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BIBLIOTHECA ACCIPITRARIA

SIR RALPH SADLER OF EVERLEY, WILTS.

Grand Falconer to Queen Elizabeth.

From a painting on panels in the possession of Sir John D. Astley, Bart.

A' (iri^*, (!broiuo-coUotyi)e.

Bibliotbcca Hccipitraria

A

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

ANCIENT AND MODERN

»

RELATING TO

FALCONRY

WITH NOTES, GLOSSARY, AND VOCABULARY

BY

JAMES EDMUND IJARTING

LIBRARIAN TO THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

LC'NDON; .,; ; '.; ; _;;,
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY

1891

CONTENTS.

PAGES

I. Introduction ix-xxviii

II. Catalogue of Books :

English . . • i-44

Dutch . 44-45

German 45-59

Danish and Norwegian S9-6i

Swedish 6i

French 61-108

Provencal . 109

Catalan no

Spanish 111-13S

Portuguese 136

Italian . 137-160

Latin 161-181

Greek 181-184

Russian 184-193

Turkish 193-196

Persian 197-202

Arabic 202-206

Chinese 206-209

Japanese 209-216

VI

CONTENTS.

PAGES

III. Glossary of Technical Terms 217-232

IV. Polyglot Vocabui-ary 233-239

V. Notes to the Illustrations 241-273

VI. Index to Authors, Printers, Engravers, &c. . . 275-289

GEL

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

{For Notes to tliese Plates see end of Volume.')

1. Sir Ralph Sadler, Grand Falconer to Queen Elizabeth . . Front is.

To /ace fa^e

2. Robert Cheseman, Falconer to Henry VIII .8

3. Elizabethan Falconer's Bag ........ 12

4. James I. as a Youth, with a Sparrow-hawk 16

5. James I. after his Accession to the Throne of England ; from a Portrait

by Vandyck 18

6. The Hon. Lewis Latham, Falconer to Charles 1 22

7. English Falconers of the Seventeenth Century, by Francis Barlow,

etched by Hollar 26

8. Colonel Thornton, of Thornville Royal, Yorkshire . . . .36

9. Silver-gilt Urn presented to Col. Thornton by Members of the

Falconers' Club, 1781 256

10. Edward Clough Newcome, of Hockwold, Norfolk . . . • Z^

1 1. Fleming of Barochan, with his Falconers, John Anderson and George

Harvey 40

12. Peter Ballantine, the Last of the Old Scotch Falconers . . .42

13. A Dutch Falconer, by Franz de Vriendt, commonly called Franz

Floris 44 '

viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

To face page

14. Prince William V. of Holland, Heron -hawking at the Loo in 1767 . 48

15. A German Falconer of the Sixteenth Century 56

16. A French Falconer, Time of Louis XV 88

17. Lorenzo de' Medici, surnamed the Magnificent, Author of La Caccia

col Falcone ........... 140

18. Italian Falconers of the Seventeenth Century, by Tempesta . .150

19. Italian Miniatures of the Thirteenth Century, from a MS.of the Emperor

Frederick the Second's Treatise, De Arte Venandi cum Avihts . 168

20. Other Miniatures from the Same Source 170

21. A Falconer of Cyprus, by Titian 182

22. Falconers of Eastern Turkestan, with the Berkut, or Trained Eagle . 192

23. Indian Falconers with Sakers and Peregrine 198

24. Arab Falconers with Lanners ...,.,,. 202

25. A Japanese Falconer 212

26. A Trained Falcon 216

INTRODUCTION.

"Subseciva qutedam tempora incurrunt qure ego perire non patior." — Cicero.

Falconry, like other field sports, has its literature. It would
be strange if it were not so ; for on turning over the pages of
the world's history, it is apparent that for centuries it has
played a conspicuous part amongst the diversions of people of
all nations.

But the literature of the subject has been much neglected.
The older treatises in all languages have become scarce and
costly, and of the rest the booksellers are unable to supply, or
even to name, a tithe of them. This, perhaps, is partly due
to the circumstance that no Bibhography of Falconry, having
any claim to completeness, exists. It cannot be said that no
such work has been attempted ; for in 1853 the late Professor
Schlegel, of Leyden, appended to his splendid Traite de Fau-
connerie a Catalogue Raisonne of such books on the subject as
were known to him ; while since that date has appeared the
Bibliographie de la Chasse of M. Souhart, in which Falconry,
although by no means adequately treated, has received some
share of attention.

Long prior to the publication of these two works the
Catalogues of Kreysig (1750), Lallemant Freres (1763), and
Lastri (1787) included the titles of books on Hawking, as
well as of those relating to other branches of the Chase ; while
since their appearance, Hsts, varying in length and importance,
have been printed by Baudrillart, Hammer- Purgstall, Riesen-
thal, and Senores Uhagon and Leguina. Of these the most

INTROD UCTION.

comprehensive is certainly that of Schlegel ; but although
extensive as compared with other lists of the kind, it is con-
spicuously deficient in regard to the titles of English, French,
and German works on Falconry ; not because many of these
were printed after Schlegel's Traite had appeared (which
would have furnished a sufficient reason for their omission),
but because they were evidently unknown to him.

In the present Bibliotheca Accipitraria, profiting by the
labours of my predecessors, and having made researches in all
directions, I have been able to set down 378 titles in nineteen
languages. These have been transcribed verbatim et literatim^
and the various editions and translations indicated. In the
course of twenty years' collecting, the majority of the books
have been either procured, or seen, and carefully examined ;
and it is believed that no printed work of any importance has
escaped notice. Incidentally a great number of MSS. have
been referred to, and the libraries in which they are preserved
indicated ; but they have not been catalogued for two reasons.
In the first place, I have already given an account of the Eng-
lish MSS, relating to Falconry in my Introduction to an Eliza-
bethan treatise on the Sparrow-hawk and Goshawk (No. 81
of the present Bibliotheca) ; and, in the next place, no proper
catalogue of existing MSS. on the subject in other languages
could be prepared without making a tour of the principal
Continental libraries, and devoting a considerable time to an
examination of the originals. It has been thought desirable,
however, to state where MSS. of importance are deposited, so
that those who have the leisure and inclination to examine them
may be guided in their research. This information will be found
in the critical notes which follow the titles, where also the
reader will often discover some account of the authors of im-
portant works, with hints as to the sources of their inspiration.
In a few cases the extreme rarity of a treatise, or the
trouble which would be entailed upon those who would
attempt the perusal of the original, has suggested a translation
of so much as was deemed necessary to convey an accurate
notion of the contents. For example, a precis is given (pp.
67-71) of the rare Livredu Faulcon (c. i486) — of which no
English translation exists — with quotations which sufficiently

INTRO D UCTION.

exemplify the phraseology of its unknown author. The history
and disputed authorship of the almost equally rare Livre du
Roi Modus is examined (pp. 61-66). The celebrated Spanish
treatise on Falconry by the Prince Don Juan Manuel is
epitomised (pp. 1 1 3-1 1 5), as is also that of the famous work of
Martinez de Espinar. An epitome is furnished (pp. 169-172)
of the Latin work of the Emperor Frederick II., De Arte
Venandi cum Avibus (1245), and of the Greek work of
Demetrius of Constantinople, written in 1270 (pp. 181-183) ;
while in the case of the Russian books catalogued, half-a-
dozen in number, a transliteration of the titles follows the
original, and is succeeded by an abstract of the contents.

I can claim no acquaintance, I regret to say, with Oriental
languages, but by means of French and German translations,
and with the assistance of friends well versed in the matter,
I have been able to give an account of most, if not all, of the
treatises on Falconry which are worth quoting in Turkish,
Persian, Arabic, Chinese, and Japanese. It may be observed
that many of these are in MS., and there is perhaps little
likelihood of their being published. Strictly speaking, as
manuscripts, they ought not to have been included in the
present Catalogue ; but to have omitted all mention of them
would have been to pass over some important sources of in-
formation, while by directing attention to their existence, oppor-
tunity is afforded to the reader of judging the extent of Oriental
literature on this particular branch of sport.

To Mr. Sydney A. J. Churchill, of the Persian Legation, I
am indebted for much kind assistance in regard to the Persian
and Arabic titles, and the fact that the proof-sheets of this
portion of the Bibliotheca Accipitraria have been revised by the
eminent Orientalist, Dr. Rieu, of the British Museum, gives it
an imprimatur without which it could not be expected to find
favour in the eyes of critics. As regards the Chinese and
Japanese titles, I am under great obligation to Mr. F. V.
Dickins, Assistant Registrar of the University of London,
whose knowledge of these languages has enabled him to give
most valuable assistance.

Altogether, there are catalogued 378 titles in nineteen lan-
guages. The way in which they are apportioned will be seen on

xu

IN TROD UCTION.

reference to the following table, which also shows the impor-
tant additions which have been made to the catalogue published
by Schlegel : —

List of Works.

Schlegel.

Harting.

English .

15

82

Dutch .

3

4

German

16

46

Danish .

4

Swedish

I

French .

30

84

Provencal

I

Catalan .

I

Spanish

38

Portuguese

I

Italian .

35

Latin .

17

29

Greek .

4

4

Russian

I

6

Turkish

2

3

Persian .

3

8

Arabic .

12

13

Chinese

4

4

Japanese

II

14

Total .

135

37^

On examining the titles of all these works, two things are
particularly striking — first, the great antiquity of Falconry;
and secondly, its widespread practice.

The origin of the art it is now impossible to discover.
From the earliest times of which history takes cognizance
people of all nations, but more particularly those of Eastern
origin, have practised the sport, and we may form some idea
of its antiquity from Sir Henry Layard's discovery of a bas-
relief amongst the ruins of Khorsabad, in which a falconer is
represented carrying a hawk upon his fist. From this he
has inferred that hawking was practised there some 1700
years before the Christian era.

In China it was known even at an earlier date than this.

INTRODUCTION. xiii

for in a Japanese work (No. 376), of which a French trans-
lation appeared at the beginning of the present century, it is
stated that falcons were amongst the presents made to princes
in the time of the Hia dynasty, which is supposed to have
commenced in the year 2205 b.c.

It would carry me far beyond the limits of this Intro-
duction were I to attempt to trace here the history and
progress of Falconry, although the necessary materials are at
hand in the works which I have catalogued. On this part of
the subject a second volume might be written. Suffice it to
remark, that the sport was introduced into Europe from the
East, and that there is reason to believe that Hawking was
practised by Europeans at least three centuries before the
Christian era.*

It is remarkable how on almost every point the falconers of
the East and West are agreed. Although the communication
between them has been interrupted for centuries, their general
system of treatment, and the many ingenious contrivances,
either discovered or handed down from posterity, are very
similar. Both make use of jesses, leashes, bells, and hoods,
varying only in pattern and material. They imp broken flight-
feathers in the same way, and both bathe and weather their
hawks, feed and give castings, in the same manner.

This alone would prove the ancient origin of Falconry,
which appears to have had but one source, and probably to
have been introduced by the Indo-Germanic race from the
plains of Hindostan, so favourable to Hawking.

On looking into the history of Falconry in Europe, one
figure of a great falconer in the Middle Ages stands out
prominently — namely, the Emperor Frederick II. of Germany,
who died in 1 2 50. He had seen something of Hawking in the
East, and in 1239, on his return from a Crusade which he
had undertaken the year before, when he was crowned King
of Jerusalem and Sicily, he brought with him from Syria and
Arabia several expert falconers with their hawks, and spent
much of his leisure time in learning from them the secrets of
their art, which he considered the noblest and most worthy of
all the arts. The excellent treatise which he composed in
* See No. 79 of this Catalogue, p. 69.

xiv INTRODUCTION.

Latin, De Arte Venandi cum Avibus, was the first which
appeared in the West, and is still one of the best which
exists. It has been translated into German by Pacius (No. loi),
and its marked influence on the literature of the subject is
perceptible on examining the subsequently published treatises
of the French author Tardif and our English Turbervile.

In the Middle Ages the Germans were great falconers ; so
also were the French, and the natives of Brabant, of whom a
celebrated Spanish falconer in 1325 wrote that they were the
best falconers in the world. To a less extent the art was
practised in Spain and Italy during many centuries, and books
were written in all these countries by those who had become
proficient in the art, and were fired by the enthusiam of their
success. The Kings of Norway and Denmark preferred hunting
to hawking, but rendered good service to the sister sport by
procuring, from various parts of Scandinavia, the celebrated
jerfalcons of Northern Europe, which were held in the highest
esteem by those to whom they were sent as presents.

Although the precise date of the introduction of Hawking
into England cannot now be ascertained, we know from
^several sources that it was practised by our ancestors in early
Saxon times. In a letter addressed by King Ethelbert (a.d.
748-760) to Boniface, Archbishop of Mayence, who died in
755, the monarch asked him to send over two falcons that
would do to fly at the crane, for, said he, " there are very
few birds of use for that flight in this country" — i.e., in
Kent. Asser, in his Life of Alfred the Great, particularly
refers to the king's love of hawking ; and William of Malmes-
bury records much the same of Athelstan, who procured his
hawks from Wales. The same historian says of Edward the
Confessor that his chief delight was to follow a pack of swift
hounds and cheer them with his voice, or to attend the flight
of hawks taught to pursue and catch their kindred birds.

So general, indeed, was the pastime of Hawking in Saxon
times, that the monks of Abingdon found it necessary in 821
to procure a charter from King Kenulph to restrain the practice
in harvest-time, in order to prevent their crops from being
trampled upon. (Dugdale, Mottasticon, i. p. 100.)

INTRODUCTION. xv

One of the most interesting pieces of documentary evidence
on this part of the subject is deposited in the MS. Depart-
ment of the British Museum. I refer to the Colloquy of
Archbishop ^Elfric, a composition of the tenth century. The
object of this and similar colloquies and vocabularies compiled
about the same period was to interpret Latin to the Anglo-
Saxon student, and furnish him with the Latin words for
the common objects of life. In this MS. we find a dialogue
between a scholar and a falconer, in which the latter imparts
some interesting details on the • subject of his art as then
practised.*

Hawking was pursued by many of our early kings with the
greatest enthusiasm, and some reference to their doings will
be found in No. 79 of this Catalogue, which contains (pp.
71-85) many details of interest serving to illustrate the his-
tory of Falconry in England.

Henry VHL's love of Hawking may be inferred from the
anecdote related of him in Hall's " Chronicle," to the effect that,
being one day out hawking at Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, he
was leaping a dyke with a hawking-pole, when it suddenly
broke, and the king was immersed in mud and water, and
might have lost his life had not Edmund Moody, one of the at-
tendants, come to his assistance. (Chronicle 1 548, fol. 1 30 verso.)
A portrait of his chief falconer, Robert Cheseman, from the
painting by Holbein in the Royal Gallery at The Hague, will
be found amongst the illustrations to the present work.t

A representation is also given (see the frontispiece) of
Sir Ralph Sadler, the Grand Falconer to Queen Elizabeth, in
whose reign Hawking was much in vogue. It is reproduced
from an old panel-portrait by Gerhardt which hangs in the
Manor House at Everley, Wilts, the former residence of

* This dialogue will be found printed in the Introduction to No. 81.

t It was in the reign of Henry VIII. that the royal hawks were removed from
the Mews at Charing Cross (where they had been kept during many reigns), and
the place was converted into stables. The name, however, confirmed by long
usage, remained to the building, although after the hawks were withdrawn it
became inapplicable. But what is more curious still, in later times, when the
people of London began to build stabling at the back of their houses, they
christened those places "mews " after the old stabling at Charing Cross.

xvi INTRODUCTION.

Henry Sadler, the third son of Sir Ralph (see the note to
No. 19, pp. 16, 17, and "Notes to the Illustrations," p. 242).
James I., as is well known, was an enthusiastic sportsman,
and especially delighted in Hawking, on which amusement he
spent considerable sums annually, as may be seen by the
entries of payments made during this reign, printed in Devon's
" Issues of the Exchequer." *

His portrait as a youth, with a sparrow-hawk on his fist, is
here reproduced from a scarce engraving by Raddon, and his
appearance in after-life is shown in the portrait by Vandyck.

It was in his reign that Sir Thomas Monson, who succeeded
Sir Ralph Sadler as Royal Falconer, was said to have given
;^iooo for a cast of falcons — a story which has been re-
peatedly told in print, but which is altogether based upon a
misapprehension. The facts are correctly stated by Sir
Antony Weldon in his " Court and Character of King James,"
1650 ; the truth being that Sir Thomas Monson spent ;^iooo
before he succeeded in getting a cast of jerfalcons that were
perfect for flying at the kite, and this he might very well have
done, seeing that he would have to defray the cost of
expeditions to Norway or Iceland for them.t

By great good fortune, while these pages were passing
through the press, I learnt that a lineal descendant of the
Hon. Lewis Latham, Falconer to Charles I., was living at
Hyattsville, Maryland, U.S.A., in the person of Mr. F. A.
Holden, and that he had in his possession a contemporary
portrait of his ancestor. I lost no time in communicating
with him, and in due course received a photograph of the por-
trait, here reproduced, with permission to publish it.

All the Stuarts were fond of Hawking, but after the
Restoration the sport ceased to be popular. The causes
which led to its decline were many and various. The disas-
trous state of the country during the period of the civil wars

* See also Professor Newton's account of Hawking in Norfolk, appended to
the second edition of Lubbock's " Fauna of Norfolk," 1879, pp. 226-227, and the
supplementary remarks thereon, contributed by the present writer to the Trans •
actions of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society, 1880, vol. iii. pp. 82-89.

t See note to No. 27.

INTR OD UCTION. xvii

naturally put an end, for the time being, to the general in-
dulgence in field sports. The inclosure of waste lands, the
drainage and cultivation of marshes, the great improvement in
fire-arms, and particularly the introduction of shot, all con-
tributed to lessen the interest once so universally taken in
this sport. Fashion also, no doubt, had a good deal to do
M^ith the decline of Hawking, for so soon as the reigning
sovereign ceased to take an interest in the sport, the courtiers
and their friends followed suit. Nevertheless, it never really
died out, and from that time to the present it has never ceased
to be practised by a few admirers of the old sport in various
parts of the country, while during the last few years signs have
not been wanting of its increasing popularity.

In addition to those already mentioned, the portraits of one
or two of its staunchest supporters during the present century
will be found amongst the illustrations here given ; notably
the Scottish falconers, Fleming of Barochan, John Anderson,
and Peter Ballantine (who died in 1884) ; and the English
masters of the craft. Colonel Thornton, of Thornville Royal,
Yorkshire, and Edward Clough Newcome, of Hockwold, in
the county of Norfolk, concerning whom some details will be
found in the " Notes to the Illustrations."

Of the other plates to this volume, it may be said that the
writer's aim has been to give authoritative representations of
falconers of various nations, in their national costumes, and
with the hawks and falcons used by them ; occasionally
also to figure such curiosities connected with the sport as
may be of interest not only to falconers, but also to lovers
of art.

As an aid to those who are but imperfectly acquainted
with the technical terms employed in the exercise of this
ancient sport, it is hoped that the English Glossary and
polyglot Vocabulary at the end of this volume will prove
of service ; the more so, since many of the words therein
contained are not to be found in the ordinary dictionaries.

It may be expected, and indeed it has been already hinted
to the writer, that in the course of this Introduction to
the Literature of Falconry, some introduction to the Sport

b

xviii INTRODUCTION.

itself should be included, to enable a proper understanding of
the critical notes which follow. It is difficult to attempt this
without incurring the risk of writing too much, and going too
minutely into a branch of the subject which the present volume
is not primarily intended to deal with. A bibliography is one
thing, a treatise on Falconry is quite another, and would, if fully
considered, extend far beyond the limits of an Introduction.
Nevertheless, as the two are so connected that an explanation
of the one will lead to a better appreciation of the other, a
brief outline may here be given of what may be termed the
principia artis accipitrarice*

The birds employed by falconers belong to two classes —
the long-winged, dark-eyed falcons, and the short-winged,
yellow-eyed hawks. To the former class belong the Jerfalcon,
Peregrine, Lanner, Saker, Barbary Falcon, the Indian Shahin,
the Hobby, and the Merlin ; to the latter the Goshawk and
Sparrow-hawk. The former take their prey by rising above
it in the air, and stooping at it from a considerable height, and
striking it to the ground ; the latter pursue in a straight line,
and, overtaking the quarry by superior speed, clutch it, and
come down with it. The larger falcons are flown at winged
game of all kinds — crows, magpies, rooks, herons, and wild-
fowl ; the smaller falcons, such as the merlin and hobby, are
used for taking larks ; while of the short -winged hawks, the
sparrow-hawk is flown at blackbirds and thrushes, partridges
early in the season, and quails ; the goshawk taking pheasants,
partridges, and wild-fowl, rabbits and hares. With all birds
of prey the females are invariably larger and more powerful than
the males, and the sexes are consequently selected according to
the quarry they have to pursue. Jerfalcons are now rarely
employed, partly owing to the difficulty of procuring them,
partly because the peregrine falcon is preferred, and experience
has shown that, except in a woody or inclosed country, where
the goshawk and sparrow-hawk are preferable, the peregrine
is the most useful of all the birds of prey.

* The details which follow are taken from the article " Falconry " (No. 82)
contributed by the present writer to the last edition of Chambers's Encycl opcedia,
1880.

INTRODUCTION. xix

Hawks are either taken young from the nest before they
can fl}^, when they are termed eyesses, or are caught later,
during the period of their migration, by means of a decoy
pigeon and a bow-net, when they are called passage-hawks *
The mode of treatment is a little different, inasmuch as the
latter have already learned to catch and kill prey for them-
selves, and only require to be tamed ; the former have ever}'-
thing to learn. A passage-hawk on being caught is hooded,
and has jesses, or soft leather straps, fastened on her legs.
She is then set down on a block of turf to prevent damage to
feathers, and fed once a day, at first through the opening of
the hood, afterwards with the hood removed. The bird is
always fed upon the gloved hand, and gradually learns to step
on to it from the perch, increasing the distance daily until
she is obliged to fly to reach the fist. The training then
commences. The hawk is called off^ as it is termed, to the
lure, which means that after tying a long line to the ends of
the jesses she is held hooded on the hand of an assistant,
until the falconer, at the distance of five-and-twenty yards,
swings the lure to which the bird has been accustomed to
come to be fed. The hood being then removed, the hawk
flies to the lure, and is exercised in this way for some time
daily, until she is sufficiently tractable to be trusted without a
line, care being taken not to feed her until she has flown,
and always to reward her for coming to the lure with a morsel
of the meat with which it is garnished. She is then entered
at the quarry at which she is intended to be flown (partridge,
rook, or whatever it may be) by first giving her a live bird at
the end of a long line, and allowing her to go off the fist and
kill it ; eventually the line is dispensed with, and she is flown
at wild quarry.

Such, briefly, is the mode of training a passage-hawk. An
eyess is somewhat differently treated. A straw-covered plat-
form is put up in some shed or outhouse, and on this the nest-
lings (which should not be taken too young, or they will turn
out screamers) are placed, the platform being about as high up

* The mode of capturing passage-hawks as practised by the Dutch falconers
will be found described in No. 79, p. 109.

XX INTRODUCTION.

as one can reach to feed the birds. They are fed three
times a day on fresh lean beef, while growing, to keep up
their strength, or hunger-traces will appear, like cuts across
the webs of the feathers, and the latter, breaking, will render
the birds useless. When they are strong enough and able to
fly, jesses are put on the legs, and a spherical brass bell (of
Dutch or Indian make), on one leg, is fastened just above the
jess with a little narrow strip of leather termed a bewit. At
feeding-time, now once a day, they are called to the lure, and
being allowed their liberty for some weeks (in which state
they are said to be flying at hack), they daily gain strength
and wing-power, until the time comes for taking them up and
commencing their training, which after this stage does not
differ much from the method above described for passage-
hawks. When flying at hack, a hawk sometimes becomes
wild, wanders away to a distance, and kills game for herself.
When this is perceived, a bow-net, or other device for snaring,
is set for her, to which she is decoyed and recaptured. The
first operation in training is hooding, which, if successfully
performed, overcomes much dilBculty. It requires some
patience and dexterity, and should be practised at first in a
darkened room, in which the hawk will be much quieter than
in broad daylight. The hood is simply a cap of leather, made
to fit the head in such a manner as to obscure the light, a
single aperture only being left, through which the beak pro-
trudes, and a slit behind, which is opened and closed, when
the hood is put on and off, by means of braces, one pair of
which opens, the other pair closes the slit ; the eye-pieces,
which to prevent injury to the eyes are carefully blocked
out, are covered for ornament with red or green cloth. By
temporarily blindfolding the hawk, the hood causes her
to sit perfectly quiet, and prevents her from bating, or
fluttering, at the risk of breaking feathers, as she would
do if frightened by passers-by until gradually accustomed to
them.

Allusion has already been made to the jesses, or soft straps
of leather (dogskin is best), which are fastened to the legs of
the hawk, by which to hold her on the glove and tie her to

INTR OD UCTION.

the perch or block. These jesses are about six inches long,
and are never removed when the hawk is flown, though they
require to be renewed from time to time. In former days
varvels, or flat rings of silver, with the owner's name engraved
thereon, were permanently attached to the ends of the jesses,
and through these one end of the leash was passed, the other
end being prevented from going through by a leather button.
At the present day, however, most falconers prefer using a
figure 8 swivel, which is always detached before the hawk is
flown.

The lure, already referred to, is a device for luring the
hawk back to her owner after an unsuccessful flight, and on
this account the hawk is early made acquainted with it by being
fed upon it daily while being trained. There are various
patterns ; one of the simplest and most easily made consists
of a couple of pigeons' wings tied together on a flat circular
leaden weight covered with leather, upon which a piece of
raw meat is tied on both sides. The tabiir-stick and drawer^
which were formerly used as lures, have long been dis-
carded.

The beaks and claws of wild-caught hawks are generally
so long and sharp as to require paring, or coping as it is
termed ; but this operation requires to be very carefully per-
formed (the hawk being hooded and held by an assistant),
and not more than the tenth of an inch removed, or the
efficiency of the beak and claws will be impaired. Indeed,
some falconers will never cope a hawk except when the beak
is overgrown ; and with goshawks especially, which have to
hold such powerful prey as hares and rabbits, strong and
sharp pounces are indispensable.

Eastern falconers carry their hawks upon the right hand ;
European falconers always carry them on the left, leaving
the right hand free for detaching leash and swivel, and re-
moving and replacing the hood.

For further information than can be afforded within the
narrow limits of an Introduction, the reader must be referred
to some of the works catalogued in the following pages.

And here it may be well to direct attention to some of

INTRO D UCTJON.

the more useful books in different languages, for it is not to
be supposed that they are all of equal merit. On the con-
trary, many of them are of no practical value at the present
day, and are mere literary curiosities, interesting only from
their rarity, or as early specimens of printing and engraving.
Amongst these may be mentioned " The Book of St. Albans "
(No. i);* "The Institution of a Gentleman," 1555 (No. 10);
Maplet's "Greene Forest," 1567 (No. 11); Swan's Speculum
Mundi, 1635 (No. 26); Stevenson's "Twelve Moneths,".i66i
(No. 32) ; Hicfelt's Aucupatorium Herodiorum, 1450 (No.
88) ; Eberhard Tapp's Waidwerck und Federspiel, 1 542 (No.
93); Pomey's Buchlein, 1671 (No. 98); Le Livre du Rot
Modus, i486 (No. 138); Le Rot Dancus, 1284 (No. 139);
Le Livre du Faulcon, i486 (No. 140) ; and others. Yet
these are all book rarities, and command high prices when
they occur for sale.

Again, many books are included in this Bibliotheca Accipi-
traria which do not relate exclusively to Falconry ; such,
for instance, as the works of Gervase Markham (Nos. 3—8)
and William Gryndall (No. 13); "The Jewel for Gen trie "
(No. 17); and "The Gentleman's Recreation," by Nicholas
Cox (Nos. 37-39) and Richard Blome (No. 41) ; as also cer-
tain Encyclopaedias. But as these contain important sections,
or articles, on the practice of Falconry, it would have been
manifestly unwise to omit mention of them.

Of compilations, not always acknowledged, and translations,
there are naturally a good many, but the critical notes ap-
pended to the titles of these will put the reader on his guard
against attaching undue importance to them, however in-
dispensable they may seem to the collector of books on
Hawking.

Those who may be disposed to take up the subject
seriously, if they know nothing about it already, will be
naturally perplexed if offered a choice of nearly four hundred
volumes. It may be well, therefore, to indicate those which
will be found of most use at the present day, including, on

* The history and practical value of the treatise on Hawking, which forms
part of the " Book of St. Albans,'' is minutely examined in No. 79, pp. 96-108.

INTRODUCTION. xxiii

account of their excellence, a few of the older treatises which
deserve to be consulted.

English. — Turbervile (14, 15), Latham (18, 19, 20), and
Bert (22) may be regarded as the old English masters of
Falconry. They wrote chiefly from experience, although
Turbervile borrowed much from French and Italian authors of
repute. Before his day the books in use were either garbled
versions of the " Book of St. Albans," and of little practical
value, or compositions by writers who had but slight acquaint-
ance with the subject. Markham's " Gentleman's Academic,"
1595 (3), and "Hunger's Prevention," 1621 (8), are perhaps
the most desirable of this author's works from the falconer's
point of view.

Sir Antony Weldon's curious little volume (27) is worth
securing, if opportunity occurs, since it contains the true story
of Sir Thomas Monson's hawks, so strangely perverted by
subsequent writers (see pp. xvi, 23). The alleged extrava-
gance of this " Master Falconer" by the charge of ;^iooo in
gos-falcons for one flight (that of the kite) is first noticed by
Oldys in the Biographia Britannica, afterwards by Warton in his
Observations on Spenser (1762, ii. 173), and then by Pennant
(1768, i. 133), who in his "British Zoology" inserted all
Warton's notices of hawking without acknowledgment —
whence they were copied by Yarrell and others. In the first
edition Sir A. W. calls the birds " gos-faulcons "; in the second
edition they are styled more correctly " ger-faulcons."

Ray's "Summary of Falconry" (35), though not original,
being abridged from Turbervile and Latham, is to be com-
mended ; but, being in folio, its size is cumbersome.

Nicholas Cox's " Gentleman's Recreation " passed through
so many editions that there is no difficulty in procuring a
copy. It is of little merit, however, being chiefly compiled
from the works of previous writers (see the note on p.. 28).

A folio work with the same title, by Richard Blome(4i), is
better worth having, and has numerous fine engravings.

Campbell's " Treatise of Modern Faulconry," 1773 (49), is
a practical one, but is disfigured by a long and ridiculous
preface, for which he was not responsible (see note on p. 34).

xxiv INTRODUCTION.

Colonel Thornton's " Sporting Tour " (57), though relating
to various field sports, is full of allusions to Falconry, of which
he was a famous exponent, and illustrates in a delightful
manner the practical part of the subject.

Sir John Sebright's " Observations upon Hawking "
(61), originally published in pamphlet form (64 pp. only) for
eighteenpence, would now be cheap at a guinea. The author
wrote from his own experience, and was assisted by an
excellent falconer, Mr. John Dawson Downes, of Gunton,
Suffolk, who revised the MS. Some account of the original
MS. lately examined by me will be found in The Zoologist,
1890 (pp. 417-421).

The second edition of Lubbock's " Fauna of Norfolk " (65)
is to be commended for the sake of the chapter on the re-
mains of Falconry in Norfolk (pp. 33-44) and the excellent
notes on this subject communicated in an Appendix (pp. 224-
239) by Professor Newton.

Coming now to the recent works by English writers, those
by Salvin and Brodrick {6y)y Freeman (68, 71), and Delme
Radchffe (72, 73) are indispensable to all who would learn
something of the history and practice of a noble and ancient
sport ; while, if an author may be permitted to refer to his
own labours, it may be hinted that in Nos. 79 and 80 of the
present Catalogue the reader will find some information not
unworthy of his attention.

German. — The list of German books contains the titles of a
good many that are more curious than useful. The first on
the list (87) is regarded as the earliest printed book on
Falconry in any language.

The reader perhaps would do well to begin with Dr,
Landau's Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Jagd und der Falk-
nerei in Deutschland (121) and the section on Hawking in
Die Raubvogel Deutschlands by Riesenthal (127), and then
to look back into some of the older authors, such as Eberhard
Tapp, Knoblauch, and Hans von Fleming, by which time he will
be better prepared to understand their technicalities. One of
the best of these is the translation of the work of the French
falconer, Charles d'Arcussia (97), published at Frankfort in

INTRODUCTION. xxv

1617, and full of interesting details of hawking, written
at the most flourishing period of its history — namely, at
the time when the falconers of James I. of England and of
Louis XIII. of France vied with each other in a display of
their art.

French. — The French literature is rich in hawking books.
Amongst the older writers, Guillaume Tardif (142), Jean
de Franchieres (145), de Gommer (152), Charles d'Arcussia
(153), Saincte-Aulaire (155), Pierre Harmont, dit " Mei-
cure," (156), Claude de Morals (164), and Seigneur do
Boissoudan (202) were all masters of their art, and their
works are accordingly of value. Amongst writers of the
modern school, precedence must be given to Schlegel's
splendid Traite de Fauconnerie with its erudite text and
beautifully coloured plates. No less valuable, from its com-
prehensive and complete nature, is Baron de Noirmont's
Histoire de la Chasse en France (206), the third volume of
which contains much important information on the history and
progress of Falconry. Reference should also be made to the
very useful and instructive work of Viollet-le-Duc,* in which
will be found figures and descriptions of some early forms of
lure (fig. 21) and hood (figs. 22, 23). As we come nearer to
our own time, French works on Falconry, instead of showing
signs of decline, seem to issue from the press more frequently,
thereby indicating a revived interest in the ancient and time-
honoured sport, which is happily sustained by the united efforts
and enthusiasm of living French and English falconers.

Thus may be mentioned with respect and admiration the
names of MM. Charavay (210), D'Aubusson (211), Pichot
(207, 208, 221), Sourbets (216), Saint Marc (217), Foye
(218), Belvalette (219), and Cerfon (220) — all of whom have
contributed in an important degree to rescue la chasse au vol
from neglect, and place it again upon the footing it once held
amongst national field sports.

To Monsieur P. A. Pichot the present writer is particularly
indebted for much kind assistance in relation to French litera-

* Dictioniiaire Raisoniii du Mobilier Fran^ais de Vipoque Carlovin^enne h la
Retiaissancc, vol. ii., 1877, art. Chasse, pp. 407-449.

xxvi INTRODUCTION.

ture during the preparation of this Bibliotheca Accipitraria, as
well as for the figure of a French falconer in the time of
Louis XV., which will be found amongst the illustrations.

Spanish. — As a curiosity, Los Paramientos de la Caza
(224), attributed to Sancho VI. (el Sabio), is worth reading,
although Don Jose Gutierrez de la Vega (226) doubts whether
the MS. is of the age assigned to it (p. xcvii). But the two
most celebrated books in Spanish upon this subject are those
by the Prince Don Juan Manuel (226) and the Chancellor Pero
Lopez de Ayala (228). Nor should we omit to notice the now
scarce work of Martinez de Espinar (245). Those who are not
familiar with the Spanish literature of the chase will probably
be surprised at the number of works (38) now catalogued,
especially as only seven are enumerated by Schlegel. But of
these thirty-eight, it must be confessed that several are of but
slight importance, while a few are merely translations from the
Latin and French.

Italian. — The best known, and perhaps on the whole the
most useful, treatises in Italian are those of Carcano (267)
and Federico Georgi (268) ; but the following may also be
recommended for reasons which appear in the notes following
the titles — namely, Codroipo (274), Raimondi (277), Olina
(278), and Tuano, translated from the Latin by Bergantini
(284). It was to the works of Carcano and Georgi that our
English Turbervile was so much indebted in the preparation of
his " Booke of Faulconrie," 1575-1611 (14, 15).

Those who desire a deeper acquaintance with the Italian
literature of the subject will do well to look into the works
edited by Professors Spezi (294), Ceruti (295), Zambrini
(296), and Ferraro (297).

Latin. — With the exception of the Hieracosophion of
Thuanus, or, to give him his real name, De Thou (306),
already mentioned in connection with the Italian translation
of his poem, it will suffice to mention a single work in Latin
as worth perusal at the present day, and this is a most im-
portant one — namely, the work of the Emperor Frederick II.,
De Arte Venandi cum Avibus (308). To master this is to
acquire a liberal education in the art of Hawking. It is ex-

INTR on UCTION. xxvii

tremely easy to read, and, with the aid of the polyglot Vocabu-
lary at the end of this Bibliotheca Accipitraria, would furnish a
Latin classic for schools which to the majority of schoolboys
would prove of far greater interest than the works of many
Latin authors which are placed in their hands at the present
day. A good English translation of this, and of De Thou's
celebrated poem, would form acceptable additions to the well-
known series of Latin classics for English readers.

Greek. — The only treatise deserving of special mention is
that of Demetrius of Constantinople (327), one of the oldest
writers on Falconry, The text was first printed by Nicolas
Rigault, librarian to Louis XIIL, in his Ret Accipitrarice
Scriptores (314), from two MSS. in the Bibhotheque Royale,
Paris ; but a Latin translation by Pierre Gilles (a Petro Gillio
Latine redditus) had been previously pubHshed at Leyden in
1562, with the Historia Animalium of iElian. This is re-
printed by Rigault {op. cit.) with separate pagination (pp. i-
118). An English analysis will be found in the present
volume (pp. 182—183). The learned Sir Thomas Browne (36)
has remarked that " the Greeks understood hunting early, but
little or nothing of our Falconry. If Alexander had known it,
we might have found something of it and more of hawks in

Aristotle Though he hath mentioned divers hawks,

yet Julius Scaliger, an expert falconer, despaired to reconcile
them unto ours. And 'tis well if among them you can clearly
make out a Lanner, a Sparrowhawk, and a Kestril, but must
not hope to find your Gerfalcon there, which is the noble
hawk ; and I wish you one no worse than that of Henry, King
of Navarre, which Scaliger saith he saw strike down a buzzard,
two wild geese, divers kites, a crane and a swan " (pp. city
p. 118; Wilkins' ed., vol. iv. p. 189). The statement of
Scaliger, it is presumed, is to be found in his Annotations to
Aristotle's Historia Animalium, although a search for the parti-
cular passage has not led to its discovery. (See pp. 9, 179.)

Russian. — The work of Constantine Haller (336), late Pre-
sident of the Russian Falconry Club at St. Petersburg, 1885,
is the only one of the half-dozen here catalogued that is
worthy of special mention. It will be seen from the English

xxviii INTR OD UCTION.

analysis here given (pp. 1 89-1 91) that it is a modern sketch
of the history and practice of Falconry in Russia, by one who,
being himself an enthusiastic falconer, may be regarded as a
reliable authority on the subject.

Arabic. — As the present writer can claim no acquaintance
with Oriental languages, he will not be expected to do more
than recommend such works as he has been enabled to master
by means of translations, and of these the only one of much
interest is that of Sid Mohamed el Mangali (360), of which a
French translation, with the Arabic text, was published in
Paris in 1880, A review of it is given in No. 79 (pp. 362—
370). It should not be forgotten, however, that the works
of Arabic writers have exercised, in the course of centuries, a
distinct influence on the literature of Falconry in Europe ; not
only by means of the MSS. which were translated for the
Emperor Frederick II,, and were utilised by him in his cele-
brated Latin treatise, but also by means of the methods,
appliances, and technical terms which were introduced by the
Moors into Spain, and which eventually found their way into
the works of Spanish authors, who in their turn influenced
the writers of other countries.

It only remains to state that the great number of technical
terms employed by falconers in the practice of their art, and
made use of by all writers on the subject, has suggested the
preparation of an English Glossary and a polyglot Vocabulary,
which will be found at the end of the volume, and which it is
hoped will prove useful to the reader in his perusal of
treatises in languages other than his own.

A description of the accompanying plates will be found in
the " Notes to the Illustrations."

" ricec studia adolescentiam alunt senectutem oblectant."— C/V^ro,

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

RELATING TO

FALCONRY.

Note. — To show the progress of the literature^ the titles are arranged in
chronological order under countries ; but the work of any author
may be found at once by reference to the Index at the end of the
volume.

I. BARNES (Juliana). The Boke of St. Albans

containing the Treatises of Hawking, Hunting and

Coat-Armour. Printed at St. Albans, i486, sm. folio.

[Reproduced in facsimile with an Introduction

by William Blades. London, 188 1. 4to.]

Black letter, 88 leaves, without title-page, pagination, or catch-
words. The earliest English printed book, although not the
earliest English treatise, which relates to Falconry. Attributed
to Dame Juliana Barnes, Bernes, or Berners, whose name occurs
in the first edition (fol. 23) as " Barnes," and in the second
edition as " Bernes." It is not, however, an original composi-
tion, but a compilation from earlier MSS. (See No. 81 of this
Catalogue, pp. vii.-viii., and No. 79, pp. 96-108.)

The colophon runs : — " Here in thys boke afore are conteynt
the bokys of Haukyng and Huntyng wyth other plesuris dy verse
as in the boke apperis and also of Coot-armuris a nobull werke.
And here now endyth the boke of blasying of armys translatyt

A

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

and compylyt togedyr at Seynt Albans the yere from thincaraa-
cion of owre Lorde Jhu Crist, mcccclxxxvi."

2. BARNES (Juliana). The Book containing
THE Treatises of Hawking ; Hunting ; Coat-Armour ;
Fishing ; and Biasing of Arms. As printed at West-
minster by Wynkyn de Worde ; the year of the
Incarnation of our Lord, 1496. sm. folio.

[Reprinted with an Introduction by Joseph
Haslewood. London, 18 10. sm. folio.]

The original, in black letter, 74 leaves, is without title-page,
pagination, or catch-words. On the recto of the first leaf is a
woodcut of Birds, and on the verso a group of men with a hawk,
beneath which follows the title in four lines and a half, begin-
ning : — " This present boke shewyth the manere of hawkynge and
huntynge, and also of divysynge of Cote armours," etc. Colophon.
" Here in this boke afore ben shewed the treatyses perteynynge
to hawkynge & huntynge with other dyvers playsaunt materes
belongynge unto noblesse : and also a ryght noble treatise of

Cotarmours, as in this present boke it may appere

Emprynted at Westmestre by Wynkyn the Worde the yere of
thyncarnacon of our Lorde mcccclxxxxvi."

The book of Hunting ends thus : " Explicit dame Julyans
Bernes doctryne in her boke of huntynge."

The " treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle " formed no part
of the Boke of St, Albans as originally printed in i486, but was
added by Wynkyn de Worde ten years later. A few copies
of Haslewood's "Introduction," dated 30th Oct. 1811, were
separately issued, one of which is in the writer's possession.

Between 1496 and 1596 several different versions,
more or less altered from the original, appeared ; several
undated, most of them without an editor's name, and
all of them now excessively rare. They are known by
the names and addresses of the printers by whom they
were issued. Thus: —

ENGLISH. 3

"The Boke of Hawkynge and Huntynge
AND Fysshynge. Imprynted in Flete Strete at
ye sygne of ye Sonne by Wynkyn de Worde."

[Black letter, 46 leaves, A — H in eights and fours
alternately, except G, which has 6 leaves: about
1503. sm. 4to.]

A unique copy (formerly Haworth's) in the Huth Library was
purchased at Daniel's sale, in July 1864, for ;^iio.

Another : —

Imprynted at London in Saynt Martyn's par-
yshe in ye Vinetre [Vintry] upon the Thre Crane
Wharfe, by Wyllyam Coplande.

[Black letter, 48 leaves, A — M in fours : undated,

about 1548,7^^^ Milner. sm. 4to.]

Each treatise has a separate but similar colophon. Milner's
copy, in 1829, sold for ^^7 ; Haslewood's for ;!^8.

A. third :—

Imprynted at London in Flete strete at the
signe of the Rose Garland by Wyllyam Coplande
for Robert Toye.

[Black letter, 48 leaves, A — M in fours : undated,
sm. 4to.]
A copy of this edition is in the collection of Earl Spencer.

A fourth : —

Imprynted at London in Flete streate at the
sygne of the Rose Garlande by Wyllyam Coplande
for Rychard Tottell.
[Black letter, 48 leaves : undated, c. 1 561. sm. 4to.]

A copy is in the British Museum, G. 10494.

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

A fifth :—

Imprynted at London in Paules Churche-yarde
at the sygne of the Lambe by Abraham Vele.

[Black letter, 48 leaves, A — M in fours : undated,
c. 1560. sm. 4to.]

A copy at Milner's sale, 1829, fetched ;!^8 igj. An imperfect
copy is in the British Museum, C. 31. c 2.

A sixth : —

Imprynted at London in Pauls chyrchyarde by
me Hefy Tab.

[Black letter, 46 leaves, A — M in fours, except
I, which has 2 leaves : undated, sm. 4to.]
The only copy known to exist is amongst Crynes's books in the
Bodleian Library. See Haslewood's Introduction, p. 86, where
a facsimile of the title is given, with some account of Nathaniel
Crynes, who died in 1745, and bequeathed his library to the
Bodleian.

A seventh : —

Imprynted at London in Foster Lane by John

Waley.

[Black letter, 46 leaves, A — M in fours, except

I, which has only 2 leaves : undated, sm. 4to.]

The "Measures of blowing" are omitted in this edition.
Pickering had a copy. Haworth's copy (958) sold for £,Z.

An eighth : —

Imprynted at London in Flete Strete at the
sygne of the George next to Saynt Dunstane's
Church by Wyllyam Powell.

[Black letter, 48 leaves : undated, sm. 4to.]
And a ninth : —

Hawking, Hunting, and Fishing, with the

ENGLISH.

True Measures of Blowing. Newly corrected and
amended. At London, printed by Edward Aide
and are to be solde at the Long Shop adjoining
unto Saint Mildred's Church in the Pultrie.
[Black letter, 44 leaves : 1586. sm. 4to.]

A copy is preserved in the Phillipps Library, now in the pos-
session of the collector's daughter, Mrs. Fenwick, of Thirlstaine
House, Cheltenham.

Of this version another edition with a similar title was printed
in 1596 {cf. Haslewood, p. 97). Meanwhile in 1595 appeared
the following : —

3. MARKHAM (Gervase). The Gentleman's
AcADEMiE : or the Booke of S. Albans : containing
three most exact and excellent Bookes : the first of
Hawking, the second of all the proper termes of
Hunting, and the last of Armorie : all compiled by
luliana Barnes in the yere from the incarnation of
Christ i486. And now reduced into a better method,
by G. M. London. Printed for Humfrey Lownes,
and are to be sold at his shop in Paules church-yard,
1595. sm. 4to.

2 prelim, leaves, with Dedication " To the gentlemen of Eng-
land, and all the good fellowship of Huntsmen and Falconers."
Then follows a treatise of Hawking, fols. 1-24 verso and 4
blank leaves; a treatise of Hunting, with separate title-page
printed by Valentine Sims for Humfrey Lownes, 1595, fols. 29-
38 and 2 blank leaves ; the Booke of Armorie, with separate
title-page printed by Valentine Sims for Humfrey Lownes, 1595,
fols. 41-95 and i blank leaf. Headline throughout the volume,
*' The Gentleman's Academie."

Two copies are in the British Museum (C. 32. e 30, and G.
10493) ^^^ o'^^ i" possession of the writer.

The author, Gervase Markham, of Gotham, in the Co.
Nottingham, published several works on Field Sports, Veterinary

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Science, and Agriculture, of which the following contain sections
on Hawking : —

4. MARKHAM (Gervase). Country Content-
ments : or the Husbandmans Recreations. Contayning
the wholsome Experiences in which any man ought to
Recreate himselfe, after the toyle of more serious
businesse. As, namely, Hunting, Hawking, Coursing
with Greyhounds, and the lawes of the Lease, Shooting
in Long-bow or Cross-bow, etc. By G. M. London,
161 1, sm. 4to.

No less than fourteen editions of this work were published, to
all of which (except two) the dates may be here supplied :
ist, 161 1 ; 2nd, 1615; 3rd, 1623; 4th, 1631 ; 5th, 1633; 6th,
1649; 7th, 1654; 8th, 1656; 9th, 1660; loth, 1668; nth,
1675; i2th, (?); 13th, (?); and 14th, 1683. The fifth chapter
of this work treats " of the Hawking with all sorts of Hawkes,
and the whole Art thereof."

5. MABKHAM (Gervase). Cheape and Good
HvsBANDRY for the well-ordering of all Beasts and
Fowles, and for the generall Cure of their Diseases.
Containing the Natures, Breeding, Choice .... of
all manner of Cattell .... Shewing further the whole
Art of Riding great Horses, with the breaking and
ordering of them .... And diverse good and well-
approved Medicines for the Cure of all the diseases in
Hawkes, of what kind soever .... Gathered together
for the generall good and profit of this whole Realme
by exact and assured experience from English practises
.... By G. M. Printed by T. S. for R. Jackson.
London, 1614. sm. 4to.

Other editions of this book, which contains a treatise " On

ENGLISH. 7

the Cure and Ordering of Hawkes " (pp. 164-176, sixth edition),
were printed in 1615, 1616, 1623 (all by T. S. for R. Jackson),
1 63 1 (by Anne Griffin for lohn Harison), 1648, 1658, 1664,
and 1676.

6. MARKHAM (Gervase). A way to get
Wealth ; containing sixe principall vocations or
callings in which every good Husband or House-
wife may lawfully imploy themselves, as I. the
natures . . . use, and feeding of all sorts of cattell
and fowle . . . H. the knowledge . . . and . . . prac-
tice of all the recreations meete for a gentleman.
HI. etc. The first five bookes gathered by G.
M(arkham). The last [on Bees] by Master W(illiam)
L(awson). The sixt time corrected and augmented
by the authour. Printed by E. G. for John Harison.
London, 1638 — 31-38. sm. 4to.

This compilation consists of a re-issue of several of Markham's
works, each with a separate title-page, pagination, and register,
and arranged in the following order : —

1. Cheape and Good Husbandry. The sixth edition, 1631.

2. Country Contentments. . . . The fifth edition, 1633.

3. The English Housewife, 1637.

4. The Inrichment of the Weald of Kent, 1636.

5. Markham's Farewell to Husbandry, 1638.

6. A new Orchard and Garden, 1638.

Nos. I and 2, as above shown, contain chapters on Hawks
and Hawking.

7. MARKHAM (Gervase). The young Sports-
man's Delight and Instructor in Angling, Fowling,
Hawking, Hunting, etc. By G. M. Sold at the Gold
Ring in Little Britain by G. Conyers, 1652. 32mo.

With a frontispiece of an angler ; described by Mr. Hazlitt
as " a thumb volume, A-I, in eights." No copy of this is in the

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

British Museum, but one was sold by Messrs. Sotheby & Wilkin-
son (Lot 394) on the nth April 1885. It was reprinted on
vellum by Gosden in 1820, with the following title : —

The Young Sportsman's Instructor : or Angling-,
Fowling, Hawking, Hunting, Ordering Singing Birds,
Hawks, Poultry, Coneys, Hares, and Dogs, and how
to cure them. By G. M. Sold at the Gold Ring in
Little Britain, n.d. [1652]. 32mo.

On the half-title " The Young Sportsman's Instructor.
London. Reprinted for T. Gosden by J. Johnson, Apollo Press,
Brook Street, Holborn, 1820."

This curious and diminutive volume, of which a copy is in the
British Museum (C. 29. a 24), measures only 2^ by i| inches,
and contains pp. vi., 136, and one leaf, as follows : — The Young
Angler's Instructor, pp. 1-76. The Art of Fowling, pp. 77-112.
Instructions for the Huntsman, pp. 1 13-122. Directions for
Hawking and Managing Hawks to fly at all game with success,
pp. 123-130. Concluding with the words " And thus much for
the princely recreation of Hawking." On the last page (p. 136)
a recipe headed *' Hawks, to cure of all inward sickness, all sorts
of wormes," etc. Westwood and Satchell (Bibl. Piscat., p. 147)
notice two later editions, 1707 and 17 12, with slightly different
titles and some additions. The letters G. M. on the title,
usually attributed to " Gervase Markham," must be taken only
to imply that the subject-matter was borrowed from his writings
he himself having died before the first edition of this little book
had appeared.

8. MARKHAM (Gervase). Hunger's Preven-
tion ; or the whole Arte of Fowling by Water and
Land. Containing all the Secrets belonging to that
Arte, etc. By Gervase Markham, London. Printed
by A. Math, for Anne Helme and Thomas Langley,
and are to be sold at their shops in Saint Dunstons
Church-yard, and over against the Sarazens head with-
out Newgate. 1621. 12 mo.

7^

^

XI

PORTRAIT OF ROBERT CHESEMAN,

Falconer to Henry VIII,

From a painting hy Hans Holbein

In the Moyal Gallery at The Hague.

ENGLISH. 9

Frontispiece, 6 prelim, leaves, with Dedication to Sir Edwin
Sands, Kt., and others, pp. 1-285 • Hawks, pp. 134-183, with
cuts of the Haggard Faulcon and Goshawk (pp. 182-183).

Another edition, varying only in the title-page, " Printed for
Francis Grove and are to be sold by Martha Harrison at the
signe of the Larabe at the east end of St. Paules Church, 1655."
i2mo.

9. ELYOT (Sir Thomas, Knt.). The Boke named

THE Governor, devised by Sir Thomas Elyot, Knyght.

London, 1531. sm. 8vo.

Chapter xviii. is entitled "The auncient huntyng of Greekes
and Romans," and contains some remarks on the origin of
Falconry which the author confesses his inability to discover.
He quotes Pliny (Hb. x. cap. 10), who seems to have copied
Aristotle in his description of hawking in Thrace, and conjec-
tures that '* from Thracia came this disporte of banking," adding,
" but in what wise or wheresoever the beginninge of banking was,
surely it is a right delectable solace "; and, a little further on,
" banking measurably used and for a passetyme gyveth to a man
good appetite to his souper." He alludes to the old sport of
" daring larks with a Hobby," which he himself had witnessed.
This sport is described by Nicholas Cox (No. 38, pp. 58, 59),
and noticed by Somervile (No. 45, ed. 1813, p. 103). Sir Thomas
Elyot's " Boke " has been several times reprinted, as in 1534,

1537. 1544, 1546, 1547, i553» i557» 1565^ 1580- In 1834 a
new edition in 8vo, by A. T. Eliot, was published at Newcastle,
and the latest, edited by H. S. Croft, with Notes, in 2 vols. 4to,
appeared in 1880. (London, Kegan Paul & Co.)

10. ANON". The Institution of a Gentleman.

Anno Domini m.dlxviii. Imprinted at London in

Flete-strete, nere unto Saint Dunstone's Church by

Thomas Marshe. [Second edition. The first, 1555.

i2mo.]

The oldest English treatise on the subject, long preceding the
publications of Peacham and Brathwait, and a very scarce little
book. The unknown author " bryngeth in good occasion to

I o BOOKS ON FAL GONE V.

speake here of Haulkinge and Huntynge for because in these
dayes [1555] manye Gentlemen wil do almoste nothinge els, or
at the leaste can do that better than any other thing." Con-
sidering " what pastimes gentlemen ought to use," he remarks : —
" Ther is a saying emong hunters that he cannot be a gentleman
whyche loveth not hawkyng and hunting, which I have hard
old Woodmen wel allow as an approved sentence among them.
The like sayinge is that hee cannot bee a gentleman whych
loveth not a dogge."
j After insinuating that sportsmen, as a rule, are not learned
men, because they give nearly all their time to field sports to the
neglect of books, he adds : — "Yet may it cum to passe that
these daylye hankers and hunters in tayking of a hauke cannot
easely be amended, neyther to reclayme her, to knowe howe
many cotes shee is of, to gyve her a measurable gorge, to deserne
perfit induing, to know when a hauke is ful summed, to know
likewise her diseases, as the craye, the frounce and others, to
selde a hauke, to impe her, to cope her, wyth many termes
moe, whych thyngs and others knowenne, a manne maye bee a
perfeite good Falconer."

Copies of both the first and second editions of this scarce
little book are in the British Museum (232 a. 43. and 722 a. 14)
and one of the second edition in the Bodleian Library. From
a copy of the second edition in the possession of the late Mr.
George Singer, an admirable reprint was made in 1839 at the
Chiswick Press, of which only 25 copies were issued, "for
presentation." One of these is in the writer's possession.

II. MAPLET (John). A greene Forest, or,
naturall Historie: Wherein may bee seene first the
most sufferaigne Vertues in all the whole kinde of
Stones and Mettals : next of Plants .... Lastly of

Brute Beastes, Foules, etc Compiled by John

Maplet, M. of Arte and Student in Cambridge ....
Anno 1567. Imprinted at London by Henry Denham.
1 2 mo.

Title within border, pp. i.-xiv, and 112 leaves black letter.
On the verso of last leaf, "Imprinted at London by Henry

ENGLISH. II

Denham dwelling in Paternoster Rowe at the Starre. Anno
Domini 1567 June 3. Cum Privilegio."

A quaint little work, divided into three " Bookes," the second
and third having each a separate title-page and Preface. The
species of animals and plants described are arranged alphabeti-
cally. Curious descriptions are given of the Falcon (p. 86) and
Goshawke (p. 87), in which not a few errors may be detected.

12. MASCALL (Leonard). A Booke of Fishing
WITH HooKE AND LiNE, and of all other instruments
thereunto belonging. Another of Sundrie Engines
and Trappes to take Polcats, Buzards, Rattes, Mice
and all other kindes of vermine and beasts whatsoever,
most profitable for all Warriners, and such as delight
in this kinde of sport and pastime. Made by L. M.
[Woodcut of fisher and fowler.] London. Printed by
John Wolfe and are to be solde by Edwarde White
dwelling at the little North doore of Paules at the
signe of the Gunne. 1590. sm. 4to.

Black letter, pp. 93, with folding plate of the Crow-net set or
bent, and various traps for Hawks. The treatise on fishing is a
mutilated version of that in the Book of St. Albans. Interesting
to the Falconer as describing methods of catching Hawks. It is
in this volume that the introduction of the Carp into England is
attributed to " Maister Mascall, of Plumsted in Sussex, who also
brought first the planting of the Pippin in England."

Three other editions of this book appeared in 1596, 1600,
and 1606.

13. GRYNDALL (William). Hawking, Hunting,
Fowling and Fishing ; with the true measures of
blowing. A worke right pleasant and profitable for
all estates who so loveth it to practise, and exceeding
delightfull to refresh the irksomenesse of tedious time.
Whereunto is annexed the maner and order in keeping

12 BO OKS ON FAL CONR V.

of Hawkes, their diseases and cures ; and all such
speciall poynts as anywise appertaine to so gentleman-
like qualitie. N ow newly collected by W. G. ; Faulkener.
Publicum commodtcm privato preferendum. I mprinted
at London by Adam I slip and are to be sold by Richard
Olive, 1596. sm. 4to.

The title in roman ; remainder in black letter ; A — I in fours.
This is practically a later version of the Book of St. Albans
with variations, and is of extreme rarity. No copy is to be
found in the British Museum ; but copies were disposed of
in Haworth's Sale, 1826, ^^4 4^. ; Milner's, 1829, J[,6 ; and
Donovan's, ^\ 5^. The portion on Fowling, entitled " A brief
Treatis of Fowling, wherein is contained divers proper devises
both of bayts and others with the making of Byrdlime," etc., is
for the most part copied verbatim without acknowledgment from
Batman uppon Bartholome his booke, De proprietatibus rerum,
profitable for all estates, as well for the mind as for the body.
Printed by Thomas East, 1582 ; folio. (Intro. Book xii. de avibus.)

14. TURBERVILE (George). The Booke of
Faulconrie or Hawking ; for the onely delight and
pleasure of all Noblemen and Gentlemen. Collected
out of the best aucthors as well Italians as Frenchmen,
and some English practises withall concernyng Faul-
conrie : the contents whereof are to be seene in the
next page followyng. By George Turbervile, gentle-
man. Nocet empta dolore voluptas.

[Half-page cut of Falconers with hawk and spaniels.]
Imprinted at London for Christopher Barker at the
signe of the Grasshopper in Paules Churchyarde.
Anno 1575. sm. 4to. .

Dedication to the Rt. Hon. Ambrose, Earl of Warwick.

George Turbervile, a gentleman of Dorsetshire family, was a
poet as well as a writer on Field Sports. He was appointed
Secretary to Thomas Randolph during his Embassy to Russia

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ENGLISH. 13

(temp. Eliz.), and many of his minor poems are either addressed
from Muscovia or refer to his visit to that country. He was an
intimate friend of the poet Spenser, to whom he dedicated one
of his epistles. See Ritson, " Bibliogr. Poetica," p. 368. For
some account of the Italian and French writers on Falconry
from whom he borrowed, see Introduction to No. 81, pp. xxii.-
xxiii.

15. TURBERVILE (George). The Booke of
Falconrie or Hawking : For the onely delight and
pleasure of all Noblemen and Gentlemen : Collected
out of the best Authors as well Italians as Frenchmen,
and some English practises withall concerning Fal-
conrie. Heretofore published by George Turbervile,
Gentleman. And now newly revived, corrected, and
augmented with many new Additions proper to these
present times. Nocet empta dolor e voluptas, [Half-
page cut as in first edition.] At London. Printed by
Thomas Purfoot, An. Dom. 161 1. sm. 4to.

Second edition. 3 prelim, leaves, pp. 1-370; Epilogue, 2 leaves.
Like the first, usually bound up with "The Booke of Hunting"
by the same author. In the cuts on pp. 8 1 and 112 the bust of the
Queen Elizabeth on horseback has been cut out, and the portrait
of James I. substituted. By this alteration, amongst others, the
edition may be known of copies which have the title wanting.
This edition also wants the " Dedication " to the Earl of Warwick.

In the British Museum, amongst the Additional MSS., will be
found No. 5750, containing (pp. 206-211) Warrants relating to
the Falconers' department in the Royal household, temp, Eliz.,
Jac. I. and Car. I.

16. SURFLET (Richard). Maison Rustique ; or
THE CouNTREY Farme : Compiled in the French tongue
by Charles Stevens and John Liebault, Doctors of
Physicke : and translated into English by Richard
Surflet, Practitioner in Physicke. Also a short collec-
tion of the hunting of the Hart, Wilde Bore, Hare,

14 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Fox, Gray, Cony : Of Birds and Faulconrie : The
Contents whereof are to be seene in the page follow-
ing. [Woodcut.] London. Printed by Arnold Hat-
field for John Norton and John Bill. 1606. 4to.

Liebault, in his address to the reader, refers to " the editions
already so oft by me augmented within these eighteen yeares,
during which they have been printed in all countries." This
would place the date of the first edition about 1588. There is
a folio of 1600, a 4to of 1606, and another folio edited by
Gervase Markham in 16 16. The original work was so popular
that more than a hundred editions appeared in French, to say
nothing of translations in English, Italian, and German.

The seventh Book contains three chapters (xlii., xliii. and xliv.)
on Hawking, of little value, and with numerous errors of both
translator and printer.

17. S. (T.). A Iewell FOR Gentrie. Being an exact
Dictionary or true Method to make any man understand
all the Art, Secrets and worthy Knowledges belonging
to Hawking, Hunting, Fowling and Fishing. Together
with all the true Measures for Winding of the Home.
Now newly published, and beautified with all the rarest
experiments that are known or practised at this Day.
[Woodcut as in Turbervile, No. 15.] Printed at
London for John Helme, and are to be sold at his
shop in St. Dunstanes Church-yard in Fleet Street,
1 6 14. sm. 4to.

A thin 4to of 98 pp. in black letter, except title ; Dedication,
and address *' To the Reader." It is divided into four books,
styled, according to the head-lines, the Booke of Hawking (p. 37),
the Booke of Hunting, the Booke of Fouling, and the Booke of
Fishing. The two last have separate titles within borders.

The following is a transcript of the entry of this book in the
Register of the Stationers' Company: — '' 18 Nov. 1613. John
Helme entred for his coppie by the consent of Elizabeth Olive,
wydowe, a book heretofore printed by Richard Olive called a

ENGLISH. 15

Jewell for Gentry showeing howe a man may understand all the
art of Hauking, hunting, fishing and fowling . . . — vjd."

The Dedication, "To the Right VVorshipfull Mr. John
Tooke, one of the Auditors of his Maiesties Courts of Wards
and Liveries,'' is signed T. S.

The author, whose name nowhere appears, explains in an
address "To the Reader," which follows the Dedication, that
his work is an attempt to improve on the Boke of St. Albans,
in which, he says, " the defects were so grosse that Tristram
himselfe would hardly have knowne so neare a kinsman."

For remarks on the authorship of this book, see Introduction
to No. 81, pp. xxv.-xxvi.

18. LATHAM (Symon). Falconry ; or the Faul-
con's Lure and Cure : in two Books. The first con-
cerning the ordering and training up of all Hawkes in
generall, especially the Haggard Faulcon Gentle.
The second teaching approved medicines for the cure
of all Diseases in them. Gathered by long practice
and experience, and published for the delight of noble
mindes, and instruction of young Faulconers in things
pertaining to this Princely Art. By Symon Latham,
Gent. [Woodcut of the Haggard Faulcon.] London.
Printed by J. B. for Roger Jackson, and are to be sold
at his shop neere Fleet Street Conduit, 161 5. sm. 4to.

Latham dedicated this, his first book of Falconry (pp. 147),
to Sir Thomas Monson (or Munson, as he phonetically spells
the name). Baronet, Master of his Maiesties Armory, and Master
of the Hawkes to his Highnesse. For a notice of Sir Thomas
Monson's hawks, see No. 27, pp. 104, 105.

The following is a transcript of the entry of the first edition of
this book in the Register of the Stationers' Company : — ■" 5 Sept.
1614. Roger Jackson entred for his coppie under the hand of
Master Adams a book called the ffaulcon's lure by Symon
Latham . . . — vjd."

19. LATHAM (Symon). New and Second Booke
OF Faulconrv : concerning the ordering and training

1 6 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

up of all such Hawkes as was omitted or left unmen-
tioned in his printed Booke of the Haggard Faulcon
and Gerfaulcon, namely the Goshawke and Tassell
with the Sparhawke, the Lanner and Lanneret, as
they are divided in their generation : the Hobby and
Marlyn in their kindes : Teaching approved medicines
for all such infirmities and diseases as are incident to
them. Published for the delight of noble mindes, and
instruction of young Faulconers in all things pertaining
to this Art. [Woodcut.] At London, printed by J. B.
for Roger Jackson, and are to bee sold at his shop neere
Fleet Conduit. 1618. sm. 4to.

This second Book (148 pp., usually bound up with the first)
is dedicated to Sir Patrick Hume, Knight, " Master Falconer
to the King's Most Excellent Majestic," who in 16 18 had suc-
ceeded Sir Thomas Monson, and was in turn succeeded in his
office by Sir Allen Apsley, afterwards Earl of Burford.

Under the two last named Masters, as one of the Assistant
Falconers, and subsequently as Sergeant of the Hawks (1627),
served Lewis Latham^ of Elstow, in the Co. Bedford, gent. He
lived to the extreme old age of 100 (b. 1555, d. 1655), and was
doubtless a relative of Symon Latham ; perhaps an uncle, for he
was 60 years of age when Symon, in 1615, published the first
edition of his book. He was not his father, for the only sons of
Lewis were Henry and John. But this par ^arenthese.

Following the " Epistle to the Reader," in this second book
of Symon's, is an acknowledgment to his " first and loving
master Henry Sadler of Everley, from whom he had his art,"
and "who taught him the way to live." This was the third
son of Sir Ralph Sadler or Sadleir, of Standon in the Co. of
Herts, Chief Secretary of State to Henry VIH. and Grand
Falconer to Queen Elizabeth, who granted him the manor,
park, and warren of Everley, Wilts, on the attainder of the
previous owner, the Duke of Somerset. He had charge of
Mary Queen of Scots when imprisoned in the castle of Tutbury
(1584-85), and got into trouble for taking her out hawking and

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ENGLISH. 17

allowing her to roam too far from the castle. (Memoirs, vol. i.
p. 33.) He died at the age of eighty in 1587, and was buried
at Standon, where a noble monument is erected to his memory.
In the manor house at Everley there is a portrait of him on
panel, painted probably by Marc Gerhardt, from which our
frontispiece has been accurately copied by the skill of Mr. W.
Griggs. A copy, less successful, is given in Clutterbuck's
"History of Hertfordshire," 1827, vol. iii. p. 226.

20. LATHAM (Symon). Falconry; or the
Faulcon's Lure and Cure, etc. [Title as in first
edition.] With New and Second Booke. London.
Printed by Thomas Harper for John Harrison, 1633.

sm. 4to.

Second edition : quite as good as the first, of which it is a
reprint without alteration.

A few years ago I found a copy of this edition, now in the
collection of M. Pierre A. Pichot, of Paris, containing the
suggestive inscription, " Wm. Crosley, Falconer to Col. Thornton.
Dec. 29, 1781." (See No. 57.)

Smaller and less desirable editions were published in 1653
and 1658.

21. LATHAM (Symon). The Gentleman's Exer-
cise, OR Supplement to the Bookes of Faulconry.
London, 1662. sm. 4to.

A much scarcer book than the last named. No copy is to be
found in the British Museum.

22. BERT (Edmund). An approved Treatise of
Hawkes and Hawking. Divided into three Bookes.
The first teacheth, How to make a short-winged
Hawke good, with good conditions. The second,
How to reclaime a Hawke from any ill condition.
The third teacheth. Cures for all knowne griefes and
diseases. By Edmund Bert, Gentleman. [Cut of
Hawk, leash, glove, hood, lure, etc.] London. Printed

i8 BOOKS ON FAL CONR V.

by T. S. for Richard Moore, and are to be sold at his
shop in S. Dunstan's Church-yard. 1619. sm. 4to.

This book, a small quarto (pp. i.-xiv., 1-109), is dedicated
" to the Rt. Hon. Henry Earl of Oxenford, Viscount Bulbeck,
Lord Sanford and Scales, and Lord Great Chamberlaine of
England." The author, who lived at Collier Row, near Romford,
Essex, details his method of training the Goshawk, in which
he was very successful. He used to ride out of Essex into
Sussex to hawk over the downs, where, he says, " I have killed
for the most part of a moneth together with an intermewed
goshawke eight, nine, or tenne Partridges in a day. The day of
my going thither and the day of my returne to London was just
five weeks, and it was a fortnight or more in Michaelmas terme
when I came backe. I killed in that time with that one hawke
foure score and odd Partridges, five Pheasants, seven Rayles, and
four Hares against my will."

He had " for a Goshawke and Tarsell a hundred marks both
solde to one man within sixteen months " (Preface). For another
Goshawk he was offered " fortie pounds " (p. 1 05), and ulti-
mately sold her for thirty. In 1795, a silver " varvel," engraved
with the name "Oxenforde," was found near Headingham
Castle, the ancient seat of this family in Essex. It is figured
and described in the Archceologia, vol. xii. pi. 51, p. 410, and
may well have belonged to the nobleman to whom this book is
dedicated.

Note. — A reprint of this scarce treatise, with an Introduction
by the present writer, has lately been published by Mr. Quaritch.
100 copies only.

23. DRAYTON (Michael). Polyolbion: A Choro-
graphicall Description of all the Tracts, Rivers,
Mountains, Forests, and other parts of this renowned
Isle of Great Britain .... Digested into a Poem.
By Michael Drayton, Esq. With a Table, etc.
London. Printed for John Marriott, John Grinnaud
and Thomas Dewe. 1622. sm. folio.

This author particularly mentions the junction of the Little

KING JAMES THE FIRST,

1603-1625.

Amongst 'English Monarchs the chief patron of Falconry.

From a portrait by Van Dyck.

ENGLISH. 19

Ouse, or Brandon river, with the Thet, and refers to Thetford
as a place much esteemed by falconers in his day. His descrip-
tion towards the end of Song xx., of "a flight at brook," near
Thetford, is very animated : —

" The trembling fowl that hear the jigging hawk-bells ring,
And find it is too late to trust then to their wing,

Lie flat upon the flood

The hawks get up again into their former place,
And ranging here and there in that their airy race,
Still as the fearful fowl attempt to 'scape away.
With many a stooping brave them in again they lay.
But when the falconers take their hawking-poles in hand,
And, crossing of the brook, do put it over land,
The hawk gives it a * souse,' that makes it to rebound
Well near the height of man sometime above the ground.
With many a Wo-ha-ha, and jocond cheer again,
When he the quarry makes upon the grassy plain."

The text has "jocond lure'^ an absurdity uncorrected in the
latest edition of the Polyolbioji, by the Rev. Richard Hooper,
1S76 (vol. iii. p. 23). Prof. Skeat, in stating in his "Etymo-
logical Dictionary," 1882, that the form "jocond" is "not
recorded, but obviously must have existed," has overlooked its
use by Drayton in the line above quoted.

For an illustration of "brook-hawking" as described by
Drayton, see Blome (No. 41), plate v. p. 44.

24. BEATHWAIT (Richard). The English
Gentleman : containing sundry excellent Rules or
Exquisite Observations, tending to Direction of every
Gentleman .... how to demene or accomodate
himselfe in the manage of publike or private affaires.
Sold by R. Bostock. London, 1630. 4to.'^

Contains several passages and one or two good anecdotes
relating to Hawking (pp. 93, 96, 97, no, 113). A second
edition, 4to, appeared in 1633, and a third, folio, in 1641. In
1652 it reappeared with a new title, "Time's Treasury; or
Academie for Gentry."

Note. — In Peacham's " Complete Gentleman, fashioning him

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

absolut .... to which is added the Gentleman's Exercise,"
London, 4to, 1627, 1634, and 1661, Falconry is unaccountably
neglected, the author's tastes inclining him especially to
Heraldry.

25. NASH (Thomas). Quaternio, or the foure-
fold Way to a happie Life, set forth in a Dialogue
between a Countryman and a Citizen, a Divine, and a
Lawyer. Per Tho. Nash, Philopolitem. [Quotations
from Martial, Horace, and Pliny.] London, Printed
by John Dawson, 1633. sm. 4to.

A quaint discourse (pp. 280) wherein each interlocutor com-
mends his own pursuit. The Countryman remarks (p. 34), " As
for Hawking, I commend it in some, condemne it in others ;
but in men of meane ranke and religious men I condemne it
with Pet. Blesensis as an idle and foolish vanitie ; for I have
ever thought it a kinde of madnesse for such men to bestow ten
pounds in feathers which at one blast might be blowne away.
.... Yet I must acknowledge I have in my youthfuU dayes with
Machabceus (dicitur Machabceus domesticasse acciptres in avium
capturam) beene guiltie of this vanitie, and have been as glad as
ever I was to come from schoole to see a little Marlin in the
dead time of the yeare .... make her way through the midst
of ... . crows and kites which pursued her . . . .and maugre
all their oppositions pull downe her prey bigger than herselfe,
being mounted aloft steeple high, downe to the ground. And to
heare an Accipitrary relate againe how he went forth in a cleare
calme and sun-shine evening, about an houre before the sunne
did usually maske himselfe, unto the river, where finding of a
Mallard he whistled off his Faulcon, and how shee flew from him
as if shee would never have turned head againe, yet presently
upon a shoote came in, how then by degrees, by little and little,
by flying about and about, shee mounted so high, untill shee had
lessened herselfe to the view of the beholder, to the shape of a
Pigeon or Partridge, and had made the height of the moone the
place of her flight, how presently upon the landing of the fowle,
shee came down like a stone and enewed it, and suddenly got
up againe, and suddenly upon a second landing came downe

ENGLISH. 21

againe, and missing of it, in the downecome recovered it, beyond
expectation, to the admiration of the beholder at a long flight.

" And to heare him tell a third time, how he went forth early on /
a winter's morning, to the wooddy fields and pastures to flie the
Cocke, where having by the little white feather in his tayle dis-
covered him in a brake, he cast otf a tassel gentle, and how he
never ceased in his circular motion until he had recovered his
place, how suddenly upon the flushing of the Cocke he came
downe, and missing of it in the downecome what working there
was on both sides, how the Cocke mounted as if he would have
pierced the skies ; how the Hawke flew a contrarie way, untill
he had made the winde his friend, how then by degrees he got
up, yet never offered to come in untill he had got the advantage
of the higher ground, and then he made in, what speed the Cocke
made to save himselfe, and what hasty pursuit the Hawke made,
and how after two long miles flight killed it, yet in killing of it
killed himselfe.

" These discourses I love to heare, and can well be content to
be an eyewitnesse of the sport when my occasions will permit.
But to see one of those fseminine birds who like some wives of
our time keep under the masculine [the females being larger and
more powerful than the males] I meane a swift winged Goshawke
or high-flying Jerkin [Jerfalcon] whose proper game is the Phea-
sant, Crane, or Bittorne, in the month of August to pull downe a
little Partridge .... there to surprise and kill her suddenly,
I must confesse it hath often gone against my stomacke ....
yet I must likewise confesse I have beene sometimes for societie's
sake, a spectator of such a tragedie " (pp. 35-37).

