it f »
They live perpetually in the water, and frequent the edges of
the fhores ; and in calm weather fwim in great droves near the
mouths of rivers ; in the time of flood they come fo near the
land that a perfon may flroke them with his hand : if hurt, they
fwim out to the fea : but prefently return again. They live
in families, one near another ; each confifts of a male, a female,
a half-grown young one, and a very fmall one. The females
oblige the young to fwim before them, while the other old ones
furround, and, as it were, guard them on all fides. The af-
fedlion between the rnale and female is very great ; for if flie
is attacked, he will defend her to the utmofl:, and if (he is
killed, will follow her corpfe to the very ihore, and fwim for fome
days near the place it has been landed at.

They copulate in the fpring, in the fame manner as the
human kind, efpecially in calm weather, tow^ards the evening.
The female fwims gently about ; the male purfues ; till, tired
with wantoning, fhe flings herfelf on her back, and admits his
embraces J. Steller thinks they go with young above a year : it
is certain that they bring but one young at a time, which they
fuckle by two teats placed between the breaft.

They are vaftly voracious and gluttonous, and feed not only
on the fuel that grow in the fea, but fuch as are flung on the
edges of the fhore. When they are filled, they fall afleep on their
backs. During their meals, they are fo intent on their food,

* Voy. de la CailUt 229. f Voy. i. 33,

% The Ltonine and Vrjine Seals copulate in the fame manner, only, after
fporting in the fea for fome time, they come on fliore for that purpofe.

3 z

Manners.

that

53^

MANAT IV

that any one may go among them and chufe whidh he likes,
bed.

Their back and their Tides are generally above water ; and as
their fkin is filled with a fpecies of loufe peculiar to them^,
numbers of gulls are continually perching on their backs and
picking out the infe6ls.

They continue in the Kamtfchatkan American feas the whole
year ; but in winter are very lean^, fo that you may count their ribs. .
They are taken by harpoons fadened to a drong cord;, and after
they are druck it requires the united force of thirty men to draw
them on Ihore. Sometimes^ when they are transfixed;, they will lay
hold of the rocks with their paws^ and dick fo fad as to leave the
fkin behind before they can be forced off. When a Manati is
druck, its companions fwim to its affidance ; fome will attempt,
to overturn the boat, by getting under it ; others will prefs down^
the rope, in order to break it ; and others will drike at the har-
poon with their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they •
often fucceed in. They have not any voice, but make a noife^
by hard breathing, like the fnorting of a horfe.

Dsscription, They are of an enormous fize ; fome are 28 feet long, and

8000 lb. in weight ; but if the Mindanao fpecies is the fame with^
this, it decreafes greatly in fize as it advances fouthward, for;
the larged which Damper faw there, weighed only fix hundred
pounds The head, in proportion to the bulk of the animal, ,
is fmall, oblong, and almod fquare : the nodrils are filled with
fhort bridles : the gape, or ridfusy is fmall : the lips are double : :

* Dampiery i. 321. Voyagers are requefted to obferve, whether there are not.,
the two fpecies about this and the other iHands of the Indian ocean.

near

S39

m A N A T L.

near the junftion of the two jaws the month is full of white tu-
bular briftles^ which ferve the fame ufe as the laminae in whales^
to prevent the food running out with the v/ater : the lips are alfo
full of briftles^ which ferve inftead of teeth to cut the ftrong roots
of the fea-plants, which floating afliore are a fign of the vicinity
of thefe animals. In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat white
bones, one in each jaw ; one above, another below, with undu-
lated furfaces, which ferve inftead of grinders.

The eyes are extremely fmall, not larger than thofe of a fheep 'o
the iris black : it is deftitute of ears, having only two orifices, fo
minute that a quill will fcarcely enter them : the tongue is point-
ed, and fmall : the neck is thick, and its jun6tion with the head
fcarce diflinguifliable j and the lafl: always hangs down. The cir-
cumference of the body near the fhoulders is twelve feet ; about the
belly twenty j near the tail only four feet eight : the head thirty-
one inches : the neck near feven feet : and from thefe m^eafure-
ments m.ay be colleded the deformity of this animal. Near the
fhoulders are two feet, or rather fins, which are only two feet two
inches long, and have neither fingers nor nails ; beneath are con-
cave, and covered v/ith hard briftles : the tail is thick, flirong,
and horizontal, ending in a ftiff black fin, and like the fubfbance
of whalebone, and much fplit in the fore part, and flightly fork*
ed ; but both ends are of equal lengths, like that of a whale.

The fl<in is very thick, black, and full of inequalities, like the
bark of oak, and fo hard as fcarcely to be cut with an ax, and has
no hair on it : beneath the flcin is a thick blubber, which tafles
like oil of almonds. The flelb is coarfer than beef, and will not
foon putrify. The young ones tafte like veal. The flcin ufed
for fhoes, and for covering the fides of boats.

3 Z 2

Size.

Tail.

The

540

M A N A T r.

Tht Ruffians call this animal Morjkaia korawa^ or Sea-cow i ami.
Kapuftniky or Eater of herbs.

Round- Manati. Hernandez Mex, 323. DeLaet* Buffony xiii, 277. tab, 57.

TAiitED-, 6. Trichechus, 79. Syn. 109*

Manatus. Rondeletius, 490. Ge/nerPifc. Trichechus Manatus. Lin, fyfl. 49*

213. Cluf, exot, 132. Rati fyn. quad, ii. 95. tab. Ixxx. Lev. Mui^.

193. Klein quad. 94, from SenegaL

Le Lamentin, Brijfon quad, 164. De

T\/r thick lips : eyes as minute as a pea : two very fmall
• orifices in the place of ears : neck fliort, and thicker than.-
the head 5 the greateft thicknefs of the body is about the flioul-
ders, from which it grows gradually fmalier to the tail : the taih
lies horizontally, is broad, and thickeft in the middle, growing
thinner to the edges, and quite round. M. de Buffon gives the
tail of his the form of a fpatulay but fwelling out on each fide,.

and rounded at the end, which is much narrower than the mid-
dle diameter.

The feet are placed at the fhoulders : beneath the fkins are-
bones for five complete toes, and externally are three or four
nails * fiat and rounded : near the bafe of each foot, in the fe-
male, is, a fmall teat.

The Ikin is very thick and hard,, having a few hairs fcatteredi
over it.

SizE» The length of the fpecimen in the Leverian Museum, is fix.

feet and a half ^ the greatefl: circumference, three feet eight
inches; that near the tail, two feet two. Thofe meafured by
Dampier in the JFeJi IndieSy were ten or twelve feet long : their-^

* Gomora fays fgur ; in the Le verian fpecimen are only three.

MANAT 1. '

tail twenty inches in length ; fourteen in breadth ; four or five
thick in the middle y two at the edges : the largeft (according to
the fame voyager) weighed twelve hundred pounds. But they
arrive at far greater magnitude : Cltiftus examined one which was
fixteen feet and a half long ; and Gomora fpeaks of them as fome-
times of the length of twenty feet.

The Manati v/hich entirely inhabit frefh waters, according to
Dmnpiery are much lefier than the others. Gumilla alfo informs
us, that thofe of the higher parts of the Oreno^tie weigh only
from five hundred to feven hundred and fifty pounds.

Inhabits the rivers of Africdy from that of Senegal to the Cape Pl ac-e,-
of Good Hope^ 'y abounds in certain parts of the eatlern coafls
and rivers of South America y about the Bay of HonduraSy fome'
of the greater Antilles the rivers of Oreneque and the
lakes formed by it ; and laftly, in that of the AmazonSy and the
GuallagUy the Pafiafay and mofi; of the others which fall into that
vafi: river : they are found even a thoufand leagues from its
mouth, and feem to be fbopt from making even an higher ad-
vance, only by the great cataradt, the Pongo of Borja |t. They
fometimes live in the fea, and often near the mouth of fome
river, into which they come once or twice in twenty-four hours,
for the fake of brouzing on the marine plants which grow within .
their reach: they altogether delight more in brackilh or fweet
water, than in the fait; and in fhallow water near low land, and'
in places fecure from' furges, and where the tides run gently
It is faidj that at times they frolick and leap to great heights out

* Adanjon, 259. Sparman in Ph* Tranf, Ixvii, 40. f Dampier, i. 33, ,

p Gumilla, 43- \\ Condamine, 77. § Dampiery i. 34.

ofv

I

54^ M A N A T L

of the water Their ufes were very confiderable to the priva-
teers or buccaneers in the time of Damfkr, Their ilefli and fat
are white^ very fweet and falubrious i and the tail of a young fe-
male was particularly efteemed. A luckling was held to be moft
delicious, and eaten roafted, as were great pieces cut out of the
belly of the old animals.

