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The Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine

MEDICAL SOCIETY OF

LONDON

DEPOSIT

Accession Number

Press Mark

•T>OVJ (H- 5 ( 3.

Arbor Temenjts fruflum Gofe ferens:

OR, A

DESCRIPTION

AND

;

H I S T O R X

OF THE

COFFEE TREE.

By Dr. JAMES DOUG LAS , Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Phyficians, London: And Fellow of the Royal Society.

LONDON:

Printed forTHOMAS Woodward, at the Half -Moon over-agaijift St. Dunjlan’s Church, in Fleet-Jlreet.

M, DCC, XXVII.

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(i)

PREFACE.

IN my Botanical Defection of the Coffee Berry, p ublijtid fome Time ago 9 I acquainted the Readers with my Deftgn of treating the whole Coffee Plant , as fo on as I fhould have convenient Opportunities of finijhing the Obfervations about it which I had then a&ually begun to make . The Delays and Dif¬ ficulties / have met 'with in going through this Enquiry, have been greater than r at jirjt apprehended • and I cannot fay / have as yet compleated it to my. Satisfaction • however 3 what I now venture to communicate y will , 1 hope, , in fome meafure gra¬ tify the Cunofity of the Pubhck, and be of fome real Ufe to thofe who have any Defire and Opportunity of cultivating this delightful Exotick. , of the Fruit whereof there is yearh *made fo vafl a Confumption among us.

1 begin by a Lift of Names that belong to this Plant, and having made fome neceffary RefleBions upon thefe, I give a large Account of the Loci Natales, or P laces wherein it is at prefent found to grow , as well in the Kingdom of Yemen in Arabia Felix, as the other Countries both in Afia, Europe and America, thro which it has now fpread it felf fettmg down what Informations I have been able to get concerning every Step of its Progrefs fince it firft found the Way out of its native Country. Having in the next place premifed fome general Obfervations about the Plant it felf as it has been confider’d by Botanical Writers , I go on to a par¬ ticular Description of all the Parts of it, taken from my own repeated Obfervations , carry’d as great a Length as it has hi¬ therto been m my Power to do ■ and I conclude by fuch Direc-

( ii )

iions concerning the Culture and Management of it, as I con ~ celve can he of any Service to us here in England.

Upon each of thefe Heads 1 have been at Pains to colleB what has been faid by Authors before me ,• and befides the hifio- rical Fatts which I fet down from them , I have taken the Li¬ berty to compare their Obfervations about the Plant it felf with mine, as well to point out their Mijlakes, , as to explain the par¬ ticular pif cover les made by each of them, , in the fame Order of Time in which they were publifhed. J

I propos’d to have given Figures not only of all the Parts of a full grown Plant, in an agreeable Variety of infimB'we / tews, but alfo of the feveral States of it, from the Time it firii appears above the Surface of the Earth, both with refpeB to Age, and the Seafons of the Year ; but as I have not as yet been able to perfeB thefe in any tolerable Degree, 1 chufe to re¬ fer them altogether till fame more happy Opportunity (hall offer t and then, together with a compleat Set of Figures, 1 Jhall be ttkewije m a Condition to lay before the curious Reader the Hif- tory of the Invention and Progrefs of the Ufe of the Coffee Drink, both in ARi, and in the Eafiern and Wefiern Parts of Europe • of the feveral Methods m which it has been prepar’d fmce it was firfi known ■, of the firfi I„fl,tution of Coffee Houfes, and

° r -rf •' ,h e,ther °Pmi"» or real Experience have ajatbd to it / car m-ftfy beg Of alt curious Pe,ff„s ;mpart

to me what Memoirs they may be furniJVd with relating to any

of thefe Particulars , and 1 jhall mnfl willingly acknowledge the

favour in the IV ay I judge will be mofl agreeable to them

I conclude by returning my mofl fmcere Thanks to thofe learned

and worthy friends by whom 1 have been in any meafure affiled

m the Profecution of thefe Enquiries ; and among the reft / mud

acknowledge my felf in a particular Manner obliged to thofe two

curious Gentlemen, Mr, Parker of Heling, and Mr Sher-

RARD of Eltham, to whofe invaluable Gardens I had at all

times free Accefs whenever I found it neceffary to view the

Lo^ee Plants, which have continued for feveral Tears to thrive

there beyond ExpeBation ; every Seafon bringing them a new

AcceJJion to their former Stock,

A DE-

THE

DESCRIPTION

OF THE

COFFEE TREE.

»fc.J , - . . ■ - - - — - ’ - — = s—

CHAP. I.

The Names of the Coffee Plant.

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THE Names that have been given by Authors to this Plant* to particular Parts of it* and to Preparations of thefe Parts, I fhall diftribute into three Lifts: The firft, containing thole of the whole Plant; the fecond, thole of the Fruit 5 and the third, thole of the Liquor made with this Fruit : And I chole to place all thele three forts of Names immediately after one an¬ other, that it may be more ealy for thole who indulge themlelves in fuch hiftorical Curiofities to compare them together, in the manner that they will find done in the following Chapter, or in any other that they lhall think convenient.

The whole Coffee Plant taken together, -may, I think, be exprels’d very juftly in the following manner. The Botanical Reader will not be furpriz’d to find this Name in Latin nor will the Length of it be judg’d unfuitable to the Cuftom of Au¬ thors in that Science, on the like Occafions.

B

Arbor

Arbor Arabic a Yemenfs, ,

Perpetud fronde vireyjs.

Folio Caftane <s feu Lauri baud abftm.li.

Flore Jafminum vulgar e quodammodo referente.

Monop etalo.

In quinque fegmenta divifo ,

Alboy

Odorato.

Vafiulo feminaliy ut plurimum , bicap fulari, nonnunquam tri- cap fulariy in fruBum nuciformem abeunte 5

E cujus nucleis , potus iUe faluberrimus Coffee vulgo diet 11$ paratur.

Or fhorter, after this manner.

Arbor Yemen fs fruBum Coffee Ferens .

I. The Names which have been hitherto given to the whole Plant, and which may be reckon’d fynonyma to that which I

have pitch’d upon, are thefe.

Bon Tel Ban Arbor. J. B.

Euonymo fi milts Egyptiaca, fruBu laccis Lauri fmili. C. B.

Arbor Bon cum fruBu fuo Buna. Parkins.

Buna Alpini . Chabr.

r

Cafe. Bernier.

Bon vel Ban ,

Bonchum, Buncho} Buncha, _

> Blegny.

Elkarie Egyptiorum3 Cachua Arabum.

Plunknef?

Coffee Frutex ex cujus fruBu ft potus. Coffee Arbor.

Coffee Shrub.

Rail.

Dale.

Sloane.

Arbre

(3)

Arbre du Buun. ^ Arbre qui porte le Cafe . j	•	Galand.
Arbor Perfica.			•
Filix Arabica.	>		Lang.
Bannu & Banchos Arabum. J
Caffe ou Coffe.			Tournef.
Jafminum Arabicum , Caflane# folio , fore albo , odora - tiff mo, cujus fruclus Coffy in offcinis dicuntur nobis. Jafminum Cajlane ce folio, fore odoratiffmo, rubro fruBu qui Coffe, duro.	j>Commelin. )
Gelfminum Arabicum foliis Cafanea, fore albo ingentT odoratiffmo . \	> Volkam.
Arbor cop ferens.		*
V Arbre du Cafe ou Cafer.
Jafminum Arabicum Cafe dicitur .	Latin folio cujus femen apud nos \	► De Juflieu.
Jafmin dd Arabic, a feuilles de Laurier , & dont la fe- mence nous ef connu fous le nom de Cafe.
Arbor Meccana.			Cheyn.
II.	Names of the Coffee Fruit.
Bunnu.			* .
Buncho Avicennx.	>		Rauwolf.
Buncha Rhazis. J	j
Bon *vel Ban.			Alpin.
Buna.		1
Til cane.		1 i> 1	Clus.
Buncha Rhaz. ex Rauwolf.		Cachu,

Cacbu. 1	(4)	Cotovic.
Bunchi. 3	•
Bunchos.	1	•
Bunnum Rauwolf.	j. B.
* Granum quo Turcte fomnum fugant Plater, j
Cdtrvl		Lavalle.
Coffee. 1		*
Cophie. >	- r • i	Rumfey.
Cophy. Cofe. J
t 4 • v1 Ben & £ >»» .	Banes.
Elcave.		SalmaC
Coffee Berry.	Grew.
Coffa.		Mundy,
Cafe.	| \ 1 . ? • ( v 5 V *	Bernier.
Cahoueh Aralum. ^	Du Four.
Caveh Turcarum. }
Baccce Coffee. ^	Berlu.
60^0 Seeds. 3
Coffee, in	Latin Coava.	Pechey.
Bonchct.
Boncbo.	>	Pomet.
Elkarie.	1 -j
Semen Coffee.	Herman.

J

Bum .

Buun.

Terris faba mijfa Pelafgis.

Coffee Behnen.

Cahoven ,

Cofea.

Faha Meccana quam Coffeam scanty Fruffus Arboris Meccana.

t Galand. Vanicr. N. Lemer. Lang. Volkam. Quincy.

Chyne.

III. Names of the Liquor or Fruit.

Ckaube.

Caova.

Choana.

Cave.

Cahua , Cava Italor.

Coffa .

Cahue.

Cahvua.

The Turks berry Drink.

Turks Phyjick of Cophie. Cophy.

Coffee .

Drink prepared with the Coffee

Rauwolf.

Alpin.1

Paludam

Bellon.'

4 f i- » T

Cotovic.

Sandys.

Lavalle;

Olear.

Parkins.

Tavernier.

Rumfey.

C

Cabwa.

CO

Cabwa.

t 1 1 . '

Cahue feu Cafe.

Coffe potus .

Cafe.

Cavet.

CahuiS.

w

>

Choana.

Cabveh.

J

Cauphe.

Cahouab Arab.

Camhe Turcarum

Coffe Anglormn & Batavorum

Pauli.

Banes.

Willis.

Bernier.

Du Four.

T. Blount. Blegny.

Bontekoe.

GalancL

De Juffieu..

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WH A P.

( 7 )

CHAP. II.

Etymologia .

BY thefe Names, and no more, that I can find, have the Coffee Plant, the Fruit thereof, and the Liquor made with that Fruit, been expreffed. The Lifts I have here given of them, tho’ they cannot I believe be of much folid Ufe, may perhaps entertain the Curiofity of fome of my Readers ; and fince I have been at the Trouble of collecting them merely with that View, it will be ftill worth while to add the few following Obfervations about them.

i . Tho’ fome of thefe Names are common to the whole Plant, Fruit, and Liquor*, there are many which are either peculiar to each, or which belong only to two of them j and therefore it was moft natural to feparate them into three diftinCt lifts, inftead of throwing them all into one confuted heap, as has been the gene¬ ral practice of Botanifts hitherto. Mr. Ray fhall ferve for an Ex¬ ample of this.

The Name he gives the Plant, is this. Coffee frutex ex cujus fruttu fit pot us.

The Synonyma or Names he fits down from other Authors are thefe.

Bon <vel Ban Arbor , J. B. Item, Buna , Bunnu, Bunchos Ara¬ bian ejufdem. Bon Arbor cum fruffiu fuo Buna , Park. Euonymo fimilis Egyptiaca fruBn baccishauri fimili , C. B. Bunnu , Rauwolf. Buna ex qua in Alexandria fit potio , Cluf.

Never was there a Lift of Synonyma compiled with lefs Judg¬ ment than this 5 for in the firft place, it is defective by. above four parts in five, as will appear by comparing it with mine ; and DefeCts of this kind are more inexcufable in Mr. Ray than in any body elte; for as he has done little any where but collect from other Authors, the leaft that could be expeCted from him, is, that his Collections fliould be perfeCt, after fo many Years PraCtice.

Again, the Order of Time, in obferving which with ExaCt- nefs, the greateft Beauty of fuch Compilations certainly confilts, is entirely negleCted j Rauvjolfius and Clujius are placed after the two Bauhini and Parkinfon.

But, which is moft to my prefent purpofe, above half his Sy¬ nonyma are falfe, J. B. never called the Coffee Plant Bunay

z Bunnu ,

(8)

Bunnu, Bunchos Arabum \ Rawmlfius never called it Bunm 3 not Clufius, Buna. It is the fruit only they have exprefted by thefe Words, and never the Tree that bears it 5 and yet Mr. Ray has thought fit to rank them all as fo many Synonyma for his Coffee f rut ex, that is, as Names given by thefe Authors to the whole Plant.

Later Botanifts have been fo fu* from not filling into this laft mentioned Inaccuracy of Mr. Roy, that they have carried it a great deal further. This Author has only confounded the Names of the Tree and Fruit: but in another, I find the CoavaEgyptio- ium from Alpinus, placed as a Synonymum for the Jafminum Arabicum , &c. of Commelinus \ that is, a Name never applied by Alpinus to any thing but the Coffee Drink, made to fignify the Tree which produces the Fruit of which that Drink is made.

1. That we may be able to take a more particular View of the Names contained in the three foregoing Lifts, it will be con¬ venient to fubdivide each of them into fuch. as Travellers tell us are ufed in the Eaftern Countries, and thofe urhich the Europeans have either borrowed from thence, or invented of their own, fince Coffee was known amongft them.

As to the firft of thefe, I am furprized to find that no Tra¬ veller, except Monfieur Galand alone, has given us any Name by which the Coffee Plant it felf is exprefted by the Arabians , or any other Eafiern People : The. whole Lift we have given of thefe Names, except that of the Buun Tree, from Galand, has been coined in Europe , by thofe who knew nothing of the Plant, but only that it produced the Coffee Fruit 3 and they who have ex- preffed it otherwife than by fuch a Circumlocution, have only difeover’d their own Ignorance, and the little Care with which they have read the Bcoks of Travels quoted by them. Chabraus , Blegny and Langius , are of this number 5 but J. B. and Parkinfon, who likewife ufe Oriental Words in expreffing the whole Plant, have kept within due Bounds

3 . The Eaftern Names of the Fruit, are either fuch as have fome Relation to Bunchum , Bon, or Cahouah.

The firft Kind, tho’ there be perhaps fome of them that are really Oriental Words, as Bunchum its felf is, are not however to be reckon’d Eaftern Names for the Coffee Fruit ,• becaufe they have only been apply’d to that upon the Suppofition of its being known to Rhazes and Avicenna, and called by them by the Name of Bunchum, or fomething like it, which we fliall fhew to be a Miftake. Two Perjian Phyficians were undoubtedly the firft who fell into it 3 but it is from Rau'wolfius that it has been handed down among European Writers. Eow,

( 9 )

Bon, or rather Burnt , and the other Names which confift of the fame Conlonants with it, feem to be thole by which the Fruit has been moll generally expreffed in the Eaft,- but whe¬ ther fome part of the Variety that is to be found in them may not be owing to the Miftakes of Travellers, I leave to the Judges of the Eaftern Languages to determine. Salmafas has, I think, given us one plain Inftance of it in Alpinus, and Monf. G aland, (if we will believe La Roque ) another in Banejius , tho’ a Syrian by Birth.

The third Sort of Names for the Fruit, we (hall confider to¬ gether with thole of the Liquor, they being derived from thence.

4. Concerning thele, the following Remarks from Authors are worth letting down.

c It will hardly be believed, lays Monf. Vu Four, that tho’ Cof- c fee has been drank for lo many Years pall, we Ihould ftill be c ignorant of the true Name of it. The Authors who have c written upon this Subje£t differ from one another as much in * the Names they give this Liquor, as in the Qualities they afcribe

< to it. Some tell us that before it be ground it ought to be cal- € led in Latin , Bunchum -, and in French, Bon-, which they pro- c nounce, Bun. After it is reduced to Powder, there are a great c many other Names given it, which have been already let down.) c But Monf. D’ Arvicufe, the French Conlul at Aleppo, who had c Oeen at great pains to inform bimlelf while be remained there,

c tells me that the true Name of the Coffee Bean, among the ‘ Arabians, is Cahoueh, the Arabians having no *v Conlonant 5

< but the Turks, and other Eaftern People, pronounce it Cahveh 5 ‘ and that Word is derived from Cohue t, which fignifies Strength £ or Vigour ; and the Coftcc Fruit is Co called becaule of the Ef> £ fe£ts alcribed to it.

This Etymology did not, however, latisfy Monf G aland 5 as appears from the Account that La Roque has given us of that Part of his Book. f Monf. Galand, lays he, begins by eftabliih- f ing the original and proper Signification of the Word Coffee 5 c and according to him it comes from Cahveh, as it is pronounced c by the Turks, with an <v Confonant •, and it is the lame thing c with Cahouah, amongft the Arabians , who pronounce their cz> £ Confonant as the Italians do their Vowel u.

L Cahouah is the Infinitive of a Verb, and fignifies to loath, c or to have no Stomach -, and it is likewile one of the different ‘ Names which the Arabians give to Wine, becaule they think f the Excefs of it produces thele bad Effe&s,

D

From

( 10 )

From this Signification of Wine in particular, the Word Qi houah has been extended to all forts of Drink 3 and therefore this Word is not ufed either for the Tree or Fruit, but only for the Drink made of it.

The Fruit is called Bunny and the Tree, the Buun Tree.

Monfi Galand goes on to remark fome Miftakes of Banefus • and then adds. That if that great ProfefTor could be miftaken in his own Language, it is but juft to excufe Monfi Du Fours Friend, who fays that Cahoueh is the Arabick Word for the Coffee Fruit - which is rather a Turkijh Pronunciation than Arabian , fince there is no e in their Alphabet. Moreover, that Gentleman has con¬ founded the Term Caoua, with that of Cahouah j tho5 they are both written and pronounced very differently.

If this Account of the Original and true Signification of the Word Cahouah be juft, as there is no Ground to doubt of either confidering both the extraordinary Skill of that Author in the Oriental Languages, and the long Stay he made in the Eaft3 we need be at no Lofs what Judgment to make of all the Eaftern Names that have been given to the Coffee Drink 3 they may all be eafily derived from the Arabick, Cahouah 5 and the Variety that is to be found in them is owing either to the real Changes they have undergone in the Mouths of the different Eaftern Nations, Perfans, Egyptians , Turks, <&c. or to the Miftakes of Travellers, moft of whom being ignorant of tlie/b Languages, have not al¬ ways equally well expreffed, in Writing, the Sounds by which they heard this Liquor fignified in the different Countries of the Eaft Neither are fuch Miftakes to be wondred at, confidering how common they are even among the different Nations of Europe at this Day 5 whofe Languages have a nearer Relation to one ano- ther, than the Eaftern Languages have to any of them. Let a French Man, for inftance, hear forty Englijh Words diftinftly pro¬ nounced one after another, feveral times over, it is forty to one at leaft, that he does not write two of them right. There are Examples enough of this in all the French Writings, where there is occafion to mention any Englijh Words •, and we have one in the foregoing Lift. Monfi De Juffieu tells us very gravely, that both the Englijh and Dutch call this Liquor Coffe : with a finale e accented 3 only for this Reafon, becaufe he has heard the Word Coffee pronounced nearly the fame way as a French Man would do, had it been fpelt after his manner.

