a. 203 ‘OSs | Benthic Fauna of an Offshore Borrow Area in Broward County, Florida by David B. Turbeville and G. Alex Marsh MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 82-1 JANUARY 1982 WHO} DOCUMENT COLLECTION ——— Go [0 / * : distribution unlimited. Prepared for U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 M2e2-\ Oe zee gee of any. OH this material Army Coastal Engineering Tee ees Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR 82-1 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED BENTHIC FAUNA OF AN OFFSHORE BORROW AREA. Miscellaneous Report 7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) David B. Turbeville and G. Alex Marsh 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK : : : i AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Florida Atlantic University College of Science, Department of Biological G31266 Sciences, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 42 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a, DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES - KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Benthic fauna Ecological effects Broward County, Florida Offshore dredging ————— 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) Benthic fauna from two stations within a 5-year-old borrow area and two control stations off Hillsboro Beach (Broward County), Florida, were sampled quarterly from June 1977 to March 1978 to evaluate the long-term impact of offshore dredging. Generally enhanced productivities occurred within the borrow area, although there was much seasonal variation among stations. Spe- cies diversities were usually higher at the borrow stations than at the contro stations. The single exception was due to a high concentration of the bivalve (continued) DD , en 1473 —EprTion OF t Nov 65 1S OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED ee SS SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) E. nttens at one of the control stations in June. Although faunal similarity analysis revealed a qualitative change in the fauna of the borrow area, this change is not considered detrimental. Conspicuous patterns of heterogeneous faunal distributions were evident in this study, particularly for the bivalve E. nitens. No lasting detrimental effects, in terms of numbers of species, faunal densities, or species diversity, resulted from the dredging operation. 2 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE This report provides coastal engineers an evaluation of the long-term impact of offshore dredging on benthic fauna at Hillsboro Beach (Broward County), Florida. The report is published under the coastal ecology research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The report was prepared by David B. Turbeville, Director of the South Florida Institute of Marine Science at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Dr. G. Alex Marsh, Professor of Ecology at Florida Atlantic University, sup- ported by grants from the Florida Sea Grant Program and the Joint FAU-FIU Center for Environmental and Urban Problems. The authors acknowledge D.R. Deis and H.D. Rudolph, Florida Department of Natural Resources, for their assistance in the identification of polychaetes, and P. Mikkelson for identifying many of the molluskan species. M. Clark and D. Conner provided invaluable assistance with computer programing. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. TED E. BISHOP Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS Page CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)... I TNT RODUCTEON RS) 24 Ee hely tetted tt Gg REO ee Se ea ee on toc eae) eee 7 IE SMUG AMIN Gg os o9 onGos 6.0 0) OO 6 OOo G0 80 0 60 0 8 EIEN SAMPLING AND) ANALY CAL BP ROCEDURE Si. pisruitci tsi cin ieiitcii cin icmnon noun enol Wel Selanne MeN 5 5 6 Gol oo ol «Ct Zieh Haunail, Analysis) Sod. Gable oe cee care ce een con mee IV RESULTS wl cae hike) come bec od ktceo it ceca te Preto Cuero mg eprom Tie ASCdImMentSsy igonge seek, Skog. meeps, Cat nee CURLS 24 HAUNAR smc. cn aipOk Suen ed Obomee. atc: On CMMI Mere renee) Vv DESCUSS TION: cu oticcion shad waite a siromentio ltebrom Gare kt wineion see VI SUMMARY. scsi) a cecis. Wel ae) Seid are wien Ridin Pelton aes peas sperma gE DEPERATURE WI CRTEDG 02) eile A. ies es) van Mepuicutbsrs (onli etloyen mayne sell ime ane Mn Uy op opm Sct APPENDIX A SPECIES LIST AND NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS SAMPLED BY STATION ESRD) SYAMIZIGIING WROD, «6 6 6 6 6 6 ooh ooo oo B NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS COLLECTED AT ALL STATIONS BY FAUNAL GROUPS .9 SN sen tey os: Sr te ce RO OMT MrOML os eRe erie ES, TABLES 1 Percent particle-size distribution, percent organic content, and Melo fAehlin Sale Oe Sechinemies ate seEtedoms. 5 2, So aml 4o 5 56 9 go ol ID 2 Total number of species, individuals, and extrapolated faunal (elesaks pu eol\loM yen Ie may eee em eta Onn rico. Ooo sousoc Geo sao. 0 ona dld/ FIGURES 1 Profile of shelf morphology off Hillsboro Beach, Florida. ..... 9 2 ikiXee\estionl Cie Giewchy Eves Eail Sections Gempled 5 65 oo 5 co oo oo ol LO 3 Core Seimlaines Oi [Stele stawMeG 6 6 6 5.66 6 0 6 6 6 Foo Ce 4 Cumulative number of species collected versus increased number of samples: for ‘stations! 