26. SWAN (John). Speculum Mundi, or a glasse
representing the face of the world : whereunto is added
a Discourse of the Creation together with a consider-
ation of such things as are pertinent to each days
worke. Written by John Swan, M' of Arts, late
student of Trinitie Colledge Camb. Prin. in Cam-
bridge. By T. Buck and R. Daniel. 1635. sm. 4to.

Second edition, 410, Cambridge, 1643; third edition, 4to,
London, 1665.

f2 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Engraved title-page with title on shield in lower half of page.
The 8th chapter, sec. 2, which treats " Of Birds, or Fowl flying
in the open firmament of heaven," contains (p. 399) a curious
description of the mode of defence adopted by the Heron, or
Hernsew, when pursued by " the gossehawk and other kinde of
hawks" (2nd ed., p. 392 ; 3rd ed., p. 355). "Of hawks," says
this author (p. 400), " there be many and severall kindes; as the
Falcon, Merlin, Lanner, Tassell, and sundrie others. Howbeit
the Tassells are supposed to be the males of such birds as live by
prey : as the Tassell of the Saker is called a Hobble [no] or
Mongrell hawk ; that of the Sparrowhawk a Musket ; that of
the Lanner a Lanneret ; and so of the rest. Now some again
distinguish these birds three severall wayes. First by the form
and fashion of their bodie ; some being great, as the Gossehawk,
Faulcon, Gerfaidcon, &c., some small, as the Merlin, Musket,
Sparroivhawk, Hobble and such others. Secondly by their game,
as some for the phesant, some for the partridge, some for the
hernshaw, some for the duck and mallard, some for one thing,
some for another. Thirdly they are said to differ in the manner
of their following the game ; as such know better than myself,
who use to keep and manage hawks."

27. WELDON (Sir Anthony). The Court and
Character of K. James. Written and taken by Sir
A. W., being an eye and ear witness. Qui nescit dis-
simulare nescit regnare. Published by Authority.
London. Printed by R. I., and are to be sold by John
Wright at the Kings Head in the Old Baily. 1650.
i2mo. [First edition.]

The Court and Character of King James.
Whereunto is now added The Court of King Charles :
continued unto the beginning of these unhappy times.
With some observations upon him instead of a
character. Collected and perfected by Sir A. W. Qui
nescit dissimulare, nescit regnare. Published by

THE HON. LEWIS LATHAM, FALCONER TO CHARLES I.

Born 1555, Died 1655.

From an original Painting in possession of his descendant,

Mr. F. A. Holden of Hyattscille, Maryland, U.S.A.

ENGLISH. 23

Authority. Printed at London by R. I., and are to

be sold by J. Collins in Little Brittaine. 1651. i2mo.

[Second edition.]

It is in this book that the statement is first made (pp. 104,
105 ; 2nd ed., pp. 96, 97) concerning the price paid for a cast
of falcons by Sir Thomas Monson, Master Falconer to James I.
— a statement almost invariably misquoted and misunderstood
by subsequent writers. (See No. 79, p. 80.) In the first edition
the hawks are there called " Gos-Faulcons," in the second edi-
tion, " Ger-Faulcons." For the sequel to the story told by Sir
A. Weldon, of the lost hawk belonging to the king, see Harting,
"Notes on Hawking as formerly practised in Norfolk," Trans,
Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. iii. p. 87.

28. WALTON (Izaak). The Complete Angler ; or
the Contemplative Man's Recreation. Being a dis-
course, etc. London. Printed by T. Maxey for Rich.
Harriot in S. Dunstan's Churchyard, Fleet Street,
1653. i2mo.

The second edition, enlarged, 1655; the third, 1661 ; the
fourth, 1668; the fifth, 1676.

The second and subsequent editions contain remarks on
Hawks and Hawking by a Falconer, " Auceps," with "a list of
the Long-winged and short-winged hawks that be chiefly in use
amongst us in this nation."

The fifth edition was the last revised by Walton himself, and
to this was added for the first time Charles Cotton's treatise.

29. AUBREY (John, F.R.S.). The Natural His-
tory OF Wiltshire. Written between 1656 and 1691.
Edited and elucidated by notes by John Britton, F.S.A.
Published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society.
London. 1847. 4to.

In Part H., chapter xiv. is entided " Of Hawks and Hawking."
Sir Thomas Browne's Miscellanies, 1684, are quoted, and the
following curious anecdote related : — *' From Sir James Long of

«4 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Draycot. Memorandum. Between the years 1630 and 1634
Henry Poole of Cirencester Esquire (since Sir Henry Poole,
Baronet) lost a falcon flying at brook in the spring of the year
about three o'clock in the afternoon : and he had a falconer in
Norway at that time to take hawks for him, who discovered this
falcon upon the stand from whence he was took at first, the next
day in the evening. This flight must be 600 miles at least"
(p. 116).

Describing the grandeur of the Herberts, Earls of Pembroke,
at Wilton House, Wiltshire, under the heading " of his lordship's
Hounds, Greyhounds and Hawkes " (p. 87), he writes : — " When
they returned from hawking the ladies would come out to see
the hawkes at the highest flying, and then they made use of
their setting-dogges to be sure of a flight. His lordship had
two hawkes (one a falcon called ' Shrewsbury,' which he had of
the Earle of Shrewsbury, and another called * the little tercel ')
which would fly quite out of sight that they knew not how to
shew the fowles till they found the head stood right. They had
not little telescopes in those dayes ; these would have been of
great use for the discovery which way the hawke's head stood."

30. AUBREY (John, F.R.S.). Miscellanies col-
lected BY J. Aubrey Esq. London. Printed for
Edward Castle, next Scotland Yard Gate by
Whitehall. 1696. 8vo.

Other editions, 1714, 1721, 1723, 1731. A new edition, to
which is prefixed Some Account of his Life, 8vo, 1784, is
accounted the best. At p. 56 (ist ed. p. 37) will be found a
curious anecdote of Charles I. partridge-hawking in Scotland
related by the king in the hearing of the author ; and another
(p. 59) of a sparrow-hawk of Charles H., which got away with its
leash on, and becoming entangled in an iron crown on the
White Tower, died there.

31. PHILLIPS (Edward). A New World of
Words, with explication of all the terms used in
Fishing, Hawking, Hunting, Fowling, etc. By Edw.
Phillips, gent London, 1658. folio.

ENGLISH. 25

Other editions, 1662, 1669, 1671, 1678, 1696, 1706 and 1720.
The last, edited by Skerrey, is stated by Lowndes to be the best.

The author was a nephew of the poet Milton, traces of whose
master-hand are apparent in some of his works, especially in the
preface to the " Theatrum Poetarum, or Complete Collection
of the Poets," 1675; and in the criticism on Shakespeare and
Marlowe. Phillips published a " Life of Milton." 1694.

32. STEVENSON (M.). The Twelve Monetiis :
or, A pleasant and profitable discourse of every action
whether of Labour or Recreation proper to each par-
ticular Moneth, branched into Directions relating to
Husbandry .... as also of Recreations, as Hunting,
Hawking, Fishing, Fowling, Coursing, Cockfighting,
etc. ByJlf. Stevenson. Hutnida solstitia atq. hiemes
orate serenas, Virg. London. Printed by M. S. for
Thomas Jenner, and are to be sold at his Shop at the
South Entrance of the Royal Exchange. 1 66 1 . sm. 4to.

A very scarce and quaint little volume of 59 pp. with 12 full-
page engravings illustrative of the occupations of each month, in
one of which, September, Partridge Hawking is introduced.
Across each plate in large characters the Latin name of the
month is printed in black letter, followed by the number of days
in the month.

In his address " to the Reader," the author says : " For mat-
ters of ... . fishing, fowling and the like exercises, I confesse
them somewhat out of my Road, but I assure you to pleasure
you and satisfie myself, I have consulted the most approved
Authors and given you here the creame and marrow of their
severall experiences in their own expresse characters."

As a specimen of the author's style, take the following under
January (p. 4) : — " Now the Woodcock and the Pheasant pay
their lives for their feed, and the Hare after a course makes his
hearse in a pye .... the poor Coney is so ferreted that she
cannot keep in her burrough ; the curryer and the lime rod are
the death of the fowle, and a long peece and a good Waterspaniel
are no bad company. The Faulcon's bells ring the Mallard's

26 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

knell, and the Hare and the hound put the Huntsman to the
borne."

A copy of this book is in the British Museum. 966. c. 26 (3).

'^'^. BARLOW (Francis). Severall wayes of
Hunting, Hawking, and Fishing, according to the
English manner. Invented by Francis Barlow,
etched by W. Hollar, and are to be sould by John
Overton at the White Horse without Newgate,
London, 1671. obi. 4to.

Engraved title with quatrain at foot, and 12 plates,
namely: — Hare-hunting, Stagg-hunting, Cony-catching, Otter-
hunting, Coursing Fallow-deer, Fox-hunting, Feasant-hawking,
Partridge-hawking, Hern-hawking, Angling, River-fishing, and
Salmon-fishing. Under each plate is a quatrain similar in style
to that on title. Perfect copies are scarce. Dr. E. Hamilton
has one ; another is in the possession of Mr. Crawhall of New-
castle-upon-Tyne ; and an imperfect copy, wanting the quatrains,
is amongst the prints in the British Museum.

34. LAMBERT (James). The Countryman's
Treasure : shewing the nature, causes, and cure of all
diseases incident to cows, horses, etc ; with plain rules
for improving arable and pasture lands .... To
which is added the Art of Hawking, Hunting, An-
gling and Ringing. London. Printed for T. Norris,
and sold at the Looking Glass on London Bridge, n.d.

An unimportant i2mo of 167 pages. Other editions, omit-
ting the Field Sports, sm. 8vo, 1676 and 1683.

35. RAY (John, F.R.S.). A Summary of Falconry ;
collected out of several authors. London, 1678. folio.

This treatise, abridged from Turbervile (No. 14) with addi-

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ENGLISH. 27

tions from Latham (No. 18), and Aldrovandus, is printed as an
appendix (pp. 397-437), 'to Ray's translation of Willughby's
"Ornithology," 1678, which was published in Latin two years
previously.

36. BROWNE (Sir Thomas). Certain Miscel-
lany Tracts. Written by Thomas Brown, Kt. and
Doctoiir of Physick ; late of Norwich. London.
Printed for Charles Mearne, and are to be sold
by Henry Bonwick at the Red Lyon in St. Paul's
Churchyard. 1684. sm. 8vo.

Published after the author's death by Dr. Tenison, afterwards
Archbishop of Canterbury.

Tract V. treats " of Hawks and Falconry Ancient and Modern"
(pp. 111-119), and is devoted chiefly to a consideration of the
remedies applied by falconers for the diseases of their birds.
The author mentions incidentally that " upon good account, an
hawk in this county of Norfolk made a flight at a Woodcock
near thirty miles in one hour" (p. 116).

This tract is reprinted in Wilkin's edition (which is the best)
of Sir Thomas Browne's "Works," 1836 (vol iv. pp. 186-190),
where the author's surname is spelled with a final e. This is not
so in the original tract, nor in the title-page of the folio of 1686,
printed for Thomas Basset and others. But the final e is to be
found in the MS. in the Bodleian Library, as well as on the
author's tomb at Norwich.

37. COX (Nicholas). The Gentleman's Recrea-
tion : in four parts, viz.. Hunting, Hawking, Fowling,
Fishing. Collected from ancient and modern authors
forrein and domestick, and rectified by the experience
of the most skilfull artists of these times. Illustrated
with Sculptures. London. Printed by E. Flesher for
Maurice Atkins at the Half-moon in St. Pauls Church-
yard and Nicholas Cox over against Furnivals- Inn-
Gate in Holborne, 1674. Svo*

?8 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

In this, the first edition, the book is not claimed by Nicholas
Cox, whose name in subsequent editions is appended to the
" Epistle Dedicatory." It is a mere compilation, without ac-
knowledgment, from various authors, which caused it to be
severely criticised by J ohn Ray in his Preface to Wiilughby's
" Ornithology " (1678). He says : — "I cannot but reflect upon
the author of a late English book entituled * The Gentleman's
Recreation.' .... For I find that all he hath considerable con-
cerning Fowling is taken out of the aforesaid book of Markham's
[* Hunger's Prevention, or the Art of Fowling '], and yet hath he
not to my remembrance made any mention of his author. What
he hath of Hawking is likewise an epitome of Turbervile's
collections, with some additions out of Latham's ' Falconry,'
without acknowledgement that all were borrowed. I do not
blame him for epitomizing, but for suppressing his author's
names and publishing their works as his own, insomuch that
not only the vulgar, but even learned men, have been deceived
by him."

Ray, however, overlooked the statement on the title-page that
the various treatises were " collected from ancient and modern
authors forrein and domesiick," though it is true that the names
of these authors are not riientioned.

The first edition of this book has become very scarce, and the
second, third, and fourth editions (1677, 1686, and 1697) are
seldom found quite perfect. The later editions of 1706 and
1 72 1 are more often to be met with. In some the title varies,
as, for example : —

38. COX (Nicholas). The Gentleman's Recrea-
tion : in four Parts, viz., Hunting, Hawking, Fowl-
ing, Fishing. Wherein these generous exercises are
largely treated of: and the Terms of Art for Hunting
and Hawking more amply enlarged than heretofore,
etc. The Fourth Edition. London, Printed by J.
Dawks for N. Rolls in Petty-Canons- Hall, in St Pauls
Church-yard. 1697. 8vo.

The preceding half-title has engraved scenes of Coursing,

ENGLISH.

29

Hunting, Hawking, and Fishing, with the words "The Gentle-
man's Recreation " on a shield in the centre.

39. COX (Nicholas). The Gentleman's Recrea-
tion : being a Treatise of Hawking and Faulconry.
Fitted for the delight and pleasure of all Noblemen and
Gentlemen. Collected from ancient and modern Authors,
and rectified by the experience of the most skilful
Artists of these times. With an Abstract of such
Statute- Laws as concern this Recreation. London,
1686. 8vo.

This forms the second Part of the third edition (1686) of the
last-named work, in which the several portions have each a
separately printed title.

The four parts of the work were subsequently printed sepa-
rately, without date, by J. Smeaton, printer, 148 St. Martin's
Lane, and issued in thin octavo pamphlet form with the titles,
"The Huntsman" (pp. iv.-i24), ''The Fowler" (pp. iv.-76),
"The Fisherman" (pp. iv.-i48), and "The Falconer" (pp. iv.-
95). All except " The Fisherman " are stated to be " by Nicholas
Coxe Esq." The title of the part on Hawking runs thus : —

40. COX (Nicholas). The Falconer ; or the Art
OF Hawking and Falconry. Containing the Terms of
Art used by Falconers. The descriptions and names

of Hawks used in Falconry The methods of

making, manning, reclaiming, luring, sealing and
mewing all kinds of Hawks for sport. Their flights
with the proper game-bird for each The imple-
ments and furniture requisite in hawking. The various
castings and scourings for Hawks. Valuable receipts
for removing their diseases : and the means of pre-
serving them in good health. To which is added The
Cocker: being a full illustration of the royal sport of

30 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Cock-fighting, with reflections on Betting, etc. By
Nicholas Coxe, Esq. London : Printed and sold by
J. Smeeton, 148, St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross,
n. d. [1815?]. Svo.

41. BLOME (Richard). The Gentleman's Recrea-
tion. In two Parts. The first being an Encyclopedy
of the Arts and Sciences, to wit, an abridgement
thereof .... The second Part treats of Horse-
manship, Hawking, Hunting, Fowling, Fishing, and
Agriculture. With a short treatise of Cock-fighting
for the breeding, dyetting, ordering, matching, and
fiofhtinsf them. All which are collected from the
most authentick authors, and the many gross errors
therein corrected, with great enlargements made by
those well experienced in the said Recreations. And
for the better Explanation thereof, great variety of
useful Sculptures, as Nets, Traps, Engines, etc., are
added for the taking of Beasts, Fowl, and Fish, not
hitherto published by any. The whole illustrated with
about an hundred ornamental and useful Sculptures
engraven in copper relating to the several subjects.
London. Printed by S. Roycroft for Richard Blome,
dwelling at the upper end of Dutchy-Lane, near
Somerset-House in the Strand. 16S6. folio.

The title of this work, " The Gentleman's Recreation " (printed
in black and red), was first used by Nicholas Cox in 1674, and
was perhaps suggested by Markham's " Husbandman's Recrea-
tion," 161 1.

The second part, founded on a translation of Les Ruses Intio-
centes, 1660, and on the v/orks of Markham and Turbervile, has
a separate title (in black only), worded as in the lower half of

ENGLISH. 31

the first title, but spaced out, and each division of this part has
an engraved copper-plate facing the first chapter. The division
on " Hawking and Faulconry " has this sub-heading : — " Wherein
is treated of the several kinds of Hawks now in use, with their
natures and qualities. The manner of reclaiming, mewing, and
flying them for the respective game proper for each Hawk, with
direction for feeding and ordering them. Their diseases and
cures. With a short discourse of the Spaniel, showing his use
in Faulconry : With directions for the breeding, ordering and
managing him for the game : Together with directions for the
choosing, ordering, and making a setting dog."

This portion of the work is illustrated with five full-page
copper-plate engravings, dedicated to noblemen and gentlemen
who at that date were notable exponents of Hawking, and expert
in those branches of the sport with which their names are asso-
ciated. Thus : —

1. Partridge-hawking with Tiercels (p. 33), John Bassett, Esq.,

of Heanton Punchardon, Devonshire.

2. Pheasant Hawking (p. 34), Sir John Thorold, Bart., of

Marston, in the Co. Lincoln.

3. Partridge-hawking with the Goshawk (Manning Hawks,

P- 37)> Sir Richard Wenman, Bart., of Caswell, Oxford-
shire.

4. Heron-hawking (p. 43), Rt. Hon. Wm. Pierrepoint, Earl

of Kingston-upon-Hull, Viscount Newark-upon-Trent.

5. Brook-hawking (p. 44), Gilbert Gerard Cossine, Esq., son

and heir of Sir Gilbert Gerard, Knt., of Brasserton Hall,
in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

Furthermore, in regard to this portion of the work, the author
was especially indebted for information to Sir Ralph Button,
of Sherbom in Gloucestershire, and George Russel, of Abbots
Aston in Buckinghamshire, Serjeant of His Majesty's Hawks,
both long-experienced falconers.

A second edition, corrected, appeared in 17 10, also in folio,
and copies of several of the plates, reduced in size to 8vo, were
re-published in the " Sportsman's Dictionary ; or the Country
Gentleman's Companion in all rural recreations," of which a
second edition in i vol. thick 8vo was printed for J. Osborne,
at the Golden Ball in Paternoster Row, in 1744.

32 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

42. BRADLEY (Richard, F.R.S.). Husbandry

and Trade improved : a Collection of Essays. Second

edition, edited by John Houghton, F.R.S. London.

1728. 4 vols. 8vo.

Vol. 3 contains several chapters on Hawks and Falconry,
chiefly compiled from Willughby and Ray (No. 35).

43. H. (R.) The School of Recreation : or a
Guide to the most ingenious exercises of Hunting,
Riding, Racing .... Hawking, etc. By R. H. Lon-
don, Printed for A. Bettesworth at the Red- Lyon in
Paternoster-row. 1732. i2mo.

A small and unimportant treatise, but seldom to be met with.

44. ANON. The Sportsman's Dictionary ; or the
Country Gentleman's Companion in all rural recrea-
tions. With full and particular instructions for Hunt-
ing, Shooting, Fishing, Hawking, &c. London. 1735.
2nd ed. 1744. 8vo.

With plates reduced from Blome (No. 41).

45. SOMERVILE (W.). Field Sports : a Poem
Humbly Address'dto His Royal Highness the Prince.
By William Somervile, Esq. London. Printed for
J. Stagg in Westminster Hall. 1742. folio.

The first edition in folio, pp. 14, the original price of which
was one shilling, contains a description of flying at the Stag
with Eagles ; Heron-hawking ; Flying at the River ; Partridge
Hawking ; and Daring Larks with a Hobby.

Of this work there have been several editions, of which the
handsomest in 4to was printed by Bulmer in 18 13, with cuts by
Bewick. Of the smaller editions, the best is that by Edward
Topham, printed with The Chace at the Chiswick Press in 18 17,
with engravings by Scott from paintings by Sartorius.

ENGLISH. Z2>

46. ANON. The Country Gentleman's Com-
panion through the Rural Pursuits of Pleasure and
Profit. (Containing treatises on Hunting, Hawking, etc.)
By a Country Gentleman, from his own experience.
London, Printed for the author 1756. 2 vols. sm. 8vo.

Each volume has a second title-page embodying contents.

Vol. I. includes a chapter " Of Hawks" (pp. 210-228); and
Vol. II. contains a section on Hawking (pp. 39-50), which is a
reprint without acknowledgment of the chapter on Hawking in
Gervase Markham's " Country Contentments," and with the last
paragraph omitted (p. 50).

47. PENNANT (Thomas). British Zoology.

Published under the inspection of the Cymmrodorion

Society. London. 1766. folio.

Second edition, 1768. 2 vols. 8vo. Other editions, 1768-70,
4 vols. 8vo; 1776-7, 4 vols. 4to. New edition (the first with
author's name on title), 18 12, 4 vols. 8vo. In this will be found
(vol. i. pp. 210-213, 220, 226, 247, 253; and vol. ii. pp. 309-311)
several passages relating to Falconry. His " Falcon Gentil "
(p. 222) is the Goshawk, and his "Lanner" (p. 223) is the
Peregrine.

48. PENNANT (Thomas). Arctic Zoology.

London. 1784-87. 2 vols, and suppl. 4to.

On Eagles trained by the Tartars (ii. 195) ; on the method of
capturing Jerfalcons in Iceland (ii. 217-218); and on the anti-
quity of Falconry (ii. 218-220).

49. CAMPBELL (James). A Treatise of Modern
Faulconry : to which is prefixed, from authors not
generally known, an Introduction, shewing the Practice
of Faulconry in certain remote times and countries.
By James Campbell, Esq. — Nititur pennis — Hor.
Edinburgh, Printed by Balfour and Smellie for the
Author. 1773. 8vo.

c

34 BOOKS ON FALCONR Y.

The author of this book was falconer to the Earl of Eglinton,
and submitting it to the inspection of the Rev. A. Gillies, was
told that an early account of hawking should be prefixed. He
could only speak from practice, the other artfully, knowing
little of the practice but something of the history, offered to
supply the deficiency. Hence the preface in ridicule of " The
Origin and Progress of Language " then newly published, and a
fabulous account of hawking by the Emperor Arambombam-
boberus with Trebizonian Eagles on the alleged authority of a
MS. in the Grand Sultan's library. This bantering of the wit
produced the worst effect for the author, |who instead of
securing a rapid sale, found himself possessed of a mass of
waste paper. (Haslewood, Introduction to the Book of St.
Albans, 1810, p. 29). But what he himself wrote is reliable.

50. ANON. Hawking Moralised. Reading.
1776. i2mo.

A small chap book of poems on Hawking : good, bad,
and indifferent. Specimens quoted Gent's Mag., Oct. 1812,
p. 310. Not in Brit. Mus. Some Hawking Songs in Armiger,
"Sportsman's Vocal Cabinet," 1830 (pp. 24, 46, 393, 407).
Also a Song, with a woodcut, entitled " Hawking," published as
a broadside at Edinburgh. 1832. Brit. Mus. 840. m. 34 (7).

The woodcut purporting to represent " Sir H. Glendinning "
is a rude copy of an engraving by C. Turner, from a painting
by Howe, of Mr. Fleming of Barochan, Renfrewshire, and his
falconer John Anderson.

51. OSBALDISTON (W. A.). The British
Sportsman : or Nobleman, Gentleman, and Farmer's
Dictionary of Recreation and Amusement .... with
particular Instructions for ... . Hunting Hawking,
&c. London, printed for the proprietor. 1792. 4to.

With frontispiece and 42 plates ; one (p. 390) of heron-hawking.

52. ANON. Essays by a Society of Gentlemen at
Exeter. [Quotation from Horace.] Exeter. Printed

ENGLISH. 35

by and for Trewman and Son. London. Sold by
Cadell and Davies, Fleet Street, etc. 1796. 8vo.

Contains an Essay (pp. 131-164) of no great merit entitled
" Historical Outlines of Falconry."

53. BECKMANN (John). A History of Inven-
tions AND Discoveries. Translated from the German
by William Johnston. London. 1797. 3 vols. 8vo.

Article " Falconry" (historical outlines), vol. i. pp. 319-333.

54. SHAW (George, M.D.). General Zoology or
Systematic Natural History, with plates. London.
1 800-1 826. 14 vols. 8vo.

In vol. vii. (pp. 135-140) will be found directions for training
Hawks from the French of the Abbe la Pluche.

55. LATHAM (John). General History of

Birds. Winchester. 1821-24. 10 vols. 4to.

For observations on Hawks and Hawking, see vol. i. pp. 56,
65> 73> 107-110, 114, 176.

56. STRUTT (Joseph). The Sports and Pastimes

of the English People : including the Rural and

Domestic Recreations, .... from the earliest period

to the present time. London. 1801. 4to.

Pp. 1-302, with 39 engravings. The same, fine paper, with
coloured plates. Reprinted 18 10, 4to, with coloured plates, a
few copies illuminated. New edition by W. Hone, 1830, Svo,
with 140 engravings. The same, large paper, roy. Svo. The
same reprinted for Thomas Tegg & Son, 1834 and 1838, 8vo.
The second chapter is devoted to "Hawking," with four wood-
cuts from ancient MSS. The author has fallen into some curious
errors which the editor should have corrected ; for exam.ple, in
sect, ix., "Caparison of a Hawk," he says: — "The bewits,
we are informed, were useful to keep the hawk from winding

36 BOOKS ON FAL CONR Y.

when she bated." He means the tyrrits (Fr. tourettes), which
took the place of the modern swivel. Bewits are thin strips of
leather by which the bells are fastened to the hawk's legs.
Sect. X., " Early treatises on Hawking," is very meagre. Com-
pare the account of MSS. on Falconry in the British Museum
given in No. 8i, pp. ii.-xvii.

57. THORNTON (Colonel T.). A Sporting Tour
through the Northern Parts of England and great
part of the Highlands of Scotland ; including remarks
on English and Scottish landscape, etc. By Colonel T.
Thornton, of Thorn ville Royal, in Yorkshire. De
gustibus noil est disputandum. London. Printed for
Vernon and Hood, 31 Poultry; Constable and Hunter,
Edinburgh ; and Brush and Reid, Glasgow ; by James
Swan, Angel Street. 1804. 4^.

Contains much practical information on falconry, and details
of the sport, especially grouse-hawking (in which the author was
very successful) snipe-hawking and kite-hawking. He was the
only falconer of modern times who procured a young goshawk
from a nest in Great Britain. This bird was taken in the forest
of Rothiemurcus (p. 76), where there were a few eyries in the
great fir trees, some of which he saw (p. 107). He formed a
Falconers' Club, of which the following amongst others were
members : the Earl of Orford, the Earl of Eglinton, Mr. Las-
celles, Mr. Parson, Mr. Edward Parson, the Duke of Rutland and
Mr. P. Stanley. They found Alconbury Hill a very desirable
place to meet at for part of the season, on account of the number
of Kites which were then to be found there, and which afforded
excellent sport. They used then to go on to Barton Mills, as
appears by a memorandum in the handwriting of Col. Thornton,
which in 1823 (the year of his death) was in possession of Mr.
T. Gosden. After showing good sport with his hawks for nine
years he was presented by Lord Orford, on behalf of himself and
other subscribers, in 1781, with a handsome silver-gilt urn, on
the cover of which is the appropriate design of a Goshawk holding
a Hare. This urn, which passed into the possession of Col.

COLONEL T. THORNTON I

OF THORNVILLE ROYAL. IN YORKSHIRE. ,' ' ' -
BORN 1767, DIED 1823.
J^om a portrait in the postetaion of the Earl of Eotebery,

ENGLISH. 37

Thornton VVodehouse, R.A. (a relative by marriage), was sold at
" Christie's " on the nth June 1884, and was purchased by the
present Lord Orford, by whom it is now exhibited in the Gros-
venor Gallery.

58. THORNTON (Colonel T.). A Sporting Tour
through various parts of France, in the year 1802.
. ... In a series of Letters to the Right Hon. the
Earl of Darhngton. To which is prefixed an Account
of French Wolf-hunting. By Colonel Thornton, of
Thornville Royal, Yorkshire. Illustrated, etc Albion
Press. Printed by James Cunder, Ivy Lane, for
Longman & Co., Paternoster Row, and C. Chappie,
Pall Mall, 1806. 2 vols. 4to.

A portrait of the author carrying a favourite falcon forms a
frontispiece to the first volume. The original oil painting from
which this portrait was engraved is in the possession of the
Earl of Rosebery at the Durdans, Epsom.

The appendix contains some practical remarks on pheasant-
hawking (pp. 230-234) with a description and plate of the
Hawk- house at Thornville Royal.

59. HOWITT (Samuel). The British Sportsman :
Seventy plates, without text. London. 1 8 1 2. 4to.

Includes four excellent engravings illustrative of Hawking —
namely, "Partridge-hawking," "Pheasant-hawking," "Duck-
hawking," and " Heron-hawking," thus lettered ; with the addi-
tional words "Republished by Edwd. Orme, Bond St. 1812."
The first edition appeared in 1800.

60. CHAFIN (William). Anecdotes and History

OF Cranbourn Chase. By William Chafin, clerk.

London. 1 8 1 6. 8vo.

First edition, pp. 56. Second edition, with additions, 1818,
pp. 103. Reviewed in the Gentkfnan's Magazine, 18 18.

38 BOOKS ON FALCONR Y.

The author describes (p. 45) " the large tract of land in and
near the Chase, called the Hawking Downs, formerly covered
with gorse and fern, and the resort of winged game, pheasants,
and partridges : and the bordering woods that produced wood-
cocks which came to a flight for the hawks in the open glades
when disturbed from the woods, and shewed great sport." He
refers also (p. 47) to " the English hawks annually trained in the
neighbourhood of Bridport in Dorsetshire for the taking of Land-
rails in the hemp and flax-fields near that town," and prints several
letters (pp. 48-51) from Mr. W. Tregonwell Frampton, who about
the year 1670 was " the most active pursuer of this diversion in
the West of England." These letters give some curious details
of the importation of hawks in those days, brought over in the
Russian ships, and the value set upon them.

For a portrait of Frampton, see The Fields 22nd April 1854
(vol. iii. p. 381).

61. SEBRIGHT (Sir John Saunders, Bart., M.P.).

Observations upon Hawking: Describing the mode

of Breaking and Managing the several kinds of Hawks

used in Falconry. London, Printed for J. Harding,

32 St. James's Street. 1826. 8vo.

A practical and now scarce treatise. In preparing it, the
author was assisted by Mr. Downes of Gunton, who, with Lord
Orford, Col. Thornton, Col. Wilson (afterwards Lord Berners),
Mr. Hall of Weston, near Newmarket, and Mr. E. C. Newcome
of Feltwell, upheld this sport in England during the first quarter
of the present century.

62. HAREWOOD (H.). Dictionary of Sports :
or companion to the field, the forest, and the river
side. Containing explanations of every term appli-
cable to racing, shooting, hunting, fishing, hawking,
etc. With essays upon all national amusements. By
Harry Harewood, of Springfield, in the County of
York, Esq. London. 1835. ^^- ^^o-

An improved version of the "Sportsman's Dictionary."
(No, 44.) With woodcuts, including the Goshawk and Hobby.

EDWARD CLOUGH NEWCOME

Of Hockwold in the county of Norfolk.

Born 1810, Died 1871.

ENGLISH. 39

63. BLAINE (D. P.). An Encyclopedia of Rural
Sports. Part VI. (pp. 602-718). Falconry or Hawk-
ing, with numerous illustrations. London. 1840. 8vo.

Second edition (the best) revised by " Harry Hieover,"
" Ephemera," and others, and illustrated with 600 engravings
on wood from drawings by Aiken, T. Landseer, and others.
London (Longmans), 1852. Other editions 1858 (illustrated
by Leech) and 1870.

64. BELANY (J. C). A Treatise upon Falconry.
In two Parts. By James Cockburn Belany, Berwick
upon Tweed. Printed for the Author. 1841. 8vo.

Part I. contains observations upon the Nature, Antiquity and
History of Falconry.

Part II. contains notices of the different Hawks used in British
Hawking, the proper method of keeping, training, and flying the
birds, the apparatus belonging to the art, etc.

Appended is a Glossary of the " Terms used in Falconry," very
incomplete, and not always accurate, the body of the work also
containing many serious errors. A work much overrated by
the booksellers.

65. LUBBOCK (Richard). Observations on the

Fauna of Norfolk, and more particularly on the

District of the Broads. By the Rev. Richard Lubbock,

M.A., Rector of Beccles. Norwich. 1845. ^^o-

Contains a chapter " On the Remains of Falconry in Norfolk,"
pp. 20-31 ; second edition (1879), PP- 33~44) with Appendix on
the same subject by Prof. Newton, pp. 224-239. Some further
notes, by J. E. Harting, " On Hawking as formerly practised in
Norfolk," will be found in the Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat.
Society^ vol. iii. (1880), pp. 79-94. See also Stevenson, " Birds
of Norfolk," vol. i. pp. 12-17.

66. BURTON (Richard F.). Falconry in the
Valley of the Indus. By Richard F. Burton, Lieut.

40 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Bombay Army. London, John Van Voorst. 1852.
post 8vo.

For a writer having no practical knowledge of the subject, but
merely describing what he saw and heard, this little book is
well written, and has a charming frontispiece by J. Wolf repre-
senting a Goshawk seizing a gazelle, with other illustrations.

The errors in the text are evidently due to the fact of the
author not always understanding what he saw, or heard described.

6^, SALVIN (F. H.) and BRODRICK (W.). Fal-
conry IN THE British Isles. With coloured plates
of all the Hawks used by Falconers. London, John
Van Voorst. 1855. roy. 8vo.

Second edition, 1873. The best modern book in English on
the art and practice of Falconry. The second edition is to be
preferred for the emendations and additions to the text, but the
illustrations to the first edition are much superior. An interest-
ing review of the second edition written by the late A. E. Knox, of
Trotton, Sussex, appeared in the Quarterly Review for July 1875.

68. FREEMAN (G. E.) and SALVIN (F. H.).

Falconry : its Claims, History and Practice. To
which are added remarks on Training the Otter and
Cormorant, by Captain Salvin. London, Longmans.
1859. 8vo.

Though out of print, a work to be commended ; by two prac-
tical falconers, both of whom are still living. The chapter on
heron-hawking as pursued 40 years ago was communicated by
the late Edward Clough Newcome, of Feltwell Hall, Brandon,
Norfolk, one of the best practical falconers of modem times,
and the last who kept Heron-hawks in England. In 1843
he had two remarkable Heron-hawks, " De Ruyter" and
"Sultan," which were brought from Holland by the Dutch
falconer Jan Pells, and in that year took 54 herons, and in the

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ENGLISH. 41

following season 57 herons. " De Ruyter" was lost on Laken-
heath Warren, but "Sultan," who in the season of 1845 killed
25 rooks and 3 herons, lived for some time afterwards, and, on
dying, was preserved, with jesses, hood, and bells, in a glass
case, which may still be seen at Hockwold Hall.

69. HAMILTON (J. P.). Reminiscences of an old
Sportsman. By Colonel J. P. Hamilton, K.H. In
two volumes. London, Longmans, i860. 8vo.

The last four chapters of vol. ii. (pp. 171-308) are devoted
to Falconry, historical and descriptive, but contain numerous
technical errors, owing to the author's want of practical acquaint-
ance witli the sport.

70. BRODRICK (W.). Falconer's Favorites. By
W. Brodrick, one of the authors of " Falconry in the
British Islands." London, Van Voorst. 1865. folio.

A series of six coloured plates of hawks, life size, with a page
of descriptive letterpress to each. The species figured are : —
" Comet," a year old Peregrine Tiercel ; an adult male Sparrow-
hawk ; "Shark," an adult male Goshawk ; an adult male Hobby;
*' Hurricane," a young female Peregrine [more like a Norwegian
Jerfalcon], and a young male Merlin. The plates drawn and
lithographed by the author.

For a memoir of the late William Brodrick, see The Field,
1 2th Jan. 1889.

71. FREEMAN (G. E.). Practical Falconry; to
which is added. How I became a Falconer. By Gage
Earle Freeman, M.A., " Peregrine " of The Field.
London, Horace Cox. 1869. 8vo.

This little book, written from personal experience of the author,
has done much to keep alive the traditions of falconry and
encourage its modern revival. It has been unfortunately for
some time out of print.

42 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

72. DELME-RADCLIFFE (Col. E.). Notes on the
Falconidce used in India in Falconry. [Cut of hooded
falcon on glove.] Southsea, n.d. [1871]. sm. 8vo.

This small pamphlet of 38 pp. contains much practical infor-
mation derived by the author from personal experience in
India. It is a reprint of three articles, with the same title,
which appeared in The Field of July 22, Aug. 5, and Aug. 26,
1871.

Schlegel cites a treatise on Falconry in India written in English,
bu*; known to him only through a German translation in Wiers-
bitzki's Tasclienbuch fur Jdger und Naturfreunde (see German
authors. No. 116). It contains some curious details about
Hawking as practised in India in modern times. To this
it may be added that in Hume's " Scrap-Book, or Rough
Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology" (two parts, Svo, Cal-
cutta, 1869-70), will be found some excellent notes commu-
nicated by Mr. R. Thompson of Gurhwal, on hawking in India
with the Peregrine, Saker, Goshawk, Sparrow-hawk and Hobby,
the last-named being flown at the Hoopoe, and affording very
pretty sport.

^2,' DELME-RADCLIPFE (Col. E.). The article
" Falconry" in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," ninth
edition. London and Edinburgh. 1879. 4to,

74. FISHER (C. Hawkins), FREEMAN (G. E.),
and others. Prize Essays on Falconry ; submitted to
the Barnet Committee of the Alexandra Park with the
object of suggesting the best means for reviving the
practice of Falconry. Adjudicated upon by Lord
Lilford, Lieut.-Col. Delme-Radcliffe, and E. C. New-
come. London. 1871. sm. Svo.

75. ROWLEY (George Dawson). Ornithological
Miscellany. London. 1875-78. 3 vols. 4to.

Contains a few, but unimportant, notes on Falconry (part i

PETER BALLANTINE.

THE LAST OF THE OLD SCOTCH FALCONERS,

BORN t798, OrCD 1884.

From a painting by A. D. Cooper, 1879, in the possession iof,
Mr. R, Oswald of Auchencruive, Ayrshire. *• i' *

,y

i\

', /

ENGLISH. 43

pp. 55-60, and part iv, pp. 213-222), collected from various,
sources, with facsimile woodcuts from Turbervile (No. 15).

76. LACROIX (Paul). Manners, Customs, and

Dress during the Middle Ages. London. 1877.

4to.

A translation from the French (which see) with full-page illu-
minated plates, and engravings from early MSS., a chapter being
devoted to Falconry (pp. 195-212).

'J']. HARTING (J. E.). The Ornithology of
Shakespeare, critically examined, explained and illus-
trated. London, John Van Voorst. 1871. Svo.

Contains a chapter on "Hawks and Hawking" (pp. 49-82),
explaining the Hawking terms used by Shakespeare, with illus-
trations from other authors, and some curious statistics con-
cerning the prices paid for hawks, and the practice of the art in
the 1 6th century. The frontispiece represents Shakespeare with
a falcon on his glove, drawn by J. Wolf, the only portrait of
Shakespeare with a hawk.

78. HARTING (J. E.). The article "Falconry,"
revised, in Stonehenge's " Rural Sports." Fifteenth
edition. London. 1880. 8vo.

79. HARTING (J. E.). Essays on Sport and
Natural History. London, Horace Cox. 1883. 8vo.

Contains chapters on Hunting and Hawking, the Boke of
St. Albans, Hawking as taught by the Boke, Taking Passage
Hawks in Holland, How to Train a Passage Hawk, and a
review of an Arabic Treatise on Hawking.

80. HARTING (J. E.). Hints on the Manage-
ment OF Hawks. London, Horace Cox. 1884. 8vo.

The various steps to be taken in taming, training, feeding,
and flying hawks are detailed from personal knowledge, and from

44 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

the teaching of two experienced professional falconers, the late
John Barr, and Adrian Mollen, of Valkenswaard.

8 1. HARTING (J. E.). A Perfecte Booke for

Kepinge of Sparhawkes or Goshawkes. Written

about 1575. Now first printed from the original MS.

on vellum. With Introduction and Glossary by J. E.

Harting. London, Quaritch. 1886, sm. 4to.

The original MS. is in the possession of Mr. W. A. Tyssen-
Amherst, of Didlington Hall, Norfolk. The Introduction (pp.
i.-xxxii.) embodies a review of the Early English literature of
falconry (including manuscripts), and appended to the treatise
(pp. 39-51) is a " glossary " of all the technical terms employed
by Falconers. Only 100 copies of this treatise have been
published.

82. HARTING (J. E.). The article " Falconry" in
Chambers' " Encyclopedia," new edition. Edinburgh
and London. 1889. 4to.

Butcb,

83. MAERLANT (Jacob van). Der Natura

Bloemen : Historia Naturalis Metrica. Leyden, n.d.

This work, preserved in MS. at Eeyden, is cited by Schlegel
as being mentioned in a '■^ Catalogus libroruvi inanuscriptorum
bibliotheca Lugduno Batavce. descripsit J. Geel, 1852 " (p. 195,
No. 659), and contains some remarks on Falconry, relating
chiefly to the diseases of hawks and the remedies for them.

84. MERULA (Paul G. F.). Placaten ende
Ordonancien op t'stuck van de Wildernissen in orde
gestelddoor Paul G. F. Merulam, Dordracenum. In's
Gravenhage bij B. C. Nieulant. 1605. folio.

DUTCH FALCONER OF THE XVI CENTURY.

From a portrait by Frans de Vrient

In the Brunswick Gallery.

GERMAN.

45

Placate.nt e.v Ordenancten op 't stuck van

de Wildernisse, Hout-Vesterye, Vogelerye, ende

Visscherye .... van Merula uytgegeven. 'S

Gravenhage. 1672. 4to.

According to Schlegel the third book, entitled Ixeutica of
Vlught-Bedrijf, contains a brief account of Falconry in Holland.

85. ACKERSDIJCK (W. C). De Valkenjagt te
Valkenswaard en Waalre. 1838. 8vo.

Nieuwe Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode. 1838. ii. p. 179.

Unknown to Schlegel. See also an anonymous pamphlet,
published at the Hague in 1840, entitled *' Quelques de'tails
sur les Faucons et I'art de les dresser a la chasse." Both these
publications refer to the doings of the Loo Hawking Club in
Holland.

%6. WULVERHORST (A. H. Verster van).

Geschiedkundige Ainteekeningen over het Jagtwezen.

Amsterdam. 1 840.

Not seen ; cited by Schlegel and said to contain some obser-
vations on Falconry (pp. 25-40). Wulverhorst was part author
with Schlegel of the Trait'e de Fauconnerie.

(Berman.

^"j. ANON. Das erste Buch vahet also an und

leret paissen [beyssen, beizen, oder beitzen] und auch

den Habich erkenne Augsburg [c. 1472]. sm. 4to.

Black letter, 46 leaves unpaged, and without signatures ;
22 lines to a page. Without author's name or date. The
earliest printed book on Falconry in any language. Extremely
rare. The only copy mentioned by bibliographers is one for-
merly in the library of the Abb^ de Bearzi.

46 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

88. HICFELT (Eberhard). Aucupatorium Hero-
DiORUM. Eine Deutsche Abhandlung liber die Beizjagd
aus der ersten halfte des 15 Jahrhundertes. Nach der
einzigen erhaltenen Handschrift dem Cod. MS. Nr. 2457
der K. K. Hotbibliothek zu Wien zum erstenmale im
Urtexte herausgegeben, eingeleitet, und commentiert
von Ernst Ritter von Dombrowski. MIteinem photo-
zinkographischen und handcolorierten Facsimile der
Handschrift, etc. Wien. 1886. 4to. [1430-1450.]

This extremely interesting treatise, written between 1430 and
1450, is printed in Black letter for the first time from a MS.
in the Royal Library at Vienna. It contains a facsimile in
colours (the MS. being illuminated) of the first page, which
commences : — '• Incipit aucupatorium herodioruin ex antiquorum
philosophorum dictis per magistrum Eberhardum Hicfelt collect um
et Iranslatuin"

It is apparently founded on the earlier treatises of Symmachus
and Theodosius, A. de Eglis, Ladislaus of Hungary, and
Crescentius (see Latin authors), and deals first with the nature
and habits of Falcons {^Herodioruin sive Falkonuni) ; secondly,
with taming and training them {de domatiotie et doctritia) ; and
thirdly, with the cure of their diseases (de egritudinibus earn/idem
curis). The editor, Baron von Dombrowski, in an excellent
Introduction notices some of the older works from which the
author derived information, and prints in parallel columns a
passage from Hicfelt and from Crescentius.

Only 220 numbered copies of this have been printed, of which
that in the writer's possession is No. 61.

89. KAISER MAXIMILIAN. Handschrift uber

DIE Falknerey (1493-15 1 9) auf der K.K. Hofbibho-

thek zu Wien.

Printed, from a MS. of the fifteenth century in the Imperial
Library at Vienna, by Hammer Purgstall in his " Falknerklee "
(No. 113), 8vo, pp. 94-96. Wien. 1840. It is an Ordinance of
the Emperor, addressed to a Grand Duke of Austria, relative
to the state of falconry in that country. From this it appears

GERMAN. 47

tliat he used to receive annually twelve Sakers from Cyprus (sent
by the republic of Venice), and twelve Peregrines from the grand
falconer at the court of Prussia, besides purchasing hawks in
Holland and Alsace, and at Augsburg.

Another MS. of this Emperor, namely : — his " Geheimes
Jagdbuch," relating to Deer, was edited and published at
Vienna, in 1858, by Th. G. von Karajan.

90. KNOBLAUCH (J.). EiN schone Buchlin von

DEM Beyssen mit dem Habich unnd dem Hund, alle

besten unnd geschicklicheyt des Federsplls trewlich

underrichtend unnd lernend. Gedruckt zu Strassburg

durch Johannem Knoblauch ini jar 15 10. \X.q.

A scarce work on hawking with the Goshawk. Not in Brit. Mus.
According to Dombrowski, (No. 88, p. Ix.), the first edi-
tion appeared at Augsburg, about 1478.

91. STEYNER (Heinricli). Waidwerck ; Vogel
zu FAHEN MIT Raubvogeln, ctc. Augsburg. n.d.
[c. 1530]. 4to.

Not seen : cited by Schlegel. Not in British Museum.

92. EGENOLPH (Christoph). Waidwerck; Vo-
gel zu FAHEN MIT Raubvogeln, uetzen, stricken, leim,
geschoss, etc. Strassburg. 1530. 4to.

Not seen : cited by Schlegel, possibly an edition of the last-
named, Egenolph being printer or publisher. Not in Brit. Mus.

93. TAPP (Eberhard). Waidwerck und Feder-
SPiEL. Von der Habichen unnd Falcken natur art unnd
eygenthumb : wie mann sie berichten gewehnen atzen
unnd von alien jrenk ranckheyten soil erledigen. Allen
Habich unnd Falcken tregern vast notig unnd zu wissen
nlltzlich. Durch Eberhardum Tappium, Lunensem
Burger zu Coin. [Holzschnittvignette] Strassburgh
bey M. Jacob Cammer Lander. Anno, 1542. sm. 4to.

48 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Reprint of 1886, of which only 250 numbered copies were
issued, this being No. 31. Copies of the original edition of
1542 are extremely scarce. In twenty years I have only once
seen it in a bookseller's catalogue. Not in Brit. Mus.

The title may be thus translated: — "The Chase and the
Lure. On Goshawks and Falcons, their nature, species, and
peculiarities : how to train, tame, and feed them j and treating
of all their diseases. Almost indispensable, and most useful to all
fanciers of goshawks and falcons. By Eberhard Tapp, Lunensis,
a citizen of Cologne. 1542." The preface is dated Cologne,
24 May, 1 541.

94. FEYERABENDT (Sigmundt). Neuw Jag
UND Weydwerck Buch, das ist ein grundtliche
Beschreibung vom Anfang der Jagten .... Item
vom adelichen Weydwerck der Falcknerey. Getruckt
zu Franckfurt am Maynhen bey Johaii Feyerabendt,
in Verlegung Sigmundt Feyerabendts. 1582. folio.

Compiled from previous writers, the portion on hunting
being translated, for the first time, from the French of Jacques
du Fouilloux. The first part treats of Hunting, the second of
Hawking ; with engravings by Jost Amman. Not in the British
Museum.

95. SEBIZIUS (Melchior). Funfzehn Bucher von
DEM Feldbaw Das 13. Buch umfasst Weyd-
werck Hetzen und Jagen ; das 14. Buch vom Feder-
spiEL oder von Falcknerey ; das 15. Buch von der

Wolfjagd, etc Mit Holzschnitten von Jost

Amman. Strassburg. 1588. folio.

Other editions, 1592, 1598 (Brit. Mus.) and 1607. In the
edition of 1598 the treatise on Falconry extends from p. 692
to p. 732 with half-page engraving of Heron-hawking.

96. CRESCENTIUS (Petrus). Neuw Feldt und
AcKERBAW von Otter und Biberjagd, von ^Yas-
ser und Fisch weydwerck, vom adelichen Weyd^verck

PRINCE WILLIAM V OF HOLLAND

Heron-hawking at the Loo in 1767. > ' ;'< J ,'. 'j '

From a rare engraving by Mourik. ^ "

GERMAN. 49

Falcknerey, Falckner und Habichten, Reyger, Feder-
spiel, etc. Vom Jager, seinem Horn und Stimme,
von Hunden, von der Hirsch, Hasen, Steinbock, und
Gemsenjagd. Von der Wolff Eygenschaft und dere

Jagd, etc [Mit zahlreichen schonen kraftigen

Holzschnitten von Jost Amman.] Strassburg. 1602.
folio.

From the Latin original, Riiralium commodorum libri xii.,
first printed at Augsburg in 1471. There are, however, earlier
German editions than this. Several were printed at Strassburg
about the end of the fifteenth century, and later.

97. ARCUSSIA (C. von). Falconaria ; das ist ei-
gentlicher Bericht und Anleytung wie mann mit Falcken
und andern Weydtvogeln beitzen soil .... in fianf
Theil abgetheilet von Carolo d'Arcussia .... fran-

zosisch beschrieben Gedruckt zu Franckfurt am

Mayn durch Nicolaum Hoffmann. 1617. 4to.

A German translation from the French of D'Arcussia, and
evidently based on the fourth Paris edition of 1607, for it con-
tains but five parts (see note to No. 153). It is illustrated by
the same full-page engravings, but within borders, and a folding
plate of hawking implements between pp. 266-267 : the title
within a finely engraved and very appropriate border. Two
copies are in the British Museum (7906, g. 24, and 7906, g. 25).

Graesse cites an earlier edition printed at Augsburg in 161 1,
but this is perhaps a misprint for 16 17.

98. POMEY (F. A.). EiN SEHR artig Buchlein
von dem Weydwerck und der Falcknerey. Wort-
getreuer Abdruck der Originalausgabe [Lyon, 1671].
Deutsch und Franzosisch. Mit Holzschnittvignetten
von Jost Amman. [Reprint. Stuttgart. 1886. 8vo.]

D

50 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

The first reprint of this curious treatise originally appended to
the second edition of a Latin-German-French Dictionary, dated
1671, of which the first edition appeared at Lyons in 1664 and
another in 1684, subsequently at Frankfort in 1681 and i6go.
It contains treatises on Hunting and Hawking, with glossaries
of the technical terms used in both these branches of sport.
The portion on Falconry, in the edition of 1 671, in which it
first appeared, extends from p. 42 to p. 48, and is in double
column. The author's name in the original is Pomey, not
Pomay, as in the reprint.

99. FLEMING (Hans F. von). Der Volkommene
Teutsche Jaeger darinnen die Erde Gebiirge Kraeuter
und Baeume, Waelder, Eigenschaft der Wilden Thire
iind Vogel .... colligiret und beschrieben von H.
F. von Fleming. Leipzig. 17 19. folio.

Illustrated with copper plates.

Other editions, 1723 (cited bySchlegel as the first) and 1749.
The author, whose remarks on Falconry are compiled chiefly
from D'Arcussia, states (pp. 336—337, ed. 1749) that in his day
falcons for heron-hawking were annually brought into Germany
from Holland, by Dutch falconers who knew how to train them.
And Dobel (No. 100), who repeats this statement (ii. pp. 194-
195), adds that most of them came from Valkenswaard.

100. DOBEL (Heinrich Wilhelm). Jager Praktik

oder die wohlgeiibte und erfahrne Jager. Leipzig.

1746. 4 vols, folio.

Other editions, Leipzig, 1754, folio; Vienna, 1785-86, 4 vols.
8vo. In the last published edition (Leipzig, 3 vols. 8vo, 1828),
the portion relating to falconry, of no great importance, is
omitted.

10 1. PACIUS (J. E.). Friedrich II. romlschen
Kaiser's ubrige Stiicke des Buches von der Kunst
zu BAiTZEN ; [Verfasst um 1245] nebst den Zusatzen
des Konigs Manfredus und Alberti Magni Unterricht

GERMAN. 51

von den Falken und Habichten aus dessen 23 Buche

von den Thieren. Aus dem Latein iibersetzt von J. Erh.

Pacius. Ansbach. 1756. sm. 8vo.

A translation from the Latin edition of 1596; consequently
incomplete, since it contains but two books out of six.

102. ANON. Neue LustigeundVollstandige Jagd-

kunst: so wohl von denen Vogeln als auch andern

Thieren, Bestehend in fiinf Theilen . . . . iv. Von

den Falken, wie solche zum Vogel und Haasenfangen

abzurichten und deren vielfaltige Krankheiten zu curiren

und zu preserviren .... Nebst sehr vielen Figuren

und einer Nachricht von Canarienvogeln. Zweyte ver-

besserte Aufiage. Leipzig. 1762. sm. 8vo.

Part IV. (chapters i -xxii.) is devoted to Falconry, the details
of which occupy 78 pp. First edition not seen.

103. RIDINGER (J. E.). Jager und Falconiers

MIT iHREN Verrichtungen. Vienna, c. 1760. folio.

A fine series of engravings of Hunting and Hawking.
The plates are lettered alphabetically from A to Z, and in-
clude the following illustrations of hawking : —

(D.) Falconier.

(E.) Falconier den Falcken abhaubend. '

(F.) Falcken Jiinge mit der Chatsche. [Cadge.]

(G.) Falconier Knecht de Uhu auf der hand flihrend.

(H.) Falconier Knecht de Uhu vom bode aufnehmend.

(Q.) Den Hasen mit dem Habicht zu beitzen.

(R.) Falconier mit dem Luier den Falcken einholend.

(W.) Der Falconier nimt den Falcken wider auf.

(X.) DerReyher wird von den Falcken oben herab geschlagen.

(Y.) Wilde Ganse mit dem Habicht zu baitzen.

(Z.) Wild-Enten baitze nachdem sie aufgestobert worden.

All Ridinger's engravings are valuable ; the present series
especially so, from its rarity. Besides the copy now before me,
I have seen but two others, one of which is in the British

5 2 BOOKS ON FAL CONR Y,

Museum (458, f. 6). There is no accompanying letterpress as
with some of Ridinger's works, but each plate has a description
at foot in German and French. (See Thienemann, " Leben und
Wirkendes J. E. Ridinger," 8vo, Leipzig, 1856, pp. 34-38.) In
another series there is a fine engraving of two hooded Jerfalcons
and a water-dog, and in a third series, of much larger plates,
depicting field-sports of the four seasons (Brit. Mus. 458, h. 15),
the third plate gives a splendid representation of heron-hawking.

104. BECKMANN (Johann). Beytrage zur
GEscHiCHTE DER Erfindungen. Gottingen. 1785.
8vo.

The article on Falconry in this work (ii. pp. 157-176) has
been already noticed under the English translation by Johnston
(No. 53).

105. HEPPE (Johann C). Die Jagdlust oder

die hohe und niedere Jagd, nach alien ihren Ver-

schiedenheiten in drey Theilen griindlich beschrieben

und mit nothigen Kupfern erlautert von Johann

Christoph Heppe. Niirnberg. 1783-84. 3 vols. sm.

8vo.

The third vol. contains a treatise on the birds of prey (pp.
1-121) and on Falconry (pp. 121-197), with a plate (tab. 2)
of hoods for the Gerfalcon, Saker, Alphanet, and Lanner.

106. BECHSTEIN" (J. M.). Naturgeschichte der

Vogel Deutschlands. Leipzig. 1801. 8vo.

The remarks on Falconry (vol. ii. p. 720 et seq.) are for the
most part taken from Pennant (No. 47), who in turn borrowed
from Warton and others.

107. GEIST (J. P.). Der zur Jagd und zum Ver-
niigen Nabgerichtete Hund. Nebst einer kurzen prakt.
Anweisung zur dressur der Kunstpferde und Vogel.
Niirnberg. 18 14. 8vo.

A third edition appeared at Niirnberg in 1840.

GERMAN. 53

1 08. NATJMANN (J. A.). Naturgeschichte der

VoGEL Deutschlands .... hcrausgegeben von

dessen Sohne J. F. Naumann. Fortsetzung der

Nachtrage, Zusatze und Verbesserungen von J. H.

Blasius, Ed. Baldamus und Sturm. Leipzig. 1820-60.

13 vols. 8vo.

There have been few better observers of bird-life than the
elder Naumann, and falconers will find in the first volume of
his work much interesting information concerning the habits in
a wild state of the birds of prey which are trained for hawking.

109. HEINK (J. A.). Die Kleine Jagd : oder

Anleitung, etc Nebst einer Beschreibung die

der Jagd nachtheiligen Raubvogel. Ein Handbuch fiir
Jager und Jagdliebhaber. Leipzig. 1832. 4to.

With 27 plates of Eagles, Falcons, and Hawks ; some copies
coloured, others plain.

First edition, with variation in title, Dresden, 1827, 4to«
This book is chiefly occupied with directions for the profitable
management of a sporting estate, to which the remarks on
hawks are, as it were, supplementary.

1 10. SPANGENBERG (H. G. von). Ueber die

LusTjAGD DER VoRZEiT. Nach Esparron und eini-

gen Anderen. Erfurt. 1831. roy. 8vo.

Compiled chiefly from the French of Charles D'Arcussia de
Capre, seigneur d'Esparron (see Nos. 153 and 154).

111. FROMBERG (H. von). Die Niedere Jagd.
Ein Handbuch fiir Jager und Jagdliebhaber. Glogau.
1836. i2mo.

Not seen, and not in the British Museum. If, as the title sug
gests, it is comparable to Die Kleine Jagd of Heink (No. 109)^
it will probably be found to include some notice of Falconry.

54 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

112. HAMMER— PURGSTALL (Jos. von).

Falknerklee: bestehend indreyungedrucktenWerken
liber die Falknerey nahmlich : (i) das Falkenbuch.
aus dem Ttirkischen ; (2) lerakosopkion, das ist " die
Habichtslehre " aus dem Griechischen verdeutscht ;
und (3) Kaiser Maximilian's Handschrift iiber
Falknerey. Wien. 1840. 8vo.

The Turkish and Greek texts of the above-mentioned works
are given with the German translation, and an Introduction of
32 pp. with a short Hst of such works relating to Falconry as
were known to the editor.

The name ^'' Falknerklee^^ or "Falconer's Trefoil," was evi-
dently bestowed in allusion to the three works in one volume,
like three leaves on one stem. Only 300 copies were printed
of this book, which has now become scarce.

113. SUSEMIHL (Johann Conrad). Die Vogel

EuROPAS. Darmstadt. 1842. roy. 8vo.

Contains an essay on Falconry by H. Schlegel, which he
himself has cited as " un apergu succinct de la fauconnerie,"
with coloured plates of falcons by Joseph Wolf.

114. SEYFFARTH (F. C). Die Falkenbaize.

Leipzig. 1845. sup. royal i6mo.

Printed in Wiersbitzki's *• Taschenbuch fiir Jager und Natur-
freunde" (No. 12, pp. 205-264), but full of errors, although the
author, it appears, was instructed by Professor Bein, of the School
of Forestry at Dreissigacker in Thuringia, as well as by M. le
Perin, Grand Falconer to the Duke of Vicenza. Schlegel, who
cites this author, has pointed out several of his blunders.

115. CORVIN WIERSBITZKI (Otto von). Tas-
chenbuch FUR Jager und Naturfreunde. Mit
Kupfern. Leipzig. 1845. sup. royal i6mo.

This is the journal referred to in the note to last title.
The contents of the article on Falconry (pp. 205-264) are as

GERMAN. 55

follows : — " Die Falkenbaize, von F. C. Seyffarth. Falkonier-
Sprache. Ueber die Eigenschaften eines Falkoniers, Ueber
die verschiedenen Arten der Falken und ihre charackeristichen
Kennzeichen und Eigenschaften. Vom Fange der Falken.
Von der Zahmung und Abtragung eines frischgefangenen
Falken oder Habichts. Ueber die Abtragung der Falken fiir
den hdhen Flug. Von der Abrichtung der Falken aufweniger
hochfliegende Vogel. Abrichtung eines Falken zu Hasenbaize.
Vom Werfen des Falken. Von Erziehung der Nestfalken. Vom
Ankaufe der Falken. Von den Regeln welche ein Falkonier
besonders zu beriicksichtigen hat. Von der Fiitterung der
abgetragenen Falken im Allgemeinen und insbesondere. Von
der Reinlichkeit des Aufenthaltsortes der Falken. Von den
aiissern Kuren der Falken. Von den innerlichen Krankheiten
der Falken und ihrer Heilung. Von der Equipage fiir die
Falkenbaize. Von den Eigenschaften der Falkonier- Pferde.
Von den bei der Falkenjagd nothigen Hunden. Von der
zweckmassigen Einrichtung eines Falkenhauses. Von dem
Reihergehege."

ii6. THIENEMANN (F. A. L.). Kritische
Revision der europaischen Jagdfalken. i 846. 8vo.

This important memoir, which contains some interesting
details concerning the Eanner and Saker in Central Europe, is
printed in Rhea, " Zeitschrift fiir die gesammte Omithologie."
8vo. Leipzig. 1846. (Heft i. pp. 44-98).

In the same journal (pp. 39-43) is a paper by J. W. E. von
Woborzil, entitled " Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der * Raroh,'
Falco lanarius," Pallas, in which the writer states that near the
Bohemian village of Wetruschitz, in the valley of the Moldau.
where the mountain rocks overhang the river, he found the
Lanner nesting, and secured five eggs and one of the birds. He
adds that this falcon was well known to the villagers by the
name of Raroh, and came there every year.

Coloured figures are given of the male and female.

The Dutch falconer, Adrian Mollen, who was head falconer
to the Loo Hawking Club, informed the writer that he had
caught young Lanners in Hungary, and trained them for Prince
Trautmausdorf, of Oberweseldorf, near Vienna.

-^

ru^RYj ;

56 BOOKS ON FALCONE Y.

117. SCHEIBLE (J.). Das Schaltjahr, welches

ist der teutsch Kalender mit den Figuren und hat

366 Tag. Durch J. Scheible. Stuttgart. 1846-47.

5 vols. 8vo.

Amongst the many subjects dealt with in this work, which
may be compared with the English " Book of Days " published
by Chambers, we find the following on hawking : — " Wie soil man
die Falken berichten : Wie man Hasen mit Falken fangt ; Vogel-
Weidwerck auf dem Wasser; Von allerlei Voglerei, und Feder-
spiel ; etc." Mit holzschnitten nach Jost Amman.

118. SCHUTZ (Carl Heinrich). Der Praktische

Jager, oder Kunst mittelst neu erfundener Fallen

Fuchse, Dachse, Wilde Katzen, und allerhand Raub-

vogel zu fangen. Heilbron. 1 847. 8vo.

Interesting to falconers for the instructions which are given
for capturing hawks.

119. GRIMM (J.). Geschichte der Deutschen

Sprache. Leipzig. 1848. 8vo.

Contains a brief history of Falconry, but is evidently not
written from any practical acquaintance with the subject ; the
most interesting portion being the illustrations, copied from
old illuminated MSS.

1 20. FRIDERICH (C. G.). Naturgeschichte aller

deutschen Zimmer, Haus und Jagdvogel; nebst einem

Anhange liber die auslandischen Vogel welche in

Deutschland vorkommen. Stuttgart, Hoffmann. 1849.

roy. 8vo.

This work is illustrated with twenty coloured plates, containing
200 figures of birds.

121. LANDAU (G.). BeitrAge zur Geschichte
der Jagd und der Falknerei in Deutschland. Die

^^^:^;s»*^-'.

GERMAN FALCONER OF THE XVI CENTURYJ '/■''/;• i*/ !'•,;

GERMAN. 57

Geschichte der Jagd und der Falknerei in beiden

Hessen. Von Dr. G. Landau. Kassel, Druck und

Verlag von Theodor Fischer. 1 849. 8vo.

In this octavo volume of 340 pp., the " Zweites Buch " (pp.
326-340) is devoted to a history of Falconry in Hesse-Cassel
and Hesse-Darmstadt, and some curious details are quoted from
old German archives.

12 2. DER MINNE FALKNER. Allegorisches

Gedicht aus dem Ende des 14. Jahrhundertes. He-

rausgegeben von J. A.Schmeller. Stuttgart. 1850. 8vo.

This is printed in vol. xx. of the ** Bibliothek des Literarischen
Vereins in Stuttgart." A poem of 185 verses extending to 38
pages (pp. 171-208).

123. EHRENKREUTZ (H. von). Meine Geheim-
SAMMLUNG der besten Wildkoder, Beizen, Fischkoder,
etc. Ulm, 1859. i2mo.

Not seen : probably, from its size, of no great importance.

124. EHRENKREUTZ (H. von). Neuer hundert
jahriger Jagd- und Forst-kalender fur jeden Jager,
Fischer, Vogelfanger. Nebst Angabe vieler bis jetzt
geheim gehaltener bewahrter Koder, Beizen, Fang und
Jagdmethoden. Ulm. 1859. sm. 8vo.

Not seen, and not in British Museum.

125. PERGER (A. R. von). ZuR Geschichte
DER Falkenjagd. Wieu. 1859. 8vo.

Not seen, and not in British Museum.

126. MYNSINGER (Heinrich). Von den Falken
Pferden und Hunden. Verfasst um 1450. Herausge-
geben von Dr. K. D. Hassler. Stuttgart. 1863. 8vo.

58 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

This curious treatise of 98 pp., of which the portion on Fal-
conry extends to 58 pp., is printed in the " BibUothek des
Literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart," vol. Ixxi., with a note by
Dr. Hassler, to the effect that it is from a MS. copied in 1473,
by " Clara Hatzlerin zu Augspiirg." It is entitled " Hie hebt
sich an das Puoch von den Valcken, Habichen, Sperben,
Pfariden und Hunden."

127. RIESENTHAL (0. v.). Die Raubvogel

Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Mittel-

EUROPAS. Darstellung und Beschreibungder inDeutsch-

land und den benachbarten Landern von Mitteleuropa

vorkommenden Raubvogel. Allen Naturfreunden

besonders aber der Deutschen Jagerei gewidmet von

O. V. Reisenthal, Oberforster. Cassel. 1876. 8vo.

This volume contains a long chapter on Hawking (pp. 153-
199), with plates of Hawk-catching; Hawk-net ; Trap for Gos-
hawk ; Hawks on perch, and block ; and Heron-hawking ; the
last-named being a reduced copy of the folio plate in Schlegel's
"Traite de Fauconnerie." (See French authors. No. 194.)

128. FOICHTINGER (J.). Die Geschichte der

Falkenjagd. Leipzig. 1878-79. 8vo.

One of a series of treatises on sport, by different authors,
which appeared in parts in the " BibUothek fur Jager und
Jagdfreunde," 1878-79.

129. BAIST (G.). " LiBRO DE la Caza del Principe

D. Juan Manuel," zum Erstenmale herausgegeben

von G. Baist. Halle (Niedermeyer). 1880. 8vo.

A German version of the celebrated Spanish work (which see)
from the MS. (S. 34) in the National Library at Madrid. As
to this version, see a notice by M. A. Savine in the " Poly-
biblion" (part, lit.), Nov. 1882, pp. 456-457.

130. RHYN (Otto, H. am.). Kulturgeschichte
DES Deutschen Volkes. Berlin. 1886. 2 vols. 4to.

DANISH AND NORWEGIAN. 59

In the first volume of this beautifully-illustrated work, abound-
ing in wood engravings, chromo-lithographs, facsimile MSS., and
early printed pages, will be found a dissertation on Falconry, with
a representation of Heron Hawking from a MS. of the fourteenth
century (p. 202), and some curious "playing-cards" of the
fifteenth century (p. 258), on one of which is the figure of a hunts-
man {Jeger) with boar-spear and two hounds; on another, a
falconer ( Valkner) on horseback, with a cast of falcons on his
left arm.

131. DOMBROWSKI (Ernest, Ritter von). Au-

cuPATORiUM Herodiorum. \c. 1450.] Reprint, 1886.
(See Hicfelt, No. 88.)

132. POMEY (Fr.). Ein sehr artig Buchlein von

dem Weydwerck und der Falcknerey. [167 i.]

Reprint, Stuttgart, 1886. 8vo.

(See No. 98.) The recent publication of these reprints
indicates a revived taste and demand for the old treatises on
Hunting and Hawking, many of which, though quaint in ex-
pression, are sound enough in doctrine.

Banisb anb IRorwegiam

133. DEICHMANN(C.). Om Falke OG Falkejagt.

Kjobenhavn. 1788. 4to.

To be found in the " Nye Samling af det Kong. Norske
Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter," but contains little more than
brief outlines of the subject.

134. JACOBSEN (P. B.). Bidrag til en Skildring
af Falkevcesenet og Falkejagten forben navnlig i
Danmark af P. B. Jacobsen. Kjobenhavn. 1848. 8vo.

Reprinted from the " Nye Historisk Tidsskrift."

In Horrebow's ** Natural History of Iceland," translated from

6o BOOKS ON FAL CONR V.

the Danish (folio, London, 1758), will be found a description of
the mode in which the Icelanders used to capture falcons; and
in Anderson's "Account of a Description of Iseland and Groen-
land," printed at Hamburg in 1746 (8vo, p. 328), it is stated
that from Iceland were brought the finest falcons in the world.
The King of Denmark used to send an officer every year to
fetch them, and allowed him a good salary ; the price of a white
falcon being ten crowns. See also, under Latin authors,
Briinnich, Ornithologia Borealis, 1764, pp. 2-3.

B. Meyer, in his Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands,
published at Niirnberg in folio in 1805, states (under the head
of der Isldndische Falk) that a ship which arrived at Copenhagen
from Iceland on the ist Sept., 1754, brought a consignment of
148 falcons, of which 12 were white ones. The prices then
given were— for a Peregrine, 7 crowns; for one of another
colour, 10 crowns; and for a white one, 15 crowns. A letter
from Copenhagen, dated Dec. 17, 1791, and pubHshed in
the St. James's Chronicle of Jan. 10, 1792, states that "the
vessel, on board of which were the Falcons from Iceland
annually sent to the Court of Vienna, was shipwrecked off
Castrop " \sc. Kastrup, Denmark].

135. REINHARDT (J.). Falkejagten. Ire popu-
Isere Foredrag, holdte i den naturhistoriske Forening
i Vinter en 1858 af J. Reinhardt. Kjobenhavn. 1858.
8vo.

Printed in the " Dansk Maandeskrift," 1858, pp. 279-314
and 383-412, with two woodcuts — head of a falcon and head of
an eagle.

136. COLLETT (R.). Falkejagten. Udglvet in

" Folkevennen," et Tidsskrift udgivet af **Selskabet

for Folkeoplysningens Fremme." Kristiania. 1874.

sm. 8vo.

So far as the writer is aware, this article by Prof. R. CoUett,
of Christiania, published in the Norwegian journal " Folke-
vennen " ("People's Friend") for 1874 (vol. 23, pt. ii. pp.
195-224), is the only contribution on Falconry from the pen of a

SWEDISH. 61

Norwegian author. It is partly historical, partly descriptive,
the subject being divided into sections entitled : —

"Falkejagtens Opkomst og Bsesen ; Falkejagtens Udbredelse ;
Jagtfuglene ; Falkenes Indfangning ; Falkenes Afrettelse ; and
Jagten." Some particulars are given respecting the numbers of
Jerfalcons formerly taken in Norway and Iceland for exporta-
tion, the mode of capturing them, and the prices paid for them.

137. ANON. Om Jagt-Falken. Stockholm. 1833.

Printed in the "Tidsskrift for Jagare och Naturforskare
utgifven af Jagare-forbundet " (pp. 352-363).

All attempts, says Schlegel {op. cit. p. 80), to fix the date of
the introduction of hawking in Scandinavia and Denmark have
been fruitless. We are entirely ignorant whether the art was
carried thither by the colonists who (tradition says) came there
from Asia, or whether it was introduced by the Normans, who,
in the early part of the Middle Ages, invaded the shores of
Great Britain, France, Holland, and many other countries.
Hawks are mentioned in the Scandinavian and Icelandic
"Sagas," but not in such a way as to lead to the inference that
they were trained for the purposes of falconry.

It is of interest to note that Linnaeus in the Journal of his
Tour in Dalecarlia, 1734 (the original MS. of which, in Swedish,
is in the Library of the Linnean Society of London), describes
his meeting with some Dutch falconers who were catching hawks
with the aid of a Grey Shrike. He gives sketches of the hoods
and other appliances used by them, and expresses surprise that
no Swede had learnt to catch and train hawks, and so, like
the Dutchmen, made money thereby.

Jfrencb*

138. LE ROI MODUS. Le Livre du Roy Modus
ET de la Royne Ratio. Cy commence le livre du Roy
Modus et de la Royne Ratio lequel fait mencion

62

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

comment on doit deviser de toutes manieres de chasses,
etc. Imprime a Chambery par Anthoine Neyret I'an
de grdce mil quatre cens ottante et six le xxv^ jour de
octobre [i486]. 4to.

The earliest printed book in French which treats of Hunting
and Hawking except the translation of the Latin work of Peter
Crescentius, which was printed in the same year. The older
French MS. of Le Livre du Roi Dancus, translated from the

li^r.

^

^

.#

fe)/

kS)

vcS>

Ct £c&
Uttres h<> cC cxwivon:
4 Si Coat te aom etrU furnont
d Clai£>icrtte9 faroit a bx;o\X metre
it ft carieux de I'cat' inetr^
0 X)e C(?UiVL ^fi^i- ce liure fUt
d fitdaCierc g? foa Conge cecripf f
Ct Q' la-propljecie £< monffre

^\N^ oat tout. ^/ ^

,S'

^i>.

of^^^^ <Sl

/^

Latin in 1284, was not printed until 1883 (No, 139). The
name of the author of Le Livre du Roi Modus is unknown,
although he offers a clue to it in a melange of the letters of his
name and that of the transcriber grouped in a rosace. These
letters are F. D. R. H. I. E. N. R. E. I. E. S. E. R. E. (in outer
circle), and H. D. O. S. E. D. M. I. S. N. E. R. (in inner circle),
from which the authorship has been attributed (by M. Joseph

FRENCH. 63

Lavall^e) to " Henri de Vergy, Seigneur de Fere," and (by M.
Alphonse Chassant) to " Henri de Ferrieres " and " Denis
d'Horraes." See the articles by MM. Sorel and Lavallee in
the "Journal des Chasseurs," August 1868 and September 1869,
and Chassant, "Bulletin du Bouquiniste," June 1869. (Tire \
part, 50 exemplaires, 1870.)

In a neatly lithographed essay of 16 pp. 4to (Paris, 1888,
Barthe, Rue Le Peletier 51), M. Victor Bouton, Heraut d'Armes,
discusses this question, and, disagreeing with MM. Lavallee and
Chassant, believes that in the Tresor de Vknerie of Hardouin,
1394, wherein allusion is made to contemporary authorities on
the chase, he has discovered the author. of Le Livre du Roy
Modus in Jean de Melun, Sieur de Tancarville, Chambellan du
Regent Philippe V. (dit " le Long "). If so, as the regency in
question lasted only a year, the date of the MS. would be
1318; but there is no reason why it should not have been
written by him after he had ceased to hold this appointment,
the title of which might still be continued out of compliment.
Moreover, in some of the MSS. there is evidence to show that
the actual date of the composition is 1328.

