BANISTERIA
A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA
Grass Spider (Agelenopsis sp.)
The distribution and seasonal activity patterns of the five Virginian species of Agelenopsis are discussed on pages 36-42 of this issue
Number 15
ISSN 1066-0712
2000
B ANISTERI A
A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA
ISSN 1066-0712
Published by the Virginia Natural History Society
The Virginia Natural History Society (VNHS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on all aspects of natural history in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Membership in VNHS includes a subscription t o Banisteria. Annual dues are $ 1 5.00 (per calendar year); library subscriptions to Banisteria are $30.00. Subscribers/members outside the United States should add $3.00 for additional postage.
Checks should be made payable to the Virginia Natural History Society. Membership dues and inquires should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer (address, page 2); correspondence regarding Banisteria to one of the co-editors. Banisteria is a peer-reviewed journal.
Editorial Staff: Banisteria
Co-editors:
Joseph C. Mitchell, Department of Biology University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173
Steven M. Roble, Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage, 217 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219
Associate Editors
Richard L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History Martinsville, Virginia 24112
Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Department of Entomology Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
Thomas F. Wieboldt, Department of Biology Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Production Consultant
Patricia A. Roble Richmond, Virginia
Cover: Generalized drawing of a grass spider ( Agelenopsis sp.). Original drawing by Richard L. Hoffman. Original drawing back inner cover by John Banister. Provided by Joseph and Nesta Ewan.
BANISTERI A
A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA
Number 15, 2000
Table of Contents
Foods of Birds of Prey in Virginia. Parti. Stomach Analyses
David W. Johnston . 3
A Survey of Macrolepidopteran Moths Near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia
J. Christopher Ludwig . 16
Grass Spiders of the Genus Agelenopsis in Virginia
Richard L. Hoffman . 36
Records and Habitats of the “Rare Click Beetle,” Cerophytum pulsator (Haldeman), in Virginia and Maryland (Coleoptera: Cerophytidae)
Warren E. Steiner, Jr . 43
Mass Mortality of Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque) on a Central Virginia Road
Joseph C. Mitchell . 45
Aggregations of Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque) in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia
Joseph C. Mitchell . 47
Shorter Contributions
The Ruddy Daggerwing ( Marpesia petreus ): a New Face in Virginia
David A. Young . 49
Lytta polita (Say), a Blister Beetle New to the Virginia Fauna (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
Richard L. Hoffman . 49
Additional Field Longevity Record for the Allegheny Woodrat ( Neotoma magister )
Michael T. Mengak . 50
Miscellanea
Reports . 51
Addendum . 53
Submission of Manuscripts . 53
Instructions for Contributors . 53
Virginia Natural History Society Officers
President
Richard J. Neves
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321
Vice President
Werner Wieland
Department of Biological Sciences Mary Washington College Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401-5358
Secretary-T reasurer
Anne C. Lund Department of Biology Hampden- Sydney College Hampden- Sydney, Virginia 23943
Councilors
Joella C. Killian
Department of Biological Sciences Mary Washington College Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401-5358
Michael Kosztarab 614 Woodlawn Drive Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
Steven M. Roble
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 2 1 7 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
Foods of Birds of Prey in Virginia. Part I. Stomach Analyses
David W. Johnston
5219 Concordia Street Fairfax, Virginia 22032
INTRODUCTION
Determining the specific foods taken by birds of prey can be accomplished in several ways: field observations, identifying food brought to nestlings, examining regurgitated material (pellets), analyzing crop and stomach contents, locating food caches, and examining nest debris. In Virginia, for example, Golden Eagles have been observed pursuing a variety of birds and mammals, as well as consuming carrion (Johnston,
1 994), and Ellzey ( 1 888) watched a Sharp-shinned Hawk catch a Northern Bobwhite. Prey remains in or under nests of Red-tailed Hawks and Great Homed Owls were identified by Murray (1943) and Sykes (1961), respectively. Nest boxes used by Eastern Screech-Owls contained the remains of crayfish, frogs, and small birds (Reiger, 1992). Hunting and chasing behaviors of migrating raptors as they pursued small birds were described in detail by Hill (1984).
Despite these and other records published in The Raven and elsewhere and despite the observations by ornithologists in Virginia over the last century or more, with few exceptions relatively little is known about specific foods taken by birds of prey in the State. In this paper I present the identification of stomach contents from birds of prey in the State. Although many of the specimens came from northern parts of Virginia, the results presented here bear implications for the State as a whole.
MATERIALS
Over the past decade, 266 dead birds of prey specimens of 18 species have come into my possession. Most were road-kills. From these, records of stomach contents were kept. These records plus those gleaned from the literature are included in this paper. Many of
the birds were prepared as specimens or mounts and donated to museums and nature centers.
In the species accounts below, the "stomach contents" column for each species contains the prey items identified. The “source” column includes literature citations and providers. Also,"USFWS" refers to the food habits files of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, MD. Raptor carcasses studied at the National Wildlife Health Research Center in Madison, W1 are identified as “NWHRC.” Several people who provided specimens are listed under “source”— Charles Ziegenfus (CZ), Llyn Sharp (LS), Roy Geiger (RG), Robert Simpson (RS), Ralph Eckerlin (RE), Clair Mellinger (CM), Martin Ogle (MO), John Rappole (JR), Ken Bass (KB), and licensed rehabilitators (Wildlife Center of Virginia, J. Freitag, A. Hocker, P. Whiddon). Appendices A and B contain the names of counties and cities abbreviated in the text and the scientific names of vertebrate prey.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The most exhaustive accounts of foods of birds of prey in North America were published by A. K. Fisher (1888, 1893). Therein, he identified the stomach contents of hundreds of birds from all over North America, only a few of which were from Virginia. Other lengthy reports of raptor foods (Smyth 1894, McAtee 1935) copied Fisher’s work and added little specifically for the State. May (1935) provided summaries of nonspecific food categories taken by diurnal birds of prey from previous studies.
Results of the stomach analyses are found in Table 1 . As other authors have done, the specific foods can be put into general categories (e.g., insects, mice, birds) (Table 2). With few exceptions the percentages of prey in the several categories from Virginia are close to those given
4
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
Table 1. Stomach contents of birds of prey in Virginia.
|
SPECIES DATE |
LOCATION (APPENDIX A) |
AGE/ SEX |
STOMACH CONTENTS |
SOURCE |
|
|
Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura ) |
|||||
|
1936-06-29 |
PRG: Camp Lee |
Com Snake, White- footed Mouse |
Nelson & Greenfield |
||
|
1936 |
|||||
|
Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) |
|||||
|
1882-12-00 |
NFC |
duck |
Fisher 1893 |
||
|
1980-00-00 |
Unknown |
Add” |
grass |
NWHRC |
|
|
1981-09-28 |
KIG |
Im? |
unidentified mass |
66 |
|
|
1982-05-03 |
SUR |
Imd" |
fish |
66 |
|
|
1982-08-16 |
Unknown |
Im? |
fish |
66 |
|
|
1985-05-11 |
GLO |
nestling? |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1985-05-15 |
Unknown |
Ad? |
fish scales, feathers |
66 |
|
|
1986-01-22 |
CHS |
Ado" |
plant material |
66 |
|
|
1986-04-23 |
ESS |
Imo" |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1988-01-21 |
WES |
Ad? |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1988-11-18 |
KIW |
Ad? |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1988-12-00 |
DIC |
Ad? |
meat and hairs |
66 |
|
|
1989-09-26 |
KIG |
Im? |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1989-10-07 |
YOR |
Ado" |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1991-03-21 |
KIG |
Imci" |
gray hairs |
66 |
|
|
1991-04-08 |
CHA |
Ado" |
feathers, bones |
66 |
|
|
1991-06-03 |
HEN |
Imd" |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1991-08-27 |
Unknown |
Imo" |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1992-03-19 |
KIG |
Ad? |
feathers, fur, bones |
66 |
|
|
1992-04-19 |
WES |
Im? |
meat and hairs |
66 |
|
|
1993-02-02 |
SPO |
Im? |
feathers |
66 |
|
|
1993-09-15 |
CPC |
Ad? |
fish remains |
66 |
|
|
1993-12-20 |
HAN |
Ado" |
hairs, grass |
66 |
|
|
Northern Harrier ( Circus cyaneus ) |
|||||
|
1892-10-25 |
FAI |
Meadow Mouse [Vole] |
USFWS |
||
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
grasshoppers |
Smyth 1 894 |
||
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
sparrow |
66 |
||
|
1913-05-08 |
ACC |
Wallops Island |
Meadow Mouse [Vole] |
USFWS |
|
|
1913-05-12 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Semipalmated Sandpiper |
66 |
|
|
1913-09-15 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Water Pipit, White-footed Mouse |
66 |
|
|
1916-09-02 |
ACC |
66 59 |
Spotted Sandpiper |
66 |
|
|
1916-09-02 |
ACC |
66 99 |
2 Semipalmated Sandpipers |
66 |
|
|
1916-09-04 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Semipalmated Sandpiper |
66 |
|
|
1916-09-16 |
ACC |
66 55 |
2 Black-and-white Warblers, 3 Field |
||
|
Sparrows, 1 Dendroica sp. |
66 |
||||
|
1916-09-22 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Clapper Rail |
66 |
|
|
1919-09-29 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Meadow Mouse [Vole], Leopard Frog, |
||
|
grasshopper |
66 |
||||
|
1919-09-30 |
ACC |
66 55 |
Leopard Frog |
66 |
|
|
1919-09-30 |
ACC |
66 59 |
Leopard Frog, Chorus Frog, |
||
|
Least Shrew, Dendroica sp. |
66 |
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
5
SPECIES LOCATION AGE/
DATE (APPENDIX A) SEX STOMACH CONTENTS_ SOURCE
Northern Harrier
1934-09-00 LUI: Trevilians Meadow Mouse [Vole], White- footed USFWS
Mouse, 5 katydids, 3 long-homed grasshoppers, June beetle, moth, spider
Sharp-shinned Hawk ( Accipiter striatus)
|
1890-12-10 |
FAI: Dunn Loring |
Hermit Thrush |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1900-05-25 |
ARL: Rosslyn |
House Mouse |
USFWS |
|
|
1991-04-27 |
ALE |
Im? |
Starling |
|
|
1991-07-05 |
Shenandoah Natl. Park |
Ado" |
feather fragment |
JR |
|
1992-00-00 |
NNC |
Ado" |
2 sets of small unidentified passerine feet |
|
|
1993-05-01 |
LUD |
Im? |
Northern Cardinal (a") |
|
|
1993-10-06 |
ALE |
Im? |
Red- winged Blackbird (a") |
|
|
1994-11-09 |
FAI: Annandale |
Im? |
House Sparrow |
|
|
1994-00-00 |
FAI |
Imd" |
Dark-eyed Junco |
RG |
|
1997-12-07 |
ALE |
Im? |
feather fragments |
|
|
1998-01-14 |
ALE |
Im? |
House Sparrow (d") |
|
|
1999-02-10 |
HAR |
Im? |
Yellow-rumped Warbler |
CM |
|
Cooper's Hawk {Accipiter cooperii ) |
||||
|
1900-12-05 |
S. Virginia |
Northern Bobwhite |
USFWS |
|
|
1917-11-00 |
Virginia near Washington |
chicken |
U |
|
|
1924-03-11 |
FAI: Boulevard |
chicken |
U |
|
|
1937-06-23 |
AUG |
Gray Squirrel, House Mouse, Mourning Dove, Lepidoptera larvae, insect fragments |
u |
|
|
1990-10-00 |
SHE |
Imd" |
Meadow Vole, wasp, 5 scarab beetles, 2 other beetles |
RS |
|
1990-10-23 |
FRE: Winchester |
Im? |
fur, feathers |
U |
|
1991-00-00 |
N. Virginia |
Im? |
Rock Dove |
MO |
|
1995-12-23 |
FAI: McLean |
Ad? |
Mourning Dove |
|
|
1996-03-17 |
FAI: Sterling |
Im? |
Starling |
RG |
|
1997-01-19 |
ARL: Interstate 395 |
Im? |
Starling, House Mouse |
|
|
1997-02-00 |
VBC |
Ad? |
Mourning Dove |
|
|
1997-10-16 |
FAI |
Im? |
Eastern Chipmunk |
|
|
1997-12-04 |
PRW: Dumfries |
Im? |
feather fragments |
|
|
1997-12-00 |
LUD: Leesburg |
Imd" |
mouse parts |
|
|
Red-shouldered Hawk ( Buteo lineatus) |
||||
|
1888-12-01 |
ALB: Cobham |
46 grasshoppers, 2 crickets, 30 beetles |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1892-12-18 |
ALE |
Short-tailed Shrew, mouse hair, grasshopper |
USFWS |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
large black spider |
Smyth 1894 |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
grasshoppers |
||
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
grasshopper, crayfish, |
U |
2 "spring lizards"
6
BANISTERJA
NO. 15, 2000
SPECIES LOCATION AGE/
DATE (APPENDIX A) SEX STOMACH CONTENTS_ SOURCE
Red-shouldered Hawk
|
1910-11-22 |
VBC: Lynnhaven |
grasshoppers |
USFWS |
|
|
1911-12-00 |
FAC |
28 grasshoppers (3 species). Painted Turtle |
66 |
|
|
1914-10-15 |
VBC: Lynnhaven |
grasshoppers, beetles |
66 |
|
|
1914-10-15 |
VBC: Lynnhaven |
moths, spider, caterpillars |
66 |
|
|
1934-08-20 |
LUI: Trevilians |
cicadas, snake scales, short-and long-homed grasshoppers |
66 |
|
|
ca. 1990 |
N. Virginia |
insect remains |
||
|
1990-03-01 |
FA1: Springfield |
Im? |
insect remains, hair, plant material |
RE |
|
1991-00-00 |
N. Virginia |
Ad? |
insect remains |
|
|
1992-03-09 |
FAI: Great Falls |
Im? |
Gray Squirrel |
|
|
1993-03-19 |
FAJ |
Ado" |
Eastern Chipmunk |
|
|
1993-08-07 |
PRW |
Im? |
House Mouse, Norway Rat |
|
|
1994-02-09 |
LUD: Lovettsville |
Ad? |
Short-tailed Shrew in crop |
|
|
1994-07-26 |
FAI: Dunn Loring |
Imd" |
fur |
|
|
1994-00-00 |
FAI |
Ad? |
snake scales |
RG |
|
1996-04-11 |
PRW: Nokesville |
Ad |
beetles |
KB |
|
1997-09-00 |
FAI |
Imo" |
hair |
|
|
Broad-winged Hawk ( Buteo platypterus) |
||||
|
1889-09-20 |
Virginia |
1 1 Lepidoptera larvae, 1 white grub, 1 beetle, 1 katydid, 1 stone cricket |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1889-09-29 |
Virginia |
insect larvae, beetles, katydid, stone cricket |
USFWS |
|
|
1892-05-13 |
ALB: Cobham |
Five-lined Skink (im.), beetle |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1892-05-13 |
ALB: Cobham |
young rabbit, 2 Short-tailed Shrews, Five-lined Skink |
66 |
|
|
1906-05-18 |
MON: Blacksburg |
Ad? |
young rat |
Bums 191 1 |
|
1986-06-00 |
PRW: Bull Run |
Ado" |
“meat” |
|
|
1987-09-20 |
FAI: Carlin Spring Road |
Imd" |
Rough Green Snake, camel cricket, wasp, hair, long- & short-homed grasshoppers |
|
|
1994-00-00 |
FAI |
Ado" |
giant water bug |
RG |
|
1995-05-08 |
ALE: Hollin Hill |
? |
scarab beetles |
|
|
1996-08-01 |
MON: Blacksburg |
Short-tailed Shrew |
LS |
|
|
Red-tailed Hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) |
||||
|
1888-01-02 |
PRW: Gainesville |
2 House Mice |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1888-09-05 |
FAU: The Plains |
insect |
66 |
|
|
1891-02-05 |
CHS: Drewry's Bluff |
mouse hair |
66 |
|
|
1934-05-04 |
LUI |
Meadow Vole, short-homed grasshopper |
USFWS |
|
|
1934-05-04 |
LUI |
2 short-homed grasshoppers |
66 |
|
|
1934-05-04 |
LUI |
short-homed grasshoppers, moth larvae, feather |
66 |
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
7
|
SPECIES DATE |
LOCATION (APPENDIX A) |
AGE/ SEX |
STOMACH CONTENTS |
SOURCE |
|
Red-tailed Hawk |
||||
|
1934-05-04 |
LUI |
short-homed grasshopper |
USFWS |
|
|
1934-09-00 |
LUI: Trevilians |
5 short-homed grasshoppers. |
||
|
June beetle, hawk (sphinx) moth |
66 |
|||
|
1935-12-22 |
LYC |
Least Shrew |
66 |
|
|
1993-05-10 |
PRW: Haymarket |
Ad? |
Gray Squirrel, cottontail bones |
|
|
1993-11-05 |
LUD: Route 606 |
I mcf |
mouse fur |
|
|
1993-11-11 |
SHE: Edinburg |
Im? |
crop - Meadow Vole; stomach - 3 |
|
|
Meadow Voles, grasshopper |
RS |
|||
|
1993-12-09 |
ROB: Lexington |
Ado" |
Meadow Vole |
|
|
1994-01-31 |
FAI: Burke |
Ad? |
amorphous mass |
|
|
1994-02-09 |
FAI: Tyson's Comer |
Im? |
crop - 2 Meadow Voles, 1 Short-tailed |
|
|
Shrew; stomach - 3 Meadow Voles |
||||
|
1995-01-00 |
AUG |
Ad? |
Meadow Vole |
|
|
1995-03-18 |
CAR: Port Royal |
Im? |
Short-tailed Shrew |
|
|
1995-12-22 |
FAI: Fairfax Station |
Imo" |
Starling |
|
|
1997-02-25 |
FRE: Interstate 81 |
Add" |
2 Meadow Voles |
RS |
|
1998-07-00 |
FAU |
Im? |
insects |
|
|
Rough-legged |
Hawk ( Buteo lagopus ) |
|||
|
2000-02-05 |
SHE: New Market |
Ad? |
roadkill Eastern. Cottontail |
RS |
|
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) |
||||
|
1930-12-24 |
MEC |
young goat |
USFWS |
|
|
1989-12-00 |
DIC |
Im? |
small hollow hairs |
NWHRC |
|
1997-11-30 |
SCO |
Ado" |
White-tailed Deer |
PS |
|
American Kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) |
||||
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
sphinx moth larvae |
Smyth 1894 |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
crickets |
66 |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
miscellaneous insects |
66 |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
Meadow Vole |
66 |
|
|
ca. 1894 |
MON? |
Field Sparrow |
66 |
|
|
1895-11-27 |
WES: Colonial Beach |
3 crickets, 1 beetle, 3 grasshoppers, |
||
|
13 hairy caterpillars, 2 spiders |
USFWS |
|||
|
1989 |
ROI: Hinton |
? |
insect larvae |
|
|
1989-02-04 |
STA |
Ado" |
Meadow Vole, grasshopper |
|
|
1990-12-05 |
FRE: near Nain |
Ado" |
5 short-homed grasshoppers , |
|
|
1 noctuid moth larva |
RS |
|||
|
ca. 1990 |
N. Virginia |
small black beetles |
||
|
1991-05-30 |
FAU: Paris |
o" |
6 spiders |
RS |
|
1992-08-00 |
PRW: Nokesville |
o" |
beetles, wasp |
KB |
|
1993-01-26 |
ROI: Harrisonburg |
? |
Starling |
CM |
|
1993-08-07 |
ARL: Pentagon |
Im? |
beetles |
|
|
1995-04-26 |
VBC: Back Bay NWR |
d" |
insects |
|
|
1997-00-00 |
ROI |
0" |
Orthoptera |
CZ |
8
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
|
SPECIES DATE |
LOCATION (APPENDIX A) |
AGE/ SEX |
STOMACH CONTENTS |
SOURCE |
|
Merlin ( Falco colwnbarius) |
||||
|
1889-10-13 |
FAI |
warbler |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1891-11-14 |
ARL: Ballston |
2 House Sparrows, 1 other bird (junco?) |
||
|
1894-10-18 |
WES: Kinsale |
moth, small bird |
USFWS |
|
|
1911-09-07 |
ACC: Wallops Island |
sandpiper |
66 |
|
|
1913-09-15 |
ACC: |
Cedar Waxwing |
66 |
|
|
1916-09-30 |
ACC: |
Indigo Bunting |
66 |
|
|
1919-09-27 |
ACC: |
House Sparrow, warbler ?, |
||
|
dragonfly |
66 |
|||
|
1932-11-15 |
KIW: Pam unkey Indian |
Mourning Dove |
66 |
|
|
Reservation |
||||
|
1997-09-23 |
FAI: Chantilly |
? |
beetles |
|
|
Peregrine Falcon {Falco peregrinus) |
||||
|
1980-12-29 |
VBC |
Ad? |
feathers, small bones |
NWHRC |
|
1984-11-01 |
VBC |
Im? |
feathers |
66 |
|
1986-10-06 |
NOA |
Imo" |
skeletal muscle |
66 |
|
1990-07-15 |
GLO |
I me? |
feathers |
66 |
|
1992-02-05 |
HMC |
Ad? |
feathers, bird foot |
66 |
|
1993-10-04 |
NOA |
Imo" |
unidentified mass |
66 |
|
Common Barn-Owl {Tyto alba ) |
||||
|
1919-09-28 |
ACC: Wallops Island |
2 Meadow Voles |
USFWS |
|
|
1940-04-16 |
BUK: Farmville |
Meadow Vole, Short-tailed Shrew |
66 |
|
|
1988-07-00 |
FRE |
? |
Short-tailed Shrew |
RS |
|
1995-02-00 |
LUD: Gilberts Comer |
Meadow Vole |
66 |
|
|
1996-04-26 |
AUG: Interstate 64 |
c? |
Meadow Vole |
|
|
Eastern Screech-Owl ( Otus asio ) |
||||
|
1890-12-21 |
FAI |
