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f\ uAUj ttf C it vxi^ojjk . ? Sji .

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0>»K|! U-Ifi. » IfiS cff|A| vo Wpr^tt

Skill and pains, being fruitfull gains.

new

AR DEN

or;

THe Befl way for Planting, Grafting , and to

make any ground good, for a rich Orchard .• Particularly

in the Northland generally for the whole Common- wealth, as in
nature, rcafon, fituation,and all probability,may and doth appeare.

With the Country-hoiifwifes Garden for Herbs of common ufe :
their virtueSjSeafonc5Profits5Oinaments>vai iety of Koots,Modeh
for Trees, andk Plots for the beft ordering of Grounds

and Walkc*. * -

AS ALSO,

The Husbandry^of Bees, with their feverall Ufesand Annoyances.

-All being the experience of Forty and eight ye ares labour, ahd novo the fecond time
corretted and much enlarged, by WILLIAM LAWSON.

Whereunto is newly added the Art of Propagating Plants 5 with
the true ordering of all manner of Fruits, in their gathering,
canying home, and prefervation.

London, Printed by W. Wilfon, for E. Brewjhr, and George Sawbridon ,
at the Bible on L udgate-Hill- n ipprp t / A s*- -

^ ? f t f* T** 01

rnomubioyra tuli ‘ilua>

* | t />„ % T f* f \

ft !

f r>

' . J r

Wotin

Knight and Baronet,

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r * *-.*'* r % ;. ; J . * A f * > s •*' • ? *.

• , ^ . ,i -X 1-- i --* ♦ . - v

7

tr

K

k j i i t * .

io *ris\ ■ ^ ii" simiM? srqJon 3*

XJHen in many ycejs by long experience

1 I had furnifhed this my Northern
J a»^ouqtry,-.Qarde,n with,;
Plants and ufefull Hearts,-
3 did impart th^view thereof to my friends, -
who reforted to me tn confer in matters of
that nature ; they did fee it, and feeing it, de-
fxredit a a»d’I ipiiftnot deny now the publi-
flung or it, ( which then I allotted to my pri¬
vate delight) for the publike profit ofothers.
Wherefore, though I could plead Cuftorn, t he *
ordinary excufc of all writers , to chufe a Pa¬
tron and protedtor of their Works , and fo
Ihroud my fclfc from fcandall under your ho-

A 2 -• noura- •

ourable favour . yet have I certame reafons to
xcufe this my prefumption : Firft, the many

courtefies you have vouchfafed me. Second¬
ly, your dclightfull skill in matters of this na¬
ture. Thirdly, the profit vyhich I received from

\ » » ^ ", > _ \ •. > (

your learned D fcourfe of Fruk-Trees.Fourth-

ly t your animating and aftifting of others to
fuch endeavours. Taft of all, the rare worke
of your own in this kind : AH which to pub-'
Jifh under your prote&ion, I have adventured
("as you lee. J Vouchfafe it therefore enter¬
tainment, I pray you, and I hope you (hall find
it not the unprofitable!! fervant of your reti¬
nue. F or when your ferious employments arc
over.paflcd, it may enterpofe fome commodi¬
ty, and raife your contentment out of variety.

William Lawson.

THE

I

To all well minded.

UWV

%t 'batb her firfi originall out of Experience jvhich
therfore is calledThe School- miftris of Fools?
becaufe f he teacheth infallibly , and plainly ? as
drawing her knowledg cut of the courfe of Nature*
(which never fails in the general ) by thefenfes ? feelingly ap¬
prehending , and comparing ,( with the help of the Mind) the
WcrkeS of Nature $ and as in all other things natural l jfo ef pe¬
ri ally in Trees . For what is Art more then a provident and
skilful l CorreBrix of the faults of Nature in particular works
apprehended by the SenfesZ As when good ground naturally
brings forth Thifiles , trees ft and too thick, or too thin<> ordifor-
derly> or ( without ctreffing) put forth unprofitable Suckers yand
fuch-like$ all which and a tboyfand mor e. Art reform eth, be¬
ing taught by experience : and therefore mufl we count that art
the fur eft) tbatftands upon Experiment all Rules, gathered by
the rule of Reafonf not Conceit)of all other rules the furefi .

whereupon have ly of my meer and foie Experience, without
refpeB to any former written Treatife , gathered thefe RuleSy
andf them down in writing , not daring to hide the leaf ta¬
lent given me of my Lord and Cfttafler in heaven . Neither is
this injurious to any, though it difjerfrom the common opinion
in divers poyntS) to make it known to others , what good l have
found out in this faculty by long try all and experience. 1 con-
feJJ'e freely my want of curious skill in the art of Planringi and
I admire and praife Plinie? Ariftotle?Virgil? Cicero? and

A § many

• ' The Preface.

" 1 — "*" . . . 11 ■ ■••••'• > — .

many others foorwit and judgment in this kind,and leave them
to their times , manner , and fiver al Countries .

I am not determine d(neither can I worthily) to fet forth the

praifesofthis zArtb bow fome, and not a few, even of the heft,
have accounted it a cheif part of earthly happine fje , to have
fair and pie aft ant Orchards, as in Hefperia ^^Theffaly^
how all with one confent agree , that it is a cheif part of Hus* •
bandry, (as Tully de fenectut €)and Husbandry maintains
the world : how antient, how profitable, how pie af ant it isV how
many fecrets of nature it doth container how loved, how much
praBif ?d in the left places, and of the be ft: This hath been done
by many : I onely aim at the common good. I delight not incu¬
rious conceits, 11s planting and grafting with the root upwards,
inoculating Rofeson Thorns, and fuch-like b although 1 have
heard of diver s± proved forne, and read of more.

The Stationer hath(as being moft defirous , with me, to fur¬
ther the common good) be ft owed much c eft and care in having
the Knots and Models by the be ft Artiz»an cut in great variety ^
that nothing might be any way wanting tof uiffte the curious
defife of thofe that would make ufe of this Back,

Mnd if hew a plain and fur e way of planting, which I have
found good by 48 yeers (and more) experience in the North
part o/England^ I pre judicate and envy none l wijhingy e t all
to ab ft ain from maligning that goo d(to them unknown) which
is well intended. Farewell. %

v » * ' • r.- : *»■•••*« . • * - % \

. ‘ ‘

Thine, for thy good,

N

a Book.

? L.— , C

.• ft. .4*>^ ■ -• t»

\va ;

iy * U 1

BEST, SVRE

TO MAKE A GOOD
Orchard land Carden-

’ < r,/ . . »■* 1 1 J ' 1 ' ' 1

CHAP. I.

Of the Gardner , bis Wages.

Mofoevcr dcfircth and indevoy rethto have a Religious.
pleafant smd profitable Orchard, muft:£if
he be able)provide himfelfc of a Fruiterer,
religious, honeft, ikilfuU in that faculty,
and therewithal! painfull. By religious,

1 mean ( becaufe many think religion but
a faihion of cuftome to gpe to Church)
maintainingjand cherifhing things religi-

maintainingjand cherifhing things religi¬
ous: _as Schooles of learning, Churches, Tythes, Church goods
and rights, and above all things, Gods word, and the preachers
thereof, fo much as he is able, praftifing prayers , comfortable
conference, mutuall inftni&ion to edifie,almes,apd other work?
of charity, and all outof a good confidence.

Honcfty in a Gardner, will grace your Garden, and all your
houfe < and help to flay unbridled Servjngmen, giving offence
to none, not calling your name into queflion by aiftioneft aft* ,
nor infcftiDg your family by evili cotinfdl or example. For there
is no plague fo infeftious as Popery and knavery , he will not
purloineyour pjdgt, nor hinder yoyr pleasures, > '

Concerning his skill, he mutt not be a Scloliff, to make fhew Ski!full;
or take in hand that which he cannot performe , efpecially In fb
weighty a thing as an orchard: than the which there can be no
hyn an thing more excellent, either for pleasure or profit^ as fhall
(G tid willing) be proved in fffrtreadfig following. And what an
hinderance (hall it be, not onely to the owner, but to the com¬
mon

.tS'JS- >*

An . Orchard.

Painfull

Wages.

— —

3. Book.

mon good, that the unfpcakable benefit of many hundred yeares
fhall bt loft, by the audacious attempt ©f anunfkilfall Arbjrift?

The Gardner had not need to be an idle or lazie Lubber , for
foyour Orchard, being a matter offueh moment, wi}l not prof-
per, there will ever be fomc thing to doe ^ Weeds are alwaies
growing, the great mother of all living creatures, Earth, is

full of feed in her bowels, and any ftirring gives them heat of
Sunne, and being laid near day, they grow: Moales work daily ,
though not alwaies alike. Winter hearbs at all times will grow
~ (except in extreame froft)Ln winter your trees and hearbs would !
be lightned of fnow, and your allies cleanfed : drifts of Snow
will fet Deere, Hares, and Conyes, and other noyfome beafts o-
ver your walles and hedges into your Orchard. When Summer
cloaths your borders with grecne and peckled colours , your
Gardner muft dreffe his hedges , and antick workes r watch his
bees, and hive them : diftillhis Rofcsand other hearbs. Now
begin Summer fruits to ri pe, and crave your hand to pull them.
If he have a Garden (as he muft needs ) ,co keep, you muft needs
allow him good help, to end his labours which arc endlefle, for
no one man is fufficient for thefe things*

Such a Gardner as.wilteonfcionably , quietly and patiently ,
travellinyour Orchard , God fhall crowne the labours of his
hands with joyfullneffe, and make the clouds drop fatnefle upon *
your trees, he will provoke your love , and earne his wages, and
fees belonging to his place. The houfe being ferved, fallen fruite,
fuperfluity of hearbs, and flowres, feeds, graffes, fets, and befidc 5 ,
all other of thatfruk which your bountifull hand fhall reward
him withall , will much augment his wages, and xhe profit, of
your bees will pay you back again e.

If you be net able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keep your
profits to your felf, but then you muft take all the pains rand for
that purpofo (if you want this faculty) to inftruft you, have I un~
der taken thefe labours, and gathered thefe rules , but chiefly re-
fpc&ing my countries good.*. r •

CHAP.

An Orchard .

g. Book*

CHAP. 2.

Of the fab.

FRuit trees moft common, and meeteft for our Northern coun¬
tries: (as Apples, peares , Cherries, Filberd*, red and white
plurrmes, Damlons, Bullk, ) for we meddle not with Apricockstrj * f
nor Peaches nor fcareely with Quinces, which will not like in n *
our cold pai tSjimle/Te they be helped with fome reflex of the Sun,
or ether like meaner, nor with bufhes bearing berries, as barber¬
ries- Gooseberries o Groferg, Rafpe-berries, and fuch like,
though the Barbery be wholefonv , and the tree may be made
great : doe require (as all other trees doe) a black, fat, mellow,
ckan and well tempered foyle, wherein they may gather plenty
of good fap. Some think the Hafell would have achanily rocke,
and the fallow, and eller a waterilh marifti. The foyle is made
better by dejvingand other meanes , being well melted, and the
wildnefle of the earth and weeds (for every thing fubjeft to man,
and ferving his ufe (not well ordered)is by nature fubjeft to the
curie,) is killed by frofts and drought by fallowing and laying

on heaps, and if it be wild earth, with burning.

If your ground be barrenf for fome arc forced to make an Or- earl^

chard of barren grcund)make a pit three quarters deep, and two
yards wide, and round in luch places where you would fet your
tree?, and fill the fame with fat , pure, and wcllow earth , one
whole foot higher then your foyle, and therein fet your plant.For
who is able to manure a whole Orchard plot , if it be barren >

But if you determine to manure the whole fitc, this is your way:
dige a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lowej (if there be a*

Iower)(ide of your Orchard plot, calling up all the earth on the *

inner tide , and fill the lame with good, fhort, hot, and tender

nmek, and make fuch another trench, and fill the fame as the firft,

and fo the third, and fo throughout your ground : and by this

meat er your plot lhall be fertile for your life. But be fure you fet

your trees neither in dung, nor barren earth.

Your ground muft be plaine , that it may receive, and keep Pla,’ne’
moyftufc, not onely the raine falling thereon, but alfo water call
upon it,- or defending from higher ground by flukes, Gondii* t$

B 8ce»

An Orchard. 2 Book

&c. For I account moiflurein furomervery needful! in the foyle
of trees, and drought in win ter .-provided, that the ground be nei¬
ther boggy, nor the inundation be paft 24 houres at any time, and
but twice in the whole Summer.and fo oft in the winter.There-
fore if your plot be in a banke , or have a defeent, make trenches
by degrees, Allyes, walkes, and (uch like , lb as the water may
be flayed from paffagej and if too much water be any hinderance
to your walkes (for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard ,
and an Orchard them: )raife your walks with earth firft, and then
with flones as big as walnuts, and laftly, with gravell InSura- -
mer you need not doubt too much water from heaven, either to
hurt the health of your body, or your trees. And if over- flowing
molefl you after one day, avoid it then by deep trenching.

Some for this Purpofe dig the foyle of their Orchard , to re¬
ceive moyflure, which I cannot approve: for the roots with dig¬
ging are oftentimes hurt, and efpecially being digged by fome
un skilfull fervant : for the Gardiner cannot doe all himfelfe: and
moreover , the roots of Apples and Pears, being laid neere day,
with the heat of the Sun, will put forth fuckers, which are a great
hinderance, and fometimes with evill guiding, thedeftruftion of
trees, unlefle the delving be very fhallow, and the ground laid '
very levell again. Cherries and Plums, without delving, will
hardly or never (after twenty y eares) be kept from fuch fuckers, .
nor Afps.

Graffe alfo is thought needful! for moillure, fo you let it not
touch the roots of your trees ; for it will breed mofle : and the -
boal of your tree neer the earth , would have the comfort of the
Sun and air.

Some take their ground to be too moift when it is not fo, by
reafon of water (landing thereon ; for except in fowre marfhes,
fprings,and continual! over-flowings, no earth can be too moift.
Sandy and fat earth will avoid all water falling, by receit : in¬
deed a ftiff clay will not receive the water, and therefore if it be
graffie or plain, efpecially hollow , the water will abide, and it
will feeme watenfh , when the fault is in the want .of manuring,
and other good dreffing.

iThis plainncfle which wc require, had need be natural!, becaufe
to force an uneven ground 9 . will deftroy the fatnefle : for every

foyle

a Book. An Orchard. §

foyle hath his craft next day 3 wherein trees and hearbs put their
roots # and whence they draw their fap # which is the belt of the
(bile* and made fertile with heat and cold* moifture and drought#
and under which , by realon of the want of the faid temperature
by the faid four qualities , no tree nor hearb (in a manner)* will Naturally
or can put root: as may be feeii, if in digging your ground , you P'*inc*
take the ^ eeds ofmoft growth, as grade or docki(which will
grow#though they lie upon the earth bare#) yet bury them under *
the cruft , and they will furely dye and perifh # and become ma¬
nure to your ground* This cruft is not paft 15 or 1 8 inches deep
in good ground# or other grounds leffe. Hereby appears the fault
of forced plains # viz . your cruft in the lower parts is covered
with the cruft of the higher parts , and both with worfe earth : CrulVofthe
your hights having the cruft taken away# are become meerly bar- emh.
ren: fo that either you mutt force a new cruft # or have an evill
foyle. And be fure you level!# before you plant# leaft you bee for-
ced to remove, or hurt your plants by digging, and calling among
their roots. Y our ground limft be cleared # as much as you may #

©fftones and gra veil, walls#hedges# bullies# and other weeds. '

CHAP. III.

Of the Site . * •

; ig wol A

T Here is no difference# that I find # betwixt the neceffity of a
good foyl,and a good Site of an Orchard.For a good foil(as
is before deferibed) cannot want a good Site; and if it do# the
fruit cannot be good ; and a good fite will muclramend an evill
foyle. The beft fite is in low grounds, and (if you can)neer unto tow aad ncere
a River. H igh grounds are not naturally fat. a &*ver .

And if they have any fatneffe by mans hand # the very defeent
in time doth walh it away, Tis with grounds in this cafe , as it is
with men in a common wealth: Much will have more ; and once
Poor# feldomeor never rich. The rain willfcind and wadi# and
the wind will blow fatnes from the hights to the hollows, where
it will abide # and fatten the earth# though it were barren be-
fore.

Hence it is, that we have feldomeany plain grounds, and
low# barren 3 andasleldome any hights naturally fertile ♦ It is

B 2 unfpeak®

jin Orchard. 3 . Book.

unfpeakable, what fatneffe is brought to low grounds by inunda¬
tions of Waters ; neither did I ever know any barren ground irv a
low plaine by a River fide , Thegoodneffe of the foil ia Hwle
or Holkwdermfo in XorJ^/Ve, is well knowne to all that
know the River Humber , & the huge bulks ofeheir Cattle there.
By eftimation of thofe that have (een the low grounds in HglUndy
and 2 tafandy, they fare furpafle moft countries in Europe for
fruitfulncfle, and onely becaufe they lye fo low. The world can¬
not compare with Egypt for fertility, fo far a? Nilus doth over-
flow his banks. So chat a fitter place cannot be chofen for an
Evck. i^X Orchard, then a low plain by a River fid . For bcfich thefatnefife

£ecle&$pi7. which the water brings, if any cloudy miff or rainebe ftirring ,
it commonly fals down to, and follows the courle of the River.
And where fee we greater trees of bulk and bough, then Handing
on,or neer the water ftde>If you aske why the Plaines in Holder-
nes and fuch Countries, are deftitute of woods: lanfwere , that
men and cattle(:that have put trees thence, from out of plains to
void corners)are better then trees. Neither are thofe pi aces with-

Mr Markham. out trees# ^ur fathers can tell us how woods are decayed, and
* people in the roome of trees mulciplyed . I have flood fomewhae
long in this poynt , becaufe fome do condemn a moift foil for
fruit trees.

A low ground is good to avoid the danger of windes ,both for
ftiaking down, your unripe fruit. Tree^the moft that I know)be-
ing loaden with wood, for want of proyning, and growing high,
by the unlkilfullnefle of the Aiborift, nmft needs be in continuall
danger of the South Weft, Weft, and North-weft winds, efpeci-
ally in September and March, when the ayr is moft temperate
from extFeame heat and cold, which are deadly enemies to great
winds. Wherefore chufe your ground low : Or if you be forced
to plant in a higher ground, let high and ftrong walls, houfes and
trees, as wall-nuts, Plane-trees , Oiks and Allies, placed in good
order, be your fence for Winds.

The fuckcn of your dwelling houfr,defcending into your. Or¬
chard, if it be cleanly conveyed, is good.

The Sun , in fome fort, is the life of the world : it maketh
proud groudi, and ripens kindly and fpeedily, according to the
golden Tearme, Annus frufiificj) non ullw* Therefore intbe

Countries

Wildes.
Chap. 13.

Sun. '

7

3* Book. An Orchard .

Ill— ■ ■ - ... ^ ■■ ■ _ .

Countries necrer approving the Zjdiack, the Suns habitation5,
they havebetter,and foonerripe fruit,ihen we that dwell in thefe
frozen parts.

This provoketh mod of our great Ai bonds to plant A-
priccckf, Cherries, 8c Peacho^by a wall3and with tacks, & other
meanes to fprced them upon , and fatten them to a wall, to have Trees»g»'nft
the benefit of the immoderate reflex of the Sun , which is coin- *W4i '
mer.dable, for the haveing of fair, good, and foone ripe fruit,

Ikit a Jt them Know5it is more hurtfiill to their trees then the be¬
nefit they reap thereby, as not fwffering a tree to live the tenth
part of his age, it helps Gardenersto work . For fit ft , the wall
hinders the roots , becaule into a dry and hard wall of earth or
ftone, a tree will nor, nor cannot put any root to profit , but efpe-
tially it flops the pafiageofihe fap, when by the Bark is wcund-
ed, and i the woed^ and ciifleafes grow , fo that the tree becomes
fhort oi Iife.For as in the body of a man , the leaning or lying on
ome member 5 whereby the courfe of blood is flopr, makes that
member as it were dead for the time , till the blood rcturne to
his courfe, and I think, if that flopping fhould continue any
time, the n ember would perifh for want of blood, (Tor the life is
in the blcod) and fo indanger the body : fo the fap is the life of
the tree, as the blood is to mans body : neither doth the tree in
wimer fas is foppoff d) want his fap, no more then mans body
his bloody which in winter,and time of deep, draws inward ‘ fo
that the dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of reft : for
the trt eat al times, evenin winter, is noui ifli’d with fap and
grouth as well as mans body.The chilling cold may well fomelit-
tletimeftayor hinder the proud courfe of the fap , but fo little
and fo fhort a time , that in calm and mild feafons , even in the
depth of winter, if you mark it , you may eafily perceive the fap
to put out, and your trees to in creak their Buds which were
formed m the Summer before, and may eafily be difeermd ; for
leaves fall not cffjtill they be thruft off with the knots or Buds :
whereupon it comes to pafle, that trees cannot bear fruit plenti¬
fully two years together, and make themfelves ready to Bloffom
againx the feafonablenefle of the next fpring.

And ifany froftbefoextreame, that it flay the fitpfoo much,
or too long, then it ki Is the forward fruit in the Bud, and (brne-

® 3 tunes

An Orchard.

3 Book

Orchard as
;®od as a
Corne-field.

lorapared
yith a Vine*
ard.

times the tender leaves and twig?, but not the tree : Wherefore,
to returne , it i* perillous to flop the fap. And where , or when
did you ever fee a great tree packe on a wall? Nay, who did ever
know a tree fo unkindly fp] at, come to age?! have heard of fome,
that out of their imaginary cunning, have planted fuchtrees,
on the North fide of the wall, to avoid drought : but the heat of
the Sun is as comfortable (which they fhould have regarded^ as
the drought is hurtful!. And although water is a foveraigne re¬
medy againft drought, yet want of Sun is no way to be helped.
Wherefore, to conclude this chapter, let your ground lie fo,that
It may have the benefit of the fouth and weft Sun , and fo low
and clofe, that it may have moifture, and increafe his fatneffe,

. (for trees are the greateft fuckers and pillers of the earth)and
(as much as may be) free from great winds,

CH AP. IIII.

Of tbs Quantity .

IT would be remembred what a benefit rifech, not onely toe-
very particular owner of an Orchard, butalfo to the common
wealth by fruit, as fhall be (hewed in the fixteenth chapter(God
willing) whereupon muft needs follow, the greater the Orchard
is (being good, 8c well kept)the better it is : for of good things,
being equally good, thebiggeft isthe beft. And if it (hall ap¬
pear , that no ground a man occupietb, (no, not the Corn field)
yeeldeth more gaine to the purfe, and houfe-keeping (not to
(peak ofthe unfpeakable pleafure) quantity for quantity, then a
good Orchard, (befides, the coft in planting and drefting an
Orchard is not fo much by far , as the labour and feeding of
your Corn-fields, nor for durance of time comparable, befides
the certainty of the one before the other) 1 fee not how any la¬
bour or coft in this kind can be idly or waftfully befrowed , or
thought too much. And what other thing is a Vineyard,in thofe
Countries where Vines do thrive, then a large Orchard of
trees bearing fruit? or what pifterenee is there in the juice of the
Grape, and our fider and perry , but the goodrrfte of the foil
and clime where they grow ? which m3keth the one more ripe ,
and fo more^leafant then the oth^r. Whatfoever can befaid for

the

An Orchard.

9

3 Book.

ihe benefit riling from an Orchard , that makes for the largnefs
of the orchards bounds. And me thinks they doe prcpolleroufly, Compared
that bellow more coil and labour, and more ground in and up- wiih a Garden
on a Garden,then u pon an orchard, whence they reap and may
reap both more pleafu re and more profit, by infinite degrees-
And further, that a garden never fo frelh > and fair , and well
kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and
the hearbs often, in the fhort and ordinary age of a man: where¬
as your Orchard well jfctpt, (hall dure divers hundred yeeres ,
as fhall be (hewed ckaf J4. In a large orchard there is much
labour faved,in fencing and other wife; for three little orchards,
or a few trees, being in a manner all out-fides, arefo biafted and
dangered , and commonly in keeping neglefted , and require a
great fence 5 whereas in a great orchard, trees area mutuall
fence one to another , and the keeping is regarded ; and leffe
fencing ferves fix acres together , then three in feverall inclo-
fures.

