5 THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1931 ■ 1932 Montana State Library 3 0864 1 005 9443 4 THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1931 - 1932 AEOELf PRiNTIMQ CO., Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from IVIontana State Library http://www.archive.org/details/biennialre19311932mont Montana State Board of Entomology W. F. Cogswell. M. D., Secretary State Board of Health, Chairman, Helena, Montana. W. J. Butler. D. V. S.. State Veterinary Surgeon, Member. Helena, Montana. A. L. Strand. Ph. D.. State Entomologist, Secretary, Bozeman. Montana. CONTENTS -0- Page Control Work : Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Control Districts. Bitter Root Valley, for the Biennium End- ing December 31, 1932 7-11 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Montana, 1!)1-1-1933 12-16 Future Work of The State Board of Entomology. 16-17 A Chronological Summary of the Investigations on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever with especial refer- ence to Montana 18-33 Men who have died of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever while engaged in the investigation of the disease in Montana 34 Organizations which have contributed to the investiga- tion of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Montana, 1902-1933 34 Partial Bibliography on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 35-47 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Bozeman, Montana, April 14, 1933. To His Excellency, Frank H. Cooney, Governor of Montana, My dear Sir : The Montana State Board of Entomology was created by an act of the legislature in 1913. The primary purpose of this board was to study Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other aracuid- and insect-borne dis- eases of man and animals within the State of Montana, and to carry out any methods for the suppression of such diseases as might seem advisable. In eight previous biennial reports the work and accomplishments on spotted fever have been recorded. These reports constitute an important series of scientific documents and have been preserved in the important libraries of the world. This may seem to be an unwarranted use of public money. However, in this regard it should be remembered that no less than seven organizations (The American Medical Association, Har- vard University, The Institute of Infectious Disea.ses, The Rockefeller Foundation, The University of Chicago, The University of Minnesota, and The University of Paris) with no particular interest in Montana have devoted both money and personnel toward the investigation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Progress has been attained through the cooperation and research efforts of the above named private institutions and many other public ones. It is, therefore, only fitting and proper that these reports be published. Science has no political boundaries and especially in the matter of public hygiene, the one human endeavor on which all countries of the world can unite with truly mutual benefit, can .scientific intercourse be most advantageously promulgated. From 1913 to 1932 the Board of Entomology supported both control and investigational work in regard to ticks and spotted fever in the Bitter Root Valley. In 1914 the disease spread to some eastern Montana counties and during 1916 and 1917 investigational studies were also car- ried on by the board in Powder River and Musselshell Counties. By 1920 the situation in regard to the disease became so acute that the board re- alized that either the state must enter into a more fundamental study of the whole proposition or seek some federal agency which would. Failing in an attempt to obtain greater support from the 1921 legislature, an appeal was made to the U. S. Public Health Service. Accordingly, in 1921 that organization began the most exhaustive study of spotted "fever yet undertaken. Its most outstanding accomplishment has been the per- fection of a prophylactic vaccine which has done more to allay the fear of ticks and spotted fever than all other accomplishments in the study of the disease combined. By 1930 it was very apparent that Rocky Mountain spotted fever was a national problem. The state laboratory at Hamilton, space in which had been rented to the U. S. Public Health Service, was taxed to capacity, incident to the production of vaccine for many other states besides Mon- tana. After the necessary preliminary discussions with the federal health authorities, the State Board of Entomology recommended to the state legislature and the State Board of Examiners that the state sell its laboratory to the federal government. This transaction was consummated and the state fully reimbursed for the physical plant and equipment early in 1932. Not only \yas the laboratory but also all investigational \York formerly carried by the state turned over to the Public Health Service. This left only the C(Uitrol work, stock dipping and rodent destruction, under the jurisdiction of the State Board of Entomology. With the gen- eral reduction in its activities, and by further limiting the control work, it was possible for the board to reduce its expenditures of state money during l!