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A BEE-KEEPER'S YEAR-BOOK,

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With Communications from the

BEST AMERICAN APIARIANS AND NATURALISTS.

tastes V eee ey
PRINTED BY JOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY.

Shoes
THE ONLY AMERICAN TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY. © Alo

A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS;

BEING A POPULAR

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY.

By A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D.
Third Edition.
CoNTAINING OVER 700 OcTAvo PAGES, WITH FIFTEEN PLATES AND 670
WooD-cUTS, CONTAINING 1,250 FicuREs.

Price, $5.00, in full Green, Brown, Claret or Black Muslin Binding.

Published at the Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass. For sale at
the principal book-stores. Trade supplied on liberal terms.

ITALIAN BEES,

IMPORTEHD AND HOME-BRED
#@"Sena for Circular. E. J. PECK, Linden, N. J.

kes Use Automatic Bee-Feeders.a

A NEW DEPARTURE” IN BEE-KEEPING.

Swarming Attachment,” which can be applied to any form of hive,
even the old box hive or “gum,” and without interfering with the labors of
the workers, operates as a perfect non-swarmer. It is also a perfect Drone-
catcher, effectually confining drones to any hive when it is not bei ss to
have them in the air.

Price of sample Non-Swarmer, $1.50; per half-dozen, $8.00; per dozen,
or hundred, each, $1.00.

Apply to ITALIAN BEE COMPANY, Des Moines, Iowa.

ITALTAN QUHENS

OF BEST STOCK,
Tested both by their Worker and Queen Progeny.

We have a novelty to offer the public in «Mrs. FARNAM?’S Non-
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A few imported Queens for sale early; and new importations to be
received in June. For terms apply to

ITALIAN BEE COMPANY, Des Moines, lowa.

THE ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

THE GENESIS OF THE HONEY-BEE.

BY D; L. ADAIR.

The Animal Kingdom is divided by naturalists into two grand
divisions; viz., Vertebrates, or such as have a back-bone or spine,
of which man is the most perfect type; and Articulates a term,
which Cuvier selected as descriptive of their peculiar formation
of segments, joints, or rings, as all of them can be reduced to a
simple, typical figure, that of a cylinder divided into numerous
segments. Hntomologists divide the latter into three classes,
viz.: 1. Worms, or such as consist of a long cylindrical sac, com-
posed of an indefinite number of rings, all nearly alike, without
any appearance of subdivisions into regions; 2. Crustaceans, or
such as are composed of a determinate number of rings, which
are grouped together in two regions, the head and abdomen, or
anterior and posterior, of which the crab, lobster, and shrimp are
examples. The third and highest class consists of Insects, or such

as have their bodies subdivided into three distinct regions—-the
head, thorax, and abdomen; each region provided with a distinct
set of organs, having distinct functions. The insect is placed at
the head of articulate animals.

Insects are divided (Packard) into three orders; the lowest the
Myriapods, or such as have cylindrical worm-like bodies, with
segments not distinctly grouped into regions, except in the re-
cently, hatched young; the centipedes are an example. The
next or intermediate order, the Arachnide, which includes the
spiders, having only two distinct regions, are wingless, and have
four pairs of legs. “The third or highest order, the Hexapods, or
six-footed insects, generally have two pairs of wings, and the seg-
ments grouped into three distinct regions.

: 1

2 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

The hexapods are divided by Agassiz and Packard into seven
suborders, at the head of which they place Hymenoptera, which
culminates in Apis, the honey-bee.

Dr. Packard (Guide to the Study of Insects) says: “In the un-
usual differentiation of the individual into males and females, and
generally sterile workers, with a further dimorphism of these
three sexual forms, such as Huber has noticed in the humble-bee,
and a consequent subdivision of labor among them; in dwelling
in large colonies, thus involving new and intricate relations with
other insects; their wonderful instincts; their living principally
on the sweets and pollen of flowers, and not being essentially
carnivorous (7. é., seizing their prey like the tiger-beetle) in their
habits; and in their relation to man as a domestic animal subser-
vient to his wants; the bees, and hymenoptera in general, possess
a combination of characters which are not found existing in any
other suborder of insects, and which rank them first and highest
in the insect series.’

All insects have their origin in the ovaries of the mother, in
the egg or its equivalent, and pass through certain transformations
or metamorphoses; and as they have an important bearing on
many of the operations necessary to successful bee culture, and
those peculiar to the honey-bee are but imperfectly understood
even by naturalists, we propose to give, in short, asketch of those
transformations as they take place in the worker-bee; and if we
differ in some respects from naturalists of recognized eminence,
we do so because our own observations as a practical apiculturist
for seventeen years we consider justifies it,and because we consider
that a proper understanding of the subject will correct many erro-
neous practices in bee culture.

The egg of the honey-bee consists of, first, a shell, or, as natu-
ralists call it, chorion; second, of athin membrane or lining called
the vitteline membrane or yelk envelope. These inclose, third,
albumen; fourth, an oil which forms the yelk; and fifth, the germ
or embryo, which is the animal, whether male germs are added to
it or not. It is a vitalized bud, as much so as its analogue in the
plant or tree, the product of animal reproduction, fertilization
only changing the sex. The egg is deposited by the queen in the
cells of the comb.

When the vital principle is excited to action by the proper
degree of heat the embryo absorbs its stored food, which develops
organs and appendages to prepare it for its second stage, and at

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 3

the end of about three days, under favorable conditions, if a
proper temperature is maintained in the hive, it bursts open
the shell and emerges in the form of a minute worm, and is then
called a larva.

In this second stage it has no resemblance to the perfect bee.
It has a mouth; its only organs being the organs of nutrition,
which are very simple, being nothing but a straight tube ending
in a blind sae, or bag, having no outlet; as it lives on liquid food
perfectly adapted to all its wants, all of which is digested and
appropriated, and no residuum left to be excreted, as is the case
with the darve of many insects.

From the time it leaves the egg it feeds voraciously on the
whitish fluid which is deposited in the cell by the nursing bees
so plentifully that it floats in at first, from which fact it is but
reasonable to suppose that it absorbs its nourishment as well as
feeds upon it. From a worm without any rings it soon grows
into an articulated animal, and fills the cell in four to six days,
when it is sealed up by the nursing bees with a cover placed over
the mouth of the cell. In the course of thirty-six hours the larva
spins around itself a silken cocoon, which lines the cell, and enters
its third stage, which is called its pupa state.

This second metamorphosis finds it entirely changed in form,
and from a. worm composed of simple rings it is transformed into
an insect with its three divisions of head, thorax, and abdomen.
Its internal organs undergo as great a change; but, as during this
stage no food is taken nor excrement discharged, its stomach has
no outlet posteriorly, only the rudiments of the anal outlet being
formed.

Dr. Packard, quoting from Weismann, says: “Accompanying
this change in the integuments there is a destruction of all the
larval system of organs; this is either total or effected by the
gradual destruction of tissues.”

After the worker-bee pupa has reached its twenty-first day,
counting from the laying of the egg, it has perfected its form and
enters on its fourth or imago stage, when it cuts away the cap of
the cell that imprisons it and issues forth to mingle with the
crowd in the hive. It is then considered by entomologists as a
perfect insect, but it is evidently not so.

Dzierzon stated, as the result of his observation, that the
worker-bees attended to the domestic concerns of the colony
during the early period of their lives. The introduction of the

4 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

Italian bee enabled Dr. Donhoff to make such observations as
confirmed the correctness of this opinion. His experiments, as
detailed by himself, are given in “Langstroth on the Hive and
Honey-bee,” page 194, but are too long to be quoted here. My
own observations confirm Dr. Donhoff’s, and I think establish
the following as facts: |

1. The honey-bee is not a perfect insect when it attains its
imago or so-called perfect state.

2. The worker-bee passes through a fourth stage before its
organs are perfected, which I call its adolescent state, which ordi-
narily extends over a period equal to the whole time required for
all the other transformations, and extraordinarily, or during a
period of rest or hibernation, over an indefinite period.

3. During the first three days of adolescence it does not eat at
all, its alimentary organs not being perfected. For from three
days to a week after that it only eats bee-bread; it then begins to
eat honey sparingly. Up to this time it evacuates no excrement.
and it is but reasonable to suppose that the anal tube is imperfect.
It continues to feed on the same kind of food that nourished it in
its larval state, while the adult bee is never known to eat it.

4. The adolescent and the adult bee perform entirely different
offices in the labors of the hive. From the food used by the former
is secreted the wax with which they build their comb-structure.
It is doubtful whether the adult bee is capable of producing wax
at all. The young bee also builds the cells and feeds and nurses
the brood. Huber noticed that a certain class of bees, which he
called nourrices or petites abeilles, fed the larve, and supposed that
the wax-makers were a different class, which he called cirieres.
He distinguished them by their size, not suspecting that the latter
were distended with the food they eat to produce the wax secre-
tions. He also confounded the adult bee with the former or petites
abeilles, they being about the same size, and attributed to them the
additional office of honey-gathering.

5. The adolescent bee not only constructs the ordinary worker,
drone, and store-cells, but when necessary constructs the cells for
rearing queens, and attends to feeding and nursing them through
the larval state. The adult bees are incapable of queen rearing.

6. The adult or perfect bee only gathers stores and propolis.
So far as I have been able to see, it does nothing else.

These being facts, I conceive that they can only be accounted
for upon the hypothesis that an additional transformation of the

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 5

internal organs takes place in the adolescent bee during its semi-
adult state, and incidentally from the food taken the wax is se-
ereted; or after the stomach has partially digested the food, and
abstracted such elements as are necessary to its full development,
the residue, instead of being evacuated as feces, is fed to the larve,
it being exactly suited to their necessities. As soon as the ali-
mentary organs are perfected it enters its fifth stage and becomes
an adult, and as such can no longer perform such offices, being
physically incapacitated.

The period of adolescence extends over an indefinite length of
time, the young bee being required to work over a certain quan-
tity of food in order to extract from it the necessary amount of
the peculiar elements necessary to its full development; conse-
quently during the honey-gathering season, when much brood is
being fed and much wax produced, its extreme limit does not
exceed forty days, while the bee emerging from the cell in the
fall continues in that state until the next spring.

The experienced bee-keeper will readily see what an impor-
tant bearing this theory has upon the success of many operations
necessary in scientific bee culture, as it will explain the cause
of many failures and mishaps that were before mysterious.

It will point out the true theory of artificial swarming. A
swarm made up entirely of old bees are unable to produce a
queen, and consequently would fail; or in case a queen be given
them, they would be unable to feed and nurse her brood, and un-
less comb was given them there would be no place for the queen
to lay eggs. If composed entirely of young bees, they would be
in a better condition, provided they were supplied for a while
with food, as they could construct comb, rear a queen, and nurse
the brood, and when they reached the adult state, if other young
bees were produced to take their places, they might prosper, but
their prosperity depending on so many contingencies, they would
not so soon become strong as if the proper proportion of each
class of bees with brood in all stages and a queen were united at
once. For if there be the proper proportion of each to begin
with, we may venture to make the swarm much smaller than
when any of the requisites are wanting.

Since the invention of the Melipult, and the discovery that
much honey is used in generating wax, the greatest want of the
bee-keeper has been more comb to receive the honey. Many
plans have been suggested to obtain it, and inventive genius has

6 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

been called on to supply it artificially, without knowing that in
every hive of bees where brood is being matured there is a con-
tinual involuntary production of wax going on, and in every
hive that bas no vacancies for building comb it is being wasted.
dropped on the bottom and swept out by the bees, or accumulated
in every crack or crevice it falls into, to become a food and harbor
for the moth-worm. ‘The wax is lost.. Nor is- that the worst of
it, for adolescence is prolonged and valuable time is lost by de-
taining in idleness great numbers of infant bees, that were they
relieved of the accumulating wax as fast as it was ripe would
sooner reach the adult state and become honey-gatherers. It has
another bad effect, as it is the ordinary cause of natural swarming.
The nursing bees prepare more food than there are larve to feed
it to in the ordinary quantities. Some of these are supplied
largely, and from them queen-cells are started, which seems to
produce disorganization, and instinct impels the bees to migrate
to a new home, where they can find room to use the accumulated
wax, in the cells of which the food in the stomachs of the nurses
can be used to rear another generation. Any one who has noticed
how rapidly comb is built by a natural swarm can not doubt that
the bees carry the wax with them from the old hive.

It will be easily understood under these cireumstauces that it
is important that there should always be room in the hive for the
continual deposit of wax in comb-building, not in boxes of diffi-
cult access, but in close proximity to the normal cluster, where the
queen can have access to it, to deposit eggs in it, which she will
do more readily and rapidly in half-furnished cells, and by that
means allow the nurses to relieve themselves of their loads of
brood-pap. An extra extent of box-room will not remedy the
difficulty ; for while it may enable the wax-makers to rid them-
selves of some of the wax-scales, it gives no extra room for the
queen and nurses.

The hive should therefore always contain one or more vacant
frames, or frames in process of being filled. We may thus secure
an incredible number of comb-sheets, and to a great extent ob-
viate the necessity of artificial comb; the increased activity of the
adolescent bees will sooner fit them for honey-gathering; the
queen will be stimulated to lay a greater number of eggs, rapidly
extending her brood-nest to the new comb, the result of which
will be an increased strength of bees, and consequently greater
stores of honey, as long as pasturage continues.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

~

FERTILIZING QUEENS IN CONFINEMENT.

BY MRS. E. 8. TUPPER, OF DES MOINES, IOWA.

At the Bee-keepers’ Society at Cleveland a member expressed
utter disbelief in the assertions of many that they had secured
the fertilization of queens in confinement. He made what no
doubt appeared to him a most liberal offer of five hundred dollars
to any one who would go to his apiary and secure the fertilization
of fifty young queens in confinement. Little notice of it was
taken. It was received very much in the same spirit as would
have been an offer of the same sum to any one who would show
him fifty queens, asserting there were no queens, but the workers
deposited their eggs!

No doubt there were many present who had never succeeded
themselves in securing the fertilization of queens in confinement;
but in this age of progress few are willing to say that a thing can
not be done because they never did it or saw it done. It must be
evident that no one could afford to leave his own apiary in the
busiest season to try experiments for others, or teach them how
to do what they have failed in doing. We do not think Gen.
Adair, L. C.. Waite, Dr. Mitchell, or any other of the successful
ones in this matter will be likely to jump at this offer; but we do
hope they will all be able to give in these annals and other peri-
odicals such reports of success in this important matter, with
methods of securing the end, so simplified that even the novice
can control the mating of the queen without trouble.

In the summer of 1870 I failed in many of my first attempts,
as I now know, because I did not secure in the cages I then used
sufficient warmth. After the season advanced, and warm, dry
weather came on, my failures were few. I succeeded with twenty-
seven queens, more than nine tenths of the times I attempted it.
During the past season I did not in a single instance fail when I
tried. I used the cage of my own making at first, but afterward
received a fertilizing cage from Gen. Adair, which was much more
easily managed. Under proper conditions of warmth, and age
of both drone and queen, the failures need be very few when this
cage is used. I also succeeded with the wire dish-cover, as used
so successfully by L. C. Waite. My long illness during the latter
part of the season interrupted my experiments.

(08)

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

In October I found a number of young queens hatching in
colonies, from which an assistant had removed the queens. I
removed several of these to small hives, and to one of these at-
tached one of Mrs. Farnam’s non-swarming attachments. The
young queen was fertilized in the box of this, and four times
afterward I succeeded in having queens fertilized in this box.
Though not recommended by the inventor for this purpose, I am
sure they will be valuable for it, as neither drones nor queen have
to be caught when this is used, but fly naturally from the hive. It
will be easy for a novice to try it. | It also possesses the advantage
of being out in the sun and air.

In conclusion, let me say that there remains for me no doubt
that it is only necessary to have the queen and drone of ripe age,
and the cage favorably situated as to warmth, to insure success in
every trial. Not only is the process very important where black
bees are near our Italians, but it gives us great advantage in
crossing different stocks, and in the selection of the best drones,
instead of leaving the matter to chance.

THE EGYPTIAN BEE.
BY M. BALSAMO CRIVELLI, OF ITALY.

Translated from “La Culture,” published in Paris, France, for the ‘Annals of
Bee Culture,” by C. P. Dapant, of Hamilton, Illinois.