Now what quantity of ground is meetefl for an orchard What quantity
can no man preferibe, but that muft be left to every mans feveral of ground.
Judgement, to be mealiired according to his ability & will, for
other necefTaries befides fruit muflbe had, and fome are more de¬
lighted with orchards then others.

| let no man , having a fit plot , plead poverty in this cafe * Wa:*c li n0
for an orchard one planted , will maintain it felf , and yecld hindrance.-
Infinite profit befide. And I am perfwaded,that if men did know
the right and beft way of planting, dreifingand keeping trees,
and felt the profit and pkafure thereof, both they that have no
orchards, would have them, and they that have orchards
would have them larger , yea fruit trees in thdr hedges , as in
Worcefter-lhirej&c. And I think, the want of planting is a great
lolle to our common wealth , and in particular , to the owners
ofLordlhipSj which Landlords themfelves might eafily amend, Lard-
byig ranting longer time and better affurancc to their tenants , thefr

who have taken up this Proverb, Bitch andfity Build and flit : for maVeloudL
who will build or plant for another mans profit ? Or the Parli- i»g Orchards
femeift might my.*fne every occupier of grounds to plant and in England,
maintain for fo many acres of fruitful! ground , fo many
Uverall trees, or kinds of trees for fruit. Thus much for quantity.

CHAPo

"" t ■ ■ "■ rl

M JO

An Orchard*

3. Boc

— - —

A, All thelc fquaro
[mill bee fet with
(sees, the G a- dens
lnd other orna-
flints mu ft {land
ipaces betwixt
je trees, & in the
orders and fences.

|i. Trees 20. yards-
1 funder,

. Garden Knots

Kitchen Garden.
Bridge.

Conduit,

Stakes.

Walkes fet with
at wood thick.
vValkes fet with
;at wood round
mt your Orchard

The out fence.

The out fence
filth jftone fruit.

Mount.To force
:h for a mount,
fuch like, fet it
lid with quick,

, lay boughes of
fs ftrangely in-
angled, the tops
jd , with the
Th in the middle.

0 f

0

Still-houfe.

Good ftand'ng
Bees, if you have
houfe.

flf the river run *
your doorc, and
der your mount,

|v ill be pl^afant.

' o . mJT

■Vr —

nzfa

i — i

g. Book. An Orchard.

CHAP.V.

Of the Form*

The goodneffe ofthe foil and fite , are neceflary to the well¬
being of an Orchard fimply ; but the form is fo far necefla-
ry, as the owner (hall think meet. For that kind of form where- ‘ 1 ||

with every particular man is delighted , we leave it to himfelfe,

Suum cuique pulcbrum . The form that men like in generall , is a 1

fquare : for although roundneffe be forma ferfettiffima , yet that 11 a K

principle is good, where ncceflky by art doth not force fome o- 4 re*

ther form . If within one large lquare the Gardiner (hall make

one round Labyrinth or Maze with fome kind of Berne?, it will

grace your form, fo their be fufficient roomtb left for walbes, fo

will four or more round knots do , for it is to be noted that the

eye muft be pleafed with the forme . I have feene fquares rifing by

degrees with (lays from your houfc- ward , according to this

forme which I have, CraJJa quod aiunt Afinervay with an unftcady

hand, rough hewen: for in forming Countrie gar dens, the better

fort may ufe better formes, and more coftly worke. What is

needful 1 more to be faid,I referre that all (concerning the form)

to the Chapter 17. of the Ornaments of an Orchid.

>*■ 1 ■■ • - "T- • . * |

’ •: ,fc . CH AP. VI. , ■

Of Fences. ,1

ALL your labour paft and to come about an Orchard is loft. „ . ...

unlefie you fence well. It {hall grieve you much to fee your of4T‘ :

y oung lets rubdloofe at the rootes, the bark pild , the bougbj •

and twigs cropr, your fruit ftolne , your trees broken, and your
many years labours and hopes deftroyed, for want offences. A
chiefe care muft be had in this point : you muft therefore plant in • - . i
fuch a foile, whereyou may Provide a convenient , ftrong., and
feemly fence. For you can Poffcfle no goods, that have fo many
enemies as an orchard, looke Chapter 1 3. Fruits are fo delight*
fonif, and defirtd offo many (nayina mannerofall) andyrt ’ 1

few will be at coft and take pains to provide them. Fence well
therefore,let your plot be wholly in your owne powersthat you

C snake

1 2 An Orchard . 3 . Book-

Ictihe fence make all your fence your feite .• for neighbours fence is none at
te your owne. aJi? or very carlefle. T ake heed of a doore or window? (yea of a
wall) jfany other mans into your orchard:yea,though it be nai¬
led up, or the wall be nigh , for perhaps they will prove theeves. .

All fences commonly are made of earth, Stone? Bricke,wood,
Kinds 0f fen- or both earth and wood . Dry wall of earth, and dry ditches are
ces: earthen tke worft fences fave pales or raiies, and doe waft the fooneft,un-

** ts* leffe they be well copt with Glooe and morter, whereon at Mi-

chaell-tide it will be good to fow wall-flowers , commonly cal¬
led Bee flowers, or winter Gil ly-flowers* becaufe they will grow
(though among ftones) and abide the ftrongeft froft and drought
continually greene and flowring even in winter, and have a plea-
fant fmell, and are timely? (that is, they will flower the firft and
laft of flowers) and are good for B res .And your earthen wall is
good for bees dry and warme: but thefe fences are both unfeemly, .
evill to repaire, and onely for need, where ftone or wood cannot
be had. Whofoever makes fuch walls, muft not pill the ground in
the Orchard , for getting earth , nor make any pits or hollowes,
which are both unfeemly and unprofitable : old dry earth mixt
with (and is beft for thefe .This kind of wall will foone decay, by
reafon of the trees which grow ncer it, for the roots and boals of
great trees, will increafe, undermine, and over-torne fuch walls , •
though they were of ftone , as is apparent byafheg, FLoun-trees,
Biirt-trees, and fuch like, carried in the chat, or berry, by birds
into ftone walls. #

Paie and Raile* Fences of dead wood, as pales,will not laft, neither wilLpiles

either laft or makegood fence. 5 "

Stone frails; Stone walls(where ftone may be had)are the beft of this fort, >

both for fencing, lafting, a®d (hrouding of your young trees , but
about this you muft bellow much Paines and more cofl , to hare
them handfome, high and durable.

Quicke wood By* Df all other (in itiine opinion)Quickwood and moates or
and Moatcs. ditches of water, where the ground is levell , is the beft fence . in -
unequall grounds , which will not keep water, there a double
ditch may be call, made ftreight and levelLon the top, two yards
broad for a fair walk, five or fix foot higher then the foil, with a
gutter on either fide, two yard* wideband four foot deep, fee with-’ -
out with three or foure chefTe of thornes and within with cherry,

PI u mine

3* Book. -

An Orchard.

*3

\

Plumrnes,Damion,Bullys,Filberd*, (fori love thofe trees better
v for their fruity and as well for their formas Privif,)for you may
make them take any forme. And in every corner , (and middle if
you will)a mount would be railed, whereabout the wood may
clafpe, poudered with wood-binde: which will make with dref-
ling a fairc, pleafant, profitable, and lure fence. But you muft be
fure that your quick thorns either grow wholly, or that there be
: a fupply betime, either planting new, or piaffing the old where
4 need is. And affure your feife, that neither wood, ftone, earth , ,

nor water, can make fo ftronga fence, as this feven years
grouth.

Moates, Eiff ponds, and(efpeclally at one fide a River) with- Moatc#.
in and without your fence, will afford you fiff, fence, and rnoifc-
ture to your trees, and plcafure alfo, if they be fo great and deep
that you may have Swans, and other water birds, good for
devouring of verraine, and boat for many good ufes.

It fhall hardly availe you to make any fence for your Orchard,
if you be a niggard of your fruit . For as liberality will fave it
beft from noifome neighbours, (liberalitie I fay is the beft fence)
fo juflice muft reftraine rioters , Thus when your ground is tem¬
pered, fquared, and fenced, it is time to provide for planting*

CHAP- VII
Of Sets.

T Here is not one point (in my opinion) about an Orchard
more to be regarded , then the choife getting ahd fetting of
good plants , either for readineffe of having good fruit , or for
continualllafting : for whofoever (hall fail sn the choife of good
fees, or in gettiug, or gathering, or fetting his plants, fhall never
have a good or lading Orchard . And I take want of skill in this
faculty,tobeacheifhinderance tothemeft Orchards^ and to
many tor having Orchards at all.

Somefor readineffe ufe flips, which feldome take root i and
if they doe take, they cannot laft, both becaufe their root having
a maine wound will in fhort time decay the body of the ttree ;
and befides, that roots being fo weakly put, are foone nipt with
drought or froft. I could never fee (lightly )any flip-but of apples
onely, fetfor trees. - -

A

C 2

*4

An Orchard*

5. Book

Bfeall fees,

Bur-knot. A Bur-knot kindly taken from an apple-tree , is much

and furer. You muft cut him clofe at the root end , an handtuil
under the knot; (fotne ufe in Summer about Lammas to circum*
cifehim, and put earth to the knots with hay-roaps, and in win¬
ter cut him ofFand fet him^but this is curioftty needleffe,8c dan¬
ger with removing and drought) and cut away all his twigs favc
one, the moft principall , which infetting you mull: leave above
the earth, burying his trunck in the crutl: ofthe earth for his root.
It matters not much what part of the bough die twig grows out
of. If it grow out of,or neer the root end, fome fay fuch an a pple
will have no corenor kirnel. Or if it pleale the planter, he may
let his bough be crooked, . and leave out his top end one foot , or
fomewhatmore , wherein will be good grafting; if either you
like not, or doubt the fruit of the bough , (for commonly your
bur-knots are Summer fruit) or if you think he will not , cover

his wound fafely. * . •. c

The moft ufuall kind offets, are plants with roots growmg,ot
kernels of apples, Pears, and Crabbs, or ftones of Cherries, Plums,
^.removed out of a nurfery, wood, or other Orchard, into ,
and fet in your Orchard In due places . I grant this kind to be
better then either ofthe other by much , as mpre fureand more
durable. Herein you muft note, that in fets fo removed, you get
all the roots you can, and without bruiting of any. I utterly dif-
like the opinion of thole great gardners , that following their
books, would have themaine roots cut away : for tops cannot
Srcw fet* grow without roots. And becaufe none can get all the roots,and

removed. removal is an hinderance, you may not leave on all tops, when

you let them: For there is a proportion betwixt the top and
root of a tree, even in the number (at leaft) in the grouth. If the
roots be many , they will bring you many tops ? if they be not
hindered. And if you ufe to ftow or top your tree too much or too
lowe, and leave noiffue, or little for fap5(as is to be feen in your
hedge$)it will hinder the grouth of roots and boal , becaufe well
a kind of flowing is a kind of fmothering or choaking the lap.
Great wood, as Oak , Elm, Afh,d?c. being continually kept
down with fhecrSjknife^aXje^c.neither boal nor root will thrive,
but as an hedg or bulh. If you intend to graffe in your fet , you
may cut him eloffer wite a greater wound, and neerer the earth.

Maine root*
cut.

An Orchard .

Book.

w ithin d: toot or two , fcccauie the graft or graftrwil i cova his

wound. If you like his fruit, and would have him to be a tree of

himfelfe* benotfo bold. This 1 can tell you* that though you

do cut his top ciofe , lind leave nothing but his bulke , becaufe

his roots are tew,if he be(but lktle)bigger then your thumb (as

I wlfh all plant's removed to be)he will fafely recover his wound

within fevenyem, by goodguidance , that is, if the next time

ofdrefling, immediately above his uppcrmoft fprig, you cut him

off aflope cleanly, (othac the fprig ftand on the back fide , (and

if you can. Northward, that the wound may have the benefit of

the Sun)at the upper end of the wound; and let that fprig one-

ly be the boal , And take this for a generall rule ; Every young Generali rule;

plant, if he thrive,, will recover any wound above the earth, by
good dreffing although it be to the one halfe , and to his very
heart. This (hart cutting at the remove , (aves your plants from
wind, and need the lefle or no (faking. 1 commend not lying or Ty,ngQ^tre&<>
leaning of tree* againft holds or (fays ; for it breeds obftru&ion G
offap, and wounds incurable . All removing of trees as great as GeneraI ru'**
your arm, or above, is dangerous; though fometime fuch will
grow, but not continue long, becaufe they be tainted with dead¬
ly wounds, either in the root or top : (and a tree once thorowly
tainted, is never good/) And though they get fome hold in the Si|nes°f ‘In¬
earth with fome ldfer taw or taws , which give fome nourish- cacs* cilaPaI$*
ment to the body of the tree; yet the heart being tainted, he ,
will hardly ever thrive; which you may cafily difeern by the
blacknefife of the boughs at the heart, when you drefie your trees.

Alfa, when he is fet with more tops then the roots can nourifh;
the tops decaying* blacken the boughs}ar^d the boughs the arms,
and fo they boil at the very heart. Or this taint in the removal),
if it kill not prefendy, but after (ome (hort dm ?, it may be dif-
cern^i blackncfie or ydlowneife in the bark, and a final!
hungred leaf Or if your removed plant put forth leaves the next
and fecond Summer, and little or few fprafes , is a great fign of
a taint , and next years death. I have known a tree tainted in
fetting, yet grow, andbeare blofibmes for divers years ; and
yet for Want of ftrength could never fhape his fruit.

Next unto this, or rather cquall with thefe plants, are fuck- Seekers good
ers growing out of the roots of great trees, which Cherries and fets.

C 3 Plums

An Orchard .

r~*H*** t*r

IS

I

A running
plane.

3 * Book*

Plams do feldome or never want: and being taken k’ndiy with
their roots., will make very good fets . And you may help therti
much by enlarging their roots with the taws of the tree whence
you take them. They are of two forts : Either growing from the
very root of the tree : and here you muft be careful! , not to
hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongft the
roots; and that youtakethem clean away .* for chefearcagrcat
and continiiall annoyance to the grouth of your tree; and they
will hardly be cleanfed . Secondly, or they doe arifefrom fome
taw: and thefe may be taken without danger , with long and
good roots, and will foone become trees of ftrength.

There is another way, which I have not thorowly proved, to
getnotonely plants for grafting, but fetsto remain for trees,
which I call a Running plant: the manner of is is this: T ake a root
orkirnell,8c put into the middle of your plot ,8c thefecond yeere
in the fpring geld his top,if he have one principal!, (as commonly
by nature they have) 8c let him put forth only four Syons toward
the four corners of the Orchard, as neer the earth as you can . If
he putmot four(which is rare)ftay his top till he have put fo ma¬
ny. When you have fuch four,cut the flock aflope, as is aforefaid
in this Chap, hard above the uppermofl fprig , and keep thofe
four with out Syons clean and flreight,till you have them a yard
and a half, at leaft, or two yards long . Then the next fpring, in
grafting time, lay down thole four fprays,towards the four corn¬
ers of your Orchard, with their tops in a heap of pure and good
earth , and raifed as high as the root of your Syon, (for fap will
not defcend)and a fod to keep them down, leaving nine or twelve
inches of the top to looke upward. In that hill he will put rootsi
and his cop new cyons, which you muft fpread as before, and fo
from hill to hill, till he fpread the compafie of your ground, or
as far as you lift. If, in bending, the Syons crack, the matter is
fmall ; cleanfe the ground, and he will recover. Every bended
bough will put forth branches , and become trees. If this plant
be of a bur knot,there is no doubt.T have proved it in one branch
my felfe: and I know at Wthm in Cleveland , a Pear-tree of a
great bulke and age, blowne clofe to the earth, hath put at every
knot roots into the earth, and from root to top, a great number
of mighty armes or treesjfilling a great room, like many trees, or

a

Book.

An Orchard.

'7

& iitdeOrchard.Much better may it be done by Art, in a lelk era .

And I could not miflike this kind, fave that time will be long
before it come to perft&ion.

Many life to buy fets already grafted;which is not the beft way: Sets bought,
for firft, all removes are dangerous : again there is danger in the
carriage: Thirdly, itisacoftly courfe of planting : Fourthly,
every Gardner is not trufty to fell you good fruit : Fifthly, you
know not which is beft , which is worft , and fo may take mod
care about your worft trees. Laftly, this way keeps you from
pra&ife, and fo from experience , in fo Good , Gentlemanly ,
Scholerlikf, and profitable a faculty.

The onely beft way (in my opinion) to have fure and lading The:beftfets
fets , is never to remove: for every remove is a hinderance, if not
a dangerous hurt, or deadly taint ♦ This is the way : The plot- Vnremoved-
form being laid , and the plot appoynted where you will plant how‘
every Set in your Orchard 9 dig the roome where your fet fhall
ftand, a yard compafle, & make the earth mellow and clean, and
mingle it with a few cole-afhes, to avoid worms 5 and irnmediat-
ly after the firft change of the Moone, in the later end of Febru¬
ary the earth being afreftiturnedoYer, put in every fuchroorfi
three or four kirnels of Apples or pea res of the beft; every kirnell
in an hole made with your finger, finger-deep , a foot diftant
one from another;and that day month following, as many more,

(Teaft fome of the former mifte) in the fame compafe, but not in
the feme holes.Hence(God willing)fhall you have roots enough.

If they all or divers of them come up, you may draw (but not
dig>p(nor put downe)at your pleafure,the next Novembir.ttow
many loever you take away, to give or beftow elfewhere, be fure
to leave two of the proudeft* And when in your fecond or third [
yeer you graflF, if you graff then at all, leave the one of thole two
ungraffed, left in grafting the other you fail. For I find by tryall,
that after the firft or fecond grafting in the fame ftock, being mift.

(for who hits all?) the third mifte puts your ftock in deadly
danger, for want of iflfue of fep. Yea, though you hit in grafting , .
yet may your grafts with wind or otherwife be broken down. If
your grafts or graff profptr, you have your defire, in a plant un¬
removed, without taint, and the fruit at your owne choice: and
fo you may (fqme lyttle earth being removed) pullj but not dig

upv

Sets Bngr afred
bdt of all.

Time of remo¬
ving.

Generali rule.

An Orchard l g . Book,

up the other plant or plants in that room.Ifyour graff,or dock*
or both peridi you have another in th^ fame place , of better
drength to work upon* for thriving without fnub, he will over
lay your grafted dock much. And it is hardly poffibfe to mifle
in grafting fo often.if your gardiner be worth his name.

It (hall not be amifle(as I judge it)if your kirnels be of choice
fruit, and that you fee them come forward proudly in their bo¬
dy > andbearea fair and broad leaf in colpur, tending to a
greenifh yellow, ('which argues pleafantand great 'fruit J to try
feme of them ung rafted; for although it be along time ere this
come to bear fruit 5 tenor twelve years, or more; and at their
fbfi bearing, the fruit will npt feem to be like his ownekind ,
} et am I affured, upon tryalj, before twenty years grouth, fuch
trees will increafe the bigneffe and goodneffe of their fruit, and
come per fe&Iy to their owne kind . Trees (like other breeding
creatures Jas they grow in yeers, bigneffe and drength^ fo they
mend their fruit . Hue bands and houfwivesJind this am by ex¬
perience 3 in the rearing of their young ftore . More then this ,
there is no tree like this for found neffe and durable lad , if his
keeping and drefling be anfwerable. I grant, the readied way to
comefooneco fruit, isgraffing ; bccaute, in a manner, all your
graffs are taken off fruit-bearing trees.

Now when you have made choife of your fets to remove, the
ground being ready, the bed time is , immediatly after the fall
of the leaf, in or about the change of the Moon, when the fap is
mofl quiet; for then the fap is turning : for it makes no day, but
in the extremity of drought or cold. At any time in winter, may
you tranfpiant trees > lb you put no ice nor fnow to the root of
your plant in the fetting : and therefore open, calm, and moid
weather is bed. T o remove, the leaf being ready to fall, and not
fallen, or buds apparently put forth in a moid warm feafon, for
need, iometime may do well; but the fafedis to walk in the plain
troden psth. 3 ;

Some hold opinion, that it is bed removing before the fall of
the leaf; and 1 hear it is commonly Pra&ifed in the fouth by our
bed Arborid5,the leafnot falkn:8t they give the reafon tohe,that
the defending of the fap will make fpcedy roots . But mark the
reafons following.and 1 think you fliall find no foundneflc either

3'v Book. An Orchard.

in that portion or practice, at lcaftin thereafon.

i* I fey 5 it is dangerous to remove when the Tap is not quiet 5
for every remove gives a main check to the (faring fep , by flay¬
ing the courfe thereofinthe body ofyour plant, a3 may appear by
trees removed any ti me in Summer , they commonly die, nay
hardly ftiall you feve the life of the moft young and tender plane
of any kind of wood Scarcely hearbs) ifyou remove them in
the prid of fep : for proud fap univerfaly flayed by removal ,
ever hinder?, often taints, and fo prefently,or in very fliort time,
kills. Sap is like blood in mans body, in which is the life, cap 3
p 9. If the blood univcrfally be cold, life is excluded : fo is fep
tainted by untimely removal. Aftay by drought, or cold, is not
fo dangerous(though dangerous, if it be extreame)becaufe more
natural.

2. The fap never defcend?,as men fuppofe; but is confolidaetd
and tranfubftantiated into the fubftance of the tree, andpaffeth
(alwai# above the earth ^upward , not onely betwixt the bark
and the wood, but alio into and in both body and bark, though
not fo plentifully, as may appear by a tree budding, nay fructi¬
fying 6wo or three yeers, after he be circumcifed,at the very root,
like a River that enlargethhischanel by a continual defeent.

3. 1 cannot perceive what time they would havethefapto de-
iccnd. At MidfammcT in a biting drought it flays , but defends
not; for immediately upon moifture , it makes fecond flioots, at
(or before r*i\ict)Miebacltide9 when it Ihapens his buds for next
ycersfruit. If at the fall of leafj I grant, about that time is the
greateft ftand, but no defeent of fap, which begins fomwhat be¬
fore the leaf fall, but not long 5 therefore at that time muft be
the btft removing, not by reafon of defeent, but ftay of lap.

4. The fap in this courle hath its profitable and apparent
effeCis ; as the growth of the tree,covering of wounds, putting of
•uds, &c. wehereupon it follows, if the fap defend, it muft needs
have fome efFeft to fliew it.

5. Laflly, boughs plaflit and laid lower then the root , die for
want of fap defending , except where it is forced by the main
Itream of the fap, as in top-boughs hanging like water in pipes,
or except the plaflit boughs lying on the ground put roots of hit
own; yea under-boughs, which wc commonly call water-boughs

D can

20

An Orchard .

g Book

Remove foon.

The manner
of fetting.

can fcarcely get fap to live, yea in time die, becaufe the Tap doth
preffe fo violently upward , and therefore the faireft (hoots and
fruits are always in the top.

Obj eft . If you fay that many fo removed thrive,I fay thatfome-
what before the fall of the leaf (but not much) is the (land ;
for the fall and the (land are not at one inftant: before the Hand
Is dangerous. But to returne.

The fooner in winter you remove your fets, the better; the lat¬
ter the worferfor it is very perilious if a flrong drought take
your fets before they have made good their rooting. A plant fet
at the fall, fhall gain(in a manner )i whole yeers growth of that
which is fet in the fpring after.

1 ufe in the fetting to be fure that the earth be mouldy , (and
fomewhat moift) that it may run among the final! tangles with¬
out draining or bruifing : and as I fill in earth to his root, I
ftake the fet cafily to and fro, to make the earth fetde^he bet¬
ter to his roots; and withall eafily with my foot I put in the
earth clofe; for Ayreis noyfome, and will follow concavities.
Some preferibe Oats to be put in with the earth : I could like it ,
if I could know any reafon thereof. And they ufe to fet their
plants with the fame fide towards the Surnbut this conceit is like
the other. For firft3I would have every tree to (land fo free from
fhade, that not onely the root(which therefore youmuft keep
bare from graffe)but body, boughs , and^ranches , and every
fpray, may have the benefit of the Sun . And what hurt , if that
part of the tree which before was fhadowed , be now made par¬
taker of the heat of the Sun? In turning of Bees , I know it is
hurtfuil, becaufe it changeth their entrance, paffage, and whole
work: but not fo in trees.

Setasdeep asyou caiijfo that in any wife you goe not beneath
the cruft . Look Citap/2< .

Moyfturegood ' Wefpake in the fecond Chapter of moifture in general: Dun
now efpecially having put your pemoved plant into the earth ,
powre on water(of a puddle were good)by diftilling' prefchdy ,
and fo every week twice, in ftrtmg drought, fo long as the earth
will drink, andrefufe by overflowing* For moift u re mollifies,
and both gives leave to the roots to fpread , andmaks the earth,
yeddfap and notirifhmem with plenty and facility* Nurfe
‘ ‘ theyS

Set in the
cruft.

5 Book.

An Orchard .

(they fay)give beft and moft milk after warm drinks.