M. Grasset d'Orcet, criticising this view in a letter, which I
have been privileged to see, addressed to M. Pierre A. Pichot,
Directeur de la "Revue Britannique," reads the inscription in the
outer circle "Fit DuRHelEN REIESERE," that is, "fit du
regent regisseur," a term which he admits is applicable to Jean
de Melun, Vicomte de Tancarville, and adds that, in his opinion,
the letters of the inner circle, HDOSEDMISNER, indicate
Theodose de Misner, ou Seigneur du Mai.

The date of the first MS. is fixed approximately by the author's
statement that he had seen Charles IV., who died in 1328, hunt-
ing in the Foret de Br^teuil, and lived to become the historian of
Charles V., who died in 1380. For several reasons, then, it
seems justifiable to attribute this "Livre" to the Vicomte de
Tancarville — (i) his identity is sufficiently indicated by the
letters in the rosace ; (2) he was living at the dates referred to
by the author, and died in 1382; (3) he is specially mentioned
as an authority on Falconry by his contemporary, Pero Lopez
de Ayala (the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of Charles V.),
in his "Libro de la Caza de las Aves," written in 1386; and
(4) he is mentioned several times by name in the Jugement des
Chiefis et des Oyseaulx with which the " Livre du Roy Modus "

64 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

concludes. (See fF. cxiv., recto et verso, and cxvii.-cxviii. ed.
Blaze). The Jugement ends thus : — '* Explicit le jugement que
fist le Comte de Tancarville." The third point seems to have
been overlooked by all my predecessors in this inquiry, and the
fourth by all except M. Bouton.

There are several copies of the MS. in the Bibliotheque
Royale, Paris, most of them illuminated. One of these (No.
632-12) was written in 1379. Another (No. 7096-2) was
copied by Alexandre Danes de Maigny for Mgr. Jehan de
Hangest, Chevalier, Seigneur de Genly et du dit Maigny in 1406.
These MSS. begin : — " Cy commenche le livre du Roy Modus et de la
Royne Ratio qui parte des deduitz des Chiens et des Oiseaux^ It
was first printed in 4to, black letter, with woodcuts, at Cham-
bery in i486, the same year in which the English "Book of
St. Albans " appeared. A second edition, also in 4to, but un-
dated, tvas printed in Paris by Jehan Janot. A third, Paris, 1526,
in 4to, black letter, with cuts ; a fourth, full of blunders, was
published in 8vo, by Corozet, and by Guillaume Lenoir, Paris,
in 1560, and the last by Elzear Blaze in 1839.

In regard to the peculiar title of the work, it may be re-
marked that, at the period when it was written, authors were
fond of concealing their identity under some allegorical pseudo-
nym. In this case the writer explains the reason for his selecting
the names Modus and Ratio to be that there can be no good
method without reason, and no reason without good method. '• Le
Roi Modus " discusses the various methods of hunting and
hawking ; " La Reine Ratio " the natural instincts of the beasts
and birds of the chase. The cuts have been reproduced by
Elzear Blaze (see p. 65), and by MM. Lacroix and Ser€
(No. 194).

Autre Edition. S'ensuyt le livre du Roy Modus
et de la Royne Racio qui parle du deduyt de la chasse
a toutes bestes sauvaiges come cerfz : biches : daims :
chevreulx : lievres : sangliers : leus : reynardz et
loutres. Avec le stille de Faulconnerie : et aussi les
subtillitez d' Archerie : contenat plusieurs manieres pour
predre toutes sortes d'oyseaulx : tat a la raitz a la

FRENCH. 65

tonnelle que a la pipee : et aultres nouvelles choses
trouv^es pour les predre .... [a la fin]. Imprime
nouvellement a Paris par Jehan Trepperel imprimeur
et libraire demourant en la Rue neufve Nostre Dame
a I'enseigne de I'escu de France. [Sans date.] 410,
gothique, ff. i-Iv. et 94.

Autre Edition. Imprime a Paris par Jehan Janot
a I'enseigne Sainct Jehan Baptiste en la Rue neufve
Nostre Dame. 1521. 4to, goth. ff. i-iv. et 94.

Autre Edition. Nouvellement imprime a Paris
en la Rue Sainct Jacqs a I'enseigne de la Roze blanche
couronnde et fut acheve le premier jour du moys de
mars mil cinq centz vingt six. [Lignes alternativement
rouges et noires.] 1526. 4to, goth. ff. i-iv. et 94.

Autre Edition. Le Roy Modus des Deduitz de

LA Chace, Venerie et Fauconnerie. a Paris, au

Palais en la boutique de Gilles Corrozet joignant la

Chambre des Consultations. 1560. 8vo.

Other copies of the same date bear the names of Vincent
Sertenas and Guillaume le Noir. This edition, however, is
characterized by Elz^ar Blaze as full of inaccuracies.

Autre Edition. Le Livre du Roy Modus et de
LA Royne Racio. Nouvelle Edition, conforme aux
manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Royale, orn^e de gravures
faites d'apres les vignettes de ces manuscrits fidelement

reproduites, avec une Preface par Elzdar Blaze

Paris, Elzear Blaze, Faubourg Saint Martin 55. 1839.
roy. 8vo.

This edition, carefully collated with the MSS. in the Biblio-

£

66 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

thbque Royale, is, in the opinion of Baron Pichon, the learned
President des Bibhophiles Fran9ais, much better than any of
the preceding editions, now so rare and costly ; and is, moreover,
the only one that can now be procured at a moderate price
(;^5 or;;^6). Thc editor found on examining the MSS. that
in former editions of the work whole paragraphs, and even
entire chapters, had been omitted, and these he has restored.
It should be observed, however, that he has given no notes,
an omission much to be regretted.

139. LE ROI DANCUS. Le Livre du Roi Dancus.
Texte Fran9ais in^dit du xiii^ siecle [1284]: Suivi
dun Traite de Fauconnerie, egalement inedit d'apres
Albert le Grand, avec une notice et des notes par
H. Martin Dairvault. Paris, Librairie des Biblio-
philes, 338 Rue Saint Honor6. 1883. sm. 8vo.

Three hundred copies only of this edition were printed on
Dutch paper, from the oldest known French MS. on Falconry,
namely, from a translation dated "19 Aout 1284," of the Latin
work of Albertus Magnus, who died in 1280. To this is added
another translation from the same Latin work, dating from the
end of the 15th century.

The original Latin text has been lost, but there remain these
French translations and some in Italian. (See Italian
authors.)

Tardif, in his " Art de Faulconnerie " (No. 142), in the
dedication to Charles VIII. admits that his book was " translate
en frangais des livres en latin du roy Danchus, qui premier
trouva et escrivit I'art de faulconnerie, et des livres en latin de
Moamus, de Guillinus et de Guicennas, et coUige des autres
bien sgavans et expers en ladicte art."

According to Jean de Franchieres (No. 145), Dancus was a king
of Armenia, who had a great reputation as a falconer. He was
visited by Galatien, king of Egypt, who begged to be instructed
in the art, and who subsequently sent his son Atanacio to spend
some time at the Court of King Dancus, in order to be taught
by him and his falconer Martino, who had previously been
falconer to King Roger of Hungary. The inference to be

FRENCH. 67

drawn is that this book is the outcome of the king's teaching.
M. Martin Dairvault, however, in his preliminary " Notice " to
this the earliest French version in print, deprives us of the
romance by stating that no king of the name of Dancus ever
existed in Armenia, nor did any King Galatien ever reign in
Egypt, Roger of Hungary being equally ^^ introuvable dans
rhistoire.'" Is this work, then, the composition of Albertus
Magnus, who, to give it an air of greater reality, introduced
the names of imaginary personages? The MS. printed by
M. Dairvault was discovered by him in the Bibliothfeque
Nationale, Paris (No. 12581, du Fonds Frangais), and is fully
described in his " Notice " above mentioned.

The author's name is sometimes written Danchus, and
Daulcus or Dalcus, as by LesculHer in his MS. " Livre des
Oyseaulx de proye tant en Vart d'esperverie aultrusserie que
faulconnerie." This MS., in folio on vellum (No. 275, Bibl.
de I'Arsenal), which is referable to the reign of Frangois I. or
Henri II., ends thus : " Cy fine le livre de I'art de esperverie
.... faict et traduict du contenu en plusieurs vieulx livres
.... par Charles Lescullier, natif de Moulins en Bourbonnais
dem[eurant] a Paris."

140. LE LIVRE DU FAULCON [sans lieu ni
date. Paris, Anthoine Verard. 1486-92 ?]

A work in prose and verse of extreme rarity, and known to
the present writer only through the black-letter facsimile reprint
of 181 7, dedicated and presented by Robert Lang to the mem-
bers of the Roxburghe Club. The author is unknown. From
what is stated by Brunet, it would seem that there were at least
four editions, all printed in Paris, which are thus characterized : —

1. Sans lieu ni date, petit in 4° gothique de 19 ff sign^s A-
E iii. Ouvrage en vers et en prose. La pr^sente edition, qui
parait avoir etd imprime pour Anthoine Verard [1486-92], est
fort rare, et le seul exemplaire qu'on en connaisse a ^t^ vendu
;^5 I2S. 6d. (Lang) et ;j^i4 (Heber). M. Lang en a fait faire
una r^impression pet. in 4° tirde "k petit nombre pour les
niembres du Roxburghe Club. Cette r^impression a €\.€ vendu
£21%. (Sykes), £2 los. (Lang).

2. " Le Livre du Faulcon." Imprime k Paris par le petit
Laurens en la rue Saint Jacquez pres Saint Yvez. Petit in 4°,

68 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

gothique, de 26 ff non chiffres. Signes A— D, 26 ou 28 lignes par
page. Le frontispiece porte le titre ci-dessus avec une vignette
en bois, donnant la marque, la devise et le nom du Petit
Laurens. (i75f. Marechal de Nancy, 1850.)

3. Autre Edition rare, "Z^ Livre du Faulcon des Dames^
Finis sans lieu ni date. Petit in 8° gothique, de 24 ff sign. a. b. c.
Le feuille du titre porte au recto une figure en bois, et au verso
un rondeau donnant en acrostiche les mots " Isabeau Faucon."
II existe deux editions diff^rentes de cette piece de format in 8°
gothique et de 24 ff chacune. La vignette en bois du frontispiece

peut servir k les distinguer Les deux editions sont ^gale-

ment rares. La seconde nous parait etre de Guillaume Nyverd,
parceque la vignette du titre a 6\.€ souvent employee dans
d'autres livres donnas par cet imprimeur.

4. Autre edition rare, "Z^ Faulcon d' Amours^'' Paris, vers
1500. Petit in 4° gothique de 25 ff. C'est le meme que"Z^
Livre du Faulcon des Dames" Le frontispiece porte une planche
en bois ou figurent un homme et deux faulcons. L'ouvrage
finit au verso du 25 feuille par le mot "Explicit." Vendu avec
rOpital d' Amours, imprime k Lyon vers 1490, j[^\o los. (Heber),
et rdvendu ensuite ;^6 i6s. 6d. parcequ'il manquait dans
I'exemplaire 2 ff du cah. B. de meme exemplaire du Faulcon
(seul) avec les deux feuilles parfaitement r^faits k la plume, 15 if.
(Brunei).

As no translation of this work has appeared, and the reprint
of 181 7 has become almost as scarce as the original, I shall here
attempt du precis for the satisfaction of the reader.

The author commences with a " Prologue d^claratif de la
matiere de ce present livre appelle le faulco."

We have not to read far before discovering that this is not a
serious treatise on Falconry, but an allegory, partly in prose,
partly in verse, in which the lover is likened to a falconer, and
his mistress to a falcon, who will not be reclaimed at first with
the lure of love {le leurre d amours). The falconer then tries a
jewelled lure :

^'' il prist peine et diligence d' accumuler precieuses pierres de toutes
esphes et couleurs ensemble, riche et sopteiise orfaverye des lequelles il
cdposa sjibtillemefit ting leurre trh curieux et singulier qui pendoit
h ung bel las de soye brode mignonement de fil dor de cypre et sem'e
dun coste et d autre de lectres greques et romaines^^

FRENCH. 69

With this lure he brings down his falcon. Meantime, jealousy,
envy, and evil report, symbolized respectively by three hawks
(a Saker, a Lanner, and a Tunisian falcon), are at work to the
discomfiture of the falcon. The owner of the falcon is repre-
sented as missing her from the perch whereon the other three
hawks are tied, and, on inquiry, learns that she has gone off
with the falconer. The other hawks, each speaking in turn,
malign the absent one, the Saker jealously, the Lanner enviously,
and the Tunisian hawk, like an ill-boding raven, is described as
*' ung oyseau doultre lesfleuves marins nonie Tunicien qui de sa
propre nature resemble au corbeau, car il est vouletiers raporteur
defaulces nouvelles."

Beneath the perch four hounds, " lesqlx chiens quant a condition
de chasse se monstroient totalemet de semblables" (as hounds usually
are, all coloured alike), yelp in chorus, iappoyent centre lonneur
du faulcon, and represent the hue and cry following the evil
reports.

" Faux raport toujours raporte
plus tost le mal que le bien /"

The falcon breaks forth into lamentation, and, apostrophizing
the falconer at some length, determines to fly away :

" Giray prendre perche et apuy
es montaignes devers le puy
ou en Auvergne quelque part
apres mon douleureulx depart
cerchez amours en aultre lieu

Ne pesez plus au plaisir de mes yeulx
mais regretez nostrefolle acointace
et ayez bie toujo's en convenance
lesfaulx rapors des maudiz envieux."

The falconer, overcome with grief, throws himself upon a seat,
and, bewailing his fate, moralizes at some length. Eventually,
while wandering about the grounds of the chateau, he is roused
from his meditations by the lady of the castle, who, after
upbraiding him for losing the falcon, concludes by dismissing
him from her service. Thus the lovers are parted — " I'un lira
vers r orient, V autre vers t accident, et ne securent rien lun de H autre
car leur ptemet fut tdt soudain quilz neurit loisir de cdserer en-
semble de leurs besdgfies."

70 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

The falconer arrives at a deserted country house, deserted
parforce de morbre pestilentiel, dismounts from his horse, enters,
flings himself down, and, after a reverie of some hours, falls
asleep from sheer fatigue. While thus sleeping, Cupid, god of
Love, appears to him, holding in his hand the dart with which
he pierces men's hearts, upbraids him for his folly, and remon-
strates with him for his want of courage, reminds him of Paris
and the fair Helen, Jason, ^neas, and other heroes, and advises
him to return :

" R'etourne autant quit soit plus tard
iu as trop longuement erre
va contetnpler le doux regard
dufaulcon gtie tu as leurreP

The falconer, awaking, and seeing no one there, begins to
cogitate on the vision, and, reflecting on what he has heard,
takes comfort and courage. Quitting the house, he finds his
horse grazing in a meadow, and, quickly mounting him, swears
that, in spite of the jealousy of the Saker, the envy of the
Lanner, the false reports of the Tunisian falcon, and les abais des
maulvais chiefts, toute sa vie il rHoublira le faulcon mats raymera
jusques a la mort.

Meanwhile the falcon has taken flight from the castle to the edge
of a wood, and, while meditating in uncertainty which way to go,
the sun sets, darkness supervenes, and the moon rises. It is
now the falcon's turn to have a vision. This time it is a beautiful
female figure, lightly draped, who announces herself as the
goddess of Reason.

'■'■ Je suis Raison principe de vertus
de tout honneur la nourrtce et la merer

And she adds : —

"y<? viens a toy O faulcon ignorant

car jay pitit qucttje te vols mourant
par folk erreur et par impatience'^

After a lengthy reproof and exhortation, the goddess gives
this good advice : —

^^Femme se doit honnestement tenir
de beau maintien de simple contendce

FRENCH. 71

peu se monsirer peu alter peu venir
quelle ne puist a honte parvenir " :
and concludes :

" JVolez ces motz O faulcon esgare
notez ces motz et sagement te garde
de retourner soles tout prepare
pour ton honneur estre mieulx repar'e ,
affinque nul en mal ne te regarde
ne doubtez rlen, prens moy pour saiive garde"

The falcon listens to Reason, and returns : thus all ends well.

This charming romance is worthy of being once more re-
printed verbatim et literatim, with appropriate illustrations
designed by an artist who can draw hawks and hounds well.

141. CRESCENS (Pierre de). Le Livre des
PROUFFiTS CHAMPESTREs ET RURAULX. Paris, Anthoine
Verard. i486, folio.

This translation in black letter from the Latin of Crescentius,
Ruralium com?nodorum libri xii. (which see), was undertaken in
1373 at the request of Charles V., and is a sort of Maison
Eustique, containing several chapters on Hawking and Hunting.
Other editions in French are : Paris, Jehan Bonhomme, i486 ;
Paris, Jacques Huzeton, s.d. (1497 ?) ; Paris, Jehan Petit
and Michel Le Noir, 15 16 3 Paris, pour la veuve de feu M. Le
Noir, 1521 ; Paris, pour Philippe Le Noir, 1529 y Lyon, Claude
Nourry diet le Prince, 1530; Lyon, Pierre de Ste. Lucie diet le
Prince, 1539.

Under a fresh title, " Le Bon Mesnaiger" it reappeared at
Paris, Nicholas Cousteau, 1533 ; and Charles Langellier et
Denys Janot, 1540, and has since been translated into German
and Italian.

142. TAE.DIF (Guillaume). Le Livre de l'Art

DE FaULCONNERIE ET DES CHIENS DE ChASSE. Im-

prim6 a Paris ce cinquiesme jour de Janvier mil quatre

cens quatre vingz et douze pour Anthoine Verard,

libraire demourant sur le pont Nostre Dame. 1492. 4to.

First edition, 41 feuillets, gothique, fig. sur bois. Other

<

72 ' BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

editions, Paris, Anthoine Verard, 1506 ; Paris, Jehan Trepperel,
1506 ; Lyon, Pierre de Saincte Lucie diet Le Prince, sans date
[1530-1555]; Paris, Philippe le Noir, sans date, printed with
"La Fauconnerie" de Jean de Franchibres, &c., 1567, 1585,
1602, 1607, 1613, 1614, 1618, 1621, 1624, 1627, 1628.

Translated into Latin and printed at Geneva and Venice, 1560,
and at Basle, 1578, with the treatise of the Emperor
Frederick IL See Latin authors.

The latest edition in French is that by M. Jullien, published
in the " Cabinet de Venerie," with the following title : —

Le Livre de l'Art de Faulconnerie et des
CHiENS DE Chasse. Par Guillaume Tardif. Reimprim^
sur redition de 1492 avec une Notice et des Notes
par Ernest Jullien [Juge au Tribunal Civil de Reims ;
auteur de "La Chasse, son histoire et sa legis-
lation," 1868]. Paris, Jouaust. 1882. 2 vols. sm.
8vo.

Guillaume Tardif du Puy en Vellay was a Professor at the
College de Navarre, and reader to Charles VIIL of France,
who was a great falconer (1483-1498). His work, to which
our English Turbervile (No. 14) was indebted, is chiefly a
translation from the Latin text (since lost) of " Le Roi Dancus "
(No. 139), with additions from the MSS. of Artelouche de
Alagona and De Franchieres, from the unpublished MSS. of
Moamus, Guillinus, and Guicennas, and from the Latin work
of the Emperor Frederick IL, written about 1245. Le Livre
de Tardif is divided into two parts ; the first relating to Hawks,
the second to Hounds. The first is again divided into two
parts, which treat (i) of the different kinds of hawks used by
falconers and the mode of training them ; (2) of the recipes
for the cure of their diseases.

As to the writers Moanms, Guillinus, and Guicennas, from
whom Tardif states that he derived information, nothing with
certainty is known of them, their MSS. being presumably lost.
Arcussia, who likewise quotes them (No. 153), regards the two
last-named writers as Egyptians, though MM. Lalldmant Freres
(No. 175) make Guicennas an Arab.

FRENCH. 73

143. GACE DE LA EIGNE (ou Vigne). Le

Roman des Oiseaux (ou Roman de Deduits) : Paris,
imprim^ par Antoine Verard, 4to, goth., sans date
[1507]. Autre edition, Paris, imprime par Jehan
Trepperel, 4to, goth., sans date. Autre edition, Paris,
imprime par Philippe le Noir, 15 16, 4to.

This poem is singularly interesting as having been composed
by order of the French king Jean, during his captivity in England.
It was commenced at Hertford by his chaplain, Gace de la Bigne,
in 1359, 2-nd finished in Paris. MM. Lallemant Frbres (Bibl.
Hist, et Crit. pp. 95-97), following the MS. in the Bibliotheque
du Roi (No. 7627, sm. folio), give the full title as follows: —
" Gace de la Bigne, jadis premier chapelain de trbs excellent
Prince le Roy Jehan de France qui Dieu absoulle, commenga
ce Roman k Hertfort en Angleterre, I'an mccclix, du mande-
ment dudit Seigneur affinque Messire Philippe [de Valois] son
quart filz, et due de Bourgoigne, qui addonc estoit jeune, apprist
les desduiz pour eschever le pesche oiseulx, et qu'il en fust
mieulx enseigne en moeurs et en vertus ; et depuys le dit Gace
le parfist k Paris. Ici commence le Roman de Deduits."

This curious poem is not printed separately, but is mislead-
ingly appended to the work of Gaston Phebus, Comte de Foix,
** Le Myroir de Phebus des deduictz de la Chasse aux testes
saulvaiges " (which contains nothing on Falconry), as if com-
posed by that author. An analysis of it will be found in
the " Mdmoires sur I'ancienne Chevalerie " by La Curne de
Sainte-Palaye, i78i,vol. iii. pp. 389-419. See also "Notes et
documents relatifs \ Jean Roi de France " (PhilobibL Soc vol. ii.,
London, 1855-56), "Bulletin du Bibliophile" (Mars 1857), et
" Journal de Chasseurs" (vol. v. p. 188).

An extract from this poem, giving the story of a sparrow-
hawk which, being turned out to moult, caught a tame starling
and brought it to his owner, is given by La Curne de Sainte-Palaye
(No. 181, vol. iii. pp. 253-256); and another extract, entitled
"La devise du bel Faucon," is printed by Baron Dunoyer de
Noirmont in the third volume of his " Histoire de la Chasse en
France," p. 376.

Amongst other incidents, Gace de la Bigne describes a flight

f

74 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

at the crane with two falcons brought from Barbary and given
to Charles V. by Bertrand du GuescUn, Conn^table de France.
After binding to the crane, they brought it to the ground,
where it was dispatched in sight of the king with the aid of
greyhounds {levriers\ trained for the purpose after the fashion
of Eastern falconers. At this time, according to Gace de la
Eigne, the falconers of Charles V. had charge of thirty hawks.

144. CRETIN (Guillaume). Le Debat de deux
\J Dames sur le passe-temps de la Chasse des

chiens et oyseaulx : faict et compose par feu
Guillaume Cretin, Tresorier de la Chapelle du Bois de
Vinceniies. Paris, Anthoine Couteau. 1526. 8vo.

This work, which is comparable to the Jugement des Chiens et
des Oyseaulx in the " Livre du Roy Modus," is in black letter,
and has on the verso of the last leaf '* Cy fine le Debat dentre
deux Dames sur le passe-temps des chiens et oyseaulx, nouvelle-
ment imprime k Paris le premier jour d'avril mil cinq cens xxvi
par Anthoine Couteau, pour Jean Longis, libraire."

Another edition, " imprime k Paris par maistre Guichard
Soquand," 1528, and a subsequent one without date, or printer's
name. The author, who, in addition to the office above men-
tioned, was also " Royal Historiographer," lived under Charles
VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I., and in this somewhat dull
poem revives a discussion which at that period was so fashion-
able between the respective votaries of Hunting and Hawking.

See Goujot (Bibl. Frang. x. 23) and Lallemant (pp. 153-156).
Schlegel, who refers to this composition, does not give the title
of it, nor the date of its publication. It was reprinted in Paris in
1882, with notes by M. Ernest Jullien.

145. FRANCHIERES (Jean de). Le Livre de
l'Art de Faulconnerie : lequel Frere Jehan de
Francieres, chevalier de I'ordre de Saint Jean de
Hierusalem, Commandeur de Choisy en France, a
extrait et assemble, c'est assavoir des Livres des trois

A maistres Faulconniers cy-apres nommes, lesquels en

^^ ^

1^ x--

FRENCH. 75

leur temps furent moult experts et scavans au dit art
de Faulconnerie, et selon la Nature des Faulcons.
Ensemble le deduit des Chiens de chasse comme
cy-apres ce monstrera et sera traict^ en ce present
Livre. Paris, imprime par Pierre Sergent, 4to, goth.,
sans date [? 1531, not 151 1 as cited by Schlegel,
for Sergent did not print before 1531].

The author lived in the reign of Louis XI., and, being fond of
science, was considered a savant by his contemporaries.

The three " maistres faulconniers " from whom he acknowledges
to have derived information are " Maistre Malopin," head falconer
to the Prince of Antioch, " Maistre Michelin," falconer to the
King of Cyprus, and " Maistre Ayme Cassian," a Greek from the
island of Rhodes, an excellent falconer who lived a long time,
and of whom the author says, "moi-meme je I'ai vu en mon
temps." For information concerning the MS. treatises of these
writers, see Harting, No. 81, Introduction, p. xxiii.

Autre Edition. La Fauconnerie de F. Jan

des Franchieres, Grand Prieur d'Aquitaine, recueillie

des livres de M. Martino Malopin, Michelin, et Ayme

Cassian ; avec une autre Fauconnerie de Guillaume

Tardif du Puy en Vellay. Plus la Vollerie de Mes-

sire Artelouche d'Alagona, Seigneur de Maraveques.

Davantage un Recueil de tous les Oyseaux de proye

servans a la Fauconnerie et Vollerie [par Guillaume

Bouchet, q.v.~\. Avec privilege du Roy. Poictiers, par

Enguilbert de Marnef et les Bouchets freres. 1567.

4to.

This edition is printed throughout in italic. A copy at
M. Bartel's sale in Paris, April 1889, fetched 3oof.

Autre Edition. La Fauconnerie de Jean de
Franchieres, Grand Prieur d'Aquitaine, avec tous les

76 BOOKS ON FALCONR Y.

autres autheurs qui se sont peu trouver, traictans de

ce subject. De nouveau reveue corrig^e et augmentee

outre les pr^cedentes impressions. Paris, chez Abel

L'Angelier, au premier pillier de la Grande Salle du

Palais. 1607. 4to-

The three editions here quoted will suffice to show the
variations which are to be found in the title of this work, which
is illustrated throughout with woodcuts, and is often bound
up with " La Vtnerie " de Jacques du Fouilloux, an equally
celebrated treatise on Hunting. It was printed in Paris in 4to
by Abel L'Angelier in 1585, 1602, 1607, 1613, 1614, i6i8, and
1627 ; and by Cramoisy in 1621, 1624, and 1628. Though thus
frequently reprinted, it is still amongst the rarest of French
works on the subject.

146. BELON (Pierre, du Mans). Histoire de la

Nature des Oyseaux : avec leur descriptions et naifs

portraicts, retirez du naturel, escrite en sept livres par

Pierre Belon du Mans. Paris, chez Guillaume Cavellat.

1555. folio.

The first part of the second book contains descriptions,
pp. 83-131, of the diurnal birds of prey, with some general
and historical details relating to Falconry. It was from this
source that Bouchet (No. 150), a few years later (1567), derived
most of his information : in fact, Belon as an original observer
has had many copyists.

147. ESTIENNE (Charles). L' Agriculture et
Maison Rustique de M. Charles Estienne, docteur en
mddecine. En laquelle est contenu tout ce qui pent

estre requis, etc Plus un bref Recueil de la

Chasse et de la Fauconnerie. Paris, Jacques du Puys.
1564. 4to.

Another edition, Paris, Lyons, and Anvers, 1565.

FRENCH. 77

148. ESTIENNE (Charles) & LIEBAULT (Jean).

L'Agriculture et Maison Rustique du Charles

Estienne, augmentee par Jean Liebault son gendre.

Paris, Jacques du Puys. 1566. 4to.

Other editions : Geneve 1569, Paris 1570, Lyons 1583, 1590,
1595, 1650, 1659, 1668, 1689, 1698, 1702, etc.; Rouen 1600,
1620, 1625, 1629, 1641, 1674, 1676, etc. The extraordinary
popularity which this work once enjoyed is shown by the great
number of editions which have appeared, upwards of a hundred
being cited by Souhart (Bibl. pp. 167-170), exclusive of
translations in Italian, English, and German. It is curious that
it should be known to Schlegel only through the fact of the
Rouen editions of 1625 and 1629 being cited by Kreysig
{q.v^. The English translation by Surflet will be found noticed
in this catalogue under that author's name.

149. ALAGONA (Arthelouche de). La Faucon-
NERiE de Messire Arthelouche de Alagona, Seigneur
de Maraveques, Conseiller et Chambellan du Roy de
Sicile. Poictiers, par Enguilbert de Marnef et les
Bouchets freres. 1567. 4to.

A treatise of 32 pages, including Title, Avant Propos, and
Table; always printed with "La Fauconnerie de Jean de
Franchibres." Other editions: 1585, 1602, 1607, 1613, 1614,
1618, 1621, 1624, 1627, and 1628.

As there were no Kings of Sicily until 1504, the author of this
treatise must have lived between that year and the date of this
edition of de Franchieres, in which it was first printed. More-
over, he refers at p. 95 to Ayme Cassian, a Greek from the
Isle of Rhodes, who was a contemporary of Jean de Franchibres
and personally known to him. The work cannot be regarded,
however, as of much practical value ; it is written in a super-
ficial and confused style, and deals too much with the maladies
of hawks and their supposed remedies.

150. BOUCHET (Guillaume). Recueil de tous
LES Oyseaux de Prove, qui servent a la Vollerie et

78 BOOKS ON FALCONE V.

Fauconnerie par G. B . . . . Poictiers, par Enguilbert
de Marnef et les Bouchets freres. 1567. 410.

Printed at the end of '* La Fauconnerie de Jean de
Franchieres," and compiled chiefly from the work of Pierre
Belon, published in 1555 (No. 146). Strange to say, Schlegel
remarks {op. cit.), " On ignore quel est I'auteur de ce traitd" !

151. GATJCHET (Claude). Le Plaisir des Champs :
divise en quatre parties selon les quatre saisons de
I'annee, par Claude Gauchet, Dampmartinois, Au-
mosnier du Roy, ou est traicte de la Chasse et de tout
autre exercise r^creatif, honneste, et vertueux. A
Monseigneur de Joyeuse, Admiral de France et Gou-
verneur de la Normandie. A Paris, chez Nicolas
Chesneau, rue Saint Jacques au Chesne verd. 1583.
Avec privilege du Roy. 4to.

The first edition (pp. i.-vi., 1-318), " Acheve d'imprimer
pour la premiere fois le 15 Mai 1583." Twenty years later a
second edition, revised, and to a certain extent expurgated, by
the author, appeared with the title altered as follows : —

Le Plaisir des Champs : divise en quatre livres
selon les quatre saisons de I'ann^e, par Claude Gauchet,
Dampmartinois, Aumosnier Ordinaire du Roy [Charles
IX.]. Reveu, corrige et augmente d'un Devis d'entre le
Chasseur et le Citadin : par lequel on cognoist tout ce
qui appartient tant au mesnage du Gentilhomme
Champestre que du Paisant ; avec I'instructlon de la
V^nerie, Volerie, et Pescherie, et tout honneste
exercise que se pent prendre aux champs. Dedie
a Monseigneur le due de Montbazon, Grand Veneur de
France. A Paris, chez Abel L'Angelier, au premier

FRENCH. 79

pillier de la Grande Salle du Palais. 1604. Avec
privilege du Roy. 4to.

Falconry receives attention as one of the pleasures of the
country.

Schlegel, who, under a much abridged title, cites the second
edition of 1604, characterizes this laborious composition of
more than 300 pages (pp. i.-iv., 1-319) as a poem of no literary
merit and of no scientific interest, though this opinion is not
shared by modern French sportsmen {cf. Dunoyerde Noirmont).

Both these editions are now very rare. Two modern editions
have been published — one, Paris, 1869, i2mo ; the other, much
superior, and with an Introduction by M. Ernest Jullien, Paris,
Firmin Didot, 1879, 2 vols. 4to.

152. GOMMER (Pierre et Frangois de). L'Autour-
SERiE de Pierre de Gommer, Seigneur de Lusancy,
assiste de Fran9ois de Gommer, Seigneur de Brueil,
son frere. Au Seigneur de Forges. A Chalons-sur-
Marne, chez Claude Guyot, imprimeur du Roy. 1594.

8vo.

First edition with woodcuts, now very rare. At the sale of
Baron Pichon's library, in 1869, a copy sold for 3oof. A
second edition, with a slight addition to the title, as follows : —

De l'Autourserie et de ce qui appartient au Vol

de Oyseaux par P. de Gommer, Seigneur de Lusancy,

et F. de Gommer, Seigneur de Brueil, son frere. A

Paris, chez Jean Houz6, au Palais en la Gallerie des

Prisonniers allant a la Chancellerie. 1605. ^^o.

Almost as scarce as the first edition. Published in the same
year as the third edition of d'Arcussia (No. 153), it is sometimes
to be found bound up with it. A reprint of this appeared in
1608, but none subsequently until the following: —

De l'Autourserie, etc. Nouvelle edition revue et
annotee par Henri Chevreuil d'apres I'edition de 1608.

8o BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Paris, Aubry, 1877, sm. 8vo. Tire a 100 exemplaires

sur verg^. Une autre, d'apres Tedition de 1594, Paris,

Aubry, 1878, sm. 8vo.

" Pierre de Gommer, seigneur de Lusancy, et son frfere»
Fran9ois, habitaient le manoir de Lusancy, se livrant k la chasse
au faucon et au tiercelet d'autour, dans un pays des raieux
situes pour cet exercise sur les bords de la Marne, dans ces
plaines si fertiles et si giboyeuses des environs de Meaux."
— Introduction, ed. 1877.

153. ARCUSSIA (Charles d'). La Fauconnerie
de Charles d'Arcussia de Capre, Seigneur d'Esparron
de Pallieres, et du Revest en Provence. Divisee en
trois livres : avec une briefve Instruction pour traicter
les Autours, sur la fin de I'oeuvre par le mesme autheur.
Aix, chez Tholozan. 1598. 8vo.

The first edition, with an engraved portrait of Henri IV. The
second, Paris, Jean Houze, 1599, 8vo. The third, "divisee en
quatre parties, revue, corrigee et augment^e," Paris, Jean Houz^,
1605, the augmentation consisting of the work of De Gommer </<?
r Autourserie, 1605 (No. 152). A copy of this edition was sold in
Paris, April 1889, for i65f., another copy, 16x5, fetching the same
price. The fourth, " divisee en cinq parties," Paris, Jean Houze,
1607; subsequent editions (1608, 1615, 1617, 1619, 1621, etc.)
being augmented by the addition of fresh parts, until in the
edition of 1627 the work seems to have reached completion. It
was then entitled : —

La Fauconnerie de Charles d'Arcussia de Capre,
Seigneur d'Esparron, de Pallieres et du Revest en
Provence. Divisee en dix parties contenues a la page
suyvante. Avec les portraicts au naturel de tous les
Oyseaux. Au Roy. A Paris, chez Jean Houz6, au
Palais, en la Gallerie des Prisonniers allant a la
Chancellerie. 1627. 4to.

FRENCH. 8i

The title is in red and black, on the verso of which is the
table of contents. The ten parts into which the book is divided
are the following : —

1. De la cognoissance des Oyseaux avec leurs portraicts, de leur

nature, de leur traictement, et fagon de les dresser.

2. De leurs maladies communes et accidentales, avec les

remedes.

3. Des moyens de se servir des Oyseaux.

4. De I'anatomie d'iceux par discours et par figure.

5. De I'Autourserie et des Esperviers.

6. La Fauconnerie du Roy comme elle estoit en 16 15.

7. La Conference des Fauconniers.

8. Les discours de la Chasse.

9. Les demieres resolutions des Fauconniers avec un rdcit de

I'histoire de la Reyne Jeanne, etc.
• 10. Les Lettres de Philoierax a Philofalco, ou est traicte des
maladies des Oyseaux, avec les remedes pour les guerir.
"Puis le portrait de I'auteur, et vis-a-vis les armes des d'Arcussia
2* feuillet Dedicace au Roy ; au verso, avis au lecteur date de
Paris, 15 Mars 1621. 3^ feuillet Sonnet sur la Fauconnerie par
Gallaup, et vers latins sur le meme sujet par Jan Raynaud d'Aix :
au verso privilege date de Saint Germain, 5 Oct. 1626. Puis
commence la i'* partie avec la i""*" feuillet numerote 7 au recto
et 8 au verso ; mais au 2™*^ feuillet la pagination recommence
I, 2, 3, etc. signatures a — m m m, pour les six premieres
parties. La pagination est defectueuse, souvent inexacte.
Apres la page 296, c'est a dire k la fin de la 4^ partie, doivent
se trouver 5 planches d'instruments de Fauconnerie, la 5" plus
large que les autres, doit etre pliee. Apres la page 334 doivent
se trouver 8 pages d'indice non numerotees." (Souhart.)

At M. Bartel's sale in Paris, April 1889, a copy of this edition
fetched 649f.

La Fauconnerie de Charles d'Arcussia de Capre,
Seigneur d'Esparron, de Pallieres, et du Revest en
Provence. Divisee en dix parties contenues a la page
sixieme. Avec les portraicts au naturel de tous les
Oyseaux. Au Roy. A Rouen, chez Francois Vaultier

82 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

SOUS la porte du Palais, pres la Bastille, et Jacques

Besongne dans la Cour du Palais. 1644. 4to.

The contents of this edition are the same as in that of 1627
and include all that d'Arcussia has written ; but the text is much
more correct. On this account it is to be preferred to any of
the editions which preceded it. The work is much esteemed
on account of its originality and the amount of information
which it conveys, and particularly for the description which
the author gives of flights which he witnessed when hawking
with the King. Notwithstanding the many editions which have
appeared, copies are always difficult to procure, and command a
high price. At M. Bartel's sale in Paris, in April and May
1889, four different editions were sold as under: the third
edition, 1605, for i65f. ; 1615, i65f. ; 1627, 649f. ; and 1644,
56of. In 161 7 a German translation of the 4th edition was
published at Frankfort, by Hoffmann (No. 97).

154. ARCUSSIA (Charles d'). La Conference

DES Fauconniers. R^imprimee sur I'^dition de

1644, avec une notice et des notes par Ernest Jullien.

Paris. 1883. sm. 8vo.

A very nice reprint of the seventh part of the Fauconneri e
with some excellent notes by the Editor.

155. SAINCTE-AXJLAIRE (Frangois de). La

Fauconnerie de Fran9ois de Saincte-Aulaire, sieur

de la Renodie en Perigort, gentilhomme Lymosin.

Divisee en huict parties : avec un bref discours sur la

louange de la Chasse et exhortation aux chasseurs.

D^diee a M. le due de Luynes. Paris, Robert Fouet.

1 61 9. sm. 4to.

This work, with woodcuts, and title in red and black, is of
great rarity, and was only known to Lallemant by the title.
The Comte de Behague's copy sold in 1880 for 3ooof. It has
never been reprinted ; but an analysis of it will be found in the
Introduction to the Bref Discours sur la louange de la Chasse,
reprinted at Louviers, 1888.

FRENCH. 83

156. HARMONT (Pierre, dit "Mercure"). Le
MiROiR DE Fauconnerie ou se verra I'instruction pour
choisir, nourrir, et traicter, dresser et faire voler toutes
sortes d'Oyseaux, et les muer et essimer, cognoistre les
maladies et accidents qui leur arrivent, et les remedes
pour les guerir. Dedie a Monseigneur le due de
Luynes, par Pierre Harmont, dit Mercure, Fauconnier
de la Chambre. Paris, Claude Percheron. 1620.
sm. 8vo.

The first edition (pp. i.-vi. ; 1-96). A second, at Paris, C.
Besongne, 1635, and subsequent editions (appended to " La
Vdnerie de Jacques de Fouilloux") Paris, P. Billaine, 1634-
1635, 4to ; Paris, P. David, 1640, 4to ; and Rouen, Clement
Malassis, 1650, 4to. The author, who was " Fauconnier de la
Chambre du Roy Louis XIIL," and served also under Henri III.
and Henri IV., has in this book set down the results of 45 years'
experience. Copies of this work are very difficult to procure,
especially the first two editions in octavo. At the sale of Baron
de Selliere's Library, in London, in March 1887, a 4to copy
fetched £,(> 6s. At M. Bartel's sale in Paris, in April 1889,
the 8vo of 1620 fetched 9 if.

157. RENE 'E'SiKSiQQil^ {pseudonynt). Essai des

MERVEiLLES DE NATURE et des plus nobles artifices ....

par Rene Fran9ois, predicateur du Roy [Louis xiii.].

Rouen. 162 1. 4to.

This " essay " of an encyclopaedic nature, contains amongst
other things chapters on Hunting and Hawking (chap. iii. pp.
34-52). It passed through several editions at Rouen, 1622,
1624, 1625, 1626, 1631, 1632, 1667, and 1726; at Paris, 1639,
1646; and Lyons, 1642. The author's real name was Etienne
Binet.

158. RANCONNET (Aimar de). Thresor de
LA Langue FRAN90YSE, tant ancienne que moderne

84 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

auquel entre autres choses sont les mots propres de

. . . Venerie et Faulconnerie ci-devant ramassez

par Aimar de Ran9onnet . . . revue et augmente par

Jean Nicot, etc. Paris, imprime par David Douceur.

1626. folio.

A useful work of reference for the technical terms employed
by French falconers.

159. LEON (Jacques de). La Fauconnerie de
Messire Jacques de Leon, dediee au Roy, par Gas-
pard de Leon, gentilhomme, de Marseille. A Aix, par
Estienne David, Imprimeur du Roy, du Clerge et de
ladite Ville. 1643.

(Second titre.) Veritable discours de Fauconnerie
curieusement compose par Messire Jacques de Leon,
Conseiller, Escuyer et Echanson de feu Monseigneur le
due d'Orleans et de Milan, et a present Capitaine des
Galeres du Roy Louis XIL et Concierge de sa Maison
de Marseille estant en I'exercise de Veneur : ou il
est traict6 de la Fauconnerie de toutes manieres
d'Oyseaux de proye, S9avoir de leurs natures, condi-
tions, cognoissance, et comment ils se doivent essimer
et gouverner chacun en son endroit : et generalement
de toute Fauconnerie, des infirmites et maladies qui
leur peuvent survenir, et des remedes a I'encontre
selon la qualite d'iceux. A Aix, par Estienne David,
Imprimeur du Roy, du Clerge, et de ladite Ville.
1643. sm. 8vo.

This little volume of 102 pp. with 6 pis. (one on copper, and
five on wood, taken from d'Arcussia) is of extreme rarity, and is
not cited by Schlegel. Only two copies are with certainty known

FRENCH. 85

to exist, namely, one in the Biblotheque Mejanes, and another
at Aix, which in 1858 was in the possession of the Marquis de
Foresta, and which is now, with the original MS., in the
library of the Comte de Clapiers at Marseilles; cf. Souhart,
" Bibl. G^n. des Ouvr. de la Chasse," p. 295 ; and Rouard,
" Bulletin de Bouquiniste," 1858, p. 215.

160. SALMONDIERE (Moynet de la). Methode

DE L'AuTOURSERiE. Roucn. 1647.

A scarce treatise on short-winged hawks, and the method of
training them. Not in the British Museum.

161. FORTIN DE GRANDMONT (F. Francois).

Les Ruses Innocentes dans lesquellesse voit comment
on prend les Oyseaux passagers et les non passagers,
et de plusieurs sortes de Bestes a quatre pieds ;
avec les plus beaux secrets de la Pesche, etc. Par
F. F. F. D. G. dit le Solitaire Inventif. Paris. 1660. 4to.

This curious work, which is illustrated with woodcuts, was for
a long time very popular with French sportsmen, and is still
much sought after by collectors of sporting books.

Other editions : Paris, 1668 and 1700, 4to ; Amsterdam, 1695,
8vo, 1700, i2mo, and 17 14, 2 vols. i2mo. Some of the illus-
trations are very quaint.

162. POMEY (Frangois). Le Grand Diction-

NAiRE Royal. I. Fran^ais-latin-allemand. II. Latin-

allemand-frangais. III. Allemand-fran9ais-latin

Enrichi d'un petit Traite de la Venerie et de la

Fauconnerie. Lyon. 1671. 4to.

Each part has a separate title page, pagination, and register.
Other editions, Lyons and Frankfort, 1676, 1687, 1690, 1700,
1701, 1715; Cologne, 1740, and the following reprint: —

Traite fort curieux de la Venerie et de la
Fauconnerie. Reimpression textuelle de I'edition

86 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

originale (Lyon, 1671). Texte Frangais et Allemand.

Avec vignettes sur bois par Jost Amman. Stuttgart.

1886. sm. 8vo.

The first separate reprint (in French and German) of this
curious work, containing treatises on Hunting and Hawking,
with Glossaries of the technical terms. The author's name
is here spelled Pomay. See also German authors, No. 98.

163. BONNEFOUS (Nicolas). Traite des Grasses,

DE LA Venerie ET Fauconnerie ou est exactement

enseignee la methode de connoistre, etc avec les

termes, etc. Paris, Charles de Sercy. 1681. 12 mo.

A scarce treatise, not mentioned by Schlegel or by Souhart,
and not in the British Museum.

164. MORAIS (Claude de). Le Veritable

Fauconnier, par M. C. de Morals, chevalier, seigneur

de Fortille, cy-devant chef du Heron de la Grande

Fauconnerie. Dedie au Roy. Paris, chez Gabriel

Quinet au Palais a I'entree de la Galerie des Prison-

niers, a I'Ange Gabriel. 1683. i6mo.

The first edition (pp. i.-x. , i- 144), now very scarce. Re-
printed at the end ol the " Nouveau Thedtre d^ Agriculture^' par
Louis Liger, 1709, and a later reprint (sm. 4to, pp. 1-96), Paris,
Bureau de Gazette des Chasseurs, 1883.

165. SELINCOITRT (Jacques Espee de). Le
Parfait Chasseur, pour instruction des personnes de
quality ou autres qui aiment la Chasse pour se rendre
capables de cet exercise, apprendre aux Veneurs,
Picqueurs, Fauconniers, et Valets de Chiens a servir
dans les grands equipages, etc. A Paris, chez Gabriel
Quinet au Palais a I'entree de la Galerie des Prison-
niers, a I'Ange Gabriel. 1683. i2mo.

FRENCH. 87

This little volume (pp. i.-xiv., 1-390) is now of some rarity.
The author gives sound advice as to the hawks to be used
according to the nature of the country in which they are to be
flown.

166. LEGENDBE (Cure d'Henouville). Traite

DES Chasses, de la Venerie et de la Fauconnerie :

precede de la maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers.

Paris, Legras. 1684. 12 mo.

The portion relating to fruit-trees was previously printed in
1653. Kreysig cites a work with a similar title to this, with the
date 1 68 1, perhaps an earlier edition of it, though quite likely
to be a misprint for 1684, Kreysig being often very inaccurate.
" Legendre " is a pseudonym, the author's real name being
Robert Arnaud d'Andilly.

167. ANON. Les PlAISIRS INNOCENTS ET amoureux

de la Campagne: contenant le Traite les Mouches-a-

miel : un Avis pour ceux qui veulent tirer de I'utilite

des Vers-a-soye: avec la M^thode d'elever toutes sortes

d'Oyseaux de ramage, et un Traite des Chasses, de la

Venerie et Fauconnerie, ou est enseignee la methode

de connaitre les bons chiens : la chasse du cerf, du

sanglier, du lievre, etc. Grenoble. 1692. i2mo.

A work similar in character to Les Ruses Innocentes (No. 161).
Another edition, Amsterdam, 1699, 12 mo. Both rare.

168. LIGEB (Le Sieur Loiiis). Les Amusemens

de la Campagne : ou " Nouvelles Ruses Innocentes "

qui enseignent la maniere de prendre aux pieges

toutes sortes d'oiseaux, etc. . . . Comment affaiter les

Faucons, etc. . . . Paris, Prudhomme. 1709. 2 vols.

sm. Svo.

The portion relating to falconry appears to have been com-
piled chiefly from the works of d'Arcussia (No. 153) and Morais

88 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

(No. 1 64), and was reprinted without author's name, and with
numerous alterations, at Amsterdam, in 17 14.

Other editions were published at Paris in 1734, 1740, 1753,
and 1756.

169. ANON. L'Art de toute sorte de Chasses

ET DE P:^CHES, avec celui de guerir les Chevaux, les

Chiens et les Oiseaux ; un Dictionnaire de la Chasse

et de la Peche ; avec une explication des termes de

la Fauconnerie, par demandes et rdponses. Lyon,

Gaudet. 17 19. 2 vols. i2mo.

A compilation from various sources, of little value. Other
editions, 1730, 1750, both published at Lyons.

1 70. GAFFET (Antoine, Sieur de la Brififardiere).

NouvEAU Traite de Venerie . . . . et de la
Fauconnerie .... par un gentilhomme de la Venerie
du Roy. Public apres la mort de I'auteur par Pierre
Cldment de Chappeville, ancien capitaine du regiment
Vexin. Paris. 1741. 8vo.

Other editions, 1742, 1750. Though a popular work atone
time, copies are now seldom to be found. A copy of the edition
of 1742, from the library of M. Bartel, which was sold in Paris,
in April and May 1889, fetched 52f.

De Chappeville, after stating in his Preface (p. 14) that since
the publication in 1655 of Robert Salnove's work on Hunting,
nothing had appeared on that subject, adds (p. 15): "L'auteur
est un gentilhomme de la Venerie, qui aprbs avoir servi dans ce
corps sous le feu Roy pres de 40 ans, est mort depuis quelques
annees. II se nommait Antoine Gaffet, Ecuyer, Sieur de la
Briffardiere. Son nouveau traits est beaucoup plus ample \ bien
des egards que celui de Salnove."

In 1885 a reprint of the treatise on Falconry, which in the
original extends from pp. 383-401, was issued by M. Pairault,
Paris, with the following title : —

A FRENCH FALCONER OF THE XVIII CENTURY
In the uniform of the court of Louis XV.

1715-1774. ^ : o

FRENCH. 89

171. CHAPPEVILLE (Pierre Clement de). Petit
Traite de Fauconnerie : ou se trouvent les termes
de cette espece de Chasse avec la maniere de bien
tenir, soigner et trailer les Oiseaux, etc. Par P. C. de
Chappeville, gentilhomme de la V^nerie du Roy.

The editor of this reprint (sm. 8vo, pp. 1-28, including half-
title and title) has confounded de Chappeville with the Sieur
de la Briffardibre. It was the latter, not the former, who was
" Gentilhomme de la Venerie du Roy," as we learn from de
Chappeville himself in his original Preface (p. 15). The title
adopted for the reprint is that which in the original is given
in half-page at the commencement of the Traite de Fauconnerie^
P- ZH-

172. ANON. Amusements de la Chasse et de la

Peche : ou Ton enseigne la maniere de prendre toute

sorte d'oiseaux et d'animaux a quatre pieds, avec des

instructions sur la Volerie, etc. Amsterdam et Leipzig.

1743. 2 vols. i2mo.

First published in 1730, at Lyons, chez les Freres Bruyset,
with the title Lart de toute sorte de Chasse et de Peche. Another
edition appeared at Lyons in 1750, and one at Amsterdam in
1732, 2 vols. 1 2 mo, with the title Delices de la Campagne ou les
Ruses de la Chasse et de la Peche.

173. LA CHESNAYE DES BOIS. Dictionnaire
Universel d' Agriculture, de Jardinage, de Faucon-
nerie, Chasse, Peche, en deux parties : . . . .

la seconde donnant les regies pour la Volerie, la
Chasse, et la Peche, et des remedes pour les Oiseaux
de Fauconnerie, les chevaux, et les chiens de chasse
dans leurs maladies. Paris, David. 1751. 2 vols. 4to.

Le premier volume, 3 pp. prelim. 750 pp. et i p. de privilege;
le deuxieme, un titre, 238 pp. qui finissent le dictionnaire

9 o BOOKS ON FAL CONR V.

d'agriculture et la premiere partie de I'ouvrage ; plus un faux
litre et 467 pp. d'une pagination speciale pour le Dictionnaire de
Fauconnerie et de Chasse ; enfin 1 2 planches d^pliantes toutes se
rapportant k la seconde partie terminant I'ouvrage. (Souhart.)

174. IiEROY. Les Articles "Fauconnerie" et

"Fauconnier" dans "rEncyclopedie ou Dictionnaire

Raisonn6 des Sciences et des Metiers/' par Diderot

et D'Alembert (torn, iv.), et les articles "Vol" et

" Volerie" (torn. xvii.). Paris. 1756. folio.

In these articles, the author, who was a " lieutenant des
chasses du pare de Versailles," has given some interesting
details on the subject of Falconry, of which Buffon, and after
him many others, took advantage.

175. LALLEMANT (Nicolas et Richard, freres).

Bibliotheque historique et critique des Th^reutico-

graphes [auteurs qui ont traite de la Chasse]. Rouen.

1763. 8vo.

This useful bibliography, which includes the titles of a great
many works in French and Latin on Falconry, occupies the first
part (pp. i.-ccxxxvi.) of "Z'^co/e de la Chasse aux Chiens courans"
par Le Verrier de la Conterie, Ecuyer, Seigneur d'Amigny.
The authors' names do not appear on the title, except as
printers, but are to be found at the end of the work, in the
" Approbation " inserted by order of the Chancellor of France.
From this work of Lallemant Frbres, the " Dictionnaire des
Chasses, precdd^ d'une Bibliotheque historique et critique des
ouvrages thereutiques anciens et modernes," par M. Baudrillart
(Paris, 1834, 4to), was in a great measure compiled. (No. 188.)

176. SALERNE (Frangois). L'Histoire Natu-
RELLE eclaircie dans une de ses parties principales,
l'Ornithologie, qui traite des Oiseaux de terre, de
mer, et de riviere, tant de nos climats que des pays
etrangers. Paris, Debure. 1767. 4to.

FRENCH. 91

This work, which is to some extent a translation of Ray's
Synopsis Methodica Avium, 17 13, contains some unimportant
remarks on the birds of prey employed by Falconers, and is
chiefly noticeable for the engraved frontispiece by Martinet, in
which the sports of hawking, and fishing with trained cormorants,
are fairly represented.

177. CHAMPGRAND (Goury de). I. Traite de
Venerie et des Chasses, scavoir ; du Cerf, du Daim, du
Chevreuil, du Lievre, etc. 1 1. Traite de Chasse s9avoir
Au fusil ; Pieges et Filets, etc. Essais de Fauconnerie,
Remedes pour le maladies des Olseaux. De I'Autour-
serie. Dictionnaire des Termes de Venerie, de Fau-
connerie, et de toute espece de Chasse. Paris, chez
Claude Jean Baptiste Merissant. 1769. 2 parties en
I vol. 4to.

Premiere edition dans laquelle le nom de I'auteur ne figure
qu'au bas de la dedicace au Prince de Conti.

Cette ouvrage est ainsi compose : Premiere partie — faux titre,
titre, epitre dedicatoire, preface, table xii pages preliminairs ;
texte 98 pp. et 22 gravures numerotdes de 1^22. Deuxieme
partie — faux titre et titre non pagin^s, texte 99-208 pp., et 17
gravures de 23 a 39. (Souhart.)

178. OLINA (G. P.). Les Amusemens Innocens :
contenant le traite des Oiseaux de Voliere, ou le parfait
Oiseleur. Ouvrage dans lequel on trouve la description
de quarante Oiseaux, la maniere de les elever, etc.
Paris, Didot. 1774. 8vo.

This is a translation from the well-known Italian " Uccel-
liera" of Gio. Pietro Olina, 1622, in which may be found
descriptions and illustrations of the mode of catching the
Sparrowhawk, taking Partridges with the Goshawk, and employ-
ing the Eagle Owl for Kite-hawking. (See Italian Authors. )

92 BOOKS ON FALCONE V.

179. BULLIARD (M.). Aviceptologie Fran^aise
ou Traits General de toutes les ruses dont on pent se
servir pour prendre les Oiseaux. Avec figures. Paris.
1778. sm. 8vo.

Second edition, Paris, 1783; others, 1795, ^796, 1808.

Contains some useful suggestions for capturing hawks.

In 1813 appeared a sixth edition revue, corrige, et augmente
d'un traitd succinct du Rossignol .... suivi d'un petit traite
general sur diverses chasses, par J. C[ussac]. Paris, 18 13,
i2mo. 8th ed. 1820. 9th ed. 1821. A German edition, 1840.

180. CHANGRAN (M. de). Manuel du Chasseur

ou Traite Portatif de Venerie et de Fauconnerie, etc.

Precede d'un Calendrier perpetuel et suivi d'un Dic-

tionnaire des termes de chasse, etc. Paris, Sangrain

et Lamy. 1780. i2mo.

This little manual, now of some rarity, has a history. It was
originally published in Paris, in 1773, in i2mo, with the title
Almanack du Chasseur, but without the author's name. The
bookseller Royet, having secured some copies, erased the date
and substituted his own name and address, which caused it to be
subsequently quoted in catalogues as an " edition sans date."
He suppressed also the two leaves of "approbation" and
"privilege " containing the date and author's name, but omitted
to suppress (or reprint) page 207, on which the date occurs !
Another Paris bookseller (Lamy), having acquired the re-
mainder, made a new book of it, with the title Manuel du
Chasseur, printing a new title-page, with the author's name and
that of his own firm, bu suppressing the " avertissement " and
*' privilege." To falconers at the present day it is more curious
than useful.

181. LA CURNE DE SAINTE-PALAYE (J. B.).
Memoires sur l'Ancienne Ciievalerie. Paris, Du-
chesne. 1 78 1. 3 vols. sm. 8vo.

This work, first published in 4to, Paris, 1753, appeared in

FRENCH. 93

2 vols. 8vo in 1759, a 3rd vol., containing the ^^ Memoires
historiques sur la chasse" being subsequently issued in 1781.
It is in this third volume that we find some interesting his-
torical notices of Falconry, and an extract from the poem on
Hawking by Gace de la Eigne (No. 143).

A two volume octavo edition, edited by Charles Nodier, was
published in Paris (De Longchamps), in 1829.

182. HUBER (M.). Observations sur le Voldes

OiSEAUX de Proie, par M. Huber de Geneve. Accom-

pagnees de figures dessinees par I'auteur. A Geneve,

chez Paul Barde. 1784. 4to.

This treatise, illustrated with six folding plates, is restricted
to an elucidation of the different modes of flight in the long-
winged falcons and the short-winged hawks {les oiseaux raineurs
et les oiseaux voiliers). Being communicated by the author
to Mauduyt, it served the latter as a basis for his article
" Fauconnerie " in his " Encyclopedic M^thodique," published in
Paris the same year. From an observation by Huber (p. 44),
it would seem that he had prepared a more extensive work on
Falconry, which was never published.

183. BTJCHOZ (Pierre Joseph). Les Agremens

DES Campagnards dans la Chasse des Oiseaux, et le

Plaisir des Grands Seigneurs dans les Oiseaux de

Fauconnerie. Paris. 1784. sm. 8vo.

Almost all that this author has to say on the subject of
Falcomy is taken from the Dictionnaire Theorique et Pratique de
Chasse, the editor of which in turn compiled his remarks from
Tardif, d'Arcussia, and other writers who had preceded him. In
the chapter on Heron-hawking, Buchoz states (p. 172) that in
1723 the Emperor Charles VI. took a heron which was found
to have on one leg a ring which had been attached by Ferdinand
III. in 165 1. This was removed and a new one substituted,
and the bird once more restored to liberty. " It must have been
at least 72 years old when it was captured for the second time,"
unless on the first occasion some one, for a joke, attached an
old ring instead of a new one.

94 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

184. DOISY(M.). TONSETMANIERESDESONNERALA

Chasse avec des fanfares . . . suivis d'un Dictionnaire
a I'usage des chasseurs et contenant tous les termes,
explications, et expressions relatives a la Venerie, la
Fauconnerie, etc. Paris. 1804. <^t)l. 4to.

185. DESGRAVIERS (Auguste). Le Parfait
Chasseur : ou I'art du valet de limier, augmente d'un
traite de Venerie pour toutes les Chasses, meme celle
du Vol. Paris. 18 10. 8vo.

Contains (pp. 298-313) some details on Falconry, and a
glossary of technical terms employed by falconers.

Baron de Noirmont cites an edition of 1804 (Preface to
Boissoudan, Melanges Soc. Bibl. Fran(^ats, 1866), but the author
protests {Avant-propos^ 18 10) that this was printed without his
consent.

186. ANON. Articles "Chasse" et " Fauconne-
rie " dans /'j5'«^jj/r/.j7/^<3f2> tJ///^^^^'^?^^. Paris. 1811. 4to.

The illustrations show the old form of the hood, perch,
block, and other accessories used by French falconers at the
end of the last and commencement of the present century.

A folio edition, not mentioned by Brunei, is in the possession
of the writer.

187. DUPRE (A.). L'Ornithocunomachie, ou

Combats des Oiseaux et des Chiens. Poeme en cinq

chants avec des notes et une table explicative par

Alphonse Dupre. Paris, de rimprimerie Baucher. 1819.

8vo.

Not seen. Probably one of those quaint compositions, like
the Debat des deux Dames of Cretin (No. 144), or that in the
Livre du Roy Modus (No. 138), so fashionable in former days,
wherein the champions of Hawking and Hunting vied with
each other in singing the praises of their respective sports.

FRENCH. 95

1 88. BAXJDRILLART (J. J.). Traite General

DEs Eaux et Forj&ts, Grasses et Peches. Paris,

Bertrand. 1821-24. 3 vols. 4to.

3" partie : " Dictionnaire des Chasses," contenant I'histoire de
la Chasse chez different nations ; le precis des ouvrages anciens
et modernes qui en ont traite ; la description des animaux qui
font I'objet de la grande et de la petite chasse, etc. Paris,
Bertrand, 1834, 410. La partie bibliographique revue par de
Quingeryait ete prise en grande partie dans Lallemant (No. 17).

189. CTJISIN (M. V. P.). L'EcoLE du Chasseur

sulvie d'un Traite de Oisellerie, la Peche, et les

nouveaux Fusils, etc Manuel aussi instructif

qu'amusant, .... offrant a la fois un Abrege de Fau-

roNNERiE, un Gode de Venerie, et . . . . ruses du

Chasseur, etc. Paris. 1822. i2mo.

A small volume of some rarity, though a compilation of little
merit.

190. GRANDJEAN (J. J.). Secrets de la Chasse
aux Giseaux par M. G. [Grandjean]. Paris. 1826.
1 2mo.

Scarce : not seen. Cited by Souhart. Another edition with
altered title, thus :

Secrets anciens et modernes de la Chasse aux
OiSEAUX par J. J. G. amateur. Paris. 1838. i6mo.
A third edition, Paris, 1850, i6mo.

191. HUZARD (Jean Baptiste). Notes Biblio-
GRAPHiQUES, concemant les ceuvres du Due de Nardo
(Belisaire Aquaviva) sur la Venerie et la Fauconnerie.
Paris. 1835. 8vo.

Brochure de 1 6 pp. seulement, mais fort interessant

96 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

192. ANON. La Chasse au Faucon, manuscrit
du xvi^ siecle, public dans le Feuilleton du "Journal
de Paris" de 26 Juillet 1838.

Cited by Schlegel (No. 1 94).

I have long inquired in vain for this. M. P. A. Pichot, who,
after much trouble, has lately discovered in Paris a copy in the
Library of the Senate at the Luxembourg, has been good enough
to send me the following note : —

"Get article du 'Journal de Paris' est sans aucune espece
d'importance, et il est etonnant qu'il soit cite par Schlegel. Le
soi-disant Manuscrit me parait apocryphe ; on ne cite ni sa
provenance, ni son auteur; I'article lui meme n'est pas signe.
.... S'il y a vraiment en un Manuscrit du xvi^ Siecle il a ete
defigure; car plusieurs phrases ne sont pas dans le style de
I'dpoque."

193. ANON. La Fauconnerie : Chasse au Vol.
Quelques details sur les Faucons et I'art de les dresser
a la chasse. La Haye, W. P. van Stockum. 1840.
sm. 8vo.

This brochure of 21 pp. had its origin at The Hague on the
foundation, in 1839, of the Loo Hawking Club, described by the
anonymous author as " Une socidte d'hommes distingues, com-
posde de Neerlandais, d' Anglais et de Frangais, constitute en
HoUande, afin de faire revivre la fauconnerie dans notre patrie,
avec I'agrement de sa Majeste, sur les bruyeres avoisinant au
palais du Loo en Gueldre."

A list of the original members of this Club, twenty- seven in
number, is given on the last page. Of these, the following names
appear in the " Section Anglaise " : — Mr. C Stuart Wortley, the
Duke of Leeds, Lord VVilloughby d'Eresby, Mr. E. C. Newcome,
Mr. W. Newcome, Sir Joseph Copley, Col. Dawson Damer,
Mr. Evelyn Denison, and Lord Cranston. The sole represent-
ative of the " Section Frangaise " on the formation of the Club
was Baron A. d'Offemont, the Section Neerlandaise comprising
seventeen members. In 1850, under the patronage of their
Majesties the King and Queen of Holland, the members num-
bered fifty-five. For details of their sport, see Schlegel.

I

Tr

FRENCH. 97

194. SCHLEGEL (H.) and WULVERHORST (A.

H. Verster de). Traite de Fauconnerie. Leiden et

Dusseldorf, chez Arnz et Comp. 1844-53. Atlas

folio.

The finest work on Falconry which has ever been produced ;
not only on account of the beauty of the plates, wherein the
hawks are depicted life-size and of the natural colours, but also
for the general accuracy of the letterpress, which was written by
the late Prof. H. Schlegel, of Leiden. Exclusive of the " Tide "
(which is surrounded with a series of vignettes illustrative of
scenes in the life of a hawk), " Dedication " to the King of
Holland (William III.), and " Avant-Propos," it contains 90 pp.
of text, followed by vi. pp. devoted to a " Catalogue Raisonn^
des Ouvrages de Fauconnerie," one page for " Explication des
Planches," and one page for " Index."

The "Catalogue Raisonne" (pp. i-vi.), although extensive
as compared with previous lists of the kind, is conspicuously
deficient in regard to the titles of English and French works on
Falconry; not because many of these were published after
Schlegel's " Traits " had appeared (which would of course have
been a sufficient reason for omitting them), but because they were
evidently unknown to him. Of those which he does cite, the
titles are often defective, having been apparently copied " with
all faults " from. Hammer Purgstall and the inaccurate Kreysig.

Exclusive of the ornamented title-page above referred to,
there are 16 folio plates, 2 of which are illustrative of Heron
Hawking at the Loo, in 1844, with portraits of contemporary
falconers ; 2 others contain figures of hoods, jesses, lure, and
other accessories ; and the remaining 12 give life-sized coloured
figures of the hawks employed by falconers, admirably drawn by
Joseph Wolf and J. B. Sonderland. On the sale of Prof.
Schlegel's books at Leiden after his death the present writer
secured the author's own copy of this fine work, and the original
water-colour drawings for the plates were purchased, partly by
the Zoological Society of Amsterdam, partly by M. Pierre A.
Pichot of Paris, in whose libraries they are now preserved. The
work was originally published in 3 parts, between 1844 and
1853, costing 55 th. (2iof., or £,Z 8s.), a value which it has
ever since justly maintained. See note to No. 221.

G

98 BO OKS ON FAL CONR Y.

195. ANON. Le Menagier de Paris. Trait6 de

morale et d'^conomie domestique, compost vers 1393

par un Bourgeois Parisien, contenant des preceptes

moraux, etc., un Traite sur la Chasse a I'Epervier, etc.

Public par la Soci^td des Bibliophiles Fran9ais, par les

soins du Baron J. Pichon. Paris. 1846. 2 vols. 8vo.

Of interest to falconers on account of the treatise (vol. ii.
pp. 279-326) on training the Sparrow-hawk, with a facsimile
illustration. La chasse a tkpervier en 1379.

196. LA CROIX (Paul) et SERE (Ferdinand).
Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance. Paris. 1848-51.
5 vols. 4to.

In vol. i., a section {Chasse, fol. xiii.-xxii.) is devoted
to Fauconnerie^ in which are some interesting historical details,
with illustrations from old MSS. and engravings, eight of which
are from the " Livre du Roy Modus" (No. 138).

" 197. VAN DER DUYSE (P.). Droits du MaItre
Fauconnier de Flandre. Ordonnance au sujet des
Veneurs. Gand. 1853. ^vo.

Extrait de 5 pp. des " Annales de la Soci^t6 Royale des
Beaux Arts et de la Litt^rature de Gand."

198. GALESLOOT (A. L.). Recherciies His-

TORiQUEs sur LA Maison DE Chasse des Ducs de

Brabant et le I'ancienne Cour de Bruxelles. Par A.

L. Galesloot. Bruxelles et Leipzig. 1854. sm. 8vo.

Dela Fauconnerie, pp. 188-204. " La renomm^e des faucons
des Pays-Bas ^tait si grande en ce temps (1595) <^u'il fallait
continuellement en envoyer k la cour de Madrid " [voir la
lettre de Philippe II. k I'archiduc Ernest, gouverneur des Pays-
Bas, p. 196]. " L'usage d'envoyer des faucons en Espagne fut
observe jusqu'k la fin du dix-septibme si^cle. Chaque annee,
quatre fauconniers partaient pour Madrid avec 32 faucons,

FRENCH. 99

qu'ils presentaient au grand fauconnier d'Espagne qui les ofFrait
au roi. Comme ces faucons ^taient naturellement de grand
prix, et qu'ils ^taient dresses avec soin, on prenait une singu-
li^re precaution pour empecher que, durant le trajet, on ne leur
en substituat d'autres. Le grand fauconnier des Pays-Bas
coupait k chacun des oiseaux, une plume de I'aile ; ces plumes
etaient envoydes par lui au grand fauconnier d'Espagne, afin
qu'il pfit les confronter avec les faucons, k leur arrivee k la
cour de Madrid. Lk, les fauconniers recevaient un certilicat
constatant qu'ils s'etaient bien acquittds de leur mission.
Jamais il n'y avait de plaintes au sujet des faucons presentes
au roi d'Espagne ; I'education de ceux-ci faisait le plus grand
honneur aux fauconniers braban^ons, surtout k la famille
Robbrechts. Mais aussi la cour de Bruxelles n'dpargnait rien
pour de procurer de bons oiseaux. Chaque annee, pour ainsi
dire, elle en faisait chercher par ses fauconniers dans les pays
du Nord, dans le Milanais, dans le royaume de Naples, en
Sicile, en Grece, et jusque dans I'ile de Candie. II n'est done
pas etonnant que la fauconnerie Beige ait joui d'une si grand
celebrity dans les pays voisins. On pretent meme que du
temps de Louis XIII., les seigneurs Frangais, envoyaient leur
fauconniers au Pays-Bas pour y apprendre leur art ; c'etait
dans la Campine surtout qu'on trouvait d'habiles fauconniers "
(p. 198).

199. DAUMAS (General E.). Les Chevaux du
Sahara et les moeurs du desert. Avec des commen-
taires par rEmir Abd-el-Kader. Paris. 1862. 8vo.

Includes " La Chasse de - I'Autruche, de la Gazelle, et La
Chasse au Faucon."

In 1863 an English translation appeared with the following
title : The Horses of the Sahara and the Manners of the Desert,
by E. Daumas, General of Division commanding at Bordeaux.
With Commentaries by the Emir Abd-el-Kader. Trans-
lated from the French by James Hutton ; the only authorised
translation. London, W. H. Allen. 1863. 8vo. pp. 355.
Hawking, pp. 270-280.

General Daumas published in 1855 an article in the "Bulletin
de la Socidld d'Acclimatation " sur les Chevaux du Sahara,

100 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

in which will be found sundry observations on Falconry, as
practised by the Arabs.

200. CHENU (J. C.) et DES MURS (O.). La

Fauconnerie ancienne et moderne. Paris, Hachette.

1862. i2mo.

A pocket volume of 176 pages, illustrated with woodcuts.
Some copies are coloured. In the " Observations sur le vol des
Oiseaux" (pp. 121-149), the authors have reproduced the
greater part of Ruber's work (No. 182) with reduced copies
of his illustrations. The woodcut on p. 40, which is lettered
^^ Faucon sur une Gazelle (faprh une ancienne gravure" vs, copied
from the plate of a Goshawk and Gazelle, by Joseph Wolf, which
forms the frontispiece to Burton's work, published in 1852
(No. 66).

201. PICHON (Baron Jerome). Du traite de

Fauconnerie, compos6 par Temp^reur Frederic II., de

ses manuscrits, de ses editions, et traductions. Paris.

1 864. 8vo.

An admirable commentary, published originally in Techener's
" Bulletin du Bibliophile." A few copies were separately printed,
of which one is in the collection of the writer.

202. BOISSOUDAN (Jacques Elie Manceau,
Seigneur de). Methode pour dresser et faire
voler les Oyseaux pour le vol de la Perdrix. Ou
il enseigne a bien tenir les Oyseaux, etc. Par Mon-
sieur de Boissoudan. Dedie a ceux qui aiment la
Fauconnerie. \c. 1745.] a Niort, chez Robin et L.
Favre, Imprimeurs, Rue Saint Jean. 1864. 4^0.

This treatise, composed by a gentleman of Poitou, about the
year 1745, was only published for the first time at the end of an
edition of " La Vdnerie," de Jacques du Fouilloux, in 1 864. Two
years later it was edited by Baron Pichon, and printed, with
other rare treatises {e.g., Mouret's Chasse du Roy, 1725), in the
Melanges de Littcrature et d'Histoire, rdcueillis et publi(^s par la

FRENCH. loi

Societe des Bibliophiles Frangais." It is there entitled *' Le
Fauconnier parfait : ou viethode pour dresser et faire voler les
Oiseaux." The author, having read most of the works of his
predecessors relating to Hawking, and having been instructed
by some of the best falconers of his day, spent seventeen years
in the practice of this art before writing anything on the subject —
a great recommendation. His treatise conveys a good idea of
the state of Falconry in the i8th century in Poitou, where the
native Goshawk was much used.

203. D'ESTERNO (M.). Du Vol des Oiseaux.
Indication des sept lois du vol ram^ et des huit lois du
vol a voiles. Paris, Librairie Nouvelle. 1865. 8vo.

The terms vol rame and vol d voiles, of which the distinctive
characters are given pp. 73-77, are adopted from Huber,
** Observations sur le vol des Oiseaux de Proie," published at
Geneva, in 4to, 1784.

The author says : — " II y a plus de trente ans que j'ai com-
mence mes observations sur le vol des Oiseaux ; c'est par une
imitation et non par une description que je comptais en presenter
les resultats."

A second edition appeared in 1874.

204. BERTHET (Elie). Le Fauconnier. Paris.
Degorce-Cadot, sans date (1865 ou 66 ?). i6mo.

Not seen ; probably from its size of no importance.

205. GLOUVET (Le Chevalier de). Histoires
DES ViEux Temps. Extraits du Manuscrit de I'ecuyer
Loys de Cussiere, gentilhomme Angevin: Revus et
publics par son petit-neveu le chevalier de Glouvet.
Saumur, Paul Godet. 1866. sm. 8vo.

Amongst the chapters in this volume is one of special interest to
Falconers, entitled Chdtelaitiie de la Tessoualle et la belle Faucon-
nerie dHcelle (pp. 83-116), in which is given a minute description
of a hawking establishment in the 15th century.

The author, who lived about 1470, thus expresses himself in

I02 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

his " Prime-proupos'' {Avant propos, p. 46), the only portion of
the work in which the style and orthography of the period has
been reproduced by the editor : — " Plus oultre ay privement
commerce avecques des plus grans comme avecques du plus
menu ; ay veu courre plus d'ung cerf, et faict voler plus d'ung
hobereau, et somme, ay cueilly bien des fruictz k bien des
arbres de tout fueillaige."

206. DUNOYER DE NOIRMONT (Baron). His-

TOIRE DE LA Chasse EN France, depuis Ics tcmps
les plus recules jusqu'a la Revolution. Paris, V""'
Bouchard- Huzard. 1867-68. 3 vols. 8vo.

An admirable work, full of historical research on Hunting,
Hawking, Fowling, and Shooting as pursued in France from the
earliest times to the Revolution.

The third volume contains (pp. 69-200) a section on Falconry,
abounding with interesting historical details.

207. PICHOT (Pierre Amedee). La Fauconnerie
en Angleterre et en France a notre epoque. Paris.
1865. 8vo.

Reprinted from the "Revue Britannique," Oct. 1865.