Those who now practice bee culture in Egypt are the tribes of
the Fellahs and of the Coptes. The Bedouins who inhabit the
border of the desert do not occupy themselves with this branch
of agriculture. Bees are kept in boxes or in pots; these pots are
closed at the end as soon as the bees are hived in them. They
also use cylinders made of mud taken out of the Nile. Those
cylinders are fifteen inches in diameter by three feet in length,
having the same capacity as a large Dzierzon hive; the sides
are three inches thick, and the ends are closed with disks made
out of the same material, one of them having a small opening for
the entrance of the bees. These cylinders are generally piled
up like drain pipes. The straw hive seems to be unknown in
Egypt.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 9

The bees find their principal nourishment on clover (¢rifolium
alexandrinum). ‘The largest part of the plants and trees bloom
in the month of March. In the gardens bees gather honey and
pollen from sunflower (helianthus), cucumber, melon, onion, bean,
ete. In the country of Rei the crops are gathered in May, and
after that time large tracts of land remain dry and gloomy. The
country of Sharaki, being irrigated, gives three crops during the
year. There the bees can gather honey during the greater part
of the year. Acacia blooms as late as October.

In upper Egypt, swarming takes place in February and lasts
until the middle of March.

To force the swarms to build straight and in a parallel with
the disk which is used in place of a door, they fasten some old
combs to a piece of wood and fasten this inside of the hive. The
combs are then constructed in the upper part and near the guide.
They can be easily extracted by cutting them loose at the top.
We might almost say that the Arabs are acquainted with movable
combs. All the combs that the bees build are parallel to the one
introduced. By this process the management of the cylinder is
greatly facilitated. The Fellahs are not so ignorant in bee culture
as one might think at first.

In Egypt the principal enemies of the bees are wasps and
hornets. The hornets attack the bees in front of their hives,
when they return from the fields; they even enter the hives to
get the honey. The wasps do not kill the bees but they rob them.
At a certain time of the year a man has to stand in the apiary to
watch the hives and drive away the hornets, for the latter would
rob and take away all the honey. The bees can not control a
hornet so as to be able to sting it, and when robbing is begun
it is difficult to stop it. In Egypt, to operate on bees and gather
honey, they do not use any means of defense, and they handle
them with naked face and hands.

EXTERIOR APPEARANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN BEE.

The Hgyptian colonies, like our common black bees, are com-
posed of three kinds of bees: drones, queen or mother-bee, and
workers.

The workers of the Egyptian race have the first two rings of
the abdomen marked with a reddish yellow or orange color, and

the third ring half yellow and half black, like Italian bees. But

10 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

while the Italian bee has the first two rings entirely yellow, the
Egyptian bee has a black line on each of these rings. Besides, it
differs from the Italian bee in the color of the thorax, which is
entirely yellow; the ends of the jaws and the forehead are of a
rusty red. The body is covered with a whitish coat of hairs. On
each side of the head these hairs are of a dark brown, and white
in the center.

The Egyptian bee, seen from behind, seems to shine, on account
of these white hairs. When on the wing it seems to be covered
with flour. <A practiced eye can follow it easily and recognize it
among Italian bees. The difference in size is very noticeable.
The Egyptian bee is smaller and more active than the Italian or
the black bee.

The Egyptian drones have the first two rings of the abdomen
of a reddish yellow, and the third of a lighter color. They re-
semble the most beautiful Italian drones; but they differ from
them in the brightness of their thorax, so that they look quite
different from the former when on the wing. The Egyptian
drones are smaller than the Italian and German drones. They
are also less weighty.

The Egyptian queen differs widely from the Italian queen.
The first abdominal rings of the former are of a reddish yellow
color, and on a few of the nicest queens they seem to be spotted
with blood. A bright black line extends on each of these rings,
and becomes broader and broader toward the end of the abdomen.
The thorax is of a brownish gray color, and is covered with
hairs.

The wings of the Egyptian bees are smaller than those of the
other races. The noise produced by them when on the wing is
higher in pitch than that of any known bee, and their buzzing
is so extremely soft that any bee-keeper, even a novice, can
recognize the buzzing of the Egyptian bee from the other two
kinds. The buzzing of the drones is also softer. One might say
that the song of the Egyptian bee is soprano, while that of the
Italian or common bee is bass.

The cells of the Egyptian bees are similar to those of the
Italian bees in material, form, and position, but they differ in
size. The worker-cells are visibly smaller than those of the
other two races. Ten cells of Egyptian bees occupy the same
space as nine of the others. The depth of the cells is also some-
what smaller. If the same distance was put between their

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. Tf

frames as between the combs of the Italians they would build
combs between the frames.

Fourteen Egyptian drone-cells are equivalent in length to ten
Italian drone-cells. The queen-cells are smaller in the same pro-
portion. One thing is particularly remarkable. It is that the
Egyptian bees build very thin queen-cells, and do not strengthen
them at all until the queens are born. Another peculiarity is
that the Egyptian bees construct a great many royal cells and
accumulate them in groups. As many as thirty-five queen-cells
have been found on a piece of comb eight inches square.

The Egyptian bees when united with Italian or black bees
accept them willingly, and vice versa. These three different kinds
of bees live in peace in the same hive, and it is an agreeable sight
to see the little white Egyptian bee flying together with the
Italian and the black bees.

Although the cells of our bees are larger than those of the
Egyptian, it has been proved by experience that these little bees
do not hesitate to deposit eggs in them; but the difference in size
induces them to err, and they deposit drone eggs in them, but
after a while they begin to lay worker eggs. It is also proven
that the Egyptian queens do not begin to lay forty-eight hours
after impregnation like the queens of the other races, but they
wait five or six days.

When introducing brood combs of common bees in Egyptian
hives the bee-keeper should choose the oldest combs, because the
cells are narrower on account of the cocoons that have been left
in them by the bees when hatching. These old cells differ but
very little in size from the Egyptian cells.

It is impossible to introduce combs of Egyptian bees in common
or Italian hives to re-enforce them. The following experience was
made on this subject.

An Italian colony was deprived of its queen, and the brood was
removed to be replaced with Egyptian brood. But the colony
raised no queen-cells, and allowed all the young brood to starve.
The bees sealed, however, all the cells of all the brood that had
received a sufficient quantity of jelly. The reason of this fact is
easy to understand. We must not conclude that there is an aver-
sion between the races, but simply that the Italian or the common
bees can not reach the bottom of the Egyptian cell on account of
its narrowness.

[3 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

An Italian colony was again furnished with Egyptian brood,
of which the cells were not finished, but containing eggs. The
bees fed the young larve and constructed some supplementary
cells, but to finish the cells the bees were obliged to widen them
on all sides so that each cell had the form of an hexagonal funnel.

The Hgyptian workers have a great tendency to lay. In an
‘ orphan colony where brood is wanting laying workers will be
found after a few days. In a population composed of the three
races of bees, the little white bees are the ones that furnish the
laying workers if the mother fails. This fact has no practical
value; it proves, however, in favor of the prolificness of the
Egyptian bee. 7

The honey-bee is the most laborious of all animals; the most
eager to gather supplies for future wants; it is therefore given as
a model of domestic economy. It is always at work, either at
home or in the fields. There is a difference, however, between
the Egyptian and the other kinds, when the harvest begins or
when it ends. .

The Hgyptian bees rush out like a whirlwind. They are so
light that they leave the Italians and the common bees far behind.
The warm climate from which they originate has a great influence
on their activity.

The industry of the Egyptian bee is sufficiently proven by the
quantity of honey that it gathers. When coming back from the
field with a full stomach the first rings of its abdomen are almost
transparent. The pellets of pollen that they transport do not
differ in size from those of our bees.

They do not use any propolis to cover the inside of their
hives or to strengthen the comb. In the Egyptian hives made
of dirt there is no propolis to be found. In Germany it has been
ascertained that they do not gather any propolis. They use
wax in the place of it for all purposes. In this they differ from
our bees.

The Egyptian bees are mild in character. Bees of all kinds,
and wasps, hornets, or ants, are provided with a sting. The
insects generally called stingless bees, like the melipones and
the trigones, are not bees, and have nothing in common with
bees except the instinct of gathering honey and the faculty of
producing wax.

Varieties of bees differ from one another not only in color
and size but also in gentleness. The Egyptians are mild in

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. ‘3

character, like the Italians. They sting only when irritated.
When the air is warm and the temperature almost suffocating one
can stand very close to the entrance of their hive and observe
them without being attacked. If they are irritated either by
striking on the hive or by making quick motions around them,
they will draw their sting, and it is with them as with the Italians—
to fly up to the enemy and sting him is all one. The sting causes
pain and swelling, but the inflammation is inconsiderable; prob-
ably on account of the small size of the sting, and of the small
quantity of poison absorbed in the wound.

The Egyptian bee when attacked defends itself against robbers,
flies up to them and grasps them in such a way that they can not
get rid of it. The Italians also can defend themselves against
robbers, but the Egyptian bees have a great advantage over them
on account of their activity.

When bees are in quest of honey they will take it wherever
they can find it, and the instinct of hunting for it in the flowers
soon induces them to steal it. Dzierzon wrote with justness that
creatures deprived of reason, like bees, could not have a better
morality. For bees to gather honey is to take it wherever it
ean be found. All races of bees have a tendency to rob. This
tendency is eminently developed in the Egyptian bees. They,
like the other races, destroy the drones at the end of the honey-
harvest; and at that time the swarming fever ceases.

According to Vogel, from whom the substance of this article
is taken, it is easy to keep this race pure; for the Egyptian
queens, being smaller than the others, will choose drones be-
longing to their race; they can distinguish them easily by the
peculiar noise of their wings.

The same writer observes that an Egyptian queen, impregnated
by an Italian drone, can not get rid of the sexual organs of the
drone on account of their large size, and perishes after this im-
pregnation.

The German author writes at length on this race of bees, and
on several other varieties that could be had from Egypt. But
these questions being of secondary importance, I will here close
this notice.

Ms:

THe Turks have as a saying, “ You can’t sweeten your mouth

by saying ‘Honey!’”

14 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

A FEW HINTS AND EXPERIENCES.

BY REV. W. F. CLARKE, GUELPH, ONT.

Though only one “Novice” writes for the “Annals,” it may
fairly be presumed that many “novices” read that useful publi-
cation, and for such especially this contribution to its pages is
meant.
Many persons who have been induced to purchase movable-
frame bee-hives, and put bees into them, use them just as they
would the old-fashioned box or gum hives, and then complain
that they have thrown away their money. Now this is very
absurd. Of what advantage is an improved hive if the very
improvement of which it consists is made no use of? The chief
intent and value of a movable-frame hive is to give access to a
colony of bees, and enable the bee-keeper to control and regulate
its internal economy. But there are those who, having bought
such a hive and put a swarm into it, have never ventured to open
it, or to do anything more with it than they would with a box or
gum. Very likely the bees, left to themselves, have built their
combs ‘ criss-cross,” and fixed things “fast in fate,” so that the
hive is to all intents and purposes converted into the commonest
of box hives. Then indeed is the money thrown away, or worse,
‘inasmuch as the negligent customer vents all sorts of maledic-
tions on improved hives and their improvers, hastily proclaiming
all “humbugs”’ together.
A few plain words with you, Mr. Stupid. It is you who are

the humbug. What would you think of the farmer who should
buy a mower or reaper, and for want of knowing how to use it
proclaim it an imposition, and persist in swinging the old back-
breaking scythe or cradle? A million farmers ride proudly erect
through meadows and grain-fields where of old they toiled and
broiled, bearing the heat and burden of the day, while yonder fool
still swings the scythe or cradle, though here lies in the barn-yard
a labor-saving machine on which he has wasted his money, and
which he can not use for want of knowing how. That fool is you.
Read up on the nature and habits of bees; learn how to handle
and manage them; find out what a movable-frame hive is for, and
use it accordingly.

Without a doubt, fear of getting stung keeps many persons
from meddling with their bees. Only here and there one has the

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 15

philosophy of that Indian who, when he swallowed a spoonful of
mustard out of curiosity, forgot the pain and stanched his tears
by thinking of his brave forefathers. A bee-sting is no joke
when it maddens the blood into fiery inflammation, blinds the
eyes, and swells the head as large as two. Besides, do we not now
and then read of bee-stings causing death? It is undeniable that
bees have an affinity for some persons and an unconquerable aver-
sion to others. It is our misfortune to be hated of bees. Most
faithfully have we fulfilled the Bible injunction, “love your ene-
mies,” and often have we labored to “overcome evil with good,”
but without avail. Bees are heathen insects anyhow. If you
let them swarm naturally, they will do it for the most part on
Sundays, and if the bee-master is a minister, contrive to sting him
in the face, so that either he can not go into the pulpit or is made
- to look ridiculous there. Science is more efficacious than gospel
in dealing with bees. A little smoke, a bee-veil, and gloves are
better than. Christian doctrine or Christian spirit for apiarian
purposes. It is the ambition of many bee-keepers to be able to
handle their bees without protection. Some hardly ever get
stung, and others don’t mind it, being pachydermatous and invul-
nerable. Must bee-hated people forego the interest and charm of
an apiary? Not when the remedy is so simple, say we. Bees are
fickle and notional. They have their moods, like verbs and men.
We have handled ours without protection frequently, and found
them as amiable as lambs. Again, we have handled them with
the same gentleness and care, and found them cross as hyenas.
Finally we have settled down to the pleasant custom of having a
veil round our hat ready to drop, and gloves at hand ready to put
on when the angry mood seizes the bees. And we advise all
bee-keepers with whom the little insects are not in league and in
love to adopt similar precautions. Gallup, Hosmer, Bohrer, and
Mitchell (who is Egyptian-bee proof) will laugh at this counsel ;
but we can’t see where the laugh comes in. Once a couple of bee-
stings on our right hand disabled us from writing for a fortnight—
a bad predicament for an editor. A friend of ours, Judge M.,
who is an enthusiastic bee-keeper, once tripped his foot when
among his bees and knocked over a hive. The enraged insects
came at him like furies. Fortunately the grass was long, and
there was a large evergreen close by, well furnished to the ground.
The judge dropped down among the grass, and put his head
among the foliage of the evergreen, and for four mortal hours,

16 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

until evening set in, the bees kept him prisoner. When he found
himself a fixture he improved the time by studying up some law
cases; but ever since he has believed in veils and gloves. While
on this subject let us say a veil of some black material is best.
Happy is the bee-keeper who can get possession of an old-fash-
ioned black-lace veil. It is just the thing. For gloves nothing is
‘better than the sheepskin gauntlets used in harvesting where
thistles abound. They cost only about fifty cents, and with care
will last a life-time almost.

A word about bee-houses. Some of the bee-books, especially the
English ones, contain very pretty plans of bee-houses, and early
in our experience they tempted us into building the like. But
we found them a perfect nuisance. They harbor moth-millers,
toads, mice, and spiders. The close proximity and similarity of
the hives confuse the young queens when they return from their
bridal excursions, and cause loss; the very workers are non-
plused often, and many a civil war is the result. Robbing is
more prevalent when the hives are huddled together, as they
must be in a bee-house. If a single hive becomes excited from
any cause, all the adjacent hives quickly sympathize, and the place
gets to be a perfect pandemonium in no time. Hives should stand
isolated, at least eight or ten feet apart. It is well to paint them
of different colors, that each may readily be distinguished. A
little village of hives, located in a sparsely planted shrubbery,
where partial shade is given them, looks very pretty, and is much
better for all practical purposes than the most artistic and archi-
tectural bee-house ever erected.

Bee-keepers who use the mel-extractor should provide some
place inaccessible to the bees in which to work it; otherwise there
will be more honey extractors in operation than will be ‘pleasant.
A tent or canvas-house is recommended by some. Our plan is to
use the winter bee-cellar as a summer honey-room. It is an
apartment eight by sixteen, built across a wing of the house,
where from the sloping nature of the ground the sills are four
feet above the level. Four feet more of excavation gives ample
head-room. The walls are double-boarded and filled with tan-
bark and saw-dust. A wire-cloth door at one end and a window
of the same material at the other give ample ventilation, exclude
the bees, and the place is a nice, cool room for extracting and
storing the honey in the summer time, while it is easily fixed up
for winter quarters.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 17

We intend, about the first of March, to try the effect of stimu-
lation on all our stocks by feeding them a la Hosmer. Oh, for a
fifty-acre linden wood!

APICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES,

BY PROF. A. J. COOK, OF THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

It was a satisfaction to us of the Michigan Agricultural
College, who have thought apiarian science of sufficient impor-
tance to well merit a place in our curriculum, and who, I believe,
are pioneers in introducing it into a college course of study, to
notice the resolution offered by Mr. Cameron, of Washington, at
the recent meeting of American Apiarists at Cleveland; and also
to notice its hearty adoption by that most intelligent body, com-
posed of such persons as Quinby, Clark, Root, and others.

It is certainly a suggestive fact that practical apiarists of
such intelligence should demand for the science of bee-keeping a
place in our agricultural colleges; especially as these institutions
are endowed by the Government for the very purpose of promoting
knowledge in respect to rural pursuits. No wonder that men
made purer and better by influences which come from familiarity
with this wonder of insect life—‘the honey-bee’’—and whose
pockets swell with the rapidly accumulating proceeds from their
marvelous stores, should object to seeing this most profitable
branch of husbandry ignored by the authorities of these institt-
tions.

