LIBRARY
STATE k'LAtiT aOAi^D

E-483 Juno 1939

United States Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF QyASSiA
By R. L. Busbey, Division of Insecticide Investigations

INTRO DaCTION

The term "quassia," as employed in the entomological and med-
ical literature, may refer to either of two plants, both members of
the family Simaroubaceae. Q,uassia amara L. is a small branching tree
or shrub native to Surinam and found in Brazil, Guiana, Colombia,
Panama, and the Vest Indies and also in some tropical countries.
About the middle of the eighteenth century, a negro of Surinam, named
Quassi, acquired a reputation for treating the malignant fevers of
that cov.ntry by a secret remedy, which he was induced to disclose to
Rolandcr, a Swede, for a valuable consideration. Speciments were
taken to Stockholm by the latter in 1756 and the medicine soon became
popular in Europe. The generic name of the plant is derived from the
name of the negro. This Surinam quassia has now been largely replaced
in use by Jamaica quassia (Acschrion excolsa (Swartx) Kuntze)!' , a
closely related plant, which occurs in much greater abundance. A.
excelsa is a lofty tree, sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet or
more, inhabiting Jamaica and the Caribbean Islands.

The water extract of the wood of these two species is employed
medicinally as a bitter tonic in the treatment of dyspepsia and also
finds some use in agriculture as an aphicidc. Where any distinction is
made between the two, it is usually in favor of the Surinam quassia.
The Jamaica quassia comes on the market usually in the form of chips,
raspings, or billets; the Surinam quassia generally is obtained in
billets. 'iiThen the wood is prepared for use, it is turned into small
chips and kiln dried.

The active bitter principles of the two species are not identical
but are very similar. The principle occurring in Qigassia amara , which
is spoken of in the literature as qaiassin or quassiin, is believed to
be a mixture of several closely related compounds. The principle in
Aeschrion excelsa, which has been variously called quassin, quassiin,
and picrasmin, Is also thought to be a mixture of substances which
appear to be related to those occurring in ^. amara. In many instances
the literature speaks merely of quassin or quassiin without specifying
the plant from which it is derived.

l/ Synonyms: (^assia excelsa Swart z, Simarouba excelsa DC. ,
Picraena excels^ Lindl. , and Picrasma excelsa Planch.

- 2 -

Jil-TOl'IYlaOUS.

(1)

TEST OF iHS'QUASSIl^^ OF A. V. ZEIDEL.

Kiev Soc. i^r. aiid Agr, Indup. Eept. 1913: 106. 1914, [in
Russian. Abstract in'Hev, Appl, Ent, (A) 3: 104. 1915,]

The importation of quar.sine from abroad being prohibited
in Russia, it has been prepoxed bv A, V, Zeid.el and the tests
conducted by a special comiiiittce of the Kiev Society showed
that this preparation is ono o-^ tiie snost effective remedies
against Hyponorac-iita mcu-incllus nnd aohids. The composition
of this substance is not given, but the proportion used for
sprrying during; the tests was 2 pounds of potash soap and 2
tubes of quassino (their si^.^; being constant) in about 108
£;^Hons of wo.ter; the sprayings were carried out on firs cai:;'inst
aphids and on apple trees norinst rphids and H. mnJLinellus.

(2)

THE PRINCIPAL QliERIES RECEIVED AT V.HE CEITTRAl PHJTOPATHOLOG-IdL
STATION DU?1IH& 1914. Diseases of Plants 9(1-2): 44-66, 1915.
[In Russian, Abstr^ict in Rev, Appl. Ent, (A)4: 23-24. 1916.]

Sprr.ying v/ith q-i.ia.ssia solution is s'-ogf^cstoci as a remedy for
leaves of ork (Quorcus mongolica) injured by Phylloxera coccines
Keyden.

(3)

REPORT OK THE WOPJC OF THE RIGA 3RAi?CH OF THE IIIPIRIAL RUSSIAIT
SOCIETY OF HORTICULTI'PJ; FOR 1914. I/Iessensver Hort. , Fruit
Growing and Market Gard. , 11-12: 793-817, 1315.
[In Russian. Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. (A) 4: 215. 1916]

A decoction of quassia was effective .a*^;ainst Aphi s piuni,

-- ■ (4)

DE BESSEI\^BLAr)l!?SSP, PTSaOiTJ^S RI3ESII, SCOP, (ITEMATUS VEFJRIC0SU3,
LATR, ) Inst, v, Phytopatoloc-^ie, Wageningen, Vlugschr, 17, 6 pp.
1917.

Qaassia.-soap solution mBy be used for spraying a^cainst
Pteronus ribesii Scop.

(5)

REPORT OIT THE OCCURREKCS OF liTSSCT MD FL'WGUS PESTS ON PLA^ITS
Ul EIC^LAIH) MiD ITALES IN THE YEiR 1917, 5d, A^-;r. Fisheries
[London] Misc, Pub. 21, 32 pp. 1916.

Ph;^'^llotreta nemorum L, , on t\irnips, was successfully con-
trolled by spraying v;ith a quassia and soap mixture.

- 3 -

(6)

THE CABBAGE FLY. Rural Econ. Com. Sut-Dept. (for Control of
Pests) [Petrograd] , 4 pp. 1919. [in Russian. Abstract in
Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)9: 553. 1921.]

V/atering with emulsions of quassia and soap is advocated
as a remedy for the cabbage fly (Phorbia brassicae) on cruciferous
plants.

ADRIAN and HOREAUX . ^ . (?)

DE LA qU'ASSINE, SA PRJ!pARATION SOUS FORiMES AMORPHE ET CRISTALLIS2!E.
Repert. Pharm. [n. s.] 11: 246-50. 1883. [Abstract in Amer.
Jour. Pharm. 56: 98-100. 1884.]

Thin shavings of Q,uassia amara wood are exhausted with boiling
water, with the addition of 5 g. of potassium carbonate per kilogram
of quassia. The liquor is concentrated to a soft extract and the
extract suspended in hot 90° alcohol. After standing for a short
time, the alcohol is decanted, and the process repeated twice. The
alcoholic liquour is allowed to stand 24 hours, the liquid then
decanted, and sulphuric acid diluted with 90° alcohol (l: 10) added
until a precipitate is throvsm down. The liquor is filtered, milk
of lime added (l2 to 15 g. ;per kilogram of wood or 4 to 5 g. of
caustic lime) , and after some hours the liquor'is again filtered.
_^^ It is neutralized -by a current of carbon dioxide and again filtered.
The alcohol is then distilled off, leaving about 8 g. -of the amorphous
qaassiin of Adrian per kilogram of wood.

If crystalline quassiin is desired, the distillation is stopped
while some alcohol remains, the liquid filtered t;o remove resin,
and the rest of the alcohol then removed. The quassiin, which
crystallizes on cooling, is puri'fied by r.e'cry$tallization from
alcohol.' About 1.25 to 1-.5 g. of quassiin per kilogram of quassia
is obtained.

Additional uncrystallizable quassiin may be obtained from
the mother liquor and wash alcohol of the first crystallization
by extracting with chloroform.

Crystallized quassiin is white, very soluble in chloroform,
soluble in about 90 parts of cold absolute alcoholy in 35 to 40
■parts of 90° alcohol, scarcely soluble in ether, and soluble in
about 300 parts of hot water, from which it crystallizes on cooling.
Uncrystallizable quassiin is very soluble in absolute alcohol,
more soluble in ether than crystallized quassiin, and less soluble
in water.

MLBma, 0, (8)

ARTTRIPSSN (KMOTliRIPS H0BU5TUS UZEL). Mcddol. Ccatrplanst.

Torsoksv. Jordbr-ukGomr-adct t Svvcdcn] 405 Lr.ndT3rukscntom Avd, 63,
11 pp. 1932

The life history fjid control of the per. thrlps (kc3:othrips
pisivorus Wostw, (rolrustus Uzcl)) arc discussed. In hot or stinny
weather when the pods oxc developing, some larvae remain exposed on
the free siirfacc of the pods, where they could 'oe killed 'hj quassia
or nicotine sprays, tut those arc few compared with those in the
flo\7ers, etc,

AIHSLIE, ¥. (9)

MATERIA IIIDICA. 2 v. London. 1826.

The bark of Ailanthus excel sa ho,s a pleasant and somewhat
aromatic taste, and is prescribed "by Hindu native practitioners
in infusion, in dyspeptic comxilaints (v, 2, p, 302)

AIERICAN PHjffilvIACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION (lO)

THE NATIOU/iL FOPlfJLARY. Ed. 5, 546 pp. Baltimore. 1926

Directions are £;iYcn for the prepm^rtion of Pluidex-
trc?.ctum quo.ssia.c (p. 95) and of Tinctura quassiae (p. 258)«

AlTTOl-IIBON, A. ' (11)

azioijs compmata della quassina hex VERTSBRATI E KSGLI IFSSTTI.
Arch. Internatl, PhaiTnacod^T-n. et Thcr. 33: 77-84. 1927.

The minimum lethal dose of quassiin for the rabbit is four
times as great when introduced by wry of the stomach as when
administered intravenously. It is only slightly soluble (1
percent) and is dissolved in and absorbed from the stomach v;ith
difficulty. The lethal doses for insects such as the silkworm
and for the rabbit are much the same. The supposed greater
toxicity for insects is due to an error in calculating the dose
absorbed. The seat of action is the nervous system, torpor
ojiA. muscular relaxation with rapid apparent death being produced
in insects, whereas in rabbits there is muscular tremor and later
ppjralysis

ARICHIPOV, P. (12)

THE I INDUSTRIAL CULTIVATION OF ROSS TRESS EOR GRAFTING,
Orchard and Market Gard. 32(10-12): 210-223. 1916.
[In Russian. Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent, (A)5: 255. 1917,]

The rose aphid can be controlled by spraying with quassia
decoction, for which an extract of Q^iassia. amara, not of Picraena
excel sa, should be used.

I

- 5 -

ATHEHTOT, D. I. (13)

EXPSEIMEWTS MlTd BAITS lOB. 'THE CONTROL 0? C3RTAI1J COTTON PSSTS.
QueGnslari Agr, Jour. 4C: 183-190. 1933.

Baiting e:q>eriine.-.it s were commenced with a viev; to obtaining
a practicaols ratthod Ick the control of the corn earworm on
cotton. One of the ■bci?ts used v;as composed of honey and water
(l*, 7), quassia chips havirg teen soaked previously in the vra.ter
at the rate of 1 pound to 2 gallons for 18 hours. None of the
"baits were effective.

AVESIIT, V. G. (14)

ON THE EXPECTED ;.?PE.Av/NCE 0? PESTS I!T iei3. Pests of Agricul-
ture and Methods of Fi/^liting Then., Lull, 1, 6 -p-p. 1913.
Issued by the Entomologic.?! p.nd phytopathological Bureau of
the ZcmF';vQ of '"'harhoT. ' [In RusGian. Abstract in Rev. Appl.
Ent. (A)l; 49i-4^-;2. I';i3.]

Timely spra^-ing is rcccEmended against Psylla mali with
the following deco<^tion cf qua-sia; 3 pounds boiled in aboixt
5 gallons of wate;:-; half of tho v/ator eT&porates, when another
2.7 gallons is arblrd - and the liouor is raclced off; 2 pounds of
green soap is the.o. added, and the whole r.ade up to 16 to 17
gallons v/ith water.

B. , A. C. (15)

THE CELERY FLY AND PARSNIPS. Card. Chron. (3) 61: 261. 1917.

Spraying of parsnip foliage with quassia extract is recom-
mended to prevent oviposition by the celcr;-- fly.

BAEER, J. L. (16)

MALT AND MLT LIQjJORS. In Allen' s Com-nerciel Orgrnic Analysis.
Ed. 4, V. 1, pp. 133-164. Philadelphia. 1912.

A. C. Chapman (;inalyst 25: 35. 1900) has devised a method
for distinguishing between hops and quassia, which is based
upon the production of valeric acid when the ether extract of
hops is oxidized with an alkaline solution of potassium
permanganate. The valeric acid can be identified by its odor.
In tht case of quassia the acid liberated is chiefly acetic.
This method is applicabje to the exaninaticn of hop-bitter
preparations (of a medicinal character), hop extracts, and
similar products.

- 6 -

I'AUDON, A. _ ' ' (17)

CONTRIBUTION A L' ^TUDS DES PLANTES OL^GINEUSES ES L'AFRIQQE
EQUATORIALE. Ann Mus. Colon. Marseille. (4) 7 (l): 5-56.
1928.

The seeds of Quassia gaT3onensis Pierre (Odyendyea gabonensis
Pierre) , which occurs in the Caneroon and in the Congo, are
consumed "by the natives, who boil then to eliminate the bitter
principle v;hich they contain, and then d ry them and keep them.
These seeds are of potential interest because of their abundance
and their large content of oil.

BAUER, A. (18)

EINIGE ESITRIgE ZUR LEEENS^/OIISE UN3D BEKAI-iTEUNG DER HOPFEI^LS-TTLAUSE.
Arb. Deut. Sekt. Landeskult. Bbhmen 34, 28 pp. 1925.

Solutions of quassia are recommended for the control of the

hop aphid (Phorodon humuli) .

BAUNACKE (19)

EIN ARGER FSIND DER STACHEL- JJITD JOHAMI SBEERSTRIUCHER .
Kran^ie Pflanze 2: 95-97. 1925.

Quassia-soap emulsion is useful in combating Nematus ribesii
Scop. , a pest of currants and gooseberries. The spray may be
prepared by boiling] 2 kilogram of quassia chips in 50 liters of
water and mixing the filtered decoction vrith a solution of 3
kilograms of soft soap in 50 liters of water.

BLOM, C. M. (20)

LIGNUM QUASSIAE. Amoenitates academicae 6: 416-429. 1764.

An inaugural dissertation. The first full account of Quassia
amara published.

BOAS, J. E. V. (21)

AEDELGR.1NSLUSENE. Dansk Skovforenings Tidskr. 3: 191-276. 1918.

Spraying with quassia is suggested for the control of
Chermes piceae and Mindarus abietinus damaging silver fir in

Denmark.

- 7 -

BOERICKS AND TAPSL, Publishers (22)

THE Al-'u~KICAlJ HOMOEOPATHIC PI{AI?MACOPOEIA. Sd.9. 549 pp.
PhilS'delphj.a. 1911.

Both Quassia amara and Picrasma excel sa are given as
sources of quassia. The tincture is prepared as follows:
The dried wood of the branches and trunk of the tree is
coarsely powdered, covered with 5 parts by weight of alcohol ^
and allowed to remain 8 days in a well-stoppered bottle, in
a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture
is then poured off, strained, and, filtered (p. 384).

A tincture of Simaruba officinalis is similarly prepared
from the bark of the root (p. 413) .

BOGDANOV-KATXOV, N. K. ' (23)

OABBAGE APHIS MD ITS CONTROL. All Russian Union of Rural-
Economic Co-operation [Petersburg], 22 pp. 1922. [In
Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 10: 233. 1922.]

Instructions are given for the preparation of quaysia
sprays for combating the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne (Aphis)
brassicae L.

(24)

THE CABBAGE PLY. Ed. 2. 35 pp. Leningrad. 1929. [In

Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 17: 646-647. 1929.]

One of the remedial methods advocated for use against
Phorbia (Hylemia) brassicae is watering infested plants with
emulsions of quassia at intervals of 4 or 5 days.

BORODIN, D. N. (25)

THE FIRST REPORT ON THE WORK OF THi] ENTOMOLOCtICAL BUREAU
AND A REVIEW OF THE PESTS OF THE GOVERMSNT OF POLTAVA IN
1914. Ent. B-are. Govt. Zemstvo of Poltava. 87 pp. 1915.
[In Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)4: 329-331.
1916.]

Carbolic or kerosene emvilsion and cpif<ss3a soap proved
successful against Hyalopterus arundinja L. (pTi.ini F.).

BOURCART, E. (26)

INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, and WEEDKILLITRS. English ed.2.
London. 1925.

bilo:::^;, p. ' ... (27)

THE CIVIL ME MTIIRAL KISTOHY OF J^aLUCA, 503 .PP. Londo.n. 1789.

Of terolDinthuG, the "birch or turpentine tree, the puthor says
that the "bai^k of the root is thoij^ht to he th-^ Sima-rouha of the shops,
which is the most effective remedy yet known in bloody fl^ixes
(p. 345).

CjiRIMINI, M. . (28)

G-LI AFIDI DSLLS PIAIITS DA J'HU-TTO E I MEZZO PER COMBATTEFil.
Hote Pruttic,?(5): 90-38. 1931. [Abstract in Hcv. Ap^a. Int.
(A)20: 438. 1^:32.]

