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MR 83.5
Beach Changes at Holden Beach, North Carolina, 1970-74
by Martin C. Miller
WHO!
DOCUMENT COLLECTION
MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 83-5
MARCH 1983
distribution unlimited. Prepared for U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BS OOS
1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR 83-5
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Miscell R BEACH CHANGES AT HOLDEN BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA, De Geena nae
1970-74 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)
Martin C. Mill artin iller DACW7 2-79-C-0020
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK p Ff AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Science Applications, Inc.
4900 Water's Edge Drive, Suite 255 Raleigh, NC 27606 C31194
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 194
4. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) 1S. SECURITY CLASS. (of thia report)
UNCLASSIFIED
1Sa, DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE
- DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
Beach changes
Holden Beach, North Carolina Beach erosion control Storm erosion Beach profile surveys
ABSTRACT (Cantinue em reverse side if neceasary and identify by block number)
Beach profile lines at 21 near-evenly spaced intervals along Holden Beach, North Carolina, between Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets, were measured from November 1970 to December 1974. These have been analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal variabilities on long-term, seasonal, and short-term scales. Profile lines near the inlets showed the greatest varia- bility in mean sea level (MSL) position, above MSL volume, foreshore slope, and profile envelope. This variability near Lockwoods Folly Inlet was partly
continued)
DD Aree 1473 ~—s EDITION OF ? NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNGHGGEAEER
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enhanced by artificial nourishment at profile line 2. Temporary, low-cost shore protection devices (e.g., sandbag groins) were constructed near that inlet during part of the study. No other modifications or activities that affected beach processes were known to occur during the study period.
The central part of Holden Beach was studied separately because of the high variability of the inlet sections at either end of the island. Fore- shore slopes along this reach increased from an average of 1:30 at the east end to 1:17 at the west. A seasonal change in above MSL volume indicates loss of sand during autumn and winter, and a gain during spring and summer. Changes in MSL shoreline intercept and above MSL volume were highly variable during the study. Regression analysis and total annual rates of change indi- cate that the MSL shoreline is advancing while above MSL volume is decreasing. The net sand loss along the central reach was met or exceeded by gains along the inlet reaches. Wind data showed that strong winds occurred less frequently than normal during the study, and few major storms had an impact on the beach. Erosion events correlated with high water levels and strong onshore winds (near 10 meters per second) while accretion events correlated with gentle, onshore winds for several days before the survey. Visual wave data indicated that westward littoral transport predominated two to three times the eastward transport. The extreme variability of the inlet sections in comparison to the central section emphasizes the need for a different sampling approach to understand these disparate environments.
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PREFACE
This report is one of a series describing the results of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Beach Evaluation Program. One aspect of the program, and the subject of this report, is to provide basic engineering information on changes in the volume of sand on beaches above mean sea level, and on changes in shoreline position, as obtained from long-term beach survey projects. The work was carried out under the Beach Profiles Studies work unit, Beach Protection and Restoration Program, Coastal Engineering Area of the Corps of Engineers Research and Development.
The report was prepared by Dr. Martin C. Miller, Science Applications, Inc. (SAI), Raleigh, North Carolina, under CERC contract No. DACW72-79-C-0020. Beach profile surveys were performed by the W.W. Blanchard Company, Wallace, North Carolina, under contract to the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington. Visual wave data were contributed by J.M. Clarke and E.D. Gray. M.V. Fleming, T.J. Lawler, J. Buchanan, and B.R. Sims developed the CERC computer programs used for editing, analyzing, and displaying the beach profile data. J.L. Miller, J.A. Tarnowski, and K.P. Zirkle (CERC) assisted in data reduction. Eigenfunc- tion analysis programs were written by D.G. Aubrey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The author acknowledges and appreciates the helpful review comments from D.G. Aubrey, A.E. DeWall, and B.R. Hall (CERC), and J.T. Jarrett, U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington.
A.E. DeWall was the contract monitor, under the general supervision of R.M. Sorenson, former Chief, Coastal Processes and Structures Branch, and Mr. R.P. Savage, Chief, Research Division, CERC.
Technical Director of CERC was Dr. Robert W. Whalin, P.E.
Comments on this report are invited.
Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Publc Law 172, 88th Congress,
approved 7 November 1963. TED E. BISHOP ,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director
CONTENTS
CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S, CUSTOMARY TO METRIC .
I TN ERODU CIuON sre pastaicouersi ish enero serene ee Backecoundamey scien lomo mspietnte : 2. Previous Work... 0 II THE STUDY ARFA .... 50 1. Geography and Geomorphology Q ° 2. Littoral Processes. . . EIA METHODS ey. cimie 5 ee Profile Lines ae Montmeneacions G . IV RESULTS... <2. . 6.0 0. 6) -G 10 c 1. Temporal Vartability. 60 5 2. Spatial Variability ....., V DISCUSSION... . 606 © bo 70 1. Profile Ghennes Sang bg 06 6 2. Civil Engineering tapIicasone, C VI SUMMINRS 1G 6 oo Blo oe) 6 Je" 6 JEM AONU CHB). G6 6 G6 6! 6) on a6 4 APPENDIX A PROFILE LINE DOCUMENTATION AND PHOTOS. . B BEACH PROFILE DATA... . Cc CHANGE IN MSL SHORELINE POSITION . D CHANGE IN ABOVE MSL UNIT VOLUME. 6 iE} PROFILE ENVELOPES.
1 Relative longshore energy flux by month from visual wave observations
TABLES
2 Summary of profile lines and surveys. ...
Ze3}
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3 Regression coefficients for changes in MSL intercept and above MSDLasand Svolliam eixawee heya veyrrewe cece sy ery nannies hee uk ic ean MC Ua CRE HEN ae aa
4 Change in above MSL sand volume averaged over each reach between therdates ,indicatedicge. iis vei es menus mcuien tre keke he Meee Re co cathe
5 Change in position of MSL intercept (m) averaged over each reach between the dates indicated.
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CONTENTS
TABLES--Continued
Dredging record at Lockwoods Folly Inlet during BEP study. ...... North Carolina coastal storms, 1970-74 Visual wave observations of erosion and accretion events at
Holden Beach during iBEPUsitudyy <= es 1s 2) eles
FIGURES
Profile line locations along Holden Beach, Brunswick County,
Moist Garcoilaies 4 Sil6)q 04, 6.0 O10 00 Oo 6 O86, o 6 lo. 60.0) 6 lo. 0 G06 Aerial photo mosaic of Holden Beach, August 1971 ....... Changes in Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1959-72. Aerial photos of Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1938-72. Kerialsiphotosnorushallotte minletmel93 8-7/2) 7s) le tlel len telwlen lei ites Mer denule) 1c Comparison of wind speed and direction observed during BEP study
with the long-term average at Wilmington, North Carolina. .... Recording periods of CERC wave gage on Holden Beach fishing pier
Neatap ro rdelley ein | ll Oran ewes we val ae greek epee cc) Pan MEST Cer ais, wet Le stunt ie Monthly average significant wave height and period ......... Monthly average significant wave heights measured at Wrightsville Beach and Holden Beach,-North Carolina, and off Savannah, Georgia . Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by year and season. . . Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by month and season . Definition of MSL shoreline change and above MSL unit volume change. Cumulative change in high water line position east of profile line 4 Comparison of cumulative change in position of high water line and dune line west of profile line 4 from aerial photo analysis . Displacement distance and standard deviation of annual mean, MSL intercept from long-term mean (Nov. 1970-Dec. 1974), MSL intercept at each profile line (1971-74). ohio
Seasonal changes in above MSL volume averaged over the central reach .
Seasonal trend in selected beach profiles.
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CONTENTS FIGURES--Continued Wind velocity recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, between 30 September-3 December 1974. . . 2. 2. «2 + © © © © ee eo
Wind velocity and water level during erosion event recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 14 January-8 February 1971 .
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 29 September-1l1 December 1972 .........
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolinas, 28) March= 13 Apr tlaOi73 renee) loll «i a) eihiei) 2) oie ie
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolinas 9 — 25a Juneyeloii2 ene eiils iistvenursmirenitcn Moll oMltetciay) sal eiiite Iie
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 12 November-14 December 1970. .......4.4.-.
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 13 April-14 June 1973 ......
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolinas. 13 VAprid—9luney dO) 2ei ea ne ele ole oie
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolinas Augusit=290 September 1972/6 chee ellie sila) ele
Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolsinaly 14) June—U2i) July S73 carcnci ounce Mellel tei bew delice: he
Change in MSL intercept along Holden Beach on successive BUND GENESIS Gg)o) co loio! 6 0G lo G60 0 O60 6 6.0 Oo 0
Beach foreshore slope averaged over the study period .
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47
48
49
50
51
D2,
CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows:
Multiply by To obtain inches iy FG Pe a POMOC a a 2-54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters Square feet 0.0929 Square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0.836 Square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.852 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-—pounds 1.3558 newton meters maniacs 1.0197 x 1073 kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!
1T> obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.
BEACH CHANGES AT HOLDEN BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA, 1970-74
by Martin C. Miller
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Background.
This report is one of a series which analyzes and interprets beach profile data collected along several east coast beaches during the peri- od 1962-75. Beach profile data from 21 profile lines on the oceanside of Holden Beach, North Carolina (Fig. 1) were collected from November 1970 to December 1974 by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, as part of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Beach Evaluation Program (BEP) (formerly known as the Pilot Program for Improv- ing Coastal Storm Warnings or the Storm Warning Program). The BEP was initiated after the Great East Coast Storm of March 1962 to observe vari- ations on typical beaches in response to waves and tides of specific intensity and duration. Twelve beaches in the region hardest hit by the storm (Massachusetts to North Carolina) are under study in this program.
This report presents an analysis and interpretation of data collected at Holden Beach, documents the locations of the profile lines, and evalu- ates the relationship of changes in the beach elevation, sand volume, and shoreline position to changes in waves, water level, sediment size and supply, storm events, and coastal structures. The analysis includes a review of previous studies of the area to determine the relevant long- term trends in waves, winds, tides, and inlet processes.
Variability in the shape of the beach profile was analyzed using the empirical eigenfunction technique as well as by other standard methods performed by CERC. Changes were evaluated on three time scales: (a) short-term changes caused: by individual storms or events occurring between surveys; (b) seasonal changes observed over the typical 3-month season; and (c) long-term changes that occur on time scales of l-year or more.
2. Previous Work.
There have been few detailed studies which provide insight into pro- cesses along the barrier islands of southern North Carolina; none has con- centrated on Holden Beach. The most comprehensive study was developed for Yaupon and Long Beaches to the immediate east of Holden Beach by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973). The study also provides infor- mation on processes active at Lockwoods Folly Inlet, as well as along the eastern end of Holden Beach, and summarizes wave, wind, and other general climate data. Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein (1968) and Wahls (1973) used aerial photography to determine the erosion rates of North Carolina's barrier islands. The results of the former study were reviewed in U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973) and will be referred to later in this report. Langfelder,et al. (1974) and-Baker (1977) used successive aerial photos to compare changes occurring in the coastal inlets at either end of Holden Beach from 1938 to 1976. Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird (1977) combined aerial photo analysis and information from coastal survey maps to
NORTH CAROLINA
a & 2) a | e Q. DN
S ag
NAUTICAL MILES
1 £ 0 1 2 3 4 5 YARDS —e—————>—————————_————— 1000 D) ‘S000 ¥0000 METERS
oO 1 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 q 4
Profile line locations along Holden Beach, Brunswick County,
Figure 1. North Carolina.
extend the history of inlet change to 1859. They also developed a model of tidal flow and water level change for Lockwoods Folly Inlet.
This report concentrates on the analysis and interpretation of the Holden Beach data collected during the BEP study and relates the beach changes to the environmental factors of waves, winds, and water levels that occurred during that period. Aspects of these previous studies which relate to beach processes during the period are used to provide additional insights.
II. THE STUDY AREA
1. Geography and Geomorphology.
a. Geomorphic Setting. The shoreline of Holden Beach, a barrier island located on the Atlantic Ocean along the southern coast of North Carolina about 30 kilometers west of Cape Fear (Fig. 1), is oriented almost exactly east-west. Separated from the mainland by salt marsh and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW), the island is terminated at the east and west ends by Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets, respectively, each associated with a river of the same name. Sediment contribution from these slowly flow- ing coastal streams is negligible. Both are unstructured, active tidal inlets with migrating channels. The main, natural tidal channel for each inlet curves east and flows in a southeasterly direction adjacent to the shoreline east of each inlet. Lockwoods Folly Inlet and the AIWW in its general vicinity are dredged by the Corps of Engineers, and an artificially developed entrance channel has been cut in a north-south direction through the Lockwoods Folly sandbar. Sand from the maintenance dredging operations is beach sand, transported into the inlet by littoral currents and tides and is disposed of on the east end of Holden Beach, near profile lines 1 and 2, to supplement the existing beach.
Holden Beach is one of a chain of 17 barrier islands along the 237- kilometer coastline of the Atlantic Ocean between Cape Lookout and the southern North Carolina border. The island, characterized as having a low mesotidal shoreline (Hayes, 1979), has a mean tidal range of 1.35 meters. There is only one shore protection structure on the 13.2-kilometer-long beach--a short (about 24 meters) wooden bulkhead near profile line 4. Compar- ison of profile line measurements taken nearest the fishing pier east of profile line 10 with others along the beach indicates that the pilings and open truss works of the pier do not restrict littoral transport.