The fkin cut out of the belly (for that of the back was too
thick) was in great requeft for the purpofe of faftening to the
fides of canoes, and forming a place for the infertion of the oars.
The thicker part of the fliin, cut frelh into lengths of two or three
feet, ferves for whips, and become, when dried, as tough as
wood.

In the head, it was pretended that there were certain ftones, or
bones of great value, on account of their virtues in curing the
gravel and colic yi, de Buff on fays, that in the Manati of
Senegal were nine grinding teeth on each fide of the jaws, above
and below. That which I faw, had its fcull taken out, which
prevented my fearch into that particular.

They are taken by an harpoon {luck in the end of a ilafF,
which the Indians ufe with great dexterity. They go in a fmall
canoe with the utmofl filence, as the animal is very quick of
hearing. The harpoon is loofe, but failened to a cord of fome
fathoms in length ; for as foon as the Manati is flruck, it fwims
away with the barb infixed in its body, attended by the canoe,
till fpent with pain and fatigue : in fome places the lelTer are
taken in nets. If a female, which has a young one, is flruck, ilie
takes it under its fins or feet, if not too large, and fhews, even

Gumilla, ih 55, f Clujii Exoi* 233, Monardus Jimp, Mea, 326.

3

in

M A N A T I.

543

in extremity, the greatefb afFeftion for its offspring ; which makes
an equal return, never forfaking the captured parent, but is al-
ways a fure prey to the harpooner

The Indians of the Maragnon^ or the river of Amazons^ take
them by the means of intoxicating herbs, or by fhooting them with
thofe poifoned arrows f, whofe left touch is fatal, yet imparts
no degree of venom to the thing ftricken, whofe flefti is eaten
with the utmoft fafety

At the time the waters of the Orenoque (which annually over-
flow the banks) begin to return into the bed of the river, the
Indians m.ake dams acrofs the mouths of the fhallow lakes formed
by the floods, and in that manner take vaft numbers of Manati^
or Fexi-huey^ or Fijh-cows^ as the Spaniards call them, together
with tortoifes, and variety of fifh ||.

I conclude this account with the extraordinary hiftory of a
tame Manati, preferved by a certain prince of Hifpaniolay at the
time of the arrival of the Spaniardsy in a lake adjoining to his re-
ftdence. It was, on account of its gentle nature, called in the
language of the country Matum, It would appear as foon as it
w^as called by any of its familiars \ for it hated the Spaniards^ on^
account of an injury it had received from one of thefe adventurers.
The fable of Avion was here realifed. It would offer itfelf to the
Indian favorites, and carry over the lake ten at a time, finging and
playing on its back i one youth it was particularly enamoured

* Dampier, i. 37. f UllbUf i. 412. Gutnilla, ii. 46.. X‘Condamine^s i

^ra<v, 34. Ph* Tr, xlvii. 81.

{| Gumillay ii. 43. The feafon for the taking thefe animals (fays Jdanfon, p» •
260) in the river Senegal is only in the months of December and January.

^ with;, 5

544

M A N A T L

with, which reminds me of the clafiical parallel in the Dolphin
of Hippo, fo beautifully related by the younger Pliny. The fates
of the two animals were very different j Matum efcaped to its
native waters, by means of a violent flood 5 the Hipponenfian fifft
fell a facriflce to the poverty of the retired Colonifls

■^gz. SsA Ape. T\/rR» Steller faw on the coafl of America f another very fingular

animal, which he calls a Sea Ape : it was five feet long : the
head like a dog's : ears fharp and erecfl : eyes large : on both
lips a fort of beard : the form of its body thick and round,
thickell; near the head, tapering to the tail, which was bifurcat-
ed, the upper lobe the longeft : the body covered with thick
hair, grey on the back, red on the belly. Steller could difeo-
ver neither feet nor paws. It was full of frolick, and played a
thoufand monkey tricks ; fometimes fwimming on one fide, fome-
times on ,the other fide of the fhip, looking at k with great
amazement. It would come fo near the fhip, that it might be
touched with a pole ; but if any body flirred, would immediately
retire. It often raifed one-third of its body above the water, and

* See both relations ; the firll in Peter Martyr' t Decades of the Indies, Dec. iii.
book 8 ; the other in lib. ix. epilt. 33» of Pliny. The elder Pliny alfo relates
the fame ftory, lib. ix. c. 8.

f The Beluga, which I placed here in my former edition, from the mifrepre-
fentation of other writers, is an animal of the cetaceous tribe, called by the
Gei'mans, Witjijh. Stz Pallas Itin, iii. 84. tab. iv, and Crantz Greenland, i. 114.

10.

flood

M A N A T I.

54

Hood erefl for a confiderable time ; then fuddenly darted under the
fliip, and appeared in the fame attitude on the other fide ; and
would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently
bring up a fea- plant, not unlike the bottle-gourd, which it would
tofs about, and catch again in its mouth, playing numberlefs fan-
taftic tricks with it.

D I V,

D I V. IV.

WINGED Q^U A D R U P E D S,

/

54S

B A T-

XLIV. BAT.

393. Ternate.

The Roussette

D I V. IV. Winged Quadrupeds :

V/ith long extended toes to the fore feet^ connedled by thin
broad membranes^ extending to the hind legs.

^ Without Tails.

Vefpertilio ingens. CIu/. exot.g^* fon^ x. 55. tab^ xlv. xvli Schre^

Canis volans ternatanus orientalis. Seb. ber^ 185. tab. xliv.

Muf, i. 91. tab, Ivii, Pteropus rufus aut niger auriculis bre-

Vefpertilio Vampyrus. V. ecaudatus, vibus acutiufculis, 153^

nafo fimplici, membrana inter femo- and 154, Mo, 2.
ra divifa. Lin, /yfi, 46. Great Bat. Ed<w, 180. Br, Muf.

LaRoulTette and la Rougette. De Buf~ Muf Lev. Mus.

T> with large canine teeth : four cutting teeth above^ the fame
• below : jfharp black nofe : large naked ears : the tongue is
pointed, terminated by lliarp aculeated : exterior toe de-

tached from the membrane : the claw llrong, and hooked : five
toes on the hind feet : talons very crooked, ftrong, and com-
prefled fideways : no tail : the membrane divided behind quite
to the rump : head of a dark ferruginous color : on the neck^
flioulders, and under fide, of a much lighter and brighter red ;
on the back the hair fhorter, duflty, and fmooth : the membranes
of the wings dufky : varies in color j fome entirely of a reddifh
brown ; others dufky. This now defcribed was one foot long :
its extent from tip to tip of the wings four feet , but they are
found vaftly larger.

* The hiftory of thefe bats has been greatly elucidated by M. De la Max, who
refided fifty years in the IJlc de Bourbon, w'here they are found. See M. de Buf^
fon, Suppl. iii. 253.

3 . This

B A 't.

S42

This fpecies is not gregarious^ yet they are found in numbers on
the fame tree, by accidentally meeting there in fearch of food :
they fly by day, and are feen arriving one by one to the fpot
which furnifhes fubfiftence. If by any accident they are frighted,
they will then quit the tree in numbers, and thus fortuitoufly
form a flock. It is different with the other fpecies.

The Rougette or Bat, with the fame kind of teeth as the The
other, and the fhape of head and body the fame : the whole body
and head cinereous, mixed with fome black i but on the neck is
a great bed of lively orange, or red.