2 and 4o% 8c) a ae ey eee, ice fee eyes een remem 5 Distribution of substrate grain sizes at control stations 1 and 2 and. borrow istatVons S'andie4 7; 6 joie. cer ReMrcnecin putcnicm Mctoen toi nectEt T AO 6 Cumulative percent of grain sizes at control stations 1 and 2 Ehoal operon ieclestomisy Shem 5 5 5 16 6 oo 0 6 0 6 6 5 bo ooo ot LG 7 Faunal similarity dendogram, grouped according to degree of Similarvey re ce ee ere he en ene et re ner ane a en CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25-4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters Square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.852 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters antililaperee ONO” sz 1073 kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.235 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! lTo obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15. oe ty a ee a) Pe Frnt, ‘side oH eg emmtt ida gos a i ‘Pius tld ore j Loca pitt sii ay eamecnie BW A a Te ad ; + Chadians tit bs iane hie oan auld ment tea y iF TMA Hina eo Bete Chee: ‘pitta nies TAMPA al al elites A ee bec Ahiph ne abt ohne re weet a ra eee } ; -—ocheeana ram vamamet nine Rs hand ak, : | atusemt li tas PSHM a Dale ils ) PERI SRARHDEEAL PROCES) 52d 2 ORDO Ohes pa! PMR a ad ot ERR nidsaleeene agape te: ri 2 es a » — " ae ‘arowmaed oa hi dpaginn arpa Makati! i a ene peed o% ; - wea ee itis Ok ES A Ate As ON ena Teh tease cay ik Cee ee pai i Ae sig wlailahcin ee Rin ‘ a” iad ah jel ‘ ae Z i ny ie BENTHIC FAUNA OF AN OFFSHORE BORROW AREA IN BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA by David B. Turbeville and G. Alex Marsh I. INTRODUCTION Beach erosion is a serious problem nationwide, with approximately 43 percent of America's shoreline, excluding Alaska, undergoing significant loss (Callahan, 1980). In southeastern Florida, more than half of the 166.8 kilometers of recreational beach in Palm Beach, Broward, and Dade Counties is listed by the Florida Department of Natural Resources as being in a "critical state of erosion" (Marsh, 1980). This problem has necessitated periodic beach restoration and maintenance projects, generally involving the dredging of sand from offshore deposits called borrow areas. Sand from a borrow area is pumped through pipes onto the beach and bulldozed in place. Although many feel that the millions of dollars spent each year in southern Florida to restore degraded beaches are not cost effective since the sand will be lost eventually, others feel that the economic benefits through increased tourism and protection from storm and hurricane surge justify the expense. Numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental effects of dredging and filling, although most of the research has centered on bays and estuaries. In Florida, the Tampa and Boca Ciega Bay areas have been studied extensively for the effects of oystershell dredging, canalization, and landfilling (Taylor and Saloman, 1968; Taylor, Hall, and Saloman, 1970; Saloman, 1974; U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, 1974; Simon and Doyle, 1974a, 1974b; Simon, Doyle and Conner, 1976; Conner and Simon, 1979). Relatively little research has been conducted on the environmental impact of offshore dredging for beach restoration. Cronin, Gunter, and Hopkins (1971) reviewed potential effects of various engineering activities, including dredging, on coastal ecosystems, but included no quantitative data in their report. They felt that, "In many, perhaps most, coastal areas, the sand removed from the nourishment zone will be replaced by littoral drift, and the biological population will probably recover in a relatively short period of time.'"' They also felt that the effects of borrowing and redistributing sediment would be greater in bays and estuaries than in the open ocean. In contrast, Dr. Robert Dolan, a University of Virginia authority of barrier beaches, stated that "the assumption that pits cause no permanent environmental disruption is questionable" (Callahan, 1980). Dolan also felt that beach biota, such as the mole crab, Emerita , would be largely destroyed by beach replenishment. Only a few studies on the effects of offshore dredging for beach restoration have been conducted in Florida. Studies of the west coast include Holland, Chambers, and Blackman (1973), who reported that the creation of a borrow area off Lido Key resulted in at least a temporary increase in fishes along the beach and near the borrow area; and Saloman (1974), whose study of a 3-year-old offshore borrow area near Treasure Island revealed a decrease in the diversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates within the pit compared to the adjacent, relatively undisturbed bottom. However, a recent report by Saloman, Naughton, and Taylor (1981) on the effects of beach nourishment on benthic fauna at Panama City, Florida, concluded that postnourishment recovery in the borrow pit was virtually complete after 1 year. On the east coast of Florida a study of a borrow area located off Duval County also showed complete recovery of the fauna within 1 year of dredging (Applied Biology, Inc., 1979). Courtenay, et al. (1974) surveyed the fishes and nearshore reef communities following beach restoration in Broward County. Although no adverse effects were observed from Pompano Beach to Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, substantial physical damage to the reefs, probably due to