We think that the adoption of this resolution was most oppor-
‘tune, and hope that it will be effective in its object. When we
refiect that nearly all of our agriculturalists still keep bees under
the old regime of box hives and no attention, and whose cash
to balance is more apt to be on the credit than on the debit side
of the account; while the few who have made the subject a study,
using science and other’s experience, and giving a generous
margin to that slight attention necessary, have made regularly
from one to three hundred per cent. from their capital invested ;
we feel that no agricultural college ought to neglect this branch
of instruction.

Why, it is a fact that all of our farmers who fully understand
the economy of the hive pronounce “bee-keeping” the most prof-

2

18 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

itable and least laborious branch of their business; and it is only
because of lamentable ignorance on the part of the farming
community in respect to the “mysteries of bee-keeping” which
keeps from our national wealth the millions of dollars which,
with knowledge, will come from the flowers, through the agency
of the honey-bee. If our farmers only knew that they too, as
well as Marvin, Hosmer, Grimm, and others, could make their ©
thousands annually, and with so little labor, how quickly would
systematic bee-keeping become prevalent throughout the country;
and the farmers are all eager for information, but with no teachers.
many cares, and past box-hive failures, it is slow to come.

Now right in our agricultural colleges is the place to remedy
this evil. If all these institutions will send forth yearly a score
or two of young men, fully taught as to all the improvements of
bee-keeping, stimulated by a knowledge of its great profits and
little labor, and qualified for success by having actually handled
bees in all the varied manipulations of a well conducted apiary ;
why, have we not here alone leaven that will soon leaven the
whole lump? and. here alone an increase in national wealth that
will soon repay the amount of endowment by which these insti-
tutions were created ?

I have never known stuctents more enthusiastic than in gaining
knowledge on this very subject. They are most careful not to
give the go-by to a single idea advanced in the lectures. And
with such an example as we gave them this past summer, of a
net profit of over two hundred per cent. on the money invested
from our college apiary, though experimenting somewhat lessened
our honey yield, we think they will go forth prepared to stimulate
the farming communities to that interest in bee culture which
shall lead to thorough knowledge and consequent success, which
is sure to follow an intelligent practice of this pursuit, whose
fascination is only exceeded by its profits.

i —-

BEE culture is in its infancy; yet there are many persons who
proclaim perfection. The truth is that there is nothing we know
all about. Perfection has not heen attained in any of the sciences,
much less in bee culture, that but a few years ago was wrapped in
mystery and superstition. Of the physiology of the bee we know
but little except from inference; of its labors we are just begin-
ning to learn. We see results, but know little of how they are
attained. Of diseases we know almost nothing. Yet with all this |
we have obtained great results.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 19

PARTHENOGENESIS IN BEES.

BY A. S. PACKARD, JR., M.D., SALEM, MASS.

Are the drone progeny of an Italian queen fertilized by a black
drone in any way affected by the cross? My answer to this question
is drawn from the facts discovered by Dzierzon and Berlepsch,
the two greatest bee masters in Hurope, and confirmed and further
illustrated by Siebold, the eminent German physiologist and
anatomist, in his little book on “ Parthenogenesis,’* which should
be in every bee-keeper’s hands. And if a perusal of this little
work would stimulate our more intelligent bee-keepers to study
_and experiment for themselves upon this anomalous mode of
generation, mueh more light would be thrown upon the theory
and practice of bee-keeping. The physiological knowledge needed
to start with, if from no other source, could be readily obtained
from any physician. |

The discovery of Dzierzon, that ‘all eggs which come to maturity
in the two ovaries of a queen-bee are only of one and the same kind,
which when they are laid without coming in contact with the male
semen become developed into male bees, but, on the contrary, when they
are fertilized by male semen produce female bees,” may be taken as
an axiom.

It is weil known also that worker-bees sometimes lay eggs
which produce drones; the workers are incapable of being im-
pregnated by the drones, the oviduct being imperfect, and. the
seminal capsule adapted for storing up the seminal fluid in the
queen being small and undeveloped, while the bees themselves
feel no sexual impulse and take no marriage flight in the air.

It is also an established fact, I believe, that “a queen may
acquire the power of laying fertilized eggs for five years by a
single normally executed copulation.” The queen is never im-
pregnated but once.

Again, Siebold ascertained that the eggs of the queen when
passing through the oviduct are impregnated by the male semen

* On a True Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees; a contribution to the History
of Reproduction in Animals. By C.T. E. Von Siebold. London: Van Voorst.

This work can be obtained through the American Naturalist’s Agency, Salem
Mass.

20 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

just when they shp past the opening of the seminal capsule; at
this time she allows one or more spermatozoa to slip out; these
immediately work their way into the yelk of the egg through the
‘“micropyle,” or minute hole in the end of the egg, and then the
egg is fertilized and the life of the embryo at once begins. The
orifice of this seminal capsule is controlled by voluntary muscles,
so that the queen lets a seminal filament slip out at will. When
an egg destined to produce a drone passes by the queen does
not allow the seminal filaments to pass out. Siebold invariably
found spermatozoa in the eggs of workers and queens, but never
in those of drones.

Thus it may be received as an axiom that “every normally
organized and fertilized queen possesses the power of laying male or
female eggs at will; that is to say, of leaving an egg unfertilized
or depositing it fecundated, at will, when engaged in laying her
eggs.”

Siebold also found “that by the copulation of insects the ovaries
are not fecundated, but that the seminal receptacle is filled with
semen, and that the fecundation of the egg only takes place at
the moment when the egg to be laid slips by the orifice of the
seminal receptacle in the oviduct.”

That the ovary itself is not affected by the impregnation is
proved, I think, by Siebold’s statement that “those female insects
which after the completion of copulation survive their males in
the autumn hibernate with the ovaries imperfectly developed,
and only lay fertilized eggs capable of development in the fol-
lowing spring, after their ovaries have become filled with mature
eggs.” Such is the case with the humble and other wild bees, the
wasps, and many other insects. So that it seems thus far to be
proved that the spermatozoa introduced into the seminal capsule
by the male never pass out of it again, unless subject to the will
of the queen.

It results from these facts that the drone progeny are in no
way influenced by the father of the workers and queens produced
at the same egg-laying. ‘To return to our question then, whether
the ‘drone progeny of an Italian queen fertilized by a black
drone are in any way affected by the cross?” I should answer
that they are not; and I believe such would be the answer of any
one conversant with the facts established by practical bee-keepers
and scientific physiologists.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. Ae

Siebold also tested the truth of his independent investigations
by the results of hybridizing Italian and common German black
bees, frequently practiced by bee-keepers. He says that if the
theory of parthenogenesis is correct, ‘““we might beforehand
expect that by the copulation of a unicolorous blackish-brown
German and a reddish-brown Italian bee, the mixture of the two
races would only be expressed in the hybrid females and workers,
but not in the drones, which, as proceeding from unfecundated
egos, must remain purely German or purely Italian, according as
the queen selected for the production of hybrids belonged to the
German or Italian race.” And in fact such he found to be inva-
riably the case. It is evident, however, that these experiments
must be made with the greatest care, and of course the queens
must be full-blooded—. e., of pure race; and, as Siebold remarked
-in 1856, ‘the observations will have to be made only with indi-
viduals of a perfectly pure race, which will not always be obtained
with ease and certainty, since the breeding of the Italian swarms
side by side with the German bee-hives is already carried on
amongst us to a very great extent. How difficult it may be to
find a perfectly genuine and pure queen for such experiments is
shown by the mixtures of two races of bees,” to which he previ-
ously refers. Further on he quotes the statement of Berlepsch,
that “all queens which are of a beautiful yellow externally only
produce Italian drones, even when they produce partly Italian and
partly German workers.”

A German mother, which was fertilized by an Italian drone,
produced German and Italian workers, but only German drones.
When, on the contrary, the mother is not of a fine yellow, when
she has traces of black blood in her, the drones also come forth
mixed, whether the mother be fertilized by a German or Italian
male; of course, because the males only take after the mother.”
Siebold then adds that from the observation of a great number
of productions of hybrid bees “it must therefore be regarded as
certain that, in accordance with Dzierzon’s theory, bees of pure
race are deprived of the power of producing hybrid drones.”

I think then that the question at the head of this article is
fully answered in the negative. It should be borne in mind that
queens of pure race are difficult to be obtained, and hence their
drone progeny are impure; so that to most-bee-kecpers the result
of a cross between an ordinary Italian queen and a black drone
may be impure.

22 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

ARTIFICIAL COMB.

BY M. QUINBY, ST. JOHNSVILLHE, N. Y.

Can it be made? Will the bees accept it? Will it pay to
make it? Before we can comprehend the advantages of artificial
comb we must ascertain, as far as practicable, the cost of wax,
or natural comb. |

It is said that a swarm of bees will consume not far from thirty
pounds of honey in secreting wax to fill an ordinary hive with
combs weighing a little more than one pound when new. Assuming
that it is correct, we can not estimate the honey consumed worth
less than three dollars at the lowest rate possible. We must not
lose sight of a more important consideration in our estimate.
Bees do not build comb except during a honey-harvest. We
want now to ascertain, if possible, how much honey the bees that
are engaged building this comb would accumulate in this time,
providing there were empty combs ready made to receive it as
collected. I have weighed strong swarms in box hives, part full
of comb, during a full yield of buckwheat. In seven days one
hive gained twelve pounds, another sixteen pounds, another in
twelve days gained thirty pounds. During clover blossom a new
swarm gained forty pounds in fourteen days. None of these ex-
ceeded three pounds per day. We have reports of greater gains
per day, but probably it was the result of double swarms. On the
other hand, we have known a strong swarm, when empty combs
were furnished, to collect over eighty pounds in one week. Forty
and fifty pounds in a week is quite common. Mr. Hosmer re-
ported fifty-three pounds in one day. From this it would appear
that during a yield of honey the average gain from having combs —
furnished would be not less than forty pounds per week over what
it would be if the bees had to build them. This in the two weeks
that it takes to fill the hive with combs would be eighty pounds.
Add the thirty pounds consumed to secrete the wax, it amounts in ©
the aggregate to one hundred and ten pounds while filling the
hive. At ten cents per pound, we have eleven dollars cost to fll
an ordinary hive with comb. I presume that many would have
rated the expense much higher than I have. But whatever it is,
we want to see if economy will allow us to make it for them.
Gen. Adair stated at the convention at Cleveland that by fur-—
nishing the bees with wax mixed with sugar they would manu-

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. aes

facture the combs and do it at a season when no honey was to be
had in the flowers. If they will do this to the extent that we
want comb made, we shall easily save very much more than half
the expense. This process will soon be further developed. All
wax-combs are subject to injury from the moth-worm. They
make a passage through the center, which the bees remove if they
are strong enough; if. not, it remains to spoil the hive. To re-
move the silken gallery in the center of the comb about three
rows of cells must be cut away and built anew; an additional
and continual expense with all wax-combs, perhaps equivalent to
a complete renewal once in five or six years.

Until the present time all attempts to make artificial comb
have failed, except a few cells. Nothing of practical value has
been produced till now. Combs have been made of tin cells of
. full depth, coated with wax, and are readily accepted by the bees,
using them both for storing honey and raising brood. The actual
cost per square foot is not far from $1.50. Nine square feet is
enough for a common hive, which would make the first cost con-
siderably more than the same amount of wax-combs. But as this
may be considered everlasting and the other to be often renewed,
it is a question yet to be decided which is the cheapest.

The tin combs are made in parts, and when they become filled
with cocoons, bee-bread, etc., the parts can be taken down, boiled
clean, wax-coated again, and set up as good as new. A patent has
been applied for, and is yet pending. As this is the first practical
artificial comb yet made, it was supposed that the field was clear ;
but Mr. Wagner, ten years before, had obtained a patent on what
he termed foundation-comb, which consisted of thin sheets of
wax pressed into the shape of the bottom of the cells. This was
offered as an objection, claiming that the “foundation” anticipated
the full-depth ceil. Whether patented or not, no claim to a prior
discovery will probably be made for full-depth cells. If some
benevolent bee-keeper can discover some material as indestructi-
ble by the worms as tin that can be furnished at less cost, and at
the same time acceptable to the bees, and is willing to share the
advantages with all, he will put us all under lasting obligations.

+ 2

GENTLENESS and boldness are two important requisites in
handling bees. These, with knowledge and industry, will make
a good bee-keeper. ,

24 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

THE SOUTH AS A BEE COUNTRY.

BY S. W. COLE, ANDREW CHAPEL, TENN.

In keeping bees for commercial purposes on an extensive scale,
the production and sale of honey will ever be the principal object
of the apiarian. In the “coming time,” which we trust a decade
or so of years will usher in, when honey will have largely taken
the place of molasses in commerce, and the price of it will have
settled down to a low and uniform standard in all the markets,
favored localities for bee-keeping will then be sought for and
appreciated more than at present.

It has been the history in the rise and growth of all great
commercial products that when their production has become
extensive enough to affect the commerce of the whole country,
while many localities could produce them, districts favoring their
cheap and easy production have always taken the lead and held
a kind of monopoly in the production of those particular classes
of products. This has been notably the case in fruit-growing, in
stock-raising, and in wheat and cotton-growing. While we hold
that it will always be profitable to keep bees wherever honey
can be gathered, the fact is evident that it will pay much the
best if they be kept in a good honey district.

In that ‘‘coming time” when our country will be so intersected
with competing lines of railroads, and freights will be so reduced
as to enable distant sections to exchange products with each other,
or to ship them to the great commercial centers of the country
at a merely nominal cost; when high prices at any point will be
impossible on account of the cheap and superior facilities of
transportation; then, if not before, the South as a bee country
will receive the attention of apiarians it so richly deserves. —

Bee-keeping, as a business to be made profitable, must receive
our whole attention, and it is useless to expect the highest results
from our bees unless they be kept where forage is abundant. We
do not wish to discourage artificial pasturage; this is certainly
good as far as it goes; but it appears to us that it is only advisable
where bee-keeping is a secondary consideration, and the bee-
keeper has other occupations to confine him to that particular
locality. But if we wish to engage in bee culture as a specialty, it
has always appeared to us to be much better to go at once toa
good honey-producing district than to spend years, or perhaps

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 25

nearly a life-time, in the vain endeavor perchance to raise
orchards of honey-producing trees in soils or localities uncon-
genial to their growth. And if this should meet the eye of any
devoted bee-keeper engaged in the up-hill business of raising
miniature bee-forests, we really hope that he will give it up
at once, and move bees, traps, and all to Kentucky, Tennessee,
Arkansas, or Missouri, the real bee Hl Dorado of America. The
southern bee-keepers have many advantages over their northern
brethren. Our mild winters dispensing with all necessity of in-
door wintering, and our earlier and longer seasons giving us.
superior advantages in securing surplus honey or in the multiph-
cation of colonies. The season of 1870 was the first failure in the
spring honey-harvest known in my locality for twenty years past,
while we have an almost absolute certainty of an abundant fall
harvest every season. In putting our bees into winter-quarters
in the fall our greatest trouble has always been to find enough
empty combs for wintering.

It is true that our southern honey has not heretofore ranked
as high as northern honey in the northern markets; but it has
been owing solely to the fact that it has generally been shipped
in bad condition and in unsightly packages. If handled with the
same care, and if put up in the same showy form, if from the
same sources of pasturage, we defy any one to distinguish it from
the best northern honey.

If our northern brother bee-keepers could but get a sight of
some of the forests that border our river courses in the south, and
could see the wilderness of maples growing there, while the banks
of the small creeks and bayous for miles are lined with a perfect
hedge of willows; and back from these, and bordering on them,
the woods are darkened into semi-twilight by the thick evergreen
foliage of the holly—another splendid bee-plant—and as you
ascend to the upland you would find forests of giant old poplars,
interspersed now and then with the stately bass-wood, while the
wild grape-vines form a net-work of the undergrowth, or swing
like great cables from the tops of trees a hundred feet high; while
on the edge of the bottoms bordering these forests will frequently
be found clearings of a hundred acres or so, done under the old
regime, but now abandoned for want of labor to the undisputed
possession of the: blackberry, and of the whole family of asters
and golden rods; they would say, as we do, that with all its
other blessings it is certainly the paradise of bee-keepers.

26 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

THE LABORATORY IN THE BEE-HIVE.

