tfvtf ^OWTi^ Bat Survey of the Sioux District, Custer National Forest: 1994 V '■, A Report to: USDA Forest Service Custer National Forest 2602 First Avenue North P.O. Box 2556 Billings, MT 59103 Submitted by Paul Hendricks. Kathy Jurist, David L. Genter, and James D. Reichel March 1995 Montana Natural Heritage Program 1515 East Sixth Avenue P.O. Box 201800 Helena. MT 59620-1800 _£*&. s 599.4 N11BSSD 1995 1 ^>M"V»(U- 1 Montana State Library 3 0864 1004 3981 2 oi aanssi © 1995 Montana Natural Heritage Program This document should be cited as follows: Hendricks, Paul, Kathy Jurist, David L. Genter, and Reichel, James D. 1995. Bat survey of the Sioux District, Custer National Forest: 1994. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 41 pp. ABSTRACT Eight species of vespenilionid bats were identified during field surveys on the Sioux District. Custer National Forest in June and September 1994. Most of the 18 sites surveyed were associated with water (springs, reservoirs, beaver ponds, stock ponds). Species identified were long-eared myotis (Myotis evo(is), western small-footed myotis (M. ciliolabrum) , long-legged myotis (M. volans), fringed myotis (M. thysanodes), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) , hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), and Townsend's big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii). The literature on the bat fauna of the Sioux District includes one species not detected in 1994, little brown myotis {Myotis lucifugus) (Andersen and Jones 1971, Jones et al. 1973). Most Myotis species cannot be distinguished with bat detectors (the primary survey tool in 1994), so M. lucifugus may actually have been present (unidentified Myotis species were detected at nine sites). M. thysanodes (an adult non-lactating female), caught in a mist net in the Slim Buttes, is a new species recorded for the area. Current lists include 2 bat species from Chalk Buttes, 7 species from Ekalaka Hills, 8 species from the Long Pines, 6 necies from North Cave Hills, 3 species from South Cave Hills, and 9 species from Slim Buttes; no survey work was conducted in Chalk Buttes in 1994. Only the list from Slim Buttes includes all species known to occur on Sioux District lands. Only Eptesicus fuscus has been recorded from each of the six main units of the Sioux District; with the exception of M. thysanodes, all other species have been detected on at least three of the six units. Seven species are known to breed on the Sioux District, based on males with enlarged testes, Iactating females, or females with embryos. One other species (Plecotus townsendii) was present at sites in the Ekalaka Hills, Long Pines, North Cave Hills, and Slim Buttes during the breeding season, is known to breed in the Black Hills to the south, and probably breeds in the area. Only M. thysanodes, which also breeds in the Black Hills, is of uncertain status on the Sioux District at this time. Currently, nothing is known about which species overwinter on the Sioux District. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT jjj ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 Species Present on the Sioux District, Custer National Forest 7 Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis) 7 Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum) 9 Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) 11 Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans) 13 Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes) 15 Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) 17 Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) 19 Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus) 21 Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii) 23 Species Not Located but Potentially Present on the Sioux District, Custer National Forest 24 Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) 24 Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis) 24 Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum) 24 RECOMMENDATIONS 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 APPENDIX Bl. Field forms used in bat inventories 31 APPENDIX B2. Sites surveyed for bats on the Sioux District, Custer National Forest ... 