Swamp Sparrow, House Mouse |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1890-12-21 |
FAI |
2 House Mice |
66 |
|
|
Virginia |
small piece of flesh |
66 |
||
|
Virginia |
small piece of flesh |
66 |
||
|
1892-02-22 |
FCC |
Dark-eyed Junco, Meadow Vole |
66 |
|
|
1894-04-27 |
ARL?: Four-mile Run |
insect remains |
USFWS |
|
|
1894-04-27 |
ARL |
White-eyed Vireo, spider, sparrow. |
||
|
mouse |
66 |
|||
|
1894-05-10 |
ARL |
beetle, cicada larvae |
66 |
|
|
1896-02-22 |
ARL?: Four-mile Run |
crayfish |
66 |
|
|
1897-11-24 |
ARL |
small bird, shrew and mouse hair |
66 |
|
|
1900-02-04 |
ARL |
Peromyscus sp. |
66 |
|
|
1901-11-28 |
ORA: Gordons vi lie |
House Mouse, spider |
66 |
|
|
1935-11-01 |
LXC |
beetle larvae, hair |
66 |
|
|
1939-12-07 |
AUG: Deerfield |
beetle larvae |
66 |
|
|
1946-12-26 |
GIL: Mountain Lake |
beetle, Lepidoptera larvae, spiders |
66 |
|
|
1978-02-00 |
ARL |
Adc? |
White-footed Mouse |
MO |
|
1980-09-25 |
BOT: Troutville |
o" |
earwigs, beetles, spiders, caterpillars. |
|
|
millipedes |
LS |
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
9
SPECIES LOCATION AGE/
DATE (APPENDIX A) SEX STOMACH CONTENTS_ SOURCE
Eastern Screech-Owl
|
1986-07-26 |
ARE |
ImU |
beetles |
MO |
|
|
1986-10-19 |
PAG: Luray |
insects |
RS |
||
|
1988-10-30 |
ARL: Route 50 |
Ad? |
camel crickets |
||
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
near Harrisonburg |
Ad? |
Meadow Vole |
CZ |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Ad? |
hair, beetles |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Ado- |
Meadow Vole, beetles |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Ad? |
insect remains |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Ado" |
Eastern Fence Lizard, camel cricket |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
AdU |
beetles |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Ad? |
beetles |
44 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI |
44 55 |
Add" |
scarab beetle, many grasshopper parts, spider |
44 |
|
ca. 1990 |
FRE |
: near Stephens City |
Juv |
long- and short-homed grasshoppers, 9 noctuid and 1 sphinx moth larvae |
RS |
|
1990-09-18 |
WAR: Front Royal |
O" |
grasshoppers, tree cricket, scarab beetle |
44 |
|
|
1990-11-03 |
SHE |
: Red Banks |
? |
scarab larva, earwig, short-homed grasshopper, 13 camel crickets, noctuid moth larva |
44 |
|
1991-03-91 |
N. Virginia |
Ad? |
centipedes, noctuid moth larvae |
||
|
1991-12-11 |
CL A: Boyce |
Ado- |
noctuid moth larvae |
RS |
|
|
1992-02-10 |
WES: Montross |
Ad? |
House Mouse |
||
|
1992-02-16 |
WAR: 4-H Club |
o- |
noctuid moths, spider, scarab beetle |
JR |
|
|
1992-03-09 |
VBC: Lynnhaven Inlet |
4 black crickets |
|||
|
1992-04-00 |
WIS |
? |
beetles |
||
|
1992-04-00 |
WIS |
a" |
Lepidoptera larvae, millipedes, spider |
||
|
1992-08-07 |
FAI: |
Annandale |
Im? |
cricket |
|
|
1992-09-24 |
FAI: |
Clifton |
Add¬ |
grasshopper, beetles |
|
|
1992-12-15 |
MON: Ellett Valley |
er |
noctuid moth larvae, earwigs, ground |
||
|
beetles (Carabidae) |
LS |
||||
|
1993-01-28 |
LUD: Round Hill |
insects |
|||
|
1993-05-07 |
LUD: Waterford |
Imo" |
many scarab beetles |
||
|
1993-06-00 |
WAR |
? |
tree cricket |
JR |
|
|
1993-06-00 |
WAR |
camel crickets, geometrid moth |
44 |
||
|
1993-08-05 |
GIL: Narrows |
a" |
Lepidoptera larvae, beetles, spiders |
LS |
|
|
1993-10-25 |
MON: Christiansburg |
d" |
Lepidoptera, beetles, earwigs |
44 |
|
|
1993-11-10 |
MON: Blacksburg |
a" |
Orthoptera, caterpillars, spiders |
44 |
|
|
1994-12-14 |
FAI: Tyson's Comer |
? |
noctuid moth larvae, geometrid moth |
||
|
1995-01-13 |
FRE |
: Route 522 |
? |
noctuid moth larvae, earthworms, carabid beetle larvae |
RS |
|
1995-08-00 |
WAR |
cf |
2 spiders, praying mantis. |
||
|
caterpillars, Noctuidae |
JR |
||||
|
1995-11-08 |
WAR: Routes 522 & 604 |
caterpillars, Orthoptera |
44 |
||
|
1996-02-03 |
PRW: Nokesville |
? |
beetles |
KB |
|
|
1996-02-17 |
FAI |
Reston |
a" |
Northern Cardinal (o') |
RG |
|
1996-04-13 |
MAT : Port Haywood |
? |
caterpillars, ground beetles, centipede |
||
|
1997-04-00 |
ROI |
a" |
wasp, caterpillars |
CZ |
|
|
1997-06-15 |
VBC: Back Bay NWR |
beetles, ants |
10
BANISTERIA
NO. 15,2000
SPECIES LOCATION AGE/
DATE (APPENDIX A) SEX STOMACH CONTENTS_ SOURCE
Eastern Screech-Owl
|
1997-fall |
ROI |
o" |
House Mouse |
CZ |
|
1997-10-04 |
WAR: Front Royal |
c" |
beetles |
|
|
1999-03-00 |
ROI |
? |
insects |
CM |
|
1999-03-00 |
ROI |
o" |
small bones |
66 |
|
Great Horned |
Owl {Bubo virginianus ) |
|||
|
1888-11-23 |
Virginia |
Eastern Cottontail, Silver-haired |
||
|
Bat, spider, katydid |
USFWS |
|||
|
1926-12-07 |
PRE: Farmville |
Eastern Cottontail |
66 |
|
|
1927-02-07 |
RIC ? |
Eastern Cottontail |
66 |
|
|
1928-10-14 |
CUL: Culpeper |
Eastern Cottontail, spider |
66 |
|
|
1989-11-30 |
WAR: Linden |
Meadow Vole |
RS |
|
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI: near Harrisonburg |
Ad? |
American Robin, Short -tailed Shrew |
CZ |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI: " |
Add- |
dobsonfly |
66 |
|
1990-00-00 |
ROI: " |
weasel (sp. ?) |
66 |
|
|
ca. 1990 |
FRE: Stephens City |
Ad? |
small mammal bones |
RS |
|
ca, 1990 |
FRE: Stephens City |
Add- |
Meadow Vole, Least Shrew |
66 |
|
1991-00-00 |
N. Virginia |
Ad? |
House Mouse |
|
|
1993-07-05 |
FAI: Burke |
Ad? |
4 scarab beetles, 1 camel cricket |
|
|
1993-12-09 |
ROI: Route 259 |
Short-tailed Shrew |
||
|
1994-04-07 |
PRW: Manassas |
Add- |
crayfish |
|
|
1994-12-08 |
LUD: Leesburg |
Ad? |
Eastern Cottontail |
|
|
1995-09-20 |
LUD: Hamilton |
Ado- |
beetles |
RS |
|
1995-10-01 |
FAI: Annandale |
Ad? |
Eastern Cottontail |
|
|
1995-11-08 |
WYT : Interstate 77 |
? |
Harvest Mouse |
LS |
|
1995-00-00 |
FRE |
Ad? |
insects |
RS |
|
1997-03-06 |
HAR: Interstate 8 1 |
? |
Orthoptera |
Snowy Owl ( Nyctea scandiaca )
Shufeldt (1914) examined an emaciated bird and found the “...Stomach entirely empty.”
Burrowing Owl {Athene cunicularia )
1 994-0 1-11 NO A: Chesapeake Bay ? Carabid beetle parts
Bridge Tunnel at Fisherman Island
Barred Owl (Strix varia) 1888-10-21 Virginia 1888-11-21 Virginia 1934-09-00 LUI: Trevilians
1975-02-10 FAI: Bull Run
1978-01-15 LUD: Leesburg 1989-03-13 LUD
crayfish Fisher 1893
crayfish USFWS
Cooper's Hawk, rhinoceros beetle,
giant water bug, ground beetle,
long- and short-homed grasshoppers “
Ado" 80% earthworms, 10% Lepidoptera
larvae, 1 0% unidentified matter RE
Ad 9 Short-tailed Shrew “
Add" crayfish, frog
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
|
SPECIES |
LOCATION |
AGE/ |
||
|
DATE |
(APPENDIX A) |
SEX |
STOMACH CONTENTS |
SOURCE |
|
Barred Owl ca. 1990 |
N. Virginia |
Short-tailed Shrew |
RS |
|
|
ca. 1990 |
N. Virginia |
crayfish |
tc |
|
|
ca. 1990 |
PRW |
Ad? |
Meadow Vole |
|
|
ca. 1990 |
FRE: near Stephens City |
Ad? |
1 0 camel crickets |
RS |
|
1991-00-00 |
N. Virginia |
Norway Rat |
||
|
1991-01-00 |
FRE: near Stephens City |
Ad? |
Short-tailed shrew, rodent? |
|
|
1991-04-16 |
FAI |
? |
Gray Squirrel |
|
|
1992-06-30 |
FAI: Huntley Meadows Park |
Ad? |
Red-bellied Woodpecker, beetles |
|
|
1993-01-03 |
PRW |
Ad? |
insects |
|
|
1993-08-02 |
FAI: Grays Point Road |
Imo" |
Norway Rat |
|
|
1993-12-06 |
MON |
cf |
beetles |
LS |
|
1993-12-14 |
Interstate 64 at Route 6 1 7 |
? |
4 Meadow Voles |
|
|
1994-00-00 |
FAI |
o" |
fur and insects |
RG |
|
1994-00-00 |
FAI |
ImU |
fur |
|
|
1994-11-26 |
VBC: Back Bay NWR |
Orthoptera |
||
|
1995-00-00 |
FAI |
? |
insects |
|
|
1995-12-03 |
KIG: Dahlgren |
House Mouse |
||
|
1996-04-23 |
FRE: Route 340 |
Ad? |
beetles |
RS |
|
1996-04-28 |
LUD: Route 6 1 1 |
<f |
Tenebrionidae |
|
|
1997-05-00 |
LUD: Leesburg |
? |
Short-tailed Shrew |
|
|
1998-02-11 |
FRE |
? |
insects |
RS |
|
1998-02-29 |
JCC: Interstate 64 |
? |
Leopard Frog |
|
|
1998-04-30 |
ROI: Harrisonburg |
? |
spider |
CM |
|
1998-10-15 |
FAU: Midland |
? |
Short-tailed Shrew |
|
|
1999-04-16 |
FAI: Springfield |
? |
Peromyscus sp. |
|
|
Long-eared Owl ( Asio otus ) |
||||
|
1888-12-16 |
FAI |
House Mouse, White-footed Mouse |
Fisher 1893 |
|
|
1929-12-26 |
ROB |
Ad? |
Mourning Dove |
Murray 1944 |
|
1934-05-04 |
LU1: Trevilians |
Meadow Vole |
USFWS |
|
|
1989-02-02 |
LUD: W&OD Trail |
Ad? |
Meadow Vole |
MO |
|
Short-eared Owl ( Asio flammeus) |
||||
|
1996-04-17 |
VBC: Back Bay NWR |
Sora |
||
|
Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus ) |
||||
|
1956-02-12 |
Chesapeake City |
House Mouse |
Rageot 1957 |
|
|
1981 -winter |
N. Virginia |
Ad? |
House Mouse |
[Note- Whalen et al. (2000) discuss prey taken by migrating Saw-whet Owls on Virginia’s Eastern Shore from 1994 to 1996.]
12
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
Table 2. Summary of prey types taken from stomachs of birds of prey in Virginia. Numbers for each prey type are the percentages of full stomachs containing that prey.
|
SPECIES |
Number examined |
Mice, voles, shrews |
Chipmunks, squirrels, rabbits |
Larger mammals |
Fish |
Amphibians, reptiles |
Birds |
Insects |
cd 5- ( 4= -4—* o |
Number (%) empty |
|
Turkey Vulture |
1 |
100 |
100 ; |
0 |
||||||
|
Bald Eagle |
32 |
52 |
22 |
22 |
9(28) |
|||||
|
Northern Harrier |
16 |
40 |
20 |
53 |
20 |
1(6) |
||||
|
Sharp-shinned Hawk |
39 |
8 |
92 |
27 (69) |
||||||
|
Cooper’s Hawk |
32 |
36 |
14 |
71 |
14 |
18 (56) |
||||
|
Red-shouldered Hawk |
26 |
33 |
9 |
19 |
14 |
5(19) |
||||
|
Broad-winged Hawk |
12 |
30 |
20 |
30 |
60 |
2(17) |
||||
|
Red-tailed Hawk |
26 |
60 |
5 |
10 |
6(23) |
|||||
|
Rough-legged Hawk |
1 |
100 |
0 |
|||||||
|
Golden Eagle |
7 |
100 |
4b (57) |
|||||||
|
American Kestrel |
21 |
13 |
13 |
75 |
13 |
5(24) |
||||
|
Merlin |
9 |
89 |
35 |
0 |
||||||
|
Peregrine Falcon |
6 |
67 |
33 |
0 |
||||||
|
Common Barn-Owl |
9 |
4(44) |
||||||||
|
E. Screech-Owl |
75 |
20 |
1 |
10 |
75 |
20 |
14(22) |
|||
|
Great Homed Owl |
32 |
40 |
35 |
5 |
30 |
15 |
12 (38) |
|||
|
Snowy Owl |
1 |
1 (100) |
||||||||
|
Burrowing Owl |
1 |
100 |
0 |
|||||||
|
Barred Owl |
42 |
32 |
10 |
6 |
6 |
39 |
16 |
1 1 (26) |
||
|
Long-eared Owl |
5 |
75 |
25 |
1 (20) |
||||||
|
Short-eared Owl |
1 |
100 |
0 |
|||||||
|
N. Saw- whet Owl |
3 |
100 |
1(33) |
a Earthworms, crayfish, millipedes, centipedes, spiders, hair (only in Bald Eagle). b The number of empty stomachs were from birds examined at NWHRC.
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
13
by Fisher (1893) and May (1935) for larger geographic regions. In Virginia, Red-shouldered Hawks consumed more insects and fewer small mammals, amphibians, and reptiles than nationwide. American Kestrels took fewer small mammals but more small birds in Virginia. Although Cooper’s Hawks have had a long-standing reputation for capturing poultry and game birds (Fisher 1893, McAtee 1935), none of these hawks examined from Virginia after 1924 had taken poultry or game birds. Similarly, no poultry or game birds were found in Red-tailed Hawks and Great Homed Owls from Virginia.
As might be expected from previous studies, in Virginia arthropods constituted the principal prey items ofBroad- winged Hawks, American Kestrels, and Eastern Screech-Owls. Birds were the principal prey items of the Northern Harrier, Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s hawks. Merlins, and Peregrine Falcons. The Meadow Vole accounted for 44% of all small mammals (shrews, mice, voles) taken.
Both the kestrel and screech-owl were adept at finding and catching arthropods in the winter months in addition to mice and a few birds. Specifically, kestrel winter foods included crickets, beetles, and grasshoppers, whereas the owl took caterpillars, spiders, and moths.
The large number and high percentage of empty stomachs in the two Accipiters (Table 2) are noteworthy. For both species, 70 % of the empty stomachs came from birds obtained during fall migration. At least two interpretations can be offered for the empty stomachs. Possibly, the species are inefficient in catching prey. The Sharp-shinned Hawk, for example, was deemed an unsuccessful hunter by Hill (1984) who found that only 10.9% of migrating birds had full crops even when their chief prey (Yellow-rumped Warbler) was abundant. But, in the present study it is also possible that the migrating hawks simply had not been hunting when they were killed.
The specific foods at specific sites and dates presented here will be useful to any programs dealing with the conservation and management of birds of prey in Virginia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Assistance with some prey identifications was given by Ronald Hodges and Alma Solis (arthropods), Joseph Mitchell (reptiles), Roxie Layboume (birds), and Charles O. Handley Jr. (mammals). I am also indebted to the individuals and organizations (identified above) for their efforts in procuring birds for this study. Walter Bulmer, Charles O. Handley, Jr., and two reviewers offered useful comments on an earlier draft of the paper.
LITERATURE CITED
Bums, F. L. 1911. A monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). Wilson Bulletin 23: 139-320.
Ellzey, M. G. 1888. The food of rapacious birds. Forest and Stream 30: 144.
Fisher, A. K. 1888. Food of hawks and owls. Pp. 402- 422 In Report of the Ornithologist, C. Hart Merriam, M.D., Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Fisher, A. K. 1 893. The Hawks and Owls of the United States in their Relation to Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy, Washington, D.C. Bulletin No. 3. 210 pp.
Hill, J. M. 1984. Autumn migration of selected raptors and passerines on the Delmarva Peninsula. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. 143 pp.
Johnston, D. W. 1994. The Golden Eagle in Virginia: Analysis of a century of records. Raven 65: 19-37.
May, J. B. 1935. The Hawks of North America. National Association of Audubon Societies, New York. 140 pp.
McAtee, W. L. 1935. Food habits of common hawks. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Circular 370, 36 pp.
Murray, J. J. 1944. The birds of Rockbridge County, Virginia. Raven 15:51-55.
Murray, J. J. 1957. The birds of Rockbridge County, Virginia. Virginia Avifauna No. 1 . Virginia Society of Ornithology, Sweet Briar, VA. 59 pp.
Nelson, A. L., & R. Greenfield. 1936. Some notes on the summer birds of Camp Lee, Virginia. Raven 7(11,12): 1-6
Rageot, R. H. 1957. Predation on small mammals in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 281.
Reiger, G. 1992. Eastern Screech-Owl nesting and feeding in Accomack County. Raven 63: 74-75.
Shufeldt, R. W. 1914. Extreme emaciation in a
14
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
specimen of the Snowy Owl. Auk 3 1 : 247.
Smyth, E. A., Jr. 1894. Notes on the feeding habits of the common hawks and owls of Virginia. Bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, Blacksburg, VA. No. 3, pp. 23-39.
Smyth, E. A., Jr. 1912. Birds observed in Montgomery County, Virginia. Auk 29: 508-530.
Sykes, P. W., Jr. 1961. Great Homed Owl nesting in Bald Eagle eyrie. Raven 32: 65-66.
Whalen, D. M., B. D. Watts, & D. W. Johnston. 2000. Diet of autumn migrating northern saw-whet owls on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Journal of Raptor Research: in press.
APPENDIX A. Abbreviations for Counties and Cities in Virginia used in the text.
|
ACC |
Accomack Co. |
LUD |
Loudoun Co. |
|
ALB |
Albemarle Co. |
LUI |
Louisa Co. |
|
ALE |
Alexandria City |
LYC |
Lynchburg City |
|
ARL |
Arlington Co. |
MAT |
Mathews Co. |
|
AUG |
Augusta Co. |
MEC |
Mecklenburg Co. |
|
BOT |
Botetourt Co. |
MON |
Montgomery Co. |
|
BUK |
Buckingham Co. |
NFC |
Norfolk City |
|
CHA |
Charles City Co. |
NNC |
Newport News City |
|
CHS |
Chesterfield Co. |
NOA |
Northampton Co. |
|
CPC |
Chesapeake City |
ORA |
Orange Co. |
|
CUL |
Culpeper Co. |
PAG |
Page Co. |
|
DIC |
Dickenson Co. |
PRE |
Prince Edward Co. |
|
ESS |
Essex Co. |
PRG |
Prince George Co. |
|
FAC |
Fairfax City |
PRW |
Prince William Co. |
|
FAI |
Fairfax Co. |
RIC |
Richmond City |
|
FCC |
Falls Church City |
ROB |
Rockbridge Co. |
|
FAU |
Fauquier Co. |
ROI |
Rockingham Co. |
|
FRE |
Frederick Co. |
SHE |
Shenandoah Co. |
|
GIL |
Giles Co. |
SPO |
Spotsylvania Co. |
|
GLO |
Gloucester Co. |
STA |
Stafford Co. |
|
HAN |
Hanover Co. |
SUR |
Surry Co. |
|
HAR |
Harrisonburg |
VBC |
Virginia Beach City |
|
HEN |
Henrico Co. |
WAR |
Warren Co. |
|
HMC |
Hampton City |
WES |
Westmoreland Co. |
|
JCC |
James City Co. |
WIS |
Wise Co. |
|
KIG |
King George Co. |
WYT |
Wythe Co. |
|
KIW |
King William Co. |
YOR |
York Co. |
|
LXC |
Lexington City |
JOHNSTON: RAPTOR STOMACH CONTENTS
15
APPENDIX B. Scientific names of vertebrate prey mentioned in the text.
Amphibians
Upland Chorus Frog (probably Pseudacris feriaram) Southern Leopard Frog ( Rana sphenocephala)
Reptiles
Painted Turtle ( Chrysemys picta)
Eastern Fence Lizard ( Sceloporus undulatus) Five-lined Skink ( Eumeces fasciatus)
Com Snake ( Elaphe guttata )
Rough Green Snake ( Opheodrys aestivus )
Birds
Northern Bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus)
Clapper Rail ( Rallus longirostris)
Sora ( Porzana Carolina )
Spotted Sandpiper ( Actitis macularia)
Semipalmated Sandpiper ( Ereunetes pusillus )
Rock Dove ( Columba livid)
Mourning Dove ( Zenaida macroura )
Red-bellied Woodpecker ( Melanerpes carolinus ) Water Pipit ( Anthus spinoletta)
American Robin ( Turdus migratorius)
Hermit Thrush (Cat hams guttatus )
European Starling ( Sturnus vulgaris)
Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedromm) White-eyed Vireo ( Vireo griseus) Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata) Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)
Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)
Field Sparrow ( Spizella pusilla)
Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) House Sparrow ( Passer domesticus)
Mammals
Least Shrew ( Cryptotis parva)
N. Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciums carolinensis) Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
House Mouse ( Mus musculus)
Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
A Survey of Macrolepidopteran Moths Near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia
J. Christopher Ludwig
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor Street, 3rd Floor Richmond, Virginia 23219
INTRODUCTION
There have only been a few reports of systematic, single-site collections of moths from locations in Virginia or nearby states (Skinner, 1921; Milne & Milne, 1945; Moulding & Madenjian, 1979; Butler & Kondo, 1991; Stein, 1993; Hall, 1999). These studies were conducted over periods ranging from one season to five years and, with the exception of Hall (1999), used one trap method to collect moths. This study, which covered two years and involved multiple collection techniques, was designed to provide a comprehensive list of the macrolepidopteran moth species (= "macro moths" or "macros") found at a single Virginia Piedmont location. This species list, along with others being gathered throughout Virginia by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation's Division of Natural Heritage, is being used to ascertain the biological status of the Commonwealth's macro moths and develop a complete list of Virginia's macros. Macros have been chosen rather than the entire moth fauna because they are generally the larger, more conspicuous moths and are better known. In Virginia, the macros are contained within the following 13 families: Apatelodididae, Arctiidae, Drepanidae, Epiplemidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae, Mimallonidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Satumiidae, Sphingidae, and Thyatiridae.