The aphids infesting fruit trees in spring'; in Italy are
Hyalopteriis srundinis P, (pruni P.) on plum, peach, apricot,
and almond; Myzus cer^isii P. on cherry' ; Anuraj'his emygdoli
Euckt. (persicae 'hoj, ) on peach, which i-s also attacked by
A« pcrsicae-nigcr Siiith; and Aphis pomi DeG. (iaali P.) v/hich
occurs on apple and pear without doij:ig; much harm. Sprays of
quassia and soap are recoEuiended.

CATuLOS, A, S. (29)

THE MAMJPACTUEE OP INSECTICIDES AI^D FLWaiCIDES, V. MATSP.IALS
USED. Pert, Peed. Stuffs, and Pr.rm Supplies Jour. 16:
302-303. 1951.

QuasKia wood, which consists of the trunk'o and branches
of Picraena excolsa, .?Jid Quassia amara, imjjorted from Jamaica,
is white or yellowish, not hard, a:':d has a bitter taste but no
odor. The wood of Q,, nmarg (Surinam quassin.) is deep yelloa
and is harder a.nd heavier than the other variety, Quassia wood
is easily cleft and is usually met wi tJ-: in coLuncrcc in the
forta of splintery raspings or coarse chips. The method of
making the chips aad drying the wood is outlined. The chips
are sold for use in making homo-made washes or are used in
the m.anufacturc of q,ua.ssia extract for the production of
insecticides. A simple commercial method of oxtractir^g quassia
is described.

The £ictivo principle is quassinc, r cr^^'strllinc alkaloid
slightly soluble in water, but more so in alcohol or other
orgrnic solvents. It is present in the chips to the extent
of about 0,75 percent. It is a powerful insecticide but non-
poisonous to higher rniraals.

- 9 -

CARSOH, J.

or Q,rASSIA MS&k, LIlTiTASUS, Jtaer. Jour. Phrj-n. (n.s.l4) 20;

The Q,'aassia rinrj'a "belongF to the family Siinaru"beae
(Hichard) or Simarubaceae (lindley), the essential
characters of which are "briefly given. This is a small
family, and a renarkalDle analog/ exists among all its
laembers. They have been found to contain a bitter, toxic
principle, upon v;hich their medical properties depend. This
is the same in all, and has been called quassin from the
generic name _Qu-r..sr,la.

The generic and specific chrT.ncterintics of Quas si a
acara axe discusf^cd. It is a snail tree 6 to 10 feet high
straight, irregularly branched, with ash-colorod, smooth ba.rk.
The leaves ajre sparse, smooth pinna.te; the lca.flots sessile,
in pairs, usually two vrith an odd one, entire, elliptical,
axjute, reticulated, a, little revolutc on the margin,
of a deep green, with a reddening of the veins above,
and lighter beneath; petiole winged, with tlic joints
cuncato. Racemes long, simple, terminal. Flowers large,
scarlet, with short pedicles and a recurved bract at base.
The fruit is black and ovoid, dn-.paceous. This plant is
a native of Surinam, Guiana, and other parts of South
Anerica and is cultivated in the West IndiOo,

At the tim'5 of the sojourn of Eolander, a Swedish
natiiralist, In Surinam, a negro by the name of Quassi was
in the h?.bit of treating the fevers of the country with
the root. The na,turalist procured some of this and took
it to Europe about 1756, He supposed i t to be derived
from Zygophyllum aastivans (family Eutaceac) . Eowever,
Dahlberg, a military officer, had the tree pointed out
to him and after cultivatirig it in his garden transmitted
specimens of the organs of fructification to Linnaeus,
who determined the true position under the najne Q,uassia amara.
The first fu].l specific account, with a drawing, v/as pub-
lished by Blom, in an inau^ral essay, in the jfcoenitates
Academiae for 1763, v. 6,

According to Poreira, Formin mentions that about 1714
the flowers were highly valued in Surinam for their stomachic
properties. In 1730 the root is said to have been found
in the collection of Seba, a celebrated spice dealer of
Amsterdam, Hallor refers to it as having boon well known
in 1743. That Quassia was known as a remedy long before the
tree was described is evident from the statement of Blom
that Lir-naeus lectured on the virtues of the wood. Sut
whether this knowledge dates farther back than the return

- 10 -

of P.olpr.d.n- is not easily settled. In his Llatori a Medica,,
Cullen riientions it as a Mtter tonic and rexors to M'-arrai^' s
Apparatus Medic ^iKiniUD for an- account of ■ the drug, ' . ■

All parte of che tree are intensely hitter because of
the quassin present,' M though this plant does not afford the
article now used, a. more fruitful soiorce having oeen discovered
in the Jamaica tree, it is of great interest s,s having produced
the originally introduced article.

. (31) '

ON QUASSIA SXCELSA. Mer. Jour. Pharm. (n.s. 15) 21: 1-4. 1849.

This plan.t has heen made the "basis of a new genus by
Lindlcy and DcGandolle, The absence of generic chajracters
which would r)lace it with Quassia are apparently due to
abortion, and the author has preferred to retain the old
nrjEo of S'.vartz, The synonomy is given thus:

Quassia cxcclsa^ Picraona cxcclsa-Lindley, Picrania omnvo-
Wright, Simaruba cxcelsa-DeCandolle, Quassia polygoma- Lindsay,
The generic '^nd specific chai'acters are. briefly discussed.

In Jamaica, where it is rbundaitt, the plant is called
bitter ash and- bitterwood. The wood, is iiiiporteci in billets,
covered with smooth, grayish, sometimes sil'/L.ry bpjrk. It
is white, light and even in texture but drr::rns on exposure.
It contains the bitter principle qur.ssfn as well as a trace
of volatile oil, gummy extractive, pectin, woody fiber, and
salts,

Quassin was first isolated by Thomson of Glasgow, It
occurs in small, white, prismatic crj'stals, fusible, odor-
less, intensely bitter, readily soluble in alcohol, but
only slightly so in water or ether. Its solubility in
v/atcr is increased by several salts and vegetable principles.
Its aqueous solution is precipitated white by tannin, not
by iod-ine, chlorine, corrosive sublimate, salts of iron,
acetate or diacetate of lead. It is a nevi.tral body, though
soluble in sulphuric and nitric acids. Its composition is
indicated by the formula C10H5O3,

The medical effects are those of a pure, bitter, tonic
and roborant, a,nd as such quassia wood is used in convalescence,
dyspepsia, etc. The mode of exhibition is in cold infusion,
made from the chips or raspings, in tincture or extract. In
Prance it is a practice to have cups turned from the wood, and
to allow water to stand in them until it becomes imbued with
the active principle.

- 11 -

The wood is excellent tim'Der and is used in flooring.
It is so obnoxious to insects that it is sometimes used for furniture,
e.g., "bedsteads, and clothespresses.

CHEVALIER, A., andHJSSELL, W. (32)

SUR IBT QUASSIA AFRICAIN uTILIS^ PAR LES HOIRS COI^^ffi PLAMTE
idDlCIlTALE. Rev. Bot . Appl. et Agr. Trop. 16: 364-367. 1936.

The authors have recently received "branches and racemes
of Q^j-assia africana Baillon. This shru"b, known as Simigala
in the Eshira idiom and Isindu igala in Punu, is employed
medicinally by the natives, an extract of the root in cold
water being administered for ailments of the stomach.

The structure of the loaves and stem is described.
Quassia amara differs considerably from Q,. africana morpho-
logically, but anatomically the chief differences are in the
epidermis of the leaves and in the palisade tissue.

CHRJSTENSSiJ, A. (33)

UE3ER QPASSIIN. Arch. Pliarm. [3] 220: 481-^92. 1882. [Abstract
in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London] 42: 1302. ISBSj

The author exhausted quassia with water and precipitated
the quassiin by tannin, after neutralization with sodium
carbonate. The tannate was mixed with lead carbonate (or
calcium hydroxide) , dried, and the quassiin was extracted by
alcohol. The author fouad the amount of quassiin in the
quassia to vary largely, some specimens yielding scarcely
any. Pure quassiin, purified by recrystallization from hot
alcohol, crystallizes in very thin rectangular plates,
which are biaxial and doubly refracting. It is bitter,
odorless, permanent in the air and its solutions are
neutral. It melts at 205^', swelling up slightly to a
resinous mass of unchanged quassiin. It is readily soluble
in alkalies and is reprecipitatod by acids. It is soluble
in boiling alcohol, less so in cold. Et"ner and light petro-
leum dissolve it with difficulty, chloroform very easily.
It is dextrorotatory, its specific rotatory power for
[<<]d being 37.8. Its formula is '^3iH4209. It is precipi-
tated by tannin. It in not a giucoside, but by the prolonged
action in the water-bath of 3 percent sulphuric acid, a body,
C31H3BO9 , is formed, which dissolves sparingly in water,
giving no precipitate with tannin. Unlike quassiin, its
aqueous or alcoholic solution r educes silver nitrate. A
resin is simultaneously formed Ity the action of the dilute
acid. A bromo-derivative of quassiin (m. p. 75°) was formed
by the action of bromine in chloroform solution. Contrary
to the statements of Bennerschoidt , the author found free
fatty acids in quassia wood, but no essential oil.

- 12 -

CLASK, E. P. (34)

QUASSIN. I. THE PHEPAEATIOIJ AITD PURIFICATION OF

QiQASSIN AND l.^OQUASSIN WITH INFOEM^.TION CONCEENING ? >
THEIR MOLECULAR FORMULAS. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.
59:787-789. 1937.

A method is described for the preparation of "quassin"
from quassia ( Q;aassia amara L.) chips by extracting with
hot' water and adsorbing from this solution with active
charcoal. The substance is removed from the dried carbon
with chloroform, the chloroform extract evaporated to dry-
ness under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved in
methanol, and hot water added. Crystallization of crude
quassin from the filtered liquid v;as completed in 2 days.
The crude material consisted principally of two isomers
which were separated by fractional crystallization from
methanol. One crystallizes in thin colorless rods and
micaceous plates, which melt at 205-206OC. It is proposed
to retain the name quassin for this. The other, which the
author calls neoquassin, separates as dense, colorless, six-
sided prisms and quadrilateral plates, melting at 225-2260.
The molecular formula of these two compounds is C^sHsoOs-
Their optical properties are discussed. The action of
concentrated hydrochloric acid on quassin in acetic acid
yielded quassinol, C2oH2406iin.p. 262°. By acetylation of
quassinol with acetic anhydride in pyridine, acetyl quassinol,
C22H25O7, m.p. 232°, vras obtained. The action of acetic
anhydride and sodiiam acetate upon quassin produced an
anhydroquassin, 022528^5' ™'P' 1^6°, a dehydro quassin,
^22^28*-^6» ^'P' 254°, and a third substance, 022^3006'
melting at 214°, which when mixed with picrasmin, m.p.
215-216°, gave no depression of the melting point.
Treatment of quassin with chromic acid yielded a product, ' '
^22^3006 » melting at 221^. Treatment of this material
with acetic and hydrochloric acids gave just twice the
yield of quassinol that was obtained from quassinol itself.

CLAUDEL, L. (35)

SUE LE QUASSIA AFRICANA BAILLON ET SUR LE PANCOVIA
HECKELI CLAUDEL QUI LUI EST SUBSTITU:^. Ann. Inst.
Colon. Marseille 3(2). 3d memoire. 49 p. 1895. [Published
separately 1894.]

Q^assia africana, a plant indigenous to the east coast
of Africa, was pointed out for the first time by Baillon,
but his description was not complete, as he lacked the fruit
and seed. The present author gives the results of his
study of the plant, which are presented under the- following
divisions: 1. Morphology; 2. Histology; 3. Chemical study;
4. Physiological and therapeutic study.

- 13 -

0:i the basis of a rather extensive chemical examination
of the bitter principles present in the plant, and of a
comparative study with quassin, it is stated that this
principle appears to he identical with quassin. The organ"
olcptic and therapeutic properties also support this
asGurpption, Tho plant is almost identical histologically and
very similaj* morphologically to tho Merican species, Quassia am.Mj.-a,

CLEJSS, L, r, , Jr. (36)

HEPORT OF TKS ElTTOMOLOGICiX DITISIOH FCR THE YEiR 1930, ,
Mrain. Ropt. Dir. iigr, Brit. Guiana 193G, p. 87-90.
1Q31. [Abstract in Rev, Appl. 3nt. (A) 19: 629, 1931.]

Tho locust Tropidacris lo.treilloi Porty, the nymphs
of v;hich attacked goconuts, had boon feeding on Quassia.

CULLE:T, W, (37)

A TREATISE OE THE MATERIA LIEDICA. 2 r, Dablin. 1739,

Quasr-iia is an excellent bitter and will do what any
pure aiid simple bitter will do, but probably no more.
The extraordinary comricndrtions given of.it arn to be as-
cribed to the partiality ro often shown to now mc'licines,

Simaruba [Acschrion] is n genus of the same frmily as
Quassia and seems to bo very nearly of the stunc qucJ-ities,
Tho virtues ascribed to it in d;;;-scntcry have not been con-
firmed by tho author* s experience (v, 2, pp, 51-62),

CUIILIEEE, N., rjid ETLE, G, 3. (38)

THE COITIEER SPUMING MITE CIT SITKA SPRUCE, OLIGCHYCHUS
( PARATSTRAl-IYCHUS )UFj1IGUI S JAC OBI . Quart." Jour, Eorcstry
17(1): 359-362. 1923^ [Ibstract in Rev. Appl, Ent. (A) 11:
110, 1923,]

Quassia-nicotine emulsion has boon successfully used in
Sweden for the control of this nitn in nurseries,

CUSHMY, A. R, . (39)

A TEXTBOOK OP PHiffilvIACOLOGY ML THSE/PEITTICS, Ed, 8,
707 pp. Philadelphia and Kcw York. 1924,

Quassia, the vrood of Picracna oxcelna or of
Quassia nmara, ic listed as a simple bitter. Quassia
infusion (10 percent) is .oJ.so injected as an cncna
for ro-andwoms in children.

- 14 -

DAJI, 11, , ■ (40)

A ITI^ nmiM ES^SLY, Pharm. Jovj-. and Trans. [London] [3] 1:
154-155. 175-175, 193-134. 1370.

The hark of the Indian tree Ail an thus e:ccelsa. Roxb,
has ])een chemically examined "by the author, v;ho states that
it possesses medicinal virtues T!7hioh depend upon an
azotized oitter principle of an fiC-; d natr're, which he
names ailanthic acid. This suhntance he obtained as
follows: .Exhaiist the "bark "by hoiling repeatedly '171 th
ivater and concentrate the combin',^d aecoctions; Cool
and add sufficient stror^g oxalic acid solution to pre-
cipitate the lime, Add stroJig hasic lead acetr?,to solu-
tion, v/hich precipitates f^mri, extractive matter, colouring
natter, and excess oxalic acid raid filter, Conccntro.te
the filtrate and when colu treat with hydrogen rolphide to
precipitate the load, "boil, filter, and evaporate. The
chenicrJ. properties of the arllanthic acid thus ohtained
and of its lead and lino piJ-ts ijrc alscusscd.

This tree possesses the characteristic medicinal
and plv''siolof:iCQl properties of. the family ( Slm-aruhacaea)
to^ v/hich it belong;:.. They resemhle so closely those of
Ficraena excelsa, or Jamaica quassia tree, that the
Indian plant may safely "bo considered a. substitute for
it. These properties are discucsed at some length.

The synonomy is ,given thus: A3. 1 an t h\\ s e xc o 1 s a HoxD. ;
TT, and A, Prod. 1. p. 150; Roxb. Jl.. Ind. il. p. 450;
De Cand. Prod. ii. p. 89; Spr. Syst. i. p. 939; 7illd. iv.
974; Roxh. Cor. P. t. 23; Wights' 111. Ind. Sot. i. t. 67.
In the vernaculars of India it is kno?/n by the following
names: AraJu (Sanskrit); Araduso (Gujarati); Maiiarukha.;
■ Llahadunga, Mahanimha, (Harathi ) ; Peru m.aram (Tamil); Pedda
nan chetju, Pedda mf?n, Pedda manu (Tclugu); Arar madara
(Hindi, Alloiiahad) . The botanical characteristics are given.

DESSIATOV, G, (41)

R0S:3 CULTIVATION IN SOIL MD LT3DER GLASS. Prog.
Fruit Growir^ and liarkct C-ard. , Sup, 128 p. 1914,
[In Russian, Ab!?tract in Rev. A.ppl. Ent. (A) 2;
"?19-72d4 1914,]

Rose bushes attacked by Aphi s rosae should be sprayed
with quassia extract prepared, i rom chips of Q,uar~sia. amara,
not of Picraena excel sa. When the bushes are badly infested,
a vigorous syringing with water before spraying is very useful,

- 15 -

DEY, E. L. (42)

THS INDiaE!70US IHUGS 01 IIIDIA. Ed. 2, 35? pp. Calcutta. 1896.