careless handling of dredging equipment, occurred at Hallandale. Courtenay, Hartig, and Loisel (1980) resurveyed the area described in the 1974 report, primarily with reference to fish populations. They reported the disappearance of the dusky jawfish, Optstognathus whttehurstt , and attributed it to the incursion of beach-fill materials on the first reef, which reduced the bottom relief and grain size of the substrate. Marsh, et al. (1980) studied the benthic communities and nearby reefs adjacent to the same beach and found no apparent deleterious effects of the 1971 restoration project. Since beach restoration is expected to increase in the future, more information is needed on the long-tem environmental effects of such operations. This study provides an evaluation of benthic communities within a borrow area created off Hillsboro Beach (Broward County), Florida,in 1972. These communities were sampled quarterly for 1 year (1977-78) and compared with communities from nearby, compara- tively undisturbed areas. Il. STUDY AREA The inshore topography off northern Broward County consists of two or three sandy flats interrupted by linear outcrops (reefs) of Pleistocene limestone (Fig. 1). These linear outcrops, or reefs, Support a wide variety of invertebrates and fishes. a ||@ is = a tS) A Lj 20 ! 3 Second! ! Third 25 Reef | Reef | | | Sandflat (Co eo SCO Te® 300 HOO S007 S00) 1,700 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) Figure 1. Profile of shelf morphology off Hillsboro Beach, Florida. The study site, located approximately 1.6 kilometers south of the Deerfield Beach fishing pier (Fig. 2), has three such reef lines. The first is a low profile reef, 30 to 40 meters wide in a water depth of 5 to 6 meters. The inshore edge of the reef is approximately 100 meters from shore. Shoreward of the edge is a sand area with a series of scattered limestone outcrops and wormrock colonies of Phragmatopoma laptdosa. The inshore edge of the second reef, which is 180 to 190 meters wide, is approximately 740 meters from shore at a depth of 10.5 to 12.5 meters. The outer edge of this outcrop drops to a depth of approxi- mately 20 meters. Between the second and the third reefs is a relatively flat sand area approximately 500 meters wide. The third reef, located at a depth of 15 to 26 meters forms the seaward edge of the Continental Shelf (Duane and Meisburger, 1969). Beyond the third reef, the sandy bottom slopes relatively steeply to the floor of the Florida Straits. Duane and Meisburger (1969) described the sediments within the sandflats as white to gray calcareous skeletal sands and gravel. These sediments are believed to have been produced in situ, and include fragments from marine algae, mollusks, foraminiferans, bryozoans, and corals. Also present are small amounts of echinoid spines, sponge spicules, alcyonarian sclerites, and worm tubes. The dominant nonskeletal materials include rod-shaped and elliptical pellets (probably fecal), semiconsolidated calcarenite oolites, and aggluti- nated worm tubes. => ‘—1r)r[ Deerfield Beach Pier Depth contours in meters i 100 200 500m sec. 3 sec 4 VE | SCALE Hi Il II e Sampling Sites it Hillsboro ;; Beach Figure 2. Location of study area and stations sampled. The offshore borrow area is located between the first and second reefs (Figs. 1 and 2). During August and September 1972, approxi- mately 274,016 cubic meters of sand was dredged and pumped from this area onto Hillsboro Beach, leaving two elongated pits in the ocean floor (Fig. 2). The northernmost pit is the sampling area evaluated in this study. The borrow area, still well-defined 8 years after its excavation, is approximately 200 meters long and 70 to 75 meters wide. The inshore edge slopes from a depth of 10.0 meters outside the pit to a depth ranging from 13.5 to 15.0 meters inside. The outer edge of the trough is steeper than the shoreward edge, sloping up at a 30° to 40° angle to the undisturbed sea floor. Along the edge of the slopes is an area of rubble, left from the dredging operation, that is inhabited by many reef fishes and invertebrates. The sandy bottom of the borrow area is generally flat, except for a few scattered sunken tires broken away from a nearby artificial reef. Water currents in this area are predominantly southerly, although there is considerable variability in both direction and velocity. IIL. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 1. Sediment Analysis. During the initial sampling period, three replicate core samples from each station were obtained for sediment analysis. An aliquot of each was dispersed for 24 hours in a 4-percent solution of sodium hexametaphosphate (Calgon), and then washed through a 0.063-millimeter sieve to separate the silts and clays from the sand. The sand was ovendried at 90° Celsius for 12 hours, then fractionated according to the Wentworth scale. Each fraction was weighed to the nearest 0.01 gram. Organic content was determined by ovendrying an additional sediment aliquot, then measuring the percent weight loss after incin- eration at 500° Celsius for 1 hour. Significance testing of grain-size differences was conducted using an analysis of variance. 