If your ground be fuch , that it will keep no rnoifture at the
root of your plant, filch plant (hall never like, or but for a time ,

There is nothing more hurtfull for young trees , then piercing
drought . I have knowne trees of good ftature , after they have
been of divers years growth,and thrive well for a good time, pe-
rifh for want of water, and very many by reafon of taints in fet-
ting.

It is meet your fcts and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as Grafts ^
your arm, for fear of annoyances . Many ways mayfets receive fenccd.
damages, after they be fet, whether grafted or ungrafted. For
although we fuppofe, that no noyfome beaft or other thing mult
have accede among your trees ; yet by cafualty, a Dog, Cat, or
fuch like, or your fefl, or negligent friend bearing you company,
or a fhrewd boy, may tread or fall upon a young and tender plant
or graft. To avoid thefeand many fuch chances, you muft flake
them round a pretty diftance from the fet , neither fo near nor
fo thick, but that it may have the benefit of the Sun, rain, and
Air . Your flakes (Tmall or great) would be fo furely put , or
driven into the earth , that they break not , if any thing happen
to lean upon them , else may the fall be more hurtfull then the
want of the fence . Let not your flakes (helter any weeds about
your fets; for want of Sun is a great hinderance . Let them ftand
fo far off, that your grafts fpreading receive no hurt, either by
rubbing on them, or of any other thing pafling by. If your flock
be long , and high grafted, (which I muft difcommend(except
in need) beeaufe there the lap is weak , and they arefubjeft to
ftrong winde , and the lightings of birds,) tie eaftly with a foft
lift three or four pricks, under the clay , and let their tops ftand
above the grafts, to avoid the lighting of Crowes, Pi e$,$*c. upon
your grafts. If you flick fome {harp thorns at the roots of your
ftalks, they will make hurtfull things keep off the better. Ocher
better fences for your grafts I know none. And thus much for
fets and fet ting.

CHAP. VIII.

Of tie di fiance of trees*

IKnow not to what end you {houJd provide good ground,weli
fenced, and plant good fets, and when your trees fhculd come

D 2 to

A

23

Hurt* of too
necre pJan^n

©enerall rule
All touche*
hurtful!.

The beft df*
toccoftrcc*.

An Orchard. 3 . Book.

co profit, have all your labours loft , for want of due regard to
the diftance of placing your creep, i have feen many trees ftaiid fo
thick,that one could not thrive for the throng of his neighbours.
If you do mark it, you (hail fee the tops of trees rubbed off, their
;• fides galled like a gall’d horfe back 5 and many trees have m 3re
flumps then boughs, and mod trees not well thriving, but fhorr,
ftumpifhjand evill-thriving bough?; like a Corn-field over-feed-
ed, ora Town overpeopled, or a paftureover laid; which the
G ardner muft either let grow, or leave the tree very few boughs
to bear fruice. Hence fmall thrift, galls, wounds, difeafes, and
Ihort life to the trees : and while they live, green, little, hard ,
worm-eaten, and evill-thriving fruit arife, to the drfeomfort of
the owners.

To prevent which difcommodity5one of the beft remedies is, the
ufficient and fit diftance of trees. Therefore at the ft tting of your
*plantf,you muft have fuch refpc ft, that the diftance of them be
iuch,that every tree be not annoyance,but an help to his fcllowcs:
for trees £a$all other things of the fame kind) fhould fhroud,
and not hurt one another. And allure your felf, that every touch
of trees ( as well under as above)is hurtful! : Therefore this muft
. be a general lule in this Art, That no tree in an Orchard well or¬
dered, nor no bough, nor cyon, drop upon or touch his fcllowcs.
Let no man think this fmpo(fible,but look in the eleventh Chzp-
ter of drafting ofcrect.If they touch, the wind will caufe a forcible
rub. Young twigs are tender, ifbonghs or arms touch or rub, if
they arc ftrong,they makegreat galls. No kind of touch therefore
in trees can be gooo,

Nowit ii to be confidered what diftance among fete is requi-
fitc, and that muft be gathered from the compaffe and room that
each tree by probability will take and fill . And herein lam of a
contraryopiniomo all them which pra&ifc or teach the planting
of trees, that ever yet I knew, read, or heard of: for the common
fpace bstwenetree and tree , is ten foot; if twenty foot , it is
thought very much • But I fuppofe 20 yards diftance is fmali e-
nough betwixt tree and tree , or rather too too little . For the
diftance muft needs be as far as two trees are well abletoovcr-
fpread and fill, fo they touch not by one yard at the leaft. Now I
am affined, and I know one Apple tree, fet of a flip finger-gnat,

Book.

An Orchard.

25

in the (pace of twenty yea res (which 1 acount a very fmall
part of a trees age, as is (hewed chap. 14. ) hath fpicad his
boughes eleven or twelve yeares compaffe, that is, five or fixe
yards on every fide. Hence I gather, that in forty or titty years,

(which yet is but a {mall time of his age)a tree in good ioile,
well liking, by good drefsing (for that is much available to
this rurpefe) will fpread double.at the leaft,viz. twelve yards
on a tide ; which being added to twelve allotted to his fellow,
make twenty and foure yards, and fofarre diftant muit every
tree (land from another. And loqke how far a tree fpreads his
boughs above, fo far doth he put his roots under the eartn,or
rather further, if there be no flop nor let by walls, trees, rocks,
barren earth, and fuch-like : for anhugebulke, and ftrung
armes, mafsie boughes, many branches, and infinite twigs, re- The parti of a
quire wide fpreading roots. The top hath the vaft aire totfCe*
fpread his boughes in, high and low, this way and that way ;
but the roots are kept in the cruft of the earth , they may not
goe downeward, nor upward out of the earth, which is their
clement, no more then the fifhout of the water, Camclion
out of the aire, nor Salamander out of the fitc. Therefore
they muft needs fpread far under the earth. And I dare well
fay, If Nature would give leave to man by Art, to drefle the
roots of trees , to take away the taws and tangles that lap and
fret, and grow fo pet fluoufly and diforderly,(for every thing
fub lunar y is curfed for mans fake) the tops above being anfwe-
rably d refled, wefhould have trees of wonderfull greatnehe,
and infinite durance. And I perfwade my felfe that this might
be done fometimes in winter, to trees ftanding in faire plains
and kindly earth, with fmall or no danger at all. So that 1
conclude, that twenty foure yeares is the leaft fpace that Ait
can allow for trees to ftand diftant one from another. '

If you aske me what ufe fhall bernade of that waft ground d* q01?*1 ,
betwixt tree and tree : Ianfwer, If you pleafeto plant lome n4n
tree or trees in that middle fpace, you may ; and as your trees
grow contiguous, great and thick, you may at your pleafure r
take up ihofe laft trees. And this I take to be the chiefecaute
why themoft trees ftand fo thick : for men not knowing
(or not regarding ) this fecrec of needfull diftance, and loving

D 3 . fruit

ia

stn ur chard.

th'nnph^* P!antcd t0 thei,r bandf> *Mnk much to pull up any

fors would MPtne T' an°t ler' If y?u or y°ur heirs or fuecef-
Jors would take up fome great trees (paft letting ) where thev

ftand too thick, before to doe it about Midfomer, and leave no

»rne roots. I deftinate this lpace of foure and twenty yards

for trees ofage and ftature. More then this , you have border

1 Tu-{aT walks> with Rofeb Berries, &c.

t€fly ccnfider, that your Orchard, for the firft twenty

y yearc!5 wjH pnre you for many Gardens, for Saffron

Le°MoXt\™ ' and flowers for plea!

foil and d e gRr0a?d ?eed bewafted> if the Gardener beskil-

delvlrtf rUt bc fure yOU come not neere with hich deep

delvmg the roots of your trees, whofe compaffe you may naniv

difcerne, by the compaffe of the tops, if your topbe wdl fS

KUn T, v,e dr°PP*n8s and fhadow of your tree, , be foreno
hearbs will like. Let this be faid for the diflance oftrees!

CHAP. IX.

T Of the placing of trees.

Fn^wl®' °[t-reeS i"?n °rchard, is well worth the regard:
trees f chan 0°^ Ml rf bc /?ranted » that any of our forefaid

trees (chap. 2. ) will like well many part of your Orchard, be-

h! SI welldreft earth ; yet are not all trees alike w£-
thy of a good place. And therefore 1 wifh that your Filbert,

the nlain fV ,onf’Bu^CJJ^ a”d fuch-lifce, be utterly removed from

fochP£tifov £ OIy0rlrr?,rChard ,into your fence - for there is noc
J|r f /Kd eaf?fu11 gf°f as within : and there alio they

and ran abide the blafts of ^/«1. TheCherries
n I lums being ripe in the hot time of Summer, and the reft

fhenrd!ffhi°nr ff “1 "m f° f°°n ftaken as yoUr becKr •• nei-
er, if they f uffer lofie, is your Ioffe fo great. Befides that

your fences and ditches will devour fome of your fruit

Vr'WT; ^a,e yodr htd8es- And feeing the continu-
rnhl3^ ^ thefe (except Nuts.) is fmall, the care of them ought

cbafo wiH ?’ fA! nUrVW. doufat>buc the fences ofa large Or-
trees in rh iff1”6 “ number .of fochkind of Fruit-

St i! ! rmAPfC- h is n0t but at your

pkafure, in the faid fences, you may either intermingle

your

An Orchard.

3 Book. r

JSurftvwall kinds of Fruit-trees, or fet every kind by it felfe,or-
der doth very well become your better & greater fruit. Let there¬
fore your Apples, Peaces, and Quinces, poffclTe the foil*- ofr your
Orchard, unleffe you be efpecially affefted to fome oi your
other kinds : and of them, let your greateft trees of growth tfan
further from Sun, and your Quinces at the fouth-fide or end, and
ycur Apples in the middle : lo (hall none bee any hindrance to
his fel lows. The warden-tree, and Winter-peare, will challenge
the preeminence for ftature. Of your Apple-trees, you fhall fin
a difference in growth. A good Pippin will grow large , and a
Coflard-tree : dead them on the North-fide of your other Ap¬
ples ; thus being placed , the lead will give Sun to the red, and
the greateft will fhroud their fellows. The Fences and out»trec*>
will guard all. * ,

CHAP. X.

Of Grafting .

N Qw are we come to the moft curious point of our lacul- of Graving
ty •• curious in conceit, but in deede as plaine and eafie as or
the reft3when it is plainly fhewn,which we commonly call Oraf- B

26

An Orchard •

3 • Book

A Graffe.

Kinds of
gwft ng.

Graft how.

Graf whar. fing,or(aftefr fome ^Grafting.! cannot Etymologize,nor fhew the

original! ofth£ Word,cxcept it come of Graving or Carving.

But the the thing or matter is : The reforming of the fruitc
of one tree with the fruit of another, by an artificial! tranfpla-
cing or tranfpofing of a twigge.bud or leafe, (commonly called a
Graft ) taken from one tree of the fame , or fome other kinde,
and placed or put to, or into another tree in one time and man¬
ner.

Of this there be divers kinds, but three or foure now efpccl-
ally in ufe : to wir. Grafting, incifing, packing on, grafting in
thefcurchion, or inoculating : whereof thechiefeand moft u(u-
sll, is called Grafting (by the generall name, Catexocbm : ) for
ft is the moft known, fureft, readieft, and plaineft way to have
ftore of good fruit.

It is thus wrought ; You muft with aline, thin, ftrong and
fharpe Saw, made and armed for that purpofe, cut off a foot a-
bove the ground, or thereabouts, in a plain without a knot, or
as neare as you can without a knot ( for fomcdocks will bee
knotty) ycur Stocke, fit, or plant being furely flayed with your
foot and legge, orotherwife ftraight overwhart (for the Stock
maybe crooked) and then plain his wound fmoothly with t
(harpe knife: that done, cleave him cleanly in the middle with
a clcaver,and a knock or mall, and with a wedge of Wood, Iron*
or Bone, twohandfull long atleaft* put into the middle of that
clifr,with the fame knock, make the wound gape a ftraw breadth

A 6r,ft what. wiifnt0 '?h.ich you P9£ ,

1 he graft is a top twig taken from fome other tree ( for it is

a folly to put a graffe into his ownc ftock ) beneath the upper¬
most (and fometimes in need the fecond) knot, and with a (harp
knife fitted in the knot ( and fometimes out of the knot when
need is) with (houlders an inch downward , and fo put into the

&*ck with fome thrufting (but not draining) barke to barke in¬
ward.

Let your graffe have three or four eyes for readfocs to put forth*
and give iffue to the fap.lt is not arnifle to cut ofiF the top of your
graffe, and leave It but five, or fixe inches long, becaufe commonly
you (hall fee the tops of longgraffes die. The reafon is this. The
tap in grafting receives a rebuke, & cannot wor ke fo ftrongly pre-

fently.

Eye*

3* Book. An Orchard . 27

ftntiy and your grattemccive not fap (o readily, as the naturall
branches. When your grafts are cleanly & clofely pur in, & your
wedg puld out nimbly , for fear of putting your grafts out of
frame, take voell tempered moi ter,foundly wrought with chaffs
or horfc dung (for the dung of cattle will grow hard, and
ftraine ymir grafts) the quantity ofa Goofe egge , and divide it
Juft, and therewithall cover your ftock, laying the one halfc on
the one (ide.and the other halfe on the other fide of your graffes,

(for thi lifting again your graffes you move them ) and let both
yc ur hands thruft at once, and alike, and let your clay be ten¬
der, to yeeld eafily;and all , left you move your graffes. Some
ufe to cover the cleft of the ftocke, under the clay, with a piece
of barke or leafe , fome with a fear-cloth of waxe and butter ,
which as they be not much needfull , fo they hurt not , unleffe
that by being bufie about them , you move your graffsfrom
their places. They ufe alfo mode tyed on above the clay
with fome bryar, wickcr,or other bands. Thefe profit nothing.

They all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrufting,
fori hold this generall rule in grafting and planting : if your

ftock and graffes take and thrive (for fome will take and not Generali rule
thrive, being tainted by fome meanes in the planting or grafc
fing)they will( without doubt)recover their wounds fafely and
fhortly.

The beft time of grafting from the time of removing your TiipCOf
ftock is the next Spring , for that faves a fecond wound, and a grafting,
fecond repulie of fap , if your ftock be of fufficient bigneffe to
take a graffe from as big as your thumbe, to as big as an arme
of a man. You may graffe lcffe(which I like)& bigger, which I
like notfo well . The beft time of the year is in the laftpart of
February , or March or beginning of Aprill, when the Sun with
his heat begins to make the fap ftirre more rankly about the
change of the moon, before you fee any great apparency of leafe
or flower?,but onely knots and buds, and before they be proud,
though it be fooner : Cherries, Peares,Apricoks, Quinces, and
Plummes would be gathered and grafted fooner.

The graffes may be gathered fooner in Februnj> or any time
within a month , or two before you graffe, or upon the fame Gathering of
day (which l commcnd])lf you get th<*m any time before , fori

E “ ' have

28

3 Book.

An Orchard,

have knowne graffes gathered in December and doe well , take
heed of drought. I have my felf taken a burke not of a tree, and
the fame day when he was laid in the earth about mid February
gathered grafts and put in him , and one of thofe grades boje

Grafes ©f old t^lc ^^r<^ycare after, and the fourth plentifully ; Grades of old
«eei. trees would be gathered fooner then of young trees for they

fooner breake and bud. If you keepe grades in the earth, moi-
fturc with the heat of the Sun will make them fprout as fad, as
if they were growing on the tree. And therefore feeing keeping
is dangerous, the fureft way(as I judge)is to take them within
a weeke of the time of your grafting.

The grafts would be taken not of the prodeft twig$,for it may

Wk taken ^our *s not anfwerable in ftrettgth. And therefore(fay I)

crc ’ the grafts brought from South to us in the North although they
take and thrive (which is fomewhat doubtfull, by reafon of the
difference of the clime and cartage )yet (hall they in time fafhian
themfelves to our cold Northern foile, in groth5taft, &c.

Nor of the poored, for wont of drength may make them un¬
ready to receive fap (and who can tell but a poor graft istaint-
cd)norofithe outride ofyour tree, for their (liquid your tree
fpread but in the midded : for their you may be (lire your
tree is no whit hindered in his grouth or forme . He will dill
recover inward, more then you would wifh. If your clay clift in
Summer with drought, looke well in the Ghinkes for Emmets
and Earwigs, for they are cunning and clofe theves, about grafts
you (hall find them dirringin the morning and evening, and the
rather in the mold weather . 1 have had many young buds of
Graffs, evenin the flourifhing, eaten with Ants, Let this fuffice
for grading, which is in the faculty counted the cheife fecret,and
becaufe it is mod ufuall, it is bed knowne.

Graffcs are not to be difliked for grouth, till they wither, pine,
and die. Vfually before Midfummer they break ,if they live. Some
(butfew)keeping provd and green , will not put till the fecond
yeer, fo is it to be thought of fets.

The fird fhew of putting is no fure figne of grouth,it is but the
fap the graffe brought with him from his tree.

So foone as you fee the graft put forth grouth , take away the
day*. for then doth neither the dock pot the grak need it, (put a

little

3 Book.

An Orchard.

a 6

little frelh well tempered day in the hole of the flock, ) for the
clay is now tender, and rather keeps moiftur then drought.

The other waiesof changing the naturall fruit of Trees , are
more curious then profitable, and therefore 1 mind not to bellow
much labour or time about them, onely I (hall make knowne

what I have proved and what 1 doe thinke.

boale.arineor branch ofatreeatfome bending or knee, (houl

* ^ <CI t • . /” a 1

Andfirft of inciting, whichisthe cutting of the back of the Inc,fin£

derwife with two gafhes , onely with a (harp knife to the wood :

then take a wedge, thebignes of your graf (harp ended, flat on

the one fide , agreeing with the tree, and round one the other

fide, and with that being thruft in, raife your bark , then put in

your graffe, fathoned like your wedge juft: and laftly cover your

wound, and faft it up, and take heed of {training. This wi l grow

but to fmall parpofe , for it is weak holdj and lightly it will be

under grouth. Thus may you graft betwixe the bark and the A great ftockO

tree of a great dock that will not eafily be clifted: But I have try-

ed a better way for' great trees, viz . Firft, cut him offftraight,and

cleanfe him with your knife, then cleave him into four quarters,

cqualy with a ftrong cleaver : then take for every clift two or

three fmall (but hard)wedges, juft of the bigwefle of your grafts

and with thofe wedges driven in with a hammer , open the four

cl'ifts fo wide (but no wider) dm they may take your four

graffes with thrufting, not with ftraining : and laftly cover and

clay it clofely, and this is a fure & good way of grafting: or thus

clift your (lock by his edges twice or thrice with your clever, and

open him with your wedge in every clift one by one, and put in

your graffes and then cover them.This may doe well.

Packing on, is when you cut aflope a twig of the fame bignefle tk,;
with your graft, either in or befides the knot, two inches long,
and make your graft agree jump with the cyon , and gafh your
graft andyour cyon in the middeft of the wound, length-way, a
ftraw breadth deep, and thruft the one into the other, wound to
wound, faptofap, barke tobarke, then tye them clofe and clay
them. This may doe well. The faireft graft I have in my little

Orchard, which J have planted, is thus packt on, and the branch
whereon I put him, is in his plentifull roote.

To be fhort in this point,cut your graft in any fort or fafhion

An Orchard.

Book

two inches long* and joyne him cleanly and dole to any Other
fprig of any tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when
fap isfomewhat rife, and in all probability they will clofe and
thrive: thus

Inoculating.

Ike fprig. 7 he graft' 7 he twig. 7 he graft.

Or any other fafh ion you thinke good.

Inoculating is an eye or bud, taken bark and all from one
tree5and placed in the room ofanother eye or bud of another^
cut both of one conipas, and theire bound. This mull be done
in Summer, when the fap is proud^ 7 -

Much like unto this, is that they call grafting in the fcutch-
ion, they differ thus: That here you mull: take an eye with his
leaf, oi (in mine opinion)a bud with his leaves.CjMote that an
eye is for a fcion,a bud is for flowers and fruit)and place them
Grafting in the on an other tree, in a plain (for they fo teach) the place
c«tc ;on. or bark where you muft fet it, muff b:e thus cut with a L-I

(harp knife,& the barke raifed with a wedge,nnd then the *
eye or bud put in & fo bound up. I cannot deny but fuch may
grow. And your bud ifhetake will flower and beare fruit in
that year : as Come grafts and fets alfo, being fet for
bloomes. If thefe two kindes thrive, they reforme but a fpray
and an under growth. Thus you may place Rofes on thorncs,
and Cherries on Apples.and fuch like. Many writ much more
of grafting, but to fmallpurpofe. Whome we leave to them-
felyes, and their followers, and ending this fecret we come in
the next chapter to a point of knowledge moft requilite in an
Arborift, as well for all other woods as for an Orchard*

CHAR II

Of the right dr effing of Trees.

IF all thefe things aforefaid were indeed performed , as we
have fhewed them inwords,you (hould have a perfeft orchard
nature & fubftance, begun to your hand: And yet are all thefe in
I ^ectflity of things nothing, if you want thatfkil to keep and drefle your
| dtefTing tree* trees. Such is the condition of all earthly things, whereby a
man receiveth profit or pleafurej that they degenerate prefen

An Orchard.

' i ' i i ■ ■ i • - w

5, Book.

rule.

ly without good ordering. Man himfelileft tohimltlfr, growes
from his heavenly and ipiriiuail generation, and becometh
-beaftly, yeadevilifh to his own kind, unleffe he be regenerate.

No marvel! then, if trees mafc c their (hoots, and put their fprays
difordcrly. And trulyfif I were worthy to judge ) there is not a
mifchkfe that breedeth greater and more generajl harme to all
the Oichard(efpecial!y if they be of any continuance)thatever I
faw, (I will not except three jthrn the want of thefkilfull dref-
fing of trees. It is a common and unfkilfull opinion, and faying,

Ltt all grow, and they will beare more fruite.* and if thou lop a-
way fuptrfluous boughs, they (ay what a pit ty is this?how many,
apples would thefe h^ve bornt? not coniidering there may arife Generali
hurt to your Orchard, sfwcll ( nay rather) by abundance, as by
want of wood.Sound and thriving plants in a goodfoile, will
ever yeeld too much wood, and diforderly, but never coo little.

So that a fkilfull and painfull Arborift need never want matter
toeffe&a plentifull and well dreff orchard: fork is an eafie
matter to take away fupeifluous boughs (if your gardnerhave
fkill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance,
and (kill will leave fuffi dent well ordered. » All ages both by
rule and experience do confent to a pruning and lopping of (
trees: yet have net any that I know deferibed unto u$(except in
dark and general! words) what or which are thofe fuperfluous
bcughes, which we muff take away , and that is the chiefe and
mofi needfull point to be knowne in lopping. And we may well
allure our felves,(as in allother Arts,fo in this)there is a vantage
and dexterity, by (kill, and an habite by pradife out of experi¬
ence, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind ; yet
doe not I know (let me (peak it with the patience of cur cun¬
ning Aibori(ls)iny thing within the compafe of human affaires
fo necefifary , andfo little regarded , not onely in Orchards, -
butalfo in all other timber trec$,where, or whitfoever.

How many Forrefll and 'jg$£y wherein you (hall have for one _ .
fivcly thriveinguee; fou^^fometimes'twenty. foure) evill rod
thriving, rotten and dyeing trees, even while they live? and in- €Vii ** *
kead of trets,thoufands of bullies and fhrubs. What rottcrineffe?
what hollowueffc? what dead armes? withered tops ? curtailed
trunks? what loads of molTes? drouping boughs? and dying

E 3i branch-

Tfae ciufe of
hum in woods

An Orchard. 3 Book

•• rr*-i i *** 'nr^i — nT~irm-nm iw_.h n— « m , . . , ' i ■ nr—

branches you (hall fee every where > And thofe that like in thi*
lort are in a manner all unprofitable boughs, cankered arms
crooked, little and (hort boalsrwhat an infinite number of bu(h-
«, (htubj, and skrogs of hazels , thornes, and other profitable
wood, which might be brought by dreffing to become great and
goodly trees.Confider now thecaufe.-Thelefler wood hathbeene

f

lmagin the root to be fpread far widdcr.

fpoyled with carclefle5 unskilful! and untimely flowing, and
much alfo of the great wood. The greater trees at the firft rifing
have filled and over- laden thcmfelves with a number of waftfull

boughes

5 Book. An Orchard > 3 3

boughesandfuekers 5 which have not only drawne the fap from
the boale, but alfo have made it knotty, and thcmfqlves and the
boale moffie for want ofdreffing, whereas if in the prime of _
erouth they had beene takeffaway clofe, all but one top(accord- rrefie timber
ing to this pattern)and cleane by the bulke,the ftrength of all the *rces
fap fhould have gone to the bulke, and fo he would have recove¬
red and covered his knots, and have put forth a faire long and
ftraight body (as you fee) for timber profitable, huge, great of
bulke, and of infinite laft.