The wood of Picrasma quassloldes, a small tree
belonging to tho s\i'btropical Himalayas, has been advocated
as a aubstitute for the true quassia, Plcraena excelsa, of
the West Indies. The wood might bo enployed as a bitter tonic
and stomachic in the same way as the imported drug (p. 236).

DIXON, W. E. (43)

A MA.MJAL OF PHi^^HAGOLOOy. Ed. 6, 479 pp. London. 1925.

Among the drugs listed as simple bitters is quassia,
the wood obtained fron Picraena excel sa.

DOEROVLIANSia", V. V. (44)

REPORT OP THS EITTOMOLOGICAL SEClTIOl'T. Report on the work
of the Kiev station for the control of pests and plants
of the South-Russian Agricultural Syndicate for 1914.
Husbandry 1915: 532-539, 564-563. 594-599, 621-626, 655-
660, 697-702 and 763-766. [in Russian. Abstract in Rev.
Appl. Ent. (A) 3: 638-641. 1915.]

Quassia soap, 1 pound in 11 or 12 gallons of water,
proved less effective against Aphis pomi Degeer than quassia
soap decoction containing 3 pounds of quassia shavings and
2 potmds of green soap in 25 gallons of water.

ENLERS, L. (45)

UEBER DIE ERIHTTELITUG FRS14DER 3ITTER3T0FPE 'iH DEM

SIERE, NAI'iSKTLICK DERJENIGSN DER QUASSIA, DES BITTER-
KLEE' S UHD WEH^?JTH'S. Arch. Pharm. 185: 209-225. 1868.

The author prepared quassiin from quassia wood by
extracting with hot water, precipitating with tannic acid,
removing the tannic acid from the precipitate with lead
carbonate, and taking up the bitter substance in alcohol.
The tannic acid-lead carbonate treatment was repeated, the
resulting alcoholic solution evaporated, water added and
then lead acetate, which caused a slight precipitate.
The filtrate was freed of lead with hydrogen sulphide and
the. filtered liquid warned to remove excess hydrogen
sulphide. Evaporation gave an amorphous mass, which was
dissolved in alcohol and water added and evaporated slowly.
The residue was taken up in chloroform and filtered, the
solution evaporated, and the residue recrystallized from
alcohol and water.

- 16 -

The quassir. thus ootained is alniost insolulDle in
water, readily sol\i"ble in alcohol and chloroform, in-
soluble in ether. It is not a glycoside, but reduces
ammoniacal silver oxide, discoli^es without color in con-
centrated nitric acid find with a "brown coloration in
sulphuric acid. Solutions of quassiin are not affected by
lead acetate, sugar of lead, or iron chloride, but are pre-
cipitated by tannic acid.

EVERS, N, (46)

THE CHEinSTRY OF DRUGS. 247 pp, London. 1926.

"Quassia Wood is obtained from Picrasma excelsa,
a tree grov/ing in Jamaica. It is used in medicine, as a
bitter. The bitter principles may be extracted by the
following method: An aqueous infusion of the v;ood is
prepared, neutralized, and precipitated v/ith tannic acid.
The tannate is decomposed with lead carbonate, and on extrac-
tion with alcohol crade quassin is obtained.

"Quassin, v;hen purified, crystallizes in slender,
colourless needles, molting at 210 to 211°. It consists
of a mixture of two substances: '^-picrasmin melting at
204°, andl^-picrasmin melting at 209° to 212°. 'By the
action of hydrochloric acid«^ -picrasmin yields picrasrnic
acid. Surinam quassia from Quassia amara yields similar
but not identical bitter principles. On hydrolysis with
hydrochloric acid the quassin obtained gives a dibasic
acid, quassic acid, and two molecules of methyl chloride,
so that quassin is probably the dimethyl ether of quassic acid
(p. 215).

FLUCKIGER, J. A. ' (47)

PHARl-aKOGNOSIE DES PELANSEjmSlOHSS. 1049 pp. Berlin. 1883.

Lignum quassiae surinamonse and Llgrxun quassiae jamaicense
are discussed. The weak narcotic action of quassiin is well
known to be distinctly exhibited toward insects (flies)
(pp. 493-500).

FRENCH, C. , jr. (48)

INSECT PESTS OF THE FRUIT, FLOV/ER, AND FEGETABLE GARDEN
AND HOW TO TREAT THEM. Victoria Dept. Agr. Jour. 14:
213-218, 214-317, 433-438, 495-498, 604-611. 1916.

.Quassia is recommended for the control of the following
pests: green peach aphid (Mysus sp.) , metallic tomato fly
(Lonchaea splendida) , thrips (Thrips t abaci Lind.) , and rose
aphid.

LC

- 17 -

To prepare quassia water, soak 1 pound of quassia
chips in 1 gallon of cold water over night, and "boil
genti^y for 4 hours. Strain off the chips and dissolve l/2
pound of soft soap in the solution. This will make 10
gallons of spray.

FRYER, J. C. P. (49)

PLUM APHIDES. Jour. Bd. Agr. [London] 23: 661-664. 1916.

The leaf -curling plum aphid (Aphis prani Reaumur)
may he controlled by means of contact insecticides such
as nicotine and soft soap, quassia and soft soap, or
paraffin emulsion, the spray "being applied Just "before
the hlossom opens or after the petals have fallen, but,
in the latter case, before the leaves have curled.

GEOEEROY. (50)

TRAITE DE LA MATTER MEDICALS. 9- T. Paris. 1743.

Simarouba is the bark of a tree which grows in Guiana.
It is yellowish white, odorless, slightly bitter tasting,
composed of pliant fibers attached to the white, light,
insipid wood of the racemes, shoots, and tronk, from which
it is readily separated. Simarouba is composed of resinous
gum of a not unpleasant taste. It fortifies the stomach by
its slight bitterness, appeases pains and cramps by its
balsamic and unctuous properties, and arrests hemorrhages
and flux [dysentery] by its astringent and vulnerary virtue.

This bark was first brought to France in 1713 from
Guiana, where it is used for dysentery. In 1718 de Ju^tsieu
employed it successfully in the treatment of dysentery fol-
lowing fever. Some directions are given for its use
(v. 2, soc.l, pp. 363-367).

GINTZENBERG, A. A. (5l)

THE CHERRY AND ITS CULTIVATION. Fruit Growing Sup. pt. 1,
108 pp., 1914; pt. 2, ill pp., 1915. [In Russian.
Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 3: 604-605. 1915.]

One of the best remedies against Myzus cerasi F. is
spraying with quassia decoction, Lignum quassi surinamensis,
L. quassi rospatum, the J^*«- quassia, not being effective.

1 GLtJCKSMANN, C. (52)

UEBER EINE NEUE IDENTITATSREAKTION DES QUASSI INS.
Pharm. Monatsh. 1: 176-180. 1920.

If a quassia extract is prepared by the use of a
menstruum consisting of equal parts of water and spirits, the
t^\ dry extract obtained therefrom displays the following properties:

- 18 -

A trace of the dry extract dissolved in water and
diluted jifttil colorless still tastes distinctly bitter.

If a trace of phloroglucin and about 5 cc. of fuming
hydrochloric acid are mixed with about 5 cc. of a
filtered, alcoholic solution of the extract (prepared from
1 part extract to 50 parts strong spirits) a rose-red color
develops in a short time. This reaction is based on
Wiesner' s lignin reaction, quassiin being closely related
to lignin. It may serve for the identification of Tinctura
quassiae. .

GORIAINOV, A. A. ■ '^ (53)

THE PESTS OF AGRICUiraRAL PUI^S IN THE GOVERNMENT OF
RIAZAK. Published by the Zemstvo of the Government of
Riazan, 67 pp. 1914. [in Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl.
Ent. (A) 3:^203-206. 1S15,]

A remedy against the nymphs of Psylla mali is spraying
with quassia when they have not yet penetrated into the

buds.

(54)

EXPERIMENTS WITH SOME VEGETABLE AMD MINERAL INSECTICIDES.
Protect, of Plants from Pests. Friend of Nature, Sup.
No. 1-2 (28-29); pp. 1-28. 1916. [In Russian. Abstract
in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)5: 24-26. 1917.]

Decoctions of quassia (Quassia surinamensis) are
well known as contact poisons, and experiments showed
that they are also effective as stomach poisons. Quassia
decoction (3 pounds of quassia in 6 gallons of water boiled
down to half the original volume, strained and mixed with
2 pounds of soft soap and, before use, diluted in about 8
gallons of water) produced a death rate of about 60 percent
among the caterpillars of P. [ieris?] rapae and Barathra
(Mfunestra) brassicae.

GRAl^IDI, G. (55)

DI ALCUNI AFIDI COMCTNEMENTE DANNOSI ALL'

AGRICOLTURA. R. Scuola Super. Agr. , Portici, R. Lab.
Ent. Agr. Cir. 3, 23 pp. 1921. [Abstract in Rev.
Appl. Ent. (A)9: 343-344. 1921.]

Among the sprays mentioned for combating aphids is an
infusion of quassia (Picrasma excelsa) which is expecially
suited for use on peach because there is no danger of
injuring the delicate leaves.

- 19 -

G[Rir?ITH], R. E. (55)

SIMJff.UBA. JSmer. Jour. Phnm, 8: ca-22. 1835.

The first account of Siaaruba is that some of the
"bark was sent to Europe in 1713 by the Count of Porchartrain,
as an article used "by the natives with signal, success in the ^iire
of diseases of the "bowels. In 1741 little additional in-
formation appeo-rs to have "been acquired, as Geoffrey (50)
srys: "est cortex radicis arhoris ignotae in Q^iiana nascentis,
et ab incolis simaruha nuncupatae." Jussieu, however, used
it with "benefit in 1718 in an epidemic dysentery prevrlcnt
in Poris,

In 1753 Linnaeus, who had not yet seen spocimens
of the tree, ascri"bod it to a species of Pistacia, or
Tcre"binthus major botuj.ao corticc fructu tri?:'A'rulari. In
1756 Browne (27) descri'bed a tere'binthus, or turpentine tree,
the roots of which he was of opinion furnished the Siraaru"ba
"bark.

In 1763 Linnaeus had changed hif( opinion and stated
that the bark was f\xrnished 'oy the 3ur sera. g.L'tLm i f c r a , referring
to the Pistacia of former editions and to BroT/ne and Sloane,
and in his apiX'^ndix also to Tore'cinthus nmcricana polyphylla
and to the Qrx\i^ elemi tree of~Catesby, Jo.cquin, on a visit to
the Ucst Indies some years lo.ter, found that the roots of this
Bur sera f^U'nishcd a bark much different from Simaruba.

In 1773 Wright, in J.-jnaicr,, found that it was derived
from a species of Quasr^ia av'd F.c;nt specimens of fruit and
root bark to Hope of "Idlnbitr A'h and also the next year to
Po therein of London, The latter transmitted them to Linnaeus,
vv;ho acknowledged the correctness of Ti7right' s observations by
adopting this ncj-,o in the suppleracnt to his Systema Yegctabilium.

The sync2\"'Tny of this species appears to be as follows:
"Q,uassia sirp.ru.ba Lin. Supplem. 334; Willd, Spec, ii. 558.
Poiret. Lie-,. i:<nt,hod. vi. 35. Lamarck. Illustrat. t. 343,
f. 2, T7oodvii::-D. IJerl. Bot. ii. p. 211, t. 76, Simarouba.
Aablot, Act. Par--, r.;. 177C. Slmaroab?; ai:i3ra .Aubl. G-uian. ii,
859, t. 331, 532: _S, ofiic^ noil s. Lc^:andolle. Syst. ^.
Guyanensia, Hi chard, 31 em. Hist. i^rt. ii. 785, etc."

GRIPPO, N. (57)

LIS22I PEK COIvBATTEPJ: LE MALATTIE LELLE PIALTTE l\fEL PERIODO
PRIMAYIRILS. Picentinc 14(3-4): 53-55, 1925.
[Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. (A)l3: 322. 1925.]

i/IyzAis percjicae and M, amygdali infesting the peach
req.uire a solution of carbolic tobacco extract or a de-
coction of quassia (4 or 5 percent) for their control.

- 20 -

EAPJ], H, A., CASPAEI, C. , ajid RUSBY, H. K. (58)

'THE HAIIONAL STAtlDAP-D DISPMSATOET, Ed. 3, 2,081 pp.
Philadelphia and ITew York. 1916,

Q,uassia consists of the vrood of Picrasma excelsa
(&7Z,) Planch. (QMassia e. Sws. ; Q. polygama Lindsay;
Picraena e, Lindl. ; Simaruta e, IX). ) , Jamaica quassia,
or Q;aassia a^nara L. , and Surinam quassia. "Quassia is
official in allj:)harmacopoeias, tho\i^h most of them do
not specify the first-named vnjriety. Those which do, for
the most part, employ the synonym 'Picraena.' Hcjiy specify
instead the second-named, or Surinam variety. The
Portuguese permit the use of "both, while others expressly
forbid the use of the Jnirai ca variety."

Quassia is a hitter tonic, employed in the treatment of
dyspepsia <?jrid anorosia following acute fevern. An infusion
of quassia is used as an cnoinci. for the removal of thread
v7Grns or seat-worms ( Ox;s/''uri s vermicularls).

Under "Allied Drugs" it is stated thrt the harks of
the two quassias rJre used separately. The wood of P.
quassioides (Buch.-Hrm.) Bena. (Fima q, Buch.-Hojn.T is
used in an exactly similar wry in India. P. ailnjitoides
(Bunge) Planch. , a Japanese species there known as nigcoici
(hitter-wood), was found to contain in the hark a principle
very similar to quassin. The liP.xrk of P. javanica, a large
tree, is used in Borneo as a hitter tonic and febrifuge,
under the name K"apawsaw. An African quassia which can he
scarcely distinguished from Surinam quassia and contains
a principle apparently identical with quassin has been
reported from the Congo region. Under the name ironwood
or Ostrya (also leverwood and hoj) hornbeam), the heartwood
and bark of 0 stray a vi rgi ni ana (Mill.) W. ( Carpi nu_s v.
I.Iill,; 0. virginica W. ) are used as quassia substitutes.
In the Philippines a)-id the East Indies the wood of
samadera indica Gaertn, (called Ivlanungal in the Tagala
diaJ-ectT is used as a qua,ssia substitxite. The important
bitter principle of Jamaica qur?.ssia is a. neutral, crystalline
substance, commonly known as quassin, but determined by
Ilassute, to be a mixture of two crystalline bodies, which
he denominated^^ - andf^- picrasmin. Q?j.assin is extracted by
neutralizing the a.queous infusion with soda, precipitating
with tannin, and decomposing the precipitate with lead oxide
or lime. It crystallizes in needles or prisms and is soluble
in alcohol and chloroform aJid in 1200 parts of cold water.
It is very bitter. The ^-picrasmin (C^^H 0 ) molts at 204°
C. ajad the. P -picrasmin (C56H48O10) ^* ^09-212o C. The bitter
principle of Surinajn quassia is closely related but not
identical. To it the najnc quassin is commonly a-pplied
(pp. 1353-1354).

-21-

KOOPEB, D. (59)

BARK OF AILAIWHUS SXGZLSA. Pharm. o'our. and Trans. [London]
55: 345. 1895,

The "bark and leaves of Allanthus excel sa are considered to
have medicinal vej.ue in Madras and hnve received favoraole notice
from Ainslie and Tlight. In the Telugu country the bark is re-
garded as a powerf-ul febrifuge and tonic in cases of debility.
It is also good for dyspepsia and bronchi?!, and asthmatic complrints.

The only i^revious notice of a chemical examination of the
bark appeared in 1370 when Ih-jrryan Daji read a, paper on the subject
(Phmi. Jour, and Trans. [London] [3] 1: 154. 1870,). He seprjratod
an acid principle, which he called allanthic acid, and aJLso found
a. bitter, noncrystrllizable principle, but ho r.ttributed the
medicinal virtue to the former.