This excellent article, which contains many interesting details
relating to the practice of Falconry in Europe in the 19th cen-
tury, has been quoted at length by M. Magaud D'Aubusson
(No. 211), and forms the basis of the following publication : —

208. PICHOT (Pierre Amedee). Les Oiseaux de

Sport: La Chasse au Faucon, et la Peche au Cormoran.

Paris, Librairie du Jardin d'Acclimatation. 1875. 1 2mo.

A little volume of 48 pp. illustrated with 15 woodcuts, in which
will be found many interesting details concerning the Loo Hawk-
ing Club (1840-53), the Champagne Hawking Club (1865-68),
and the hawking stud of the Maharajah Duleep Singh maintained
at Elveden Hall, Thetford, between the years 1856 and 1864.

209. LA CROIX (Paul). Moeurs Usages et

FRENCH. 103

Costumes au Moyen Age et a I'epoque de la Renais-
sance. Paris, Firmin Didot et Cie. 187 1. 4to.

In this work already referred to under the head of the English
translation (No. 76), we find a section '■'■Chasse: Venerie et
Fauconnerie" pp. 191-232, the portion on Falconry occupying
pp. 212-232 with a dozen illustrations, eight of which are from
the Livre du Roi Modus.

210. CHARAVAY (Etienne). Etude sur la
Chasse a l'oiseau au Moyen Age. Une Fauconnerie
Princiere et i'education des Faucons, d'apres des docu-
ments inedits du XIV^ siecle et du XV*. Paris.
1873. ^^y- ^vo-

A beautifully printed volume with title in red and black, of
which only 100 numbered copies were published, that in the
writer's possession being No. 72. It contains many interesting
historical details relative to falconry in the Middle Ages, with
folding plates of facsimile drawings from MSS. of the 14th and
15 th centuries.

211. D'ATJBUSSON (L. Magaud). La Faucon-
nerie AU Moyen Age et dans les temps modernes.
Recherches Historiques, Didactiques et Naturelles :
accompagnees de pieces justificatives. Paris. 1879.
8vo.

A work which no student of the history of Falconry should
neglect. Amongst the Pihes Justificatives at the end of the
volume will be found a chronological list of the Grand Falconers
of France ; extracts showing the expenses attending the main-
tenance of hawking in France, from the Household Accounts
of Francois I., Henri I., Charles IX., Henri IV., Louis XIII.,
Louis XIV., Louis XV. and Louis XVI. j the state of Falconry
at the Court of France in 1785, etc. etc.

212. PHARAON (Florian). Sid Mohamed el
Mangali. Traite de Venerie traduit de I'Arabe par

I04 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Florian Pharaon, avec une Introduction par M. le
Marquis G. de Cherville. Tire a 300 exemplaires
numerot^s. Paris. 1880. 8vo.

A most interesting treatise, of which the Arabic as well as the
French text is given. A review of it will be found in Harting,
No. 79, pp. 362-370. It contains a description of the Syrian
method of taming and training hawks. The Saker is particularly
mentioned as a bird of double passage, and several varieties are
noticed. There is a chapter on the first man who ever tamed
the Saker, and another on the mode of taking the Ostrich with
Sakers. Other Eastern falcons are described, with remarks on
their qualifications and peculiarities. Some useful advice,
evidently derived from experience, is given in regard to the feed-
ing of Hawks, and the management of them on a journey.

213. PICARD (Etienne). La Venerie et la

Fauconnerie des Dues de Bourgogne, d'apres des

documents inedits. Par Etienne Picard, Sous-In-

specteur des Forets. Paris. 1881. roy. 8vo.

An admirably printed memoir of 128 pp. with title in red and
black, of which only 100 separate copies were issued. It was
originally published in the " Memoires de la Societe Eduenne "
(n.s. torn, ix.), and conveys a good idea of the vast territorial
possessions of the former Dukes of Burgundy, and of the splen-
dour of the hunting and hawking establishments maintained in
France during the 14th and 15th centuries. A folding map
shows the forests of this ducal domain, and indicates, in addition,
the keepers' lodges and the " meets."

214. HOLLAND (Eugene). Faune Populaire de

LA France. Tome vl Les Oiseaux domestiques, et

la Fauconnerie. Noms vulgaires, Dictons, Proverbes,

Legendes, Contes et Superstitions. Paris, Maison-

neuve. 1883. 8vo.

The pages relating to Falconry (pp. 195-224) include expla-
nations of the technical terms relating to the art, synonyms in

FRENCH. 105

German, Spanish, and Italian, and occasionally derivations, e.g'.^
*' on I'appelle cr'eance parcequ'on rameine I'oiseau "k croire et k
obdir au leurre" (D'Arcy, Diet. Fran<^ois-Flaman, 1699).

215. SOUHART (R.). BiBLIOGRAPHIE GENERALE

DES ouvRAGES SUR LA Chasse, la V^neHe et la Faucon-
nerie, Paris. 1886. roy. 8vo.

A most useful work of reference, but very incomplete as regards
Falconry, and especially the English, Spanish, and Italian litera-
ture of the subject.

216. SOURBETS (Georges). La Chasse au Vol

avec les petltes especes. Notions pratiques de Fau-

connerie dedi^es aux debutants. Niort. 1885. 4to.

In this brochure the author claims to have set down all neces-
sary and sufficient instruction for taming and training the
Merlin, Hobby, Kestrel (if wanted), and Sparrow-hawk. In
carrying out these instructions, he says, the reader *' may attain,
unaided and with very little expense, the most practical and
conclusive results, and thereby encourage the taste for a sport
formerly held in high esteem by our ancestors, and one of which
to the present day in Europe the English alone have preserved
the rules and practice." With this pretty compliment, which it
is to be hoped may not be lost upon those for whom it is intended,
he proceeds to summarise the results of his own experience in
what may be termed an " elementary course," which has since
been followed by a more comprehensive treatise, written by
the same author in conjunction with M. de Saint Marc.

217. SOURBETS (G.) et SAINT MARC (C. de).

Precis de Fauconnerie : contenant les indications
necessaires pour affaiter et gouverner les principaux
Oiseaux de Vol: suivi de I'education du Cormoran.
Ouvrage ornd de planches hors texte. Niort, 1887.
8vo.

In this joint work, which is illustrated with woodcuts, we find,
embodied, in ten chapters and less than a hundred and fifty pages,

io6 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

a neat summary of nearly all that is necessary to be known in
order to tame, train, and fly a hawk successfully, whether " long
winged " or " short winged," a '* bird of the lure" or a " bird of
the fist." The distinguishing characters are pointed out of the
Peregrine, Merlin, Hobby, Kestrel, Goshawk, and Sparrow-hawk,
and the authors indicate the different kinds of " quarry " at which
each may be flown with success. The Lanner and Saker (so
well known in the East) are passed over as being seldom procur-
able in France, and requiring treatment not very dissimilar to
that of other long-winged hawks. The eagle, notwithstanding
its present employment in Russia and Tartary for taking hares and
foxes, is condemned as being too heavy to carry with comfort,
and difficult to manage on account of its great power of fasting.
The instructions given for bringing up young hawks from the
nest are clear and to the point ; but the advice given as regards the
management of " passage hawks " is at variance with the practice
adopted by English falconers, and by the Dutch hawk -catchers
by whom they are procured. The chapter on " Hygiene and
General Management " contains some useful hints founded
evidently upon experience, and the advice given in regard to the
treatment of hawks while moulting is good and to the point. In
most of the old works on falconry page after page is occupied
with recipes for the cure of diseases, real or imaginary, most of
them very quaint, and many of them, probably, highly dan-
gerous. These fanciful directions are never followed by modern
falconers, who do not recognise a tithe of the maladies enumer-
ated by ancient authors, and who know, moreover, how to cure
the few ailments to which hawks are undoubtedly liable in a
much more simple and efficacious manner. It is to these only
that allusion is made in the present volume. One more feature
in the book ought not to pass unnoticed — namely, the extracts
which are given from letters addressed to the authors by several
English and French falconers, and which contain some useful
advice and information.

2 1 8. rOYE (G.). Manuel Pratique du Faucon-
NiER DU XIX^ SiECLE. Contenant tout ce qu'il faut
savoir pour dresser les Faucons et Autours a la chasse
au vol des Perdreaux, Faisans, Canards, Lievres,

, FRENCH. 107

Lapins, etc. Par G. Foye. Illustrations par Albert

Bettanier. Paris. 1886. sm. 4to.

In the manual of M. Foye we have another modern aid to the
practice of falconry. It is dedicated to the Comte de Paris, and
the introduction contains all the names known to the author of
living French falconers. Some of the extracts which are given
from the old masters might well have been omitted, especially
those having reference to hawks which are no longer used in
any part of France or England, and which it would be almost im-
possible to procure. Modern descriptions, too, of the species
now in vogue would be preferable to old ones, as being more
intelligible. But, apart from these objections, it is evident
that M. Foye can claim to write authoritatively on the manage-
ment of hawks, since the advice which he gives is based not only
on what he has read, but on what he has learned by experience.
This has been gained chiefly with the Goshawk and Sparrow-hawk,
and his instructions for training these birds will, therefore, be
useful to those desirous of taking up this branch of the sport.
With a female Goshawk which he trained, he killed during the
first season (1884) 322 rabbits, three hares, and two magpies;
and the following season 280 rabbits, two leverets, eleven par-
tridges, four magpies, and two squirrels.

219. BELVALLETTE (Alfred). Traite d'Autour-

SERiE. lllustre de vingt gravures et vignettes par

Ernest Orange. Paris. 1887. sm. 4to.

In this country we use the term falconry in a somewhat wider
sense than is the case in France, including thereby every kind of
flight with a hawk, whatever may be its species. French fal-
coners apply the XQXTCifauconnerie only to flights with the long-
winged hawks (Peregrine, MerUn, Hobby, and Jerfalcon), flights
with the short- winged Goshawk {autour) and Sparrow-hawk
{tpervier) coming under the expressive and very convenient
term autour serie. To this branch of sport M. Belvallette has
devoted an entire volume, albeit a small one, nicely printed, and
illustrated with a dozen full-page plates and some pretty text
cuts, which, if not always original (we recognise the work of both
English and Japanese artists), are appropriate and fairly accurate.
M. Belvallette is well known in France as a skilful falconer, and

1 08 BOOKS ON FALCONR Y.

he writes with a thorough knowledge of his subject. On this
account his Httle book commends itself at once as being thor-
oughly practical.

220. CERFON (C). De la Basse Volerie et du
dressage pratique de I'Autour et de I'Epervier. Avec
36 gravuresdont 18 hors texte. Vincennes. 1887. 8vo.

Dealing solely with the management of the Goshawk and
Sparrow-hawk, this treatise possesses the novelty of being illus-
trated with Japanese figures reproduced from the Ehon iaka
kaganii (which see, under Japanese authors).

The appearance of so many French books on Hawking
within the last decade augurs well for the maintenance of this
time-honoured sport.

221. PICHOT (Pierre Amedee). Exposition Uni-
verselle Internationale de 1889 a Paris. Fauconnerie.
Catalogue Illustr6. Avec ** La Fauconnerie d'autrefois
et la Fauconnerie, d'aujourd'hui " conference faite a la
Soci6t6 Nationale d'Acclimatation le 21 Mars, 1890,
par M. Pierre Amedee Pichot. Paris, Librairie
Leopold Cerf. 1890. 4to.

In this the latest French publication on the subject, we have
an illustrated Catalogue of the contents of the Falconry Court
at the Paris Exhibition, 1889, including several portraits of
Falconers from photographs or old pictures, representations of
the sport from Blaine's "Rural Sports "(No. 63), and figures of two
eagles trained for hawking, namely (i) a Golden Eagle, belong-
ing to M. Paul Gervais of Rosoy, par Acy-en-Multien, brought
from Turkestan by M. Benoit Maichin, and trained to kill hares
and foxes, and (2) a Bonelli's Eagle, belonging to M. Edmond
Barrachin of Ermont par Harblay, procured with another in
Spain, and trained to kill rabbits.

Two of the most useful plates are the outline illustrations on
pp. 21, 22, forming a key to the portraits contained in the large
folio plates of Heron-hawking in Schlegel's fine work (No, 194).

The lecture on Ancient and Modern Falconry (pp. 49-92)
contains much information that will repay perusal.

PROVENCAL. 109

IprovencaL

222. DEUDES DE PRADES. Dels Auzels
Cassadors [Les Oiseaux Chasseurs. Poeme en Pro-
vengal de la fin du XI P ou commencement du XI IP
siecle].

The author of this poem was a troubadour, a native of Prades
near Rodez (Aveyron), who, according to Raynouard {Choix
des Fohtes originales des Troubadours, 1816-1821, torn. v. 1820,
p. 126), was a man of talent and natural good sense, and knew
a great deal about Hawks. E si soup moult la natura dels
Auzels prendedors.

From his poem we may learn how to know a good Goshawk —
Cossi den horn conoisser austor sa ; and a good Sparrow-hawk —
Cossi den hom conoisser esparvier de bonas faissos. Other verses

treat of De cantas maneiras so" I falco Esmerillos e de lurs

conoissensas Cals hom deu tener auzel. .... Cant au-

zel afebre (quand I'oiseau a fievre), etc.

Under the heading D esperimens dauzels we find reference to
some which the author says were set forth in a book written by
Henry I. King of England, who loved hawks and hounds better
than any one :

*' En un libre del ret Enric
D' Angleterra, lo pros e'l ric
Que amet plus auzels e cds
Que nonfes auc nuill crest ids
Trobei d azautz esperimens "

Of the book here referred to no MS. is known to exist,
although Deudes de Prades must have seen a copy not long
after the death of the royal author.

Baron de Noirmont observes {Hist, de la Chasse en France, iii. p.
90) : " On trouve dans ce poeme des traces manifestes de I'oeuvre
du faux Symmachus, probablement ant^rieur k Vincent de Beau-
vais (contemporain d' Albert) et Brunetto Latini (le celebre gram-
marien Florentin du 13^ siecle) et notre plus ancien traits de
fau^onnerie en langue vulgaire."

no BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

See also Galvani, Osservazioni sulla Poesia de Trovate, 8vo,
Modena, 1829, and an article by M. G Azais in vol. viii. of
Xht Journal des Chasseurs.

Catalan*

223. SYMMACHUS (Aquila) et THEODOTIO

Epistola Aquilse Symmachi et Theodotionis ad
Ptolemaeum regem -^gypti De Re Accipitraria,
Catalanica lingua. Lutetiae. 161 2. 4to.

This apocryphal letter, said to have been addressed to a certain
Ptolemy King of Egypt by Aquila Symraachus and Theodotio,
is cited by Albertus Magnus in his treatise de Falconibus, 1478.
The original Latin MS. has been lost, and the treatise is now
only known through the version in lingua Catalanica printed
by Rigault in his Rei Accipitraria. Scriptores pp. 183-200,
and the Excerpta ex libra incerti auctoris de naturd rerum,
printed in the same collection (pp. 201-2 11). It has been
characterised by Baron de Noirmont {op. cit.) as "/(? plus
ancien traits de fauconnerie en langue vulgaire," and treats of
the different kinds of hawks used by falconers, the diseases
to which they are subject, and the remedies recommended for
them.

It commences : — " Assi comensa lo libre dell nudrimeiit he

de la cura dels ocels los quals sepertaye ha cassa Gran

Emperador & Senyor tu as manat "k nos servidors teus fer
obra brev & profitable dels ozels del libre dels antics trans-
latant ab diligencia. Et nos obediens k la tua volentat ajustatz
ensems atorgan brevm6t la tua demanda. E volen la tua
altea saber que diverses son les maneres dels ocels d'cassa, &
diverses son lurs malauties he moltes, per asso lurs son neces-
saries les medecines."

Under the heading Del nudriment dell Sperver — i.e., the
Sparrow-hawk — is the following curious observation (p. 186),
which I have not found noticed by any other writer on

SPANISH. If I

Falconry : — " Esperver pres del niu, si al matin es pris lexal
endurar tro almigdia, mas si es pres la nuyt, endrire tro ala
tercia dell seguen jom."

These extracts will serve to convey an idea of the language
in which this treatise is written — a curious mixture of French
and Spanish. The longest chapter, " De les malaties he de
les medecines des ocels specialment de Falcon" (pp. 190-196),
contains several of the quaint recipes which characterise so
many of the old works on Falconry in different languages.

Spantsb.

224. SANCHO VI. (El Sabio). Los Paramientos
DE LA Caza. [1180.] Reglements sur la Chasse en
g6n6ral par Don Sancho le Sage, Roi de Navarre,
publies en I'annee 11 80. Avec Introduction et Notes
du traducteur, H. Castillon d'Aspet. Paris. 1874.
i2mo.

This code of regulations relating to the chace was promulgated
in 1 1 80 by Sancho VI., the wise King of Navarre. Written
upon parchment, it has ever since been preserved amongst the
archives of the ancient city of Pamplona, where, after the lapse
of 700 years, it has, through the labours of M. Castillon, been
carefully transcribed and printed.

With the exception of the English Forest Laws of King
Canute (loi 7-1036), it is believed to be the oldest as well as
the most complete code of the kind in existence.

According to M. Castillon, the earliest document of this
character in France is dated 1321, or nearly a century and a
half later than that of King Sancho. Le Livre des deduicts de
chasse de Gaston Phoebus, Comte de Foix, et Vicomte de
B^arn, was composed some years before the Ordounance of
1396 which formed the foundation of all French legislation on
the subject, and it is curious to note the close resemblance
which the work of the French noble bears to that of his Spanish

1 1 2 BOOKS ON FALCONE Y.

predecessor, not only in several parallel passages, but in the use
of many words evidently of Spanish origin. This is probably ,
to be explained by the fact that, having espoused the sister of
Carlos II., King of Navarre, whose territory adjoined his own, he
was doubtless often at the castle of Pamplona, where the MS. of
the Paramientos of King Sancho was deposited, and where he
would, therefore, have opportunity of consulting it.

Furnishing, as it does, an important chapter in the history of
the chace in Spain, this code is of considerable interest. After
dealing with certain preliminaries, and the religious ceremony
which always preceded a royal hunting, the Paramientos, or
Regulations, relate to the weapons to be used in the chace, the
costumes to be worn, the distinction between large and small
game, the formation of packs of hounds, the order of procedure
on a hunting day, and the ceremonies and fetes which brought it
to a close. Besides this, there are several sections which relate
to hawking. From these it appears that the hawks used in
Navarre at this period (1180) were the Falcon, the Goshawk
(Azfor), and the Sparrow-hawk {Gavilan). They were taken
young from the nest, and reared in the hawk-house {halconera),
fed upon meal-paste [harina de trigd) mixed with the flesh of birds
{aif), such as pigeons, partridges, or water-hens [gallinas agua), cut
up small ; less paste being given as the hawk grew older, until
at length it was strong enough to be fed twice a day on beef o
mutton. When a month old, the training commenced, and for
this directions are given. It is to be remarked that (contrary to
modern practice) the old Spanish falconers, by slowly drawing
the lure towards them when seized by their hawks, and calling
them with a whistle {chiflo), gradually taught them to retrieve
the quarry before breaking in to it. The Goshawk {Aztor) is
stated to be more easily trained than a Falcon, from which
observation M. Castillon erroneously draws the conclusion that
the hawk called Aztor must have been a Merlin, the Spanish
name for which is Esmerejon. (See p. 127.)

The detention, or theft, of a trained hawk was punishable by
fine, which was greater for a Goshawk than for a Falcon, and
heavier still if the hawk had moulted. Of this fine half went to
the king, the other half to the owner or the informer.

Until the end of the 17th century Falcons were annually im-
ported into Spain from the Netherlands. See note to Galesloot
(No. 198).

SPANISH. 113

225. EL REY D ANGUS. Libre dels Falcoes.
MS. del siglo xiv.

Although the present bibliography is designed to include
only such works relating to Falconry as have been printed, it is of
interest to note in connection with the celebrated Livre du Roi
Dancus (No. 139) that there exists in the collection of Sr. D.
Jos^ Lopez de Ayala a MS. translation in Spanish referable to
the fourteenth century. It is described by Senores De Uhagon
and De Leguina in their " Estudios Bibliograficos : La Caza,"
p. 22 (1888).

See also the Italian edition by Zambrini (No. 296).

226. JUAN MANUEL (El Principe Don). Libro
de la Caza del Principe Don Juan Manuel Fijo del Muy
Noble Infante Don Manuel Adelantado Mayor de la
Frontera et del Reino de Murcia, que fabla de las na-
turas de las Falcones : de commo se deben conoscer
por talle, et por faciones, et por plumage, etpor empen-
nolamiento : de commo se deben amansar et criar, et
facer sennaleros, garceros, etc., de las purgas et las
melecinas : de qu6 cazas hd et qu6 logares, etc.
[1325.] Madrid. 1879. sm. 8vo.

Edited by Don Jose Gutierrez de la Vega, " con un discurso
y notas," in vol. iii. of the " Biblioteca Venatoria — coleccion
de Obras clasicas Espanolas de Monteria, de Cetreria, y de
Caza menor, raras, ineditas, o desconocidas."

According to Don Jose Gutierrez this is the earliest treatise
on the subject written in pure Castillian, and was composed
before the Libro de la Monteria, by the same author, the date
of which is conjectured to be between 1342 and 1350. In
the opinion of Amador de los Rios, whom he cites (torn. iv.
p. 237), the present work was written during the reign of Ferdi-
nand IV., or the minority of Alfonso XI. Further on (torn. cit.
p. 248) the same writer adds that without doubt it was composed
before 1325, in which year the last King of Castille ascended
the throne. Herr Baist, in his German edition of this v/ork,

1 1 4 BOOKS ON FAL CONR Y.

(No. 129), puts the date of its composition at 1325 (op. cit.

P- 154)-

Apart from its antiquity the Libro de la Caza is to be
commended for its intrinsic merit, and for the literary beauty
of the author's style. Don Jose Gutierrez thus writes in glowing
terms of it: — "Pues bien el Libro de la Caza, conservando la
forma didactica en que tanto sobresalio el docto magnate,
brilla por su estilo oriental tan del gusto de los escritores de la
Edad Media. Sus cuentos y sus descripciones son verdader-
amente admirabiles : su lenguaje es culto y pintoresco ....
Por eso en el Libro de la Caza se ve al escritor castizo, se lee el
narrador florido, y se refleja el venador entusiastica, que parece
inspirarse en la sublime majestad del monte, en el delicado per-
fume de las flores, y en el dulci'simo canto de las aves " {Discurso
sobre los Libros de Cetreria, pp. xxix.-xxx.).

Divided into twelve chapters, the work is composed upon a
plan which many subsequent writers on Falconry have adopted.
The nature of falcons is first discussed,* with a notice of the
various species trained for hawking. We are then instructed how
to know a good hawk by its size, shape, plumage, etc. (cap. iii.),
how to tame those which are caught wild, and how to bring up
those which are taken from the nest (cap. iv.), how to tame a
heron-hawk (cap. vi.), how to moult hawks (cap. ix.), to give
them their first meal of the day (cap. x.), and to remedy the
maladies to which they are subject (cap xi,), while the last
chapter describes the different sorts of flights, and the best
localities for the sport. This is a most interesting chapter.
The district of Chincella, within the Bishopric of Cartagena, is
said to abound in lakes and wild-fowl, and Villena the best
place in the whole of Murcia for every sort of flight ; herons,
ducks, and cranes, with falcons, and (with goshawks) partridges,
and quails, and other birds called flamingoes {Jla?nenques), which
are beautiful birds and very good for hawking, though very hard
to get out of the water [fervtosas aves et jnuy ligeras para cazar,
sinon porque son viuy graves de sacar del aqim). From this
chapter one is enabled to form a good idea of the sport enjoyed
by Spanish falconers during the early part of the fourteenth
century.

For some account of the life and works of Don Juan Manuel,
see the French translation of " El Conte Lucanor," by Adolphe

SPANISH. 115

de Puibusque, traduit pour la premibre fois de I'Espagnol, et
precede d'une notice sur la vie et les ceuvres de I'auteur, Don
Juan Manuel. Paris. 1854. 8vo.

227. JUAN MANUEL (El Principe Don). El
LiBRO DE LA Caza. Zum Erstenmalc herausgegeben
von G. Baist. Halle, Niemeyer. 1880. Svo.

Three preliminary leaves of Dedication, Preface, and Con-
tents, and 208 pp. Highly praised by Don Enrique de Leguina,
who writes : — " Preciosa publicacion esmerada y concienzu-
damente hecha por el Senor Baist, con glosas, comentos, etc.,
que denotan el profundo estudio que dicho senor hizo de tan
precioso codice" {Estudios Bibliograficos — La Caza, p. 41).

A copy of this work having been secured after the sheets
containing the German titles had gone to press (see No. 129)
an analysis of it may be given here : — Vorwort, pp. v.-vi. ;
Inhaltsverzeichnis, p. vii. ; EI Libro de la Caza, pp. 1-89;
Ammerkungen zum Libro de la Caza, p. 90 ; Wortregister, p.
107; Personennamen, p. 117; Ortsnamen, pp. 119-127;
Beilage I., zur Chronologic der Schriften D. Juan Manuels,
p. 128 ; Beilage II., zur Textkritik, p. 156 ; Errata und Addenda,
pp. 207-208.

In transcribing from the MS., the editor has in several places
misread a word; ^.^., at p. 118 he mentions names bestowed
upon hawks by their owners, such as Ferlado, Real, etc., and
amongst them he includes LatK^erote. This is probably a mis-
print for Tagarote which is not the name but the kind of hawk
used (p. 42, 1. 10). So altanero is not a species of hawk, but
what English falconers would call a " high flier," or " waiter on."
The text throughout would have been clearer had the editor em-
ployed capitals for all proper names {e.g., p. 42, 11. 14-17).

The publisher's name is Niemeyer, not Niedermeyer as in-
advertently printed in No. 129.

228. AY ALA (Pero Lopez de). El Libro de las
AvES DE CA9A del Canciller Pero Lopez de Ayala
[1386] con las glosas del Duque de Alburquerque.
Publicalo la Socledad de Bibliofilos. Madrid. 1869. Svo.

1 1 6 BOOKS ON FAL CONR Y.

" Introduccion " by Senor Don Pascual de Gayangos, pp. i.-
xxviii. ; followed by the text, pp. 1-167 ; "Glosas del Duque
de Alburquerque," pp. 1 71-195 ; Tabla de las Glosas, p. 197 j
Indice Alfabetico y Glosario, pp. 199-214; Erratas, p. 215;
and a list of the " Sociedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles." With
three full-page modem illustrations, in colours, of hawks, namely,
a Peregrine and two Goshawks.

This treatise, by the famous Cavalier who wrote the Chronica
de Don Pedro I. was extremely popular in its time ; and a good
many MS. copies of it have been found to exist. Don Enrique
de Leguina cites no less than a dozen, dating from the fifteenth,
sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, and preserved
in various libraries in Spain.

It is a much longer composition than that of the Prince Juan
Manuel, which preceded it by sixty years, comprising forty-seven
chapters instead of twelve ; a separate chapter being devoted to
each kind of hawk, and to each ailment (and the remedy for
it) to which it was supposed to be subject. One of the most
curious is chapter xlvi. : De cbmo se deben enjerir las penolas
quebradas, — How to repair broken flight feathers — showing that
the operation known to English falconers as "imping" (French
enter) is by no means a modern invention.

It is strange that so important a work as this should not have
been earlier printed. It was composed in Portugal during the
captivity of the author in the Castle of Oviedes after the battle of
Aljubarrota, at which he was taken prisoner. This explains the
ending: — "Aqui se acaba [here ends] el Libro de la Caza de
las Aves, que fizo Pero Lopez de Ayala en el castillo de Oviedes
en Portogal, en el mes de Junio, ano del Senor de Mill et
trecientos, et ochenta y seis aiios [1386] era de Cesar de
Mccccxxiv anos."

229. AYALA (Pero Lopez de). Libro de la Caza
DE LAS Aves et de sus plumajes, et dolencias, et mele-
cinamientos, del Canciller Pero Lopez de Ayala,
Siglo XV. [1386.] Madrid. 1879. sm. 8vo.

Edited by Don Jos^ Gutierrez de la Vega, *' con un discorso
y notas," in vol. iii. of the " Biblioteca Venatoria — coleccion

SPANISH. 117

de Obras clasicas Espanolas de Monteria, de Cetreria, y de Caza
menor, raras, ineditas, 6 desconocidas."

Cetreria, the Spanish word for hawking, it will be observed,
is cognate with the Latin accipitraria. Don Pascual de
Gayangos supplies the following note on this point in his " In-
troduccion al ' Libro de las Aves ' " (No. 228), p. vii. :— "La
Cetreria, 6 caza con azores, de acctpiter que en Latin significa
* ave de rapina,' y accipitraria que es el arte de cazar con dichas
aves, se formaria la palabra aceptreria 6 cetreria i que otros
asignan diferente origen."

230. SANT-FAHAGUN (Juan de). Libro de
LAS Aves que CA9AN. Con las glossas de D. Beltran
de la Cueva, Duque de Alburquerque.

Cited as a MS. by Hammer Purgstall (No. 112), but since
published in the Illustracibn Venatoria, 1885.

The original MS. of this treatise has apparently been lost, but
a neat and perfect copy of it, executed in the fifteenth century,
is preserved at Madrid in the Bibliot^ca National, and is
regarded as one of the most important works in the Spanish
literature of the chase. Don Jose Gutierrez de la Vega com-
menced its publication in the second number of the Illustracibn
Venatoria, 1885 (Januar)' 30), and in a recently published
criticism of the " Libros de Cetreria del Canciller Pero Lopez
de Ayala, de Juan de Sant-Fahagun, y de Don Fadrique de
Zuniga y Sotomayor" (29 pp. 8vo, Madrid, 1889), Don Fran-
cisco R. de Uhagon has shown, by a comparison of a portion
of the two texts in parallel columns, that the work of Sant-
Fahagun is in a great measure founded upon, if not actually
borrowed from, that of Pero Lopez de Ayala. He thus com-
pares the two (op. cit. p. 9) : —

" Divide Sant-Fahagun su obra en tres libros : en el primero
trata de los plumajes de las aves, y da reglas para auiaestrarlas ;
en el segundo y tercero departe de las eniermedades ; y en el
tercero tambien, de las medicinas para ser curadas. Ayala trata
en su obra : de la caza de las Aves y de sus plumajes ; despu^s,
de sus dolencias, y por fin, de los medicamentos. La analogia
no puede ser mayor."

So much similarity is there between these two works that it is

1 18 BOOKS ON FALCONRY,

a disputed question to which of them the Glosas del Duque de
Alburquerque have reference {cf. Bibl. Venatoria, iii. pp. xlvii.
et seq.).

Besides the MS. above referred to, other copies (Nos. 90, 91)
are cited by D. Gutierrez de la Vega in his Biblioteca Venatoria
wherein the author's name appears as " Sahagun," and " Sant-
Fagun," Senor Gayangos adopts the spelling '* Johan de Sant-
Fagund " (op. ciL vol. iii. p. xlviii.).

231. EVANGELIST A. Libro de Cetreria de
EvANGELiSTA [15th Cent.] y una profecia del mismo
con prologo, variantes, notas, y glosario, por D. Antonio
Paz y Melia. Halle. 1877. 8vo.

Printed in the Zeitschrift fi'cr Romanische Philologie, heraus-
gegeben von Dr. Gustav Grober, Band i. pp. 222-246 (1877),
from a MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna. A few copies
separately printed.

The editor of this MS. compares passages in parallel columns
with extracts from Sant Fahagund, and concludes as follows : —
" Examinando atentamente los tratados de Cetreria conocidos
en la ^poca en que se escribio el nuestro, nos hemos convencido
de que el que Evangelista parodid fue el que Johan de Sant
Fahagund, cazador de Don Juan II. presentd "k Enrique IV. en
cuyo reinado como luego veremos, se escribio tambien la parodia.
En prueba de nuestra afirmacion citaremos algunas notables con-
cordancias que esperamos convenceran al lector" (p. 224).

Some account of this same MS., with extracts, is given by
Sr. Adolfo Mustafia in a paper " Ueber eine Spanische hand-
schrift der Wiener Hofbibliothek." Wien. 1867. There is also
a MS. (of the fifteenth century) in the National Library at
Madrid commencing thus : — *' Libro de Cetreria que hizo
Evangelista corriendo fortuna por al golfo de Leon. A Dios
misericordioso por no estar ocioso : y trata de los Aves de
rapina, de los talles, y plumajes, y proprietades de cada una :
y de los gobiernos y curas para sus dolencias, como adelante
oires."

A third MS. of the sixteenth century is preserved also at
Madrid in the Royal Library (Biblioteca particular de S. M. el
Key). This begins : — Este libro de Cetreria fizo Evangelista

Spanish: ng

camino de Rodas sobre la mar por no estar ocioso y no pensar
en los peligros de la mar, trata de los Aves de rapifia, de los
talles, y plumajes, y proprietades : y de los guobiernos y curas
de sus dolencias de cada una, como adelante vereis : y acabado
lo envid al Prior de San Juan D. Alvaro de Zuniga, su Senor
decia ansi.

232. VELASQUEZ DE TOVAR (Alonso). Libro

DE Caza de halcones hecho por Alonso Velasquez

de Tovar. Madrid, c. 1450- 1500.

This treatise is referred to by Seiior Don Pascual de Gayangos,
in his " Introduccion " to the " Libro de las Aves de Caga " of
Lopez de Ayala (No. 228), as being in the " Biblioteca de la Real
Academia de la Histdria," and also in the Biblioteca National
Madrid ; but it is not quite clear from his remarks whether its
is printed or in MS. only.

233. BURGOS (F. Vicente de). El Libro " de
proprietatibus rerum " traducido del Latin. Impreso
por Enrique Meyer de Alemana. Tolosa. 1494. sm
folio.

" Un volumen, letra gotica a dos columnas, muchos grabados.
Trata de la Perdiz, Paloma, Azor, Halcon, Gavilan, y otros
auimales cazadores." — De Uhagon y de Leguina, p. 9.

Another edition was printed at Toledo, 1529. (See note to
No. 13, anfed, p. 12.)

234. PETRARCA (Francisco). De los remedios
CONTRA prospera y adversa fortuna. Valladolid.

I Smo-
other editions, Seville, 15 13 and 15 16; Saragossa, 1518 and
1523 J Seville, 1524; and Salamanca, 1533.

This book may be included in the present catalogue on
account of Dialogo xxxii., dc la Caza de las Aves y Perros.

235. NUiJllZ DE AVENDANO (Pero). Aviso
de CA9ADORES Y de Ca9A. Ordenado por el magnifico

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

e muy insigne doctor Pero Nunez de Avendafio :
letrado del Illustrissimo senor Don Ynigo Lopez de
Mendo9a tercero deste nombre : Duque del Ynfantado.
Dirigido a su Illustrissima Sefioria. [al fin] Impreso
en la muy noble villa y floretissima Universidad de
Alcala de Henares en casa de Juan de Brocar ano
1543. 4to.

In black-letter, title below coat of arms, " Prologo," 3 prelim,
leaves, and 40 pp. with side-notes in Latin.

Another edition, " con nuevas adiciones, y con privilegio, en
Madrid en casa de Pedro Madrigal, 1593," folio. Both editions
are very rare.

This is a general treatise on the laws of Spain relating to
hunting and hawking in the sixteenth century. From it we learn
(amongst other things) that the clergy, secular and regular, were
forbidden to hunt or hawk, or to keep dogs or falcons, as causing
too much distraction from their religious duties : — " Los religiosos
no pueden yr a ca^a, ni pueden tener perros : ni aves para
cagar," etc., fol. xxvii. " Los clerigos sacerdotes no pueden usar
de caga clamorosa dado se mucho a tal exercicio," etc., fol.
xxvii. verso. It would seem, however, that they were not pro-
hibited from writing on field sports ; see the treatise by Alfonso
Tostado de Madrigal, Bishop of Avila, published in 161 1
(No. 243).

Concluding with an Epistola Commendatoria (fol. xxxviii.-
xxxix.), the present work ends on the last folio (unpaged) :
" Impso en la muy noble villa y floretissima Universidad de
Alcala de Henares en casa de Juan de Brocar, a xviii. dias
del mes de Deziebre del ano 1543."

236. VALLES (Mossen Johan). Libro de Ace-

TRERfA. Madrid. 1556. folio.

Cited by Senor Don Pascual de Gayangos (l.c^ as being
preserved in the original MS. in the Biblioteca Na9ional, Madrid.
He describes it as being divided into five books, or treatises,
of which the first four relate entirely to hawking with the Gos-
hawk and Sparrow-hawk {azor y gavilan), and the last to hunting.

SPANISH. 121

It is dedicated to Prince Carlos, son of Philip II., at that time
only eleven years of age, whose sudden mysterious death caused
so much consternation and comment.

237. CARLOS I. Las Pregmaticas y capitulos

que su Magestad del Emperador y Rey hizo en las

Cortes que se tuuieron con el serenisimo Principe

D. Philipe en nuestro nombre. Afio de mil y quinientos

quarenta y ocho en Salamanca, en casa de Juan de

Canova. 1564. folio.

" Contiene una peticion sobre les gallinas que han de tomar
los cazadores para las aves de caza." — Uhagon y Leguina,
op. cit. p. 12.

238. ZTJNIGAySOTOMAYOR (Fadrique). Libro

DE Cetreria de Caca de A90R . . . . y arte que se

ha de tener en el conoscimiento y caca destas Aves y

sus curas y remedios, en el qual assi mesmo habla

algunas cosas de Halcones y de todas Aves de rapifia,

etc. En Salamanca, en casa de Juan de Canova.

1565. 4to.

This treatise of Zuniga (or ^uniga) 6 prelim, leaves and 126
pp. is perhaps the rarest of all Spanish books which relate exclu-
sively to Falconry, although in regard to date of composition,
as above shown, it is not the oldest. The MS. is preserved
in the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. It is referred to by
Schneider, in his edition of the work of the Emperor Frederick II.,
De arte venandi cum avibus (vol. ii. p. 107), as being quoted in
the Introduction to the Orydographia et Zoologia Aragonice^
1784, p. 70, and is of interest as giving the Spanish names
derived from the Arabs for different kinds of hawks — e.g..,
Aifaneque, Bomi, Bahari, Sucre, Azor (Latin Astur, the Gos-
hawk), etc. The Kestrel he calls Cernicalo ; the Sparrow-hawk,
Esparvel, the ordinary name for any kind of hawk being Gavilan,
or Alcon. On this subject some useful and interesting infor-
mation will be found in the work of MM. Dozy & Engelmann,

1 22 BOOKS ON FALCONE Y.

" Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais d^riv^s de
I'Arabe," seconde Edition, 8vo, Leyde, E. J. Brill, 1869.

239. ANON. LiBRO DE Cetreria y Caza de Aves.

A treatise by an unnamed author cited by Hammer Purgstall
(No. 112) and Schlegel (No. 194), neither of whom gives the
date or place of publication. Probably the work referred to
is that of Zuniga y Sotomayor (No. 238).

240. MIRABEL (Federigo Marques de). Libro
DE Cetreria de Caza de Azor, de halcones y de todas
aves de rapina. [1565 ?]

This treatise, though not mentioned in the latest Spanish
bibliography by Don Enrique de Legiiina, 1888, is cited by
Ersch und Gruber, in their Allgemeine Encyklopaedie der Wis-
senschaften und Kiinsie (4to, Leipzig, 1841), in the account given
of Penaranda de Duero, part of the Spanish province of Segovia
(sect. iii. theil 15, p. 395). Reference is here made to "Franz
von Zuniga, Herr auf Mirabel, oftwarts von Goria und Brante-
villa, erheirathete Alconchel mit Maria Manuel de Sotomayor,
und wirde der Vater Friedrichs, des Marques von Mirabel durch
creation Kaiser Karl's V., Freidrich schrieb ' Libro de Cetreria^
de Caza de Azor, de halcones y de todas aves de rapina " (p. 395).

Doubtless the " Libro " here referred to was that of Zuniga y
Sotomayor, who was " Senor de las villas de Alconchel, Cahinos,
Mirabel, y Aras " : ef. Don Pascual de Gayangos' *' Introduccion
al * Libro de la Caza de Aves ' " (No. 228), p. xxiv.

241. PALMYRENO (Lorengo). Vocabulario del

HuMANiSTA, compuesto por Loren90 Palmreno [sic']

donde se trata de Aves, Feces, Quadrupedos, con sus

vocables de ca9ar y pescar, etc. Valentise, ex typogra-

phia Petri a Huete, in Platea Herbaria. 1569. i2mo.

This rare little book is in two parts, the first unpaged ; the
second (pp. 1-128) contains a Primer Abecedario de las Aves,
in which the Latin and Spanish names of hawks are given.

SPANISH. 123

Below the title is a rude woodcut of the Goshawk (el A^or)
beneath which is the date Aiio mdlxviiij.

242. ARGOTE DE MOLINA (Gonzalo). Libro de
LA MoNTERiA que mando escrevir el muy alto y muy
poderoso Rey Don Alonso de Castilla y de Leon
[Alonso XI.] ultimo deste nombre. Acrecentado por
Gonzalo Argote de Molina. Dirigido a la S.C.R.M.
del Rey Don Philipe Segundo Nuestro Sefior. [Wood-
cut of royal arms.] Impreso en Sevilla por Andrea
Pescioni. 1582. Folio.

The first edition of a work founded, it is said, on that of Don
Juan Manuel, illustrated with woodcuts, and of extreme rarity.
In 1876 a copy in Paris fetched 45of It was reprinted in 8vo,
Madrid, 1877, in the "Bibliotheca Venatoria" edited by Don
Gutierrez de la Vega, and again in 1882. Although included
by Hammer Purgstall (No. 112) and Schlegel (No. 194) amongst
the books on Falconry, it relates exclusively to hunting, and is
only mentioned here as one of the rarest of Spanish books on
the Chase, and lest, after the notices above referred to, it might
be supposed to have been overlooked.

For some interesting and critical remarks on the authorship
of this work, see Adolphe de Puibusque, " Le Conte Lucanor :
traduit pour la premiere fois de I'Espagnol, et precede d'une
notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de I'auteur, Don Juan Manuel.''
Paris. 1854. Svo.

243. TOSTADO DE MADRIGAL (Alonzo). Libro
QUA TRATA DEL MODO que se ha de tener en curar
Halcones, Azores, y Gabilanes. Salamanca. 161 1.

This treatise on Falcons, Goshawks, and Sparrow-hawks, com-
posed by a Bishop of Avila in the early part of the seventeenth
century, shows the attention which was formerly given to field
sports by ecclesiastics, although by the Spanish law they were
prohibited from taking an active part in them. See Nunez
de Avendano (No. 235). The MS. preserved in the National

124 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Library, Madrid, has not been printed in full, but some account
of it will be found in *' La vida y hechos del M. P. Alonzo
Tostado de Madrigal," by Gil Gonzales Davila, " Historia del
Colegio Viejode San Bartolome de Salamanca," 1611 (p. 123).
It is to be hoped that some Spanish editor may be found to
undertake its entire transcription and publication.

244. CALDERON (Don Pedro, de la Barca). El

Mayor Encanto Amor. Madrid. 1641. 410.

No account of the Spanish literature relating to Falconry would
be complete without allusion to the beautiful description of
Heron Hawking which occurs in " Love the Greatest Enchant-
ment," one of the finest compositions of Calderon.

This fiesta was represented before the King on the night of
St. John, in the year 1635, ^' the royal palace of the Buen Retiro,
and was published in the second volume of the collected Dramas
of the poet by his brother Don Jose Calderon in 1641. It has
been admirably translated into English by D. F. MacCarthy, side
by side with the Spanish text (London, Longmans, 1861, sm. to)
in which volume the passage referred to will be found (p. 90) in
the second Act :

" Atomo ya la garza apenas era,
Cuando, desenhetrada la cimera
Que el capirote enlaza,
Mi mano un gerifalte desembraza,
A quien, porque en prision no se presuma,
La pluma le halagaba con la pluma,

Y el, como hambriento estaba,
Duro el laton del cascabel picaba.
Apenas k la luz restituidos

Se vieron otro y el, cuando atrevidos,
Cuanta estacion vacia
Palestra es de los atomos del dia,
Corren los dos por paramos del viento,

Y en una y otra punta,

Este se aleja, cuando aquel se junta;

Y el bajel ceniciento

(Que bajel ceniciento entonces era
La garza, que velera

SPANISH. 125

Los pielagos sulco de otro elemento)

Librarse determina diligente,

Aunque navega sola,

Hechos remos los pies, proa la frente.

La vela el ala, y el timon la cola.

j Misera garza, dije, combatida

De dos contrarios ! bien, bien de mi vida

Imagen eres, pues sitiar la veo

De uno y otro deseo.

A uno pues, y otro embate,
Coge las alas, 6 las velas bate,

Y poniendo debajo de la una
La cabeza, se deja a su fortuna
Venir a pique, cuando

Nos parecio caer revoloteando
Una encarnada estrella,

Y los dos gerifaltes siempre en ella."

TRANSLA TION.

♦* Scarce had the heron dwindled to a speck
On the far sky, when from about the neck
Of a gerfalcon I unloosed the band
Which held his hood ; a moment on my hand
I soothed the impatient captive, his dark brown
Proud feathers smoothing with caressings down ;
While he, as if his hunger did surpass
All bounds, pick'd sharply on his bells of brass.
Scarce were they back restored to light,
He and another, when in daring flight
They scaled heaven's vault, the vast void space where play
In whirling dance the mote-beams of the day,
Then down the deserts of the wind they float,
And up and down the sky
One flies away as the other swoopeth nigh ;
And then the ashen-colour'd boat
(An ashen-colour'd boat it surely were,
That heron, that through shining waves of air
Furrow'd its way to fields remote)
Resolving to be free and not to fail,

126 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Although alone it faileth now,
Of feet made oars, of curved beak a prow.
Sails of its wings, and rudder of its tail ; —
Poor wretched heron, said I then, thy strife
'Gainst two opposing ills, are of my life
Too true an image ; since it is to-day
Of two distinct desires the hapless prey.

'Gainst this, 'gainst that, as either doth assail,
It furl'd its wing, and droop'd its languid sail,
And placing its dazed head beneath the one,
Trusting to fortune, like a plummet-stone
Straight down it fell, we looking, from afar
Saw it descending, an incarnate star
Through the dark sky,
With the pursuing falcons ever nigh."

245. MARTINEZ DE ESPINAR (Alonso). Arte

DE Ballesteria y Monteria, cscrita con methodo para

escusar la fatiga que ocasiona la ignorancia. Dividida

en tres Libros .... en el tercero se declaran las ca-

lidades de las Aves, y el modo de cazarlas, con dos capi-

tulos curiosos al fin ; el uno de la caza del Perro de

muestra ; y el otro del cabestrillar con el Buey.* Escrito

por Alonso Martinez de Espinar . . . . de orden de S- M.

En Madrid en la Emprenta Real afio 1644. 4to.

Another edition, "enNapoles, por Francisco Ricciardo, 1739."
Another, "en Madrid, por Antonio Marin, afio de 1761,'' 410.
This work of 420 pp., with portraits of Don Carlos and the
author, and several full-page illustrations, contains (lib. iii. cap. i.)
remarks "del Aguila y sus propriedades y de otras Aves de
rapina," with chapters on the following kinds of hawks — Alcon
Girifalte [the gerfalcon] crianse en las montanas de Noruega, y
en las de Irlanda [qu. Icelanda], y Suecia : los mejores son de
Noruega, aunque son mayores de cuerpo los de Irlanda [sic] y
tienen el plumage mas bianco.

* P«rro de muestra^ pointer; Buey del cabastrillo, stalking-ox.

SPANISff. 127

Alcon Sacre [the Saker] poco menor que el Girifalte : crianse

en Armenia: yendo de passo, toman muchos en las islas de

Candia, Grecia, Malta, y Sicilia, Alcon Nebli [the Peregrine]

crianse en las montanas de Persia, y Moscovia, y en muchas de

las regiones de Scitia, que caen debaxo del Norte, y en las

alturas de los Alpes, aunque en toda la Francia, Flandes, y

Italia los tienen por passageros, y no saben de donde vienen,

y los suelen Uamar Peregrinos. En Espaiia los Uamamos

Neblies por la noble condicion que tienen en amansarse. Alcon

Bahari [the Peregrine] crianse muchos en nuestra Espaiia en

penas muy altas. Alcon Montano [some phase of Peregrine]

Uamados assi porque se crian en las montanas. Alcon Borni

[some phase of Peregrine] se crian en las montanas de Leon,

y en otras Provincias. Alcon Alfaneque [the Lanner] se crian en

Berberia, y se venden muchos en Oran .... estos son menores

que los Baharies y assi no matan sino avecillas pequenas quando

estan en su libertad; y con la industria de los Cazadores

matan la Perdiz, y Picaza [Magpie] y vuelan la Liebre! But

note the distinction between matan and vuelan. This

Hawk will kill the partridge and magpie, and [to show its

spirit] will fly at a hare [which it has not strength to kill].

Alcon Tagarote [a Peregrine of some kind, probably Falco bar-

barus] se crian en Africa .... del color de los Neblies ....

mas pequenos de cuerpo, pero de grandissimo animo ....

diferencianse de ellos en batir mas apriessa las alas. Alcon

Azor [the Goshawk] es mas alto de piernas . . . . su color

obscuro, sus ojos dorados y muy lustrosos : cazan estas aves

Palomas, Perdices, y Liebres : es mas astuto que los demas Al-

cones; vuelamuyjuntoalatierra, por no ser visto delacaza, etc.

Alcon Aleto [probably Falco babylonicus] una especie de Alcon

que se cria en las Indias, pequeno de cuerpo, pero de generoso

animo .... son de muy buenos costrumbres, y se amansan

facilmente, y assi se estiman mucho : vuelan con ellos las Per

dices. Alcon Gavilan [the Sparrow-hawk] especie de Azor, pero

mucho menor de cuerpo que el. Alcon Esmerejon [the Merlin]

muy pequeno menor que el Gavilan .... mata en su libertad

aves pequenas, Alondras y Calandrias y otras . . . vuela con

grandissima ligereza : base de amansar para reducirle dentro de

ocho dias. Alcon Alcotan [the Hobby] Menor [qu mayor] que

el Esmerejon, amansase con facilidad, etc. Alcon cernicalo [the

Kestrel].

128 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

These extracts will serve to show the hawks known to falconers
in Spain, and the Spanish names for them. Many of these
names introduced by the Moors into Spain, and thence carried
into France, are derived from the Arabic. See Dozy and
Engelmann, ** Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais d^riv^s
de I'Arabe," seconde Edition, 8vo, Leyde, E. J. Brill, 1869.

At p. 341 Martinez mentions some of the works on Falconry
known to him. He says : — " el que quisiere saber el modo de
criarlos, y ensenarlos para la caza, y el regalo con que se han de
tratar, y la curacion de sus enfermedades lea \ Belisario, Alberto,
h. Pedro Crescientense, y k Demetrio; y en lengua Francesa
k Guillermo Tardebo ; y en Aleman \ Everardo Tappio que
todos escriben largamente de los Alcones, y algunos otros
cuyas obras son mas comunes." The work of Demetrius of
Constantinople is very rarely quoted, and that of Eberhard
Tapp I have not found mentioned by any other writer on
Falconry, except Schlegel, who gives the title only.

246. TAMARIZ DE LA ESCALERA (Fernando).

Tratado de la Caza del Buelo. En Madrid, por
Diego Diaz. 1654. i2mo.

A rare tract of 5 preliminary leaves and 3 1 pages. Although it
is cited by Hammer Purgstall (No. 112) and Schlegel (No. 194)
amongst books relating to Falconry, it appears to be a treatise
on the art of shooting flying, if for buelo we may read vuelo,
and is only mentioned here for the purpose of removing
misapprehension concerning it. The first chapter treats ** De
las Reglas que debe observar el perfecto tirador de buelo," and
the author observes : " El perfecto tirador de buelo se ha de
fundar en tres importantissimas reglas, como son Conocimiento,
Reportacion, y Prontitud." In the eighth chapter, " De los
ocho buelos de la Perdiz," we learn " que las Perdices buelan
de una de ocho maneras."

D. Gutierrez de la Vega cites a MS. which seems to be a
transcript of a second edition, since it ends : " En Madrid por
Francisco Sanz, impresor del Reyno, ano de 1681," Another,
"en Roma, por Pablo Antonio Vasquez, ano de 17003" and
Leguina mentions a reprint of the first edition "por Antonio de
Santa Maria ano de 1798," 8vo (3 prelim, leaves and 45 pp.).

SPANISH. 129

Finally it has been republished by D. Gutierrez de la Vega in
the lllustracion Venatoria,

The author, it appears, was a Captain of Cuirassiers — " Capi-
tan de Cavallos Corazas."

247. FEERER DE VALDECEBRO (Andres).
GoviERNO GENERAL, Hioral, y politico hallado en las
Aves mas generosas y nobles. Sacado de sus naturales
virtudes y propiedades etc. Le escrive el Padre Fray
Andres Ferrer de Valdecebro, Calificador de la Su-
prema Inquisicion del Orden de Predicad6res ....
Madrid. 1658. sm. 4to.

18 prelim, leaves, pp. 1-432, "con quatro Tablas Differ-
entes."

Other editions, Madrid, 1670, 1676, and 1683; Barcelona,
1696.

The Barcelona edition, *' en Casa de Cormellas por Thomas
Loriente, Impresor Ano 1696," is a reprint, page for page, of
that published " en Madrid, en la Imprenta de Bernardo de
Villa Diego, ano de 1683." This curious work may be described
as an illustrated volume of sermons on morality and politics, with
lessons deduced from a study of ornithology, by a Friar of the
Order of Preachers. Illustrations borrowed from hawking are
appositely introduced, the Peregrine Falcon being figuratively
likened to the Soul striving towards heaven, the Sparrow-hawk
to Fortune, the Heron to Fasting, etc.

A noble kind of hawk, he says, is the Falcon, well known in
Spain by reason of its being flown at herons (p. 223). The
habit which the heron has, on being pursued by a hawk, of
throwing up its fish, or other food, to lighten itself and increase
its chance of escape, is noted and commented on (p. 145), the
moral being that fasting raises the soul towards heaven with a
light and rapid flight : — " El ayuno levanta el espiritu hasta los
cielos, con buelo ligero y veloz porque verdaderamente que la
haze pesado, y aun torpe la comida : subiilitas anwii ciborutn
copia impeditur^ dizo Seneca" (p. 148).

Referring to the prices formerly paid for hawks, he says
(p. 237): "La estimacion que Reyes, Principes, y Senores han

I30 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

hecho y hazen deste paxaro (el halcon) es tanta (para bolar
Cartas, y otras aves) que huvo ocasion en que se dieron por
un paxaro quinientos escudos de oro I

" De su caga, cria, ensenan^a, y singularidades, que a mi
intento no conducea, escrivio Demetrio Constantinopolitano
un tratado dilatado, que traduxo Pedro Gilio en Latin. Trata
tambien de sus enfermedades, y cura." [See note to No. 245.]
So that in the sermons of this worthy Friar we get some curious
information on the subject of Falconry where we should least
expect to find it.

248. XIBAJA (Joseph de) y MORALES (Diego
de). Aposentadores de la Real Ca^a de Volateria.
.... Sobre que d los dichos aposentadores se les cum-
plan y guarden todas las preheminencias y exempciones
de que deben gozar los ca9ad6res, catarib^ras, y officiales
de dicha Real Caga de la Volateria. Madrid. 1664.
folio.

Twenty-two pages only, but interesting as illustrating the state
of Falconry in Spain towards the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury. By aposentadores we are to understand aposentadores de
caniino — i.e., officers of the Court, who precede the members of
the royal family when travelling, to arrange for their reception,
and by catariberas, the mounted assistant falconers, whose busi-
ness it was to follow a hawk and take it up after a flight.

249. CERVANTES (Pedro y Miguel Antonio de).

Recopilacion de las Reales Ordenanzas y Cedulas
de los Bosques reales del Pardo, Aranjuez, Escorial,
Balsain y otros .... Del fuero privilegiado de los
Ministros y officiales de las Alcazares y Bosques
Reales, exempciones de los de la Real Monteria y
Volateria etc. Madrid. 1687. folio.

Not seen. Doubtful whether volateria with this author in-
cludes, as it sometimes does, hawking, or relates only to
fowling.

SPANISH. 13X

250. MERCADER (Matias). Breve trasunto

SACADO DE LOS ORIGINALES LIBROS que los SCfloreS

Reies de Aragon tenian para el conocimlento de las
Aves de ca9a, y de toda naturalega de Alcones, con una
breve practica de Cetreria para curar las enfermedades
y dolenzias que acaecen. Madrid. 1689.

This treatise, of twenty-eight leaves only, consists of brief
extracts from the works of Frederick II., De arte venandi cum
avibus^ 1245, and of Pedro Lopez de Ayala, 1386.

Senor Don Gutierrez de la Vega cites two Italian MS. copies
of this work of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (Nos. 77
and 79) existing, one in the Biblioteca Nagional, the other in
the Biblioteca del Escorial.

251. CALVO PINTO Y VELARDE (Agustin).

SiLVA Venatoria. Modo de Cazar todo genero de

Aves y Animales ; su naturaleza, virtudes, y noticias de

los temporales En Madrid : En la Imprentade

los Herederos de Don Agustin de Gordejuela. Calle

del Carmen, afio de 1754. sm. 8vo.

A well-printed little volume of 15 prelim, leaves, 303 pp., and
" Indice " : treats generally of hunting and fowling, with brief
descriptions. Birds of prey are only incidentally mentioned.
The Hobby, for example, is thus described (p. 108) : — " Es el
Alcotan ave de rapiiia ; su color pardo, y encendido, del tamano
de un Cuclillo, sustentase de comer pajaros : tiene muy veloz el
buelo, la vista perspicaz," etc.

252. CARLOS III. Real Ordenanza por la que
se declara vedada y acotada para la Real recreacion, y
entretenimiento la Caza mayor y menor Aves de vo-
LATERiA, y Pesca, del Real Bosque de Balsain etc. En
Madrid, en la imprenta de Pedro Marin. 1774. folio.

Not seen.

132 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

253. MELIiADO (J. de P.). Encyclopedia Mo-
DERNA, tomo vili. Art. "Cetreria." Madrid. 1851. 4to.

254. DAUMAS (El General). Los Caballos del
Sahara. Traducido del Frances per N. de Cabanillas.
Madrid. 1853. 4to.

"Pp. 1-3 10; grabados. En la parte 3^ trata de la Caza del
Avestruz, y de la Gagela a caballo con el Halcon y galgos."

This work, in which a description is given of hawking as
practised by the Arabs of the Sahara, has been already noticed
under the head of the French original of 185 1 and the English
translation (No. 199). The chapter on hawking contains nume-
sous errors due to the author not properly understanding the
details of the sport which he attempted to describe.

255. M. DE A. (Marquis de Albentos). Arte

GENERAL DE Cacerias y Monterias, escrito con

metodo para esciisar la fatiga que occasiona la falta

de prdtica. Dividida en partes y dedicada d sus

amigos. Sevilla. 1862. 8vo.

Not seen. The title of this work recalls that of Martinez de
Espinar (No. 245), which possibly may have served the author
as his model.

256. RENARD (L.). Manual del CA9ADOR o Arte
Completo de toda classe de Caza. Traduccion de R.
Villalta. Aficionado con treinta anos de ejercicio en
caza mayor y menor. Barcelona. 1872. 8vo.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen.

257. RENARD (L.) y VILLALTA (R.). Manual
DEL CA9ADOR .... Nueva edicion adornada con
abundantes grabados, y precldida de una introduccion

SPANISH.

^33

cinegetica debida a la illustrada pluma de Don Andres
Guerra. Barcelona. 1880. 8vo.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen.

258. PXJNONROSTRO (Juan Arias de Avila,

Conde de). Discurso del Falcon que vulgarmente

se dice Esmerejon, y en que modo se hara gallinero y

perdiguero y garcero, compuesto por Don Juan Arias

de Avila Puerta Carrero, Conde de Punonrostro, dirl-

gido a Don luan Fernandez de Velasco, Duque de

Frias y Condestable de Castilla. Madrid. 1885. 4to.

Published for the first time in the " Ilustracion Venatoria "
from a MS. in the National Library, Madrid.

259. ITURRALDE Y SUIT (Juan). La Caza en
Navarra en los tiempos pasados. San Sebastian.
1887.

Senor Don Enrique de Leguina, to whom we are indebted
for an indication of this important publication, writes : " Este
notable trabajo, que contiene preciosisimos datos sobre la caza,
y alcaneria, y exhibe documentos muy importantes del Archive
de Pamplona, se publico en el numero 264 (10 de Noviembre
1887) J siguientes de la Euskal-Esvia, Revista Vascongada
que se da a luz en San Sebastian.

We have not yet been fortunate enough to see a copy of this ;
but the reference to the " important documents in the archives of
Pamplona " suggests that the work is probably founded on the
Parainientos de la Caza of King Sancho VI. of Navarre. See
note to No. 224.

260. UHAGON (Francisco de) y LEGUINA (En-
rique de). EsTUDios BiBLiOGRAFicos. La Caza datos
reunidos por . , . Madrid. 1888. roy, 8vo.

In this very useful catalogue, of which only 100 numbered
copies were printed, the authors have given a list of more than

134 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

400 works in Spanish, including MSS. relating to the chase in
all its branches — hunting, shooting, fishing, fowling, and hawk-
ing. In addition there is a list of 226 anonymous works on
these subjects, including several MSS. on Falconry, 17 sporting
novels, and 26 ** Comedias con titulo venatorio," the whole
prefaced by an Introduction of a dozen pages.

261. TJHAGON (Francisco R. de). Los Libros
DE Cetreria del Canciller Pero Lopez de Ayala, de
Juan de Sant-Fahagun, y de Don Fadrique de Zufiiga
y Sotomayor. Noticias reunidas por D. Francisco R.
de Uhagon. Madrid. 1889. 8vo.

In this essay of 30 pp., of which only 100 copies were
printed, the author makes a critical examination of the three
celebrated Spanish works on Falconry by the writers above
mentioned. He shows, by means of extracts printed in parallel
columns, that the supposed original work of Juan de Sant-
Fahagun is almost entirely founded upon that of Pero Lopez de
Ayala, and in a great measure copied from it, several passages
being literally transcribed, and others only slightly paraphrased.

See note to No. 230, Sant-Fahagun, anteh p. 117.

A remarkable instance of plagiarism is quoted on p. 16.
Ayala remarks that certain falcons (" baharis sardos, et mallor-
quinos," &c.) commence to moult sooner and get through the
moult quicker than any others. Sant-Fahagun repeats this
observation in slightly different words, Ayala then adds : " Yo
vi un falcon del Rey Don Pedro que dizian ' Doncella ' \i.e.y
" the waiting-maid "] et era bahari de Romania et garcero [a
heron-hawk] et altanero [and a high-flier] et vilo la primera
semana del mes de Agosto ser ya fuera de la muda et desay-
nado [and enseamedj et aquella semana matar una garga."

Sant-Fahagun, not to be outdone, actually asserts : " Yo vi
en fin de Julio un falcon bahari sardo de Don Alfonso Anri-
quez, almirante de Castilla, ser mudado y desainado y matar
garza ! "

We may well exclaim with Senor de Uhagon, " rara casuali-
dad ! chocante coincidencia ! "

In Spanish as in other languages the earliest printed books
on Falconry do not always contain the oldest treatises. Those,
for instance, of the Prince Juan Manuel (No. 226) and the

SPANISH, 135

Chancellor Pero Lopez de Ayala (No. 228), which date back
to 1325 and 1386 respectively, have only been printed and pub-
lished within the last ten years. A great number of Spanish
works on hawking still remain in MS. I have notes of more
than forty such MSS. in various libraries, public and private.

Amongst these may be specially noticed a Spanish translation
of the fifteenth century of the work of Brunetto Latini (No. 263) ;
not from the first printed Italian version of Bono Giamboni but
from the original French (see p. 137). Two copies of this are
known to exist. The authors of La Caza (No. 260) give the title
as follows : " Paredes {Alfonso de) — aqui comienga el libro del
Thesoro que fabla de todas las noblezas de las cosas," and after
mentioning some of the most interesting chapters (see p. 137)
conclude with the following remark : " Este libro lo trasladc
Maestre Brunete de Latyn en rromase Frances, y Don Sancho
nieto de Fernando el Santo, lo mando trasladar de Frances
en lenguaje Castellano, al maestro Alfonso de Paredes, fissico
del infante don Fernando su fijo, y a Pascual Gomez, escrivano
del Rey."

It is possible that the Spanish Literature of Falconry may yet
receive additions, in the shape of treatises by the late Don
Antonio Boria y Pascual, who died in 1876, leaving voluminous
MSS. for a work on the history and bibliography of Hunting and
Hawking, and by Senor Don Enrique de Leguina, whose quarto
MS. of 270 pages, '■^ adoniado con Jtiuchas acuarelas" was
anxiously expected by Don Gutierrez de la Vega when he pub-
lished, in 1879, his editions of the works by the Prince and the
Chancellor above mentioned.

The last-named writer has thus described his own MS. : —
" La Cetreria — Apuntes coordinados por Enrique de Leguina
1882. MS. 4to. Adornado con cinco acnarelas, letras de
adomo etc." He adds in a note : — " El objeto de este trabajo
es dar a conocer algunos datos sobre la historia de la Cetreria,
aves que se destinaban a este ejercicio, metodo de adiestrarlas
etc. : pero es solo una reunion de noticias, min no preparadas
para la iviprenta. Se halla dividida en nueve capitulos, a saber
(i) de la Caza en general; (2) La Cetreria ; (3) Division de la
Halconeria; (4) el Halcon; (5) su ensenanza; (6) sus enferme-
dades ; (7) obras consultadas ; (8) Cazadores y Halcones Es-
panoles cclebres ; (9) Glosario."

This cannot fail to prove a most interesting work to falconers,
and it is to be hoped that it may be speedily published.

136 BOOKS ON FALCONRY,

portugueee.

262. FERNANDEZ FERREIRA (Diego). Arte
DA CA9A DA ALTANERiA composta por Dicgo Fernandez
Ferreira, moco da Camara del Rey, & do seu service.
Dirigida a Dom Francisco de Mello, Marquez de
Ferreyra, Conde de Tentugal, etc. Repartida em seis
partes. Na primeira trata da cria9ao dos Gaviaes &
sua caga. Na segunda dos Assores & sua caca. Na
terceira dos Falcoes & sua ca^a. Na quarta de suas
doengas & mezinhas. Na quinta das Armadilhas.
Na sexta da passagem & peregrinacao das Aves. Com
licen9a da S. Inquisi9ao, Ordinario & Pago. Em
Lisboa, na officina de lorge Rodriguez. Anno de
16 16. sm. 4to.

The only Portuguese work on the subject which has come to
light after long search, and inquiries made through friends
resident in Portugal. It is mentioned by Hammer Purgstall
(No. 112), and, on his authority, by Schlegel (No. 194), but
these authors merely give the first five words of the title, with-
out any indication of the contents, as above. It contains
5 preliminary leaves, 118 leaves, and contents 5 pp.

A Spanish translation of this, made by Juan Batista de Morales
in 1625, with the title "Arte de Cazar de Diego Fernandez
Herrera," is preserved in the National Library at Madrid.

Existing MSS. prove that treatises on Falconry were com-
posed in Portugal as in Spain, but they were much fewer in
number, or have been less carefully preserved. Argote de
Molina, in his '■'■ Nobleza del Andaluzia^'' mentions a Portuguese
MS. on Falconry of the fifteenth century, in the Biblioteca de
Palaccio, Madrid, by Pero Menino, " que fue Halconero mayor
del Rey D. Fernando de Portugal." But it does not appear
that this was ever printed.

ITALIAN, 137

Jtalian.

263. LATINI (Brunette). Il Tesoro, nel qual se
tratta de tutte le cose che a mortali se appartengono vol-
garizzato da Bono Giamboni. Trevisa. 1474. folio.

This remarkable encyclopaedia, which contains several chapters
on Falconry (book i. part v.), was composed in Paris at the end
of the thirteenth century by the celebrated Florentine gram-
marian, Brunette Latini,and was originally written in French — "Z?
Livres dou Tresor redige en langue Franr^aise ou Romans selonc h
parler de France pour ce que la parleure est plus delitable et plus
commune a tous langages." M. H. Martin Dairvault, in the
Introduction to his edition of the Livre du Rot Dancus (No. 139)
has noticed a MS. fragment of the Tresor in the Bibl. Nat.
Paris, No. 12581, du Fonds frangois, which is dated 1284. It
was translated into Italian by Bono Giamboni, and first published
in 1474. Other editions — Vinezia, 1528 and 1533.

The chapters on Falconry were reprinted for private circu-
lation, in 1 85 1, by Count Mortara, in his Scritture Antiche
Toscana di Falcontria (No. 293), but it was not until 1863 that
the whole of the original French text was for the first time
printed, by M. Chabaille, with the following title : —

Li Livres dou Tresor par Brunetto Latini.

Public pour la premiere fois d'apres les MSS. de la

Bibliotheque Imperiale, Bibliotheque de 1' Arsenal, etc.,

par P. Chabaille. Collection de Documents inedits

sur I'histoire de France ; publics par les soins du

Ministre de 1' Instruction publique (2"" seric, Lettres et

Sciences). Paris, Imprimerie Imperiale. 1863. 4to.

In this edition, now the most easily referred to, although

apparently overlooked by Baron de Noirmont (No. 206, iil

p. 90, note), the pages relating to Falconry are as follow : — Book i.

part v., " De la nature des Animaus ; " p. 197, ch. 148, de toutes

manieres de Ostours ; p. 201, ch. 149, de tous Espreviers ; p. 202,

ch. 150, de tous Faucons ; p. 204, ch. 151, de tous Emerillons.

138 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

The falcons mentioned by Bninetto Latini are — (i) las laniers j
(2) les faucons que on apele pelerins parce que nus ne trueve
son nif ains est pris aussi cousine en pelerinage ; (3) les faucons
montains ; (4) les faucons gentils ou gruiers qui vaut mieux que
li autre ; (5) les girfalcs ; (6) les sourpoins [sur poing] blanche,
et semblables au girfaut ; (7) les brectons, que li plusor apelent
rodio, cest k dire li rois et li sires de touz autres oisiaus.

This curious work has likewise been edited by M. Chabaille
for the Collezione di opere inedite 0 rare dal secolo xiii. al xvii.
Bologna, 1878, with illustrations by L. Gaiter.

For some account of the author see Sundby, " Delia vita e
deir opere di Brunetto Latini," 1884, and Ortolan (J. L. E.)
" Etude sur Brunetto Latini apprdci^ comme le maitre de Dante,"
Paris, 1873.

264. CRESCENTIO (Pietro de, Cittadino di Bo-
logna). Il Libro della Agricoltura. Firenze.
1478. folio.

The first Italian translation of a work originally composed in
Latin, in 1307, at the desire of Charles IL, King of Sicily, and
translated into French in 1373 at the request of Charles V.
of France. It resembles in its plan the Maison Rustique of
Estienne and Liebault (No. 148), and deals with agriculture
and field sports, the ninth book containing a chapter on Falconry.

For the Latin editions see under Latin authors. The Italian
editions, besides that above cited (which is the earliest and rarest),
are as follow : — Vicenza, 1490, folio ; Venezia, 1511, 1534, 1536,
1538, 1542, all in folio; Venezia, tradotta nuovamente con le
figure deir erbe e degli animale, e un Vocabolario delle cose
difficili per Francesco Sansovino, 1561, 4to ; Venezia, per F.
Rampazetti, 1564, 8vo ; Firenze, appresso Cosimo Giunti, 1605,
4to; Napoli, per Felice Mosca, 1724, 8vo ; Bologna, 1784;
Milano, 1805, 8vo ; and probably others.

According to Lastri, the author of the first translation was not,
like the composer, a native of Bologna, as is generally asserted,
but a Tuscan. " Quanto al suo primo traduttore b affatto incerto ;
pare solamente che si posse affermare ch' ei fosse Toscano, non
Bolognese come alcuni anno preteso " (" Bibliotheca Georgica,"
p. 40).

ITALIAN. 139

For the German and French editions of this work see Nos. 96
and 141.

265. MEDICI (Lorenzo de'). La Caccia col Fal-
cone. Poema della xv. sieclo. \c. 1478.]

An original poem of forty-five stanzas descriptive of hawking
in Italy, from the original MS. in the Laurentian Library at
Florence, printed for the first time by William Roscoe in the
second edition of his '* Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," London,
1796, 2 vols. 4to (vol. ii. Appendix pp. 17-28).

" Amongst the materials collected for my use," says Roscoe,
"by a friend in Florence, I had the pleasure to find several
beautiful poems of Lorenzo de' Medici, the originals of which
are deposited in the Laurentian Library, although the former
editors of his works appear not to have had the slightest in-
formation respecting them. These poems, which have been
copied with great accuracy, and, where it was possible, collated
with different manuscripts, are for the first time given to the
public at the close. of the present work " (Preface, p. xvii.).

He adds, however, in a foot-note to vol. i. p. 280 : " About a
dozen copies of these poems were printed in the year 1791, chiefly
for the purpose of regulating the text, which have since been dis-
tributed by the editor amongst his friends. This he thinks it
necessary to mention to prevent any misapprehension on the
part of those into whose hands such volume may chance to fall."

The poem entitled La Caccia col Falcone^ he observes (vol. i.
p. jSi), is apparently founded on a real incident. The poet
gives a circumstantial and lively account of the then popular
diversion of hawking, from the departure of the company in the
morning to their return in the heat of the day. As a specimen
of the author's style, the following stanzas may be quoted : —

" E si vedea una gentil Valletta
Un fossatel con certe macchie in mezzo,
Da ogni parte rimunita, e netta,
Sol nel fossato star possono al rezzo ;
Era da ogni lato una piagetta,
Che d' uccellar facea venir riprezzo
A chi non avessi occhi, tanto e bella ;
El mondo non ha una pari a quella."

140 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

A flight at the partridge with a trained Sparrow-hawk is thus
described : —

*' Ecco Guglielmo a te una ne viene,
Cava il cappello, et alzerai la mano;
Non istar pili Guglielmo, ecco a te bene ;
Guglielmo getta, e grida, ahi villano !
Segue la starna, e drieto ben le tiene
Quello sparviere, e in tempo momentano
Dette in aria forse cento braccia j
Poi cadde in terra, e gik la pela, e straccia.

Preseli il geto, e per quel 1' ha tenuto j
Dalli il capo, e' 1 cervello, e non li pesa ;
Sgermillo, e 1' unghia e' 1 becco gli havea netto ;
Poi rimisse il cappello, e torna a getto."

The scene depicted was most probably at Poggio-Cajano
(described op. cit. vol. ii. pp. 134-135), about ten miles from
Florence, where Lorenzo frequently enjoyed the diversions of
hunting and hawking, the latter of which he is said to have pre-
ferred. This statement is made on the authority of his con-
temporary and friend Niccolo Valori, a Florentine, who wrote his
Life in Latin, which was not printed until 1749, though an Italian
translation of it appeared in 1560. Lorenzo died in 1492.

In the description of the village of Cajano by another con-
temporary, Michaelo Verini, it is remarked that the neighbour-
hood abounded with quails and other birds, particularly water-
fowl ; and that Lorenzo stocked his woods with pheasants and
with peacocks, which he procured from Sicily.

266. AGOGO MAGO. Opera nobilissima com-

posta per lo excelente maistro Agogo Mago Re de

tute le passion vien a Falconi, Astori, e Sparaveri.

Milano. 15 17. sm. 4to.

Title in black-letter, with woodcut of hawks on a perch, two
falconers, one standing, the other seated, and a hound lying
beneath the perch. This very scarce tract is printed at the end
of a treatise (fols. 28 verso-Z2) on the Horse, entitled " Libro
de la natura di Cavalli & el modo di rilevarli : medicarli : &

LORENZO DE' MEDICI,
1448-1492.

Author of" La Caccia col Falcone.

\

ITALIAN. 141

domarli & cognoscerli : & quali son boni : & del modo de
farli perfect! : &c. Item in simel modo tratta de la natura di
rilevar : medicar : govemar : & matenir Spalivieri Astori Falconi
& simili, &c." This first title (which is not in black-letter) is
printed in six and a half lines at the top of the page (fol. i),
below which is a three-quarter page cut of a blacksmith's forge
wherein a horse is being shod. On the last page (32 verso) are
four woodcuts of bits for horses. The first treatise occupies
fols. 2-28; the second, 28 verso-yi. It is undated, and the
author's name does not appear. It is presumably the work
referred to by Capt. Huth in his " Bibliography of the Horse,"
1887 (p. 5), as having been printed at Milan in 1517.