36 APPENDIX B3. Locations of bat species detected during 1994 field survey 38 APPENDIX B4. Known distribution of bat species on the Sioux District 41 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Clint McCarthy foi his help throughout the study. Additional help was provided by Jim Farrell of the Sioux Ranger District and the South Dakota Natural Heritage Program. Keith Dueholm and Michelle Brown assisted with field work. D. D. Dover, C. Jones. K. Jurist, and S. Thweatt assisted with element occurrence and map preparation. Financial support for the project came from the Custer National Forest (U.S. Forest Service, Northern Region) and the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Montana State Library, Natural Resources Information System and The Nature Conservancy). INTRODUCTION As demands for resources and recreational opportunities increase on public lands, managers will be pressed to make wise decisions about the relative merits of each in context of the entire biotic and physiographic system. How disturbance is likely to affect animal and plant populations forms the basis for management plans, which must begin with an inventory of species present. Bats are one of several groups which must be considered. Five species of vespertilionid bats (Myoiis evoiis, M. ciliolabrum, M. volans, M. thysanodes, and Plecotus townsendii) found in northwestern South Dakota and southeastern Montana are on the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service list of candidate species Category 2 (C-2), including one species (P. townsendii) listed by the U. S. Forest Service as Sensitive. Knowledge about the distribution, habitat requirements, and movements of bats in western North America is fragmentary. In the Northern Great Plains, study efforts on bat populations have generally been concentrated in areas with a relative abundance of caves: for instance, the Black Hills of South Dakota (Turner 1974. Turner and Davis 1970). Nevertheless, there remains much to be learned about basic distribution, seasonality of occurrence, habitat use, and population status of most species. In the summer of 1994, a survey of bats occurring on the Sioux District, Custer National Forest in Carter County, Montana, and Harding County, South Dakota, was initiated to determine presence and distributions on the different forest units. The results of this survey, along with data published previously, are presented here and should form the basis for further inventory and monitoring efforts. METHODS Historical records of bats from Carter County, Montana and Harding County, South Dakota, obtained from the literature (see Bibliography), provide data on breeding status, habitat use, seasonality of occurrence, and distribution. Museum records, other than those previously published, are not included here. Field work in 1994 was conducted in mid-June and 1 • : September. An attempt was made to visit the six main units of the Sioux District (Chalk Buttes, Ekalaka Hills, Long Pines, North Cave Hills. South Cave Hills, Slim Buttes). However, time and weather precluded survey efforts in the Chalk Buttes. Most survey sites were chosen based on accessibility and the presence of water, as bats tend to concentrate their foraging activity over water sources where insects are abundant (all bats in this region are insectivorous). No potential roost sites (caves, mines, cavities in trees) were visited or checked, despite the presence of several in the region. Two methods were employed to detect bats; mist nets and ultrasound bat detectors. Thomas and West (1989) provide a general discussion of sampling methods. Each method has strengths and weaknesses for survey work, with neither one being definitive. Mist-netting has the advantage of allowing in-hand identification of individuals and collection of data on sex and reproductive condition, neither of which are obtainable with bat detectors. Some bats may not get captured in nets, however, and species present at a particular site may go undetected. Detectors can determine the presence of species of bats that may be missed during mist- netting, but they are not without drawbacks besides those already mentioned. Call duration, time between calls, call structure, and call frequency can vary significantly with habitat and between individuals (Erickson 1993), which can cause make species identifications difficult. On the Sioux District, Myotis evotis was the only species of Myotis which could be accurately distinguished using a bat detector. Ideally, a combination of mist-nets and bat detectors would be employed at a given site in order to obtain the most accurate picture of distribution. In the 1994 survey, mist nets were set up at dusk adjacent to feeding and/or drinking sites at ponds and springs and left in place for 30- 120 min. Captured individuals were identified, sexed, examined for reproductive condition, measured for morphometric data (see data forms. Appendix Bl), and released. Sites were never sampled on consecutive evenings. Microchiropteran bats use a variety of ultrasonic vocalizations as echolocation aids for navigation and prey capture. Fortuitously, several studies have determined that the signals emitted by many species of bats can be used as species-specific signatures (e.g., Barclay 1986, Fenton and Bell 1981, Fenton et al. 1983, MacDonald et