BY D. L. ADAgRo

“One drop of water hath no power; one spark of fire is not
strong; but the gathering together of waters called seas, and the
communion of many flames, do make both raging and invincible
elements. And una apis, nulla apis, one bee is no bee, but a mul-
titude, a swarm of bees, uniting their forces together, is very
profitable, very comfortable, very terrible; profitable to their
owners, comfortable to themselves, terrible to their enemies.’’—
PURCHAS. |

The state of rapid advancement in which the science of bee
culture now is, is no doubt based on solid facts; but until those
isolated facts are understood in all their bearings on each other, we
must consider it in its infancy. If what little we know of the
actual laws governing the actions of the honey-bee has enabled us
to accomplish so much, what may we not expect when research
has brought to light and unfolded all the hidden mysteries of the
hive, and arranged them in a.perfect system. It is probable that
not far in the future we will look back upon our present knowl-
edge of the subject and wonder at the narrow sphere to which
our knowledge is confined, as we now do when we look back a
few years and see the ludicrous superstitions that then formed the
basis of the science.

In America, until very recently, bee-keeping has been consid-
ered too trivial to enlist in its investigation men of science, but
it is to be hoped that the time has passed in which it was so
viewed, and that it will hereafter be dignified with the position
it deserves; and that when science is brought more fully to bear
upon it, it will unfold to us more of the principles governing the
labors of the most wonderful of insects.

Until that is brought about we must be satisfied with what
we know and can learn, but not follow the example of many by
concluding there is no necessity for further progress.

There are many important points of which we have but a
glimmering, that would be clearly perceived if we had a more
perfect knowledge of the economy of the hive from beginning to
end. Without arrogating to ourself the knowledge and capacity
to unravel all the mysteries, we have written what follows as our

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. ai

convictions, and have attempted to follow a colony of bees from
their swarming and being hived through all of the labors of the
hive.

If we hive a natural swarm of bees in an empty hive, of such
construction that we can observe and closely watch their work,
we find that they suspend themselves from the top of the hive, or
chamber, in which they are placed, in as compact a form as pos-
sible, appearing as an inverted cone; but in reality the true,
efficient, active force is composed of bees in the shape of a sphere,
or ball, the bees forming the inverted base being stationed in that
position for the purpose of suspending the true cluster.

By a close observation we will find that the outside bees of
the cluster are not a part of the active force, but form a crust
inclosing the active cluster; in fact, they and the suspending
_ bees form a natural hive, inside of which the organized forces are
working. By taking a small stick or wire and passing it hori-
zontally and suddenly through the middle of the cluster and
letting all below it drop, we can, by looking quickly, see that the
solid wall of bees is not exceeding an inch and a half in thickness,
while inside it is not at all crowded, but that there is a hollow
about three inches in diameter, and no more bees inside of it than
can work on the new comb-structure.

They commence working at the point where the circumference
of the hollow sphere touches the top of the hive, by forming a
narrow neck of comb, at first not more than three or four cells
wide. This they carry down, slowly widening, but rapidly
lengthening until they reach a point exactly at the center of the
hollow. Here they establish a center from which they work.
Cells are built in a circle around this center, and it soon becomes
the widest part of the comb; but as it widens and thickens it gets
heavier, and would break down if the stem were not strengthened,
so that it gradually widened until the comb at the center is about
three inches wide, when the neck is equally widened.

The edges of the comb now touch the inside of the crust, and
the crust recedes. Just at this time two parallel sheets of comb
are begun, as before, and are run down opposite the center.
When the first cells on the stem are about one eighth of an inch
deep the bees begin to place honey in them, and continue to fill
them as they are built up until they get within one or two inches
of the center; below that they place no honey.

But as soon as the central cell is one eighth of an inch deep

28 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

the queen lays an egg in it. She then goes around on the oppo-
site side and lays eggs in the three cells that are built from the
base of the central one. She then returns and deposits eggs in
the six cells surrounding the first one, and continues to keep the
cells on both sides filled with eggs as fast as they are ready to
receive them, thus establishing the center of her brood-nest at
the center of the comb-structure ; and when the comb on each
side of the first is brought down opposite the center she embraces
them in her circuit, thus giving her brood-nest a globular form.

The honey-storing bees keep the store-cells above filled with
honey down to the brood. As the sheets of comb are widened
they come down lower, and as each additional comb-sheet is built
they occupy more of it, thus storing the honey in an arch or
dome over the brood.

The work thus progresses, and will continue in the same order
for twenty-one days, if the space be large enough; at which time
the brood-nest attains its full size; for at the expiration of that
time the cells in the center first filled with eggs are vacated by
the maturing bees, and the queen returns to the center to refill
them with eggs; and as they are emptied in the same rotation in
which they were filled, she continues to follow them up, going
over the same ground every twenty-one days.

The completion of the brood-nest does not stop the comb-
building. That continues as rapidly as ever; but, as it is not filled
with eggs by the queen, the honey-gatherers keep it filled with
honey, thus surrounding the brood with honey.

Let us now examine the comb that has been constructed, and
we find that all of the cells embraced in the brood sphere are of
a regular size, and is all worker-comb. The cells in the upper
part, filled eth honey, are most likely a size larger, and Pes
irregular. So far there is no drone-comb.

Around the brood-nest on every side, and below, there is found
a border of cells that are neither filled with brood nor honey, but
are partly filled with bee-bread.

Let us again accompany the queen on her circuit and note
what occurs. The first bees that emerge from the cells remain
on the sheets of comb that reared them. For three days they
eat nothing. Their alimentary organs are not matured, although
their stomachs are filled with food which they received in the
larval state. A part of this is taken up by the circulation, and
is used in completing their internal organism.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 29

At the end of three days the eggs laid in cells from which
they came hatch, and the young bees disgorge the remaining
contents of their stomachs into the cells as food for the young
larve. They then begin to eat the bee-bread that we have said
is placed around the brood-nest on all sides, which is taken into
their stomachs, and after being partially digested is given to the
larve. For about four days, or a little longer, they continue to
feed the larve; their growth being then completed, the nurse-bees
begin to eat honey sparingly, and become wax-workers.

The bee-bread and honey they consume is no longer disgorged
as food for the larve, but is thoroughly digested, and in the labo-
ratory of their stomachs is changed into wax, which is secreted
in glands perhaps, from which, as it hardens, it finds its way
into the wax-pockets under the abdomen. The first formed is
perhaps used to cap over the larve they have been nursing. This
period does not necessarily limit the capacity of the young bees
as nurses, but it is probable that they can perform that office as
long as they continue in their adolescent state, and are eaters
of bee-bread; but the food not given to the larve is converted
into wax.

As the wax accumulates on them, they gradually, following
the course of the queen, recede from the center, and find room on
the outskirts of the comb-structure for depositing their wax.

The bees that have been comb-building up to this time pass
out into the fields as gatherers of honey, to be stored in the comb
as built by the new wax-workers; the latter, after passing their
allotted time in that mechanical labor, in turn becoming honey-
gatherers, and after laboring in the fields for about a month and
performing duty as crust-bees, die of old age.

We thus see that there is a perfect system governing the work
of the bee; that, contrary to former notions, which supposed that
the different offices of the bee were directed, as a system of police
in a government, by a head, and were executed by the exercise
of reason and discretion, they are involuntary, and each bee in
succession performs all the duties. As it increases in age it is
crowded outwardly by the development of others in the center.
_ From a nurse in the brood-nest its labors are first transferred to
the wax structure; thence to the gathering and storing of honey;
and when it is no longer of use as a productive agent it takes its
place in the living wall that protects what it can no longer pro-
duce, and finally is cast off like the withered leaf.

30 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

So far we have gone on the supposition that there was room
for the bees to extend their work in every direction, except up.
But as that is seldom the case with the bees in hives, let us con-
sider the effect of a failure of room in any direction. We have
said that when the cluster is first formed a part of the bees form
a living hive or crust around the hollow in which the first work
is done, and that as the comb-building progresses they recede
before it. This they continue to do, swelling out like an India-
rubber balloon as it is inflated with air, always encompassing the
comb. They are the hive proper. The bees claim no occupancy
of any other part of the hive, be it large or small, than is inclosed
inside of this globular crust.

This living crust has its analogy in other hymenopterous in-
sects—for instance, the papery nest-covering around the brood-
nest of the hornet (Vespa crabro)—which, simultaneously with the
building of the first brood-cells, has its commencement, and soon
assumes the shape of a globe surrounding tke cell-structure of the
nest. As the number of galleries and additional comb is built, it
is enlarged until, from a ball the size of a boy’s toy, it attains
near a foot in diameter.. The hornet not being accompanied
by a host of animals out of which to form a living wall, nature
provides an instinct to produce a substitute in a paper crust that
protects the nest.

We will now suppose the bees to be placed in a hive ten inches
deep, thirteen inches wide, and two feet long, and that the cluster
is formed in the center of it each way. In an ordinary-sized
swarm the brooding center will be placed three and a half inches
below the top; and if the comb be built across the hive, it will be
equidistant from the sides and bottom, so that when the first sheet
of comb is extended six inches from the center each way it will
have reached within one half inch of the sides and bottom, which
is as near as the bees will approach with brood-comb to a solid
wall. The store-comb above will be joined to the sides.

The crust, having receded to the wall and bottom, gives way
and is broken; but as the solid walls and bottom of the hive take
its place no harm is done. Lengthwise of the hive the circle has
been maintained, and the eighth and ninth sheets of comb have
been commenced, which are twelve inches apart. Around them
the crust is maintained. The cluster can extend no further lat-
erally, and is forced out toward the ends. The cluster is divided

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. elt

into two hemispheres, and the work extends toward the ends of
the hive, pushing them before it.

If there are any cracks or openings in the evacuated territory
too small for a bee to pass through, they are carefully stopped
up with propolis, as to leave them behind would disorganize the
harmony of the operation. If large enough for a bee to pass
through, a part of the crust-bees are left to stop them with their
bodies, many of them passing to the outside. If there are holes
in the ceiling or top of the chamber, they are managed in the
same way.

Thus the work progresses until the hive is filled with comb,
brood, and honey, the crust finally giving way, and leaving none
thus engaged except such as are guarding the openings.

Then if there be honey-boxes on top of the hive many of
' them will pass into them; others will be forced out at the en-
trance-holes, and “hang out,” as it is called. The wax-workers,
having no further work, follow them, and when enough join them
in the boxes they suspend themselves to the top and reorganize
as an independent cluster in each box, and go to work as they
did in the beginning, the same process of comb-building being
repeated in miniature by each cluster, with this difference, that
the queen being left in the brood-nest below, the cells are not
filled with brood, but are occupied with honey. Hach cluster
being small and disconnected, the whole of them fail to progress
as rapidly as they did in the continuous chamber.

Before considering the effects of the disorganization let us go
back to the cluster as first formed, and see if we can learn any-
thing of its objects. In order to do so let us place two thermometers
in the hive, one outside of the crust and the other inside of it.
The one inside will indicate a temperature of 70° Fahrenheit;
the other will show a temperature different, depending on the
temperature of the atmosphere. We will also place in the same
manner in the hive two.hygrometers. (The hygrometer is an
instrument for measuring the moisture of the atmosphere.) The
one inside of the cluster will mark the atmosphere dry and fail
to indicate the presence of moisture; the one outside will mark
a degree of moisture as influenced by the outside atmosphere,
augmented by the exhalations from the cluster.

Other phenomena are observed of which we will not now
speak, these being sufficient for our present purpose. From the

Sy ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

observations here laid down we think we are justified in the fol-
lowing conclusions, the substance of some of which we have
published before:

1. A colony of bees is a unit. Hach bee is but a member of
the whole body, and not separate and individual, any more than
the fingers of the hand or the buds on the tree. The nerves that
connect the fingers with the controlling intelligence of the body
are palpable and easily realized; but the bee, as a part of the
colony, is connected with the controlling intelligence of the hive
by an impalpable and invisible agency, which is as perfect as the
nerves of the human body. A bee separated from the colony,
beyond the influence of this agency, is as useless as the finger
separated from the body, and as surely perishes. Upon no other
hypothesis can we satisfactorily account for many of the operations
of these insects. It will not do in the face of facts to say they
are endowed with reason, or that they are capable of education ;
for all they do is governed by unvarying laws as certain as the
law of gravitation or any other law of nature. They would be
useless to man were it otherwise; for did they exercise a will, and
had they a discretion or reason they could not be depended on to
do the same thing always alike, as they invariably do under
like circumstances, and it is only by understanding and taking
advantage of these fixed habits that bee-keeping has progressed
so rapidly.

2. A normal colony of bees consists of a queen and workers;
and nothing but worker-comb is ever constructed in the brood-
nest or, near it, laterally or below, as long as there is no disturb-
ance of the balance or harmony of the hive.

3. The construction of drone-comb and queen-cells is never
carried on when the balance is perfect, but is always the result of
disorganization or some disturbance of the harmony of the hive.

4. The presence of drones in a hive is always an indication
that the true normal balance has been disturbed, and that the
regular working of the colony has been interfered with.

5. So long as there is a vigorous, fertile queen, well supplied
with worker-cells in which to deposit all her eggs, with no more
young bees than can be employed in feeding the larve, the elabo-
ration of wax, and building of comb, neither drone-comb nor
queen-cells will be constructed; nor will the queen lay eggs in
drone-cells that are already built, provided the hive is of such a
construction as will allow the bees to form their cluster as a unit.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 33

As we have seen, the natural cluster is in the form of a globe or
ball, with the necessary bees to suspend it; but if the hive is too
narrow or shallow, they will be drawn out to greater length, but
will not have their harmony interrupted until the cluster crowds
against some side, top or bottom, in which there is a hole through
which they can pass. It matters not whether the opening leads
out into the open air or into some adjoining chamber or honey-
box; the unity is thereby broken up, as a part of the bees are cut
off from the main body, and to that extent the colony is disor-
ganized.

6. That the theory of ventilation of the hive, in summer as
well as winter, most generally received, is injurious; for any air-
hole into a hive full of comb, and in which the natural crust is
superseded by the walls of the hive, although it is covered with
-wire-cloth, places the colony in an abnormal condition, and nature
makes the same effort to close it that she does when the bark of a
tree is pierced; and the bees work diligently, if not always suc-
cessfully, in plastering it over with propolis.

7. A hive so constructed or managed that all the bees of a
colony can have at all times ample room to maintain their normal
relative positions, and which is kept supplied with a vigorous
queen by the bee-keeper superseding the old queen whenever
she shows signs of decline, and in which no violations of the
theory here laid down are committed, will never have in it
any drones or drone-comb, will never attempt to raise a queen,
and consequently never cast a swarm. The wax-workers will
supply all the comb needed for brood and honey, the maximum
of strength will be kept up, and the only reasonable limit to
the amount of surplus honey will be the amount of the supply
in the flowers.

The periods here given as governing the different operations
are necessarily variable, as they depend on circumstances not
named, but are about the average, in a normal colony, during
the honey-harvest. We have reports of the Italian bee reach-
ing its imago state in eighteen days, and in other instances it is
lengthened to twenty-four; but, as we conceive, these fall under
the head of irregularities, and indicate an abnormal state of the
colony.

For a fuller elueidation of this theory the articles entitled “Why
do Bees construct Queen-cells?” and “ The Genesis of the Honey-
Bee,” should be read in this connection.

34 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

DOES A QUEEN STING HER ROYAL RIVAL?

BY MRS. ELLEN S. TUPPER, OF IOWA.

This is a question which I would like to have answered by any
one who has any knowledge of the matter. We find interesting
accounts of the battles of rival queens in works upon the bee,
but we find also various other things given as facts which our
observation does not confirm as such. Has any one now rearing
queens, and constantly familiar with the interior of the bee-hive,
witnessed these “terrible combats?” In over twelve years’ expe-
rience in this particular branch of bee-keeping I must say I have
never had any proof that a queen’s sting was used for any such
purpose.

I have several times been stung by a queen; in every instance
it has been a black queen that I was handling roughly, perhaps
holding in my hand for safe-keeping while closing a hive, not
caring if I did hurt it, only anxious to prevent its escape. In one
instance of the kind the sting of the queen was left in my hand
with the entrails attached, precisely as is often the case with the
sting of a worker. We know that a strange queen is in danger
when entering a colony, but does not her danger arise from the
disposition of the workers rather than the animosity of the queen
of that hive? It would seem so from the fact that she is in quite
as much danger if put into a queenless colony, unless they are
prepared for her reception. Perhaps the facts in this case have
very little value practically, but to the naturalist it is important
that truth, not fiction, be his basis of opinion.

I have times without number seen the worker-bees injure a
queen in various ways, by hugging, by biting, and by stings. I
have repeatedly found several stings in the body of a dead queen,
but I know they were the stings of workers, not royal stings.

We have in works upon the bee homilies upon the wisdom of
nature which so arranged matters that both queens could not
sting at the same time, and so the life of one was preserved. But
these ‘“‘naturalists’’ do not tell us by what miracle the life and
value was preserved of the queen who used her sting upon the
other. It scems to me, after a careful microscopic examination of |
a queen who had left her sting in my hand, that the loss of a
portion of her entrails, and as it appeared to me, the mutilation ©

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 35

of her ovaries, would have destroyed her value if not her life. I
confess I can not understand why the loss of a sting should cause
a worker's death and leave a queen uninjured.