This survey was conducted over 0.8 ha (ca. 2 acres) at the author's residence on the Virginia Piedmont, 2 km W of Vontay in western Hanover County. The terrain is relatively level with gently rolling hills. Soils are circumneutral to acidic, clay-loam mixtures. Vegetation in the vicinity of the study site is primarily second-growth upland hardwood forest of various ages from 12 to 80+ years since timber harvest operations.
The study site is part of a 1,215-2,025 ha (ca. 3,000-5,000 acres) second growth forest which includes upland pine stands and bottomland forests of the South Anna River in addition to upland hardwoods. Elevation at the sampling site is ca. 82 m above sea level. To the author's knowledge, the area's forests have not been treated with pesticides or other chemical or mechanical management that would be detrimental to the lepidopteran fauna.
Plant species at the site are typical of second-growth upland hardwood forests in the region. The most common tree species are white oak ( Quercus alba), red oak (Q. rubra), tulip poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera), beech ( Fagus grandifolia), and flowering dogwood ( Comus florida). Other frequent trees include red maple (Acer rubrum), southern red oak (Q. falcata), post oak (Q. stellata), hickory ( Carya spp.), American holly ( Ilex opaca), winged elm (Ulmus alata), white ash (Fraxinus americana), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), Virginia pine (P. virginiana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), redbud ( Cercis canadensis), and eastern redcedar ( Juniperus virginiana). Common understory woody species include black haw (Viburnum dentatum), deerberry ( Vaccinium stamineum), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica ), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), and bramble (Rubus sp.). Common herbs of the shaded areas include Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), running cedar (Diphasiastrum digitatum), panic grass (Dichanthelium spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), and partridge pea (Mitchellia repens). A powerline right-of-way adjacent to the study site features native warm season grasses including little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), as well as many forb
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
17
species including tick-trefoil ( Desmodium spp.), bush-clover ( Lespedeza spp.), bonesets ( Eupatorium spp.), blazing-star (Liatris squarrosa ), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), goldenrod ( Solidago spp.), and mountain mint ( Pycnanthemum spp.).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During 311 nights from 30 October 1996 to 28 October 1998, six methods (baiting, incandescent light, ultraviolet light, mercury vapor light, ultraviolet light trap, and observation without collection) were used to record moths at the study site. Two to four methods were used concurrently on each night. Emphasis was placed on obtaining a species list and not a quantitative sample of macro moth species. Except when temperatures dropped to near or below freezing, sampling was conducted regardless of moon phase and weather conditions.
Baiting was employed on 126 nights from 5 November 1996 to 28 October 1998. The bait consisted of beer, sugar, and crushed bananas along with other ingredients when available, including molasses, grape jelly, red wine, cantaloupe, and watermelon. A ca. 40 x 20 cm patch of the thick liquid mixture was painted on the trunks of 12-18 trees of various species at ca. 1.5 m above the ground. The trees were painted at or prior to sunset and checked 2-5 times during the evening. Trees were also checked in the pre-dawn morning on about 10 occasions. Moths (either macro or conspicuous micro species) believed to be new to the study were caught in a jar and placed in a freezer until killed. They were left in the freezer until they could be pinned.
On 1 78 nights from 30 October 1 996 to 25 September 1998, moths were captured at incandescent lights. The incandescent lights included 1-3 house porch lights with 60 to 100-watt bulbs. On 98 nights from 30 December 1 996 to 6 June 1 998, moths were captured at black lights. The black lights included 40-watt light bulbs used in one of the porch light fixtures as well as a single 1 5-watt standard black light fluorescent tube used in conjunction with a white sheet. On 101 nights from 18 March 1998 to the end of the study period, a 160-watt mercury vapor light was used. For all light sources, areas around lights were checked 2-5 times during the evening. They were also checked in the morning on about 50 occasions. As with baiting, if new moths were encountered, they were caught in ajar and placed in a freezer until they could be pinned.
On 13 June 1997, a standard light-trap (Martin, 1978) with a 15-watt standard black light flourescent tube was used. The trap was operated from dusk until
dawn using ethyl acetate as the killing agent. If moths believed to be new to the study site were encountered, they were pinned. Many of the insects caught in this trap were not killed by the ethyl acetate, resulting in badly rubbed and many completely unidentifiable specimens.
Finally, diurnal and nocturnal observations were used to record a few easily-identified sphinx (Sphingidae) and silk (Satumiidae) moths that were not collected, such as the luna moth, Actias luna (L.).
A subset of the pinned moths was spread. All were periodically examined throughout the study period and determinations were assigned by the author with assistance from Douglas C. Ferguson, Paul Z. Goldstein, Stephen P. Hall, Eric L. Quinter, Steven M. Roble, Dale F. Schweitzer, and J. Bolling Sullivan. All but 114 specimen identifications were confirmed by Ferguson, Hall, and/or Schweitzer.
Prior to the study of moths at this site, a complete collection of vascular plant species was gathered from a ca. 4 ha area that includes the smaller area in which the moths were taken.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 1,898 macrolepidopteran moth specimens was pinned and identified during this study. The number of specimens would be much higher if all 30,000+ macro-moths encountered at the lights and bait were taken rather than selecting only moths that appeared to be new to the study. Even with the bias of collecting only moths that appeared to be new, 492 species of macro-moths from 286 genera in 13 families were collected or observed during this study (Table 1 and Appendix). Note that this includes five species which are given the modifier "complex" following their name due to recent revelations by experts that more than one taxon has been included within a commonly-used name (D.F. Schweitzer, pers. comm.). Six species were identified solely by observation records and six additional species identifications were not verified by experts. The Noctuidae (288 species) and Geometridae (94) were most diverse with the Arctiidae (33) and Notodontidae (31) also rich.
Using a checklist of confirmed and possible macro-moths from Virginia (Virginia Division ofNatural Heritage, unpubl. data) numbering 1237 species, one estimate of the percentage of the Commonwealth's macroleptidopteran fauna represented at the Vontay site is about 40%. If the Noctuidae of Virginia are similar in richness to the noctuid faunas of Ohio (Rings et al., 1992) and Kentucky (Coveil, 1999) with 708 and 616 species, respectively, an estimate of the percentage of the
18
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
Table 1. Summary of macro-moths encountered during this study by family given in order of Hodges et al. (1983).
|
NO. OF |
NO. OF |
NO. OF |
|
|
FAMILY GENERA |
SPECIES |
SPECIMENS |
|
|
Thyatiridae |
2 |
2 |
9 |
|
Drepanidae |
3 |
3 |
6 |
|
Geometridae |
66 |
94 |
345 |
|
Epiplemidae |
2 |
2 |
4 |
|
Mimallonidae |
1 |
1 |
5 |
|
Apatelodididae |
2 |
2 |
4 |
|
Lasiocampidae |
4 |
5 |
8 |
|
Satumiidae |
10 |
lla |
10 |
|
Sphingidae |
11 |
15b |
28 |
|
Notodontidae |
16 |
31 |
127 |
|
Arctiidae |
17 |
33 |
84 |
|
Lymantriidae |
2 |
5 |
21 |
|
Noctuidae |
150 |
288 |
1247 |
|
TOTALS |
286 |
492 |
1898 |
a Five species documented by sight records only b One species documented by sight record only
Commonwealth's noctuid fauna represented at the Vontay site is about 41 to 47%.
A species-accumulation curve (Fig. 1) for this study indicates that additional macros would be recorded at the site should collections continue. Depending upon the projected trajectory of the curve, estimates of the total number of taxa recorded from this site over 5 years may range from 550-650 macro-moth species. Eliminating bias by collecting all macros encountered would increase the number of taxa recorded. Introducing other collection techniques such as diurnal netting or use of Malaise traps is also likely to increase the total. Due to differences in trap methodology, period, and effort, it is not possible to directly compare the number of species documented during this study to other single-site studies. However, Table 2 presents a comparison of total species per site for macrolepidopteran moths in selected regional studies.
One species found during the study, Acronicta albarufa Grt., represented by a single specimen, is new to the known moth fauna of Virginia. This species is rare throughout its range and was formerly a candidate for listing as a federally endangered or threatened species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1994). Although A. albarufa ranges over temperate eastern North America west to Colorado and New Mexico (Forbes, 1954;
Schweitzer, 1 985), it has only been collected in a handful of states within this range (D.F. Schweitzer, pers. comm.).
Three other species found during this study, Agnorisma bollii (Grt.), Meropleon diversicolor (Morr.), and Papaipema eupatorii (Lyman), are new to the published moth fauna of Virginia. They have all been collected in Virginia during the past decade (Virginia Division of Natural Heritage, unpubl. data). Agnorisma bollii , formerly known as Xestia bollii has been rarely collected, occurring primarily west of the Appalachians with a few isolated Maryland collections (LaFontaine, 1998). Meropleon diversicolor ranges throughout northeastern North America (Ferguson, 1982).
Despite intensive sampling, two Eurasian moth species were not found at the study site. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., a forest pest of the Northeast and northern Virginia has not reached the study site as of this report. Noctua pronuba (L.), a recent introduction with documented collection sites throughout northeastern North America and Virginia (LaFontaine, 1998; Roble et al., 1999) was also absent.
While many moths recorded during this study were undoubtedly present as larvae at the study site, it is highly probable that a subset of the moths flew in from other areas. The reported larval host plants (Covell, 1984) of a number of the moth species recorded during this study do not occur at the study site. Bellura anoa (Dyar) feeds on cattails and wetland herbs and Baileya doubledayi (Gn.) feeds on alder, a wetland shrub. The nearest wetland is ca. 0.5 km from the sampling area. Other species are indicative of habitat types that do not occur at the study site and it is probable that they flew in from other areas. Within the Northeast, Acronicta albarufa is a species found in sand barren habitat with stands of bear oak, Quercus ilicifolia Wagenh. (Schweitzer, 1985). Any remotely similar habitat is a great distance from the study site.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anne Chazal and Chris Hobson assisted with field work. Steve Roble assisted with identifications and was crucial to recruiting help with determinations by knowledgeable lepidopterists including Doug Ferguson, Paul Goldstein, Steve Hall, Eric Quinter, Dale Schweitzer, and Bo Sullivan. Amber Foster and Steve Roble assisted with editing and proofreading. Manuscript preparation was funded in part by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division ofNatural Heritage. All specimens are currently housed in the DNH reference collection.
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
19
Table 2. Comparison of total species of macro-moths documented per site in selected regional studies.
|
STUDY LOCATION |
PERIOD OF STUDY |
COLLECTION TECHNIQUES |
SAMPLING INTENSITY |
NUMBER OF SPECIES |
SOURCE |
|
Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia |
2 years |
sugar bait, incandescent, uv, mercury vapor light, observation without collection |
3 1 1 trap nights, 2-4 techniques concurrently used, 1 898 macros collected |
492 |
This study |
|
Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia |
2 months |
incandescent light |
Not specified |
300 |
Skinner, 1921 |
|
Mountain Lake, Giles County. Virginia |
2 summers |
tungsten-filament lamps of various colors |
Not specified; ca. 12.600 insects collected |
149 |
Milne & Milne, 1945 |
|
Hutcheson Memorial Forest, Somerset County, New Jersey |
5 years |
uv light |
293 trap-nights, 22.880 macros collected |
410 |
Moulding & Madenjian, 1979 |
|
Cooper’s Rock State Forest, Preston and Monongalia Counties, West Virginia |
2 years, 7 months |
uv light |
ca. 90 trap-nights |
400 |
Butler & Kondo, 1991 |
|
Burkes Garden, Tazewell County, Virginia |
7 months |
uv light |
Not specified, ca. 1260 macros collected |
142 |
Stein, 1993 |
|
Devil’s Gut Preserve, Martin County, North Carolina |
1 year, 4 months |
sugar bait, uv light, diurnal collection |
42 trap-nights |
347 |
Hall, 1999 |
Figure 1. Species accumulation curve for macrolepidopteran moths encountered during this study.
20
BANISTERIA
NO. 15. 2000
LITERATURE CITED
Butler, L., & V. Kondo. 1991. Macrolepidopterous moths collected by blacklight trap at Cooper's Rock State Forest, West Virginia: a baseline study. West Virginia University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 705. 25 pp.
Coveil, C. V., Jr. 1984. A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 496 pp.
Covell, C. V., Jr. 1999. The Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) of Kentucky: An Annotated Checklist. Kentucky State Natural Preserves Commission, Scientific and Technical Series 6. 220 pp.
Ferguson, D. C. 1982. A revision of the genus Meropleon E)yar, with descriptions of a new species and subspecies (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomography 1 : 223-235.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States. Part III, Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 329. 433 pp.
Hall, S. P. 1999. Inventory of the Macro-lepidoptera of the Devil's Gut Preseve. Unpublished Report. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh. 1 10 pp.
Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, E. G. Munroe, & J. A. Powell. 1983. Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. & The Wedge Entomological Foundation, London. 284 pp.
LaFontaine, J. D. 1 998. The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 27.3. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (Part) Noctuinae (Part - Noctuini). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C. 348 pp.
Martin, J. E. H. 1978. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 1. Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Insects, Mites, and Spiders. Publication 1643. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1 82 pp.
Milne, L. J., & M. J. Milne. 1945. Selection of colored lights by night-flying insects. Entomologica Americana 14:21-86.
Moulding, J. D., & J. J. Madenjian. 1979. Macro- lepidopteran moths light-trapped in a New Jersey oak forest (Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 8 1 : 135-144.
Rings, R. W., E. H. Metzler, F. J. Arnold, & D. H. Harris. 1992. The Owlet Moths of Ohio, Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, New Series 9 (2). 219 pp.
Roble, S. M., A. C. Chazal, C. S. Hobson, & J. C. Ludwig. 1999. First records of Noctua pronuba L., an Old World moth, in Virginia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Banisteria 14: 45-47.
Schweitzer, D. F. 1985. White and orange dagger, Acronicta albarufa (Grote). P. 164 In H. H. Genoways & F. J. Brenner (eds.), Species of Special Concern in Pennsylvania. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication 1 1. Pittsburgh, PA.
Skinner, H. 1921. Moths collected at Hot Springs, Virginia (Lepid.). Entomological News 32: 65-71.
Stein, K. J. 1993. Moth records from Burkes Garden, Virginia. Banisteria 2: 14-17.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Animal Candidate Review for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register 59: 58982-59028.
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
21
Appendix. Macro-moth species encountered during this study given in order of Hodges et al. (1983). Fields are: checklist number, species name, collection date (month/day/year), method (s = sugar bait, b = black light, i = incandescent light, m = mercury vapor light, t = trap, o = observation); numbers in parentheses indicate if number of specimens is > 1 for a given date and trap method. A ? is added if the specimen identification was not confirmed by Ferguson, Hall, or Schweitzer.
Thyatiridae
06237 Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides (Gn.) 06240 Euthyatira pudens (Gn.)
Drepanidae
0625 1 Drepana arcuata Wlk.
06253 Eudeilinia herminiata (Gn.)
06255 Oreta rosea (Wlk.)
07/19/97 s, 07/23/97 s (2), 07/26/97 b, s (2), 08/25/97 b 04/07/97 i, 04/03/98 m
04/02/98 m 08/13/97 i
07/13/97 b, 07/28/97 i, 04/30/98 i, 06/24/98 i
Geometridae
06258 Alsophila pometaria (Harr.) 06261 Heliomata cycladata Grt.&Rob. 06270 Protitame virginalis (Hulst) 06273 Itame pustularia (Gn.)
06322 Mellilla xanthometata (Wlk.) 06326 Semiothisa aemulataria (Wlk.) 0633 1 Semiothisa promiscuata Fgn. 06339 Semiothisa transitaria (Wlk.) 06341 Semiothisa bicolorata (F.) 06352 Semiothisa granitata (Gn.)
06353 Semiothisa multilineata (Pack.)
06362 Semiothisa continuata (Wlk.) 06386 Semiothisa ocellinata (Gn.)
06443 Glenoides texanaria (Hulst) 06449 Glena cribrataria (Gn.)
06452 Glena plumosaria (Pack.) 06478 Exelis pyrolaria Gn.
06486 Tornos scolopacinarius (Gn.) 06584 Anacamptodes humaria (Gn.) 06586 Anacamptodes defector ia (Gn.) 06588 Iridopsis larvaria (Gn.)
06590 Anavitrinelia pampinaria (Gn.) 06594 Cleora sublunaria (Gn.)
06597 Ectropis crepuscularia (D.&S.)
12/19/97 i (2)
04/28/97 b, 04/18/98 m 07/14/97 b
06/25/97 i, 07/02/97 i
05/01/97 b, 05/02/97 b, 04/08/98 m
04/06/97 i, 04/12/97 b, 04/30/97 b, 04/08/98 m ?, 04/17/98 m 06/18/97 i, 06/30/97 b, 07/23/97 b, 08/13/97 i, 09/08/97 b 09/03/98 m
06/09/97 i, 07/07/97 i, 05/16/98 i, m, 05/26/98 i 03/28/97 b, 06/27/97 b, 07/06/97 b, 09/02/97 b, 09/08/97 b, 09/15/97 b (2), 04/21/98 m, 05/17/98 m, 05/28/98 b, 05/30/98 b, 06/17/98 m ?, 09/02/98 m 05/04/97 i, 05/1 1/97 i, 05/16/97 b, 05/30/97 i, 06/05/97 i, 06/06/97 b, 06/08/97 i ?, 06/12/97 i (2), 06/27/97 i ?, 07/02/97b, 07/28/97 b, 08/26/97 i, 09/08/97 b, 05/07/98 m, 07/18/98 i ? 03/30/97 i
06/09/97 i, 06/27/97 b, 07/22/97 b, 08/16/97 b, 06/07/98 i, 07/22/98 m
07/24/97 i, 10/01/97 b, 09/25/98 i 05/22/97 i, 07/30/97 i, 08/14/97 s, 05/07/98 m 06/01/97 i, 05/04/98 m, 05/26/98 i 06/14/97 b, 06/16/97 b, 06/27/97 b 08/14/97 i ?