2. Faunal Analysis. Seasonal samples of benthic fauna were collected from four sampling stations--two control stations (1 and 2), representing the comparatively undisturbed bottom and two borrow stations (3 and 4). Control stations 1 and 2 were located 300 and 200 meters, respectively, north of the borrow area (Fig. 2). Borrow stations 3 and 4 were located 90 meters apart within the borrow area. Samples were collected on 16 June (summer), 21 September (autumn), and 16 December (winter) 1977, and on 26 March (spring) 1978. Samples were obtained by scuba divers using a hand-driven polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coring tube with an inside diameter of 7.9 centimeters (Cases 9 3})) ¢ Figure 3. Core sampling of benthic fauna. Twenty-four core samples containing the top 11 centimeters of sediment were collected at each station, giving a total area sampled at each station of 0.118 square meter. The adequacy of the sample size was indicated by plotting a cumulative species curve for cores from one control and one borrow station during the initial sampling period (Fig. 4). The curves tend to level off after about 21 cores, indi- cating that most of the common species were sampled. ~ O STATION 4 fe) O On O WN O STATION 2 CUMULATIVE NO. OF SPECIES nh iS O O S OQ ientoniateh (oe: hibeh ia clO, 0, glvyh yl Gan Alm whl weOus eeied NO OF CORE SAMPLES Figure 4, Cumulative number of species collected versus increased number of samples for stations 2 and 4. Core samples were emptied individually into 3.8-liter Ziploc plastic storage bags, sealed underwater, and then brought to the surface. In the laboratory, samples were emptied into 3.8-liter jugs containing 10 percent seawater formalin stained with rose bengal. Core samples were later washed through a l-millimeter sieve, and the organisms retained were preserved in 70 percent ethanol. All animals were identified to the lowest taxon possible. Voucher specimens of all species collected were deposited in the zoological museum at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida. Significant differences in numbers of species and individuals between stations for each sampling period were tested according to the methods in Sokal and Rolf (1969a) and compared to the statistical tables in Sokal and Rolf (1969b). An F-max test was run on the raw data, which was found to be heterogeneous and required a square-root transformation; a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication was performed on the transformed data. A priori (F-test) and a posteriori (Student-Newman-Keuls) significance tests were then run. Species diversity was calculated by the Shannon-Weaver index, H', with the aid of a Univac 1106 computer: s a H Z P. log Ee where the probability that one individual belongs to species 1 is Ps, and P. is n./N, where n. is the number of individuals of the 5 1 9 2 og e a species, and N the total number of individuals in the sample. The equitability component of diversity (Pielou, 1966) was calculated as follows: e = H'/log § where S is the total number of species. Faunal similarity among samples was tested using Czekanowski's coefficient weighted for abundance. The computer program for this analysis’ is described in Bloom, Santos, and Field (1977). This coefficient is calculated as follows: C_ = 2W/(A+B) Z where A is the sum of the measures of all species in one sample, B the similar sum for the second sample, and W the sum of the lesser measures of each species for the two samples being compared (Field and McFarlane, 1968). A matrix of coefficients was obtained, group average sorting was per formed (as recommended by Field and McFarlane, 1968), and a dendogram was prepared. IV. RESULTS 1. Sediments. The dominant sediment sizes at all stations were fine to coarse sands (0.125 to 1.000 millimeter in diameter). Mean grain sizes were in the medium sand category (0.25 to 0.5 millimeter in diameter), and ranged from a low of 0.25 millimeter at station 2 to a high of 0.33 millimeter at sta- tion 4 (Table 1). Both borrow stations had slightly larger mean grain sizes than the control stations. Table 1. Percent particle-size distribution, percent organic content, and mean grain size of sediments at stations 1, 2, 3, and 4. Particle-size distribution Very Very Medium Fine fine Silts coarse Coarse sand sand sand and Pet. Mean Granules sand sand (0.25- (0.125- (0 .063- clays organic grain (2-4mm) 1-2mm) (0.5mm) _ 0. 5mm) C. 25mm) 0.125mm) (< 0.063) content i Station 1 0.1 0.8 9.6 42.3 43.8 0.8 2.8 2 0.2 1.4 9.6 41.3 37.9 0.8 8.8 3 0.3 2.4 16.5 48.9 24.1 0.9 6.9 4 0.4 Bot 18.7 49.2 24.8 0.9 2.6 The sediment fractions in the very coarse sand (1 to 2 millimeters in diameter) category were significantly greater at the borrow stations than at the control stations (ANOVA, p < 0.01). This is evident in the histo- grams (Fig. 5) and cumulative frequency curves (Fig. 6). The organic content of the sediments was low, ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 percent (replicate means at each station), and showed no significant dif- ferences among stations (Table 1). 