From Monfi Galand’ s Etymology we learn Jikewife, that all the Words by which the Fruit it felf has been fignified, that have any Refemblance to Cahouah , which make the third Clafs of the

Eaftern

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Eaftern Names of it, are not to be looked upon as fuch, beinp never ufed in that Senfe by the Orientals.

5 . From thefe Eaftern Names are derived thofe by which all the European Nations do ordinarily exprefs both the Coffee Plant Fruit and Liquor. As we had the firft Knowledge of thefe things from them, it was natural to take their Names along with them, and only by degrees new mould them a little, according to the Genius of each particular Language into which they were adopted.

The Turhjh way of pronouncing Cahouah , <vix. with an *v Con-

ionant, as we have heard, occafioned firft the writing of it here

in England with ph, and afterwards with /; which is equivalent

thereunto. The ca we find changed into co) in Sandy's Time;

i. e in the Year 162.8, in which his Travels were publifhed;

and it was near the. Year 165*, that is, feveral Years after there

were publick Coffee-houfes in London , before the Termination ee

was fully fettled 5 for we find Judge Rumfey and Sir Henry Blount

writing this Word fometimes with ie, fometimes with ee> but

Hovel always ufes the latter; and it has continued ever fince his

time. Sir Thomas Pope Blount writes it fometimes cauphe, having

ound it fo written, probably, in fome old Book : From whence

there is ground to conclude, that the Turhjh ca was firft changed

into can, which being pronounced pretty much the fame way

as co, this laft, as being fhorter, came at length to be ufed in- ftead of it.

Variations of the like kinds, and by the like degrees, may be obferved, no doubt, in the other modern European Languages: But it is not our prefent Bufinefs to enquire further into them.

As Coffee was unknown during all the time in which the Latin can in any Senfe be faid to have remained a living Lan¬ guage, we are not to expedt any true Latin Word for it : To iupply that Want, Authors who affedt to find Latin for every thing, how much foever unknown to the Latins themfelves, have had Recourfe to the two univerfal Engines, which are always ready in time of Need, viz. infledting the laft Syllable of this Word into a Latin Termination, and exprefting it by long Cir¬ cumlocutions, which ought rather to be called Defcription? than Names. Of the firft kind is the coffea, a, of Dr. Quincy, and the coava of Pechey. The former is allowable enough, had t rere been any Neceffity for itj but the other is owing either to t le Stupidity of its Author, or ufed with a Defign to impofe on the Reader: For what can be concluded from thefe Words, coffee is m Latin, Co..va , but either that Pechey took coa<va for a ge¬ nuine Latin Word himfelf, or had a mind to perfuade other Peo¬ ple that it was fo ? Tt

( 12 )

It is needlefs to enumerate the various things that have been made ufe of by Authors, as a Foundation for the Circumlocu¬ tions by which Coffee, and efpecially the Coffee Plant, has been exnreffed : It is fufficient to remark. That thofe moft in Vogue now-a-days have been taken from the Agreements obferved there¬ in with thefe Parts of the Jeffamins which Botamfts principally attend to in diftributing Plants into Claffes, Sedions, Genera, by this means Jafminum is become the generical Word for it , and the reft of the Circumlocution is only a Cata ogue of Di ferences by which it is diftingu.fhed from the other Species of Plants ranked under the fame Genus with it; or a fort of De- fcription of what is thought to be moft remarkable in it.

CHAP. HI.

Locus Natalis.

IT would be to no Purpofe to take Notice of all the Miftakes that both Botanifts and Travellers have been guilty of in de¬ termining the Countries where Coffee grows : Some have brough it from India, others from Perfta, others from Egypt, and a great many from that Country of Arabia where Mecca is fituated ; but it is now paft all Difpute, that Coffee grows no vthae m Arabia, but in the Kingdom or Province of Temen, m Arabia Felix i nor any where elfe in the World, except m thelflands of Java and Bourbon, and feme other Places where it has begun of late to be cultivated by the Induftry of the Dutch, French and Enghfi ; of

which in. the proper Place. . r u a.

This Kingdom of Yemen, as all the other Parts of the vaft

Territories of Arabia, is Ml too much unknown for the Reader to exped any particular Account of it j Monf De Ltfle has been at all poffible Pains to give us an accurate Map of fo much of it as he could get any tolerable Informations about, either from the European and Arabian Geographers, or from the French Offi¬ cers who were upon the two Expeditions lately made from 5 . Males to Moca 5 of which Monf. La Roque has given us a very

compleat Relation $ yet even that is very impeded. „

However, that I may not leave my Readers altogether uri |c- quainted with the Country to which all the World is beholden

for the fruit which I am now deferibing, I have thought it pro

, per

( *3 )

per to infert here a fliort Abftraft of a Journey from Mocca to the Court of the King of Yemen, undertaken by fome Perfons in the fecond of the forementioned Expeditions; and likewife pub- lifhed by Monf. La Roque.

The two V eflels of which this fecond Expedition confided, arrived at Mocca on the i ith of December, ijiiy and foon after, the King of Yemen , of which Country Mocca is now the princi¬ pal Sea-Port, fell Tick. His new Minifter, who at the time of the former Expedition had been Governor of that Place, ex¬ tolled the Skill of the French Phyficians, and advifed him to fend for thofo that he heard were lately arrived. The King confonted, and charged Cheick Saleh himfelf, (that was- the Minifter’s Name,) with this Affair ; who thereupon immediately difpatch’d two De¬ puties to the French Captains, with a very obliging Letter, ftg- nifying the Subject of their Commiftion.

The Captains, after fome Deliberation, concluded at laft that this was a fit Opportunity to Ihew the King fome Samples of the Grandeur of France , and to difcover as much as they could of the Country to which they were then eftablifhing a Trade. Here¬ upon the proper Perfons were pitched upon ; and having receiv’d rheir Inftrudfions from the Commanders, and likewife fome Pre¬ fonts for the King, they left Mocca , well mounted on horfeback, the 14th of February, 1711-12. Their whole Company con- filled of about twenty Perfons, under the Guard of a Troupe of Horfe, their Baggage and all Neceffaries for their Journey being carried by Camels, and other Beafls of Burthen.

They fet out about four a Clock in the Afternoon, and tra- vell’d all the reft of that Day, and a good Part of the Night, and about three in the Morning they arrived at Mofa, a little Coun¬ try Town ten Leagues diftant from Mocca.

The next Day they travelled fifteen Leagues, to Manzary , where there being only fix or (even Houfos, they paffed the Night un¬ der Palm and Poplar Trees.

For eighteen Leagues further the Roads were exceeding good, the Country being almoft one continued Plain, at the End of which lies Tagus, a Town much renowned among!! the Inhabi¬ tants, and ftrongly walled, with a Caftle which commands the whole Town. The Governor was Son to the late King, and the Deputies did not fail to pay him their R.efpe£ts. He received them very civilly, and treated them, amongft other things, with Coffee, a la Sultane $ a Drink made of the Involucra of the Fruit only, and much in Requeft all over that Country.

E

From

C H )

From thence they continued their Journey towards Manzuel; and about fix Leagues from Tagus they had the Pleafure of feeing Coffee Trees for the firfl time 5 and thefe pafs for the mofl beau¬ tiful and beffc cultivated in all Yemen.

Manzuel has nothing remarkable ,• and from thence they went in two Days to Tram, lying the firfl Night under the Trees.

After they left that Town, they found the highefl Mountains which are in the Kingdom > and the Country, which till then was pleafant enough, tho’ moflly mountainous, began to be dry and barren,- no Trees were to be feen there, nor Valleys full of Coffee Plantations, as they had hitherto frequently met with.

From Tram, they went to Tamar, another confiderable Town at fifteen Leagues Diflance. The Roads were uneafy, and the Heat exceffive, till after Sun-fet.

At Tamar the Scene changes again, and a very fine Country begins to open. Muab, the Refidence of that King, is but a quarter of a League from thence, and the Deputies arrived there the eighth Day after they left Mocca ; having travelled above an hundred and twenty Leagues almofl conflantly to the North Fall.

Their Reception, and all that befell them during the three Weeks they remained there, I leave to be confulted in the Author, there being but little of that which has any Relation to my prefent Defign.

Tne Town of Muab is remarkable for nothing but the Prince’s refiding there. One of the Suburbs is wholly inhabited by Jews, who are never allowed to lie within the Gates. The Air is very good. Between nine in the Morning and four in the Afternoon the Heats are great; but it is pretty cool both before the riling and after the letting of the Sun.

The Soil about the Town appear’d every where very good. All the Plains were fown with Wheat and Rice 5 and the little Hills and Valleys were planted with Coffee Trees, Vines and Fruit Trees.

There was nothing remarkable in the King’s Gardens, except the great Pains taken to furnifli it with all the Kinds of Trees that are common in the Country ; amongfl which there were Coffee Trees, the finefl that could be had. When the Deputies reprefen ted to the King how much that was contrary to the Cu C- tom of the Princes of Europe, who endeavour to flock their Gar¬ dens chiefly with the rarefl and mod uncommon Plants that can be found. The King returned them this Anfwer, That he va¬ lued himfelf as much upon his good Tafle and Generofity as any Prince in Europe ; the Coffee Tree, he told them, was indeed very

common

( *5 )

"epmmon in his Country, but it was not the lefs dear to him up¬ on that account $ the perpetual Verdure of it pleafed him ex- treamly* and alfo the Thoughts of its producing a Fruit which was no where elfe to be met with 5 and when he made a Prefen t of that that came from his own Gardens, it was a great Satisfac¬ tion to him to be able to fay that he had planted the Trees that

produced it with his own Hands.

The Kingdom of Yemen is not hereditary, but he that has had

the Art of making himfelf the ftrongeft Party during a King’s Life, is commonly his SuccefTor; and the King takes all poflible Care to gain every Body in Favour of his Children or nearefl

Relations. L n .

The King is independent, being .tributary to no other Prince ;

and as a Proof of that, while the Deputies remained at Mouab there arrived Ambafladors to him from the Grand Seignior. It was given out that it was only an EmbafTy of^ Ceremony and Compliment ; but The true Reafon was to penuad^ the King, not to allow the Europeans the Liberty of exporting Coffee by the Red Sea diredly, which was a great Lofs to the Turks

The King being at length perfe&ly recovered, the Deputies took Leave of that Court, and returned to Mocca 5 they came back the fame Way they went, but not being in fo great a Hurry, they had more Time to make Remarks concerning the Country.

The greateft Part of the Mountains are barren, being burnt up by the Heat of the Sun. They produce no great Trees, but upon the lower Sides of them there are Plenty of Coppices. They met with red Partridges bigger than ours. Quails and Turkic Doves in abundance, which the Arabians never offer to flioot. The Foxes and Monkeys were fo tame, that let a Man go as clof, to them as he pleafed, they never offered to run away.

But the greateff Curiofity of our Travellers, upon their Re¬ turn, was to obferve every thing that relates to the Coffee Plan¬ tations, and to inform themfelves of the Arabians concerning

^Befides the Coffee Trees, there were to be feen in the fame Plantations with them, a great many other Sorts of Fruit Trees, fuch as Peaches, Apricocks, Almonds, Citrons, Oranges, Figs, Apples, <&c.

They were informed, that befides the Towns which they faw, there were others of very great Note, amongfi: which is Sanaa , formerly the Capital of the whole Kingdom, and the Seat of their Kings. There are likewife feveral of the great Roads of

rhe Kingdom paved for above an hundred Leagues together.

p Thefe.

I

oo

Thefe are the Particulars contain’d in this Relation 5 which may ferve to give at leaft fome general Notion of the Country which produces Coffee. The true Extent of it is not as yet known* and much lefs in what Parts of it Coffee Trees grow, or how much Land is yearly employed for thefe Plantations. Mr. BraJ~ ley tells us, that the greateft Part of them are a few Days Jour¬ ney inland from Mocca , and near the City Sanaa, about twenty Degrees of Northern Latitude. And in another Place, that the Coffee Tree is found from the Latitude of eighteen to twenty Degrees North.

We fhall hear fomething more determinate about this from Mr. Be la Morveille , in what he has laid about the Coffee Trade. But as the Coffee Plant has now, hotwithftaftding all the Pains the Arabians have been at to prevent it, found its Way to other Parts, and is there cultivated with good Succefs ; an Account of the Manner in which that happened, and what have been the Conferences thereof, belongs likewife to the Hiftory of the Locus Natalis of this Plant. And here I muff begin by obferv- ing, that by a late Account fent to Mr. Be JujJieu at Baris • from one Mr. Gaudron , an Apothecary at St. Maids , publifh’d in the Hiftory of the Royal Academy, it would feem that the Coffee Plant, or at leaft one Species of it, was a Native of the Ifland of Bourbon , near Madagafcar, as well as of the Temen.

4 The Inhabitants of the Ifland of Bourbon , fays Mr. Be Fon - tenelle , c having feen fome Branches of the Coffee Tree, full of 4 Leaves and Fruit, which a Freyich Veffel had brought from 4 Mocca , prefently difcover’d that they had the fame Sort of 4 Tree growing upon their Mountains • and upon comparing c them together, the Ships Company were convinced that they 4 were really alike ; only that the Bourbon Coffee Fruit is longer,

4 fmaller, and greener than that of Arabia , and when burnt has c a bitterer Tafte.

Whatever Way this Plant got into that Ifland, it is certain that the French , to whom it belongs, have lately cultivated Coffee there with good Succefs, and have fent feveral large Quantities into Europe 5 and it is not long fince the publick News-papers gave us an Account of the Sale of one Parcel by the French Eajl India Company at Baris , which was faid to be as good as any that comes from the Levant. Tho’ we fhould fuppofe this an indige¬ nous Plant of that Ifland, yet it has been fo lately known there, and that only by comparing it with others brought from Arabia Felix , that had not a Way been found of propagating it from

Kingdom of

C l7 )

this Country, Europe might ftill have been without it j and the Curious might ftill have had Realon to complain in thele elegant Words of Mr. Ray, Mirum tantum Thefaurum unius gent is, peculium effe, tamque lucrofa jlirpis Riant aria, intra unius Provincia Angujlias coerceri. Mirum vicinas Nationes extimulante invidia aut avaritia, ea jam pridem non vel vi depopulatas effe , vel femina aut vivas ra¬ dices dolo furripuiffe. Mirum quern vigilem draconem Coavetis fuis tuendis praficiant indigene, qui omnes injidiantium technas, & con a- tus fruflretur & eludat. But now, by the Care and Induftry of the fagacious Dutch, the Ground of that Complaint has ceas’d, Delufa jam vigil ant ijjimi Draconis Arabici techna, Arhorque non tan¬ tum in alias Ajiaticas tranfplantata nunc Regiones , fed & in Euro- pam nojlram tranfveUa, late nunc in Belgio Septentrionalihus Oris , accedente indefejjis culture curis virefcit. As Volhamerus has well exprelfed it.

How the Dutch made themlelves Mailers of the Coffee Plant, has been varioully related by Authors: Some are of Opinion^ that they found Means to carry off a whole Tree by Stratagem j and Mr. Bradley , amongll the reft, has related a Story to this Purpole. But it is from Prorelfor Boerhaave that we learn the whole Truth of this Matter i and likewile by what Means the Plant was brought into the Amjlerdam Garden. Nicholas Wit fen, Burgomafter of Amjlerdam , and Director of the Dutch Eajl-India Company, wrote leveral times to M. Van Hoorn, then General of Batavia , to caule ibme frelh Coffee Seeds to be brought from Mocca ■, and to be planted and cultivated with all poftible Care in the iflaiid of Java , of which Batavia is the Capital. Van Hoorn did as he was direct¬ ed 5 and having in a little time rais’d a conftderable Number of: Plants, he lent one of them to Amjlerdam, in a Prelent to Witfen, who, as he had been the original Founder of the Phyftck Garden there, thought that the molt proper Place for it to be lodg’d in. There it foon bore Fruit, from which many new Trees have al¬ ready and ftill continue to be railed. This Relation that learned Author allures us he had from Witfen himfelf j but. his original Words, of which I have here given the Subftance in Englijh , de- ferve to be let down : AmpliJJimus vir Nicolaus Witfen, Amjlelada- menfis Conjul, atque India Orientalis Societatis PrafeHus, pojlquam fape Uteris monuerat Primum Societatis Indie a PrafeHum Van Hoorn ut Semina recent ia Caffe Mofchd Arabia Felicis urbe deferenda cur a - ret, atque in infula java in cujus Metropoli Batavia habit abat, terra commiffa f over et cui ille juffo parens , arbor efque inde naSlus plurimas , unam mijit ampliffimo viro, qui jlatim quam liber alijjime in- comparabili hoc Ornamento donavit hortum Amjl el ad amen fern, cujus

F ohm

( 18 )

olim & Conditor fuerat. Ibi tulit dein fruBus, ex quibus fatis nova ajjiduo flirpes prodeunt. It a quidem, ut rariffima Arbor is Spec - taculum in Europa unins Wit fen cur a debeatur & liber alitati, errent- que qui aliter hac de re publice comment ati funt, ut fuis ad me datis Uteris ipfe amplijjimus vir memonuit. The Authors M. Boerhaave here means, are probably the Relaters of that Story of the Dutch having ftollen away a whole Plant from Arabia 5 which we have already taken Notice of.

Concerning this Coffee Plantation in Java, Monf La Roque {peaks in thefe Words: c The wife and fagacious Dutch have plant- c ed Coffee brought from Arabia , near Batavia, and by trank f planting, and other proper Methods, they have rais’d many f Trees there: The Succels, neverthelefs, does not fully anfwer, c fince they continue ftill to fend Ships and ready Money into c the Red Sea to purchafe Coffee from the Arabians. It is pre- f tended, that the too great Heat of that Climate is the Reafon c why the Fruit feldom comes to due Perfection. And indeed f Coffee Trees require a moderate Heat, much Shade, and afrefli c free Air.’ This Author acquaints us further. That the Englijb likewife had begun to plant Coffee at Fort St. George , in the Eafl Indies ; but with fo little Succefs, that he was inform’d they had now laid afide all Thoughts of that Defign.

O O

Whatever might be the State of the Dutch Coffee Plantations in Java, when M. La Roque wrote, they are now in a very thriv¬ ing Condition 5 great Quantities of Coffee being every Year brought from thence into Europe. As for any Dehgn of plant¬ ing Coffee about St. George , I never could hear that that was car¬ ry ’d further than meer Curiofity.

But now to return to the Amjlerdam Garden, the Univerfal Nurfery of Coffee Trees for all the Weffern Parts of Europe 3 I can neither find in what Year that Plant was brought thither, nor to what Place the firft Trees were fetit from thence. We may however probably conjecture, that the neighbouring Gardens of the United Provinces were firft fupply’d 5 but I find no printed Account of any fent out of Holland , before thofe which Chriftoph. Volkamerus faw in M. Munnukhaufens Garden in Germany 3 of which, as likewife of feme Seeds fent by Commelinus , the famous Botanick Profeflor at Amferdam , to his Brother Joh. Georg. Holka- mertts , he has given the following Account : M/ft Cafe' fruBus cera obduBos conjunBiJJimo fratri Dn. D. Joh. Georg. Volkamero, ex Am - ferodamenfi horto Excell. Comelinn. Flora illud delicium. Arboris autem Cafe ferentis ramum quern hie delineavimus fumma liberalitas ExceUentifjimi Domini L B, a Munnickhaufen Magna nunc Britan - 2- nia

( *9

)

”•* Monarch* Potential, & EleBoris Brunfaicenfu Hannoverani (quern Deus T. 0. At. Jer-vet & tueatur) Tbefaurarius & conjiliarius intimus, ex horto fuo Snxehherhano prope Hamelenfe Fortatitium ex -

truBo, cum regiis certe cmparando, mih'i quod grata mente recolo exhibuit.