Can this be the " traite special en Italien " mentioned by
M. Charavay on p. 3 of his *' Etude sur la Chasse ^ I'Oiseau
au Moyen-age" (No. 210), "fait au xvsibcle et irv^S^-vX^ Medecini
di Cavalli e Falconi, lequel traits faisait partie de la bibliothbque
de Diane de Poitiers " (Bibl. Nat. it. 939) ? He does not state
whether the treatise to which he refers was ever printed, but
the treatise in my possession, of which I have seen no other
copy, answers his description. It is entirely occupied with an
enumeration of remedies for diseases in horses and hawks.
Who the author was remains to be discovered ; perhaps an early
King of Sicily (he is described in the title as " Re," and the
composition is evidently of some antiquity) j perhaps he had
no more certain existence than " le Roi Modus " or " le Roi
Dancus."

267. CARCANO (Francesco Sforzino da). Tre

LiBRi DEGLi UccELLi DA Rapina di M. Franccsco

Sforzino da Carcano, nobile Vicentino, ne quali si

contiene la vera cognitione dell' Arte de Struccleri, & il

modo di conoscere, ammaestrare, reggere, & medicare

tutti gli Augelli Rapaci. Con un trattato de Cani del

medesimo. Con privilegio. [Woodcut.] In Vinegia

appresso Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari. 1547. sm. 8vo.

Another edition with similar title ; nine prelim, leaves, pp. i-
250, and separately printed woodcut on last leaf. In Vinegia,
appresso Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari. 1568. sm. 8vo.

142 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Another, Venetia, per i Giolitti. 1581. sm. 8vo.'
Two editions of 1585 and 1586 not seen.
Another, with variation in the title, thus : —

The Libri degli Uccelli da Preda del Signer
Francesco Carcano detto Sforzino con un trattatto
de' Cani. Venetia. 1587. sm. 8vo.

A copy is in the library of M. Pierre A. Pichot, of Paris.
A third variation in the title occurs in the following : —

Dell' Arte del Strucciero con il modo di
conoscere e medicare Falconi, Astori, e Sparavieri, e
tutti gli Uccelli di Rapina, del Signor Francesco
Carcano, nobile di Vicenza. Brescia. 1607. i2mo.

Tre Libri de gli Uccelli da Rapina di M.
Francesco Sforzino da Carcano nobile Vicentino.

Ne quali si contiene etc con un trattato de Cani

da Caccia del medesimo. [Woodcut.] In Vicenza, per
il Megietti. 1622. sm. 8vo.

A smaller illustrated edition with title as follows ; —

Dell' Arte del Strucciero, con il modo di
conoscere e medicare Falconi, Astori, e Sparavieri, e
tutti gli Uccelli di Rapina. Adornato con le sue
Figure. Del Sig. Francesco Carcano, nobile di
Vicenza. [Woodcut] In Milano, per Filippo Ghisolfi,
ad instanza di Gio. Battista Bidelli. Con licenza de'
Superiori. 1645. i6mo.

Carcano states in his Preface that this treatise is the result of
forty years' experience as a falconer, and the perusal of all the
Italian and French books he could find relating to Falconry —
" che e lo spatio di piu di quaranta anni posso con verita
affirmare di havere praticato con i migliori struccieri de 1' etk

ITALIAN. 143

nostra, et tratenutone molti in casa mia di paesi diversi et letto
quelle che gli altri ne hanno scritto cosi in Italia come in
Francia," &c. (p. iiii.).

The author's reputation as a falconer caused his book to
become very popular, and it not only passed through several
editions, as above shown, but was extensively copied by sub-
sequent writers, as, for example, Raimondi (No. 277) and
Turbervile (No. 14).

268. GIORGI (Federico). Libro di M. Federlco

Giorgi del modo di conoscere i buoni Falconi, Astori

e Sparavieri, di farli, di governarli, et di medicarii,

come nella Tavola si puo vedere. Con Privilegio.

[Woodcut] In Vinegia, appresso Gabriel Giolito de

Ferrari. 1547. i2mo.

The first edition of this esteemed work, to which our English
Turbervile (No, 14) admitted his indebtedness. Fifty-three
leaves, printed in italic, with " tavola dell' opera." At the end
"In Vinegia, appresso Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari, mdxlvii."
A slight variation is to be found in the titles of succeeding
editions; thus: —

LiBRO di M. Federico Giorgi del modo di conoscere
i buoni Falconi, Astori, e Sparavieri, di farli, di
governarli, & di medicarii, con una aggiunta nel fine
della medesima materia. Con Privilegio. [Wood-
cut.] In Vinegia, appresso Gabriel Giolito di Ferrari.
1558. i2mo.

The second edition, also printed in italic — 53 leaves, with
" tavola deir opera." Another edition, printed at Vinegia,
1567, is cited by Schlegel (No. 194). The title of a fourth edition
runs as follows : —

Libro di M. Federico Giorgi del modo di conoscere
i buoni Falconi, Astori, e Sparavieri, di essercitarli
& farli perfetti, di governarli & di medicarii. Con una

144 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Tavola delle cose piu notabili, e con una giunta in fine
della medesima materia. [Woodcut.] In Vinegia,
presso Altobello Salicato. 1573.

The only edition known to Schneider (No. 324).

Two editions of Brescia, 1595 and 1607, not seen. The
former is cited by Kreysig (No. 322), the latter by Schlegel
(No. 194).

Lastly, the smallest edition thus entitled : —

LiBRO di M. Federico Giorgio, del modo di conos-
cere i buoni Falconi, Astori, e Sparavieri, di
farli, di governarii, & medecadi. Con una aggionta
nel fine della medesima materia. Con Privilegio.
[Woodcut.] In Milano, per Filippo Ghisolfi, ad
instanza di Gio. Battista Bidelli. Con licenza de'
Superiori. 1645. i6mo.

pp. 136, 2 leaves, " a' lettori," and two "tavola dell' opera."
This edition has nine small woodcuts in the text between

pp. 5-29. At the end, pp. 128-136, "Trattato della cura de

Cani," with woodcut of Spaniel.

Kreysig cites (p. 153) a " Libellus de cognoscendis bonis fal-

conibus," 1547, but this apparently is only the Latinised title of

the present work.

269. BOCCAMAZZA (Domenico). Trattato
DELLA Caccia. Libri viii. Roma, per M. Gyronima
de Cartolari Perosina. 1548. sm. 4to.

Very scarce; a copy in the British Museum (62. a. 13) wants
the title, and the pagination from p. 49 is imperfect. It purports
to consist of 135 leaves, but there are 138.

The work is divided into eight books, of which the last
three relate to Falconry ; the fifth ends thus : — " Qui finiscie
el quinto libro dove se e trattato de molte & varie cose come
se vedeno scritte." The sixth {i.e., the first on Falconry)
begins: "Questo e il libro dove si parla di Uccelli, il quale

ITALIAN. 145

e diviso in tre Trattati, il primo e diviso in none capitoli.
II primo capitolo tratta de quattro generationi de Uccelli
de preda, & della loro proprieta, & di apere cognoscieri il
migliore. // secotido capitolo insegnia a cognosciere li Astor,
quali de loro sono utili alia preda, & quali noi. // terzo
capitolo insegnia del modo di pasciere li Uccelli & de regerli.
// quatro del modo de adottrinare li Uccelli a volare. // quinto
park de la muta & della casa della muta & del pasto cbe allhoro
conviene. // sesio insegnia a smagrare lo Uccello quando escie
di muta. II settimo parla delli segni quando lo Uccello e sano.
U ottavo parla delli segni de le loro malatie. Ilnono parla come
li Uccelli se debbano portare & tenere."

The second book of Falconry (the seventh of the work) treats
of the maladies of hawks and how to cure them (105 verso-12^
verso, rectius 98 verso-126 verso), and the last, which begins
" Qui commincia il terzo trattato de la malati che vengono di
fuora alii Uccelli," deals also with recipes for various diseases,
real or imaginary, and gives such hints as **A fare volare
presto uno uccello," " Per fare mutare presto uno uccello." The
colophon reads : — " Qui finisiono gU otto Libri de M. Domenico
Bocca Mazza quali narreno de varii & diverse cose apertinenti
alii Cacciatori. In Roma, per M. Gyroniraa de Cartolari Pero-
sina. M.D.XLViii."

270. SCANDIANESE (Tito Giovanni). I Quattro
Libri della Caccia di Tito Giovann. Scandianese.
Con la dimostratione de luochi di Greci et Latini
Scrittorietc. Alio Illus. et Eccellentiss. Duca Hercole
Estense Secondo, di Ferrara Duca Quarto. Con la
Tavola copiosissima in fine. Con Privilegio. [Armorial.]
In Vinegia, appresso Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari et
Fratelli. 1556. 4to.

A poem in ottava rivia on the chase (pp. 1-164, exclusive
of the " Dimostratione " and " Tavola "), divided into four books.
The first in commendation of field sports in general, and the
occupations of a sportsman ; the second treats of horses and
dogs, and the best kinds to be employed ; the third deals with

146 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

the chase of different wild animals ; and the fourth relates to
birds in general, and falcons and hawks in particular.

" Molti gli augelli son detti Falconi,
Ch' obediran del suo Signor la mano :
E come piaceralli alle stagioni
Ne geti ne capel torralli in vano" (p. i6i).

Alluding to the Goshawk (Astore), used in Italy for flying
at partridges and pheasants, the author particularly notes its
splendid yellow eyes, and its finely curved beak and talons : —

*' Gli occhi han di color d' oro e risplendenti
E con grandezza quei volgono attorno
II becco e 1' unghie havran curve e pungenti
E '1 dosso lor di terse penne adorno
Stanno del Falconier al grido attenti
E fan di lieve al suo pugno ritorno
Mentre con polio o starne quella alletta
E parlo obediente si diletta " (p. 162).

In similar strain the poet sings the delights of heron-hawking
and of flying the Sparrow-hawk a minori uccelli (p. 163).

According to Marco Lastri, the author's real name was Gan-
zarini. He says : — ** il vero cognome dell' autore e Ganzarini,
detto Scandianese dalla patria nello stato di Modena " {Bibl.
Georgica, p. 115).

271. ANGELI (Pietro, da Barga ; detto comune-
mente " il Bargeo "). De Aucupio Liber Primus:
ad Franciscum Medicem Florentinorum Senensium
Principem. Florentise, apud luntas. 1566. 4to.

According to I.astri {Bibl. Georgica), this poem was to have
been completed in four books, but the author did not print the
other three. The first has been happily rendered in Italian
verse and annotated by Prof. Gio. Pietro Bergantini, of the
Academy of Pisa, the translator of // Falconiere of Tuano
(No. 284), with which work it was printed "in Venezia, 1735,
presso Giambatista Albrizzi, in 4to, col titolo di Uccellatura a
Vischio."

The art of taking all kinds of birds with bird-lime, including
hawks and falcons.

ITALIAN. 147

272. MANZINI (Cesare). Ammaestramenti per
allevare pascere e curare gli Uccelli etc. Opera no-
vamente composta per Cesare Manzini, Romano. In
Milano, per Pacifico Pontio. 1575. i6mo.

Brescia, 1607, i6mo. Milano, per Filippo Ghisolfi, ad instanza
di Gio. Battista Bidelli, 1645, i6mo. Bologna, per Costantino
Pisarri, 1726, i6mo.

This little book relates solely to cage-birds, and is only men-
tioned here because it is usually bound up with the books on
Falconry by Francesco Carcano and Federico Giorgi, and might
be supposed to relate to that subject.

273. VALVASONE (Erasmo di). La Caccia :
Poema del Signor Erasmo di Valvasone, con gli
argomenti a ciascun Canto del Sig. Gio. Domenico
degli Alessandri. In Bergamo, Ventura. 1591. sm.
8vo.

La Caccia del 111. Sig. Erasmo di Valvasone.
Ricoretta e di molte stanze ampliata con le Annotationi
di M. Olimpio Marcucci. In Bergamo, Ventura.
1593. sm. 8vo.

Other editions: Bergamo 1594, Venetia 1602, Bergamo 1603,
Venezia 161 1, 1612, and Milano 1808.

This poem on the chase, extending to 125 leaves, exclusive of
the " Dedication " and "Annotations" by Marcucci, was very
popular in its day, and is still held in some esteem by collectors
of opera cynegetica. It is divided into five cantos dealing with
different branches of field sports, each preceded by a full-page
illustration on copper. The fifth canto relates to Falconry, in
which allusion is made to the different hawks used by falconers,
the methods of catching and training them, and the remedies
for their ailments. The annotations of Marcucci are chiefly
directed to an explanation of the classical allusions made by the
poet.

148 BOOKS ON FALCONR V.

274. CODROIPO (Francesco). Dialogo de la
Caccia de' Falconi, Astori, e Sparvieri di Francesco
Codroipo, gentilhuomo Udinese. Al serenissimo Don
Ferdinando Arciduca d' Austria etc. Con licenza de
Superiori. [Vignette.] In Udine, appresso Giovan-
battista Natolini. 1600. sm. 4to.

Printed throughout in italic. Title, Dedication, and Commen-
datory Verses, i.-xiv. ; pp. 1-90; Tavola, i.-v.

Edizione seconda, Udine, per Pietro Lorio, 1614, 8vo.

In this small quarto of less than a hundred pages, the author,
by way of dialogue, relates a series of conversations which he
says took place between his father, il Cavaliere Codroipo, and an
accomplished falconer with whom he used to stay on a visit,
Signor Giacomo Savorgnano, the owner of the castles of Ariis
and Isemico, in the district of Friuli. He states that, being
present at their discourses when out hawking, and being much
struck with all he heard, he committed it to memory, and on his
return to the house made a note of it, putting into the mouths
of the speakers (who are distinguished as " Sig. Giacomo " and
*' Cavaliere") the very words which, so far as he could remember,
each of them uttered. It is pleasant reading, reminding one of
D'Arcussia's Conference des Fauconniers {^o. 154), though less
spirited and less exact, because related second-hand.

" Posso dire con veritk " (says Sig. Giacomo) " che il volo de'
falconi a riviera e cosa mavigliosa e stupenda : poiche si vede
un animale il piu altiero d' animo, ed inimico de 1' huomo ch' altro
qual si voglia, con la sola patienza ed industria non solo fatto
amico, ma quasi intendente di tutte le voglie di chi lo regge "
(p. 16).

He describes (pp. 18-19) a flight at a heron with a Peregrine.
The greater portion of the work is occupied with a discussion
on the different kinds of falcons and their peculiarities, on Gos-
hawks and Sparrow-hawks, their ailments, and the remedies
recommended for them.

275. IMPERIALI (Giovanni Vincenzio, Geno-

vese). Lo Stato Rustico. Poema in verso sciolto

I

ITALIAN. 149

in XVI. parti, Geneva, appresso Giuseppe Pavoni.
161 1, sm. 4to.

Like Le Plaisir des Champs of Claude Gauchet (No. 151),
this poem describes the pleasures and recreations of a country
life, in which Falconry, like other field sports, plays a part.

A second edition was printed in Venezia, appresso Evan-
gelista Deuchino. 16 13. 12010.

276. GATTI (Alessandro). La Caccia : poema
heroico, nel quale si tratta pienamente della natura e
di gli affetti d'ogni sorte di fiere, col modo di cacciarle
e prenderle. In Londra, appresso Gio. Billio. 16 19.
sm. 8vo.

Of all the works on Falconry and the chase written in Italian,
this is the only one as yet found to have been printed in
London. A curious little volume, dedicated to that great English
patron of hunting and hawking, King James I.

277. RAIMONDI (Eugenic, Bresciano). Le Cac-

CIE Delle Fiere armate e disarmate e degl' animali
quadrupedi, volatili et aquatici ; opera nuova nella
quale pienamente si discorre del governo, cura, e
medicamenti degli Uccelli rapaci et innocenti et
de' Cani ; con perfettissimi ammaestramenti di tutte
le maniere dell' uccellare etc. Brescia, per Bartolome
Fontana. 1621. 8vo.

Delle Caccie di Eugenio Raimondi, Bresciano,

Libri quattro, aggiuntovi 'n questa nuova impressione

il quinto libro della Villa. In Napoli, per Lazaro

Scorrigio. 1626. 4to.

Engraved title, 26 leaves, pp. 1-635, ^'^d Tavola. Twenty-
one engravings on copper, of which eight are duplicates.

I50 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Delle Caccie di Eugenio Raimondi, Bresclano,
Libri quattro. Aggiuntovi 'n questa nuova impresslone
altre Caccie che, sperse in altri libri andavano. Venetia.
1 630. 4to.

Engraved title, 5 leaves, pp. 1-5 12, and Tavola. Nineteen
engravings on copper, of which two are duplicates, all included
in the pagination.

In cap. viii. lib. i, Delia divisione degli Uccelli da rapina
(pp. 81-117), the different kinds of falcons and hawks are de-
scribed, as well as the method of training and flying the Goshawk
and Sparrow-hawk, the former of which was much used in Italy
in the seventeenth century for taking partridges and pheasants.
In cap. ix. lib. i,Dellostrucciero{\)^. 1 19-173) (though the head-
line throughout this chapter runs " Cap. viii. Lib. i "), the qualities
of a good falconer are noted, the mode of training falcons,
making them to the hood, &c., and general advice as to feeding
and moulting.

In the previous edition of 1626 this information is given in
caps, vi.-vii. lib. i (pp. 41-137). Schneider, who cites the
edition of 1626 in his " Catalogus auctorum rei accipitrariae " ap-
pended to his edition of the work of the Emperor Frederick II.
(No. 308), expresses a poor opinion of it, regarding it as entirely
a compilation — " natura avium rapacium, earumque educatio,
et disciplina omnis venatoria et medica explicatur ; sed hsec
omnia cum toto libro ex pluribus aliis transcripta nuUam proprii
usus commendationem habent" (op. cit. ii. p. 14). The author
no doubt borrowed largely from Carcano (No. 267).

Le Caccie delle fiere armate et disarmate e degl'
animali quadrupedi, volatili ed aquatici : opera nuova e
curiosa di Eugenio Raimondi, Bresciano. In Venezia,
F. Locatelli. 1785. sm. 8vo.

278. OLINA (Gio. Pietro). Uccelliera overo
Discorso della natura e proprieta di diversi Uccelli e
in particolare di que che cantano. Con il modo de
prendergli, conoscergli, allevargli e mantenergli. E

ITALIAN FALCONERS OF THE XVII CENTURY

Partridge-hawking with the Ooshawk,

From an engraving hy Tempetta, 1622.

ITALIAN. 151

con le Figure cavate dal vero e diHgentemente inta-
gliate in rame dal Tempesta e dal Villamena. Opera
di Gio. Pietro Olina, Novarese, Dottor di Legge.
Dedicata al Sig. Cavalier dal Pozzo. [Armorial.]
Con privilegio del Sommo Pontefice. In Roma, ap-
presso Andrea Fei. 1622. 4to.

Dedication 2 pp., then 67 leaves with full-page engraving on
verso of each ; pp. 68-81 to Indice, which occupies 6 leaves.

Another edition on larger and better paper, with title slightly
altered and within engraved border. In Roma, presso M.
Angelo di Rossi, 1684, 4to. In this edition the following plates
have been re-engraved : — Tordo, p. 5; Bubbola^ p. 36 ; Caccia col
bracco a retCy p. 51 ; DelT uccellar con la ragna, p. 61 ; and all the
plates differ from those in the earlier edition in having a border
at top and bottom.

Considering the date at which these engravings were exe-
cuted, they are much superior to the figures of birds by English
and French artists of the same period, excepting perhaps those
by Francis Barlow engraved by Hollar. Chiefly song-birds are
represented of the natural size (pp. 1-50), but in addition (pp.
51-81) there are plates of partridge and quail netting; par-
tridge-hawking with the Goshawk; trap to catch a Sparrow-
hawk; and illustrations of the mode in which bird-catchers
employ the Little Owl {Civetta) and falconers the Eagle Owl
{Gufo) depicted on a much finer scale by Ridinger (No. 103).

A French translation of Olina's work appeared in Paris in
1774 (No. 178).

279. PRANCUCCI (Scipione, Aretino). La Cac-
cia Etrusca : PoEMA. Firenze, appresso i Giunti.
1624. 4to.

Not seen. Thus described by Lastri {Bibl. Georgica, p. 56) :
" Canti xvi. in ottava rima. S' imagina e si rappresenta una
nobilissima caccia in Toscana, dove intervengono con Ferdi-
nando II. de Medici, i principali signori di Roma e di Toscana.
Pill descrittivo che istruttivo."

As Falconry was then popular in Tuscany, it will probably
be found mentioned by this author. See Mortara (No. 293).

152 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

280. CORSINI (Accursio). Apologetico alla
Caccia, ove dopo narrati i vitii da molte Scrittori rim-
proverati alla Caccia e Cacciatori, scopronsi le virtu
di lei, e il modo d' usarla per conseguir ottimo tempera-
mento di complessione, quadratura di corpo, continua
sanita, fortezza ed agilita militare acutezza di sensi
sagacita, d' animo, e longa vita .... raccolta per 1' ex-
cellentissimo Dottor di Leggi Accursio Corsini, gen-
tilhiiomo di Bergamo. [Vignette.] In Bergamo, per
Valerio Ventura. 1626. 4to.

Title within border : prelim, pp. xxx. (including dedication to
Don Alfonso d' Este, Prince of Modena ; Indice di gli autori
citati nell opera, e Somarii de Capitoli), pp. 1-654.

None but the most enthusiastic reader of books relating to
the chase would attempt to peruse the otto libri deW Apolo-
getica delta Caccia of Corsini. His closely printed volume of
over 600 pages teaches nothing on any branch of the chase, and
merely embodies arguments to prove the health-restoring, life-
giving, mind-instructing advantages of field sports which most
readers at the outset would probably be willing to concede.
Moreover, the work relates solely to the Caccia de Quadrupedi,
for, although, as we gather from his concluding remarks in
book viii., the author contemplated the preparation of certain
discorsi delta nobilissima Caccia aerea di gli Augelli (e della
aquatica Caccia de Fesci), it does not appear that they were ever
printed.

281. BIR AGO (Francesco). Trattato Cinegetico
ovERo della Caccia. Milano. 1626. 8vo.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen. Probably, as in
other works of the kind of this period, Falconry, amongst other
field sports, receives some share of attention.

282. GALLEGARIS (Bernardino). Lo Struc-
ciERO di Bernardino Gallegaris, nobile Opitergino [of

ITALIAN. 153

Odergo, in Venetian Lombardy] dove si discorre del
modo di conoscere, allevare e ridurse gli Uccelli
RAPACT all' uso della caccia, e come si curino li loro
mali. Dedicate all' altezza serenissima di Modena
Francesco Primo. Libro Tre. Venetia, alia Minerva,
con licenza de superiori e privilegio. 1646. i2mo.

A copy of this scarce little book, purchased for 4of. at the
sale of M. Bartel's library in April 1889, is in the collection of
M. Pierre A. Pichot, of Paris, where we lately examined it.

Lastri, in his Biblioteca Georgica (p. 58), cites this author as
"Gallevari (Bernardino), Strucchiero . . . per allevare gli Uccelli
rapaci. Venezia, 1646."

283. SOLATIO (Caesare, Romano). L' Eccellenza

della Caccia con 1' uso prattico della medesima. Roma,

per Gregorio e Gio. Andreoli. 1669. i2mo.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen. Doubtful whether
any reference to Falconry, though this subject is dealt with in
books having a similar title, e.g., Saincte Aulaire, Louange de la
Chasse (No. 155, note).

284. TUANO (J. A.). Il Falconiere di Jacopo

Augusto Tuano, Primo Presidente del Parlamento di

Parigi, e Consigliere Intimo di Arrigo Quarto, dall'

esametro Latino all' endecasillabo Italiano trasferito

ed interpretato. Col 1' Uccellatura a Vischio di

Pietro Angelio Bargeo, Pubblico Professore in Pisa.

Poemetto pur Latino similmente tradotto e commen-

tato. Ozii, e ameni studii di G. P. Bergantini, C.R.

[Vignette.] In Venezia, presso Giambatista Albrizzi.

1735. 4to.

Translated from the Latin by Gio. Pietro Bergantini. Em-
bellished with portraits and vignettes, the Italian translation
and Latin original being printed in parallel columns.

154 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

i8 prelim, leaves; Del Falconare, pp. 1-223; L' Uccellatura,
separately paged, pp. 1-50 ; Calalogo degli autori, and Indice,
9 leaves.

Appended to the poem of Tuano are some notes by the author
showing the division of all hawks used by falconers into two
classes : the long-winged birds of the lure — Lorarice. seu Finnarice
(Gallis, oyseaux de leurre) — and the short-winged birds of the fist
— Fugilares (Gallis, oyseaux de poing) — their names at different
ages (as eyess, brancher, sore-hawk) being added, with the sup-
posed Latin equivalents. For some account of this author see
Latin writers, under Thuanus (p. 166).

285. MAZZUCHELLI (Giammaria). Gli Scrit-

TORi d' Italia cioe Notizie Storiche e Critiche intorno

alle vite e a gli Scrltti dei Letterati Italiani. In Brescia,

presso a Giambatista Bossini, 1753-63. 6 vols, folio.

This bibliography may be mentioned here as a useful work of
reference for books on the chase by Italian writers printed before
the middle of the eighteenth century.

286. PONTINI (Giovanni). La Cacciagione de
VoLATiLi osia r arte di pigliare Uccelli in ogni ma-
niera .... opera del Rocolista Giovanni Pontini.
Vicenza. 1758. 8vo.

With portrait and twelve copper plates. Mentioned by
Lastri (p. loi), but without date. Of interest to falconers only
on account of the methods described for taking hawks.

287. GTJARINONI (Girolamo). L' Uccellatura :

poema dell' Abbate Girolamo Guarinoni, dedicato

a D. Lodovico Rezzonico, nipote del Ponteiice

Clemente xiii. Bergamo, appresso Pietro Lancellotti.

1760. 8vo.

Lastri {Bibl. Georgica), obviously through a misprint, cites this
author as " Guarinqui (Ab. Girolamo)."

ITALIAN.

155

288. FONT ANA (P. Glicerio, Milanese). Dizio-
NARio EcoNOMico RusTico continente tutto cio che
appartiene all' Agricoltura Economica, Botanica, Caccia,
Pesca etc. Milano. 1773. 14 vols. 8vo.

For article " Falconeria."

289. TIRABOSCO (Antonio). L' Uccellagione

Libri Tre de Antonio Tirabosco, Cittadino Veronese.

[Vignette.] In Verona [per cura di Catterina Spinetta

vedova Tirabosco]. A Spese Moroni : con licenza

de' Superiori. 1775. 4to.

I prelim, leaf; pp. 1-116. The first edition of this esteemed
poem, published by his widow two years after the author's death.
It relates to fowling rather than to Falconry, but a variety of
birds are mentioned, including falcons and hawks, " il rapitor
falcon " e ^^ lo sparavier.^^

" Gik presso all alte nubi attomo gira
Lo Sparavier con I'affamato rostro,
E col I'unghie mortifere sanguigne,
E I'aer sotto e la campagna guata
Preda cercando, e colk suso un punto
Sembra all' occhio piii acuto che s'affisa."

There have been several editions : — Parma (Gozzi), 1803,
8vo; Verona (Bisesti), 1807, 8vo; Verona (Moroni), 1807,
4to ; Parma (Carmignani), 1815, 8vo ; Venetia (Orlandelli),
1818, 8vo; Verona (Bisesti), 1 81 8, i2mo; Venezia (Nardini),
i8ig, 8voj Venezia (Molinari), 1824, 8vo ; Roma (Solviucci),
1824, 8vo; Verona (La Minerva), 1857, 8vo ; Venezia (An-
tonelU a cura del Cav. F. Scolari), 1859, 8vo; Verona (Civelli),
1879, i2mo.

Although deserving of better paper and type, the latest edition,
by A. Squarzoni, Verona, 1888, on account of the editor's notes,
will probably be the most acceptable to those who desire to
read this poem and thoroughly understand all the allusions in
the text. It is thus entitled : —

L* Uccellagione di Antonio Tirabosco con le cor-

156 BOOKS ON FALCONR V.

rezioni di Girolamo Pompei e le varianti di Giuseppe
Torelli. Illustra con note Storiche-Ornitologiche da
Augusto Squarzoni. Verona, Civelli. 1888. 8vo.

Pp. 1-4. Some account of the author is given in the
Preface (pp. 1-8), and, apropos of the allusions to hawks,
the editor has furnished a brief historical sketch of Falconry
(pp. 90-95). The original MS. of this poem, it appears, is pre-
served in the Seminario dall' Abate Santi Fontano, at Verona,
and, by the courtesy of the Rector of that institution, was
produced for the editor's inspection and use in preparing this
edition.

It is curious that a work so much esteemed in Italy as to
have passed through a dozen editions should not yet have found
a translator in some other country.

290. LASTRI (Marco). Bibltoteca Georgica
ossia Catalogo Ragionato degli Scrittori di Agricol-
tura, Veterinaria .... Caccia, Pesca etc., spettanti
air Italia. Firenze. 1787. 4to.

A useful work of reference (pp. i.-xi. ; 1-152) for Italian books
on the chase printed before 1787, though not free from errors
and omissions.

291. BOSSI (Luigi). Trattato delle malattie
DEGLI Uccelli 6 dei diversi metodi di curarle : si
aggiungono alcune altre richerche utili e curiosi di
ornitologia. Milano. 1822. 8vo.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen.

292. REVILIASCO E CELLE (G. F. S. Conte di).
Della Caccia presso gli antichi e del modo di
praticarla : opusculo di G. F. S. Conte di Reviliasco e
Celle. Torino, dalla Stamperia Reale. 1824. 8vo.

Including half-title and title, Prenozione, and Indice, pp.i-104.

ITALIAN. 157

No head-lines. Divided into ten chapters, the longest being cap.
viii., " Delle caccia degli uccelli praticata col mezzo dei Falconi,"
pp. 33-89. This chapter is divided into the following sections : —
(i) Delia diverse specie di Falconi. (2) Altri uccelli di rapina
adoperati per la caccia (Smeriglio, Astore, e Sparviere). (3)
Metodo praticato per allevare i Falconi. (4) Modo d' amma-
estrare i Falconi. (5) Malattie dei Falconi e degli Sparvieri.
(6) Nomenclatura degl' attrezzi adoperati per custodire i Fal-
coni.

The 9th chapter treats of the Eagle {DeW Aquila), which the
author refers to as being occasionally used for the chase, and
being trained to take hares, foxes, and young roedeer ; but he
adds (p. 90) : "ma colui che porta I'aquila ad uccellare debb'
essere molto forte per poterla sostenere."

293. MORTARA (Conte Alessandro). Scritture

Antiche Toscane di Falconeria ed alcuni capitoli

neir originale Francese del Tesoro di Brunette Latini

sopra la stessa materia con annotazioni del Colonello

Conte Alessandro Mortara. Prato, Tipografia F. Alber-

ghetti e Ci. 185 1. 8vo.

In this privately printed and now scarce octavo pamphlet of
50 pp., dedicated to lovers of the Tuscan tongue, agli amatori
della Toscanafavella, Count Mortara has published, for the first
time, two Tuscan tracts on Falconry from the original MSS.,
preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and entitled (i)
" Trattato de' Falconi ed altri Uccelli di Ratto buoni alia Caccia,
e dell modo di ammaestrarli ; " (2) " Frammento di un Trattato
dell cura delle malattie degli Uccelli di Ratto, che 1' uomo tiene
perdiletto d' uccellare." To these he has added (3) the chapters
on Falconry from the work of Brunetto Latini (No. 263), "Alcuni
Capitoli del Libro primo del Tesoro di Ser Brunetto Latini ne'
quali si tratta degli Astori, degli Sparvieri, de' Falconi, e degli
Smerli, col volgarizzamento accanto di Bono Giamboni ; " the
original French text and the Italian translation of Giamboni
being printed on opposite pages. It should be observed that
the numeration and headings of these chapters as given by Count
Mortara, from a MS. assigned to the end of the thirteenth

158 BOOKS ON FALCONRY,

century, and preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Douce
collection, No. 319), do not quite accord with those furnished by
M. Chabaille, as above quoted (see No. 263). For the purpose of
comparison. Count Mortara's version is here given : — Chap. 142,
De toutes manibres d'ostors (Degli Astori) ; Chap. 143, En-
core de toutes manieres d'ostors (Anche degli Astori); Chap.
144, Ci dit de tous Espreviers (Degli Sparvieri) ; Chap. 145,
Ci dit des Faucons (De Falconi); Chap. 146, Ca dit de Es-
merillons (Degli Smerli).

The editor has added throughout numerous explanatory foot-
notes.

294. SPEZI (Giuseppe). Due Trattati del

GOVERNO E DELLE INFERMITA DEGLI UcCELLI, testi

di lingua Inediti cavati di un codice Vaticano, e pubbli-

cati e con note illustrati dal Prof. Giuseppe Spezi.

Roma, Tipografia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche.

1864. 8vo.

Pp. i.-xv. and 1-84. Cited by Zambrini in his Introduction
(p. xii.) to the Libro delle Nature degli Uccelli fatto per lo Re
Danchi (No. 296). The first tract is divided into forty-one
chapters (pp. 1-56); the second into twenty-one (pp. 57-70),
the remaining pages being occupied with explanatory notes. In
the opinion of the editor, the late Prof. Spezi, this operetta,
" sia una traduzione Toscana di antico libro Persiano, volto da
prima nell' Arabica favella, ovvero nella Latina, o nella pro-
venzale o francese, e quinci trasportato sul principio del mille e
trecento nella lingua nostra."

295. CERUTI (Antonio). Trattato di Falcone-
RiA, testo di lingua inedito del secolo xiv. Tratto
da un manoscritto della Biblioteca Ambrosiana a cura
deir Ab. Antonio Ceruti. Bologna, Tipi Fava e
Garagnani. 1870. 8vo.

Originally published in the periodical // Fropugnatore, edited
by Prof. Zambrini, and a few copies separately printed, one of

ITALIAN. 159

which is in the writer's possession. Fifty-five pages divided into
fifty-eight chapters with the special title (p. 13) :

" Trattatto del govemo, delle malattie e guarigioni de* Falconi^
Astori e Sparvieri."

Prof. Zambrini, in his Introduction to the Libra delle nature
degli Uccelli (No. 296), says (pp. xiii.-xiv.) : " La lingua non
si pare affatto Toscana, ed b versione, come apertamente vi si
dichiara dal provenzale in Latino : aci paraule che non fuorono
intese per lo copiatore, ed impero sono in provinciali istesso.
In origine anche questa operetta sembra una compilazione
fatta sopra gli ammaestramenti del Re Danco e di maestro
Guilielmo figliuolo che fue di Margher Appolitano e falconieri
inutrito in corte dello Re Rugieri." (Malgherio_^/<? Ceruti, p. 20.)

296. ZAMBRINI (Francesco). Libro delle na-
ture DEGLI Uccelli, fatto per lo Re Danchi, testo
antico Toscano messo in luce da Francesco Zambrini.
Bologna, presso Gaetano Romagnoli. 1874. sm. 8vo.

" Edizione di soli 202 esemplari per ordine numerati," form-
ing No. 140 in the Scelta di Curiosita Letterarie inedite o rare
dal secolo xiii. al xvii., pp. i.-xxxiv. ; 1-70, and Indice.

One of the most remarkable printed books on Falconry, on
account of the chromo-lithographic and facsimile miniatures
introduced in the text. Introduccion, pp. i.-xxxiv. Italian
text from the Latin beginning " Incipit Liber de curis Avium "
(pp. 1-56), and ending '■^ Explicit Liber, Deo Gratias^^ Notes,
pp. 57-70, and Index, p. 71.

The editor compares his text with the fragment printed by
Count Mortara (No. 293), and shows the variations. His notes
at the end (numbering 91) are most useful and interesting.

See note to Le Roi Dancus (No. 139).

297. rERRAIlO (Giuseppe). Libro del Gan-
DOLFO Persiano delle medesine de Falconi : pubblicato
per la prima volta dal Prof. Giuseppe Ferraro.
Bologna, presso Gaetano Romagnoli. 1877. sm. 8vo.

This treatise (pp. 1-153), printed from an Italian MS., forms

1 6o BOOKS ON FAL CONR V.

No. 154 of the Scelfa di Curiosita Letterarie inedite 0 rare dal
secolo xiii. al xvii. It is divided into 210 short chapters (two
others being wanting), several of them consisting of three or four
lines only, and begins : — " Qui se comenza le nature de li falconi,
astori, e sparavieri, le sue cure de tute infirmitade como se pono
sanare." It would seem to have been derived from the Persian
through an unpubhshed Latin translation ; perhaps copied
originally from one made for the Emperor Frederick IL, at
whose request, on his return from the Crusades, several transla-
tions from Persian and Arabic MSS. were undertaken by his
physician and secretary. Regarding its origin and date of com-
position, Prof. Ferraro says : — " Le crociate ponendo 1' Occidente
in contatto coll' Oriente, avevano quest' arte rinfocolata. I
Persiani, i Turchi, gli Indiani conosciuti in essa maestri, furono
invitati a venire in Europa, e si tradussero le opere che intorno
alia falconeria avevano scritte, nelle lingue romanze che allora
sorgevano. Una di essa sembrami appunto la presente, nella
quale non solo si cita un Re Danchi o Danco, Indiano, ricordato
da altri libri trattanti di simile materia; ma si parla altresi di
alcuni principi che al nome sembrano Tartari, regnanti ai tempi
di Marco Polo in Persia, ed il traduttore o 1' autore del libro
chiamasi anche Persiano" (Prefazione, p. 7).

Mention is made of a physician Gatepio (p. 27) ; of Chaicham
or Chaican, a King of Persia (pp. 28, 47, 55); and of one Cluay
(P- 35)> who, it is suggested, may have been one of the Tartar
princes who reigned in Persia in the time of Marco Polo.

Scattered throughout the treatise are Persian names for hawks
and for the maladies to which they are liable — a subject which
occupies the greater portion of the work.

At p. 12 of his Prefazione Prof. Ferraro alludes to the works
of Raimondi (No. 277) and " Chippa." This should be Crippa;
Bonaventura Crippa, Trattato della Caccia (2da ed. Milano, 1834,
i2mo, pp. 311). It treats generally of the chase in 4 sections,
viz., (i) origin of hunting; chase of the bear, wolf, fox, &c. ; (2)
chase of land birds ; (3) of water birds ; (4) dogs used for the
chase. In the 2nd section, cap. 2 is entitled Delf arte della
Falconeria, and cap. 3 Ammaestraviento del Falcone praticate degli
Antichi. Reprinted at Milan, 1871.

LATIN. i6i

Xatin.

298. CRESCENTIIS (Petrus de). Ruralium
COMMODORUM LiBRi XII. [Begin.] Petri de Cres-
centiis civis Bononiensis epistola in librum commo-
doriim ruralium. [1. 29.] Incipit liber ruralium
commodorum a Petro de Crescentiis compilatus etc.
[End.] Petri de Crescentiis civis Bonon. ruralium
commodorum libri duodecim finiunt feliciter. Per
Johannem Schuszler civem Augustensem. Augsburg.
1 47 1 . folio.

209 leaves, without title page, pagination, register, or catch-
words ; with 35 lines to a full page. This is the first edition
that has a date. Composed in 1307, at the desire of Charles II.,
King of Sicily, and translated into French in 1373, at the
request of Charles V. of France, this work, in its plan, re-
sembles the subsequently printed Maisoji Rustique of Estienne
and Liebault (No. 148), which was translated into English by
Surflet (No. 16). It deals with agriculture and field sports,
the ninth book containing a chapter on Falconry.

It passed through several editions in the original Latin — e.g.^
at Louvain, per Johannem de Westphalia, 1473, 1474? and 1475 '>
Argentine, i486 \ Antwerp, 1500 ; Basle, 1538 and 1548 ; all in
folio — and has been translated into German (No. 96), French
(No. 141), and Italian (No. 264).

299. BEAUVAIS (Vincent de). Vincentii Bel-
LovACENSis Speculum Naturale. Strasburg. 1473.
folio.

Other editions, Augsburg, 1474 ; Strasburg, 1476 ; and
Nuremberg, i486 i^fide Schlegel).

This author, who was a friar of the Order of Preachers and a
contemporary of Albertus Magnus, Bishop of Ratisbon, has, in
his Speculum Naturale, reproduced almost, textually, the apocry-

L

i62 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

phal letter on Falconry said to have been addressed by Sym-
machus and Theodotio to a certain Ptolemy, King of Egypt.
The original text, which is considered by Baron de Noirmont
(No. 206) to have been really composed by some Greek or
Italian author anterior to the thirteenth century (op. cit. iii.
p. 89), has been lost, and we have only the translation in
Catalan (No. 223), already noticed. For the rest, his remarks
are based on the writings of Aristotle, Pliny, and Albertus
Magnus

300. ALBERTUS MAGNUS. De Falconibus
AsTURiBUS ET AcciPiTRiBUS. In opere " De Ani-
malibiis." Roma, Simon Nicholas de Lucas. 1478.
folio.

The first edition of this celebrated treatise, which was composed
at Cologne between 1262 and 1280, by Albert de BoUstadt
(surnamed by his contemporaries, the Great), Bishop of Ratisbon.
A second edition was printed at Mantua, in 1479, ^i^d a later
edition at Lyons in 1651, all in folio. It will be found in lib.
xxiii. at the end of tom. vi. of his general work, De Aniinalibus.
and is also printed with the work of the Emperor Frederick IL,
De Arte Venandi cunt avibus (No. 308), which see.

A German translation, by Walther Kyff, was pubUshed in
1545, at Frankfort-am-Main, and an earlier French translation of
a portion is printed by M. Hejiri Dairvault in his edition of the
Livre du Roi Dancus (No. 139).

It is a crude compilation from Symmachus (No. 223), the
Emperor Frederick's work (No. 308), and other sources, and
shows the author to have been but imperfectly acquainted with
the subject.

301. AQUA VIVA (Belisaire, Due de Nardo).

Belisarii Aquavivi Aragonii Neritinorum Ducis
Aliquot aurei libelli de Principum liberis educan-
dis, de Venatione, de Aucupio, de Re Militari, de
singulari certamine. Basileae, apud Petrum Pernam.
1 5 1 8. sm. 8vo.

LATIN. 163

Editio altera. De Venatione et Aucupio per
AcciPiTRES. Impressum Neapoli in bibliotheca Joann.
Pasquet de Salo. 15 19. sm. folio.

Not seen ; cited by Lastri, Bibliotheca Georgica

Editio altera. Belisarii Aquavivi Aragonii
Neritinorum Ducis aliquot aureoli vere lieelli,
de Principum liberis educandis, de Venatione, de
Aucupio, de re Militari, de singulari certamine. His
additum est elegans poematium Michaelis Marulli de
Principum institutione, nunquam hactenus editum.
[Vignette.] Basilese, ex officina Petri Pernse. 1578.
8vo.

7 prelim, leaves, pp. 1-224, and Index, pp. 89-114. " Belisarii
Neritinorum Ducis Libellus de Aucupio " contains the following
sections : — De accipitribus qui vulgo Hierifalcones nominantur ;
De accipitribus qui Sacri appellantur deq milvorum naturse ;
De accipitribus Peregrinis; De medianis; De accipitribus
generosis qui vulgo Gentiles nuncupantur ; De ignobilibus quos
vulgo Villanos vocant accipitribus ; De quibusdam accipitrum
morbis sanandis ; Epilogus.

According to Huzard (No. 191), "Notes bibliographiques
concernant les ceuvres du Due de Nardo," the addition here
made forms part, and is to be found at the end, of the work of
Leunclavius, printed at Basle in 1578.

302. GYR ALDUS(I(. G.). Lilii Gregorii Gyraldi
DiALOGisMus DE Venatione Accipitrum Ceterar-
umque Avium rapacium v in ejusdem Dialogismis.
Venetiis. 1553. i2mo.

Another edition, fide Kreysig, in folio, Lugduni Batavorum,
1696. Not in the British Museum, and not seen.

1 64 BOOKS ON FAL CONR V.

303. GESNER (Conrad). Historia Animalium.
Lib. III. De AVIUM NATURA. Tiguri. 1554. 5 vols, folio.

Other editions, Frankfort 1585, 1586, 1603, 1617, 1620.

A German translation by Rud. Heusslein was printed at

'Zurich in 1581, and at Frankfort in 1600 and 1609, all in

folio. An English translation by Topsell, with the title "A

Historie of Foure-footed Beastes," &c., was published in 1658,

folio, of which another edition appeared in 1607.

Gesner has been surnamed the German Pliny, and it was to
him that Dr. Caius addressed his celebrated Libellus de Canibus
Britannids. For much of the information in his treatise de
Avibus regarding the training of hawks, Gesner was apparently
indebted to the now very rare work of Eberhard Tapp (No. 93),
and to a MS. of Demetrius of Constantinople (No. 327).

304. TARDIVUS (Guillelmus). De arte Acci-
piTRUM una cum Frederici II. Imperatoris de arte
Venandi cum avibus, et Manfredi regis additionibus.
Geneva. 1560. 8vo.

Other editions, Basle, 1578, 8vo, and Augsburg, 1596, 8vo
{fide Lallemant). See note to the " Livre de I'art de Faulcon-
nerie par Guillaume Tardif," antea^ P- 72.

305. HERESBACH (Conrad). Rei Rustics Libri
QuATUOR universam rusticam disclplinam complec-
tens etc. Item De Venatione, Aucupio, atque Pisca-
tione Compendium, in usum etc. Auctore D. D.
Conrado Heresbachio .... [Vignette.] Colonise apud
Joannem Birckmannum. Anno 1570. sm. 8vo.

Editio altera, Spirae Nemetum, 1594, 8vo. The four books of
Husbandry occupy 330 leaves. Then follows, to 346 verso, a
treatise on the laws relating to Agriculture. To this succeeds
" Thereutices ; hoc est de Venatione, Aucupio, atque Piscatione
Compendium ; " wherein (at p. 375), in the section De Aucupio^
we find observations on Hawking, with the side-notes, Accipi-

LATIN. 165

trarium aucupium, Aucupii modi, Accipitrum genera, Pretium
accipitrum, and Domandi ratio. The author also describes the
" seeling " of hawks to tame them, and their periodical moult-
ing, adding remarks on taking partridges and quails.

The " Four Books of Husbandry " were translated, under this
name, by " Barnaby Googe, Esquire," at London, and printed by
Richard Watkins, 1577, 4to. But he omitted the treatise dc
LegibuSj and the Compendium de Venatione, Aucupio, &c.

306. THTJANUS (J. A.). Hieracosophion : sive de
Venatione per Accipitres. Libri duo. Burdegalse.
1582. 8vo.

The first, though not the best, edition of this esteemed poem
by Jacques Auguste de Thou ; the quarto of 1735, in which the
Italian translation is given in parallel columns with the Latin
original, being generally preferred.

In the second edition another " book " was added with the
following title : —

Hieracosophion sive de re Accipitraria. Libri

tres. [Vignette.] Lutetiae apud Mamertum Patis-

sonium Typographum Regium : in officina Rob.
Stephani. 1584. sm. 4to,

Title I, preliminary leaf (pp. 1-95), ending " Hieracosophion
Liber tertius et ultimus explicit." On p. 95 verso, an important
note on the various kinds of hawks used for Falconry, with
the Latin and French names for them. See note to No. 284.

Following this note, six leaves (Nos. i.-vi.) with Epistola, in
verse, ad Philippium Huraltum Francise Cancellarium.

Hieracosophion : sive de re Accipitraria.
Libri HL [Vignette.] Lutetlse apud Mamertum
Patissonium Typographum Regium : in officina Ro-
bert! Stephani. 1587. sm. 8vo. ••

A third edition (pp. 1-109), including title. On p. 107 the
note on Hawks, with their Latin and French names, above
referred to.

1 66 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

This poem lias also been printed in the Delicice Poetarum
Gallorum, 1609 (pars iii. pp. 922—1001) and by Nicholas
Rigault in his Ret Accipitrarim Scriptores, 16 12 (pp. 1-99),
the latest edition being that with which the Italian translation
is given, published in Venice in 1735 (see No. 284).

The author, Jacques Auguste de Thou, was born in 1553, in
Paris, where he was educated, and rose to such distinction as to
become President of the Parliament, and Privy Councillor to
two Kings of France, Henri III. and Henri IV. He is best
known to fame as the author of a Latin History of his own
time ( 1 546-1 608) in four folio volumes. Voltaire, who ranks
him with Hume, styles him an historian distinguished for
eloquence and veracity. Cardinal du Perron placed him next to
Sallust and Tacitus. Dr. Johnson had so high an opinion of his
" History " that he entertained serious thoughts of translating
it {cf. Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. 1804, vol. iii. p. 691).

This poem on the art of Hawking written in Latin hexameters
was composed about the year 1581-82 (when he was twenty-
nine) while travelhng with his friend Pierre Pithou through
Languedoc and Provence, where no doubt at that period hawking
was commonly practised. He may also have seen something of
the sport in Italy when travelling in the suite of the Comte de
Foix on an embassy to Rome (1573-74), and perhaps too in
Germany (1579) when visiting Languet, the Prime Minister of
the Elector of Saxony at Strasburg.

Collinson in his "Life of Thuanus " (8vo, 1807, pp. 34, 80)
gives the date of this composition as 1575 (which would make
the author only twenty-two when it was written), but, although
professing to give some account of his writings, he affords no
information as to the circumstances under which this poem was
composed.

It is related of Thuanus that, when travelling through France
with M. Schomberg on an embassy from Henri III. to the King
of Navarre, they were entertained for some days at Mande, the
seat of the Bishop and Count of Gevandan. At the first repast
it was observed with surprise that all the game or wild fowl
brought to table wanted either a head, a wing, a leg, or some
other part, which occasioned their host pleasantly to apologise
for the voracity of his caterer, who always took the liberty of
first tasting what he had procured. It turned out that the game

LATIN. 167

in question had been taken by the peasants from the nests of
eagles in the neighbourhood, whither it had been carried to feed
their young.

For fuller details of the life of Thuanus the reader may be
referred to Buckley's edition of his " History " (vol. vii.). He
died in Paris in 16 17, and it is of interest to note that one of his
executors was Nicholas Rigault, who in 1612 (as above noticed)
had printed his poem in tlie Rei Accipitraria Scriptores (No.
3x4), the other executor being P. du Puy. "Thuanus," says
Thomas Hearne, " though he writ Latin admirably well, yet he
was not ready nor clear in speaking it. So in a letter from a
great man to Sir Robt. Cotton ; MS." — " Reliquicz Hearniana"
vol. i. p. 217.

307. MEDICES (Sebastianus). Tractatus de
Venatione, PiscATiONE, ET Aucupio. Cologne. 1588.
8vo.

Other editions, Helmstadt 1592, Cologne 1598, Marburg
1698, all in octavo. This treatise is also printed in vol. xvii. of
the collection entitled Tractatus Tractatuum, Venetise, 1584.
There is likewise a quarto edition thus entitled : —

Tractatus Sebastiani Medicis, Florentini, de

Venatione, Piscatione, et Aucupio. Spirse Neme-

tum, sumptibus Hellse Kembach, Bibliopolae Spirensis.

Anno 1605. 4^0-

Printed also with Bruckmann (Noj 312) and Mor (No. 310)
in Tractus III Clarissimoruiti Virorum (pp. 47-109), and by
Fritsch in his Corpus Juris Venatorio- Forestalls ^lA^siiQ, 1702,
foUo. See Bruckmann (No. 312).

308. FREDERICUS II. (Imperator). Reliqua
librorum Frederici II. Imperatoris De Arte Ve-
nandi cum Avibus cum Manfredi Regis additionibus.
Ex membranis vetustis nunc primum edita. Albertus
Magnus de Falconibus Asturibus et Accipitribus.

i6S BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Augustse Vindelicorum ad insigne Pinus apud Johan-
nem Prsetorium. 1596. sm. 8vo.

7 preliminary leaves, including a folding plate of the Emperor
seated on a throne with two attendants on their knees with hawks
(from an Italian miniature of the thirteenth century here repro-
duced— see plate). Liber primus, pp. 1-138; Liber secundus,
pp. 139-358. Albertus Magnus de Falconibus, pp. 359-414.
The Emperor's treatise ends on p. 358, the remainder of the
volume (pp. 359-414) being occupied with the work of Albertus.
It was composed about the year 1247, towards the end of his
reign. Evidence of the royal authorship is to be found in the
mention of his name in the Prologue, reference to his voyage
to the East, transmission of the MS. to his son Prince Manfred
when seventeen or eighteen years of age, i.e., in 1248-49, and the
testimony of Albertus Magnus. The Emperor, who died in 1250,
had the work in preparation for thirty years, but the affairs of
State long prevented him from completing it.

Prince Manfred arranged some of the chapters in better
order, made certain additions which are distinguished by his
name, and, with the aid of notes found amongst his royal
father's papers, filled up a gap which existed in the original MS.
But he was not the only possessor of the treatise. There were
copies in which there were no traces of his additions : in fact, the
only two copies of the MS. now known to exist are without
these additions, although they were to be found in the copy
which, in the sixteenth century, came to the hands of Joachim
Camerarius, the learned doctor of Nuremberg, and from which
this edition was printed. See Pichon (No. 201).

The Emperor's treatise was printed with the Latin version of
the Fauconnerie de Guillaunie Tardif i^o. 304) at Geneva, 1560,
and at Basle, 1578, both very scarce editions, and in 1756 aGer-
man translation by Pacius (No. loi) was printed at Ansbach.
In 1788 Prof. P. G. Schneider, of Leipzig, edited the work
in 2 vols, quarto, with the following title : —

ReLIQUA LiBRORUM FrEDERICI II. iMrERATORIS DE

ARTE Venandi CUM AviBus I Cum Manfrcdi Regis
additionibus : ex membranaceo codice Camerarii pri-

UJ s

I f^

I- 5

u. ^

o '^

CO Qq"

a:

<

C 2: KC!

LATIN. 169

mum edita Augustse Vindelicorum 1596, nunc fideliter
repetita, et annotationlbus iconlbusque additis emen-
data aeque illustrata. Accedunt Alberti Magni
Capita de Falconibus Asturibus et Accipitribus
quibus Annotationes addidit suas Jo. Gottl. Schneider,
Saxo, Eloquent, et Philolog. Professor. Lipsise.
1788. 2 vols, in I. 4to.

It is asserted by many writers that the art ot Falconry was
unknown in Italy before the twelfth century, when it was intro-
duced by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. His grandson
Frederick II. (bom 1 194, died 1250) spent much of his life in Italy
and Sicily, and practised this sport there with great enthusiasm.
(See von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstmifen, second ed., Leip-
zig, 1 841, vol. iii. pp. 423-434.) He had seen something of
it in the East, and in 1239, on his return from a crusade which
he had undertaken the year before, when he was crowned King
of Jerusalem and Sicily, he brought with him from Syria and
Arabia several expert falconers with their hawks, and spent much
of his leisure time in learning from them the secrets of their art,
which he considered the noblest and most worthy of all the
arts. The excellent treatise which he composed in Latin with
the title above given was the first which appeared in the West,
and is still one of the best which exists.

There would seem, however, to be someblanks in it, and, in par-
ticular, a chapter on the Goshawk is wanting, to which reference
is made Lib. ii. cap. 2.

The hawks used at that time were the Jerfalcon, Saker,
Peregrine Falcon, Lanner, Goshawk, and Sparrow-hawk. (The
e^le, he says, is too heavy to be carried on the fist.) These
were either taken out of the nest or caught on passage. It was
also the practice to take the eggs out of the nest and get them
hatched under hens, but the Emperor himself maintained that
birds thus procured were useless for the purposes of Falconry.
He advises (Lib. ii. cap. 31, p. 91) that the eyesses should be
left as long as possible in the nest, as they are brought up far
better there than in captivity. It is necessary, he says, to feed
them well, in order to avoid injury to their feathers, by which
expression, no doubt, he refers to what English falconers term

I70 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

" hunger-traces." Eyesses, he says (cap. 35, p. 95), should be
fed twice a day, morning and evening; no one should be
allowed to approach, but the person who has charge of them ;
and they should be allowed complete liberty until full grown.
This period having arrived, they are taken up in the evening
by candle-light, the extreme points of the talons are " coped,"
jesses and bells put on, and their eyes " seeled " {de ciliatione
sen bluitione ipsorum, Lib. ii. cap. 37, p. 67, and cap. 45, p. io6)-
The Emperor discourses at length on jesses, swivel, leash, and
bell {de Jactis, de tornetto, de longa et de campanelld), and it is
evident from his descriptions that these did not differ much in
his day from those used at the present time. He also mentions
the drawer (now obsolete), the creance, the lure and how to
garnish it, the train, or dead lure (made of the skin of a hare,
crane, or heron), and the drum, used to make wild ducks and
other water-fowl rise.

It appears that at this period the use of the short leash (French
courtrier) for a Goshawk was unknown ; at least the Emperor
nowhere mentions it in his work. As to the bell, it is said that
it was sometimes attached to one or two of the middle feathers
of the tail, and on this account it was necessary to perforate
these feathers ; but the Emperor was opposed to this practice
(Lib. ii. cap. 41, p. loi). He then describes the proper way
to hold the leash between the fingers, so as to carry the hawk
properly on the fist, precisely as it is carried at the present day.
He disagrees with those who carry the bird always on the same
hand, whether right or left, and maintains that it is as well to
carry it sometimes on one, sometimes on the other, according
to the direction of the wind (Lib. ii. cap. 42, p. 102). The
falconer's glove {chirotheca) should be roomy {amplwn^ ut cito
posset indui et exui), and made of thick leather {de corio grossd).
The falconer's bag {bursa seu carneria) is attached to his belt
{ad dngulujn suuni), and serves to carry the lure {tiratorid) and
the hawk's meat.

Alluding to the mode of capturing hawks, the Emperor merely
states that they are taken in nets without giving any description.
On being caught, the hawk is at once put in a " sock " or linen
bandage {maleolum), and is then treated like an eyess.

Dealing with the training, he observes that there are falconers
who neither seel their hawks, nor hood them, thus following the

LATIN. 171

ancient practice ; for the art of seeling hawks, he says, is a
recent invention, and as for the hood, he asserts that it was he
who, imitating the practice of Eastern falconers, first introduced
it into Europe (Lib. ii. cap. 77, p. 162).

After having the jesses put on, the bird was carried for
twenty-four hours continuously on the fist without food. This
fatiguing operation over, it was given the leg of a fowl. The
first lesson was to make the bird jump to the fist. Then being
no longer frightened at the approach of its owner, and becoming
accustomed to the noise of men and domestic animals, it was
gradually unseeled (Lib. ii. cap. 54, p. 125, and cap. 55, p. 127).

To make a hawk sit quiet on the fist, the Emperor recom-
mends that it should be sprinkled with cold water from time
to time (Lib. ii. cap. 68, p. 147), a practice still in vogue with
the Dutch falconers.

At length being tamed, it is carried to the field, first on foot,
then on horseback, choosing on such occasions a calm day, and
avoiding too great heat (p. 151).

As to the form of perch, the author describes three kinds,
namely, the high perch {pertica alto), which was set up in the
room a little distance from the wall ; the low perch {^pertica imd),
just high enough from the ground to prevent the bird from rub-
bing its tail feathers on the floor ; and the block {sediie), pyramidal
in form and made either of wood or of stone. The low perch was
intended for hawks that were seeled, and the high perch for those
that were not seeled.

The Emperor does not appear to have been acquainted with
the use of the curtain or screen of canvas which in the modern
hawk-house depends from the under-side of the perch to prevent
a hawk from swinging after bating off. At least, he makes no
mention of it, and discourses at some length on the means to
be taken in order to prevent hawks from twisting their leashes
round the perch.

As to the illustrations here given from Italian miniatures of
the thirteenth century a few words are necessary.

They have been carefully reproduced from the facsimiles in
D'Agincourt's famous work, " Histoire de I'Art par les monu-
mens depuis sa decadence au IV^ siecle jusqu'^ son renouvelle-
ment au XVP " (4 vols, folio, Paris, 1823), where they are thus
described (torn. iii. p. 78, pi. 73) : " Miniatures d'un traits de

172 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Fauconnerie par I'Empereur Frederic II. MS. Latin du XIII^
sifecle. Lueur de renaissance de cette espece de peinture en
Italie. Les peintures ou les premiers rayons de cette aurore
semblent se montrer ont pour I'objet d'enricher et d'expliquer
une production d'une plume auguste (p. 79). L'Empereur Fre-
deric II. etait ne en Italie, il y avait regu une education digne
de son rang, et, ce qui est beaucoup plus rare, il en avait
profile. La chasse \ I'oiseau etait dans ce pays comme ailleurs
au XIII*^ siecle I'occupation de la noblesse et des souverains.
Frederic, jaloux de perfectionner cet art par des preceptes, en
dicta ou en fit ecrire les elemens sous ses yeux avec assez de
soiu pour qu'on lui attribuat ce travail, et il fit joindre au
manuscrit des peintures relatives a tout ce qui concernait I'entre-
tien, I'education et I'emploi des faucons."

" II fut si bien servi par le peintre que rien ne manque a la
demonstration de la science qu'il veut enseigner. L'ouvrage
forme une suite de peintures didactiques sur les oiseaux employes
a la chasse du vol."

" Les litres maintenus sur la planche au dessous de chaque
tableau et choisis dans les differens chapitres du traite comme
propres a presenter une serie de legons, prouveront I'intelligence
des deux auteurs. Le naturel qu'on remarque dans les attitudes,
soit des hommes, soit des oiseaux, est un efifet d'un commence-
ment de veritd dans le dessin."

The plate containing the larger figure of the Emperor seated,
with a falconer m a kneeling attitude presenting him with a
hawk, forms the frontispiece to the first edition of the work
(No. 308), the introduction of a second figure of a falconer
being admissible from the greater width of a folding plate.

309. ALDROVANDUS (Ulysses). Ornithologi^
LiBRi XII. Bononice. 1 599-1 603. 3 vols, folio.

The first sixteen chapters of lib. i. treat of Birds of Prey in
general. Training the Eagle, lib. i. pp. 32-33 ; Training Hawks
in general, lib. iv. pp. 298-323 ; Training Eyess Falcons, lib. vi.
pp. 436-458.

Compiled chiefly from the works of Demetrius (No. 327), the
Emperor Frederick II. (No. 308), Belisarius Aquaviva (No. 301),
Albertus Magnus (No. 300), and Carcano (No. 267).

LATIN. 173

Ornithologi.^ hoc est de Avibus Historic Libri
XII. Francofurti, Typis Wolfgangi Richteri, sump-
tibus heredum Nicolai Bassaei. 16 10. folio.

This edition, printed in double column, is without illustra-
tions, and has no particular merit. Another edition was printed
at Frankfort, 1 620-1635, where also a German translation, by
Peter Offenbach, appeared in folio, 1610-1640.

Ornithologi^ hoc est de Avibus Historic Libri

XII cum Indice septendecim linguarum copio-

sissima sumptibus Marci Antonii Berniae. Bononiae,
apud Nicolaum Tebaldinum. 163 7- 1646. 3 vols, folio.

Engraved title and numerous woodcuts. The books relating
to Falconry are the following : — " Liber quartus qui est de
Accipitribus in genere ; " " Liber quintus qui est de Accipitribus
in specie ; " " Liber sextus qui est de Falconibus in genere j "
" Liber septimus qui est de Falconibus in specie."

At the end, " Index nominorum septendecim linguarum — sc,
Grseca, Hebraica, Arabica, Persica, ^gyptiaca, Indica [Amer.
Merid.], Italica, Gallica, Hispanica, Germanica, Flandrica,
Anglica, Polonica, Muscovitica, Illyrica, Turcica."

The number of languages is sixteen, not seventeen. If the
Eastern vocabularies are not more accurate than the European
ones, the Index is not of much value. There are numerous
typographical errors; but on the whole this may be regarded
as the most preferable edition of the work, the type being
bold, clear, and not in double column, the illustrations
affording a further recommendation. Tomus alter, Libri
XIII.-XVIIL, 1645 ; Tomus tertius ac postremus, Libri XIX.-
XX., 1637.

310. MOR (Georgius, de Nigro-monte Brigantini).

Tractatus Novus elegans omnium pulcherrimus de

jure Venandi, Aucupandi et Piscandi .... Spirae

Nemetum, typis Joann. Philippi Spiessii. 1602. 410.

Another edition, printed with Bruckmann (No. 312), but

174 BOOKS ON FALCONE V.

with fresh pagination, pp. 1-127. Printed also by Fritsch in
his Corpus Juris Venatorio- Forestalls ^ folio, Lipsise, 1702, vol. i.
tract 2.

311. HAY (Joannes Georgius). Juridica elegans

DiSPUTATIO DE JURE VeNANDI AuCUPANDI ET PiSCANDI.

. ... In nobili Spira, typis ac sumptibus Joannis
Philippi Spiessii. Anno 1602. 4to.

Printed with Mor (No. 310), pp. 128-144. At pp. 141, 142,
this author treats de Aucuplo in specie^ and shows that the term
Aucuplum applies especially to the taking of fowl with falcons
and hawks, but includes also their capture by means of nets,
snares, &c. " Fit verb Aucupium variis modis et prcedpul
Falconibus atque Accipliribus, retibus, laqueis, pedicis, visco,
hamo, sclopo et qusecunq, sit capta fuerent, etiam contra pro-
hibitionem cedunt occupanti."

312. BRUCKMANN (Fridericus). Tractatus III.

Clarissimorum Virorum D. Friderici Bruckmanni,

Sebastiani Medices Florentini et D. Georgii Mor de

Nigro-monte Brigantini, utiles quotidiani et summe

necessarii De Venatione, Piscatione et Aucupio.

In quibus tota materia de jure Venandi, Aucupandi, et

Piscandi, non solum exactissime sed et doctissime ac

solidissime quoad forum tractatur etc. Editio secunda.

Spirse Nemetum, sumptibus Heliae Kembach, Biblio-

polse Spirensis. Anno 1605. 4to.

Three tracts on the Laws of Hunting, Fishing, and Hawking
— namely, Bruckmann (pp. 1-46); Medices (pp. 47-109), with
Index ; and Mor (pp.i-127), fresh pagination, to which is added
(pp. 128-144) the tract by Hay (No. 311). Several points of
interest to falconers are discussed — as, for example, whether a
person taking up a hawk bearing jesses and a bell is bound to
restore it to its owner — a point decided by Medices (pp. 104-
105) in the affirmative. See No. 307.

LATIN. 175

These tracts are also printed by Fritsch in his Corpus Juris
Venator io- Forestalls^ folio, Lipsise, 1702.

313. BISCIOLA (Lselio). Aucupii per Falcatas
AvES usus quam antiquus quaesitum de Accipitrum
genere qusedam notata. In Lib. xvi " Horarum
Subsecivarum." Ingoldstadii ex typographeo Adami
Sartorii. Anno 161 1. folio.

This is the title of cap. i. lib. xvi. of the Hor^ Subseclva
of Bisciola, a work of an encyclopaedic nature, published in two
vols, folio, as above (^ide p. 1149).

Falcatus aves, " quod sit unguibus introrsum versis more falds "
(p. 1 1 54). The dissertation is confined to an examination of
the views of older authors on the origin of Falconry, and to a
division of the birds employed by falconers into the different
kinds of hawks, Acclpltres ; and falcons, Falcones.

314. RIGALTIUS (Nicolas). Ierako.SOPHIOA :
Rei Accipitrari^ Scriptores nunc primum editi.
Accessit Kynosophion: Liber de cura canum ex
Biblioth. Regia Medicea. Lutetiae, sumptibus Hiero-
nymi Drouart. 161 2. 4to.

A work now of some rarity and value. Kreysig (p. 151)
mentions an 8vo edition, published at Basle in 1578 (of which
we have not been able to find a copy), and a second quarto of
1 619. In addition to the Greek works comprised in this
volume, it contains the Latin translations of Symmachus and
Theodotio (No. 223), of Gillius from the Greek of Demetrius
(No. 316), and of Thuanus (No. 306), the titles of whose works
will be found under their names.

The editor, Nicolas Rigault, was librarian to Louis XIII. ,
and one of the executors of de Thou (Thuanus). See note to
No. 30 p 167.

315. SYMMACHUS (Aquila) et THEODOTIO.

Epistol^ Aquilae Symmachi et Theodotionis ad Ptole-

1 7 6 BOOKS ON FALCONE V.

maeum Regem ^gypti, De re Accipitraria, Catala-
nica lingua ; De diversis generibus Falconum sive Acci-
pitrum ; item de infirmitatibus et medecinis eorum
secundum Aquilam Symmachum et Theodotionem in
Epistola ad Ptolemseum Regem ^Egypti. Ex libro
incerti auctoris de natura rerum. Lutetiae. 1612. 4to.

Printed by Nicolas Rigaltius in his Eei Accipitrarice. Scrip-
tores (No. 314). See also No. 223.

316. GILLIXJS (Petrus). De re Accipitraria

Liber. Lutetise. 161 2. 4to.

From the Greek of Demetrius Constantinopolitanus(No. 327).
First printed with the Historia Animaliwn of ^lian, Lugduni
Batavorum, 1562, 8vo, and subsequently by Rigaltius in his
Rei Accipitraria Scriptores (No. 315), together with the fol-
lowing : —

Alius Liber de re Accipitraria minus elegans
quam superior et multo durior itaque a nobis versus
paulo durius et magis constantia causa quod primum
verteramus. Lutetiae. 161 2. 4to.

317. BOSSOW (P.). Quaestiones juris de Vena-

tione, Aucupio, et Piscatione. Basileae. 16 18. 4to.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen. Cited by Kreysig
(No. 323).

318. ISACHIUS (Alphonsus). De Venatione

Tractatus in quo de Piscatione, Aucupio, sylvestri-

umque insectatione agitur etc. Regii apud Flaminium

Bartolum. 1625. 4to.

Printed throughout in italic, and unpaged. Headlines : —
" Quaestio prima," " Qusestio secunda," &c., to " Quaestio decima
septiraa." In the tenth of these sections the author discusses

LATIN. 177

the question which is the most excellent of field sports — Fishing,
Hawking, or Hunting.

Kreysig (No. 323) cites an 8vo edition of 1570.

319. FIBIGIUS (Gotfriedus). Exercitium de
JURE Venandi, Aucupandi et Piscandi, resp. Go.
Scheffer. Jense. 1638. 4to.

Not in the British Museum, and not seen. Cited by Kreysig
(No. 323), and said to contain 4 plates.

320. L.IPSTORP (Danielus). Dissertatio de
JURE Venationis ET Aucupii I resp. J. G. Salenio de
Ehrenhielm. Upsallse. 1663. \\.o.

Not seen. Cited by Kreysig (No. 323).

321. STEIN ACH (Hub. Jos. de). Dissertatio

JuRiDicA DE Ardearum Venatione, vulgo ReiJier-

beisse. Altorfii. 1738. 4to.

This dissertation upon Heron-hawking is cited by Kreysig
(No. 323), and is said to contain 5 plates. No copy is to be
found in the British Museum, nor have we been able to meet
with one elsewhere.

322. SCHMIDTHAUER (Andrea). De Institu-
TiONE AC Venatio Falconum Libri DUO, Perillustrium
Reverendorum Prsenobilium Nobilium ac Eruditorum
Dominorum Neo-Baccalaureorum honoribus dicati cum
in alma et celeberrima Universitate Tyrnaviensi
Promotore R. P. Andrea Schmidthauer e Societate
Jesu AA. LL. et Philosophise Doctore ejusdemque
Professore Ordinario Philosophise Laurea ornarentur.
Anno MDCCXLIX. Tyrnavise [Tournay]. Typis
Academicis Societatis Jesu. 1749. i2mo.

M

t78 BOOKS OlSf PALCONRY.

A Latin poem on Hawking (pp. 1-54) in two Books. Not in
the Britisli Museum, and probably of some rarity. The above
title was transcribed from a copy in the library of M. Pierre A.
Pichot, of Paris.

323. KREYSIG (G. C.) Bibliotheca Scriptorum

Venaticorum continens Auctores qui de Venatione,

Sylvis, Aucupio, Piscatura et aliis eo spectantibus com-

mentati sunt. Congessit George Cristoph Kreysig.

Altenburgi, apud Paulum Emanuelum Richterum.

1750. sm. 8vo.

The earliest printed bibliography of works relating to the
Chase and Falconry, but, even for the date at which it was
published, very incomplete and inaccurate. The absence of
notes, moreover, renders it of little value, save as a guide to
authors' names, the complete titles of whose works must be
sought for elsewhere.

324. BRUNNICH (M. Th.). Ornithologia Bore-
ALis : sistens Collectionem Avium ex omnibus imperio
Danico subjectis provincils insulisque borealibus
Hafniae factam : cum descriptionibus novarum, nomi-
nibus incolarum, locis natalium et icone. Imprimatur,
J. C. Kail. Hafniae. 1764. 8vo.

Referring to the value formerly set upon Iceland falcons and
the prices paid for them, this author remarks (p. 2) : — " Utrum
falco islandicus speciei sit singularis, vel ad alias notas re-
ferendus nondum constat. Varietates sunt sine dubio 7-9
[these numbers refer to his descriptions] quas soli Dani^ Regi
vendere tenentur Islandi. Pretium quoque triplex pro triplici
hsec varietate Islandis solvendum a rege est constitutum ; nempe
pretium Falc. 7 (albus) in Islandia est 17 impp, dan. Falc, 8
(albus) 10 impp. Falc. 9 (fuscus) 7 impp."

On being brought from Iceland to Copenhagen these hawks
were at least partially trained by the royal falconers before being
forwarded as presents to the Courts of Europe.

LATIN. 179

" Hafuiam singulo anno ex Islandise portu Holmenshavn
transportantur falcones hi qui postea, venatione edocti, ad
varias aulas principum munera inter septentrionis rariora mit-
tuntur."

Writing of the Hobby Falco subbuteo (p. 3), Briinnich states
that this bird, as well as the Goshawk and Iceland Falcon,
were trained for hawking at the royal villa near Copenhagen.
" F.ge7itilis {Blaaefttgl dicitur hie a falconariis Danicis) islandus
et subbuteo in villa regia prope Hafniam ad venationes instruuntur."

He also refers to the falconers' method of imping or repairing
broken feathers : — " Retrices Isesge v. detritse reparantur a fal-
conariis addendis aliis, acubus nempe belgicis ad basin veteris
pennge novam affigunt ; quod observatione dignum ne descrip-
tores tali artificio decepti, novas effingant species vel varietates "
(P- 3).

325. SCHNEIDER (Jo. Gottl.). Catalogus AucT-
ORUM qui de re Accipitraria scripserunt cum locis
inde excerptis. Lipsise. 1788. 4to.

This catalogue is appended to the author's edition of the
work of the Emperor Frederick II. (No. 308), vol. ii. pp. 106-
125, but is hardly worth mention, since it does not include notices
of more than a dozen works on Falconry. The author, however,
was evidently sensible of its deficiency when writing as fol-
lows:— " Poterunt facile catalog© huic attexere multos alios,
imprimis gallice scriptos de arte falconaria libros, quibus usus
publicarum copiisque abundantium literariis bibliothecarum cata-
logorumque conceditur, quo mihi carendum est" (p. 125).

Although allusions to the art of Falconry may be found in
the works of several Latin authors not mentioned above, as, for
example —

Aristotle, Hist. An., lib. ix. cap. 36 ;
Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. vii. cap. 10;
^lian, De Nat. An., lib. ii. cap. 42 ;
Martial, Epigr., lib. xiv. no. 216;
Oppian, Cynegeticon, lib. i. 62-66;

the passages referred to are not of sufficient length or im-
portance to justify the insertion of the full tides of the works
in the present bibliography.

i8o BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

326. PALLAS (Petrus). Zoographia Rosso-
AsiATiCA, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Im-
perio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum
recensionem, Domicilia, Mores, et Descriptiones,
Anatomen atque I cones plurimorum. Auctore Petro
Pallas. Petropoli. 1811-31. 3 vols. 4to.

In the first volume of this work by the Russian naturalist
Pallas, will be found many details of interest to falconers under
the head of Jerfalcon (p. 325), Falcon (p. 327), Lanner (p. 331),
Hobby (p. 332), Merlin (p. 337), Eagle {Berkut, p. 339),
Goshawk (p. 367), and Sparrow-hawk (p. 371). The Russian,
Tartar, and Calmuck names for these birds are also given,
which will be found useful when referring to the Russian works
on Falconry hereafter to be mentioned.

This author particularly mentions the delight v/hich the
Empress Catharine II. of Russia took in lark-hawking with
Merlins, adding that she used to liberate them at the end of
the season, fresh ones being caught for her every year

(P- 337)-

Of the eagle trained by the Tartars, and called by them
Berkut, he observes :

"Instruitur praesertim ad Anteloparum, et Luporum Vul-
pium.que venation em, et inter duos falconarios in pertica, vel
in ligneo sustentaculo stapedi equitis innixo, tecta oculos
praefertur."