I have many times seen a queen running wildly about a comb
in great excitement while the workers were destroying royal cells,
but have never seen her touching them herself. I have also re-
peatedly seen five and six young queens newly hatched quiet ona
frame while-the workers were destroying royal cells. In one case
I kept four a week, or until the first one was fertilized, in safety
in one hive, the bees paying them no more attention than if they
were workers. I know this is uncommon, but similar instances
will no doubt come to the remembrance of all queen-rearers.
Surely, in the many instances we can all recall where queens have
been destroyed by queenless colonies, there was no queen agency,
directly or indirectly, in the matter.

So far as my experience throws light upon the matter I am
of the opinion that these “combats” belong to the same class of
facts as does the old assertion that queens are ‘fertilized inva-
riably high up in the air.” “Presumption” though it is called to
withhold our belief from such facts, there are some of us “living
to learn,” and learning every day, who prefer to trust our own
eyes rather than the evidence given by a blind man who, wonder-
ful as was his knowledge, was obliged to trust much to the obser-
vation of uneducated eyes.

WHAT ARE THE MOST DESIRABLE IMPROVEMENTS
IN BEE CULTURE.

BY CHAS. DADANT, HAMILTON, ILLINOIS.

For the last few years the genius of the American bee-keepers
have been traveling so fast in improvements of hives, more or less
rational, that it is perhaps time to stop and look backward to
see if there are not some untrodden paths to be discovered.

In this article I propose to draw their attention to two subjects
of the first importance to them: 1. The improvement of honey-
producing plants; 2. The improvement of the honey-bee.

36 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

Man has at length ceased to consider himself the fallen being
that he did during the first centuries of Christianity. He knows
now that far from being inferior to what he was in the beginning,
every day adds something to his ideas, to his intellect, and to his
power. He knows that if he has so long been poor and feeble
and a coward, it was because he was but obeying the law of ali
beings who, on the threshold of life, have everything to learn. —

His doubts and his fears now vanish before him. He begins to
know himself and his powers, and is certain of triumphing over
difficulties. He has discovered that he is the king, the master, of
all the beings that surround him. He knows now that he can
model them at will. Out of thorny bushes he has made countless
varieties of pears, apples, plums, peaches, etc. The most insig-
nificant flowers have been forced to enlarge their corollas and
change their colors to please his eye. The vegetable kingdom
has been compelled to submit to all his exigencies, either for
ornament or usefulness.

It is therefore with perfect confidence of success that I propose
to the bee-keepers to require from the red clover shorter corollas
than it has at present, in order that the bees may gather from its
flowers the abundant treasures of honey that has so long been
locked up from them.

Bilhons of pounds of honey are lost every year in the red-
clover blossoms. This honey man can appropriate to himself if
he so wills. There are several ways to attain this end.

1. Selection. By selecting such clover-heads as the bees have
been seen to gather honey from, saving the seeds and sowing
them separately in dry and infertile soil.

2. Hybridization. By trying to cross the red clover with
white or alsike clover. j

3. Analysis. As each part of a plant is composed of different
elements, by having a skillful chemist to analyze separately the
leaves, stems, and corollas of the clover it could be found out
whether the corollas do not need a certain element not necessary
to the development of the other parts of the plant. By cultivating
clover in the same field for years and giving back to the ground
all the elements necessary to the growth of the plant, but with-
holding such as are necessary to the formation of the corollas.

By some of these means we may be able to create a variety of
clover as advantageous to the bees as to cattle.

The power of man is not confined to plants; it extends also

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 37

over the animal kingdom. There it has produced its greatest
marvels; for it has not only changed the form of beings, but has
modified their instincts to suit his wishes and his necessities.

Dogs, for instance, became at his bidding bull-dogs for the farm,
hounds for the chase, King Charleses for the ladies’ pets, shepherd-
dogs, pointers, ete.

In fecundity too animals have been compelled to obey the will
of man. The pigeon increased its laying tendencies from one or
two broods yearly to ten or twelve. The hen, which in a state of
nature would lay the six hundred eggs in her ovaries in ten or
twelve years, has been forced by man to lay nearly all of them
in four years.

What man has obtained from dogs in intelligence, and from
pigeons and chickens in fecundity, he can obtain from the
honey-bee. By judicious breeding and selection he can obtain
a stronger, gentler, and more industrious variety.

By a rational system of feeding he can force the queens to lay
in two or three years the hundreds of thousands of eggs that their
ovaries contain. We should notice that nature is one in its op-
erations, notwithstanding its infinite diversity. To secure a more
regular and rapid breeding from the pigeon and the hen it was
sufficient to place them in a suitable climate or atmosphere, and
to give them an abundance of suitable food. After a few gencra-
tions their frequent laying became an established habit and a
natural necessity.

All bee-keepers know, or ought to, that during spring, if there
should be several cold days in succession, the queen will stop
laying, and only begin again after several days of mild weather.
It is also a known fact that if the bees are placed in a hive suffi-
ciently protected, and if they receive every cold evening a few
spoonfuls of syrup, the queen will continue to lay as well as if the
weather was warm and sunny. If this attention was continued
for several generations, it is possible, nay, it is certain, that the
continued laying would become a fixed habit.

A careful choice of breeds; good shelter against the changes
of the weather; large hives; straight comb; so that the queen
need lose no time for want of room; stimulating feeding during
cold days. By these simple means we will certainly accomplish
the desired results, and our success with bees will prove even
more the power of man over the animals that are subject to his
dominion.

38 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

WILL IT PAY TO CULTIVATE PLANTS OR TREES
EXCLUSIVELY FOR THE HONEY THEY YIELD?

BY ‘NOVICE,’ MEDINA, OHIO.

As we have been for the past year quite extensively engaged
in collecting facts in regard to the possibility of a “ honey-farm,”
we think perhaps others may feel interested to know what we
have gathered.

A host of plants have been recommended for the purpose
simply because bees have been observed busily at work on the
flowers, and we have no doubt that they found honey, or they
would not have been there. Had these observations been made
when clover was in bloom, or when they were really filling their
hives from some source, we should readily conclude that they
were finding honey in paying quantities. But so far as our ex-
perience goes there are but a limited number of ‘plants or trees
that really enable bees to store up honey from them.

In the fall, when almost all forage fails about here, bees are
seen busy on a host of plants; but with their hive on a pair of
delicate spring-scales we oftentimes fail to see any increase in
weight, but more often directly the contrary.

In the year 1867, we think it was, we moved six colonies of
Italians to a buckwheat-field two and a half miles away, and kept
them while it was in bloom. They made a beautiful sight, and in
the forepart of the day they seemed busier than even during the |
bass-wood season, a8 we suppose they really were ; but they did not
store one pound of honey more than they consumed. On another
occasion we sowed borage for them, not a large plat it is true, but
as we then had but few hives we supposed there would be a trace
of borage-honey. As we have before remarked, the bees were
very busy on it after other sources failed, but “nary trace” of
borage-honey could we find.

Fruit-trees have never, so far as our experience goes, fur-
nished but little more than what was used in rearing brood. Last
season the shell-bark hickory furnished more than fruit blossoms.
Locust-trees gave us in 1870 about one thousand pounds, and there
are certainly not more than two hundred and fifty trees in range
of their flight. A locust-grove, were it not for the depredations
of the borer, we think could not fail to be a good investment,

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 39

even if the season is of short duration. They do not all blossom
at once, and cultivation, we think, would give a much greater yield
of honey. When we remember that it is a very rapid grower,
and timber very valuable, we feel almost like wanting ten acres
more to plant to locusts. White clover follows so closely that the
locust-honey and clover are liable to become mixed. As there
are perhaps one thousand acres of white and red clover-fields
about us, we shall not think at present of raising more in our
locality. :

Now then, dear readers, we come to our “hobby’’—that “ bass-
wood orchard.” Ever since we have used the extractor we could
not have failed to notice the greatly increased amount of honey
whenever we remarked the beautiful (to us) odor of the bass-wood
blossoms. And during those few brief days, sometimes amount-
ing to three weeks, have we secured fully three fourths of our
honey, and they have been to us by far the pleasantest days of
the year, even if we have been compelled to toil in the hot sun
from daylight until dark; for we do rest under the shade of the
grape-vines occasionally, and a dipper of cold water with a judi-
cious admixture of bass-wood honey is all that we could ask for
to quench thirst, and the best definition that we can give of
“nectar.” During these three weeks who couldn't raise queens?
If we just drop the removed cells on the ground, they are almost
sure to hatch out “yellow beauties.”

Now all these tons of honey, all these happy days, with the
refreshing twilight that follows, while the densely populated hive
gives out a loud hum of contentment and prosperity, are the fruits
of, dear reader, how many bass-wood trees? Count all you can find
within a radius of one and a half miles; all the old straggling
and decayed trunks; all the long spindling growths that struggle
to get a peep through the other trees at the blue above, and how
many do we have? These trees, be it remembered too, that yield
most blossoms are where the other forest-trees are cut away, and
where they can assume their natural round bushy head.

Well, we have studied the subject so far as to thoroughly canvass
the forest for two miles around, and find that our ten and a half
acres will contain more trees than are growing naturally in that
range, and besides growing better ones; we are going to have
them all “handy” for our little friends.

Our bees now get the greater part of their bass-wood honey
from forests located from one to two miles away (just in the

40 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

direction of our ‘‘ranche,” by the way), and are compelled to come
home all the way up-hill loaded. If they did three turns that way,
what can they do with proper facilities ?

Our trees are to be planted twelve feet apart, in the form of
honey-comb cells, viz., each one the center of six equally distant.
Don’t say that is too close till we tell all of it. Our forest re-
searches have shown us that they blossom when quite small, and
we want the ground all occupied with bass-wood trees, and when
they are crowded we shall remove the alternate ones.

We have purchased from a piece of forest that stock has been
excluded from for six or seven years about four thousand trees,
and are making preparation to plant them out as soon as the
ground can be plowed; have purchased a quantity of bone-dust
to put a small quantity in with each tree, and are going to culti-
vate them most thoroughly. After bass-wood fails we generally
have little or no employment for bees, and then is the time they
are voted a nuisance.

Now if we had some plant or tree that would keep them even
moderately busy, say something that would keep ten stocks to
the acre, storing each one pound per day, we could well afford
the investment. Has any one any positive proof that this has
been done? We believe buckwheat does in some localities, at
least buckwheat has the credit of it, but the honey is not called
of fine quality. We have good authority for mignonette as a
honey-plant, and think we shall test one acre this season.

If we are never going to have any artificial comb-crust, can
General Adair or some one else tell us how to keep them making
natural worker-comb during the warm, idle fall weather? It
is many times a hard matter to tell just where bees get their
honey. For instance, when bees are in new countries and a
solitary field of clover is sown, we should be pretty sure if they
were busy then and storing honey that it was all from that
souree, and yet it might be a great mistake. We think sucha
season as last fall was here some very accurate experiments
might be made.

One hundred acres of land planted to honey-bearing trees
under full cultivation (emember what the limited number of
locusts and bass-woods do here), with such plants as had been proved
to be really productive of honey, as we have proved the trees
mentioned, we can readily imagine might give some great results.
If one hundred colonies could be kept at the moderate rate of ten

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 41

pounds each colony per day for four months, or even one hundred
days, what one hundred-acre farm would pay better?

If any one accuses us of building air-castles, please see if either
of the three suppositions are so very much beyond what each one
has been made to do in the last few years with our very imperfect
knowledge and more imperfect practice. Quite large apiaries
have given over an average of ten pounds to the hive per day for
a short time, and in each of the months of June, July, August,
and September large results have been occasionally realized.
Who shall combine the whole or a part of the whole? And when
shall the honey-farm first bud and blossom ?

Whoever it may be, or wherever located, like all past successes
and achievements in bee-culture, none will herald its accomplish-
ment with more genuine pleasure than your old friend,

“ NovVIOER.”

WORK FOR OUR CONVENTIONS,

BY DR. EHRICK PARMLY, NEW YORK CITY.

I am sure many felt as I did on seeing the first number of our
American Bee Journal that their favorite pursuit, now estab-
lishing a periodical literature of its own, was more dignified and
important than many thought it to be, and we all straightway
held our heads higher when questioned as to what interest we
could find in so trifling a pursuit. We replied, ‘You are possibly
not aware that monthly journals are published in several countries
exclusively devoted to bee-culture, and have a wide circulation.”
“Ts it possible!” they exclaim. ‘“What can you find to write
about?” ‘So much, sir, that these periodicals now have a better
subscription-list and far better prospects than in the first years
of their existence.”

New questions are constantly arising and new difficulties pre-
sent themselves to be surmounted, and these are laid before the
readers for solution. A better class of men are joining our ranks;
a more liberal and brotherly spirit is obtaining among them, and
also an increased self-respect that is very gratifying to the faithful,
earnest men long in the field, and who can look back to dark days,

49 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

when they stood almost alone and without that encouragement
and sympathy that comes from companionship of liberal minds
in work and investigation. No social meetings, no societies, no
bee-keeper’s conventions in those days. Our only representative
in public the trickster, or bee-charm man, at our fairs.

It seems to me we have now arrived at.a period in our history
when we should avail ourselves of the benefit of organized effort
to accomplish that which it is not advisable to undertake single-
handed, owing to the great expense and risk, and doubtful advan-
tage, pecuniarily considered—namely, the study and importation
of varieties not yet tested in this country.

I am in a measure led to these remarks by the want of success
we have met in importing the Egyptian bee, and the difficulty
we have had in even obtaining specimens or any information of
value from distant countries of their native bees, which arises
from the ignorance on this subject of the parties addressed rather
than any lack of willingness to oblige us, as evinced by their
correspondence.

I would propose that the bee-keepers of the country unite in
subscribing to defray the expenses of a practical apiarian, pos-
sessing marked fertility of resource, to visit the old world and
make himself acquainted with bees that have not been intimately
studied. The three kinds of Hast India bees described in the
“American Bee Journal for December, 1870, need further study.
Apis Dorsata, I think, deserves attention. It gives promise from
its size of being able to work on plants not visited by our
smaller bees.

From the success that some have had in controlling fertiliza-
tion we have now an additional inducement for testing varieties.
The sum requisite for the above undertaking ought to be easily
raised among the bee-keepers of the country. I think it would
be money thrown away to attempt importation from such distant
points without the personal supervision of a practical man from
the start to the end of the journey.

What pleasure this increase of knowledge would give to thou-
sands! The benefit can not be estimated. With promising fields
open to us let us avail ourselves of them by subscribing liberally
at an early day, and selecting our man for this. Such a work
could be done by the “Father of Bee-culture in America” in a
way to reflect great honor upon us if he could be persuaded to
undertake it.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE, 43

We will be respected and respect ourselves in proportion to the
magnitude of our efforts in our calling. So long as we confine
ourselves to small questions and issues we can not expect the
esteem of earnest men in other callings. We will be judged
by our acts. We must stand on a broad platform, and not feel
satisfied until we know intimately the natural history and domes-
ticity of all the varieties of the honey-bee in both hemispheres.
This knowledge is within our reach. Why not gain it? We
ought to keep at this work until we have full knowledge of the
bee throughout the world. If we can not do this alone, then let
us join hands with the apiarians of Germany, England, France,
and Switzerland, and conquer success by a well-organized effort.

THE ESSENTIALS OF BEE-KEEPING.

BY DR. JEWELL DAVIS, CHARLESTON, ILL.

In the Bee-keeper’s Directory, page 201, J. S. Harbison says:
“There are three requisites necessary to obtain surplus honey ;
the first of which is a hive, the main apartment full of comb, with
the interspaces full of bees (no danger of being too many); the
second, abundant pasturage; and the third, favorable weather.
With these three requisites, boxes for the reception of surplus
honey may be added with the assurance that they will be filled
in due time.”

Again, on page 197 of the same work, he says: “The aim of
every bee-keeper (who understands his business) will always
be to keep his stock in such a shape that he can have his hives
full, and ready to store surplus honey at the commencement of a
harvest of flowers that are known to bloom at a certain time.
The essentials then are to keep the stocks strong by furnish-
ing pasturage, or feeding at a time when nature does not afford
a supply.”

From the above quotations I find it essential also to successful
bee-keeping that we have a man of understanding, who is fully
acquainted with the nature and habits of bees, and how to prepare
the pasturage that will yield its thousands of “luscious sweets,”
and how to make the house they should live in to most favor a

44 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

large storing of surplus honey—the great desideratum for which
bees are kept.