If all timber trees were fuch (will fomefay)how mould we
have crooked wood for wheel?, coorbs,8cc-

Anfw. Drefle all you can, and their will be enough crooked

for thofe ufes. »

More then this, in raoft places they grow fo thick, that nei¬
ther themfelves , nor earth , nor any thing under or neer them
can thrive, nor Sun, nor rain, nor aire can doe them , nor any
thing neere or under them ary profit or comfort.

I fee a number of Hags , where out of one roote you fhali fee
three or foure (nay more) filch as mens unskilfull greedineffe ,
who defiring many have none good) pretty Okes or A files ,
ftraight and tall , becaufe the rdotat the firft fhoot gives fap a-
maine : but if one oncly of them might be fuffered to grow, and
that well and cleanly pruned, all to his very top > what a tree
fhould we have in time? And we fee by thofe rootes continually J

and plentifully (pringing , notwitbfhnding fo deadly wounded, , |

What acomodity fhould arift to the owner, and the Common¬
wealth, if wood were cherrifhcd, and orderly drefTed.

The waft boughs clofely and skilfully taken away, would give prQfil of jrcef p
usftoreof fences and fuell , and the bulk of the tree in time-a^fled.
would grow of huge length and bigneffe. But here (me thinkes)

I heare an un skillfull Arboreftfay, tbattreedrave their feverall
formes, even by nature, the Peare, the Hplly, the Afge, 8cc.grow
long in bulk with few and little armes, thb Okc by nature broad
and fuch like. All this I grant: but grant meajfo* that there is a
profitable end, and ufe of every tree , from which ifir
(though by nature) yet man by art may (nay muft)corfe& ic.lrees*

Now other end of trees I could never learne, then good timber ,
fruit much and good, and pleafure. Vfes phyficall hinder no¬
thing a good forme. v Nei-

3 4 _ - An Orchard. g . Book.

i? S'' ’* Nie|t!^r lct "!an fo m,uch aS lh‘mkf’thaJic is a ^Profitable

much leUe unpaffible, to reform e any tree of what kind fotver.
Foi(bekeve me) I have tryed it, f can bring any tree(bcginmng
by time) to any forme. The Peare arid Holly maybe made Co
fpread, and the Okc to clofe.

But why doe I wander out of the compare of mine Orchard
into the Forrcfts' and Woods? Neither yet am I from my pur-
pole, if boals of timber trees {land in need of all the fap,to make
diem great and freight (for ftronggrouth and drtffing makes
itrong trees)then it nmft be profitable for ft uit(a thingm’oreim-
xnediady ferying a mans need) to have all the fap - his rootcan
yeeld: for as timbere found, great, and, long, is the good of timber
The end of trees , and therforc they beare no fruite of worth: fo fruir, good
tfets* found, pleafant, great and much, is the end of fruite trees. That

gardner therefore fhall performe his dutie skilfully and faithful¬
ly:* which fhall fodrefie his trees, that they may beare fuch and
fuch {lore of fruit, which he fhall never doe(Idare undercake)tm-
How to drefTe leffe he keep this order in drefting his trees,
afrwe-tree A fruit tree fo (landing, that there need none other end of
drafting but fruite (not ornaments but walks, nor delight to
fuch as would pleafe their eyeonly , and yet the befl forme can¬
not but both adorne aud delight ^ muft bepawed from within
two foot or there about?, of the earth, fo high to give libertye to
drefTe his route , and no higher, for drinking up the fap that
fhould feed his fruit , for the boale will be firft , and beft ferved
and/ed , becaufe he’s next the roote, and of greatefl waxe and
{ubflance, and that makes him longeft of life, into two, three or
fourearmes , as your flocke orgrafFes yeeld twigs , and every
arme into two or more branches 9 and every branch into his fe-
verall fy ons, dill fjpredding by equal! degrees , fo that his lowed
fpray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his high-
eft be not paft two yards higher , rarely (efpecially in the mid-
deft)that no one twig touch his fellow. Let him fpread as farte
as he lift without his maiftei -bough, or lop equally. And when
any bough doth grow Ladder and fall lower then his fellowes
(as they will with weight of fruit) eafe him thenext fpringof
his fuperfluous twigs,andhe will Rife; when any bough or fpray
fhall amount above the reft ; either fnub his top with a nip be¬
twixt '

.imw : ...^sasssag

yktwixt your finger and your thumb, or with a fharpe knife, and ^
take him cieane away, and fo you may ufe any Cyon you would^
reforme , and as your tree growes in ftature and ftrength, fo let
him rife with his tops but (lowly , and early , efpecially in the
middeft, and equally, and in breadth alfo, and follow him up¬
ward with lopping his under grouth and water-boughes *
keeping the fame difiance of two yards, but not above three in
any wife, betwixt the lowefi and the highett twigs.

• i . Thus you (hall have well liking, cieane skind, healt hfkll, Benefits of
great, and longlafting trees. j

2. Thus ftiall your tree grow low , and 6fe from winds, for
his top will be great, broad, and weighty.

3 . Thus growing broad , (hall your trees beare much fruit (I

dare fay)one as much as fixe of your common trees , and good
without fliadowing , dropping and fretting 5 for his boughes,
branches, and twigs (hall be many , and thofe are they(not the
boale)which beare fruite. ,

- 4. Thus (hall your boale being little (not fmall,but low ) by

reafon of his (hortnefle, take lyttle , andyecld muchfap to
fruit.

5. Thus your trees by reafon of ftrength in time of fetting
fhall put forth more bloffomes and more fruit, being free from
taints; for ftrength is a great help to bring forth much, and fafe-
ly , whereas weakneffe fails in fetting, though the fcafon be
ealme.

Some ufe to bare trees root* in winter, to flay the fetting till
hotter feafons, which I difeommend, becaufe

1 . They hurt the roots.’

2. It ftayes nothingat all.

3 . Though it did , being fmall , with us in the North they
have their part of our A frill and May frofts.

4. Hindcrance cannot profit weak trees in fetting,

5 . They waft much labour.

•6* Thus (hall your tree be eafie to drefie , and without dan«
ger, either to the tree or thedrefler.

7. Thusmayyoufa(ely and eafily gather your fruit without
falling, brufing, or breaking of Cyons.

This is the beft forme of a fruit tree, which I have hers fhad-

F dowed

Orchard .

35

An Orchard.

3 Book

- meanes in time die : Forthe fap preffeth upwardjand it is like*
Jfdowedoutfor thebetter cappacity of them that are led more ’
with the eye, then the mind, craving pardon for the deformities.*
becaufe Iamnothingskilfulleitherin the painting or carving.

Imagine that the paper makes bat one fide of the tree to ap»
peare, the whole rouud compafle will give leave for many more-

armes, boughes, branches, and cyons.

*

The tierfett form of 4 fruit tree.

If any tree cannot well be brought! to this forme: Experto cre¬
do Robert od can (hew divers of them under twenty yeeres of age*
The fitted time of the Moone for proyning is as of grafting.
Time beft for when thefap is ready to ftirre (n:tproudlydiirring) andfojo
proynmg, cover the wound, and of the yeere > a moneth before (or at lead
when)you graffe. DreffePeares, Apricockes, Peaches, Cherries,
and Bullyes fooner. And old trees before young plants, you may
dreffe at any time betwixt Leafe andLeafc. And note, where you
take any thing away , the fap the next Summer will be putting :
be fure therefore when he puts a bud in any place wher^ you
would not have him, rub it off with your fin ger. And

3 Book.

An Orchard?

A^Tcu muft rememberThccomaion homely proverbe: jg***

the treey

That food Camrellmuft he. /

Beainne betinie with trees, and doe what you lift: but if you let
them grow great and ftubborne, you muft doe as the trees lift.

They will not bend but breake, nor be wound without danger.

A fmall branch will become a bough, and a bough anarmein -

bieneffe. Then ifyou cut him, his wound willfefter, and hardly.

without good skill recover: therefore, O^ pnncipm. Offuch Faults of evil)
wounds and leffer , or any boughcutoffahandfull or more drift rr«s,,nd
S fcbod,, comes hollowneffe , de„h. And ..rt-

therefore when you cur, ftrike clofe,and cleane, and upward, and
leave no bunch c - , T c

This forme in fome cafes fometimes may be altered : it your
tree, or trees? ftandneere yourWalkes, ifiepleafe your fancy The forme ap.
more let him not breake till his boal be above your head: Co may tercih.
you walk under your trees at yourplealure. Or ifyou let your
fruit trees for your fhades in your Groaves , then I relpect not
the forme of the tree, but the eomlineffe of the walke.

All this hitherto fpoken of drelfirig , muft be underftood ot Drt (Ting of old
vouneplants to be formed: it is meet fomewhat be faid for the trees.
Inftruftion of them that have old trees already formed, or rather
deformed : for Maltttn rum vitamr nefi cognttum. 1 he faults
ihereisrc ofadiforderedcree, lfind to be five.

..AnmmroS.d.lctolc- : SSK*J"

2. Water boughes. medics*

3. Frettcrs.

4. Sucker. And?

*.Oneprincipalltop. _

Along boaleasketh much feeding, and the more he hath the
more he defirct, and gets(as a drunken man drink, or a covetous LOnE coale>
man wealth>nd the the leffe remaines for the fruit, he put his
boughes into theaire, and makes them, the fruit, and it felte n» remedy,
more dangered with winds : for this I know no remedy , after
that the tree is como to grouth; once evill, never good. 1 Water

Water boughes , or under grouth , ate fuch boughes as grow
low under others, and are by them over grown, overlhadowed ,
dropped on , and pinde for want of plenty of fap , and by that
rr F 2 meane- —

§8 Orchard . ^ Book,

^ water in her courfe, where it findeth moft iftue,thither it floweth,
leaving the other lefler (luces dry, even as wealth to wealth, and
. ^ much to more. Thefe fo long as they beare , they beare lefie,

worfe and fewer fruit, and waterifh.

Kemedy* The remedy is eafie , if they be not grown greater then your 1

arme . Lop them elofe and clean , and cover the middle of the
wound , the next Summer when he is dry, with a falve made of
tallow, tarre and a very little pitch , good for the covering of a-
Bark-pild, and ny fuch wound of a great tree: unlefle it be bark-pild , and then
the remedy. a ieare-cloth of frefh butter, hony and wax e prefcntly (while the
Wound isgreen)applyed, is a foveraigne remedy , in Summer e-
fpceially. Some bind fuch wounds with a thumb rope of hay ,
moift, and rub it with dung.

Frettefi. Fretters are, when as by the negligence ofthe gardner, two or

more parts ofthe tree, or of divers trees, as armes, boughes
branches, or twigs, grow fo neere and elofe together , that one.
Touching. of them by rubbing doth wound another. This fault of all o-

ther ffeewes the wane of skill, or care(at Ieaft)in the arborift: for
Remedy. here the hurt is apparent, and the remedy eafie, feen to betimes:

galls and wounds incurable, but by takeing away thofe members:
for let them grow , and they will be worfe and worfe , and fo£v
kill themfelves with civil 1 ftrife for roomth , and dan-),
ger the whole tree. Avoid them berime therefore, as a common- "

- wealth doth bofome enemies. f

Packers. : ■ 4 A Sucker is a long, proud , and diforderly Gyon , growing
freight up (for pride of fap makes proud, long, and ftreigt'l?
grouth)out of any lower parts of the tree, receiving a great part
ofthe fap, and bearing no fruit , till it have tyranized over the
whole tree. Thefe are like idle and great Drones amongft Bees.*
and proud and idle members in a common-wealth.

The remedy of this if, as of water boughes , unleffe they be
growne greater then all the reft of the boughes , and then your
Gardner (at your diferetion) may leave him for his boal 9 and
ta'ke away all, or the moft of the reft. If he by little flip him, and
Let him, perhaps he will take: my faireft Apple tree was fuch a
One ptmcipaliflip.

°P One or two principall top boughes areas evill , in a manner ,

| tad remedy. pucjccr^ rife 0f the fame caufe , and receive the fame re¬
medy: ■! *

3 Book.

An Orchard

39

medie:yet thefe are more tollerable , becaufe thefe bear fruit, yea
the bed: but Su ckers of long doe not beare.

I know not how your tree Should be faulty , ifyou reforme Inftruments for
all your vices timely, and orderly. As thefe rules ferve for drdling cirefling
young trees, and fets in the firft fetting : fo may they well ferve
to help old trees, though not e&a&ly to cover them.

The inftruments fitted for all thefe purpofes , are mod com¬
monly , for the greated trees, an handiome, long,1 light Ladder
of Firpolcs, a link, nimble, and drong armed Saw, and diarpe.

For lelfe trees, a little and fharp Hatchet, abroad mouthed
Chefell,drongaBd (harpe, with an hand- beede,your drong and
(harp Clever,with a knock, and(which is a mod neceffary infti u-
ment amongd little trees)a great halted and (harp knife or whit¬
tle. And as ncedfnll is a doole on the top of a Ladder of eight or
moe rungs, with two back feet, whereon you may fafely,and ea-
fiiy dand to grade, to dreffe, and to gather fruit,
thus formed. The feet may be fad wedged in: but
the Ladder mud hangloofe with two bands of I -
ron • And thus much of drelling trees for fruit ,
formally to profit, .

j* —

CHAP. 12.

Of Soy ling,

THere is one thing yet very neccflfary for to make your Or- Neceflity of
chard both better, and more lading: Yea fo neceffary, that foiling -
without it your Orchard cannot lad , nor profper long, which
is negle&ed generally both in precepts and in pra&ife, viz*, ma¬
nuring with Soil: whereby it happeneth that when trees(amongd
other evils)through want of fatneffe to feed them,becomc modie,
and in their grotith are eviIl(or not)thriving, it is either attri¬
buted to Lome wrong caufe , as age (when indeed they are but
young)or evillftanding (dand they never fo well) orfuchlikc,
orelfe the caufe is altogether unknowne,and fo not amended.

Can there be devifed any way by nature , or art , (boner or Jre^reat
foundlier to fuck out, and take away the heart of earth, then by ^uc ers*
great trees? fuch great bodies cannot be fuftained without great
dore of fap . What living body have you greater then of trees i
The great Sea-monders(whereof one came a land at Tftfmwtb

' F 3 , in 1

An Orchard.

5 Book.

in Yookejhirey hard by us, 1 8 yards in length , and nrcre as much
in compafe)feeme hideous, huge ftrange, andmonftrous, becaufe
they be indeed great bur ef peel ally, becaufe they are fel-
dome fee ne: But a tree liking, come to his grouth and age,
twice that length, and of a bulke never fo great , befides his
other parts, is not admired, becaufe he is fo commonly feen.And
doubt not , but if he were well regarded from his kernell , by
Succeeding ages, to his full ftrength , the meft of them would
double their meafore. About fifty yeers ago, I heard by credible
and conftant repors.. That in Broekham Park in tVeflmercland ,
neer unto Penrttb , their lay a blowne Oake , whofe trunke was
fo bigge, that two Horfemen being the one on the one fide, and
the other one the other fide , they could not fee one another: to
which if you ad his arm$,bough$,8t rootes,& confider pf his big-
nefle,what woule he have been, if preferved to the vantage? Alfo
I read in the hiftory of the Wefi-In&ians , out of Peter Martyr
that fixtecne men taking hands one with another, were not a-
ble to fathome one of thofe trees about. Now nature having
given to (uch a faculty by large and infinite roots , taws and
tangles, to draw immediatly his fuftanance from our common
mother the earth(which is like in this poynt to all other mothers
that; bear) hath alfo ordained that the tree over-loden wirh
fruit, and wanting fap to feed all fhee haith brought forth , will
waine all fkee cannot feed , like a women bringing forth more
children at once then fhe hath teats. See you not how trees e-
fpecially, by kind being great, ftanding fo thick and clofe, that
they cannot get plenty of fap, pine away all the graflfe, weeds ,
lefifer fbrubs and trees $ yea, and themfelves alfo for want of vi¬
gour of fap? fo that trees growing large, fucking the foyle where¬
on they hand continually and amaine , and the foizonof the
earth that feeds them decaying (T°r what is there that wafts
continually, that (hall not have an end?>nuft either have fuply
of fucking, or clfe leave thriving and growing. Some grounds
will beare corne while they be new, and no longer, becaufe thfir
cruft is (hallow , and not very good i and lying they fcindand
wafh and become barren. The ordinary corncfoyls cantinue not
fertile, with following and foyling, and thebeft requires fuply
even for the little body of come. How then can we think that a-

ny

An Orchard.

'

4l

3 Book.

ny ground how good fo ever can (uftaine bodies olfuch great-

neflfe, and fuch great feeding, without great plenty offap arifing Great bodic®

from good earth > this is one of the chiefecaufes why fo many

of our Orchards in England are fo evill thriving when they come

to greuth , and our fruit fo bad . Men are loth to beftow much

ground, and defire much fruit, and will neither fee their trees

in fufficient compafle, nor yet feed them with manure, i here-

fore of neceflity Orchards muft be foiled.

The fitteft time is , when your trees are growne great, and
have neer hand fpread your Earth, wanting new earth to hiftain
them* which if they doe, they will feek abroad ior better earth ^
and fhun that which is barrcn(ifthey find better) as cattle evill
pafturing. For nature hath taught every creature to defire and
feeke his ow?ne good , and to avoid hurt. 1 he beft time oi the
yeare is at the fall, that the froft may blt€^ 8c make it tender, and
the rain wafhit into the roots. The Summer time is perilous
if ye dig, becaufe the fapftirsamaine. Thebeft kind of foil is
fuch as is fat, hot and tender. Your earth mull be lightly open¬
ed, that the Dung may go in, and wafh away; and but fhallow,
left you hurt the rootes : and in the fpring clofely and equally
made plain again for fear of Suckers. 1 could wifh, that after my
trees have fully poffcfTed the foyle of mine Orchard , that every
feven yeersatleaft, the foil were befpread with Dung halle a foot
thick at leaft. Puddle water out of the dunghill poured on plen¬
tifully, will not onely moiften but fatten; efpccially in June and
July. If it be thick and fat , and applyed every yeere, your Or¬
chard fhall need nons other foiling. Your grovnd may ly fo low
at the River fide, that the flood Handing iome dayes and nights
thereon, fhall fave you all this labour of foiling.

C A ft. P. i

Of Annoyances. '

AChiefehelp to make every thing good, is to avoids the e-
vills thereof: you fhall never amine to that good of your
Orchard you looks for, unlefs yen have a gardner that can dif-
ccrne the Dileafesof yourtr ees5 and other annoyances ofyour
Orchard, and find out thecaufes thereof 9 and know7 and apply
fit remedies for the fame. For be your ground fuch plants and trees
as you would wtfb , if they be wafted with hurtful l things , what

\

T wo kind of
evilis in an
Orchard®

Gal ! s.

Canker;

Moflc.

Weakncffcin

iCfting.

Sark- bound.

A/orme.

, An Orchard. 3 Book

have you gained^ but yom labour for your travel Is it with an Or *
chard and every Tree^ as with mans body. The befl part of phyfitl^
for prefeyvatien of healthy is to forefee and cure difeafes.

All the difeafesof an Orchard are of two forts , either inter¬
nal], or external!. I call thofe inward hurts which breed on, and
in perticular trees. ,

1 G alles. 5 Bark bound*

2 Canker. 6 Bark pild,

3 Moffc. 7 Worm e.

4 Weakneffe in fetting. 8 Deadly wounds.

Gales, Cankers, Mofle, Weakneffej though they be divers dif¬
eafes. yet (howfoever authors think otherwife) they rife all out
ofthe lame caufe,

Galleswe have defcribed with their caufe and remedy , in the
1 1 Chapter under the name offretters.

- Canker is the confumption ofany parts of the tree, bark and
woods which alfo in the fame place is deciphered under the title'
of water-boughes.

MofTe is fenfibly feen and knowne of all , the caufe is pointed
6ut in the fame chapter, in the difeourfe of timber- wood, and
partly alfo the remedy: but for MofTe adde this, that any time in
fummer (the fpring is bcft)when the caufe is removed , with an
Hair-cloth immediatly after a fhower of rainc,rub off youruiofs,

or with a piece of wood (if the mode abound) formed like a
great knife.

Weakneffe in the fetting of your fruite fhall you &nd there
alfo in the fame chapter, and his remedy. All thefe flow from
the want of roomth in good foile, wrong planting, Chapter.7.
and evill, or no dreffing. & v /

Bark bound as I think rifeth of the fame caufe, and the beft,
and prefent remedy (the caufes being taken a way) is withyoar
(harp knife in the fpring, length way to lance his bark thorough -
out 3 or 4 fides of his bouh

Thedifeafe called the worm isthusdifeerned: the bark will
be hollow in diverfe places like gall, the wood will dy and dry,
and you fhall fee eafily the bark fwell: it is verily to be thought,
tliv.t therein is bred feme worme. I have not yet thorowly
fought it out, becaufe I was never troubled therewithal!; but

only

3 Book. : An Orchard.

onely have feen fuch trees in divers places. I thinke it a wornie
rather, becaufe I fee this difeafe in ti ees, bringing fruit of fweet
taft, and the fwelling (hewes as much. The remedy£a$ I conjeft-
ure)is,(ofooneasyou perceive the wound, the next Spring cut
it out bark and all,and apply Cows piffe and vineger prefently,
and fo twice or thrice a week for a month.es fpace : For I well
perceive » if you fuffer it any time, it eats the tree, or bough
round, and fo kills. Since 1 firft wrot this treatife , I have chang¬
ed my mind concerning the difeafe called the wormy becaufe I read
in the hiftory of the Wefi-Indiansy that their trees are not troubled
with the difeafe called the worm or canker , which drifeth of a raw
andevill concoBcd humor or fap . JVitneffe Pliny: by reafon the
Country is more hot then ours ; whereof I thinke the be ft remedy is
( not difallowing the former , c on fi dering that the worm may breed
by fuch an humor) war me /landings found lopping, and good dr ej-
fng.

Bark pil’d you {hall find with his remedy in the eleventh
Chapter. - . .

Deadly wounds are, when a mans Arborid wanting skill,cuts vvoan*,i
offarmes, boughes, or branches an inch; or(as I fee fometimes )
an handfull, or halfe a foote or more from $he body: thefe fo cut9
cannot cover in any time with fap , and therefore they dye , and dy¬
ing they per if) the hearty and fo the tree becomes hollow , and with
fuch a deadly wound cannot livelong.

The remedy is, if you find him before he be periihed, cut him R .
clofe, as in the 1 1. Chapter : if he be hoal'd , cut him clofe, fill
his wounds though never fo deep, with morter well tempere’d,

8db clofe at the top his wound with a Sear-cloth nailed on, that
no ay re nor rain approch his wound. If he be very old and de*
dining, he will recover; and the hole being clofed, his wound
within {hall not him for many ye^rs.

Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ant?, Earwigs, and Caterpil¬
lars. Of Ants and Earwigs isfaid Chap.io.Le* there be no fwarm
ef pismires neer your tree rooty no not in your Orchard: tnrne them
over in a froft) end pour in water , and you kill them.

For Caterpillars , the vigilant Fruiterer (hallfoon efpy their
lodging by their web^ or the decay of leaves eaten round about
them. And being feen, they are eailly deftroyed with your hand,

G > v or

V

44

An Orchard .

3 . Book

or rathcr(if your tree may {pare intake {prig and all: forthe red
peckled Butter-fly doth ever put them, being her fperm, among
the tender fprays for better feeding^lpeeially in drought: St tread
them under your feet. Hike nothing of fmoke among trees,
Unnaturall heats are nothing good for naturall trees. This for
Difeafes of particular trees.

jExternall hurts are either things naturalljor artificialkNatu--
rail things, ’externally hurting Orchards.

i Beads, i Deer, 2 Birds. 1 Bulfinch.

2 Goats. 2 Thruffi.

3 Sheep. 3 Blackbird*

4 Hare. " 4 Crowe.

5 Cony. 5 Pyc,

6 Cattell.

7 Horfe. 8tc.

The other things ays,

1 Winds.

2 Cold.

. 3 Trees.

4 Weeds.

\< 1' 5 Wormes.

6 Moales.

7 Filth.

8 Poyfonfull fmokc.

Extern All wilful l evills Are thefe ,

1 Walls*

2-T renches.