>o2-oH from an original appropriation of about $26,000 (in the 1931 budget) to $5,200. or better than 80 per cent. The 23rd session of the legislature appropriated $3,000.00 for the continuance of the control work in the Bitter Hoot Valley. This will be insufficient to maintain the same degree of effectiveness formerly pos- sible. The dipping vats will be kept filled and regulated as to proper strength during the dipping season, but only unoccupied private land within the control areas will be treated for rodents. Likewise some super- vision will be given to additional control work made possible by any appropriations from Missoula and Ravalli Counties. It is recommended that this report be published as the Ninth Biennial Report of the State Board of Entomology. Respectfully yours. A. L. Strand, Secretary. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 7 CONTROL WORK: ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER CONTROL DISTRICTS, BITTER ROOT VALLEY, FOR THE BIENNIUM ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1932. By F. J. O'DoNNELL. Field Ay cut, Montana State Board of Entomology. The spotted fever control work in l\Iis?oula and Ravalli counties as carried on by the State Board of Entomoloijy during the past two years has been more or less a continuation of the methods applied for the past 8 or 10 years. The work has b^en finance 1 jointly by the Counties and the State, and the work done under the supervision of the State Board of Entomology. The wood tick parasite work v.-as taken over by the United States Public Health Sei-vice on July 1st, 1931. There was, therefore, no money expended for this activity by tht State, for the biennium just closing. Rodent control and stock dipping were carried on as in previ- ous years. The full program was carried out for the fiscal year ending June the 30th, 1932, but due te economic conditions the program was consid- erably reduced for the fiscal yeai ending June 30th, 1933. For the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1932, Missoula County appropriated $2000.00, Ravalli County appropriated $3,000.00 and there was available from the State about $13,000.00. For the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1933, Mis- soula made no appropriation. Ravalli County reduced their appropria- tion from $3,000.00 to $1,000.00 and the Board of Entomology appropria- tion was reduced to approximately $5,000.00. With this drastic cut in the appropriations it was necessary to drop a considerable part of the rodent control work. There w^U be no work done in the control districts in Missoula County, except what rodent control is done by land owners or residents. With the reduced aporopi-iation in Ravalli County it will be possible only to care for unoccupied lands. State and County lands, and a part of the Government land within the districts. Privately owned and occupied land will have to be taken care of by the owner or resi- dent on these lands. Rodent poison will be prepared and available at this Station, free of charge, in reasonable amounts for all lands within the control districts. It is expected, however, that it will be possible to carry on the dipping program as in the past, with the exception that field men will not always be available to assist the stockmen at the vats. All of the vats will be filled and the dipping solution will be kept up to full strength throught the dipping season. RODENT CONTROL. The accompanying table summarizes the ro- dent control work in both Missoula and Ravalli Counties. It will be noted that there was a eonsider.ibly larger acreage (61,280 acres) pois- oned in Ravalli County for the years 1931 and 1932, as compared with the previous biennium, while in Missoula County there was a decrease of 8 NINTH BIENNIAL, REPORT 38,182 acres. The increpse in Ravalli County in both 1931 and 1932 was due to favorable weather conditions, that is, the field crews were able to put in practically full time from the time the rodents first appeared until the close of the season. The decrease in the acreage treated in Missoula County was due to the fact tliat part of the appropriation made for this work by Missoula (bounty for the 1931 season was not ex- pended. The Commissioners made an appropriation of $2000.00 but due to the operation of the County Budget Law, no part of this appropria- tion could be expended after July 1st, 1981, and about $600.00 reverted leaving only $1,400.00 from the County Appropriation available for the work. The average cost per acre in Ravalli County, based on the actual cost of material used and the necessary labor required to do the field work, was slightly less (.0008 cents) for the years 1931-32 than for the preceding two years. The average cost per acre in Missoula County was slightly greater (.0025 cents) for the years 1931-32 than for the period 1929-30. This increase was due to the greater use of calcium cyanide, the cost of which is much higher than that of poisoned grain, and in- volves an increase of about 100 percent in labor charges for distribution. For several years rodent baits prepared at this Station have been made with steam crushed oats. During the 1931 season experiments were carried on with a poisoned grain bait made with whole oats from a formula recommended by the United States Biological Survey. A number of experiments carried on in several of the districts indicated that there would probably be some advantage in using the whole oat bait in pref- erence to the steam crushed oat. Accordingly during the 1932 season there was about 60 percent of the whole oat bait and about 40 percent of the crushed oat formula used. The advantage of the whole oat bait seemed to be in the fact that there was less dusting or loss of the ac- tive