We must therefore turn our attention to the man who contem-
plates keeping bees. He must be a man who understands the
essentials of that business in which he is about to engage or he
will fail to make it a success; he must then be intelligent, at least
so far as bee culture is concerned; he must know the nature of
the bee, its peculiar habits, and how to supply all their natural
and necessary wants; he must learn that “the existence of all
animated nature depends on the earth’s yielding her fruits in
their appointed seasons. The increase and decrease of every race
and class of the animal and insect kingdom are governed by the
same. Hence we find the bee to increase most and flourish best
where the earth yields the greatest profusion of flowers through
the greatest number of months in the year.” (See Bee-keeper’s
Directory, page 169.)

The man then who is alive to profitable bee culture will seek
for the location of his apiary where there is an abundance of
honey-yielding flowers as the spontaneous production of the soil,
or he must cultivate them for that purpose, and he must arrange
their cultivation so that they will be almost in continuous bloom
from spring until fall for the benefit of the acquisitive nature of
his bees, thus securing the largest amount of honey that can be
gathered in either favorable or unfavorable seasons. He must
provide a hive that will meet their and his wants in storing
honey and the increase of his stocks; to maintain the species
and increase the keeper’s wealth. All hives are not made with
these chief objects alone in view, but occasionally, to gain an
‘almighty dollas,” either by sale of a “patent-right” or a “cheap
hive.” The best hive can not be made so cheaply when you take
into consideration their honey capacity, and the ease of artificial
swarming which is required at the hands of the expert and suc-
cessful bee-keeper, and in this fast age of improvement in rearing
queens in the queen-nursery, and having them fertilized in the
bridal-chamber connected with their hive and nursery, and warmed
by the bees of the stock where the nursery is. All these are
considerations essential to this improved bee-keeping age. Of
course it is not my purpose to call attention to any person’s par-
ticular make of hive as the best; there are many good ones and
many poor ones; that is, poorly adapted to the ends I have in-
dicated. The understanding bee-keeper will remedy all these

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 45

defects as fast as he discovers them by something better, whether
covered by a patent or otherwise. Movable-comb hives are among
the indispensable essentials to improved bee culture; and I may
here suggest another feature of some value to the extensive bee-
keeper whose time is precious, viz., the arrangement of his hives
so he can get at his bees with the least loss of time; to make
swarms, remove and introduce queens, use the queen-nursery,
find what condition the stock is in, whether in possession of a
prolific or superannuated queen, etc.

I may say further that all hives are not adapted to convenience
in these respects, and most all movable-comb hives subject us to
the necessity of removing the cap, honey-board, and honey-boxes
before we can have access to the combs and brood-chamber, or
perform any required operation there. I will therefore suggest
again that a hive which will not require these removals every time
we wish to examine the brood-chamber, to find queens, make
swarms, or learn their condition, is the one that suits me better
than all others, provided it is made with equal honey capacity
compared with any others.

Above I have indicated that we must turn our attention to the
cultivation of honey-yielding flowers, in all localities where they
do not grow spontaneously, in sufficient quantities for the large
amount of honey we wish to gain; and I may here repeat that in
this cultivation we must arrange it so as to keep the flowers almost
in continual bloom the entire summer, so that our bees may be
constantly acquiring stores; they are always ready for this work,
and a rich harvest if they are numerous and strong. Some plants
yield more honey than others, comparatively, in favorable seasons.
The same is true of some plants in unfavorable seasons, perhaps
chiefly because deeper rooted, endures the drought better, and
secretes or excretes more honey.

Wisdom in bee culture then will indicate that we investigate
the peculiar worth of all the flora of America, as controlled in the
secretion of honey, under all the changing vicissitudes of atmos-
pheric influence. And in connection with their worth for other
agricultural purposes, the clovers, especially the white and alsike,
buckwheat, and purple polanisia, perhaps, are the chief among
the plants to be cultivated. Nearly all the fruit-trees are valuable, ,
also all the small fruits should have a conspicuous place near our
apiaries; many of these are great favorites with the bees. The

polanisia is particularly visited by them in dry seasons, and per-

46 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

haps nothing that we can cultivate can compare with it in such
seasons, as it keeps the bees employed from morning to night, and
from four to six weeks at a time, when most needed to keep the
bees breeding and our stocks strong, thus preventing our stocks
from dwindling down to the point where the moth-worms take
possession and destroy them, or the winter coming finds them
with less than a gallon of bees, or an insufficient quantity to
generate the required amount of animal heat to keep them from
perishing, as in the winters of 1868 and 1870.* That the hot and
dry season of 1870, in many places, has been unfavorable for bee-
keeping can not be denied. The dry weather cutting short the
supply of honey in the flowers, the bees fail to feed the queen,
and she is not stimulated to breeding; the stock diminishes in
numbers if such a season is long protracted. The queen ceases
to breed either wholly or partially during every dearth of honey,
and if long continued we are sure to lose our bees, unless we feed
them to keep them populous, and plenty of stores.

To sum up then, we must have an intelligent apiarist, a good
location, plenty of pasturage, a good hive with all its indispensable
fixtures, and improvements for rearing queens, feeding and stimu-
lating them to breeding, to save our bees in unpropitious seasons,
and their loss by the chill of winter and old age.

WHY NEWLY-HIVED SWARMS DESERT.

BY ELISHA GALLUP, ORCHARD, IOWA.

The subject now before us is, why do bees desert their hives
after being hived? etc. Some say one thing and some another.
Some recommend washing the hive with salt and water, some
with sweetened water, some with whisky; some recommend
rubbing the inside of the hive with peach-leaves (not knowing
that we northern bee-keepers have no peach-leaves). I once knew
an old maiden aunt to rub the inside of the hive with the leaves
from a sweet apple-tree, and she claimed that it was a certain

* This is true only when the honey-crops failed.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 47

preventive. The bees always staid, etc. One claims newly-
dressed pine is offensive to bees; another that freshly-painted
hives will make them desert. One claimed that he set a swarm
near a pile of leached ashes, and the smell of the ashes caused
them to desert; another near the pig-sty, and the scent from that
caused them to desert. And I might go on enumerating absurdi-
ties like the above, and we should never arrive at any correct
conclusion. If we examine closely into the above we shall see
that every one of the above advocates believes that there is
something mysterious, or that there is a certain remnant of old
and ought-to-be-exploded superstition about bee-keeping, etc., etc.
Now I have hived bees into pine, hemlock, spruce, butternut,
walnut, oak, white-wood, bass-wood, and cherry, and I never allow
anything to be rubbed in the hive. I have hived bees in freshly-
painted hives, and I have painted them on the same evening after
hiving ; and I have painted with Paris green, Venetian red, yellow
ocher, white lead, etc., and if the weather is fine and the bees are
gathering foliage abundantly, I never put anything but bees in
the hive; that is, I never take the trouble to put in a card of
brood and honey to make the bees stay ; but famine and excessive
heat will cause bees to desert.

Mrs. Tupper says, in the Bee-keeper’s Journal, “ that bees never
will desert if we put in a card of unsealed brood with the newly-
hived swarm. But this statement ought to be qualified a trifle.
For if the weather becomes unpropitious for gathering forage,
and remains so for several days, they will desert on account of
starvation, unless they are fed, and they should be fed abundantly
at such times. Again, excessive heat will compel them to desert
both brood’ and honey. The past season I experimented some-
what in this line. I took swarms or stocks that had all the
common entrances open (strong stocks), removed all the comb
but one card containing unsealed brood, and brushed the bees
back into the hive early in the morning, removed the shade from
the hive, and about twelve or one o’clock out would come the
bees. The thermometer was at 90 or 95 in the shade. Now raise
the hive an inch on the front side, shade it from the sun and re-
hive them and they were all right. I tried this experiment on
six stocks, three of them I raised the hives and kept them shaded
and they did net swarm out. The other three I left without
shading and did not raise the hive, and all three swarmed out.
The fact is excessive heat will cause a swarm to desert all their

48 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

comb and brood. Then of how much importance is it when
hiving a new swarm to give them abundance of air, and keep
them shaded from the broiling hot sun. In excessive hot weather
you can safely hive a swarm in a hive without any bottom-board
on the hive. I have done so often, and this is one great reason
why I do not like a permanent bottom-board to my hives. On
the other hand, if the nights are very cool, the hive should be
closed at night, or in very cool weather; for we know that cold
will cause bees to desert and leave all their stores in the fall.

I never lost but two swarms of bees by flight in all my expe-
rience. I had one leave on account of the hive being too smooth.
I followed them up, cut down the tree, scratched up the hive on
the inside rough, rehived them, and they were all right. I lost
a swarm last season under the following circumstances: it was
an extra large swarm; I hived it three times, and it came
out the fourth time. I then found the queen, clipped a wing,
rehived them, and gave them three cards of brood, and just about
sunset out they came and put for the woods, and there was no
stopping them. I found the queen with the clipped wing in front
of the hive. And here was a poser for Gallup; for I knew the hive
they came from was a first swarm, consequently had an old queen.
But on examining the hive they came from I found the old queen
had been superseded, and two young queens had hatched out both
at the same time, and had both issued with the swarm, and the
swarm being an extra strong one, they were determined to keep
both queens ; hence their swarming out so many times, and finally
learning, at least, that was the only rational manner of accounting
for their bad behavior. I lost another swarm last August by
sheer carelessness. IJ had two large swarms come out quite early
in the morning. I hived them, and set them in the shade as I
supposed, gave them plenty of ventilation, and they went to
work. But about two o’clock in the afternoon out came one
swarm and put for the woods. They went about half a mile into
a large oak, and on examining for the cause I found that there
was an opening in the grove that let the hot sun pour right down
on to the hive, and this was more than they could bear. So they
were compelled to go.

Motto: Use common-sense and not peach-leaves to rub a hive
with, and I guess you are all right.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 49

WHY DO BEES RAISE QUEENS.

BY D. L. ADAIR, HAWESVILLE, KY.

It is well known that if you remove the queen from a colony
of bees that they very soon commence to rear another. It is also
well known that when a hive becomes very populous, and honey
is being gathered plentifully, that the same thing occurs. It is
also a fact that if you take a quantity of bees, more or less,
without a queen, from a colony, and give them eggs or young
larve, they will also proceed to raise queens. When a queen
becomes old and fails to lay eggs sufficient to keep up the popu-
lation of the hive they will do the same thing, and raise a queen
to take her place.

Why do the bees so act? Can we suppose that they are en-
dowed with the knowledge of their condition? If we do, can we
further suppose that they know what to do to remedy the evil
that has befallen them? If so, how do they know? Who or what
has taught them? We must remember that the life-time of a
worker-bee extends over but a few weeks or months, while a
queen lives several years, and consequently that in most instances
when queen-cells are built and queens reared it is done by bees
that never saw a queen-cell constructed, and are without expe-
rience in producing perfect queens. It is as common as it is
absurd with novices and enthusiasts in bee-culture to attribute
great wisdom to bees. We have heard reputable bee-keepers
speak of educating them; when the truth is that they are alone
impelled by an undeviating instinct, with no “free-will” or control
over their actions any more than the plant or tree that is devoid
of animal life. Their strongest instinct is the perpetuating their
species, and when extinction is threatened they each, the bee and
the tree, put forth efforts for reproduction.

Every experienced horticulturist knows that a tree or plant
whose life is threatened from injury or disease, although not of
an age to bear fruit, is immediately forced into bloom and the
production of seeds for continuing the species. This tendency is
taken advantage of to produce fruitfulness in the over-luxuriant
and consequently barren fruit-tree by mutilating its roots, or
cutting a ring of the bark out so as to interfere with the circu-
lation of the sap. So do experienced apiculturists know that,
when from any cause reproduction is retarded or stopped, the

. 4

50 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

queen-cells are formed as certainly as the fruit-bud, and in the
multiplication of queens they take advantage of it in producing
them. This instinct is independent of will or education alto-
gether, as is proven by the fact. that no choice or discretion is
shown; for it is a fact, as stated by Lord Brougham in his work
on “Instinct,” “that as in plants where the motions are without
animal life, those motions are more perfect and undisturbed, so if
there be any animal wholly without reason, the operations of
instinct are the more regular and perfect; and in any animal
whatever they are so in proportion as reason is dormant or
inactive.”

Bees act now as they did in the beginning. The fossil-bee and
its work, as it existed sixty centuries ago, does not differ from the
bee of to-day. The comb was the same; their habits have not
changed; they have learned nothing. While man may have
been a monkey then, according to Darwin, a bee was not a gnat.
While the regularity and perfection of the bee’s work are proof
to the novice that they are endowed with reason, they prove to
the naturalist that they are devoid of will or discretion.

Taking this view of the matter, we must be permitted to deny
that they comprehend their condition when queenless, or the
necessity for rearing queens preparatory to swarming, or to super-
sede a queen that is superannuated, and we will have to account
for the impulse on other grounds.

In order to do so it will be necessary to look into the hive and
notice some of the peculiar habits of the bees. It is known to be
true that during a period of the early life of the worker-bees
they do not go out as gatherers of honey or pollen, but are con-
fined to the labors inside of the hive. It is they who feed the
larve in the cells. Their organs are not then fitted for outside
labor, but they are fitted, as intended, for mixing the honey and
bee-bread and forming the pap or food to rear.the grubs. It is
more than probable that when they are old enough or sufiiciently
developed to go out into the fields for other labor they lose the
power of doing so. Their stomachs are no longer capable of the
partial digestion of the larval food; while young they are, and
it is likely that they can not resist doing so. The appetite to take
into the stomach what is not necessary to their own sustenance is
irresistible. It is retained there until it is fit food for the embryo
in the cell, and then is disgorged. As long as there are grubs
to be fed they find a place to deposit it.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 51

Now remove the queen from the colony, and consequently stop
the depositing of eggs; the secretion or preparation of the larval
food goes on as before, but the bees find no place to deposit it,
after supplying the grubs left and the hatching-eggs. It accu-
mulates in their stomachs until they are compelled to disgorge it.
It is placed in a cell, as before, that either has an egg or young
larva. From being retained longer in the stomach it -is more
thoroughly digested, and perhaps is changed in character. It is
deposited in such quantities that the larva swims in it, the cell
has to be enlarged to contain it, and the result is a queen-cell.

When honey is being gathered abundantly the queen is stimu-
lated; so that, in a hive of ordinary dimensions, she fills all of the
cells with eggs and finds no place to deposit any more. Breeding
has been going on rapidly and the number of young bees is great.
When the queen checks up in laying they find themselves in the
same condition as if they were really queenless. They generate
more larval.food than they have grubs to feed it to in the usual
proportions, and the result is the same—queen-cells are built.

We find in this case-some phenomena to exist that do not in
either of the other conditions that induces the construction of
queen-cells. The queen, not finding cells in which to deposit the
eggs that continue to develop in her ovaries, drops them about the
hive. The nursing bees gather them up and stick them on the
edge of the comb and form cells around them. I have seen in
several instances queen-cells built over eggs on the bottom-board.
of the hive; and in one instance a queen-cell was matured in a
honey-box in which there was no other brood. This condition
of things has a singular effect on the whole colony. It becomes
disorganized. The queen becomes restless and belligerent; her
first impulse is to destroy the queens in the cells. The nursing
bees cluster so closely over them that she is prevented. The hive
becomes in some way disagreeable to the mass of the workers.
The unity of the colony is broken up and the result is swarming.
Why the swarming impulse should seize on them I do not now
propose to discuss. The same wise Providence that mounts the
seeds of the dandelion and thistle in balloons, and gives wings to
those of the maple and ash, and at the appointed time impels
them to leave the mother plants, has endowed the bees with the
instinct to multiply and swarm. The natural laws by which they
are governed may be more difficult to understand, but are as
certain in their operations.

52 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

Swarming has generally been accounted for on the ground that
the hives become overstocked and crowded with bees. This does
not account for it, for bees will swarm sometimes if hived in a
hogshead, with plenty of room for all. On the theory here advo-
cated the swarming under such circumstances becomes apparent.
When a queen is so old that she fails to lay sufficient eggs, the
nursing: bees find themselves in the same condition as in the case
of queenlessness ; or when the queen, having filled all vacant cells,
no longer supplies the brood to consume the larval food, and the
building of queen-cells for the same reason follows—more than
one queen being produced to-take the old queen’s place—if the
hive is populous they will swarm sometimes. From an ignorance
of this fact all attempts at making a non-swarming hive by giving
extra room have resulted in failure.

After what has been said it is unnecessary to explain why a
quantity of bees of the proper age when taken from a hive and
given eggs or brood will build queen-cells. It is equally unne-
cessary to explain why old bees fail to do so.

As further proof of the truth of the theory, I may remind the
bee-keepers that when a queen is caught and caged, or, in Italian-
izing, another queen is caged and placed in the hive, the bees
will commence queen-cells. It may be laid down as a rule that
anything happening that checks materially or stops entirely the supply
of eggs, when there are bees in the hive of the proper age for nursing,
has the effect to induce queen-rearing.