3 Other workes noifome, done inorneeryour

4 Evill Neighbours. (Orchard.

5 A carelefle Maifter.

6 An undifereet, negligent, or no keeper.

See you here an whole army of mifeheifes banded in troops
againft the moft fruitfull trees the earth bears? availing your
Kennedy* good iabours. Good things have moft enemies. ,

A Skilfull Fru&erer muff put to his helping hand , and difband
and put them to flight. .

For the firft rank of beads, befides your out ftrong fence, you
Eetre. &#. niuft have a faire and fwift Grey-hound, a Scone-bow, Guo> and

> • if

45

g. Book. An Orchard. -

it need require, an Apple with an hooke fora Dter,and an hare-
pipe for an Hare.

Your Cherries, and other Berries when they be ripe 5 will
draw all the Black-birds, Thrufhes, and Mag-pies , to your Birafe
Orchard. The Bull-finch is a devourcr of your fruit in the bud ,

I have had whole trees (hal’d out with them in winter time.

The beft remedy here is a Stone-Bow, a Piece, efpecially if you
have a musket, orfparhauke in winter to make the Black- bird
froop into a bufh or hedge.

Thegardner muft cleanfe his foile of all other trees, but fruit
trees, as stforefaid^chap. 2. for which it is ordained;8c I would e-
fpecially name Oakes, Elms, Allies, and fiich other great wood,
but that I doubt it fhould be ta*ken as an admiflion of letter trees:
for I admit of nothing to grow in my orchard but fruite and
flowers: iffap can hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees, fhould
we allow of any other ? efpecially thofe that will become their
Matters, and wrong them in their livelyhood.

And although we admit without the fence of wall-nuts in moft W info
plain places, T rees middle mott, and afiies or Oakes, or Elms ut-
mott, fet in comely rows equally diftant,with fair Allycs twixt
row and row , to avoid the boifterous blafts of winds, and
within them alfo others for bees, yet we admit none of thefe
into your orchard plat : other remedies then this haye we none Froti,
againft the nipping froft.

Weeds in a fertile foile (becaufc the generall courfe is fo}till Weed*,
your trees grow great, will be noifome , and deforme your
allies, walks,beds, and fquares;your under-gardeners muft labour
to keep all cleanly and handfome from them , and all other
filth,with a fpade, weeding knivcs,rake with Iron teeth, a ferapk
©f Iron thus formed,

. -

*'• •* - . -s *#. 4

For Nettles, and ground Ivy after a fhower.

When weedes, draw , fticks , and all other fcrapfngs are
gathered together, burn them not, but bury them under your
cruft in any place of your Orchard, and they will dye and fat¬
ten your ground,

G 2

Wormes

Wormcs.

Monies.

Bemedy.

• ■

An Orchard .

5 Boole.

Wormes and Moales open the earth, and lex m ayre to the
roots of your trees, and deforme your fquares and walksjand
feeding in the earth, beingin number infinite, draw on barren-
neffe.

• Wormes may eafily bedeliroyed. Any Summer evening when
it is darke, after a fhower with a candle you may filibufhels ,
but you muft tread nimbly,and where you cannot come to catch
them fo lift the earth with coal afhes an inch or two thickneffc,
and that is a plague to them/o is lharp graved.

Moals will anger you, if your Gardner or fome other moal-
cktcher eafe you not; efpecially haveing made their fortrefles
among the roots of your trees; you mull watch her well with
a Moal-fpeare , at morne, noone , and night: when you fee her
utmoft hill, call a trench betwixt her and her home (for free
hath a principall manlion to dwell and breed in about April
which you may difeerne by a principall hill, wherein you maV
catch her j if you trench it round and fure, and watch well; or
wherefoever you can difeern a fingle paffage(for inch Ihee hath)
there trench, and watch, and have her.

Wilfull annoyances muft be prevented and avoided by the
love of the Maiftcr andFruterer, which they bear to their
Orchard.

Juftice and liberality will put away evill neighbours, or eviil
neighbour-hood. And then (ifgod bleffe and give fuccelleto
your labours)I fee not what hurt your Orchard can fuftaine.

CHAP. 14.

Of the age rf trees.

IT is to be conlidered , All this treatife of trees tends to this
end, that men may love and plant Orchards, whereunto there
cannot be a better inducement then that they know (or at
kaft be perfwaded) that all the benefit they frail reap thereby
whether of pleafure or profit, (hall not be for a day,or a moneth^
or one, or many, but many hundred yeares. Of good things
thegreateft, and moft durable is alwayes the beft. If therefore
out ofreafon grounded upon experience, it be made (I think )
manifeft,but I am fure probable, that a fruit tree in fucb a foile

and

A 'Af

V.

| Book. An Orchard. 47

and fke, as is defcribcd, Co planted and trimmed and kept, as is

afore appointed , and duely foiled, fhall dare a thoufend yeert , The age of

why fhould we not take pains, and be at two or three yeers trees.

charge$(for under feven yeers will an Orchard be perfe&ed for

the firft planting , and in that time be brought to fruit} to reap

fuch acommoditv,and fo long lafting?

Letno man think this to be Grange, bat perufe and confider
the reafon. I have apple trees handing in my little Orchard , Gathered by
which I have knowne thefe fourty yeers , whofe age before my reafon out of
time I cannot learn, it is beyond memory, though J have inquir* experience*
ed of divers aged men of 80 yeers and upwards; thefe trees al¬
though come into my poheflion veryill ordered, and mifftapen,
and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly, (for I
know it will be his death} with a wound, wherein J might have
put my foots into the heart of his bulke , (now it is leffe} not-
withflanding, with thatfmall regard they have had fince, they
fo like, that I afliire my felfe they are not come to their grouch
by more then two parts of three , which 1 difeerne not onely
by their ownc grouth , but alfo by comparing them with the
bulk of other trees. And I find them fhort (at leaft) by fo many
parts in bignefife^lthough I know thofe other fruit-trees to have
been much hindered in their ftature byevill guiding. Here-
hence I gather thus* * ■

If my trees be a hundred yeers old , and yet want two hun- 1*\$ 0i 1
dred of their grouth before they leave encreafing, which make
three hundred, then muft we needs refolve, that this three hun¬
dred yeers arc but the third part of a trees life; becaufe (asall
things living befides} fo trees muft have allowed them for their
increafe one third , another third for their ftand , and a third
part of time alfo for their decay. All which time of a treea-
mountsto nine hundred yearsjthree hundred for increafe, three
hundred for his (land, whereof we have the tearme ftature, and
three hundred for his decay : and yet I thinke (for we muft con¬
jure by comparing, becaufe no one man liveth to fee the full
age of trees) I am ivithin the compafle of his age, fuppofing al¬
ways the fore faid meanes ofpreferving his life. Confider the
age of other living creatures. The Horfe, and moiled Oxes
wrought to an untimely death, yet double the time of their in-

G 3, create

S'

3. Book

increafe. A dog likewife increaleth three , frauds three at leaft,
and in as many (for rather more)iecayes.

Man? age. Every living thing beftowes the leaft part of his age in hi »
growth and fo miift It needs be with trees. A man comes not to
his full growth and ftrength ( by common eftimation) before
thirty yeares; and Tome (lender and clean bodies, not till forty:
fo long alfo (lands his ftrength, and fo long alfo inuft he have
allowed by courfe of nature to decay. Ever fuppofing that he be
well kept with neceffaries and from and without ftraines, bruifes
and all other dominering difeafes. I will not fay upon true re¬
port, tbatPhyfick holds it poftible, that a clean body kept by
thefe three Doftors,D< iBor Vjet, Vottor Quiet, and Dotior Mer-
riman , may live neer a hundred yeares. Neither will I here urge
the long yeares of Methti{aUh> and thofe men of that time,
beraufe you will fay, Mans daies are ftiortned ftnee the flood!
But what hath (hortned them? God for mans fins:but by meanes,
as want of knowledge, evill government, riot, gluttony, drun-
kennefle, and( to be (hort)the encreafe of the curfe, our fins in-
creafing in an iron and wicked age.

Now if a man, whofebodyis nothing ( in a manner)but ten¬
der rottennefle, whofe courfe of life cannot by any meanes, by
counfell, reftraint of Lawer, or. puniftiment, nor hope ofpraife,
profit, or eternal glory, be kept within any bounds, who is dege¬
nerate clean from his natural feeding, to effeminate nicenefr,
and cloying his body with excels of mcat,drink,fleep &c. and to
whom nothing is fo pleafant and fo much defired, as the
eaufes of his owne death, as idlenefs, luft3&c.may live to that age:
I fee not but a tree of a folid fubftance, not damnified by heat or
cold,capable of, and fubjeft to any kind of ordering or dreffing
that a man fhall apply unto him, feeding naturally, as from the
beginning, disburdened of all fuperfluities, eafedof, and of his
owne^ accord avoiding the eaufes that may annoy him, ftiould
double the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet natural
Philofophy, and the univerfal confent ofallHiftories tellur,
that many other living creatures far exceed man in length of
yeares: As the Hart, and theRaven. Thus reporteth that famous
Roterdam out of Hepedus , and many other Hiftoriographcw.
The teftimony of Cicero in his book JDe StneBtite , is weighty to

3 Book.

An Orchard ,

47

this purpofeithat we mutt in pofteras states Jerere arbsresy which
can have none other fenfe, but , that our fruit* trees whereof he
fpeakes,canindure for many ages.

What elfe are tree$,in comparlibn with the earth, but as haires
to the body of a man ? And it is certain 5 without poifoning,
tvill and diftemperate dyct, andufage, or other fuch forcible
cauffjthe hairs dure with the body. That they be called excre¬
ments, it is by reafon of their fuperfluous growth: (for cut them
as often as you lift* and they will ftill come to theit natural!
Iength}Not in rcfpeft of their fubftance, and nature. Haires en¬
dure long , and are an ornament,and ufe alfo to the body, as
trees to the earth.

So that I refolve upon good reafon, that fruit-trees well or¬
dered, may live and like a thoufand yeares , and beare fruit*, and
the longer, the more, the greater, and the bettter, becaufe his
vigour is proud and ftronger, when his yeers are many.Youftiall
fee old trees put forth their buds and bloflomes both fooner and
more plentifully then young trees, by much. And I fenfibly per¬
ceive my young trees to inlargc their fruit as they grow grea-
■ ter, both for number and greatneffe. Young Heifers bring not
forth Calves fo fair, neither are they fo plentiful! to milke, as
when they become to be old Kine. No good Houf-wife will
breedcfayoung,but of an old breed mother: It is fc in all things
naturally, therefore in trees.

And if fruit trees laft to this age , how many ages is it to be Tie age of
fuppofed, ftrong , and huge timber-trees will laft ? whofe huge Timber trees,
bodies require the yeares of divers Methnfalaes? before they end
their dayes , whole fap is ftrong and bitter , whofe bark is hard
and thicke5and their fubftance folid and ftiffe: all which are de¬
fences of health and long life. Their ftrength withftands all for¬
cible winds, their fap of that quality is notfubjeft to wormes
and tainting. Their bark receives feldome or never by cafualty
any wound. And not only fo, but he is tree from removals, which
are the death of millions of trees, where as the fruit-tree in
comparifon is littleand often biowne down, his fap fweetjeafily,
and foon tainted, his barke tender, and foon wounded,and him-
felf ufed by man, as man ufeth himfelf, that is, either unskillful!/
or careleffely^

5°

An Orchard.

3 Book

Age of tree*
Mtfccrned*

Generali rulej

It is good for feme purpofes to regard the age of your fruit
trees, which you may eafily know , till they come to accom¬
pli ft twenty yeers, by his knots: Reckon from his root up ati
arme , and fo to his top-twig , and every yeers grouth is dif-
tinguifted from other by a knot, except lopping or removing
doe hinder.

CHAP. XV.

Of gathering md keepingfruit,

A L though it be an eafie matter , when God ftall fend it ,
Xxto gather and keep fruit, yet are they certaine things
worthy your regard. You muft gather your fruit when it is
ripe, and not before, clfe will it wither, and be tough and fower.
AU fruit generally are ripe, when they begin to fall. For trees
doe as all other bearers doe, when their young ones are ripe ,
they will wain them. The Dove her Pigeons , The Coney her
Rabbets, and women their Children. Some fruit-trees fome-
times getting a taint in the fetting with a froft or evill wind ,
will caft his fruit untimely, but not before he leave giving them
fap,or they leave growing. Exeept from this forefaid rule, Cher¬
ries, Da mfons, 8c Bullyes.The Cherry is ripe when he isfwtlled,
wholly red, and fweet. Damfons and Bullies not beiore the firft
froft. \ ; /T *' -

Apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour 9
growing towards a yellow, except the Leather- coate, and fome
Peares,and greenings.

Timely Summer fruit will be ready, fome at midfummer ,
moftat Lammas for prefentufe; but generally nokeping fruit
before Michael tide 4 Hard winter fruit,and wardens lori ger.
Gather at the full of the moone for keeping , gather dry for
Dry ffolkes. feare of rotting.

Gather the ftalks withall: for a little wound in fruit is deadly,
but not theftump, that muft bear the next fruit, nor leaves, for
moifture putrifies.

Gather every kind feverally by it felf, for all will not keep
alike, and it is hard to difeerne them, when they are mingled.

If your trees be overladen(as they will be, being ordered, as
is before taught) I like better of pulling fome off (though they

be

Chcrrrii, See.

Severally.

Over laden
trees

/

An Orchard.

3 Book.

be not ripe) neer the top end of the bough, then of propping
by much, the reft (hall be better fed. Propping puts the boughs in
danger, and frets it at leaft. Inflrumems;

Inftruments : A long ladder ofiight firre, a ftoole lade* 'r as
in the eleventh chapter. A gathering apron likeapoake before
you, made ofpurpofe, or a Wallet hung on a bough, orabaf-
ket with a five bottome, or skinne bottome, with lathes or fplin- Bruifea.
ters under, hung in a rope topullupanddowne: bruife none,
every bruife is to Fruite death: if you doe, ufe them prefently: an
hooke to pull boughes to you is neceffary, break no boughes.

For keeping, lay them in a dry loft, the longeft keeping Ap« Keeping,
pies firft and furtheft one dry ftraw , on heaps ten or iourteene
dayes, thicke, that they may sweat. Then dry them with a foft
and cleane cloth, and lay them thin abroad. Long keeping fruit
would be turned once in a month foftly: but not in, nor imme-
diatly after froft. In a loft cover well with ftraw , but rather
With chaffe or branne: For froft doth caufe tender rottennefte-

CHAP, r 6.

Of profits.

1VT Ow paufe with your felfe, and view the end of all your la-
i\| hours in an Orchard : Unfpeakable pleafure, and infinite
commodity* The pleafure of an Orchard I refer to the laft chap-*
ter for the conclufion,& in this chapter , a word or two of the
profit, which thorowly to declare is paft my skill I acountit
as if a man ftiould attempt to adde light to the Sun with a can¬
dle, or number the ftarres. No man that hath but a mean Or¬
chard or judgment but knowes, that the commodity of an Or¬
chard k great : Neither would I fpeafc of this, being a thing fo
manifefi to alljbut that I fee, that through the carelefnefs of men,
it is a thing generally neglected. But let them know, that they
loofe hereby the chiefeft good which belongs to houfe-keeping.

Compare the commodity that commeth ofhalfean acre of
ground, fet with fruite-trees and hearbs, fo as is preferibed, and
an whole acre (fay it be two) with corn, or the beft commodity
you can wifh,and the orchard ftiall exceed by divers degrees. Cyder and
In France and fome other countries , and in England , they Perry,
make great u(e ©fCidar and Perry, thus made, dreffe every
apple*tne ftalkc, upper end, and all galls a way, ftamp them, and
^ >f ' :v a H ftraine

An Orchard,

Farit.

Waters.

Oonferre.

3 . Book*

ftraine them , and within twenty four howers tun them qp into
clean, Tweet , and found veffels , for fear of evil! ayre / which ~ *
they will readily take: and if you hangapoakefuli of Cloves,
Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, and pils of Lemons in the
niideft of the veflell^it will make it as wholefome Et pleafant as
wine. The like ufagtdoth Perry require.

Tbefe drinks are very wholefome, they coole, purge, and pre- j
vent hot agues. But Heave this skill to Phyfitians.

The benefit of your Fruit, Roots and Herbs, though it were
but to eat and fell, is much.

Waters diftilled of Rofes, Woodbind, Angelica, are both
profitable and wondrous pleafant, and comfortable.

Saffron and Licoraswill yeeld you much conferves,and pre- {
ferves, are ornaments to your feafts, health in your Sicknefle ,
and a good help to your freind, and to your purfe.

He that will not be moved with fuch unfpeakable profits, is
well worthy to want , when others abound in plenty of good »

things.

CHAP. 17.

Ornaments.

Me thinkes hitherto we have but a bare Orchard for fruit ,
and but halfe good , To long as it wants thofe comely
Ornaments, that fhould give beauty to all our labours, and make
much for the honeft delight of the owner and his freinds, *

For it is not to be doubted, but as God hath given man
things profitable, To hath he allowed him honeft comfort, de-
diei^endef light, and recreation in all the works of his hands. Nay, all his
Orchards. ° labours under the Sun without this are trouble!, aud vexations
of mind: For what is greedy gaine, without delight, but moyl-
ing,and turmoiling in flavery? But comfortable delight, with
content, is the good of every thing, and the pattern of heaven.

A morfell of bread with comfort, is better by much then a fat
Oxe withunquietnefle. And who can deny but the Principall I
An Orchard end of an Orchard, is the honeft delight of one wearied with *
delightfome. the workes of his lawfull calling? The very workssfeand in an
Orchard and Garden, are better then the cafe and reft of, and
from other labours. When God had made man after his owne ;

Image* >

. if

q. Book. An Orchard. r 53 ||

Image , in a Pcriedt ftate, and would have him to reprefens |

himfelfe in authority, tranquility , and pleafurc upon the
earth, he placed himin Paradtfc. Whatwas Faradife f buta
Garden and Orchard of trees and hcarbs , full of plealure.? and An Orchid in
nothing there but delights- The gods of the earth refembling Parade. |
the great God of heaven in authority, Maiefty and abundance
of all things, wherein is their moft delight? and whither do
they withdraw themfelvts from the trotiblefome affairs of their
eftate, being tyred with the hearing amT judging of litigious Caiifesofweir
controversies, choaked (as it were) with the clofe ay re of their rifomenetfe.
fiimptuous buildings , their ftomacks cloyed with variety of
Banquets, their ears filled and overburdened with tedious dif-
courfings? whether? but into their Orchards? made and pre¬
pared, drefledand deftinatedfor thatpurpofe, to renew and Orchard is th#
refrefh their fenfes, and to call home theit over-wearied fpirits. remedy,

Nay, it is(no doubt) a comfort to them, to fet open their cafe-
ments into a moft delicate Garden and Orchard, whereby they
may not onely fee that , wherein they are fo much delighted ,
but alfo togivefrefh, fweet, and pleafant aire to their Gallerie*
and chambers.

And look what thefe men do by reafon of their greatneffe and
ability, provoked with delight, the fame doubtleffe would eve- All delight iw
ry of us doe, if power were anfwerable to our defires: whereby Orchards,
wefhew manifeftly , that of all other delights on earth, they
that are taken by Orchards are moft excellent and moft agree¬
ing with nature.

For whereas every other pleafure commonly fills feme one This delight#
of our fenfes, and that onely, with delight, this makes all our a11 <hefcnlcs*
fenfes fwim in pkafure»and that with infinite variety, joyned
with no lefe commodity.

That famous Philofopber9 and matchkfll O- atour, M.T \ C.
preferibeth nothing more fit, to take away the tedioufnefie of^^ghtcthoM
three or fourefcore yeers, then the pleafure oi an Orchard. a^c’

What can your eye defirc to fee , your ears to heare 9 your
mouth to taft, or your nofe to fmel?, that is not to be had in an Caufes of de*
Orchard, with abundai tee of vari« ty? What more delightfome 5l^an^ I
then an infinite vari-ty of fweet fmelling flowers? decking with rc
fundry colours , the green mantle oftheeaith, theunivcciali

Ha rnothej? J

Flowres,

Borders and
Squares*

Mounrs.

whence you
may fhoot a
Buck.

Diall.

Muftck.

Order of trees.

Shape of iaea
and beafts.

mother of us all , fo by them befpotted , fo dyed, that all the
world cannot fample them, and wherein it is more fit to admire
me dyer* then imitate his workmanship, colouring not onely

Cpl ft rt ^ ^Ut C^e a*rc> anc* ^wcetn*ng every breath and

The Role red , damask, velvet, and double double province
Role, the fweetmusit Role double and Angle, the double and
tingle white Role, The faire and fweet-fenting woodbine dou-
xe and Single, and Rouble double. Purple Cowflips, and dou^
j , Ps> and double double Cowflips , Primrole double
and Angle. The Violet nothing behind the belt, for fmelling
iweetly. A thou iand more will provoke your content.

Andall thefe by the skill of your Gardner, fo comely and
orderly placed in your borders and fquares,and fo intermingled,
that none looking thereon cannot but wonder , to fee what na¬
ture corrected by Art can doe.

Vt henyou behold in diverfe corners of your Orchard Mtunts
ot ftone or wood,curiou(ly wrought within and without, or of
earth covered with fruit trees, Kentifli Cherries,damfoms, Plums,
fcc.wuh ftaircs of precious workmanfhip; and in fome corner
Qor mop a true diall or clock , and fome Antickworks , and
efpecially filver-founding Mufick , mist inftruments and

light?*’ graClnS 3 thereft: How will you be wrapt with De-

Large Walks, broad and long, clofeand open, like the Tent.-
pe grovti in Thejfdly, raifed with graved and fand, having feats

health to*the body110™* C> ^ ^ ddi8hts dle mind,and brings

View now with delight the work* of your owne hands, your
!|'‘‘ir<ts of all forts, loadcn with lweet bloflomes,and fruit of
all ta«s, operattonsand colours: your trees (landing in comely
order which way foever you look. 6 *

Your borders on every fide hanging and drooping with Fe-
berries,Rafpberrics, Barberries, Currents, and the roots of your
trees powdred with Strawberries, red, white and green, what a

toth^flia th‘Sf Y°Ur Ga/dne[ can frame y°urt wood
to the fhape of men armed m the field, ready to give battel!- or

fwifc running oreyhounds, or of well fentcdV and true running >

Hounds

An Orchard .

Hounds to chafe the Deer , or hunt the Hare. I his kind
of hunting (hall not waft your corne | nor muchiyourcoyne.

Mazes well framed a mans height , may gerhaps make your
friend wander in gathering of berries till ne cannot recover Mazei*

himfelf without your help. #

To have oocafion to exercife within your Orcnard: it (hall be
a pleafure to hatre a bowling Alley , or rather Q which is more
manly, and more healthful! ) a pair e of Buts to ftretch your Bowling- A!
arms. ley.

Rofemaryand fweet Eglantine are feemly ornaments about Bur*,
a Doore or Window, and fo is Woodbine. . Heibes

Look Chapt r 5 . and you (hall fee the forme of a Conduit. It

there were two or more it w^re not amils. ^ Conduit.

And in mine owne opinion I could highly commend your
Orchard, if either through it, or hard by it, there fliould runne
a pleafant River with lilver ftreams:you might fit in your Mount,
and angle a peckled Trout,or fleighty Eel, or iome other dainty
JFiftv Or moats , whereon you might row with a Boat, and fifh Moats^
with Nets.

Store of Bees in a dry and warm Bee-houfe, comely made of
Fir boards to fing, and fit, and feed upon your flowers and Bees,
fprouts, make a pleafant noyfe and fight. For cleanly and inno¬
cent Bees, of all other things, love and become , and thrive in an
Orchard. If they thrive( as they muft needs) ifyour Gardner be
skilful], and love themdor they love their friends, and hate none
but their enemies)they will befides the pleasure, yield great pro¬
fit to pay him his wages. Yea, the increaie of twenty Stocks or
Stoolesywith other fee?, will keep your Orchard.

You need not doubt their flings, for they hurt not whom
they know,and they know their keeper and acquaintance, if you
like not to come atnongft them, you need not doubt them: for
but near there ftor^, and in their otvne defence , they will not
fighr,and in that cafe one!y(and who can blame them ? )t hey arc
manly, and fight defperately. Some (as that honourable Lady
at Hactyet) Whofe name doth much grace mine Orchard, ufe
to make feats for them in the ftone walls of their Orchard, or

Garden,which is goodjbut wood is better.

A Vineoverfhadowinga feat , is very comely, though her Vine,
Grapes withus ripen /lowly. One

$6

Birds.

Nightingale!.

"Robin rcd-

breaft*

Wren.

BlacV-bitd .
Thru, fa.

.

You owne
labour.