A trained eagle, he says, was considered equal in value to
two camels : " Docta aquila apud Kirgisos duobus camelis
aequiparatur " (p. 339).

He refers to a white variety of the Goshawk, Asiur palum-
barius which is remarkable : —

" Varietas alba, aestumatissima, rarius circa Uralenses
montes, frequentius in Orientali Sibiria, et vulgaris in Cam-
schatca, cum gyrfalcone albo observatur; hsec prima aetate
albescens, naevia, aetate tota Candida evadit, et ad venationem
fortissima habetur. Hanc videtur voluisse Joh. Bell (///«. /.
edit. gall. p. 394), e regione Amur fl. in aulam Imp. Chinensium
adferii visam " (p. 368).

GREEK. i8x

Note. — While on the subject of Latin works on Falconry, it
may be of interest to refer to some notes by John Holmes on
a Latin MS. of Italian execution, fifteenth century, British
Museum Add. MSS. 20774 (f. 79).

The writer's name with date occurs at the end thus : " An-
tonius de Lampugnano cognatus et discipulus Magistri Jacobi
de Caponayo, Mediolanensis, scripsit hoc opus anno Domini
mccccliiij."

It comprises seven tracts, the titles of which are given by
Holmes (/.<:.). The second is entitled "Tractatus de Libro
Moami de dispositionibus rapacium avium et medicamentis
infirmitatum occultatum." The book of Moamus, or Mohamin,
an Arab falconer, is one of those which, having been first
rendered into Latin, was translated by Tardif from the Latin
into French (see antea^ pp. 6(> note and 72 note). It is also
mentioned byArcussia (No. 153), and by Artelouche de Alagona
(No. 149), whose work is printed with that of Jean de Fran-
chieres (No. 145). An Italian translation of this treatise, made
for Ferdinand I. of Aragon, King of Naples, was in the Earl of
Ashburnham's library. As to the book of Moamus or Mohamin,
see notes to Nos. 139 and 359, and the introductory notice by
Jullien to his edition of Tardif (No. 142), p, xvii.

The fourth tract is entitled " Alise rubricae de infirmitatibus et
medicinis secundum Danchum regem," commencing " Danchus
rex stabat in suo pallatio " (see No. 139, note).

Holmes refers to an Arabic treatise in the Bodleian Library,
Cod. MS. Marsh 148, by Alhegiagi ben Khaithama, which
appears to agree nearly with this, and of which the title
in Latin would be " Utilitates avium morborumque earum
remedia."

327. Ar]iir]TpLov KojvcrravTivoTroXtTOv nepi rrjg

Tix)P leQUKbiv avaTQo(^i]Q T£ Kfu QeQaTcetuQ. 1270.

Demetrius of Constantinople, physician to the Emperor
Michael Palseologus in 1270, is one of the oldest writers on
Falconry.

1 87 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

The Greek text of his treatise was first printed in 1612 by
Rigault, librarian to Louis XIII., in his Rei Accipitraria. Scriptores
(No. 314) from two MSS. in the Bibliotheque Royale, Paris;
but a Latin translation by Pierre Gilles {a Petro Gillio Latine
redditus) had been previously published at Leyden in 1562
with the Historia Animalium of ^lian. This is reprinted by
Rigault (op. cit.), with separate pagination (pp. 1-118).

Besides the two MSS. in Paris, there is a third in the Imperial
Library at Vienna, in which there are considerable variations
{cf. Hammer Purgstall, No. 112, p. xxix.). It was probably this
MS. which was lent by a physician of Vienna to Gesner, who
in great part translated and incorporated it in his work De Avibus
(No. 303).

As both this MS. and that used by Gillius (No. 316) have the
name of Demetrius at the commencement, it has been assumed
that this was the name of the author of the treatise. He
styles himself " Constantinopolitou," and addresses himself
to the Emperor, who was devoted to training and managing
hawks.

The treatise commences by teaching how and when hawks are
to be caught ; how to choose one ; how to distinguish the different
kinds ; how to tell whether a hawk is sick or in good health ;
how to tame and train them ; and concludes by an enumeration
of the various diseases to which hawks are supposed to be
liable, with the remedies prescribed. These recipes were
apparently copied from older MSS., for the author in his first
chapter states that not a few wise men had already written on
this part of the subject.

The details which he gives of the methods of catching and
training hawks in Greece in his day (the middle of the thirteenth
century) are interesting as showing the antiquity of some of the
practices well known to modern falconers.

The capture of the birds was effected from a hut in which
the falconer was concealed, and from which he let out
decoy pigeons, on taking which the hawks themselves were
seized.

Another plan was for the falconer to extend himself at full
length upon the ground, covering himself with grass, and flutter-
ing a pigeon to attract the hawk, which he grasped by the
legs as soon as the pigeon was taken. Hawks were also

A FALCONER OF CYPRUS.

From an engraving after Titian.

The original in possession of the Harl of Carlisle.

GREEK. 183

captured by pegging down a live pigeon in the midst of limed
twigs, or in a net suspended from a tree in front of which was
tethered a live fowl or pigeon.

As soon as taken, the hawk was enveloped in a linen " sock "
(as is the practice with the Dutch hawk-catchers of the present
day), and kept thus for a day or two until the taming com-
menced. It was then placed in a dark room on a perch, to
which it was attached by jesses, and the perch had a linen
curtain depending from it, as at the present day.

It was carried indifferently on the right or left hand; was
fed only once a day, and had a bath every fourth day.

The principles of training were the same then as now, but it
seems that the hawks were only flown from the hand, and were
not put upon the wing before the game was sprung. They were
flown at partridges, pheasants, and wild-ducks, the falconer
running quickly towards the quarry, and putting it up with a
shout, or, in the case of wild fowl, by beating a drum. In the
latter case, says the author, the hawk did not carry bells. Each
hawk was flown three or four times a day. It is remarkable that
no mention is made of the hood, which was first introduced into
Europe by Frederick II., who had learnt its use from Arab
falconers when in the East. On the other hand, the use of the
curtain, though not mentioned by the Emperor Frederick
(No. 308), was (as shown above) known to the Greek falconer.

328. OpV€0(T6(j)lOV aypOLKOTCpOV,

This anonymous work is the second of the Greek treatises
printed by Rigault (op. cit.), and occupies pp. 177-239 of his
collection. The Latin translation by Gillius, given in the same
volume, is entitled Alius liber de Accipitraria. It is believed
to be of later date than the work of Demetrius, and deals
entirely with the maladies of hawks and their supposed re-
medies.

329. Opveoau^Lov KeXevaei yeyovog tov aoiSi-

fiov ^a(n\eit)£ Kvpiov M.i^ari\.

This treatise, which is also anonymous, was composed for the
Emperor Michael VIII., and is the third and last of the Greek
treatises printed by Rigault (op. cit.).

1 84 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

It has not been translated. It is divided into two parts, of
which the first contains descriptions of the different kinds of
hawks, while the second relates to the treatment of their
diseases.

330. '^IspaKOfTo^LP els larpsLap ogviiov^ Kai e\q
Koirag kol KpM/ia, olov t,ayavo)Pi (paXKOplcDV^

TTETpiTCOP, lepaKLMP, T^OVpaKlCJP KttL O^VTTTSQVyoiP.

Printed by Hammer-Purgstall, in his Falknerklee i^o. 112),
pp. 81-85, "^^ 3, commentary by von Eichenfeld, pp. 86-88.
The MS., in semi-modern Greek, is preserved in the Imperial
Library at Vienna. It is virtually an extract from the last-
named, and is perhaps the second Greek treatise on the subject
referred to by Gesner in his work De Avibus.

1Ru06ian»

331. qAPfl AJEKCBfl MHXAHiOBIiqA KIOirA OArO-
JEMCfl yPfl^HIIK'L : IIOBOE yiOafEIIIE DA yCTPOEHIE

HHHA coKOJbiiiiqAro iiyiPi. lees.

Tsarya Aleksyiya Mi^ailovicha Knigha glago-
lemsya uryddnik' : ndvoe ulozhhiie 71a ustroenie china
sokolnichova pMi. 1 668."^

Of the Tsar Alexis Michaelovltch The Book
CALLED THE Law : New Rules and Regulations for the
Practice of Falconry. 1668.

Of all the Russian Sovereigns whose names in history have

* The system of transliteration here adopted is phonetic; but such that the
words may be easily found by any one able to use a Russian dictionary. The
vowels are pronounced as in Italian ; the consonants as in English. The hard
sign is indicated in the body of a word by doubling the consonant ; the soft sign,
when necessary, by <>=. The guttural German d) is so written ; the thick i ( I>I)
is written i.

liUSSIAN. 185

been associated with a love of field sports, none gave
greater support and encouragement to the practice of Falconry
than the Tsar Alexis Michaelovitch. At the village of Kolo-
mensk, about seven versts from Moscow, he maintained a
considerable hawking stud, and employed a very large number of
falconers to look after the birds, which were captured by pro-
fessional hawk-catchers in all parts of the Russian empire. So
great was his enthusiasm for this sport that in 1668 he caused
special laws to be drawn up for the purpose of regulating its
practice, supplemented by notes under his own hand, the
observance of which was enforced under severe penalties.

The title of this code is given above. The original is pre-
served at Moscow, and will be found printed in the " Old Russian
Library " (part iii. p. 430), and in the edition of the letters of the
Tsar Alexis Michaelovitch, with remarks by P. Bes9onoff, and
explanatory notes by S. T. Akganoff, according to Haller
(No. 336) not always accurate.

It is referred to by Korsakoff (No. 335), and an extract is
given by Adelung in his account of the travels of the Austrian
ambassador, Baron Meyerberg, in 1662 — Augustin Freiherr von
Meyerberg und seine Reise nach Russland, St. Petersburg, 1827,
pp. 211-229 and notes, pp. 298-305.

According to Hammer Purgstall (No. 112), p. xxii., this code
was probably derived from Mongol sources, but a perusal of the
outlines given by Adelung and Haller has not led us to that
conclusion.

After a somewhat lengthy justification of such an exceptional
statute for an apparently trifling object, there follows a disquisi-
tion in praise of fowling in general, and hawking in particular.
The practice of Falconry is then treated in several chapters
with extraordinary diffuseness and in considerable detail : the
rank, duties, and costume of the different grades of falconers
are carefully indicated, and even the rank and trappings of the
favourite falcons minutely described ; to which are added the
names of no less than ninety-two of these valuable birds.
Their appellations are derived, sometimes from their colour,
sometimes from individual peculiarities or other circumstances.
Amongst them we find Gavianon, the noisy one, from gam, a
noise ; Maletz, the knave ; Belai, the white one ; Smelai, the
bold one ; Orel, the eagle ; &c. The seventh clause indicates

(86 BOOKS ON FALCONRY,

the duties of a newly appointed falconer, which were read out to
him in presence of the Tsar, and includes the form of his
* appointment and investiture with the insignia of his office,
namely, an ermine cap, apair of gloves, and a silver shoulder-belt,
from which hung a red velvet falconer's bag containing the
certificate of his appointment and a copy of the oath administered
to him, in addition to which he received a lure, a silver horn,
and a hawking-glove.

During this reign, Falconry may be said to have reached its
zenith in Russia, and although to some extent hawking was
carried on by the successors of Alexis Michaelovitch, with his
death national enthusiasm for the sport died out.

The weak state of health of the Tsar Feodor Alexejevitch,
the insufficient means of Ivan Alexejevitch to keep up so
costly an appurtenance of state, and the early inclinations of
Peter the Great for occupations of a very different kind,
caused Falconry to lose much of the importance which once
attached to it in Russia, and reduced it to comparative insignifi-
cance.

During the last few years an attempt has been made to revive
the sport in that country by the formation at St. Petersburg, in
1884, of a Russian Falconry Club (see Haller, No. 336), of
which, in 1888, the present writer was elected an honorary
member.

332. 3EBCniIin3 (B.). COBEPniEHHblli ErEPT*. 1779.

Zevschin^ {B.). Sovershdnnli Eger\i.e..,jager\. i779'

Zevschin (V.). The Complete Sportsman. 1779.

According to this writer, in his day considered an authority
on field sports, and cited by Haller, No. -^ji^^ p. 73, the
Russian falconers distinguished three different kinds of noithern
Jerfalcons used by them for hawking, namely, the White Jerfalcon,
Chetvertnoi krechet^ considered very rare; the Spotted Jer-
falcon, Pouketovoi krechety with black spots on a white ground ;
and the Grey Jerfalcon, Send krechet, of a pale-grey colour,
probably the immature plumage.

Besides these there is the Saker, which the Russian falconers
call Krasnii krechet, or Red Jerfalcon, from the reddish or
sandy colour of the dorsal plumage.

RUSSIAN. 187

According to Haller, the Kirghis and Bashkirs call the
Jerfalcon Schounkar, distinguishing the White Jerfalcon as Ak-
schounkar, thougli Meyerberg (1662) says it is the male only
which they call Schonkar, the female bird being designated
Itelgoe. Cf. Adelung, Meyerberg und seine Reise nach Russland^
p. 218. Meyerberg's statement is confirmed by the Russian
naturalist Pallas (No. 326), i. p. 325.

On the subject of the white falcons of Siberia sent to China,
which will be found noticed hereafter under the head of
Chinese works on Falconry, the reader may be referred to
John Bell's "Travels to Pekin," 2 vols. 4to, Glasgow, 1763
(vol. i. ch. xi.); "The Travels of Marco Polo," translated by
William Marsden, 4to, London, 1818 (pp. 221, 342, and 749),
and Ranking's " Historical Researches on the Wars and
Sports of the Mongols and Romans," 4to, London, 1826 (pp. 77
note, So, and 210).

333. CEMEHTOBCKA.ro : CKA3AHIE 0 JOBAXT) KHflSEli
KIEBCKIIXT).

Sementovskova. Skazdnie 0 Lovd^ KnyazH Kiev-
ski^.

Sementovski : Narrative of the Hunting of the
Princes of Kiev.

Cited by Haller (No. ZZ^^- Referring to the captivity of
Izor Prince Severski, it is said that he was allowed to amuse
himself by hawking with the Goshawk — flCTpe6aM'B aoBaiueTs.

The falconers — coko.ii.hhki. (whose office in Russia dates back
to the fourteenth century) — besides other duties, had to procure
hawks. These they got from Zavalochie on the Petchora, in the
Ural regions, Perm and Siberia, especially from the shores of the
White Sea, on the Mourman, Zimnie, Terski, and in Novaja
Zemlia.

By virtue of a treaty with the great city of Novgorod, the
Tsars sent their falconers there every year, ordering them to be
furnished with provisions and horses.

In Heym's Geogr. EncycL des Russ. Reichs, p. 561, it is stated
that at one time the population of Novgorod included 179 male

.

i»8 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

and 1 86 female falconers {Falkenjdger). See also Karamsin,
Geschichte des Russ. Reichs, 2nd ed. Th. v. p. 161.

In the government of Kiev, according to Count Branicki
(cited by Schlegel, No. 194), a peculiar method of partridge
hawking was practised. A dog and sparrow-hawk were
employed for the purpose. The dog having " set " the par-
tridges, the falconer stood behind him with the hawk on his fist
while his assistant walked round the birds and got some distance
in front of them. He then showed the hawk the lure, and, as
it flew off the falconer's hand and skimmed low over the
ground, the partridges lay so close that they were easily covered
with a net. This sport was practised in the month of October.
On the same authority, Schlegel states that in the government
of Moscow quails were taken with the sparrow-hawk, which
was flown from the hand immediately the quail had been
flushed by the dog.

334. MnJiEPX (O. IL). II3BBCTIE 0 ^BOPHHAXl)
POCCIliCKHXT). neiepSypr-L. 1790.

Mailer [P. E.). Izvydstie 0 Dvorydna^ Rossiiski^.
Peter burg. 1790.

Mtiller (F. E.). The Russian Country Gentle-
man. St. Petersburg. 1790.

From this author we learn that the office of Grand Falconer
in Russia was first instituted in 1550. He mentions the names
of some of the earliest of those appointed, and states that in
rank they were even higher than Chamberlains. The salary was
120 roubles.

335. KOPCAKOBT) (A.). CE^O KOiOMEHCKOB : HCTOPII-
^ECKIU OHEPKT). 1870.

Korsakoff (^.)- ^^^'^ Kolomdnskoe : istoricheskii
ocherk. 1870.

Korsakoff (A.). The Village Kolomensk : an
Historical Sketch. 1870. [New Edition.]

J^l/SS/AM 189

According to Haller (No. 336), this book, from which he
gives extracts (p. lo), has already become scarce, and the first
edition is perhaps hardly to be obtained.

It contains a detailed account of the ceremony observed by
the Tsar Alexis Michaelovitch on the appointment of a royal
falconer, the ceremony taking place at Kolomensk, a village
near Moscow, where the Tsar often went for hawking, and
where the imperial hawks were kept.

The hawk-house here contained, it is said, as many as 3000
(^u. 300) different Falcons, Jerfalcons, Goshawks, and Sparrow-
hawks. They were fed, according to Kaschikhine, an historian
of the seventeenth century, upon beef and mutton brought daily
from the imperial larder, and upon pigeons, which the falconers
had the right to catch everywhere and bring to Moscow to a
spacious pigeon-house, containing, it was said, 100,000 birds,
which were fed upon bran, rye, and wheat.

The Tsar was said to know every hawk by name, and usually
bestowed the names himself. Their transport from the places
where they were caught was effected under special regulations,
inattention to which was severely punished (cf. Haller, p. 15).

336. TAwI^EP'L (K.). OXOTA CT> COKOJAMII II flCTPE-
13AM II. neiepGypn.. 1885.

Haller (C). O^ota s' Sokolami t Yastrebamt.
Peter burg. 1885.

Haller (C). The Chase with Falcons and
Hawks. St. Petersburg. 1885.

In February 1884, under the auspices of Prince Alexander
Petrovitch of Oldenburg, a Falconry Club was organised at
St. Petersburg, and the author of this book, the late Mr. Con-
stantine Haller, was elected the first president thereof. His
enthusiasm for the sport prompted him to publish this contri-
bution to the literature of Falconry, in the hope that it might
give encouragement to its attempted revival.

With the exception of the code of rules and regulations issued
by the Tsar Alexis Michaelovitch (No. 331), which can scarcely
be termed a treatise on Falconry (although containing many

190 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

details of interest to falconers), this is the only work in Russian
which has come to hand relating exclusively to the subject of
hawking. It is divided into twelve chapters, preceded by an
Introduction in which the author states (p. 4) that the chief
obstacle to the revival of the sport in Russia is the want of pro-
fessional falconers, who should come, he says, from England,
Holland, or elsewhere, like John Barr, the well-known Scotch
falconer, who was engaged for some time by the Champagne
Hawking Club, in an attempt to revive the sport in France.

The first chapter is entitled Istoricheskii ocherk oi)otl s'
lobcheme ptitzami, or historical outlines of the chase with
raptorial birds. In this we find a good many details which have
been given by previous authors, though we do not remember to
have elsewhere met with the statement (p. 6) that, in Prussia,
Hochmeister Conrad von Jungingen founded a school of
Falconry in 1396.

In Russia hawking with Falcons, Goshawks, and berkuts (or
eagles) — o^ota s' sokolafjii, yastrebami, i berkutami — was very
widely practised (p. 6), and was for centuries a favourite amuse-
ment (p. 8). Sementovski's " Narrative of the Hunting of the
Princes of Kiev " (No. 333) is quoted (p. 8), and the doings of the
Tsar Alexis Michaelovitch, who is said by some to have inherited
his taste for Falconry from his grandfather, Feodor Nikitiche
Romanoff, and by others to have imbibed it from his tutor,
Morozoff (p. 9). Adelung's account of Baron Meyerberg's travels
in Russia is quoted, and Korsakoff's description (No. 335) of the
imperial hawking stud at the village of Kolomensk (p. 10) and of
the ceremony of appointing a royal falconer (pp. 11-15)5 already
noticed. After the death of the Tsar Alexis, Falconry became
neglected in Russia. When Peter I. came to the throne the trans-
port of falcons from Verkotourie was stopped. The Empress
Elizabeth Petrovna sometimes went out hawking in the neigh-
bourhood of Moscow, as did also the Empress Catharine II.,
who especially loved a flight with Merlins, oxoxa ct Aep^HHuaMH.
The last hawking seen at the Russian Court (until the establish-
ment, in February 1884, of the new Falconry Club) was at the
coronation of the Emperor Alexander II. in 1856, when berkutes
(eagles) were brought from Orenburg for the purpose of being
flown in the demesne of Count Tolstoi at bagged wolves and foxes.

The second chapter indicates the chief divisions of birds of
prey used for the chase, with general remarks on the Falcon,

liUSSlAN. 191

Jerfalcon, and Goshawk — sokol, krechet, i yastreb — including the
Red Jerfalcon or Saker, krasnii krechet. Chapter iii. relates
to "the Balabdn^ a species of Falcon," namely, the Lanner
(although in Persia this name is applied to the Saker — see note
to No. 343) ; chapter iv., the Peregrine YzXcon^ sokol ; chapter v.,
the Eleonora Falcon, chernyui ; chapter vi., the Hobby, kopetsi,
a name also applied to the Merlin {kopets is a small lance, or
dart); chapter vii., the Merlin, derbnik, with a section entitled
*' Hawking in the Nineteenth Century," and details of the quarry
killed with different hawks ; chapter viii., short-winged hawks,
yastreba ; chapter ix., the Goshawk, velikii yastreb ; chapter x.,
the Sparrow-hawk, w^ZtV jj'a^//'^^/ literally the little Goshawk;
chapter xi., procuring, rearing, and managing hunting birds,
ao6biBaHic BocnHTaHie h coAepiKaHie jiobhhxt. nTHii,T. [Lobiivanie
vospetanie e soderzhanie lobchi^ ptits) — this chapter is illus-
trated with figures of jesses, swivels, blocks, &c. ; chapter xii.,
" calling off " and training eyesses and flying them, instruc-
tions, remarks, and advice, with figures of hoods.

The following are the Russian names for Falcons and Hawks,
extracted from the authorities above quoted : —
Jerfalcon. — Female, Krechet; male, Tschelig-krechatoi.

With the Bashkir-Tartars, male, Schonkar ; female, Itelgoe.
White Jerfalcon : Chetvertnoi Krechet.

The orthography of the Tartar name for the Jerfalcon
varies, and has probably been written phonetically by the authors
who have attempted to quote it. Pallas has Schonkar. The
Swedish traveller Strahlenberg,* who refers to the white falcons
" which are sent in great numbers to China from the province
of Dauria," calls the bird Tzungar. Mr. A. O. Hume, the lead-
ing authority on the birds of India, identifies with the Shanghar
a bird which he describes and figures under the name Falco
Hendersoni (" Lahore to Yarkand," 1870, p. 171), but which Mr.
J H. Gurney thinks may be only a stage of the Saker, and is
identical with Falco jnilvipes, Hodgson.
Falcon {i.e., Peregrine). — Female, Sokol ; male, Tschelig Sokolei.

* " An Histori-geographical Description of the Norih and Eastern part of Europe
and Asia, but more particularly of Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary, both in
their ancient and modern state. Written originally in High German by Mr.
Philip John von Strahlenberg, a Swedish officer, thirteen years captive in those
parts. Now faithfully translated into English. 410. London. 1736."

tgi BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Lanner. — Balaban, S. Russia ; in Siberia, Sherebetz ; with the

Calmucks, Itelgoe. Common throughout the desert of Tartary.
Saker. — Krasnii Krechet, i.e., Red Jerfalcon ; Itelgoe, Itelgui,

with the Bashkirs and Kirghis (Haller).
Hobby. — Shchoglok, or Choglak ; in some provinces, Kopets.
Red-legged Hobby. — Kopets and Koptschik.
Merlin. — Derbnik and Derbnichok (dimin.).
Kestrel. — Pustolga.
Eagle. — Orel (generic), Berkut (specific) ; with the Tartars

generally, Bjurkut. See an article on this bird in The

Field of December 27, 1890. With the Kirghis a trained

eagle is worth two camels (Pallas, vol. i. p. 339).
The Spotted Eagle, Aquila clanga, Pallas, ncevia, Brisson, is

called by the Tartars Karagush, i.e., black eagle.

The writer has been recently informed by Prince Boris Swiato-
polk Cyetwertynski that in his opinion the species to which the
name berkut is properly applied is not, as has been supposed by
some authors, the golden eagle {Aguila chrysaetus, Linnaeus,
nobilis, Pallas), which the Russians call orel, but one of the
smaller eagles, either A. naevia or A. bonellii. He adds, how-
ever, that the young golden eagle in its first or dark plumage,
which is called by the. Tartars Kara-tschagyl, or " black eagle,"
is often called berkut. He describes the true berkut as being
" larger than a falcon, but smaller than an eagle."

Strahlenberg has some interesting remarks on the Siberian
eagles used by the Tartars. " There are three sorts of eagles,"
he says, " in Siberia. The first and largest sort the Tartars call
Barkut. They are coal-black, and so is the very beak of them.
The skin about the nostrils and the legs only are of a lemon

colour The second sort is called in the Tartarian tongue,

Kutschugan ; and the third and least sort, Kara-kush, in Latin
Aquila naevia [the Spotted Eagle]. The Tartars make use of
this sort of eagles as they do of falcons for hawking " (p. 360).

See also Col. T. E. Gordon, " The Roof of the World : being a
narrative of a journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the
Russian frontier, and the Oxus sources on Pamir," 8vo, Edin-
burgh, 1876 (pp. 78, 88).
Goshawk. — Yastreb ; the young, Raibik. With the Calmucks

and Mongols, Itelgoe.
Sparrow-hawk. — Perepelyatnik, i.e., the Quail-hawk.

FALCONERS OF TURKESTAN

WITH THE TRAINED EAGLE, OR BERKUT,

From a sketch made by Col. T. E. Qordon

In Eastern Turkestan.

TURKISH. 193

Note. — The latest contribution to the literature of Falconry
in Russia will be found in three articles by the present writer,
contributed to The Field m 1890, namely, " Trained Eagles,"
with an illustration of one, August 2 ; "The Eagles used by
Russian Falconers," August 1 6 ; and " The Berkut of Tur-
kestan," December 27.

-^-^"j. Baz Nameh li Mahmud ibn Muhammed ul
Barchini,

The Book of the Hawk of Mahmud B. Md. ul
Barchini. Fourteenth century.

This work, which appears to be an adaptation of the treatise
described by Dr. Rieu (Cat. Persian MSS. in Brit. Mus., vol. ii.
pp. 484, 485), is printed in Turkish, with a German translation,
by Hammer Purgstall (No. 112), from a MS. at Milan. It was
composed, he says, in the fourteenth century, and the Turkish
author states that it was at first written in a civilised language,
and was translated into Arabic, thence into Persian, and from
Persian into Turkish.

It consists of 155 bdbs^ or sections, some of them very short
ones, and after some confused traditions relative to the origin of
Falconry, descriptions of the birds used, and notes on the
method of feeding and training them, the greater portion of the
treatise is devoted to an enumeration of the diseases to which
hawks are supposed to be liable, and the remedies proposed for
them.

Schlegel, who cites this work on the authority of Hammer
Purgstall, is of opinion that the latter has failed in his attempt
to identify the species of hawks referred to by their Turkish or
Arabic names, and in this he is right. For example, the Shahin,
can hardly be the Lanner ; by this name Indian falconers
designate the Peregrine. The Kartschal, if used (as the Turkish
author states) to take Roe-deer, is not likely to be any species

If

194 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

of Harrier {^Circus), as suggested by Hammer Purgstall. Accord-
ing to the Russian naturalist, Pallas (No. 326), the proper
mode of spelling this word is Kara-tschagyl — i.e., "black eagle,"
which is said to be the Golden Eagle in the dark immature
plumage ; called also in Turkish Kara-Kusch or black bird, it is
used by the Tartars, Calmucks, Mongols, and Tangutes for
catching deer, wolves, and foxes, and is called by the Tartars
Berkui or Barkut (Persian Bargut).

The Taghrul from the description given seems to be some
kind of eagle, but cannot be, as Hammer Purgstall supposes,
Pallas's Sea Eagle. It is probably the Tschagyl, above mentioned.

The Lesak, or Kilitsch Kusch, which he identifies with the
Hobby, Schlegel thinks more likely to be the Kestrel, although
he overlooks the fact that this bird is of no use to falconers.

In translating the Turkish word Tshakir (Arabic, Sakr) — i.e.,
the Saker— by the German word Hahicht (Goshawk), he has
overlooked the statement of the Turkish author that his bird
had dark eyes, not yellow ones, and was therefore a long-winged
falcon, and not a short- winged hawk.

Finally, the bird referred to by the name Otilga, and con-
sidered doubtful by Hammer Purgstall (p. xvii.), is in all
probability the Saker, which is known to the Kirghis as Itelgoe,
or Jfelgui, though according to Pallas (No. 326) this name is
applied by the Bashkirs to the female Jerfalcon.

Mr. Sidney J. A. Churchill, now on the British Legation at
Tehran, writes that he has examined a Persian MS. in the
possession of Mr. J. Fargues, the Superintendent of the Indo-
European Government Telegraph Department at Tehr^m, which
appears to be a copy of the work referred to by Dr. Rieu, and
that Hammer Purgstall's text is a Turki version of it. The MS.
at Tehrkn was copied a.h. 1236 — i.e., a.d. 1820. The author
states that " his friends suggested that he should gather together
the experience of masters of the craft, and their books, and that
which was in accordance with the laws of Nature, composed by "
various writers named by him, and dated in the years a.h.
569, 571, 590, and 592, equivalent respectively to a.d. 1173,
1175, ii93,and 1195. It is therefore a compilation. He adds
that he had heard that books had been found in Baghdad, and
that by royal orders the library had been removed to Alex-
andria ; and that after Alexander a lady ascended the throne,

TURKISH. 195

and removed the books to Antioch, where they remained until
her son succeeded her as Sovereign of Constantinople. Orders
were subsequently given for the library to be destroyed, but a
man named Ibrahim Ben Hailan, of the Zani faith, got hold of
some of the books and took them to Baghdad, where they
were translated into Syriac. " I procured these books," he says,
" and sought for somebody who understood them. Amongst
others came a man of the Uzlug Turkish tribe from the sea-shore.
The puny one knew all languages, and translated the book
from the Syriac into our language." Then follows the origin
of Falconry according to the ancient text.

338. KiTAB MuKHTAS Dari H Sharcf ud Din Alp-
Arselan Garabli. a.h. 915.

The Book relating to Hawks of Sharef ud Din
Alp Arselan Gardbli. a.h. 915 — i.e., a.d. 1509.

This is No. 62 of Hammer Purgstall's Catalogue (p. xxxii.),
wherein only the Turkish title is given. His No. (>2, is the Baz
Nameh, or Book of the Hawk, of Mahmud ibn Muhammed ul
Barchini, of which the entire Turkish text is printed with a German
translation as above noticed. He omits the author's statement
that he is better known as " Katib Turk iy eh," or the Turkish
Scribe.

In a volume of miscellanies preserved in the British Museum,
Add. MSS. 23,594, there is a Turkish treatise on Falconry
apparently of the eighteenth century. It consists of 84 folios,
and is described as : —

339. A Treatise on Animals used in the Chase,

viz., Hawks, Hounds, and Hunting Leopards ; their

training and the treatment of their diseases. Translated

from the Arabic by Murteza, known as Nazmi Zadeh

with the heading Baz Ndmeh, the Book of the Hawk.

The Turkish translator states that he wrote this version,
A.H. II 15 (a.d. 1703), by desire of 'Ali Pasha, Governor of
Baghdad. The Arabic text was contained in a recent copy of

196 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

the second part of the work of Isa B. 'Ali B. Hasan al-Asedi ;
and Nazmi Zadeh, unable to procure the first part, supplied some
additional matter from other sources. An imperfect copy of the
original work is described in the Catalogue of Arabic MSS. in
Brit. Mus., p. 634 b. See also Leclerc, Histoire de la Medecine
Arabe^ i. p. 503.

The work is divided into a great number of small sections,
termed bdbs, but not numbered. The first contains traditions
respecting those who first made use of birds of prey for the
chase, fol. 2 b. The second describes the various kinds of
hunting birds, fol. 4 a. The rest of the contents may be briefly
described as follows : — Training and Feeding of Hawks, fol. 7 b ;
Diseases of Hawks and their Treatment, fol. 14 a; On the
Nature and Good Qualities of Hounds, fol. 66 b ; Diseases of
Hounds and their Treatment, fol. 71a j Diseases of the Cheetah,
or Hunting Leopard, fol. 81 b.

Note. — For an interesting account of Hawking as practised
in the province of Cilicia, Turkey in Asia, where the Goshawk
i^yxcY\^\s.^doghan) is chiefly employed, the reader may be referred
to a volume by William Burckhardt Barker (son of John Barker,
who died at Suwaidyah, near Antioch, in 1850, and godson of
the eminent traveller and oriental scholar Louis Burckhardt),
entitled "Lares and Penates: or, Cilicia and its Governors;
being a short historical account of that Province from the
earliest times to the present day." 8vo. London, 1853. The ob-
servations on Falconry will be found pp. 284-298. Besides the
Goshawk, the Turkomans train the Peregrine (Turkish, Shehee?i\
the Lanner (Turkish, Seifee), and the Sparrowhawk (Turkish,
Atonaj'ia), while the Jerfalcon, or, it may be, the Saker (Turkish,
Songhar), is said to be sometimes taken in the north of Asia
Minor (p. 297). But the Goshawk is the favourite bird, as it is
found to be the most useful, and best suited to the nature of the
country.

" The Goshawk," says this writer (p. 290), " when properly
broken in, requires little or no attention ; his master need keep
no servants or falconer to attend upon him, and carry him day
and night on the hand, which is requisite with the Peregrine ; if
in proper trim, he is ready to hunt, and you can count upon him

PERSIAN. 197

and fly him as often as you please in the course of a day. I
do not ever recollect seeing my hawks done up from flight
after flight, for six hours consecutively ; and I have known a
Goshawk belonging to Rizu Kuli Mirza Nayebel Ayaly, a Persian
prince residing at Bagdad, take twenty-one Francolins consecu-
tively. The Prince assured me, and I firmly believe him, that
he made sure of the quarry every time he let him fly from his
hand. I have myself taken four hares, and a dozen Francolins,
with several minor birds, in one day ; and I invariably found my
Goshawk improve by exercise — the more I hunted him, the
more he was anxious to continue the sport."

For the transcription of the Persian and Arabic titles the writer is
indebted to Mr. Sydney A. J. Churchill, on the British Legation at
Tehran. In his absence from England the proof sheets have been sub-
mitted to the eminent orientalist Dr. Rieu, who has most obligingly
revised them.

340. KitAb 'AH Kdmeh Khorasdni.

The Book of 'Ali Kameh the Khorasdnl — i.e., the
native of Khorasan.

This is the first (No. 47) of three Persian treatises on Falconry,
of which the titles only are given by Hammer Purgstall (No. 112)
in Persian characters (Nos. 47,48, 49), here transliterated by the
kindness of Mr. Sidney A. J. Churchill, of the Persian Embassy.

341. KiTAB Jemdli Muhammed Ganjevi Samdni,
A.H. 540.

The Book of Jemdlf Muhammed of Ganjeh (E.
Caucasus) the Samani. a.h. 540 — ix.^ a.d. 1145.
No. 48 of Hammer Purgstall

198 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

342. KitAb al-buzdt li Nushirvdn,
The Book of Hawks of Ndshirvdn.

No. 49 of Hammer Purgstall ; no date assigned. More ac-
cessible information on the subject of Falconry in Persia is
to be found in the following : —

343. A'lN I Akbari II Abul Fazl 'Allami.

The Government of Akbar, by Abul Fazl 'Allami,
A.D. 1590. Translated from the original Persian
by Professor H . Blochmann. Printed for the Asiatic
Society of Bengal. Calcutta. 1873. 8vo.

The Ain i Akbari, says Prof. Blochmann, contains that infor-
mation regarding Akbar's reign which, though not strictly his-
torical, is yet essential to a correct understanding of the times,
and embodies therefore those facts for which, in modern times
one would turn to Administration Reports, Statistical Compila-
tions, or Gazetteers. It contains the ain {i.e., mode of governing)
of Akbar [who died in 161 5], and is in fact the Administration
. Report and Statistical Return of his Government, as it was about
A.D. 1590. The contents, therefore, are naturally varied and
detailed. Abul Fazl's high official position gave him access to
any document he wished to consult, and his long career and
training in various departments of State, eminently fitted him
for undertaking such a work. "His love of truth and his
correctness of information," adds Prof. Blochmann," are apparent
in every page of the book."

In the portion which relates to Hunting (Book II. Ain 27
and 28) there is a section on " Hunting with Hawks " (Transl.
pp. 293-296), in which the writer describes the various species
used, with their Persian names ; their allowance of food ; prices
paid for them ; and the minimum number of each kept at Court.

The birds mentioned by their Persian names are not always
to be identified, for the reason that Persian falconers give
different names to the sexes of hawks, as well as to old and
young, and to those which have and have not moulted ; but we
recognise amongst them the Peregrine {Shdhin and Bahri),

INDIAN FALCONERS WITH SAKERS AND PEREGRINE.

From a photograph taken in the Punjab, 1891.

By Capt. D. C. Phillott.

PERSIAN, 199

Jerfalcon {Shungar), Saker [Bdldbdn, when captured in nets, and
Charkh, when taken from the nest), Merlin {Turumtdi), Gos-
hawk Tdigi'm and Tarldn, male and female, and Sparrow-hawk
{Bdshd and Girgi), besides the Bargut^ or trained eagle. As
to the hawks used by Persian falconers see the remarks of
Major Oliver St. John in the account of the Persian Boundary
Commission, 1870-72, edited by Sir Frederic Goldsmid, 2 vols.
8vo, London, 1876, vol. ii. pp. 102-111.

An earlier translation of the Ain i Akbari, by F. Gladwin,
was printed in 4to, Calcutta 1783, and London 1800, but that
by Blochmann, here quoted, is considered preferable.

344. Baz Namah, or Book of the Hawk.

Amongst the Persian MSS. in the British Museum, Egerton,
1012 fT. 124 {cf. Rieu, Cat. ii. 485), is a Baz Namah, or Book of
the Hawk, seventeenth century, in metre. " Bahadur " is the
poetical surname assumed by the author, and occurs in a
versified preamble, fol. 1-5, containing eulogies on 'Abd ul-
Kadir Jilanf, and on the reigning Sovereign Aurangzib. The
author states in a succeeding prose preface that he had under-
taken the work at the urgent request of Ja'fer Beg, whom he
calls his master in the craft. He mentions having written the
work in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of 'Alemgir, correspond-
ing to A.H. 1091, or A.D. 1680.

The treatise is divided into forty-three chapters (Mds), a list
of which is given at the end of the preface, fol. B. The first
thirty-nine treat very fully of the training of hawks and other
hunting birds, and of their employment in the chase. Then
follow : Bad xl.. Diseases of Hunting-birds, in sixty-eight
sections (fas/), fol. 84 b ; Bdd xli., their treatment, fol. 93 b ;
and Bad xlii., miscellaneous instructions, in four sections.

345. Baz Namah, or Book of the Hawk.

In the same collection, Egerton 10 13, pp. 108 (cf. Rieu, Cat.
ii. p. 485), is a Baz Namah, or Book of the Hawk, dated a.h.
1 163, i.e., A.D. 1749, by Muhib 'AU, surnamed Khdn Khas
Mahalli B. Nizam ud Din 'AH Marghilani.

The author, a son of Nizam ud Din 'Ali Khalifeh, Prime
Minister of Baber, was raised to the dignity of Khan in the first
year of Akbar's reign, and died Governor of Delhi^ a.h. 989,

20O BOOKS ON FAL CONR Y.

i.e., A.D. 158 1. See Erskine, Hist. India under Bdber, vol. i.
p. 385 ; and Blochmann, Ain i Akbari, p. 420.

The author states that he was nearly sixty years old at the
time of writing, and that, having from his youth upwards accom-
panied illustrious Sovereigns in the chase, he had acquired con-
siderable experience. He dedicates the work to Akbar, whose
skill and prowess in the hunting field he praises at great length.

The treatise is divided into sixty-one chapters or sections
{bdbs), a full table of which is given in the preface.

Contents: Preface, fol. 2b; Precepts of the Law relating to
the Chase, fol. 9 b; Qualifications of a Perfect Sportsman {Mir
SMkdr\ fol. 12 b; Capture and Rearing of Hawks, fol. 13 a;
How to Select Hawks and other kinds of Hunting Birds, fol.
20 a ; Signs of Health and Disease, fol. 24 a ; Directions
Relating to Hunting in General, and to the Diet and Training of
the different kinds of Hunting Birds, fol. 26 b; Diseases of
Hawks and their Treatment, fol. 68 b; Snares and Decoys, fol.
87 b; Selection and Training of Cheetahs {yuz), fol. loi.

346. Baz namah, or Book of the Hawk, tran-
scribed a.h. 1 1 60, 2>., A.D. 1747.

A treatise on the qualities and rearing of Hawks, and their
use in the sport of Falconry. An 8vo MS. Persian, in an Indian
handwriting ; in the possession of Mr. Quaritch.

The transcriber was Muhammed Mustafa Kusiiri, who wrote
it at the request of Muhammed Khanhiv. The authorship is
not disclosed; but the work is spoken of as a compendium
{mukhtasar) compiled a.h. 970 (about a.d. 1562).

The work is divided into 7 2 sections or bdbs, each section
having several chapters.

Thus it is not the same as the '* Baz-namah " of Khan Khas
Mahalli, who wrote for Akbar about the same time as the
composition of the above compendium. His Baz-namah is very
similar in contents, but is quite differently arranged in 61
sections.

347. Baz Namah i Nasiri, a.h. 1258.

The Book of the Hawk of Nasir, a.d. 1842.

For a knowledge of this work the present writer is indebted

ARABIC, 20 r

to the courtesy of an enthusiastic falconer in India, Lieutenant
D. C. Phillott, intelligence officer to the British forces at Dera
Ismail Khan, Punjab.

Nasir is one of the names of the present Shah, and the work
is styled his out of compliment. The author is Mirza Taimiir,
Governor of Fars, son of Husain AH Mirza, and grandson of
Fateh Ali Shah Kajar, Fateh Ali Shah was the great-grand-
father of the present Shah. The place of publication is not
mentioned, the book is lithographed, and is what is known in
India as a " bazar edition."

For further details concerning the practice of Falconry in
Persia than is afforded by the treatises above named the reader
may be referred to Jaubert, who visited the summer quarters of
the Persian Court near the ruins of Sultanieh on the great plain
of Iran, and saw falcons, from the southern shores of the Caspian
and Aral, flown at bustards, hares, gazelle, and wild-duck
("Voyage en Armenie et en Perse, p. 353); Morier, who
witnessed hawking in the plain of Bushire (" Journey through
Persia and Armenia," 4to, London, 1812), and Sir John Mal-
colm, who gives an account of gazelle-hawking, and bustard-
hawking on the sandy plains of Persia about 20 English miles
from Abubekir, and hare-hawking in the environs of Shiraz
(" History of Persia," 2 vols. 4to, London, 181 5 ; and " Sketches
of Persia, 2 vols. Svo, London, 1828). See also Dr. John
Harris, " Voyages and Travels," folio, London, 1764, vol. ii.
p. 887 ; Ranking, " Historical Researches on the Wars and
Sports of the Mongols," 4to, London, 1826, pp. 92-99 ; De
Filippi, "Note di un Viaggio in Persia nel 1862," 8vo, Milan,
1865; and Colonel Yule's edition of " Marco Polo's Travels, "
2 vols. 8vo, London, 1875.

The latest information on the subject of Falconry in Persia is
that afforded by Major Oliver St. John in the " Account of the
Persian Boundary Commission," 1870-72, edited by Sir Frederic
Goldsmid, C.B., K.C.S.I., 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1876, vol. ii.
pp^ 102-111.

Note. — No treatises on Falconry in Hindustani have come
to light, although copies of several Persian MSS. on the subject

202 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

are well known to falconers in India. As to the origin of
Falconry in India, where it is believed to have been introduced
by the conquering Mahommedans in the tenth century, see
Schlegel, op. cit. (No. 194), pp. 59 and 64; and for details of
the sport as practised in that country see " An Account of the
Hunting Excursions of Asoph ul Doulah, Visier of the Mogul
Empire and Nabob of Oude, by William Blane, who attended
in these Excursions in the years 1785 and 1786," printed in
Blane's Cynegetica, or Essays on Sporting, 8vo, London
(Stockdale), 1788, pp. 183-201 ; Johnson, "Sketches of Indian
Field Sports," 8vo, London, 1822, pp. 46, 47 (the pages relating
to Hawking have been extracted by Belany, No. 64, pp. 51-56) ;
Corvin Wierbitski (No. 115), Burton (No. 66), and Delme Rad-
cliffe (No. 72). The last-named writer gives a complete list of
the hawks now in use in India, with their native names.

Reference should also be made to the valuable remarks of
Mr. R. Thompson on hawking in India, printed in Hume's
" Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology," 8vo, Cal-
cutta, 1869, pp. 57, 69, 74-75, 86, 93, ii4-ii5> and 125.

arable.

As frequent allusion is made in the Persian and Arabic titles to
"the year of the Hegirk," indicated by the letters a.h., it may be
well to give here a brief explanation of a term which applies to a
celebrated epoch used by the Arabs and Mahometans for the com-
putation of time.

The word is Arabic, written Hejera, and signifying " flight," the
Arabic letters of which it is composed being H,J, r, a, or dh, and
the supplied vowels are pronounced short.

The event which gave rise to this epoch was Mahomet's flight
from Mecca to Medina, when the rulers of Mecca, fearing he might
raise a sedition, expelled him from that city in the year of our Lord
622.

The first year of the Hegirk, therefore, corresponds with a.d. 622.
To save the trouble of computation, the reader may be referred to
Marsden's very useful " Table," printed in the Philosophical Trans-

CQ I

OH «i

<

i

ARABIC. 203

actions, vol. Ixxviii., which exhibits at a glance the correspondence of
the years of the Hegir^ with those of the Christian era, and the
month and day of their respective commencement.

It should be observed that the Orientals do not agree with us as
to the time of the Hegirk. Among the Mahometans, Amasi assigns
it to A.D. 630, and according to the Greek computation among the
Christians, Said Ibn Batrick refers it to a.d. 614. In the present
bibliography the dates adopted are those given in Marsden's " Table "
above mentioned.

348. KiTAB i Khagdn Azam veh al-Malek Hind
li Izzud-Din Muhammed Pelasgiini. a.h. 577.

The Book of the Great Khagdn, and King of
India, by Izzud-Din Muhammed Peldsgdni. a.h. 577,
i.e.y A.D. 1 181.

This is the first (No. 50) of a dozen Arabic treatises (Nos.
50-61) given by Hammer Purgstall (p. xxxii.) in native characters,
and here transliterated, through the kindness of Mr. Sidney A. J.
Churchill.

349. KiTAB Nushfrvdn i 'Adil li Imdd ud Din
Isfahani. a.h. 590.

The Book of Nushfrvdn the Wise, by Imdd ud Din
Isfahdnf — i.e., of Isfahan, a.h. 590, i.e., a.d. 1193.
No. 5 1 of Hammer Purgstall.

350. KiTAB Badr ud Din Muhammed ul Balkhi.

A.H. 577.

The Book of Badr ud Din Muhammed the Balkhi.
A.H. 577, i.e., A.D. 1 181.

No. 52 of Hammer Purgstall.

351. Al Kanun ul-Vazeh.
The Perfect Canon.

No. 53 of Hammer Purgstall.

204 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

Schlegel {pp. cit.)^ No. 123, interprets this title The Clear
Guide to Instruction, Les Ragles Claires pour agir.

352. KiTAB al Jevdreh li Muhammed bin Abdullah
bin 'Urner al Bazyar.

The Book of Hawks of Muhammed, the son of
Abdullah, the son of 'Umer the Falconer.
No. 54 of Hammer Purgstall.

353. KiTAB al Jevdreh veh al la'b beha, veh ala-
jatiha li Abi Dulef al Gasim Ben Isa.

The Book of Hawks, and their training and main-
tenance in health, by Abu Dulef al Gasim Ben Isa.
No. 55 of Hammer Purgstall.

354. KiTAB Ajdib ul Makhlugdt li Kazvini.

The Book of the Wonders of Creation, by Kazvini,

No. 56 of Hammer Purgstall. See Rieu, Cat. Persian MSS.
in Brit. Mus., ii. pp. 462, 463. The author is Zakaria bin Md.
bin Mahmxid ul-Kamuni ul-Kazvini. A Persian translation of
the Arabic original was published at Tehran, a.h. 1264, /,<?., a.d.
1848, and a German translation by Dr. H. Ethe, at Leipzig, 1868.

355. Hay At ul Hayawan li Damiri.
The Life of Animals, by Damiri.

No. 57 of Hammer Purgstall.

The author died a.h. 808, i.e., a.d. 1405. Copies of his
work may be found in the British Museum, together with Persian
adaptations {cf. Rieu, Cat, Persian MSS. ii. p. 842 b).

356. KiTAB Manafa' ut-Tair veh alajatihim.

The Book of the Usefulness of Birds, and their
maintenance in health.

To this title, No. 58 of Hammer Purgstall, is the note

ARABIC. 205

" Catalogus Codicum Orientalium Bibliothecae Bodleianse a
Joanne Uri confectus. P. I. p. io6. C. 393."

357. KiTAB al Buzat ul-Turk.
The Book of Hawks of the Turk.

No. 59 of Hammer Purgstall.

358. KiTAB Ghatrif li Abi al Gasim.

The Book of Ghatrif, by Abu al Gasim.

No. 60 of Hammer Purgstall. In the Turki text the author is
styled Abii al Gasim.

359. KiTAB AL Tair li Ibn Sina.

The Book of Birds of Ibn Sina {i.e., Avicenna).

No. 61 of Hammer Purgstall. Tardif, in the Preface to his
"Livre de I'art de Faulconnerie" (N0.142), states that hetranslated
from the Latin book of King Dancus, and from the Latin works
of Moamus, Guillinus, and Guicennas {vide antea, p. 72, note).
The book of Moamus, as already shown (p. 181), was a Latin
translation from the Arabic of some falconer, named Mohamed,
or Mohamin. Rigault, No. 314, refers to him as Moamus Arabs,
and in the Biblioteca National, Madrid, there is a MS. entitled
Mohamin, Tratado de Cefreria, traslado del Arabe al Latin, por
N. Theodoro, Bibl. National, Madrid, L. 141. Possibly the
treatise by Guicennas, who, according to Lallemant (No. 175),
was an Arab, was similarly translated from the Arabic of Ibn
Sina. As to Guillinus, so called, he is perhaps identical with
the Gtiillebnus Regis Rogerii Falconarius, quoted by Albertus
Magnus (No. 300), cap. xviii. and xxi.

360. Sid Mohamed el Mangali. Traite de Venerie,
traduit de I'Arabe par Florian Pharaon, avec une
Introduction par M. le Marquis de Cherville. Tire
a 300 exemplaires numerotes. Paris. 1880. 8vo.

The Arabic text is printed with a French translation. A

2o6 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

review of it is given by Harting, No. 79 {pp. cit. pp. 362-370).
See note to No. 212, antect, p. 104.

For some details of the sport as practised by the Arabs, the
reader may be referred to Dr. Thomas Shaw's " Travels in
several parts of Barbary and the Levant," folio, Oxford, 1738,
reprinted in vol. xv. of Pinkerton's " Collection of Voyages and
Travels;" Pierre de Castellan," Souvenirs de la Vie Militaireen
Afrique," 8vo, Paris, 1849 i C. Van Breughel, Dutch Consul at
Tripoli, quoted by Schlegel, op. cit. p. 70 ; Canon H. B.
Tristram, "The Great Sahara," Svo, London, Murray, i860,
pp. 63-66, 81, 274; and General Daumas, whose work, "Les
Chevaux du Sahara et les moeurs du Desert," Svo, Paris, 1862,
has been translated into English (see No. 199) and Spanish
(No. 254), and contains a section on hawking as practised by
the Arabs.

Through the influence of the Moors in Spain a variety of
Arabic terms relating to Falconry, and names for different kinds
of hawks, were introduced into that country. Such words,
for example, as " Alcotan," " Alfaneque,"' " Azor " (Arabic, as-
sor), " Bahari " (from Bahr, the sea, indicating the migratory
nature of the Peregrine Falcon, to which species this name is
applied), " Borni " {al bornt, the Barbary Falcon, from the
province of Bornou), " Nebli," " Sacre " (from <;aqr or sakr),
" Tagarote," &c., are frequently to be met with in old Spanish
books on Falconry. For an explanation of them the reader
should consult the useful and interesting work of MM. Dozy
et Engelmann, " Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais
derives de I'Arabe," 2nd ed. Svo, Leyden, 1869.

Cbinc6e.

The Chinese and Japanese titles here given have been taken,
with a few exceptions, from the Traite de Fauconnerie (No. 194), of
Schlegel, whose transhteration has been preserved to whom they
were communicated by Hoffmann from the originals in the Japanese
collection at Leyden. A few additions to the list have been made
from Japanes-:: books in the writer's own collection, and from others

I

CHINESE. 207

in the library of M. Pierre A. Pichot, of Paris. To that gentleman
and to Mr. F. V. Dickins, of the London University, the writer
is indebted for much kind assistance in the preparation of this
portion of the Bibliotheca Accipitraria.

It should be observed that Schlegel's French titles were translated
from the German of Hoffmann, and, as the Chinese and Japanese
characters are not given by hin), it has been impossible to test the
accuracy of the transliteration, in which there is reason to believe
several mistakes have been made.

361. WEI YEN CHIN. Yng Fou.

Wei Yen Chin. Classification of Falcons.

This work, No. 119 of Schlegel's Catalogue, is a practical pro-
duction, and dates from the Soui dynasty, a.d. 581-617. An
extract from it is given in No. 366, vol. xliv. p. 4. Li Chi Tchin,
the author of the Chinese Natural History (No. 2^'^., has also
borrowed from it some of his descriptions. It may be here
observed that in Chinese there are several words which denote
a hawk or falcon, but that generally used by experts is Yng.
See note to No. 363.

362. ANON. Yng Ho Fang.
Anon. The Art of the Falcon.

No. 118 of Schlegel's Catalogue, cited by the author of the
Japanese work, San Kai Mei san dsou e (No. 369), as having
emanated from the Corea, whence Falcons were first sent to the
Court of Japan a.d. 247. See note to No. 365.

363. LI CHI TCHIN. Pen-ts'ao Kang Mou.

Li Chi Tchin. A General Natural History.
Sixteenth century.

No. 116 of Schlegel's Catalogue. Contains a few notices of
Falcons and their capabilities for the chase. The author states
that the technical Chinese name for a Falcon is Yng, so called
because it strikes with the breast {yng), an observation which is
entirely erroneous, although, strange to say, it is indorsed by
Schlegel {op. cit. p. 65, note) as une observation trh-juste !
Every falconer knows, or should know, that hawks, on stooping at

2o8 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

the quarry, always strike with the feet, and more particularly with
the powerful hind talons.

According to this Chinese author, the best hawks come from
the province of Liaotoung, and only the natives of Southern
China, he says, make use of eyesses. He adds that the birds
employed (Falcons and Goshawks) are flown chiefly at pheasants
and hares, although the Sparrow-hawk is used for taking quails.

364. ANON. Ou TSA Tsou.

Anon. The Five Miscellaneous Categories.

The author of this work (No. 117 of Schlegel's Catalogue)
states that the Falcons from Liaotoung are the most highly
prized, and that those from China are inferior to those from the
Corea. He gives an outline of the Chinese method of training
hawks, which is commenced by first hooding the bird with a
hood of soft flax, and then starving it for a time. In ten days
the hood is removed and the wings are brailed. In six or seven
weeks the hawk is flown at midday (when all other birds are
supposed to be at rest), and, being unable on this account, as he
says, to find food, it will come down to a pheasant thrown out
as a lure. This method is not nearly so good as that adopted
by European falconers, and occupies twice as many weeks as
are necessary. It is from this work chiefly that the article on
Falconry in the " Chinese and Japanese Encyclopaedia," by
Simayosi Anko, 17 14 (No. 366), seems to have been compiled.

For further information concerning the practice of Falconry
in China and Tartary, see the Travels of William de Rubruquis,
who was sent as Ambassador to different parts of the East, in
1253, by Louis IX., and who mentions, amongst other things
noted by him, the use of the halsband for Sparrow-hawks ; the
Travels of Marco Polo, who gives an account of Falconry as
practised, during the latter half of the thirteenth century, by
the Chinese Emperors of the Mongolian dynasty and successors
of Genghis Khan (Marsden's translation, 4to, London, 1818;
and Colonel Yule's edition, 2 vols. Svo, London, 1875); John
Bell (of Antermony), " Travels to Pekin," 2 vols. 4to, Glasgow,
1763; Strahlenberg {oJ>. at., cf. a?ifeii, '^. 191), who states that

JAPANESE. 209

*' in the province of Dauria, and near the river Amoor, there
are a great many milk-white falcons, which are sent in great
numbers to China." This writer describes three sorts
(differentiated according to plumage, dependent upon age),
and details the method of taming them (p. 361). See also
Schlegel {pp. at. pp. 60-61, 65-66); and an article on "Birds
used for Sport in China," translated by the present writer
from the French of M. Pierre A. Pichot, in The Zoologist for
December 1885. According to Col. Yule {op. cit. i. 396)>
hawking is still common in North China.

365. TONERINO SINWO. Nipponki.

ToNERiNO SiNwo [Prince]. The Chronicle of
Japan. Written a.d. 720. 30 vols.

This voluminous work, No. no of Schlegel's Catalogue,
contains a history of Japan from 661 B.C. to a.d. 696.

The author, after stating that the Japanese empire was
founded in 660 B.C., asserts that in a.d. 239 Falconry, with
other arts, was introduced into Japan from Southern China,
and that in a.d. 247 Falcons were sent for the first time from
Petsi, in the Corea, to the Court of Japan, where the practice of
Falconry was first attempted a.d. 355 (Schlegel, op. cit. p. 66).
See also vol. vii. p. 35, and vol. xliv. pp. 4-5, of the following : —

366. SIMAYOSI ANKO. Wa Kan San Sai

Dsou-E.
SiMAYOsi Anko. Chinese and Japanese Ency-

CLOPyEDIA. I714. In IO5 Vols. 8vO.

This is No 106 of Schlegel's Catalogue. Some interesting
details relative to Falconry, derived chiefly from the Chinese
work, Ou Tsa Tsou (No. 364), are given vol. vii. p. 35, and
vol. xliv. pp. 4-5. Mention is made (vol. vii. p. 35) of a clever
falconer named Sakourawi Goro, who, in 1206, was summon-^d
to the Court of the Emperor Sanetomo, at Yedo, to give instruc-

O

aro BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

tion in Falconry, and who trained the Grey Shrike, or Butcher-
bird {Fie-grikhe of the French), to take sparrows and other small
birds, an example afterwards followed by Louis XIII. of France,
in the Jardin du Louvre {cf. Arcussia, No. 153, p. 170, ed.
1644). The difference in size between the sexes of hawks is noted
(vol. xliv. p. 5), the male being called Seo (the little) and the
female Tai (the great).

A young hawk is termed Waka taka ; a partially moulted
hawk, Kata kaveri (in Chinese, P'hien P'hien) ; a hawk in its
third year, Moro kaveri (in Chinese, Tsai F'fiien), that is, a hawk
that has moulted twice. One taken from the nest and reared in
the house is Sou taka, that is, nestling hawk, or eyess ; one
taken after it has left the nest and is able to shift for itself,
Akake, that is, taken with a net ; an adult hawk, or haggard, is
Nozare, that is, not easily tamed ; a Jerfalcon, Sird taka (in
Chinese, Fe yng or Sid pe yng), that is, white hawk, or snow-
white hawk.

Then follows an account of the mode in which hawks are
trained— by being carried on the fist for three weeks, fed often,
but very little at a time, and then flown in a creance. The
Japanese falconers, when holloaing to a hawk, cry, 0-ou 0-ou !

When a hawk is put up to moult the jesses are removed, and
it is cast loose into the mew and there fed a-t discretion. A
broken tail feather is repaired by joining a new one to it with a
kind of varnish made from a tree of which the scientific name is
Rhus vernix. From this it would appear that a means of
repairing broken feathers, known to English falconers as
" imping," is practised by the Japanese, although they make use
of strong varnish instead of an imping needle.

Schlegel states that in Japan the hawk is carried on the left
hand, while in China it is carried on the right {op. cit. p. 68).

367. KONOSITA YOSITOMO. Dsou Kai-Bou
Y6 Ben-Ryak. Yedo. 1747.

KONOSITA YOSITOMO. CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF

ALL THAT IS NECESSARY FOR A SoLDiER. With Illus-
trations. Yedo. 1747. 8 vols. 8vo.

This is No. 107 of Schlegel's Catalogue. Vol. viii. contains

JAPANESE. 211

more than a hundred pages on Falconry, including the technical
terms used by Chinese and Japanese falconers — the Chinese
title of this work is Tou Kiay Wou-Young Pien Lio — a descrip-
tion of the different kinds of hawks used, and of the various
flights according to the season of the year ; preceded by some
historical details concerning the introduction of Falconry into
Japan. Schlegel, who quotes this treatise as Le Code du Guerrier,
states that it is compiled from older and more voluminous works.

368. MOTO rXJSA. Si-Fau-den-no-mi-koto.
MoTO FusA. [Title unintelligible.]

This is No. 108 of Schlegel's Catalogue. It is cited by
Konosita Yositomo (No. 367), who states that it exhausts the
subject of Falconry. There appears to be some mistake, how-
ever, in the translation of the title. Schlegel renders it Trots mots
comprenant les traditions de tons les pays ; but the Japanese
words as printed do not bear that signification, and in the
absence of the Japanese characters any correction would be
doubtful.

369. KIMOURA KOKJO. San Kai Mei San

Dsou-E.

KiMOURA KoKjo. Illustrated Description of

THE Principal Land and Sea Products of Japan.

Ohosaka. 1799. 5 vols. 8vo.

This is No. 109 of Schlegel's Catalogue. The second volume
contains some curious information (p. 26, &c.) relative to
Falconry in Japan. The author, Kimoura Kokjo, states that
the province of Fiouga in the island of Kiousiou, and that of
lyo in the island of Tosa, as well as the mountainous districts
of Kahi and Tango, produce hawks of small size, Ko taka.
Larger and finer hawks, Oho taka, are found in the southern
parts of the empire, in the province of Moutsou, especially in
the district of Kouro-gava (lat. 38° 27' N.). Those from the
district of Sinobou, that is to say, from the mountains to the
east of Foukou-sima (lat. 37° 38' N.), are known by the name
of Sinobou taka. The White Falcons come from the Corea, and
are flown at geese and cranes.

BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

This author states that, in Japan, Falcons are usually taken
young from the nest, but at Oyamada, in the province of lyo^
they are also taken at daybreak in silk nets, three or four feet
wide and twelve long, with a mesh of two and a half inches
square, the lure being a live starling. The starling is kept in a
state of agitation by showing it an artificial snake made of
jointed wood and painted to nature. A hawk, on being caught,
has jesses of soft leather put on, varvels of stag's horn or hollow
bamboo stem, and a long leash, the wings and tail being
enveloped in a "sock" made of soft flax, just as described
in 1240 by the Emperor Frederick II. in his treatise de arte
venandi cum avibus (No. 308), and as practised at the present
day by the professional hawk-catchers in Holland.

370. ANON. Ko KoN Taka No Koto.

Anon. Notices of Hawks and Hawking de-
rived FROM Books, Ancient and Modern. With
Figures.

An 8vo volume, No. 105 of Schlegel's Catalogue, of which no
account is given beyond the title ; nor is any reference made to
the date or place of publication.

371. ANON. Ehon Taka Kagami.

Anon. The Mirror of Falconry — literally,
picture-book-falcon-mirror.

A comparatively modern work, in five parts 8vo, of which a
copy is in the writer's possession and another in the collection of
M. Pichot. It is profusely and graphically illustrated, and is pro-
bably the best book on the subject in Japanese now obtainable.

The treatise of Konosita Yositomo (No. 367), cited by Schlegel
as the Code du Guerrier, contains references to the five follow-
ing works relating to Falconry, but, as the Japanese characters
are not given by Schlegel, it is not possible to supply a reliable
transliteration : —

372. KATANO SEO SJO. Yo Sex Rok, of which
the Chinese title is Yng Tsching Lo.

No. Ill of Schlegel. The title only mentioned.

^

^,

^ -k

:k

\

A JAPANESE FALCONER.
From the '• Jihon Taka Kagami," or Mirror of Falconry.

JAPANESE. 213

I'Jl, OUDSIDONO. NiTSi Rai Ki ; in Chinese,
Ji Lai Ki.

No. 1 1 2 of Schlegel, who gives no details beyond the title.

374. DSI MEO IN. San Kau Ten.

No. 113 of Schlegel. Title only.

375. TEI KA (Prince). Taka.
Prince Tei-ka. The Falcon (an Ode).

No. 114 of Schlegel. Title only.

376. AKIZATO RITO. Kawatsi Mei-Sjo Dsou-e.

Akizato Rito. Topography of the Province
Kawatsi. With Plates. 1 801-1808. 6 vols. 8vo.

No. 115 of Schlegel.

This author states that, in China, Falcons were amongst the
presents made to princes from the time of the (mythical) Hia
dynasty, which commenced about 2205 B.C. Whether the art of
Falconry was understood so long ago as this it is now impossible
to ascertain. At any rate, we know from Ctesias and ^.lian that
it was practised in Central Asia about 400 B.C. {Cf. Ctesice
Cnidii Operufti Reliquice, edit. J. C. Bahr, 8vo, Francofurti,
1824, p. 250 ; /Elian, de Natura Animalium, lib. iv. cap. 26,
edit. Jacobs, Svo, Jenae, 1832.) We learn also from Ctesias,
who was physician to the Shah of Persia, Artaxerxes Mnemon,
that at this period Falconry was altogether unknown in Persia
and India. (See note to No. 347, p. 201.)

377. NIGIRI-KOBUSHI. Shiju Hachi Taka No

ZUSAN.

NiGiRi-KoBusHi. The Fist : or Figures with
Descriptions of 48 Kinds of Hawks. 6th year of
Hozei, i.e., a.d. 17 10.

For a knowledge of the contents of this book, of which a

214 BOOKS ON FALCONR Y.

copy has been forwarded for inspection by M. Pichot, of Paris,
the writer is indebted to Mr. F. V. Dickins, who has furnished
a translation of the most material portion of it.

This author states that hawking was practised in China
during the Han and Tang dynasties {i.e., from B.C. 206 and
from A.D. 618), and that it was introduced into Japan in the
forty-seventh year of the Empress Tingu (a.d. 244) from Haku-
sai, in Corea, and again in the forty-second year of the Emperor
Nintoku (a.d. 355), who was the first really to hunt with hawks.
(See note to No. 365.)

Amongst the birds mentioned by this author are — 0-washi-
taka, the great Eagle Hawk ; Kasumi-taka, the Mist-hawk ;
Hai-taka, the Sparrow-hawk ; Shiva-bu-taka, white-barred hawk ;
No sushi-taka, the Moor-hawk -, Koi-kiri-taka, the pike-catching
hawk (Osprey); Mushi kui-taka, the insect-eating hawk;
Kaviome-nari taka, the gull-like hawk (Harrier) ; and Mashiro-
taka, the pure white hawk (Gerfalcon). Besides these are
named Mozu, the Grey Shrike, or Butcher-bird, which is trained
like a hawk for catching small birds (see note p. 210) ; Tobi,
the Kite ; Fukuro, the Owl ; and Mimizuku, the Eared Owl.

378. MACHIDA HISANARI. Taka Gari

ICHIRAN.

Machida Hisanari. a Survey of Falconry
Illustrated. Compiled by Machida Hisanari in the
9th year of Meiji, i.e.^ of the present era, which com-
menced in 1868.

This modern composition, obligingly forwarded for inspection
by M. Pichot, of Paris, may be described as a " broadside,"
being printed on a single sheet, which measures 20.5 by 14.5
inches, and is illustrated, in colours, with figures of the Gos-
hawk, d-taka ; the Peregrine, Haya-busa ; and the Sparrow-
hawk, Hai-taka ; and with representations of the hawk-house,
toya ; perch, chiboko ; glove, yugake ; ^ock, fuseginu ; falconer's
bag, haio fukuro {i.e., pigeon-bag) ; creance, oki nawa ; jesses,
ashikawa {i.e., leg-leathers); bell, suzu; leash, 0-0 {i.e., the
great cord), made of eight strands of silk, red for ordinary

JAPANESE. 215

hawks, and purple for those that have distinguished themselves
by killing cranes {tsuru), el cetera.

Though there are many kinds of hawks, says this author, those
used for Falconry are mainly these three : — 0-taka, or great
hawk, i.e., the Goshawk ; Hayabusa, literally " swift tuft-hawk,"
the Peregrine; and Haitaka, or creeping hawk, in reference,
perhaps, to its crafty habits, the Sparrow-hawk. Three other
kinds, much inferior, are scarcely ever used for hawking. To
catch hawks nets are employed. A large net is spread, and in
the middle a smaller net of the kind known as chochin (lantern-
shaped, i.e., nearly barrel-shaped) is fixed, in which are placed
five or six sparrows at liberty to fly about in the interior. This
contrivance acts as a decoy, and the hawks are thus trapped.
The best time for catching them is between the great heats
of summer and the full spring of the succeeding year. When
caught, the birds receive each a generic name : thus, a bird of
any year taken in the autumn would be called akage, red-plumed
[but the point lies in the resemblance in sound of aka to aki,
autumn] ; taken from the nest {sti), sutaka ; taken during the
lesser summer heats, after having left the nest, su-mawari, nest-
hover er or brancher ; and so forth.

Taka and Hayahtsa are flown at cranes, wild geese, wild
duck, and white herons; Haitaka, at teal, water-hens, and
larks. These three hawks receive each a different training.

A complete translation of this " broadside," by Mr. F. V.
Dickins, will be found in The Zoologist for May 1891.

It would seem that at the present day Falconry is but little
practised in Japan. The latest traveller who has furnished
any account of the sport in that country from personal obser-
vation is Dr. A. von Roretz, who, in the German periodical
Der Zoologische Garten for September 1879, published an
article on hawking in Japan, of which a translation by the
present writer appeared in The Field of October 18, 1879.

Dr. Roretz states that formerly, wherever large uncultivated
tracts of scrub, and marsh, and grass land were to be found,
amongst other sports hawking flourished. In more populous
districts, too, powerful princes and wealthy proprietors indulged
in this pastime, at which their dependents dared not murmur,

2i6 BOOKS ON FALCONRY.

having to consider themselves privileged in being allowed to
witness the sport, and to repair the damages to crops, &c., which
it sometimes occasioned. This was the state of things in Japan
when the Daimios were masters of the life and property of their
subjects. But all has been changed since the reforms of the present
day have brought their civilising influence to bear in these remote
lands, and given the peasants protection for their crops. Falconers
have dropped off, abandoning their annual expeditions to the
steep rocks, where they were wont to seek their half-fledged
pupils. Hawking may now be regarded as a thing of the past in
Japan, for only a few magnates, whose extensive estates permit
such a luxury, occasionally indulge in this delightful pastime.
" To a very limited extent " (he says) " I was enabled to learn
something of the old sport. ... It varies according to the
quarry flown at. I never saw very small hawks flown quite loose.
A very thin silk line, tightly twisted, about the size of ordinary
sewing silk, but much stronger, is fastened to the jesses. This
line is about thirty yards in length. It is used more to restrain
the hawk from following the quarry too far, than to prevent it from
trying to escape. Goshawks and Falcons are always flown loose.
The falconer gets as close to the quarry as he can, screening it
from view of the hawk by means of the long sleeve of the Japanese
dress. As soon as he is near enough he withdraws the sleeve and
the hawk is cast off. Hawking on horseback seems to have
died out ; at least during my long stay there I never heard of
any. According to description, it must have resembled the
hawking which is still practised in Persia."

PORTRAIT OF A TRAINED FALCON
Belonging to the Author.

GLOSSARY

EXPLAINING THE TECHNICAL TERMS EMPLOYED
BY ENGLISH FALCONERS.

GLOSSARY

EXPLAINING THE TECHNICAL TERMS EMPLOYED
BY ENGLISH FALCONERS.

Arms, the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot.

Ayre, and Eyrie, s., Fr. at're, the aiery, eyrie, or nesting-place.
" Our aiery buildeth in the cedar's top." — Shakespeare.
The form eyre occurs in Reed's "Governance of Hawkes," 1557
(MS. Bibl. Harl. 676).

Bate, Bating, fluttering or flying off the fist, which an untrained hawk
commonly does at the sight of the approaching hood. Literally, to
beat the air with the wings, from the French battre. " It is calde
batyng for she batith with hirselfe, most oftyn causeles." — " Boke of
St. Albans," i486.

Beam-feathers, j., the primaries or phalangeal feathers of the wing.
See Flags.

Bechins, s., morsels, mouthfuls. Fr. becquie^ and bechde^ i6th cent.
" Prend le faulcon et luy donne une beschie de char, et luy mets le
chaperon." — " Livre du Roy Modus," i486. " She bekyth when she
sewith ; that is to say she wypith herbeke." — " Boke of St. Albans,"
i486. The modern French equivalent of bechins is beccades. Thus
Baron Dunoyer de Noirmont, explaining the meaning of the expres-
sion "to give tiring" (^.r/.), writes '•'■ donner a iirer, permettre au
faucon de prendre quelques beccades au tiroir, aileron de volaille pr^-
. pare," &c.— " Hist, de la Chasse en France," 1868, iii. p. 85, note.

Bewits, s.^ short thin strips of leather by which the bells are fastened to
the legs.

Bind, z/., to fasten on the quarry in the air.

Block, j., a truncated cone or cylindrical piece of wood having a ring in

it for the attachment of the leash, and placed out of doors, whereon

the hawk is set to " weather " {g.v.).

220 GLOSSAHY.

\

Bolt, to fly at, v., said of a short-winged hawk ; to fly straight from the
fist at the quarry.

BowLSER, s., a young hawk able to fly from bough to bough.

Bowse, v., to drink ; variously spelt " bouse," " boose," " bouze," and

" booze." O. Dutch, buisen.
Bowsing, drinking.
Brail, j., a narrow slip of thin soft leather, with a long slit in it, used for

tying one wing of a restless hawk that bates much.
Brancher, j., a young hawk that has lately left the nest. Called also a

" ramage-hawk." — Ray, "Summary of Falconry," 1678.
Cadge, j., the wooden oblong square frame on which hawks are carried

hooded to the field.
Cadger, the person who carries the hawk ; hence the abbreviated form

" cad," a person fit for no other occupation.
Calling off, luring a hawk from an assistant at a distance for exercise.

See Creance.

Canceleer, v.t Fr. ckevaucher, to make two or three sharp turns in the
descent when stooping.

' ' The fierce and eager hawks down thrilling from the skies
Make sundry canceleers ere they the fowl can reach."

Drayton, " Polyolbion," 1622, song xx. 1. 229.
Carry, v., to fly away with the quarry.

Cast, s., a " cast of hawks," i.e., two ; not necessarily a pair.

Cast, v., " caste her to hode " (1575). When a hawk will not stand to the
hood, or requires coping {q.v.), she has to be " cast " or held for the
purpose.
Cast gorge, Fr. jeter la gorge, to throw up the meat that is in her

crop. See Turbervile's " Booke of Falconrie," 1575, p. 287.
Casting, j., fur or feathers given to a hawk with her meat to cleanse the
pannel {q.v.), and afterwards cast up in the shape of oblong pellets
enveloping the indigestible portions of the food which are thus re-
jected. Cotgrave gives Oiseau aciir^, a hawk that hath had " casting "
given her. An old proverb says :

" Wash'd meat and stones maketh a hawk to flie,
But great casting and long fasting maketh her to die. "

Latham's " Falconry," 1615, p. 23.

Cawking-time, s., pairing time. — Reed, " Governance of Hawkes," 1557.
See Harting, No. 81, Introd. p. xvi.

Cere, j., Fr. are, Lat. cera, the bare wax-like skin above the beak.

Check, z/., whence checking, to fly at ; to change .the bird in pursuit.

GLOSSARY. 221

Clutching, seizing the quarry in the feet.
Come to, v., to begin obeying the falconer.

Coping, cutting off the sharp points of beak and talons. " Let her be
short-coped, so I would advise all short -winged hawkes to be used, for
the safety of thine owne hands." — Bert, "Treatise of Hawkes," 1619,
p. 67.