The present author has examined a sample of the ba-rk
supplied by Watt of Calcxitta, The potrdered bark was macerated
and percolated with rectified s^pirit ana the percolate evaporated
to dryness. An atiuoous solution of the residue was extracted with
ether and other solvents, which removed a v;axy, brown, nonbitter
substance. The a,queou3 coluticn waf". treated with tannin, the
precipitate filtered and rrdxed nith fresh load hydrate and dried..
The dried tannin compound was powdered and boiled with successive
portions of alcohol, ar^d the blue fluorescent fluid was evaporated.
The residue was a light brov/n granular substance, not distinctly
crystnlline, intensely bitter, noutrrJ in reaction, soluble in
water and spirit with a fluorescence, not readily soluble in
ether, but distinctly so in chloroform. It g-^-vc n. purplish
color v;ith sulphuric acid and yellow '.Tith nitric acid. Its
solution Was precipitated by iodine in potassivm iodide, potassio-
ncrcuric iodide, and tannin. The- bitter principle was not
shaiccn out of acid neutrrJ. or alkaline solutions by ether or
chloroform. From this exaiaination it would seem that the bitter
principle of Ail<?nthus excels a bark should not be cj^llcd an
ajcid, but rather belongs to a neutral class of substa.nccs
related to quassiin. The cedrin obtained by Lowy in the seeds
of Si nab-:', ccdron, the principles separated by Warden from
the v;ood of Pier asm a guassioidos, and by Shi mo, jam a. -rnd Hirano
from P. aila.nthoidcs, rnd the samaderin from Samp.dcr.a indica
may on more complete analysis prove to be one orA the same
active principle, qua.ssiin,

ILrJGUIH, ¥., (60)

THE WORX OF THE CHIEF IHSTHUCTOR IK HORTICULTURE IK THE
.yfiOTBIEOF SA:>.1AFZMI} IN 193.4, Agr. of Turkestan 11(7):

pp. 620/619, 1915. [in P.ussian. Abstract in Rev. Appl, Ent.
(A)5: 251-252, 1917.]

Aphids were controlled by spraying with soa-p qviassia emulsion
( 2 pounds of quassia rnd 3 pounds of soft soap in about 18
grllons of water).

- 22 -

JATZENTKOVSKY, E. V. (6l)

EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF'ERIOSOMA ( SCHIZONEUEA) LANIGEEUM.
HA.USM. , IN THE PROVINCE OF TEUK. Agr. Gaz. (Petrograd)
no. 42(158): 1101-1102. 1916. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev.
Appl, Ent. (A) 5: 395-396. 1917.]

Q,uassia emulsion (5 pounds of quassia and 6 pounds of
grey soap in 25 gallons water) was of no use against Eriosoma
lanigeram.

JEGEN, G. (62)

DIE ROTE SPINIH. Schweiz. Ztschr. Obst- u. Weinbau 27:

177-182. 1918. [ADstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 6: 381. 1918.]

A mixture of equal parts of 1 percent soft soap and 2
percent quassia solutions is one of the best sprays against
Tetranychus (red spider).

KITCHUNOV, N. I. (63)

CULTIVATION OF HJSH-FRUIT. Prog. Fruit Growing and Market-
Gard. , Sup. 139 px). 1916. [In Russian. Abstract, in Rev,
Appl. Ent. (A) 4: 333. 1916.]

Pests of currants include Aphis pomi (mali) , which can be
controlled by spraying with quassia.

KONDRATIEV, P. (64)

ON THE QUESTION OF FIGHTING INSECT PESTS. Prog. Fruit Growing
and Market Gard. 30: 933-934. 1914. [In Russian. Abstract
in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 2: 615. 1914.]

The following recipe is given for a preparation used
with success in the author' s hothouses: A wine bottle
half filled v;ith equal parts of tobacco extract and quassia
is filled up with crude spirit; this mixture is left for 10
to 12 davc-, in a warn place and then, after dilution with an
equal qiia:.tity of water, is evaporated to half its bulk,
when the npirit evaporates and a watery extract of tobacco
and quassia remains; to this a piece of camphor the size of
a walnut is added. This mixture is evaporated over a lamp in
the hothouse at night.

KORFF, G. and BONING, K. (65)

^SELLERIEWANZEN UND IHRB BEKImPFUNG. Prakt. El. Bayer.

Landesamt. Pflanzenbau u. Schutz (n.s.) 11: 221-226. 1934.

Experiments were carried out with sprays containing
soft soap alone and with added agents for the control of

- 23 -

celery leaf t-ags. The added agents tested were insect powder,
lysol, petroleum, spirit, tobacco extract, and quassia. The
following sprays killed 100 percent of the hugs within 2 hours:
soft soap 2 percent plus lysol l/2 percent, soft soap l/8
percent plus petroleum 2 percent, soft soap 2 percent plus
quassia 1 percent, and soft soap 2 percent plus quassia l/2
percent (10 bugs in the first three tests and 11 in the last).
Soft soap alone at a strength of 3 percent killed 80 percent
of the bugs and at a strength of 1 percent killed 90 percent
of the bugs. Insect powder plus sulphur (2:1), Polvosol
1 percent, alkali and kainite solution 10 percent were also
tested and gave inferior results.

KOROLKOV, D. M. (66)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GARDENS. MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OP THE
INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE QOVERl^IMENT OF MOSCOW DURING THE
TEAR 1912. Published by the Zemstvo of the Government
of Moscow, 1912-1913, Tjp. 1-25. [In Russian. Abstract
in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)i: 205-209. 1913.]

As an insecticide for the Control of Psylla mali FI5rst.
the author recommends a decoction of quassia with soft
soap prepared as follows: Eoil 3 pounds of quassia chips
in water for 2 hours and strain, make up to 22 gallons with
water and add 1-1/2 poiinds of soft soap.

LINDSAY, J. (67)

• AN ACCOUNT 0^^ THE QUASSIA PCLYGAMA, OR SITTER-WOOD OF

JAMAICA AND OF THE CIUCKOITA 3HACHYCARPA, A NEW SPECIES
OF JESUIT' S BARK FOIJND II-: Tl-iE SAilS ISLAND. Roy. Sue.
Edinb. Trans. 3: 205-314. 1794.

Quassia polygama (Q. excelsa Sw. , Picrania amara
Wright) is a tall treo ( 100 feet or more) with smooth gray
bajTk, yellow v;ood, subalternate, oval-shaped leaves, and amall
greenish-yellov; flowers in clusters. The fruit is a
smooth black drupe the size of a pea. There is little
pulp and the nut covers a round kernel. Except for the
fruit pulp, all parts of the tree are intensely bitter.
In taste and virtues it is nearly equal to the Surinam
quassia and is said to be safely used in all cases where
Quassia amara has been thought proper. It is recommended
for remittent fevers, ague, dysentery, amenorrhea, chlorosis,
dyspepsia, and dirt eating. The dose of the bark is 15
grains to 1 dram. A wine glass full of infusion is given
every 3, 4, or 6 hours.

STAlt

.^^''boabd

PLAKT

- 24 -

LLOYD, J. U. ■ (68)

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF ALL THE PHAHiMACOPEIAL VEGETABLE
DRUGS, CHEMICALS AND PREPARATIONS, with Bibliography.
Vol. 1, Vegetable Drugs. 449 pp. Cincinnati. 1921.

"Quassia amara takes its name from a slave of Surinam
named Quassi, who used the plant a.s a secret remedy with
great success in the treatment of malignant fevers common
to his locality and climate. Daniel Rolander, a Swede,
became interested in the drug, and ' in consequence of a
valuable consideration' , purchased from the slave Quassi
a knowledge of the drug composing his remedy. Rolander
returned to Stockholm in 1756, when he introduced the drug
to Europe. In 1760 or 1761 Carol Gust. Dahlberg, an officer
of the Dutch army and an eminent botanist, a pupil of
Linnaeus, returned to Sweden from Surinam, whore he too
had become acquainted with the slave Quassi, and through
kindness to him had so gained his affection that he revealed
not only the composition of his secret remedy, but even showed
to him the tree from which the drug was derived. Dahlberg
procured specimens of the root, flowers, and leaves of the
tree, preserved them in alcohol, and presented them to Linnaeus,
who named the wood Ligntun quassiae, in honor of the slave, and
established a nev; genus for the plant, which he named Quassia
amara. The drug was brought to the notice of the medical
profession by Linnaeus' lectures on materia medica, as well as
through a dissertation written under his direction, in 1763,
by one of his pupils, Carolus M. Blom, Rather more than a
questioning, however, seems to exist, as to the exact plant
employed by the slave Quassi. As pointed out by Wright, the
leaves pictured in the Linnaean Dissertation belonged to
another species than the Quassia amara , an error corrected
by the younger Linnaeus,

"In this connection it may be stated that Phillipe Fermin,
a French physician and traveler in Surinam, spelled the
name of the slave Coissi , questioning somewhat the fact of
his having discovered the uses of the remedy, which Fermin
states had been used in Surinam as early as 1714. It may
also be noted that, according to Murray, a spice dealer of
Amsterdam, Albert Seba, is said to have had in his collection
a specimen of a bark of a tree named quasci as early as 1730.
Be this as it may, the drug known as quassia under the empirical
introduction given by the native of Dutch Guina became known
to European civilization, and in 1788 became official in the
London Pharmacopeia. Concerning the origin of the drug, the
German Pharmacopeia, 1872, demanded that the wood employed
be that of Quassia amara. In the second edition, 1882, that
of Picraena excelsa was concurrently admitted. Either species
furnishes the official quassia of the present Pharmacopeia of
the United States" (pp. 259-61).

- 25 -
LUl'TDBLAD, 0. (69)

M0H0T5LADL0PPAN THIOZA VIRIIUU ZHTfT. DHISS BIOLC^I OCH
UPPTPADIivDZ SCM SKADEDoTJH I SVi:2IG3. Medd. Cent. Anst*
FBrsBksv. Jordbr. no. 350 (Lantbruksent . avd. no. 55),
45 pp. 1939.. [With F-i/nir.ary in Snglish. Abstract in "Rev.
Appi. Sut. (A) 13: Sr^l. 1930.]

Uniformly ^ood results were obt-iinod in the control
of Trioza viridi:.la Zett. on carrot", from 1923 to 1928 with
nicotine sprays, but the cost is high and cheaper materials,
such as quassia, have been found almost as satisfactory.

LYONS, A. 3. (70)

PLAINT IIAMIS SCIENTIFIC AliT POFULAH. 530 pp. Detroit. 1907.

"Picrasiiia, Pluir.e 1815. Quassia, ^^-imarubaceae. Syn.
Aeschrioii, "ell. 1B27, Picraena, Lindl. 133S; "Jima, Ham. ,
Quassia' , Siman.iba, in part. Trees. About 8 species, warmer
regions, Old and Now '■'ord. Sea Quassia and Simanaba.

"a. P. excel 3a (Svz.) Planch. (Q. err.celsa Sw^. , Q,. polygama
Linds. , Picraena ')>rcelr-a lindl. (Kew) , S. excelsa D.C.)
West Indies. Jamai^ca Qaassia, litter Ash, Bitterxirood tree,
Lofty Quassia. %"ood, Quissia vood, Jamaica Bitterv/ood:
Quassia, \'I . S. P. (in part), Quassiao lignum, Br., Lignum
ffiuscarum v. muscicidum; Ger. Jamaika-o_^uassia; Jamaikanische
Quasienholz, Fliegenhols; Pr. Quasoie de la Jamaioue; bitter
tonic, insecticide, (b) P. ail ante ides (Bunge) Planch.,
Nigaki of Japan and (c) P. ouai^sioidos (Ham.) Benn. (iTima
quassioides Ham.) of northern India have the same properties."

"Quassia, L. 1762. Quassia. Simarubaceae. 1-To.mes for
Quassi (or Cnoisi) , a negro of Surinam. Trees with bitter
bark and wood. Pour species, Africa and tropical America.

"a. Q. amara L. Surinam. Surinam Quassia, '.'food.
Lignum Quassiae P, G. , in part (See Ficrasma excelsa) , Lig.
quassiae surinamensis; Ger. Quassienhclz, Bitterholz,
Fliegenholz; Fr, Quassie amere, Bois amer do Surinam (Codex);
Sp. Cuasie; bitter tonic."

"Simaroiiba, Aubl. 1775. Simarabaceae.

From v<5rnacular name of (a) Guiana. Syn. Simaruba, D.C,
Trees with bitter bark and wood. About 6 species, tropical
America; 1 in U. S, Sea Picrasma.

"a. S. amara Aubl. (S. officinalis D.C, Q. Simaruba L. f.).
Guiana to Brazil. Mountain Damson, Bitter Damson, Paradise
tree, Stavewood (Slavewood); in Guiana called Simaruba, in
Martinique, Bois blanc. Bark of the root, Simaruba bark;

- 26 -

Ger. SimamlDariud.e, Ruhrrinde; iDitter, tonic,

"Id. S, glacca D.G. (Q.. glauca Spreng. , S. officinalis Macf.
net CO.,. &. medlciiialic Srdl.). Wert Indies and Genv.'^al
ADier'fca, If^adiH-c tree; S'r, Fimcrcv'ha (Ccdex), Projt'jrhies of
(a)- ''c. ^j, }'£■_•- iC'5\lo.r^ ^^•''i. -H'-.l, Br^.7;il, T,-.rai"ba. .bark, cortex
par;Milj:ie, repirtv-^'l crti^/jte to snako poison."

McIl^DOC, i:. E., and SIS^H^ES, A. F. ( 7l)

.QUASSIA E7^'J:.".CT AS A, COFTACT INSECTICIDE. Jour. Agr. Research
10: 497-5.^1 - J.917.

A st-jdv cf various in';thods of preparing quns;^ia extracts
and of tli''^ r.'f fRoi- of x,he oxtracts or' aphio.s is reported. It is
stated taV'... ovio.g to the poor inse'Cticior.l proporties of
quai^Bln, nua-dia c:ai nex'-er ':^eco:ne a gen&:'s,l insecticide for all
.aphids, TCi:'. Trost effective e;xtj'E..ct used was prepared "by soaking
22 pcnuds :;f quassia chips in 100 gallons of fish oil-soap
solution (1,6 po-ands of soap to 100 gallons of v:aoer) for 24
houi'.'G., Ttiij results r-^corded sro comparable to those obtained by
usijig nicotine sulfate, but because of the slow action of quassin,
this spray i3 much less reliable than nicotine sulfate.

MALSIIOTTI, E. (72)

GLI AEIDI lEL ??:.S0O. 4 pp. Verona (Oss. fitopat. Veneto)

1933. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 22:" 116-117. 1934.]

Sprays used for the control of aphids attacking peach
included a preparation called quassina, which appears to
prevent the young aphids from attaching themselves to foliage
covered with it.

MSSUTE, E. (73)

BElTEiGE 2UR KSMTTKIS EER CHEMISCHEU BESTAIDTSILE VOIT

QUASSIA Ai^IARA L. UND PICROBA EXCEL SA LITDS. Arch. Pharm.
28: 147-171. 1890. [Abstract in Jour. Chem. Soc. 53: 791-
792. 1890.]

The coarsely powdered drug Quassia amara was digested
three times v;ith 50-60 percent alcohol, the liquids mixed and
treated with a little freshly burned magnesia, a little acetic
acid added, if necessary, to produce a slight acid reaction, and
the solution filtered, after which the alcohol was expelled at
the lowest possible temperature. The aqueous solution thus
obtained was warmed gently in an open dish, and the water was
replenished from time to time, so as to get rid of all alcohol.
On Cooling, the separated resin was removed and the liquid
.repeatedly shaken up with chloroform. Erom the separated
Chloroform solution the chloroform was distilled off and the
residue treated with a mixture of absolute alcohol and ether;

- 27 -

this was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in absolute
ether, which, on slow evaporation, gave crystals of quassiin,
which further treatment with ether and alcohol rendered nearly
pure. This process insures the isolation of the bitter
principle actually exist? ng in the plants and avoids the
formation 0:^" decomposition products. Repeated rocrystallization
of the prc-.uct led to the separation of four compounds differing
in their solubilities ancx mcltiri^ points. The melting points
were 210-2ilo, 2r5-21?o , 221-326'^, and 2S9-242C. The first and
last compounds co-.ild not to further examinod "becr.use of the lack
of material; but the fir^t rgrees with the qurssiin obtained
by boiling the wood witn watsr, as in Chrictensen' s extraction
method, and in crystalliue form and rielting point is the same as
that obser/ed by '.'.'ig/rers and by Oliveri and Denaro. Quassiin,
melting point 215-21?° , en analysis f-ave Cr^^II^gO^^Q ^^^ that with
melting point 221-226° gave C^-H^qO-j^q. The bitter principle
picrasmin, obtained as above from Fi^ racna excel la, melted at
206-208° and was a rtiixture of two varieties, one relting at 204°
and the other at 203-21^°. Some co^^ierciax crj'-strlline material
was purifiei. and the tvi': varieties vere roadily isolated; that
melting at "04° was found to liavo the form-'la Cgr^H^gOTQ while
the other grve Cg^-IJ^gCiQ. It is probable that q-iassiin and
picracmin are xiot iien'.ical but fcrm two series of homologous
compounds. To elucidate this point, soce of the decomposition
products of picr.i'^Min w^re stuo-im. Hydrochloric acid in a
closed tube- with j.;icrasnin produced picrasmin acid; the barium
salt of this acid was analyzed and r>howed the acid to be dibasic;
its formation may be thus represented: '-'31^40^5 (^OOMc)^ +
2KC1 = Cg-LH^QOgC CGCH) 2 + 2i-/ieCi. Zeisel' s reaction, in which
picrasmin is treated with f\ming hydriodic acid in a current of
carbon dioxide, s^^v;s that three me'-.hoxyl groups are present,
but only two of these are r.tt^^.c-icd to carboxyl , as shov/n by
treatment with hydrochloric acid. Q,aassiiric acid, C;3qH330]_o,
obtained by Oliveri and Denaro, and picrasmic acid, C33H42G10 "^
SEgO , obtained by the author, strej.^;then the viev of the
nonidentity of quassiin aad picrasjiin.