03/28/97 b, 04/10/97 b 10/30/96 i, 01/04/97 i, 07/27/97 b
04/30/97 b, 07/28/97 b (2), 04/16/98 m ?, 05/10/98 m 04/12/97 b, 05/18/97 i, 06/27/97 b, 06/21/98 m 03/28/98 m, 03/30/98 m (2), 04/03/98 m 02/28/98 b, 03/19/98 m
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
22
Geometridae (continued)
|
06599 |
Epimecis hortaria (F.) |
03/29/97 b, 05/25/97 b, 07/25/97 s |
|
06620 |
Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.) |
03/29/97 b, 04/12/97 b, 04/30/97 b, 05/02/97 b, 05/05/97 i, 06/16/97 s, 07/30/97 i, 08/10/97 i, 03/28/98 b, 04/08/98 m |
|
06654 |
Hypagyrtis unipunctata (Haw.) |
05/12/97 i, 05/16/97 i (2), 05/27/97 b, 06/05/97 i (2), 07/29/97 b, 09/1 1/97 b, 04/30/98 i, 05/1 1/98 m, 07/26/98 m, 08/10/98 m, 08/21/98 m |
|
06655 |
Hypagyrtis esther (Barnes) |
07/23/97 b, 06/06/98 b, 07/26/98 i |
|
06659 |
Phigalia denticulata Hulst |
12/30/96 i, 01/04/97 i (3), 12/19/97 i, 02/08/98 i(2), 02/21/98 i |
|
06660 |
Phigalia strigataria (Minot) |
03/02/97 i (2), 03/21/97 i, 03/28/97 b, 02/25/98 i, 02/28/98 i (2), 03/01/98 i, 03/19/98 m (2) |
|
06662 |
Paleacrita vernata (Peck) |
12/10/96 i, 12/30/96 i, b, 01/04/97 i, 02/08/98 i, 02/21/98 i ?, 02/25/98 i, 04/03/98 m (2) |
|
06665 |
Erannis tiliaria (Harr.) |
11/24/96 i |
|
06667 |
Lomographa vestaliata (Gn.) |
04/28/97 i, 04/08/98 m |
|
06677 |
Caber a erythemaria Gn. |
05/12/97 i |
|
06711 |
Thysanopyga intractata (Wlk.) |
1 1/05/96 i, 03/30/97 i (2), 05/07/97 b, 09/01/97 i, 04/25/98 m, 07/02/98 i, 08/01/98 i, 09/22/98 m |
|
06720 |
Lytrosis unitaria (H.-S.) |
06/18/97 i, 05/28/98 b |
|
06721 |
Lytrosis sinuosa Rindge |
05/25/97 b (2) |
|
06724 |
Euchlaena serrata (Dru.) |
06/25/97 b |
|
06726 |
Euchlaena obtusaria (Hbn.) |
04/18/97 i, 05/22/97 i, 06/01/97 i, 06/05/97 i |
|
06729 |
Euchlaena johnsonaria (Fitch) |
08/13/97 i |
|
06733 |
Euchlaena amoenaria (Gn.) |
05/25/97 b |
|
06735 |
Euchlaena pectinaria (D.&S.) |
04/12/97 b, 04/25/97 i |
|
06739 |
Euchlaena irraria (B.&McD.) |
07/07/97 i |
|
06743 |
Xanthotype sospeta (Drury) |
06/01/97 b |
|
06754 |
Pero hubneraria (Gn.) |
04/1 1/97 i, 04/28/97 b, 05/01/97 i, 07/29/97 b, i, 08/07/97 b, 04/17/98 m, 04/30/98 m |
|
06763 |
Nacophora quernaria (J.E.Sm.) |
04/06/97 i, 04/20/98 m |
|
06796 |
Campaea per lata (Gn.) |
09/05/97 i, 05/17/98 i |
|
06797 |
Ennomos magnaria Gn. |
10/15/98 m |
|
06818 |
Selenia kentaria (Grt. & Rob.) |
03/28/97 i (2), 03/30/98 m |
|
06822 |
Metarranthis duaria (Gn.) |
05/02/97 b, 04/18/98 m |
|
06826 |
Metarranthis hypocharia (H.-S.) |
06/16/97 i |
|
06828 |
Metarranthis homuraria (G.&R.) |
05/01/97 i |
|
06832 |
Metarranthis ob fir maria (Hbn.) |
04/16/98 m |
|
06834 |
Cepphis decoloraria (Hulst) |
05/05/98 m |
|
06836 |
Anagoga occiduaria (Wlk.) |
04/30/97 b, 05/1 1/97 b, 08/10/97 i |
|
06837 |
Probole alienaria H.-S. |
04/03/97 b, 04/26/97 b, 05/19/97 i, 06/09/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 04/20/98 i, 04/23/98 m, 06/02/98 b |
|
06838 |
Probole amicaria (H.-S.) |
07/24/97 b, 08/09/97 i |
|
06842 |
Plagodis phlogosaria (Gn.) |
07/30/97 i |
|
06843 |
Plagodis fervidaria (H.-S.) |
04/1 1/97 b, 04/12/97 b, 04/25/97 i, 04/08/98 m |
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
23
|
Geometridae (continued) 06844 Plagodis alcoolaria (Gn.) |
05/07/97 b, 05/08/97 b, 05/19/97 i, 07/13/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 07/26/97 b, 07/22/98 m |
|
06885 Besma quercivoraria (Gn.) 06892 Lambdina pellucidaria (Grt.&Rob.) 06894x Lambdina athasaria (Wlk.) complex |
05/19/97 i, 08/24/97 b, 09/07/98 m 05/02/97 b, 05/18/97 b 03/21/97 i, 03/27/97 i, 03/30/97 i, 04/11/97 i, 05/02/97 b, 07/26/97 i, 08/08/97 i, 03/28/98 m, 04/03/98 m, 04/17/98 m |
|
0694 1 Eusarca confusaria Hbn. |
05/19/97 i, 05/25/97 b, 06/05/97 i, 06/06/97 i, 09/02/97 b, 09/1 1/97 b |
|
06963 Tetrads crocallata Gn. 06964 Tetrads cachexiata Gn. 06966 Eutrapela cle mat aria (J.E.Sm.) |
05/04/98 m 05/16/97 i, 05/22/97 b, 04/30/98 m 03/17/97 i, 04/25/97 i, 07/22/97 i, 08/20/97 i, 03/30/98 m, 04/01/98 m, 07/06/98 s |
|
06914a Patalene olyzonaria puber (Grt.&Rob.) |
10/30/96 i, 1 1/05/96 i, 06/07/97 i, 06/27/97 b ?, 07/19/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 07/25/97 i, 08/11/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 08/21/97 b, 10/04/97 i, 06/17/98 m |
|
06982 Prochoerodes transversata (Dru.) 07033 Nemoria lixaria (Gn.) 07046 Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria Hbn. |
1 1/06/96 s, 06/30/97 b, 07/23/97 b, 09/26/97 i 05/29/97 b 03/27/97 i ?, 04/03/97 i ?, 04/06/97 i (2) ?, 04/12/97 b (2) ?, 07/21/97 b, 03/28/98 m |
|
07047 Nemoria rubrifrontaria (Pack.) 07053 Dichorda iridaria (Gn.) 07058 Synchlora aerata (F.) 07071 Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Gn.) 07075 Chloropteryx tepperaria (Hulst) 07084 Hethemia pistasciaria (Gn.) 07114 Idaea de miss aria (Hbn.) |
07/15/97 b 05/19/97 i, 05/1 4/98 m 05/17/98 i 05/03/97 b, 07/29/97 b, 05/02/98 m 06/16/97 i, 08/21 /98 m 05/30/98 b 08/09/97 i ?, 08/13/97 i, 09/01/97 s, 06/18/98 m, 08/09/98 m, 08/10/98 m |
|
07132 Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Gn.) 07136 Cyclophora packardi (Prout) 07146 Haematopis grataria (F.) 07159 Scopula limboundata (Haw.) |
07/20/98 m, 09/25/98 i 05/1 1/97 i 06/16/97 b, 08/13/97 i, 09/02/97 b 05/29/97 b, 06/14/97 b, 07/07/97 i, 07/20/97 b, 07/21/97 i, 07/30/97 i, 09/08/97 b, 05/16/98 m ? |
|
07179 Leptos tales rubromarginaria (Pack.) 07196 Eulithis divers ilineata (Hbn.) |
03/28/97 i, 04/12/97 b 07/06/97 b, 07/12/97 i, 07/20/97 b, 10/12/98 m |
01231a Hydriomena transfigurata manitoba B.&McD. 04/15/98 m ?
07292 Hydria prunivorata (Fgn.) 06/12/97 i, 06/17/98 m
|
07390 Xanthorhoe lacustrata (Gn.) 074 1 4 Orthonama obstipata (F.) 074 1 6 Orthonama centrostrigaria (Woll.) |
03/20/97 i 03/28/97 b, 04/12/97 b ?, 04/28/97 b, 04/08/98 m 1 1/19/96 s, 05/02/97 i, 05/29/97 i (2), 06/09/97 i (2), 09/07/97b, 09/18/97 b |
|
074 1 7 Disclisioprocta stellata (Gn.) 07440 Eubaphe mendica (Wlk.) 07509 Eupithecia herpordana C.&S. |
09/20/98 m 06/01/97 i 03/09/98 i (2), 03/28/98 m |
|
24 |
BANISTERIA NO. 15, 2000 |
|
Geometridae (continued) 07647 Heterophleps triguttaria H.-S. 07648 Dypsteris arbortivaria (H.-S.) |
08/13/97 i, 08/10/98 m, 08/20/98 m 05/10/98 m |
|
Epiplemidae 07650 Callizzia amorata Pack. 07653 Calledapteryx dryopterata Grt. |
09/02/97 i ?, 05/17/98 m, 06/06/98 b 06/16/97 i |
|
Mimallonidae 07659 Lacosoma chiridota Grt. |
06/22/97 b, 07/03/97 b, 07/24/97 i, 06/02/98 b, 06/15/98 i |
|
Apatelodididae 07663 Apatelodes torrefacta (J.E.Sm.) 07665 Olceclostera angelica (Grt.) |
07/28/97 i 07/30/97 i, 08/12/97 i, 05/16/98 m ? |
|
Lasiocampidae 07670 Tolype velleda (Stoll) 07683 Artace cribraria (Ljungh) 07687 Phyllodesma americana (Harr.) 07698 Malacosoma disstria Hbn. 07701 Malacosoma americanum (F.) |
10/11/97 i 07/13/97 b (2) 04/02/98 m 06/07/98 i (2) 05/25/97 b (2) |
|
Saturniidae 07704 Eacles imperialis (Dru.) 07706 Cither onia regal is (F.) 077 1 5 Dryocampa rubicunda (F.) 07716 Anisota stigma (F.) 07723 Anisota virginiensis (Dru.) 07730 Hemileuca maia (Dru.) 07746 Automeris io (F.) 07757 Antheraea polyphemus (Cram.) 07758 Actias luna (L.) 07765 Callosamia angulifera (Wlk.) 07767 Hyalophora cecropia (F.) |
08/01/97 i 07/16/98 o 04/25/97 i 07/13/97 b, 06/21/98 m, 07/09/98 m 06/06/97 i, 06/01/98 b 10/25/97o 06/16/97 b, 06/26/97 i 05/06/97 o 05/03/97 o 09/04/98 m 04/28/98 o |
|
Sphingidae 07775 Manduca sexta (L.) 07783 Manduca jasminearum (Guer.) 07787 Ceratomia undulosa (Wlk.) 07789 Ceratomia catalpae (Bdv.) 07793 Paratrea plebeja (F.) 07816 Lapara coniferarum (J.E.Sm.) 07821 Smerinthus jamaicensis (Dru.) 07824 Paonias excaecatus (J.E.Sm.) 07825 Paonias myops (J.E.Sm.) 07827 Laothoe juglandis (J.E.Sm.) |
08/25/98 m 06/29/97 b, 07/15/98 m 05/08/97 b 08/24/97 b, 06/24/98 m, 08/06/98 m 05/28/98 b 07/17/98 m ?, 07/29/98 m 08/11/98 m 07/28/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 06/16/98 m 07/06/97 b, 06/13/98 m 06/28/97 i, 07/21/97 i |
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
25
Sphingidae (continued)
07853 Hemaris thysbe (F.)
07870 Sphecodina abbottii (Swainson) 07871 Deidamia inscripta ( Harr.) 07885 Darapsa myron (Cram.)
07886 Darapsa pholus (Cram.)
07/16/97 o 04/30/98 m
04/09/98 m, 04/30/98 m
06/26/97 i, 07/27/97 b, 06/28/98 m
04/30/97 b, 08/18/97 s, 05/03/98 m, 05/16/98 m
Notodontidae
07902 Datana ministra (Drury)
07903 Datana angusii Grt. & Rob.
07906 Datana contracta Wlk.
07907 Datana integerrima G. & R.
07908 Datana perspicua Grt.&Rob.
07915 Nadata gibbosa (J.E.Sm.)
079 1 7 Hyperaeschra georgica (H.-S.)
07920 Peridea angulosa (J.E.Sm.)
0792 1 Peridea ferruginea Pack.
07929 Nerice bidentata Wlk.
0793 1 Gluphisia septentrionalis Wlk.
07936 Furcula borealis (Guer.)
07937 Furcula cinerea (Wlk.)
07942 Cerura scitiscripta Wlk.
0795 lx Symmerista albifrons (J.E.Sm.) complex 07957 Dasylophia anguinea (J.E.Sm.)
07958 Dasylophia thyatiroides (Wlk.)
07974 Misogada unicolor (Pack.)
07975 Macrurocampa marthesia (Cram.)
07983 Heterocampa obliqua Pack.
07990 Heterocampa umbrata Wlk.
07994 Heterocampa guttivitta (Wlk.)
07995 Heterocampa biundata Wlk.
07998 Lochmaeus manteo Doubleday
07999 Lochmaeus bilineata (Pack.)
08005 Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday 08006 Schizura badia (Pack.)
07/30/97 i, 07/28/98 m 06/25/97 i 07/25/97 i 06/16/98 m
07/04/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 07/07/98 m
05/07/97 b (2), 06/05/97 i, 06/27/97 b
04/25/97 i, 05/10/97 i, 07/13/97 b, 04/08/98 m, 04/17/98 m,
07/24/98 m
05/17/98 m
05/28/98 b, 06/24/98 m 04/17/98 m
05/12/97 i (2), 06/15/97 b, 07/23/97 b, 07/24/97 i, 08/07/97 b, 08/10/97 b, 04/25/98 i, 05/14/98 i, 06/01/98 b, 07/15/98 m, 08/06/98 m 09/02/97 b
06/16/98 i, 08/06/98 m ?
08/21/97 b
03/27/97 i, 07/13/97 b, 08/1 1/97 b, 04/12/98 m 06/06/98 i
05/27/97 i, 07/14/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 04/18/98 m, 05/16/98 m ?, 05/17/98 m, 08/20/98 i 06/26/97 b, 07/20/97 b
07/27/97 b, 07/29/97 i, 08/08/97 i, 05/1 1/98 i, 05/14/98 m ?, 07/16/98 m, 07/17/98 m ?, 07/28/98 m, 08/21/98 m 07/06/97 b, 07/13/97 b, 07/30/97 i, 06/13/98 m, 07/28/98 m 08/14/97 i, 08/26/97 i, 05/17/98 m, 06/25/98 m 06/04/97 i, 07/24/97 i, 07/30/97 i 06/06/97 i, 07/26/97 i, 05/27/98 i
05/29/97 i, 06/04/97 i, 06/05/97 i (2), 06/15/97 s, 08/10/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 08/18/97 s, 08/21/97 s (2), 08/25/97 b, 09/02/97 b, 09/08/97 i, 07/29/98 m
06/05/97 i, 07/06/97 b, 07/28/97 i, 08/10/97 i, 08/26/97 i, 09/08/97 i, 09/09/97 i, 06/06/98 i, 07/18/98 m, 07/22/98 m 07/29/97 i, 07/30/97 i, 05/17/98 i ?, 06/17/98 m ?, 07/17/98 m, 07/24/98 m
06/16/98 m, 08/20/98 m
26
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
Notodontidae (continued)
08007 Schizura unicornis (J.E.Sm.) 04/17/98 m, 6/21/98 m, 07/16/98 m, 08/09/98 m
0801 1 Schizura leptinoides (Grt.) 06/13/97 t, 07/01/97 i, 07/28/97 i, 07/30/97 i
08012 Oligocentria semirufescens (Wlk.) 06/06/97 i, 07/27/97 i, 08/30/98 m
08017 Oligocentria lignicolor (Wlk.) 05/25/97 b, 05/30/97 i, 06/04/97 i, 06/28/97 i, 07/13/97 b,
08/25/97 b, 05/30/98 b, 06/21/98 m
Arctiidae
08045 Crambidia lithosioides Dyar 08046 Crambidia uniformis Dyar 8053x Crambidia cephalica (Grt.&Rob.) complex 0806 1 Cisthene kentuckiensis (Dyar)
08067 Cisthene plumbea Stretch 08072 Cisthene packardii (Grt.)
08089 Hypoprepia miniata (Kby.)
08090 Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn.
08098 Clemensia albata Pack.
08099 Pagara simplex Wlk.
08 1 07 Haploa clymene (Brown)
08110 Haploa contigua (Wlk.)
08111 Haploa lecontei (Guer.-Meneville)
08118 Holomelina opella (Grt.)
08121 Holomelina aurantiaca (Hbn.)
08129 Pyrrharctia isabella (J.E.Sm.)
08131 Estigmene acrea (Dru.)
08 1 34 Spilosoma congrua Wlk.
08140 Hyphantria cunea (Dru.)
08 1 46 Ecpantheria scribonia (Stoll)
08 1 70 Apantesis vittata (F.)
08171 Apantesis nais (Dru.)
08 1 7 1 x Apantesis carlotta Ferguson 08176 Grammia anna (Grt.)
08 1 88 Grammia figurata (E)ru.)
08196a Grammia parthenice intermedia (Stretch) 08 1 97 Grammia virgo (L.)
08 1 99 Grammia arge (Dru.)
08203 Halysidota tessellaris (J.E.Sm.)
08230 Cycnia tenera Hbn.
0823 1 Cycnia oregonensis (Stretch)
08238 Euchaetes egle (Dru.)
08267 Cisseps fulvicollis (Hbn.)
07/02/97 b 06/16/97 b
08/08/97 i (2), 08/10/97 b, 08/23/98 m 09/22/97 b
09/06/97 b, 09/22/97 b 06/12/97 i, 06/16/97 b, 08/24/97 b 07/03/98 i
06/16/97 b, 08/11/97 i
05/25/97 b, 09/02/97 b, i, 09/1 1/97 s, 05/28/98 b (2)
09/30/97 i, 04/22/98 m, 05/01/98 m 06/13/97 t (3)
06/27/97 b, 06/29/97 b, 07/06/97 b, 06/13/98 m, 06/16/98 i 06/05/97 i 06/16/97 b
05/19/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 07/27/97 b, 09/06/97 b, 09/15/97 b, 09/18/97 b 05/08/97 b 04/20/98 m
04/30/97 b, i, 07/06/97 b, 08/07/97 b, 08/09/97 i, 04/15/98 m, 04/18/98 m, 07/20/98 m
05/03/97 i, 05/07/97 i, 05/18/97 b, 05/29/97 b, 06/06/97 i,
07/13/97 b, 09/02/97 b
07/06/97 b
08/21/98 m
04/16/98 m
07/21/97 b, 08/08/97 i, 09/07/98 m, 09/15/98 m ?, 09/30/98 m 06/05/97 i
08/13/97 i, 06/12/98 m, 08/30/98 m 09/14/97 i, 09/10/98 m 09/02/97 i
08/14/97 i, 04/01/98 m 06/26/97 i, 05/16/98 i 05/07/97 b, 06/07/97 i, 05/17/98 m 06/18/97 b
07/27/97 b, 07/1 1/98 m 08/14/97 i
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
27
Lymantriidae
08292 Dasychira tephra Hbn.
08296 Dasychira basiflava (Pack.) 08302 Dasychira obliquata (Grt.&Rob.) 08314 Orgyia definita Pack.
083 1 6 Orgyia leucostigma (J.E.Sm.)
06/09/98 i
06/07/97 i ?, 06/14/97 b, 08/28/98 m
01/22/91 i, 08/08/97 i, 08/10/97 i, 08/21/97 b
1 1/05/96 i, 07/20/97 b, 10/04/97 i, 10/27/97 i
10/30/96 i, 1 1/05/96 i (3), 1 1/07/96 i, 07/13/97 b, 09/16/97 i,
10/09/97 i, 08/02/98 m
Noctuidae
08322 Idia americalis (Gn.)
08323 Idia aemula Hbn.
08327 Idia forbesi (French)
08328 Idia julia (B.&McD.)
08333 Idia denticulatus (Harv.)
08334 Idia lubricalis (Gey.)
08338 Phalaenophana pyramusalis (Wlk.) 08340 Zanclognatha lituralis (Hbn.)
08345 Zanclognatha laevigata (Grt.) 08347 Zanclognatha obscuripennis (Grt.)
08348 Zanclognatha pedipilalis (Gn.) 08349 Zanclognatha protumnusalis (Wlk.) 08351 Zanclognatha cruralis (Gn.)
08355 Chytolita morbidalis (Gn.)
08356 Chytolita petrealis Grt.
08358 Macrochilo litophora (Grt.)
08364 Phalaenastola larentioides Grt.
08366 Tetanolita mynesalis (Wlk.)
08368 Tetanolita floridana (Sm.)
08370 Bleptina caradrinalis Gn.
08378 Renia salusalis (Wlk.)
08381 .x Renia sp. near discoloralis Gn.
08384. 1 Renia flavipunctalis (Gey.) 08385 Renia fraternalis Sm.
08387 Renia sobrialis (Wlk.)
08393 Lascoria ambigualis Wlk. 08397 Palthis angulalis (Hbn.)
1 1/05/96 i, 1 1/06/96 s(2), 08/17/97 s, 09/15/97 s, 10/19/98m? 1 1/06/96 s (3), 1 1/07/96 s, 1 1/18/96 s, 05/08/97 b, 06/05/97 b, 06/12/97 i
06/06/97 s, 06/15/97 s
06/12/97 s, 06/15/97 s, 06/16/97 i, 08/25/97 s, 09/1 1/97 s 06/26/97 i, 07/13/97 s, 07/19/97 s, 08/07/97 s, 07/17/98 s 06/26/97 s, 07/06/97 s, 07/20/97 b, 07/02/98 s 05/19/97 b, 07/29/97 i, 05/01/98 m, 07/04/98 m 08/02/98 m 07/29/98 s
05/08/97 b (2), 05/18/97 i, 06/01/97 b, 06/08/97 i, 07/24/97 b, 07/29/97 b, 08/07/97 s, 08/18/97 i, 07/26/98 s, 08/09/98 s ?, 09/12/98 s?
07/19/97 s 07/02/97 i ?
05/29/97 b, 06/02/97 b, 09/04/97 s 06/05/97 i, 06/06/97 s, 05/17/98 m 05/25/97 b, 08/0 1/97 i 06/12/97 i, 06/14/97 i
05/18/97 b, 05/29/97 b, 07/14/97 i, 07/20/97 b (2), 08/10/97 b, 09/06/97 b, 09/27/97 b, 05/17/98 m
05/19/97 b, 05/27/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 09/02/97 b, 09/15/97 b, 09/22/97 b, 09/27/97 b 07/10/97 i, 09/01/97 s, 08/1 1/98 s
05/08/97 b, 06/09/97 b, 08/10/97 s, 08/18/97 s, 09/24/97 s, 05/04/98 m, 08/10/98 s 06/09/97 s
06/12/97 i, 06/18/97 s, 07/04/97 i, 08/07/97 i, 08/24/97 b, 09/01/97 s, 09/06/97 s, 09/07/97 s, 09/09/97 i, 09/11/97 s, 09/22/97 s, 09/29/97 s, 10/06/97 b, 07/09/98 s, 07/26/98 s (2), 08/01/98 s 07/19/97 s 06/01/97 i
08/21/97 s, 08/24/97 s, 09/01/97 s
04/1 1/97 i, 04/12/97 i, 04/30/97 b, 05/18/97 i
04/28/97 b, 06/18/97 b, 09/24/97 s
28
Noctuidae (continued)
08398 Palthis asopialis (Gn.)
08401 Redectis vitrea (G rt.)
08404 Rivula propinqulais Gn.
08426 Dyspyralis illocata Warr.
08427 Dyspyralis punticosta (Sm.)
08428 Dyspyralis nigella (Stkr.)
08430 Parahypenodes quadralis B.&McD. 08440 Nigetia formosalis Wlk.
0844 1 Bomolocha manalis (Wlk.)
08442 Bomolocha baltimoralis (Gn.) 08443 Bomolocha bijugalis (Wlk.)
08444 Bomolocha palparia (Wlk.)
08445 Bomolocha abalienalis (Wlk.) 08446 Bomolocha deceptalis (Wlk.)
08447 Bomolocha madefactalis (Gn.) 08465 Plathypena scabra (F.)
08479 Spargaloma sexpunctata Grt. 08490 Pangrapta decor alis Hbn.
08493 Isogona tenuis (Grt.)
08499 Metalectra discalis (Grt.)
08500 Metalectra quadrisignata (Wlk.)
08502 Metalectra tantillus (Grt.)
08505 Metalectra richardsi Brower 08509 Arugisa latiorella (Wlk.)
08514 Scolecocampa liburna (Gey.) 08525 Phyprosopus callitrichoides Grt. 08528 Hypsoropha hormos Hbn.
08534 Plusiodonta compressipalpis Gn. 08536 Calyptra canadensis (Bethune) 08574 Anticarsia gemmatalis Hbn. 08587 Panopoda rufimargo (Hbn.)