This Account is dated in 17145 M. Mu?mickhaujen mult there¬ fore have had his Plant before that time ; but we are fure it was in that Year (Mr. Bradley fays about the latter End of it) that the Magiftrates of Amjlerdam fent a large Tree bearino- Fruit in a Pro fern to the late French King. Mo°„f La Roque°(d n Immel atdy after it was plac’d m the Royal Garden at Paris $ and from wuat he fays, we likewife learn that there were fome fmall Plants

th^reije^re* ff °n tlle *?thof July , fays that Author, Monf ‘ De Dodor of Phyfick, and Royal Profeffor of Botany,

was fo kind as to carry M. G aland, Arabick ProfelTor in the Royal College j M. Parent , of the Academy of Sciences, M. Onange, a learned Chine Je, and my felf, to the Roval Gar¬ den, to fee the young Coffee Plants that are there 3 but at our f Arrival we were told that the King’s firft Phyfician had fent

r u* ll C ^rCat ^°^ee ^ree JateJy come ffom Holland , and f which had been prefented to His Majeffy by the Magiftrates of

r Amjlerdam. We went therefore firft to fee this rare Plant,* and we conhdered it a great while with Pleafure. It was in a Cafe in the fame Glafs Frame with the Torch Thiftle of Perou, be¬ ing about five Foot high, and not above one Inch Diameter It {hoots out divers little Branches that arife all along the Stalk,"

’ anc* ajtogether f°rm alm oft a Pyramid 5 the Leaves are all rank’d in Pairs, but not fo big as thole I had from Arabia. And M. Galand perceiv’d no Difference between this Tree and one he had feen at Conjlantinople . There was green Fruit upon it

about the Size of a final 1 Plumb,* red Fruit almoft like a Cherry, and fome nearly ripe, of a much deeper Colour. The Hol¬ lander who was intruded with the Care of it, and came along with it from Marly, told us there was another ft ill at Amjler¬ dam, much larger than this, being as high as the fecond Story of an Houfe, and proportionably thick. This great Tree came originally from Arabia, being tranfplanted very youncr, and earned to Java, where after it had grown for fome nme, it was at length lent to Amjlerdam, and there continues ftill to piofpei. (In all this our Author nvas mifwjorm dj From the thereof a great many Trees have been rais’d 3 fome of wmch have bore Fruit at three Years old3 and, as the Dutchman told us, the Tree fent to the King was of this Number.

' M. De

( 20 )

t M. De Juffieu carry ’d us afterwards to fee the other Plant which ' came fome time before from Holland. It is as ye: but very in- <■ confiderable, bears no Fruit, and is but about a Foot and an

< half high, tho’ very frelh and in good Plight. But to return

< t0 the hril, in order to fatisfy my Curiofity compleatly, I want- c e(J now only to fee it in Flower ; and this I had the Pleafurc

< 0p by M. De Juffieu s Means, in about five Weeks after. I faw

< f0tlle 0f the Flowers unblown, others perfectly open and fpread,

< and from thence I was fully convinced of the Truth of every

< thing I have advanced in niy Memoirs on that Subject,

In this fame Year, 1714. Mr- Bradlly tcils us> the Vutch fenc over feveral Trees to their Settlement at Surinam in the Wifi Indies, in order to cultivate them in that Country, where he thinks they will undoubtedly turn to good Account ; as he is perfuaded they would do, if they were propagated in the South Parts of Caro¬ lina. That Trial I believe has not as yet been made, but there is now a very large Stock of Coffee Trees in Barbadoes ; from whence not only whole Plants, but even fome Pounds of dry'd Fruit have been fent to England. And I am inform’d by Mr. Philip Miller of Chelfey, that in the Year 1710, one Capt. Toting carry ’d the firft Plants from Surinam to that Ifland. If we may believe Mr. Bradley , in his late Appendix, it is owing to His former Writings that ever they thought of cultivating Coffee there. ‘ I am, favs he, the more particular (about making hot-beds,

< „0 'noubt wery neceffiary in Barbadoes) on this account, becaufe I

< now find that my former Writings concerning Coffee, have

< brought that Plant to be familiar in our American Plantations,

‘ I mean the Ifland of Barbadoes, where at prefent there is a great

c Number of Plants in a fruit bearing State, from whence fome ,

< have been brought to the Royal Palace at Hampton Court, in a

< profnerous Condition) and I doubt not but the Plant, for its

< Beauty and Curiofity, will be as much coveted by all Lovers 1 of Gardens, with us ; efpecially fince the fame Expence, in ‘ point of Culture, will ferve for the Education of all the choice

< Fruits of the hottefl Climates.

But to return to the Progrefs of the Coffee Plant in Europe. Beinu by this time pretty common in the Northern Countries thereof, it at length found its Way over the Alps into the Phyfick Garden at Pifa, ' from whence, no doubt, it has now fpread to the other curious Repofitories in Italy. It is M. Ttlli, Botanick Profelfor at Pifa, who acquaints us with this Circumftance. The Grand Duke, he fays, being inform’d that the Coffee Tree was cultivated in the Amjlerdam Garden, defir'd of the Direftor there-

( 21 )

of that he might have a Plant for his Phyfick Garden at Pifa$ and as they readily contented, it accordingly arriv’d fife at Leg¬ horn in 1715, in the hotteft time of the Year, having fuff ain’t! no Damage in the Voyage • and being from thence tranfported to Pifa , it continues there to flourifh and bear Fruit to Perfe&ion, from which many young Plants have been rais’d. Hujus rariffima Plant £ in Ampliffmo Amfleladamenfi horto Vegetantis ad Aures Regia CeJJitudinis Magni Ducis Rumor pervenerat, & ficuti omnes ejus im¬ petus tam in genere Scientiarum quam in genere novitatis ad laudem Jenifer funt propenf, ut honejla & utilia qualibet animus ejus con¬ tinue ccgitet, hanc plant am quoque ex horto Amfeladamenf in Pifa- nam urhem transferendam cogitavit hinc jaclum ut tanti Prmcipis nomine , claritate ac benevolentia illujlrijjimi & nobilijjimi ejus horti cur at ores ad nos Anno 1715, hanc Cafe plant am titulo & defcrip- tione Jafmini Arabici Cajlanea foliis fore albo odoratiffimo a Doff if fmo Commelino faUa , omni cur a & diligentia miferunt. Hinc & Navis Gubernator fuam adhibuit operarn & foUicitudinem j opportune enim Liburnum appulit • tunc of us erat graviffmus , jlagrantijfmo fdere Coelum incaluerat , attamen a tanta Locorum difantia , abfque uUo Hybernaculo nihil deirimenti acceperat.

When the Coffee Tree was firffc teen in England, I am not able pofitively to determine. Mr. Wife , His Majefly s chief Gardi- diner, affures me, that fome time before the Death of the late Queen Mary this Plant was in the Royal Garden at Hampton Court 5 and I have been told, that the late Bifliop of London, Dr. Comp¬ ton, had one at Fulham in 1696. brought dire&ly from Batavia, by one Capt. Adams.

In the Year 17064 Her Grace the Dutchefs of Beaufort (as I am inform’d by the Gardiner) had one at Chelfey.

In 1712. it was certainly in the Right Honourable the Lord Viteount Weymouth's Garden at Long Leate in Wiltjhire. This appears by a Catalogue of all the Stove and Greenhoufe Plants and Annuals in that Garden, taken July 28, 1714, when that Nobleman died, communicated to me by my worthy Friend the Reverend and Learned Mr. Harbeinj in which Catalogue I find the true Coffee Plant three Foot high fent to my Lord from Holland, in 1712.

But the firft printed Account we have of any Plants fent from Amflerdam to England is by Mr. Bradley , in his firlt Treatife of: Coffee, publifli’d in 1714 5 that is, in the fame Year in which he himfelf faw them in Holland. f The Heer Gerebrand Pancrafs, c Commiffary of the Garden, and Prefident of the City of Am- 4 fterdam, did me the Honour to accommodate me with this great

G 4 Curiofity,

( 22 )

c Curiofity, which I Tent into England, and intruded to the Care ' of Mr. Thomas Fairchild, a moft accurate Gardiner at Hoxton.

Dr. Sherrard has been fo kind as to inform me, that about the Year 1719 he fent a Coffee Plant to Dr. Eudal at Enfield 5 and in 172,3, his Brother, Mr. Sherrard , had fome for his fine Gar¬ den at Eltham, , likewife dire&ly from Holland.

In 1724, Mr. Parker of Heling had two Plants lent him from Amjlerdam.

There has been likewife a good Number of Plants fent direct¬ ly hither from. Barhadoes. Thofe that came laft Summer to His Majefty, were fent by the Governour of that Ifland, and en- trufied to the Care of Dr. Gamble. His Royal Highnefs the Prince, and the Duke of Chandos had fome by the fame Ship.

CHAP. IV.

. r . . . . \

The Coffee Plant in general ’

IN this Chapter my Defign is only to lay before the Reader a fliort View of the Sentiments of Authors concerning the Ge¬ nus of this Plant, with refpedt to Theophrajlus’s general Divifion of Vegetables ; and to remark the other Plants to which it has been compared. The Obfervations which belong to this Place, are therefore fuch only as could not conveniently be rank’d under any Head of the following Defcription, and at the fame time ferve to convey a general Idea of the whole Plant, the particular Parts of which I am afterwards to examine.

Every Body knows that Theophrajlus has divided all Plants into thefe four Claffes, Trees, Shrubs, Under- fhrubs and Herbs. The Coffee Plant has been thought by different Authors to belono- to every one of thefe; for it is by fome called a Tree, by others a Shrub and Bulk, by others an Herb, in exprefs Terms- and by others, in fine, it has been compared to different Plants of all thefe Kinds.

Alpiniis, the firffc Author who has mention’d the Coffee Plant, calls it a Tree, and compares it to the Euonymus , a few things excepted concerning the Figure and Subfiance of the Leaves, h is not eafy to determine what Euonymus is here meant • did he not feem to place the chief Difference between the Coffee Plant and that, in the Leaves, I fhould be apt to think he had in view z the

( 23 )

the Spindle Tree, which grows commonly in Hedges in moft Counties of England, for the Leaves thereof bear a very great Refemblance to thofe expreffed in Alpinus’s Figure.

J. B. who only copies from Alpinus 3 what he has faid about this Plant, agrees with him likewife in calling it a Tree, and both he and his Brother C. B. compare it to the Euonymus , without any farther Explication.

Petrus de la Valle , the celebrated Italian Traveller, in a Letter dated at ConJJantinople, 1615, calls it alfo a Tree. It grows, he lays, near Mecca ; and of the Fruit the Turks Drink is made.

Garcias Silva Figueroa , in the Account he has given us of his own Embaffy from Spain to Perfia , begun in 1 C 1 7, tells us that the Perjians made their Coffee of certain Herbs.

Vejlingius, in his Notes on Alpinus, 1638, gives this Plant the Name of a Tree; but at the fame time owns he had never feen it.

Parkinfon compares it to the Prickle Timber, or Prickwood Tree, which he takes to be the Euonymus of Alpinus.

Banefius , 111 the firft Treatife that was ever publifh’d expreflly on Coffee, 1671, is likewife the firft whom I find to have cal¬ led this Plant a Shrub or Bufh ; which are the Names he com ftantly gives it thro’ his whole Book. And as he has likewife quoted Alpinus’ s Account of it, the Englijb Translator thinks fit to add, by way of Note, that the Euonymus is by our Botanifts term’d the Spindle Tree, or Prickwood ; but it is believ’d ( fays he, without telling us by whom, or for what Reafon) that it is not Alpinus’ s Euonymus.

Chabraus, in his Seiographia Stirpium , 1678, joins with the other Authors in calling the Coffee Plant a Tree; but it is meerly upon the Authority of Alpinus , who indeed is the only Perfon, during all this time, that appears to have ever leen it 3 for Bane- pus no where fays that he did 5 and the reft either frankly own they never did, or fay nothing about the Plant at all.

Monk Bernier has fomething new upon this Head, but we lliall ice prefen tly, from Monf La Roque , that he has been very ill inform’d. c I cannot tell you (fays he to Monf. Du Four , in a Letter publifh’d with that Author’s Treatife on Coffee) f whether c Coffee be a kind of Bean, which is fown every Year as we do c ours, or the Fruit of fome Shrub; I find nothing upon that c Head in my Journals ; but what I can affure you of is, that

it muft be a Species of Convolvulus , becaufe I remember per- ■ fc&ly well to have been told that it is always planted near the c. Mouze'j to which it clings, and fo fupports its felf. ’ This

Mouze

( H )

Mouzc is what the Portugueze call Adam s Fig Tree, becaufc of the Largenefs of its Leaves.

It is no Wonder that this Account ftartled Dr. Rob inf on, and that, having nothing but Alpinus and his own Obfervations on the dry’d Coffee Fruit to be guided by, he was at a Lofs what to make of it. c M. Bernier , who pafs d the Red Sea into Arabia , (fays the Doctor to Mr. Ray , in a Letter publifh’d not long ago by Mr. Derham ) c doth affirm. That the Arabs affured him that c the Coffee Fruit was fown every Year, under Trees, upon which

* it did climb and run. From which he concludes it to be a € Species of Convolvulus. I think he might as well have con-

* eluded it to be a Phafeolus , or fome other fcandent Legume - -

f If M. Bernier was truly inform’d of its annual lowing and climb-

f ing, then Alpinus never law the true Coffee Plant - I have ex-

c amin’d many Coffee Berries, as they call them, here in London , c and am almoft perfuaded by my own Obfervation that they are ‘ neither Berries nor the Seeds of any Convolvulus , nor of any c Legume, but are rather of the Nut Kind.

Du Fours Treatife of Coffee was printed in 1683, and in the Beginning thereof he terms the Coffee a Legume, or kind of fo¬ reign Bean 3 but when he talks of the Plant it felf, he is not al¬ together againft its being called a Tree, tho’ he inclines more to rank it among the Shrubs. f The Tree that produces the Coffee (fays he) c is like the Euonymus or Spindle Tree ( Fufain in French) c which bears the Seed we xall Bonnet de Pretre , as we are inform’d c by Alpinus , who law it in his Travels. In the Memoirs which f I have received from the Levant , it is compared to our middling c Sort of Cherry Trees, both in Leaves, Branches and Size, for f at moft it is but a Shrub.

Blegny compares the Trunk of the Coffee Plant to a common Bean Stalk. What led him into this Miftake was his looking on the Branch delineated by Alpinus , to be the whole Plant.

As Du Fours Book was the lateffc, and, as Mr. Ray owns, the bell that he had heard of about Coffee, when the fecond Tome of his Hijlory of Plants came out, we need not be furpriz’d to find that he imitates him in calling it a Shrub.

In this, and in nothing elfe, he is followed by the Worthy and Learned Sir Hans Sloan , whole Account of this Plant, pub¬ lifh’d in the Philof TranfaH. N° 208, is by far the moft exad that had till then appear’d.

Mr. Dale, in his Pharmacologia, 1710, ventures to diffent from Mr. Ray in this Particular, and calls the Coffee Plant a Tree. This was certainly not the Effed of any Knowledge he had of the * Plant,

( 2$ )

Plant, for in the very next Line he tells us it is Arbor pragrandis, a Tree of an extraordinary Size* and compares it to the Mia, or

Lime Tree, _

Dr. Salmon agrees with Dale in calling the Coffee Plant a 1 ree *>

but inftead of the pragrandis of that Author, he (ays it is but a

very little Tree. .

Sir Thomas Pope Blount , in his Natural Hiftory, 16P5, takes

Notice ( from Du Four I fuppofe) of the Refemblance of- it to the

Cherry Tree, except that it is fcarce fo big.

Dr. Pechey, in his Compleat Herbal, i65>4? caPs lt a little Tree 5 but rather than to fay he copy’d Dr. Salmon , I Hull fuppofe he

tranflated the Arbufculum of Mr. Ray.

Pomety after finding Fault with Blegny, tho’ without naming

him, tells us, (Hijloire des Drogues , i6?4>) tpac por pis ParCj pe rather inclines to J. Bauhinuss Opinion, that it is like the Spindle Tree. How can this Author have ever read J. B. and not fee that he copies Alpinus ?

Herman acquaints us, in his Pofthumous Treadle of the Ma¬ teria Medica , publifh’d 1710, that the Coffee Trees grow in Ara¬ bia Felix , and that they are as big as Lime Trees. As this Book was handed about in Manufcript long before it was printed, it was from thence, perhaps, that Dale got this. Companion.

The two Fernery s flick by J. B. and only refer to him for a

farther Account of this Plant.

It is hard to tell upon what Langius founded the Refemblance, when, in his Materia Medica , 1704, he compared the Coiiee Plant to the Filix * or how, after fuch a Comparifon, he fliould flill call it a Tree.

Tournefort has no where mention’d this Plant, but in a Poll- humous Treatife of the Materia Medina, and even there he has

only copy’d Du Four.

Chomely in his Plantes Ufuelles , 1711, and Andry , in his Ali- mens du Car erne, 17135 call it fimply a Tree which grows in Ara¬ bia Felix.

Valeniiniy in the Latin Edition -of his Materia Medicay publ ifli d in 17165 tells us it is an exotick Tree as big as the Lime Tree.

C. Commelinus is the firft who has been at Pains to examine this Plant with a View to difeover the Family it belongs to, for nei¬ ther Morifon nor Tournefort in his Inflitutions, have fo much as mention’d it 3 and the Way that Mr. Ray has clafs’d it is only by Guefs. According to this Author, the Coflee Plant is a Species of Jeffamin j and Volkamerusy in the Acad. Cafar. Leopold. Ephem. Obf. 168. adds, that it is of th c Bacciferous Kind.