The fize is much lefs j the extent of wings being little more
than two feet.

They are both inhabitants of the fame countries, agree in their
food, but differ in fome of their manners, which I fhall diftinguifh
in the following hiilory of them.

Thefe monfters inhabit Guinea^ Madagafcar^ and all the iflands
from thence to the remoteft in tht Indian ocean. They are found
again in New Holland the Friendly ijlandsy the New Hebrides^,
and New Caledonia The Rongettes fly in flocks, and perfe6lly
obfcure the air with their numbers : they begin their flight from
one neighboring ifland to another immediately on fun-fet, and
return in clouds from the time it is light till fun-rife [j, and lodge
during day in hollow trees : both live on fruits 5 and are fo fond
of the juice of the tree, that they will intoxicate themfelves
with it till they drop on the ground §.

Notwithftanding the fize of their teeth, they are not carnivor-
ous. Mr. Edwards relates, that they will dip into the fea for

* Lev, Mus. f Cook's <voy» iii. 626. % Former's ohf, 187. || Dam-^

fur's *voy, i, 381. § Mu/eum Hafnia^ Pars, 2. iV<?. 18.

Rougette.

Size.

Peace.

fifh.

5SO

B A T.

fifli. I fufpeft that facl; but it is known that they flcim the
water with wonderful eafe, perhaps in fportive moods. They
alfo frequent that element to walk themfelves from any vermin
v/hich might adhere to them They fwarm like bees^ hanging
near one another from the trees in great clufters *]* ; at left five
hundred were obferved hanging, fome by their fore, others by
their hind legs, in a large £afuarina-xxzt^ in one of the Friendly
if.ands. When fhot at, they flew from the boughs very heavily,
uttering a fhrill piping note ; others again, arrived at inter-
vals from remote places to the tree In New Caledoniay the
natives ufe their hair in ropes, and in the taflfels of their clubs,
interv/eaving it with the threads of the Cyperus fquarrofus. The
Indians eat them, and declare the flefh to be very good : they
grov/ exceffively fat at certain times of the year. The Frencby
who live in the IJle de Bourbon^ boil them in their bouillon^ to
give it a relifh ||. The Negroes have them in abhorrence §. Many
of the RouJfetUs are of an enormous flze : Beckman ** meafured
one, v^hofe extent from tip to tip of the w'ing was five feet four
inches; and Dampier -j-f another, which extended further* than he
could reach with fbretched-out arms. Their bodies are from the
fize of a pullet to that of a dove : while eating, they make a
great noife : their fmell rank ; their bite, refiflance, and fiercenefs
great when taken.

They bring but one young at' a time.’

The antients had fome knowlege of thefe animals. Herodotus ^

^ Forjier^s obf. l88. f Argen/ola Philip, iJlsSy 158. Des Marchais, ii. 261.
% former’s <v3y. i. 450. j] P’oy, de la Cdille, 233. § Des Marchais, ibido

Voy, to BorneOy 3^. l-f* h 3^^* “1 rria-i

^r^oc^£^K£^cc. Lib, iii.

mentions

BAT.

551

mentions certain winged wild beafls, like bats^ that molefled the
Arahsy who colleded the Caffia^ to fuch a degree that they were
obliged to cover their bodies and faces^ all but their eyes,
with Ikins. It is very probable, as M. de Buffon remarks, it was
from fuch relations the Poets formed their fidions of Harpies,
Linn^us gives this fpecies the title of Vampyre^, conje6luring it
to be the kind which draws blood from people in their deep.
M. de Buffon denies it, afcribing that faculty to a fpecies only found
in S, America : but there is reafon to imagine, that this third: af-
ter blood is not confined to the bats of one continent, nor to
one fpecies \ for Bontius and Nieuhoff inform us, that they of
Java ^ feldom fail attacking thofe who lie with their feet un-
covered, whenever they can get accefs ; and Gumilla after men-
tioning a greater and leffer fpecies, found on the banks of the
Orenoque^ declares them to be equally greedy after human blood.
Perfons thus attacked, have been known to be near paffing from
a found deep into eternity. The Bat is fo dexterous a bleeder as
to indnuate its aculeated tongue into a vein without being per-
ceived, and then fuck the blood till it is fatiated ; all the while
fanning with its wings, and agitating the air, in that hot climate,
in fo pleafing a manner, as to ding the fufFerer into a dill
founder deep J. It is therefore very unfafe to red either in the
open air, or to leave open any entrance to thefe dangerous animals:
but they do not confine themfelves to human blood ; for M. Con-

* Bontius India, 70. Nieuhoff, 255. Thefe writers fay that this kind is as
big as a pigeon. I fufpedl that the fpecies juft deferibed is common to India
and S, America ; Mr. Green<vjood, painter, long refident at Surinam, informing
me that there is in that colony a fox-colored bat, whofe extent of wings is above
four feet.

f Hijl, Orenoque, Hi. 100. J Ulloa^s ^voy, i. 61.

t Ultoa^s voy, i. 6i.

d amine

55^

B A T.

damlm ^ fays^, that in certain parts oiAmerua they have dellroyed
all the great cattle introduced there by the milTionaries.

(3. Lesser, B. with head like a grehound : large teeth like the*
former: ears long,, broad, and. naked : whole body covered
with foft fhort hair of a ftraw-color : fhaped like the other in.
all refpeds : length, , eight inches three quarters ; extent, two
feet two inches. Place unknown to the gentleman who fa-
vored me with it. Lev, Mus.

394. Spectre, Andira-guacu,vefpertiliocornutus. Lin. Jyft. ^6, Klein quad.

Brajil, 190, Marcgra^ve Brajil, Pteropus auriculis longis, patulis, nafo

Canis volans maxima aurita faem. ex membrana antrorfum inflexa auflo,
Nov. Hifpania. Seb. Muf. i. tab. Ivii. BriJJhn quad. 154.

Vefpertilio fpeftrum. V. ecaudatus, Le Vampire. De Buffon, x, 55. Schre^^
nafo infundibuliformi Lanceolato.. ber. 192. tab. xlv.

T) with a long nofe : large teeth : long, broad, and upright'
ears : at the end of the nofe a long conic ere6l membrane,,
bending at the end, and flexible : hair on the body cinereous, and^
pretty long : wings full of ramified fibres : the membrane extends .
from hind leg to hind leg : no tail ; but from the rump extend
three tendons, terminating at the edge of the membrane. By
SiKi. Seha'^ figure, the extent of the wings is two feet two inches 5
from the end of the nofe to the rump feven inches and an half.
Place, South A^n erica i in the palm-trees : grows very*

fat ; called Vampyre by M. de Buffon^ who fuppofes it to be the
fpecies that fucks human blood : but neither Pifo, or any other,
writers who mention the fad, give the left defcription of the kind, .

* Voj. S, Amerka^ 85.

Vefpertili®

I

J^T .J3 .2^362 . lllSrE.^YoRlC B .'K°403

/

•>

#

p

'-r'

- ^

S

\

•3

•i

>>•

V

n.

\

I

I

N

• I

I

i

r

\

1

•-<

t t

•4

•S m ^ ,

r

f

- »

•5.

‘- K

'\

I

BAT.

553

Vefpertilio Americanus vulgaris. Seh, dadylis, pofticis pentadadylls. Brif-
Muf. i. tah. Iv jig. 2. Jon quad. lOl.^

Vefpertilio perfpiciilatus. V. ecauda- La chauve fouris fer de Lance. Ue
tus, nafo foliato acuminato. Ltn, Buffon^ xiii. 226. tab. xxxiii. bchre-
fyji 47. her, 194. tab. xivi. B.

V. murini coloris pedibus anticis tetra-

Bwlth large pointed ears : an ere61: membrane at the end of
• the nofe, in form of the head of an antient javelin, having
on each lide two upright procefles : no tail : fur cinereous : lize
of a common bat.

Inhabits the warm parts of America,

The bat defcribed by Mr. Schrekr, p. 193. tab. xlvi. A. under
the title of Chauve fouris pile, has fo much refemblance, that I
place it here as a variety of the former i the nafal membrane be-
ing nearly of the fame form , the color differs, the fur being fer-
ruginous.