A massive dune ridge at the eastern end of the island is heavily vege- tated and extends west about one-fourth of the island's length (Cleary and Hosier, 1979) (Fig. 2); the central reach is narrower and backed by a single, low dune ridge. Finger canals have been dredged on the north side of the central reach to extend waterfront property, with access to the AIWW, for housing construction. The dredged material was used as fill before this construction. The eastern end of the island has experienced washovers and changes in inlet formation during severe storms. West of the finger canals, the final length of the island broadens and is composed of massive vegetated dunes and single or multiple dune ridges. Those adjacent to the inlets are probably associated with inlet migration, while those more inland are shaped
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and migrate under the influence of wind action (Dr. W. Cleary, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, personal communication, 1981). The width of the dunes varies, averaging 250 meters from the ocean to the AIWW with heights from 2.5 to 5 meters (Boc and Langfelder, 1977). Beach material is composed of clean, medium sand, moderately to moderately well sorted (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
b. Inlet History. Early maps and historical records dating to the 1850's of the Holden Beach area show at least two other inlets between Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets. Mary's Inlet, which cuts northeast through the island, was located about 5.8 kilometers west of Lockwoods Folly near profile line 9 (Fig. 2). Bacon's Inlet was located between profile lines 15 and 16 (Fig. 2). U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey coastal charts prepared in 1923 show both inlets open. Bacon's Inlet was closed by 1933, and some time between then and 1938, aerial photos indicated Mary's Inlet was closed. Neither has reopened (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
Hurricane Hazel in November 1954 was particularly devastating for the North Carolina coast. This storm caused two breakthroughs on Holden Beach— one near the site of the old Mary's Inlet, the other near the west end of the island. Both had filled by natural means by 1959. Some washovers occurred during intense storms in the late 1950's and early 1960's; however, 1974 aerial photos indicate Holden Beach was relatively stable during several pre- ceding years. The central part of the island, which is lowest and nar- rowest, is highly susceptible to washover or breakthrough, while the risk is considered moderate to none along the massive dunes at the eastern and western ends (Pilkey, Neal, and Pilkey, 1978; Cleary and Hosier, 1979). The Great East Coast Storm of March 1962 had no particular effect on Holden Beach. The center of that storm was located considerably north of Holden Beach, off the coast of New Jersey, and the orientation of the island protected it from the large storm-generated waves arriving from the north and northeast.
Shallotte and Lockwoods Folly Inlets have remained open but have shown considerable variability through the years. In 1859, Lockwoods Folly was located about 600 meters east of its present location (Fig. 3). Though the shorelines of the ends of Holden Beach and Long Beach on the other side of Lockwoods Folly Inlet have varied, as shown in Figure 3, the inlet position has remained fairly constant since 1923. Aerial photos from 1938 to 1972 show the inlet gorge extending southward from the AIWW and curving sharply eastward along the shore of Long Beach (Fig. 4) (Langfelder, et al., 1974; Baker, 1977; Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird, 1977). The exit channel, pre- sently maintained by the Corps of Engineers, is a southern extension of the natural channel through the existing bar. The shape of the bar indicates predominantly eastward littoral transport (Langfelder, et al., 1974; Machemehl, Chambers, and Bird, 1977).
The shape of Shallotte Inlet, as seen in successive aerial photos (Fig. 5), has varied more than Lockwoods Folly. The 1938 photo shows the inlet gorge oriented southwest; however, over the years a reorientation of the inlet dis- charge is shown toward the southeast along the western tip of Holden Beach. With the exception of dredging for the AIWW, which began before 1938, there has been no maintenance dredging in the inlet. This reorientation is probably associated with the AIWW and the increase in tidal flushing caused by the dredging of the channel behind the adjacent islands.
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Figure 3. Changes in Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1859-1972. Grid lines are the North Carolina coordinate system in feet (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
METERS Ce ee 1000 OFF 1000
J N |
Figure 4. Aerial photos of Lockwoods Folly Inlet, 1938-72 (Langfelder, et al., 1974).
16
1972
a METERS N 1000 ORE 1000
Figure 5. Aerial photos of Shallotte Inlet, 1938-72 (Langfelder, et al., 1974).
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2. Littoral Processes.
a. Wind Speed and Direction. Figure 6 compares the long-term average wind speed and direction at Wilmington, North Carolina, 56 kilometers north- east of Holden Beach, from 1948 to 1960 (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973), with the wind speed and direction during the study period (1970-74). The predominant winds, both in terms of duration and speed, occur from the southwest direction. Winds from the southwest were more persistent than normal and, in all cases, were more moderate than normal. There were no significant storms during the study period. Winds from the south and southwest predominate during the spring and summer months; north and north- east winds occur during the winter. All sections of Holden Beach are vulner- able to hurricane winds from the south and east (Carney and Hardy, 1967).
b. Wave Climate. A continuous-wire staff wave gage, installed on the fishing pier at Holden Beach in February 1971, recorded wave height and period for 1,024-second intervals every 4 hours through February 1975, as shown in Figure 7 (Thompson, 1977). Figure 8 shows monthly averages of significant wave heights and periods from April 1971 to December 1974 and the composite mean for the entire period; the vertical lines represent the standard deviation. Periods of calm, according to visual observations over the same period, comprised fewer than 1 percent of the readings. The highest average waves were observed in June, though this may be an anomalous month since only 1972 was recorded. Mean wave heights were greater than 60 centi- meters from February through August with the least mean height recorded in October. Mean wave periods for the interval were 7.38 seconds with longest periods in September and November and shortest during April, June, and July. The general wave height at Holden Beach is less severe than recorded by CERC wave gages to the north at Wrightsville Beach and south at Savannah, Georgia (Fig. 9). Holden Beach, exposed to the south, is protected from severe northeast storms and large, long-period ocean waves approaching from the east. Wrightsville Beach and Savannah are fully exposed to these waves (Fig. 1).
U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973) considered the direction and rate of littoral transport along the east end of Holden Beach and other beaches (Long Beach and Yaupon Beach) immediately to the east. Although several sources of wave data were evaluated, transport rates and directions were determined using computer-generated wave refraction data for selected combinations of wave heights, periods, and angles of approach. The Wilmington District concluded that the dominant direction of transport is west to east, and that the magnitude of the easterly component ranges is 2.5 to 3.5 times the westerly component.
Littoral Environment Observations (LEO) of breaker height, period, and angle to the shoreline at Holden Beach were recorded by a trained observer. These observations were made by the same person at the same general loca- tion along the beach (i.e., near profile line 16) throughout most of the study period. Before 1974, breaker angle was recorded as approaching from a sector rather than from a discrete direction (Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak, 1980). These data, which were later converted to the LEO format, assigned sectors 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to 12s 90°, and 108° clockwise from the
18
LEGEND (1948-1960) ( 1970-1974)
ne
PRED " \)
of wind speed and dir
Co; ection observed during BEP study (1970-74 inclusive) with the long-term average (1948-60) at Wilmington, North Carolina (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT (cm)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
1974) -————————J HH
6 1973 ——— FH 2
1972 ir
1971 SSS ——i
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. MayJune July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.
Figure 7. Recording periods of CERC wave gage on Holden Beach fishing pier near profile line 10.
(S) GOoldad SAVM
MONTH
Figure 8. Monthly average significant wave height (left) and period (right, shaded). Vertical lines are one standard devia- tion above and below mean.
20
JAN. i lyUN
& = an (ode iS Da = = => = > = — = . = = : : = = : - e = [=] ao) - (= @ 2 — = iS) % n =
Figure 9. Monthly average significant wave heights measured at Wrightsville Beach and Holden Beach, North Carolina, and off Savannah, Georgia (Thompson, 1977).
2|
shoreline with 0° to the left. Observations taken after 1974 corresponded to the LEO methodology (Szuwalski, 1970; Bruno and Hiipakka, 1974; Balsillie, 1975). At 90° waves approaching from directly offshore would result in no net longshore sand transport. Along Holden Beach, angles less than 90° are from the east
and greater than 90° from the west, producing transport westward and eastward, respectively.
The frequency of breaker approach indicates that net transport westward predominates. Table 1 provides the relative magnitude of littoral transport calculated for each month from 1971 to 1973. These values were determined from the longshore energy flux relationship (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1977) and can be shown to be proportional to wave height to the 5/2 power (2/2). The breaker angle was included only in the 1974 calculations, so the 1971-73 values and 1974 values should not be compared. The computed parameters do not represent actual transport rates, but provide relative rates and directions for each month. The estimates show that net longshore sand transport is actually westward. The table also shows that wave approach is predominantly fromtheeast. There were several cases, however, where waves from one direction were completely overpowered by large breakers from the opposite direction. These are footnoted in Table l.
III. METHODS Profile Lines and Monumentation.
Twenty-one profile lines extending from Lockwoods Folly Inlet to Shallotte Inlet were surveyed along Holden Beach. The location and spacing of the pro- file lines are shown in Figure 2. Except for a series of sandbag groins in- stalled near the east end of the island between profile lines 1 and 3 during 1973-74, there were no erosion control structures placed along the beach dur- ing the study period. Bulkheads invarying states of repair were present along the beach at profile lines 2, 3,and 4. Their effectiveness was not specifi- cally monitored during the study. The survey periods and number of surveys per profile line are given in Table 2.
a. Survey Procedures. The profile lines were relatively evenly spaced along Holden Beach with distances varying from a minimum of 565.1 to 638.1 meters. The horizontal and vertical datums for each profile line were estab- lished by the firm of Moorman and Little, Inc., Fayetteville, North Carolina, ‘for the Wilmington District. Actual profile line measurements were taken by the firm of W. W. Blanchard, Inc., Wallace, North Carolina. Monuments con- sisted of capped, galvanized pipes embedded in the dune or backshore area with reference ties measured to local cultural features where possible with third-order survey control providing the geodetic and state-plane coordinates of the monument. Vertical control at each profile line consisted of a third- order elevation of the top of the monument with respect to the National Geo- detic Vertical Datum of 1929. Documentation of each profile line monument, as well as ground photos of each site, is provided in Appendix A.
Surveying crews measured each profile line, using a level and tape tech- nique, and established a reference elevation at a fixed object such as the top of a log barricade, the foot spike on a telephone pole, or nail markers driven into the roadway. The survey proceeded seaward, approximately perpen- dicular to the shoreline, from the reference along the preselected azimuth,
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Table 1. Relative longshore energy flux (proportional to H 2) by
month from visual wave observations.
No. of observations
Approach from Flux toward 2a 108 West East Pct of month Year Onshore Calm (left) (right) (right) (left) observed 1971 (0) 6 38.7 0 2 21.4 0 7) 100. 0 4 76.7 0 3 51.6 1 3 90.0 0 3- 74.3 0 1 80.6 0 1 90.0 0 1 90.3 0 0 63.3 0 0 93.5 1972 0 1 93.5 0 4 93.1 0 2 100. 10) 4 100. 0 2 74.2 0 4 90.0 1 0 83.9 0 0 87.1 0 0 43.3 0 1 64.5 2 1 73.3 0 2 61.3 1973 0 8 1 80.6 0 5 0 Silat 0 5 2 74.2 0 5 2 93.3 0 1 2 90.3 1 9 0 100. 2 11 3 93.5 0 4 0 33.3 1 1 80.6 0 70.0 0 1 48.4 1974 0 77.4 0 80.6 0 36.7
Case where waves from one direction were completely overpowered by large breakers from the opposite direction.
2No observations.
23
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maintained by alinement of two separated, fixed objects. Readings were taken every 15 meters or at each break in the beach slope, then continued to
-0.6 meter MSL by a rodman. Surveys were timed to coincide with low tide to extend to that depth. Occasionally, however, extreme water levels or surf conditions prohibited seaward extension of the profiles. Readings were taken to the nearest 1.0 foot (0.3 meter) horizontally and 0.1 foot (0.03 meter) vertically. Occasionally it was necessary to move the level, so care was taken to document the elevation and new location.
b. Survey Frequency. The distributions of the profile line measurements by year and season and by month and season are shown in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. Each season is represented by at least one survey with autum and winter being the seasons of the least and most surveys, respectively.
Survey data were recorded in field notebooks. Range and elevation were computed by the note manin the field and then doublechecked by another member of the survey team. The detailed procedures for transcribing coding forms for computer processing are given in DeWall (1979, p. 15). All data were meticulously hand checked, and spurious points were either corrected or dis- carded. Profile data are shown in tabulated form in Appendix B.
c. Profile Analysis. Surveys of profile lines were analyzed by CERC and computer plots were generated for (1) change in MSL shoreline intercept (App. C), (2) above MSL change in unit volume between surveys (App. D), and (3) profile envelopes (App. E). Changes in the MSL intercept position were referred to the MSL position on the first survey of the study.
Volume changes were referred to the mean above MSL volume over the study period. The distance-elevation coordinates of the MSL contour intercept with the initial survey on each profile line are defined as the origin of a coordinate system to which all subsequent surveys are referred. Nega- tive distances indicate stations landward of the MSL intercept with the initial profile; positive distances indicate seaward stations.
The cross-sectional area of each profile was computed and bounded by three coordinate lines: (1) a vertical line projected from the landwardmost distance common to all surveys on a given profile line, (2) a horizontal line at the MSL elevation, and (3) the surveyed profile. The calculation was accomplished by summing 30.0-centimeter horizontal slices through the area from the highest elevation to MSL. The area change was then computed by sub- tracting the previous profile area from the measured profile area (Fig. 12). Note that the change in area (and volume) is referred to the previous survey and not the original survey. Cross-sectional areas were computed in square feet and then converted to unit volume in cubic meters per meter of shoreline.
Appendix E provides a profile envelope for each profile line. Each plot shows two lines drawn through the upper and lower extremes of the surveyed sand elevations on each profile line. The envelope of extremes contains points from different surveys, rather than trace a particular eroded or accreted profile found during one survey. This profile "sweep zone" is use- ful for designing the required depth of footings for coastal structures, burial depth for pipelines, and for other beach protection or improvement considerations.
The temporal and spatial variability of each profile was also evaluated using empirical eigenfunction analysis. This technique has been used in a
25
ith
hn
ac acl
Year
Figure 10. Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by year and season.
100
80-4
o fo}
No. of Surveys
h fe}
20
th
| ev
taal a
| Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
Figure 11. Frequency distribution of profile line surveys by month and season.