An Orchard . 3. Book

t wti- _ - — ' '■ '"■* ' " a

Onechiefe grace that adomes an Orchard, i cannot let flip:
a brood of Nightingales, who with feverall notes and tunes,
with a ftrong ddightfome voyce out of a weak body , will bear
you company niglft: and day. She loves (and lives in ) hotsot
woods in her heart. She will help you to cleanfe your trees of
Caterpillers, and all noyfome wormes and flies. The gentle
Robin-red* breft will help her,and in winter in thecoldeft ftorms
will keep a part.Neither will the filly Wren be behind in Sum¬
mer, with her diftind whiffle , (like a fweet Recorder)to cheare
your fpirits.

The Black-bird and Threftle(for I take it, the Thrufh lings
not,but devours)fing loudly in a Maj morning, and delights the
eare much, and you need not w'ant their company , if you have
ripe Cherries or Berries, and would as gladly as the reft doe
your pleafure : but I had rather want their company than my
fruit.

What fliall I fay? A thoufand of pieafant delights are attend-
in an Orchard : and fooncr (hall I be weary , then I can reckon
the leaft part of that pleafure which one that hath, and loves an
Orchard,may find therein.

What is there ofallthefe few that I have reckoned, which
doth not pleafure the eye, the eare , the fmell, and tafflAnd by
thefe fenfes as Organs, Pipes , and windows, thefe delights are
carried to refrefh the gentle, generous, and noble mind.

To conclude , .what joy may you have , that you living to
fuch an age, fhall fee the blefflngs of God on your labours while
you live, and leave behind you to heirs , or fucceffors(for God
will m*ke heirs) fuch a work, that many ages after your death ,
fhall record your love to their Countrie? And the rather, when
you confider(C&4p. i 4.) to what length of time your svorke is
to iaft.

finis .

COUNTRY HO VSE- WIVES

(Containing Rules forherbsjand Seeds:

of common ufe, with their times and feafons
•when to fet and fow them*

Together

With the Husbandry of Bees , publi-

flied with fecrets very neceflary for every Hw»/*
wife: as alfo divers new Knots for Gardens.

The Contents fee at large in the laft Page.

Genef. 2. 29.

I have given unto yon every Herb , and every tree> that jhall be to
yott for meat*

X

THE COUNTRY

HOVSWIFES

Chap. i.

, • /

The Soyle.

He foyl of an Orchard and Garden differ
onely in thefe three points: Firft, theGar-
* dens foil would be fomewhat dryer, becaufe
herbs toeing more tender then trees, can nei-
ther abide moyfture nor drought, in fuch
exceflive mealure, as trees ; and therefore
having a drier foyle, the remedy is eafie a-
gainft drought, if need be: water foundlyj
which may be done with fmall labour, the compafs of a Garden
being nothing fo great, as of an Orchard; and this isthecaufe
(if they know it)that Gardners raife their fquares.* but if moy-
fture trouble you* I fee no remedy without a generall danger,
except in Hops , which delight much in a low and fapyp
earth.

Secondly , the foyl of a Garden wonld be plaine and levcll,at
leaft every fquare(for wepurpofc the fquare to be the fitteft form}
the reafon isth e earth of a garden wanting fuch helps, as fliould
$ ay the water,which an orchard hath, and the roots of herbs be-

I. i"' *

ing

'the Country Hou(e-mves Garden . 3. Book.

ing mellow and Toofe.isfoon either wafht»way, or fends out his •'
heart by too much drenching and washing.

Thirdly^f a garden foil be not clear of weeds, and namely
of grafsjthe herbs (hall never thrive : for how fhould good herbs
profper, when evil weeds wax fo faft: confidering good herbs are
tender in refpeft of evill weeds .• thefc being (lengthened by na- i

ture,and the other by art ? Gardens have fmall place in compari- |

fon, and therefor* may more eafily be fallowed, at the leaft one j J

half year before, and the better drefsed after it is framed. And you .
you fhall find that clean keeping doth not only avoid danger j

of gathering weedes, but alfo is a fpeciall ornament, and leaves
more plentifull fap for your tender herbs*

CHAP. 2.

Of the Sites .

1 Cannot fee in any fort, how the fite of the one fiiouJd not be
good, and fit for the other : The ends of both being one, good,
wholefome,and much fruit joyned with delight, unleffe trees be
more able to abide the nipping frofts than tender herbs .* but I
am fure,the flowers of trees are as foon perifhed with coldias any
herbe except Paropions,and Melons.

CHAP. 3.

Of the Ferme.

Et that which is fkid in the Orchards forme, fuffice for a

1 j garden in gencralhbut for fpeciall formes in fquares, they
are as many,asthere are devices in Gardners brains. Neither is
the wit and art of a skilfull Gardner in this point not to be com¬
mended, that can work more variety for breeding of more de-
lightfome choice, and of all thofe things, where the owner is able
and defirous to be fatisfied. The number of formes. Mazes and
Knots is fo great , and men are fo diverfly delighted,that I leave
every Houfe-wife to her felf,efpecially feeing to fet do wne ma¬
ny, had been but to fill much paper; yet left I deprive her of all
delight and direftion, let her view thefc few, choife, new formsj
and note this generally, that all plots are fquare, and all are
bordered about with Privit,Raifias,Fea-berries,Rofes,ThomeJ)
Rgfemary,Bee-floWcrsiIfop,Sageor fuch like*

!

j . Book. The Country Houfe-mves Garden . 7 1

W«»RieStSra55a2roKT

The Country Honfe-rvives Garden. 3. Book

CrofiTebow,

V.

g>i&tn®m

3 Book. The Country Houf : wives Garden . 7 5

msmi

A

79 The^Country Honf-whes Carden. .3 Bo ok

CHAP, 4, -

Of the Ottavtity, v4

A Garden requircth notfo large a fcope of ground as\p
Orcnardjboch in regard of the much weeding, drefiing
and removing, ancj alio the pajns jn a Garden is notfo well
repayed home , as in an Orchard:It is to be granted, that the
Kitchm garden dothyeeld rich grains, by berries,roots, cabba-
gegj&c.yet theie are no way comparable to the fruits ofa rich Or¬
chard: But notwithftandingl am ci opinion, that it were better
j0r E*$ a?t 1 rat We more Orchards and Gardens, and more
ancf will 1 lere^°rC WC *Cave t^ie ^uant^cy to every mans ability

CHAP. 5„

Of Fence,

CEeifig we allow Gardens in Orchard-plow, and the benefit of
KJ& (jarden is much, they both require a ftrone and fhrowding
enceTherefore leading this,lct us come to the Herbs themfelves.
Which muft be the fruit of all thefe labours. , ’

; CHAP. 6.

Of two Cardens,

Hcrbes are of two forts, and therefore it i s meete ( they re-
quinng divers manners of Husbandry ) that we have two
U^raen.Agaiden for flowers, anda Kitchen garden; or aSum-
mer garden: not that we meane fo perfeft a diftinftion, that wee
meane lo perfea a diftrndhon,that the Gaden for flowers fhould

«LCdrnbw50,Uthe^Sg00d f°r the Kitchen > or th« Kitchen
garden ftiould want flowres-, nor on the contrary : but for the

mo^ they would be fevered: firft,becaufe your Garden flow-

eis fha uffer fome dilgrace,ifamongthem youintermingle Oni¬
ons, Parfnips,&c. Secondly, your Garden that is durable, muft be
ofone forme: but that which is your Kitchens ufe , muftyeeld
daily rootes,or other herbs and fufler deformity. Thirdy, the

Of

Ihe Cfflttiry tioMffrivmes Garden* 77

Of the Summer Garden. . .

icrbs and flowers are comely and durable for fquares %
idisymdafl to be fst at Michcteltide , orfomewhat before,
that they may be filled in, and taken with the ground before
winter , though they may befet,efpeciallyfowne in the fpring.

Rofes of all fort$(Tp6ken of in the Orchard)muft be fee. Some
ufe to let flips and twine them , which fom$tini£s, but feldome,
thrive all. < . ’ ,

Raft m a ry , L a v e n d c r jBee-flo we rs, l fop, §ag e, Time, Cow flips*
Py on y ,Da i 1 i e «3Clove-Gi li (flowers, Pinks, Sothernwood, Lillies*
of all which hereafter. ,

Of t he Kitchen G dr den, *

Hp Hough your Garden for flowers doth in a fort peculiarly

I challenge to it (elf a profit, and exquifite forme to the eyes,
yet yon may not altogether ncgleft this, where your herbs for the
pot do grow. And therefore Lome -here make comely borders
with the hearbs aforefaid. The rather becaufe abundance of
Roly s and Lavender, yeeld much profound comfort to the fences.
Role-water Lavender, the onecordiall(as alfo the Violets, Bur-£
rage, and Buglas(the Other reviving the fpirits by the fence o
fmelliug: both mod durable for fmell, both in flowers and wa¬
ter: you need not here raife your beds, as in the other garden,
becaufe Summer towards, will net let too much wet annoy
you. x

And thefe heat bs require more moyflure : yetmuft you have
your beds divided, thaty ou may gee betwixt to weed,and fome-
what of forme would be expe&ed:To which it availeth that you
.place your herbs of biggeft growth, by walles ,or in borders,
as Fennell,8cc. and the loweft in the middeft, as Saffron, Straw-
^berrieSjOnions-Stc.

t

CHAP. 7* , I

Vivijipn of Her bs. , '

G Arden herbs are innumerable, yet thefeare comtfion , and
fufficient for ©nr Country-houfwives.

Herbs of great eft growth.

K . FejB®

« ■

Fennel!, Angelica, Tanfie, HoUihock, Lovage, Elicampane
French MaIlowes,Liiies» French Poppie, Endive, Succory, and

^ af^ Herb of middle growth.

Barrage, BugloffeyParfly, Sweet Sicily, Flower-deluce, Stock-
gilliftowers, Wall-flowers, Annifeeds, Coriander, ,Feather-few,
Marigolds, OculusChrifti,Langdibeef, Alexanders, Carduus

Bencdi&us. ,

Herbs of fmallefi growth.

Pan fie, or Harts-e«fe.Coaft-Marjoram,Savery, Strawberries, Saf -

fron, Licoras, Daffadowndillies, Leeks, Chive*,Chibbali, S kerots,
Onionf,Batchclorsbuttons,Dafies,l>eniroyal.

Hitherto I have onely reckoned up, and put in this lank,
fome Herbs: their Husbandry follows, each man Alphabttical
orderjthc better to be found.

CHAP. 8.

' Husbandry of Herbs.

ALexandersaretobe renewed as Angelica. It is a timely pot-

licri)

Angelica is renewed with his feed , whereof he beareth plen¬
ty the fecond year and fo dieth. You may remove the roots the
firft year.Thc leaves diftilled, yeild water loveraign to expel
paine from the ftomacke. The roote dried taken in the fall.ftop-

peth the pores againft infections.

AnHifeeds make their growth , and bear feeds the firftyeere
and dieth as Coriander: it is good for opening the pipes, cc it is

&fid Gbmffti. , r

Artichoakes are renewed by dividing the rootes into ictvm
l ^rcfc,every third or fourth year. They require a fcveral mage,

and therefore a feverali whole plot by themklves, efpecially
confidtring they are plentifull of fruit much ddired.

Burrage and Bugkffe two Cordials renew themfelves by teed

yearely,which h hard they are exceeding good

Potherbs, good for B : esi md irioft comiortabk for the heart and
ftomack, as Quinces andWard 'eis, r ...

Camomile, fet roots ifi biuksandwalki.lt is fweet fmellmg, qua¬
lifying head-ach. ' - - . Cafa.

3 Book. 'The Country Houfivivef Garden* 79

C abbaees require great rooroe, they feed the i'econd year, fow
them in February, remove them when the plants are an hand-
fall ldngjfet deep and wet, Look well in drought for the white ,
Caterpiliersworme, the fpaunes under the leafclofely: for every
living Creature doth feek food and quiet (belter, and growing
quick they draw to, and eat the heart: you may find them in a

,a!kyislVgoodPothfarbe, and of this hearb called Cole, our
Country Houfe-wives give their pottage their name , and call

CarduusBenediftut,orblelTedthiftle, feeds and dyes the fiiR
y car, the excellent vertue thereof I referre to Herbal*, for w* are

Gardincrs,not Phyficians. _ .

Carrets are fowne late in Afrtll or Turneps, wie they

feed the firft year, 8t then their roots are naught:thefeccnd year
they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome.

Chibal* or Chives have their roots parted,as GarlicK, L -llies,
Etc.and fo are they fet every third or fourth year : a good pot-
htarb opening, but evill for the eyes.

. Qiary is fowne,it feedes thefecond year, and dyes. It is tome-
what harfh in taft, a little in pottage is good, it ftrengtheneth the

Coaft, Root parted, make fets in it beares tbs (ceond

yearrit is ufed in Ale in .... A r

Coriander it for ufage and ufef,rauch like Annifeeds.^
Daffadowndillies have their root! parted and fet once m three
or four year, or longer time.They flower timely, and after Mid-
fttmmer are fcarcely feene. They are more for Ornament, then for

ule,fo are Daifies. ,

Daifie roots parted and fet, as Flowre delucc and Camomile,

when you fee them grow too thjeke or decay- They be good tt
keep up, and lengthen the edges of your borders, as nn»»

they be red, white, mixt. ,

Ellycampane root is long lafting , as is the Lovage, « .feed*
yearely, you may divide the root , and fet the root, taken in
winter it is good (being dryed, powdered and drunk jto kill it-

ches

Endive and Succory are much like in nature » feape, and ufc,

; K 2

$0 The Country Hou fervi^cs Garden, 3 Book

they renue themfelves by feed,a$ Fennell, and other heibs. You
may remove them before they put forth (hanks, a good Pot¬
her be.

• • 'is .

Fennell is renewed, either by the (eeds Q which it beareth the
fecond yeer,and To yeerly in great abundance^fown in the fall or
Spring; or by dividing one root into many Sets, as Artichoke.

It is long of growth and life. You may remove the root unfliankt:

It is exceeding good for the eyes, didilled, or any otherwife ta¬
ken: it is ufed in drefling Hives for fwarmes , a very good Pot-
hearb,or for §allets.

Fetherfew (hakes feed. Good againftafhakingFevcr? taken
in a poflet drink fading,

Flower deluce,long Iading,Divide his roou,and fet : the roots
s dryed have afweet fmell. '•

Garlick may be fet an handful! didance, two inches deep, in
the edge of your beds. Part the head into leverall cloves, and e-
very clove fet in the latter end of February ^ will inc/ cafe to a
great head before September: good for opening, evill for eyes:
when the blade is long, fad two & two together,! he heads will be
bigger. ■ I

Holliliock rifeth high,feedeth and dyeth, the chief ufe I know
is ornament.

Ifop is reafonable long lading: young roots are good fet, (lips
better. A good pot-htarbe. .

July-flowerS|Commonly called Gilly flowers,or Clove |u ly-
flower?(Icall them to,becau(e they flowrein Julyjthey have the
name cf Cloves, oftheirfent. I may well call them the King of
flowers except the Ro(e)& the bed fort of the are called Qiuen-
Julv flowers.! haveofthem nine or ten feveral colours, 8c divers

• of them is big as Rods; of all flowers (Jave the Damaske Role)
they are the mod pleaiant to fight ,8c duel: they lad not pad three
or four yeers unremoved.Take the (lips(without (hanks)and fet

• any time, (ave in extreame frod, but efpecially at Michael-tide .
Their ufe is much in ornament, and comforting the (pirits, by

• the fence of fmelling. : w oc ! ■; T-'f'sb,- ; 1

July- flowers of the wall,or wall- july-flo wers, Wall flowers
^ or Bee-flowerSjOr Winter -July-flowers,becaufe growing in the
walls even in wintered good for Bees, will grow even in done- |

walls

3 Book? 7 fe Country Houf twines Garden .

walls, they will feem dead in Summer, & yet revive in Winter.
They yeeld feed plentifully , which you may fow 'at any time ,
or in any broken earth , tfpccially on the top of a mud-wal ,
but moift, vou may let the root before it be brancht, every flip
that is net flowr’d will take root; or crop him in Summered
he will flower in winter, but his winter teed is untimely. 1 his
and Palmes are exceeding good, and timely tor Bees.

Leiks veeld feed the ftcond yeer, unremoved; and dye, un-
leffe you remove them, ufuall to eate with salt and bread, as
Onyons alwaies green, good pot-herb, evill for the eyes.

Lavender-Spike would be removed within ftven yeers , oi

eight at the moft: flips twined, as Hyfope and Sage, would ta e
bttt atM ichael-tide. This flower is good for Bees , melt com¬
fortable for fmelling, except Rofo; and kept dry,is as nrong a.-
ter a y»ere, as when it is gathered. The water of this is comfor¬
table. .

White Lavender would be remov ed looner, ,

Lett ice yeelds feed the firft yeer, and dye! : .ow bt time; an
ff you would have them Cabbage for fallets , remove them a,
vou doe Cabbage. They are ufuall in Sallets and the pot.

Lillies white and red, removed once in three or toure yeers,
their roots yeeld many fits , like theGarlicke. Mfael-t,de is
the beft. They grow high , after they get root. Thefe roots a. e

good to breake a by le, as are Mallows and Sorrel.

6 Mallows , French or gagged, the fir if or (ccond>''er ’f;f^
plentifully. Sow in March , or before. They are good for the

houfewifes pot, ortobreakabunch.

Marigolds, moft commonly come of feed , you may remove
• th“ Plants when they be two inches long. The doub.e Marigold,
being as bigge as a little Rofe, is good for fhew. They are a good

VCXOclju>sChrifti, orChriftseye, feedes and dyes the firft or
fecond yeenyou may remove the young Prants.but feed is >etter.
One of thefe feeds put into the eye, within three or fewer bowers
will gather a thick skinne^cleere the eye , and b ok it ftlle fur t
without hurt to the eye. A good Pot-heavhe. . . »

Onyons are fowne in Tebrmry , they are gathered at Mtchae,-

tide, and all the Summer longer Sallets; as alio young
J ' r v r - • T ' K 3 ^abc

82 The Country Hen (e-wives Garden- 3. Book.

~ Sage, Clubals, Ltttkc, fweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone, or

with meatc,as mutton?, &c. for fawce, efpecially for the pot.

Tar fly low the firft yeer, and ufe the next yee r:ic feeds plentifully,
an hear b of much ufe, as fweet ficily is. The feed and Roots are
good againft the (tone.

Parfneps require an whok plot, they be plentifulland common,
fowthemin February , the kings (that is in the middle) feed
broadeft and reddeft. Parfntps are fuftenance for a ftcong fto-
macke3 not good for evilleie?: When they cover the earth, in a
drought, to tread the tops, make the roots bigger.

■ Fenny royally or pudding grade, creeps along the ground, like
ground Ivie. It lafta long, like daifie?,becaufeis puts and fpreads
daily new roots. Divide, and remove the roots , it hath a pleafant
tall and fmel,good for the pot, or hacktmeat,or Haggas pudding.

Tampions : Set feeds with your finger, a finger deep, late in
Mareh^ndfo fooneas theyappeare, every night if you doubt
froft,covcr them, and water them continually out of a water pot:
they be very tender, their fruit is great and waterifh.

French Poppy bearcth a great flower , and the feed will make r

you deep. ’ /

Raddijh is fauce for cloyed ftomacks, as Capers, Olives and
Cucumbers, caft the feeds all Summer long here and there, and
you (hall have them al waits young and frdb.

Rofemary , the grace ofhearbs herein England,* inothes
Countries common. To fet flips immediatly after Lammas > is
thefureftway. Secdfown may prove well, fo they be fowne in
hot weather, fomewhat moift, and good earth .* for the hearbe,
though great , is nelh and tender (as I take it) brought from hot
Countries to us in the cold North: fet thin, it becomes a window
well. The ufe is much in meats, more in phyfick, mod for Bees.

Rue,orhearhefgrace0 continually greene, the flips are fet. Is
Iafts long as Rofemary, Sothernwood , 8cc. too flrong for mine
, Houfewifes pot, unlefle {he ivill brew Ale therewith, againfl the
- > plague: let him not feed if you will have him laft.

Saffrcn^vcry third yeare his roots would be removed at Mid-
fnmmer^ for when all other hearbs growmofl, it dyeth. It
fiowreth at Michael-tide , and gro^eth all winter: keep his
flowers from birds in the morning , and gather the yellow(or

they

they dupe much likeLiilies )dry 0 and atccr dry them : they be
pretious, expelling difcafes from the heart and ftomick.

Savery feeds and dyes the firft yeare, good for my Hoiuewifes

^°Sage] fet (lips in M*y> and they grow aye 5 Let u not feed, it
■will Sail the longer. The ufeis much and common. The Monk--
ifh proverb is tritnin.

Cur merit ur homo^ cut fthia crefctt tn horte^ , .

S beret the roots are fet when they be parted, as Tionie , and
Flower-deluce at MichatUide , the root is but fmalland very
Tweet. I kno^ none other fpeciali ufe but the Table.

Sweet Steely , long lading, pleafantly tailing , either the feed
fowne, or the root parted, and removed, makes mcreaie, it is 01

like ufe with par fly. .

Strawberries long lading , fet roots at Mtthael-ttde , or the

Spring, they be red, white, and grecnc, and ripe, when they be
great and foft , fomeby Midfummcr with us. The ufe is, they
will code my Houfewife well, if they be put in Wine or Creamc

with Sugar. - . .

■Time , both feeds, flips and roots are good , if it Iced not, it

will laft three or foure yeers or more, itfmelleth comfortably.
It hath much ufe, namely, in all cold meats, it is good for Bees.

Turnep is fowne. In thefccond yeare they bear plenty of feed;
they requimhe fame time of Lowing that Carrets doe; they arc
Tick of the fame difeafe that Cabbages be. The root increafeth
much, it is moft wholefomr, if it be fowne in a good and well
tempered earth; Soveraigne for eyes and Bees.

I reckon thefe hearts only , becaufe I teach my Country
Houfewife, not skilfull artifts, and it fhould be an endleTe la¬
bour ; and would make the matter tedious to reckon up Land*
thcefe.StockzJnly-flevrers, Charge UJTaler Un9 Go-to bed & noone ,
Ttonyy Liceras , lanfie^ Garden mints , Germander^ Centaune, and
a thoufmd fuchPhyiick hearts. Let her firfc grow cuuningin
this, and then fhe may enlarge her Garden as her skiu and abi¬
lity increafeth. A d to help her the more, I have fet downe

thefe obfemtions.

GHAP.

1

.j Book

be Country Honf-mwcs Garden.

CHx\P. <?. • '

Generali Rnles in Gardening

1 ']oulb Pa‘ts Gardening may be more timely, and more
IfaR-iy done , then with us in Ttrkejhirt , becaufe our ay re is
i.ot fo favourable, nor our ground fogood

r JZ7 !ir°& fiCdt (|!akt 5 b? tu, ning good earth, are
renewed, their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels

tu. the Sun their Father can reach them with hit heat.

the !rnrm? bClbs’ ka,Ve n°t0p more then 311 handful! above
the ground, nor more then afoote under the earth.

4 rwmetherootsofthofe flips you let, if they wjj] abide it

Gilly flowers are too tender. / aoiaeit.

5 Setmoiff, and fowe dry.

and SrfXWhh0UtfllankSfaBy at Midfimmer,

fap7from tfe foot!” ^ roots > . as drawing the heart and

S Gatherforthe pot and medicines, herbs tender and sreene

a AP1 n 'k -C Wirlter the ro«e is beft §

9 All the heibs in the Garden for flowers would once in

sister* or found,y waured whh

Ca^SSSyafl £prChH^,banks and feats of

comfortable. " 7 3 Daiiies and Violet s3 arc fecmly and

neps A,;tifhok«> Cabbages, Tur-

Eit" P 3 °ny0nS> Carrets> andCif you wil!)Saffron and

’ i ’ bvnrtf!1 ^ °Ur PledS; dca<^i ripCi and dry.

foot li&nce) h profimble^To"^ k d k r°Q£S lfcnd not paft a
f r ^ th, better.

15 U a"d f0W hcrbs in theirdl»o of grouthCexcept at Mid-

fttmme

3 Book. Ihe Country Honfeweves Garden. 85

' r- . ' _ _ l. . .. '/ » - _ ' 9 _

fummer^ for then they are too too tender)buc trees in their time
of n il.