Vefpertilio, roftro appendice aurkulse
forma donata. Sloane Jam. ii. 330.
Small bat. Ed^. 201. Jig. 1.

La Feuille. Dt Buffon, xiii. 227.

Vefpertilio foricinus. Pallas Mif cel. 48.
tab. V. • Schreher, 195. tab. xlvii.
Lev. Mus.

Bwith fmall rour>Jed ears *. membrane on the nofe of the form
• of an ovated leaf : no tail : a web between the hind legs :
fur of a moufe^color, tinged with red * lize of the laft.

• This feems to be one of the blood-fucking fpecies, the tongue being fur-
nilhed with aculeated papilU, and is twice the length of the nofe ; fo is well

adapted for that purpofe.

4 B

395, Javelin,

Size.

Place.

396, Leaf.

Size.

Inhabits

554

B A T.

I’i'Acs. Inhabits Jamaica^ Surinam^ and Senegal : in the firfl: lives in

caves in woods, which are found full of its dung, produ(5i:ive of
falt-petre : feeds on the prickly pear.

397i CoRDATED, Glis volans Ternatanus. Seh^ Muf. i, Vefpertilio fpafina. V. ecaudatus nafo^

tab, Wi, Jig. I. Schreber, 19 1. tab. foliato obcordato, Lin, fyji. ^
xlviii.

"O with very broad and long ears : at the end of the nofe a
heart-fhaped membrane : no tail : a web between the hind
legs: color of the face a very light redi,. that of the body ftilL
paler.

Place, Inhabits Ceylony and the iHe, of Uernatey one of Moluccas.^.

^ * With tail's.

398. Peruvian. Chauve-fouris de la Vallee d’Ylo. Feuillee obf. Peru, 1714. p. 623. Schrehery 196*

tab, Ix.

“Q v/ith a head like a pug-dog:, large Hrait-pointed ears: two
canine teeth, and two fmali cutting teeth between each, in.
each jaw : tail enclofed in the membrane which joins to each
hind leg, and is alfo fupported by two long cartilaginous liga-
ments involved in the membrane : color of the fur iron-grey :
Size. body equal to that of a middle-fized rat : extent of wings two

feet live inches.

(3. .With

B A T\

|3. With a large head and hanging lips^ like the chops of a
maftiff : nofe bilobated : upper lip divided : fcrait, long, and
narrow ears, fharp-pointed : teeth like the fornner : tail fhort ;
a few joints of it ftand out of the membrane, which extends
far beyond it is angular, and ends in a point : claws on the
hind feet large, hooked, and comprefled fideways : membranes
of the wings duflcy, very thin : fur on the head and back
brov/n ; on the belly, cinereous. Length, from the nofe to the
end of the membrane, above five inches ; extent of wings,
twenty.

Inhabits Peru and the Mofquito fhore : the lafl: was given me
by John ElliSy Efq; F.* R. S. It differed from the former in fize,
being iefs ; in all other refpefcs agreed.

Linn^uSj carried away by love of fyfbem, places this, on ac-
count of its having only two cutting teeth in each jaw, among
the GlireSi next to the fquirrels, under the name of NoPnlio
Americanus. But fuch is the variety in the numbers and difpofi-
tion of the teeth in the animals of this genus, that he might
form almoft as many genera out of it as there are fpecies. But
as the Bats have other fuch ffiriking charadlers, it is unnecefTary
to have recourfe to the more latent marks to form its definition.
The fame may be faid of feveral other animals.

Size.

Place.

Autre Chauve-fouris. De Buffon, x. 84, 87. tab, x\x. fg. i, z. Schreher, 207. 399. BuLL-®ots»

tab. xlix. Lev. Mus.

"P with broad round ears, the edges touching each other in

® front : nofe thick : lips pendulous : upper part of the body ^

of a deep afh-color 5 the lower paler : tail long 5 the five laft

4 2 joints

BAT.

556

BAT,

Size.

joints quite difengaged from the membrane. Length above two

Place,

inches ; extent nine and a half.

Inhabits the Weji Indies.

400. Senegal.

Chauvre-fourls etrangere, De Buffoitj x. 82. tab. xvii. Schreber, 206, tab. Iviii®

Lev. Mus.

Size.

*0 with a long head : nofe a little pointed : ears Ihort, and
pointed: head and body a tawny brown mixed with afh-
color : belly paler : two lafb joints of the tail extend beyond the
membrane. Length, from nofe to rump, above four inches ; ex-

Place.

tent 21.

Inhabits Senegal.

401. Pouch.

La Chaiive-fourls abourfe. Schreber, zog. tab. Ivii,

Size.

TT 7 ITH the nofe fomewhat produced : the end thickeft, and
w w befet with fine whifkers : the chin divided by a fulcus : ears
long, rounded at their ends : on each wing; near the fecond joint,
is a fmall purfe, or pouch : the tail is only partly involved in the
membrane the end hanging out : color of the body a cinereous
brown : the belly paler.

Length an inch and a half,

Place.

Inhabits Surinam.

Autrt

BAT.

557

Autre Chauvrc-fouris, Dt Buffon,x, 92. tab, xx. fg, 3. Schreher, 204. tab. Ivi. 403, Bearded

Lev. Mu s.

T) with the noftrils open for a great way up the nofe : hair on
the forehead and under the chin very long : ears long and
narrow : upper part of the head and body of a reddifh brown 1
the lower of a dirty white tinged with yellow : tail included in
a membrane very full of nerves. A fmall fpecies.

T) with a head fhaped like that of a moufe : top of the nofe 403. New York,
• a little bifid : ears fhort, broad, and rounded : no cutting
teeth ; two canine in each jaw : tail very long, inclofed in the
membrane, which is of a conic fhape : head, body, and the
whole upper fide of the membrane which inclofes the tail, co-
vered with long very foft hair of a bright tawny color, lighted:
on the head and beginning of the back ; the belly paler : at
the bafe of each wing a white fpot : wings thin, naked, and
dulky : bones of the hind legs very dender. Length, from nofe to Siee.

tail, ten inches and a half j tail one inch eight-tenths j extent of
wings ten and a half.

Inhabits North America, Communicated by Mr. AJhton Black- Place,
hurne *. It is alfo founded in New Zeland f. Mr. Schreher de-
fcribes it from me, in p. 212. Lev. Mus.

* The Rev. Mr. Clayton mentions another fpecies of North American Bat |
large, with great ears, and long draggling hairs. Fhih Tran/, ahridg, iii. 594.

4 ForJieAs obfer^, 1 89,

9

Autre

B A T.

i5«

404, Striped.

Size.

Place.

405. Molucca.

Autre Chauve-fourls. DeBuffon, x. 92. tab. xx. iig. 3. Zooph, Grmov. No. 23.

Schrebevy 205. tab. xlix.

*0 with a fmall fhort nofe ; ears fliort, broad, and pointing
forward : body brown : wings ftriped with black, and
fometimes with tawny and brown. Length, from nofe to the
end of the tail, two inches : varies in color ; the upper part of
the body being fometimes of a clear reddifh brov/n, the lower
whitifh.

Inhabits Ceylon 'y called there, Kiriwoula I may add to this
little fpecies of Bat, the mention of a minute kind feen and heard
in myriads of numbers in the ifle of ^anna^ one of the New
brides y but which efcaped every attempt of our voyagers to ob-
tain a near examination f .

Vefpertilio Cepbalotes. Pallas Spicil. Zool. fafc, iii. 10. tab. i. Schreber^ 208.

tab. Ixi. Lev. Mus.

with a large head : thick nofe : fmall ears : tubular noftrils,
terminating outwards in form of a fcrew : upper lip di-
vided : tongue covered v/ith papillae and minute fpines : claw,
or thumb, joined to the v/ing by a membrane : firil ray of the
wing terminated by a claw : end of the tail reaches beyond the
membrane : color of the head and back greyifh alh-color , that
in the Leverian Museum of a fine draw-color : the belly dull

* Pallas Mifcel. 49* 1' Forjier's ohf. 188.