08588 Panopoda carneicosta Gn.
08591 Phoberia atomaris Hbn .
08592 Cissusa spadix (Cram.)
BANISTER1A NO. 15, 2000
06/16/97 i, 09/28/97 i, 10/05/97 i 08/11/97 i 04/26/98 m 08/10/98 s, 08/21 /98 s 07/25/97 s
07/21/97 b, 07/16/98 m 08/09/98 s
09/07/97 i, 09/15/97 s 09/07/97 i
04/06/97 b, 05/07/97 b, 07/03/97 i, 08/08/97 i
04/26/97 i, 05/1 1/97 i, 08/25/97 s, 04/16/98 m ?, 05/10/98 m,
07/17/98 m
06/13/97 t
04/29/97 b, 05/02/97 b, 09/02/97 b, 06/14/98 m 07/06/97 b, 06/14/98 m
08/07/97 b, 05/17/98 m, 06/17/98 i, 07/17/98 m, 07/22/98 m 1 1/05/96 i (2), 1 1/07/96 i, 1 1/18/96 s, 1 1/19/96 s, 12/01/96 s (2), 12/30/96 s (2), 05/19/97 i, 05/29/97 i, 06/09/97 i, 07/02/97 i, 07/04/97 i, 07/12/97 i, 08/10/97 i, 09/02/97 b, 09/27/97 b, 02/08/98 i, 05/03/98 m, 05/29/98 b
05/07/97 i, 05/08/97 b, 06/08/97 i, 05/1 1/98 m, 05/14/98 m 05/12/97 i, 05/25/97 i, 06/09/97 s, 06/15/97 s, 06/16/97 b, 07/26/97 b, 09/02/97 s, 06/11/98 i, 06/14/98 i ?, 07/22/98 m 07/25/97 s, 07/27/97 i, 06/21/98 m ?, 08/23/98 m 06/09/97 s (2), 06/12/97 s, 06/14/97 i, s, 06/15/97 s, 09/07/97 i, s, 10/08/97 s
06/06/97 s (2), 06/16/97 s, 06/27/97 s, 07/12/97 s, 09/04/97 s,
09/1 1/97 s, 07/17/98 s, 07/26/98 s
07/20/97 b, 07/18/98 m
09/14/98 m
07/26/98 m
06/29/97 i, 07/06/97 b
05/18/97 b, 5/10/98 i
07/13/97 b, 08/08/97 i, 08/20/97 i, 05/27/98 b, 06/17/98 m ? 05/14/98 m (2)
06/01/97 i, 08/10/97 s
10/01/97 s, 09/26/98 m, 10/10/98 s, 10/13/98 m (2)
06/01/97 b (2), 07/02/97 i, 07/06/97 b, 07/21/97 b, 07/30/97 i,
08/24/97 s, 09/02/97 b
06/01/97 i, 06/29/97 b, 04/26/98 m
03/01/97 b, 03/10/97 i (2)
04/11/97 i
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
29
Noctuidae (continued)
0865 1 Lesmone detrahens (Wlk.)
08689 Zale lunata (Dru.)
08692 Zale galbanata (Morr.)
08694 Zale aeruginosa (Gn.)
08695 Zale undularis (Dru.)
08697 Zale minerea (Gn.)
08704 Zale helata (Sm.)
08705 Zale bethunei (Sm.)
08707 Zale metatoides McD.
087 1 3 Zale lunifera (Hbn.)
08716 Zale unilineata (Grt.)
087 1 7 Zale horrida Hbn.
08719 Euparthenos nubilis (Hbn . ) 08721 Allotria elonympha (Hbn.)
08727 Parallelia bistriaris Hbn.
08733 Caenurgia chloropha (Hbn.) 08738 Caenurgina crassiuscula (Haw.) 08739 Caenurgina erechtea ( Cram.) 08743 Mods latipes (Gn.)
08745 Mods texana (Morr.)
08747 Celiptera frustulum Gn.
08764 Argyrostotis anilis (Dru.)
08769 Spiloloma lunilinea Grt.
08770 Catocala innubens Gn.
0877 1 Catocala piatrix Grt.
08773 Catocala epione (Dru.)
08782 Catocala flebilis Grt.
08792 Catocala vidua (J.E.Sm.)
08794 Catocala lacrymosa Gn.
08798 Catocala neogama (J.E.Sm.) 08801 Catocala ilia (Cram.)
08801 .x Catocala sp. near ilia (Cram.) 08802 Catocala cerogama Gn.
08847 Catocala gracilis Edw.
08849 Catocala andromedae Gn.
05/30/97 i, 06/01/97 i, 06/14/97 s, 06/22/97 i, 07/09/97 s,
07/26/97 s, 01129191 s, 08/14/97 s, 08/17/97 s, 10/01/97 b,
05/07/98 m, 07/14/98 s ?, 09/04/98 m
1 1/06/96 s (6), 04/07/97 i, 06/12/97 s, 07/22/97 s
06/12/97 s, 07/20/97 s, 07/25/97 s, 07/27/97 s, 04/16/98 m,
06/24/98 s, 07/06/98 s, 07/20/98 s
04/12/97 b (2)
06/22/97 s, 07/19/97 s, 05/29/98 s 04/28/97 b, 07/28/97 s 05/25/97 b, 04/16/98 i, 05/01/98 i 04/03/97 i, 04/01/98 m 05/03/98 m, 06/14/98 s, 06/20/98 m 03/21/97 b, 03/27/98 m, 04/19/98 m 03/28/97 s, 05/08/97 i 05/1 1/97 i
05/25/97 b, 06/12/97 s, 07/22/97 s
06/12/97 s (2), 06/22/97 b, 07/29/97 s, 08/25/97 s, 09/01/97 s, 07/16/98 m
05/08/97 b, 05/22/97 i, 08/07/97 s, 05/07/98 i 08/25/97 s, 09/24/97 s
07/23/97 b, 07/28/97 b, 09/02/97 b, 09/06/97 s, 09/1 1/97 s 06/18/97 b, 07/20/97 s, 07/26/97 s, 09/30/97 i, 09/14/98 m ? 10/13/97 s
05/19/97 i, 05/29/97 b, 07/29/97 s, 04/30/98 m, 05/17/98 m 05/30/97 i, 06/07/97 s (2), 06/12/97 s, 06/27/97 b, 05/01/98 m, 07/29/98 s 08/24/97 s
06/29/97 b, 07/1 1/98 s
07/01/97 s, 07/14/97 s, 07/27/97 s, 08/10/97 s, 07/14/98 s 09/27/97 s (2), 10/18/97 i, 08/22/98 m, 09/22/98 s 07/28/97 s, 06/25/98 i 07/09/98 s
08/21/97 s, 09/02/97 b, 09/22/97 s, 10/19/98 s 09/27/97 s, 08/06/98 m
08/21/97 s, 09/06/97 s, 09/08/97 s, 07/06/98 s, 07/26/98 s 06/26/97 s, 06/28/97 s, 07/01/97 s, 07/20/97 s, 07/26/97 s, 08/10/97 s (2), 08/24/97 s, 09/06/97 s, 10/01/97 s,
06/21/98 s, 06/25/98 m, 07/16/98 s (2), 07/29/98 s,
08/21/98 s 08/21/97 s
08/11/97 s, 09/07/97 s 07/17/98 m 07/13/97 b
30
Noctuidae (continued)
0885 1 Catocala coccinata Grt.
08857 Catocala ultronia (Hbn.)
08864 Catocala grymea (Cram.)
08872 Catocala clintoni Grt.
08878 Catocala arnica (Hbn.)
08878. 1 Catocala l ineel la Grt.
08887 Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)
08889 Agrapha oxygramma ( Gey.)
08890 Pseudoplusia includens (Wlk.)
08898 Allagrapha aerea (Hbn.)
08907 Autographa biloba (Steph.)
08908 Autographa precat ionis (Gn.)
08924 Anagrapha falcifera (Kby.)
08955 Marathyssa inficita (Wlk.)
08957 Paectes oculatrix (Gn.)
08959 Paectes pygmaea Hbn.
08962 Paectes abrostoloides (Gn.)
08969 Bailey a doubleday i (Gn.)
08970 Baileya ophthalmica (Gn.)
08971 Baileya dormitans (Gn.)
08973 Baileya australis (Grt.)
08975 Nycteola frigidana (Wlk.)
08983 Meganola phylla (Dyar)
08983.2 Meganola spodia Franc.
08990 Nola cilicoides (Grt.)
08996 Nola clethrae Dyar 09025 Oruza albocostaliata (Pack.)
09037 Hyperstrotia pervertens (B.&McD.) 09038 Hyperstrotia vdlificans (B.&McD.) 09040 Hyperstrotia secta (Grt.)
09044 Thioptera nigrofimbria (Gn.)
09047 Lithacodia muscosula (Gn.)
09049 Pseudostrotia synochitis (Grt.&Rob.) 0905 1 Lithacodia musta (Grt.&Rob.)
09053 Pseudostrotia carneola (Gn.)
09057 Homophoberia apicosa (Haw.)
09062 Cerma cerintha (Tr.)
BANISTERIA NO. 15, 2000
07/21/97 s, 07/1 1/98 m
06/27/97 s, 07/19/97 s, 06/21/98 m
06/27/97 b, 07/27/97 b, 6/25/98 i
06/16/97 s
07/27/97 s
07/04/98 s
10/30/96 i, 08/21/97 s, 08/30/98 m 09/16/98 m
09/02/97 b, 09/07/97 b, 09/28/97 i, 10/11/97 s, 08/30/98 m 08/07/97 i, 07/09/98 m ?
07/22/98 m
04/03/97 i, 05/04/97 i, 07/10/97 i, 07/25/97 i, 04/08/98 m, 06/26/98 m, 07/17/98 m, 07/26/98 m, 07/29/98 m 04/02/98 m, 05/26/98 i ?
06/19/97 i, 06/27/97 b 07/15/98 m, 08/21/98 m ?
06/16/97 b, 07/28/97 i, 06/02/98 b, 06/14/98 m
11/07/96 s, 05/29/97 i, 07/28/97 i, 08/21/97 s, 04/02/98 m,
07/28/98 m, 08/02/98 s ?, 09/16/98 m ?
04/21/98 i
05/29/97 b (2), 05/30/97 i 05/18/97 b, 04/03/98 m, 07/17/98 m 07/28/97 i, 08/14/97 i, 04/26/98 m, 05/04/98 m 03/28/98 m
05/02/97 b, 05/25/97 b, 08/01/97 i, 04/25/98 m, 05/17/98 m 05/26/98 m, 05/28/98 b 07/07/97 i, 07/09/98 m 06/01/97 i
06/16/97 b, 08/23/98 m
04/29/97 i, 06/12/97 i, 07/07/97 i, 08/13/97 i, 07/13/98 m 05/08/97 i, 05/29/97 b, 06/13/97 t, 06/18/97 i, 05/17/98 m 07/21/97 b, 07/26/97 b, 07/29/97 b, 08/08/97 i, 08/1 1/97 b, 08/24/97 b, 05/01/98 m, 05/10/98 m, 08/16/98 m 06/01/97 i, 06/09/97 i, 09/1 1/97 b
05/19/97 i, 06/14/97 b, 06/16/97 b, i, s, 06/26/97 i, 07/01/97 b, 08/10/97 b, 08/13/97 i, 08/18/97 i, 08/21/97 s, 09/06/97 b, 09/07/97 b, 09/1 1/97 b, 05/26/98 i ?, 06/24/98 m 05/29/97 i, 06/16/97 b, 07/03/97 b, 05/17/98 m 06/13/97 t, 06/14/97 b, 07/25/97 b, 08/09/97 i, 07/04/98 m, 07/15/98 m, 07/20/98 m ?
05/25/97 b, 06/09/97 s, 08/07/97 i 08/24/97 s, 08/1 1/98 s 06/17/97 b, 07/21/97 b
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
31
Noctuidae (continued)
09065 Leuconycta diphteroides (Gn.) 09085 Tarachidia semiflava (Gn.)
09095 Tarachidia erastrioides (Gn.) 09127 Spragueia leo (Gn.)
09 1 69 Bagisara rectifascia (Grt.) 09182.x Panthea sp. near furcilla (Pack.) 09184 Colocasia flavicornis (Sm.)
09 1 89 Charadra deridens (Gn.)
09199 Acronicta rubricoma G n.
09200 Acronicta americana (Harr.)
09208 Acronicta betulae Riley 09216 Acronicta albarufa Grt.
09225 Acronicta vinnula (Grt.)
09227 Acronicta laetifica Sm.
09229 Acronicta hasta Gn.
09236 Acronicta morula Grt.&Rob. 09237 Acronicta interrupta Gn.
09238 Acronicta lobeliae Gn.
09243 Acronicta ovata Grt.
09244 Acronicta modica Wlk.
09250x Acronicta inclara Sm. complex
0925 1 Acronicta retardata (Wlk.) 09254 Acronicta afflicta Grt.
09257 Acronicta impleta Wlk.
09259 Acronicta noctivaga Grt.
09264 Acronicta longa Gn.
09266 Acronicta lithospila Grt.
09281 Agriopodes fallax { H.-S.)
09284 Agriopodes teratophora (H.-S.) 09285 Polygrammate hebraeicum Hbn. 09299 Eudryas unio (Hbn.)
09301 Eudryas grata (F .)
09332 Apamea vulgaris (G.& R.)
05/18/97 i, 07/29/97 b, 04/26/98 i 08/07/97 b
07/26/97 b, 07/27/97 b 07/20/97 b, 07/27/97 i
05/25/97 b, 06/01/97 i, 07/26/97 i, 05/29/98 b 08/07/97 b
03/28/97 b (2), 03/30/97 i (2), 04/03/97 b, 08/08/97 i, 08/12/97 i, 03/30/98 m, 05/17/98 m, 08/16/98 m ? 06/05/97 i, 07/13/97 b, 06/11/98 I, 08/16/98 m, 08/21/98 m 04/17/98 m, 04/18/98 m
06/22/97 b, 07/13/97 s(2), 07/24/97 i, 07/26/97 b, 07/28/97 b,
06/21/98 m, 08/10/98 m
06/15/97 s, 08/12/97 s, 08/21/97 s, 07/18/98 m
08/1 1/98 m NEW STATE RECORD
08/24/97 s, 05/04/98 m, 06/21/98 m, 07/26/98 s, 08/01/98 s
06/16/98 m, 06/20/98 m, 07/29/98 s
05/25/97 b, 06/16/97 s, 07/23/97 s, 08/18/97 s, 09/06/97 b,
04/17/98 m, 04/21/98 m
08/17/97 s, 07/29/98 m
06/14/97 i, 07/19/97 s, 05/30/98 b
05/08/97 b
07/13/97 s ?, 07/20/97 b, 07/25/97 b, 07/26/97 s ?, 08/14/97 s 05/03/97 b, 05/18/97 b, 06/06/97 i, 06/07/97 i, 06/12/97 s (2), 06/14/97 b, 06/15/97 s, 08/10/97 s, 04/21/98 m, 04/25/98 m, 05/01/98 m, 05/03/98 m, 05/04/98 m, 05/1 1/98 m, 05/26/98 m, 06/17/98 m, 07/26/98 s
04/26/97 i, 05/18/97 b, 05/25/97 b, 05/29/97 b, 06/09/97 s,
06/18/97 s, 07/13/97 b, 07/24/97 i, 07/28/97 b, 07/30/97 i,
09/02/97 b, 09/06/97 s, 09/1 1/97 s, 05/03/98 m, 05/04/98 m,
06/16/98 m, 07/13/98 m, 08/22/98 m
07/25/97 b, 05/03/98 m
08/21/97 s, 05/28/98 b, 06/24/98 m
04/30/97 b, 07/20/97 b, 08/10/97 s, 09/06/97 s, 04/22/98 m,
04/30/98 m, 07/14/98 s, 08/07/98 m
05/03/97 i, 07/23/97 s, 07/29/97 s
08/24/97 s, 04/15/98 m, 07/26/98 s
08/12/97 b, 09/08/97 b, 04/30/98 m
06/01/97 b, 05/16/98 m
07/01/97 b, 07/22/98 m
04/12/97 b, 07/1 6/98 m
06/16/97 b
07/01/97 b
06/12/97 s
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
32
Noctuidae (continued)
09348 Apamea amputatrix (Fitch) 09404 Oligia modica (Gn.)
09427 Meropleon diversicolor (Morr.) 09454 Amphipoea velata (Wlk.)
09456 Amphipoea interoceanica (Sm.) 09466 Papaipema cataphracta (Grt.) 09484 Papaipema rutila (Gn.)
09485 Papaipema baptisiae (Bird) 09496 Papaipema nebris (Gn.)
09501 Papaipema eupatorii (Lyman) 09505 Papaipema cerussata (Grt.) 09526c Bellura anoa (Dyar)
09545 Euplexia benesimilis McD. 09547 Phlogophora periculosa Gn. 09556 Chytonix palliatricula (Gn.)
09560 Dypterygia rozmani Berio 09582 Nedra ramosula (Gn.)
09619 Phosphila miselioides (Gn.)
09631 Callopistria mollissima (Gn.) 09638 Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. 09650 Anorthodes tarda (Gn.)
09661 Crambodes talidiformis Gn.
09662 Balsa malaria (Fitch)
09666 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Sm.)
09669 Spodoptera ornithogalli (Gn.)
09678 Elaphria versicolor (Grt.)
0968 1 x Elaphria festivoides (Gn.) complex
09684 Elaphria grata Hbn.
08/12/97 b
08/22/97 i, 08/25/97 b, 09/06/97 b, 09/1 1/97 s, 09/29/97 s, 09/01/98 s, 09/01/98 s?
09/26/97 i
06/16/97 s, 06/18/97 b, 06/22/97 s 07/19/97 b?
1 1/06/97 i 09/23/97 i
09/25/97 s, 09/30/98 m 09/15/98 m
11/09/97 i, 10/19/98 m, 10/21/98 m 10/27/97 i, 10/13/98 m 07/29/98 m 08/24/97 s
09/04/97 s, 09/21/97 s, 09/22/97 s, 09/13/98 s, 10/1 1/98 s 05/02/97 i, 05/03/97 i, 05/25/97 i, 06/01/97 b, 06/05/97 i, 06/30/97 b, 07/06/97 i, 07/13/97 b(2), 07/23/97 b(2), 07/24/97i, 09/02/97 i, 05/02/98 m, 05/04/98 m, 07/04/98 m 06/12/97 s, 06/26/97 i
03/30/97 i, 04/30/97 b, 09/1 1/97 s, 03/28/98 m ?
06/16/97 s, 08/24/97 s, 09/07/97 s, 09/08/97 s, 06/1 1/98 i, 06/21/98 m ?, 06/24/98 m, 07/16/98 m 06/29/97 b
1 1/06/96 s(3), 1 1/07/96 s, 07/12/97 s(2), 07/20/97 s, 08/07/97s 04/26/97 i, 04/29/97 b, 04/30/97 b(3), 05/01/97 b(2),05/03/97b, 05/05/97 b (2), 05/12/97 i, 05/19/97 i, 05/27/97 b, 05/29/97 b, 08/21/97 b, 08/26/97 i, 09/02/97 b(2), s, 09/04/97 s, 09/06/97 s, 09/07/97 b (2), s, 09/15/97 b, s, 09/29/97 s, 04/17/98 m, 04/22/98m?, 04/30/98 m, 05/05/98 i, 05/17/98 m, 08/23/98m, 08/25/98 m, 09/14/98 m, 09/23/98 s 04/25/98 m, 04/26/98 m 05/1 1/97 b, 08/07/97 i
09/07/97s, 09/27/97s?, 07/07/98m, 09/01/98m, 09/01/98s(2)?, 09/02/98 s (3) ?, 09/10/98 m ?, 09/14/98 s, 10/13/98 s (2) ? 03/29/97 b, 04/07/97 i,08/07/97 i, 08/14/97 i, 08/21/97 s, 09/08/97 b, s, 06/16/98 i, 07/15/98 m?, 07/17/98 s?, 07/26/98s 05/02/97 b, 05/12/97 i, 05/19/97 i, 06/06/97 b, 07/25/97 b, 07/28/97 i, 07/22/98 m ?, 07/28/98 s ?
05/03/97 i, 05/25/97 b, 06/14/97 b, 07/23/97 b, 04/15/98 m (2), 06/17/98 i
03/28/97 i, 04/03/97 b, 04/12/97 b, i (2), 04/26/97 i (3), 04/30/97 b, 05/03/97 b, 06/25/97 b, 08/10/97 i, 09/02/97 b, 03/28/98 m, 09/1 3/98 s
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
33
Noctuidae (continued)
09688 Galgula partita Gn.
09689 Perigea xanthioides Gn.
09690 Platysenta v ideas (Gn.)
09693 Platysenta mobilis (Wlk.) 09699 Platysenta sutor (Gn.)
09720 Ogdoconta cinereola (Gn.) 09725 Stiriodes obtusa (H.-S.)
09766 Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grt. 098 1 5 Cosmia calami (Harv.)
09886 Lithophane patefacta (Wlk.)
09892 Lithophane disposita Morr.
09893 Lithophane hemina Grt.
09895 Lithophane signosa Wlk.
09905 Lithophane viridipallens Grt.
09910 Lithophane antennata (Wlk.)
09915 Lithophane grotei Riley
09916 Lithophane unimoda (Lint.)
09929 Py ref err a hesperidago (Gn.)
09933 Eupsilia vinulenta (Grt.)
09934 Eupsilia cirripalea Franc.
09935 Eupsilia tristigmata (Grt.)
0994 1 Sericaglaea signata (French)
09942 Xystopeplus rufago (Hbn.)
09943 Metaxaglaea inulta (Grt.)
09944 Metaxaglaea viatica (Grt.)
09945.2 Metaxaglaea violacea Schweitzer 09946 Epiglea decliva (Grt.)
09950 Chaetaglaea sericea (Morr.)
09952 Eucirroedia pampina (Gn.)
09957 Sunira bicolorago (Gn.)
0996 1 Anathix ralla (Grt.&Rob.)