Meffieurs

(26)

Meffieurs La Roque and Be JujJieu have given us fo exa& and eompleac a Defcription of this Plant, that they had no Occaflon to compare it to any other, as a Mean to convey a better Idea of it; and after what they have (aid there can no more Difficulty remain whether it ought to be ranked among the Trees or Shrubs. La Roque adds, en paffiant, that when at its full Growth it is not unlike an Apple Tree. But what we have principally to remark from this Author’s Account, is an Obfervation which lets us into the Rcafon of M. Berniers Mi Bake, and clears up the Difficulty which Dr. Robinfon was in about it. f If our Travellers, fays Monf La Roque , c had not made this Journey to Mouab ( the f City where the King of Yemen then refided) we fliould perhaps f have long remain’d ignorant of one Singularity about the c Coffee Trees, of which no Body has hitherto taken Notice;

and that is, that in Places very much expofed to the South, c or which lie too open, thefe Plants are fee under great Trees, which they fay appear’d like a kind of Poplars, and they ferve to fhade and defend the others from the exceffive Heat of the Sun. The Inhabitants are perfuaded that without this Canopy the Flowers would foon be burnt up, and no Fruit ever appear; f and our Travellers law fbme Inftances of this in other Trees which had not the Advantage of a Shade. They obferv’d this f in the firft Coffee Trees they met with in their Journey: It was f in a Plain near the City of Tagus , which is very much expos’d. c The Poplars flood at certain Diflances all over the Plantation,

4 and each of them fhaded a good Number of Coffee Trees re- f gularly planted for that Purpofe, much after the Manner that c Apple Trees are in Normandy. In other Places which do not c lie fo open there are none of thefe Trees to be feen, the Coflee 4 Plants thriving well enough there without a Shade.

Thus far Monf La Roque. And thefe were undoubtedly the great Trees which Bernier had been told of 5 for which he could imagine no other Ufe than that they fupported the Coffee Plants, as others do the Convolvuli.

Profeffor Boerhaave agrees in every thing with Commelinus. It was fufficient for the Defign of his Index, publiflfd in 1720, to name and clafs this Plant as he had found it done by any good Author before him.

According to Mr. Jofeph Miller , in his late Botanicum Officinale , the Coffee Plant feems to be neither Tree nor Shrub, but fome- thing between both; which he expreffes by calling it a Jhrubby Tree. He is likewife afraid to make it a Species of Jafmin , but fays only, that it is fo according to Commelinus.

2

Mr.

C 27 )

Mr. Bradley is as pofitive on the other hand, that Commelinus was in the right 5 aud affines us that every Day confirms him more

and more that it is of that Tribe.

In this Manner have Botanical Writers talkd concerning the Coffee Plant in general ; and if we look back on all that has heic

been quoted from them, we fliall find,

1 . That of all the Authors who have faid any thing upon this Subjed, the greateft Part are agreed that this Plant is truly and properly a Tree, and ought to be reckon d fuch.

1. That of the remaining Authors, Banefms, Mr. Ray, and Sir Hans Sloane , think it is properly a Shrub • T>u Four , that it may be reckon’d either a Tree or Shrub; Miller , that it is neither the one nor the other, but a flirubby Tree; Figueroa , that it is an Herb; Langius , that it is both Herb and Tree; and Bernier is al¬ together undetermin’d about it.

3 . The other Plants it has been compar’d to, and the Authors

of thefe Companions, are the following,

Euonymus,

Prickle Timber Tree, Convolvulus,

Cherry Tree, Common Bean,

Tilia, or Lime Tree, Filix, or Fearn, Jelfamin,

Apple Tree,

Alfm. Park inf. Bernier . Du Four.

Dale.

Lan<r.

o

Commelin. La Roque.

CHAP.

( 28 )

CHAP. V.

The Root ? Trunk and Branches of the Coffee

Riant.

rV H O’ the Coffee Tree is now to be found in many Gar-

A about London, it has been my Misfortune as yet ne¬

ver to have had a full Opportunity of examining thefe Parts of it which make the Subject of this Article. I fhall, however, venture to communicate the few Obfervations I have hitherto been able to make about them 5 leaving a more perfect Delcrip- tion of them to be fupply’d by fome other Hand, in cafe I Ihould never be in a Condition to do it my (elf.

The Coffee Fruit being planted in a convenient Soil, the firft Pait of the fucceeding Tree which appears above Ground, is the feminal Leaves 5 and as foon as they are fpread, the tender Stem may be perceived to Iprout out betwixt them tip’d with two other Leaves of the fame Kind with thole that always remain on the Plant. From between thele, another Portion of the Stalk may in a little time afterwards be perceived to ihoot, crown’d hkewile with a new Pair of Leaves lying in a Plain which cuts the former at right Angles 5 and in this manner the tender Trunk ad¬ vances.

How long it is before the firft Branches begin to appear, I cannot certainly tell ; I law a young Plant in Mr. Sherrard's Gar. den, feven Inches high, bearing five Pair of Leaves, befides the feminal ones, without any Veftige of Branches. But when they do arife, their Manner of Growth is much the lame with that of the Trunk. They come out in crols Pairs from the Ala of the above-mention’d Leaves, and all of them make acute Andes with the Stem, thole neareft the Top being mod inclined.

Neither is the Delcent of the Root, in all Appearance, much different from the Afcent of the Trunk and Branches; for in a veiy filial 1 Plant which I had the good Fortune to get with the Root entire, I obferv’d it to run down for a good way pretty ftrait, and that afterwards it bent leveral Ways, very lono- Fibres arifing from it thro’ its whole Length, moft of them ftandmo- the lame Way as the Branches do on the Trunk, only much more numerous, and, as far as I could find, in a Fofition not always exactly regular. As the Plant grows up, fome of the Fibres

2 which

( 29 )

which lie neareft the Surface of the Earth become equal to the main Body of the Root in Thicknefs, and (end out other (mall ones in the lame Plenty ; and in this Manner it fpreads to a con- fiderable Breadth as well as Depth, thefe (everal Digiti /hooting out different Ways, and at different Angles with the Horizon. This is all that I could with Certainty difcover in another pretty large Root fent me by a Friend • but which by Misfortune had been cut and mangled when dug up.

To what Height and Thicknefs thefe Plants will grow with us, cannot as yet be determin’d, there being none, as far as I know, in England which have reach’d their utmoft Limits of In- creafe. Mr. Parker of Heling has one which laft Summer was full five Feet above Ground ; the Circumference, near the Root, was three Inches, and from thence it rifes gently rapering, the Top being no thicker than a fmall Branch. At the going off of each Branch there is a confiderable Nodus, efpecially near the Top, but the Joints below each of them are always bigger than thofe above them. In this Plant I counted eighteen Pair of Branches 5 the longeft, which was in the third or fourth Row from the Ground, meafuring eighteen Inches in Length, and three quarters of an Inch in Circumference.

The Cortex or Bark of this Plant is pretty thick, and may be plainly difcern ’d to be made up of two Parts, cafed over one an¬ other 5 the outermoft of which feems to me to fall off from the Trunk and greater Branches, which makes the/e appear of a lighter Afli Colour than the reft 3 the upper Covering of the Dark being feveral Degrees darker than the other.

The Wood is pliant and flexible, of a much whiter Colour than any Part of the Bark, and fpecifically lighter than moft other Trees. This becomes the more remarkable, becaufe the Pith is but of a very moderate Size.

What has here been laid about the Cortex and Wood of this Plant, agrees equally to the Root and Trunk, at Ieaft as far as I have hitherto been able to obferve.

I fhall conclude this Account with the following Obfervations communicated to me by that ingenious Gardiner Mr. Philip Miller, concerning the Coffee Trees which were lately fent from Barhadoes to His Royal Hignnefs the Prince. The Height of them from the Surface of the Ground was, in September laft, fifty two Inches. Each Tree hath thirty two Branches, which come out by Pairs, oppofite to each other. The lowermoft Branches were twenty five Inches long, and fo decreafing in Length to the uppermoft, which was three Inches longj and all together they form a hand fome Pvramid. I The

( 3° )

The Stem of the Tree next the Surface is three Inches in Girt, and at the Top an Inch and three quarters.

The Root fpreads nineteen Inches Diameter, and is very full of fmall Roots. The larger Roots were of a dark brown Colour; but the Fibrillce very white, and pretty tough $ and when broken they finell very like Liquorice, but have little or no Tafte. The whole Root is fo ramify ’d, and each Ramification fo full of H- lrill<e, that it looks like a fhockey Head of Hair ; and it was very difficult to clear them of the Earth.

In no Author, that I have yet met with, is there fo much as one Word about the Root of the Coffee Plant. Tomel indeed tells us of one that was eaten by the Rats, near Tarts; but befides that this Story is in all Probability falfe, we are as far to feek a- bout the Defcription of this Root as ever.

Of all the Europeans who have travelled into Arabia Felix , where the young Coffee Plants are every where tranfplanted at cer¬ tain times of the Year, it is a Wonder that none has ever had the Curiofity, ei¬ ther by ocular Infpeftion, or at leaf!: from the A cconnts of t-Kp TnhaKir-jntc, fr» inform himfelf what kind of Roots they have. And it is a much greater Wonder Bill, that during a Courfe of fo many Years, in which there have been Plants fent to all Places, from the Amfterdam Garden, that no BotaniB who has had an Opportunity of examining the Roots, has ever publifh’d a Defcription of them.

The Trunk and Branches, having a nearer Relation to the Fruit, and being dis¬ coverable with much lefs Trouble than the Root, have not been fo much negle&ed by Authors.

Alpinus has laid nothing in particular a- bout either of thefe; but fuppofing the Fi¬ gure he has given us of a Branch to be in any meafure like the Plant it was taken from, we may infer from thence, that it decreafes very fenfibly in Bignefs, as it removes from the Trunk, till at Top it appears to be not much thicker than the Foot Stalks of the Leaves : That it is not quite firait, but gently bent two cdntrary Ways in form of an Italian f ; and that there are three leffer Branches arifing from it, the uppermoB a- bout the Middle, and all of the fame Figure with it.

From this Time, all the Way down to Monf. Du Four , we meet with nothing but repeated Copies of Alpinus' s Figure, with¬ out any Defcription ; and even this Author has only told us that the Branches are fmall and limber ; referring for all the', other Parti¬ culars about them, as well as about theT runk,

to the Figure placed at the Beginning of his Book ; which is only a good Copy of that of Alpinus.

Sir Hans Sloane's Figure is likewife taken from a Branch, and differs extremely from all that ever I have feen in the Number and Difpofition of the fmaller Twigs that arife from it.

About the Defcription of it, the Author tells us that it was taken from a Tree feven or eight Foot high ; that the Branch it felf was five Foot long, and cover’d with a grey almoB fmooth Bark. The Wood is white, and the Pith not very large. The Twigs are cover’d with a darker colour’d very fmooth Bark, and arife oppofite to one an-' other by Pairs, Banding crofs to one ano¬ ther, coming out of oppofite Sides of the Branch, or the two Pairs next to one ano¬ ther, cutting each other at right Angles,

The Branch from whence this Defcrip¬ tion is taken, was dried ; but neverthelefs, he fays, it will every way agree to thofe of a growing Tree; Mr .Clyves, who brought it to England, having inform’d him of eve¬ ry Particular of it.

Monf. De JujJteu tells us, that in the Year 1715, the Coffee Tree in the Royal Garden at Paris was about five foot long, and the Trunk as thick as a Man’s Thumb. The Branches arife at certain Diflances, al¬ ways in Pairs croffing one another : They are very limber, round, knotted and cover’d, as well as the .Trunk, with a very thin white Bark. The Wood of them is pret¬ ty hard, and of a fweet Tafte. The lower Branches are commonly fimple, and arife more horizontally than the upper ones, in - which the Trunk ends, and which are fub- divided into leffer Twigs fpringing from the AU of the Leaves in the fame Order.

Valentini refers to the Count Marftgli for an Account of this Tree, and has only co¬ py ’d one of the Figures of that Author.

Monf. La Roque, from Informations ta¬ ken in Arabia Felix , informs us that the Tree which bears Coffee is from fix to twelve Feet in Height, and from ten to fifteen

Inches

( 31 )

Inches in Circumference.. When in Per¬ fection it looks not unlike an Apple Tree eight or ten Years old. In an aged Tree the lower Branches are ordinarily bent ; and at the fame time they fpread themfelves all round the T runk, and fo form a Sort of Umbrella. The Wood is very tender, and withal fo pliable, that the Extremities even of the higheft Branches may be brought within a Foot or two of the Ground with¬ out breaking. The Bark is of a whitilh grey Colour, and the Surface of it fome- what uneven.

Concerning two other Trees which this Author faw in the Royal Garden at Paris , he obferves that one of them was only a- bout a Foot and an half high ; the other, then juft arriv’d from Holland , was about five Feet in Length, and an Inch in Diame¬ ter. Little Branches arofe all along the Stem, and taken all together they form’d almoft the Figure of a Pyramid.

Mr. Bradley has been at Pains to examine and delineate the Coffee Trees that grew in the Amfterdam Garden. His Figure,

however, is only that of a Branch, which he tells us refembles in every Point that he took it from, except only the Size, which ought to be one third bigger to make it e- qual with the Life. About the Trunk or Branches of this Tree he has faid nothing, further than that it is of a very quick Growth, and naturally inclinable to lhoot upwards j that in its native Country it ge¬ nerally attains, as is reported, the Height of forty or fifty Feet, altho’ the Stem, in the thickeft Part, does not exceed five Inches in Diameter. He adds. That in the Gar¬ den of Amflerdam there were two Coffee Trees about feventeen Foot high when he faw them.

As this exceffive Height afcribed to the Coffee Trees by Mr. Bradley , is only upon the Teftimony of other People, it ought to be of no Force againft the Truth of the Memoirs furnilh’d to Monf. La Roque upon that SubjeCfc ; and I am even afraid Mr. Bradley did not accurately mea- fure thofe he faw at Amflerdam.

CHAP. VI.

,t

The Leaves of the Coffee Plant.

TH E Leaves of the Coffee Plant terminate both Ways in a narrow Point, and from thence are expanded on both Sides in the Figure of a Curve Line, fo as that the broadefl Part of them is commonly about the Middle of their Length. Their regular Figure is to have this Curve Line fimilar, an equal Part of the Leaf lying on both Sides the Cojla or Rib. They are not all, however, of this Shape, and the Variations from it con- fift either in that the fame Parts of the Leaf are not equally broad on each Side of the Cojla ; or that the Extremities of them are laterally bent or incurvated j both thefe admitting of many different Degrees.

The Length of the largefl Leaf which I had ever an Opportu¬ nity of meafuring was nearly feven Inches 5 the greateft Breadth two Inches and three quarters. The whole Circumference can fel- dom be exa&ly mealured in a large Leaf, becaufe the Edges are moft commonly undulated 3 but as near as I can guefs from the Largenefs of the Undulations of the Leaf I have now before

2 me.

( 32 )

me, the Circumference of it is between feventeen and eighteen Inches.

Thro’ the Middle of each Leaf length wife runs a ftrong Cojta or Rib, rifing above the Surface on both Sides, but moft on the lower or back Side. It decreafes in Thicknefs as it advances to¬ wards the Extremity, being thickeft near the Branch to which it is fixed j and as during a Email Space from thence the Leaf is ex¬ tremely narrow on both Sides, that Part has been taken for a Pe- dunculus or Foot Stalk ; and in the Leaf I have here given the Dimenfions of, it is about half an Inch in Length.

From each Side of the Coda arife a great many Fibres of dif¬ ferent Sizes, the largeft being parallel to one another, and inclin¬ ed obliquely towards the End of the Leaf. The others are fpread irregularly thro’ the Pulp of the Leaf which is pretty hard and lolid, tho’ not very thick.

The Surface and Edges of young Leaves are fmooth and even,' except where Rifings are form’d by the Cofta and large Fibres* but as they increafe, the Edges become commonly pinched, the reft of the Leaf undulated or wav’d in many different Manners, bending likewife fometimes both according to the Length and ac¬ cording to the Breadth.

The Leaves while frefh are all pretty much of the fame Colour, the upper Side being of a deep graffy green, the under Side lighter by a good many Degrees.

Hitherto we have confider'd the Leaves by themfelves,* the next Step is to examine them on the Plant. From the time that the Trunk appears above Ground, till the Branches are fhot out. Leaves grow upon it in the fame Order as the Branches do after¬ wards. In a young Plant only feven Inches high, I counted five Pair, befides the feminal ones, and the largeft of them was four Inches in Length. Thefe feminal Leaves differ from the reft in Shape, being more nearly circular, and adhering to the Stem by the Sides, rather than by one End. Some Leaves are found on the Trunk, even after the Branches are out, in all A^cs of the Tree, and they grow always clofe by the Root of a Branch, but without being pair’d as before.

Two very tender Leaves are always found at the Top of the Tiunk, join d to a fmall fhort Foot Stalk, arifing from between the Pair immediately below them. This Foot Stalk increafes and becomes a new Joint or Internodium of the Trunk ; but before it -ias gain d any confiderable Length or Strength, anew one tip’d ui Ji other two Leaves fhoots out. from its Top, betwixt the two Leaves placed there. In this manner the Tree increafes in

z Height,-

(33)

Height; and the Growth of the Branches is perform’d in the fame manner.

On thefe all the other Leaves are to be found. They arife from the Nodi already mention’d in an oppofite Situation to one another 5 that is, one on each Side; but they are all in the fame Plain, in which they differ from thofe of the Trunk; and in their natural Situation, before they come to be bent and diftorted, both Edges are at an equal Diftance from the Horizon. The Number^of Leaves on each Branch, is, I believe, pretty nearly proportionable to the Length of the Branches. On one, which meafured eighteen Inches, there were fixteen Pair of Leaves, but the Diftance between each Pair is not always the fame.

The Size of the Leaves on the fame Branch is ftill more diffe¬ rent; neither are the largeft always neareft the Trunk, but indif¬ ferently on any other Part of the Branch ; and it is certain that all of them do not arrive at the fame Dimenfions before they de¬ cay. The firft Sign of that is a Change of the Colour from Green to a light Yellow towards the Top 5 from thence it fpreads over the whole Leaf, and to that a brownifh Colour fucceeds, but not till that Part of the Leaf where it is found is quite dry d and wafted. The Time when this happens, with refped to eve¬ ry (ingle Leaf, is not long after it has grown to its full Extent ; tho’ I am apt to think that their being fo clofely pent up in Stoves may contribute fomething to the Shortnefs of their Duration ; the Plant it felf, neverthelefs, is undoubtedly an Ever- green ; and I believe there is very little Difference to be obferved in the Num¬ ber of green Leaves in any Seafon of the Year; but whether, or in what time young ones grow out from the fame Nodus from whence the old ones fell, I have not had an Opportunity of ob- ferving.

r -

Alpims has only obferv’d about the Leaves of this Plant, that they are thicker, harder and greener than thoie of the Euo- nymus, and that they remain always green (perpctuo virentia ) : This laft, as we have heard, mull be meant of the whole Plant, not of any lingle Leaf. In his Figure the Shape of the Leaves is very ill reprefented ; but the Manner in which they arife from the Branches tolerably well, if we except the eroding.

Monf. Du Four obferves further, That they are not very large, but pretty thick, in proportion to their Extent ; that they are intire, or without Incifures; and that in every refpedt they are very much like thofe of a middling Cherry Tree. He takes Notice likewife that this Plant is an Ever¬

green, but however that the Leaves decay and fall off very foon, the Fruit remaining naked and expos’d upon the Tree. This Defcription is meant of the Coffee Leaves in Arabia, Felix , none of which Monf. Du Four ever faw, and therefore the Inaccuracy of it is to be imputed not fo much to him as to thofe from whom he had his Infor¬ mations.