(74)

BEITBAG-E ZUR EEITIITIJIS DER CH?:kI.SCK3ir3ESTAlTDTEILF. VON gASSIA
AMRa L. t'l^TD PIGR'JBK'. E::CELSA. LIITDS. 29 ipv. L^iss. Erlangen.
Berlin. 1830.

Similar to the preceding article. (73).

MOON, A. (75)

A CATALOGUE OF TI-3 INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC PLillTTS GROWING IN

CEYLOK. In seven sections, totaling 158 pp. Colombo, 1824.

Ailanthus excelsa is listed.

- 28 -

Mf)iu:-llMSm, K. (76)

EEICJiEMPlTIIfG AY GEOIyllTRA-LARVER PAA B|6GEKEMPLiNTER VED SPR^JTNIUG

:i5D ELUEGIFT. Pra Skoven og Traemaredet l(l3). 2 pp. 1319.
■ [Abstract in Hev. Appl. Ent. (A)7: 469. 1919.]

The caterpillars of moths such as I^""bernia defoliaria
and allied species, which were defoliatiijg "beech seedlings,
have oeen successfiilly combated "by spraying with quassia extract.
This method v'as employed because it v/as impossible at the time to
procure arsenical sprays. The e-xtract was made from 10 pounds of
quassia shavings in 2 gallons of boiling water, the fluid after 1
hour being passed through a sieve and mixed with lime Wciter.

MCESTATT, H, (77)

BEOBACi-TUlTGLT U3ER DAS AUPTRETEIT VOK PPLAlfZElL{RAl^IKHEITElT
Ilvl JiiClE 1912. Der pflenzer 9: 211-224. 191§.

A 2 pei'cont sp>raj^^ of Plori a- quassia- soap was very effective
for the control of leaf wasps (Athalia sp. ) on mustard and black
radish,

ITAGi'JBAICOY, V. ' (78)

THE EIGHT AG/JITST SCHIZOI^TEUP.A LAITIGEHA, HAUS!.!; DUEIITG THE 1914
SEASCl-I. j\gr. of Turkestan no. 8: 742-745. 1914. [in Russian.
Abstract in Rev, A-opl. Ent. (A)2: 701. 1914.]

Sprcying with qnassja emulsion \7as undertaken against
Schizone-gra Icjriigera in the orchards of the Tashkent district of
Turkestan, The mode of preparation was as follows: 30 pounds of
quassia chips \7ero boiled in about 27 gallons of water for 2 to o
hours, the decoction aftcrjards being strained and mixed with
20 povinds of green soap, dissolved in wnrra, soft water; the whole
•Y/as then made up with water to a total vorcme of 210 to 240 gallons,

NAUlvIAIfiT, A. (79) . .

SCHADLIi^GE M CHRY SAIITHEIvimi IHDIGUM. Ztoj±c Pflanze 3: 185-188, 1926.

It is difficult to control Lygus crmpestris, L. pabulinus,
L. bipunctatus, C aloe or is binotatus, and similar bugs on
C hry r. an th emx:m indicum. Some success follov\?s repeated spraying
v;ith nu,?ssia-ooap emulsion, preferably in the early morning
when the insects are still "night-stiff."

OL, I, /i. (80)

THE COHTROL OP /iPHIS P.OI.II , DE GESR, Prog. Fruit Growing
and Mcrkct Gard. lo(30): 718-719. 1916. [in Russian.
Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent, (A) 4: 415. 1916.]

- ?,9 -

Aphis pomi m-iy be ccntrollerl "by sprnying in spring, before
the ior.vcs hcvo been curled, r/its* quo'-rsif" orulsior '.vitn sor.p.
the cnulsion is proprrcd tj boiling 3 poundc of qiiasEia shr.vings in
about 6 grillcns of water i'jr 2 or 3 hcar^ rjid adding 2 or 3 pounds
of soft soap dissolved ir. a sinodl quantity of v/atcr to the strained
liquor,

OLITHTlI, v. (81)

COITSTITUTIOIT 07 <^A53IK. Ga%. Chin, Itol. 17: 570-577.
1887 J [in Italiai'ic Abst:\act i."^ O'our. Chom, Soc. [London]
54: 1311. 1888.;!

Of the acrivaoivcc of quasrin, qi.r.ssio acid seems
to be the coi:i.po\ind best ada"ntod for i3.ve!jti£,rtion to obtain
an in.-dght into tlv^ cnnstx tuti^n of qucstin. To jjroprre the
acic' i': is advi cable to - per ate on snfll qumtities of quassin
at a ti::i0 ('3 g-); thiu i;> hoatec^ at ICO'^ for 1 h.ov.T in a sealed
tube v'ith h;-urochlorlc ac: 1 (40 cc.) '^^iii-.te-"'. with its o'^n volume
of v/atcr. The solutior ic scparntcd from resinous natter by
filtration and precipitated vith •';7ator. The proeipitate, after
being v/ashcd, i^' c:ystrillizod noveral times froK c?lcohol, oy
v/hich r.:caiis the unaltered quasnir. is easily sopr.ratod, as the
quassic p.cid is c^:. paratxvoly irsolublo 5 n cold oloohol.

Q,ua3sic acid, C3QK2;>C2_g, crystallizes in sr.all, color-
less, ironoclinic prisms, containing 1 mol of water, which
they lose at 100°. It melts with decomposition at about 244-
245^, is soluble :' n boilirg alcohol, out only ajjaringly in cold
alcohol and ether. It dissolves ir <3::;ricnia, a;-d in solutions
of ellialine cerbonates with £i vtllcvz-color, more or less
incli.ied to red. Its a!n*"oniac'>,l solution f^ives precipitates
with inorcuric chloride, lead acetat^, copper sulpiiate, and
ferric chloride, a:ud reduces silver nitrate; its aqueous
solution is colored gree>iisn yellow by ferric chlorid-O,

In a previous communication (18"^5;907) quassin was
regprdrd cs the dimethyl ester of ^u'lssic acid. 'Jhis the
author has now confirmed by proving: that methyl chloride
is forned bv the action of hydrochlor^'c a.cic'. on quassin, and
that quassic acid is dibasic. For this i-Airpose several of
its s::lt3 were prepared and cnalyzed.. 3ariTim quassate,
^30^-3o'-'l0 -^'^'-' "^2^' forms a yellowish-red, crystalline mass.
The lead salt, ^ :;^(Y''Zo^10 ^^' ^^'^*^' ^^ throv/n down as a yellow
precipitate, on adding lec?d acetate to a ner.tral solution
of amv.ionium quassate; ferric quasst\te, i'^i^cp^.o^l^'^o ^^' is a
brownish-green, amorphous precipitate.

When a solution of hydro x-'l ran? ne hydrochloride is added
(5 g, ) to quassic acid (10 g,), dissolved in sodium

- 30 -

carljonate, an a"bimdr.nt precipitate of the diozime of quassic
ncid, C2gH2g0g(C:!T0H)2, is- thrown down after a little time.
It may "be purified "by crj'-stallizetion from dilute alcohol,
when it is ootained in yellowish rectangular prisms; it melts
at 228-230° \vith decomposition,

TJhen quassin is heated with concentra.tod hydriodic acid
(sp, gr, 1,70) and some omori;hous phosphorus for 20 hours, at a
temperature of 150°, gradually increased to 280°, a reducing
action t.al-:es place, which varies \/ith the temperature; at 150°
methyl iodide is produced, while at the higher temperature
resinous products and a mixture of hydrocorhons are ohtained.
The latter, separated from the filtered and neutralized solution
hy distillation with stcnm, appeared as a yellowish, oily liquid,
v/hich on "being suhjectcd to f ractiono.1 distillation yielded three
deiinir.G hydrocarhons. The first, "boiling at 188-195°, was,
found to have the composition of 3-durene, Ct^qH]_5, and "by
treatment with 'bromino yielded a "brominated derivative crys-
talli<::ing in colorless needles melting at about 200°, The
second fraction, hoiling at 220-240°, had the composition
C-]_4K2_- and gave a orominr-tcd derivative which crystallized from
alcohol in colorless needles, molting at about 150° and subliming
at a lower temperature. The residue v/hich did not come over at
240° contained anthracene. The cuthor considers it proved that
quassin contains four hydro:<yl groups, two carboxymethyl groups,
and tv;o ketone groips, Jrom other results obtained, which he
hopes soon to publish, it would appear that quassin is an
rjithraquinonc derivative.

(82)

COITSTITUTION OF QUASSIN. Gaz. Chim. Itcd. 18: 169-170. 1888.
[in Italim. Ab;3trp„ct in Jour. Chem, Soc, [London] 56:
278, 1889,]

In a previous communication (81) the author pointed out
that quassic <?.cid contained 2 kctonic groups since it gave rise
to a dioximc. It seemed desirable to establish that these CO-groups
existed olso in quassin, aiid for this pxirposc the author prepared
the com.pound of quassin vrith phenyljo^^-dro^inc, Quassin (3 g, )
cjLd T)hcnylhy(]razine hydrochloride (4 g, ) were dissolved in the
smallest possible quantity of alcohol, a solution of soditim
acetate added (6 g, in 15 cc. water) end the whole heated at
lOO'^ for run hour. The yellow, amorphous deposit formed on
allowing it to remain for a do^r was thoroughly washed with
water and attempts made to obtain it in a crystalline state
but without success. An analysis showed that it had the composition
C30H40O3 (ClT.iHPh)2, It is formed from phenylhydrazine and quassin,
with elimination of the elements of wrtcr, thus: C2QH^Q0g(C0)p4-
2KH2 . mH^-C 3qH4q0q ( CIT, ■ iSPh) 2+ 2H2O ,

- 31 -

cxA JEIURO, A, (85)

QUASSIH AKT; I^S CO^ISTIIUTIOM, &r3. Ckin. Itrl. 14: 1-9. 1884.
A-.icr, Jour.. Phc',r;.i. 5V: kS-oQ, 1385. [in Itrlipx:. ATDctrr-Ct in
Jour. Chen, SuC. [Londor] 46: 1192-1193. 1834,]

To prepare quassin iVom quassia, 10 kilograms of finely
divided 'Jood are tv/ice extracted with' 45 1. of "boiliii^ water
and tho solution evaporated to 10 1, at gentle heat. When
cold, the qudssin is pre-:;ipitcted by tannin, collected, x'/ashed,
nixed v'ith lead ca^^honete, ard driedr The product is then
extracted V7ith ocilini? alcohol, tne alcohol distilled off,
and the quassin allowed to crystallize, .-after \7hich it is
purified ly repeated crystalli'^. ation from di].utc alcohol;
30 ?:ilo^'rajns of v.'ooo. ^a^ve 10 g, or p',irc qiiassin. It crystallizes
In very slender, colorlc^'^, iridescent, nonoclinic needles.
It melts at 210-?11° and :: s vej.y soluhle in alcohol,
chlorofora, and £,cetic a.::.d, but only sparingly in ether.
100 parts 01 water at 22'^ dissolve 0.2529 [Parts?]. The
aqueous solution bocomcs -/cllo^v on exposure to the air, is
dextrorota.tory, cxccssivoly "bitter, and rcdxiccs Jchli ng' s
solu.tion, PtO suits of analyses agree nearly with the formula

^52''44*^10«

"nhcn qu.-^.ssin is heated v/ith 4 percent sulphuric acid
at 90"^ for some ho-'irs, it yields quassido, Cr.^o.H^o'^g' i^-<> P*
192-194 , "by rc::;ov.jJ. of 1 molcc-alc of water ^'' Quasbidc is also
foriiicd when quasrin is 'boalod with acetic a:ahydridc, but
if sodiim acetate is present there is a pqw,-:rful reaction,
cjid several :,.a".bsti:nccs seem to be produced. Brcniine in acetic
a.cid acts on quassln in tne same solvent, ajid when water is
axldec'i an amorphous resinous substance is cbtrincd«, This melts
with dccompositlcn at 155°, and results of analyses sugj^est the
foriiml;', Cr^^H,, 3rr,Co. The action of nitric a.cid on ajn acetic
a-cid solution of qua.ssin seems to give rise to a nitre derivative,
which is piecipita.tcd on addition of v/ater. It dissolves in
boiling aJLcohol and, as the solution ccols, is deposited a^ain
as a. ycllov;ish powder, m. p. 130^. If quascin is heated with
concentrated hydrochloric ajcid in sealed tubes for '4 honors a,t
100'', meth-'l chic ride is ^.volved, ajid tho a.cid solution, when
dilut..d with water, deposits first a re si reus substance and
later a colorless substance in small nodules, Tho latter, which the
authors call quascic a^id, C, .H, ^O^CGOE or CooH„„Oc(COOii)^
is ta.r less sf^lublo in alcohol than quassin, crystallizes m
sinks'- needles, m, p. 245"-", and reduces Pehling' s solution and
aamonia.caJL silver nitrate. The action of na.sccnt hydrogen a.nd
of boiling dilute nitric acici on quassin gives resinous products,
5\ision '.vith pota.sh ajid oxida.tion '.vi th chromic rjihydrido were
unsati afavCtory,

The resinous mr,ttcr o"btr.incd in the preparation of
crystallized quassin v/a.s distilled v/ith zinc dust. The "brown
oily product v;as treated with sodiTim and fractionally distilled.
The jjortion pa.ssing over at 170-190*^ when redistilled gave an
oil "boiling at 173-178^ of the formula ^h^iq, while crj'-stals
nclting at 76-78^ were o'btaincd from the residue,

and, imimO, A. ■■ (84)

QUASSI1\", Gaz, Ghim. Ital. 15: 5-8. 1385. [in Italian. Abstract
in Jour. Cham. Soc. [London] 48 (ii): 907. 1885.]

The authors, in continuation of their investigations
■ on quassin, point out that ty heating it in a current of dry
air at 150° it can "be converted, with a losr; of 1 mol of water,
into an aiihydride, quasside, Cr,,;,E.pOQ. If heated with acetic

anhydride and sodium acetate, however, 2 mols of water are
removed with formation of a second a,nhydride, C^pH^„Op, which
forms a v^rhite, pca.rly, amorphous mass, soluble in alcohol,
chloroform, and ether, ajnd melts at 150-158'^. Phosphorus penta-
chloride reacts violently with qua.ssin to yield a pentachloro-

derivative, C_«,H„^0^C1^, a yellow -pov/der melting with decom-

3Ei^od d 5
position a,t 119". This is proDa'bly derived from quassin "by

the su"bstitution of two hj^drotjyl groupings and three hydrogen

a,toms Dy chlorine,

OZOLS, E, (85)

ZAL'A SUPJCMJ LAPU UTS (TRIOZA VIRISULA ZETT,) LauksaimniecThas
parvrldcs izdevums, Zr'ajuma pie "Leta.s", 52 pp, Riga. 1925,
[With suTimary in English. A'Dstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. (A)
14: 137. 1926,]

A decoction of quassia is one of the "best remedies for cpxrots
a-ttac'ivod hy Trioza viridulo, Zett,

PiMLLOT, A, (86)

LA PAUSSE CHEHILLE DU PECKER, Rev, Hort, /J-gerie 26: 110-112.
1923,

Treatment with nicotine or Qraassia amara gives excellent
control of Nc^urotoma. (Lyda) ncmorrlis. The qua.ssia. spray is
prcpaJTcd as follows: MrJ:c a decoction of 1 kg. of quassia chips
in- about 10 liters of water; heat for 2 houi^s and then cool. Dissolve
2 i:g, of "bl;xck soap in several liters of water. Add the quassia
decoctio3i; pass a little wa.ter again over the chips. Make up
to 100 1. Spraying should "be done with a spray rod a"bout 2 ra, long
rnd the Icrvos should ."be well v/et. The first spray should be
applied 4 or 5 dcys before oviposition a.nd a second 4 days after
the raajcir.'um oviposition.

- 33 -

•■ • ' (87)

SUR UN PAEASITE NOUVEAU DES PLANTATIONS DB PECHERS DANS
LA VALL^E m RHONE. Prog. Agr. et Vitic. 77: 69-71. 1922.

The following forimj.la is given for an insecticide for
combating Neurotoma ( Lyda , Penphylus) nemoralis on peach trees:

Quassia (chips) 1 kg.

Black soap— r.:r 1.500 kg.

Water 100 1.

The chips are boiled for 2 hours in a few liters of water.

Badly infested peach trees sprayed with this mixture on
May 14 were foiind to be in very good condition on May 28.