Cowering, quivering or shaking the wings, observed in young hawks.

Crabbing, i.e., grabbing ; said of hawks when two are flown together,
and one seizes the other on the quarry by mistake.

Cray, s., a disease in hawks, namely, a stoppage of the tewell {q.v.\ so
that the bird cannot mute {q.v.). "The Cray commyth of washed
meete the wich is washed withe bote water in the defawte of bote
meete."— •' Boke of St. Albans," i486.

Creance, s., Fr. cre'ance, Lat. credenttj, a long line attached to the
swivel, and used when "calling-ofif" iq-v.); flying a hawk as it were
on credit. Bert, in his "Treatise of Hawkes," 1619, has "cranes"
(pp. 20, 21, 24) and " calling-cranes" (p. 54).

Crines, s., the short hair-like feathers about the cere {q.v.). Nicholas
Cox, in "The Gentleman's Recreation," 1674, has crinets.

Croaks, or Kecks, Fr. crac, a disease of the air-passages, analogous to
a cough, and so called from the sound the bird makes during any
exertion, such as bating, or flying. See Pin.

Crop, j., the dilatation of the gullet which serves as the first receptacle for
the food taken by a hawk.
^ Crossing flight, when another bird flies between the hawk and her
quarry.

Deck-feathers, s., the two centre feathers of the tail.

Disclosed, ca.d of hawks that are just hatched ; now obsolete.

Draw the hood, to draw the braces which open and close the hood
behind.

Drawing /rc;« the mew., i.e.., withdrawing a hawk after she has moulted.

Endew, v., whence endewing and endewed, to digest the food. " And ye
shall say this hauke is fully gorged and hath endewed, or put over." —
" Boke of St. Albans," i486. The forms indue and induing, also occur,
Fr. enduire, and induire. See Put OVER.

■\ Enew, or iNtw, v., the same as Put in {q.v). Drayton has ineawe.
" For very fear they instantly ineawe.

" Polyolbion," 1622, song xx. 1. 234.

222 GLOSSARY.

Enseam, with old authors Ensayme, v., whence ensayminge and en-
saymed, sc. enseam, from the Fr. essimer, to purge a hawk, and rid
her of superfluous fat. " Ensayme of an hawke is the grece." —
" Boke of St. Albans," 14§6. With a different speUing, " ensaim," the
word occurs in a Close Roll of 3 Hen. III. (1218). For the context,
see Hardy, " Introd. Close Rolls," p. 170.

Enter, v., to fly a hawk at quarry for the first time.

Eyess, s., a nestling, or young hawk taken from the " eyrie " or nest ;
from the Fr. iiiais, the initial u being dropped, as in many other
English words {e.g., adder, from A.S. ncedre). The terms applied to
hawks of different ages are explained by D'Arcussia in his " Faucon-
nerie," 1605. He assigns five different names to hawks as they
chance to be taken at different seasons — viz., (i) Niats, if taken in
May ; (2) Gentil, in June, July, or August ; (3) Peleriu, or Passaget\
in September, October, November, or December ; (4) Antenere^
Antannaire (O.Fr. Antan, i.e., Patmee passee), or Antevere, in
January, February, or March ; and (5) Agar (" mot Hdbreu qui
signifie, estranger"), if she has once moulted ; hence our word
" Haggard" {q.v.), applied to a wild-caught old hawk. Tardif, how-
ever, had long previously explained these terms in his " L'Art de
Faulconnerie," 1492, thus : — " Nyais oyseau est celui qui est prins au
nid. Branchier est celui qui suit sa mere de branche en branche,
qui est aussi nommd raminage. Sor est appelle a sa couleur sorette,
celui qui a void et prins devant qu'il ait mud."

Eyrie, s., see Ayre.

Falcon, the female Peregrine par excellence, but applied generally to
. the females of all long-winged hawks.

Fall at mark, to alight upon the ground and there await the owner.
See Bert, "Treatise of Hawkes," 1619 (pp. 6, 72).

Feake, v., feaking ; said of a hawk when she wipes her beak on the perch
after feeding. It was also said " an hawke snytith or sewith hir
beke, and not wipeth hir beke." — " Boke of St. Albans," i486.

Filanders, J., intestinal worms, _/f/ana. Cf. The Zoologist, i88r, p. 309.

Flags, s., the secondary, or cubital feathers of the wing. See Beam-

FEATHERS.

Fly on head, v., to miss the quarry and check.

Foot, v., to clutch. A good footer is said of a hawk that catches well

and holds.
Frounce, s., a canker or sore in the mouth and throat. For modem

GLOSSARY. 22%

treatment, see Salvin and Brodrick, " Falconry in the British Isles,"
2nd edit. p. 142.

Full-summed, adj.^ when a hawk has got all her new feathers after
moulting. See Summed.

Galbanum, j., a gum resin derived from an umbelliferous plant, Ferula
galbaniflua ; usually obtained by making an incision in the stalks,
when a milk-white fluid exudes in tear-like drops, which, after a few
hours' exposure to light and air, c'nange to a yellow colour, and
become dry and hard enough to gather. It is regarded as an internal
remedy in chronic mucous catarrh and rheumatism, and is applied
externally in the form of galbanum plaister as a mild stimulant to
relieve tumours and chronic pulmonary affections.

\Get in, v., to reach the hawk as soon as she has killed.

Gleam, the substance thrown up after casting gorge.

Gorge, s., the crop ; Gorged, adj., full fed.

GURGITING, choking with too large a mouthful. ^

Hack, s., the place where the hawk's meat is laid. — Nicholas Cox, " The
Gentleman's Recreation,'' 1674.

Hack, flying at ; Fr. voler au taquet ; the state of liberty in which eyess
falcons are kept for a few weeks before being trained ; coming in daily
to feed on the hack-board where their meat is cut up for them. Sir
John Sebright employs the term : " Observations upon Hawking,"
1826, p. 8. John Dawson Downes, a contemporary falconer of
experience, to whom he submitted the MS. of this work for criticism
prior to publication, invariably wrote at heck, and asserted that the
term is not applicable " until after the birds have been taken up and
trained." See The Zoologist, 1890, p. 418.

Hack-bells, large heavy bells put on hawks to hinder them from preying
for themselves whilst " flying at hack."

\.Haggard, s., a hawk that has been caught after assuming its adult
plumage, that is, after having moulted in a wild state. Prof. Skeat
states (" Etym. Diet.'') that the original sense is hving in a hedge
(hag), hence wild ; though Peregrine Falcons do not live in hedges.
D'Arcussia derives the word from the Hebrew agar, which signifies
stranger, and which, in this sense, is synonymous with Passage-hawk.
See Eyess. The unknown author of the " Menagier de Paris," 1393,
has " Esprevier hagart est celluy qui est de mue de haye," ed. Pichon
1846, vol. ii. p. 317. In a foot-note to this remark Baron Pichon
observes: "D'Arcussia (pp.8 et 36) et Saincte Aulaire (p. 12)
discnt aussi que le faucon hagart (ou mud de champs) est celui qui a

224 GLOSSARY.

d^jk mud une fois, D'Arcussia fait deriver ce nom du mot hdbreu
agar, signifiant Stranger. II semble qu'il doit plutot signifier ^gar^y
sauvage, k moins qu'attendu I'explication qu'en donne ici notre
auteur on ne le fasse venir de haya, haie.'' Selincourt, in his " Parfait
Chasseur," 1683, gives some advice as to the best kinds of hawks to
keep according to the sort of country they are to be flown in, and
refers to the " fauconniers flamands qui en apportent tous les ans
tant de niais que de hagars^

Halsband, s., literally, neck-band ; a contrivance ot soft twisted silk
placed like a collar round the hawk's neck and the end held in the
hand; used by Indian falconers, when flying the Sparrow-hawk
to steady the bird when cast oft.

Havock, to cry, from A.S. hafoc, a hawk. See Hoo-HA-ha.

Hey and Heye, adj.^ in old authors, sc. high, i.e., in good condition.

Hood, s., the leathern cap (Fr. chaperon, Dutch huif, and German
hatibe) used for blindfolding hawks to tame them. " I never in the
house let her sit hooded at all, and when shee is a flying hawke,
never unhooded in the field." — Bert, " Treatise," 161 9, p. 23. Before
the Crusades the hood was unknown to European falconers ; it was
introduced by the German Emperor, Frederick II., who adopted the
use of it from the Syrian Arabs. The hood proper has a plume of
feathers on top ; the rufter-hood is without this. See Rufter-hood
and Seeling.

Hood off, v., to pull oft" the hood and slip a hawk at the quarry.

Hood-shy, said of a hawk thai has been spoilt by clumsy hooding.

Hoo-HA-HA. The modern version ot an old cry raised by falconers
when the quarry is sighted and the hawk is encouraged to pursue.
Drayton (No. 23) gives it in a description of hawking by the river,
1622 {vide anted., p. 19). Perhaps the expression, to cry havock, meant
originally to give the hawking cry before slipping at the quarry, hafoc
being the A.S. word for hawk. Claude Gauchet, in his "Plaisir des
Champs," 1 583, writes : " puis au partir de I'arbre hoya, hoya, se crie ;
and Dangeau, in his "Etats de la France," has : "Toutes fois qu'elle
part (la Pie) on crie, houya, houya /" Baron de Noirmont (No. 206),
describing the French method of duck-hawking (vol. iii. p. 184),
says : " on mettait les oiseaux, c'est k dire les faucons, d. mont, puis
on faisait partir les canards ; au moment ou ils prenaient leur vol, on
criait ha, ha ! ou bien encore hou, hou ! k la mode flamande." The
Arab falconers shout " ha-hou /'^ which, according to General
Daumas (No. 199), signifies with them " There it is !" The Japanese
falconers, when h.nl oaing to a hawk, cry, ^'■0-oti, 0-ou.f" See the

GLOSSARY. 22 s

"Chinese an/apanese Encyclopaedia," by Simayosi Anko, 1714
(No. 366), '

Indue, In]?5jg, note to No. 10. See Endew.

iMPiNGrom the Lat. impono, a method of repairing broken flight or
tf feathers. For the modus operandi, see Salvin and Brodrick,
(Falconry in the British Isles," 1873, p. 134.

*Ke, j., the neck of the quarry {q.v.), now obsolete.

.NTERMEWED is "from her first mewing till she come to be a white
hawk." — Latham, 161 5. Literally, "between moults." " I have seen
divers entermewers." — Bert, 1619. This word is now seldom used.

Jack, the male Merlin.

Jerkin, the male Jerfalcon.

Jesses, j., the short narrow straps of leather fastened round a hawk's legs
to hold her by. See Leash.

JOKIN, sleeping ; used by old authors ; a term now obsolete.

JOKITH, jouketh, i.e., sleepeth. Amongst the " kyndeli termis that belong
to hawkis," explained in the " Boke of St. Albans," i486, the fifth is
that your hdcdk^ jouketh and not slepith.

Leash, s., a long narrow thong of leather attached to the jesses with a
swivel or varvels {q.v.\ and by means of which a hawk is tied to
perch or block.

Lines, s., loynes, lunes, also lewnes. " Lunes for hawks, leashes or long
lines to call them."— Phillips, " New World of Words," 1696. " The
jesses were made sufficiently long for the knots [ends] to appear
between the middle and the little fingers of the hand that held them,
so that the lunes, or small thongs of leather, might be fastened to
them with tyrrits or rings, and the lunes were loosely wound round
the little finger." — Strutt, " Sports and Pastimes," p. 32. Hence it
would appear that the lunes took the place of the modern leash, which
is attached to the jesses with a swivel or varvels. Bert terms them
"lines," thus : — "until he hath with her lines fastened her calling-
cranes unto her." — *' Treatise of Hawkes," 1619, p. 54. See Creance.

Lure, s., from the O.Fr. loerre, modern leurre; O. German Luoder,
a bait. Technically, a bunch of feathers, or couple of wings tied
together on a piece of leather, and weighted. Being garnished with
raw meat, the hawk is always fed upon it. Hence, when swung aloft,
it serves to lure the hawk back to the falconer.

Mail, s., the breast feathers of a hawk.

226 GLOSSARY.

Mail, t/., to mail a hawk, i.e.^ to wrap her up in a soci or handkerchief (Fr.
I'envelopper d'un linge nommd chemise), eitheito tame her, as
described by Bert {op. cit. pp. 46-47), or to keep henuiet during an
operation, as " coping " or " imping " {q.v.).

Make-hawk, j., an old experienced hawk flown with an e^ss, when
training, to teach it or encourage it.

Manning, manned, making a hawk tame by accustoming her to nan's
presence. See Reclaim.

Mantle, r/., said of a hawk " when she stretcheth one of her wings aftc
her leg, and so the other." — Nicholas Cox, 1674.

Mar-hawk, j., one who spoils a hawk by clumsy handling.

' Mark, to fly at, z/., generally said of a Goshawk when, having " put in " a
covey of partridges, she takes stand, marking the spot where they
disappeared from view until the falconer arrives to put them out 10
her.

Marrow, with old authors mary, e.g.^ mary of beefe ; mary of goose ;
given as a remedy, or to envelope medicine.

Mew, j., the place where hawks are set down to moult. When the royal
" mews " at Charing Cross were converted into stables in 1 534, the
name, confirmed by long usage, remained to the building, although
inapplicable after the hawks were removed. In later times, when
the people of London began to build ranges of stables at the back of
their houses, they continued the name of the buildings, though
appropriated to other uses. — Stow's " Survey of London,'' 1 598.

Mew, ?/., to moult, from the Fr. muer^ to change the feathers. In " The
Gentleman's Academie," by Gervase Markham, 1595, will be found
special directions for the mewing of hawks, from which we learn that
the best time to commence is the beginning of Lent, and, if well kept,
the bird will be mewed, that is, moulted, by the beginning of August.
French falconers term their hawks " tnuh lorsqu'ils ont fait cette
premiere mue en captivitd ; mues des bois ou des champs^ quand elle
a eu lieu en libertd" — Dunoyer de Noirmont. " Pour les muez des
champs, ils sont du tout infid^les, et vont toujours aux moucherons."
— D'Arcussia, "Conference des Fauconiuers'' (11* journde). This
explains the term " muer de haye^' used in reference to a Goshawk in
one of the Paston Letters, 24 Nov. 1472, which seems to have
puzzled commentators.

Mites, j., the parasites that infest the head and nares of a hawk.

MOMEY, j'., with old authors, sc. mummy, Fr. momiej formerly, when
reduced to powder, used as medicine for hawks : cf. Ray, " Summary

GLOSSARY. 227

of Falconry," 1678, chap. ii. § 9. The old Spanish writers on
Falconry refer to it as motnta : cf. Pero Lopez de Ayala, " Libro de
las Aves de Caga," chap, xxviii. The use of it was probably intro-
duced into Spain by the Moors, as it appears to be derived from the
Arabic moumiya, from mourn, wax. — Cf. Dozy et Engelmann, " Glos-
saire des Mots espagnols ddriv^s de I'arabe," 2nd edit. Leyde, 1869.

MUER DES CHAMPS, or MUER DE HAVE. See MeW.

Musket, j., the male Sparrow-hawk ; French mouchet., Dutch moskei.

MuTFS, s., the droppings or excrement of hawks. "And ye shall say
that your hauke mutith."— " Boke of St. Albans," i486. Or, if a
short-winged hawk, she " sliceth," op. cit.

Nares, j., the nostrils of a hawk. From the Latin.

Nyas, s., sc. an eyas, or eyess, Fr. niais, a nestling hawk taken from the
eyrie or nest. — Dunoyer de Noirmont, " Hist, de la Chasse en
France," iii. p. 120. O.Fr. nyh. '■'■ Tu auras faulcons et laniers
nyds, ramaiges, sors, muers." — Gace de la Eigne, 14th cent. Tur-
bervile, in his " Booke of Falconrie," 1575, has a chapter entitled
" How to keepe Nyasse Sparowhawkes." See note to Eyess.

Ostringer, s., sc. austringer, and astringer (Shakespeare), generally re-
stricted to one who keeps short-winged hawks, especially the Gos-
hawk. Fr. austour and autour. " We usually call a falconer, who
keeps that kind of hawk, an austringer." — Cowell, " Law Diet."
Bert employs the term austringer. — " Treatise of Hawkes," 1619.
The form ostreger also occurs, from ostercus or austercus. — Ducange,
sub voce Astur. "A Goshawk is in our records termed by the
several names of osturcum, hostricum, estricium, asturcum, and
austercum, all from the Fr. austour [mod. autour; Lat. astur\"
— Blount, "Ancient Tenures," 4to, 1815, p. 266, "A techer or
ynstructor of fawkners and ostrigers." — Reed, " Governance of
Hawkes," 1557. Turbervile has "certaine observations for an Os-
treger in keeping of a Goshawke." — "Booke of Falconrie," 1575.
Ray also has " Ostreger." — " Summary of Falconry," 1678.

Pannel, s., the stomach or lower bowel of a hawk.

Pantas, s., a disease in hawks akin to asthma.

Passage-hawk, a wild hawk caught upon the passage or migration.

Paster, ^., plaister ; used medicinally ; now obsolete.

Perch, s., is that whereon you set down your hawk when you put her off
your fist. — Ray, " Summary of Falconry," 1678. The perch is used
in the house ; the block, out of doors. See Block.

2 28 GLOSSARY.

Pelt, j., the dead body of the quarry.

Pendant feathers, those behind the thighs of a hawk.

Petty singles, the toes of a hawk.

Pill, or Pelf, s., what, is left of the quarry after the hawk has been fed
upon it.

Pin and Web, s., a disease of the eye in hawks akin to dimness and
film. Bert describes another disease (p. 86) called "pinne in the
throat," which from his description resembles what modern falconers
term "croaks" {g.v.).

Pitch, J., the height to which a falcon rises in the air by ringing up {g.v.).

Plumage, s.^ given for "casting" {g.v.).

Plume, v.., to pluck the feathers off the quarry.

'Point, to make her, when a hawk throws herself up in the air above the
spot where the quarry has "put in" {g.v.).

Pounces, j., the claws of a hawk.

Preen, z/., to dress the feathers with the beak.

Principals, the two longest feathers in the wing of a hawk.

' Put in, v., to drive the quarry into covert.

Put over, ?/., said of a hawk " when she removeth her meat from the
gorge into the bowels, by traversing with her body, but chiefly with
her neck." — Nicholas Cox, "The Gentleman's Recreation," 1674.
See Endew.

Quarry, s., the game flown at. O.Fr. curec, the reward given to hounds
when they killed ; from the Low Lat. corata, the entrails of a slain
animal.

Quick, adj.^ alive.

Rake away, z/., to take off, instead of pursuing the quarry flown at, or to
fly wide of it.

Ramage-hawk. See Brancher.

Rangle, j., small stones given to hawks to aid digestion. If set down
on a block where it can reach them, a hawk will pick them up
voluntarily.

Reclaim, v.,, Fr. r'eclamer^ to make a hawk tame, gentle, and
familiar. " In the manning and reclaiming, you must by kindness
make her gentle and familiar with you." — Nicholas Cox, "The
Gentleman's Recreation," 1674.

Red-hawk, j., the modern term for a " sore-hawk" {g.v.).

GLOSSARY. 229

Ring-up, v., to rise spirally to a height.

Robin, s., the male Hobby.

Rouse, v., is when a hawk lifteth herself up and shaketh herself. —
Nicholas Cox, op. at. " Rowse," " Boke of St. Albans," i486.

Rousing ; with old authors Rowysin. See Rouse.

Ruff, v., Fr. buffeter, to hit the quarry and make the feathers fly, with-
out trussing it. See Truss.

Rufter-hood, j., Dutch ruishuif, German riisthaube, French chaperon
de rust, a plain, easy leather hood, through which the hawk can
feed, and opening wide behind ; used when a hawk is being tamed,
and superseded by the hood proper when she is trained. The
absence of a plume prevents her from pulling it off. See HoOD.

Rye, j., a disease in hawks which shows itself by a swelling in the head.

" For defawte of hote meate this sekenese the Ry commyth." — " The

Boke of St. Albans," i486.

Sails, j., the wings of a hawk.

Scouring, j., purging. See Turbervile's "Bookeof Falconrie," 1575
(pp. 285, 286).

Screen-perch, s., the form of perch used for hawks when kept in a

room. See Perch and Block.
Seare, and Sere, s., with old authors, for cere, from Lat. cera, the

wax-like skin above the beak. See Cere.

Sedge, at-, a corruption of " at siege ;" said of a heron when at the water-
side, in contradistinction to being " on passage."

Seeling, an old method of obscuring the sight of the hawk by passing
threads through the lower eyelids and tying them behind the head,
a practice long superseded in this country by the more humane use
of the hood, though still adopted by native falconers in India.

Serving a hawk, helping to put out the quarry from covert.

Set down to moult, put into the mew.

Sharp set, very hungry.

SloOSE, s., with old authors, for sloes {Prunus spinosa, Linn.), used
medicinally; A.S. sla; O.E. sle. For an interesting note on the
meaning of this word, see Prior, " Popular Names of British Plants,"
3rd edit. (1879), p. 217.

Sniting, with old authors ; an obsolete term for sneezing.

Sock, German Falkensack. See Mail, v.

Sore-hawk, s., a hawk of the first year. From the Fr. sor, or satire,
reddish brown ; whence sorrel. " A sowyr hawk ys much tenderer

230 GLOSSARY.

than a muyd hawk."— Reed, "Governance of Hawkes," 1557. A
coloured figure of a sore Sparrow-hawk is given in Rowley's
" Ornithological Miscellany," 4to, 1875 (vol. i. p. 58).

Spring, v.., to flush the partridge, pheasant, or other bird to be flown at.

Stalke, j., with old authors, the leg {tarsus). See Harting, No. 81, pp.

5, 7, 16, 31.
Stavesaker, s., stavesacre, Delphinium staphisagrice, Linn,, a plant

formerly in request for destroying lice in a hawk.

Stoop, j., the swift descent of a falcon on the quarry from a height ;
synonymous with swoop.

Strike the hood, v., to half open it, so as to be in readiness to hood off
the moment the hawk is to be flown.

Summed, adj. A hawk is said to be " summed " or " full summed" when,
after moulting, she has got all her new feathers, and is fit to be taken
out of the mew. See note to No. 10, anted,, p. 10.

Swivel, s., used to prevent the jesses and leash from getting twisted when
the hawk is tied upon the perch. See Leash, TyRRiT,and Varvels.

Take the air, v., to mount.

Tewell, j., the lower bowel, affected by the disease termed cray {q.v.).

Tiercel, Tercel, Tassel (Shakespeare), and Tarsell (Bert), the male
of any species of hawk, the female being termed a falcon. The tiercel
is said by some to be so called from being about one-third smaller in
size than the falcon ; by others it is derived from the old belief that
each nest contained three young birds, of which two were females,
and the third and smallest a male. Note the familiar line in " Romeo
and Juliet " : " Oh ! for a falconer's voice to lure this tassel-gentle
back again."

Tire, z/., Fr. tirer^ to pull at a tough piece. See " Tiring."

Tiring, j., any tough piece (as the leg of a fowl with little on it) given to a
hawk when in training to pull at, in order to prolong the meal, and
exercise the muscles of the back and neck. " I have knowne many
Falconers that never make their hawkes to tyre, saying that it is but
a custom, and needelesse ; but I say the contrary, for inasmuch as
the hawke is exercised by reasonable tyring, shee becommeth the
healthier and the lighter both of body and of head by all moderate
exercises, yea, and shee is the better in state also as you may per-
ceyve." — Turbervile, "Booke of Falconrie," 1575.

Tower, v. See Ring up.

GLOSSARY. 231

Train, s., the tail of a hawk. Also the live bird that is given on a line to
the hawk when first entered.

Truss, z/., Fr. trousser^ to clutch the quarry in the air instead of striking
it to the ground.

Tyrrit, j., a swivel, or turning-ring, from the Fr. touret, the use of
which is thus explained by Littr^ : " anneau double qui empeche les
jets d'un faucon ou toute autre courroie de s'embrouiller ; " and by
Baron Dunoyer de Noirmont : *' pour empecher les jets et la longe
de s'enrouler, on interposait entre eux un touret, compost de deux
anneaux de mdtal, tournant I'un sur I'autre." The word occurs in
Chaucer, who describes greyhounds " with mosel fast ybound,
colered with gold, and torretes filed round." See Warton's note on
the passage, "History of English Poetry," vol. ii. p. 99 (1824). The
mode of making a tyrrit or swivel is minutely described and its use
explained in the work of the Emperor Frederick II., "Z?^ arte
venandi aim avibus,'^ ■wx'xii&mhont 1247, and first printed in 1596.
See chapter xl. of the second book, entitled " De tornetto^ qualiter
factum sit, et ad quid sit utile."

Unreclaimed, adj., wild.

Unstrike the hood, v., to loosen the braces so that the hood may be
easily pulled off.

Unsummed, adj. A hawk is said to be unsummed while moulting,
before her new feathers are grown up.

Urines, s., nets to catch hawks. — Nicholas Cox, 1674. ^ corruption
probably of the Fr. araigne, " sorte de filet pour prendre les
oiseaux divers et meme les oiseaux de proie;'' — Cerfon, " De la Basse
Volerie," p. 145.

Varvels, s., small flat rings of silver on which the owner's name was
engraved, fastened to the ends of the jesses, and used instead of
a swivel, the leash being passed through them. One is figured
on the title-page of Bert's Treatise, 1619. See also Camden,
" Britannia," i. 329 ; Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 63, p. loi ; vol. 65,
p. 474 ; ArchcBologia, vol. xii. p. 410, pi. 51 j and Dillon, Proc, Soc.
. ^«//^., 2nd series, vol. iv. (1869), p. 353.

Wait on, Fr. tenir d mont. A hawk is said to " wait on" when she soars in
circles over the head of the falconer, waiting for the game to be flushed.

Warbile, Warbel, and Warble, v. A hawk warbleth when after " rous-
ing" and " mantling" {q.v^ she crosses her wings together over her
back. " She mantellith and not stretchith when she putteth her leges
from her oon after another : and hir wynges follow after hir leggs : then

232 GLOSSARY.

she dooth mantill hir, and when she hath mantilled hir and bryngith
booth hir wynges togeder ouer hir backe, ye shall say youre hawke
' warbellith hir wynges.'" — " Boke of St. Albans," i486.

Watching. Part of the old method of taming hawks was to watch
them for the first night or two after their capture, to prevent them
from sleeping. " I kept them upon the fist that day they came
unto me, and that night they were truly watched." — Bert, " Treatise
of Hawkes," 1619 (p. 46). Shakespeare employs the word in this
sense, "Taming of the Shrew," act iv. sc. i, wherein Petruchio gives
a lesson in " reclaiming " a hawk.

Weather, v., whence weathering, to place the hawk upon her block in
the open air. Simon Latham (who states in the Preface to his book
that " the practice and experience of many years is given in a few
leaves not drawn from traditions in print, or otherwise taken upon
trust, but out of certain and approved conclusions ") remarks on the
subject of "weathering " that an eyess may be set abroad to weather
at any time of day unhooded, and better when her gorge is full, for
she will then sit quietly upon the block ; but a haggard should be set
down in the morning, or else in the evening before she is fed, and
should always be hooded to prevent her from " bating " (as she other-
wise would do) and continually striving to be gone, whereby her
training would be greatly hindered. See Latham's " Falconry ; or
the Faulcon's Lure, and Cure," 161 5 (p. 35).

VOCABULARY,

IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES, OF THE CHIEF TECHNICAL
TERMS EMPLOYED BY FALCONERS.

234

VOCABULARY.

ENGLISH.

DUTCH.

GERMAN.

FRENCH.

Falconry, or

Valkenjagt

Falkenjagd

Fauconnerie

Hawking *

Valkenierderij

Falknerei

Autourserie

)i

>j

Falkenbeize

Volerie

Falconer

Valkenier

Falkenjager

Fauconnier

Falcon

Valk

Falke

Faucon

Hawk

Havik

Habicht

Autour

Bag, hawking

Valkenierzak

Falknertasche

Fauconni&re

Bate, V.

Fladderen

Flattern

Battre ; se de-
battre

Bathe, v.

Baden

Baden

Baigner

Bell

Bel ; schel

Schelle

Sonnette ; grelot

Bewit

Riem (lederen)

Riemen

Porte-grelot

Bind,<?rclutch,z/.

Binden

Binden

Lier ; empidter

Block

Blok

Block

Bloc

Brail

Brail

Schleife ; Flechte

Bride

Brancher

Takling

Fliigling

Branchier

Cadge

Cagie

Cage ; Trage

Cage; brancard

Cadge-bearer

Cagie-drager

Cage-trager

Cagier ; porte-
cage

Call off, V.

Lokken

Anziehen

Leurrer ; re-
clamer

Carry, v.

Trossen

Tragen

Charrier

Cast ofif, V.

Losgooijen

Abwerfen ; los-

Jeter ; lacher ;

lassen

mettre k mont

Casting, (?r pellet

Uitwerp

Auswurf ;
Schleimsel

Cure ; pelote

Cere

Wassen

Wachshaut; Ring

Cire ; couronne

Cope, V.

Afsnijden

Abschneiden

Couper; apol-
tronir

Creance

Vliegdraad

Flugleine ;
Lockschnur

Creance ; fili&re

Crop

Krop

Kropf

Gorge

Drawer, or lure

Loer

Lockspeise ;
Federspiel

Tiroir ; leurre

Eagle

Arend

Adler

Aigle

Eagle-owl

Hoornuil

Uhu

Grand-due

Endew, v.

Verduwen

Verdauen

Enduire ; ou
induire

Enseam, v.

Zuiveren

Aushungern

Essimer ; de-
graisser

EyesSjOrnestling

Nestling

Nestling

Niais

' Many of the terms in this Vocabulary are not to be found in the Dictionaries, and have
been taken from the most approved and reliable works on F'alconry.

VOCABULARY.

235

SPANISH.

ITALIAN.

LATIN.

Halconeria ; alta-

Falconeria

Ars falconaria *

neria

Cetren'a ; caga

Uccellatura

Ars accipitraria

(caza) de aves

Volateria

Caccia col falcone

Aucupium, ex aucupare

Halconero ; cetrero

Falcon iere ; slroz-
ziere; strucciere

Falconarius ; accipitrarius

Alcon, halcon, fal-

Falcone

Falco

con
Agor ; azor

Astore

Astur ; accipiter ; acceptor

Bolsa; 6>.5. linja-

Borsa ; sacca

Bursa ; cameria

vera

Sacudir

Scuotere ; debattere

Deverberare, unde diver-
beratio (bating)

Baiiar

Bagnare

Balneare ; abluere

Campanilla ;

Sonaglio

Campanella ; nola

cascabel

Corrda

Coreggia

Corrigia ; corrigiola

Agarrar ; empuSar

Attaccare

Arripere ; prehendere

Tajo ; zoqudte

Tronco; pietra

Sedile ; seditorium

Braza

Briglia

Corrigiola ; filo ligare alas

Halcon ram^ro

Ramace ; ramengo

Ramalis ; ramarius; raniagius

Caja

Gdbbia

Portatorium

Portador

Portatore

Falconum portator

Tirar ; atiaer ;

Attirare ; allettare ;

AUectare ; revocare

Llamar a la tira

chiamare al lodro

Llevar

Portare la preda

Subducere

Arrojar, O.S. de-

Lasciare ; gettare

Jactare

salar ; langar

Curalle ; pelotilla ;

Pallotolla ; O.I. bor-

Pilula ; plumata ; egestio

plumada

gature

q'era

Cera

Cera

Acortar

Tagliare

Ungues aptare

Hilo ; O.S. fila ;

Fila ; credenzia

Credentia ; fileria

corddl

Gorja ; gola ; papo

Gola

Gula ; gorgia ; ingluvies

Sefmelo

Logoro

Tiratoria ; lorarium

Asruila

Aquila

Aquila

Buho

Gufo

Bubo

Digerir

Digerire

Induere

Desaynar

Smagrare

Expurgare

Nidgo ; nididgo

Niaso; nidiace ;

Nidasius; nidarius; nidu-

nidaso

larius ; clamorosus, a
screamer

* The Latin terms given in this Vocabulary are derived from the authoritative work of
the Emperor Frederick \l., Dearie venandi cum Avibus, No. 308.

236

VOCABULARY.

ENGLISH.

DUTCH,

GERMAN.

FRENCH.

Eyrie, or nest

Horst

Horst

Aire ; nid

Feather

Veder

Feder

Plume ; penne

Flight feathers

Vleugels

Schwingfedern

Vanneaux

Flight, a

Vlugt

Flug

Vol

Feed up, v.

Azen

Futtern ; Kropfen

Faire paitre

Fist

Hand

Hand ; Faust

Main ; poing

Glove

Handschoen

Handschuh

Gant

Gorge

Krop

Kropf

Gorge

Goshawk

Havik ; duiven-

Habicht; Hiihner-

Autour ; O.F. aus-

valk

habicht

tour

Haggard ; see

Haggard

Hagard ; Alter-

Hagard ; madr($

"Glossary"

falke

Hawk

Havik

Habicht

Autour

Hawk of the fist

Hand-valk

Hand-falke

Oiseau de poing

Hawk of the lure

Loer-valk

Lockspeisen-falke

Oiseau de leurre

Hawk-house

Valken-kamer

Falkenkammer

Perchoir

Hawk's meat

Aas

Frass ; Fleisch

Pat ; nourriture

Heron-hawk

Reiger-valk

Reiher-falke

Heronnier

Heronshaw

Reiger

Reiher

Heronseau

Hobby

Boom-valk

Baum-falke

Hobereau

Hood, s.

Huif ; kap

Haube ; Kappe

Chaperon

Hood, rufter-

Reushuif

Rust<?^^rRausch-
haube

Chaperon de rust

Hood, plume of

Pluimpje

Federbusch

Panache; cor-
nette

Hood, V.

Ophuiven

Aufhauben

Chaperonner

Unhood, V.

Afhuiven

Abhauben

D^chaperonner

Hunger traces

Honger-malie

Hungermal ;
Hungermarke

Pennes affamt^es

Imp, V.

Eene veder aan-
steken

Anstecken

Enter une penne

Imping needle

Naald

Nadel

Aiguille ?i enter

Jerfalcon

Giervalk

Gierfalke

Gerfaut

Jesses

Schoenen

SchiJhe ; Wurf-
fesseln

Les jets

Kestrel

Torenvalk

Thurmfalke

Cresserelle

Kite

Wouw ; milaan

Rother-milan

Milan

Lanner

Lannervalk

Lannerfalke

Lanier

Leash

Langveter

Langfessel

Longe

Short-leash

Kortveter

Kurzfessel

Courtrier

Lure, s.

Loer

Lujer; Lockspeise;
Federspiel

Leurre ; rappel

Lure, V.

Lokken

Locken

Leurrer ; re-
clamer

Merlin

Smelleken

Schmerlein, O.G.
Smirlin ; Mer-
lin-falke

Emerillon

VOCABULARY.

237

SPANISH.

ITALIAN.

LATIN.

Nido ; O.S. ayre

Nido ; nidato

Area ; nidus

Pluma

Penna

Penna

Cuchillos

Coltelli

Cultellus ; vani

Vuelo ; volerfa

Volo ; volato

Volatus

Nutrir ; alimentar

Nutrire ; alimentare

Nutrire

Mano ; puuo

Mano ; pugno

Manus ; pugnus

Guante

Guanto

Chirotheca; manica coriacea

Gorja ; gola

Gorgia ; gola

Gula

Agor ; azor

Astore

Astur ; austur

Halcon mudado ;

Falcone mudato

Falco mutatus

O.S. gaharefio

Azor ; gavilan

Astore

Astur ; accipiter ; acceptor

Ave de mano

Falcone di pugno

Pugilaris

Ave de senuelo

Falcone di logoro

Loraria, seu pinnaria

Halconera

Camera ; muta

Camera ; muta ; mutatorium

Nutrimento

Nutrimento ; ali-
mento

Alimenta ; caro

Gargdro

Aironero

Falco ad ardeam

Garga ; garza real

Airone

Ardea ; ardeola

Alcotdn

Lodolaio

Alaudarius

Capirdte

Cappello ; cappel-
leto

Capellus ; cucullus

»>

>j }>

)> >»

Penacho ; penola

Pennuccia; pennella

Plumula ; pennula ,

Poner el capirote

Incappellare

Capellum induere

Tirar el capir6te

Discappellare

Capellum deponere

Navajadillas

Penne afifamate

Penna^ affamatae

Enjerir ; O.S. en-

Inschittire

Imponere

xerir

Aguja

Ago ; aghetto

Acus

Halcon girifalte

Girifalco

Girofalco ; gyrfalco

Pihudlas ; O.S.

Getto ; getti

Jactus ; jacti sunt laquei

piudlas ; pedi-

de corio facti, imponendi

cu^las

pedibus faiconum

Cemicalo

Cristariello ; fal-
chetto; gheppio

Tinnunculus

Milano

Milano ; forceluta

Milvus regalis

Lanero; Alfandque

Laniere ; lanario

Lanerius ; lanarius

Lonja

Lunga

Longa

Lonja corta

Corta lunga

Not used; cf. p. 170

Senuelo ; O.S.

Logoro ',0.1. lodro

Loyrum ; logorum; lorarium;

roedero

tiratorium

Seiiolear ; Uamar

Allettare ; richia-

Allectare ; revocare ; logorum

mare

exhibere vel ostendere

Esmerejdn

Smerlo ; smeriglio

Smerilio ; mirle (Albertus
Magnus)

238

VOCABULARY.

ENGLISH.

DUTCH.

GERMAN.

FRENCH.

Moult, S.

Muite

Mauser

Mue

Moult, V.

Muiten

Mausen

Muer

Mount, soar, or

Zweven

Aufifliegen ; Auf-

Prendre I'air ;

ring up, V.

steigen

monter k I'essor

Mutes, s.

Smettsel

Schmelz

Esmeuts; emeuts ;
fientes

Mute, V.

Smettseln

Schmelzen ;

Esmutir ; emeu-

Spretzen

tir ; fienter

Nestling, see

»»

))

»

Eyess

Passage-hawk, or

Passagier ; pel-

Dreckfalke ;

Passager ; pdlerin

peregrine

grim

Wanderfalke

Perch, s.

Vogeliek ; Valk-

Das Reck, oder

Perche

enstang

Sitzstange

Quarry

Prooi

Raub ; Beute

Curde ; proie

Reclaim, v.

Verbeteren

Zahmen

Rdclamer

Red-hawk, or

Roode-valk

Rotherfalke

Faucon rouge, ou

sore-hawk

sors

Saker

Saker-valk

Saker-falke

Sacre ; sacret

Seel, V,

Breeuven

Siegeln ; Auf-
braunen

Ciller; siller

Sock

Valkenzak

Falkensack

Linge ; chemise

Sparrow-hawk ;

Sperwer ; het

Sperber: Sper-

Epervier ; O.F.

male, musket

mannetje

lings-habicht

espervier, le

mosket

male mouchct

Stoop, s.

Aanval ; neer-

Stos

Choc ; attainte ;

schieten

coup ; assaut ;
descente

Stoop, V.

Schieten

Stosen ; Streichen

Descendre ;
fondre ; donner
le coup

Swivel

Draal

Drahle ; Wirbel

Vervelle ; touret

Talons

Klaaus

Zehen ; Krallen

Doigts ; serres

Tiercel

Taleken

Terzel

Tiercelet

Tame, v.

Spinnen

Abrichten ;
Zahmen

Apprivoiser

Tire, v. to pull at

Afknagen

Nagen

Tirer

Train, v.

Treinen ; opleiden

Unterrichten

Entrainer ; af-

onderrigten

faiter ; dresser

Training

Opleiding

Unterrichtung

Affaitage ; dres-
sage

Train, or tail

Staart

Schwanz

Queue ; balai

Varvel

Draal

Wiibel

Vervelle

Wait on, v.

Aanwachten

Abwarten ; stehen

Tenir k mont ;
faire la cresse-
relle

Watch, V.

Be waken

Bewachen

Veiller I'oiseau

Weather, v.

In de vrije lucht

Liiften, oder in die

Jardiner

zetten

Luft bringen

VOCABULARY.

239

SPANISH.

ITALIAN.

LATIN.

Muda

Muta

Mutatio

Mudar

Mil tare

Miitare ; plumas exuere

Remontarse ; ele-

Elevarsi ; alzarsi

Altivolare ; spiraliter aethera

vArse

scandere

Excremento ; O.S.

Smaltitura ; calcin-

Excrementa ; stercora

tuUiduras

accio

TuUir ; toller

Smaltire

Fimum reddere

Peregrino; pelegrin

»>

Pellegrino ; pere-
grino

5>

Peregrinus ; fugitivus

Percha ; palo ; varal

Pertica ; ramo ;
barra; stanga

Pertica; r/ p. 171

Prdsa

Prdda

Corata ; prseda

Reducir ; amansar

Reclamare

Mansuefacere

Halcon soro

Soro ; falcone soro

Falco saurus ; sores ; p. 1 54

Alcon sacre

11 sacro

Falco sacer

Sellar

Cigliare

Ciliare ; ciliatio (seeling)

S^co ; mdia

Sacchetto ; maglia

Sacculus ; malleolum

Esparvel

Sparviere

Sparverius ; spervarius ;
espervarius; m?iSf}iuscheti{s,
nisus autem femina

Golpe ; acometida

Colpo

Pulsus

Golpar

Calare

Pulsare ; capere praedam

Eslab6n

Tornetto; guinzaglio

Tornettum

Garras

Unghioni

Ungues

Terzudlo ; O.S.

Terzuolo

Tertiarius

tor^uelo

Amansar

Domare

Mansuefacere

Roer

Rodere ; tirare

Rodere

Hacer ; amaestrar ;

Ammaestrare

Instituere ; educare

ensenar

Amaestramento

Ammaestramento

Cura ; curatio

Cola

Coda

Cauda

Eslab6n

Guinzaglio ; tor-
netto

Tornettum

Esperar

Aspettare ; atten-
dere

Expectare

Velar

Vegliare

Advolare

Orear

Mettere sul tronco

Foras portare

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

I. [Frontispiece^ Portrait of Sir Ralph Sadler,

OF EVERLEY, WiLTS, GrAND FaLCONER TO QuEEN

Elizabeth. From a painting on panel, attributed to
Marc Gerhardt, in the possession of Sir John D.
Astley, Bart. Reproduced in colour by W. Griggs
from the original picture preserved in the Manor
House at Everley.

Sir R. C. Hoare, in his " History of Modern Wilts," folio,
1826, under the head of " Everley," writes : — " In the first year
of the reign of King Edward the Sixth a grant of the manor of
Everley, and park and free warren, was made to Edward, Duke
of Somerset, Lord Protector (1547), on whose attainder it re-
verted to the Crown, and was afterwards granted by Queen
Elizabeth to her royal falconer, Sir Ralph Sadler," of Standon, in
the county of Herts, who had been Chief Secretary of State to
Henry VHI.

*' Sir Ralph was fond of hawking, and no place could have
been better adapted to that sport than Everley, with its extensive

and adjoining open country He is said to have partly built

the mansion-house there, and especially one room, where was his
picture in small life, with his hawk on his arm, as well as his crest,
and which painting is now (1826) removed from its original
situation, but is still preserved by the present owner."

The picture referred to is that here reproduced, and is attri-
buted to Marc Gerhardt (1580-1635). A coloured print of it is
given by Clutterbuck in his '* History and Antiquities of Hert-
fordshire," 1827, vol. iii. p. 235.

Q

J42 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Sir Ralph Sadler's love of hawking once nearly involved him
in disgrace at Court. He had been appointed to guard the un-
fortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, during her imprisonment in the
Castle of Tutbury (1584-85), and complaint was made against
him by some of her enemies that he was conniving at her escape
by permitting her to accompany ];iim to some distance from the
castle during his hawking excursions. He admitted that he
had sent home for his hawks and falconers, wherewith to
divert the miserable life which he passed at Tutbury, and
that he had been unable to resist the solicitations of his royal
prisoner to permit her to see a sport in which she greatly
delighted. But, he added, this was under the strictest precau-
tions for the security of her person (Memoirs, vol. i. p. 33).

Sir Ralph, who was born at Hackney, Middlesex, in 1507, died,
at the age of eighty, in 1587, at Standon in Hertfordshire, and
was buried in the chancel of the church there, on the south side
of which there is a fine monument erected to his memory. An
engraving of this is given in Clutterbuck's " Hertfordshire,"
vol. iii. p. 235. Lloyd, in his "State Worthies," says of him:
" Little was his body, but great his soul ; the more vigorous the
more contracted " (ed. 1670, p. 96).

He left three sons, Thomas, Edward, and Henry. The last-
named, to whom Symon Latham was falconer (see No. 19, note),
married Dorothy Gilbert, of Everley, and on him Sir Ralph
bestowed the estate at Everley. The property passed from
the Sadlers to the Evelyns of Godstone, Surrey, and West
Dean, Wilts ; thence to the family of Barker, who subsequently
disposed of it to Sir John D. Astley, Bart., whose tenant, Mr.
C. W. Curtis, is now in possession.

The house unfortunately was partially destroyed by fire in
the winter of 1881-82, but has since been rebuilt, and the
portrait is still preserved there. It was lent for exhibition by
Sir John Astley in the spring of 1890, and hung for a few
months during the '* Exhibition of Sports and Arts " in the
"Falconry Room" at the Grosvenor Gailery. It is curious
that neither the historian of Wiltshire nor the historian of
Hertfordshire has been able to discover any other portrait
than this of so important a personage.

For fuller details concerning Sir Ralph Sadler than can here
be given, the reader may be referred to the authorities above

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 243

quoted, as well as to the Memoir prefixed to Sadler's " State
Papers and Letters," edited by Clifford, 1809, and the "Memoir
of the Life and Times of Sir Ralph Sadler," by Major F.
Sadleir Stoney, R.A., 1877 (p. 223). See also Lloyd's "State
Worthies," 1670 (p. 95), and Nichols, "Progresses and Proces-
sions of Queen EHzabeth," vol. i. p. 100; ii. p. 104.

A grandson and namesake of Sir Ralph Sadler — namely, the
only son and heir of Sir Thomas Sadler — kept a pack of otter-
hounds at Standon. He is mentioned in the first chapter of
Walton's " Compleat Angler," wherein Venator refers to a meet
of his hounds at Amwell Hill. He died February 12, 1660.

II. Portrait of Robert Cheseman, Falconer
TO Henry VIII. From a painting by Hans Holbein
in the Royal Gallery at the Hague.

He was the son and heir of Edward Cheseman, Cofferer and
Keeper of the Wardrobe of the Household to Henry VII., and
was born in 1485. (Harl. MSS. 1546, fol. 67*, and 1551, fol. 28^)
This portrait of him was painted in 1533, when he was in his
forty-eighth year.

He lived at Dormanswell, near Northcote, in Middlesex,
and owned land and tenements at Norwood and Hanwell,
besides several houses at Kentish Town, and a house, garden,
and orchard in Fetter Lane. He was made a Justice of
the Peace for the county in 1531 (Gairdner, Calendar State
Papers, Henry VIII., vol. v. p. 77). He sat upon several
Royal Commissions — as, for example, the commission of inquiry
in 1535 as to first-fruits and tenths (Gairdner, vol. viii. pp. 40,
49), and that in 1545 for the viewing of wheat and oats in
Middlesex, with the object of ascertaining what was available for
the King's use after allowance for the necessities of the owners.
Sir Ralph Sadler was a member of the Privy Council which met
on this business at Windsor, the 24th October 1545 (Acts of
the Privy Council, 1 542-1 547, ed. Dasent, pp. 260-261). Robert
Cheseman was also one of the commissioners of inquiry concern-
ing the possessions of Cardinal Wolsey at the date of his attainder
(Gairdner, vol. iv. No. 2931); and on the occasion of the
Northern Rebellion his name appears on the list of " such noble-

244 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

men and gentlemen as be appointed to attend upon the King's
own person," when he was required to furnish thirty men at
arms (Gairdner, vol. xi. p. 233).

He had for a near neighbour at Harrow-on-the-Hill, Dr.
Richard Layton, rector of Harrow, archdeacon of Bucks, and
visitor of monasteries, who, like himself, was devoted to hawk-
ing. This appears in a letter from Dr. Layton to Thomas
Cromwell, Lord Privy Seal, dated " Harrow-on-the-Hill, 25 Sep-
tember, 1537," wherein the following passage occurs : —

" Mr. Cheseman dined with me at Harrow last Thursday, and
when he showed me that the Friars of Hownsley [Hownslow]
would have sold him their house and lands, I advised him to go
to your lordship, the King's High Vicar-General, to whom it
pertained to redress their misgovernance. Nevertheless, the
morrow after, he obtained this lease [a lease for 99 years] as the
minister [of the Friars] confessed, whom I sent for to Harrow as
soon as I heard of this bruit. The Prince, their founder, and
your lordship will best know what to do. I send by this bringer
perisse [pears] of Harrowe, graffed by my Lord of Duresme his
own hands, and partridges my own hawk kilhr (R. O., No.
748, Gairdner, xii. p. 268.) In a subsequent letter to Cromwell
he writes : " If you had come to Harrow on Friday your bed
was ready. You shall have twenty beds in the town, where
there has been no sickness this year, and a dozen in the
parsonage. I send by the bearer half-a-dozen partridges. If
you come not soon there will be none to fly at. / send out my

hawk to-day to kill some for your supper on Monday

Harowe this Saturday." (R. O., No. 749, Gairdner, xii. p. 269.) ,

As Cheseman accompanied the King in his hawking excur-
sions, it is not unlikely that he was present on the occasion
of the memorable accident mentioned in Hall's " Chronicle,"
already referred to {^Introduction, p. xv). He died 3 July 1547,
as appears by the Inquisition /^5/ mortem (i Edward VI. part 2,
Middlesex, No. i), wherein, as usual, the will is recited. It would
seem that he did not hold the office of Royal Falconer until his
death, for three years after his portrait was painted — namely, in
1536 — Henry Norris, Esquire, was Master of the Hawks, with a
salary of ;^4o per month. (Cal. State Papers, Dom., vol. x.
p. 364.)

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 245

The following entries relating to the Royal Falconers are
extracted from the Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry the
Eighth, from November 1529 to December 1532 : —

March 1530. — Itm the v days paid to the henne-

taker for hawks mete . . . . . xs.
Itm to iiij of Maister Skevingtons sVnts in
rewarde for bringing iij hobbyes to the Kings

grace iij li.

Itm the xj daye of Marche paied to Garrat and
Richard the favvconers in rewarde for find-
ing the herons . . . . . . xs.

Dec. 1530. — Itm the iij daye paied in rewarde
to S*" Richard Sandes s'v'nt for the bringing
of a Saker to the King at Hampton Courte . vs.

Feb. 1532. — Itm the ij daye paied to Nicholas
Clampe one of the fawconers for one hole
yeres wages to ende at our lady daye in Lent
next . . . . . . . X IL

Itm the iij daye paied to a stranger called
Jasper, fawconer, for vj Sakers and v
Sakeretts at viij corons a pece which amounts
to y,j viij corons . . . . xx li. xs viijd.

July 1532. — Itm the X viij daye paied to a sVnt of
Sr John Bowcher's in rewarde for bringing of
a caste of hawks to the Kings grace . . xs.

Sept. 1532. — Itm the xxvj daye paied to a s'v'nt of
my lorde of Derby in rewarde for taking up
of an hawke of the kings .... vjs viijd.
Itm to the same John Evans for the mete of iiij
hawks by the space of Ixxxxvij dayes for ev'y
one penny by the daye . . . xxxijs. iiijd.

Nov. 1532. — Itm the iij daye paied to a s'v'nt of the
French e Kings in rewarde for bringing hawks
to the Kings grace to Calys c corons xxiij li. vjs viijd.

Dec. 1532. — Itm the same daye paied to Bentley
for the expenses of the Frenche fawconers
by the space of a monethe . . . Iviijs xd.

In the " Household Book" of the L'Estranges, of Hun-
stanton, CO. Norfolk, 1 5 19-1578, will be found many curious
entries relating to the purchase and keep of hawks in that

246 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

county during the reign of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, some of
which have been quoted in Stevenson's "Birds of Norfolk"
(vol. i. p. 1 6). In these accounts occur entries of "fesants
kyllyd wt the goshawk," " ptriches kyllyd with the sper-hawke,"
and " larks kyllyd with the hobbye."

III. An Elizabethan Falconer's Bag. Mounted
on an enamelled frame of silver gilt, and embroidered
in silk with representations of the blackberry and
mistletoe, emblematical of autumn, the hawking season.

The original is in the possession of Lady North, of Wroxton
Abbey, Banbury, Oxfordshire, who has also a falconer's glove
and a lure of the same period, similarly embroidered.

We may take it that such accoutrements were intended only
for state occasions, or for the use, perhaps, of royal personages.
The ordinary glove, lure, and bag for every-day wear would be
of plain leather, with little or no ornament beyond perhaps a
tassel, or fringe.

The lure used by Elizabethan falconers was in the shape of
a horse-shoe covered with cloth or leather, on which a piece of
raw meat was tied, and weighted, to prevent its being carried by
the hawk. An older form of lure, used at the end of the
fifteenth century, is figured by Viollet-le-Duc in his Didionnaire
JRaisonn'e du Mobilier Eran<^ais (vol. ii., art. Chasse, p. 440,
fig. 21). Such a falconer's bag as that here figured may well
have been used by Sir Walter Hungerford, of Heytesbury,
Wilts, who was a noted falconer in Queen Elizabeth's reign, and
whose position and means would have warranted the use of
such costly articles. He was a contemporary of Sir Ralph
Sadler, already noticed (p. 242), and was doubtless well
acquainted with Mr. Henry Sadler, of Everley, with whom
probably he often hawked over the Wiltshire downs. The son
of Walter Lord Hungerford, who unfortunately lost his head
for treason in 1540, he was commonly called "Sir Walter of
Farley," since he inherited Farley, Farlegh, or Farleigh Castle
(as it is variously spelled), and resided there. There are two
portraits of him in the possession of Sir R. Hungerford Pollen,
of Rodbourne, near Malmesbury, both of which are engraved

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 247

in Sir R. C. Hoare's "History of Modern Wilts," vol. i.
Heytesbury, p. 113. One, painted in 15 74 at the age of forty-two,
is a half-length portrait, which represents him bare-headed, with
a falcon on his glove ; the other, a very curious one, depicts
him on horseback in a full suit of armour, with ostrich plumes
in his helmet and on his horse's head, a black greyhound by his
side, a hare running ahead of him over down-land, above him a
heron flying, and in the foreground a pool on which swims a
wild duck, on either side of which, seated on the bank, is a ger-
falcon. Above and below the picture runs the following quaint
inscription : —

" S"" Walter Hungerforde, Knight, had in quene Elyzabeths
tyme the seconde of her raine, for fouer yere together a baye
horse, a blacke grehounde, a leveratt ; his offer was for fouer
yere together to all Eynglande not above his betters he that
shoulde showe the best horse for a man of armes, a grehounde
for a hare, a haucke for the ryver, to wine iij hundred poundes,
that was a hunderythe pounds apese ; also he had a gerfalcon
for the heme in her Majesty's tyme wiche he kept xviij yere and
offered the lyke to flye for a hundred pounde, and were refused
for all."

He died in 1596, and was buried in a vault in the chapel of
Farley Castle, v/here there is a monument to him with a
curiously cut inscription, beginning with his motto, " Tyme
tryeth Truth." It is reproduced in the late Canon Jackson's
" Guide to Farleigh Hungerford, co. Somerset," 8vo, Taunton,
i860 (p. 23).

IV. James I. as a Youth, . carrying a Sparrow-
hawk. Engraved by Raddon from an original picture
in the possession of the Earl of Dartmouth.

This portrait was exhibited by the Hon. R. Baillie Hamilton
at the exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart in the New
Gallery, Regent Street, in 1889, and was numbered 57 in the cata-
logue of that collection. It was there described as "James VI.
(afterwards James I.) when a child; from the collection of
Charles I. Small half-length figure of a boy, in front view,
dressed in black, with a black cap ; face nearly in full view ;
holding a hawk on his left hand ; right hand on hip."

248 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

V. James I. after his Accession to the Throne of
England, 1603-1625. From a Portrait by Vandyck.

Through his love of hawking and hunting, to which he was
passionately addicted ; by his royal invitations to foreign princes
and noblemen well skilled in these pursuits, to instruct his own
people ; and by his frequent importation and purchase of hawks,
horses, and hounds, James I. did more to encourage and pro-
mote the exercise of these field-sports in England than any
English monarch before or since his time. See (i) a letter from
Sir George Chaworth to the Earl of Shrewsbury, dated from
Newmarket, 29th November 1607, printed in Lodge's "Illustra-
tions," vol. iii. p. T,2fi \ (2) a letter from the King to the Duke
of Buckingham, Harl. MS. 6987, vol. loi, p. 184; and (3) the
MS. diary of Hans Jacob Wurmser von Vendenheym, who
accompanied Lewis Frederick, Duke of Wurtemburg, on his
diplomatic mission to England in 1610, and found the King at
Thetford in May of that year; Add. MSS. Brit. Mus. 20,001.

See also No. 27 of this Catalogue (pp. 104-105, 2nd ed. pp.
96, 97); No. 65, Appendix, pp. 226-227 ; No. 79, pp. 79-82;
and Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, vol. iii. pp. 87, 88.

The expenses of the royal falconers in the time of James I.
were : —

Wages, at ;^3o per month ;^36o

Hawks' meat, at 10^. per day . . . . . 182

Four falconers for crow hawks, at j£,$o per annum . 200

For hawks of all kinds 600

Total £izA2

In the autumn of 1623, while the King was at Newmarket,
the Clerk of the Kitchen, William Lamplough, received in two
payments an advance of ;^5oo " for providing divers French
gentlemen, lately sent unto his Majesty with a present of hawks
from the French King, with all necessaries in a journey along
with his Majesty to Theobalds, Royston, and Newmarket, they
being to reside there for a season to exercise the game of hawking
for his Majesty's disport and recreation." (Devon, " Issues of
the Exchequer," temp. James I., p. 279.)

In January 1624, the King went again to Newmarket, against

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 249

the advice of his physicians, to see some hawks flown. A French
falconer had arrived in London, with a present of hawks, horses,
and setting-dogs from Louis XIII. Chamberlain, writing to Sir
Dudley Carleton from London on January 1 7 of that year, says :
" He made a splendid entry with his train by torchlight, and will
stay till he has instructed some of our people in this kind of
falconry, though he costs his Majesty ^^25 to jQ-^o a day."

The King's health failed visibly in 1624, which much affected
his enjoyment of field-sports. The following significant entry
occurs in the Docquet Book : —

"To Oliver Browne his Majesties Upholdster uppon the
Councill's warr' dated xiiij Dec 1624 for making sixe portable
chaires covered with velvett, to be used in tyme of hunting for
ease, and sixe seats of Spanish leather to lift his Majestie to and
from his bed xxxixl xiis."

Writing to Sir Dudley Carleton on the 8th January 1625,
Chamberlain remarks : " The King kept his chamber all Christ-
mas, only going out in his litter in fair weather to see some flights
at the brook."

On February 3, 1625, James was for the last time at New-
market, accompanied by the Duke of Buckingham and a small
suite. [Amongst other business transacted during this visit,
directions were given to the Master of the Toils " to take three
brace of bucks in Hyde Park, and convey them to Marylebone
Park (now the Regent's Park), to supply the scarcity caused
by the great rain there."]

On February 23 the King removed to Chesterford Park en
route for Royston, which was reached on the 27th. Here
Prince Charles joined his royal father, who had evidently not
long to live. For the last time the King was moved to
Theobalds on March i, and there, on the 27th of that month,
he died of a quartan ague, in the fifty-ninth year of his age and
the twenty-third of his reign. Intent upon sport to the last, the
latest incidents of his life had reference to a present of four
casts of hawks which he sent to Louis XHI. by the hand of
Sir Anthony Pell, Knight, his Master Falconer.

A warrant of Sir Anthony Pell concerning the King's choice
of hawks, and dated January 26, 1621, is printed by Pennant in
the second volume of his " British Zoology," ed. 181 2, Append, iii.
PP- 309-3"-

250 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

VI. The Hon. Lewis Latham, Falconer to
Charles L, born 1555, died 1655. From an ori-
ginal portrait in the possession of his descendant, Mr.
F. A. Holden, of Hyattsville, Maryland, U.S.A.

Lewis Latham, of Elstow, in the county of Bedford, gentleman,
was descended from a younger branch of the Lathams, of Latham
House, near Ormskirk, Lancashire. The old moated house,
which in 1644 withstood a siege by the Parliamentary forces
under General Fairfax, gave way in 1750 to a more modern one,
which was built by the celebrated architect Leoni.

The office of falconer in the tim.e of Charles I. was one
of importance. The Master Falconer was Sir Patrick Hume,
who had succeeded Sir Thomas Monson (1615-1618), and who
had thirty-three other gentlemen associated with him as falconers,
one of whom was Lewis Latham, who also served under Andrew
Pitcairn. After Sir Patrick Hume the Master Falconer was
Sir Allen Apsley (1669), who was succeeded in 1682 by Charles,
Earl of Burford, afterwards created Duke of St. Albans, who,
by letters patent bearing date July 5, 1686, was appointed to
the office of " Master Surveyor and Keeper of the Hawks," and
created Hereditary Grand Falconer (Patent Roll, 3 James II.,
part 7, membrane 19), an office only recently abolished.

The following records relate to Lewis Latham : —

1625, July 15. — Warrant to pay Andrew Pitcairn, Master of
the Hawks, to the use of Lewis Latham, Eustace Norton,
and the rest of the under-falconers, the stipend formerly
allowed them when the King was Prince of Wales.

1627, Aug. 18. — Warrant from Secretary Conway to Attorney-
General Heath to prepare grants of the place of Serjeant
of the Hawks to Lewis Latham with ^6^ per annum,
and of the place he held of falconer to Richard Berwick.

1655, May 15. — Lewis Latham, gent., deceased the 15th day
of May, at Elstow, Bedford.

1655, Sept. I. — His will, dated 6th May 1653, proved at
London by his wife and executrix, Winifred Latham, and
registered in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. His
two sons, Henry and John, and five daughters, Ann,
Frances, Katharine, Elizabeth, and Ellen, named as
legatees : residue to Wife.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 251

1662, May 9. — Winifred Latham, described as the wife of
Latham, the King's Serjeant Falconer, petitions for
arrears of her late husband's salary.

1662, May 13. — Warrant to pay her ^40 out of the privy
seal dormant of ^^10,000.

The present possessor of the portrait, Mr. Frederick A. Holden,
claims descent through Frances, second daughter of Lewis
Latham. She married four times — (i) Lord Weston, (2) Wil-
liam Dungan, (3) Jeremiah Clarke, (4) William Vaughan. Her
son, Thomas Dungan, married and settled in Pennsylvania, and
his daughter Frances married Randall Holden, from whom
descends the above-mentioned Frederick A. Holden. Her
daughter Barbara married James Barker, of Rhode Island, from
whom arose a numerous line of descendants claiming relation-
ship with Lewis Latham.

In a quarto volume entitled " The Ancestry of Thirty-three
Rhode Islanders born in the i8th Century," by John Osborn
Austin, published at Albany, N.Y., by Joel Munsell's Sons, 1889,
much stress is laid upon the number of those claiming descent
from Lewis Latham — eleven grandchildren and eighty- two great-
grandchildren— and a pedigree is printed tracing these descents
through his daughter Frances.

In all probability Symon Latham, who wrote " The Faulcon's
Lure and Cure," 1615-1618 (No. 18), and who was falconer to
Mr. Henry Sadler of Everley, Wilts (third son of Sir Ralph
Sadler), was a relative of Lewis Latham — perhaps a brother or
a nephew, but not a son, his two sons being, as above stated,
Henry and John.

Mr. J, O. Austin, in the work above quoted, refers to this
portrait of Lewis Latham as having been " fortunately preserved
through the care of many generations of descendants," and we
are now indebted to Mr. Holden, its present owner, for his very
courteous permission to reproduce it.

A portrait of another of Charles the First's falconers. Sir
Alexander Abercromby, with a hawk upon his glove, is in the
possession of the present baronet. Sir Robert Abercromby, at
Forglen House, Turriff, Aberdeenshire.

252 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

VII. English Falconers of the Seventeenth
Century. Pheasant-hawking with the Goshawk.
By Francis Barlow, engraved by W. Hollar, 1671.

The print of which this is a copy is one of a scarce series of
twelve, published without text, in oblong quarto, 167 1, with the
title, " Severall Wayes of Hunting, Hawking, and Fishing,
according to the English Manner " (see 33, and note thereon).
Beneath each plate is a descriptive quatrain, that on Pheasant-
hawking being as follows : —

"The feasant cock the woods doth most frequent,
Where spanniells spring and pearch him by the scent,
, And when in flight the hawke with quicken'd speede

With's beake and savage talons makes him bleede."

Francis Barlow, the English painter, was born in 1646, in the
county of Lincoln, where, amongst the waterfowl of the fens, he
had probably good opportunities of studying such scenes as
those described a few years earlier by Michael Drayton in his
"Polyolbion" (No. 23). He especially painted birds, and was
a good draughtsman, though no colourist. He studied under
W. Sheppart, the portrait painter, and furnished a great number
of the subjects engraved by Hollar.

The plate here reproduced affords a good illustration of the
mode in which pheasant-hawking was pursued with the aid of
spaniels, as described by Edmund Bert in 161 6, in his
"Approved Treatise of Hawkes" (No. 22).

VIII. Colonel Thomas Thornton, of Thornville

Royal, in Yorkshire, born 1757, died 1823. From

a portrait in the possession of the Earl of Rosebery, at

The Durdans, Epsom.

Colonel Thornton, one of the most remarkable figures in the
English annals of Falconry, came of a distinguished family. His
grandfather. Sir William Thornton, was knighted by Queen Anne.
His father, Colonel William Thornton, with a troop of yeomanry
and tenantry, one hundred in number, raised and fed at his own
cost, served with great distinction under the Duke of Cumber-
land in the Scottish rebellion, and was present at the battles of

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 253

Falkirk and Culloden. On his return from the war he was
elected M.P. for York. He died rather suddenly in 1 771, at
the age of fifty, leaving his son Thomas a minor.

The boy had been sent to Charterhouse, where he remained
till he was fourteen, and then went to Glasgow College, where
he had been about two years when his father died, and
stayed there three years longer. It was then that he manifested
a passion for field-sports, especially Hawking, on which he ex-
pended much time and money, resolving to bring the sport as
near perfection as possible.

Leaving Glasgow College at the age of nineteen, he repaired
to the family mansion at Thornville Royal, where, with well-
trained hawks and dogs, he formed the basis of a sporting
establishment which afterwards became famous. He joined the
West York Regiment of Militia, of which he subsequently be-
came Colonel, and formed a Falconers' Club, to which reference
will be made when describing the trophy presented to him
by its members (Plate IX.).

His love of foxhunting led him to keep a pack of foxhounds,
and there is a fine engraved portrait of him, by Sawrey Gilpin,
on horseback, cap in hand, cheering his hounds. Another half-
length portrait of him, wearing a hunting-cap, forms the engraved
frontispiece to vol. iii. of the " Annals of Sporting," 1823.

He was fond of racing, and used to ride matches himself.
One such is on record, which created a great deal of interest at
the time. This match, for four miles over Knavesmire, was
ridden on the 24th March 1778, on a horse named " Sir Thomas
Thumb," against Mr. Hare, who rode a horse called "Tu
Quoque." After a close contest Colonel Thornton won.

His bodily activity was remarkable. In a walking match he
went four miles in thirty-two minutes. In leaping he cleared his
own height (5ft. gin.) for a considerable bet. In another match
he leapt over six five-barred gates in six minutes, and then
performed the same feat on horseback. At Newmarket, on
horseback, he ran down a hare, which he picked up, in the pre-
sence of a large concourse of people assembled to witness the feat.
He was an excellent shot with gun and rifle, and a good fisherman.
But it is as a falconer that we have chiefly to consider him. He
was especially skilled in flights at the kite, and in grouse-
and snipe-hawking, and his published " Sporting Tour " (No. 57)

254 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

abounds with the most interesting details of his experience in
these branches of the sport. He was the only falconer of
modern times who procured a young goshawk from a nest in
Great Britain. This bird was taken in the forest of Rothiemurcus
{op. cit., p. 176), where there were a few eyries in the great fir
trees, some of which he saw {pp. cit., p. 107).

While residing at Thornville Royal (now called Stourton), in
Yorkshire, his hawks were flown " at hack " from the observatory
in the park, and the present dairy was then the mews. He
hawked all over the neighbouring moors, as Blubberhouse
and Grassington Moors, and the then open country about
Kirk Deighton. At Beilby Grange (then called Wetherby
Grange) there was a heronry ; and Clifford and Bramham Moor
being not then enclosed, he flew at the herons " on passage "
as they crossed over the moors. Whilst the crops were stand-
ing he used to adjourn to the Yorkshire wolds, where he built a
house, which he called Falconers' Hall, near Boythorpe, about
twelve miles from Scarboro'.

In 1805 Thornville Royal was sold to Lord Stourton, to
whom possession was given in January 1806. For the mansion,
pleasure grounds, and park he gave ;^i63,8oo, and for twenty-
eight other lots, ^62,650 ; or in all, ;^2 26,450. ("Annals of
Sporting," 1823, vol. iii. p. 294.)

In 1808 Colonel Thornton left Yorkshire for Spye Park, in
Wiltshire, which he took upon lease, as the Yorkshire wolds at
that time were beginning to be spoiled for hawking by being
broken up for corn crops. (Salvin and Brodrick, p. 8, note.)
The Rev. A. C. Smith states (" Birds of Wiltshire," p. 345),
on the authority of Mr. James Waylen, that "when Colonel
Thornton, who once rented Spye Park, sported in Wiltshire, he
occasionally flew his hawks at bustards, the apparent slowness
of that bird, when seen at a distance, tempting him to the trial,
but the hawks had no chance."

About 181 5 he gave up hawking and retired to France,
where he had already, in 1802, made an enjoyable sporting tour
(see No. 58). Here, in July i8i7,he purchased the chateau of
Pont-le-Roi (now Pont-sur-Seine), Departement d'Aube, which,
however, he resold in 182 1 to M. Casimir Perrier, the famous
statesman and orator (whose son is still in possession), and took a
lease from the Princesse de Wagram of her residence at Chambord.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 255

He died in Paris in the spring of 1823, in the seventy-fifth year
of his age, leaving an only daughter, who in 1838 married
Captain (afterwards Admiral) the Hon. E. T. Wodehouse. His
will, dated October 2nd, 18 18, wherein he is described as of
Falconers' Hall, Boythorpe, in the East Riding of York, and of
Pont-le-Roi, France, was proved in London by his executor,
Mr. B. Curling, to whom probate was granted 26th April 1823

IX. Silver Gilt Urn, presented to Colonel
Thornton, of Thornville Royal, by the Members of
the Falconers' Club, at Barton Mills, 23rd June 1781.
Now in the possession of the Earl of Orford.

The members of this club, whose names are given below, used
to meet at Alconbury Hill, which was a favourite rendezvous on
account of the number of Kites which at that time were to be
found there. (For a description of Kite-hawking see an article in
The Field of loth January 1891,'with an illustration by J. Wolf)
They used then to go on to Barton Mills, as appears by a
memorandum in the handwriting of Colonel Thornton, which in
1823, the year in which he died, was in the possession of Mr. T.
Gosden.

The handsome trophy, of which a representation is now for
the first time given, is of unique design in silver gilt. It is
appropriately surmounted by figures of a Goshawk holding a
Hare, and bears the following inscription : —

" Colonel Thornton, proposer and manager of the Confederate
Hawks, is requested to receive this piece of plate from George
Earl of Orford, together with the united thanks of the members
of the Falconers' Club, as a testimony of their esteem and
just sense of his assiduity, and of the unparalleled excellence to
which, in the course of nine years' management, he has brought
them, when, unable to attend them any longer, he made them
a present to the Earl of Orford. Barton Mills, 23rd June
1781."

Then follow the names of the members on a scroll surrounding
the armorial bearings of the Earl of Orford. With a magnifying
glass these names may be easily read on the plate.

256

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Members of the Club.

Earl of Orford

Mr. Sturt

Mr. Snow

Mr. Smith

Mr. Stephens

Earl Ferrers

Hon. Thos. Shirley

Sir Thos. Tancred

Mr. A. Wilkinson

Mr. B. Wrightson

Mr. Drummond

Sir Comwallis Maude

Duke of Ancaster

Mr. Williamson

Mr. Baker

Mr. William Baker

Mr. Pierce

Mr. Coke

Duke of Rutland

Mr. Belford

Mr. Lascelles Lascelles

Mr. Parker

Mr. Tyssen

Mr. MoUoy

Mr. Affleck

Mr. St. George

Earl of Eglinton

Mr. Vaughan
Mr. R. Wilson
Mr. Musters
Mr. Barrington Price
Mr. Daniel
Hon. Mr. Rowley
Lord Mulgrave
Captain Grimston
Captain Yarburgh
Earl of Leicester
Mr. Stanhope
Mr. Leighton
Mr. Francis Barnard
Mr. Nelthorpe
Mr. Porter
Colonel St. Leger
Mr. Serle
Mr. Parkhurst
Mr. Molyneux
Earl of Surrey
Sir William Milner
Sir John Ramsden
Mr. Royds
Sir Richard Symonds
Earl of Leinster
Earl of Lincoln
Marquis of Granby

Mr. Parsons
Chaplain — Mr. Edward Parsons.

This urn, with other sporting trophies, after the Colonel's
death, became the property of his grandson, Colonel Thornton
Wodehouse, R.A.,the son of his daughter, who in 1838 married
Captain (afterwards Admiral) the Hon. E. T. Wodehouse.

On the nth of June 1884, the whole of these trophies were
sold at auction by Messrs. Christie, Manson & Wood, when the
urn now figured, weighing 136 oz., was purchased for ;^ii2 by
the present Earl of Orford. Thus, after the lapse of a century,

SILVER GILT URN.

Presented to Colonel Thornton of Thornville Royal

By the Members of the Falconers Club,

Barton Mills, 23 June 1781.

Now in the possession of the Earl of Orford.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 257

the trophy returned to the Orford family, by whose representa-
tativein 1781 it had been, as above shown, presented.

An account of the other trophies sold at the same time, some
of them of great interest, will be found in The Zoologist for
1884, p. 275.

There is a scarce engraving, from a picture by Sawrey Gilpin,
of Heron-hawking, in which Colonel Thornton is represented as
just dismounted, and taking up a hawk from a heron in front of
a thatched cottage, from the door of which an old woman is
looking out in wonderment. This picture is inscribed : " To the
Noblemen and Gentlemen of the Falconers' Club, this plate is
humbly inscribed by their most obedient and devoted servant, T.
Morris, 1780" — the year before the silver-gilt urn was presented.

X. Edward Clough Newcome, of Hockwold, in
the county of Norfolk, born 18 10, died 187 1.

Norfolk has long been the seat of Falconry in England.
Indeed, it may be said that the falconers of Norfolk and
Suffolk have done more than those of any other county, ex-
cept perhaps Yorkshire under the regime of Colonel Thornton,
to encourage and maintain the practice of this ancient sport.
From the time of John Paston, of Norwich, who, in September
1472, wTOte to his brother in London to send him "a mewyd
gosshawke," to the present day, when Mr. Francis D'A. New-
come enthusiastically follows in his father's footsteps. Hawking
has never ceased to be practised, and the names of such masters
of the craft as Lord Orford, Colonel Wilson of Didlington (after-
wards Lord Berners), Sir John Sebright, John Dawson Downes
of Gunton, John Hall of Weston, and Edward Clough New-
come of Hockwold are " household words " in the mouths of
their modern disciples. To be convinced of this we have
only to turn to the account of the sport given by the Rev.
Richard Lubbock in his " Fauna of Norfolk," and the valuable
Appendix to his remarks contributed by Professor Newton to the
second edition of that work, printed in 1879. (See No. 65.)
From this source of information, supplied by friends who knew
him, as well as from Sir John Sebright's " Observations " (No. 61),
the following brief notice of Edward Clough Newcome will serve
to explain the reason for presenting the reader with his portrait.

R

258 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

His hawking career commenced about 1827 or 1828, when as
a boy of seventeen or eighteen, accompanied by his brother
William, he used to go out with Colonel Wilson of Didlington,
who succeeded Lord Orford as chief of the Norfolk falconers.
The heron-hawks were then kept at High Ash in charge of old
Frank van der Heuvel and the Brothers Bots, all of whom came
from Valkenswaard, in Holland. The " meets " were, according
to the wind, at High Ash, Mundford, Cranwich Barn, North-
wold Field, and Methwold Field ; Cranwich being far the best.
The heronry at Didlington was surrounded by open country on
every side. The herons used to go out in the morning to the
great fen district, and to rivers and ponds at a very con-
siderable distance in search of food, returning to the heronry
towards evening.