al. 1994). This characteristic permits the assessment of species-presence during inventory work through use of portable ultrasound bat detectors. ANABAT II bat detectors (Titley Electronics, Ballina, Australia) were used during the 1994 field season. These detectors are sensitive to broadband ultrasonic calls common in bat vocalizations (usually 20-180 kHz) . Ultrasonic signals in the range of bat vocalizations are captured, converted to an audible frequency (up to 10 kHz), and recorded on magnetic tape. Detector units (consisting of the detector, timer/tape -driver, and a cassette tape recorder) were set up before dusk near bodies of water and rims where bat activity would be expected, and left in place overnight; usually one cassette tape was sufficient to record activity at a single site, since the recorders used were voice-activated Detectors were sensitive to bats within a minimum range of 20 m. Tapes were returned to the laboratory and analyzed on an IBM compatible PC using an ANABAT II ZCA Interface Module and ' software. Assignment of vocalizations to a particular species of bat was achieved by matching held recordings with a reference set of calls obtained from captured individuals, in addition to matching call characteristics with those available in the current literature. CD +■» CO D u c g 52 > Q X D O CO CD -C 03 CD C c o CO > CD > D (7) CO CD C o CO o o TO E TO o (0 Q O bio^bq qinos eue)uo|/\| o 2 H- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eighteen sites were surveyed during 1994: 10 sites in mid-June and 8 sites in late September (see Appendix B2). All main units of the Sioux District were sampled, with the exception of Chalk Buttes: 2 sites in Ekalaka Hills. 4 sites in the Long Pines. 6 sites in North Ca\c Hills. 2 sites in South Cave Hills, and 4 sites in Slim Buttes. All sites were sampled vt ith ultrasound bat detectors, and three of these sites (one in North Cave Hills and two in Slim Buttes) were sampled with mist nets as well (Appendix B2). Bats were detected at 13 (72%) of the sites, 12 of 18 sites using bat detectors and 2 of 3 sites using mist nets. A mean o\ 2.7 _+ 15 species were detected at sites where bats were present; the largest number of species at a single site ( 6 at Reva Gap Campground, Slim Buttes) were detected using a combination of bat detectors and mist nets. Eight species of vespertilionid bat (common names follow Jones et al. 1986) were identified during 1994 field surveys (see Appendix B3): Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis; 2 sites). Western Small-footed Myotis (M. ciliolabrum; 1 site), Long-legged Myotis (M. volans; 2 sites). Fringed Myotis (M. thysanodes; 1 site), Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans; 4 sites). Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus; 10 sites). Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus; 2 sites), and Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii; 4 sites). Unidentified Myotis sp. were detected at 9 sites. The Little Brown Myotis (M. lucifugus) has been reported previously but was not identified in 1994; because of the difficulty of distinguishing the species of Myotis on calls alone, and the presence of unidentified Myotis at nine sites, this species may well have been present. The Fringed Myotis (an adult non-lactating female) represents a new species reported for the Sioux District. Thus, the total number of bat species known to occur on the Sioux District is nine. Current lists (see Appendix B4) include 2 bat species from Chalk Buttes, 7 species from Ekalaka Hills, 8 species from the Long Pines, 6 species from North Cave Hills, 3 species from South Cave Hills, and 9 species from Slim Buttes. Only Slim Buttes includes all species known to occur on Sioux District lands, and only the Big Brown Bat has been found in all six main units of the Sioux District. With the exception of the Fringed Bat. all other species have been detected on at least three of the six units. Seven species (M. evotis, M. ciliolabrum, M. lucifugus. M. volans, L. noctivagans . E. fuscus, L. cinereus) are known to breed on the Sioux District. This knowledge is based on males with enlarged testes, lactating females, or females with embryos. P. townsendii was present at a number of sites during the breeding season, is known to breed in the Black Hills to the south (Turner 1974. Turner and Davis 1970). and probably breeds in the area. Only M. thysanodes. which also breeds in the Black Hills, is currently of uncertain status on the Sioux District. Nothing is known, however, about which species overwinter on the Sioux District. Two, perhaps three, additional species may appear in the area: the Northern Long-eared Myotis (Myotis septentnonalis), the Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis). and