ingredient, strychnine, while the grain was being handled and dis- tributed in the field. In our field tests when equal amounts of the whole oat and crushed oet baits were consumed, the kill was apparently about the same. However, the whole oat bait seemed to be more attrac- tive to the rodents and when baits of the whole and of the crushed oats were placed in the same burrow the rodents almost invariably ate the whole oat in preference to the crushed oat bait. Also the whole oat bait formula contains a percentage of heavy petrolatum oil which protects the bait, for a short time at least, during wet weather. For the 1933 season the new formula will be used exclusively. The control work for the past two years in both Counties has been very satisfactory. There has been a marked decrease in the rodents in the districts in both Counties, and we have had splendid cooperation from the residents and land owners in all of the districts. We have continued our intensive rodent work over the area -5 at the eastern end of Lake Como. Reference to this work was made in the last biennial report. This area continues to be increasingly popular with campers, picnickers and boating parties on Lake Como. Rodent destruction by poisoned baits, trapping and shooting was supplemented by tick dragging. About 4000 STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 9 acres were subjected to this intensive control worlv. As a result there is a very noticeable decrease in the number of rodents and also in the num- ber of ticks as was proved by a check mide on the numlier of ticks col- lected by dragging. DIPPING. There has been an increasing interest among the stock- men in stock dipping as is indicated by the following figures. For the years 1927-28 there were 2073 animals dipped : in 1929-30 there were 2588, for the seasons 1931-32 there were 11.399. These figures include all animals — cattle, horses, sheep, etc., and show an increase of 340.0 per cent for the past four years. This increase indicates the attitude of the stcokmen in regard to dipping and it is believed that with double the number of vats now available, there would be very close to 100 per- cent of the stock within the districts dipped each year. The increased interest in stock dipping has been brought about, not by any threat of enforcing the law concerning the dipping of stock within the control areas, but through circular letters prepared at this office emphasizing the importance of dipping and through the voluntary efforts and co- operation of the stockmen. The stockmen as a whole have begun to realize that the dipping of their stock not only destroys the wood tick but also lice and other vermin, and causes a more rapid and earlier shedding of the winter coat. In general it is safe to say that animals dipped in the early spring are at least two weeks ahead of undipped animals. This statement, of course, does not apply to sheep as these animals should not be dipped lief ore shearing. The vats at P'lorence. Stevensville, Victor and Hamilton are all in good condition and with only minor repairs can be put into service within a short time. The Gold Creek vat which is of concrete construction, has been used only a few times during the past 8 years, for the reason that the side walls and bottom have developed slight cracks which permit seepage of ground water in sufficient quantities to dilute and render valueless the dip solution, unless the vat is used within 48 hours after filling. No effort has been made to install a galvanized metal lining in the Gold Creek vat or make other necessary major repairs, for the reason that the State does not have the title to the vat site. Also, it was felt inadvisable to expend any great amount of money on this vat as the site is not in a desirable location. STOCK POISONING. Thirteen cases of alleged stock and poultry poisoning were investigated during the past two years. In all cases, when at all possible to do so, a postmortem examination was made by a veter- inarian and a specimen of stomach contents was submitted to the chem- ist of the Livestock Sanitary Board at Helena for examination. It was definitely determined that three turkeys had died as a result of eating poisoned grain distributed by our field men. One steer was poisoned by licking the residue from a calcium cyanide can which had not been thoroughly cleaned before it was discarded by the field men, and 10 sheep had apparently been killed by calcium cyanide gas. The sheep were turned into a pasture which had just been "gassed" and had evi- dently inhaled the cyanide gas by placing their noses down into the ro- 10 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT dent burrows to avoid the nose flies wliich were numerous at that time. The total cost of settlement for the turkeys, steer and sheep was $50.94. Considering the A'ast acreage poisoned oy our field crews each year, the loss from poisoned stock for the past four years has been negligible. The drastic cut in the appropriations made by both the State and the Counties will necessitate radical changes in the control program. As stated before it will not be possible to employ field crews to cover the entire area of the control districts as has been done in the past. Only the unoccupied private land and State and County land within the con- trol areas will be treated by field crews during the 1933 season and it is quite probable that only one poisoning will be made on most of these lands. Whether or not it will be possible to