Q white :

BAT.

white. Length, from nofe to rump, three inches three quarters i
extent of wings about fifteen.

Inhabits the Molucca ifles. Defcribed firft by that very able
naturalift Do6lor Pallas..

La Chauve-fouris fer a Cheval. D e Buffotif wiii, 131, 132. tah^ xviu xx.

SchrebeVi 210. tab. Ixii. Br, ZooL i. 129.

T3 with a membrane at the end of the nofe in form of a horfe-
fhoe : ears large, broad at their bafe, and fharp-pointed, in-
clining backward : wants the little or internal ear : color of the
upper part of the body deep cinereous ; of the lower, whitifli.
There is a greater and lefTer variety j the greater Is above three
inches and a half long from the nofe to the tip of the tail : its
extent above fourteen. This and all the follov/ing have the tail
i-nclofed in the membrane.

Inhabits Burgundy and has lately been difcovered in Kent^ by
Mr. Latham^ of I) art ford \ found alfo about the Cafpian fea. The
long-eared Bat^ N'" 412, has alfo been obferved there^ and at Peterf-
hurg. This and the four next were firft difcovered hjM.de Buf-
foU) whofe names I retain.

La Nodule. De Buffon, viii. 128. tab, xviii. Schreber^ 200. tab. lii.
Great Bat. Br. ZooL illujlr. tab. ciii. Br. ZooL i. 128,

g with the nofe llightly bilobated : ears fmall and rounded r
on the chin a minute verruca : hair of a reddifi afh~color.
Length to the rump two inches eight-tenths 3 tail one feven-
tenth I extent of wings thirteen inches.

Inhabits

559

Size,

Place,

406. Horse-shoe,

Size,

Place,

407, Noctule,

Size,

BAT.

560

Placi.

408. Serotine.

Size.

Place.

Inhabits Great Britain and France ; very comnnon in the open
deferts of Rujfia^ wherever they can find fhelter in caverns : flies
high in fearch of food, not fkimming near the ground. A
gentleman informed me of the following fa^l, relating to thofe
animals, which he was witnefs to : — that he faw taken under the
eaves of Queen's College^ Cambridge^ in one night, one hundred
and eighty-five \ the fecond night fixty-three ; the third night
two ; and that each that was meafured had fifteen inches extent
of wings

La Serotine. DeBuJfon, vili. 129, tab. xviii. Schreber, 201. tab. liii.

T> with a longifh nofe : ears fiiort, but broad at the bafe : hair
on the upper part of the body brown, mixed with ferrugi-
nous ; the belly of a paler color. Length, from nofe to rump,
two inches and a half.

Inhabits France ; found in caverns of rocks upon the river
gun^ beyond lake Baikal y but as yet not difcovcred in any other
part of the vaft Ruffian dominions.

* No notice was taken of the fpecies ; but, by the fize, it could be neither
of the common kinds. I never faw but one fpecimen of the NoStuU, which wa*
caught during winter in Flintjhire,

La Pipiflrelk. De Buffon^ viii. 1.29. tab, a. Schrehgr^ zoi, tab. Im

T> with a fmall r^ofe : the upper lip fweliing out a little on
• each fide : the ears broad : the forehead covered with long
hair : color of the upper part of the body a yellowilh brown 1
the lower part duflcy 1 the lips yellow. The left of Bats ; not an
inch and a quarter long to the rump *. extent of wings fix and
a half.

Inhabits France : common in the rocky and mountanous parts
of RuJJia and Sihiria^

La Barbaflelle. De Buffon^ viii. 130. tah, xix. fg, i. Schreher^ 203, tab. ly.

“O with a funk forehead : long and broad ears ; the lower part
of the inner fides touching each othetj and conceal the face
and head when looked at in front : the nofe ftiort 1 the end flat-
ted : cheeks full : the upper part of the body of a dulky brown 1
the lower^ afh-colored and brown. Its length to the rump about
two inches j its extent ten and a halfi.

Inhabits France,

409. Pipist-
relle.

Sl'ZEe

Place.

410, B'ARBAS-
TELLI.

Sxzjf.

/

Plac*.

k62

1 1 . Co M MON.

Size.

Place.

41 2. Long-ear

ED,

Size,

Placi,

BAT.

Nvy-re^ic. Ariji, hifi, an. lih. i. c,
Vefpertilio. Pliniiy lib. x. c. 61. Gef-
ner quad. 766. Agricola Anhn. Subter,
483.^

Piat, Flitter-moufe. Rail fyn. quad. 243.
Rear-moufe. Charlton Ex. 80.
Vefpertilio major. Speck-maus, Fle-
der-maus. Klein quad, 61.
Vefpertilio murinus. V. caudatus nafo

oreque fimplici, aurlbus capite mi-
noribus. Lin.fyfl. 47.

Laderlap, Fladermus. Faun, fuec. No. 2.

La grande Chauve-fouris de notre pais.
Brijfon quad. 158. De Buffonf viiL
I i 3. tab. xvi.

Short-eared Bat. Br.Zool. i. I'^o. Ed'w,
201. SchrebeVt 199. tab, li. Lev,
Mus.

v/ith fhort ears : moufe-colored fur tinged with red. Length
two inches and a half j extent of wings nine.

Inhabits Europe: common in England,

Souris Chauve, Ratte-penade. Belon oyf.

. .

Vefpertilio auritus. V. nafo oreque
fimplici, auriculis duplicatis, capite
majoribus. Lin.fyji. 47. Faun. fuec.
No. 3. Klein quad. 61.

La petite Chauve-fouris de notre pais.

Brijfon quad. 160,

L’Oreillar. De Buffon^ viii. 118. tab.

xvii. Schreber, 197. tab. 1.
Long-eared Bat. Edn». 201. Br.Zool,
i. 129. Br. Zool. illujlr, tab. ciii.
Lev. Mus.

Bwith ears above an inch long, thin, and almofl: pellucid :

o body and tail only one inch three quarters long. This
and all other Bats, except the T ernate and the Horfe-Jhoe^ have a
ielTer or internal ear, ferving as a valve to clofe the greater when
the animal is afleep.

Inhabits Europe^ and is found in Great Britain. Bats appear
abroad in this country early in the fpring 5 fometimes are tempted
by a warm day to fally out in winter ; fly in the evenings ; live
on moths and other nobturnal infects ; fkim along the water in
quefl: of gnats 5 fly by jerks, not with the regular motion of
10 birds,

BAT.

5^3

birds, for which the antients miftake them ; frequent glades
and fhady places ; will go into larders, and gnaw any meat they
find : bring two young at a time, which they fuckle at their
breaft : retire at the end of fummer into caves, the eaves of houfes,
and into ruined buildings, in vafi: multitudes, where they gene-
rally remain torpid, fufpended by the hind legs, enveloped in
their wings : are the prey of owls : their voice weak. Ovid takes
notice both of that and the origin of the Latin name :

Minimam pro corpore vocem
Emittunt j peragmtque leves ftridore querelas,

T eMaque^ non fylvns celebrant : lucemque perof^

Noble volant ; feroque trahunt a vefpere nomen.

*K

4

C 2

ADDITIONS.

ADDITIONS.

Mulbs^ p. S.

Zebra, p. 14.

Wild Dogs,
p. 219.

Wild Red Cat,
P- 273*

Proof of their being prolific was produced by Mr. Tullo^

Xjl in the parifli of Newtyky in the {hire of Forfar^ about
twenty years ago, when a flie-rnule, which he turned to a horfe,
brought a foal which much refenabled the female parent. But
as there is a fuperftition in Scotland about thefe produdions, the
foal was put to death;, being confidered as a monfter.

The Zehra which is now at Walcot^ I find is the produd of a
painted Jack Afs and a female Zehra^ foaled at Lord Clive's^ at
Claremont,—T\it legs alone are fpotted like the foreign ones. ~
It is a very vicious animal. They are obliged to confine it
in a paddoc. Some time fince, they fufFered him to run in the
park, to the great annoyance of pafTengers. It is a very fine-
made bead, and feems to be remarkably drong.