2. Fauna. Sampling of benthic fauna at the four stations through the year yielded a total of 5,933 individuals comprising 224 species (Apps. A and B). The dominant taxa were polychaete annelids (86 species and 32.4 per- cent of the individuals) and bivalve mollusks (33 species and 46.3 percent of the individuals). ‘hp pue ¢ suotjesS MOZI0q pue Z pue T suoT}eRS [O1}UOD ye sezts utei3 jo jueotZed sat JeTNUND *g VANBTY (WW) 3ZIS NIVYD €¢300> £900 S2clO SZ¢O OSO | rd Yo) O9 19d) AONSNOSY3s SALW TINWIND = (Oks) OO! ‘py pue ¢ suotje 3S MoIioqg pue Z pue T suot}eq,S [oOTUOD Je sezts utei3 a2e13SqnS Jo UOTANGTAISTG °G sANsTy (WW) aZIS UIDJS (Wi) zig UIDID €900>€900 Szio_ S¢O GO Ol O02 Ob £200>€900 SZlI0 SZO_ SO Ol O2 Ov Oi cl oz oz vu oc & cee Q Q 8 g Ov > Op os oS t NOLWLS 09 € NOLWIS Ou (WW) aZIS UID (ww) azis UID’ e900>€9C0 Szi0 SZO SO Oi O2 OF €900>s00Szi0 scO GO 91 O02 OF ol ol 02 02 oc ors 8 $ =] op op= 0s os 2 NOIWIS 09 1 NOIWLS 09 16 Six species comprised more than half (52.0 percent) of all individuals collected (App. A). These included four species of bivalve mollusks ( Hrvilta nttens, E. conecentrica, Transennella stimpsont, and Pleuromerts tridentata), one polychaete (Lwnbrinereis tenuis), and one tanaidacean (Apseudes sp.). More than half (54.0 percent) of the species collected were represented by five or fewer individuals. The numbers of species and individuals collected at each station during the four sampling periods are shown in Table 2. Borrow station 3 yielded the largest number of species and individuals in all sampling periods except June, when borrow station 4 had more individuals. However, 60.4 percent of the fauna at borrow station 4 in June were represented by only one species, the bivalve Z. nitens. Although this species attains adult size at 7 to 10 millimeters (Abbott, 1974), only juveniles (2 to 3 millimeters) were collected in the present study. #. niteng accounted for 23.6 percent of all individuals collected in the study (App. A). Table 2. Total number of species, individuals, and extrapolated faunal densities. Extravolated Sampling faunal date Station No. of species No. of individuals densities! June 1977 1 44 216 1,831 2 38 187 1,585 3 80 539 4,568 4 65 1,514 12,831 Total number of different species: 133 Total number of individuals: 2,456 September 1 63 404 3,424 1977 2 42 126 1,068 3 86 631 5,347 4 60 236 2,000 Total number of different species: 133 Total number of individuals: 1,397 December 1 30 322 2,729 1977 2 26 305 2,585 3 98 517 4,381 4 58 204 1,729 Total number of different species: 125 Total number of individuals: 1,348 March 1978 il sk) 103 873 2 41 151 1,280 3) 67 283 2,398 4 66 195 1,653 Total number of different species: 108 Total number of individuals: 732 lMeasured by individuals per square meter. As shown in Table 2, extrapolated faunal densities ranged from 873 individuals per square meter (control station 1 in March) to 12,831 individuals per square meter (borrow station 4 in June). The average densities for each sampling date in individuals per square meter showed a steady decline through the sampling period--5,204 in June; 2,960 in September; 2,856 in December; and 1,551 in March. In June, control stations 1 and 2 showed no significant differ- ences in the numbers of species or individuals. These stations were also very similar in their species compositions, as indicated in Figure 7, which shows groupings of stations based on degrees of faunal Similarity. The relationship between borrow stations was quite different. Borrow station 3 had a significantly greater number of species than borrow station 4, but the latter contained over twice as many individuals. These differences, caused in part by the high concentration of £. nttens at borrow station 4, were also largely responsible for the borrow stations having a relatively low degree of faunal similarity at this time (Fig. 7). The combined borrow stations had significantly more species and individuals than the combined control stations (p < 0.001). In September, control station 1 contained significantly greater numbers of both species and individuals than control station 2 (p < 0.001). As expected, these stations also showed little faunal similarity (Fig.7). Borrow station 3 yielded siginificantly more species and individuals than borrow station 4 (p < 0.001). These stations also showed relatively little faunal similarity (Fig. 7). The two borrow stations combined contained significantly greater numbers of species and individuals than the two control stations combined (p < 0.001). In December, control stations 1 and 2 showed no significant differences with respect to numbers of species or individuals, and also showed a high degree of faunal similarity (Fig. 7). Both stations (1 and 2) contained large numbers of £. nttens (223 and 194, respectively). Borrow station 3 contained more than twice as many individuals and almost twice as many species as borrow station 4. Although their level of faunal similarity was not particularly high, these stations did occur together in one of the four major groupings in the similarity dendogram (Fig. 7). The low number of individuals collected at borrow station 4 resulted in no_significant differences between the two control stations combined and the two borrow stations combined in terms of faunal densities. However, there were significantly more species at the borrow stations combined than at the control stations combined (p < 0.001). In March, the control stations showed no significant differences in numbers of species or individuals, and also showed a close asso- ciation in the similarity dendogram (Fig. 7). This was also true for the borrow stations on this sampling date. ECL SIMIEARITE 2O 40 60 80}; aN M100|0 || 00 - i yY S es 5B /03/ 09/3] D|5/B/O|0 ig/ SiS] sls|3/3 215/5/ 3/8 Fa Al=l|= a = = = la EL [PO[F]F [rd] nd] — =|ai]=]ai} = | | (Il IV MAJOR SAMPLING GROUPS Figure 7. Faunal similarity dendogram, grouped according to degree of similarity. 