26
SURVEY A
SURVEY B
MSL- SHORELIN CHANGE
SUBAERIAL UNIT Cross- Sectional - | Unit Distance VOLUME = Area Change x Parallel to CHANGE Between Surveys AandB Shore
(m*/m) (m?) (1 m/m)
Figure 12. Definition of MSL shoreline change and above MSL unit volume change (from DeWall, 1979).
27
variety of scientific disciplines for many years (Lorenz, 1959), but it has only recently been applied to examining variability within the coastal zone. When applied to analysis of a profile line resurveyed over a period of time, the method is useful in determining the topographic variability in the onshore- offshore direction and in time. A comparison of the eigenfunctions of a series of profiles is useful in determining the longshore variability. The technique has been applied to studies on beaches, islands, and other coastal and bathy- metric features on both the Atlantic and ‘Pacific coasts (Winant, Inman, and Nordstrom, 1975; Vincent, et al., 1976; Resio, et al., 1977; Aubrey, 1979).
The objective of eigenfunction analysis is to separate the temporal and spatial dependence of the data set so that it can be represented as a linear combination of corresponding functions of time and space (Winant, Inman, and Nordstrom, 1975). This helps identify processes responsible for profile line changes, assists in evaluation of their relative importance, and aids the identification of specific events.
The shape of a single profile line changes between measurements in response to the many processes (e.g., waves, wind, water level, etc.) active on the beach. A careful evaluation of the profile line measured frequently over time may reveal systematic changes in its shape. Regular seasonal changes in profile area, for instance, were obvious on west coast beaches before being quantitatively confirmed by empirical eigenfunction analysis (Shepard, 1963; Aubrey, 1979). Along a single profile line, zones of maximum variation are to be expected in the region of maximum wave energy dissipation. This has also been confirmed by empirical eigenfunctions on west coast beaches (Aubrey, 1979). However, the technique does not explain the physical reason for the variability. In the case of beach profiles, the sand is moved in response to wave forcing in a manner which is assumed to be deterministic, or at least statistically predictable. It is hoped that since the wave forcing provides most of the variability, the eigenfunctions will reflect this mechanism. By examining the temporal structure of the beach eigenfunctions along with spatial structure, the decision can be made as to whether, in fact, the eigenfunctions represent some physically meaningful process. This has been shown to be the case in nearshore profile studies (Aubrey, 1979).
Profiles obtained during the BEP do not extend beyond about the -0.61-meter MSL shoreline. For that reason, beach variability associated with sediment motion and seasonal sand storage in the offshore zone, below MSL, are not included in the study and impose a limitation in the method of analysis. It is known that the breaker zone and nearshore are regions of active transport both onshore-offshore and alongshore. Offshore bars act as periodic storage areas for sand that is later supplied to the beach under favorable wave condi- tions. The time periods and detailed response of these regions cannot be determined from the available data.
IV. RESULTS 1. Temporal Variability. a. Long-Term Changes. The long-term erosion rates along Holden Beach have been studied by several investigators who compared the shoreline posi-
tions on historical maps and sequences of aerial photos. The net erosion along the east end of the island (beginning between profile lines 3 and 4)
28
from 1932 to 1970 is shown in Figure 13. This is the highest rate of erosion in Brunswick County, averaging about 4.5 meters per year from 1943 to 1970. Erosion rates over the rest of the island have been quite vari- able in time (Fig. 14). The shoreline of the eastern reach exhibited a recession rate of about 0.71 meter per year from 1942 to 1970. Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein (1968) and Langfelder, et al. (1974) used aerial photos to determine the recession of the high water line as well as the dune line. The erosion rate of both lines has been nearly the same since 1957 and approximately parallels the slope of the recession determined by U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (1973). All three studies indicate a marked change in the rate of erosion after the early 1960's. The positive slope
of the high water line during the latter years of the study indicate a sea- ward growth of 0.66 meter per year (broken line, Langfelder, et al., 1974) and 0.30 meter per year (solid line). A more recent study (Wahls, 1973) estimated the composite erosion rate (from Shallotte Inlet to Lockwoods Folly Inlet) of the dunes and shoreline as 0.6 and 1.5 meters per year from 1938 to 1972. The interval from 1966 to 1972, however, shows accretion of the dune and shoreline at annual rates of 1.71 and 0.15 meter per year, respectively.
The long-term erosion rate determined by aerial photo analysis of the southern North Carolina shoreline is presently being studied. Specific methods and expected reliability of the estimates obtained by the analysis are explained in Dolan, et al. (1979, 1980).
The erosion rate during the BEP study period was estimated from measured changes in above MSL volume and MSL shoreline position. Holden Beach was divided into three reaches, each similar in response to processes and in the degree of variability shown by the plots of volume and MSL intercept change (Apps. C and D, respectively). The three reaches are Lockwoods Folly (profile lines 1, 2, and 3), central (profile lines 4 to 18), and Shallotte (profile lines 19, 20, and 21).
Plots of the change in MSL intercept and above MSL sand volume with each successive measurement (Apps. C and D) give a qualitative indication of the temporal variability of each profile line. Superposition of plots shows many instances during which changes are of opposite sign, even at adjacent profile lines, suggesting that spatial variability is also quite large. Linear regres- sion analysis was used to evaluate the trends in shoreline position and volume with slopes for each profile line given in Table 3. Though a trend could be estabilished in each case, the coefficient of determination
R2 su R _ sum_of squares due to regression SS total sum of squares (corrected for mean)
was significant at the 95-percent level in only six of the profile lines along the central reach, indicated in Table 3. The proportion of total variation about the mean explained by linear regression is not significant at the 95- percent confidence level for the remaining profile lines.
The annual rates of change predicted by the regression lines of MSL posi- tion and unit volume are generally more extreme near the inlets than along the central reach. Since profile lines are almost evenly spaced along the beach, changes may be estimated by averaging the parameter of interest along the selected reach. The generalizations developed by this method should be applied
Ae)
P= N [igh Woter tine | nl
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Year
Figure 13. Cumulative change in high water line position east of profile line 4 (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
= — es —-
1974)
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Cumulative Change (ft)
oan ee wae
N
-80 -90 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Year
Figure 14. Comparison of cumulative change in position of high water line and dune line west of profile line 4 from aerial photo analysis (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). Solid line from Corps of Engineers study.
30
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only to the central reach, since bars and shoals develop near the inlets and beach nourishment operations greatly complicate the wave and transport regime along those reaches and invalidate the uniformity assumed along the central part of the island. Regression analysis indicates that the MSL shoreline is advancing seaward at slightly greater than 1 meter per year while the above MSL volume is decreasing by nearly 0.5 cubic meter per meter per year. A more thorough sand budget than can be developed from these data would be re- quired to confirm whether the MSL position is growing at the expense of the volume or by addition of sand from a source external from the island. If
the former is the case, however, the beach may be getting flatter, a condition that has implications for coastal flooding.
The changes in above MSL volume and in the MSL intercept for each survey period are averaged by reach in Tables 4 and 5. The standard deviation about the mean is also shown to identify periods when erosion or accretion was ubiquitous. The averaging process eliminates the variability between adja- cent profile lines which may be caused by measuring across a migrating coastal feature such as a cusp, rip channel, or sandbar. The presence of these can be determined by spacing profile lines more closely than the length scale of the feature itself. The changes in shoreline position and volume were deter- mined on an annual basis by summing the changes for each year. The result is the same as subtracting the shoreline position or volume from its value the previous year. The beginning date of 14 December 1970 and ending date of 3 December 1974 allowed computation of 4 complete years with comparable (within several days) annual intervals. This method yields annual rates of change of +0.15 meter per year and -4.81 cubic meters per meter per year for MSL inter- cept and volume, respectively. The slope of the first temporal eigenfunction (mean retained) provides another method of determining whether the measured beach profile is gaining or losing volume (Aubrey, 1979). There was no measur- able slope in this parameter for any of the profile lines along the central reach indicating that the trend, if any, is not significant over the study period.
The annual spatial variation in the position of the MSL intercept is shown relative to the 4-year mean MSL intercept for that profile line in Figure 15. The horizontal line represents the long-term (Nov. 1970-Dec. 1974) mean position of the MSL intercept measured from the reference monument. The circles are the annual mean, MSL position for each profile line for the year indicated (January to December), and the vertical bar represents one standard deviation in the annual fluctuation. The diagram is arranged from the perspective of an observer at sea looking shoreward. Lockwoods Folly Inlet and profile line 1 are, therefore, to the right. Increases in distance to the MSL shoreline (over the long-term mean) are indicated in the usual sense by the mark above the line. Only the central reach was analyzed in this way because of the extreme variability of the inlet reaches. The sum of the annual means does not exactly equal zero because the long-term mean included profile line measurements taken in November and December 1970. The horizontal line provides a useful reference to compare the annual movement in MSL position. Profile line measurements were evenly distributed during each of the years so no single year biased the long-term mean.
Most of the annual means fall within one standard deviation of the long- term mean. The only exceptions are profile lines 13 (1972) and 4 (1974),
ge
Table 4. Change in above MSL sand volume (m3/m) averaged over each reach between the dates indicated.
Survey date
Lockwoods Foll Shallotte
Before Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.
6.38 11.87
aad cf
20.77 54.83
=
i)
8 9 8 0 7 9 1 6 4 3
Tpeach nourishment at profile line 2 during interval.
Profile line 11 missing.
2 3profile lines 1] and 17 missing. 4
Profile line 17 missing.
33
Table 5. Change in position of MSL intercept (m) averaged over each reach between the dates indicated.
Before
om w e WERAKOUDDMwLD
. UnMNOW@MWwW UNNeK DUE
&
3. 3 3 7 7. 7 6 3 4
uw
Profile line 21 missing. Profile line 11 missing. Profile line 17 missing.
34
Distance (m)
o Sat Q =] iz) @ 2) -I0 — Ee -15 = © s 2 5 IS -10 10 -15 1974 5 0 ai o§ °o oO 5 - 3 -10 -15 (a NM BMS BI w GB Bow Rw WO 8) Bier 89S 4 SB 2 f q Shallotte } ; : Lockwoods —» rare Profile line No. Folly Inlet
Figure 15. Displacement distance and standard deviation of annual mean, MSL intercept from long-term mean (Nov. 1970-Dec. 1974), MSL intercept at each profile line (1971-74).
35
both of which show large increases in MSL distance. There is no obvious reason for these radical departures from the long-term mean.
The year 1971 shows a general landward migration of the mean, MSL intercept with increases only at profile lines 8 and 18. During 1972, the mean MSL was more variable, with recession along the eastern half of the island (profile line 9 excepted) and both gains and losses on the western half. The annual mean during 1973 was very near the long-term mean while 1974 shows a marked increase in the MSL shoreline at almost all profile lines.
b. Seasonal Changes. Beaches on the west coast undergo seasonal cycles in response to changing wave and storm conditions with profile shapes char- acteristic of the summer and winter season. Studies of beach shape have shown that the 'winter profile'' has almost no berm since steep waves shift the sand offshore to form a series of sandbars parallel to shore. ‘The "summer profile" is characterized by a wide berm and by a smooth offshore profile with no bars except, possibly, in deep water. These seasonal pro- file shapes are more characteristic of storm and recovery cycles on east coast beaches (Komar, 1976). The length of the Holden Beach profile lines is not sufficient to show offshore sandbars. Seasonal cycles in MSL inter- cept and above MSL sand volume have been shown on east coast beaches (Goldsmith, Farrell, and Goldsmith, 1974; Everts and Czerniak, 1977; DeWall, Pritchett, and Galvin, 1977; DeWall, 1979; Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak, 1980).
The seasonal cycle is evident in the above MSL sand volume change averaged across the central reach (Fig. 16). The amount of erosion or accretion for each year was obtained by summing the volume change for the dates and years indicated and averaging these seasonal values for profile lines 4 through 18. This analysis shows that sand is removed from the beach, either toward the inlets or to below MSL, during the autumn and win- ter and replaced during spring and summer. The direction and degree of
motion, whether longshore or onshore-offshore, were not determined from these data.
EROSION ACCRETION
- 9 Mar. 1971 Winter - 20 Mari972 - 15 Mar.j973
5 Dec.- 4 Mar.1974
Spring 9 Mar.- 7 Junel97I 20 Mar.- 9 Junel972 1S Mar. ~ 14 June i973
4 Mar.~ 30 May I974
Summer 7 June ~ 31 Aug. 1971 9 June - 29 Sept. 1972
14 June - 8 Oct. 1973 30 May - 30 Sept.1974
31 Aug. 14 Dec. 197! Autumn 29 Sept.- 11 Dec 1972
[] 8 oct.-5 dec. 1973 . 30 Sept.- 3 Oec.1974
MSL. UNIT VOLUME CHANGE (m¥/m)
Figure 16. Seasonal changes in above MSL volume averaged over the central reach.
36
Empirical eigenfunction analysis has been used successfully to show seasonal trends from beach profile data collected at Torrey Pines Beach, California (Aubrey, 1979). A similar analysis applied to the Holden Beach data set indicates a clear seasonal cycle in the first temporal demeaned eigenfunction for only four (profile lines 8, 10, 12,and 16) of the pro-
file) dine's) «(Figs 17).
Profile oo4line 16 .
Profile 00T1ine 12
Profile ES 907 1ine 10
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
Figure 17. Seasonal trend in selected beach profiles, shown by the first temporal eigenfunction with the
mean removed.
c. Short-Term Changes.
(1) Dredging Operations. The Wilmington District has performed maintenance dredging along the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) for a number of years. Holden Beach residents speculated that continued dredg- ing in the Lockwoods Folly channel exacerbated the already severe erosion problem at that end of the island. They argued that disposal of the mate- rial on the mainland shore removed a source of sand which, under certain conditions, protected or even nourished the island beach, so since 1967 the dredged material has been deposited along the east end of Holden Beach. Dredging operations with material being pumped across the island and depos— ited near profile line 2 are shown in the 1971 aerial photo in Figure 2. _
Dredging records are incomplete for the BEP study period. Table 6 provides dredging dates with the available volumes either given or estimated. There were other reported dredging periods when material was not deposited
on Holden Beach.