09989a Sutyna privata teltowa (Sm.) 10014 Psaphida rolandi (Grt. )
03/29/97 i (2), 04/03/97 i, 08/17/97 s, 09/22/97 b, 09/26/97 i ?, 02/28/98 i, 03/01/98 i ?, 07/24/98 m ?, 08/25/98 m 07/28/97 i, 07/13/98 m ?, 09/02/98 s 03/29/97 b, 04/30/97 b ?, 05/18/97 b, 06/25/97 b, 07/20/97 s, 08/1 1/97 b, 09/27/97 b, 06/16/98 m ?, 08/28/98 m 10/12/98 s, 10/28/98 s
09/15/98 s ?, 09/25/98 s ?, 10/12/98 s, 10/13/98 s, 10/19/98 s?, 10/25/98 s?
06/18/97 b, 06/30/97 i, 07/21/97 b, 08/26/97 i, 06/14/98 i 06/27/97 i, 07/20/97 b (2), 07/04/98 m 09/02/97 i
06/16/98 m, 06/21/98 m (2), 06/24/98 m 11/18/96 s, 11/19/96 s, 11/25/96 s, 10/08/97 s, 04/02/98 i, 04/08/98 i, 10/02/98 s, 10/10/98 s, 10/11/98 s, 10/12/98 s (2), 10/15/98 s (3), 10/18/98 s (2), 10/23/98 s, 10/24/98 s, 10/27/98 s (3)
10/02/98 s, 10/21/98 s(2), 10/24/98s, 10/25/98s, 10/27/98 s(3) 11/25/96 s 1 1/25/96 s 01/05/97 s
12/19/97 i (2), 03/08/98 i, 10/23/98 s
11/17/96 i, s (3), 11/19/96 s, 11/20/96 i, 1 1/25/96 s,
01/04/97 s, 02/01/98 i (2)
1 1/25/96 s 02/25/98 i
11/18/96 s (3), 11/25/96 s (2), 1 1/30/96 s, 12/30/96 s, 02/08/98 i (2)
11/18/96 s, 04/17/98 m 03/21/97 i (2), 03/1 9/98 i
01/04/97 i, s (3), 10/08/97 b, 01/05/98 i (2), 02/22/98 i, 03/28/98 i, 04/09/98 i, 10/12/98 s, 10/21/98 s 03/19/98 i
1 1/06/96 s (4), 09/27/97 s, 10/02/98 s 01/05/98 i, 10/27/98 s
1 1/06/96 s (2), 12/01/96 s, 02/28/98 i, 10/27/98 s
1 1/06/96 s (4), 1 1/18/96 s (3), 1 1/19/96 s
10/10/98 s, 10/10/98 s ?, 10/15/98 s, 10/27/98 s
1 1/06/96 s, 1 1/25/96 s, 10/01/97 s, 09/26/98 m
11/05/96 i, 11/06/96 s (7), 1 1/07/96 i, 1 1/1 7/96 s,
1 1/18/96 s (2), 1 1/19/96 i, 10/1 1/97 i, 10/12/98 s
09/15/97 s(2), 09/18/97 s, 08/30/98 m, 09/10/98 m, 09/26/98 m
09/27/97 s, 09/29/97 b, 10/06/97 s, 09/25/98 i
03/10/97 i
BANISTERIA
NO. 15, 2000
34
Noctuidae (continued)
10016 Psaphida styracis (Gn . )
10019 Psaphida resumens Wlk.
1 002 1 Copivaleria grotei (Morr.)
1 0059 Homohadena badistriga (Grt.) 10065 Homohadena infix a (Wlk.)
10288 Orthodes detracta ( Wlk.)
10289 Orthodes goodelli ( Grt.)
10291 Morrisonia latex (Gn.)
10304 Trichordestra legitima (Grt.) 10368 Lacinipolia meditata (Grt.)
10372 Lacinipolia anguina (Grt.) 10397 Lacinipolia renigera (Steph.)
10411 Lacinipolia laudabilis (Gn.) 10414 Lacinipolia implicata McD. 10438 Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.)
10445 Leucania linda Franc.
1 0456 Leucania adjuta (Grt.)
10461 Leucania Ursula { Fbs.)
10487 Orthosia rubescens (Wlk.)
10488 Orthosia garmani (Grt.)
10495 Orthosia hibisci (Gn.)
10501 Crocigrapha normani { Grt.)
10502 Himella intractata ( Morr.)
10517 Egira alternans (Wlk.)
10518 Achat ia distinct a Hbn.
1 052 1 Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.)
10524 Nephelodes minians Gn. 10532b Homorthodes lindseyi (Benj.)
03/28/98 m
03/01/98 i, 3/04/98 i (2), 04/03/98 m ?
03/30/97 b, 03/1 9/98 m 06/19/97 i ?, 06/27/97 b?
06/01/97 i ?, 05/30/98 b ?, 06/24/98 m ?
06/05/97 i, 06/09/97 s, 06/12/97 i, 06/15/97 s (2), 06/16/97 s, 07/02/97 s, 08/24/97 s, 08/25/97 s, 09/07/97 s, 05/30/98 b, 06/01/98 b?, 06/13/98 m, 06/16/98 m, 06/18/98 m(2), 06/24/98m 07/07/97 i, 08/21/97 s, 06/16/98 i, 06/18/98 m, 08/02/98 s, 08/1 1/98 s
06/26/97 i, 05/03/98 m
09/1 1/97 s, 06/13/98 m, 08/20/98 m, 08/22/98 m ?
09/19/97 i, 09/21/97 s, 09/22/97 s (2) ?, 09/24/97 s ?, 09/26/97 i ?, 09/28/97 i ?, 09/13/98 s ?, 09/16/98 i ?, m ?, 09/20/98 m, 09/22/98 m ?, 09/25/98 m, m?
05/02/98 m
05/1 1/97 b, 05/16/97 b, 05/22/97 i(2), 06/01/97 i, 06/07/97 i ?, 06/18/97 b, 09/06/97 s, 09/1 1/97 s (4), 09/18/97 s, 09/24/97 s, 04/26/98 i, 09/12/98 s
09/02/97 b, 09/1 1/97 s (2), 09/02/98 s, 09/03/98 m, 09/10/98 m 09/1 1/97 s, 09/27/97 s, 09/25/98 i
1 1/05/96 s, 1 1/18/96 s, 03/29/97 i (2), 05/03/97 i, 07/01/97 b, 07/13/97 i, 07/20/97 b, 8/18/97 i, 08/02/98 s 1 1/06/96 s, 06/12/97 s, 06/15/97 s, 08/21/98 m, 10/21/98 s 09/01/98 s
05/25/97 b, 06/02/97 i, 06/14/97 i ?, 06/16/97 b, i, 08/1 1/97 i,
08/1 3/97i, 08/21/97 b, s, 09/07/97 s, 06/13/98 m,
08/07/98 m, 08/09/98 s, m, 08/10/98 s
03/26/97 i, 03/28/98 m
03/1 1/97 b, 02/25/98 i, 03/01/98 i
03/02/97 i, 03/11/97 b, 03/27/97 i, 03/28/97 b, 03/30/97 b, 02/28/98 i (3), 03/18/98 m, 03/28/98 m 03/31/98 m
04/11/97 b, 04/28/97 b
04/06/97 i, 04/1 1/97 b (2), i, 03/30/98 m, 04/18/98 m ? 03/28/97 i, 05/03/97 i, 03/28/98 m
04/07/97 b (2), 04/26/97 b, 04/28/97 b, 04/30/97 b (2), i, 05/10/97 i, 04/08/98 i, m, 04/12/98 m, 04/14/98 m ?, 04/15/98 m, 04/26/98 m, 05/01/98 m, 05/10/98 m
09/18/97 s, 09/19/97 i, 09/2 1/97 s (2), 09/25/97 s,
09/27/97b, s, 09/16/98 m, m ?, 09/26/98 m 05/18/97 b, 09/11/97 b, 04/30/98 m, 05/1 1/98 m ?,
05/16/98 i?, 05/17/98 m
LUDWIG: VONTAY MOTHS
35
Noctuidae (continued)
1 0567 Ulolonche culea (Gn.)
10585 Orthodes crenulata ( Btlr.)
1 0587 Orthodes cynica Gn.
1 0627 Tricholita signata (Wlk.)
10648 A grot is gladiaria Morr.
1 065 1 Agrotis verier abilis Wlk.
10663 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufh.)
1 0664 Agrotis subterranea (F.)
10675 Feltia tricosa (Lint.)
10676 Feltia herilis (Grt.)
10870 Richia acclivis (Morr.)
1 089 1 . 1 Ochropleura implecta Laf.
1 0903 Euagrotis illapsa (Wlk.)
10911 Anicla infecta (Ochs.)
10915 Peridroma saucia (Hbn . )
1 0942. 1 Xestia dolosa Franc.
10944 Xestia smithii (Snell.)
10950 Pseudohermonassa bicamea (Gn.)
10955 Agnorisma badinodis (Grt.)
10956 Agnorisma bollii { Grt.)
10967 Xestia el imata (Gn . )
10969 Xestia dilucida (Morr.)
10994 Cerastis tenebrifera { Wlk.)
10998 Choephora fungorum Grt.&Rob.
1 1006 Protolampra brunneicollis (Grt.) 11029 Abagrotis alternata ( Grt.)
1 1 068 Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie)
11070 Heliothis subflexus Gn.
11071 Heliothis virescens { F.)
1 1072 Heliothis phloxiphagus G.&R. 11118 Schinia obscurata Stkr.
11128 Schinia arcigera (Gn.)
11149 Schinia trifascia Hbn.
05/08/97 i, 05/25/97 b, 04/25/98 m, 04/26/98 m, 04/30/98 m? 05/08/97 b, 09/11/97 s, 09/22/97 s, 09/29/97 s, 06/17/98 m 05/17/98 i
08/22/97 i, 08/21/98 m, 09/03/98 m 10/04/97 i, 10/13/98 s 10/12/97 i, 10/12/98 m
10/30/96 i, 1 1/18/96 s (2), 1 1/19/96 s, 07/01/97 b, 09/06/97 b
06/1 1/98 i ?, 08/02/98 m, 10/25/98 s
08/16/98 m
09/02/97 b
09/02/97 s
04/30/97 b, 05/28/98 b
05/29/97 i, 07/13/97 i, 07/27/97 b, 05/16/98 m, 06/02/98 b, 07/09/98 m, 08/25/98 m 08/10/97 b
08/01/98 s, 08/02/98 s, 10/02/98 s
05/25/97 b, 07/16/97 b, 09/09/97 i, 09/22/97 s, 09/29/97 s 09/12/98 m ?, s, 09/30/98 s, 10/02/98 s 09/01/98 s, 09/14/98 s?
10/13/97 s, 10/19/97 s (2), 10/10/98 s (2), 10/14/98 m ? 10/19/98 m
10/06/97 b, 10/1 1/97 s
10/06/97 b?, 1 1/01/97 i, 09/22/98 m
03/21/97 i, 02/25/98 i, 03/28/98 m, 04/02/98 m
10/04/97 i, 10/10/98 m
09/15/97 b, 09/22/98 m
10/10/98 m, 10/25/98 s
08/22/97 i, 09/30/97 i, 08/16/98 m, 09/03/98 m
08/25/97 i
09/02/98 s
08/09/98 m
06/19/97 i
08/26/97 i, 07/22/98 m 08/07/97 i
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
Grass Spiders of the Genus Agelenopsis in Virginia (Araneida: Agelenidae)
Richard L. Hoffman
Virginia Museum of Natural History Martinsville, Virginia 24112
INTRODUCTION
Six species of the Nearctic spider genus Agelenopsis occur in eastern North America, five of them native to Virginia. The one nonresident, A. potteri (Blackwall), is a transcontinental boreal species ranging from New England to Washington and California, which apparently does not extend southward through the Appalachians. The genus was revised by Chamberlin & Ivie (1941) in an adequate, well- illustrated treatment that left little to be desired except distribution maps.
The members of this genus are not uncommon elements in forest-floor biotopes as well as in open grassy fields and residential-domicilary situations. Ongoing inventory collecting during the past decade by personnel of the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH) and Virginia Division of Natural Heritage (VDNH), as well as several local naturalists, has yielded sufficient material to define both the instate geographic ranges and periods of adult activity for all five of our resident species. I take this opportunity to summarize such information for the use of anyone wishing to pursue investigations of the biology of these spiders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data on the Virginia distribution of each species have been derived solely from material in VMNH, except for a few collections cited by Chamberlin & Ivie (1941). Undoubtedly, additional records can be obtained from other spider collections, but I doubt that these would significantly alter the findings presented here.
The majority of specimens examined were captured by use of the pitfall-drift fence technique. Most of these installations were serviced at two-week intervals, allowing for a reasonable degree of precision with respect to adult surface activity. Some material, particularly of
A. naevia , was collected by hand, as spiders were found on and around buildings.
Identifications were made with the Chamberlin & Ivie revision (1941) which allows recognition of adults of both sexes. Although reproductive structures provide the most definitive characters, some species can be distinguished by size (A. naevia) or color (A. utahana), as noted under the individual species accounts that follow. In developing the time intervals on the graph (Fig. 3), account was taken that the label date for pitfall material was that of the pick-up day, and generally covered the two preceding weeks. Thus, samples dated May 1, for instance, were graphed as being from the last two weeks of April. Data from the many sites operated on monthly or longer trapping intervals could not be utilized for the graph.
FAMILY AGELENIDAE
The traditional scope of this family, as expressed in the treatments by Gertsch (1940), Kaston (1948), and Roth & Brame ( 1 972), has been substantially abridged in recent years by the relocation of many genera to other families (e.g., Wadotes and Coras to the Amaurobiidae, Cicurina to the Dictynidae, Cryphoeca to the Hahniidae, and Cybaens to its own family). The remaining Nearctic elements of this more exclusive Agelenidae are basically those taxa treated by Chamberlin & Ivie in 1941: Agelenopsis, Barronopsis, Calilena, and Tortolena (plus the genera Hololena, Melpomene, Novalena, Rualena, added later).
Local species of Agelenopsis can be readily distinguished from other ground-dwelling spiders by the elongated posterior spinnerets alone (Fig. 1 ). Characters requiring use of magnification are the eight eyes in two strongly procurved rows and presence of plumose setae on the body and appendages.
HOFFMAN: GRASS SPIDERS
37
Figure 1 . Generalized composite drawing of a species of Agelenopsis to show overall appearance and notably long spinnerets.
Females construct sheet webs, often of considerable size, in low grass and other herbage. There is always a retreat tunnel through which the spider escapes from any disturbance (Fig. 2), and attempts to capture such an animal require prior location and closure of the retreat. These webs lack sticky lines, and prey items are captured by rapid response by the spider to movements on the web. The majority of specimens taken in pitfall traps are males, suggesting greater vagility by that sex, and less involvement in web construction, as is usual for many spider taxa. Immature specimens of this genus have only rarely been caught in the Virginia pitfalls.
Agelenopsis emertoni Chamberlin & Ivie (Map 1)
Published records for this species (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941: 503) implied a basically lowland range extending from New England to Florida, and west to Texas. Without giving specific localities, Seyler (1941) recorded A. emertoni also from Ohio. Muma (1945) listed Allegany, Anne Arundel, and Prince Georges counties in Maryland.
Virginia collections suggest that the species is statewide, from sea level to about 3600 ft/ 1 160 m in the Alleghanies, and occurs in all of the five physiographic provinces. Material is at hand from the counties of Accomack, Bath, Cumberland, Dickenson, Franklin,
Figure 2. Adult male Agelenopsis sp. on web constructed beside a building; the curved white line is an insulated electrical wire. Note retreat tunnel directly behind the spider. Photograph by Steven M. Roble.
38
BANISTERIA
NO. 15.2000
(/)
C
0
E
o
0
Q.
(/)
0
_Q
E
D
5 -
utahana
pensvlvanica
naevia
kastoni
emertom
2 s
co CO O O z z
2 ST ” 5 5
3 3 n> a> 3 3
-> cr tr
Time Intervals
Figure 3. Seasonal surface activity of adults of the five Virginian species of Agelenopsis, based on samples (VMNH) taken during the years 1988-1999. The late August record for A. emertoni (shaded) is based on an immature male identified as this species with some confidence.
Greensville, Henry, Montgomery, Roanoke, and the City of Virginia Beach (all VMNH). Chamberlin & Ivie (1941) cited specimens from Spotsylvania and Prince George counties. Capture site data indicate that a wide variety of habitats are occupied: dune scrub, interdunal swales, grassy dunes, salt marsh, dry oak woods, pine woods, montane bog. One specimen was taken in a Malaise trap in Greensville County; three males have been found inside the VMNH building in Martinsville. It is therefore the more curious that A. emertom was never taken in many of the pitfall arrays operated on a year-round basis throughout the state. In addition to being sporadically distributed, A. emertoni has been
captured in small series (3-5 specimens in a single trap period) only in Virginia Beach City and Cumberland County. Other samples contain typically a single male, implying a low population density. This species has the latest adult activity period of the five Virginia species, extending from early September to early November, with the peak during October 1-15. The single record for late August is of an immature male, almost certainly of this species (shaded on the graph, Fig. 3).
Agelenopsis kastoni Chamberlin & Ivie (Map 2)
Although this species was described sixty years ago, and is certainly abundant in eastern Virginia, remarkably little has been published about it. Kaston (1948: 290) cited three localities in Connecticut, which must be at or near the northernmost limits of the range. Muma ( 1 945) mentioned the occurrence of A. kastoni in Maryland, although without having collected it personally there and providing no specific locality. Berry ( 1 970) recorded the capture of a few specimens in the central Piedmont region of North Carolina. VMNH specimens are from Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Henrico, King George, Mecklenburg, Northampton, Prince William, and York counties, and the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach (Map 2). In contrast to the similar-sized A. emertoni , A. kastoni is taken in pitfalls in far greater numbers: our largest samples contain 16, 15, 15, 14, 13, 13, 11,9 and 7, all males. Although the impression is gained of a coastal species, three of the largest samples (15, 15, 14 specimens) are from Cumberland County, the inlandmost site for A. kastoni in Virginia. Perhaps the species is extending its range westward across the Piedmont?
Already in 1 948, Kaston observed that “This species matures early; males occurring in May and June.” Virginia collections amply confirm that statement, as evident from the graphed data (Fig. 3). Here, males mature even earlier, as we have specimens from pitfalls accumulating during the first two weeks of April. Peak activity occurs in May, with a gradual decline into early July (our single male with that date could have been trapped anytime in the preceding two weeks, thus possibly late June). A gravid female was taken on 22 June 1995.
Some of the samples were taken from pitfalls which also trapped A. emertoni a few months later in the year. As these two species are about the same size, perhaps the seasonal displacement is a device to avoid direct resource competition in their shared niche.
The frequency of captures of this species in Virginia,
HOFFMAN: GRASS SPIDERS
39
Map 1 . Distributional records for Agelenopsis emertoni in Virginia. This species, despite the paucity of localities, is almost certainly statewide except perhaps for higher elevations.
Map 2. Distributional records for Agelenopsis kastoni (squares) and A. utahana (spots) in Virginia. The range of the latter species is a function of elevation; most localities shown are above 1000 m. The eastern edge of the Blue Ridge physiographic province is indicated by the broken line.
40
BANISTERIA
NO. 15. 2000
as opposed to the paucity of published records for it, instigated a superficial investigation into the actual range of A. kastoni. This, it develops, is far greater than 1 had imagined likely, and extends as far west as Washington County, Arkansas, and as far north inland as Knoxville, Tennessee, a fairly typical Austral distribution. Almost certainly, greater use of pitfall trapping will show that the species is as abundant throughout this range as it is in Virginia. It is therefore remarkable that A. kastoni was not described until 1941, and even then, from a few specimens at the extreme northern extremity of its range.
Agelenopsis naevia (Walckenaer) (Map 3)
This is the largest member of the genus in Virginia, in fact one of our largest spiders, the females attaining nearly 25 mm in length. It is also the one most frequently seen; at least the big webs are conspicuous objects in grass or low shrubs, and in the angles of outbuildings, even if the occupant is not in view. I have sometimes found adult females attracted to lights on the sides of buildings in late Fall, and females of A. naevia seem somewhat more liable to capture in pitfalls than their relatives.
Published records for A. naevia depict an extensive range in the United States east of the Great Plains. Virginia localities suggest statewide occurrence (Map 3), but none of the sites are above 3000 ft/ 1000 m, and we have no records for the southwestern third of the state despite pitfall trapping by both VMNH and VDNH. Perhaps this reflects inadequate sampling, as there is no a priori reason why A. naevia should not occur there. We have specimens at hand from Augusta, Bedford, Cumberland, Henry, Roanoke, and York counties and the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. Chamberlin & Ivie (1941) cited localities in Brunswick, Fairfax, Prince George, Rappahannock, and Spotsylvania counties. Most samples contained only one individual, whether caught by hand or pitfall. It is noteworthy that only single specimens are available from Seashore/First Landing State Park in Virginia Beach, and from the Fentress Naval Aviation Landing Field in nearby Chesapeake despite the extensive trapping conducted in those and numerous sites elsewhere in the two municipalities throughout 1989 and 1990.
Like most other members of the genus, A. naevia is adult-active in late Summer and early Fall. The earliest captures in Virginia are from the first half of August, an obvious peak is reached later that month, and a slow decline takes place until the end of October (Fig. 3).
Agelenopsis pensylvanica (Koch) (Map 4)
Available published data suggest that this species extends entirely across northern United States, with moderate extension southward to Virginia and Arkansas. There appear to be no records for the Southeast, and even though the Atlantic Coastal Plain has not been thoroughly surveyed for the spider fauna, present indications suggest absence of A. pensylvanica from that region. In Virginia, the majority of collections are from the mountains and western Piedmont. Wilton Ivie found a male at Mount Vernon, Fairfax County (on the Fall Line) in 1938, and two males entered a Malaise trap operated by VMNH beside the Meherrin River, southeast of Emporia, Greensville Co., the only actual Coastal Plain locality for the state. Considering the extent and intensity of collecting activity in eastern Virginia during the past decade, the absence of other records must be considered as conclusive. In this respect, it may be noted that Muma (1945) cited no Coastal Plain localities in Maryland.