19 Four major station groupings are evident in Figure 7. Group I is composed entirely of borrow stations (3 and 4 in December and March, and 4 in September). Group II is composed of borrow station 3 in June and September, along with control station 1 in September. The control station had several numerically important species in common with one or the other of the borrow stations in this group, including the bivalves E. concentrica, T. stimpsont, and P. tridentata, and the polychaetes L. tenuis and Axtothella mucosa. Another reason for the association of the control station with the borrow stations in this group is the relatively large number of both species and individuals that it contained in this sampling period. As discussed previously, this was the only time that the two control stations themselves differed significantly in numbers of species or faunal abundance. Group III is composed entirely of control stations (stations 1 and 2 in June and March, as well as station 2 in September). Group IV is composed of control stations 1 and 2 in December and borrow station 4 in Jume. This association is largely explained by the great numbers of £. nitens. occurring at all these stations on these dates. The associations indicated in the dendogram are due mainly to similarities among groups of either control or borrow stations. This suggests that the borrow station populations are different from the control station populations. The relatively few cases in which borrow stations were grouped with control stations usually could be attributed to the common occurrence of one or two abundant species. Species diversity (H') and equitability (e) values for each station are shown in Table 3. On all sampling dates except June, the diversity values for the borrow stations were slightly higher than those for the controls. At borrow station 4 in June, large concentrations of the bivalves #, nttens and EH. concentrica resulted in both low equitability and H' values. Table 3. Shannon-Weaver species diversity (H') and Equitability (e) values for each station by sampling date. Sampling Date Station Index June 1977 Sept. 1977 Dec. 1977 Mar. 1978 1 H' 4.4462 44483 2.1148 4.3555 e 2.7150 2.4722 1.4317 2.7374 2 H' 4.1610 4.6269 2,2006 4.4412 e 2.6339 2.8505 1.5552 2.7537 3 Hy 4.7772 4.6399 5.1802 4.9993 e 2.5102 2.3985 2.6015 2.7377 4 H' 2.2408 5.0037 4.8084 5.2989 e 1.2360 2,8139 2.7268 2.9123 20 Declines in diversity were evident at control stations 1 and 2 during the winter, when values dropped to less than half their values at all other sampling dates. This, again, resulted in part from large concentrations of &. nitens at these stations, as well as from seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of other species. V. DISCUSSION Studies of benthic communities have contributed much to our under- standing of the role of stress and disturbance in the marine environment (Boesch and Rosenberg, in preparation, 1982). Because most benthic organisms are sedentary and relatively long-lived, their response to man-induced stresses, such as offshore dredging, can readily be analyzed statistically, yielding much information for use in coastal resource Management. Our analysis of benthic fauna within the borrow areas showed no lasting detrimental effects on numbers of species, faunal densities, or species diveristy from dredging that occurred 5 years previously. In fact, data combined from borrow stations showed significantly greater numbers of species and individuals than that from control stations. Species diversity values were also unusually higher at the borrow stations. Our findings are generally in accord with those of two other recent studies of offshore dredging in Florida, both designed to assess short- term ecological effects. Saloman, Naughton, and Taylor (in preparation, 1982) found that the fauna within a borrow pit off Panama City (Bay County) showed rapid postnourishment recovery that was nearly complete after 1 year. Similarly, in an unpublished study of a borrow area located 11.1 kilometers off Duval County in northeastern Florida, no significant differences were found 1 year after dredging between bor- row and control stations in numbers of taxa, faunal densities, or species diversities (Applied Biology, Inc., 1979). These observations are different from those reported by Saloman (1974) in his study of a borrow area created 3 years previously off Treasure Island (Pinellas County) on the west coast of Florida. He found low densities and diversities of benthic fauna within the borrow area compared to surrounding, relatively undisturbed bottom. He attributed these differences to thick deposits (> 3 meters) of gelatinous, organic-rich sediments that had accumulated in the borrow area, resulting in low dissolved oxygen concentrations. These conditions did not develop off Hillsboro Beach, probably because of the low concentration of suspended particulates and the relatively strong longshore currents and eddies (Marsh, et al., 1978). Reasons for the quantitative and qualitative differences between borrow and control stations are difficult to ascertain. Sediment composition, including grain size, is an important determinant of 2a community composition, (Wilson, 1952; McNulty, Work, and Moore, 1962; Thorson, 1966; Sanders, 1968; Bloom, Simon, and Hunter, 1972; Gray, 1974). Jansson (1967) described grain-size distribution as the major environmental parameter influencing the distribution of infaunal animals. The fact that sediments within the borrow area were significantly coarser than at the control stations may explain the faunal differences observed. Following its excavation, the borrow pit became, in effect, a new benthic habitat open to colonization by Planktonic larvae, many of which are known to be highly selective for various sediment parameters, including grain size. Faunal densities recorded in this study were generally lower than those reported by Marsh, et al.