37
Table 6. Dredging record at Lockwoods Folly Inlet during BEP study.
Dredging period Annual volume (m3)
las shown in August 1971 aerial photo (Fig. 2). Baer ooed based on dredging rate of 1,530 cubic meters per day. Annual volume from two contracts.
The results of the beach fill are evident in the volume and MSL intercept changes observed at profile line 2 (Apps. C and D), and also in the averaged beach changes along the Lockwoods Folly reach (Tables 4 and 5). The effect of the fill appears to be temporary since the mean change in Lockwoods Folly reach is a loss except during nourishment periods.
A series of 16 sandbag groins, placed along the east end of the island in December 1972, were monitored approximately monthly until July 1974, using beach profile measurements and aerial photos (Machemehl, 1977). Evidence indicates the program did little to retard erosion. There was no sign of the groins along the beach in October 1980.
(2) Storms. A tabulation of storms revealed that 71 hurricanes which may have affected the study area occurred along the southern North Carolina coast from 1804 to 1971, an average of 1 hurricane every 2.4 years (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). Complete records of coastal impacts do not exist for the earlier storms. Hurricane Hazel, which occurred in October. 1954, has been identified as the "most destruc-— tive and damaging storm that’ has struck the North Carolina coast in over 50 years'"' (U.S Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973, p. A-17). The storm made landfall near the North Carolina-South Carolina State line and caused a storm surge of 4.6 meters above MSL or 2.1 meters above the aver- age topographic elevation of the barrier island masses. Damages to Long Beach, Holden Beach, and Ocean Isle Beach were estimated in 1954 at $8.76 million (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973).
East coast storms which may have affected the BEP study period are given in Table 7. The wind events were selected from observations at Wilmington, North Carolina (Fig. 1), and represent periods when the recorded velocity was greater than 10 meters per second for 4 consecutive hours. Water level records, available for most of the study period, were also taken at Wilmington. The 27 storms caused a net loss of sand volume over the central reach. It is evident that not all of the storms caused
38
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erosion. There was a net gain in sand volume over each of the inlet reaches during these storm periods.
High water levels and wind-generated waves combine to cause beach erosion. Holden Beach, exposed southward and partially protected from the southeast by Frying Pan Shoals, is not affected by northeast storms as much as the other parts of the coast exposed eastward. However, high water levels and strong winds from the southwest-to-southeast direction can be expected to cause erosion.
Ten erosion or accretion events were selected from 14 events iden- tified (6 erosion and 8 accretion) for close study in an attempt to dis- tinguish the conditions which cause erosion from those associated with accretion. The criterion for selection was that the standard deviation of the volume change along the central reach was less than the mean during that interval. Two of each event occurred during identified storm periods (Table 7, footnote 3). The events are presented in order of the greatest net volume loss and gain.
(a) 30 September-3 December 1974. The most severe erosion event of the entire study period was recorded during the last survey of the pro- gram. A sand loss was recorded at all profile lines except for profile line 3, with a maximum loss at profile line 2 (-42.7 cubic meters per meter). Maximum and minimum losses in the central reach were -21.42 and -8.03 cubic meters per meter calculated at profile lines 14 and 4, respectively. The wind record during the interval (Fig. 18) showed no unusual events to account for such a change, and no visual wave observations or sea level data were available to document conditions during the interval.
(b) 14 January-8 February 1971. Wind conditions and relative
water levels recorded at Wilmington are shown in Figure 19; visual wave observations are given in Table 8. This interval had strong winds occur about 27 January offshore with a strong longshore component to the east. The highest water level during the interval occurred just before this date. No unusual conditions were indicated in wave observations, which were avail- able for only about 30 percent of the time early in the interval. Erosion was general along the central reach with a maximum and minimum of —17.83 and -5.46 cubic meters per meter at profile lines 7 and 8, respectively. This observation at adjacent profile lines emphasizes the longshore vari- ability in erosion. Observed conditions during this erosion period did
not appear to be substantially different from those during periods of accre-., tion, which suggests that water level and wind conditions measured at Wilmington are not well correlated with changes at Holden Beach.
(c) _29 September-1l December 1972. No storms or particular events
during this interval appeared solely responsible for the erosion (Fig. 20). However, several wind events were persistent for several days, and these
can be visually correlated with higher water levels. Onshore winds occurred 19-22 November and again 25-28 November; such winds may pile water against the coast to produce high water levels and generate local waves which cause erosion. Erosion during this interval resulted in a sand loss ranging
from -14.2 to -1.8 cubic meters per meter at profile lines 9 and 5, respec- tively. During the same interval, both inlet reaches experienced a net gain in sand volume.
40
18 E Y 5 E a 2 aa Y Y V : MY o y > S = Survey
-12
5 30 | 5 10 15 Sept. 1974 Oct. 1974
18 2 E 5 i ’, a Q WP eI Rs of YU = o id TI o / ) (S) Zz S =
18
20 oct.19742° 507m! > Nov. 1974
O ~ E (ja) lu uJ a (op) (ja) Zz =
20 ZS) |) \ 30
Na
1@)
5 Nov. 1974 'Dec.1974 >
Figure 18. Wind velocity recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina,
between 30 September-3 December 1974.
4
20
: Vda Las <= ns eo Ul TTT A : ail mr" AVACVOURVCNTUULTIVVOT
Figure 19. Wind velocity and water level during erosion event recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, between
survey dates 14 January-8 February 1971.
Visual wave observations of erosion and accretion events at Holden Beach during BEP study.
Table 8.
Wave direction aroe Energy flux toward
90° 108° Pct Offshore | Calm Rees (right) Onshore West East complete
Erosion
30 Sept.- 3 Dec. 1974!
14 Jan. - 8 Feb. 1971 0.29
29 Sept.-11 Dec. 1972 64
28 Mar. -13 Apr. 1973 100
9 June -25 June 1972 81 Accretion
12 Nov. -14 Dec. 1970!
13 Apr. -14 June 1970 90
13 Apr. - 9 June 1972 91
5 Aug. -29 Sept.1972 64
15 June -12 July 1973 97
No visual wave data.
42
yaaa
nya ETCH ry
" Lan Hn a
oT TTT
Sone it Nov. 1972
Z Q 25 5 10 Oct. Ss o = E 8 a Wi WW a 5 a Zz =
ap “te Mi mn
DAVEY UUVEVT TUT AVIVA TVVTT
ey Nov.1972 a 4
Figure 20. Wind velocity an lev rded at Wilmington, Nor
ty, h Carolina, 58 Pas ept ee a RSs ember 1972.
43
(d) 28 March-13 April 1973 and 9-25 June 1972. Wind and water
level records for the remaining two erosion periods are shown in Figures
21 and 22. Both intervals showed instances of relatively strong onshore winds combined with high water levels. Both also exhibited strong longshore winds which may be instrumental in developing obliquely incident waves or wind-driven currents which increased littoral transport.
(e) 14 November-14 December 1970. The largest mean increase in volume occurred along the central reach during this interval. Winds were mainly onshore but never severe (Fig. 23). The strongest winds (about 7.6 meters per second) occurred from the north on 25 November during a period of low water level. The highest water during the interval occurred about 30 November to 1 December during light and variable winds. The increase in sand volume along the central reach was general during the interval with maximum and minimum of 17.6 and 1.1 cubic meters per meter at profile lines 7 and 17, respectively. In spite of the large net gain, profile lines 1 and 2 experienced a loss of sand.
+ AMUN
Figure 21. Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 28 March- 13 April 1973.
44
H m)
= {ible
il VT ll WUT y
June 1972
Figure 22. Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North ReLeee 9-25 June USES
PEED (m/s)
LANA
VT Tay TTT FAVYOCV THAIN VUE AVAT TT yyy
Figure 23. Wind velocity and wate ae ecorded at Wilmington, North Carolina, 12 Nove see - wh December 1970.
45
(f) 13 April-14 Jume 1973. Winds during almost the entire inter- val were onshore with several instances of strong winds and high water levels (Fig. 24), which occurred 27 April and again 28 May (Table 7). Dur- ing other periods, however, strong onshore winds were associated with rela- tively low water. The 10 days before the final survey showed steady onshore winds at a maximum of 3.5 meters per second. Accretion was general along the central reach except at profile lines 15 and 18 which showed slight volume losses. The maximum gain of 19.0 cubic meters per meter occurred at profile line 4.
(g) 13 April-9 June 1972. Onshore winds occurred during most of the interval with strong offshore winds occurring about 26 May (Fig. 25). Water levels were high during strong onshore winds 14 May, but for 5 of the 7 days before the final survey, water was low and onshore winds were gentle. Maximum and minimum volume changes were 19.7 and -4.1 at profile lines 17 and 5, respectively. Erosion was general along the Shallotte reach.
(_h) 5 August-29 September 1972 and 14 Jume-12 July 1973. The remain-
ing two accretion periods showed light onshore or variable winds during several days before the final survey (Figs. 26 and 27).
2. Spatial Variability.
Shoreline and volume changes along Holden Beach occur much more rapidly and to a greater degree in the inlet reaches than along the central reach (Tables 4 and 5). The variability is apparently associated with the flow and transport processes through the inlet. Systematic migrating wavelike features were inferred by Everts, DeWall, and Czerniak (1980) to exist along Ludlam Beach, New Jersey. These features, observed from a 10-year record of beach profile measurements, apparently remain intact near inlets and while traversing groin fields. The presence of migrating topography on Holden Beach was tested using the method of these authors. The results were negative. It is possible that migrating features exist but are trans- parent on an annual time scale.
Changes in the MSL shoreline position, compared by successive surveys (Fig. 28), suggest migrating features during several surveys (e.g., 15 Feb.-28 Mar. 1972, etc.). The effects of dredge fill on the MSL shoreline change are clearly shown in the 8 February 1971, 31 September 1971, and 29 September 1972 measurements. Dates along the right of Figure 28 are those of the later survey used to determine the change. The observed features, if real, may have been caused by migrating rhythmic topography Such as sandbars or cusps. Migration rates varied from 17 to 30 meters per day.
The mean beach slope measured at MSL along Holden Beach increases westward along the central reach from a value of 1:30 at profile line 5 to 1:20 at profile line 14 (Fig. 29). Though the difference is not great, in the absolute sense, it is statistically significant (at t level) and reflects alongshore differences in beach conditions. These differ- ences could be caused by varying energy, possibly due to wave alterations over bathymetric features not seen in this study or by inlet modification. Longshore grain-size information was not available to test for systematic
46
maa i cr
TY Ty VV TV WV
z it Nn
ood WIVTTIVITTVT a ETT ETT ATTTTT VT ETTT CTV T TOTTI AAT
Figure 24. Wi i velocity and water level rded at Wilmington,
North Carolina, 13 Apri i 14 June “1973.
47
= ii al ?
= PAVAACVVAGRANVVUHREURAATRIRECAVHVGHAVRRVVGWIRUTTATIT
" i
100 STM HOVTV YTV vv VN Nae HiT]
Survey
eile SSAA 0 ii PE S May i972, Ba = a ° une 1972 ‘ Fig 25 Wind locity and water level recorded Wilming rth Carolina, 13 April-9 June 1972.
N 10 qe E a fry} ) a no a = S > 18
ae iy ETA nT
ei LEAL TIT TTY]
WwW E a = 5 10 15 25 30 A
10 ug. 1972 Q 5 ; E a Q Ww a w BB =
18
Survey
20
= Se Mul
E00 1 IAMIUPAVCOURAATT ERRATA
ure 26. 2 nd v elo ae and wa levei recorded at
ilmingto rth Ca ate 5 August Bs Sept EAepe ae
EF
EED (m/s)
a 72) Ss fa)
enone
elit AT
Figure 27. Wind velocity and water level recorded at Wilmington, North Car ein Tene 12 July 1973.
ey 12/03/74 _~— — ee SCs: 330/74 ae ee enn | EIB TD
5/30/74 iS OREN, Ca FA eee Se TR UN ee OS ee ae 3/04/74 —_—_—_—_”: \XnkseKrrreecrrrr 2/04/74 Ol SS 1/07/74 NN Sees 12/05/72
10/08/72
rs [o) rT. nee 4/12/72 Hw aw ee Srna 3/28/72 4 ee ee ee eee lonee iS) SX r—__— 2/15/72 ee 1/15/73 a ——_——— rm _’) _—vO DOr ae, 12/11/72 = 9°29/72 2S ee HE = a a a 6/25/72 Q GAD TZ Zz Ce 4/13/72 = — 00 O00 eee eee 3/20/72 =) -_-erereeoooro 2/08/72 Sr Se en EE 1/03/72 ee 12/14/71 eee SS ee 871 8/09/71 pe Ss Ee PE eS ee) A Ee en es NE OY a ee ee ee ee ee BOT Eee ee SE SE ee ODI 09/71 -102 2/08/71 a “1/14/71 o Q 12/14/70 P=) F +1 68
Zale Oe ORS See loan G lS spe) 4913 pel Z ip lee Oa o. Say TG Sema ese Zen
ED, Shallotte Profile Line No. Lockwoods — Inlet Folly Inlet
Figure 28. Change in MSL intercept along Holden Beach on successive survey dates. Perspective is that of observer looking northward from offshore. Increase in MSL position is sea- ward.
5!
O12 Ol 0.10
0.09 0.08
0.07
e ° 8
° (eo) a
0.04
Slope at MS
0.03
0.02
0.01
Als: ZO. i) ey TS BB 1 las To "Oo B76 SS & ss 2 | <q Shallotte
Lockwoods Folly_y»
Profile line No. Inlet
Figure 29. Beach foreshore slope averaged over the study period. Vertical lines are one standard deviation below the mean. Linear trend is the regression, by eye, of the means along the central reach.