Sir Ham Sloane is the firft who has ex- prefs’d the Manner in which thefe Leaves arife from the Branches ; and he has like¬ wife added feveral new Obfervations about them. ‘ After the fame manner, fays he,

< ftand the Leaves on the Twigs, as the t Twigs on the Branches, at fome times an

< Inch, fometimes two Inches Diftance,

« each Pair of Leaves from the other. The “ ■ Leaves

(34)

» Leaves have Inch Foot Stalks, being

* about four Inches long, and two broad

* in the Middle where broadeft, whence

* they decreafe to both Extremes ending in « a Point. They are fmooth, whole, with- « out Incifures on their Edges, fomewhat

* like the Leaves of a Bay. ’ When we confider that this Author had only the Leaves of one dry’d Branch to take this Defcription from, it muft be own’d that he has examin’d this Part of it with great Accuracy ; and as for the Comparifon he makes of thefe Leaves to thofe of a Bay, it is at leaffc as juft as any that have hitherto been pitch’d upon ; efpecially while the Leaves are fmall and not curled.

Commelintis , and after him Volkamerus and others, compare thefe Leaves to thofe of the Caftmea or Chefnut Tree. It muft be own’d, that from a tranfient View of what the Gardiners call the Spanijb ChefnutLeaves, one would be apt to think that they refem- bled the large ones of our Plant very much ; but upon a more ftrift Examination, I find them to differ extremely. The Chefnut Leaves are much narrower in proportion to their Length ; the large Fibres much thic¬ ker fet, arifing higher on the backfide of the Leaf, and much more diftin&ly conti¬ nued to the Edges ; the Edges are pretty deeply crenated, and the Interftices between the Notches end in ftrong lharp Prickles or Thorns; the Undulations are not near fo large, and quite otherwife difpofed; in fine, tho’ this does not relate to the Make of the Leaf, thofe of the Chefnut do not arife in Pairs from the Branches, nor in the fame Plain with one another.

Tonmefort has nothing new about the Coffee Leaves ; * They arife, fays he, in « Pairs oppos’d to one another, being of c an oval Figure, but ending in a fmall * Point.

M. Bradley tells us that the Leaves are bi- compofite, or fet in crofs Pairs at the Joints, and not unlike thofe of the common Bay, but curled at the Edges, and inclinable to hang down. And in the fecond Edition he inclines rather with his learned Friend Mr .Pettiver, to think the Leaves like thofe

of the Lauras Vulgarll, thaft to compare it to thofe of our common Chefnut; but in all the Editions of his new Improvements, even thofe publilh’d fince his laft Treatife of Coffee, he inclines to the common Chefi nut again.

I need not take notice of the Defe&ive- nefs of what Mr. Bradley has told us about this Part of the Plant ; but I cannot help remarking his Miftake about the Situation of the Leaves upon the Branches : They are never fet in crofs Pairs, but lie all in the fame Plain; and on the Trunk, except be¬ fore the Branches fprout out, they are fel- dom in Pairs at all. So that with refpeft to neither of thefe will Mr. Bradley' s Ac¬ count of the Situation of the Leaves be found to hold.

Monf. De JuJJieu's Defcription is in thefe Words : ‘ Both Sorts of Branches are

* always cover’d with Leaves, intire and

* without Incifures in their Circumference, ‘ fmall and pointed at the two Ends, op- c pos’d by Pairs, but without crofting one ‘ another as the Branches do, and arifing

* from the Nodi of thefe. They refemble c very much the Leaves of the common

* Bay, but are not fo dry nor thick, tho’

* larger and more pointed ; their Extremi- £ ties inclining fometimes a little to one ‘ Side. The upper Surface of them is ofi £ a lhining Green, the lower Side of a

* pale Green ; and they are all yellowilh at ‘ firft. They are wav’d or curl’d at the

* Borders, which perhaps is owing to the

* Culture ; and there is nothing aromatick

* nor uncommon in their Tafte. The

* biggeft of them is about three Inches in ‘ Breadth, and four or five in Length,

* with fhort Foot Stalks join’d to them. Monf. La Roque obferves, ‘ that thefe

* Leaves are very like thofe of the Limoni

* Tree, ( Citronier ) but not fo much point- ‘ ed; thinner, and of a darker green Co- ‘ lour. That the Branches are at no time

* altogether ftrip’d of Leaves ; that they

* arife moft commonly in Pairs from the

* two oppofite Sides of the Branches, and

* all in the fame Plain, at fmall Diftances

* from one another.

CHAP.

( 35 )

CHAP. VII.

The Flower of the Coffee Plant.

rTplHE Flower arifes from the very Middle of th q Ala folia- Jl rum, or Jun&ure of the Leaves and Branches, by a fmall areen Pedunculus , or Foot Stalk, which tho’ not above the eighth Part of an Inch in Length, may neverthelefs be plainly perceiv’d not to run in the lame Plain with the Branches, but to be a lit¬ tle inclin’d upwards j and for that Reafon the reft of the Flower appears to be fituated not fo much between the Leaf and Branch as above them both.

Round the Edges of the upper Extremity of the Peduncuhs , arifes the Calix or Cup of the Flower* and is prefently after di¬ vided into four or five fmall Segments j two of which, commonly larger than the reft, we may obferve to be of the fame Texture and Shape with the Leaves of the Plant, and to run up a little way upon the tubulous Part of the Petalum , at a little Diftance from it j for this Reafon, and alfo becaufe the Foot Stalk being (o very fliort, it is not always eafy to diftinguifh whether thefe Segments arife from it, or immediately from the Al<e$ they mighc equally be fuppos’d to be the Beginnings of new Leaves fpring- ing out with the Flower, only that they decay foon after it, leav¬ ing the Fruit naked. This evidently proves that they are all of the Nature of a Calix, the Ufe of which is to ferve firft for a Periantbium, before the Flower is quite blown, and afterwards to defend the tender Ovarium.

OVARIUM.

This Ovarium , or Seed Veffel, is fix’d to the upper Extremity of the Pedunculus within the Calix * and confider’d in this State, that is, as making a Part of the Flower, it is only a fmall green Globule, in which nothing farther can with Certainty be diftin- guifh’d, till after the Decay of the Flower. Then it begins to (well, and by degrees advances to a perfed Maturity, as we fhall fee in defcribing the Coffee Fruit.

3

PETALUM.

( 36 )

\

P E T A L U M.

From the Top of the Seed Veffel fprings the Pet alum of this Flower, by a tubulous Beginning, but it is afterwards parted mod commonly into five Segments, fometimes into four or three only. The lower or tubulated Part is exadly in the Shape of the Neck of a common Funnel, being narrower at Bottom than at Top j and the Length of it is between a quarter and three eighth Parts of an Inch. The Segments do not run up from it in a ftrait Line, but go off almofl: at right Angles, and fo form rather a Pi feus , than the upper Part of an Infundibulum , in the Senfe af- figned to thefe Terms by Tournefort. They are all pretty much of an equal Length in the fame Flower, being commonly about half an Inch. Neither do they differ any other ways in Figure, lave only that fome of them continue of an equal Breadth thro’ their whole Length, others begin, a little way from their Extre¬ mity, to contrad by degrees. The Colour of both Parts and both Sides of the Pet alum is the fame, a very pure white ; which however I have fometimes obferv’d to be brighter in the Segments than in the Tubulus.

STAMINA.

The Stamina arife from the Inflde of the lower Part of the Pc~ talum, always equal in Number to the Segments thereof, of a white Colour, and a very fmall Size. Before they reach as high as the Origin of the Segments, they ceafe to adhere to the Tubu¬ lus, and run up a little way above it, being, as far as they are diftindly vifible, never above three eighth Parts of an Inch in Length.

APICES.

To each of the Stamina is join’d an Apex or Pendant, fome- thing longer than they are, and of a very different Figure. I know nothing they can be fo juftly compar’d to as the Claws of fome fmall Birds 3 for they are crooked or bent fulcated on the concave Side, and bigger at Bottom than at Top. In this Sulcus the Stamina are fix’d, a little above the lower Extremity 3 fo that thefe and the Apices have an oblique Situation, with refped to one another. All the convex Side of the Apices is of a whitifh yellow Colour, the concave Side of a dark brown.

5

STYLUS.

( 37 ).

S T T LU s.

The Stylus is a long (trait (mall white Tube, fpringing from the Middle of the upper Side of the Ovarium within the Petalum, thro’ the hollow Part of which it afcends in the very Center of the Stamina and apices. In this manner it runs up for near an Inch, and then the upper Extremity of it divides, and the two Portions of about a quarter of an Inch or fometimes more in Length, either both fall back in Form of a circular Arch or Hook, in an oppoflte Situation to one another, or one of them only 5 the other remaining ftrait, and then the whole appears not un¬ like a Water-man’s Boat-hook.

Such is the Stru&ure of a perfedt Coffee Flower. The Pro- grefs of it comes next to be examin’d, from the time of its firffc Appearance, wholly inclos’d in the Calix or Perianthium , till it totally wafts and decays. It is hardly ever diftin&ly vifible till having broke thro’ that Cafe, it (hews it felf in the Shape of a white round BlofTom, the whole Flower being then wrapt up in that Manner. As it begins to unfold, the firft thing we begin to difcover further, is the forked Extremity of the Stylus , and the Explication of the whole Flower follows foon after, there being feldom above twenty four Hours between that and the Ap¬ pearance of the white Bloflom : The Decay of it comes on as faftj its Prime rarely out-lafting the Space of one Day. It con¬ tinues for fome time longer in a fading State, the Petalum turn¬ ing infenfbly brown j and afterwards this and all the other Parts of the Flower foon vanifli and die.

We (hall hear from Monf. La P.oque what are the flowering Sea* (ons of this Plant in Arabia Felix. I have never (een it flower here in England at any other time than between the End of June and Middle of Augujl 5 tho’ I doubt not but that fome may ap * pear after that Month is pad.

Mr. Ray very juftly complains that no Author had given any Account of the Flower of this Plant, at the time when he wrote ; and Languid even after the Plant it felf had found its way to Europe , re¬ peats the fame Complaint, and had equal ReTon for it ; for till after his Lettiones ■ Atateri a Medic# was publish'd, I do not find fo much as one Obfervation about this Flower, except one mention’d by Strufius , from an Arabian Phyfician, namely, that it is white.

The firft Defcriptionswe have of it were

taken from the Plants in the Amfierdam Garden; and all Authors who have men¬ tion’d it agree that it is very much akin to the Flower of the Jelfamin. From hence ComtnelinHS deriv’d its Name; and he has likewife taken Notice of the Colour and Smell of th t Pet ala.

That this Flower refembles that of the Jeflamin, as much or more than any other, may be very true; but ftill there is a vaft Disparity between them. In the Jeflamin Flower the Pedunculus is twenty times longer, the united Part of the Calix much L larger.

( 3* )

larger, and the Segments only fmall Fila¬ ments or Lacinia; the Seed Veffel is quite of a different Structure ; the tubulated Part of the Flower bears a much greater Proportion to the Segments in Length, and the Colour of it is rather green than white ; the Segments are differently fhap’d, and ' the'Number of them much more various and uncertain. In fine, the Stamina, A- pices and Stylus have almoft nothing in com¬ mon in the two Flowers, fave only that they are defign’d for the fame Ends.

Volkamems had an Opportunity of exa¬ mining this Flower in Germany, and he has obferv’d about it, That it is of the perfefl Kind ; (fin Oppofition, I fuppofe, to thole which Botanifts term ftamineous Flowers, called by M. Vaillant incomplete, or im¬ perfect;) that it is extremely beautiful, and of a ftrong and agreeable Smell ; that it is of the monopetalous Kind, arifing by a long Tube, and afterwards parted into five Segments ; of a white Colour, and very large. Upon all which Accounts, and others likewife taken from the Fruit, he concludes that Commelinus was very much in the right to make it a Species of Jeffamin.

Thefe Obfervations relate only to the Pcta'um ; but Mr. Bradley, who knew ve¬ ry well that the other Parts of which Flowers confifl: are in a philofophical Senfe the mod effential Parts of them, has not buffer'd thefe to pafs unregarded. ‘ The ‘ Flowers, fays he, put forth in Clufters « at the Joints, towards the Extremities of

< the Branches, and are in Figure, Size and ‘ Colour, the fame with thofe of thecom- ‘ mon Jeffamin, with the Addition only

< of five yellow Apices, which hang loofely ‘ on the Top of the Flower, and a Style

< which projeds near half an Inch above

< it. The Smell of the Flower, he adds,

< is faint, and not worth our Notice.

In his other Writings, he fiilj infills up¬ on the Likenefs of this Flower toTKe Jef¬ famin ; and in the latefl of them he tells us, * that every Day confirms him more and

* more that the Coffee Plant is of this Tribe. About the Time of flowering he has

likewife obferv’d, that in the Amjlerdam Garden it begins in July, and lafts tillOc- tober.

Monf. De JuJJieu defcribes the Flowers in this Manner: ‘ From the AU of moft ‘ of the Leaves ar.fe the Flowers, fome- ‘ times five in Number, with fhort Foot- ‘ Stalks. They are all white, of one Piece, < and of equal Bignefs, very much like ‘ to thofe of iheSpaniJh Jeffamin, only that ‘ the T ube is fhoi ter, and the Segments

* not fo broad; the Stamina five in Num- ‘ ber, whereas our Jeffamins have but two. « Thefe Stamina rife above the tubulous c Part of the Flower, and furround a forked ‘ Stylus fi tuated upon the Embrio of the

* Fruit or Pijlillnm, which lies within the ‘ Calix. The Calix is green, divided into

* four pointed Segments, the oppofite Pairs

* of which are unequal in Size. Thefe ‘ Flowers have a very pleafant Smell, but ‘ are of very fliort Duration.

La Rocync, very much to the fame Pur- pofe, acquaints us that ‘ the Flowers are

* white, very like the Jeffamin, confifting ‘ of five little fhort Leaves ( feuilles ) their ‘ Smell is very agreeable, with fomething ‘ balfamick in it; but theTafte is bitter.

* They arifefrom the Place where the Foot- ‘ Stalks of the Leaves are joined to the ‘ Branches.

‘ In almofl: all Seafons of the Year, continues this Author, * there are Trees { to be feen in Flower in Arabia; but in ‘ that Plant which he faw at Paris, fome of ‘ the Flowers were in blofTom only, others ‘ perfectly blown in the beginning of Sep* ‘ tember.

CHAP.

\

( 39 )

CHAP. VIII.

The Coffee Fruit.

TO the Flowers of the Coffee Plant, fucceeds the Fruit ;

which, as it is the only Part of the Plant that is ufed, will require to be treated at more Length than the reft. In order to do this with the greater Clearnefs, I have thought it convenient to throw all that I have to fay upon this Subjed into three di- ftind Articles 5 in the firft of which I fliall examine the whole outward Appearance and Coverings of the Fruity in the fecond, the Nuclei or Kernels which thefe Coverings inclofej and in the third, the feminal Plant, or true Seed : And under each of thefe Heads I fliall fubjoin fuch a Part of the hiftorical Remarks about the whole Fruit, as belongs to what is there treated. I fhould willingly have added a fourth Article, no lefs curious and enter¬ taining than the reft, concerning the Progrefs of the Fruit from the Time that the Flower decays, and the Vafculum feminale be¬ gins to fwell, till it arrives at a State of perfed Maturity, in which I here confider it • but in order to do that with all the Ac¬ curacy that is neceftary, I muft have deftroy’d a great many more frefli Berries than I could poftibly obtain in this Place. I have been obliged therefore to content my felf with remarking the Changes that may be perceiv’d while the Fruit remains upon the Tree; and as thefe only regard the Size and Colour of the Peri ~ carpium or Coverings of the frefli Fruit, I have fet them down in the Article which is deftin’d for thefe.

ART. I.

The Coverings of the Coffee Fruit.

IN a frefh Berry thefe Coverings may in a proper Senfe be term’d the Pericarpium of the Fruit $ and therefore all that re¬ lates to the outward Appearance thereof can only be taken from this. The Situation of the Fruit upon the Trees, is the fame witl} that of the Flower, to which it fucceeds 5 only the Foot- Stalk flioots out by degrees to a greater Length, being, when the Fruit is ripe, above a quarter of an Inch long, its green Colour ftill continuing.

O

The

( 4° )

The Colour of the Fruit it felf is at firft green, which as it advances in Age and Size gradually changes, hrft to a red, and then paffing from one degree of that Colour to another, becomes very dark by the time that the Fruit is ripe. In all States it is of an oval or fpheroidical Figure, not unlike the Cornelian Cherry • and I never found the longed; Diameter of it to meafure much above half an Inch ; nor the greateft Circumference above an Inch and an half. The tranfverfe Diameter in thefe fame Berries was about (even dxteenth Parts of an Inch > and the Circumfe¬ rence that way an Inch and three eighth Parts. The Weight of the whole about eight Grains.

The Pulp and Infide of the Pericardium is of a light red Co¬ lour, but this lad; is variegated with many Streaks of white; even when the Fruit is come to Maturity ; this Covering is not very thick, and there appear no Signs then of its being lined with any inner Membrane ; the Septum by which the two Kernels are parted, is dill mucilaginous 5 and both of them are cover’d with a thick Subdance, of the fame Kind out of which the firffc of the proper Coats is probably form’d by drying ; the fecond beino- vifible already.

Thefe few Remarks concerning the Size, Appearance and Subfiance of the Pericarpium} are all which it is necedary to make about the frefh Fruit, as diftinguifh’d from the dry’d Berries. We fhall fee in another Place in what manner this is perform’d ; and as the chief Defign of it is that the Husks and Kernels may after¬ wards be eafily feparated ; it is not often that we meet with many dry’d Berries intire in thefe Parts. I have however been at Pains to pick out a confiderable Quantity from Bales of raw Coffee at the Drugders, and fome of them I found to contain two perfeft Kernels in one common Husk, others one only* I fay perfedt Kernels, becaufe even in thofe that are fingle, there are mofl com¬ monly, if not always, fome Remains of the abortive Kernel ly¬ ing like a Clypeus or Target upon the other, as fhall be explain’d more particularly afterwards. I have always obferv’d, that the Number of fuch entire fingle Berries in each Bale exceeded the double ones 3 at a Medium of all the Tryals I made, the Propor¬ tion of them was nearly as feven to one. The Reafon why we have any entire Berries at all imported can be no other than that they are fmaller than the red, and fo efcape the Roller which the Arabians make Ufe of to take off the Husks; and as there are fewer double Berries of that fmall Size than fingle ones, a greater Number of thefe mud; remain with the Husks on.

Thefe

( 4r )

Thefe two Sorts of Berries differ from one another in Figure 3 neither are all of each Kind entirely alike. The fingle ones are moftly of an oblong oval Figure, except where the Prominence form’d by the abortive Kernel makes a fmall Variation $ the others, efpecially the fmaller Sort, are more nearly round, with a fenfi- ble Depreffure on both Sides, running from the Foot Stalk to the other End 3 and by thefe Marks it may be eafily known whe¬ ther a Berry be fingle or double, without taking off the Husk.

The Length of the fingle Berries 1 have always found between half an Inch and a quarter 3 the tranfverfe Circumference from an Inch to five eighth Parts^ and the Weight from five Grains to one. The double ones meafur’d from three eighth Parts to a quarter of an Inch in Length 5 from an Inch and one eighth Part to fomething lefs than an Inch in Circumference 5 and weigh d from four Grains to feven eighth Parts of one Grain 3 and by thefe Dimenfions it appears that the double Berries may as eafi.y mifs the Roller as the fingle ones.