Virginia specimens of A. pensylvanica in VMNH are from Augusta, Bath, Clarke, Craig, Dickenson, Greensville, Henry, Montgomery, Nelson, Tazewell, and Warren counties. About half were collected by hand, as single captures, or in pitfalls, again usually one specimen in year-long sampling intervals. The one sample of any size (10 <f d") came from a pitfall five miles west of Stokesville, Augusta County, during the period from mid-August to mid-September 1988. Apparently population densities are always low. In a study of old field spiders in the North Carolina Piedmont, Berry (1970) obtained only one specimen of A. pensylvanica in the total of nearly 20,000 spiders of 331 species.
Agenelopsis utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie) (Map 2)
This small agelenid is distinctly lighter in color than its local relatives, generally a light straw yellow with darker paramedian bands on the carapace. Like A. pensylvanica, it is a transcontinental, subboreal species, but even more elevationally restricted. Already in 1941 Chamberlin & Ivie reported a female from Spruce Pine, North Carolina, then the only Appalachian locality south of New York.
Virginia records are from Amherst, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Grayson, Highland, Nelson, Roanoke, Rockingham and Warren counties, all sites but two being well above 3000 ft/ 1 000 m, in broadleaf forest. Pitfalls operated five miles west of Stokesville, Augusta County,
HOFFMAN: GRASS SPIDERS
41
Map 3. Distributional records for Agelenopsis naevia in Virginia. Despite the lack of records for some areas, this species is probably statewide, except perhaps for the two Eastern Shore counties.
Map 4. Distributional records for Agelenopsis pensylvanica in Virginia. The apparent absence of the species from the Coastal Plain has been documented also for Maryland (Muma, 1945). The lack of Piedmont localities is noteworthy and may imply disjunct status for the population in, for instance, Greensville County.
42
BANISTERIA
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at an elevation of 2200 ft/700 m, yielded 10 samples between mid-May and mid-October, with the largest number during early September. The Warren County site, four miles southeast of Front Royal, is at 1200 ft/ 400 m. Data from these two sites, representing monthly or longer intervals, could not be used for the graph.
At the Augusta County site, in the folded Appalachians on Devonian shale substrate, pitfalls were dispersed among three forest stages: recovering from clearcut (two years old), mature red oak forest (around 70 years), and old growth (>138 years). Captures of A. utahana sorted out as: two years, 8; mature forest, 9; old growth, 12, reflecting a degree of preference for established forest biotopes, although areas with no canopy were not avoided either.
On 16 August 1999, Robert S. Hogan and Michael W. Donahue found both sexes of A. utahana to be abundant in webs constructed in the upper leaves of milkweed ( Asclepias sp.) plants at the top of Poor Mountain, Roanoke County.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The majority of specimens examined in connection with this survey were taken in trapping programs operated by the Division of Natural Heritage, Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, and I am very much indebted to VDNH zoologists Christopher A. Pague, Kurt A. Buhlmann, and Steven M. Roble for depositing this material in the VMNH. Our collections have also been enriched by donations of material from personal field work by Joseph C. Mitchell, Robert S. Hogan, and Michael W. Donahue. VMNH technician Susan C. Kirby tabulated data and prepared the distribution maps. My colleagues Norman I. Platnick
(AMNH), Laura Leibensperger (MCZ), Susan Riechert (University of Tennessee), and Patricia Miller (University of Mississippi) kindly provided records for Agelenopsis kastoni.
LITERATURE CITED
Berry, J. W. 1970. Spiders of the North Carolina Piedmont old-field communities. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 86: 97-105.
Chamberlin, R. V., & W. Ivie, 1941. North American Agelenidaeofthegenerayfge/^wo/75/5, Calilena, Ritalena and Tortolena. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 34: 585-623.
Gertsch, W. J. 1940. Revised edition, “The Spider Book” by J. H. Comstock. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 729 pp.
Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin 70: 1-874.
Muma, M. H. 1945. An Annotated List of the Spiders of Maryland. Bulletin of the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station A3 8: 1-65.
Roth, V. D., & P. L. Brame. 1972. Nearctic genera of the spider family Agelenidae (Arachnida: Araneida). American Museum Novitates 2505: 1-52.
Seyler, P. J. 1941. The generic and specific status of four Ohio spiders of the genus Agelenopsis. Ohio Journal of Science 41: 51-69.
Banister ia. Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
Records and Habitats of the “Rare Click Beetle,” Cerophytum pulsator (Haldeman), in Virginia and Maryland (Coleoptera: Cerophytidae)
Warren E. Steiner, Jr.
Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History NHB-187
Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560
The ‘Tare click beetles” make up a small family of 10 species in the Americas and Europe (Lawrence, 1991) and are enigmatic in many ways. The single species known from the eastern United States, Cerophytum pulsator, has a wide range, but lives up to its common name in being infrequently found. “Pennsylvania to Illinois to North Carolina” was the disribution known to Horn (1886). Nearly a century ago, three specimens were reported from the District of Columbia (Ulke, 1902). Dury (1902) reported a specimen from Ohio, which Blatchley (1910) noted but, lacking specimens from Indiana when he listed the beetles for that state, said it “is doubtless represented.” Sixty years later, Downie ( 1 970) confirmed this, with a single record from Tippecanoe County. A record from Bay County, Florida (Peck & Thomas, 1998) extends the known range considerably southward. Several recent collections of C. pulsator in our area have aroused interest, but, to my knowledge, no occurrences have been published for this region since Ulke’s listing. Reported here are new collection records and some associated notes on the habitat and seasonal occurrence of this seldom-collected beetle.
Little information is available on the life history of C. pulsator. Only the larva and habitats of the European species are described (Lawrence, 1991), and the feeding habits are apparently unknown. Adult C. pulsator have been “swept from foliage or taken from rotting wood or under dead bark” (White, 1 983). The beetle is described and illustrated in general references on North American beetles (Arnett, 1960; White, 1983).
Material Examined and Label Data.-- The specimens
cited here are in the collections of the U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; the Virginia Museum ofNatural History, Martinsville, VA; and the Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis, MD.
Label data are quoted verbatim except for some commas (inserted for clarity) and bracketed letters that spell out or interpret abbreviations. A forward slash “/” indicates a break between labels on the same pin.
Maryland Records.-- 1 male, “Plummer Is, Md., 4.V.[19124, R C Shannon, on foleage [sicj”; 1 male, “MARYLAND: Pr. Geo. Co., Cheverly, 38°56'N, 76°55'W, 29 March 1998, coll. W. E. Steiner & J. M. Swearingen / At black light at ground level, mixed broken forest and residential area”; 1 male, “Collector]. D. Jump, 11 V 1977, Port Deposit, [Cecil County] Maryland USA”; 1 female, “USA: Maryland: Somerset Co., nr Princess Anne, ex S[outhem], P[ine]. B[eetle]. Lindgren trap, 10 May 1989, Md. Dept. Agric.”
Virginia Records.— 1 female, “VIRGINIA: Clarke Co., U. Va. Blandy Exp. Farm, 2 mi. S. Boyce, 39°05' N, 78° 10' W, 28 iv - 10 v 1993, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith”; 2 females, “VIRGINIA: Essex Co., 1 mi. S. of Dunnsville, 11 April 1991, J. Kloke & D. R. Smith, Malaise trap”; 1 female, “VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co., 4 km. SW Clifton at Bull Run, 23 April 1983, W. Steiner, A. Gerberich, E. Bishop & J. Boyd”; 1 male, “VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co., Great Falls Park, 29 March 1979, Amnon Friedberg”; 1 female, “Quinton, Va., [New Kent Co.] Under log / U. of Richmond, Va., Mch. 30, 1936, Carroll Williams, Coll. / Rec’d from J. W. Bailey, Apr. 13, 1936,
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Fisher / 259"; 3 males, 1 female, “VIRGINIA: York County, 12 km NNW Williamsburg, 37°21'N, 76°44'W, 7-8 March 1992, W. E. Steiner & J. M. Swearingen.”
Other Records.— 1 male, “ALAB[AMA]., Blount Co., Blount Sprfings]., 13 April 1985, light trap, T. King.”
Field Notes and Discussion.— The recent collection records offer new information on the habits and habitats of C. pulsator. Seasonal appearance of the beetles is limited to the generally cooler months of spring, but activity of the beetle may be limited to “warm spells” during that period. The Cheverly, MD, specimen taken at black light suggests that this species can fly (although this has never been observed), and that it does so after dark. Notes taken on this collection indicate an unusually warm spring night, with early flight records for a number of Tenebrionidae and other beetles: “Was 80° F. at dark; breeze from south. Clear but only thin crescent moon.” At this site, black lights have been operated on most non- rainy and warmer nights of the year since 1992, one at ground level and the other in tree canopy (from a roof deck ca. 5 m above ground) and insects are selectively taken or observed on white vertical and drop-cloth sheets from dusk until about 2300 h. This was the only Cerophytum ever seen at these lights. The additional light-trap record and the capture of C. pulsator in the Lindgren and Malaise traps also suggest flight for both sexes as a means of dispersal.
There are several records of the beetle under wood or leaf litter and often at the bases of live trees in mature forest. Ulke (1902) reported ‘‘three specimens found under chips and stones in early spring.” The Bull Run specimen (in field notes of the author) was found with Helops and Tarpela spp. (Tenebrionidae) under leaf litter on damp humus at the base of a “big old beech” on a mature forest slope. The four from the Williamsburg site were found in mixed oak-maple-loblolly pine forest, near disturbed edges at the bases of red maple ( Acer rubrum) trees, again on damp humus but on more level ground. Two males were found after dark on 7 March: “Thunderstorm on the way at 9:30 [P.M.]; had a few minutes to check on tree trunks for beetles around the lot before storm hit; about 68 °F. No tenebrionids out, but a rare catch— 2 Cerophytum out walking on base of live red maple; one at ground level & one 15 cm off ground. Ground around this tree mostly bare except for thin sparse moss patches; not much leaf litter. Tree is about 35 cm DBH; stands near house at edge of drive and garden areas.” The two additional specimens were found the following morning: “Storm over; mostly clear tree, early.. ,.70°F... .at same red maple and a second adjacent
took two more Cerophytum— female under a small piece of bark on ground, about 30 cm from tree base; male under leaf layer at base of second tree. They click like elaterids when held.” Before being preserved as specimens, the latter two beetles were kept in captivity for about 3 days with some substrates on which they were found (soil with moss, leaf litter, lichen -covered bark) and observed periodically, but no feeding or other activity was noted, other than walking over all surfaces.
The Great Falls specimen was taken by sweeping low vegetation during the day (A. Friedberg, pers. comm.) as was the one reported by Downie ( 1 970), and both of these were in mature deciduous forest understory. The Ohio specimen (Dury, 1902) was beaten from foliage. These records and the label data on the Plummers Island specimen indicate that, while C. pulsator seems to be nocturnal and hides during the day, it may rest above ground as well as on it. The Malaise trap collections were also from sites of mature forest (D. R. Smith, pers. comm.). The 1924 specimen from Plummers Island was taken when the vegetation was a mixture of early successional upland and mature floodplain and swamp forest (Erwin, 1981). The beetle has now been collected in a number of ways, but its preferred microhabitat and feeding habits are still to be discovered. From the combined collection data, C. pulsator appears to be a vernal, flying, nocturnal beetle of mature, mostly deciduous forests. This information offers some leads to the discovery of its immature stages and an understanding of its niche, and may reveal that it is not as rare as currently believed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Richard L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History, provided some specimen records, encouraged the making of this note, and reviewed drafts of it. Natalia J. Vandenberg, Steven M. Roble, and one anonymous reviewer also gave helpful editorial advice. Gaye L. Williams, Maryland Department of Agriculture, called my attention to other records and provided data. The assistance and information obtained from the other collectors cited in the label data are much appreciated. Margaret and Glenn Davis provided much hospitality and encouraged the collection of insects on their woodland near Williamsburg.
LITERATURE CITED
Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1960. The Beetles of the United States. Catholic University Press, Washington, D.C. 1 1 12 pp.
STEINER: RARE CLICK BEETLE
45
Blatchley, W. S. 1910. An Illustrated Descriptive Catalog of the Coleoptera or Beetles Known to Occur in Indiana. Nature Publishing, Indianapolis. 1386 pp.
Downie, N. M. 1970. Notes on a rare beetle, Cerophytum pulsator Hald. Coleopterists Bulletin 24: 128.
Dury, C. 1902. A revised list of the Coleoptera observed near Cincinnati, Ohio, with notes on localities, bibliographical references and description ofnew species. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 20: 107-196.
Erwin, T. L. 1981. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XXVI. The ground beetles of a temperate forest site (Coleoptera: Carabidae): An analysis of fauna in relation to size, habitat selection, seasonality, and extinction. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 5: 105-224.
Horn, G. H. 1886. A monograph of the species of the sub-families Eucneminae, Cerophytinae and Perothopinae inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 13: 5-58.
Lawrence, J. F. 1991. Cerophytidae (Elateroidea). Pp. 409-410 In F. W. Stehr (ed.). Immature Insects, Volume 2. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.
Peck, S. B. & M. C. Thomas. 1998. A Distributional Checklist of the Beetles (Coleoptera) of Florida. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas 16: 1-180.
Ulke, H. 1902. A list of the beetles of the District of Columbia. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 25(1275): 1-57.
White, R. E. 1983. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 368 pp.
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
Mass Mortality of Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Rafmesque) on a Central Virginia Road
Joseph C. Mitchell
Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173
Large numbers of amphibians and reptiles are killed annually on highways and roads in North America by vehicular traffic (Carpenter & Delzell, 1951; Dodd et al., 1989; Rosen & Lowe, 1994; Fahrig et al., 1995; Ashley & Robinson, 1996). Roads located near or adjacent to wetlands pose special problems for amphibians, especially those that move to and from terrestrial retreats to breeding sites on a seasonal basis (Palis, 1994). Road mortality in pond-breeding ambystomatid salamanders during their breeding migrations has been observed in several locations (Klemens, 1993; JCM, personal
observations). In the mountains of Virginia, red-spotted newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens ) arrive in breeding ponds in March in large breeding migrations and leave en masse in August for terrestrial hibemacula (Gill, 1978). Gill found that juveniles leave the ponds in late summer and early fall months but did not observe mass migrations. Mass migrations of juveniles have been documented in Massachusetts (Dunn, 1930; Stein, 1938; Healy, 1975), New York (Hulbert, 1969, 1970), North Carolina (Chadwick, 1944), and Ohio (Smith & Pfingsten, 1989), with the highest numbers occurring on
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nights with rainfall. Such migrations of adults and juveniles in areas with roads increase the risk of mortality from vehicular traffic.
On 4 October 1991, I observed mass mortality of Notophthalmus viridescens on County Route 629 where it passes along a beaver-maintained wetland adjacent to Beaverdam Creek, 4.2 km NE Maidens, Goochland County, Virginia. I counted 182 dead and 4 live immature newts (efts) in a 0.25 km stretch of the hard surface road. Conditions of the specimens formed two categories, dry (older road kills) and moist (recent road kills), reflecting at least two periods of movement activity. These groups may have corresponded to two larval size classes like those observed in New York by Hulbert (1970). The moist group may have been killed during the rainfall of 2 October. The newts were counted but not measured due to time constraints. However, all sizes of efts were represented, ranging from very small ones to those that were showing green coloration, suggesting that they were near reproductive maturity. The stretch of road on which dead salamanders were found consisted of two sections, the part adjacent to the wetland without canopy and the part immediately to the east with partial canopy from the adjacent mixed hardwood and pine forest. Numbers of salamanders were approximately equal in both sections.
I visited the site again on several dates in 1992 and once in 1994 but did not find large numbers of dead efts. None was found on 1 7 April 1 992, although one northern cricket frog ( Acris crepitans) and one spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) were found dead in the wooded section of the road. I found six dead efts (mean SVL = 33.7 + 3.1 mm, 30-37) on 1 September 1992, 10 dead efts (mean SVL = 37.4 + 3.5 mm, 33-43, n = 8) on 17 September 1992, and eight (each 35 mm SVL, n = 2) on 29 November 1 992. Most of the salamanders were found in the wooded section of the road. On 14 November 1 994 I found 10 dead efts and one live eft on the section of the road adjacent to the beaver pond. I had originally hypothesized that mass migration in the fall should lead to mass mortality on this road. The large number found in October 1 99 1 may have been a chance event or related to an unusually large production of cohorts that year. Road mortality impacts on this local population apparently occur at low intensities each year but high rates of mortality apparently do not appear to be a frequent event.
Road mortality was suspected by Hoffman (1992) to be the primary source of decline in frog populations in the Clifton Forge area of Alleghany County between the 1950s and early 1990s. Reptile populations in Virginia, especially snakes, suffer losses annually due to road
mortality (Mitchell, 1994 and unpublished). Roads fragment habitats and further contribute to declines in animal populations (Mader, 1984; Andrews, 1990). Because road construction and widening projects continue unabated, it is likely that vehicular traffic will continue to be a significant cause of red-spotted newt mortality and possible population decline in Virginia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the students of the 1991 University of Richmond ecology class for help in counting the efts on the initial discovery and Wendy H. Mitchell for assistance on one other site visit.
LITERATURE CITED
Andrews, A. 1990. Fragmentation of habitat by roads and utility corridors: a review. Australian Zoologist 26: 130-141.
Ashley, E. P., & J. T. Robinson. 1996. Road mortality of amphibians, reptiles, and other wildlife on the Long Point Causeway, Lake Erie, Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 1 10: 403-412.
Carpenter, C. C., & D. E. Delzell. 1951. Road records as indicators of differential spring migrations of amphibians. Herpetologica 7: 63-64.
Chadwick, C. S. 1944. Observations on the life cycle of the common newt in western North Carolina. American Midland Naturalist 32: 491-494.
Dodd, C. K., Jr., K. M. Enge, & J. N. Stuart. 1989. Reptiles on highways in north-central Alabama. Journal of Herpetology 23 : 1 97-200.
Dunn, E. R. 1930. Reptiles and amphibians of Northampton and vicinity. Bulletin of the Boston Society ofNatural History 57: 3-8.
Fahrig, L., J. H. Pedlar, S. E. Pope, P. D. Taylor, & J. F. Wegner. 1995. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological Conservation 73: 177-182.
Gill, D. E. 1978. The metapopulation ecology of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Ecological Monographs 48: 145-166.
Healy, W. R. 1975. Breeding and postlarval migrations of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, in
MITCHELL: NEWTS
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Massachusetts. Ecology 56: 673-680.
Hoffinan, R. L. 1992. Anuran population declines in western Virginia. Catesbeiana 12: 34-35.
Hulbert, S. H. 1969. The breeding migrations and interhabitat wandering of the vermillion-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Ecological Monographs 39: 465-488.
Hulbert, S. H. 1970. The post-larval migration of the red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Copeia 1970: 515-528.
Klemens, M. W. 1993. Amphibians and Reptiles of Connecticut and Adjacent Regions. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin Number 1 12, Hartford, CT. 3 18 pp.
Mader, H.-J. 1984. Animal habitat isolation byroads and
agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29: 81-96.
Mitchell, J. C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 352 pp.
Palis, J. G. 1994. Natural history: Rana utricularia, road mortality. Herpetological Review 25: 119.
Rosen, P. C., & C. H. Lowe. 1994. Highway mortality of snakes in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona. Biological Conservation 68: 143-148.
Smith, C. A., & R. A. Pfingsten. 1989. Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Pp. 79-87 In R. A. Pfingsten & F. L. Downs (eds.), Salamanders of Ohio, Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 7(2), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Stein, K. F. 1938. Migration in Triturus viridescens. Copeia 1938: 86-88.
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
Aggregations of Red-spotted Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque) in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia
Joseph C. Mitchell
Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23 1 73
Aggregations of red-spotted newt adults on land following pond drying have been mentioned by several authors. Healy ( 1 970) observed aggregations of adults in mud along the margin of two ponds in Massachusetts. Gill (1978) found large numbers of adult newts in decaying logs and in vegetation clumps at the edges of several ponds that had dried completely on Shenandoah Mountain, Virginia, in 1977 but did not provide details on numbers of individuals or sex ratios. Mitchell & Buhlmann (1999) noted that red-spotted newts had been observed under logs and rocks around a sinkhole pond
that had dried. This note provides the details of those observations.
I found two aggregations of adult red-spotted newts around the edges of a vernal pond at the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond complex in the George Washington National Forest, 3.5 km WSW Sherando, Augusta County, Virginia, in two consecutive years. On 16 October 1 997, I found adults in a 25 m diameter pool of shallow water in Pond 1 1 (see Buhlmann et al., 1999, for descriptions of these ponds and pond number designations). The adjacent pond (Pond 12, connected to
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Pond 1 1 in wet periods) contained only a small, muddy pool about 3 x 4 m in size. Adult newts were found individually under rocks in the pond basin (5 occurrences) and in combinations of 3 (2 occurrences), 4 (3), 5 (3), and 8 (1). The decaying end of one log contained an intertwined mass of 47 individuals. This aggregation contained 19 males and 28 females. Average SVL for males was 41.3 + 2.1 mm (39-46) and for females it was 39.3 + 1.6 mm (35-42).
On 30 October 1998, I found adults in several aggregations around the interior margins of a completely dry Pond 1 1 . I observed an aggregation of 42 newts in and under one log, 12 of which were in a cluster in the moist soil (8 males, 4 females). A second log (25 cm diameter, 2. 1 m long, 5 m from the water's edge) near the small pool remaining in Pond 12 contained 34 adults in close aggregation (24 males, 10 females). Numbers of other adults under other logs in the interior margins of these two ponds were 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 43; one individual was under a rock. These were not in tight aggregations but scattered under the logs. Measurements of newts found in the smaller cluster in Pond 1 1 were: male mean =42.1 + 1.5 mm SVL (40-43, n = 8), female mean = 40.0 + 2.2 mm SVL (37-43, n = 4). Males in the larger cluster in Pond 12 averaged 41.1 +2.7 mm SVL (35-46) and females averaged 37.8 + 2.7 mm SVL (33-43). A 45 mm SVL male in this cluster was dead. Other species found under logs with the newts were Ambystoma opacum ( 1 adult), Acris crepitans (2 adults), and Rana clamitans (1 juvenile).