PAPE, H. (88)

TOMATENSChKdlINGE. Gartenwelt 1925, nos. 36-37. t-^^stract in
Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 14: 99. 1926.]

Spraying with quassia-soap is recommended for the control
of the bugs Lygus pabulinus L. and L. pratensis L. , which occur
on the leaves of tomatoes.

PARKER, W. B. (89)

■ QUASSIIN AS A CONTACT INSECTICIDE. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 165.
8 pp. 1914.

Experiments which were carried out on the solubility
of quassiin (from Picrasma excelsa Swz.) in a number of
Solvents and solutions gave the following results:

- 34 -

Solvent

Chloroform

Ether

Methyl
alcohol

Ethyl
alcohol

Hot water

Cold water

Kerosene

Gasoline

Solubility
of quassiin

Readily soluble

Not soluble

Readily soluble

Solvent Solubility of Quassiin

Sparingly soluble

(1:1200)
Not soluble

Carbon " "

tetrachloride

Benzine " "

Turpentine Possibly soluble

Potassium Readily soluble

hydroxide yellow

solution

Sodium hydroxide

solution
Calcium hydroxide

solution
Potassium cyanide

solution
Sodium carbonate

solution
Hydrocyanic acid

solution
Ammonium hydrate

solution
Whale oil soap

(alk) solution
Sodium chloride

solution
Hydrochloric

acid solution
Sulphuric acid

solution
Nitric acid solution
Acetic acid solution

Readily
soluble

Yellow
solution

Appar^tly insoluble

Tests to compare the insecticidal action of quassiin with that
of nicotine sulphate upon the hop aphis (Phorodon humuli Schrank)
and the prune aphis (Hyalopterus pruni Fab.) , in which soap bark
(2 pounds to 100 gallons was used as a spreader, showed that quassiin
used at the rate of 0,4 g. to 2,000 cc. was almost as effective as
nicotine sulphate at the same concentration, and that quassiin at the
rate of 0.4 g. to 1,000 cc. was fully as effective, killing practi-
cally 100 percent of the insects.

A formula is suggested for a spray which contains 3 poxmds of
quassia chips (0.75 percent quassiin) and 3 pounds of whale-oil soap
to 100 gallons.

PATRIS, J. B.

SUR L'HISTOIRE NATURELLE ET M^DICALE DU CASSIE.
Hist. Nat. et Arts 9: 140-144. 1777.

(90)
Jour. Phys. , Chim,

"Cassie" was introduced from Surinam into Cayenne, where it is
cultivated. The plant is described and the author states that,
whereas he at first considered it a species of Simarouba, he now
knows it to belong to a new genus and he gives the following
description of this "first known species": "Quassia pontaphylla,
pediculis alatis, floribus racemosis, terrainalibus , coccineis
fructu penta spermo. J. B. Pat."

I

- 35 -

All parts of the plant are very "bitter, particularly
the ■i)ark of the root, the flowers, and the seed?-.. It possesses
all the f-ood qualities of cinchona, and fevers which resisted
the action cf Peruvian park have often yielded to infusion
of the leaves of "Cassie". The tealike infusion of the flowers
is more efficacious than the leaves, Jlccording to a letter
from de Cromelin and de riedmond in 1772, the doctors of
Surinajn use only the fresh root and employ it less as a
felsrifugc than as a stomachic in tho slow fevers, which
commonly follow acute fevers,

PERSIRA, J. . (91)

TI-IE ELEIvES^ITS OF I/IATIHIA MEDIC A AKD TEERAPEUTICS, 2 v.
Philadelphia. 1852-1854.

Sinaruha amaja AxilDlet, ('bitter si/aaruba or mountain
dcjison) and Picraena excel sa Lindley (the lofty hitterwood
tree) are doscri'bed rnd their medicinal use discxisscd.
•Wright tolls us that no insect will live near ca'binct work
made of P. (Quassia) excel sa. It has long "been known that
an aqueous infusion of this sw.hstancc is cji excellent fly
poison (v. 2, pp. 871-875).

PHAPJvIACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRIT All?. (92)

THE BRITISH PHARi^ACEUTICAL CODEX, 1768 pp. London 1934

Quassia wood (quassiae lignum) is ohtained from the trunk
and "branches of Picraena. excels a Lindl. [Pier asm a _c, Swartz,
(Plaiichon)] , a tree indigenous to Jamaica, The wood is imported
in "billets and logs, which arc cut into chips and kiln dried.
The chief constituent is picrasmin or quassin, a mixture of
two homologous crystalline, "bitter principles,^- andp-picrasmin,
Quasoia is a pure "bitter, employed to increase the appetite,
Ao. infusion of quassia (l:2C) or "liquor quassiae concontratus",
mixed with an equol quantity of water, is used a.3 an injection
for the threadworms of children, A similar solution painted
on the skin keeps away small insects,

Quassin may "be obtained "by exhausting Jrniaica quassia wood with
50 percent alcohol, neutralizing with magnesia, r;oking acid with
tartaric acid, and removing tho ethyl alcohol "by distillation.
The residue is shaken with chlorofoi'^, the latter evaporated to
a syrup and dissolved in a mixture cf equal vnlumcs of a"bsolutc
alcohol and ether; evaporated and dissolved in little absolute
alcohol. Cover this concentrated solution with a layer of
ether and set aside to crystallize, Rccr;^/- stall ize from alcohol.
A mixture of two homologous, crystalline, bitter principles.
d^-picrasm.in, ^^^^^q^iq^' ^' ?• 204° rjidj^ -picrasmin, ^35^450^0' ^'^» P*

- 35

209-2l<?° is cttranrd r.s white, odorless, crystalline needles or prisms,

neutral, dcrtro-rot^itory, ojid pcrnr.ncnt in air.

The principle of Surinam quassia is closely --^llied, consisting
of a. mixture of principles, C^cH^cC-^q and ^v^'^^q^iq' -A- purified
extranet, an ajnorphous, grajiulated, sticky powder, a yellow "brown,
is coniicrcially known as quo-ssin,

PICKEL, B, (93)

DUiiS HEIAGAS DO TOMATEIEO. Chacc-ras e Q^iintacs 38(2): 14^-147.
1928, [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 16: 583. 1928.]

A quagsia-soap spray is very efficient rgainst Corythaica
nonacha Stal, v/hich occurs on a nunbor of species of Solanun:
in Brazil, Attention is dra-wn to the fact that Quassia anara
grows extensively in Brazil.

POIRET, J. L. LI. (94) .

E1TCYCL0P3DIS MSTHODIQUE. Botanique 5: 23-25. Paris. 1804,

Generic characteristics of Quassia are listed and the
species Q, Oinara, Q. simarouba (Simarouba amara) and _^, excel sa
(polygama) are described.

RIEDER, C. (95)

UIITEESUCHLTTGEIT UBER DSl^I EIICTjUSS EIKES BITTERSTOFFES AUE

am VORG-AITG DER PJESORPTIOIT, Arch. Expt, Path, u, Phannakol.
63: 304-330. 1910,

The experiments reported were carried out to show that
bitter substances, in this instance Merck's quassin, may
cause delayed resorption. Resorption with and without quassin
was determined by the following methods: (1) The effect upon
the rapidity of onset and the duration and character of symptoms
of strychnine poisoning; (2) determination of the quantity of a
sodium thiosulphatc solution remaining in the stomach after in-
gestion through a stomach tube; (3) determination of the amount
of solol excreted in the urine; (4) determination of iodine
excreted after ingestion of potassium iodide; (5) determination,
by x-ray examination and by the use of a duodenal fistula, of
the speed of movement of the stomach contents into the intestine*
The results obtained '^oy methods (l), (3), and (4) support the
conclusion tha.t certain quantities of a, bitter substance may
delay the movement of dissolved substances from the lumen of the
digestive tract into the blood. The other methods did not show
any difference between animals v/ith and without quassin.

- 37 -

RITCHIE, A. H. (96)

ECOxIOMIC EHTOKOLOGY lU JAMAICA. ' Jjimaica Dept. Agr. Bull.
(n.s.) 2: 335-338. 1915.

Bitterwood (Picraena excelsa Swz.) grows in goodly'
quantity in the island of Jamaica and over four thousand tons
is exported annually. Brief information is given on its use
as an aphicide, which is taken from U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 165,
Quassiin as a Contact Insecticide, "by W. B. Parker (89),

ROYIE, J. P. ■ (97)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOTANY AND OTI-IER BRANCHES OF THE NATURAL
HISTORY OP THE HIMALYAN MOUNTAINS AND OP TEE FLORA OP
CASHMERE, v. I. London. 1839.

Under the Simarubeae it is stated that Sanadera of Gaertner,
to which Adrien has referred Vittmannia Vahl and Niota Lam. ,
is found in Madagascar and Java and in Ceylon and the southern
parts of India. In the Himalayas there is a representative of
this family in Hima quassioides of Hamilton, referred by Dow
to Simaha. The Simarubeae are as closely allied botanically
as in the possession of a similar intense, puro bitterness,
diffused over every part, owing to the presence of the bitter
principle quassine (p. 158).

SACHAROV, N. (98)

PESTS OP MUSTARD AND METHODS OF FIGHTING THEM (PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS). Rept. Ent . Sta. Astrachan Soc. Fruit Growing,
Market Gard, and Agriculture. 42 pp. 1914. [In Russian.
Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 2: 355-358. 1914.]

As a remedy against the sucking pests of mustard, Eurydema
ornatum, E. festivum, and Carpocoris purpureipennis, the author
recommends spraying with quassia and green soap emulsions. In
his experiments these insecticides killed 20 to 50 percent of
the larvae. The spraying must be done during flowering and
after it is over. He describes the mode of preparing the
emulsions and gives the cost of a vedro (2.7 gals.) as about
6 cents for quassia.

SAVTCHENKO, I. (99)

PROM TEE DISTRICT OP MELITOPOL (GO^/ERNT'lENT OP TAURIDA) . Hort.
15(6): 334-335. 1916. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl,
Ent. (A) 4: 381. 1916.]

Owing to the increased price of tobacco, quassia emulsion
was used against aphids. Four pounds of quassia are boiled for
about 2 hours in &-l/ 2 or 9 gallons of water; the decoction is
left overnight to settle and is then filtered; 3 pounds of
soft soap dissolved in hot water are then added and water to
make a total of 27 to 30 gallons.

- 33 -

SCHli]oi:'^H, :,:. and SGHLOSSLIilTH, -H. , (lOO). • ■

U3ER DIE HEROTIRKUNG VON QUASSIK UlTD LIGITUM QUASSIiffi.
Arch, Expt. Path. u. . Pliarmakol. 158: 198-200.1930.

A study is, re})orted of the action of quassia and
raacerated Lignum quas.siae on the isolated hearts of
fro^s,' rahljitsj and. cats, . The authors conclude that insofar
as there is any action at all the heart function is un-
favoraljly influenced. The hastening action reported ty
Feger was not ohserved,

SCOTT, -S, T7., ABBOTT, W. S. , and DUDLEY, J. E. , Jr.- (lOl)'

RESULTS OE EJJ'ERIMSIITS WITH ■MISCELLMEOUS SU3STA1TCES

AC-illTST BEDBUGS, COCKEOACI-IES, CLOTHES MOTHS, AlTD CAEPET
BEETI:ES. U. 'S. Dcpt. Ae-r. Bull. 707. 36 pp. 1918.

Quassia chips were found to bo ineffective against
hedhugs, cockroaches, and clothes moths.

SHIPELEV, IC, (102)

THE COHTHOL OP PESTS OT RASPBEEPJES. Prog. Hort. and
liarket Gard. 13(2): 51-56. 1916. [in Russian. Abstract
in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)4: 140. 1916.]

Aphl s urticaria and Siphonophora rubi. v/hich are the
most cormion aphids attacking raspberries, are controlled
oy spraying with quassia decoction or emulsion,

SIROMOLOT, P. ■ (103)

THE CULTIYAT'IOJT OF CA1;TALCL"P IvIELOHS I^T THE ELDTAI3YSK
DISTRICT OP THE GCYEP.n.IEHT OE ASTRACHAII. Eruit Growing.
no, 9-10: 536-551. 1915. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev.
Appl, Ent, (A)4: 55-56. 1316.]

Agsinst aphids, spraying twice with quassia, solution is
advised. Control measures should be begun as soon as these
pests are noticed and before the T)lants become large,

SPRENGEL, K. [Trans, by A, J. L. Jourdpx] (104)'

HISTOIRE DE LA i'lEDECliv^. 9 v. Paris, 1815-1852,

According to Hc'llor (Bibliothica botanica, 2 v., Tiguri.
1771), Quassia excel sa was employed in Europe in 1742, but no
other author gives any trace of its use until Daniel Rolander,
Swedish naturalist, returned from Surinam in 1756 and gave a
quantity of the wood to Linna,eu3, According to Rolander and Rottboell

- 39 -

(Descrioto-ones vaviarim olmitai'um e Stirinarn, Kavn. 1776),
a native na^iied Qiiiaasi sold the wood as a secret renedy.
This v;as the reason for the systematic name '.vhich Linnaeus
gave to the tree, Kratzenstein first made known the
difference "between the wood of the root and that of the
trunk, Linnaeus had made his first' trials with the root;
later only the wood of the trionk v/as received in Europe.
Schlacger, Paarmann, Eholing, and Patris ca.rried out excellent
chemical and pr?x:tical researches on this medicament.

Another sTiccies of this genus, Q,uas si ci simaruha, had
"been made known to the French by Bajrrere in 1723,
Jussieu found this to possess very energetic curative virtue's
in d;i,^sentory, Degncr, Zimmcrmann, Monro, Crall, and T7right
recognized also that the bark was outstanding ranong the
fortifying medicaments (v, 5, pp, 489-491),

STRICKLJUID, S, H, (105)

P0IS01^ffiI) MOLASSES FO?. TIiS lESTRUCTION OF NOCTuID IvIO'TES.
o'our, Econ, Snt, 15; 214-^20. 1922,

A poison bait used oxperimcntally for the co:oti-nl of the
noctuid moth Porosa-grotis orthogonia, L'orr, {prfc wostcrn
cutworm) consists of a 10 percent solv.ticn of crjcio molasses,
the diluent being w''ater in v/hich quassia chips have been'
soriccd overnight at the rate of 2 ounccc to t>-0 quart. In
ca.ch bottle of this solution is inserted one commcrcirJL
fly pad (containing arsenic), sufficient savccarrincs to cover
a Canadiaji 5 cent piece (l g, ), and 8 drops of rmyl acetate.
Females as well as males are attracted to the bait, and with
the combination' of quassia and arsenic very few are able
to Isrr eggs subsequently to feeding, Q,ua.ssia is nonpoisonous
to stock and is distasteful to them.

TSMH31^ ?, - . (106)

BLATTLAUS3 Rl PFIRSICII. Kranke Pflance 4: 82-84, 1327.

Against the honey-louse on pear, various nicotine-
or quassia.- containing sprays work very well. ' Homemade
quassia-soap emiilsion has been used for manj.'- years with the
best results. Experiments by the author in previous years
with nicotine~quassia-soap (Hinsberg) also have given equally
good results. The materials aj^e tipplied with a fine, atomizing
sprayer,

(107)

ZUH I{0HLSCKA3ElIBEK*il.IPFUHG, Kranke Pflanzc 5: 121-122. 1928.

Tlic following measures a.re worthwilo for cambnting cabbage

- 40 -

noths on catbage plants of which the hearts have already
closed:

Spraying with nicotine- or quassia-containing sprays,
such as nicotine-soap solution or quassia~3oap solution. The
latter is prepared Toy "boiling 1,5 kg, of qua,ssia chips in
10 1. of water, allowing to stand for 24 hours after cooling,
decanting, nixing with a solution of 2,5 kg, of soft soap in 5
liters of water, and diluting to 100 1. A preparation called
Tefo-Quassio, is also listed along with some other ready-to-use
insecticides,

THEOBALD, F, Y, ■ ' ■ (108.)

TH3 APHIDES ON MMGOLDS AHD ALLIED PLAIITS. Jour, Bd, 'Agr.
[London] 19: 914-922, _ 1913,

A sprny of soft soap and quassia (8 pounds of soap and 5 pounds
of qucissia per 100 gallons of water) is roivised for comlDating the
"collier" or tilrjck fly ( Aphi s rumicis) which attacks mangolds,
"beans, rjid "boots.