1 6 A good houfewife may, and will gather (lore of herbs for
thepor, about Lammas, and dry them, and pound them, and
in winter they will do good fervice*

Thus have I lined cut a Garden to our Countrey Houfe-
wives, and given them rules for common herbs. If any of them
(asfomerimes they are} be knotty, I refer themtoC^p. 3. The
skill and pains of weeding the Garden with weeding knives of
fingers, I refer to themfelves St their maids, willing them to take
the opportunity after a flhower of rain :wiihalj,I advife the Mif-
1 1 effe cither to be prefent her felf,or to teach her to aids to knov#
herbs from weeds.

1 r

CHAP. 10:

The Httfbandry of Bees*

THere remaintth one neceffary thing to be prefcribed,which
m mine opinion makes as much for ornament a* either
(lowers, or forme, or cleannefTe, and I am fure as commodious
as any of, or all the reft: which isBees, well ordered. And I
wiH not account her any of my good Houfc-wives , that want-
eth either Bees, or skilfullnefie about them. And though I know
iome have written well and truly, and fathers more plentifijliv
upon this theme: yet fomewhat have I learned by experience

(being a Bee-mafter my fell) which hitherto I cannot find put

into writing for which lthinke our Houfe- Wives will count

themfelves beholding unco mee. , ount

The firft thing that a Gardner about Bees muftbe carefiill^ekoufe
for, is an houfe,not flakes and flones abroad, Sub die: for flakes
ro t and rcele, Raine and Weather eatc your hives, and cover*

mnftCh0 ir?0<riU *J hu,nfn]lforyour Bee*. Therefore you
mult have an houfe made alonga fure dry wall in your Garden

SSiSS?***

l

The Country Heufe-wives Garden. 3. Bo

This is the forme;” a Frame Sanding on ports with -a floor* (if
you would have it hold more Hives, two floores boo rded)layd
on bearers, and bark polls, covered over with boords, flat-wile.
Let the flooresbe without holes or clifo, leS in calling time

the Bees lye out, and loytcr. . . •

And though your hives (land within an handbredth the one
of another* yet- will Bees know, thejr home. .

, In this Frame may your Bees (land dry and wairme, cfpeci^lly
if you make doreslike do res of windows to fhroud them in
winter, as in an houle: provided you leave die hives mouth open.
I my felfe have devifcdTuch an houfe, and I find that it ftrength-
eris my Bees much, andmy hive$ will laft fix tq one/ • , , ,
M. Markham Commends hiyes or wood'll dife^mpepd^h^ra
not: but ftraw hives are in ufe With'us* and Ithink, with all
the world 3 which I commend for nimi>lchefle * clofenefje,*
warmneffe, and drynefle/ Bees love no external) motions of
daubing 5 orfuchJike. Sometimes occafion (hall be offered to
and turn hives $ as fha!)appear hereafter* One light entire

hive

Book. The Country Houf wives Garden .

hivt otltraw, in .that caff, is better thin .ftB« that is daubed ,
weighty and ciWnberfomi I wifli every hive , for a Keeping
fvt arms, to hold three pecks at leaft in meafure. For too little
hives procure Bets, in calling time, either to ly out, and .oy ter,

or dfcto c.ft before thcyWpy and firong.and fo make wer.Ke
l'warmes and untimely t iFthfX baye roc‘rac iu®cli *•»

they rippen timely., and catting feafapabiy , are firing , ai1
for labour piefently. Neither lyouldthehjvq be too great, to.
then they loyter, and waft meat and time. ,

Your Bees delight in wood,- for feeding, especially ror caftnV Hiving of
therefore want' not an Orchard. A Mayes fwarme is wort 1 a Bee*.
Mares Foale ; Iftlipy want.wqpd, they be in danger of flying a-
way . Any time before WBdfumrticr is good for rafting, and t ime¬
ly before July 1$ not evill. 1 much like M. Mfar^hants opinion
for having a iwarm in combs of a dead or forfakeh hive, So the/
befrefti and cleanly. To thinke that a fwarme of your own, or
others, will of it felfe cbraeintofuch and hive, is a meer conceit.

Experts Gride Roberts. His fmearing with hony,'lstp_no pu!-
pofe, for the other bees will eat It up. If your fwarme : but .in the
top of a tree, as they will, if the wind beat them not to fall down,
ler the ftool or ladder peferibed in the Orchard do you fcrvice
The lefs your Spelkes are3 the leffe is the waft of your Hony*
and the more eafily will they draw , when you take your Bee*.

Four Spelkes a thwart, and One top Spclk arc fu JBcient. 1 he
Bees will fatten their combes to the Hive. A little Hony u good,
but !f you want, Fennel will ferve to rub your Hive withall. The
Hive being drefUnd ready fpelkt, rub d and the hole made
for their paffage (I ufe no hole in the Hive but a piece of wood
hoal’dfto fave the Hive and keep out Mice )(hake in your Bees,
or the moft ofthemf for all commonly you cannot get ) the re¬
mainder will follow. Many ufe fmoke, nettles, &c. which I ut¬
terly diflike: for Bees love not to be molefted. Ringing in the
time of cafting is a tneer fancy , violent handling of them is
firoplv evill, becaufe bees of all other creatures love cleanlmeis
and peace. Therefore handle them leafurely and quietly, and
' their Keeper whom they know may do with them whathe will
without hurt: Being hived at night, bring them to their feat.

Set your hives all of one year together. i signet

The Country Houf-wh/es Carden. 2 .Book*

~ Signet of breedtng9iftbey be ftrong.

1 They will avoid dead young Bees and Droans;

2 They will fweat in the morning, till it run from them ; all-
wayc s when they be ftrong.

x Signet of rafting.

1 They will fly Droans oy rcafbn ol heat.

2 The young S warmc will once or twice in fome faire feafon

come forth muftcring, as though they would caft#to prove them-
felvcs,and go in again. v

3 The night before they caft, if you lay your car to the Hives
mouth, you (hall hear two or three, but especially one above the
reft,cry,llp,up,up,or Tout, tout, tout, like a Trumpet founding
the alarUm to the battel.

Much defcanting there is of, and about the Matter Bee , and
their degrees, order, and Government: but the truth in this point
is rather imagined ,then demonftrated. There are fome conjett-
ures of it, wee fee in the combs diverfe greater houfes then
the reft, and we commonly hear the night berore they catt,fome-
times one Bec,(ometimcs two or more Bee*>give a lowd and fe-
verall found from the reft,and fometimes Bees of greater bodies
then the common fort : but what of all this* I leane not on
conje&ures, but love tofetdown that I know to be true, and
leave thefe things to them that love to divine.

Keep none weak, for it is hazard^ofeentimes with lofs:Feeding
wil not help them 5 for being weak, they cannot come down to
meat, or if they come down, they dye, becaufe Bees weak cannot
abide culd.If none of thefe, yet will the other Bees being ftrong,
fmell the honey, St come and fpoil & kill them. Some help is in
catting Time,ro put two weak fwarms together, or as Mr. Markj-
ham wel faith,Let them not caft lately railing them with wood
or ftone but with impes(fay I.)An impe is, three or four wreaths
wrought as the Hive, the fame compafs, to raife the Hfve withull:
but by experience in tryall I have found out a better wa by
Cluttering, for late or weake fwarmes, hitherto m tfound out
of any that I know. That is this; After catting dme,H I have any
• ftock proud, and hindred from tinidy catting, with to mer Win¬
ters poverty, or evil' weather in caftiog tiny , with two handles
and crooks fitted tor the purpofe,! fume up that ftock fo reft-

ftered

f

2 Book. The Country Houfe-wwes Garden,

ftered with Bees, and fet it on the crown, upon which fo turned
with the mouth upward I place another empty hive welldreft,
and fpelkt, into which without any labour, theSwarme thac
would not depart,and caft,will prefencly afcend, becaufe the old
Bees have this quality ( as all other breeding creatures have ) to

expell the young, when they have brought them up.

There will theSwarme build as kindly, as it they had of
themfelves been caft.But be fure you lay betwixt the Hives fomc
ftraight and cleanly fticke or flicks , or rather a board with
holes.to keep them afundenothcrwife they wil joyn their works
together fo f aft that they cannot be parted. If y ou fo keep them
afunder at Mtchael-tide, if you like the weight of your fwarme
ffor the eoodnefs of fwarms is tryed by the weight)fo catched,
vou rp<av let it by for a ftocke to keep.T ake heed in any cafe the
comSsL not broken .for then the other bees will tall the ho-
ney, and fpoyl them, This have I tryed to be very profitable for

thefaving of bees. . . ,

The Inftrumes hath this form Th* creat itreight piece of wood,

1 *1,0.1 -

& V .4

the reft arc iro clafps &nails3the clafps are loofe in the fhplejtWo
men with twoof thefe faftnsd to the Hiv(,will eafily turn nup.

They gather not till >/y;ror then they be difcharged of their
your.p,or elfe they are become now ftrong to labour, & now fap
in flowers is ftrong and protidby reaf n ofume, & force of Sum
And now alfo in the North (apd not h.fore)thehcarbs0fgrea-
teft v;gour put their flowers;as Bean?, fennel', Barrage, Rape, &c.

Tnemoftfenf.ble weather for them, is hear and drought, be¬
caufe the nefh b e can neither abide cold or wet s and fliowres
/which they well fore-fee ) do interrupt t.ieir. labours, unkis

they fall on the night, and to they further them. Dromes

After caftii’f 7/iwe, vou fti ill benefit your .locks much, if you
help them to kill t’:ei Droans, which by dl probability and
fudgeme r, • e an idle k .d fbees.and wafthill Some lay th y
b.ei-d •< du ' f rn young Dr n nk-ng-har Money, 'vhxh
1 kno a is trttr. in l am -of ■pint ii that there are ailob^*

3

/

/

. Anndyances ,

the Country Hou(e*n>iv£s Garden- 3. Book,

cwhich have loft thd filings, and fo being as it wire gdded, be-
jjome idle and gnat: there is great: ufe of them. DchsCj 'natura
fthil fecit fruftra. They hate the bees, and can fc them c aft the
J ooner.they never come forth , bat when they be over heated : they
never come home l&aden.Aher cdlingtime , a:nd when the bees
want meat , -you (hall fee the labouring Be<s faften anthem t two0
three or four at once , as if they were t beeves to be led to the GaU
low &S} and killing themjhey c aft them out^and draw them far from
home^ as hateful! enemies. OurHoufe-wife, iffhe be the Keep¬
er of her own bees^as Che had- need to be) may with her bare
hand in the heat of the day fafeiy deftroy them in the hives
mouth. Some ufe towards nighty in a hbt day, toTet before the
mouth of the Hive a thin board, with little holes, in at which the
ItiTcr Bees may enteobut not the Droans 5 fo that you may kill
them at yOiir pleafurr. 1 . . . : ; •

Snails fpoilYhem by nightlike theevesi they come ib -quietly,
and are fo faft,thac the Bees fear them not: look early. and late,
efpccially in a rainy or dewey evening or morning.

Mice are no leffeimrifttll 5 and* the rather to Hives of ftraw.r
and therefore coverings of ftraw draw them: they will in either
at the mouth or (hear themfel vc s an hole: the remedy is good
Cats, Rats-bane, and watching.

The cleanly Bcehateth the ifnoalc aspoyfonjthereforelet your
b:es Hand nearer your garden,then your Brew-houfe or Kitchen.

They fay Sparrows and Swalloives are enemies to Bees, but I
fee it not.

: Mi/re Hives pcrifli by Winters cold , then by all other hurts:
for the bee is tender and nice, andf onely lives in warm weath r,
and dys in cold: And therefore let my Houfe- wife be perfwaded,
that a warm dry houfe before deferibed, is the chiefeft help (he
can make her bees&gainft this, and many more mifehiefes. Many
ufe againft cold in winter, to ftop up their hive clolcji& fome fet
them ip houfes perfwading themfelyeg, that thereby. they releive
their Bees. Firft toiling moving is hurtful].. Secondly, in houfes,
going, knocking, & (baking is noyiom.Tlurdly, too much heat in
an houfe is unnaturall for them: but laftly, and efpecially, Bees
cannot abide to be fropt clofe up. For at every warme feafon of
theSunne they revive, and living veat, p^cj^atihg tpuftnecd^

-■ " * . fJ Purge

o

D

. Boqk. The Country Boufe-mves Gardc/t, g.x

_ ^ - ~ - - - - — , _ _

purge abroad , in her houiethe cleanly Bee will not purge her
W- judge vou what it is for any - living creature, not to dif-
bu dtn nature? Being Unit up in cainve ftafous, lay your ear to
the Hive and vou (hali'hear them yearn and yell, at Co many hint-
gredpriibtiers;' Therefore impound net your be*, fo profitable

and free a creature. .

Let noneiDnd above three ycarqdfc the combs will be black
and knotty, your honey will be thm and uncleanly: and if any
oft a<tcr three years,* is fuch as have fwarmes and old Dees kept
altogether, which is great Ioffe. Smoafting with Raggj, Rom*
or britr.ftone,tnany ufe: iome u»e crowning in a-tub ofekani
water,and the water well brew’d , will be good botcher. Draw:
out. your fpelks immediately with a pair of pinchers,, jell the.

Wood grow foftand fwell, and fo will not be, drawn; tnwi rot ft.

y°I;k noTre come Hear your honey, for ftre.foftne^ich^^Suaining
and drofs, and makes them run w ith the Homy. Fire fofoafc?" n^’
weakeneth,and hiiidereth Hony for purging. Break your combe*
fmall when the dead empty combes are parted from theloaden
Combes into a five, born over a great bowl, ofveflci, with two
#avWnd fo let it run two qt th fee d ayes; .vTiiofe^ncr; yon mat
if up, the better will it purge. Run your fwarme Honey byat
fdf; and that (hall be yourbeft. The elder your Hives are, the

worfe is your honey. , r . , . , v , ,

Ufuall Veffels are of Clay, but after wood be latiatcd with ^ cneis.

Honeyffor it will leake at firft: for honey is tnarveUoufly fear-
chinAhe thick, and therefore vettuous)I ufe it rather, becaufe it
will not break fo foon with falls, frofts, or otherwife, and grea¬
ter veflels of clay will hardly lift. ,

When you uleyour honey, witn a ipoon cu tae skin,

which it hath put up. « -

Audit is worth the regard, that bees thus ufed, ir }0u have
forty (locks, fl&ll ye eld you more commodity ckarely than

forty Acres of Grfibnd. > - . .

And thus much may fuffice, to makegood Houfewives love

and have good gardens and bees.

Deo Ians .

FINIS. -

The Country Hou/e wives Garden. 3 Book

•»e«os«e«€«as«o€<o€«o€«€*»«»€«o€;«!»€:«o€^»€:^€:3»

The Contents of the Country Houfe- wifes
- , Garden.

pAg.69'

P-70.

ibid

77;

ibid

Chap, i.' The SoyL
Chap. 2-$ it e.

Chap. 3 .Forme.

Chap.4 .Quantity.

Chap.5 .Fences.

Chap.6.7V# gardens. ibid

Chap.7 . D tvifion of her be s. 7 8 .
Chap. 8. The Husbandry of
herbs . ibid

Chap.?. Getter All Rules . 84.

Chap. 10. The Husbandry f\
Bees. p. 85.$,

* Bee-houfc
Hives .

Hiving of Beer*
Spclkes .
Cutching.
Cluftering.
Droanes,
Annoyances.
Taking of Bees.
Straininc better.
Veffels.

ibid

P. 8 6.

P:87-

ibid.

P-88.

ibid.

8 9.

P-£)0.

91.

ibid.

ibid.

>i.‘vr .

/

■<

V

f

3 Book.

■/ i

most profitable

New Treatife, from approved ex-

pcriencc of the Art ot propa¬
gating Plants.

By S imon Ha award.

— a-— fren

CHAP, i:

, • , > .

X be Art of propagating Plants,

Here are foure fort* of planting or propa¬
gating, at in laying of (hoots or little
branches, while* they arc yet tender , m
fome pit made at their foot, as (hall b
faid hereafter, or upon a little ladder or
basket of earth,titd to the bottom of the
branch, or in boaring a W lllowthorow,
and putting the branch of the tree into
the hole, as (hall be fully declared in the

Chapter of G rafting.

There are likewife feafoas to propagate in;

but the bed Is in
the

94 ‘The Art of pro pagating Plants . 3 . Book

the fpring, and March, when the trees are in the Flower, and
do begin to grow lufty.Thc young planted Siens or little grafts,
mud be propogatedin the beginning of Winter, afoot deep in
the earth, and good manure mingled amongft the earth, which
you fhall caH forth of the pit wherein you mean to propagate it,
to tumble it in upon it again?. In like manner, your fuperdu'r
out Siens , or little plants muft be cut clofe by the earth, when
as they grow about fome fmall Impe, which we meane to propa*
gate, for they would do nothing but rot: For to propagate, you
muft dig the earth round about the tree, that fo your roots may
be kid in a manner halfe bare. Afterwards draw into length
the pit on that fide where you mean to propagate, and accor¬
ding as you perceive that the roots will be beft able to yecld, and
,, be governed in the fame pit, to ufe them, and that with all gen-

tleneffe, and flop clofe your Siens, infuch fort , as that the
wreath which is in the place where it is grafted, may be a little
lower than the Siens of the new wood, growing out of the
earth, even fo high as it poftible may be. Ifthetree3 that you
would propagate be fomewhat thick, and thereby the harder to
ply, and fomewhat ftiffeto lay in the pit.- then you may wet
the ftock almoft to the midft, betwixt the root and the wreathing
place, and fo with gentle handling of it , bowdowne into the
pit the wood which the grafts have put forth , and that in as
round a compafie as you can , keeping you from breaking of it :
afterward lay over the cut with gummed wax, or with gravell
and fand.

C H A P. 2.

Grafting in the Bark :•

/^Rafting in the bark, isufedfrommi d-Aftgttft, tothebe-
V_Tginning of Winter, and alfo when the Weftern-wind begin-
neth to blow, being from the 7 of February, unto the 1 1 of I me.
But there muft care be had, not to graffe in the bark in any rai¬
ny feafon,becaufe it would wafh away the matter of joyning the
one and the other together, and fo hinder it.

Grafting in the bud is ufed in the Summer time,from the end
of May , unulluingufiy as being the time, when the trees are
ftrong and lufty , and full of fap and leaves. T o wit, in a hot

Country, s

2. Book. 7 he Art of propagating Plants.

country from the midlt of 7*»*,unto the mid it oi>/r,buc in cola
Countries to the midft of Angufi , after feme (mail (howers of

Hal

If the Summer be fo exceedingly dry , as that fome trees
doe withold their fap, you muft waite the time till K doe re-

“Grift from the full of the Moone, untill the end of the old.

You may graft in a cleft, without having regard to Ramc,for

^yTa^aygr^om rmi-Augufl , to the beginning of AT*-
vtmber-. Cowes dung with ftraw doth mightily preferve the

^ It is better to graft in the evening than the morning.

The furniture and tooles of a Grafter* are a basket to lay hi§
grafts in, Clay, Gravel.Sand, or ftrong Earth, to draw over
the plants cloven: Moffe, Woollen clothes, barks of VVillow o>
joyne to the late things and earth before fpoken 5 ana to Keep
them fail: Ozier* to tye againe upon the bark , to Keep
them fame and fail: gummed Wax to circle and cover t
and tops of the grafts newly cut,thac fo the raine and cold may

not hurt them, neither yet the fap rifing from below, be con-

Brained to return againe unto the {hootes. A little Saw or hand-
Saw, to faw off the ftock of the plants, a little Knife or pen¬
knife to eraffe , and to cut and iharpen the grafts , that fo
the bark mav not pill nor be broken; which often commetfa
to pafs when the graft is full of fap. You (hall cut the graje
fo long; as that it may fill the cliffe of the plant, a"d th®r'“
Withall it muft be left thicker on the bark-fide , that fo it
mav fill up both the cliffe and other incifions, as any need i*
to be made,which muft be all wayes well ground, well burnt-
Ihed without all ruft. Two wedges, the one broad tor thicK
trees, the other narrow for leffe and tender trees, both of .hem
of box, or fbme ether hard and fmooth wood, or fteel, or o* very
hard iron, that fo they may need leffe labour in making tne »

“^little hand-bill to fet the plants at more liberty, by cutting

offfuperfluous boughs, helved of Ivory ,box5orbrafill.

M n. CH«F*

)

The A

rt o

f propagating PL

ants,

3 Book,

i Chap. 3.

, Grafting in the Cleft .

THe taaner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the flock being clov’d
it proper not only to trees, which are as great as a mans
legs or arms, but alio to greater.lt is true that being trees cannot
eaiily be cloven, in their flock: that therefore it is expedient to
make incifion in fome one of theirbranches, and not in the main
body, as wee fee to be pra&ifed in great Apple-trees, and great
Peart' trees, and as we have already declaredheretofore. '

c n °ev-ra^ } y°u muft rnake choyce of a graft that Is

fud 02 lap and juice,but it muft not be, but till from after Jmh.

ary untill March: And you muft not thus graft in any tree that
is already budded, becaufc a great part of thejuyee and Tap
wo uld be already mounted up on high, and rifen to the top, and
there difperfedand fcattered hither and thither, into every
Iprigand twig, andufe nothing welcome to the graft.

You muft likewife be rcfolved not to gather your graft the
day you graft in, but ten or twelve days* before: for otherwife,
liyougraftit new gathered it will not be ableeafily to incor¬
porate it felf with the body,and flock, where it feall be grafted-
feecaujc that fome part of it will dry , and by this means will fee
ahinderance in the liockro the fifing up of the fen, which it
mould communicate unto the graft, for the making of it to puV
forth; and whereas this dried part will fall a crumbling, and
breaking through his rottenneffe, it will caufe to remained con-
cavnvyjr hollow pkcein the flock, which will bt an occafton
of alike inconvenience to befall the graft. ' Moreover, the *rafc
being new and tender, might eafily be hurt of the hands, which
are of neceffity to be tyed about the Stock, to keep the craft
tone and faft. And you muft further fee, that your Plane was
not of late removed , but that it have- already fully taken

When you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft.you
fiouft fee that they be cutin the end all alike. ■

. ,^ec Aat the graft* be of one length, or not much differing, and
it is enough, that they have three or four cylets without the
Wrench: when the Riant is once fawed, and lopped of all his

bran-

Book. The Art of propagating Plants*

branches.ifit have manyrthen you mull leave but two at the moft
before you come to the cleaving of it: then put to your little Saw
or your knife , or other edged took that is very ftarp, cleave 1 .
quite thorow the middell, in gentle and loft fort : Firft, tying
the flock very fure, that fo it may not cleave iurther then is need:
and then put to your wedge* into the cleft urntnl inch time as
you have fet in your graft*, and in cleaving of it, hou Id the krrne
with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to help to keep^
it from cleaving too far. Afterwards putin your wedge ot Box
or brazil!, or bone at the fmall end, fo that you may the better
take it out againe, when you have fet in your grate*.

Ifthe flock be cloven, or the barke loofed too much from the
wood: then cleave it downe lower, and fet your grafts tin , 2nd
look that their Incifion b# fit, and very juftly anfwerable to the
cleft, and that the two faps, firft, of the plant and grait, be right:
and even fet one againft the other , and fo hancifomeiy htted, as
that there may not be the leaft appearance of any cut or cle t.
For if they doe not thus jump one with another, tney will never
take one with another » bccaufe they cannot work their eeming

matter, and as it were cartilaginous glue inconvenient fort or

manner, to the gluing of their joynts together. You rnuft like-
wife beware, not to make your cleft overthwart the pitch , but

fomewhat afide. . « » r c

The bark of your plant being thicker then thalofyonr grafr,

you muft let the graft fo much the more outwardly in the elefe,
that fo the two fap6 may in any cafe be joyned, and let right the '
one with the other, but the rind of the piant nrnft be fomewhat
more out then that of the grafts or cloven fide. .

lo the end that vou may not faile of this work of imping,
you muft principally take heed , not to over-cleave the flocks of
your trees. But before you widen the cleft of your wedges,
bind and go about theftock with two or three turnes , and that
with an Ozier, clofe drawn together, underneath the fame place*
where you would have your cleft to end, that fo your flock cleave
not too far, which is a very ufuall caufe of the nu (carry mg o*
grafts, in as much as hereby the cleft ftandeth fo Wide and open.
Is that it cannot be fhut, and fo not grow together againe ; but
in the mean time fpendeth it felfe,and breatheth out all his tfesn

Qy

t

98

The Art of propagating Plants. 2. Book

7 f

l l.