I am not aware of any conditions under which queen-cells are
built that this theory does not account for. Some of our earlier
authors in their inability to account for every motion of the bees
as the result of instinct, in their enthusiastic admiration have
tried hard to prove them endowed with reason. It seems to me
that no one who has experience enough to see that under the
same circumstances their actions are always the same can long
indulge in such a fiction. To attribute to them passions and
emotions like ours is simply absurd. In all that bees do they are
guided alone by the immutable laws of nature; that “they have no
power of resisting, and for that reason all they do is perfect. Under
the same conditions the same impulse is always excited. Not so
with reasoning beings. No two communities have the same habits;
no two governments the same laws; no two mechanics work
alike, except as they learn from each other.

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 53

However much such authors may have done for the advance-
ment of apiculture, their teachings in this respect are almost as
great a clog to it as are the old superstitions of those who leave
it all to luck.

I lay it down therefore that under certain conditions bees will
always rear queens. They are:

1. There must be in the hive a certain proportion of young
bees.

2. There must be less larve to feed than they can supply with
food.

3. There must be uncapped female brood or eggs.

4. Honey and pollen must be plentiful.

Any of those conditions wanting, no queen can be produced.

CHEAP HIVES.

BY D. L. ADAIR.

It is an error to suppose that the cheapest hives are the most
desirable. Many of the hives lately introduced present cheapness
as one of their principal recommendations. In order to do so
they have to be made so small that they are worthless. A hive
with only a cubic foot of room for brood and stores, and box-room
for fifteen or twenty pounds of surplus honey, is no hive at all;
yet such is the capacity of many of those lately introduced that
have a large sale based alone on cheapness. At the present price
of labor, unless machinery is used, even such hives can not be made
and finished off as they should be for less than two dollars and
fifty cents to three dollars. All that such hives are good for is to
produce swarms. For the production of honey the old box and
cap is preferable. Four thousand cubic inches is as little as any
hive should contain to produce the best results; and while such a
hive will not cost double as much as the former, it will produce
eight or ten times the clear profits, besides avoiding the trouble
that the perpetual swarmer involves.

It is folly to suppose that one hundred pounds of honey can
be stored where there is only room for twenty, or that twenty

54 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

thousand bees in a disorganized condition, that are kept most
of the time in the feverish excitement of swarming, with several
thousand drones to be fed, can produce as much as one hundred
thousand perfectly organized with nothing to interfere with their
operations. Ten hives of the proper size and construction, costing
fifty or sixty dollars, will produce more honey than one hundred
of the so-called cheap hives, that will cost two hundred and fifty
to three hundred dollars; while the bee-keeper can manage one
hundred of the former with as little trouble as fifty of the latter.

EDUCATING BEES.

BY D. L. ADAIR.

In nothing the bees do can we perceive anything that indicates
the workings of reason, or even the sagacity of higher animals
that are capable of imitating, and through that instinct can be
taught to do things that they do not comprehend.

We see a certain thing done which we know they have never
seen done before, and without any instruction, which we know
man could not do without much instruction and a long practice-
We see them repeat the same work, but it is always under the
same circumstances, and they always do it in the same manner;
everything is made exactly alike and of the same material;
whereas no two men work alike, nor any one man twice alike.
They do a thing that is to produce a certain effect, and at a time
when it is absolutely necessary that they should do it, without any
experience, and without even knowing what they are doing, why
they are doing it, or what will be the result.

In proof of this, take a sheet of brood that is just ready to
emerge from the cells. Brush every bee off, place it in a hive
where it will not chill, and let the bees come out. A sheet ten
inches square will produce five thousand. Not one of these bees
ever saw an egg, nor a queen, nor a grub, nor a queen-cell. Now
give them a piece of comb containing eggs. As the grubs hatch
out those bees that never saw a grub before take the honey and
polien, prepare it fit for the tender larve. They feed them just the
quantity they need, and just at the time they need it, neither.
more nor less, nor sooner nor later. From the most of them they

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 5D

rear workers like themselves; from others perhaps drones are
produced.

‘This is truly wonderful; but more wonderful still these bees
that have never seen their mother, and have had no means of
being informed of the necessity of a queen to continue the race,
set to work and construct cells different from any before in the
hive; different from any they have ever seen before. The lurve
over and around which they build them are furnished with food
in greater quantities and, it may be, different in quality. It is
at least more thoroughly digested or prepared,as we may infer
from the fact that the larve fed on it mature more rapidly.

All of this work is evidently done blindly, and positively
without knowledge or instruction; intending nothing, meaning
nothing, and not designing to do what it accomplishes. The
result is the production of a description of bees unknown to
them before, so different from all in the hive that they have no
instincts common with them.

In like manner we might follow the bees in all they do without
finding any proof that they have the least glimmer of reason, or
that they are capable of departing in the smallest degree from the
blind impulses of their unvarying instinct.

THE SIZE OF BEES AND THEIR CHLLS.

BY D. L. ADAIR, HAWESVILLE, KY.

The cell of the honey-comb has been a wonder on account
of its shape, but I have seen no reason given why it is always
about a certain size. This fact, 1 conceive, is no less a subject
of wonder than that, and is of an easy solution, determined as it
is by plain physical laws.

A friend who lives some ten miles distant, having heard that I
had the Italian bees, rode over one day to see them. His curiosity
had been greatly excited by what he had heard about them. He
had hardly dismounted before he let me know his errand.

“Well,” said he, “I understand that you have a new breed of
bees, as big as bumble-bees, that make comb with cells in it as
big as a thimble, that have no stings, and make honey all the

56 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

_year round. I came over to-day to get some, as I understand that
one or two is all you need to get a start.”

I informed him that he was slightly mistaken, that I had no
such bees, and that no such bees existed; that I had the Italian
bees that were a little larger than some common bees, but that I
had the common bees as large as the Italian; that they had stings,
but had the reputation of using them with more discretion than
the common bees; that as to their making honey “all the year
round,” they did not make honey at all, but gathered it from
flowers, as all other bees did, and whenever flowers failed to
secrete honey they must stop storing it.

‘““My dear sir,’ he replied, “you are not posted ; for Mr. A——
told me that he saw them at Newburg.”

Now I had acquired some reputation for bee knowledge, how-
ever undeservedly, and to save it with my friend I had to maintain
my position in this wise:

‘All the habits and instincts of the bee would have to be
changed if it grew to such a size. The comb would have to be
built differently. Instead of hanging it in sheets in the hive
vertically, with horizontal cells on either side, it would have to
be in sheets horizontally, with cells only on the upper side; for
if the cells were as large as a lady’s thimble, or even a very little
larger than they now are, the honey would run out of them as
fast as it was put in. The cells in which the worker-bees are
reared are about one fifth of an inch in diameter; the cells which
are built for storing honey alone are a very little larger, fourteen
measuring three inches; and that seems to be about the maximum
size of cells that can be placed in a horizontal position and retain
the honey when placed in them. The drone-cells are about one
fourth of an inch in diameter, and;when used for storing honey
in have to be turned up from a horizontal position, sometimes as
much as 30°, in order to hold it.”

‘All that seems reasonable,”’ he admitted ; “‘but why should it
be so? Could not this big bee make the honey stay in the big
cell as well as the little bee in the little cell? Each would be in
proportion.”

“Nature does not permit miracles now-a-days,” I answered.
“Hvery substance exists as such by reason of certain essential
properties or qualities. Destroy any one of those belonging to
any one substance and you destroy the substance itself. Among
the properties common to all substances is one called attraction,

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. D7

which is an inclination in bodies and particles of substances to
tend toward each other. This property pervades all material
things. Destroy it and you resolve creation into chaos again.
It not only causes atoms to adhere together and form different
substances or bodies, but holds them all together in a great body
we call the earth, and holds all the heavenly bodies in their
spheres as they revolve through space.

“ Attraction of cohesion is the name given to that force which
holds together particles in bodies or masses; and it is through an
instructive knowledge of this much philosophy that the bee is
enabled to stow the honey in the vessel it makes*for it.”

‘“‘T can not see it,” he said.

“How long would it take you to fill a barrel with molasses or
water if you should lay it on its side and remove one head?” I
asked him.

“That would certainly be a fool’s job,’ he answered. “I would
greatly prefer the performance of eating soup with a fork.”

“Yet your big bee that should build its cell as large as a
thimble would have the same sort of a fool’s job before it when it
undertook to fill it with honey.”

“But why won’t it run out of the small cell as well as the large
one, or as the molasses out of the barrel?”

“That’s what ’m coming to. Dip your finger into honey and ~
hold it up with the end down, and you will soon see that the
honey will run down as impelled by gravitation, and collect in
a globular drop at the lowest point. That drop or globule will
increase until it attains a certain size, when it will fall off. If you
measure the diameter of the drop of honey, you will find it to be
about the same as the worker-cell.”

“T can not see,” interposed my friend, ‘‘ what connection there
is between the honey dropping from the end of your finger and
the size of bees, or even their cells.”

“T will try to explain if you will be patient. The size of the
drop indicates the cohesive force with which the particles of
honey are held together; when another kind of attraction, called
gravitation, is brought to bear on it.”

“The same that Sir Isaac Newton, I think it was,” he put in,
“got up to gather apples with.”

“The force had always existed, but Newton was the first to
discover and define its operations. If the drop only attained a
certain size it would remain suspended; the force of cohesion

58 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

would be greater than gravitation ; but other particles added give
the latter the advantage, and consequently the drop falls, as did
Newton’s apple. The honey is held in the cells by this very
attraction of cohesion, and consequently the cells have to conform
in size to the drop of honey, or the other attraction, gravitation,
would cause the honey to run out.”

“Ah! I see now what you are duping at,” exclaimed he,
‘and consequently the bee can not be any larger than the cells,
as it has to go into them to put its honey in and to get it out.
If it were otherwise the bees would be in as bad a fix as the fox
Aisop tells about, who went to dine with the crane, and had
minced meat served in a bottle.”

“That is one reason, but not the principal one. The queen lays
her eggs in the bottom of the cells, where they hatch, are fed by
the nursing bees, undergo the different transformations, and emerge
full size. Of course they can be no larger then the cells in which
they were reared. This is so true that drones which are sometimes
reared in worker-cells are no larger than worker-bees, and I have
known workers reared in cells built so near the sides of the hive
that they could not be made of full depth, that were but little
larger than house-flies.”

“So,” said my friend, ‘the cell is a sort of Procrustean bed, and
those that occupy it must be made to fit it. I think I will go
home and quit hunting bumble-bees.” :

“Stop awhile till I give you another idea in this connection.
Does not this also explain the shape and arrangement of the
cells? A great deal has been said and written to explain why the
bees build their cells with such wonderful uniformity of angle
and such remarkable economy of space. Many solutions have
been proposed, but none of them is entirely satisfactory. Another
law of attraction is ‘that when particles of fluids are left free to
arrange themselves according to the law of attraction they assume
the form of a globe or ball.’ For instance, the drop of honey just
spoken of, the dew-drops on the leaves of plants, tears running
down the cheek, and drops of rain; shot are made by dropping
the lead in a molten or liquid state from high towers; as soon as
free each separate mass or drop assumes a globular form, and,
cooling before it finishes its descent, forms a shot.

‘Now the cells being constructed primarily for the purpose
of holding honey, it is but natural to suppose that they would
conform in shape, as near as possible, as well as in size to the

ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 59

substance which they are intended to contain; therefore they
would be circular; but when we come to set them together we
find that they will not fit each other, and that there is a great
loss of space. If that space is filled with wax, there is a loss
of material; so nature, always economical, adopts the only shape
that will answer the purpose for which they were intended; and,
constructing all the walls and partitions of an equal thickness,
the thing is done without requiring the bees to work out a difficult
mathematical problem. There is no other shape except a triangle
or a square that could be adopted, and they would neither suit the
form of the maturing bees nor be of such a shape as to take advan-
tage of the law of cohesion in retaining the honey. The hexagon
varies so slightly from a circle that it is substantially the same.

A GREAT fault with most authors writing of the bee is that
they but repeat what others have said without having observed
for themselves. In this way some of the most fatal errors have
been thoughtlessly taught by repeated repetition.

It has been repeated so often that a circulation of air through
the hive is necessary, that nine tenths of the bee-keepers persist
in keeping a draught through it, when the truth is that the only
openings should be at the entrance.

We are also repeatedly told that bees can not use as food
candied or crystallized honey, when the truth is that they can
eat even rock-candy if they have the proper degree of moisture
in the hive.

A sTRONG colony of bees has been known to build one hundred
square inches of comb in twenty-four hours; at that rate over
sixty sheets of comb a foot square could be constructed in three
months. The editor of the Annals of Bee Culture has had a
report of a swarm that built nine sheets of comb ten by thirteen
inches in ten days.

A LARGE natural swarm of bees carries with it four or five
pounds of honey when leaving the old hive.

WILDMAN says: ‘There seems to be a hidden quality in some
men which renders them disagreeable to the bees.”

60 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

PERFECTION IN BEE CULTURE,

There is no owner of half a dozen colonies of bees that has
not had the opportunity to notice that frequently there will be
a single colony that will far excel in yield of honey any of the
others. They may be all in hives as near alike in size and
construction as possible; they may be all managed as near alike
as the bee-keeper knows how; yet one will distinguish itself by
heaping up unheard-of-before quantities of honey.

Such a result must have a cause, or perhaps a number of co-
incident causes. ‘To ascertain these causes is the province of the
scientific apiculturist. |

The fact that an apiary of one hundred colonies produces an
average of one hundred pounds of honey is of little value, and
teaches nothing unless we are informed of how it was managed.
That one tenth of the hives produced only an average of ten
pounds each, and another tenth produced an average of two
hundred pounds each, should lead us to try and answer the
question: ‘Why do not all produce the maximum?”

We have instances reported where five hundred and even seven
hundred pounds of honey have been secured from a single colony.
What it is possible for one colony to do is possible for all; and
until the bee-keeper shall be able to so understand and control
the operations of his bees that he can bring them all up to the
highest standard of productiveness, the science of bee culture will
be imperfect. D. ty. Awe

Mr. L. C. Waite writes to the editor of the Annals of Bee
Culture, as follows:

“ Advise bee-keepers to feed rye-meal when pollen and honey
can not be gathered, and to give plenty of water; and if a very
dry season to feed honey and water by putting it in a fruit-can,
with coarse cloth tied over top and hung up inverted near apiary,
and the bees will keep away from decayed fruit. I succeeded in
keeping my bees at home last August and September, and saved
thousands of them by so doing.”

Bzss will make more wax when fed on sugar-syrup than when °
fed on honey, and will winter better on it.

' ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE. 61

EDITORIAL SCRAPS.

Five pounds of sugar fed to a colony of bees in March and
April will secure the return of fifty pounds of honey in June.
There are more bees lost by starvation in early spring than from
all other causes during the winter. As soon as the first food is
‘carried into the hive in spring the queen commences to lay her
eggs; an unfavorable change in the weather cutting off the supply
of food endangers the life of the whole colony. They should be
fed to prevent this, and also to stimulate the queen as much as
possible, so that they may be strong when honey becomes plentiful
enough to gather a surplus.

THE ovaries of the queen-bee contain the germs of about half
a million of eggs, and when they are: exhausted the queen dies.
A prolific queen will lay them all in two years, while others take
five or six years to accomplish it. The latter are unprofitable and
should be destroyed. A queen that is stimulated to lay to her
utmost capacity during the first month of her laying will be
prolific all her life; while one that is so situated or treated that
she lays little or none during that time will likely be unprolific
as long as she lives, and will live a long time.

Amone other errors that have been stated and restated until it
passes for truth, is the assertion that bees never voluntarily sting
when filled with honey, and that bees when alarmed will fill
themselves with honey, which renders them peaceable; or that
the reason why bees are not so apt to sting when they swarm is
because they are all filled with honey; for a hungry swarm that
deserts its hive because they have no honey is as well disposed as
that which issues from the richest hive.

BEES require to be managed differently in different localities,
depending on the honey-producing plants. Over large districts
the honey-season is over by the last .of July, while in other
localities the best honey-season is after the first of September.
Where honey abounds the whole season through is the bee-
keeper’s paradise.

Ir is a bad plan for a novice to buy a large stock of bees to
commence with. Get a few, and increase them as your knowledge
and skill increases.

62 ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

WHENEVER a queen becomes unproductive she should be de-
stroyed, and one that is young and prolific put in her place,
whether that unproductiveness arises from old age or other
causes. It is poor economy to keep a queen that will only keep
up the population of the hive to a living point when it is so easy
to supply a better one that will yield a surplus of honey.

WHEN bees are gathering honey rapidly they frequently crowd
the brood-nest of the queen so as to restrict her laying. They.
should be examined often, and any honey so improperly placed
should be removed by the melipult, and empty frames placed in
the center of the hive to be filled with new comb, which is always
preferred for brooding by the queen.