(1980) for offshore areas at Hallandale and Golden Beach, Florida, approximately 35 kilometers to the south. Their study included samples from stations between the first and second reefs, as in the present study, although their sampling area was shallower (6 meters compared to 10 to 15 meters off Hillsboro Beach). Moreover, sediments off Golden Beach and Hallandale were coarser than at Hillsboro Beach. Marsh, et al. (1980), using a similar screen size, reported faunal densities ranging from 11,305 to 17,144 individuals per square meter during November-December 1977. Oligochaetes accounted for 38.3 percent of the fauna collected. In our study, faunal densities ranged from 1,729 to 4,381 individuals per square meter, in December with oligochaetes accounting for only 1.4 percent of the fauna. Thus, considerable faunal heterogeneity can occur within a short length of coastline. It is concluded that the offshore dredging operations conducted in 1972 off Hillsboro Beach, Florida, caused no long-term observable adverse effects, in terms of reduced numbers of species, reduced faunal abundance, or reduced species diversity within the borrow area. Qualitative changes in the borrow area, as indicated by cluster analysis, were not considered detrimental. VI. SUMMARY The long-term ecological effects of dredging for beach restoration were investigated off Hillsboro Beach (Broward County), Florida. Benthic fauna were collected quarterly for 1 year, by scuba divers using a hand-driven-PVC coring tube, from four offshore stations. Control stations 1 and 2 represented relatively undisturbed bottom; borrow stations 3 and 4 were within an area excavated 5 years previously. At each station during the initial sampling date, three replicate sediment samples were collected for analysis. Borrow stations 3 and 4 had significantly coarser sediments than control stations 1 and 2. There was no significant difference in organic content among stations. ras A total of 5, 933 individuals comprising 224 species were collected. The dominant taxa were polychaete annelids and bivalve mollusks. Generally enhanced productivities were evident at the borrow stations throughout the year, with borrow station 3 consistently containing more species and individuals than the control stations. Species diversities were usually higher at the borrow stations than at the control stations, with the single exception due to a high concentration of the bivalve #, nttens at borrow station 4 in June. Although the faunal similarity analysis indicated that a qualitative change in the fauna of the borrow area had occurred, this change was not considered detrimental. Conspicuous patterns of heterogeneous distribution of fauna were evident in this study, particularly with the bivalve £, nitens, Pronounced seasonal fluctuations in species composition and abundance were noted at each station. It is concluded that the offshore dredging operations conducted in 1972 off Hillsboro Beach, Florida, caused no observable adverse effects, in terms of reduced numbers of species, reduced faunal abundance, or reduced species diversity within the borrow area. aS LITERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R.T., Amertcan Seashells, 2d ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1974. 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CONNER, G., and SIMON, J.L., "The Effects of Oyster Shell Dredging on an Estuarine Benthic Community," Estuarine and Coastal Marine Scetence, Vol. 9, 1979, pp. 749-758. COURTENAY, W.R., Jr., et al., “Ecological Monitoring of Beach Erosion Control Projects, Broward County, Florida, and Adjacent Areas," TM-41, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1974. COURTENAY, W.R., Jr., HARTIG, B.C., and LOISEL, G.R., "Evaluation of Fish Populations Adjacent to Borrow Areas of Beach Nourishment Project, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida," Vol. I, Ecological Evaluation of a Beach Nourishment Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, MR 80-1(1), U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1980. CRONIN, L.E., GUNTER, G., and HOPKINS, S.H., "Effects of Engineering Activities on Coastal Ecology," Report to the Office of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1971. DUANE, D.B., and MEISBURGER, E.P., "Geomorphology and Sediments of the Nearshore Continental Shelf, Miami to Palm Beach, Florida," TM-29, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1969. FIELD, J.G., and McFARLANE, G., ''Numerical Methods in Marine Ecology, A Quantitative Sediment Analysis of Rocky Shore Samples in False Bay, South Africa," Zoologtca Afrtcana, Vol. 3, 1968, pp. 119-137. 