0

bai place, which is checauie that the Stock & the Graft are both
pik.And this falleth out mod often in Plum-trees, and branches
oftrees. You muft be carefull to joyn the rinds cf your grafts,

and plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the
v;in^5 nioifture of the clay or rain running upon the grafted
> K* ^ P1 ace, do not get in: when the plant cleaveth very (freight, there
^ *s not any danger nor hardnefs in doping downe the Graft,
j ^ If>cu *eave n Somewhat uneven or rough in fome places, or

\ c^at c^e %s both of the one and of the other may the better

\ ^ - grow, and beglued together , when your grafts are once well
j oyned to your plants, draw out your wedges very fuftly, leaft
youdifplace them againe:you may leave therewith in the cleft
fome fmall end of a wedge of green wood, cutting it very clofe
n with the head of the StockiSomecaft give into the cleft fome
'Os/ugar, and fome gummed Wax.

s . If the Stock of the Pl ant, whereupon you intend to graft,
^ b? not fo thick as your graft, you fhall graft it after the falhion
^ ^ a Goats foot: make a cleft in the Stock of the plant, not direft,

4 f ^ but by as, and that fmooth and even* not roughrthen apply and
i Q, make faft thereto the graft with all his bark on , and anfwering

to the bark of the Planr.This being done j cover the place with
the fat earth and mode of the Woods tyed together with a ftrons
band .-flick a pole of Wood by it to keep it fteadfaft. 8

' . CHAP. 4. : .7

. T _ Grafting like a Scutcheon:

^ TN grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon, you fhall not vary
i-nor dlffer mudl from that of the Fiute or pipe/ave onely that
the Scutcheon-like graft having one eylet,as the other hath, yet
VV? the wood of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is

$ 8ra,Kd hath not any knob, or bud, as the Wood whereupon th*
^3. graft ,s grafted after the manner of a Pipe. P

In Summer when the trees are well replenifhed with fap,

i 1 i 1 „ r new Siens begin to grow fomewhac hard, you

'hail take a (hoot at the end of the chief branches offomenoble
Na,!Cj recIa!med trees: whereof you would fame have fome fruit,

| I ) and not many of his old ftore or wood, and from thence raife a

5 O h good eylet, the taileand all, thcreof to make your graft. But
, ^ 1 . wnsn you choofe, take the thickeft,and grofleft, divide the tail in

t T 7 - the

\

59

1.

yC j

^ Book. The Art of propagrtmg floats. _ _

the Biiddft, before you do any thing elie.cafting away > hkeak (i*
it be not a pear-plum-tree : fur that would have two o*
three leaves)without removing any more of the .aid tain . .n
terward with the point of a fhatp knife , cut off the Bark of th«
faid (hoot, the panernc ofa fhield,o the length of a naih
In which there is onely one eylet higher then u... ruiua tog
there with the refidue ofthe title which you left behtudiand tor
the lifting up ofthe faid graft in Scutcheon , after that you have
cut the bark ofthe (hoot roundabout, without cutting of the
wood within, you muff take it gently with your thumbe, a„a m .
nutting it away you muft preffe upon the wood from which f
ye , prfll it,that fbyou may bring the bud and all away together
with the Scutcheon: for if.you leave it beh.n with the wood,. ^
then were the Scutcheon nothing worth. _ You ihall find out it
the Scutcheon be nothing worth , iflooking within whun^, ,

pulled away from the wood of the fame fa , y ~ .. *

JS£ within, but more manifeftly, if the bud do fta, behind m f
the Wood which ought to have been in the Scutcheon.

Thus your Scutcheon being well railed and taken off, hold
it a little by the tayle betwixt your lips. Without wetting o. i t,
even until! you have cut the bark ofthe tree where you would
eraftdt , and look that it be cut without any wounding ofthe
wood within, after the manner ofa crutch, but fomewbat longer
then the Scutcheon that you have to fet in it, and i n no p. ace rut¬
ting the wood withimafter you have made mci non vou muft c-
pen it and make it gape wide on both fides.but m all manner --it

e-* S& ‘S-mT" £ “ S

Subtotals* «»1 bred*: you nraft lute had .ha in
dome hereoivvou do not hurt the bark.

This done take your Scutcheon by the end, and your tails

which TOU have left remaining, and put into your inafion made
Jtree lifting uo fofriy your two (ides of the inci&on with

J j Ive as dole as may be, with the Wood cu the tr-c, Dung cut,
asafowfaiddn waving a little upon the end ot your rinde: fo
cut andkt the upper part of your Scutcheon ye clofe unto the
upptrend or,ouP,Piodepp.c.r fork of y. «r fad u«:

I *%»l!

I4a

4

The Art of propagating flants,

(f binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hcmpc, as thick as
a pen of a quill, more or leffe, according as your tree is (mail or
^ great ? taking the fame Hempeinthe middefr, to the end that
either pat t of it may performe alike fervice; and wreathing
and binding of thefaid Scutcheon into the incifionofa tree, and
it muft not be tyed too ftrait, for that would keep it from taking
^ the joyning of the one ftp to the other, being hindred thereby ,
and neither the Scutcheon , noryettheHempe muftbemoiftor
V^wet: and the more juflly to bind them together, begin at the
jbackfide of the tree , right over againft the middeft of the in-
^ ciflon, and from thence come forward to joyne them before, a-
•^Jbove the eylet and taile of the Scutcheon, crofting your band
j '^of Hempe, fo oft as the two ends meet, and from thence rcturn-
fee\ingback againe, come about and tye itlikewife underneath the
* ^cy lets:and thus call about your band Hill backward and forward,
untill the whole cleft of the incifion be covered above and below
\ with the faid Hempe, the eylet oncly excepted, and his taile,
which mufl not be covered at all; his taile will fall away one
part after another , and that (hortly after the ingrafting, if fo be
the Scutcheon will take. Leave your trees and Scutcheons thus
tsV bound, for the fpacc of one month, and the thicker, a great
^^deale longer time. Afterward look them over 5 and if you per-
\ ij-ceivc them to grow together, untyc thcm,or at leaflwifecut the
^ x^-lempe behind them , and leave than uncovered. Cut alfo
\ your branch two or three fingers above that, fotheimpemay
profper the better: and thus let them remaine till after winter,
^about the month otMarch^nd April.

If you perceive that your budde of yonr Scutcheon dofwcll
-and come forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or therea-
'N bouts , above the Scutcheon : for if it be cut off too near the
^ Scutcheon, at fuch time at it putteth forth his firft bloffomc, it
, c, would be a mtanea greatly to hinder the flowing of it, and caufc

^ ^ alfo that it fhould not thrive and profper fo well after that one
*2^ ycere is p&ft, and that the fhoote brginneth to beftrong: begin-
' ningto put( forth thefecondbud and bloffomc, youtnulgo
forward to cut off in* byas-wife the three fingers in the top of
V the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in the year going
^ before, as hath been fkicW, _ . _ Or&r/' ^ Yteo

«?•

3 Book. The Art of propagating Plants

When your fhoote (hall have put forth a great deal of length,
you muft fticke downe there, eve nhajdjoyned thereunto, little
flakes, tying them together very gently andeafily ; andthefe
(hall flay your (hoots and prop them up, letting the wind front
doing any harm unto them. Thus you may graft white Rofes in
red, and red in white.Thus you may graft two or three Scutche¬
ons; provided that th ey be all of one fide: for they will noibe
fet equally together in height, becaufe then they would be all
ftarvelings, ^neither would they be directly one over another;
for the lower would flay the riling up of the fap of the tree, and
fothofe above (hould confume in penurie, and undergo thea-
forefaid inconvenience. You muft note>thatthe Scutcheon which
is gathered from the Sien of a tree whofe fruit is fowre, muft be
cut in (quare forme,and notin the plaine faftiion of a Scutcheon,

It is ordinary to graffe the fweet Quince-tree , baftard peach-
tree, Apricock-tree, lujubetree, fowre Cherry-tree, fweet
Cherry-tree, and Cheft nut- tree, after this fafhion, howbeit they
may be grafted in the cleft more eafily , and more profitably ;
although divers be of a contrary opinion, as thus: Take the ,
grafts of fweet Quince-tree, and baftard peach-tree, of the faireft
wood, andbeftfed that you can find ? growing upon the wood
of two years old , becaufe the wood is not, fo firme and folid as
the others ; and you (hall graft them upon fmall P^m-tree
flocks, being of the thicknefleof ones thumbe; thefe you (hall
cut after the manner of a Goats foote: you (hall not go about to
make the cleft of any more (ides then one, being about A:/oot
high from the ground; you muft open it with your finall wedge:
and being thus grafted , it will feeme to you that it is open buc
of one fide ; afterward you (hall wrap it up with a little Mofle ,
putting thereto fome gummed Wax , or Glaie , and bind it up
with Oziers to keep it furer , becaufe the (lock is not ftrong
enough it (elf to hold it,and you (hall furnifti it every manner of
way as others are dealt withall; this is moft profitable.

» ' - v '■» _ \ r

The time of Grafting.

All Months are good to graft in, (the Month of October and
November only excepted) But commonly, grate at that time ot
. N tn~e •

lOI

I?

29,

y - v

21

P i-J '

the winter, when the Tap beginneth to rife.

In a cold Countrie graft later, and in a warrnc Countrev car-
/ Her. y v P K WBM

. The bed time generall is from the firft of February, untill the
/ .» nrdof May.

y J The grafts mud alwaies be gathered,m the old of the Moone.
F or grafts choofe (hoots of a yeare old, or at the fur thermoft:
two years old. Jt

If you mud carry grafts far, prick thenririto a Turnep newly
gathered, or lay earth about the ends.

, Ifyoufetftones of Plummes, Almonds, Nuts, or Peache$:Fifd,
let them lie a little in the Sun, and then deep them in Milk or
Water, three or foure dayes, before you put them into the earth.

Orie the Kernels ofPippin6, and low thenTin the end of
JSTdvember,

? in ^

1 The done of a Plum-tree mud be fet a foot deep in Nevember$

^ or February. *

The Date-done muft be fet the great end downwards, two
s cubits deep in the earth, in a place enriched with dung.

ThePeach-done would be fet prefently after the Fruit is eat-
Tv y \ en, fome quantity of the fle(h of the Peach remaining about the
.done.

H rxf 111 . >r. I M - .

If you would have it to be excellent, graft it afterward upon

i

■

X > v^>an Almond tree.

The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grown thick withhairr,
T rots , and thofe alfo which do grow up from the roots of

t ^the great Cherry-trees , being removed , do grow better and
f\V 'v* (ooner then they which come of ftones: but they mult be remov.

T

Book.

1*1

10$

, THE '

HUSBAND MANS

FRVITFVLL ORCHARD.

For the true ordering of all forts of

Fruits in their due fcafons : and how double

increafe commeth by care in gathering year afte^
vear;as alfo thebeft way of carriage by land
* or by water,with their preferv ation - ** :

for iongeft continuan.cc.

tF all ftone Frait, Cherries are the firft to be
gathered: of which though we reckon four e

forts; Entity, rlmijh, Gafceigne, and Black,
Vet are they reduced to two, the early , and the
ordinary^the early are thofe whofe grafts

”*»■ ** " oth"

isduftry. - They

i a 6 The Husbandmans fruit full Orchard . 3 . Book

fathering of They are nut aii r:pe at once, nor l^iay be gathered ,ic once,

Chemes. therefore with a light; Ladder , nUde to iland of it felf without
hurling the boughs, mount to the tred^ and with a ^thering ■
hock, gather thole which be full ripe, and put iheth into >

% ' rT * | ' . « «* . J * • v ; * . -*-v. ■ ' | %

o carry
Cherries.

hfeer ftone»
ruin

ithering of
caret.

; * - \ \ * ’ \ ’* ■' ' / O "• I

by,and puli them gently, lay them downe tenderly , and handle
them as little as you can. ' \

for the conveyance or portage of Cherries , they srebeftto .
be carried in broad Batkets like’ "with fmooth y eel ding'
bottomes, only two broad laths going along, the bottome: and
if you do tranfport them by (hip, or boat, let not the fives be fil¬
led to the top,lcft fetting one upon another, you bruife and hurt
the Cherries: if you carry by horfeback, then panniers well
lined with Fearne, and packt full and clofe is the beft and fafeft
way.

Now for the gathering of all other ftone fruit , a^Nectarinef,
Apricocks, Peaches, Peare-plummes,Damfons, Bullas, arid fuen
like, although in their fevcrall kinds, they feem not t© be ripe
at once on one tree : yet when any is ready ta. drop from
the tree > though the other feem hard , yet they may alfobc
gathered, for they have : received the full fiibftaridc the itree i
can give them; and therefore the day being , fake , and the
dew drawn away 5 fet up your Ladder, and as you gathe¬
red your Cherries, Co gather themioriely in the bottomes of your
large fives, where you part them, you fijall lay Nettles, and
likewife in the top, for that Will ripen thofa that are moft un¬
ready.

, ;:Ing

expcnce,!

expence, and your own ufe, fherigather them as fopri'Sf they
change, and arc as it were half ripe , andnp mcM*c bdr|thofe
which are changed, letting the -rift hang till
for thus they wil ripen kindly,and

full ripe at the gathering. But if your Pearesbcto be trarilpdiH
ted far cither by Land or Water, then pul! onefrpm the Tree,
and cut it in the middeft, and if you find it hollow about the
coare,and the kernell a large fpace to lye In, although no Peare

be

3 Book. The tinsbantlwAns fmtfnll Orchard. _ 1 07

ready to dixp kom~d^Trcc , yet then they may be ga¬
thered , and then laying them On a heap one upon ano¬
ther. as of neceffity they muft be for tranfponaiion, they
win iiven-c f themfelves. and eat kindly: but gathered before,
they will wither 3 fhrinke and eate rough, lofingnot only toeit ,

raft, But beauty. . - .

Now for the inanner of gathering; albeit fome cumb into the (3atfoeliug0f
trees by the boughes, and fome by Ladder, yet both is amus; trie Ss
b ft way is with the Ladder before fpoken of,which ftandith of it
felf, with a basket & a line, which being full, you mud gently let
down, and keeping the firing fti# in your hand, being emptied,
draw it up againe,and fo fioSffti your, labour, without troubling
your felfjor hurting the Tree.

Now touching the gathering of Apples, it is to be done accor¬
ding to the ripening of the fruit 5 your Summer Apples fisft,

and the Winter after. ^ .

For Summer fruit , when it is ripe, fome will drop from the
Tree, and Birds will be picking at them:Buc if you cut out one
of the greentft,and find it as was fhew’d you before of the peart:
v then you may gather them, and in the houle they will come to
their ripenefs and pcrfe&ion. For your Winter fruit, you (hall
know the ripenefte by the obfervation before fhewecLbut it muff
be gathered in a fairr, Sunnie, and dry day, in the waine of the
Moone, and no Wind in the Eaft , alio after the dew is gone
away; for the leaft wet or moyffure will make them fubjeft to rot
' and mildew; alfo you muff have an apron to gather in, and to
empty into the great basket?, and a hooKfi to draw the boughes
unto you, which yen cannot reach with your hands at cafe: the
apron is to be an Eli eveiy way, loopt up to your girdle, fo
as it may ferve for either hand without any trouble : and
when it is full, unloofe one of your loopes , and empty it
gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe
roughly, their own ftalkes may prick them ; and thofc
which are prickt , will ever rot. Againe , you niu&
gather your fruit clean without leaves or brunts , b£caufe
the one hurts the tree, for every brunt w ould be a fta:k for fruit
to grow upomthe other hurts the fruit by bfuhing,and pricking
it as it is laid together, and there is nothing focncr rotteth

" . fruity

The Husbandmans fruit full Orchard, a Book

r© ufethefal*

Carriage of
6 wit.

I

fruity then the green and withered leaves lying among them*
neither muft you gather them without any ftalke at all: for fuch
fruit will begin to rot where th- ftalk flood.

For fuch fruit as falleth from the trees, aud are not gathered,
they muft not be layd with the-gathered fruit: and of fallings
there are two forts; one that falls through ripenefs, and the?
3 j , r ai'd may be kept to bake or roaft ; the other windfall,
and before they are ripe;and they muft bejfpent as they are gathe¬
red, or elfe they will wither ana come to nothing:and therefore
it is not good by any meanes to beat downe fruit with Poales,
or to carry them in carts loofe and jogging, or in facks where
they may be bruifed.

When your fruit is gathered, you (hall lay them in deep Bas¬
kets of Wiciter, which (hall containe four or fix bufliels and fo
between two men , carry them to your Apple Lofr; and in
mooting or laying them downe, be very carefuJl that it
be done with all gentlenefle, and leafure, laying every fort of
fruit federally by it felfibut if there be want of roome, having fo
many forts that you cannot lay them feverally, then fome fuch
trim as is neareft in tail and colour, and of Winter fruit, fuch
as will taft alike,may, if need require, be laid together, and in
time you may feparate them, as fhall be (hewed hereafter But

if your fruit be gathered farr from your Apple- Loft, then muft

the oottomes of your Baskets be lined with green Feme, and
draw tne flubborns ends pfthefame through the Ba-k<t that
none but the fofe leaf may touch thefruit; and likewife ’cover
the tops of the Baskets with Fearne alfo , and draw final!
cord over ir, that the Fern may not fall away, nor the f.uit
f carter out, or jogge upand dotvne : and thus you may carr v
fruit by Land or by Water , by Boat, or Cart, as farre as
you pleafe : and the Feme doth not onely keep them from
bruiling, but alfo ripens them, efpecially Peares. When
your fruit is brought to your Apple Loft or ftore-houfe,
it you find them not ripened enough , then lay them in thicker
heaps upon Fearne, and cover them with Feme alfo ; and when
they are n?er ripe, then uncover them, and make the heaps thin¬
ner, ( o as the ayre may paffe through them: and if you will not

Men the ripening ofthem, then lay them on the boards with¬
out

^ Book. T htHmbandtnans frmtjnu vrwara. i o^

out any Fearne stall. Now for Winter, or long Ming Peares,
they may be packt cither in Feme or Straw, and carried whither
you pleafejand being come to the journeys end muft be laid ,

Upon sweet ftraw; but beware the room* be not to-o warme, nor
windy , and too coole, for both are hurtfull : but in a temperate

place, where they may have ay re, but not too much. _

Wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as Winter of wajdcw<

^ Medlers are to be gathered about M ichtelmas , after a froft of
hath teucht thcns j at ■which time they arc m uieir rull^ growth,
and will then be dropping from the tree > but never . rips upon
the tree. When they are gathered, they muft be laid m a basket,
fivejbarrell, or any fuch cask, and wrapt about with wo oil cm
cloths, under , over, and on all fides, and alio fome weight
laid upon them, with aboard between ^ for except they be
brought into a heat , they will never ripen kindly, or taQ

Wc]j

Now when they have laine till you thinkc fome of them be
ripe, the ripeft , ftill a* they ripen, muft be taken from the r«U
therefore powre them out into another five or basket lealurely,
that fo you may well find them that be ripeft , letting the hard
ones fall into the other basket, and thofe which be ripe laid afide:
the other that be halfe ripe fever alfo into a third five or bas-
' ket; for if the ripe and halfe ripe be kept together, the one will
be mouldy , before the other be ripe : And thus doe till all be

Ud-u. *=/•»* i*0''2-"4*

offensive both to other fruit, and to thofe that Keep ing fruit or
come amongft them : therefore lay them by themfelves upon
facet 'ftraw , where they may have ayre enough : they mult
packt like Medlers, and gathered with Medlers. , i

Apples muft be packt in Wheat or Rye- ftraw, and m maunds T0 pM* Ap,

or baskets lyned with the fame, and being gently handed, will Pl«. I

ripen with luch packing and lying together. Iflcverall ortso
apples be packt in one snaund or basket, then betweene every

fort lay fweet ftraw of a pretty thicfcneflr. , j

Apples muft muft not bepowred out, but with care anu lea- Emptying sw

fure : fir ft, the ftraw pickt cleane frpro them , and then genuy laying Apples I

Q - I

to I

The Hu [bondmans ft

run

Book.?

/c

Difference in

Tratefportfag
fruit by water

) .

When tm to
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sake out every feverall fort, and place them by themfelves; but
if for want of room you mixe the forts together, then lay thofe
together that are of equal lading: but if they have all one tad ,
then they need no reparation. Apples that are not oflike colours
fhould net be laid together, and if any fuch be mingled, Iec it be
amended, and thofe which are firft ripe, let them be firft fpent*
and to that end, lay thofe apples together, that are of one time
of ripening : and thus you mud ufe Pippins alfo, yet will they
indure bruifes better then any other fruit, and whild they arc
green will heale one another.

Pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground,
yet fome will laft better then other fome, and fome will be bigger
then others of the fame kind > according as they have more or
leile of the Sun, or more or leffe of the droppings of the trees or
upper branches.* therefore let cvery.one make mod of that fruit
which is faired? and longed lading. Againe, the largeneffe and
goodnefie of fruit confids in the age of the tree: for as the tree
increafeth, fo the fruit increafeth in bigneffe, beauty, tad, and
firmnefie: and otherwife as it decreafeth.

Ifyou be to tranfport your fruit far by water , then provide
fomediy hogges- heads or barrells: andpacke in your apples,
one by one, with your hand , that no empty place may be left,
to occasion fogging; and you mud line your vedel at be Fiends
with fine fweet draw; but not the fides, to avoid heat: and you
mud bore a dozen holes at either end , to receive ayre fo much
the better; andby.no meanes let them take wet. Some ufe,
that tranfport beyond Yeas, to fliut the fruit under hatches upon
ftrawjbut it is notfo good, if caske may be gotten.

Itis not good to tranfport fruit in March , when the wind
blowes bitterly, nor in frody weather, neither in theextreame
heat of Summer:

If the quantity be fkiall you would carry, then you may carry
them in DofTers or Panniers , provided they may be ever filled
clofc;and that Cherries and FJearcs be lined with green Fearne*

and Apples with fweet draw 5 and that, but at the bottomes and
topknot on the fides.

Winter fruit mud lye neither too hot, nor too cold, too clofe
nor too open: for all are ofienfive. A low roome or Cellar

that

1

3 Book. ihe Hufbandinms fruit full Orchard. in

thaTisSveet, and either boarded or paved, and not too clofe, is
good, from Chrifimae till March : and roomes that are feeled V
over head, and from the ground, are good from March til! May,
then the Cellar againe, from May till Michaelmas. The apple
loft would be feeled ox boarded, which if it want, take the longcft
R.ye-ftraw,and raife it againftthe wall?, to make a fence as high
as the fruit lyeth ; and let it be no thicker then to keep the f, uit
from the wall, which being moyfl, may doe hurc , or if not

moift then the dull is offenfive.

There are fome fruit which will laft but untill Allhalloutidc- .
theymuft belaid by themfelves, then’ thofe which will laft till p"™got
Chrifimas^ by themlelves; then thofe which,, will laft tillit be
Candlemas^ themfelves ; thofe that will laft till Shrovetide^
by themfelves , and Pippins , Apple Johns , Peare-maines ,
and Winter Ruffetfin^|„^^ ill laft all chisjftgre by them¬
felves. * *•

Now if you fpy any rotten fruit in your heapes, pick them out,

and with a Tray for thepurpofe, fee you turne the heapes over,
and leaye not a tainted Apple in them , dividing —the hardeft by
-themfelveS^ and the broken skinned by themfelves to be firft
Lent,and the rotten ones to be caft away; and ever as you turne
them, and pick them.under-lay them with frefh ftraw: thus (hall
you keep them for yourufe, which otherwife would rot fud-

dp^pia«,Iohn-Apples, Peare-maines, and fuch likelong lafting ring fruit.
fruit,need not to OT tufsned till the week before Chriftmas , un- Time
lelfe they b'e mixt with oiher of riper kind, or that the fallings
bealfo with them,or much of the firft ftr3V4eft amongft them:
the next time oft-urning.is at Shrove-tide, and after that once
amontlwill- Whit fch-t ids < and after that, once a fortnight ; and
ever in tlfe turning, lay your htapes lower ai!d lower, and your ,
ftraw very thinne: provided’you doe none afthisjabpurinany
great froftJe'Vccept it be in ^clofe-Celler. Atjjvery thaw, all fruit
is moyft, and then they tnuft aot be touched: neither -in rainy
weather, for then they will be dankealfo ; and therefore at fuch
feafons it Is good to fet open your windowes and jjoores , that
the ayre may have free paffage to dry them, as at nine of the
clock in the forenoon in Winter, and at fixe in the fore-noones
' *' O 5. and

sis T fa Husbandmans fruit full Orchard. 3 Book

and at eight at night in Summerjonely in Mmh^ open not your
ft windowesatall.

I yvs. All lading fruit3aftcr the midft of Ma/, begin to wither , b'e~

1 f ^caufe then they wax dry9and the moifture gone,which madethem
look plumpejthey rouft needes wither* and be (mail; and nature
decaying3they muft seeds rot. And thus much touching the o^Je-
ring of fruits*

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