One which was examined at the Cape of Good Hope^ by Captain
Blanket^ had ears like thofe of a lurcher, but larger, and more on
the top of the head. It could turn them on all Tides with great
facility : feet flatter than thofe of other dogs. It could not
bark or howl, but only cried : was very fierce, and madered the
tame dogs it was with, though it was only a young one.

Wild Cat reddifli brown : white bread and belly : larger than
the common cat : legs and tail thicker in proportion.

Mules, p. S.

Zebra, p. 14.

Wild Dogs,
p. 219,

Wild Red Cat,
P- 273*

This

ADDITIONS.

This animal is found in the north of Indls^ as 1 am affured by
Doclor Pallas,

The mcafurements of the beautiful fpecimen of this rare and

valuable animal in the Leverian Mufeum^ are as follow. It being

a lefler fpecimen than that from which my defcription was taken.

Feet. Inches.

From the nofe to the tip of the tail
Tail — —

Nofe to the hind part of the head

to the eye —

™ to the ear ■ — —

From leg to leg> along the belly
Height to the top of the fhoulders
Circumference of the body

— 4

— o lO

_ o 7

O 2

— 04

— 20
— O lO
”23

Dillon'' Travels through Spain^ p. 76, in his account of the
Royal Cabinet of Natural Hiftory at Madrid, The Great Ant-
bear from Buenos AyreSy the Myrmecophaya Jubata of Linn^uSy
called by the Spaniards Ofa Palmer ay was alive at Madrid in 1776,
and is now fluffed and preferved in this cabinet. The people
who brought it from Buenos Ayres fay, it differs from what they
call the Ant-eater, which only feeds on emmets, and other infects ;
whereas this would eat fiefli, when cut in fmall pieces, to the
amount of four or five pounds. From the fnout to the extremity
of the tail, this animal is two yards in length, and his height is
about two feet : the head very narrow; the nofe long and flen-
der. The tongue is fo fingular, that it looks more like a worm,
and extends above fixteen Inches. His body is covered with

long

s^s

p. SSO.

Sea Otter^

P- 35^-

Great
Ant-1 ATER,

P* 507*

^66

A D D 1 T I O N S.

long hair, of a dark brown, with white flripes on the fhoulders;
and when he deeps, he covers his body with his tail.”

The fpecimen of the Great Ant-eater in the Leverian Mu-

feion, is fuperior in fize to any we have before heard of.

Feet. Inches^

Its whole length is — — ™ y 4

Tail — — — — 2 9

From tip of the nofe to the ears — — ^10

Length of the hairs of the mane — — 10

— • of the tail — — —12:

Height to the top of the flioulders — - — 20

Both of the above are extremely rare, and in an uncommon
fine Hate of prefervation.

INDEX

A Page

ANT-Eater, or Ant-Bear 507, 565
Antelopes, their general
hifiory — —60

Species of — 62

Apes, their general hihory

—

164

Sea —

— -

544

Armadillo —

— -

498

Afs

—

8

Wild t

—

ibid.

Axis — —

— .

105

Greater

1 06

B

Baboons — — —

173

Baby-roulTa — - — -»

—

136

Badger —

297

548

Bear — —

- —

285

Polar —

—

288

Beaver

—

383

Its wondrous oeconomy

384

Sea, Sea Otter

•

Beaver-Eater — «

. —

292

Beluga — —

544

Bezoar - — — ^

' —

52

Bifon. —

I ^

Buck ■■ - '■ —

—

101

Buffalo, Indian — -

24

When introduced

into

Europe ^

—

25

American

19

Dwarf —

—

30

Bull

Bull-Dog — —

Page

15

226

C

Camel, Arabian

! 17

Badrian

— .

1 20

Peruvian, or Lama

- —

I2I

The only native bead of
burden in America —

I 22

Camelopard

58

Cajioreum » —

Cat, Common

387

274

Wild —

ibid„

Tiger

273

Mountain —

277

Civet .

—

346

Angora — —

275

Cavy, various fpecies of

—

360

Chamois —

64

Chimpanzee .«»»»>

166

Civet

34^

D

Deer —

93

Rein —

99

Fallow - — —

lOI

Mexican -- — -

1 10

Porcine

—

107

Grey

1 1 1

Moofe ——

—

95

Virginian —

—

104

* In this Index very few of the Species are enumerated, that having been amply done under the
Index of Genera ; to vt'hich the Reader is referred, the Genera being here printed in capitals for
that purpofe, under which he will find all the Species belonging to each,

Dog s,.

N

D

E

X,

Page

-DogSj the difFerent varieties — 222

Wild — — 219, 564

Dormoufe, Common — 422

Dromedary , ny

Elephant

Elk

Ermine

E

Teeth

American

150

155

160

93

3H

Ferret

Fillier

Fitchet

FJitter-Moufe

Foffane

Foumart

Fox

Crofs

Brant

Corfak

Ardic

Grey

Silvery

G

Gazel, Antelope.

Genet — —

Giraffe

Glutton »—■ —

Goat, Wild, or Ibex

Domellic
Angora

Syrian, or long- eared

African

Greyhound — -

Guanaco — -

Hamfter

Hare

H

Alpine

Baikal

319

358

316

562

349

316

234

ibid.

235

236
238
241
ibid.

349

58

293

49

53

55

57

225

123

461

3^38

37Q.

374

Hart -

Hedge-hog

Hippopotame —

Hog —

Horse - -

Wild

Sea, Hjide Hippopotame,
Hound — ^ — • -

Hy^na - -

Spotted — -

Page
102.
48 S
142
126

1

2

223:

250

252

I

Jackal' « —

Ichneumon> deftroyer of ferpents
Jerboa — .

242

333

427

Kanguru

Karagan

K

— 306

— 235

L

Lamentin

Lemming — —

Leopard

Lion — —

Lizard, Scaly —

Llama

Lynx —

Bay

— 540

— 454

262

— 254

— 504

— 121

279. 56;

— 28 1

M

Macaquo -- —

Mammouth^s bones
Man of the Wood

Manaponus

Man ATI ------

Mandril —

Manis

Man-Tiger —

Marmots —

Martin

Pine

Maucaucos —

Minx - ■ ■ - ■ ■

— 212

— 158'

— - 176

— 148

— 53^

— 175

— 504

~ 173

— 396

— 320

— 321

— 214

— 354

y ole-Rats

D

E

X.

Mole-Rats
Moles —

Mongooz
Monkies
Moofe —

Morse —

Moufe —

Mule —

Mufimon —

Musk, Animal
Rat

Norway Rat

Page

• 469

■ 483

• 21X

- 184

. 95

■ 515

■ 443

4

3^^ 45

■ 102

• 388

R

Once •—

Opossum
Orang Outang
Otter
Otter, Sea
Ox

-» 166

“ 351
35o> 565
— *5

Pacos —

Panther —

American — —

Brown ,

Pecary —

Pekan - —

Pig, Guinea — —

Pole-cat — — .

American — —

Porcupine — —

Incapable of darting
its quils —

Potto ■ —

Puma -

Pygmies, what — —

124

260

269

ibid,

133

330

361

316

342

390

391

338

269

169

Quick-hatch
Quojas Morrou

CL

Rabbet

Raccoon

Rat

Norway

Water
Ratel
Rein Deer
Rhinoceros
Roebuck

Sable

N

— 439

Schakal
Sea Bear

Calf

0

■—» 265

Cow

Horfe'

— 301

Lion

Seal
Sheep

Shrew Moufe
Siyah Ghufh
Skunk —

Sloth
Sqjjirrel
Stag —

Stoat

Strephceros

Succotyro

Tapiir

Tiger

Hunting

S

Unicorn

Urchin

U

291 Vampire
366 Vanlire

Pa^e

— 373

— 29s

— 435

— 439
“ 442

~~ 344

108

«— » 322

■ — 242

C26

— 518

— 514

— - 242

534
— « 518

— 32

— 476

— 283

— 343

— 494

' — ' 406

102

314

— 33

— i6i

— 148

— ■ 257

— 264

140

488

f

Vicunna

I

N D

Page

E

X.