52
variations in that parameter. The slopes of profile lines nearest the two inlet throats (profile lines 1 and 21) show the greatest slope of the study area. The mean slopes at profile lines 2 and 3 have been artificially altered by the beach fill operation.
V. DISCUSSION
1. Profile Changes.
Holden Beach, exposed toward the south and partially protected from large waves from the east by Frying Pan Shoals, is spared the severe ero- sion caused by east and northeast storms, which arrive along the North Carolina coast mainly during the autumn and winter months. These storms remove large amounts of sand from beaches along the Outer Banks and those shorelines exposed toward the east.
The relative position of the annual mean, MSL intercept (Fig. 15) re- flects the number of storm occurrences during the year of measurement (Table 7). The erosion observed over 1971 took place during the year with the largest number of identified storm events, while the increase in MSL intercept over 1974 is correlated with the fewest storms. Changes in sand volume and MSL intercept show extreme variability along the three profile lines comprising each inlet reach, but both have resulted in considerable increases. The limit of significant influence of the inlets, if such exists, has not been determined by these studies. The selection of the inlet reaches, however, provides a convenient separation point based on demonstrated vari- ability. These two measurements are also quite variable along the central reach, but regression analysis and evaluation of the annual change show the MSL position to be extending seaward while the volume decreases. The total annual loss in volume along the central reach (rate of volume change times total length) is approximately balanced by the gains at the two inlet reaches. A similar computation using the regression estimates indicates the volume gains at the inlets are each 3 to 4 times greater than the loss along the cen- tral reach. The island appears to be gaining sand volume at the ends while losing volume along the center. The MSL intercept is also progressing sea- ward more rapidly at the inlet areas. Plots of the actual beach profiles were compared for 14 December 1970 and 4 December 1974. Though possibly not indicative of the entire 4-year span, each set of measurements was taken after a storm (Birkemeier, 1979) so the general beach condition may be compar- able. The earlier profiles were characterized by steep foreshore slopes and a backshore area that was convex upward. This was backed by the coastal dune, present in both surveys. The 4 December 1974 profiles showed an off- shore bar along most of the central reach with a backshore concave upward, a condition more typical of the storm profile. A considerable volume of sand was removed above MSL and deposited in the offshore bar while the MSL inter- cept was extended seaward. The actual volume change at the -0.9-meter MSL datum appears to be very small, but the beach face was considerably lowered and extended. If the long-term change in the central reach is toward a lower backshore and extended foreshore, the island may be developing a greater sus— ceptibility to dune erosion by direct wave attack during a storm accompanied by high water and large waves. Future studies of beach volume changes should extend farther into the offshore zone to measure the storage of sand in bars. The rates of change of both MSL intercept and above MSL volume measured here
53
are small compared to the short-term variability so the direction of the trend, if any, is not clearly shown by this data set. A longer record may be necessary to establish a convincing trend.
The seasonal nature of the above MSL volume was shown in Figure 16. The material removed from the beach during the autumn and winter is apparently replaced (or nearly so) during spring and summer. Extending the profile lines below MSL would allow determination of the offshore changes which have been shown to be important in the beach process. It is possible that the volume change of an extended profile line measured relative to some below MSL datum would be zero if material removed from the beach is stored in the offshore within the range of profile line measurement. Empirical eigenfunction anal- ysis is very useful in showing the regions where changes in beach shape take place. Aubrey (1979) demonstrated that the second temporal eigenfunction showed removal of beach material from onshore and storage in the offshore zone at Torrey Pines Beach. Unless profile line measurements are taken with the method of analysis in mind, it is only fortuitous that a "higher order" analysis technique, which is more powerful and sophisticated, will provide additional insights. The application of empirical eigenfunctions to the Torrey Pines data was fruitful because the study was designed, in part, to develop and test the method. Empirical eigenfunctions did not provide in- sights into Holden Beach processes that were not available through more traditional and straightforward analysis methods, but the reasons may be due more to the limitations of the data than to the technique. Though not use- ful fer the Holden Beach data, there are indications that empirical eigen- functions will be helpful in the interpretation of temporal and spatial vari- ability of other data in this series.
The results of this study suggest that Holden Beach has at least three separate systems to be investigated and interrelated in order to understand processes, such as differences in response to environmental forces (erosion rates, variability of profile changes, and mean slopes) along the beach. These are the Lockwoods Folly reach (profile lines 1 through 3) the central reach (profile lines 4 through 18) and the Shallotte reach (profile lines 19 through 21). Refraction of waves around shoal area, strong tidal currents, and shifting channels near inlet reaches require special, localized observations.
Changes observed along-the central reach were visually correlated with wind and water level records taken at Wilmington. These correlations were not altogether satisfactory because of the location of Wilmington relative to Holden Beach; direct wind and water level observations at the site would have shown a more reliable correlation with beach changes.
The identified erosion events were fairly well correlated with high water levels and strong winds during an observation period. The conditions which cause accretion, however, are not easily identified since high water levels and strong onshore winds occurred during these intervals as well. Accretion events seemed to be correlated with gentle onshore winds occur- ring for several days before the survey (Figs. 23 to 27). Profile line measurements must be taken more frequently in order to isolate the effects of individual events.
54
Investigations have shown that considerable beach changes occur below MSL, in and beyond the breaker zone. Sand observed on the upper parts of the beach during summer months may be removed and stored in offshore sand- bars or transported alongshore during the stormier periods. Material appears to be removed from Holden Beach on a seasonal cycle; however, dur- ing the 4-year period, more was returned to the beach than was removed.
The fate of the material lost is uncertain. Direct visual observations of waves during the study period indicate transport from east to west is two
to three times greater than from west to east, a direction in opposition
to that reported from Long Beach and Yaupon Beach (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). The transport from Long Beach and Yaupon Beach was based on a wave refraction analysis which systematically eliminated waves from
the east and southeast. The remaining waves caused eastward littoral drift. The Holden Beach estimate, though based on once-daily visual observations, is not complete for the entire period. It is quite possible for large waves from one direction for a single day to overcome the estimated transport of smaller waves for several days. The importance of complete, frequent, and accurate wave observations, which include period, height, and breaker angle, cannot be overestimated for making predictions of transport direction and rate.
2. Civil Engineering Implications.
Before 1973, the east end of Holden Beach was identified as having the highest erosion rate of any beach area in Brunswick County. This severe condition damaged the end of a road and caused the removal of six houses (U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, 1973). The addition of fill material at profile line 2 appears to have been effective in reducing the erosion at the end of the island during the study period. At least 280 000 cubic meters of sand was added to the beach from 1970 to 1974. An increase in sand volume is evident along the east end of the central reach, suggest- ing that the fill was effective in nourishing that end of the island.
Currently, there are no shore protection structures along the beach which interfere with the transport of sand. The sand loss along the central reach during 1971 and 1974 was relatively great and contributed substantially to the net 4-year loss in that zone which is evident in spite of the fact that the study interval was more quiescent than the long-term mean. More thorough Studies should be made before any engineered alterations of the beach in order to resolve the ambiguity in littoral transport rates and direction.
The profile envelopes (App. E) show that the sweep zones of the beach profiles measured at MSL are greatest in the inlet reaches, obtaining magni- tudes of more than 3 meters at profile lines 2 and 21. Along the central reach, however, the sweep zones are less than 1 meter. This vertical excur- sion of the profile must be considered in the engineering design of pipelines and other coastal structures. This study emphasizes the extreme variability of beaches near inlets as opposed to those along unbroken beach segments.
Though washovers have not occurred along Holden Beach since Hurricane Hazel, the central, low-lying part of the island, which is narrow, may become more Subject to washovers during storms. Coastal modifications which exacer- bate this condition must be avoided.
55
VI. SUMMARY
A total of 815 profile line surveys were taken at 21 locations along the 13.2-kilometer south-facing shoreline of Holden Beach, North Carolina, from November 1970 to December 1974. The average width of the narrow barrier island is 250 meters, terminated at the east and west end by Lockwoods Folly and Shallotte Inlets, respectively. The profile lites along the beach were evenly spaced with minimum and maximum distances of 565 and 638 meters. Average spacing was 610 meters. This spacing was convenient for calculating total beach sand volume changes since profile distances did not have to be weighted. ;
The beach profile data were used to determine changes in above MSL sand volume, changes in MSL shore, and profile envelopes. The parameters were analyzed to determine beach changes during the survey period and those caused by individual storms. Additional wave, wind and water level data were pro- vided by visual observation, local wave gages, and from recording devices in Wilmington, North Carolina. Fewer storms than average occurred during the study period for this region, and recorded winds were more moderate.
The beach face was divided into three reaches, based upon the variability of the profile line changes during the study period. The two inlet reaches each contained three profile lines with the remainder in the central reach. The beach slope at MSL along the central reach increased from a value of 1:30 at the east end to 1:17 at the west end. The MSL intercept averaged across the central reach varied from +8.99 meters (9 June 1972) to -13.17 meters (3 December 1974). Linear regression analysis indicates the MSL shoreline is advancing at a rate of 1.18 meters per year while the above MSL volume is decreasing at 0.44 cubic meter per meter per year. The direction of change is supported by analysis on an annual basis though the rates are an order of magnitude different; 0.15 meter per year and 4.8 cubic meters per meter per year, respectively. These estimates should be treated with caution since short term variability is quite large and the coefficient of determination calculated for linear regression is small. Empirical eigenfunction analysis applied to the data did not indicate other systematic modes of variability.
The profile lines in the inlet reaches showed the greatest variability in all calculated parameters. The beach nourishment operation at profile line 2 from 1971 to 1974 was intended to reduce the high erosion rate pre- viously observed at the east end of the island. The approximately 280 000 cubic meters of sand placed on the beach during the study period contributed to the net gains in volume and shoreline position along the Lockwoods Folly reach and may have influenced the beach shape at the east end of the central reach. The Shallotte reach showed even more substantial gains without the benefit of artificial nourishment.
A seasonal trend was evident in the change in above MSL sand volume. Losses occurred during the autumn and winter, and gains were measured during spring and summer. Volume losses along the central reach were greater than gains while the reverse was true for both inlet reaches. The visual wave observations were not complete enough to calculate the magnitude of littoral transport. Estimates of alongshore energy flux suggest, however, that the westward transport is two to three times greater than the eastward transport.
56
LITERATURE CITED
AUBREY, D.G., "Seasonal Patterns of Onshore/Offshore Sediment Movement,” Journal of Geophystcal Research, Vol. 84, No. C10, Oct. 1979, pp. 6347- 6354.
BAKER, S., "The Citizen's Guide to North Carolina's Shifting Inlets," UNC Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-77-08, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., Mar. 1977.
BAKER, S., "Storms, People and Property in Coastal North Carolina," UNC Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-78-15, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., Aug. 1978.
BALSILLIE, J.H., "Surf Observations and Longshore Current Prediction,” TM-58, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Nov. 1975.
BIRKEMEIER, W.A., "Beach Evaluation Program Storm Data Summary," U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., unpublished, July 1979.
BOC, S.J., and LANGFELDER, J., "An Analysis of Beach Overwash Along North Carolina's Coast," Report No. 77-9, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1977.
BRUNO, R.O., and HIIPAKKA, L.W., "Littoral Environment Observation Pro- gram in the State of Michigan," Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1974, pp. 492-507 (also Reprint 4-74, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., NTIS 777 706).
CARNEY, C.B., and HARDY, A.V., "North Carolina Hurricanes," Weather Bureau, ESSA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1967.
CLEARY, W. J., and HOSIER, P.E., 'Geomorphology, Washover History, and Inlet Zonation: Cape Lookout, NC to Bird Island, NC," Barrier Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, S.P. Leatherman, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 237-171.
DeWALL, A.E., "Beach Changes at Westhampton Beach, New York, 1962-73," MR 79-5, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1979.
DeWALL, A.E., PRITCHETT, P.C., and GALVIN, C.J., Jr., "Beach Changes Caused. by The Atlantic Coast Storm of 17 December 1970," TP 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1977,
DOLAN, R., et al., ‘The Reliability of Shoreline Change Measurements from Aerial Photographs ,'' Shore and Beach, Vol. 48, No. 4, Oct. 1980, pp. 22-29.
DOLAN, R., et al., "Shoreline Erosion Rates Along the Middle Atlantic
Coast of the United States," Geology, Vol. 7, No. 12, Dec. 1979, pp. 602-606.
ONG
DRAPER, N.R., and SMITH, H., Applied Regresston Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1966.
EVERTS, C.H., and CZERNIAK, M.T., "Spatial and Temporal Changes in New Jersey Beaches," Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments '77 Conference, American Soctety of Civil Engineers, 1977, pp. 444-459 (also Reprint 78-9, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., NTIS AO51 578).
EVERTS, C.H., DeWALL, A.E., and CZERNIAK, M.T., "Beach and Inlet Changes at Ludlum Beach, New Jersey," MR 80-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1980.
GOLDSMITH, V., FARRELL, S.C., and GOLDSMITH, Y.E., "Shoreface Morphology Study, The South End of Long Beach Island, Little Beach Island, and the North End of Brigantine Island," Dames and Moore, Inc., Oct. 1974.
HAYES, M.O., "Barrier Island Morphology as a Function of Tidal and Wave Regime," Barrter Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mextco, S.P. Leatherman, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 1-27.
KOMAR, P.D., Beach Processes and Sedimentatton, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1976.
LANGFELDER, L.J., STAFFORD, D., and AMEIN, M., "A Reconnaissance of Coastal Erosion in North Carolina,'"' Department of Civil Engineering Report, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1968.
LANGFELDER, L.J., et al., "A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets,"' Report No. 74-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1974.
LORENZ, E.N., "Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Statistical Weather Prediction," Report No. 1, Statistical Forecasting Project, Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1959.