From this general View of the intire dry d Berries, I go on to the Coverings in particular. Thefe are always three in Num¬ ber 3 one common to both Kernels, and two proper to each of them. The common and outermofl Covering is only the Peri - carpium dry’d 5 and in fbme Berries it is very much ihrivell d, wrinkly, uneven, and as it were furrow d, being of a blackifh or dark brown Colour. In others, efpecially the double Berries, it is fmoother, and of a lighter fhining brown.

The upper Extremity of this Covering, or that which is op- pofite to the Foot Stalk, terminates in an Umhilious, as it is call’d by Monf. Ve Jujfieu , which looks as if a circular Imprefhon had been made upon it, with a pretty deep Hole in the Center there¬ of,- this Circle is nothing but the Veftige of the tubulous Part of the Flower ftill remaining, as the Hole is of. the Stylus 3 for upon that Part of the Ovarium they both flood.

Upon boiling, or long fleeping in Water, this Coat becomes fo loft that it may eafily be fcrap’d off 5 but if macerated only a little it grows thick, and may be taken off without being deflroy a, if cut in two equal Parts 3 and by fo doing I have obfcrved, that in many Berries it is considerably thicker near the Umoilicu> , than in any other Part.

This Involucrum is always niulticapfular, being divided moil commonly into two Cells or Loculamenta, as Botanifls exprcls it 5 and fometimes, tho’ very rarely, into three. The Septum or Par¬ tition by which thefe Cells are form d, may here be very diflinblly perceiv’d to be a thin fine Membrane, of a different Subfiance r M from

( 42 )

from the outer Coat, and dividing the Cavity of it into two equal Parts, in each of which is lodged one Kernel, involv’d in its two proper Coverings. Thro’ the Middle of it, lengthways, runs a Branch or Fafciculus of ligneous Fibres, continued probably from the Foot Stalk, and ferving to convey Nourilhment to the tender Foetus. In examining the outer Coverings of fome Berries, I have been often inclined to believe that the whole Cavity of them was lined with an inner Membrane, really didind from the pulpy Part of the Coat ; and perhaps this Septum may be only a Pro¬ duction or Elongation thereof, continued on both Sides to the Fafciculus of Fibres already mention’d : But whatever Way it be form’d, as it adheres infeparably to thefe Fibres it has all the Pro¬ perties of a true Partition, and therefore the Seed Veffel it felf is certainly multicapfular. In thofe I have for Didindion’s fake call’d fingle Berries, this Septum is Hill to be feen between the a- bortive Kernel and the other ; but then it no longer occupies the Middle of the Cavity, but is thrud out of its Place, and by that means very much impair’d.

The fecond Covering, or firffc of the proper Coats, may be truly reckon’d a Cortex or Shell, being very drong and hard, but withal very brittle; and, if I midake not, the Confidence of it mud be in a great meafure owing to the drying of the Berries, for in all the freih Berries I ever had an Opportunity of exa¬ mining, it was foft and mucilaginous. I am lurprized that they who contend that the Coffee Fruit is of the Nut Kind, as didin- guiih’d from a Berry, have not made ufe of this Coat to prove it. The Difficulty it felf is indeed a meer triding about Words* the Signification of thefe Terms Nut and Berry , being, as far as I can find, hitherto unfettled among Botanids.

Since this is a proper Coat, it mud either be continued over the Sulcus or Rima in each Kernel, or terminate at both Sides, fomewhere on the Edges of it. Which of thefe is true in fad,

I cannot with Certainty determine 5 I am apt to imagine the lad* and that therefore by means of this Sulcus , the Fibres in the Sep¬ tan always placed oppofite to it, may have fome Communication with the Kernel it felf, or at lead with the inner Covering of it.

The Colour of this fecond or cortical Coat, is modly that of a Limon, only a little more inclined to red, and the Figure of ic always the fame with the Kernel it inclofes.

The third or innermod Covering, which becaufe of its Colour may be call’d the Silver Coat, is made up of a very fine thin Membrane, furrounding not only the outfide of the Kernel, but

alfo

( 43 }

alfo the Procefs which lies in the Cavity of it, as /hall be preftntly {hewn. The two Sides of it enter the Sulcus of the Kernel, and there jointly form a double Lamina, which is from thence conti¬ nued quite over the Procefs $ and to that, as well as to the reft of the Kernel, this Coat adheres very clofe. I have never been able to diftinguilh either of theft Coats in an abortive Kernel.

The moft ancient Author by whom I find the Coffee Fruit mention’d, is RauwoL fins, who was in the Levant in 1573, and he has obferv’d, that both inBignefs, Shape and Colour, it is like the Bay Berry. It is the dry’d Fruit Rauwolfius here talks of, and the Comparifon he makes of thefe to the Bay Berries, is not much amifs, only thefe laft are commonly larger than the en¬ tire Coffee Berries we meet with in thefe Parts. He adds, that the Fruit is furround- ed by two thin Shells, which contain two Grains in two diftindt Cells. Thefe two Shells are probably the common and firft of the outer Coats ; which are all that have been taken Notice of by any Writer fince his Time. What he has faid about the two Cells is very indiftinfi, and yet it is more than has been faid by any Body fince.

Next to Rauwolfius , is Projper Alpinus, tyho was in Egypt in 1580 5 what he has laid about the Coffee Fruit is but very lit¬ tle, neither is it certain whether he means the entire Berry, or the Kernel only.

Clufus has obferved upon this Subjeft, that the Coffee Fruit is fmall, yet fomething bigger and itore oblong than that of the p agar a, with a kind of Sulcus running length- wife on both Sides of it, being cover’d with a thin Cortex of a dark afh Colour.

Gerrard has done nothing but copy Clu - fins' s Figures, which he has placed by Mif- take among the Indian Fruits ; and John- Jon , in his Editions, has added Clufus's Text to his Figures.

J. R. tells us that this Fruit is hardly bigger than the Seeds of the Ricinus, of the Shape of an Olive, with a Sulcus or Lacuna , fometimes on one Side, fometimes on both. By this laft can only be under- flood, that the Depreffure is not always alike perceivable on both Sides of the Fruit. This Author has likewife taken notice that the Fruit confifts of two Shells, whereof the outermoft is thick and black ; the other thin, and red on that Side which lies next the Kernel, on the upper Side of an afli Colour.

Petrus de la Valle fays only, that the Grains of which Coffee is made are of an oval Figure, and about the Bignefs of a

fmall Olive. And Olearius compares the Size of it to that of a fmall Bean.

Vejlingius informs us of the Difference he had obferv’d in Egypt between the Tafte of the Coverings ana that of the Kernel. The firft, he fays, is in fome Degree acid, the other very fenfibly bitter. ThisDiftinc- tion we need not be very follicitous about, for in however great Requeft the Shells may be in Arabia Felix, and the Countries which lie near it, on account of the Li¬ quor there made of them, call’d by way of Excellency, Cafe a la Sultane ; yet but a fmall Quantity of them ever comes into Europe, and before they get hither they have pretty much loft their Tafte, and eve¬ ry other fenfible Quality that is worth minding about them.

According to Parkinjbn, the Coffee Fruit is fomewhat bigger than a hazel Nut, and longer, round alfo and pointed at one End, furrow’d alfo on both Sides, yet on one Side more confpicuoufiy than on the other. He tells us likewife, that the outer Coat is a thin Shell of a darkifh afh Colour, and the other he calls a yellowifn Skin. All this fhews plainly enough that Parlfnfon had feen the Coffee Fruit, but withal, that he had been at very little Pains to examine it.

Banefus affures us, that the intire Fruit is fomething like the Cacao, but cleft along the Middle like a date Stone, and cover’d by a Shell or Husk.

Dr. Grew has faid nothing about the Coffee Fruit in particular ; but fince, by what we fhall fee afterwards, he appears to have examin’d it very exatftly ; and has of¬ ten declar’d, that in the far greareft Part of Seeds there are three Involucra , it is reafon- able to fuppofe that all thofe I have de- fcrib’d were known to him.

Dr. Robinfon, in his Letter to Mr. Ray, informs us that the intire Fruit is round on one Side, and flat on the other; but what we have principally to remark from this otherwife judicious Botanift, is the Manner in which he endeavours to prove that this Fruit is of the Nut Kind, in which I think he has come very far fhort of his ufual Ac¬ curacy : * The intire Fruit, fays he, is co- ‘ ver’d with two Skins; the exterior Skin, 1 ‘ or

( H )

t or rather Shell (being as thick almoft as 1 that of a Piftachio) is of a dark Colour ;

* the fecond, or interior Membrane, that

* covers the Kernels is much finer, and of 4 a yellowifh white Colour. Under this 4 fecond Skin lie generally two Kernels, 4 fometimes one.

What Part of this Nut ought to be rec¬ kon’d the Kernel is eafily determin’d : As for the Shell, I have already taken Notice, that the firft of the proper Coats feems beft to anfwer that : Dr. Robinfon has chofen the common or outer Coat, and he is in the right to' fay it is almoft as thick as that of the Piftachoe; but then, if I am not miftaken, it is not by virtue of that outer Coat that the Piftachoe is call’d a Nut, but on account of a hard Shell that lies under it, to which the outer Coat of the Coffee fruit has no Refemblance, neither in Sub- ftance nor Situation. By what he fays fur¬ ther, that under this fecond Skin lie gene¬ rally two Kernels, it would feem that he look’d upon it not as a proper but as a com¬ mon Coat, as much as the other j but how this can be, I do not fo well underftand, fince not only each Kernel in particular is quite furrounded by this Coat; but being thus involv’d, is intirely feparated from the other by means of the Septum. In fine, by the Date of this Letter it appears that it was written the Year before the fecond Vo¬ lume of Mr. Ray's Hiftory of Plants was publifh’d ; and therefore it may feem ftrange, that after all the Pains this Author had been at, he fhould not have been able to perfuade his Correfpondent to rank his Coffee Frutex not among the bacciferous Plants, as he fas done, but among the nuciferous. The Difference however lay, probably, in the Ufe of a Word only, Mr. Ray's Hrbores HHciferct fruttu per maturitatem jicco , being, as he himfelf informs us, in every thing, except in Size, the fame with the Baccifer<t of that kind.

What I have hitherto remark’d concern¬ ing theRefemblance of the Coffee Fruit to a Nut, mull: be underftoodof the dry Ber¬ ries only ; for in the frefh Fruit all the Co¬ verings are lb perfeftly foft and pulpy, that they can in no Senfe, neither fingly nor to¬ gether, be faid to form a Shell. And whe¬ ther a Fruit, which while it hangs upon the Tree is certainly not a Nut, can afterwards, by drying, be changed into one, I leave to thofe who are better vers’d than I in fuch Diftinftions, to determine.

There is nothing but Repetitions to be met with in the other Author , before the Year 1694, in which Sir Hans Sloane in¬ forms us that the Fruit comes out ex alis folioram , hanging or flicking to the Twigs

by Inch-long Strings or Foot-Stalks; and fometimes one, two or more at the fame Place.

Both Lemerys obferve that this is a fmall longifh Fruit, round like a Pignon (which I fuppofe to be the Seed of the Ricimts A- mericantss) and that the Cortex is a pretty hard ligneous Husk.

In Fournefort' s pofthumous Treatife of the Materia Medica , we are told that the Seeds are inclofed in Husks; for the molt part confifting but of one Cell, fometimes of two. By this I fuppofe the Author means no more, than that for the moft part each Husk contains but one Seed. This is true with refpeft to the intire Coffee Fruit that is imported into Europe: but with re¬ fpeft to all the Coffee Fruit produced in Arabia Felix , juft the contrary is to be faid.

Fblkamerus , who had feen the Coffee Plant in a bearing State* tells us that the Fruit confifts of two Kernels lying upon one another, included in a juicy Pericar- pium ; and from thence he concludes that the Plant ic felf ought to be ranked among the bacciferous Kind.

Mr. Bradley, in his firft Treatife, ob- ferves, that * about October thefe Trees have 4 done blowing, and then they are com- 4 monly well fet with green Fruit, which 4 hang on them till the July following be-

* fore they are ripe; they refembleat that ‘ time the Berries of the Lanro CerafttSy or 4 Bay Cherry, and are much of the fame 4 Shape and Colour, (/. e. of a dark red} 4 but inftead of a fingle Stone, thefe have 4 two Kernels which fplit in the Middle, 4 like the Bay Berries of the Shops. ’ He has faid nothing further about the Coffee Fruit in any of his later Works.

What belongs to this Article, fron\ M. De JeJftctt is. That 4 the Embrio or young

* Fruit grows nearly to the Bignefs of a 4 Heart-Cherry, and is pretty much of the 4 fame Figure with it ; but that when it is 4 perfeftly ripe and dry, it is reduced to 4 the Size of a Laurel Berry. The Fruit 4 ends in an Vmbilicusy being at firft of a 4 light green Colour, then reddilh; after- 4 wards of a very beautiful red, and when ‘ perfeftly ripe, of a dark red. The Pulp 4 is glairous, or mucilaginous, of an un- 4 plcafant Tafte, and when dried becomes 4 like that of a black Prune. Under this 4 Pulp lie two thin oval Coats, clofelyad- 4 hering together, convex on one Side, and c flat on the other, by which they touch; 4 and of a yellowifti white Colour.

Monf. La Roqucy much to the fame Pur- pofe, acquaints us, that 4 to every Flower 4 fucceeds a fmall Fruit, but which by de- 1 * grees

C 45 )

c grees grows to the Size of a large Cher- « Husk of a dark brown Colour, which < ry, in which State it is very good to c makes the firft or outer Cortex of the ‘ eat. It adheres to the Tree by a fmall * Coffee Bean, and within it lies another

* fhort Foot-Stalk, and when perfe&ly e thin Membrane, which makes the fecond « ripe is not much bigger than a Laurel Ber- ‘ or inner Cortex.

‘ ry. It comes out between the Leaves M. Miller his only told us, < that in the

* and Branches. At firft it is green, but * Coffee Plant the Flowers are fucceeded by « grows red as it ripens; and the Sun hav- ‘ Berries, and that each Berry includes two

* Fng dry’d this red Pulp, it becomes a ‘ Seeds in an inner thin Skin.

ART. II.

The Kernels of the Coffee Fruit.

AL L the Coverings defcrib’d in the laft Article being remov’d, the Kernel it felf comes next to be examin’d ; the Colour of which, to begin by that, varies according to the Freftmefs, Good- nefs, and Place of Growth of the Berry; fome of them have a Call of green, fome are whitifti, fome dark or brown, and if damaged by fait Water, they are perfectly black.

The Figure of the Kernels varies likewife; but that is princi¬ pally determin’d by the Number of them in the fame Berry. The fingle ones, filling up the whole Cavity, have Liberty to ex¬ tend themfelves on all Sides, and confequently the Figure of them is that of a longifh Oval, with a Cleft on one Side, upon which lies the abortive Kernel, as has been already faid, in Form of a Clypeus or Target, very thin, and of a circular Figure, a little deprefs’d on one Side, to accommodate ft felf to the other. The double Kernels, for the fame Reafon, are nearly oblong Hemif- pheroids, being convex on the back Side, and flat on that by which they join one another; and in moft of them it may be remark’d that they are a fmall matter bigger at one End than at the other. Thro’ the Middle of the flat Side of each, runs a Sulcus or Rima lengthwife, generally narrower than that of the fingle Berries. The Figure of the triple Kernels is Jikewife to be determin’d by their Situation in the Seed Veffel; but of fuch I believe very few are to be found.

The far greateft Part of the Coffee that is imported into Eu¬ rope, confifts of fuch Kernels as have been double in the fame Fruit, and the Dimenfions and Weight of all the Kinds thereof may be guefs’d at by thofe taken at a Medium from the Kernels that are brought us by the Way of Turkey , and thofe that come from Java in the Eajl Indies. The greateft Length of the firft Sort is three eighth Parts of an Inch, Breadth one eighth Part, and Weight three Grains. Of the Java Coffee I found the

N Length

(40

Length to be half an Inch, Breadth five fixteenth Parts, anci Weight five Grains and an half.

The principal Body of each Kernel confifts of an hard, callous, cartilagedike uniform Subfiance, made up of two Lamina, firft laid one upon another, and then rolled and folded up into the Figure we have juft now defcrib’d. Whoever views a tranfverfe Se&ion of a Kernel, the firft Idea of its Structure that prefents it felf to him will be undoubtedly that of a Body rowl’d up, as I have laid j but I think a more eafy Way to conceive that fully, will be firft to imagine two oblong hollow Hemifpheroids cafed clofely over one another, and cover’d with a Lid flit thro’ the Middle Iengthwifej and then that this Cavity is fill’d up by ano¬ ther Body* adhering to or proceeding from the whole under Part of oiie Side of the Lid, but loofe from the other, under which the Edge of it is turn’d up, fo as to form a new kind of Sulcuf, continuous with the former, tho’ not always in the fame right Line. This inner Body I know no better Way to exprefs, than by calling it a Procefs arifing from one Side of the Slit or Sulcus fo often mention’d. The Stru&ure of a fingle Kernel is to be conceiv’d much after the fame manner, only here the Slit is gene¬ rally wider, the two Sides of it being not flat, but convex 5 and fo appear rather to be a Continuation of the fame Figure with that of the Backfide of the Kernel, than as a Lid laid over a Ca¬ vity. By this means likewife, the Figure of the Cavity varies, and that of the Procefs along with it. In every thing elfe the Stru&ure of both Kinds of Kernels is the fame: And I have only thefe two Things further to obferve about them.

Firft, that the two Lamina of which they are compos’d, are not everywhere of the fame Thicknefs ,• from whence it follows, that one Side of the Cavity is fbmetimes fhallower than the other. In the next Place, the Procefs does not always come out from the fame Side of the Sulcus or, which is the fame thing, the Kernel is not always rowl’d up one Way. By which I mean, that the Situation of all the Parts of the Kernel being once de¬ termin’d by that of the feminal Plant, (of which in the next Ar¬ ticle,) the Procefs will be found to adhere fbmetimes to the right Side of the Sulcus , and fometimes to the left.

Ramvolfitis has taken Notice only of the Clttfim tells us that they are of a darkifti Colour of the Kernels, and that, he fays, yellow Colour, acid Tafte, and flat on one is yellowifh. Side.

From Acinus we learn, that the Kernels J.B. that ‘ the Coverings being remov’d, he found in Egypt were of a fweet Tafte, ‘ there appears a hard Kernel, much of the mix’d with a little Bitternefs, but no Sharp- ‘ Shape of a date Stone, with an hollow run - nefs. Whether he was altogether in the ‘ ningthro’ it lengthwife ; of a pale alh Co¬ right in this, I leave to every Body’s Ex- * lour, and a bitter unpleafant Tafte ; and perience to refolve them. ' ~ - " " ~ - rpjac

I

c that all the way from theVmbilicusto the ‘ oppofite Point, it appears as if it were di- * viaed into two Grains (ab umbilico ad op - pofitum mucronem gemma ofientat grana.) From the whole of whit we have quoted from this Author, both here and in the laft Article, it appears plainly that his Defcrip- tion was taken from a Fruit with only one Kernel; and therefore it is not eafy toguefs 1 the Meaning of the laft Words of it. Confidering the Place where they lie, I fhould be inclin’d to think they were ad¬ ded by the Editors, for they are no ways of a Piece with the reft ; but if they do really belong to Bauhinus's Text, I can make no more of them than this. That when a fingle Kernel is view’d on that Side on which the Sulcus lies, it appears as if it were divided into two Grains.