Another nearby pond (Pond 13) with a small pool of water on the dates noted above contained adult newts. None was found under logs or rocks around the dry rim. Unlike Pond 1 1 , this pond rarely dries (Buhlmann et ah, 1999), and I have observed newts in the water in this pond on numerous occasions in the winter.
Aggregation behavior in red-spotted newts apparently occurs in response to pond drying and to individuals seeking moist microhabitats to avoid desiccation and death. Pond drying was considered the cause of adult emigration from breeding ponds in the mountains of North Carolina (Huheey & Stupka, 1965). Adult Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis endure episodes of pond drying in the North Carolina sandhills by burrowing beneath debris in pond basins (Morin, 1983). Gill (1978) noted, however, that adults migrate annually from high elevation ponds on Shenandoah Mountain (about 75 km N of the ponds in the Shenandoah Valley) in the fall and return in the spring. This may be in response to shallow ponds freezing completely to the bottom. The only year in which he found aggregations
was 1 977, the year in which ponds dried completely. The ponds in the Valley do not freeze completely and adult newts have been observed in the water in several ponds during winter months (JCM, personal observations). Perhaps aggregation occurs only when ponds dry completely, thus stimulating adults to seek moist microhabitats and the company of other newts. Aggregations may be a function of adults seeking other individuals for behavioral or physiological benefits or the use of limited refugia where survivorship is enhanced. Aggregation in the latter case may simply be the consequence of finding the few moist refugia available during the dry period. Experimental tests would reveal the roles of ecological stimuli and individual behaviors in the aggregation behavior of red-spotted newts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Scott Klinger and Dawn Kirk of the US Forest Service (George Washington and Jefferson National Forests) provided support for field work in the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond area. Todd Georgel assisted in the field in 1998.
LITERATURE CITED
Buhlmann, K. A., J. C. Mitchell, & L. R. Smith. 1999. Descriptive ecology of the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond system in Virginia. Banisteria 13: 23-51.
Gill, D. E. 1978. The metapopulation ecology of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Ecological Monographs 48: 145-166.
Healy, W. R. 1970. Reduction of neoteny in Massachusetts populations of Notophthalmus viridescens. Copeia 1970: 578-581.
Huheey, J. E., & A. Stupka. 1965. Herpetological records from the Great Smoky Mountains. Herpetologica 21: 148-150.
Mitchell, J. C., & K. A. Buhlmann. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles of the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond system in Virginia. Banisteria 13: 129-142.
Morin, P. J. 1983. Competitive and predatory interactions in natural and experimental populations of Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis and Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia 1983: 628-639.
SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS
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Shorter Contributions
Banisteria, Number 1 5, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
THE RUDDY DAGGERWING (. MARPESIA PETREUS): A NEW FACE IN VIRGINIA —The ruddy daggerwing ( Marpesia petreus) is a common Neotropical butterfly, resident in southern Florida, the West Indies, and the mainland of Latin America from Mexico south to Brazil (Opler & Krizek, 1984; Opler, 1998). It is associated with figs and rotting fruit. Stray individuals of this species have been recorded in the western United States from Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Arizona (Opler, 1998). The only records of strays in the eastern United States are from northern Florida (Opler, 1998).
On 17 July 1995, while conducting a survey for rare butterflies and dragonflies for the Virginia Division of Natural Heritage (VDNH), I was in the process of exploring a beach across from the amphibious LARC vehicle hangers on the Fort Story Military Reservation in the City of Virginia Beach. After I had passed through a narrow border of evergreen shrub just before entering the open beach, an orange butterfly flew out of a dense live oak ( Quercus virginiana)/ wax myrtle ( Myrica cerifera) thicket. It landed on a common reed ( Phragmites australis) stem about 25 m away. I slowly stalked the butterfly and caught it in my net. It was a ruddy daggerwing, the first known record for Virginia. The specimen was in perfect condition considering its long journey. A few days earlier, Chris Hobson, field zoologist for VDNH, observed a gulf fritillary ( Agraulis vanillae) on this beach. I have sighted the gulf fritillary, a known migrant, many times in late summer on the Eastern Shore barrier islands.
The specimen will be donated to the National Museum ofNatural History (Smithsonian Institution) via Steve Roble of VDNH.
Literature Cited
Opler, P. A. 1998. A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 486 pp.
Opler, P. A., & G. O. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 294 pp.
David A. Young
721 Chimney Hill Parkway, #120 Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462-6978
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
LYTTA POLITA (SAY), A BLISTER BEETLE NEW TO THE VIRGINIA FAUNA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) — The blister beetle genus Lytta is represented by a profusion of species in western United States, but only a few, all in the subgenus Pomphopoea, occur in the eastern states. These are big (up to 25 mm long), soft-bodied insects usually most active in the spring months, which frequently achieve nuisance status by consuming, in enormous numbers, the foliage and flowers of many kinds of plants. The genus was revised by Selander (1960) in a treatment that included lists of museum specimens and distribution maps. Of the four eastern species, Selander had seen Virginia material of only one, L aenea Say, which generally occurs statewide. Lytta sayi LeConte occurs further north and west, and L. unguicularis (LeConte) is recorded no closer to Virginia than the mountains of western North Carolina.
The fourth eastern species, L. polita Say, has a distinctly austral distribution ranging from North Carolina to Louisiana and south through most of Florida. With the northernmost localities at Raleigh (Selander,
1 960) and Washington (Brim ley, 1 938), North Carolina, the presence of L. polita in Virginia was very probable, and this likelihood has been confirmed in the past decade by surveys of both the Virginia Museum of Natural History and Virginia Division ofNatural Heritage. Four instate localities can now be documented: Isle of Wight Co.: Zuni Pine Barrens and Blackwater Ecologic Preserve, ca. 7 km south of Zuni ( 1 0); Mecklenburg Co. : Elm Hill Wildlife Management Area (1); Northampton Co.: Savage Neck Natural Area Preserve, 5 km N of Cape Charles (1 ); City of Virginia Beach : Seashore/First Landing State Park (26). The Elm Hill locality is on the Piedmont, almost due north of Raleigh, and implies that the range of L. polita in southeastern Virginia may be more extensive than now known. The Savage Neck site is on the north side of the Chesapeake estuary, and is the new northernmost locality, some 135 miles/2 16 km north of Washington, North Carolina.
Virginia captures reflect the known vernal activity of this and related species. Eight specimens were trapped in late March, 22 in April, and only singles in May, June, July, and August. At Seashore State Park, pitfall arrays were operated simultaneously in three biotopes, of which the “dune” site yielded 26 specimens, “mesic”, four specimens, and “scrub,” only one. It is noteworthy that L. polita is unknown from elsewhere in Virginia
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Beach despite the concurrent and subsequent operation of pitfall arrays in numerous other sites within a 20 mile/32 km radius of Seashore State Park, some of them in apparently very similar “dune” habitats.
Lytta polita is easily distinguished from the three other eastern species, being the only one in which the distal antennomeres are not enlarged, the pronotal disk is glabrous, and the pro- and mesotibiae (often the metatibiae as well) are black instead of orange. The elytra have a characteristic bronzy color, often tinged with purple or green.
Acknowledgments
The Virginia Museum of Natural History is much indebted to Natural Heritage zoologists Christopher A. Pague, Kurt A. Buhlmann, and Steven M. Roble for the gift of most of the material on which this note is based.
Literature Cited
Brimley, C. S. 1938. The Insects of North Carolina, Being a List of the Insects of North Carolina and Their Near Relatives. North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Raleigh. 560 pp.
Selander, R. B. 1960. Bionomics, Systematics, and Phylogeny of Lytta , a Genus of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Illinois Biological Monographs 28: 1-295.
Richard L. Hoffman
Virginia Museum ofNatural History
Martinsville, Virginia 24112
Banisteria, Number 15, 2000 © 2000 by the Virginia Natural History Society
ADDITIONAL FIELD LONGEVITY RECORD FOR THE ALLEGHENY WOODRAT (. NEOTOMA MAGISTER ) — Previously, I reported two field records for longevity in wild Allegheny woodrats (Mengak 1997). One male lived a minimum of 45 months between first and last captures and a female lived a minimum of 49 months between first and last captures.
As part of a continuing long-term monitoring study, live trapping has been conducted at regular intervals at several sites in Virginia from 1990 to 2000. During this study an additional woodrat has been tagged and followed through time that now extends the previously
known field longevity record for this species. Individual woodrats are live trapped in Tomahawk collapsible traps baited with one-half apple during two consecutive nights on a bi-monthly schedule, weather permitting. Captured individuals are ear-tagged for permanent identification, sexed, weighed, examined for general body condition and reproduction status, and released at the capture site.
On 14 October 1995, I caught a 230-g subadult female woodrat at my study site in Giles County, Virginia. This site consists of a cliff and associated boulders, talus and rock outcrops. There are numerous crevices, cracks, overhangs and small caves. Dominant overstory vegetation includes oak ( Quercus spp.), hickory (Carya spp.), maple ( Acer spp.), and birch ( Betula spp.). Understory vegetation includes blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.), seedlings of overstory trees, and green brier ( Smilax spp.). Assuming a weight gain of 1.0 g per day in wild woodrats (Mengak, unpubl. data) the individual was bom about April 1, 1995. She was captured an additional nine times at the Giles County site.
On 6 April 1997 she was captured and found to be hypothermic and lethargic in the trap. She could not be warmed in the field and was returned to a holding facility at Ferrum College. While in the holding facility, she was feed commercial lab chow, apples and water ad libitum. I do not have a long-term animal holding facility. Further, I was scheduled to sample at a different long-term monitoring site in May. Therefore, on 1 7 May 1997, she was returned to the long-term study site in Bath County, Virginia. This site is approximately 125 km NE of the Giles County capture site. She was subsequently captured 16 times at the Bath County site. Interestingly, she was caught every night of every trapping period for four years.
Her last capture was on 18 October 1999. Thus, a total of four years and four days elapsed between first and last captures (1,464 days). If we assume an additional 200 days between birth and first capture, this individual survived a total of 1,664 days or 55.5 months in the wild (including 41 days in the lab). I have evidence that juveniles gain between 0.5 and 1 .25 g per day in the wild but have not attempted to separate the effects of year, site, gender or any other variable. Thus, an assumed weight gain of 1 .0 g per day is a conservative estimate. This extends the known minimum longevity for a wild woodrat from the previously reported 49 and 50 months to at least 55.5 months.
Literature Cited
Mengak, M. T. 1997. New field records for longevity in Allegheny woodrats ( Neotoma magister). Banisteria 10:
MISCELLANEA
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27-28.
Michael T. Mengak Environmental Science Program Ferrum College Ferrum, Virginia 24088
Miscellanea
Reports
1 . President's Report
The annual business meeting of the Virginia Natural History Society was convened at Radford University on May 25, 2000, in association with the Natural History and Biodiversity Section of the Virginia Academy of Science. Attendees were sparse as in previous years, as many of our members do not attend the VAS meeting. First order of business was the election of VAS Officers for the Natural History and Biodiversity Section next year. Barbara Abraham, Hampton University, was elected as chairperson; Ralph Eckerlin, Northern Virginia Community College, was elected vice-chair; Werner Wieland, Mary Washington College, will be secretary and editor; and Michael Kosztarab, Virginia Tech, will serve as Councilor. According to our Secretary’s report (Anne Lund - in absentia), the Society had a budget balance of $6730 at the end of April and an active membership roll of 1 1 5 members. Our financial stability continues to improve but our membership list continues to fluctuate drastically, with a downward trend.
Several business items were discussed at the meeting. First, there was consensus that the VNHS membership list could be shared with the Virginia Natural History Museum who requested it in April. In return, we would request a copy of their membership list and inquire whether a copy of our recruitment flier could be placed in their next mailing to members. Recruitment of new members was discussed at length, with several ideas posed by attendees. Could we partner with other naturalist-type societies in Virginia, perhaps combining membership costs or meeting jointly to increase the attendance of members? The Nature Rally at Wintergreen each year may provide an opportunity to recruit and to participate in public education. Several of our members already participate in the nature weekend, so, it was suggested that Doug Coleman at their Nature
Center be contacted. There was general disappointment that none of the students or faculty at Radford University presented papers or attended our session. It was suggested that VNHS send letters of invitation to faculty on the host campus of VAS, encouraging submittal of a paper and/or attendance at our session. The VAS meeting in 2000 is at James Madison University, so the Board of VNHS will discuss this issue at their fall meeting.
The final topic of discussion was whether VNHS should request that the author or at least one of the co-authors of papers presented at the Natural History and Biodiversity Section of VAS be members of our society. This section of VAS was established by VNHS as our annual forum for the exchange of scientific information and to conduct our annual business meeting. To achieve the purpose intended, the attending officers felt that membership in VNHS should be requisite to participation. My recommendation was that the Secretary, upon receiving titles of papers for presentation, should respond to the author(s) with a brief explanation of the Section and encourage membership in VNHS. VAS requires that anyone presenting at this meeting be a VAS member. Most presenters in our Section are not VNHS members, and several of the authors present papers in our Section each year. Thus, our expectation of membership is not unreasonable.
On a positive note, our web page continues to expand with information on the natural history of Virginia, with stunning photos and pertinent summaries on Banisteria, meetings, membership opportunities, and links to other organizations in Virginia. If you haven't visited our website maintained by webmaster Dr. Ken Stein, please do so (http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/vnhs/). Any comments for improvements or additions should be directed to the webmaster (kstein@vt.edu).
Richard J. Neves President, VNHS
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2. Secretary/Treasurer's Report
We have 115 members who have renewed membership for 2000. The response has been good from those who received a renewal application and a return envelope with the second 1999 issue (number 14) of Banisteria. We have also sent mailings to several groups of biologists and to libraries across the state in an attempt to extend our membership. Each member receiving this issue of Banisteria should attempt to recruit one new member!
Our treasury presently holds $6,730.58 (as of May 1, 2000). The expenses for the publication and mailing of this issue of Banisteria will be subtracted from this amount.
Respectfully submitted,
Anne Lund Secretary/T reasur er
3. Editor's Report
Dr. Richard Hoffinan stepped down as co-editor and productions editor this spring with the publication of Banisteria number 14. He helped to conceptualize and produce the first 14 issues of this journal. He wrote many articles for these issues and will continue to publish within these pages. Richard will serve as an associate editor and will continue to participate. We all appreciate his service to the Virginia Natural History Society, to Banisteria , and to the natural history of Virginia. We hope that he will continue to be a productive writer on the natural history of the Commonwealth. Dr. Steve Roble took over as co-editor and productions editor for Banisteria number 15.
Banisteria number 15 will likely be published a little later than usual this year, July, due to the transition and learning time for Steve Roble and due to the slow rates of manuscript submission and reviewer return. We continue to be plagued with insufficient manuscripts and are wondering why people are not submitting their reports and theses to us. It is not a hard thing to do. Our job is to help you get manuscripts in shape for publication so that valuable natural history observations are not lost forever. So, send us your manuscripts!
Joseph C. Mitchell Co-Editor
4. Seventh Annual Meeting of the Virginia Natural History Society
The 7th annual meeting of the VNHS was held on 25 May 2000 at Radford University. The following papers were presented in the Natural History and Biodiversity Section of the Virginia Academy of Science:
Sampling techniques for terrestrial salamanders. C. A. Haas, D. N. Harpole, S. M. Knapp, and D. G. Mackler.
Ant defensive behaviors in response to anting by songbirds. H. Revis.
Antennae of different termite castes compared using light and scanning electron microscopy. J. DiCicco, K. Carson, and D. A. Waller.
Comparison of spawning and non-spawning substrates in nests of species of Exoglossum and Nocomis. T. D. Green and E. G. Maurakis.
Karst resource inventory of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests. T. Brown and D. Kirk.
Biodiversity of ground beetles (Carabidae) in natural and created wetlands. A. Beckman and D. A. Waller.
Ant species diversity compared in coastal versus barrier island habitats along the Eastern Shore of Virginia. D. A. Waller.
Geographic variation in the brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus. E. D. Casey and W. Wieland.
A method for planting longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Miller, on highway rights-of-way. P. Sheridan.
Genetic evidence for overlapping cohorts in the semivoltine stonefly, Peltoperla tarteri (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae). A. S. Schultheis and A. C. Hendricks.
Artificial cavity use by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Pico ides borealis). A. N. Chadwick, J. R.. Walters, and C. A. Haas.
Comparison of insect captures between wild-type and mutant green Sarraacenia. P. Sheridan, J. Humphrey, M. Davies, C. Simon, and N. Penick.
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Fishes of the Great Dismal Swamp, 1952-1972. K. Merten and W. Wieland.
Do Monomorium ants pollinate Veronica arvensis flowers? L. Hembree and R. Bray.
The yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava L., recovery program. P. Sheridan.
Rare plants in the classroom: Potomac Elementary School and the Toyota Tapestry Grant. P. Sheridan, R. Horman, S. Horman, S. Gilbert, A. Keeton, and M. Schmutte.
Historical relationships of river drainages in Greece. E. G. Maurakis, M.K. Pritchard, and P.S. Economidis.
The following were presented as posters:
Environmental impact statements in karst: the need for detailed field work; case study from proposed power line corridor, Skydusky Hollow area. Bland County, Virginia. W. Omdorff, J. Thompson, and T. Brown.
Adjacent land use: Does it affect bird species composition in forested riparian communities? K. M. Korth and W. J. McShea.
Evaluating the ecological and distributional status of the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, in Virginia. M. S. Hayslett.
Addendum
The paper in Banisteria 14 by S. M. Roble et al. entitled “First records of Noctua pronuba L., an Old World moth, in Virginia” failed to include the following record for this species: VA: Fauquier-Prince William county line, Bull Run Mountain, fire road below summit, 30 July 1998, C. S. Hobson, A. C. Chazal, and G. P. Fleming.
Submission of Manuscripts
Please fol low these guidel ines for manuscript subm ission :
Manuscripts on vertebrates, history, biography, and material for the Miscellanea section should be sent to Joe Mitchell. Manuscripts on plants, invertebrates, and book reviews should be sent to Steve Roble. Papers on other
topics can be submitted to either editor. Mitchell and Roble will serve as editors for each other's papers and an associate editor will be asked to serve as editor for those papers written jointly by the co-editors.
Instructions for Contributors
Banisteria accepts manuscripts that contribute to the public and scientific knowledge of the natural history of Virginia. This publication is intended to be an outlet for the kind of information that is useful but would not be accepted in the mainstream journals. Information found in field notebooks and files that never made it into scientific journals is especially important. The focus of Banisteria is classical and therefore slanted toward organismal biology. Reviews of books relevant to Virginia's natural history and biographies of naturalists influential in this field are also welcomed by the editors.
Manuscripts should be sent in duplicate to one of the Co-editors (see previous section regarding submission of manuscripts), who will in turn seek one or two reviews. Reviews of manuscripts written by a co-editor or associate editor will be handled by a different editor. Authors should retain both the original typescript and figures until final acceptance for publication. Photocopies are adequate for review purposes.
Manuscripts must be written on one side of standard size paper (21.5 x 28 cm) using double spacing throughout. Words should not be hyphenated. Manuscripts should be arranged in the following order: title, author's name, author's address, text, acknowledgments, literature cited, tables, figure legends, figures. Long manuscripts may follow standard sections, e.g.. Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion, although some papers may not be amenable to such division, and short manuscripts (<4-6 pages) need not have these sections. All pages should be numbered, including tables. The title should be concise but informative. It and the author's name and address should be centered at the top of the first page. The text should begin on the first page beneath the author's address. Use good judgment on arrangement of sections when other than the standard approach is necessary. Use italics or underlines for species' scientific names.
References: Use the following as a guide. Do not abbreviate journal names.
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NO. 15, 2000
Journal article with l author:
Scott, D. 1986. Notes on the eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille (Squamata:Colubridae), in a Virginia barrier island. Brimleyana 12: 51-55.
Journal with 2 authors:
Tilley, S. C., & D. W. Tinkle. 1968. A reinterpretation of the reproductive cycle and demography of the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Copeia 1968: 299-303.
Journal with 3+ authors:
Funderburg, J. B., P. Hertz, & W. M. Kerfoot. 1974. A range extension for the carpenter frog, Rana virgatipes Cope, in the Chesapeake Bay region. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 10: 77-79.
Book:
Harris, L. D. 1984. The Fragmented Forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 211 pp.
Chapter in a book:
Gentry, A. H. 1986. Endemism in tropical versus temperate plant communities. Pp. 153-181 In M. Soule (ed.). Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
Report:
The Nature Conservancy. 1975. The preservation of natural diversity: A survey and recommendations. Report to the U.S. Dept, of Interior, Washington, D.C., 189 pp. (include report series and number if present).
Tables: Each table should be typed on a separate sheet of paper. A legend for each table should follow the number and must be on the same page as the table. Ruled,
horizontal lines should be avoided except at the top and bottom of the table. Remember that each table must fit within a space of 8.5 x 6.5 inches, and that reduction may cause loss of detail.
Figures: Black and white line drawings are acceptable for publication. They should be no more than twice the size of final publication size, and if several are assembled as a plate, keep the ratio of height to width consistent with the rectangular shape of the page. The back of each figure should be labeled with the author's name.
Photographs: Banisteria will accept high contrast black and white photographs. Submit at least 5x7 inch photos and mount them if possible. Remember that reduction to fit column or page width will cause loss of detail.
Abbreviations: The following common abbreviations are accepted in Banisteria: n (sample size), no. (number), SVL (snout-vent length; define on first usage); DBH (diameter at breast height); yr (years), mo (months), wk (weeks), h (hours), min (minutes), s (seconds), P (probability), df (degrees of freedom), SD and SE (standard deviation and standard error), ns (not significant), 1 (liter), g (gram), mm (millimeter), m (meter), km (kilometer), and C (degrees Celsius). Do not abbreviate "male" and "female", or dates, or undefined terms.
Electronic transfer of manuscripts: Once a manuscript has been accepted for publication, one paper copy and an electronic copy on a 3.5 inch diskette should be sent to S. M. Roble. If possible, use IBM-compatible systems with Word Perfect or Microsoft Word. Please do not justify right-hand margins, and do not attempt to produce "camera-ready copy".
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