MACHEMEHL, J.L., "An Engineering Evaluation of Low Cost Stabilization Proj- ects in Brunswick County, North Carolina," Proceedings of the Coastal Sedtments '77 Conference, Amertcan Soctety of Ctvtl Engineers, 1977, pp. 696-715.
MACHEMEHL, J.L. CHAMBERS, M., and BIRD, N., "Flow Dynamics and Sediment Movement in Lockwood Folly Inlet, North Carolina," UNC Sea Grant Publica- tion UNC-SG-77-11, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., June 1977.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, Unpublished data, National Climatic Center Wind Recording Station, Wilmington, N.C., 1971-74.
NEUMANN, C.J., et al., ‘Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean,
1871-1977,'' U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C., 1978.
58
PILKEY, O.H., Jr., NEAL W.J., and PILKEY, 0.H.,Sr., From Currituck to Calabash: Living with North Carolina's Barrier Islands, North Carolina Science and Technology Research Center, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1978.
RESIO, D.T., et al., "Systematic Variations in Offshore Bathymetry," Journal of Geology, Vol. 85, 1977. pp. 105-113.
SHEPARD, F.P., Submarine Geology, Harper and Row, New York, 1963.
SZUWALSKI, A., “Littoral Environment Observation Program in California, Preliminary Report," MP 2-70, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1970.
THOMPSON, E.F., "Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts," TR 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1977.
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Shore Protection Manual, 3d ed., Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-022- 00113-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977, 1,262 pp.
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON, ''General Design Memorandum, Phase I, Hurricane Wave Protection and Beach Erosion Control, Brunswick County, North Carolina, Beach Projects, Yaupon and Long Beach Segments," Wilmington, N.C., 1973.
VINCENT, C.L., et al., "Systematic Variations in Barrier Island Topography," Journal of Geology, Vol. 84, 1976, pp. 583-594.
WAHLS, H.E., "A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods," Report No. 73-1, Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 1973.
WINANT, C.D., INMAN, D.L., and NORDSTROM, C.E., "Description of Seasonal
Beach Changes Using Empirical Eigenfunctions," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 80, No. 15, May 1975, pp. 1979-1986.
59
pee.) yh PE = my ite HA i f
APPENDIX A
PROFILE LINE DOCUMENTATION AND PHOTOS
This appendix provides ground photos and monument documentation for each of the 21 profile lines along Holden Beach from Lockwoods Folly Inlet to Shallotte Inlet. The horizontal location of each profile line consists of a monument (e.g., capped galvanized pipe) at three stations along the profile line, reference ties measured to local cultural features (when possible), and third-order survey control providing the geodetic and state-plane coordinates of the monument. The station number (with '+", upper right of monumentation sheet) is the distance in feet along the base line from the monument at pro- file line 1. Northing and easting are in feet. Vertical control at each profile line consists of a third-order elevation of the top of the monument, with respect to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The horizontal and vertical control was done by Moorman and Little, Inc., 115 Broadfoot Avenue, Fayetteville, North Carolina.
All beach profile data were collected at these locations along a line through the monumented point in the direction given by the azimuth of the profile line. Measurements were taken by the firm of W. W. Blanchard, Inc., Wallace, North Carolina. The control surveys and beach profile line measure- ments were conducted under contracts to the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington.
The black and white ground photos were taken at each profile line in
June 1974 and are provided to illustrate the character of the beach at that time.
6l
ff COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM 033-54-57,421 078 -14-26.086 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 (.S.L.) | StoRBEattees )(E ASTING) (FT) | (eee) (NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) § (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER °
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) MAGNETIC
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
NoT SHOWN To SCALE
U.S.C, & G.S, MONUMENT LOCATED AT HIGHEST PoinT ON EAST ENO OF HOLDEN PEACH, GRASS DUNE WITH PATHS LEADING To THE ToP.
Distances ® 87.20’ @ 76-66
S) 100 ¢25'
OF00 FOR PRoFite LIne
HAS Beers Pte STeovYey By EROSION, Use
=) Res ee aot ae ee ef DE fT OYED'-.. ie pels: fos AF 2B Reena Pie Grab ERT |i] apisign Ae ——— ie 5 PROFILE LINE 6 Ties SE PN ue ec
PROPER bisTAMcE Ww bocArze O+00
Pon ae
bd
t - = at . fete For
Sa g fp! as. OES Lowe i
om
Lye
BASELIW E STATION OF00 IS LocaTED \ N
. ABouT 1@00% EAST OF THE ‘EAST ENO OF PAVEMENT NEAR Lock WOoDS FOLey INLET AT HOLDEN REACH, IT WAS BeEEW
Dés7acvew BY EROStonm BLT Post CAN BE RELOLATEO Frum skeTcH OFFSET (2) pes
FORM RERCACESIDAIEORMSi 1089 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA 10CcT eal 959 Awe Sone STR ILC EL or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the Proponent 62 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 1. View toward east over Lockwoods Folly Inlet.
Profile line 1. View toward west. Note vegetated dune and wide, unstructured beach.
63
OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK ST 1ON fod ES me aR E ELE iz LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
HORS) (EASTING) (FT) (GAGS? (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER ani ae a
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Z TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT sepa BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
NoT SHOWN TO SCALE
30) | _—«<(ESE Sat 00 oe peoric Lime 5 atk a I$ Minne PPE
BEACH BASELINE STATION 194+ 997.98 4S LOCATED ABOUT 330’ WEST OF EAST END OF PAVEMENT, N
SKETCH DA , FO8*.1959 axcisss reer nmicn CESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
1ocT 64 ANS CISC re or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 64 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
h
Profile line 2. View toward east
Profile line 2. View toward west. Note remains of timber pile bulkhead at right.
65
OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK z s 1ON cacy, PIPE 39+ 99.95 PROFLE 3 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM 79-15-'/2.088 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 (M.S.L.) OREHLNG} (EASTING) (FT) | teAS7ANOTINORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) o TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRIO DISTANCE OBJECT ae rr aA BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET) ° ‘ a
NoT SHOWN TO SCALE W. PAVID SMITH - 259 OCEAN-AIRE APTS, BRown coTTAGE wiTH SCREENED-Ini PORCH 5 Be eae ‘ 3
é
. | 7 Dey As 93.89 aA Ce 9 BESS SS os a a B = 4S tse }¥ a Re S PEACH : c = 25.05" ee = i D = 46.02’
$ELEU= 8-7] : a ; ae, wp eng STATION No, PAINTED
Of00 Oo PROFILE Line I$ NORTH-Most Pipe
we leg Santee nine J eat “ere
BASELINE } STATION 39499.95 1S LOCATED 2300’ q WEST OF THE EAST END OF PAVEMENT AT HOLDEN (EACH. SKETCH FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTA N ATI DA 10CcT | 959 Ate ee Eee Dg HES For use of this form, see TM 5-237; a Leper NGn atee eer
66 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 3.
View toward east.
Profile line 3.
View toward west. Note timber pile bulk- head in each picture.
67
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM
33-54-51. /3) 73-15 - 36.630 NORTH AMERICA 1927
+ROR-HHNGHE ASTING) (FT) | (Ee6RH+e+(NORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2224500.290 im) | GO6GOO.230 im |N.C. LAMBERT CERC ) )
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE ORDER (M) (M THIRD
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) e TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT Se eerie) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
<_— 7rPeE miss/Ao (oer 75) ok BVKIED
OF09 Of PROFILE Live IS MippEe pipe Crissin’e 4~ Jen E 1774)
Ef. T woop BviKHEAD SE §
BASELINE STATION 604 75.13 7S LOCATED
gust EAST OF THE SURFS(IDE PAVILION,
DA . £2,1959 axcites, ree trmicn DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
ANS or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 68 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
&
Profile line 4. View toward east.
Profile line 4. View toward west from edge of back filled timber pile bulkhead.
69
OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-54-50. 168 78-15-59.576 1929 (M.S.L.) ROR} (EASTING) (FT) |+o*OHHOHNORTHING) (FT) ]GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER i i RE
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) ? TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT ae aN BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
NoT Stown To SCALE eHG625 £.E. HOLDEN |
emt ee ee “eLeve M22 ~~ sig ae A = 44.65 Woop, EL - Gq. 4q i 8 s 26-92 Ss = SuPs , sac Bg ns ge SRE c - 36.05 ox fe A wy 1 ie a ee a | THOMA TRING | a iw a pn 14n eae : Ue ee “gi¥ i ae é ve ; ! i 6. Sin aa se Ee 5 Se ioe Seats) Ot00 on PROFILE LinE SS fF aed SER nearest (esp oa EWACE Bu<Eeo (oer 75) 4x4 wimwess Fost co
UNE Ha Waren a Nat ne Me
oN THREATENED BY ERB ON 2 BEACH ) GASELINE Hu STATION 804 13.75 IS LOCATED ABouT 250’ EAST OF THE INTERSECTION OF THE RoAp THAT CONNECTS THE ISLAND WITH THE MAINLAND AND WEST OCEAN PRIVE. : SKETCH FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CON DA 10cT eal 959 AND 1960. 1 FEB 87, WHICH Seluaavlithlaikereurces KTM S:2377 on eee TROL STATION
70 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 5. View toward east.
Profile line 5. View toward west.
71
TYPE OF MARK
GALV. PIPE
OUNTRY
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) a
LONGITUDE DATUM +EASPHG)(NORTHING) (FT) [GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE Pe a 20
GRID AZIMUTH, ADD GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
LATITUDE
33-549- $$. 338 (HORPHIFS) (EASTING) 2220575990
(FT) (M)
TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID)
BACK AZIMUTH
STATION 100F 15.32 PROFLE G@ ELEVATION (FT) 9.34 (m) DATUM
19729 (M.S.L-)
TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
Q TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
NOT SHOWN To SCALE 5 J s aE : / ee tL STATION NO. PAINTED 4 @ieuey.=10.42 01 (ON ROAD i : 2 4 = Se EE A om f hs —— B = GO.35 [fhe ~ AT Roun G = 56.2" OD = 42.96" | Ml linear Y TS Sada ; 13 Pez | O+00 om PROEILE- Live a NN “{\ 10~ Is MANODDLE PIPE (BURIED) St ee ie a PtEV.= 14.6) - 7 Me el a SE —————- aaa BG gf — Ye pas LN ~ cs i) BEACH BASELINE , N STATION 100% (5.32 5 LocCATED 1750° WEST oF THE INTERSECTION OF WEST OCEAN DRIVE Ano THE ROAD TO THE MAINLAND , NEAR BRice’s APARTMENTS, SKETCH
REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 ANO 1960, 1 FEB 87, WHICH ARE OBSOLETE.
FORM
DA .cer.1959
72
DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
cies am 1
Profile line 6. View toward east.
Profile line 6. View toward west. Note houses in the vegetated dune and beach access points.
73
| COUNTRY ATA TYPE OF MARK STATION i LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) LEVATION ) )I-CATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
60070.880
! (HOREHHG? (EASTING) (FT) tEAOHNGHNOR THING) ; 2218@00.570 (0a)
(FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) i (N.C. LAMBERT CERC
; (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER f (A) (DA) 1970 THIRD
| TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN
ZAK 8.80.0 GQ BLED: 7.75 aN % f ; ZT], EVY= TS)
BASELINE \ STATION
1204+ 00.07 4S 3700’ WEST OF THE ' MAINLAND AND WEST OCEAN
DA
REPLACES DA FORMS 10989 AND 1960, | FEB 87, WHICH ARE OBSOLETE,
| FoR" 1959
GRID AZIMUTH, ADD GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
i AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION I OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) MAGNETI :
ff 10 3 STATION
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
No, ROAD
B70! Ss“ 43,57’
PAINTED ON
f A K GB SG
it]
OtoO of PROFILE Line IS MIDLLE PIPE
LOCATED AGBouT INTERSECTION OF THE
DRIVE,
SKETCH
DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 74 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
LT got te
Profile line 7. View toward east.
Profile line 7. View toward west.
75
COUNTRY F TYPE OF MARK STATION
U.S. As GALV, PIPE 190+ 61.79 PROFILE ¥ { LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) ( YHorvEN GEACH , N.C.) 140+ ©1,79 6.68 my SS LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM 79-17-1019 1929. (0a.s.t-) NORE) (EASTING) (FT) ORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
CERC
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT Barrette IS foe SL Ta) (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) “ (FEET)
oO
NoT SHOWN To SCALE
AT GRoo#r LEVEL WwW, WOODEA G sTATION NO. PAINTED STAKE OW ROAD ff / SPLIT RAL A= 38.94 FENCE r iy B= 77.83 SIGN Our, j FRONT. c= 62.89 “ WlaedTA LINGA" LIRA AY 7S O00 FoR PROFILE Link | O bv.c 1S Mipple PIPE
Y= 138.90 SF
Hee BucleD (oet7s)
6
ne Rott Pipes NEA Kos eae
\
BEACH
BASELINE 24 STATION /404 64.79 US LOCATEQ ALGoUT N / (11LE WEST OF THE INTERSECTION OF THE
MAINLAND ROAD AND WEST OCEAN DRIVE.
NS SKETCH DA FORM 1 959 RERCACESIOARORMshIOs9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
1ocT 64 Ane eae 87, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
76 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 8. View toward east.
gs Ng
Profile line 8. View toward west.
CU
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION oe ia sisi7a NERonE TT LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) rower! each. nic. |"/e0% 15.75 66 LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM 33-54-92, 384 78-17 - 34.043 1929 (M.S.L.) CRORERHTHTS) (EASTING) (FT) | 4640) (NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) eG en tal eee) a (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRIO AND ZONE DATE ORDER
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Q TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT er onemeer) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
Nor sHow W TO SCALE
- | BB alu Qeveus 6.68 me a8 SS : STATION NO. PAINTED : ON ROAD
A= 45,18’
Ot00 DN PROFILE LIne
UES Mipore Pipe
N
BASELIWE
STATION 1604 /5.75 IS LOCATED AGour
LS MLES WEST OF THE INTERSECTION OF
THE MAINLAND ROAD AND WEST OCEAN
DRIVE,
; : SKETCH FORM REPLACES DA FORMS 1959 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
DA 10¢CT al 959 Ane Bounce Clo CA) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 2
78 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Pee tiiens
: 4 * Een a
Profile line 9. View toward east.