possibly the Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum). Species accounts follow, which summarize distributional and life history information for all (detected and potential) species on the Sioux District. Distribution maps show results of the 1994 survey. +■» V) o c g > Q X D O C/D (D to c c o W '■M o (/) (1) o c 5 mm beyond the nose. Fur is long and glossy above, paler below. Posterior border of the uropatagium lacks a conspicuous fringe of hair. Weighs 6-8 g. Distribution: Ranges over much of the western North America from southern Canada south to New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Habitat and Habits: This species is especially common in ponderosa pine habitat, locally associated with pine-covered buttes and other broken terrain. Uses sheds, cabins, caves, and abandoned mines for roosting sites; hibernacula are poorly known, but abandoned coal mines have been used in northeastern Montana (Swenson and Shanks 1979). Females apparently form small maternity colonies, though this is poorly documented. Females with embryos and males with enlarged testes have been collected in late June to early July in Carter County, MT (Jones et al. 1973); females in late May to mid-June carried embryos in Harding County. SD (Andersen and Jones 1971). This species is often encountered at late dusk hunting among trees and over water. In 1994, this species was detected on 15 June at Wickham Campground in the Long Pines and on 28 September on a rim edge in the South Cave Hills (Appendix B3). Status: Considered fairly common on the Sioux District (Andersen and Jones 1971, Jones et al. 1973). This species has been recorded from Chalk Buttes, Ekalaka Hills, the Long Pines, South Cave Hills, and Slim Buttes (Appendix B4). The Long-eared Myotis is a U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service candidate (C2) species for federal listing. Natural Heritage Program rank: G5; S4 in Montana. SI in South Dakota. (0 c g Z i_ Q X D g c o £ i— -Q o o (0 '■M o CO V) u c o CO ■> Q X D g CO CD C c o d Q. 0) W "+■• O 2 (A (13 O C Q x 3 O c/5 CO CD c c o {/> c _CD O > W o 0) 0) O c Q) k. i— O O O Long-legged Myotis (Myotis wlans) Description: A medium-sized (5-9 g) myotis; color of fur varies from reddish brown to nearly black. Ears are relatively short (8-16 mm), and blackish brown with rounded tips, just reaching nostrils when laid forward. Tragus is short with a small, rounded basal lobe. Calcar is keeled. Underwing is densely-furred to a line from elbow to knee Distribution: From northern British Columbia south to central Mexico and east to the central Great Plains. Habitat and Habits: Inhabits forested regions in both conifers and mixed conifer-hardwoods. Roosts in trees, rock crevices, mines, caves, cracks and crevices in stream banks, and in buildings. Caves and old mines are used as hibernacula. Swenson and Shanks (1979) found hibernating males in a mine in northeastern Montana in December; late November hibernacula have been found in the Black Hills (Turner 1974). In Carter and Harding Counties, females with enlarged uteri have been collected in late May, females with embryos in late June, and lactating females in July and early August (Andersen and Jones 1971. Jones et al. 1973, Lampe et al. 1974). Feeds over meadows and stream courses after emerging early in the evening. In 1994, two adult males were netted on 14 June over a pond at Reva Gap, Slim Buttes, and an adult female was netted on 16 June at Picnic Springs, North Cave Hills (Appendix B3). Status: Considered the most common bat in Carter County (Jones et al. 1973) and common in Harding County (Andersen and Jones 1971). 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Io I'd i 5 MTNHP 92/2-1 EAT SURVEY FIELD FORM DATE: LOCATION: LEGAL DESCRIPTION: WEATHER: (start/time) (finish/time) TEMPERATURE WIND CLOUD COVER HUMIDITY SITE CHARACTERISTICS: \EGETATION (tree and shrub species, canopy ccM-rage, sae, denary, (5stributJ3rO • WATER (stroniii «itih. i-pih. spied. bnnl< cc— -, pond or W« sbe, airauHi. vegciacarj • LOCAL CEOLOGY (rock type, ex-.— i of ai— op« cr (±S) - CAVES OR ADITS (in \icrcy?, status sune>«f) Nate if bnt sur^w b at a specific cn« or adi, describe here and oarnpkle a qn« ot— lory fcnrj MIST NET (OR TUTTLE TR*J>) RESULTS: NujnberanasaesafujanauseL 18' XT 4? 60" cther( ) Ho*» Vhcai! set (DTvi sottish, ennopy, pond, niendow, cr* entrance, etc • record number and sating^ T_uc trap __T Y / N Whore set MTNHP 922-2 Bats cvptojBd Y / N (Spprys, so; and number): For ench bat captuied, reoati SPECIMEN NUMBER DATE: TIME of CAPTURE.