(109)

APHIDES ATTACKING VEGETABLES AND M/J?KI;T-GARDEN CROPS.
Jour, Roy. Hort. Soc, 50: 28-45, 1925,

Spraying with soft soap and quassia is mentioned as a control
measure for the green pea aphid (Macro si phiun pi si K.?lt,) and the
"black fly or "collier" ( Aphi s rumi c i s ' L,} vihi oh attack peas raid "bcrjis,
and for aphids attacking potatoes, namely, the green and pink
potato and rose aphid (Hacrosiphum solanifolii Ashm.). the allied ".
green potato aphid (liyzus pseudosolaai iheo'bald) , the green peach
aphid (I/Iyzus persicae Suljier) , and the small potato aphid ( Aphi s
solanina Passerini) ,

TRAGJffiDH, I. (110)

BIDRAG TILL KANNEDOMEN OM SPINNXVALSTREN, (TETRAl^TYCHUS. DUE,)
I.Ieddel, no, 109 Centralanst, Fors<5ksv, JordbruksomrSdet,
Stockholm, Ent, Adv, no. 20, 1915. [Abstract in Rev, Appl, Ent,
(A): 252-254, 1915]

In experiments conducted against the goose"berry mite
(Bryo"bia praetiosa Koclil in which lime-sulphur spray 1 to 5 (21 B, )
was used, 8,5 percent of the mites survived; when the strength was
1 to 10, 8 percent survived. The "bushes were, however, too
thick, which made it difficult to wet all the leaves. In order
to increase the wetting power of the fluid, Vormorol and
Danton^-' s' method of addi^ng gelatine was adopted (10-15 g,
per 100 1, of water), the concentration "being 1 to 20 of
the sprny, and quassia and nicotine were used for comparison.

I

- 41 -

^e ntunber of mites, iKhich on the unsprayed Inishes was 18.6 per
leaf, after the spraying dJoiiiLahM to 1 when lime-sulphur
spray was used, to 2.6 with quassia, and to 2.8 with nicotine.
Against the greenhcmse riite (Tetranychus althaeae von Hanstein)
a still weaker solution of lime-sulphur ennilsion spray was
used, 1 to 40, with the addition of gelatine and quassia nicotine
emulsion, 40 g, per 1. The re«ult surpassed all .ejspectations;
the spray covered the leaves completely with a thin film and
an examination on tho following day revealed that all the mites
were dead. An examination a fortnight later showed that all
the eggs were destroyed.

(Ill)

vIrjL VANLIGl SPINUKVALSTIDR OCH D-^SUlS BEOlJ^AiroE. Centralanst.
FSrsftksv. JordhruksomrSdet. , Stockholm, Flyghlad no. 58.
Ent. Adv. no. 13. 4 pp. 1916. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent.
(A) 4: 353. 1916.]

Spraying of plants in greenhouses with quassia is very
useful as a control for spinning mites.

TBOITZKY, N. N. (112)

ABOUT CABBAGE , CEORTOPEILA 5RA.SSICAB AND PUS140DI0PH0BA
BBASSIQAE. Proc. 2d All-Russian Ent.-Phytopath. Meeting in
Petrograd, 25th-30th Oct. , 1920, pp. 155-177. 1921. [In Russian.
Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 10: 433. 1922.]

As it is almost impossible to free the roots of cabbage
seedlings from the larvae and eggs of Phorbia (Chortophila)
brassicae Bch. , disinfection with the following substances has
been tried: Q,\iassia, quassia and green soap, green soap alone,
and kerosene emulsion. The plants were dipped with the surrounding
earth into the insecticide until the earth was saturated, after
which they were transferred to the field. The harvest from the
disinfected plants, particularly those treated with quassia,
was greatly increased in comparison with untreated plants.

TULL&RSN, A. (113)

SKADBDJUR ?% HALLOITBUSKAR. Tridgarden no. 20: 158-159. 1916.
[Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 4: 355. 1916.]

Certain aphids occur on raspberries, but seldom in sufficient
numbers to cause serious injury. They are easily controlled by
spraying with quassia.

(114)

SKADSDJTJR I SVERIGE &REN 1912-1916. Meddel. Centralanst.

JorsbruksfBrsBk no. 152, Ent.Avd. no. 27. 104pp. [Abstract
in Rev. Appl. Snt. (A) 6: 145-151. 1918.]

Typhlocyba rosae L. , chiefly on roses, was successfully
Combated by spraying with qxiassia.

•■ ■ - 42 - -• • '

UPENIECK, N. ■ ■■ . .'■.;■' '(1X5)'

AN EXPERIMENT IN ORGANIZING GANGS OF WORKMEN FOR TEE CONTROL
OF PESTS OF CITRUS TREES IN 1915. Russian Subtropics
no. 11-12: 29-72. 1916. [In Russian. Al)stract in Rev. Appl.
Ent. (A)5: 356-357. 1917.]

Aphids on citrus can te effectively controlled with a
decoction of quassia containing 1.3 percent of soft soap.

v., S. (116)

ON THE REPLACEMENT 0? QUASSIA BY TOBACCO. Flniit-Growing, 27( 8-9) :
378-379. 1916. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent.
(A) 4: 495. 1916.]

As a substitute for quassia decoction and soap, tobacco and
soap may be used.

VELICHKEVICH, A. I. (117)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONIONS IN THE NOVGOROD GOVERNl^IENT .
Defense des Plantes 4(4-5): 717-728. 1927. [In Russian.
Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 16: 367. 1928.]

As Hylemyia ant iqua Meig. , Eumerus strigatus Fall. , and
Muscina stabulans Fall, may begin to lay eggs on onions in the
store or before they are transplanted, it is advisable that
they be treated before being planted. The various substances
recommended by others for this purpose are enumerated, the
best results being obtained with quassia.

WAHL, B. (118)

DIE BEK^MPFUNG DER BLATTLJlUSE (APHIDAE) . Reprint from

Monatsh. Landw. 1913, Wien, 4 pp. [Abstract in Rev. Appl.
Ent. (A) 1: 471. 1913.]

Among the summer remedies for the common green fly (aphis)
is the following:

Quassia and soft soap mixture: 3 pounds of quassia chips
are boiled in 2 gallons of water and left standing 24 hours;
the liquid is then po\ired off; this is mixed with an equal volume
of neutral soap solution, made by dissolving 5 pounds of soap
in 2 gallons of water.

WAHL, C. von (119)

DIE GESPINSTMOTTEN. Hauptstelle fllr Pflanzenschutz in Baden au
der Grossh. Landw. Versuchsanstalt Augustenberg. Flugblatt
no. 5. 1916. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 8: 288. 1920]

Remedial measures against Hyponomeuta malinellus and H.
variabilis are spraying vith soft-soap solutions containing
nicotine or quassia.

- 43 -

WjiHL, E. (120)

3EMPRJHG DSR SPIiTl^vIILBEl^ Mitt. Landw. Bakt. u.
Pflanzenschutzsta. Wion, 13 pp. ii, d, [Abstract in
Hcv, Appl. Snt. (A) 8: ?^G2, 191:^0.]

The measures advocated for the control of the rod spider
include the application of quasoia sprays,

WIGGSHS, A. (121)^

mSEH EEN QUASSIT. LioMgs Aoii. Chen. 21: 40-48, 1837.

The author prefers the name "Quacsit" to quassin, as "being
indicative of the indifferonco of the materipl to acids. His
method of preparation is as iollo^7s:

The cut-up wood is repeatedly "boiled \7ith v/o.ter. The
filtered decoction is cvaporrted to three-fourths
the weight of the wood used, stirred with a measured quantity of
slaked lime, allowed to stand for a dcy with frequent shrking, and
then filtered. The filtered liquid is evaporated to dryness and
the residue extracted with 80-to 90-pcrcent alcohol, 'yjhen the
alcohol is distilling off r^id the solution evaporated, to dryness,
there is left a "bright-yellow, ciyrtallinc, deliquescent, "bitter-
tasting mass, which dissolves readily in water <?jad alcohol. To
separate the quassit pure from this mass, it is repeatedly dissolved
in the smrllcst possi"ble quantity of alcohol, a large quantity of
ether is added, and. the liquid is filtered from the material
preciiiitated by t he ether aiid evaporated. This i !? repeated until
the quassit remains colorless, Finally the alcohol-ether solution
is poured into a little water and allowed to evaporate spontaneously
in ord^er to o'otnia crystals,

Q^iassit forms very small, white, opaque prisms. The presence
of water is nec.csscjry for ciystrJ-lization, There is ali/avs a.
part which docs not crystallize, Quassit is sta'ole in air, odor-
less, ond very "bitter-tasting. It is difficultly solu"ble in v/ater
(100 parts at 12 dissolve 0,45 part), "but its solutions are rlnost
un'bearehly "bitter. Its solu"bility in water is increased "by salts
e^\6. easily soliitle organic substances. Aqueous solutions of quassit
are precipitated by tannic acid, but not by iodine, chlorine,
sublimate, iron solutions, or lead acetate, Quassit is only slightly
so].uble in ether, rlcohol being ohe best solvent. The solutions
are colorless and neutral. Dilute acids and alkcJ-ios increase
the solubility in water, but do not react, Concentrrted sulphuric acid
dissolved quassit without colora.tion or decomposition in the cold,
but charring occurs UT)on heating. Cold rdtric odd ( sp, gr, 1,350)
dissolves quassit readily cud. apparently without chrnge, but on
heating red f-umes ere evolved rnd the quassit is converted to oxalic Qcid.

- 44 ~

Upon heating quassit '^.elts like a resin and at a tenir)erature
only slightl-' a"bovG that of rosin. Hes-oJ-ts of analyses
indicate the foll.ov/ing composition for quassit: Co^H^i-O^.

WILLIE^IOW, C. L. (122)

SP3CIES PLMTJSUM. Ed, 4, v. 2, pp. 567-569. Berlin. 1799.

Q^^a.s si a aaara, Q, sinaru"ba, and Q,, excelsa are described.

WOOD, H. C, RMIHGTOH, J. P., and SADTLER, S. P.- (123)

THE mSPSFSA^ORY OP THE UNITED STATES OF A^ffiElCA. Ed. 19,
1,947 pp. Philadelphia. 1907.

Syrunus quassiae is prepared as follows: Macerate
during 24 hovrs 1,000 parts of quassia wood with 5,000 parts
of water, then "boil for l/2 hour, set aside for 24 hours, and
press; mi:: the liquid with 150 parts of inolassos and evaporate
to 200 nvrts. Prom this, Ply water or fly plate is prepared
"by mixing 200 pnrts of the s;yn-ip, 50 parts of alcohol and
750 parts of water. It is used by moistening with the
iTiixture a cloth or filter paper on a. plate,

"Q^iassia [Picrr'^.ma excelsa is official] has in the highest
dc.^rcc all the properties of the simple hitters. It is purely
tonic, invigoratinf: the digestive organs, with little cxcitc-
ncnt of the circulrticn or increase of cnimrl heat," It is
useful in failiu-e of tvppctite, constipation due to dchility
of the muscular ond intestinal coats, and dyspepsia, Compardon
asserts tha,t quassin, the active principle, acts in moderate
doses as a stimul:->Jit to the salivrry., hepatic, and renal
secretions cxd in overdoses catiscs 'burning pain in the esophagus,
with hcadrxihc, nausea, vertigo, vomiting, diarrhea, ojnd. muscular
crrmps, Quassia is given in infusion (0,5 - 1 fl.oz.), tincture
(0,5 - 1 fl. drachm), extract (0.5 - 1 grain), or fluidextract
(5-10 minims) (pp. 1032-1033).

WOOD, H. C, Jr., and LiWALL, C. H, (124)

THE DI SPElTSATOITf OP THE U'mTED STATES OP AvIERiCA Ed. 22. 1894 pp.
Philadelphia. 1937,

About the middle of the eighteenth century a negro of Surinrim,
nnacd Quassi, acquired. a reputation for treating the malignant
fevers of that country hy a secret remedy, which he ^as induced to
disclose to Rolander, A Swede, for a vrJuahle consideration.
Specimens were tolccn to Stockholm hy the latter in 1756 and the

- 45 -

medicine soon becane popular in Europe, The name of the negro
has been perpetiiatod in the generic title of the plant. But
the quassia of Svrinam is now comparatively little used, having
been superseded by the product of Hcrasca excel sa from the
West Indies,

A lofty tree, soEe times a-tainin^ a height of 100 feet or
more, rith straight, smooth tapering trunk, often 3 feet in
diameter near the base, with smooth gray bark. Leaves pinnate
with naked petiole and oblong pointed leaflets standing upon
short footstalks, in opposite pairs, with a single leaflet at
the end. Flowers are small, yellowish green, disposed in
panicles, polygamous, and pcntandrous, Pruit a small bJ.ack drupe.
Longitudinal section of this wood exhibits elongated cells
containing sii^le cryotale." of calcium oxalate. Transverse
section exhibits nedullary rc;/s, mostly 2 or 3 cells in width.
This species inhabits Jamaica and the Caribbean Islands, whgre
it is called bitter ash.

Quassia anara, or bitter quassia, is a small branching
tree or shrub, with rltcrnate Icajves consisting of 2 pairs of
opposite pinnae with an odd one at the end. Leaflets elliptical.,
pointed, sessile, smooth, of a deep-green color on upper surfa,cc,
and paler on under surface. Comnon footstrJLk is articulated
and ".vinged, ?lov/ors are h-^.rnaphrodite and decandrous, bright
red, and terminate the branches in long racemes, Fruit is a
2-celled capsule containing globular seeds. Is a native of
Surinam aJid is found in Brazil, Guiana, Colombia, iPanama, and
the West Indies, as also in some tropical countries of the Old
World, The root, bark, and wood are intensely bitter.

Quassia is at first whitish, but becomes yellow qj,'- exposure
and sometimes has blackish spots or markings, due to the presence
of the myceli-um of a. fungus, Jamaica quassia occurs usually in
chips, raspings, or billets; Surinaxi quassia usually in billets,

A medicine was formerly obtained from Quassia rmara, but
more than 20 years ago Lamarck stated that because of the
scarcity of this tree Q,, excels a had been resorted to as a
substitute (pp. 907-9 OQT.

WOOWILLS, W. (125)

MEDICAL BOTiJY. 5 v, London, 1832.

Under order XXZII, GiTLinales (v. 5, pp. 60-62),
Quassia excelsa, lofty or r.sii-leaved quassia, is discussed.

"Synonyma. Quaasia excel sa, &vart2 in Stockh, Trajas.
for 1738, p, 302, t. 8; Prodr. Ind. Occid. v. 2, 742;

- 46 -

Willd. Sp. PI. V. 2, p. 569. Simaruba excelsa. DeCand.
in Ann. du Mus. v. 17, p. 424; Prodr. v. 1, p. 733; Unchte
Q,\iassie, Non. Triv. ¥illd. Quassia Polygama. Trans. P.oy. Soc.
Edin. V. 3. p. 205 t. 6.

"Class, Decandria. Ord. Monogynia.

"Nat. Ord. Gruinales, Linn, Magnolias, Juss. Simarubeae,
Rich, de Cand.

"Gen. Char. Calyx, five-leaved. Petals, five. Nectary,
composed of five scales. Drapes, five, distant, "bivalved,
placed on a fleshy recept8.cle.

"Spec. Char. Flowers, polygamous. Stamens, five. Leaves,
pinnate. Leaflets, opposite, petioled; common stalk naked."

This tree has also "been known as Picrania amara,
Xyl epic rum, Xylopia glabra , bitter-wood or bitter a.sh.

[The chemical properties of the bitter substance quassine,
which is obtained from a watery infusion of the quassia wood,
are briefly discussed.

WRIGHT, W. (126)

A BOTANICAL AND ODICAL ACCOUNT OF THE QUASSIA SIMAKJBA,
OR A THEE Vrril.'H PRODUCES THE CORTEX SII-IARUBA. Roy. Soc.
Edinb. Trans. 2: 73-81. 1790.

The first knowledge of cortex simaruba was in 1713 when
dePorchartrain sent to France the bark of a tree, called by
the natives simarouba, which they used successfully in
dysentery. In 1741 Geoffrey says of this bark "Est cortex
radicis arboris ignotae, in Guiana nascentis, et ab incolis
simarouba nuncupatae." In 1772 the author discovered in
Jamaica the tree which produced the bark and sent specimens
of fruit and root-bark to Hope in 1773, with a botanical
account of the tree. The following year specimens and
description were also sent to Fothergill, who forwarded them
to Linnaeus.

The tree is common in all woodlands in Jamaica. It
is very tall. The trunk of old trees is black and a
little furrowed, of young ones smooth and gray. The inside
bark of t runic and branches is white, fibrous, tough, and
slightly bitter. The wood is hard and useful for buildings.
It has no sensible bitter taste. The branches are alternate
and spreading. The leaves are numerous and alternate,
smooth, shining, deep green on the upper side, and white on
the under side. The flowers are yellow and placed on
spikes. The fruit- is an oval, black, smooth, shining drupe.

- 47 -

The pulp Is a nauseous sweet, the nut is flattencxd and vdnged
on one side, the kernel small, flat, and sweet. The thick
roots have a rough, scaly, warted Ixirk, which is yellow and
hitter "but not disagreeable. The tree is known in Jamaica as
mountain damson, bitter damson, and stavewood. It is
dioecious. Simaruha is employed in the treatment of dysentery,
lienteria, habitual colics. Immoderate fluxes of the menses
from piles, and as a vermifuge. It is administered as follows:
2 drams simaruba bark, boiled from 24 ounces of water to 12
ounces and then strained. This is divided in 3 equal parts and
the whole taken in 24 hours.