Profile line 9. View toward west.
9
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION PROFILE 10
U.S.A, GAY. PIPE 130+ 00.32 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) Ho.oEN GEACH N.C] 19904 00,32 CE,
Oo
DATUM
LONGITUDE
LATITUDE
ATUM 1929 (71,S.L+)
33-54 - 40.486 7Z—17—57.476 WoRTH AMERICA 1927 THORNS (EASTING) (FT) | (C@RSHNS)(NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) 22/12636-030 59437. 720 N.C, LAMBERT CERC (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER GRID AZIMUTH, ADD y “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Y TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
yas quence QUES UR Gel Powsk PoE, GF! F<OM THC Oe
EU ail CeANLE AeLDY IN COoAD ce ox 7S)
Sa hes SOLED
W/ Re _ O0+t00 ®N PROFtE LINE
WHITE Bee WEST OF PIE —>
JS MioplLeE PPE
BASELINE
STATION (804+ 00.32 '!S LocATED ABOUT N 500’ WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH
FISHING PIER:
SKETCH FORM RERCACE SiD/AURORMSHI95 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA 10CT | 959 aoe See Liab tals) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the Proponent
80 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 10. View toward west.
Profile line 10. View toward east and Holden Beach fishing pier.
8|
OUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
ANORFHHNS) (EASTING) (FT) (ASHNGSHNOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER ae Sie a
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) Y TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE OSIECT SSH EC Ne. NDS iNT Tha) (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
NoT StHowN TO SCALE
THIS Gace, PIA
ix{ resc | | fi vas Geen GENT. of 4. Seat” | | Oerev= 713
i) ©] Grev= 7.36
Rs ai ] 0+t00 ON PROFILE Lin ees ral IS PUDDLE DPE
a
4 WITNESS ¢ Post. US
3
Mi MEAN BEACH
Ay e& pa BA ON 2004 51.65 1S LocATED ABouT N
0.5 MILE WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH FISHISG PIER,
SKETCH FORM RERUACESIOMIEORMSI 959 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA 10CcT sail 959 PS eS Cite bia or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent .
82 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 11. View toward east.
Profile line 11. View toward west.
83
TOUNTRY U.S. Ar
LOCALITY Hotpen GEACH , NC. LATITUDE
TYPE OF MARK GALV. MARK
STAMPING ON MARK 2204+ 00. 74 LONGITUDE
STATION
220+ 00.74 AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) @, (Zo
DATUM
PROFILE /2
DATUM
33-54- 36.070 72 -/8 -F4 . 583 NORTH AMERCA 927) (929 (M.S.L.) (NORFHHNGILE ASTING) (FT) +23 PTT NORT HING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) ee ee (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE
DATE ORDER 19770 THIRD “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION (GEODETIC)(GRID)
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE
BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET)
NOT sSHown TO SCALE
eee i RR OR
a =© Evev- 8.54 Sa
STATION NO. PAINTED On ROAD
= 39.50.
NOBLE aie A ¢C , wire W s ’ BEIGE TRIM 6 4 B 171081LE Ho, Cc = Zee 7/ WHITE w/ D
Ti S828
Bhown "5 TRIM
O+0O0 CN PROFILE LINE 1s MIDbLE Prime
oO - Covi Net LocATE bUVE ME. Uys a ¢ \ == GaAs RCUCITO cy NR Ccet BF) eu ASELINE Sion 220+ 00.74 JIS LotcaTED } Ascow 9h sood) Westy ACE) NUHIEWMHOECEN yy BEACH FISHING PIER. SKETCH FORM RE RC ACE SIO AREORMSE SS DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA Oe i | 959 ane Bree EES S7WHICH or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
84 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 12. View toward east.
SR:
es
oe
Profile line 12. View toward west.
85
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
U.S. A. GALV, PIPE - 240+ 08. 64 PROFILE 15 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) HoLDen BEACH, NC| 2404 08.64 7.12 i LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM EL Fees, fp (an (HORTRHNG (EASTING) (FT) (OrSHNS (NOR THING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) 2206674.79720 im | 58722.700 im |, C. LAMBERT
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER (M) (M) - 1770 THIRD
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) MAGNETIC
7) = a
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
BACK AZIMUTH
NoT SHOWN To SCALE
8" BELou see aoe He lah suyntare GRouND © ELEV= 7.27 rs : = a6 STATION No. PAINTED ELEV= 7.12 eee ees == Ra y Teas
a it A = BY27-
a, WKS, 25)
) Bd B ic Wire = aac
NEW Two-STORY House PRINTED GREY “PARRISH — MARTIN"
aan —
DN re tre eee mee LIne -- GUARD Posy No } Som) ge iasaes 2 a ey CIE
o
BASELINE STATION 240+08.64 /S LOCATED ABouT 125 Mites WEST OF THE Holden 4 BeacH FISHING PIER. SKETCH FORM RERCACES DAIEORMS 31050 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA 1octT aa | 959 ane Oe ea 57) WHICH or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
86 agency Is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 13. View toward east.
Profile line 13. View toward west.
87
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
CRORES) (EASTING) (FT) | #*6e3(NORTHING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2204693, /50 wm) | 58483,/30 im |N.C. LAMBERT CERC
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE
(M)
TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN
OBJECT
GRID AZIMUTH, AOD
GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION (GEODETIC)(GRID)
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
NoT SHOWN TO SCALE
GRoun D eves STATION NO. PAINTED ON ROAD BROWN w/ YELLow TRIM GREY HOUSE aren ANN J W/ BLUE #789 & GRE TRIM "THE i WILLCOX’S #793 CRAG) On PROFILE LIN e& 13 MIDDLE Pipe EPPS Maes alee SN) Some aaa
I8EACH BASELINE STATION 2604+ 09. 8¢ IS LOCATED ABouT 1.5 Mic—Es WEST OF HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER,
SKETCH DA FORM 1959 ANDUISS ON Roo rmairer DESCRITAION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
wocates ANOS OMNIEES or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 88 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 14. View toward east.
Profile line 14. View toward west.
89
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATIO!
GAtv. PIPE 279+ 90.14 PROFILE /5 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK 0 AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) HOLDEN BEACH , N.C. 2779 +90. 14 7.07 el
(So
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-59 - 29,095 78-19 - 55.135 woRTH AMERICA 19271 1929 (M.S.L.) (NORFAHNG) (EASTING) (FT) | te @-Saetabe) (NORTHING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) 2202725820 wm | $8217.970 (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD ; TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
| TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) 2 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION ' GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE } OBJECT Sate BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
NOT SHOWN TO SCALE
STATION NO. PAINTED
CN ROAD )\ 2B S852 BS AEC | BEIGE w/ it 4/ 3 BRown TRIM GS )OZ GIO " SEA CREST" Qe GA 7a? E = S18 2°
O#4F00 OW PROFILE Ling IS Ai ODLE Pipe
BASEL WE } STATION 279 # FGO./% IS LOCATED 4
ABOvuT 2.0 Micks WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER,
SKETCH DA FORM 1 959 RE RC AGE SACALRORMS AG 5S) DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
1oct 64 ane PO a Si7/ WILE FA For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 90 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 15. View toward east.
Profile line 15. View toward west. Note wave cut scarp in toe of dune.
9|
TYPE OF MARK GALY.
STATION
PIPE 300+ 01.94 PROFILE 16
LOCALITY
STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION HOLOEN BEACH , N.C.| 300+ 01-44% So (Se 7. 66 LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM 33-54 - 26.494 78-20-!8-781 NORTH AMERICA 1927) 1929 CM.S.L.) +tNORFATHG) (EASTING) (FT) (EA6-HANGHNORTHING) (FT) |GRIDO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
2200734¢,.360 m 579736.580O N.C. LAMCERT CERC
TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION (GEODETIC)(GRID)
GEOD. DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET)
Oop W won og ~O W CS OQ 0 ~0 ON N CEQ SS
GREEN W/ WHITE TRY "HARE NOSTRUM" #949
O#O00 ONS PRoFiteE LIwe IS ALODLE pres
BEACH
BASE Le Bf | STATION BOOt 01.4% |S LOCATED
oe N ABouT 2.5 MILES WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER, SKETCH FORM RIE RCA CE Si DAUR ORMSESS 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATI DA O eyes =m | 959 ane eee eae 57, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent aon
92 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 16. View toward east.
Profile line 16. View toward west.
93
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) HOLDEN BEACH , N.C.| 320495. // (Ey 125 LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
THORENS) (EASTING) (FT) =a SFHN-S) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) 2198659.160 ‘mm | 5759-120. \m (N.C. LAMBERT
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT) GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER (M) iM) 1970 THIRD
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD 2 “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) a3 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE ORES eae anode BASIC AIAN (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)
NoT SHOWN TO SCALE
ee ns @47 P eae YG ain l= Bee aav= 8: oe : Laing B = SIG <a B WK} POWER . | y lm POLE CO BV Sp Sill 55 ) | I? GREY W/ RED TRIM
AND PORCH - “REDBYE" F/O37
ID Ce Be YN S7%500_ ee eee en 4’ HIGH Be he uri | ~s => Prd R Pos OF0O oY PROofi LE RS LN 1s MAM OPL_e PIPE BEACH ASE LINE ens 320 ¢+95.// 8 LOCATED ABovT 2.9 MILES WEST OF THE } HOLOEN BEACH FISHING PIER,
SKETCH DA FORM 1959 REE IA CE SPOAMRORIMS 21059 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
AND 1960, 1 1 OCT 64 ARE Ons ue En Up Cans} or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
94 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 17. View toward east.
Profile line 17. View toward west.
95
COUNTRY
U.S. A, LOCALITY |rocoew _@enc , Wc, LATITUDE (HORPHING) (EASTING) 2196623.820 (mM)
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (M)
TYPE OF MARK GALV. PIPE
LONGITUDE
78-21- 07.582
(EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)
(A)
STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) DATUM DATUM
an (ris) (Ee6RHNGH NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE
STATIO 34/+ 47.07 PROFILE 1/98 ELEVATION FT) 8.80 ity
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) R TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION b TAN OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH SEOD DISTANCE SRIDICISTANCE
MAGNETIC
Zz [etree "? cat a eee eS ae ane 1 Pegs Bee we! HP neg l © ev = O67 rian || i a Siren. Brace m3 lee $7 {© , cameas 13) ] |S! raring : = = . a aaa M4 5 : cond J ELeU= 8:80 a: | a Ig Ib Aired ef OS, cor wie 2 : SI BEIACH RL a (le - -\S I oe
10
exe Ry ea eet Saag QELEU = Soe) = i (Ws ee Se a
- aS
Ll DEsTREY ED
By EROSIO Sel SEAL
BEACH
BASELINE
STATION 24/+ 47.07 IS LocATED ABovT 3,1 MI WEST oF THE HOLDEN GEACH FISHING PIER AND Jusr East OF THE EAST SIDE OF
THE campine AREA:
REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 AND 1960, 1 FEB 87, WHICH ARE OBSOLETE.
FORM 10CcT 64
DA 1959
96
(METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
27. 88" DANS
W
OFOO ON PRoFi Le ne iS M'ihPpolEe PIPE
SKETCH
DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
or use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 18. View toward east.
Profile line 18. View toward west.
97
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION
26040207 PRoFWe 19 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-54 -/8.80/ 78 -2/- 29.354 |NoRTH AMERICA 1927| 1927 (.S.L.) HOREHING) (EASTING) +EASRHNS) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER baa EE a ee
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD ° TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) = TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE eC aSu aaa BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)
= 65,79) =) 127.677 Ga NWInCoE es | = e GREY W/ ~ “RED TRIM
== eee = UY, ee: ieee \W—_ (c) EveD = 19.24 Li ny Ss ih 2 CH
) 4 rer Mle a) mals
3
0400 OW PROFHE Line | IS MIDDLE Pippy
-ye \ OX Ae hike
J i mee ee i
BEACH ; |
BASELINE N STATION 360+ 02.07 tS LOCATED ABouT 3.5
MILES WEST OF THE HOLDEN BEACH FISHING PIER, ANoO at THE END OF THE PuBLiIC ROAD, JusT ‘ WEST OF THE LAST TWO HOUSES, 4 SKETCH DA FORM 1 959 REPLACES DA FORMS 1989 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
AND 1960, 1oct 64 AA OAR eee 57, WHICH For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent
98 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 19. View toward east.
Profile line 19. View toward west.
99
COUNTRY
TYPE OF MARK STATION
U.S.A. GAtv. PIPE 380+ 02.04 PROFILE 20 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION (FT) HOLDEN BEACH , N.C.| 380+ 02.04 Sp UT
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM 33-54- /4..937 78-2/1- §2.62] NORTH AMERICA 1927 tNOR-HHENG (EASTING) (FT) (=r SFtH-S) (NOR THING) (FT) |GRID AND ZONE
2192831.270 (M) 56721. G80 im |N.C, LAMBERT
(NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) | (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)| GRID AND ZONE
DATUM 1929 (M.S.L.)
ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY)
CERC
DATE ORDER "TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN TO OBTAIN
GRID AZIMUTH, ADD GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.)
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION (GEODETIC)(GRID)
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE
OBJECT (METERS) (FEET) | (METERS) (FEET)
Ofc0o0 ON PROFILE Liw€
4S NORTHERN MosST ApoE
No PHYSICAL FEATURES TO TIE TO, AY STATION 3BO+ 02.04 %/S LOCATED ABovT
Zope! FEGIAIWES TI On) Tec eS Ne
HouSES ON WEST END OF BEACH. SKETCH FORM REE CACE SID AVEORMSAIOS 9 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION DA Vinee sal 959 ane LO eet) vo: tla) For use of this form, see TM 5-237; the proponent 100 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 20. View toward east.