24 GRAY, J.S., "Animal-Sediment Relationships," Oceanography and Martine Biology, Annual Revtew, Vol. 12, 1974, pp. 223-261. HOLLAND, H.T., CHAMBERS, J.R., and BLACKMAN, R.R., "Evaluation Dredging and Filling for Beach Erosion Control on Fishes in the Vicinity of Lido Key, Florida," Report to U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., 1973. JANSSON, B.O., "The Importance of Tolerance and Preference Experiments for the Interpretation of Mesopsammon Field Distributions," Helgolander Wissenchafliche Meeresunterschungen, Vol. 5, 1967, pp. 41-58. MARSH, G.A., "Offshore Dredging and Benthic Ecology," Florida Environ- mental and Urban Issues, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1980, pp. 1-5. MARSH, G.A., et al., "Environmental Assessment of a Nearshore Borrow Areas in Broward County, Florida,'' Final Report, Joint FAU-FIU Center for Environmental and Urban Problems, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 1978. MARSH, G.A., et al., "Evaluation of Benthic Communities Adjacent to a Restored Beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida," Vol. II, Eco- logteal Evaluation of a Beach Nourtshment Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, MR 80-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Mar. 1980. McNULTY, J., WORK, R.C., and MOORE, H.B., "Some Relationships Between the Infauna of the Level Bottom and the Sediment in South Florida," Bulletin of Marine Setence of the Gulf and Cartbbean, Vol. 12, No. 19, WE, Boy Soon PIELOU, E., "The Measurement of Diversity in Different Types of Biolog- ical Systems," Journal of Theorettcal Btology, Vol. 13, 1966, pp. 131-144, SALOMAN, C.H., "Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the Nearshore Zone of Sand Key, Florida, Prior to Beach Restoration," Vols. 1 and 2, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gulf Coast Fisheries Center, Panama City, Fla., 1974. SALOMAN, C.H., NAUGHTON, S.P., and TAYLOR, J.L., "Short-Term Effects of Beach Nourishment on Benthic Fauna of Borrow Pits and Adjacent Sedi- ment, Panama City Beach, Florida," U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, 1982). SANDERS, H.L., "Marine Benthic Diversity: A Comparative Study," American Naturalist, Vol. 102, No. 925, 1968, pp. 243-282. SIMON, J.L., and DOYLE, L.J., “Environmental Impact of Oyster Shell Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida," Advanced Inspection of Proposed Shell Dredging "Stte 35," Report No. 1, State of Florida Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, 1974a. 25 SIMON, J.L., and DOYLE, L.J., "Environmental Impact of Oyster Shell Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida," Advanced Inspectton of Proposed "Site 5,'’ Report No. 2, State of Florida Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, 1974b. SIMON, J.L., DOYLE, L.J., and CONNER, W.G., "Environmental Impact of Oyster Shell Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida," Report No. 4, Final Report on the Long Term Effects of Oyster Shell Dredging in Tampa Bay, State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 1976. SOKAL, R.R., and ROLF, F.J., Btometry, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Cailkith el 69 ar. SOKAL, R.R., and ROLF, F.J., Statistical Tables, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif., 1969b. TAYLOR, J.L., HALL, J.R., and SALOMAN, C.G., "Mollusks and Benthic Environments in Hillsborough Bay, Florida," U.S. Fishertes Bulletin, fol, G8, No, 2, 1970, wos IN —20R. TAYLOR, J.L., and SALOMAN, C.G., "Some Effects of Hydraulic Dredging and Coastal Development in Boca Ciega Bay, Florida," U.S. Fisheries Bulle- hips Wl, Oi, Moy 2, 1963, joo AlS—eAl THORSON, G., "Some Factors Influencing the Recruitment and Establishment of Marine Benthic Communities," Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, Woils IO, Woes By WOO, jade) Zo7—293)5 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, JACKSONVILLE, "Draft Environmental State- ment - Oyster Shell Dredging - Tampa and Hillsborough Bays, Florida," Jacksonville, Fla., 1974. WILSON, D.P., "The Influence of the Nature of the Substratum on the Metamorphosis of the Larvae of Marine Animals, Especially the Larvae of Ophelta bteornts Savigny,"' Institut Oceanographique, Monaco, Paris, Annales, Vol. 27, 1952, pp. 49-156. 26 61° 2L Sere €0°0L S8°89 09°19 0€°99 06°79 67°£9 90°29 95°09 LZ°8S O8°9S 9987S 86°TS £9°8" c6°99 eT 6e 6°Tt €9°LZ "22d saz epnung 90°T OTT 8I'T (S76 Oe T Ov'T Wee €y'T Os*T 6L°T L6°T V/A 89°C SE56 Wats 08's 8s Te 8 E9EEC TeIOL "40g £9 S9 OL 9L iL £8 "8 S8 68 90T LTT Let 6ST 66T 072 TE 9t4 69 cont” TeqOL 8161 LT “ley st v7] Cm, £ LL6T Ww Se uw @ YT O€ SE 02 IT Oe 61 €722 7] G 1 Y § © TY Le “29d LL6T *34aS vy) oe WP ULB ISLE CoC OC He SNE VAL! 66) SL62 LL6T eunc :suoyseqs y ‘ds ejzaeyo03tTo eBynoe Sforsuftaquny SnaqgeTs Sn SeuwojOUdeN ‘ds eoppoTiv S}Teyoos e1opkTog xeTTey ofFdsouopig ‘ds sndouyostéjetd Bsoonw ET TOYyIOTXY SyTyse EFpueway wnjeotAquy wndee9 snuepfao,ys snxoydoyozay yFskoajjol eopPoTjy snqie uoyd;sopydsy ‘ds sopnesdy eJejsUepfiy Sflowoinesytg S}nue} sforeuFaquny Juosduy3s we T[euussuely BoFaAjyuadUoD BTTTAIW suo}fFU VET EAIG Sopoeds GOLWad DNITdNVS GNV NOLLVLS Ad GH IdNVS STIVNGIAIGNI 40 WaaWiN ANV LSIT SHL0adS VY XIGNHddv Cal ss°c8 0n"0 "2 Ce Tat ? 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