Page

Vicunna ~—

Vifon — .

•— 124

— 330

Wolverene

Y

— 291

»

W

Walrus .

Warree —

— 515

— 133

Y farus

Z

— 64

Water Elephant — —

— — 142

Zebra

—

— 13,564

Hog

— 360

Zerda -

/ — 249

Weesel — •

— 313

Zibet »-

— 348

Wolf

— 231

Zorilla

—

— 344

p

INDEX

I N

CLASSICAL

NAMES

WORKS

A

Abbada

Addax

Adil ■

Adimain * — —

Adive *"■

Agouti

Ahu

Ai

Aigrette

Akouchi • — -

Alag-daagha

Alee ■—

Algazel

Allo-camelus —
Allouate —

Amboimenes
Ane ■

Anta

Antelope

D E X

O F

NAMES, FOREIGN NAMES,

AND THE

of QUADRUPEDS,

I

• IN THE

of M. De buffo N.

Page

— 138

— 78

' — 242

— 35

— 242

— 364

— 81

— 494

— 192

— 365

— 432

— 93

— 68

— 121
— ■ 200

— 215

— 8

— • 148

- 78

Apar

Aperea

Arabata

Arftomys

Argali

Armadillo

Afpalax

Afiapanick

Attarfook

Aurochs

Axis

B

Babouin —

Babyrufla

Bafvver *

Bar

Baraba — ™-

4D 2

Page

— 498

— 362
— “ 200

— 399

— 38

— 285

— 498

— 47'

— 418

— 525

— 15

— 105

— 179

— 134

— 3^3

285

4^^

Barbarefque

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, (^c.

Barbarefque

Barbailelle

Barris - — >

Behemoth — ~—

Bekker el V/afh —

Belette ——

Belier

Beluga —

Bey ■

Bievre

Biggel —

Biorn —

Bifon d’Amerique
Blaireau —

Bobr

Bobuk

Bocht »•

Boeuf

Bonnet Chinois — ^

Bouc — — .

d’Angora —

d’Afrique - —

de Juda • —

Bouquetin *

Boury ■■ ■■ —

ay^ioq

Brebis

Bu*ba]us, Le Bubale

Buffle

Bufelaphus - — —

C

Cabiai — — .

Cabiainora

Cachicame

Cagui — —

Caitaia — —

Callitriche

Callitrix —

Camelus

Campagnol — — .

Cani-apro-lupo-vulpes
Caprea — — .

Page

— 416

— 561

— 166

— 146

— 90

— 313

— 32

— 544

— 197

— 383

— . 73
285

— 19

— 297

— 383

— 399

— 1 20

— 15

— 194

— 90

— 53

— 55

— -

— 49

— 19

— 24

— 32

— 90

— 24

— 90

— 360

— 500

— 209
205

— 188

— z^zV.

120

460

252

108

Capreolus — — -

Capricorne — —

Capybara — —

Caracal

Caraco — - —

Carcajou

Cariacou

Caribou - — -

Cariguey

Cariguibeiu — ■

Caftor

Cavia, cobaya —

Cavia, genus

Cay * —

Cayopollin ™

Cemas — —

Cerf —

Chacal • - -

Chameau — — -

Chamois — —

Chat

d’Angora •—

d’Efpagne —

Chat-pard —

Chaus Plinii —
Chauve-fouris —

Cheropotamus —

Cheval — —

Cherofo

Chevre '

Chevreuil — -

Chevrotain de Guinea
des Indes

Chien

Chinche - — -

Choras -

Cirquin^on msMxmm

Citillus —

Civette —

Clap-Myfs

Coaita — — .

Coafe —

Coati

Cochon — —

9

Page

— ibid*

~ 57

— 360

— 283

— 441

— 291

— 1 10

— 99

— 303

— 353

— 383

— 361

— 360

— 204

— 309

— 76

— 102

«— • 242

— 120

^ 64

— 2.74

— 273

■— 276

— 277
279, 281

— 562

— 142

— I

— 446

— 53

— 108

— 72

— 115

— 219

— 343

— 173

— • 502

— 403

— 346

— 525

— 201

— 341

295, 340

— 126
Cochoii

IN THE WORKS OF M. DE BUFFON

Cochon d’Inde
Coendou
Colus
Condoma
Conepate
Coquallin
Corine -

Coudous
Couguar
Coyatl
Crabier
Gricetus -
Crocuta
Cuguaca-apara
Cuguacara
Cuguacu-ete
Cuniculus
Cynocephalus

D

Dachs

Daim —

Dama, Antelope
Daman Ifrael -
Dandoelana —

Daniel

Dant — — -
Defman* —

Djammel — -

Diane ■ —

Dof Dof-hiort
Dorcas —

Done — «

Dromedaire -

Dferen — —

Dlhiketai

Dubbah — -

Dugon

E

Echinus Terreflris

Page

— 361

— 393

— 86

— 77

— 342

— 413

— 89

— 70

— 269

— 240

— 309

— 461

— 252

— 1 10

— 269

— 114

— 373

171

— 297

« — lOI

— 76

— 428

— “ 408

lOI

— • 17

— 476

— 1 17
186

• — lOI

— 81

■ — 196

— II7

— S5

4

— 250

— 5^7

4S8

Ecureuil ^

Elan

Elephant, Elephas
Encourbert
Engalla - —

Exquima —

F

Fer a Cheval —

Fiber

Filander

Filfrefs —

Filhtal — — —

Fiader-mus —

Fong kyo fo —

FolTane

Fouine -

Fourmiller —

Fuchs — — .

Furet, Fret
Faro — .

Galera
Gazelle
Genette
Gerbo
Gibbon
GiralFe
Glis
Glotton
Glouton
Gnainouk
Gnou
GornoHy
Grimme
Grifon
Guachi
Guareba
' Guepard f
Guevei
Guib

G

Page
— • 406

93

— 499

— 1 30

— i86

— 559

— 383

— 304

— 293

— 47
562

■ I2I

— 349

— 320

234

— 319

— ihid.

332

69

349

427

170

58

423

293

291'

23

62

3H

72

33«

354

199

264

73

75

* De Buffon, x. 1. tab. ii.

4 De BuffoTi} xlii. 254, The fame with the Hunting Leopard, No^ 156.

i

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &c.

'Gulo

Gundi

Pap-e

— 293

— 4^5

H

Ham Her —

— 461

Hardlooper —

— 130

HerilTon — ’

— 488

Hermine — — —

314

Hippelaphus

103

Hippopotamus

- — 1 14

Hirco-cerv^us — ”

- - 46

Hoang-yang

- 85

Huguen —

— 117

Hy^na ■ — — —

— 250

Hyftrix

— 390

I

Jaguar

— ■ 266, 270

Jaguarete

270

Jarf

• — 293

Javaris

— 133

Ibex —

— 49

Ichneumon

— 333

Jelen —

— 102

Jerboa —

— 427

Igel, Igelkot —

— 488

Jocko

— 166

iTTTro? TTOTit/ZtOJ —

• — 1 14

Irabubos - — ^

— 360

Ifatis " -

— 238

K

Kabarga —

— 1 12

KabalTou

— 501

Kaian —

— 356

Kanguru —

— 306

Karagan

— 235

KaiTigiak

— 518

Kattlo

— 279

— 194

Kevel .