Somer authorities state that the queen and drones never feed
themselves. This is an error, as I have frequently witnessed.
The queen does not feed herself when she is laying eggs rapidly,
as her digestive organs are insufficient to digest the material for
the great number of eggs she produces. The worker-bees feed
her on prepared food, which they digest for her.

Mr. A. F. Moor, of Michigan, now editor of the North American
Bee Journal, stated at the meeting of the North American Bee-
keepers’ Society at Cleveland that he knew an instance in which
bees swarmed in the night.

Mr. J. W. Hosmer, of Janesville, Minn., extracted twelve
thousand pounds of honey (six tons) in two weeks from one
hundred colonies of bees. He had one colony that gathered
fifty-three pounds of linden-honey in one day.

Aut that bees do is susceptible of explanation without going
to the extremes either of considering the insect as a mere
machine, or endowing it with intellectual faculties like the higher
order of creatures.

To Know what to do, how to do it, and to do it at the right
time, is the great secret of success in bee-keeping as well as in
every other calling. Ignorance, awkwardness, and untimely work
are sure not to succeed.

GENTLENESS and a little smoke is the best bee-charm.

Tue golden rule in bee-keeping: Keep your colonies strong.

THE ANNALS OF BEE CULTURE.

CONTENTS FOR 1869,

ie i LO MED poy ACl On backard rs IES rice decctcetaeees decks es ecesiee see 1

fem Verme—mxet COR yy) IDS We Acai cesoas ecco nucicens/ssecocceea soca tinveee cacacd 4
GENERAL CONVENTION OF GERMAN BEE-KEEPERS AT DARMSTADT............ 9
Meer eM Sree Gl 7) bye Ns We AG Ar Ty. sce. ioatinesecouan sien. os eSuiney se delecks sale Seopa 173
PROTECTION AGAINST BEE-STINGS.....0c00s.00 mOdE OC ODO HEN SBsaeo MEd MOO NCSA E AMR MOOR REE 16
OraesmocKinGsan Ty Bi Gallperscsscsseseconsue sansidhes snc cvecaescdeaiees soe vccecces see's 16
Piper LIC AIION OF OnOcKs. By ID: Ty Adair. .2533i).56.scdbseee osascesocsciseecee 7
MED ENGe miss | Dy, Wdward ElATLiGOMs..s.6 Jsasmsdscecakees s/asee sass us dodelesnins «advo 26
BAP Sera eee ee ate oe sors oases tare cele vise To simia Se Citors cic ere clsin 6 ole SSR awisesind svcalca ealgia voue eee re ae tB wave 27
WHAT AMOUNT OF HONEY IS IT POSSIBLE FOR ONE COLONY TO PRODUCE
DNEON BOM AGONG! iy WU). Eis Adair. < sduecteasuecauesuenennucuc sui saa uaeemanea cies 28
ar, iwAL PAN Bonny opm: Ay Ulisha: Gallup sis... sdeeneses steer osboaeesecasecs 31
iveecOv ED) bEmeKEMP ING: By Wi. W.CAarye.....cesnssctnsccscssceusdarccessotaneacde 32
INEM GSPN Gy Eh HOOD, ces acincesesniessaceicsces ohataistacs Meese idsoeen seeseeesecdelieen. 33
ORS MOMMY OER ATEED COMBE sccccdst claret aceect aeasisus vie scuecirnedesscavessissenodeeects «ot 33
Pan CHOLERA OK Loos, By DT vA dal i002. cohol scccsnscctcaials<iuouseceee 34
WONENEE NG HWM We BIS sce cacslnecotecaetisonceccseedstelee cease hood caeunnmn be oU.'o13 39
BmyCunrund 1 CANADA,e By J. Bo Thomas .c.c,2.5:.. este eee ee ak 40
NNEEOR SHO Wie D PKR WIP DES. icase es vaccine saucatenbe cused: cele may ideo coueaahe en een bes cogee 42
PUBBENG Linens WIPE. b MACH-LBAV, ES: ssisenecsods s cooecedsceticcssicaeectessecsetcces 43
GEARS ge HUMISEEN, CLOWNS: wo sia/se voce donfacuiten acid sical cic 6 Awe ea Wea eal aecinesecasieneste AA
AES HETesti sous Hs OF Eee SINS MIINIG: SD EUESS u's 2.0 liso 'oaislalelss fe setters desta etal abiowietialadidaeleee ae walewweioen den 44
PEGA USE. On SMOKE IN: TAMING BEES. <By ‘Bz Gallup. 32. J..c.cccs. ssosccsceosses 45
ADE ONE MVNO MEME Ghee tem cask on aelisicd sin vias cacecoileccteisecateus nthe chine vs Soevaus sbeuessauaucctones 46
Lam OunuN- CAnermRen| Dye Dr.) CWellWAViIsiers.s..<ceseee caeesens atecsnoscuteanaeas 47
NSRONSERY, = Vi TIN HG Rages rte s sete roe atin otileeeh tases delaceats Gisulsioa oie’ eating daleltae aside cece 49
NYARHECAN DD: VEN pee ioN. )) By. DicTivA@al ty. .i0 aoc. souesiesece ce view ese does cesses 50
BN SETpIpY UO PNG DTI. ORY TET HMM VAR Genter as six os: sclnieis'cingsele siecscs «icseham noaeaseceandsense cee alk 52
EAST GEC EEN G ENG INGWCIREDL 16 asin 9's/6 casjenssadens se beaitaedec sero ve deaesceee dougeaoen cress. 53
WV ARTERIES OF DEES... cecc.cedecsade as, Sad cp bic ottreeies a sales tliat ecto ny nC ae 57

CONTENTS FOR 1870.

PRINCIPLES OF BEE-BREEDING. By Vogel. Translated by Sam’l Wagner, 1
VALUE OF HonEy-BrES IN AGRICULTURE. By A. S. Packard, jr, M.D. 8
BEE-KEEPING FOR PLEASURE AND PrRoFitT. By “ Novice.”........0 whe ctaaldateee 10
AGRICULTURAL Progress. By Elisha Gallup............. ssoo0eeees Aoosteecabpooncads 15

64 CONTENTS.
SYSTEMATIC. BRE-KEEPING. (By, Prof, A.J. Cooke cove sce) -csens 25-6 See 16
Pian Words TO AN AMATEUR. By Rev. H. Van Slyke..............2..0+2sce0ee 18
Inpoor v. OuTDooR WinTERING. By EH. Kretchmer..................... Wry... ra |
Procress ny Forty YEARS! By M. Quimby 2.2. -7.-.2c..\ sesso eeeeeee eee ee 24
WoMEN AS BEE-KEEPERS. By Mrs. HE. S. Tupper............--.-esssseseemsaeeecos 26
Tur Ben More: By MinseMupper vcd ssccseseeconteceesscareetoe. oho eee yee 28
Apvicr To BremnnEerRs.- By H. Gallup.2.. 22. 5.)..tsss-once. +. 12s 29
ARTIFICIAL SWARMING. By J. H. Thomas............. seobteteseses o- tes 59
RENEWING ComsB. By Gallups.é....3) ..ncicesssteons de esie spss <0.ccecaesee ea 34
Heavy ojiaemr Stocks. By iL. C. Wrancisic23 ieee: .0:.+0--0-coes se 34
A GLANCE AT EUROPEAN BEE CuLTURE. By Chas. Dadant:... - 36
SOURCE OF Wax, PoLLEN, PRopotis. By D. ly Adair...:.....1..-1::ccdeeeee 38
Honey Boxes. By E. Gallup.......... als lia weaned Sis 90 ek rrr
Divipineg: NatuRAL SwaRms. By Dy du:- Adair t...t3.552..40...000.-2 eee 43
ALIKE CLOVER: By: J dH. Pownley scsicssascncsecesenese aocne see nese Ae 45
ARTIFICIAL-SWARMING. By Dr. Jewell Davis..........01..d:-0--+ sscton pose eee 48
MEETING OF GERMAN BEE-KEEPERS AT NUREMBERG. Translated by

Oy Ps Dadantsres das cdeactaereiadoyseinnistctstuee ales tosuectaee eh bres sceee ace ae 49
Two MrtHops oF BEE-KEEPING. By Rev. H. A. King.............. aie 57
THE QuHEN NouRsERyY. By Dr.- Jewell Davis. .2-f.<tviese-cs-nccres eee ee 59
ADAIR'S | MBL-EXTRACTOR, sis ddsecetsetsweclaccvesesle secadeste ene. cseee 61
PEABODY’S HONBY: WXTRACTOR {5.2.1 ceccccdee sodecudsa-ordesnceossiacoeetiee eee aan 63

CONTENTS FOR 1872.

THE GENESIS or THE Honty-BEe.. By D. L. Adgir-.....2.. 2.02 7
FERTILIZING QUEENS IN CONFINEMENT. By Mrs. E .S. Tupper............... 1
Tor E@yprtian Ben. By MM. Balsamo ‘\Crivelli...--. 22-0. -2. --2-5-2-52- eee 8
A KEW HINTS AND ExpreRrEencus....By Rev. W.E. Clarke:.t..: 272s 14
APICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGES. By Prof. A. J. Cook.............. 17
PARTHENOGENESIS IN BEES. By AwS:: Packard, jr Mi. Di....25. i eee 19
Apntiriem: Comp. By Wy Quimby... a. ceereceees scsceercles Jaco: ceeds) 22
Tue SouTm as A Bun Country. By S.7W Cole. icc... . 2s: tench ce eee ee 24
THE LABORATORY IN THE BEE-HIVE. By D? L. Adair.........: 4... 26
DoEs A QUEEN STING HER Royau Rivau. By Mrs. Tupper...................-. - 34
WHAT ARE THE MOST DESIRABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN BEE CULTURE? By
Chas, Dadantyts. icessceansis dieaweeee 212 1a tates gies occa eon eee 1 8D
CULTIVATION OF TREES AND PLANTS FoR Honey. By “Novice.”....:....... 38
WorK For ouR Conventions. By: Dr. He -Parmbly........200..... 0 41
THE ESSENTIALS OF BEE-KEEPING. By Dr. Jewell Davis...............0.02.0008 43
WHY NEWLY-HIVED Swarms DzszertT. By H. Gallup.................c0e cesses 46
Way bo BEEs RAISE QuEENS. | By’ Dito pagar en. ..-......-.. cao 49
Cunar Hives, By D. i. Adair. 2....ccneseenteer ve-see-e- e+ -oee=- «cance sane 53
Epvucatine Baws. “By D. Tat A dadriiid.cikeccis-s ksccwesveevess soecen eee 54
THE sIZE.OF BEES AND THEIR CELis. By Do L. Adair........2...4:.-cesueeeeeee 55
PERFECTION, IN, BEE) CULTURE, |.....dcvecorserertenrds<cctlvowshveve ve cvesee deeese een 60

EDITORIAL SCRAPS wees veaBanoas es devecd tient ee erent cee ca cbt dua ccc nek eee 61

The North American Bee Journal,

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT
INDIANAPOLIS, IND., and FRANKLIN, KY.

Terms, $2.00 a YEAR, IN ADVANCE, WITH LIBERAL DiscounT TO CLUBS.

_ We intend to publish a journal liberal, fair, and impartial, our sole aim
being the advancement of the science of Bee Culture.

For sample copy and club terms, address “NORTH AMERICAN BEE
JOURNAL,” either at Indianapolis, Ind., or Franklin, Ky.

gase-For PURE and PROLIFIC QUEENS and API-
“ARIAN SUPPLIES in general, send to

OWEN & LADD,

BRENTWOOD, WILLIAMSON CO., TENN.

(NEAR NASHVILLE.)

Full colonies of Bees in the Adair or any style of improved Hive, Honey
Extractor, Queen Cages, Bee Vails, Bee Books, or anything needed about the
Apiary furnished at the shortest notice and at reasonable prices. SATIS-
FACTION GUARANTEED.

Send for our circular, containing much information to the Bee- keeper.
Sent free. Correspondence on the subject of Bee Culture solicited, and
promptly attended to. Descriptive circular of any leading improved Hive
sent for stamp. :

The APICULTURIST and FLORAL GUIDE,

Published on the 15th of every Month by W. G. Church, Mexico, Mo.

With the commencement of the third volume (May number) of the
Apiculturist a Floral Department will be added, and the name changed as
above. The form will also be changed, and it will hereafter contain sixteen
large three-column pages, printed on fine tinted book paper, and beautifully
illustrated.

We make this change at the solicitation of many friends, who think that
bees and flowers are so closely connected that they should both engage the
attention of one periodical. We desire to say to our bee-keeping friends
that our interest in bee culture will not be diminished by this change; but, as
heretofore, our entire time will be given to that department.

The Floral Department will be under the supervision of an eminent flor-
ist, who will be ably assisted by numerous correspondents.

Altogether we hope to make our journal much more acceptabie to all
than it has ever been; and although by the change the expense of publica-
tion will be largely increased, yet single subscriptions will remain the same,
with very liberal inducements to clubs.

TERMS, in advance, single copy one year, $1.00; two copies, one year,
$1.75; four copies, one year, $3.00; ten copies, one year, $6.00. _

Address W. G. CHURCH, Mexico, Mo.

NOVICE’S IMPROVEMENT
Frames for Movable Comb Hives.

In using Movable Comb Bee-hives, two principal difficulties have presented themselves
which we propose to obviate by the accompanying inyention.

First—In opening all hives the operation of prying the Combs loose before remoying
them is always attended (especially in hives the bees have occupied several seasons) with
more or less annoyance to both bees and operator, as the bees, disliking any jar or shake,
are much more likely to resent the loosening process than the removal of the frames
themselves. In replacing the frames also extreme care must be taken that the ends of
the frames, when replaced in the rabbets in the side of the hive, be not allowed to crush
any bees, as they are very quick to resent any such carelessness.

Secondly--Movahble frames as they are commonly made, with nails, are not secure: so
that oftentimes, when the bees are shaken off preparatory to extracting the honey, the
nails draw out, and bees, honey, brood, and possibly the queen, at her imminent peril, are
rolling in the dirt. In case the frame does not break, a racking of the corners is almost
sure to cause the heavily-filled comb to break and drop out as before.

Our Improvements are: First—Instead of the top bar being prolonged for the sup-
port of the frame, thin metal projections at the upper corners are made to rest on a strip
of metal placed with edge upward in the rabbet in the hive, thus supporting the frame in

such a way that the bees find it impossible to glue them fast with propolis, as they do the-

wooden bars, and also that they may not be crushed in replacing the frame in the hive.

Secondly—The thin metal projections are made of a piece of sheet metal, formed by
machinery, in such a way that the corners of the frames are held perfectly secure at an
exact right angle, braced and strengthened more than nails or rabbeting can possibly
make them, and ferruled, as it were, so the wood can not split.

Thirdly-—The manner of attaching the device is such that they can be applied to aleaost
any movable comb frame, even when filled with comb and covered with bees; and the corners
are so secure, when once attached, that removal is almost impossible.

Fourthly—A stronger trame can be made of strips of pine % of an inch wide, and only
4 in thickness, than those commonly used.

A sample pair to test them on one frame sent by mail on receipt of 10 cents. Corners
and supporters for top of frame, $1.25 per 100. Bottom corners, 75 cents per 100.

NOVICE’S HONEY KNIFE

Is made of fine steel and tempered, sharp on both edges, and has a neat and finely-finished
handle. Price by mail, $1.25; by express, $1; or for half a dozen, $5. As they are rather
heavy they had better be expressed; and by neighbors sending together for half a dozen
the expense is but little. Liberal rates to dealers by the quantity. We can also furnish
Peabody’s Melextractors at his prices.

Orders may be sent here, or to B. H. Stair & Co., 115 Ontario Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

Address A. I. ROOT & CO., Medina, Ohio.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. .

This periodical is unconnected with the ownership of any patent rights relating to bee
culture, and therefore admits into its columns the fullest and freest discussion of the
merits and demerits of the various systems from time to time presented to apiarians.
It has for contributors-to its columns the best, most experienced and successful apiarians
in this country; and from time to time will furnish the translations of interesting articles
from the various German Bee periodicals, and from the journals also of other countries.
Its aim is to develop bee culture in this country, and hence will not be the advocate of any
one theory or system of bee culture.

Published monthly at Washington, D. C. Terms, $2 perannum. Volume commences

with the July number. GEO. S. WAGNER, Washington, D.C.

The Bee-Keeper’s Journal and National Agriculturist.

On Trial, Three Months for Ten Cents. or 15 Months and best Bee
Book, German or English for $1. Splendid Pre-
miums for 1872. Movable Comb Hives, Italian
Bees, etc , for sale. Fifty per cent. and great in-
ducements to Agents. if
Sample of Journal, ‘“ Hints to Bee-Keepers,
a thirty-six page pamphlet. Price List, ete., sent
; “re free or for stamp. Write now, and not forget it.
Address H. A. KING & CO..
14 Murray St., New York.

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