But whatever be the true Meaning of them, I can find nothing in all this Defcrip- tion that contradi&s what we have heard from Clitjius ; and therefore I cannot ima¬ gine the Reafon why J. B. fhould add, that tho’ the outward Appearance of this Fruit anfwer d in every thing to the Figures given us by Clujius , yet there were other things in which they did not agree ; and that therefore he durft not fay that his was tHe fame with that from whence Clu- fus's Figures were taken. It may be his Scruple was grounded on this, that Clujius' s Berries were double, and his own fingle.

By Olearius the Colour of the Coffee Kernel is compar’d to that of common Wheat, and the Tafte to that of Turkey Wheat. y

We have heard already, that according to Vejlingius the Tafte of them is very fen- fibly bitter.

Parkmfin informs us, that on each Side of the Husk of the Coffee Fruit lieth a fmall long white Kernel, flat on that Side they join together, of an acid Tafte, and fonqewhat bitter withal.

Banejius diftinguifhes the Coffee Kernels into two Sorts, with refpeft to their Co¬ lour ; one he fays is whitilh, the other of a darkifh Citron Colour, tending towards a green ; and thefe laft are to be preferr’d to the firft. All this is true enough in fad, but it feems to be owing to our Author’s not having underftood Avicenna^ that ever he was fo lucky as to obferve it. Avicenna has told us the fame thing of a Root which he calls B unchum, and this Banejius and o- thers, as we fhall afterwards hear, have nnftaken for the Buna or Coffee Fruit.

The curious Enquiries which the learn¬ ed Dr. Grew made concerning the Seeds, as well as all the other Parts of Plants, have furnifh’d him with fome very uncommon

Obfervations concerning the Coffee Fruic in particular, befides what he has faid about other Seeds, which will equally agree to it. Thefe laft I leave to be confulted in his excellent Anatomy of Plants ; the others muft not be omttted here. Having defcrib’d the Coverings that belong to Seeds, which he proves, in the greateft Part of them, to be three in Num¬ ber, he obferves, that in many there is a Vitellum or Body analogous thereto, which is neither Part of the true Seed, nor Parc of the Covers j but diftindt from them both. . This he tells us makes fometimes the principal Part of the Fruit, being much bigger than the true Seed it felf ; and in e- numerating the different Figures, Difpofi- tions, and other Properties of thefe Vitella , among the reft he obferves, that in Goofe- grafs or Cliver it is of a horny Subftance, but fhap’d fomewhat like a Bonet with the Rims tuck’d in; and fo in the Coffee Ber¬ ry, but rowl’d or folded up into a kind of oval Figure, with a Notch or Rjma run¬ ning thro’ the Length, where the two Ends meet. This Paffage contains the only Hint that is to be met with in Authors concern¬ ing the true Strudure of the Coffee Ker¬ nel; and I hope it will be ftill better un¬ derftood by the Account I now give of it.

Dr. Robinjon has obferv’d but little about thefe Kernels; under the fecond Skin, he fays, lie generally two Kernels, fometimes one, round on one Side and flat on the 0- ther. On the flat Side of the Kernel there is always a Slit or Mouth ; fo that every Kernel does exadly refemble a Concha ve¬ neris.

Lemery compares the two together to a young Pea in Bignefs; and fays further, that they are of an oval Figure, eafily part¬ ing into two Halves; of a yellowifh Co¬ lour, with a Caft of white.

Langius fays the Kernel is of a mealy Tafte. J

Toumefort ,^that the Seeds are hard, of a whitilh afh Colour, convex on one Side, flat on the other, and furrow’d ; of a mealy Tafte, and without any Smell; five or fix Lines in Length, and three in Thicknefs.

Chomel and Andry agree in every thing with Toumefort ; only the laft adds, that thefe Seeds are very heavy in proportion to their Bulk.

Mr. Bradley , as we have already heard, has obferv'd that the Coffee Fruit has two Kernels, which fplit in the Middle, like the Bay Berries of the Shops. It is true, the Coffee Kernels do fplit in the Middle, and fo do the Bay Berries of the Shops; but wherein the Likenefs of their fplitting confifts, I fhould be glad to learn.

M. Da

(48 )

M. iDtf Jufiiids Obfervations about the Kernels are thefe: ‘ In each of the inner

* Coats is contain’d a callous oval Seed, t arched on the back Side, and flat on the

< other* in the Middle of which is a pretty

* deep Sulcus running thro’ its wholeLengtn. « Sometimes one of thefe Seeds proves a- « bortive, and then the other grows com- t monly bigger than it would otherwife « have been ; both Sides of it become more

* convex, and it fills up the whole Cavity « of the Fruit.

Monf. La Roque has added fome new Obfervations ftill, concerning the Progrefs or gradual Formation of thefe Kernels :

< Under the Pulp, fays he, lies the Bean or

< Grain which we call Coffee ; and even « when the Fruit has arriv’d at its full « Bignefs the Bean is extremely tender, and

« of a difagreeable Talley but as the Fruit

< ripens, it acquires by degrees a little more « Solidity ; and by the time that the Pulp

< is nearly dried up, the Bean is become « pretty hard, and of a light green Colour, ‘ fwimming in a thick brown and bitter ‘ Liquor.

Valentini tells us, that c what is call’d Cof- ‘ fee, is nothing but the Kernels of certain « fmall Nuts, confifting of two Parts, like

< Beans, arch’d on the upper Side, flat and

< furrow’d on the other ; of a dark yellow

* Colour, mealy Tafte, and Smell like that

* of burnt Beans. It is Pity this Author did not add, that it was the Smell of roaft- ed Coffee he meant, and then the Compa- rifon would not be amifs ; neither are thefe two much different in Virtues, if we may believe the learned Do&or Cheque.

ART. III.

The Seminal Plant , or true Coffee Seed.

WE have heard from Dr. Grew, that the main Body of the Kernel deferib’d in the laft Article, is not the true Seed, but only a Vitellum or Body analogous thereto j which he fometimes likewife calls the bulky or cartilaginous Covet of the Seed. As he is the only Author who has obferv’d this Difference, fo none but he has deferib’d what the true Seed, as diftinguifh’d from the Vitellum, really is. c The Foetus , or true Seed in the Coffee Ber- < ry, fays he, lies ill the inner or cartilaginous Cover, where one ‘ would not expe6t to find it, near the Top or Surface of the < Back. The Lobes of the Seed are vein d like two very minute < Leaves, and join’d to a long Root like a Stalk, the End of < which comes juft to the Bottom of the Cover, ready for its <• Exit into the Ground/’ All this he has exprefs’d by five Figures in Tab. 77. of his Anatomy of Plants ; whereof the firft exhibits the hilly or furrow’d Side of the Coffee Berry j the fecond, the Back 5 the third, the Back par’d a little, fo as that the true Seed may appear in fitu 3 the fourth, reprefents the true Seed taken out of the Kernel 5 and the fifth fliews it very much magnify ’d.

This is the Account which Dr. Grew has given us of the true Seed, (or, as it is call’d by Malpighi, and others fince his Time, the Seminal Plant ) of the Coffee Fruit ; and whoever is acquainted with Dr. Grews Writings, knows, that according to him, in every Seminal Plant may be diftinguifli’d the Radicle, Lobes and Plume. This Remark was neceffary in order to the underftand-

ing

C 49 )

ing of feme Terms which I lhall be obliged to make ufe of in explaining what farther Obfervations I have made, both concern¬ ing the Situation and Structure of the Seminal Plant.

It lies between the two Lamella of the Vitellum or Body juft now deferib’d, in a Bed exactly fitted to it, the Radicle always terminating at the Extremity of the Sulcus , which in an entire Kernel may be difeover’d by a round Speck, of a different Co¬ lour from the reft of the Surface. As the Back of the Kernel is convex, the Seminal Plant, to accommodate it felf to that Figure, is likewife bent upwards, and lo lies crooked. The Pofition of it is not exactly according to the Length of the Kernel, or paral¬ lel to the longeft Diameter of it, but oblique j it being all on one Side of the Rhna (as may be feen by Candle-light, even with the naked Eye) in an entire macerated Kernel. It is not, how¬ ever, always on the lame Side, but fometimes on the right, fome- times on the left ; and yet this Pofition is no ways cafual, but regulated by the Rowl or Fold of the Berry,- that is, the Seminal Plant lies always on that Side of the Sulcus to which the Procefs is fix’d.

"Vv hen it is carefully taken out of the Kernel, the Figure of it refembles nothing fo much as the Ace of Spades in Cards, only the Radicle is longer in proportion to the Lobes, than the Han¬ dle of that Spade is commonly made. The Colour of it appears then lighter than that of the Kernel. And the Radicle or little Root, as far as I can perceive, is exactly round, and runs taper¬ ing from one End to the other ; that to which the Lobes ad¬ here being fmalleft, as is well exprefs’d in one of Dr. Greuu’s Fi¬ gures. The Lobes or Leaves may eafily be feparated from one another ail the Way to their Infertion into the Radicle 3 but no¬ thing like a Plume is difcernible betwixt them.

I have only further to remark, that in the Situation of this Seminal Plant, as well as in the whole Structure of the Kernel, the Wifdom and Contrivance of Nature is very difcernible. The Extremity of the Radicle is placed in the weakeft Part of the whole Kernel, and confequently finds the eafieft Paflage pofiible into the Ground- the two Lamella are there, as it were, only tuck’d in; and thus (mail Rhna or Chinks nuift neceftarily be left, which in dry’d Kernels we fee oftentimes increas’d to very fenfible Clefts: Refides, upon the leaft Swelling of the Kernel in the Ground, thefe Folds mull extend themfelves, and by this means likewife favour the Exit of the Radicle. Again, by the oblique Situation of the whole Seminal Plant, and always on that Side to which the Proccfs is fix’d, they lie in the moll fecure Part of the whole

O Kernel,

( 5° )

Kernel, which would have been quite otherwife had they lain flrait, and fo over the Sulcus. In fine, the Kernel it felf is roll’d up in the manner we fee it, not only for the Security of the Se¬ minal Plant, but alfo that it may unfold by more eafy Degrees, according as the Lobes and Plume are ready to expand themfelves. The firfl of thefe Ends accounts likewife for the Neceffity of the Procefs, the fecond for that of the Rima or Sulcus , and both of them for the Conveniency of a double Lamina in the Kernels. But as this unfolding will require Time, the Radicle probably gets a very fure Footing in the Ground, before the Seminal Leaves reach the Surface of it.

CHAP. IX.

The Culture of the Cofee Plant in England.

HAving already publifli’d an Account of the Management of this Plant in its native Country, Arabia Felix , I lhall here confine my felf to the Culture of it in the Weflern and efpecially in the Northern Parts of Europe , the Directions to be obferv’d herein being what it principally concerns us to be ac¬ quainted with. Very little has been publifh’d on this Subject by any Author except Mr. Bradley , whofe Obfervations I {hall give in the fame Order in which they appear’d ; to thefe I fhall mbjoin the few Remarks which have been made by other Bota- niftsj and then conclude with a Paper of Inflru&ions communi¬ cated to me by an ingenious Gardiner, Mr. Thomas Knowlton , founded entirely on his own Experience.

In his firfl Treatife on Coffee , Mr. Bradley tells us, that c the f Coffee Plant having now found its Way into England , it may f be neceflary to offer fome proper Directions for its Culture, c agreeable with the Method obfervable in the Amjlerdam Gar- f den. When we fhall have an Opportunity to propagate thefe f Trees from the Berries, we muff then, immediately after they c are gather’d, carefully take off the outfide Husk, and feparate f the two Seeds which are found in each 5 clean them from the f Pulp, and fet them an Inch deep in Pots of fine Earth, which c are already warm in a Bed prepar’d with Horfe- litter, keeping 2 c the

C 51 )

f the Glafles clofe cover’d for fix Weeks* and often (prinkling c them with Water. From this Way of Management we may c expedt them to come up in lefs than two Months Time after c (owing. And then for their further Improvement, you are c only to remark, they love Warmth, little Air, a light fandy c Earth, and much Water j and this laft Hint anfivers to an Ob- c (ervation of that great Naturalift Dr. Sloane , where he tells us c That the Arabians cut artificial Channels from the Rivers , on purpofe c to nourijh thefe Plants. Thefe Rules being well obferv’d, we

* may exped them to bear Fruit in five Years Time from the c putting in of the Seed.

From his Nevo Improvements in Planting and Gardening , we learn, that c in the Culture of this Plant the Dutch Gardiners f prepare a Soil for it compos’d chiefly of Sand 5 and the Re- f frefhings they give it with Water are feldom and fparing in the c Winter, but in the Summer it has a more plentiful Allowance, c efpecially during the Time of its Bloflom. About June they c take it out of the Houfe, and wafh and cleanfe the Leaves and f Branches, and letting it remain in the Air till the Beginning < of July , they then fet it again in the Confervatory for flower- c ing. In April and Auguft they give frefli Earth to the Plants, c and they thrive extremely. In railing thefe Plants from the c Seeds, they fir ft feparate the Kernels in each Seed, and after c they are clean’d from the Mucilage about them they are imme- c diately fet two Inches deep in Pots fill’d with fandy Soil, and

* plung’d into Hot-beds. The Seeds, being thus order’d, muft

* be kept moift by frequent Sprinklings of Water, till they come

* up, and the Glafles over them always kept clo'e. About c fix Weeks after (owing they will begin to appear, and have f two or three Leaves apiece before Winter. I have heard that

* unlefs the Seeds are (own as foon as gather’d, they will not c come upj and hitherto there is no other Way known of pro- c Pagat^n§ Plant> hut from Seeds : Tho’ I think it would not c be againft Reafon to try to inarch it upon fome other Kind of ‘ Jafmin.

In the (econd Edition of his Treatife of Coffee , I find nothing material added to what we have (et down from the firftj but in his Monthly Treatifes he has enlarg’d upon this Subject in (everal Places : The Sum of all he has (aid comes to this. That c in c the Amferdam Gardens the Coffee Trees are kept conftantly in ( a Glafs Cafe, which as near as I can guefs, fays he, is about c fifteen Foot long, and about twelve Foot wide 5 the Height f about twenty Foot •, the Front is all Glafs under the Floor is

an

f an Oven for Fire, which leads into Flues, that after their Paf- c lage here and there, end in a Chimney, as other Stoves do. c They ule no Tanners Bark in this Houle, nor give the Plants f any Air all the Summer, but thro’ little Cafements about a 4 Foot Iquare, placed about the Middle of the great Windows c or Pannels of Glals j and even thele little Cafements are fel- 4 dom open’d, becaule there is a Door which opens out of this f Glafs Cafe into a large Greenhoufe, which they commonly 4 keep open in the Summer-time. Their Earth is very light. f They begin to make the Fires in the Stoves in Offoher, and con- ‘ tinue it conftantly till the Weather is warm enough in the 4 Spring for the Plant. 1 fuppofe this continued Fire in the 4 Stoves is necelfary to continue the Growth of the Plants, when 4 the Juices are once flowing 5 for to warm the Houle one Day,

4 and let it cool the next, will certainly check the Growth of c a Plant.

c It is oblervable, that when the Fruit is ripe, about the Be- 4 ginning of July , it mull be gather’d, and immediately the 4 Seeds mull be clear’d from the Pulp, and let in the Ground, 4 otherwile they will not Iprout. This Particular the Gardiner 4 at Amjlerdam , Mr. Cornelius , obferves diligently, and tho’ I lent c lomc Berries frelh gather’d, by the Poll, which were not above 4 four Days in their Paflage to London , to a very great Artift, 4 they could not be made to grow 5 but when they are fet imme- 4 diately, he tells us, that even in the natural Earth, he has leen c fome Coffee Plants above Ground within three Weeks after the f Seed was put in the Ground ; but then they mull not be put 4 in promifcuoully in a Body of Earth, but planted an Inch or f two deep in it. It is a Cullom there, twice or thrice in a f Summer to clean the Leaves of the Coffee Plants with wet c Spunges, which takes off the Dull that flops the Pores of the 1 Leaves. This I look upon to be of conliderable Ule, becaule c I fuppofe the Leaves to receive fome Nourifhment from the f Air, which circulates about them •, and confequently the whole

< Plant is benefited by it. I oblerv’d likewife, that the Gardiner f there gave them frequent Waterings, a little at a time, becaule 4 the Earth was very light j but elpecially in the Summer, when

< the green Fruit was towards ripening, he gave them more Wa- ‘ ter than at other times, that is towards June.

Mr. Bradley s lateft Oblervations on the Culture of the Coffee Plant are contain’d in his Appendix to his New Improvements :

4 I {hall proceed, lays he, to remark lome Particulars relating to ‘ its Culture, which yet are not made publick. I have already

c given my Reafons why I fuppole it to be a Je famine*, and £ have in my New Improvements prelcrib’d the inarching of it ‘ upon the common Jeffamine, as we do the Plant commonly * known by the Name of the Arabian Jejfamine , which I am per- ‘ fuaded will do very well, lince every Day confirms me more c and more that it is of that Tribe; however, I have heard from ( Mr. Knowlton , who was lately Gardiner to Dr. Sherrard, that f in the Dodor’s curious Gardens at Eltham , he rais’d the Coffee c Trees both by Layers and Cuttings 5 lo that if there may be f fome Difficulty in railing it from the Berry, there will be none c in raffing or propagating of it thele Ways.

c But there is one thing which ftill remains to be mention’d c concerning the Management of the Coffee Tree, which I have c only (lightly touch’d upon in my New Improvements and c that is, the Neceffity of walking the Leaves and Shoots about c June , and even in September too. This muff be done with a C Spunge and Water, and if there is fome Tobacco ftecp’d in the c Water, I believe it will do good, for I find that the Leaves c and Stalks of the Coffee Tree are apt to be cover’d, about c June and July , with a kind of Mildew, fuch as may be ob- c ferv’d on the Flower Stalks of Collyfiowers, which afterwards c changes to little Infeds that will poifon the Plant; thele there- c fore Ihould be carefully walk’d off as foon as we dilcover them, c and is what is very ftridly oblerv’d by the Gardiners in Holland , c not only in this Cale, but in the Culture of every Stove Plant. c They have People on purpofe to clean the Leaves of their Houle c Plants, but more frequently the Coffee Tree than any other, c and no Plants look better than theirs. I remember M. Come - c lius , the curious Gardiner at the Phyfick Garden at Amjlerdam , c (et fome Seeds of the Coffee in a Pot which flood abroad, and c they came up, and made as good an Appearance as any of thole c that were rais’d in the Bark Bed.