- County, MT 1) Species: 2) Sac M F Un 3) .Age .Ad Juv Un 4) Rcpnxl status: F: L-c/NanLac, Grav/PoSpruTuiH Unkn None; M; Scrotal / Nanscrat 5) Wa^it . grams. Forearm lenght: mm. CXhcr specific characteristics: 61 Caiuiients (net type and height, condinan of bnt and markings !xars, nrrTortpH or released): For ench bnt captured, record: SPECIMEN NUMBER- DATE TIME of CAPTURE County, MT 1) Species: 2) Sec M F Un 3) Age Ad Juv Un 4 (Reprod status: F: Lie /Nan Lac, Giav/ Postpartum, Unkn None; M: Scrotal / Nonscrot 5) Weight: . giruns. Farann lenght: mm. Other spec5c characteristics: G) Comments (net type and height, condirxin of bat and livu'kingsscars, rrl\trter\ or released): APPENDIX B2 SITES SURVEYED FOR BATS, SIOUX DISTRICT, CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST, 1994 35 APPENDIX B2 Sues surveyed for bats on the Sioux District. Custer National Forest, Carter County. Montana and Harding County, South Dakota in 1994. Unit Location Date Survey Method-1 Carter Count) Ekalaka Hills TIN R58E S12 (cliffs near pond) Ekalaka Hills TIN R59E S19 (McNab Pond) Long Pines T3S R62E S14 (SE point on SD line) Long Pines T3S R62E S16 (Wickham Campground) Long Pines T3S R62E S16 (NW of Capitol Rock) Long Pines T3S R62E S21 (Lindsey Reservoir) 14 June A 29 Sept A 15 June A 15 June A 15 June A 16 June A Harding County North Cave Hills T22N R5E S15 (Picnic Springs, 2 sites) North Cave Hills T22N R5E S15 (Picnic Springs, rimrock) North Cave Hills ["22N R5E S15 (Fuller Pass stock tank) North Cave Hills T22N R5E S26 (Pedalower Reservoir) North Cave Hills T22N R5E S27 (Cabin Spring Reservoir) North Cave Hills T22N R5E S34 (Upper Schleichart Res.) South Cave Hills T21N R4E S24 (Dry Creek Reservoir) South Cave Hills T21N R4E S26 (rim top in NE4) Slim Buttes T17N R7E S25 (Road Draw Spring #1) Slim Buttes T17N R8E S30 (E 1 mi. on FS-115 from spring #1) Slim Buttes T18N R8E S7 (Reva Gap Pond) Slim Buttes T18N R8E S7 (pond NW of Reva Gap CG) 14 June 16 June A, M 27 Sept A 27 Sept A 27 Sept A 27 Sept A 27 Sept A 28 Sept A 28 Sept A 13 June A, M 13 June A 14 June A. M 14 June A 1 A--ANABAT ultrasonic detector, M-mist net ^ APPENDIX B3 BAT OBSERVATIONS DURING 1994, SIOUX DISTRICT, CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST 37 APPENDIX B3 Locations of bat species detected during 1994 field survey, Sioux District. Custer National Forest. Species Location Detection-1 Method Date M\< 'l is sp. hi. evotis TIN R58ES12(Ekalaka Hills) T3S R62E S14 (Long Pines) T3S R62E S16 (Long Pines) T3S R62ES21 (Long Pines) T22N R5E S26 (North Cave Hills) T21N R4E S24 (South Cave Hills) T21N R4E S26 (South Cave Hills) T17N R7E S25 (Slim Buttes) T18N R8E S7 (Slim Buttes) T3S R62ES16 (Long Pines) T21N R4E S26 (South Cave Hills) A 14 June A 15 June A 15 June A 16 June A 27 Sept A 28 Sept A 28 Sept A 13 June A 14 June A 15 June A 28 Sept M. ciliolabrum M. volans T18N R8E S7 (Slim Buttes) M 14 June T22N R5ES15 (North Cave Hills) M 16 June T18N R8ES7 (Slim Buttes) M 14 June M. thysanodes T18N R8ES7 (Slim Buttes) M 14 June Lasionycteris noctivagans TIN R58E S12 (Ekalaka Hills) T3S R62E S14 (Long Pines) T21N R4E S24 (South Cave Hills) T17N R7E S25 (Slim Buttes) Eptesicus fuscus TIN R58ES12 (Ekalaka Hills) T3S R62ES14 (Long Pines) T3S R62E S16 (Long Pines) T3SR62ES21 (Long Pines) I 22N R5E S26 (North Cave Hills) T22N R5E S27 (North Cave Hills) A 14 June A 15 June A 28 Sept A 13 June A 14 June A 15 June A 15 June A 16 June A 27 Sept A 27 Sept * A--ANABAT ultrasonic detector. M-mist net 38 APPENDIX B3 (com). Locations of bat species detected during 1994 field survey, Sioux District, Custer National Forest. Species Location Detection3 Date Method A 28 Sept A 28 Sept A 13 June A,M 14 June A 29 Sept A 27 Sept Eptesicus fuscus Lasiurus cinereus T21N R4E S24 (South Cave Hills) T21N R4E S26 (South Cave Hills) T17N R7E S25 (Slim Buttes) T18N R8E S7 (Slim Buttes) TIN R59E S19 (Ekalaka Hills) T22N R5E S26 (North Cave Hills) Plecotus townsendii TIN R58E S12 (Ekalaka Hills) T3S R62E S14 (Long Pines) T17N R7E S25 (Slim Buttes) T18N R8E S7 (Slim Buttes) 14 June 15 June 13 June 14 June A--ANABAT ultrasonic detector, M-mist net 39 APPENDIX B4 KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF BAT SPECIES SIOUX DISTRICT, CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST 40 APPENDIX B4 Known distribution of bat species on the Sioux District, Custer National Forest: Chalk Buttes (CB). Ekalaka Hills (EH), Long Pines (LP), North Cave Hills (NCH), South Cave Hills (SCH). Slim Buttes (SB). Species Carter County, MT CB EH LP Harding County, SD NCH SCH SB Myotis sp. 5a 5 M. evotis 2 12 1235 \f. ciliolabnun 2 12 M. lueifugus 12 M. volans 12 12 hi. thysanodes Lasionycteris noctivagans 5 125 Eptesicus fuscus 2 5 1235 Lasiurus cinereus 25 12 Plecotus townsendii 5 25 5 5 5 5 3 35 3 3 35 35 5 4 5 35 35 5 35 5 3 34 35 ' sources: Jones et al. 1973 (1); Lampe et al. 1974 (2); Andersen and Jones 1971 (3); Visher 1914 (4); 1994 field survey (5). 41