— 81

Kidang

— 106

Kinkajou *— — *

— 338

Kob —

— 92

Koba

Kolonnok

Koulan

Kret

Krylatca

Kuna

Lama —

Lamentin
Lant »-«—

Lapin

d’ Angora

Latax — —

Leramar, Lemming
Lemni — —

Leo ««-—

Leopard

Lepus —

Lerot >—

Lerwee —

Leucorix — ■

Levrier
Lidmee

Lievre - —

Lion

Loir *—

Loris —

Loup —

de Mexique
Loup-Cervier
Loutre —

Lupus

Lutra

Lux

Lynx

M

Macaque

Machlis

Magot

Maimon

Page

— 91

— 318

8

— 4^3

— 525

— 320

— 121

— 540

— 17

■“ 373

— 374

— 354

— 454

— 469

— 254

— 262

— 368

— 424

— 47
— . 68

— 225

— 80

— 368

— 254

— 423

— 213

— 231

— 233

— 279

— 351

— 231

— 351

— 279

— 279

— 279

— 212

— 98

— 171

Malbrouck

IN THE WORKS OF M. DE BUFFON.

Malbrouck**

Mam mouth
Manatj —

Mandri]

Mangabey —

Mango u lie
M anicou
Manul —

Mard — -

Margay — -

Marikina —

Marmofe — ■

Marmotte —

Marte —

Mejangan Banjoe
Meles ....

Meminna —

Mico

Mococo •—

Monax — ■

Mone —

Monea ^

Mongouz ^

Moofe t— —

Morfe

Morlkuia Korawa
MoulFettes f
Moufflon ^ ^

Moullache —

Mu fro

Mulet —

Mullvad ■—

Mulct — — —

Munt-iak ~

Murmelthier
Mus Alpinus
Mufaraigne •

Mus Araneus
Mufc
Mufcardin

Page

185

158

536

'75

189

333

301

274

320
271

210
308

39^

321

106

297

115

21 1
214

398

'95

192

213

95

514

533

341

190

41

8

483

444

107

,39^

ibid*

479

479

1 12

425

Miifmon

Mullela

Nabbmus

Nagor

Nanguer

Neitfek

Nems

Nilghau

Nodtule

Noerfa

Ocelot

Ochs

Onager

Once

Ondatra

Ogotona

Oreillar

Orignal

Oryx

Ouanderou
O uarine
Ouilliti
Ours

N

O

5? 8 Ours blanc de mer

P

Paca

PacalTe

Paco

Palatine

Palmille

Pangolin

Panthera

Papio

Pardus

Page

38, 45

- 313

479

.

ibidm

524

333

74

559

354

267

15
1 1
261:
388

379

462

93

68

183

199

209

285

288

63

— 1 85

— 415

— 505

— 260

T

200, z6^

— 260

* De Euffon, xlv. 224. tab, xxix. A variety of our Egret j No. loi.
t Buffonh generic name for the Polecats which exhale fo peftilential a vapour.

’elTeiix

.3--

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, C?<r.

Parefleux — .

Pafan

Patas

Pecari ■ ■

Pekan —

Pelander Aroe

Pere

Perouafca, fee Przewiafka.

Perugufna

Petit Gris —

Phalanger —

Phatagin

Philandre

Phoca

Phoque -

Piloris

Pinche

Pipillrelle

Pitheque

Platogna — —

Platyceros — -

Poephagus

Polatouche — —

\ Pongo

Porc-epic —

npo| ^

Przewiafka — —

Puma —

Putois — —

Putorius

Q-

(^acha — --

Quahtechalotl-thlilic
C^uauhtla

(^il, Quirpele — —

^^oll __

R

Raef

Rangwo

Rat *

d’Eau —
Rate!

Page

— 494

— 67

— 193

133

— 330

— 304

— 12

— 3*7

— 410

— 311

— 504

— 312

— 518

— zSid.

— 367

— 210

— 561

— 168

— lOI

— zl>zd»

— 23

— 420

— 166

— 390

— loi

— 3*7

— 269

3*6

— z6zd.

— 13

411

— 133

— 333

— 345

— 234

— 375

— 435

— 442

“ 344

Raton
Renard
Renne
Rhinoceros
Rillow :

Roloway
Rofelet
Rofomak
Rougette
RoufTette
Rukkaia
Rupicapra
Rufla

' S

Saca

Sagouin . «

Sai

Saiga — - — —

Saimiri - —

Sajou —

Saki ■

Sanglier *

de Cap vert -

Sanglin

Sapajou •

Saricovienne —

Sarigue —

Sarluk — ■

Scenoontung —

Semlanoi Saetfhik
Serotine ■ -■ ■

Serval

Shitnik — —

Sifac

Siwutfcha —

Siya

Siyah Ghufh —

Slepez — —

Snomus

Sobol - — ■

Sogur ■ — ■

Songar -

Page

— 295

— 234

— 99

— 136

— *94

— I8s

— 314

— 293

— 548

«— ibid.

— 408

64

— 381

— 273

— 209

— 203

— 86

— 203

— 202

— 207

— 126

— 130

— 209

— 206

— 355

— 303

— 23

— 323

— 1 10

— 381

— 560

— 278

— 449

— 196

— 534

— 353

— 283

— 469

— 3*3

— 325

— 399

— 467

Souris

IN THE WORKS OF M. DE BUFFON.

Page

Souris — — ,

—

443

Soiiflik

—

403

Squilachi — —

—

242

Steinbock — —

—

49

Stink bin^iem — —

—

344

Strep iiceros

—

33

Suhak

—

86

Suiffe, Ecureuil

_ —

422

275

^3vllJlx^X * ^

Surikate

—

336

Surmulot —

—

439

Swiflch . - — -

399

T

Taguan

—

417

Tajacu .

—

133

Tajibi — *

—

301

T aifon. «■

297

Talapoin

— -

191

Talpa

483

Tamandua — — .

—

507

Tamanoir ■■

507

Tamarin

—

279

Tanrec — —

—

490

Taped

—

376

Tapir *

—

148

Tarandus — —

—

99

Tarlier ——

216

Tartarin —

,, — .

179

Tatous —

—

498

Taupe

—

483

Taupe doree — — •

• —

485

Taureau

—

15

T ayra —

—

332

Tegoulichitck

451

Tegul —

—

257

Temama^ama —

—

91

Tendrac ■

—

490

Tepe Maxlaton —

—

27 1

Teutlalma5ama —

^ —

1 10

Tgao » —

—

142

Thous > "■

247

Tlaloceloti — .

—

267

Page

Tlaquatzia «—

— 301, 392

Tolai —

— 374

Tragelaphus — -

— 47, 104

Trago- Camel us —

— 73

Tretretretre —

— 176

Tfchotfchot - —

— 381

Tucan. *

— 478

Tzeiran

■ — 84

V

Vache Marine —

— 514

de Tartarie

* — 20

Tixtyiz ■ ' '

— 250

Vampire - —

— 552

Vanlire

— 328

Vari —

— 214

Varia :

— 260

Vefpertilio ~ — «

— 548

Vigogne, Vicunna

— 124

Vifon — —

330

Viverra — —

— 319

490

Uncia — — —

■ 262

Vormela — — — — i

— 465

Urfon —

-- 394

Urfus

— 285

Urus — —

*1

T5 itm

•— 136

Treif

— 390

Utfuk

— 524

Utter

— 351

W

W arglo *— ■ —

— 279

Weefel

— 313

Whanyang — —

« - — 85

Wydra — ,

— 3SI

X

Xoi^oTTi^^fiog » '

— » 172

Xoloizcuintli —

“ 233

4 B

y Yfard

INDEX O

Y

Yfard

Yzquiepatl

Z

Zebre — — -

Zebu »'■

" CLASSICAL

Page

— 64 Zemni

— 341 Zerda

Zibeline

Zibet

— 13 Zizel

— 17 Zorille*

* De Buffottf xiii. 302, tab.

NAMES, ^c.

Page

— 469

*" ■ — 248

z III

— 403

“ — 344

errata.

Page, Line,

26, 24, for Soten read Loten.

41 > 5> — ikirts — fhirts.

60, note, — Tranfylvania — in Tranfylvania.

91, 5,6, omit Antelope Bubalis, Pallas Spicil. xii. 16,

203, 12,13, omit Le Sai, Schreher, 147, tab. xxxix. de Buffotii xv, 51, tab* viiL

270,

9*

for 161 Jaguar read

161 Black,

448,

3»

— Beech —

Birch,

469,

2,

— Lemni —

Zemnij

5^5>

5>

«— does —

do.