By thele different Steps has Mr. Bradley arriv’d at that Degree of Inlight into the true Method of cultivating the Coffee Tree, which ne is at prelent Mailer of. His Knowledge thereof he owns to be owing, in a great meafure, to what he oblerv’d in the Amjlerdam Garden; but what I wonder at is, that in his lateffc Performances thele Oblervations do not always agree with thole publifh’d in the former, [that is nearer the time in which he had made them. For fome Things likewile he has been oblig’d to M. Kno^wlton , whofe Thoughts upon this Subjed we fhall hear prelently at more Length, after we have mention’d a few Remarks more concerning the Culture of this Plant, from Melfieurs BeJuJJieu and Tillt. P The

( 54 )

The firfl of thefe Authors has told us only, that if the Seeds are not immediately let. as foon as gather’d, they will never germi¬ nate, and that of this he has had feveral Proofs himfelf from Try- als made in the Royal Garden at Paris.

Tilli remarks further. That in the Garden of Pifa, during the Month of Augujly he has ventur’d to take this Plant out of the Stove, and fet it under the* Shade of fome other Tree in the open Air, and that it was fo far from buffering any Damage, that it throve the better for fo doing.

M. Knowhow's Account of the Culture of the Coffee Plant, is in a Letter dated at Petworth in Sujjexy Feb. 4. 1725-6, and be- fides the Difcoveries it contains, it deferves to be valued for this Reafon likewife, becaufc the Dire&ions he gives are all taken from his own Experience of what he found to anfwer beft, not from Conjectures and Hear-fay only. They may therefore be fecurely depended on by all who have a mind to cultivate this Plant in

c In the latter End of July , 1723, fays he, the worthy DoCtor

* Sherrard (with whole Brother I then liv’d) brought over from f the Phylick Garden of Amjlcrdamy one Coffee Tree of about < three Foot high, and one Berry. The Berry, carefully co- c ver’d over with Wax, was given to me, with fome Directions c relating to the Culture of it, from Cornelius Vofs , Gardiner at c Amjlerdam'y but thefe being no ways agreeable to my own No- c tion, nor to the Pra&ice of Gardening here in England , I begg’d f Leave to ufe my own Skill, without being confin’d to them.

‘ The Berry being open’d, parted into two Seeds, and having c prepar’d a good frefli rich fandy Soil, I put them into a fmall c Pot fill’d therewith, about two Inches deep, and immediately £ after plung’d the Pot into a temperate Hot* bed. In about four c or five Weeks afterwards I had the Pleafure of feeing one of ( them come up, with his Cap on his Head ,• and the other fol- c low’d in a Week afterwards. They continu’d growing very fa ft c both Winter and Summer alike, and in a Twelvemonth’s Time f were above two Foot high.

c Having now three Trees in good Health, I refolv’d to try f fome Experiments relating to the Culture and Propagation of f this Plant. The firft was an Inarchment on the yellow Indiayi f Jeffamin, and likewife on the Arabian and Brajile white Jeffa- c min } but all three without Succefs, tho’ repeated each of them c twice over. The next was to make an Incifion at a Joint, and

* to lay four Branches down in the fame Soil in which the Trees 4 were planted. This fucceeded very well, for in about fix Weeks

- time

C 55 )

c time they were all well rooted, and fit to take off. Afterwards

< I took eight or nine Cuttings, at different times, and with a

< great deal of Care I got five of them to take Root very well. f It would have been eafy for me to multiply thefe Experiments,

< but as I was now Mafter of twelve Trees, I thought it unne- «■ ceffary to give my felf any farther Trouble, at that time, and

< I have not had fo good an Opportunity fince.

c In raifing thefe Trees I ufed to give them frequent Water- c ings, tho’ but little at a time, and the Water being always well c temper’d by Handing a Day or two in a Stove beforehand : c This laft I was particularly cautious about during the Winter.

< I found by Experiment likewife, that this Tree ought by no c means to have the Ends of the Shoots cut or ftiortened ; all c the pruning it will bear is to have its lowermoft Branches lopt c off clofe to the Trunk.

c Another Caution neceflary to be obfirv’d, is to wafh the f Leaves often j for by long Handing in the Houfe they contrad ‘ a Dufl, and befides are very fubjed to a particular Sort of In- * fed that foils them, and prejudices the young Shoots, which c generally lying on the under Side of the Leaf, may have done 1 a great deal of Mifchief before they are obferv’d, except we be

< apprifed of them beforehand. They feem peculiar to the Cof- c fee Leaves, for I never found them on any other Plant.

INDEX

( 5« )

A

C A T ALO G U E of all the Authors

mentioned in

^/^Bubeter Rhazes.

Medicus Arabs. Ob. 93 2.

M Regem Manforem Libri decern , Latini- fate don an.

BafiJ. 1544. fol.

V. Lib. 3. c.z 2. p. 74.

Avicenna.

Medicus Arabs. Ob. 103 6.

Liber Cannonis.

Bafil. 1 5 5 <5". fol.

V. Lib. 2. Trad. 2. c. 91. p. 15)8. & c. 81. p. 196.

Leonhartus Rauwolfius.

Medicus Auguftanus.

Itinerarium Or tent is.

Lugd. 1583. 4.

An Itinerary into the E a/ler n Countries. Tranjlated from the High Dutch, by Nico¬ las Staphorft.

Lond. 1693. 8.

Vid. Part 1. c. 8. p. 92.

Profper Alpinus.

I talus, Botanices, &c. ProfefTor Patavinus.

De Plantis Egypt i Liber.

Venet. 1592. 4.

V. Edit. Petav. 1540. 4. cap. 16. p. 63.

0

Carolus Clufius.

Atrebas. Botanicus illuftris.

Exoticorum Liber Septimus Jive Jimplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nafcentium bifioria , primum Lufitanica lingua a D. Gar¬ cia ab Horto conjcripta, deinde Latino Sermone euntracla Iconibus & Annotationibus illujlrata. Antwerp ifipi. fol.

V. Edit. Tbid. 1605. fol. p. 236. inter omnia Opera, Tom. 2.

this Treatise.

Johannes Gerardus.

Anglus. Chirurgus Londinerjfis.’

The Herbal , or General Hijlory of Plant st enlarged and amended, by Thomas [ onfon. Apothecary,

Lond. 1597. fol.

V. Lib. 3. c. 150. p. 1548.

Johannes Cotovicus.

Ultrajedinus.

Iter Hierofolymitanum. i

Ultraj. 1 598. ,

Bernardus Paludanus.

M. D. Enchufanus.

Nota in Linfchottum . >

Amftelod. 1599.

Honorius Bellus.

Vicentinus. M.D.

Ad Carolum Cluftum EpiJloU de rarioribus quibufdam plantis.

Antw. 1601. fol.

V. Cluf. Tom. 1. p. cccix. Epift. 4.

Tohannes Bauhinus.

•/

Bafilienfis. Ob. 1613.

Hijloria Plantarum ZJniverfalis 3 Vol. Ebrodun. 1650. fol.

V. Tom. 1. Lib. 4. c. 5. p. 421.

Petrus de la Valle.

Nobilis Romanus.

Les Fameux Voyages en Turquie, Eqypte, la Palejline , la Perje , Jrc.

Paris, 1570. 4 to. 4 Vol.

V. Vol. 1. p. 53, 78.

Epift. datse Conftantinop. An. 161 <, 161C.

D. Gar-

Gualtherus Rumfey.

D. Garcias Silva Figuerva.

Hifpanus.

VAmbaffadeen Perfc traduite deL' Efpagnole par M . de iViqfort.

Paris, 1661. 4to.

V. p. 307.

Legat. inccepta Ann. 1617. fimt. 1614. Cafparas Bauhinus.

Bafilienfis. Botanicus fummus.

11 iva% Theatri Botanici.

Bafil. 161 1 . 410.

V. Edit. Ibid. 1671. lib. 2. fedc. 5. p.428. Georgius Sandys.

Anglus.

A Relation of a Journey begun in 1610. In four Books , containing a Relation of the Turkifh Empire.

Lond. 1627. fol.

V. p.66.

Adamus Olearius.

Germanus.

Voyages faits en A/ofcovie, Tartars e et en Perfc traduits de V Allemande ct Augmented par le Sieur de Wuqfort.

Lugd. Batav. 1719. fol.

V. Vol. 2. p.833.

Iter Inccept. 1633- Edit, primo. Anno 1644.

Thomas Johnfon.

Anglus Pharmacopolus & M. D.

Gei ard’r Hiftory of Plants enlarged and corrected.

Lond. 1636. fol.

Johannes Veflingius.

Mindanus.

De Plantis Egypt's Obfervationes & Not a in Profperum Alptnum.

Petav. 163 8. 4to.

V. Edit. ibid. 1640. cap. 16. p. 63.

Johannes Parkinfon.

Anglus. Pharmacop. Reg.

The Theatre of Plants, or an univerfal and complcat Herbal.

Lond. 1640. fol. y. Tribe 17. c. 79. p. 1622.

Anglus.

Organon Salutis, an Inftrument }o clean fe the Stomach ; as alfb divers Experiments touching the Virtues of Coffee and Tobacco. Lond. 1657.

V. Edit. i6'J9. i2mo. p. 5> 9a 2.3,

Thevenot.

Gall us.

Travels into the Levant, in three Parts ; done into Englifti from the French.

Lond. 1587. fol.

V. Part 1. p. 32. Part 2. p. 180.

Reverfus eft circa 1 660.

Lauren tius Strauhus.

Germanus.

The Manner of making Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate ; tranfated into Eng hlh.

Lond. 1685. nmo.

Edit. Latin. Circit. 1660.

Simeon Pauli.

Danus. M. D.

Commtntarius de Abufu Thea & Tab act. Roftoch. 1661. 4.

Quadripartitum Botanicum de Simplicium Medic ament or urn facultatibus.

Argentor. 1667. 4to.

Y. p. 370, 3 96, &c.

Fauftus Naironus Banehus.

Maronita.

De Saluberrima Poiione Cahue feu Cafe nuncupata Difcurfus ad Eminentiffimum Principem D. Jo. Nicol. Cardinalem de Co- mitibus.

Rom. 1671.

Georgius Hieronymus Velfchius.

Germanus. M. D.

Exercitatio de Vena Medinenfi ad Mentem Ebufine.

Auguft. Vendelic. 1674* 4t0*

V. Cap. 12. p. 328.

Dominicus Chabrams.

Princip. Wirtimbergens. Medicus.

o Omnium

( 53 )

Omnium Stirpium Sciographia & hones. Genev. 1678. Fol.

V. Claf. 4. p. 32. Claf. 12. p.90.

Henricug Mundy.

Anglus. M. D.

Bio^^^oXoyfa feu Commentarii de Aere Vitali , Efculentis & Portulentis.

Oxon. 1680. 8.

V. De Potul. c. 14. p. 3 5 x.

Nehemias Grew.

Anglus. M. D.

The Anatomy of Plants.

Lond. 1682. iol.

V. Lib.4, c. 3. p. 202. c. 4. p. 206.

Thomas Willis.

Anglus. M. D.

Pharmaccntice rationalis feu Diatriba de Medicament or um opcrationibus.

Amftel. 1682. 4to. Edit. ima. 1674.

V. fedh 7. c. 3. p. 125).

Johannes Baptifh, Tavernier.

Gallus. Chevalier Baron d’Aubonne.

Les fix Voyages qu'il a fait en Turquie en Perfe & aux Indes pendant C’ejpace de qua- rante ans.

Paris, 1 <582. 3 Vol. 4to.

V. Vol. 1. Lib. 5. c. 17. p. 580, 582.

Bernier.

Gallus. M. D.

Lettre fur le Caffe ecrite a M. Du Four.

V. Du Four, p. 207.

Philippus Silvefter Du Four.

Gallus. Mercator Lugdunenfis.

Traittez, Nouvcaux & Curieux du Caffe du The-, & du Chocolate.

Lugd. 1683.

V. Edit. 1 <58 8. a p. 1 . ad 2 1 6.

Nicolas Blegny.

Gallus. M.D.

Le Bon ufage du Caffe , du The, gr du Cho¬ colate, pour la prefirvation tfr pour lg Gueri fin des Maladies.

Paris, 1887. 12.

Tancredus Robinfbn.

V .T\. .,

Anglus. M.D.

Letter to Mr. Ray, dated May 2 1. 11587. V. Philof. Letters between Mr. Ray and his Correfpondents, publifh’d by the Reve¬ rend Mr. Derham.

Lond. 1718. p. 207.

Johannes Ray.

Anglus. F. R. S.

Hifioria Plantarum , Tomus fecundus. Lond. 1688. fol.

V. p. 1691.

Cornelius Bontekoe.

Batavus. M. D.

Traclaat Van bet Excellenfie hruyd The Coffi en Chocolate.

Amftel. 1689. 4to.

V. p. 107, &c.

Claudius Salmaiius.

Gallus.

De Homonymis Hyles latrica.

Trajedh ad Rhen. 1689. fol.

V. c. 78. p. 106.

Joh. Jacobus Berlu.

The Treafury of Drugs unlocked.

Lond. 165)3.

V. Edit. 1724. i2mo. p. 17.

Gulielmus Salmon.

Anglus. M. D.

Seplafium. The Compleat Englifh Phy - fician ; or, Druggifi’s Shop open'd.

Lond. 165)3 . 8.

V. Lib. 8. c. 5. p. 858.

Thom. Pope Blount.

Anglus Eques Auratus.

A Natural Hiftory , containing many not- common Obfervations.

Lond. 1693. 8.

V. p. 107.

Johannes

/

( 59 )

annes Pechey.

Anglus. M.D.

The Comp leaf Herbal of Phyfcal Plants. Lond. 1 694. 8.

V. p. 243.

Petrus Pomet.

Gallus Aromatarius Parifienfis.

Hijloire Generale des drogues.

Paris, 1 594. fol.

V. Lib. 7. p. 204.

Hans Sloane.

M. D. Eq. Aurat. Collegii Med. Lond. & R. S. Prsefes digniflimus.

yin Account of the Coffee Shrub.

Lond. 165)4. 4.

V. Philof. Tranfad. N° 208. p. 61.

Paulus Hermannus. Saxo-Germanus. M- D.

Cy no fur a Materia Medic*.

Argentor. 1710. 4.

LV. Part i. c. 5. p. 1 57.

Galand.

Gallus. Linguas Arabics Profeflor Re¬ gius.

V. Monf. la Roque.

Jacobus Vanierus.

Gallus. E Soc. Jefu.

Columb a & Hites five pradium Ruficum. Paris, 1 696. 8.

V. Lib. 8. p. 156.

Leonhardus Plunknet.

Anglus. M. D.

Almagefium Botanicum.

Lond. 1696. fol.

Nicolaus Lemery.

Gallus. M. D.

Traitte 'Vniverfille des Drogues Simples. Paris, 155)8. 4to.

V. p. lie;.

Calparus Commelinus.

Batavus Botanices Profeflor Amftslsda- menfis.

Catalogus PlantarumVfualium Horti Am- fieUdamenfs.

Amftel. i5p8. 8.

Johannes Houghton.

<■ Anglus. F. R.S.

A Difcourfe of Coffee.

Lond. 1699 410.

V. Philof. Tranfad. N°z5<5. p.311.

Du Mont.

Gallus.

Hoy ages en Turquie , &c.

Hag. Com. 1699. 8.

V. V0I.4. p.71, &c.

Ludov. Lemery.

Gallus. M. D.

A Treatife of Foods in general tr an fated from the French.

Lond. 1705. 8.

V. p. 31 6. Edit. Gall. 1702.

Chriftianus Johan. Langius.

Germanus.

Lettiones de Materia Medica.

Lipf. 1704. fol.

V. p. 389.

i \ , ■, •

Jofeph. Pitton Tournefort.

Aqui fextrenfis. M. D. & Botanices Pro- feffor Parifienfis.

Traitte de la Adatiere Medicale.

Paris, 17 1 7. 2 Vol. 8.

V. Vol. 2. p. 5)8.

Samuel Dale.

Anglus. Pharmacopsus Brantrienfis.

Supplementum Pharmacologi <t.

Lond. 1710. 8.

V. p. 491.

Joh. Baptifla Chomel.

Gallus. M.D.

Abrege de V hifloire des plantes uftelles.

Paris. 1712. 8.

V. p. 243.

Nicolaus

Nicolaus

(60)

W

La Roque.

Vv*1'

Gallus. M.D.

Trait tides Aliment dtt Cart me.

Paris, 1713. 2 Vol. 8.

V. Vol. 2. p. 367.

Johannes Chriflophor. Volka- merus.

Germanus. M. D.

Gallus.

Voyage de l' Arable Heureufe-, avec un me¬ moir e c oncer nant /’ Arbre dr le fruit du Cafe dr #« traite hijlorique de 1’ Origins dr du Pro gres du Cafe. <*■

Amftel. 1716. 8.

Michael Bernardus Valentini.

EjiftoU d, Gelftmim Arabic, fiuSlum Archiater HeflIacus-& Med. Prof. Gieflen- Cafe ferente Ar bore, data 1714. r-

V. Academ. Csefareo-Leopoldinx Ephem. 1S-

Cent.4. Obf. 168. p. 378. Noriberg. 1715. 4.

Richardus Bradley.

Anglus. Botan. Prof. Cantab. R. S. S.

A (loort hifiorical Account of Coffee. Lond. 1 2 mo.

Hijloria Simplicium reformata . Francof. ad * len. 1716. fol. V. L. 2. Se<ft. 5. c. 2. p. 1514.

Johannes Quincy.

Anglus. M. D. * A

p A compleat Englifh Difpenfatory.

New Improvements of Planting and Gar - Lond. 1718. 8. dening. V. p. 83.

Lond. 1718. 8. y. Edit. 4. p. 389.

The Virtue w vfi cf Coffee, «** r%urd Hermamius Bocrlmve.

Cf ’id' ft Eatavus. Med. Botan. & Chem. Prof.

' Lugd. Batavus.

Monthly Treatifcs of Husbandry and Gar- Index alter plant arum qua in Horto Lug- - dening. duno Batavo aluntur.

Ibid. 1724. 3 Vol. 8. Lugd. Bat. 1720. 4.

V. Vol. 3. July, p. 6 5. Auguft, p. 161. V. Part 2. p. 117.

Appendix to the New Improvements in Planting ■ nd Gardening.

Ibid. 1726. 8.

V. p. 63, 70.

Antqnius de Juffieu.

Jolephus Miller.

Anglus, Pharmacop$us Londinenfis.

Botanicum officinale 1 or3 a compendious Herbal.

Gallus. Botan. Prof. Parifie* f. celeberrimus. L°nd. 1722. 8

V. p. 144.

Hifioire du Cafe , An. 1715.

V. M emoires de 1’ Academie Royale, 1713.

Amftelod. 1717. 8. p. 388.

Fontenelle.

Gallus, Acad. Reg. a Secretis.

Obfervation Botanique.

V. Memoires de 1’ Academie, 1716. Amftelod. 1719. p. 42.

Georgius Cheyne.

Scotus. M. D.

Trail at us de Infirmorum fanitate tuendd , vitaque producenda.

Lond. 1726'. 8.

V. p. 8tf, 87.

V

*V*

FINIS.

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