Profile line 20. View toward west.
101
COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK STATION UL SAG 400 ¢ 50.G/ PROFILE 21 LOCALITY STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS)
LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATUM DATUM
33-54- 10.979 73 -22- 16.454 NORTH AMERICA 1927} 1929 (1%.S.L.) tROREPHHHO) (EASTING) (FT) (erOHiabtos (NOR THING) (FT) |GRIO AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) (NORTHING)(EASTING) (FT) (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE DATE ORDER
TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, AOD i “TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADD)(SUB.) 8 TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION OBJECT (GEODETIC)(GRID) BACK AZIMUTH MAGNETIC
GEOD. DISTANCE GRID DISTANCE (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET)
NOT SHOWN TO SCALE
O+00 eN PROFILE UNE ‘3s MIObLE Pips
oO Onin 400+ 50.0/ IS LocaTED ABOUT O.8 MILE
WEST OF THE CAST TWO HOUSES ON HOLDEN BEACH, THERE AE No PHYSICAL FEATURES TO TIE TO,
1 SKETCH DA FORM 1959 RERCACESIDIAURORMS 21859 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL STATION
AND 1960, 1 87, WHICH 10CT 64 ARE BESO Ene . S or use of this form, seo TM 5-237; the proponent
102 agency is U.S.Continental Army Command.
Profile line 21. View toward east.
Profile line 21. View toward west across Shallotte Inlet.
103
APPENDIX B
BEACH PROFILE DATA
This appendix provides the edited beach profile data for each profile line measured during the study period from November 1970 to December 1974. The benchmark used for each profile line is indicated by the zero with positive distances in the seaward direction. The vertical measurements were referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. All dis- tances and elevations are in feet.
The heading of each data colum provides the year (yy), month (mm), and
day (dd) of the measurement in the format yymmdd, as well as the survey number.
104
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158
APPENDIX C CHANGE IN MSL SHORELINE POSITION This appendix shows the distance from the backbeach datum to the MSL shoreline intercept relative to its position on the date of the first beach
profile survey (12-18 Nov. 1970). The occurrences of identified storms and times of beach profile surveys throughout the study period are also provided.
159
~ x w
o z «
—
w = =)
DISTANCE (M )
76
60
iD N
SURVEYS [Ill WI ove | STORMS
PROFILE LINE 1
76
60
26
-26
-50
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975S
PROFILE LINE 2
VERTICAL DATUN IS) ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN I3S SHORELINE POSITION ON 12NOV70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE- TO SHORE LINE
160
DISTANCE (HM )
OISTANCE (M }
76
SURVEYS STORMS
oO
wo
B PROFILE LINE 3
QO Fk — — 4b ee = me me me me ie ee ie = ei aS
wo
N
‘
i=)
w
i]
w
y
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
io
i>)
Oo
wo
eB PROGIEE EINE 4
i=) —
wo
N
i] VERTICAL DATUM IS MSL HORIZONTAL OATUN 18
S SHORELINE POSITION ON
ifs)
i
12NO0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
161
18
SURVEYS STORMS
oO wo b= wo PROFILE LINE 5 wa 2 c = wo a a wo N J Oo w 4 w y 1970 1971 1972 1972 1974 197S wo Co oa io s PROFILE LINE 6 wa =z c = wo a a esc to N 1 VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN 138 o SHORELINE POSITION ON oO i]
13NO0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
162
716
SURVEYS [pea STORMS
a w = nie PROFILE LINE 7 oN 3 c = wo a (=) w N ' i=) w ! uw % 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 197S Lp is i=) w = w 8 PROFILE LINE 8 = — wo oa i=) _— Sesh oes SS SS SS SSS OS Ss Ss wo Nn 1 VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN I38 ° SHORELINE POSITION ON 1
13N0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
163
15
SURVEYS STORMS
Oo wo z ete PROFILE LINE 9 oO N =z c = w e i=) w N ' oO Ww i wu 5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 w oS i=) w £ ae PROFILE LINE 10 oN = Cc = w = fa) SS w NN ' VERTICAL DATUN JS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS tiny SHORELINE POSITION ON i
13N0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
164
DISTANCE (mh }
DISTANCE (mh )
18
50
25
SURVEYS all | 1a STORMS
PROFILE LINE 11
18
50
25
-25
-50
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1978
PROFILE LINE 12
VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL
HORIZONTAL OATUN I8 SHORELINE POSITION ON 13N0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
165
76
SURVEYS STORMS
60
PRORIEE EINE WS
DISTANCE [mh } -50 | -25 25
-715
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
w ~ ° Va) xc = PROFILE LINE 14 wa Gb z c — 7) ron) ra) — ia w r] 1 VERTICAL OATUN IS) ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS ° SHORELINE POSITION ON i
16NOV70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
166
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 15
DISTANCE (mM }
-26
S wo fT 3S w 5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 w o con io = = PROFILE LINE 16 w pry 2 « — wn ro i=) —_— w N ' VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS S SHORELINE POSITION ON 1
16NOV70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ) YEAR _
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
167
DISTANCE (M }
DISTANCE (M )
18
if SURVEYS i STORMS
°o n
PROPILE ENE IZ, wo N Q wn rT] ' o w f w y
1970 1971 1972 1573 1974 1975 wn o ° w fl PROFILE LINE 18 ] Q = es oy, ee SS Ns OS w “ 1 VERTICAL OATUN [5 ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN [3
3 SHORELINE POS{TLION ON i
16N0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
168
DISTANCE [mM 1
OISTANCE (h }
718
SURVEYS STORMS
50
PROFILE LINE 19
25
-25
-50
-715
1970 tot 1972 1973 1974 1975
78
50
PROFILE LINE 20
25
-25
VERTICAL OATUN [8 ASL HORI2ONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE POS{TION ON 18N0V¥70
-50
-75
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
169
OISTANCE (fi?
-50
-75
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 21
VERT(CAL OATUN IS ASL HORCZONTAL OATUN IS
SHORELINE PQSITION ON 18N0V70
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
CHANGE IN DISTANCE TO SHORE LINE
170
APPENDIX D
CHANGE IN ABOVE MSL UNIT VOLUME
The unit volume is the volume per unit width (cubic meters per meter) bounded by a horizontal line passing through the MSL position, a vertical line at the backbeach datum and the measured beach profile. This appendix shows the above MSL volume at successive beach profile measurements rela- tive to the long-term mean above MSL unit volume. The time of beach profile measurements and occurrences of identified storms is also provided.
171
1
PROFILE LINE
SURVEYS STORMS
oo°os 00°sz 00°06 GO-S2- oOd°as- TSW 3A08B LH /eW J BWNIOA LINN
1971 1972 1973 1974 1915
1970
oo-s2t
oo-oot
oo-SL
PROFILE LINE 2
00'0S o0-sz 00°0 00°sz- oo‘os- (SW 3A080 (U fg J BWNI1GA LINN
go-SsL- go0°oot-
1974 {978
1973
YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
1972
1971
1970
172
UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM) ABOVE ASL
UNIT VOLUME ¢ m3/ mM) ABOVE ASL
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 3
1970 1975 1972 {973 1974 1978
60.00
PROFILE LINE 4
25.00
=) & o eK —/— —\— -— _— _-_--—- = Oo ' S w N ‘ i=) y o ° 1370 1971 {972 {973 1974 1978 YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
173
UNIT VOLUME ¢ M397 mM) ABOVE MSL
-50.00
UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM) ABOVE HSL
-S0.00
0.00 26.00 50.00
-25 .00
0.00 25.00 50.00
-25 .00
1970
{970
4971 1972 1973 1974
yn Co nn cr CET YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
174
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE
1978
PROFILE LINE
1397S
ASL
UNIT VOLUME { M3/ MH) ABOVE
UNIT VOLUME ¢ 3/7 mM) ABOVE MSL
-50.00
60.00
0.00 26.00
-25 .00
-50.00
0.00 25.00 60.00
-25 .00
1970
{970
1971 1972 $913 1974
nr cr YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
175
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE
1978
PROFILE LINE
1978
UNIT VOLUME £ M3/ §) ABOVE MSL
-50.00
UNIT VOLUME { M3/ m) ABOVE HSL
0.00 25.00 50-00
-26 -00
0.00 25.00 60.00
-26 .00
-50.00
1970
1970
SURVEYS STORMS
PRORIEE EINE 9
1971 $972 (973 1974 1975
PROFILE LINE 10
1974 1972 (973 1974 1975
YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
176
UNIT VOLUME {¢ H9/ HM) ABOVE MSL
-60.00
UNIT VOLUME { M9/ mM) ABOVE ASL
-60.00
0.00 25-00 60.00
-26 -00
0.00 26.00 60.00
-26.00
1970
4970
1971 1972 1573 1974
TSN MUSH AUNSAa UN NAso Me YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
177
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 11
1975S
PROFILE LINE 12
1375
UNIT VOLUME ¢ N3/ mM) ABOVE NSL
-60.00
UNIT VOLUME ¢ M9/ mM} ABOVE ASL
0.00 25-00 60.00
-25 .00
60,00
0.00 25.00
-26 .00
-60.00
1970
1970
1971 ir 1973 1974
rit t972,~Ss=«s974 YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
178
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 13
197S
PROFILE LINE 14
1375
UNIT VOLUME ¢ N3/ fH) ABOVE ASL
UNIT VOLUME { N3/ HM) ABOVE MSL
-25.00 0.00 25.00 60.00
-60.00
1970
1970
1971 1972 £993 1974
197) t972,—~—:*—«<aTD:S:*«w'T YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
179
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 15
1975
PROFILE LINE 16
1375
UNIT VOLUME { M3/ Mm} ABOVE NSL
UNIT VOLUME { N9/ mM) ABOVE ASL
-26.00 0.00 25.00 60.00
-60.00
60.00
-26.00 0.00 25.00
-50.00
1970
1970
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 17
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
PROFILE LINE 18
1971 1972 973 1974 3375
YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
180
00°09 TSW
PROFILE LINE 19
SURVEYS STORMS
00°Sz oo°o0 00°S3z- 90°09- BAGBY LW /eW J BWNTOA LINN
1971 1972 1973 1974 1978
1970
oo°oot
oo°ae
>} N uw Zz a] WW H re oO ~ a
o0°03s 00°32 60°o0 G0°Sz- 930°0s- TSH 3A08U IW /eWH J BSWNIOA LINN
oo°st- O0°dor-
1974 1975
{973
YEAR UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
1971 1972
1970
18 |
UNIT VOLUME £ N3/ M) ABOVE MSL
-60.00
0.00 26-00 50.00 15-00 100.00
-25.00
-100.00 -16-.00
1970
SURVEYS STORMS
PROFILE LINE 21
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 YEAR
UNIT VOLUME CHANGES
182
APPENDIX E
PROFILE ENVELOPES
This appendix provides the position of the maximum and minimum sand elevations along the profile line during the study period relative to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. Horizontal positions are measured from the MSL shoreline intercept on the first survey of the study (12-18 Nov. 1970).
183
io VERTICAL DATUA IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUA IS SHORELINE POSITION OW 12NOV70
ELEVATION ( A)
-9
-100 78 -$0 -25 Q 26 60 7S 100
OISTANCE ( Ad
PROFILE ENVELGPE FOR PROFILE LINE _1_AT HOLDEN BEACH, NC : 12NQV70 - 3DEC74
ELEVATION ( A}
-100 -78 -s0 -25 Q 2s so 78 100 OISTANCE ( A)
PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE -2 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC 12NOV70 - 30EC74
184
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE _3_AT HOLOEN BEACH, NC 12NQV70 - 30€C74
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE 4_AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC 13NQV70 - 30E&C74
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185
VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS SHORELINE POSITION OW 33NOV70
ELEVATION ¢ AD
-2
-100 -75 -50 -25 Q 26 50 78 100 OISTANCE ( A)
PROFILE ENVELOPE Pee eS LINE eat AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC
ELEVATION ( A}
-100 -7S -SO -2s Q 2s so 75 100 OQISTANCE ( A)
VELOPE PASS, oes LINE -6 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC PROFILE ENVELO Seo ceniae
186
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ELEVATION ( A)
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR SRG LINE_7 au HOLDEN BEACH. NC 13NGV70 - 40€C7
ELEVATION ( A)
-100 -75 -S0 -25 Q 25 sa 78 100 OISTANCE ( A)
PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR ee Jou E 8 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC 13NO0V70 DECTS
187
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR BR evone LINE_9 oil HOLDEN BEACH. NC 13NGV70 - 40£C7
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188
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ELEVATION ( A}
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PROFILE ENVELOPE BORER CE ae ced, AT HOLOEN BEACH, NC
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189
lo VERTICAL OATUN [S ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS SHORELINE POSITION OW 16NQV70
ELEVATION ( A}
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE _13 AT HOLDEN BEACH, NC I6NOV70 - 40EC74
ELEVATION ({ A}
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE-14 AT HOLDEN BEACH. NC I6NQV70 - 40£C74
190
wo VERTICAL DATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS SHORELINE POSITION ON 16N0V70
ELEVATION ( A)
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR ENaiooe LINE ue nk HOLOEN BEACH, NC 16NQV70 - 4DEC7
ELEVATION ( A)
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR Ea a LINE Tey AT HOLOEN BEACH. NC 16NOV70 - SEG
191
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PROFILE ENVELOPE FOR PROFILE LINE 18 AT HOLOEN BEACH. NC 16NQV70 - SODEC74
192
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ELEVATION ( A)
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VERTICAL OATUN IS ASL HORIZONTAL OATUN IS SHORELINE POSITION ON 18NO0V70
1 -100 -78 -50 -25 Q 25 so 78 100 OISTANCE ( A)
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