ZACHIR. , F. (127)

SOMMERGEFAHEEN I^R DIE FABRIKATION UND DEN HANDEL VON
St^SSVABEN. Mitt. Ges. Vorratsschutz 3(4): 45-56. 1927.
[Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent, (A) 15; 558. 1927.]

In the case of a severe infestation of cacao by
Ephestia elutella (Hbn.) the larvae climb the walls of the
store-room to pupate high up. The walls and ceiling may be
washed with a solution prepared as follows: 3 pounds of
quassia chips are boiled in 2 gallons of water, and after
standing for 24 hours the decoction is poured off and mixed
with a solution of 5 pounds of soft soap in 1 gallon of water,
and finally diluted to 20 gallons.

- 48 -

SUSJECT INDEX
(References are 'made to the citations by number)

Aeschrion sp. ,70

Ague, 67

Ailanthic acid, 40, 59

Ailanthus excelsa Hoxb. , 9, 40, 59, 75

Almond, Hyalopterus arundinis P. (pruni E.) on, 28

Amenorrhea, 67

Anhydroquassin, 34 . ....

Anorexia, 58 ' ' . . .

Anur aphis amygdal i Buckt. (persicae Boy.) , 28 •

Anur aphis persicae-niger Smith, 28

Aphids, 1, 3, 12, 18, 23, 28, 41, 44, 48., 49, 55, 60, 63, 72, 80, 89

.96, 99, 102, 103, 108, 109, 113, 115, 118
Aphis brassicae, 23

Aphis pomi DeG. (Mali F.) , 28, 44, 63, 80
Aphis pruni Reaumur, 3, 49
Aphis rosae, 41
Aphis rumicis L. , 108, 109
Aphis solanina Passerini , 109
Aphis urticaria, 102
Apple, aphids on, 1, 28

, Aphis pomi (mali) , on, 28

Apricot, Hyalopterus arundinis (pruni) on, 28

Arsenic, 105

Ash-leaved quassia, 125

Athalia sp. , 77

Baits, 13, 105

Barathra brassicae, 54

Beans, Aphis nimicis on, 108, 109

, MacrosiphTom pisi on, 109

Bedbugs, 101

Beech, Hybernia defoliaria on, 76

Beets, Aphi s rumicis on, 108

Bitter-ash, 70, 124, 125, 130

Bitter damson, 70, 126

Bitter properties of quassia, 37, 39, 42, 43, 58, 92, 123

Bitter simaruba, 91

Bitterwood, 58, 70, 96, 125

Black fly, 108, 109

Black radish, Athalia sp. on, 77

Brevicoryne brassicae L. , 23

Bryobia praetiosa K. , 110

Cabbage, Phorbia (Chortophila) brassicae on, 112

Cabbage aphis, 23

Cabbage fly, 6

Cabbage moths, 107

- 49 -

Cacao, Ephestia elutella Hb. in stored, 127

Calocoris binotatus, 79

Camphor, 64

Cantaloupes, aphids on, 103

Carpinus virginiana Mill. , 58

Carpocoris purpureipenni s , 98

Carrots, Trioza viridula Zett. on, 69, 85

"Cassis", 90

Caterpillars, 76

Cats, action of quassia on hearts of, 100

Cedrin, 59

Celery fly, 15

Celery leaf bugs, 65

Chermes piceae, 21

Cherry, Myzus cerasi , f. on 28

Chlorosis, 57

Chortophila brassicae, 112

Chrysanthemum indicum, Lygus campestris, L. pabulinus, L. bipunctatus,

anc. Calocoris binotatus on 79
Citrus, aphids on, 115
Clothes Troths, 101
Cockroathes, 101
Coissi (see Quassi)
Colic, 126
Collier, 108, 109
Conifer spinning mite, 38
Constipation, 123
Corn ear worm, 13
Corythaica monacha StSl. ,93
Cotton, corn ear worm on, 13
Cruciferous plants, Phorbia brassicae on, 6
Currants, Nematus ribesii Scop. , on, 19
Damson, bitter, 70, 126

, mountain 70, 91, 126

Dehydroquassin, 34
Dirt-eating 67

Dysentery 27, 37, 50, 67, 104, 126
I^spepsia, 9, 31, 58, 59, 67, 123
Ephestia elutella Hb. , 127
Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm. , 61
Eumerus strigatus Fall. , 117
Eur:/dema festj^vujn, 98
Eurydema ornatum, 98
Febrifuge, 58, 59, 68, 90
Fefo-Quassia, 107
Firs, aphids on, 1

, Chermes piceae and Mindarus abietinus on, 21

Fluid extract of quassia, 10, 52, 123
Fly-poison, 91, 123

Frogs, action of quassia on hearts of, 100
Fumigation, 64

- 50 -

Gelatine, 110

Gooseberries, Bryonia praetiosa K. on 110

, Hematus ritesii Scop, on, 19

Gooseberry mite, 110

Green and pink potato and rose aphis, 109

Green fly, 118

Green pea aphis, 109

Green peach aphis, 48, 109

Green potato aphis, 109

Greenhouse mite, 110

Heart tunction, action' of iftuassia on, 110

Honey-louse, 106

Hop ap'-.is, 18, 89

Hop-hornlDeam, 58

Hops, 16

Hyal opt eras arundinis L. (pruni F.) 25, S8, 89

HyTpernia dcfoliaria, 76

Hylemia brassicae, 24

Hylomyia ant i qua Mg. , 117

Hyponomeuta malinellus, 1, 119

Hyponomeuta variabilis, 119

Insect powder, 65

Ironwood, 58

Jamaica bitterwood, 70

Jamaica quassia, 12, 22, 29, 31, 39 - 43, 46, 47, 58, 70, 89, 91,

92, 96, 123, 124, 126
Java quassia, 51
Kainite, 65

Kakothrips pisivorus Westw. (robustus Uzel) , 8
Kerosene emulsion, 112
Leaf wasps, 77
Leaf -curling plxim aphis, 49
Lever-wood, 58

Lime water, 76

Locust on Quassia, 36

Lofty bitterwood tree, 91 '

Lofty quassia, 70, 125

Lonchaea splendida, 48

Lyda nemoralis, 86, 87

Lygus bipunctatus, 79

Lygus campestris, 79

Lygus pabulinus L. , 79, 88

Lygus pratensifi L. , 88

Lysol, 65

Macrosiphum pisi Kalt. , 109

Macro siphum solanifolii Ashmead, 109

Mamestra brassicae, 54 ,

Mangolds, Aphis romicis- on, 108

Menorrhagia, 126

Metallic tomato fly, 48

- 51 -

Mindarus abietinus, 21

Moths, clothes, 101

Mountain damson, 7C, 91, 126

Muscina stabulans Fall. , 117

Mustard, Athalia sp. on, 77

Mustard, Eurydema ornatum, E. festivum and Carpocorls purpureipenni s

on, 98
Myzus amygdali , 57
Myzus cerasi F . , 28 , 51
Myzus persicae Sulz. , 57, 109
Myzus pseudosolani Theobald, 109
Myzus sp. , 48
Nematus ribesii Scop,, 19
Neoquassin, 34
Neurotoma nemo rails, 86, 87

Nicotine, 8, 38, 49, 69, 86, 106, 107, 110, 119
Nicotine sulphate, 89
Nima quassioides, 58, 70, 97
Niota, 97

Noctuid moths, 105

Oak, Phylloxera coccinea Heyden on, 2
Odyendyea gabonensis Pierre, 17
Qligonychus loniung'j.is Jacoci , 38
Onions, Hylemyia ant iqua , Eumerus stri^atus, and Muscina stabulans

on, 117
Ostrya virginiana W. (virginica V.) , 58
Oxyuris vermlcularis, 58
Paradise tree, 70

Paratetranychus uniunguis Jacobi, 38
Pea thrips, 8
Peach, Anuraphi s amygdali Buckt. (persicae Boy.) and A. persicae niger

Smith on, 28

, aphids on 28, 55, 72

, Hyalopterus arundinis (pruni) on, 28

, Myzus persicae and M. amygdali on, 57

, Neurotoma ( Lyda , Pemphylus) nemo rails on, 86, 87

Pear, Aphis porai (mali) on, 28

. honey-louse on, 106

Pe?s, Macro siphum pisi and Aphis rumicis on, 109

Petroleu , 65

Phorbia orassicae Bch. , 6, 24, 112

Phorodon humuli Schrank, 18, 89

Phyllotreta nemo rum L. , 5

Phylloxera coccinea Heyden, 2

Picraena excelsa Lindl.. 12, 29, 31, 40 -43, 58, 70, 73, 91, 92, 95,

96, 100, 124, 129 »

Picrania amara, V/right 31, 67, 125
Picrasma ailantoides Planch. , 58, 59, 70, 73

Picrasma excelsa Planch. . 22, 39, 46, 55, 58, 70, 89, 92, 123, 124
Picrasma Javanica, 58

Picrasma quassioides Benn. , 42, 58, 59, 70
Picrasmic acid, 46, 73

Picrasnin, 34, 73

alpha-Picrasmin, 46, 58 , 92 '

beta-PicrasiTiin, 46, 58, 92

P[ierig?] rapi , 54

Piles, 125

PliTin, Kyalopterus arundinis (proni) on, 28

Polvosol, 65

Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr, , 105

Potato, Hacrosiphum solanifolii , Myaus pseudonolani , Muzus persicae,
and Aphis solaniana on, 109

Prune ai^his, 89

Pgylla mgli Forst., 14, 53, 65

Pteronus ri"besii Scop, , 4

Q^acy ( se e Quassi)

Quassi, 30, 68, 104, 123

Quo.ssia, Tropidacris latreillei on, 36

Quassia c.friccsiv. Saillon, 32, 35

Qaaar/ia rjnara L. , 7, 12, 20, 22, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 46,
58, 67, 68, 70, 73, 86, 93, 94, 122, 124

Quasr.ia excelsa Swz. , 31, 58, 57, 70, 91, 94, 104, 122, 124, 125

Quassia gaPonensis Pierre, 17

Quassia insecticides, 1-6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21

23-25, 28, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 53-55,
57, 60-63, 65, 66, 69, 76, 77, 78-80,
85, 86-89, 93, 98, 99, 102» 103, 106-120, 127

Quas s i a po ly g c^ia a Li nd s , , 31, 58, 67, 70, 94, 125

Quassia rospatum, 51

Quassia sinr^i-uba L. , 56, 94, 104, 122, 126 j ■■

Quassia surinrjnensis, 55

Quas si G-*ho ney "bait, 13

Quassia-nicotine emulsion, 38

Quassia-soap sproys, 1, 4-6, 14, 19, 25, 28, 44, 4-8, 49, 54, 60-62,

65, 66, 77, 78-80, 86-89, 93, 97, 98, 99,
106-109, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119

Quassic acid, 46, 81-83

Quas side, 83, 84

Quassiin, 7, 11, 33, 45, 47, 58, 59, 73, 75, 89, 93, 96, 100

Quassiinic acid, 73

Quassin, 1, 7, 11, 29, 31, 33-35, 45-47, 58, 59, 73, 81-84,

89, 92, 95-97, 121, 123, 125

Quassin, anhydro, 34

, deh;;/dro, 34

, neo, 34 ' *

Quassina, 72

Quassine, 1, 29, 97, 125

Quassinol, 34

Quassit, 121 .,

Quas sy (see Quas si)

Rab"bit, action of quassia on heart of, 100

, lethal dose of quassiin for, 11

- 53 •

EAdish, Athalia sp. on, 77
Raspberry, aphids on, 113

^^ j\phis urticaria and Sijhonophora ruTpi on, 102

Red spider, 62, 120
Resorption, delayed, 95
Rose, Aphis rosae on, 41
— — — — , Typhlocy'ba rosae on, 114
Rose aphis, 12, 48
Rotrndworms, 39
Samadera, 97

Sajnadera indica Gaertn. , 58, 59
^amaderin, 59

jchizoneura lanigerua, 61, 78
Seatworms, 58

Silkworm, lethal dose of quassiin for, 11
Slm^Kft. 97
SiinaTsa. cedron, 59
^imarouba ( See Simaruta)
_Simural3a, 27, 37, 50, 56
Simaru'ba pmara Jtabl, , 56, 70, 91, 94
Simaru'ba -eagelsa D»C., 31, 58, 70, 124, 125
Simai'uba glanca D.C,, 70
Simaru'ba guyanensis Richard, 55
jimarulja officinalis, D, C, , 22, 56
Simaru'ba officinalis MacF« , 70
SimaruTja versicolor St, Hil,, 70
Slphonophora raid, 102

Sitka spruce, Oligonyohus uniunguis Jacobi on, 38
Slavewood, 70
Snail potato aphis, 109

Soap, 1, 4. 5, 6, 14, 19, 25, 28, 44, 48, 49, 54, 60-62, 65,
66, 77, 78-80, 86-89, 93, 98, 99, 106-109, 112,
115, 116, 118, 119
Soap iDark, 89

Solanum sp, , Corythaica monacha Stal, on, 93
Solu'bility of quassin, 89
Spinning mites. 111
Spirit, 64, 65
Sprays, 1-8, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19. 21, 23-25. 28, 41, 44, 48,

49, 51, 53-55, 57, 50-63, 65, 66, 69. 72. 76, 77,

78-80, 85, 85-89. 93, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 106-111,

113-116, 118-120
Stavewood, 70, 126
Sa'bstitutes, <laassia, 58
Sulphur, 65
Surinam quassia, 7, 12, 22, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35. 39, 41, 46, 47. 51,

54, 58, 70, 86, 93, 94, 104, 122, 124
Synonomy, 31. 40, 56, 58, 67, 70, 124, 125
^rup of quassia, 123

-.•54.-..

Tere'ointhus, 27

Tetrazgphus, 62

Tetraoychus althaeae von Haiistein, 110

Threadv/orms, 58, 92

Thrips, 46

Tlirlps, pea, 8

Thrips ta"baci Lind. ,48

Tiiictorc of quassia, 10, 22, 52, 123

Tinctvire of Simaruba officinalis, 22

To'bacco, 99, 116, 121

ToDacco extract, 57» 64, 65 '

Tomatoes, Lygus pa'bulinus and L, pro.tensis on, 88

Tonic properties of quassia, 31,59, 104, 123

Toxicity of quassiin, 11

Trioza viridula Zett., 69, 85

Tropidacris Ictreillei Party, 36

Turnips, Phyllotreta nemo rum on, 5

Turpentine tree, 27

Typhlocylja rosae L, , 114

Vermifuge, 58, 92, 126 . ,

Vittmannia, 97

Wasps, Icri", 77

Sylopia glabrg,, 125

](^-lopicrum, 125

- 55 -

CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX

Ycox

Reference I

L°2.

1743

50

1754

20

1777

90

17S9

27,37

1790

126

1794

86

1799

122

1804

94

1815-

32

104

1824

75

1826

9

1832

125

1836

56

1837

121

1839

97

1848

30

1849

31

1852-

54

91

1868

45

1870

40

1882

[T]

33

1833

7, 47

1384

83

1885

84

1887

31

1888

82

1890

73, 74

1895

35,59

1396

42

1907

70, 123

1909

16

1910

95

Year

Reference No.

1911

22

1913

14, 26, 66, 77,

108, 118

1914

1, 41, 53, 54,

78, 89, 98

1915

2, 3, 25, 44, 51,

96, 103, 110

1916

12, 48, 49, 54,

58, 60, 61, 80,

■

. 99, 102, 111,

113-115, 119

1917

4, 15

1918

5, 21, 62, 63, 101

1919

6, 76

1920

52, 120 [?]

1921

55, 58, 71, 112,117

1922 •

23, 86, 87, 90, 91

105, 109

1923

38

1924

39

1925

18, 19, 43, 57, 85,

88, 109

1926

10, 46, 79

1927

11, 106, 117, 127

1928

17, 93, 107

1929

24, 69

1930

100

1931

28, 29, 36

1932

8

1933

13, 72

1934

65, 92

1936

32

1937

34, 124

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

- 56 -

3 1262 09236 6904

JUNIOR AUTHOR INDEX

AtlDott, W. S. , 101
Boning, K, , 65
Caspnri, C« , 58
Denoxo, A., 83, 84
Dudley, J, S., Jr., 101
Lawcdl, C. H. , 124
Moreaiix, 7

Romington, J. P., 123
Rusby, H. H, . 58
Russell', f ., 32
Ryle,.G. B., 38
Sndtler, S. P., 123
Schlossinann, H, , 100
Si ever s, A, P., 71
Tafel, 22