It was at this time, says Sir John Sebright {op. cit., p. 39 ),
that the falconers placed themselves down wind of the heronry,
so that when the herons were interrupted on their return home,
they were obliged to fly against the wind to gain their place of
retreat, and a fine ringing flight was then usually obtained. If
the heron flew down wind, he was seldom taken ; the hawks were
in danger of being lost ; and as the flight was in a straight line,
it afforded little sport.

In 1 83 1 Mr. Newcome advertised for jerfalcons on his own
account (Newton, op. cit.., p. 235), and afterwards went himself to
Norway for them. In 1838, after the death of Colonel Wilson
(who in 1832 had become Lord Berners), Mr. Newcome, with
the Duke of Leeds, Mr. Stuart Wortley, and Baron d'Offemont,
helped to found the celebrated Hawking Club, whose head-
quarters were at the Loo, near Apeldoorn, the summer palace
of the King of Holland, under whose patronage and with whose
consent the members met every summer for about six weeks'
heron-hawking. When this was over, Mr. Newcome returned to
Norfolk and spent the rest of the year in hawking, shooting,
and fishing at Hockwold, where he resided.

About 1853 the Loo Hawking Club ceased to exist, and from
that time until a few years before his own death, when he took
a leading part in forming a new association, which still exists,
and is now known as the Old Hawking Club, he confined
his hawking excursions to his own neighbourhood. " Here,"
says Professor Newton {pp. cit.., p. 237), " I had frequent

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 259

opportunities of joining him and of watching his skill, for
nothing pleased him better than the company in the field of
any who took an interest in the art of which he was so great
a master. But, from the causes already assigned, herons grew
yearly fewer and fewer, until from their scarcity it became
impossible to train a hawk to fly them. Rooks, as affording the
next best kind of flight available, gave a certain amount of sport,
and Mr. Newcome was at great pains to form a rookery near
his house, succeeding at last, but only after many failures.

" The open country arpund Hockwold, Wilton, and Feltwell
was his most constant ground, and here from the beginning of
March until the corn was well grown he might be nearly always
met. He had a boy to carry the cadge, and occasionally to
unhood a second hawk, but he was his own falconer both at home

and afield Somewhat later in the season Lakenheath and

Wangford Warrens, in Suffolk, were places of resort ; and here
Stone Curlews often furnished a flight, while sometimes the
hawks were taken into the fens for the chance of a Crow or a
Pie. When the corn-fields were cleared he had some diversion
with Merlins, but herein he was not so very successful, for the
larks, as soon as they had got over their moult, and were strong
upon the wing, generally beat their pursuers, which, it must be
remarked, were eyesses.

" I remember his once having a Sparrow-hawk which was rather
good at taking blackbirds, but I do not think he ever possessed a
Goshawk while I knew him ! "

In 1852 Mr. Newcome took up his abode at Feltwell Hall,
and there he lived until his death, on the 22nd September 187 1,
in his sixty-second year.

In an interesting review of the second edition of " Falconry
in the British Islands " (No. 67) which appeared in the
Quarterly Review for July 1875, the writer, referring to
the loss occasioned to the sport by the recent death of Mr.
Newcome, remarked (p. 183): " On field or fen, on moor or
mere, by the riverside or on the racecourse, no man had more
friends or fewer enemies than the late Edward Clough Newcome.
But from his own Norfolk ' brecks ' to the bogs of Ireland, from
Salisbury Plain to the heaths of Brabant and the fells of Norway,
he, from his boyhood, followed the sport of Falconry more
keenly than any other; sharing its comparative prosperity of

26o NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

fifty years since ; keeping alive its traditions when its practice
had all but expired ; reviving it when his own enthusiasm, by
infecting others, had given promise for its continuance ; and
performing feats hitherto unknown in the annals of the art.
Untired in his devotion, even by the drudgery of the labour of
love he undertook, as an efficient falconer he was unequalled,
whether by professionals or amateurs," His assiduity and
success are shown by the fact that he trained eyess falcons to
take wild herons on passage. He was the last who kept heron-
hawks in England, and an interesting account, communicated by
himself, of two remarkable birds which he possessed, named
" Sultan " and " De Ruyter," will be found in Freeman's and
Salvin's "Falconry" (see note to No. 68). The late Mr. J. D.
Hoy, of Stoke-by-Nayland, in Suffolk, an eye-witness of the
sport which was enjoyed at Didlington, High Ash, and Cranwich,
has left a pleasing account of what he saw in a fragmentary
journal not long published (" Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc," vol. ii.
p. 390), which has also been quoted by Professor Newton in
his Appendix to Lubbock's " Fauna," above mentioned.

XL Fleming of Barochan, Renfrewshire, with
HIS Falconers, John Anderson and George Harvey.
Engraved by C. Turner from a painting by J. Howe,
of Edinburgh, 18 11.

A remarkable instance of a succession of falconers from father
to son for many generations occurs in the ancient family of the
Flemings of Barochan, near Paisley, in Renfrewshire. The
member of that family whose portrait is here given kept the
Renfrewshire Subscription Hawks, which were flown chiefly at
partridge and woodcock, from the commencement of the present
century until his death in 18 19. His grandfather was a
celebrated falconer, and a more remote ancestor, Peter Fleming,
at the end of the fifteenth century, on the occasion of his beating
the King's falcon with a tiercel of his own, received from
James IV. of Scotland (1488-15 13) a jewelled hawk's hood,
still preserved in the family.

He is here represented on horseback, carrying a hooded
falcon, and followed by a favourite black poodle. At his horse's
head stands John Anderson, a celebrated Scotch falconer, with

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 261

two hawks on his glove, one hooded, the other pulling at a
partridge apparently just killed. At Anderson's side, between
him and his master's horse, stands a famous pointer ; while before
him, in characteristic attitudes, are four spaniels, which were
always used for woodcock hawking. To the right an assistant
falconer, George Harvey, seated on a felled tree, carries on his
glove a cast of spare hawks.

John Anderson was so renowned as a professional falconer
that a few lines relative to his career may be acceptable. He was
born about 1750 in the parish of Currie, near Edinburgh, and
was at first apprenticed to a currier ; but his love of hawking
becoming known, he was engaged by Mr. Fleming of Barochan
as assistant to John Hainshaw, who was then head-falconer.
He lived to succeed Hainshaw, and then had for his assistant
Peter Ballantine (see Plate XH.), who became almost as
renowned a falconer as himself. On Mr. Fleming's death in
18 1 9 he was engaged by the Earl of Morton at Dalmahoy, and
on the occasion of the coronation of George IV. in 1820
he was selected on behalf of the Duke of Athole to present the
King with a cast of hawks, that being the feudal tenure by which
the Dukes of Athole held the Isle of Man from the Crown.

There is a scarce print of Anderson in the dress worn by him
on that occasion — namely, a dress of the period of James I., with
a cast of hawks on his glove. It has been lately reproduced by
M. Pichot (No. 221).

After spending some time in the service of Sir Alexander
Donne of Ochiltree, Anderson in 1832 retired upon a pension,
in the eighty-second year of his age.

The engraving of which a reduced facsimile is here given was
made from the original oil painting by Howe preserved at
Barochan, and is dedicated to Sir John Maxwell of Pollock,
Bart., who was one of the most enthusiastic supporters of the
Renfrewshire Subscription Hawks, and who had in his own
service as falconer, William Barr, the father of William, John, and
Robert Barr, all of whom were skilled falconers.

A memoir of John Barr by the present writer (a pupil of his),
in The Field of the 17th July 1880, supplies some interesting
links in the history of Falconry between the period above referred
to and the present time. Another link is supplied by Mr.
Freeman's memoir of John Pells, who was falconer to the Duke

262 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

of Leeds and Mr. Newcome, and who died at Lakenheath in
March 1883. (See "The Hawking Career of John Pells " in The
Fields 23rd June i860, and an obituary memoir of him, The Field,
31st March 1883.)

XII. Peter Ballantine, the last of the old Scotch
Falconers, born 1798, died 1884. From a paintinc^
by A. D. Cooper, 1879, in the possession of Mr. R.
Oswald of Auchincruive, Ayrshire.

Peter Ballantine was born in 1798 at Dumfries House,
Ayrshire, where his father — who had formerly acted as falconer
to the Earl of Eglinton — was employed as steward to the
Marquis of Bute. The elder Ballantine was devoted to Falconry,
and had sufficient leisure time on his hands to keep a hawk
always in training, while his friend John Anderson, already
noticed, was in the service of Sir Alexander Donne at Ochiltree,
hard by, as falconer. Between these two the young Peter had
no difficulty in learning the first principles of Falconry ; but in
addition to this he imbibed that love for hawks and that gentle-
ness in their treatment which he preserved to the day of his death.

At the age of about twenty Peter Ballantine took service
under his old friend John Anderson, who was then falconer to
the Renfrewshire Subscription Hawks, which were maintained
at Barochan, the seat of Mr. Fleming. Peter remained with
Anderson as his assistant until the retirement of the latter on a
pension in 1832, when he entered the service of Lord
Carmarthen, afterwards Duke of Leeds, as assistant falconer to
John Pells, father of the last John Pells, who died at Lakenheath
in March 1883.

The hawks were then kept at Huntly Lodge, Aberdeenshire,
and while old Pells kept a i^v^ passage falcons at work, Ballantine
trained the Scotch eyesses, and excellent sport was obtained at
herons with the former, and at every description of game with
the latter. The finest sport of all was the flight at the woodcock,
which was plentifully found in the young plantations which then
clothed Deeside, a flight which combined the glorious "stoop"
of the well-placed game falcon with the " high mountee " or
ringing flight usually obtained with the heron.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 263

It was at this period of his life that Peter Ballantine adopted
the Dutch principle of making hoods, and the system of using
long jesses and a swivel, in place of the old varvels and leash
of the Scotch falconers, to which he had been educated. On
leaving Lord Carmarthen's service he entered that of Sir James
Boswell of Auchinleck, where he had charge of a kennel of
greyhounds, and also trained a cast or so of hawks annually.
He was in Sir James's service for twenty-five years, until the
death of that gentleman, and was then employed by Mr. Robert
Ewen of Ewenfield, Ayrshire. It was perhaps during his service
with this gentleman that Peter showed the best sport during his
long career, and fairly established his claim to be considered
nearly the most successful trainer of eyesses for game-hawking
that has lived during the last two generations. In 1870 his
score of game was 269 head. In 187 1 he killed 346 head, and
in 1873 his score was 367 head. Two of the best hawks he
had during this period were The Imp, which he kept for five
years, and Rantiri! Robin, which hawk was moulted ten seasons,
and to the last he was as good as ever, when in the humour.
Many other hawks which were trained by Peter will live in the
memories of those who saw their fine performances, notably a
falcon called ya;? Van, and another named Band of Hope.

For these particulars the writer is indebted to the Hon.
Gerald Lascelles.

On the death of Mr. Ewen, Ballantine found a kind master in
Mr. R. A. Oswald of Auchincruive, who kept him on in his old
home, and enabled him to continue his old pursuit almost to
his dying day.

With Mr. Oswald in 1878, 1879, ^.nd 1880, Peter showed fine
sport, and trained a splendid falcon called Pearl, which was
perhaps as good a game-hawk as could be flown. Up to the
last-mentioned date Peter was almost as active as ever — at
least he could walk after his hawks for the longest day, and
cheer them when on the wing with a voice like a bell ; but for
the last few years of his life nature asserted itself, and the old
man failed a little. But even in the year he died (1884), at the
age of eighty-six, he trained a hawk ; and it is a curious fact that
this bird, having been amiss for some days previously, died on
the same day as her famous old master.

264 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

XIII. A Dutch Falconer of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury. From a Portrait by Franz de Vriendt, in the
Brunswick Gallery.

The original picture by Franz de Vriendt, commonly called
Franz Floris, a painter of Antwerp (1520-1570), is one of the
finest examples of that artist's work. Who the falconer was
cannot now be ascertained ; but there can be little doubt that
it is a portrait, and a good one, of some enthusiast of the day.

The Dutch falconers have long been celebrated for their skill,
from the time when the Spanish prince, Don Juan Manuel,
sounded their praises in 1325 (see No. 226), down to the present
day, when their descendants in North Brabant still occupy
themselves every autumn in taking "passage hawks" on the
great heath of Valkenswaard (see Nos. 194, 198, and 79). An
account of some of the more celebrated Dutch falconers of
modern times, particularly those who were intimately associated
with the practice of the sport in England, has been furnished by
Professor Newton in his Appendix to Lubbock's "Fauna of
Norfolk " (No. 65) ; and Monsieur P. A. Pichot, in his lately
published Essay on the Falconry Court at the Paris Exhibition
of 1889 (No. 221), has given a portrait of the celebrated Adrian
Mollen, who was for many years falconer to the Loo Club, and
who happily still lives to impart the secrets of his art to pupils
of all nations (see No. 79, pp. in, 112). He was a pupil of
Jan Bots, with whom he was assistant falconer from 1833 to
1836. In 1837 he entered the service of Prince Trautmansdorf
at Oberwaldersdorf, some leagues from Vienna. Here he
remained until 1840, and during that time was engaged in train-
ing the " passage hawks " brought from Holland, and nestling
lanners from Hungary for flying at partridges, rooks, and stone
curlews. In 1841 he became falconer to the Loo Hawking
Club, his place at Prince Trautmansdorf's being taken by a
nephew of Jan Pells from Valkenswaard.

XIV. Prince William V. of Orange, Heron-
hawking at the Loo in 1767. From a rare engraving
by Mourik.

Long before the formation of the Loo Hawking Club in
1839, the Royal domain of the Loo, near Apeldoorn, in

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 265

Holland, was celebrated for the excellent heron-hawking which
the wide open country' there afforded to lovers of the sport; but its
renown was emphasised when, in that year, under the presidency
of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, a few English, French,
and Dutch falconers, headed by Mr. Edward Clough Newcome,
Mr. Stuart Wortley, the Duke of Leeds, the Baron d'Offemont
and Baron Sloet (treasurer and secretary), formed an inter-
national association, with the object of heron-hawking annually
in the best country in the world for that purpose, during the
months of May, June, and July.

This club flourished for about twelve years, and included
amongst its members the leading falconers of several nation-
alities. The following names appear in a Liste des Membres
drawn up in 1847 : —

1839. — Mr. E. C. Newcome,* C. Stuart Wortley, Baron
d'Offemont, and Baron Sloet * (Hon. Sec). 1 840.— H.R.H. the
Prince of Orange, Princes Alexander,* Frederick, and Henry *
of the Netherlands, Baron de Nyvenheim, Baron van Zuylen
van Nievelt, Baron de Constant Rebecque,* Baron van Brienen
van der Groote Lindt, Sir Edward Disbrowe, the Hon. W. S.
Jerningham, the Duke of Leeds,* Baron Tindall, Mr. William
Newcome. 1842. — Lord C. Hamilton,* Mr. Knight,* Mr.
Edward Green, Mr. J. Balfour, Lord Suffield. 1843. — M.
Dubois, Baron van Westreenen, Baron van Verschuer,* Mr.
Milbank. 1844. — Mr. Stirling Crawford, Count Westerholt,
Mr, John Melville. 1845. — Baron van den Bogaerde, Baron
MoUerus, Lord Alvanley, Baron Hardenbroek, the Earl of
Chesterfield, Count Alfred von Hatzfeld, Baron van Tuyll van
Serooskerken,* M. van Lennep, M. Crommelin. 1846. —
General Hare Clarges, Mr. Thornhill, M. le Comte de Breteuil.
1847. — M. Gudin, Major Mountjoy Martin, Lord ViUiers, Mr.
F. Milbank,* the Earl of Strathmore,* M. Charles Martyn, and
the Hon. C. Maynard.

The professional falconers were the veteran Franz van der
Heuvel,* who had been falconer to Louis XVL from 1785 to
1792, Jan Pells,* P. Bekkers,* Jan van den Boom,* J. Bots,*
and Adrian Mollen* (falconer to the King of Holland) and his
brother Paul Mollen, both of whom are still Hving.

Portraits of those to whose name an asterisk (*) is affixed will
be found in the folio plates of Schlegel,* whose own portrait and

266 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

that of his colleague, Verster van Wulverhorst,* are also included.
A key to these portraits is given by M. Pichot in his latest work
on Falconry in the Paris Exhibition of 1889 (No, 221), where also
will be found portraits of Adrian MoUen (p. 38) and John Barr
(p. 23), besides several English falconers of the present day.

By the rules of the club the annual subscription was fixed at
not less than one hundred florins, and the hawking season com-
menced on the 15th May and continued until the loth July or
thereabouts.

The number of hawks (peregrines and jerfalcons) maintained
by the club, and the number of herons taken by them " on
passage," appear in the following table : —

Herons

1840.-

—22

Falcons

138

I84I.-

-44

j>

287

1842.-

-44

>>

148

1843.-

-40

?»

200

1844.-

-36

»

100

1849.-

-14

?>

128

1850.-

-16

»>

138

I85I.-

—18

>»

130

1852.-

-36

>>

297

Details of the sport may be found in the works of Schlegel
(194) and Pichot (207), in the anonymous brochure (193), and
in an article by M. de Rodenburg published in \he. Journal des
Chasseurs in 1855.

When taken uninjured the herons were often liberated, after
having a brass ring fastened on one leg, inscribed with the name
of the club and the date of capture. They were sometimes
retaken at long intervals at a considerable distance from the
Loo. Thus, Dr. Campanyo, in his Histoire Naturelle du D'eparte-
vient des Pyrenees Orieniales, 1863, states (p. 225) that in April
1845, an old male heron was killed on the farm of M. Lacombe,
at Saint Michel, near Perpignan, which had a plate on the leg with
an inscription to the effect that it had been taken two years
previously by a falcon belonging to the Loo Hawking Club ; and
that in 1856 another heron was killed on the seashore at Alenya,
near Perpignan, having on one leg a similar plate, which it had
carried for seven years.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 267

XV. A German Falconer of the Sixteenth
Century. From a scarce engraving by an artist
whose name has not been ascertained.

No copy of this is to be found amongst the large collection of
prints in the British Museum, although from the serial number
in the left-hand corner, and the word " Aer" in the top right-
hand corner, suggestive of its being one of a set of emblems,
there ought to be no difficulty in identifying it. The drawing
is particularly good, and the treatment very artistic.

For other figures of German falconers the reader should turn
to the fine engravings of Ridinger, already noticed (p. 51), and
to those of Hans Burgkmair which illustrate the life of Maxi-
milian I. in Der Weiss Kotiig^ 15 14, reprinted at Vienna in 1775.
In one of these plates. No. 34 of the series, the Emperor is
represented Heron-hawking. Attended by mounted falconers,
he is seated on horseback, in the act of unhooding his falcon at
a heron, at which other hawks have already been flown.

XVI. A French Falconer of the Eighteenth
Century, in the Uniform of the Court of Louis XV.,

1715-1774.

Furnished by Monsieur P. A. Pichot " d'aprbs les figurines
decoupeesde P. Lesueur, appartenant k M. Bidault de L'Isle."

For some account of Falconry in France during the reign of
Louis XV. the reader may be referred to the works of Bois-
soudan (No. 202), Baron Dunoyer de Noirmont (No. 206),
vol. iii. pp. 107-109, and D'Aubusson (No. 211), p. 207. The
Grand Falconer in this reign was the Due de la Valliere, who
had a salary of 4200 livres. The under falconers were paid
on a proportionately liberal scale, and the annual expenditure
for salaries, purchase of hawks, and cost of maintenance amounted
to 24,190 livres fran^ais, or nearly ^^20,000 (D'Aubusson,/.^.)

The palmy days of Falconry in France terminated with the
Revolution in 1792. The sport was revived for a short period
by Napoleon, who, in 18 10, sent for the Dutch Falconers
Daams and Daankers with four assistants, and maintained a
hawking establishment at Versailles until 1813, when the French

268 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Eagle claiming more attention than the trained falcons, the
sport was once more suppressed. Nor was it again revived
until 1866.

In that year a little band of enthusiasts formed the " Cham-
pagne Hawking Club," with John Barr for their falconer, and
for three seasons enjoyed some excellent sport at rooks, crows,
pies, partridges, stone curlews, and little bustards. M. Alfred
Werle was president, and amongst the members were MM. le
Vicomte de Champeaux-Verneuil, le Baron d'Aubilly, le Comte
le Couteulx de Canteleu, le Vicomte Georges de Grandmaison,
le Comte Fernand de Montebello, Julio Alfonso de Aldama, and
Pierre Amedee Pichot. The unavoidable return of John Barr
to England, and the impossibility of finding a substitute, led
unfortunately to the dismemberment of the club. In 1879,
however, through the efforts of M. Paul Gervais, another revival
took place, and his example was followed by MM. Sourbets,
Saint Marc, Foye, Belvalette, Cerfon, and Edmond Barrachin,
all of whom are keeping hawks at the present day, and with the
aid of M. Pichot are helping to find goshawks for the English
falconers who are five or six times as numerous.

XVII. Italian Falconers of the Seventeenth
Century, Partridge-hawking with the Goshawk.
From an engraving by Tempesta, 1622 ; reproduced
from the work of Olina (No. 278).

Antonio Tempesta (b. 1555, d. 1630), a Florentine painter
and engraver, was a pupil of Stradanus (or, to give him his real
name, Jan Strada), a Fleming. Other plates of his will be
found mentioned in the note to No. 278.

XVI I I. Lorenzo de' Medicl Born, 1448; died,

1492. Author of a celebrated poem, " La Caccia col

Falcone."

This portrait of " Lorenzo the Magnificent," whose life has
been so ably written by William Roscoe (2 vols. 4to, 1796), is a
facsimile of the frontispiece to that work, and a brief notice of

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 269

him in connection with Falconry will be found in the notes
which follow the title of his poem (No. 265). Vide anted, p. 139.
A "receipt" from the falconer of Lorenzo de' Medici to the
Treasurer of the Due d'Orl^ans for a gratuity of " xxxii sols,
touraois" on his bringing a present of a falcon, 15th Jan.
1483, is printed by Charavay (No. 210), p. 7.

XIX. AND XX. Italian Miniatures of the Thir-
teenth Century, illustrating the Latin MS. of the
Emperor Frederick II., " De arte venandi cum
avibus."

As these miniatures, reproduced from the facsimiles in
D'Agincourt's famous Histoire de FArt, have already been
described on pp. 171-172, it will be unnecessary to repeat the
account there given of them ; but the reader may be reminded
of Baron Pichon's admirable commentary (No. 201) on the
treatise which they serve to illustrate.

Those who are interested in the subject of illuminated manu-
scripts would do well to read the very instructive lectures
which were delivered at the London Institution by Messrs. R.
Thomson and W. Tite, M.P., in 1857, " On some of the most
characteristic features of illuminated manuscripts from the eighth
to the eighteenth century"; and "On the materials and practice
of illuminators, with biographical and literary notices illustrative
of the art of illumination."

XXI. A Falconer of Cyprus. Engraved by W.

Skelton, from a picture by Titian, in possession of the

Earl of Carlisle.

From an inscription on the back of the picture it appears to
be the portrait of a brother of a queen of Cyprus. The words
are " Georgius Cornelius frater Caterinse Cipri et Hierusalera
(sic) Reginae." The original, which is on canvas, and in good
condition, has been a long time in the possession of the Earl of
Carlisle's family, and is preserved in the collection at Castle
Howard. About 1807 it was temporarily removed to London,
and was engraved for Forster's " British Gallery of Engravings

2 70 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

from pictures of the Italian, Flemish, Dutch, and English Schools,"
published in that year.

There is a mezzotint of a falconer by Reynolds from a picture
by Northcote, R.A. (said to be a portrait of the painter himself),
which was evidently suggested by Titian's portrait. Even the
dog by the falconer's side has been introduced.

XXII. Falconers of Turkestan, with the trained
Eagle, or Berkut. From a sketch made by Colonel
(now General) T. E. Gordon, in Eastern Turkestan.

See pp. i8o, 192, 193, For an account of the way in which
the Golden Eagle, or Berkut (old Persian, Bargut), is trained and
flown in some parts of the East at deer, hares, foxes, and wolves,
the reader may be referred to Atkinson's " Travels in the Regions
of the Upper and Lower Amoor," i860, pp. 58, 492 (where
the native name of the bird is phonetically spelt bearcoot), and
to Colonel T. E. Gordon's " Roof of the World," a narrative
of a journey over the high plateaus of Thibet to the Russian
frontier, and the Oxus sources on Pamir, 1876 (pp. 68, 72, 78,
85). In this entertaining volume, wherein the bird is styled
burgoot and burgut, Colonel Gordon gives a report of a journey
eastward from Kashgar to Maralbashi towards Aksu (39° 46' N.)
made by Captain J. Biddulph, the first European traveller in that
direction. From Maralbashi (the stag's haunt), known also as
Burchuk and Lai Musjid, he went to Charwagh, a village fourteen
miles on the Aksu road. " Here," he says, " I had good sport
shooting gazelles and pheasants, which abounded, and I also
saw the burgoots, or trained eagles, kill gazelles and foxes. 1 was
not fortunate enough to see them kill a wolf, though they were
twice flown, but the animals on both occasions being in thick
bush jungle, and at a great distance, the birds did not sight
them. Their owners, however, spoke of it as an ordinary
occurrence. When the jungle is not too high they sight their
prey at a great distance, and sweep up to it without any apparent
effort, however fast it may be going. Turning suddenly when
over its head, they strike it with unerring aim. If a fox, they
grasp its throat with one powerful talon, and seize it round the
muzzle with the other, keeping the jaws closed with an iron
grasp, so that the animal is powerless." [A vignette of an eagle

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 271

seizing a fox is given on p. 88 of the work quoted.] The author
continues : — " From the great ease with which an eagle disposes
of a full-grown fox I could see that a wolf would have no better
chance. Gazelles are seized in the same way, except those
with horns, in which case the eagle first fastens on to the loins of
the animal, and, watching his opportunity, transfers his grasp
to the throat, avoiding the horns.

" The biirgoot, however, is not very easy to manage, and re-
quires the whole of one man's care. Its dash and courage are
great, but if flown unsuccessfully once or twice, it will often sulk
for the rest of the day. When it kills, it is always allowed to tear
at its game for a little time. The men told me that if prevented
doing so while its blood was up, it would very probably attack
our horses."

It is even flown at wild boar. " During the envoy's tour in
the Artush district at the end of February," says Colonel Gordon
(p. 85), " the villagers assembled to show this sport. They
were mounted on the strong, active little horses of the country,
and carried clubs bent at the end like hockey sticks, with which
they strike the animal on the head till he is stunned, when the

death-blow is generally given with some other weapon The

trained eagle is flown at the hog on the first favourable oppor-
tunity, and generally succeeds by its sharp and powerful attack
in bringing it to bay, when the men close in with their clubs.

" On the occasion alluded to, a splendid tusker was killed in
this manner; but from all I heard I should say that the wild
boar of these parts is not equal in fighting spirit to his brother
of Bengal."

For further information respecting these trained eagles see the
references given in the note at top of p. 193.

It may be added, in conclusion, that the spelling, berkut, here
adopted is that in vogue with the Russian falconers, who procure
these eagles via Orenburg from the Kirghis.

It is not a little curious that the Welsh name for the Kite,
according to Pennant, is barcud, pronounced barkit. It is so-
called in Carmarthenshire, while in Pembrokeshire the common
Buzzard is thus designated (E. C Phillips, Zoologist, 1891, p.
173). Lord Lilford has heard the same name in Merionethshire
applied to the Marsh Harrier. The precise meaning of the
word is not explained, but it suggests that our word Kite has

272 NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

probably some affinity, and it is remarkable that the Tartars,
Russians, and Persians apply the name berkut or harkut to an
eagle.

XXIII, Arab Falconers WITH Lanners. From a
photograph taken in Algeria in 1889.

In addition to the sources of information indicated on p. 206,
concerning the practice of Falconry by the Arabs, the reader may
be referred to the following articles on the subject which have
appeared at intervals during the last few years : — "Arab Falconry,"
The Field, 30th April 1881 ; "Souvenirs of Modern Egypt:
How Prince Halim hunted the Gazelle," The Field, 30th January
1875; "Gazelle Hawking in Egypt," The Zoologist, 1878, pp.
335-337 ; " Hawking in Barbary," The Field^ 9th September
1882, and "Hawking in Morocco," The Field, 13th March
1886.

XXIV. Indian Falconers with Sakers and Pere-
grine. From a photograph taken in the Punjab in
1891, and forwarded by Capt. D. C. Phillott, 3rd Punjab
Cavalry.

The Saker, Falco sacer (Hind. Cherkh or Cherrug), is traiw , I
to kill cranes, bustards, and hares, and shows excellent spoi I
when flown at the Indian kite, Milvus govinda, which might be
thought more than a match for it.

Native falconers assert that the Saker breeds in the Bhoor
lands, or sandy and desert tracts of Western India. Many are
brought for sale at the beginning of October. Mr. Thompson
saw three at the Nawab of Rampore's, in Rohilcund ; they
were purchased for 1 5 rupees, which shows that they are not
difficult to procure. A trained female goshawk costs from 20 to
50 rupees ; a male from 10 to 30 rupees.

For descriptions of hawking as practised in India, see the
authorities referred to in the note at top of p. 202. See also
" Crane-hawking with Meer Ali Murad," The Field, 2nd October
1886; "Hawking in Central India," The Field, 27th Nov.

1886 J "Hawking in the Salt Range," 77ie Field, 27th Aug.

1887 ; and " Hawking in Bengal," The Field, nth Aug. 1888.

NOTES TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 273

XXV. A Japanese Falconer. From the " Ehon
Taka Kagami," or Mirror of Falconry.

The merits of the work from which this plate has been re-
produced in facsimile (No. 371) have been already noticed on
p. 212. This figure has been selected in preference to many
others in order to show the form of the Japanese hood {zukin.)^
glove (yugaki), jesses {ashikazva, i.e., leg leathers), creance {Oki-
nawa), and frisfrass {buchi), which is a stick of wistaria, with
the end teased out like a Japanese tooth-brush, used to cleanse
the beaks of goshawks and falcons.

XXVI. Portrait of a Trained Falcon.

The figure of a hooded Tiercel on the glove, which appears in
the vignette on the title-page, and was drawn and engraved for
this work by Mr. G. E. Lodge, being on rather too small a scale
to show all the accessones, it has been thought desirable to
give a larger figure of a trained Falcon, unhooded, from an
excellent photograph recently taken by Lieut.-Col. H. Watson.
Here is the hood : —

INDEX.

Note. — The number of books in different languages which relate wholly or in part
to Falconry and are catalogued in this volume, chronologically under the head of
Countries, amounts to 378.

This Index to their authors, artists, printers, and publishers contains in addition the
names of other writers whose works — historical,-, biographical, and critical — have been
referred to in the Notes, as affording "side-lights" on the literature of the subject not
without interest and value.

The figures following these names refer in every case to the page, and not to the
serial number of the Catalogue.

A.

Abd-el-Kadir, the Emir, 99

Abd-el-Kadir Jilani, 199

Abercromby, Sir A., 251

Abu al Gasim, 205

Abu Dulef al Gasim, 204

Abul Fazl, 198

Ackersdijck, W. C, 45

Adelung, 185, 187, 190

.^Ifric, Abp., XV

Lilian, xxvii, 175, 179, 182, 213

Agogo Mago, 140

Aix, Jan Raynaud de, 81

Akbar, 198, 199, 200

Akqanoff, S. T., 185

Akizato Rito, 213

Alagona, Arthelouche de, 72, 77

Albentos, Marquis de, 132

Albertus Magnus, 50, 66, 67, no,

i6r, 162, 168, 169, 172, 205
Albrizzi, Giambatista, 146, 153
Alburquerque, Duque de, 115, 116,

117, 118
Aide, Edward, 5

Aldrovandus, 27, 172, 173

Alemgir, 199

Alessandri, G. D. degli, 147

Alexander the Great, xxvii

Alexander II., 190

Alexis Michaelovitch, Tsar, 184, 185,

186, 189
Alexejvitch, Ivan, 186
Alfonso XL, 113, 123
Alfred the Great, xiv
Alhegiagi ben Khaithama, 181
Ali Kameh Khorasani, 197
Ali Pasha, 195
Aiken, S., 39
Allen, W. H., 99
Amador de los Rios, 113
Amasi, 203

Amigny, Seigneur de, 90
Amman, Jest, 48, 49, 86
Anderson, John, xvii, 34, 60, 260
Andilly, Robert Arnaud de, 87
Andreoli, Gregorio, 153
Angeli, Pietro, da Barga, 146, 153
Anon., 32, 33, 34, 45, 51, 61, 87, 88,

89. 94, 96, 98, 122

276

INDEX.

Antonelli, 155

Apsley, Sir Allen, 16, 250

Aquaviva, Belisaire, Due de Nardo,

95, 162, 163, 172
Aquila, no, 175

Arcussia, Charles d', xxiv, xxv, 49,
50, S3, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87,
93, M8, 181
Argote de Molina, 123, 136
Aristotle, xxvii, 9, 179
Armiger, Charles, 34
Arnz et Cie., 97
Artaxerxes Mnemon, 213
Ashbumham, Earl of, 181
Asoph ul Doulah, 202
Asser, xiv

Astley, Sir John, 241
Athole, Duke of, 261
Atkins, Maurice, 27
Aubrey, John, 23, 24
Aubry, 80
Aurangzib, 199
Austin, J. O., 251
Austria, Grand Duke of, 46
Avila, Juan Arias de, 133
Ayala, Pero Lopez de, xxvi, 63,

115, 116, 117, 131, 134
Ayme Cassian, 75, ']^
Azais, G., 1 10

B.

B. (J.), 15, 16

Badr ud Din, M. ul Balkhi, 203

Bahr, J. C, 213

Baillie Hamilton, Hon. R., 247

Baist, G., 58, 113,115

Baldamus, E., 53

Balfour, 33

Ballantine, Peter, xvii, 262

Barde, Paul, 93

Bargeo, il, 146, I53

Barker, Christopher, 12

Barker, W. B., 196

Barlow, Francis, 26, 151, 252

Barnes, Juliana, i, 2

Barr, the brothers, 261

Barr, John, 262

Barrachin, Edmond, 108, 268

Bartel, 81, 82, 83, 88, 153

Bartholome, 12

Bartolus, F., 176

Bassseus, N., 173

Basset, Thomas, 27

Bassett, John, 31

Batman, 12

Baucher, 94

Baudrillart, J. J., ix, 90, 95

Beam, Vicomte de, 1 1 1

Bearzi, Abb(^ de, 45

Beauvais, Vincent de, 109, 161

Bechstein, J. M., 52

Beckmann, John, 35, 52

Behague, Comte de, 82

Bein, Prof., 54

Bekkers, P., 265

Belany, J. C, 39, 202

BeUsaire Aquaviva, 95, 162, 172

Bell, John, 180, 187,208

Belon, Pierre, 76, 78

Beltran de la Cueva, 117

Belvallette, Alfred, xxv, 107, 268

Benoit Maichin, 108

Bergantini, Gio. Pietro, xxvi, 146,

153
Bern, M. A., 173
Berners, Juhana, i, 2
Bemers, Lord, 38, 257, 258
Bernes, Juliana, i, 2
Bert, Edmund, xxiii, 17, 18, 252
Berthet, Ehe, loi
Bertrand, 95
Besgonoff, P., 185
Besongne, Jacques, 82
Besongne, C, 83
Bettesworth, A., 32
Bewick, Thomas, 32
Bidault de I' Isle, 267
Biddulph, Capt. J., 270

INDEX.

277

Bidelli, G. B., 142, 144

Bill, John, 14

Billaine, P., 83

Billio, Giovanni, 149

Binet, Estienne, 83

Birago, Francesco, 152

Birckmann, J., 164

Bisciola, L., 175

Bisesti, 155

Blades, William, i

Blaine, D. P., 39, 108

Blane, William, 202

Blas.us, J. H., 53

Blaze, Elzear, 64, 65

Blesenius, Peter, 20

Blochmann, H., 198, 200

Blome, Richard, xxii, xxiii, 19, 30,

32
Boccamazza, Domenico, 144, 145
Boissoudan, J. E., xxv, 94, 100, 267
Bonhomme, Jehan, 71
Boniface, Abp. of Mayence, xiv
Bonnefous, Nicolas, 86
Bono Giamboni, 135, 137, 157
Bonwick, Henry, 27
Boom, Jan van den, 265
Boria y Pascual, Antonio, 135
Bossini, Giambatista, 154
Bossow, P., 176
Bostock, R., 19
Boswell, Sir James, 263
Bots, Jan, 258, 264, 265
Bouchard-Huzard, 102
Bouchet, Guillaume, 75, 76, T]
Bourgogne, Due de, 104
Bouton, Victor, 63, 64
Brabant, Due de, 98
Bradley, Richard, 32
Branicki, Count, 188
Brathwait, Richard, 9, 19
Breuil, Seigneur de, 79 {see

Gommer)
Briffardiere, Sieur de la, 88, 89
Brill, E. J., 128
Britton, John, 23

Brocar, Juan de, 120

Brodrick, W., xxiv, 40, 41, 254

Browne, Sir Thomas, xxvii, 23, 27

Bruckmann, F., 167, 173, 174

Brunet, 67, 94

Brunetto Latini, 109, 135, 137, 13S,

157
Brunnich, M. T., 60, 178, 179
Brush, 36

Bruyset, les Freres, 89
Buchoz, Pierre J., 93
Buck, T., 21

Buckingham, Duke of, 248
Buckley, 167
Buffon, Comte de, 90
Bulbeck, Viscount, 18
Bulliard, M., 92
Bulmer, J., 32
Burford, Earl of, 16
Burgos, F. Vicente de, 119
Burgkmair, Hans, 267
Burton, Richard, 39, 100, 202

Cabanillas, N. de, 132

Cadell, 35

Caius, Dr. John, 164

Calderon, Pedro, de la liarca, 124

Calvo Pinto y Velarde, A., 131

Cammer Lander, Jacob, 47

Campanyo, Dr., 266

Campbell, James, xxiii, ^iZ

Canova, Juan de, 121

Caponajo, Jacobus de, 181

Carcano, F. Sforzino da, xxvi, 141,

142, 147, 150, 172
Carleton, Sir Dudley, 249
Carlisle, Earl of, 269
Carlos I., 121
Carlos II., 112
Carlos III., 131
Carlos, el Principe, 121
Carmignani, 155
Cassian, Aym^, 75, 'J^

278

INDEX.

Castellan, Pierre de, 206

Castillon d'Aspet, H., iii

Castle, Edward, 24

Catharine II., 180, 190

Cavellat, Guillaume, 76

Cerf, Leopold, 108

Cerfon, C, xxv, 108, 268

Ceruti, Antonio, xxvi, 158

Cervantes, Pedro, 130

Chabaille, P., 137, 138, 158

Chafin, William, 37

Chaicham, or Chaican, i6o

Chamberlain, 249

Chambers, W. & R., xviii, 44, 56

Champagne Club, Members of the,

268
Champgrand, Goury de, 91
Changran, M. de, 92
Chappeville, Pierre Cldment de, 88,

89
Chappie, C, 37

Charavay,Etienne,xxv, 103,141, 269
Charles I., xvi, 13, 22, 24, 247, 250,

251
Charles II., 24
Charles II. of Sicily, 138, i6i
Charles IV., 63
Charles V., 63, 71,74, 138, 161
Charles VI., 93
Charles VIII., 66, 72, 74
Charles IX., 78, 103
Chassant, Alphonse, 63
Chaworth, Sir George, 248
Chenu, J. C, 100
Cherville, Marquis de, 104, 205
Cheseman, Edward, 243
Cheseman, Robert, xv, 243, 244
Chesneau, Nicholas, 78
Chevreuil, Henri, 79
Churchill, Sidney A. J-, xi, 194,

197, 203
Civelli, 155

Clapiers, Comte de, 85
Clement XIII., 154
Clifford, Arthur, 243

Cluay, 160

Clutterbuck, 17, 241

Codroipo, Francesco, xxvi, 148

Collett, R., 60

Collins, J., 23

Collinson, J., 166

Constable, 36

Conti, Prince de, 91

Conyers, G., 7

Cooper, A. D., 262

Copland, William, 3

Copley, Sir Joseph, 96

Corozet, Gilles, 64, 65

Corsini, Accursio, 152

Corvin Wiersbitski, 42, 54, 202

Cossine, Gilbert, 31

Cotton, Charles, 23

Cotton, Sir Robert, 167

Cousteai!, Nicholas, 71

Couteau, Anthoine, 74

Cox, Nicholas, xxii, xxiii, 9, 27, 28,

29,30,41,43
Cramoisy, 76
Cranston, Lord, 96
Crawhall, Joseph, 26
Crescens, Pierre, 71
Crescentio, Pietro de, 138
Crescentius, Petrus de, 46, 48, 62, 161
Crdtin, Guillaume, 74, 94
Crippa, Bonaventura, 160
Croft, H. S., 9

Cromwell, Thomas Lord, 244
Crosley, William, 17
Crynes, Nathaniel, 4
Ctesias, 213
Cuisin, M. V. P., 95
Cunder, James, yj
Cussac, J., 92
Cussiere, Loys de, loi

D.

D'Agincourt, 269

Dairvault, H. Martin, 66, 67, 137,
162

A

INDEX.

279

D'Alembert, 90

Damiri, 204

Dancus, le Roi, xxii,62, 66, 72, 113,

159, 160, 162, 181,205
Daniel, George, 3
Daniel, R., 21
D'Arcy, 105
D'Aubusson, Magaud, xxv, 102, 103,

267
Daumas, General E., 99, 132, 206
David, 89

David, Estienne, 84
David, P., 83
Davies, 35

Davila, Gil Gonzales, 124
Dawks, J., 28
Dawson Darner, Col, 96
Dawson, John, 20
Debure, 90
De Filippi, 201
Degorce, Cadot, loi
Deichmann, C, 59
Delmd Radcliffe, Col. E., xxiv, 42,

202
De Longchamps, 93
Demetrius of Constantinople, xi,

xxvii, 128, 130, 164, 172, 175, 181,

182, 183
Denham, Henry, 10, 11
Denison, Evelyn, 96
Desgraviers, Auguste, 94
Des Murs, O., 100
D'Este, Alfonso, 152
D'Esterno, M., loi
Deudes de Prades, 109
Devon, F., xvi, 248
Dewe, Thomas, 18
Dickins, F. V., xi, 207, 214, 215
Diderot, 90
Didot, 91
Dobel, H. W., 50
D'Ofifemont, Baron A., 96, 258, 265
Doisy, M,, 94
Dombrowski, Ernst, Ritter von, 46,

47^59

Donne, Sir Alexander, 261, 262

Donovan, 12

Douceur, David, 84

Downes, John Dawson,xxiv, 38, 257

Dozy & Engelmann, 121, 128, 206

Drayton, Michael, 18, 19,252

Drouart, H., 175

Dsi Meo In, 213

Duchesne, 92

Duleep Singh, Maharajah, 102

Dunoyer de Noirmont, le Baron,

XXV, Tz, 79, 94j 102, 109, no,

137, 267
Duprd, Alphonse, 94
Dutton, Sir Ralph, 31

E.

East, Thomas, 12

Edward the Confessor, xiv

Edward VI., 241, 244

Egenolph, Christoph, 47

Eglinton, Earl of, 34, 36, 256, 262

Eglis, A. de, 46

Ehrenhielm, J. G. S., 177

Ehrenkreutz, H. von, 57

Eichenfeld, 184

Eliot, A. T., 9

Elizabeth, Queen, xv, 13, 16, 241,

246, 247
Elizabeth Petrovna, 190
Elyot, Sir Thomas, 9
Enrique IV., 118
" Ephemera," 39
Ernest. Archduke, 98
Ersch & Gruber, 122
Erskine, 200
Esparron, Seigneur d', 53, 80, 81

{see Arcussia)
Espinar {see Martinez)
Estienne, Charles, 76, -JT, 138, 161
Ethd, H., 204
Ethelbert, xiv
Evangelista, 118
Ewen, Robert, of Ewenfield, 263

28o

INDEX.

Falconers' Club, Members of the,

256
Fargues, J., 194
Fateh Ali Shah, 201
Faulcon, le Livre du, 67-71
Fava, 158
Favre, Robin, 100
Fei, Andrea, 151
Fenwick, 5

Feodor Alexejvitch, 186
Ferdinand I., 181
Ferdinand II., 151
Ferdinand III., 93
Fernandez Ferreira, D., 136
Fernando, Rey de Portugal,

136
Ferrara, Hercola Duca di, 145
Ferrari, Gabriel G. de, 141, 143

145
Ferraro, Giuseppe, xxvi, 159, 160
Ferrer de Valdecebro A., 129
Ferreyra, Marquez de, 136
Feyerabendt, Sigmundt, 48
Feyerabendt, Johan, 48
Fibigius, Gotfriedus, 177
Firmin Didot, 79, 103
Fischer, Theodor, 57
Fisher, C. H., 42

Fleming of Barochan, xvii, 34, 260
Fleming, Hans F. von, xxiv, 50
Flesher, E., 27
Floris, Franz, 264 {see Vriendt,

Franz de)
Foichtinger, J., 58
Foix, Comte de, 'j^ iii, 166
Fontana, Bartolome, 149
Fontana, P. Glicerio, 155
Foresta, Marquis de, 85
Forges, Seigneur de, 79
Forster, 269

Fortille, Seigneur de, 86
Fortin de Grandmont, F. F,, 85
Fouet, Robert, 82

Fouilloux, Jacques de, 76, 83, 100

Foye, G., xxv, 106, 107

Frampton, W, Tregonwell, 38

Franchieres, Jean de, xxv, 66, 72,
74, 75, 76, n, 78, 181

Francis I., 74, 103

Francucci, Scipione, 151

Frederick II, xi, xiii, xxvi, xxviii,
50, 72, 100, 121, 131, 150, 160, 162,
164, 167-172, 179, 183, 212, 269

Freeman, G. E., xxiv, 40, 41, 42, 260

Frias, Duque de, 133

Friderich, C. G., 56

Fritsch, 167, 174, 175

Fromberg, H. von, 53

G.

Gace de la Eigne, on Vigne, T^^ 74,

93
Gaffet, Antoine, 88
Gairdner, 243, 244
Gaiter, L., 138
Galatien, 66
Galesloot, A, L., 98, 112
Gallaup, 80

Gallegaris, Bernardino, 1 52
Gallevari, B., 153
Galvani, no
Ganzarini, 146
Garagnani, 158
Gaston Phoebus, 73, in, 166
Gatepio, 160
Gatti, Alessandro, 149
Gauchet, Claude, 78, 149
Gaudet, 88
Gayangos, Pascual de, 1 16, 1 18, 1 19,

120, 122
Geel, J., 44
Geist, J. P., 52
Genghis Khan, 208
George IV., 261
Georgi, Federico, xxvi, 143, 144,

147
Gerhardt, Marc, 17, 241

INDEX.

Gervais, Paul, io8, 268
Gesner, Conrad, 164, 182, 184
Ghisolfi, Filippo, 142, 144
Gillies, A., 34

Gillius, P., xxvii, 130, 175, 176, 182
Giunti, Cosimo, 138
Giunti, 146, 151
Gladwin, F., 199
Glendinning, Sir H., 34
Glouvet, Le Chevalier de, loi
Godet, Paul

Goldsmid, Sir F., 199, 201
Gommer, Pierre de, xxv, 79, 80
Gommer, Frangois de, xxv, 79, 80
Googe, Bamaby, 165
Gordejuela, A. de, 131
Gordon, Col. T. E., 192, 270, 271
Gosden, T., 8, 36
Goujot, 74
Gozzi, 155
Grandjean, J. J., 95
Grasset d'Orcet, 63
Griffin, Anne, 7
Griggs, W., 17, 241
Grimm, J., 56
Grinnaud, John, 18
Grober, Gustav, 118
Grove, Francis, 9
Gryndall, William, xxii, 1 1
Guarinoni, Girolamo, 154
Guarinqui, Girolamo, 154
Guerra, Andres, 133
Guesclin, Bertrand de, 74
Guicennas, 66, 72, 205
Guillinus, 66, 72, 205
Gumey, J. H., 191
Gutierrez de la Vega, Jos^,xxvi, 1 13,
114, 116, 117, 1 18, 123, 128, 129,

131, 135
Guyot, Claude, 79
Gyraldus, L. G., 163

H.

H. (R.), 32
Hachette, 100

Hainshaw, John, 261

Halim, Prince, 171

Hall, E., XV, 244

Hall, John, of Weston, 38, 257

Haller, C, xxvii, 185, 186, 187, 189

Hamilton, Edward, 26

Hamilton, J. P., 41

Hammer Purgstall, J. von, ix, 46,

54, 97, 117, 122, 123, 128, 136,

182, 184, 185, 193, 194, 195, 197,

203
Hangest, Jehan de, 64
Harewood, H., 38
Harmont, Pierre, dit "Mercure,"

xxv, 83
Harper, Thomas, 17
Harris, Dr. John, 201
Harrison, John, 7, 17
Harrison, Martha, 9
Harting, J. E., 23, 39, 43, 44, 75,

104, 193, 206, 215
Harvey, G., 260, 261
Haslewood, Joseph, 2, 3, 4, 5, 34
Hassler, K. D., 57
Hatfield, Arnold, 14
Haworth, 3, 4, 12
Hay, J. G., 174
Hazlitt, W. C, 7
Hearne, Thomas, 167
Heber, 67, 68
Heinle, J. A., 53
Helme, Anne, 8
Helme, John, 14
Henri I., 103
Henrilll., 83, 166
Henri IV., xxvii, 80, 83, 103, 166
Henry I., 109
Henry VII., 243
Henry VIII., xv, 16, 241, 243, 244,

246
Heppe, J. C, 52
Heresbach, Conrad, 164
Heusslein, Rudolph, 164
Heuvel, F. van der, 258, 265
Heym, 187

282

INDEX.

Hicfelt, Eberhard, xxii, 46, 59

" Hieover, Harry," 39

Hoare, Sir R. C, 241, 247

Hodgson, B. H., 191

Hoffmann, 56, 206, 207

Hoffmann, Nicolas, 49, 82

Holbein, xv, 243

Holden, F. A., xvi, 250

Hollar, W., 26, 151, 252

Holmes, John, 181

Hone, William, 35

Hood, 36

Hooper, Richard, 19

Horace, 20

Horrebow, 59

Houghton, John, 32

Houz^ Jean, 79, 80

Howe, J., 34, 260

Howitt, Samuel, yj

Hoy, J. D., 260

Huber, M., 93, 100, loi

Huete, Pedro, 122

Hume, Allan O., 42, 191, 202

Hume, Sir Patrick, 16, 250

Hungerford, Sir Walter, 246, 247

Hunter, 36

Huralt, Philip, 165

Huth, 3, 141

Hutton, James, 99

Hazard, J. B., 95, 163

Huzeton, Jacques, 71

i.

I. (R.), 22, 23

Ibn Sina, 205

Ibrahim Ben Hailan, 195

Imad ud Din Isfahani, 203

Imperiali, G. Vincenzio, 148

Isachius, A., 176

I slip, Adam, 12

Iturralde y Suit, Juan, 133

Ivan Alexejvitch, 186

Izzud Din M. Pelasguni, 203

Jackson, Canon J. E., 247

Jackson, R., 6, 7

Jackson, Roger, 15, 16

Jacobs, 213

Jacobsen, P. B., 59

Ja'fer Beg, 199

James I., xvi, xxv, 13, 22, 23, 149,

247-249
James II., 250
James IV., 260
Janot, Denys, 71
Janot, Jehan, 64, 65
Jaubert, 201
Jean, Roi de France, 73
Jeanne, la Reyne, 81
Jemali M. Ganjevi, 197
Jenner, Thomas, 25
Johnson, H., 202
Johnson, J., 8
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 166
Johnston, William, 35, 52
Joyeuse, Admiral de, 78
Juan Manuel, el Principe, xi, xxvi,

58, 113, 115, 123,264
Juan II., 118

Jullien, Ernest, 72, 74, 79, 82, 181
Jungingen, Conrad von, 190

K.

Kali, J. C, 178
Karajan, T. G. von, 47
Karamsin, 188
Katano Seo Sjo, 212
Kazvini, 204
Kegan Paul, 9
Kembach, H., 167, 174
Kenulph, King, xiv
Khan Mahalli, 200
Kimoura Kokjo, 211
Kingston, WiUiam Earl of, 31
Knoblauch, J., xxiv, 47
Konosita Yositomo, 210, 211

INDEX.

283

Korsakoff, A., 188, 190
Kreysig, G. C, ix, T], 87, 97,

163, 175, 177, 178
Kyff, Walther, 162

144,

La Chesnaye des Bois, 89

Lacroix, Paul, 43, 64, 98, 102

La Cume de Sainte Palaye, J. B.,

1% 92
Ladislaus of Hungary, 46
Lalldmant, ix, 72, 73, 74, 82, 90,

164, 205
Lambert, James, 26
La Minerva, 155
Lampugnano, Antonius de, 181
Lancellotti, Pietro, 154
Landau, G., xxiv, 56
Landseer, Thomas, 39
Lang, Robert, 67
Langellier, Charles, 71
L'Angelier, Abel, 76, 78
Langley, Thomas, 8
Languet, 166
Lascelles, 36
Lascelles, Hon. G., 263
Lastri, Marco, ix, 138, 146, 151, 153,

154, 156, 163
Latham, John, 35
Latham, Lewis, xvi, 16, 250
Latham, Symon, xxiii, 15, 16, 17,

27, 251
Laurens, le Petit, 67
Lavallee, Joseph, 63
Lawson, William, 7
Layard, Sir H. A., xii
Layton, Dr. R., 244
Leclere, 196
Leech, John, 3

Leeds, Duke of, 96, 258, 262, 265
Ldgendre, 87
Legras, 87
Leguina, Enrique de, ix, 115, 116,

119, 121, 122, 128, 133, 135

Lenoir, Guillaume, 64, 65

Le Noir, Michel, 71

Le Noir, Philippe, 72, ^i

Ldon, Gaspard de, 84

Ldon, Jacques de, 84

Leroy, 90

Lescullier, 67

L'Estrange, 245

Lesueur, P., 267

Le Verrier de la Conterie, 90

Li Chi Tchin, 207

Liebault, Jean, 13, 14, 'j'], 138, 161

Liger, Louis, 86, 87

Lilford, Lord, 42, 271

Linnaeus, 61

Lipstorp, Daniel, 177

Lloyd, D., 243

Locatelli, F., 150

Lodge, E., 248

Lodge, G. E., 273

Long, Sir James, 23

Longis, Jean, 74

Longman, T., zi, 39) 4o

Loo Club, Members of the, 265, 266

Lopez de Mendoga, Ynigo, 120

Loriente, Thomas, 129

Lorio, Pietro, 148

Louis IX., 208

Louis XIL, 74

Louis XIIL, XXV, xxvii, 83, 99, 103,

182, 210, 249
Louis XIV., 103
Louis XV., xxvi, 103, 267
Louis XVI., 103, 265
Lo\vnes, Humfrey, 5
Lubbock, Rev. Richard, xvi, xxiv,

39, 257, 260, 264
Luynes, Due de, 82, Z2,
Lusancy, Seigneur de, 79, 80 {see

Gommer)
Lucas, Simon Nicholas de, 1C2

M.

Machabaeus, 20
Machida Hisanari, 214

284

INDEX.

Maerlandt, Jacob van, 44

Mdnagier de Paris, 98

Mahmud ul Barchini, 193

Menino, Pero, 136

Maigny, Alexandre de, 64

Mercader, Matias, 131

Maisonneuve, 104

Mdrissant, Claude, 91

Malassis, Clement, 83

Merula, Paul, 44, 45

Malcolm, Sir John, 201

Meyer, B., 60

Malmesbury, William of, xiv

Meyer de Alemana, Enrique, 119

Malopin, 75

Meyerberg, Baron, 185, 187, 190

Manceau {see Boissoudan)

Michael VIIL, 183

Manfred, Prince, 50, 164, i

67, 168

Michehn, 75

Manzini, Cesare, 147

Milner, 3, 4, 12

Maplet, John, xxii, 10

MiUon, John, 25

Marco Polo, 160, 187, 201,

208

Mirabel, F. Marques de, 122

Marcucci, Olympio, 147

Mirza Taimur, 201

Marin, Antonio, 126

Moamus, or Mohamin, 66, 72, 181,

Marin, Pedro, 131

205

Markham, Gervase, xxii,

xxiii, 5>

Modena, Francesco \. di, 153

6, 7, 8, 14, 28, 30, 33

Modus, le Roi, xi, xxii, 61, 64, 65,

Marlow, Christopher, 25

94

Marnef, Enguilbert de, 75,

77,78

Molina, Argote de, 123, 136

Marriott, John, 18

Mohnari, 155

Marriot, Richard, 23

MoUen, Adrian, 55, 264, 265, 266

Marsden, William, 187, 202, 208

Monson, Sir Thomas, xvi, xxiii, 15

Marshe, Thomas, 9

16, 23, 250

Martial, 20, 179

Montbazon, le Due de, ']Z

Martinez de Espinar, Alonso, xi.

Moody, Edmund, xv

xxvi, 126, 132

Moore, Richard, 18

Martino, 66

Mor, George, 167, 173, 174

MaruUi, Michaelo, 163

Morals, Claude de, xxv, 86, 87

Mary, Queen of Scots, 16,

242

Morales, Diego de, 130

Mascall, Leonard, 11

Morales, Juan Batista de, 136

Math, Ao 8

Morier, 201

Mauduyt, 93

Moroni, 155

Maxey, T., 23

Morozoff, 190

Maximilian I., 46, 54, 267

Mortara, Conte Alessandro, 137,

Maxwell, Sir John, 261

151, 157, 158, 159

Mazzuchelli, Giammaria,

[54

Morton, Earl of, 261

Mearne, Charles, 27

Mosca, Felice, 138

Medici, Lorenzo de, 139,

140, 151,

Moto Fusa, 211

268, 269

Mourik, 264

Medices, Sebastian, 167

Muhammed Bin Abdullah, 204

Megietti, 142

Muhammed Khaniv, 200

Mellado, J. de P., 132

Muhammed Mustafa Kusuri, 200

Mello, Francisco de, 136

Muhib Ah, 199

Melun, Jean de, 63

Miiller, F. E., 188

INDEX.

285

Murteza, Nazmi Zadeh, 195
Mustafia, Adolfo, 118
Mynsinger, Heinrich, 57

N.

Nancy, Mardchal de, 68

Nardo, Due de, 95, 162, 163, 172

Nardini, 155

Nash, Thomas, 20

Nasir, 200

Natolini, Giovanbattista, 148

Naumann, J. A., 53

Naumann, J. F., 53

Newcome, E. C, xvii, 38, 40, 42,

96, 257-260, 262
Newcome, WilUam, 96
Newton, Prof. A., xvi, xxiv, 39,

257, 258, 264
Neyret, Anthoine, 62
Nichols, John, 243
Nicot, Jean, 84
Niemeyer, 58, 115
Nieulant, B. C, 44
Nigiri Kobushi, 213
Nintoku (Emperor), 214 -
Nodier, Charles, 93
Noirmont, Baron Dunoyer de, xxv,

11, 79. 94, 102, 109, no, 137,267
Norris, Henry, 244
Norris, T., 26
North, Lady, 246
Northcote, 270
Norton, John, 14
Nourry, Claude, 71
Nunez de Avendaiio, Pero, 1 19, 120
Nushirvan, 198
Nyverd, Guillaume, 68

O.

Offenbach, P., 173

Oldenburg, Prince Alexander of,

189
Oldys, W., xxiii

Olina, G. P., xxvi, 91, 150, 151, 268

Olive, Elizabeth, 14

Olive, Richard, 12, 14

Oppian, 179

Orange, Ernest, 107

Orford, Earl of, 36, yj, 38, 255-258

Orlandelli, 155

Orme, Edward, 37

Ortolan, J. L. E., 138

Osbaldiston, W. A., 34

Osborne, J., 31

Oswald, R., of Auchincruive, 262, 263

Oudsidono, 213

Overton, John, 26

Oxenford, Henry Earl of, 18

Pacius, J. E., xiv, 50, 51, i68
Pairault, 88

Palaeologus, Michael (Emperor), 181
Pallas, P., 55, 180, 187, 191, 192,

194
Palmyreno, Lorengo, 122
Paredes, Alfonso de, 135
Parsons, Edward, 36
Paston, John, 257
Patisson, M., 165
Pavoni, Guiseppe, 149
Paz y Melia, Antonio, 118
Peacham, H., 9, 19
Pell, Sir Antony, 249
Pells, John, 40, 262, 265
Pembroke, Herbert Earl of, 24
Pennant, Thomas, xxiii, 33, 52, 249
Percheron, Claude, 83
Perger, A. R. von, 57
Perin, M. le, 54
Perna, P., 162, 163
Perosina, G. de Cartolari, 144, 145
Perron, Cardinal du, 166
Petit, Jehan, 71
Pescioni, Andrea, 123
Peter the Great, 186
Petrarca, Francisco, 119

286

INDEX.

Phoebus, Gaston, Comte de Foix,

IZ, III, i66
Pharaon, Florian, 103,205
Philippe de Valois, T^
Philip II. of Spain, 98, 121, 123
Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 5
Phillips, Edward, 24
Phillips, E. C, 271
Phillott, D. C, 201, 272
" Philofalco," 80
" Philoierax," 80
Picard, Etienne, 104
Pichon, le Baron Jerome, 66, 79,

98, 100, 168, 269
Pichot, Pierre A., xxv, 17, 63,

96, 97, 102, 108, 153, 178, 207,

209, 212, 214, 261, 264, 266,

268
Pickering, W., 4
Pinkerton, 206
Pitcaim, Andrew, 250
Pithou, Pierre, 166
Pliny, 9, 20, 179
Pluche, Abbd la, 35
Poitiers, Diane de, 141
Pomey, F. A., xxii, 49, 59, 85, 86
Pompei, Girolamo, 156
Pontini, Giovanni, 154
Pontio, Pacifico, 147
Poole, Sir Henry, 24
Powell, William, 4
Pozzo, Cavalier dal, ijl
Praetorius, J., 168
Prudhomme, 87
Ptolemy, no, 162, 175, 176
Puibusque, Adolphe de, 115, 123
Punonrostro, Conde de, 133
Purfoot, Thomas, 13
Puys, Jacques du, 76, ']^
Pay, P. du, 167

Quaritch, Bernard, 18, 44
Quinet, Gabriel, 86

R.

Raddon, xvi, 247

Raimondi, Eugenio, xxvi, 143, 149,

150, 160
Rampore, the Nawab of, 272
Rangonnet, Aimar de, 83, 84
Randolph, Thomas, 12
Ranking, 187, 201
Raumer, 169

Ray, John, xxiii, 26, 27, 28, 32, 91
Raynouard, 109
Reed, W., 219
Reid, 36

Reinhardt, J,, 60
Renard, L., 132
Ren^, Francois, 83
Renodie, Sieur de la, 82 {see Saincte-

Aulaire)
Revest, Seigneur du, 80, 81
Reynolds, J. S., 270
Rezzonico, Lodovico, 154
Rhyn, Otto H. am, 58
Ricciardo, Francisco, 126
Richter, Emanuel, 178
Richter, Wolfgang, 173
Ridinger, J. E., 51, 52, 151, 267
Riesenthal, O. von, ix, xxiv, 58
Rieu, Dr., xi, 193, 194, 197, 199, 204
Rigault, N., xxvii, no, i66, 167,

175, 176, 182, 183, 205
Ritson, 13

Rizu KuH Mirza N. Ayaly, 197
Rode n burg, M. de, 266
Rodriquez, Jorge, 136
Rolland, Eugene, 104
Rolls, N., 28

Romagnoli, Gaetano, 159
Romanoflf, Feodor N., 190
Rompazetti, F., 138
Roretz, A. von, 215
Roscoe, WiUiam, 139, 268
Rosebery, Earl of, yj^ 252
Rossi, Angelo di, 151
Rouard, 85

INDEX.

287

Rowley, G. D., 42
Roycroft, S., 30
Rubruquis, William de, 208
Russel, George, 31
Rutland, Duke of, 36

S. (M.), 25

S. (T.), 5, 7, 14, 18

Sadler, Henry, xvi, 16, 242, 246, 251

Sadler, Sir Ralph, xv, xvi, 16, 241-

243, 246
Said Ibn Batrick, 203
Saincte-Aulaire, Frangois de, 82
Saincte- Lucie, Pierre de, 71, 72
Saint Marc, C. de, xxv, 105, 268
Sakourawi Goro, 209
Salerne, Francois, 90
Salicato, Altobello, 144
Salmondi^re, Moynet de la, 85
Salnove, Robert, 88
Salvin, F. H., xxiv, 40, 254, 260
Sancho VI. (el Sabio), xxvi, iii,

133
Sands, Sir Edwin, 9
Sanetomo, 209
Sanford and Scales, Lord, 18
Sangrain et Lamy, 92
Salo, Joann Pasquet de, 163
Sansovino, Francesco, 138
Sant-Fahagun, Juan de, 117, 118,

134
Santa Maria, Antonio de, 128
Sartorius, J. N., 32
Sartorius, Adam, 175
Sanz, Francisco, 128
Savine, A., 58
Savorgnano, Giacomo, 148
Scaliger, Julius, xxvii
Scandianese, Tito Gio., 145
Scheffer, G., 177
Scheible, J., 56
Schlegel, H., ix, x, xii, xxv, 42, 44,

45, 47, 50, 54, 58, 61, 74, 75, 11^
78, 79, 84, 86, 96, 97, 108, 122, 123,

128, 136, 144, 161, 188, 193, 202,

206, 209, 2 ID, 211, 266
Schmeller, J. A., 57
Schmidthauer, Andrea, 177
Schneider, J. G,, 144, 150, 168, 169,

179
Schomberg, 166
Schuszler, Johannes, 161
Schiitz, Carl H., 56
Scott, J., 32
Scolari, F., 155
Scorrigio, Lazaro, 149
Sebizius, Melchior, 48
Sebright, Sir John, xxiv, 38, 257,258
Selincourt, Jacques Esp^e de, 86
Selliere, Baron de, Z"^
Sementovski, 187
Sercy, Charles de, 86
Serd, Ferdinand, 64, 98
Sergent, Pierre, 75
Sertenas, Vincent, 65
Severski, Prince, 187
Seyffarth, F. C, 54, 55
Shakespeare, William, 25
Sharef ud Din Gardbli, 195
Shaw, George, 35
Shaw, Dr. Thomas, 206
Sheppart, W., 252
Shrewsbury, Earl of, 24, 248
Sid Mohamed el Mangali, xxviii,

103, 205
Simayosi Anko, 208, 209
Sims, Valentine, 5
Singer, George, 10
Skeat, Prof. Walter W., 19
Skelton, W., 269
Skerrey, 25
Sloet, Baron, 265
Smeaton, J., 29, 30
Smellie, 33

Smith, Rev. A. C, 254
Solatio, Caesare, 153
Solviucci, 155
Somerset, Duke of, 16, 241
Somervile, William, 9, 32

INDEX.

Sonderland, J. B., 97

Tapp, Eberhard, xxii, xxiv, 47,

48,

Sorel, M., 63

128, 164

Sotheby & Wilkinson, 8

Tardif, Guillaume, xiv, xxv, 66,

71,

Souhart, R., ix, 'j'], 81, 85,

86, 90,

72, 75, 93, 164, 168, 181, 205

91,95, 105

Tebaldinus, Nicolas, 173

Sourbets, Georges, xxv, 105

268

Techener, 100

Soquand, Guichard, 74

Tegg, Thomas, 35

Spangenberg, H. G. von, 53

Tei Ka (Prince), 213

Spencer, Earl, 3

Tempesta, Antonio, 151, 268

Spenser, Edmund, xxiii, 13

Tenison, Abp., 27

Spezi, Giuseppe, xxvi, 158

Tentugal, Conde de, 136

Spiess, J. P., 173, 174

Theodoro, N., 205

Squarzoni, A., 155, 156

Theodotio, 46, no, 162, 175

St. Albans, Duke of, 250

Thienemann, 52

St. John, Major Oliver, 199,

201

Thienemann, F. A., 55

Stagg, J., 32

Thompson, R., 42, 202, 272

Stanley, P., 36

Thornton, Col. Thomas, xvii, xxiv,

Steinach, H. J., 177

17, 36, yj, 38, 252, 255, 257

Steiner, Heinrich, 47

Thorold, Sir John, 31

Stephen, R., 165

Thou, J. A. de, xxvi, xxvii,

165,

Stevens, Charles, 13

166, 175

Stevenson, Henry, 39, 246

Thuanus, J. A. de, xxvi, 165,

166,

Stevenson, M., xxii, 25

175

Stockdale, 202

Tingu (Empress), 214

Stockum, W. P. van, 96

Tirabosco, Antonio, 155

" Stonehenge," 43

Tirabosco, Catterina, 155

Stoney, F. S., 243

Tite, W., 269

Stourton, Lord, 254

Titian, 269

Stradanus, Jan, 268

Tolstoi, Count, 190

Strahlenberg, Philip John von, 191,

Tonerino Sinwo, 209

192, 208

Tooke, John, 1 5

Strutt, Joseph, 35

Topham, Edward, 32

Stuart Wortley, C., 96, 258,

265

Topsell, E., 164

Sturm, 53

Torelli, Giuseppe, 156

Sundby, 138

Tostado de Madrigal, Alonzo,

120,

Surflet, Richard, 13, it, i6r

123
Tottell, Richard, 3

Susemihl, J. C., 54

Swan, James, 36

Toye, Robert, 3

Swan, John, xxii, 21

Trautmansdorf, Prince, 55, 26^

Symmachus, 46, no, 162, i

75

Trepperel, Jehan, 65, 72, ^-^^
Trewman, 35

T.

Tristram, Sir, 15

Tab, Henry, 4

Tristram, H. B., 206

Tamariz de la Escalera, F.,

128

Tuano, J. A., xxvi, 146, 153

{^see

Tancarville, Vicomte de, 63

Thou)

INDEX.

289

Turbervile, George, xiv, xxiii, xxvi,

12, 13,26,30,43,72, 143
Turner, C, 34
Tyssen Amherst, W., 44

u.

Uhagon, Francisco R. de, ix, 117,
119, 121,133, 134

V.

Valles, Mossen Johan, 120

Valori, Niccolo, 140

Valvasone, Erasmo di, 147

Van Breughel, C, 206

Van der Duyse, P., 98

Vandyck, xvi, 248

Van Voorst, John, 40, 41, 43

Vasquez, Pablo Antonio, 128

Vaultier, Francois, 81

Velasco, Juan Fernandez de, 133

Velasquez de Tovar, Alonso, 119

Vele, Abraham, 4

Vendenheym, H. J, W. von, 248

Ventura, Valerio, 152

Verard, Anthoine, 67, 71, 72, ^i

Verini, Michaelo, 140

Vernon, 36

Vicenza, Duke of, 54

Villalta, R., 132

Villamena, 151

VioUet-le-Duc, xxv, 246

Vriendt, Franz de, 264 {see Floris)

W.

W., Sir A., xvi, xxiii, 22, 23
Walen, James, 254
Waley, John, 4
Walton, Izaak, 23, 243
Warton, Thomas, xxiii, 52
Warwick, Ambrose Earl of, 12, 13
Watkins, Richard, 165

Watson, Lieut.-Col. H., 273

Wei Yen Chin, 207

Weldon, Sir Anthony, xvi, xxiii, 22,

23
Wenman, Sir Richard, 31
Westphalia, Johannes de, 161
Westwood & Satchell, 8
White, Edward, 1 1
Wiersbitzki, 42, 54, 202
Wilkin, Simon, xxvii, 27
William III. of Holland, 97
William V., Prince of Orange, 265
Wilson, Col, 38, 257, 258
Willoughbyd'Eresby, Lord, 96
Willughby, Francis, 27, 32
Woborzil, J. W. von, 55
Wodehouse, Thornton, yj, 255, 256
Wolf, Joseph, 40, 43, 54, 97, 100,255
Wolfe, John, 1 1
Wolsey, Cardinal, 243
Wright, John, 22
Wulverhorst, A. H. V. van, 45, 97,

266
Wurmser V. Vendenheym, H. J., 248
Wurtemburg, Lewis Duke of, 248
Wynkyn de Worde, 2, 3

X.

Xibaja, Joseph de, 130

Yarrell, W., xxiii

Yule, Col. H., 201, 208, 209

Z.

Zambrini, Francesco, xxvi, 158, 159
Zevschin.V., 186

Zuniga y Sotomayor, Fadrique de,
117, 119, 121,122, 134

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OTHER WORKS ON

Falconry and Field Sports

ISSUED BY

Bernard Quaritch,

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Ifalconr^.

BERT'S TREATISE OF HAWKS AND HAWKING. For

the first time reprinted from the Original of 16x9. With an
Introduction by J. E. Harting. Sm. 4to, Roxburghe. 1891.
Price J[^\ IS.

The author, an experienced falconer, lived at Collier Row, near Romford.

Of this rare Treatise only 100 copies have been printed ; very few remain for sale.

A PERFECT BOOKE FOR KEPINGE OF SPARHAWKES

OR GOSHAWKES. Written about 1575. Now first printed from
the Original MS. on vellum. With Introduction and Glossary
by J. E. Harting. Sm. 4to, Roxburghe. 1886. Price ;£i is.

" One great merit which the present treatise possesses is that it is perfect, and not
a mere fragment like some of the MSS. before noticed. ... It is here printed for the
first time verbaiim et literatim, and a facsimile page is given (p. 34) to show the
character of the handwriting. . . It evidently embodies the result of the author's
personal experience. " — Editor's iNTRODtJCTlON, p. xxx.

Salmon ant) Zvoxxt iftebinG.

BRITISH SALMONID/E: Comprising 12 large and splendidly
coloured plates of Salmon and Trout, with letterpress description
by the late Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart. With three beautiful vignettes.
Atlas folio. 1839-41. Price ;^8 8s.

This fine series of coloured plates was privately printed at the expense of Sir
William Jardine. Each plate has a charming background of some delightful bit
of Scotch scenery. Most of the figures are of the size of life.

LIST OF PLATES.

Salmo Salar. Young or Grilse, Male. No. i.
Solway Firth.

Salmo Salar? Young or Grilse, Male. No. 2.
River Tweed.

Salmo albus of Dr. Fleming. Herling of the
Solway. Young states of migratory Trout.

Salmo ferox. Great Lake Trout. Male, No. 2.
Loch Layghal.

Salmo fario. Lacustrine varieties. No. 1.
Lochs in Assynt, Sutherlandshire. 2. Loch-
awe, Argyleshire.

Coregonus Willughbii. Vendace or Loch-
maben Coregonus. Castle Loch, Loch-
maben, Dumfriesshire.

Salmo Salar Adult Male in breeding state.
River Annan.

Salmo Salar. Young or Grilse Male. Solway
Firth.

9. Salmo trutta. Sea Trout.

10. Sea Trout of the Solway.
Salmo trutta.

Solway Firth.
Nos. 1 and 2.

1. Salmo trutta. Young of 15 months, bred
in Mr. Shaw's ponds. 2. (Young states of
migratory Trout. River Annan. 3. Young
states of migratory Trout. Solway Firth.

Salmo fario. Lacustrine varieties. Loch
Skene, Dumfriesshire.

Vignettes.
Stake Nets on the Solway Firth.

Tweed Salmon-Flies in use about the year
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Poke Nets on the Solway Firth.

Young states of S. trutta from Mr. Shaw's
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Ibunting, IRacing, ac

HORSES AND EQUITATION: A Bibliographical Record of
Hippology. By F. H. HuTH. Sm. 4to, half vellum. 1887. Price

The Bibliography is arranged chronologically, and extends from p. i to p. 314 ; the
Index to Names of Authors to p. 372 ; the Index to Works on Horses comprises sub-
divisions :

Breeding — Equitation and Stable Management — Shoes and Shoeing — Harness,
Bits, Bitting — Driving — Racing — Cavalry — Veterinary — The Chase — Laws
relating to Warranty, &c.

The earliest English book on Racing here mentioned is one by Gervase Mark-
HAM, entitled *' How to choose, ride, traine, and dyet both Hunting and Running
Horses." It at first formed part of his " Discourse of Horsemanship," 1593, but in
1596 was separately printed under the title just quoted. In all, 143 books on Racing
are here noticed.

The works on the Chase mentioned in this Bibliography are 122 in number, and
date from the time of Guillaume Twici, huntsman to Edward II. in 1307, down to
the Dressage du Cheval de Chasse published in 1886.

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