poison any of the National Forest land in the foothills west of the cultivated areas, will depend upon the funds available after the other lands in the districts have been treated. If the owners and occupants of the cultivated areas wall make a concerted effort to poison the rodents on their lands, it may be possi- ble to hold the rodent population at its present status, however, past experience has shown that the average farm owner or renter will not do a thorough job of rodent posioning and many of them will do little if any poisoning. If this latter condition prevails it will be only a short time vmtil. by migration and natural increase, the rodents will be as numerous as they were before rodent control work was initiated, and all of the work done up to the present time, will be of little value. That the control work has justified itself is evidenced by the remarkably few cases of spotted fever which have occurred during the past few years within the control districts proper, and it is to be hoped that economic conditions will improve so that it may be possible within a short time to again carry on the control work as has been done in the past. We wish to acknowledge our appreciation for the splendid coopera- tion we have received from the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board in making laboratory examination of animal specimens, stomach content.s. etc., submitted to them during the past two years. Also we wish to acknowledge the assistance given us by Mr Glen M. Kohls and Mr. W. L. Jellison of the U. S'. Public Health Service at this Station, in making tests of dip solutions for the past biennium ; and the Division of Food & Drugs of the State Board of Healfh for making tests of the arsenic used in our dip solutions. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 11 State Board of Entomology SUM^IARY COLli\IBIAN GROUND SQUIRREL CONTROL, RAVALLI AND MISSOULA COUNTIES RAVAIiIiI COUNTY CONTBOL DISTRICTS Year Poisoned Once Acres Poisoned Twice Acres | Grain Poison Quarts Calcium Cyanide Pounds Labor Hours Average Cost per Acre for Treatment 1 *1927 1 *1928 1 86,093.40 91,851.50 99,161.26 91,440.90 107,660.00 107,891.33 1 48,131.121 21,514.00 54,536.39 45,382.50 51,785.00 84,465.00 1 5,910.75 5,700.00 5,569.00 4,850.75 6,787.90 7,869.00 2,155.00 2,137.50 2.411.00 4,575.00 4,151.00 5,800.00 6,968.83 7,421.92 7,433.42 7,561.50 6,970.33 9,784.17 .0340 .0417 *1929 1 .0309 *1930 1 .0366 *1931 1 .0326 *1932 . -1 .0332 MISSOULA COUNTY CONTBOI. DISTE ,ICTS 1927 1 1 55,650.00 1 56,823.001 51.580.00 53,250.00 49,490.00 42,960.001 41,397.00 1 1,874.501 1.898.00 1,992.50 1,835.00 1,210.00 1,375.00 575.00 309.00 563.00 686.00 586.00 1,920.00 4,154.50 4,058.50 3,995.50 4,085.50 3,301.00 4,194.00 .0203 1928 .... ....| 72,310.00 .0177 1929 1 82,040.00 .0165 1930 85,220.00 .0168 1931 1 78,329.00 .0146 1932 1 69.186.00 .0212 i U. S. Lands and National Forest 1927 1 4.200.001 80.001 182.50 1928 -.1 8.160.001 400.001 620.00| 1929 1 7,680.001 1,400.00| 415. 25| 1930 1 10,225.001 1,580.001 520.001 1931 1 7,760.001 1,280.001 241. 00| 1932 --1 7,460.001 2,800.001 489.00) *U. S. Lands and National Forest Included. 100.00 100.00 220.66 657.83 214.33 623.00 275.00 557.50 .03108 .0481 .0194 .0332 .0204 .0309 12 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 03 0) Q 2 1 22.2 3 1 16.7 0 1 3 1 37.5 6 1 14.6 o - o CO to CO eo .-H o COlO coin - coco CO t-^ CO rH eg OS - o o d oo o co - — - ooo odd ffq ffQin rH rH rH o O500 CCOO rH to i-i(as CO com tOM OOin rH to ■*TJI in ir^ c. t L' C 3 : - c 3 c c c (X 0) x: be d a a a > < p: c (5 c Da 5 1 a: 1 !- a: r. c c c I C c 3 a 1 c a a c a 'Z a i- c- c c c a c pi 0. c a. c ffl > 1 T e d C o 0. 0 o 0, Eh > 1 ■a c a re 0; a G 0 r 0 c- < o Q eg 41 >>

orking on the disease in Montana. In this .state, up to 1905, the tick theory of transmission bad been supported by some workers and vigorously denied by others. The time was just right for some one to settle tbe matter. Progress in controlling the disease could not go forward until this controversy was settled. None of the workers who had come to Montana performed any experiments to show definitely tbat the tick could or could not transmit the casual or- ganism from man to test animal or from animal to animal. On April 21, 1906, Dr. H. T. Ricketts of the University of Chicago, arrived at Missoula. He took up residence at tbe Northern Pacific Hos- 22 NINTH BIENNIAL. REPORT pital where lie was also furnished laboratory facilities by the physician in charge. Dr. E. W. Spottswood. Ricketts came entirely of his own volition. In his own words, he came because the piroplasma of Wilson and Chowning had been disputed by Dr. Stiles, a high authority. There was a difference of opinion and it seemed an opportune time for a third person to take up the work. One day during the summer while at lunch with the nurses and Prof. R. A. Cooley. he expressed the idea that he found himself in Montana due to hi.-? .sympathy "for the imderdog". Not long after Dr. Ricketts had established himself in the Northern Pacific Hospital, Dr. W. W. King, of the IT. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, arrived in Missoula. He also made the hospital his lieadquarters and for several weeks during the early summer of 1906, Ricketts and King worked side by side. An important consideration to be noted here, however, is that Ricketts came prepared for inoculation experiments. Consequently he devoted himself to this angle of the prob- lem from the start, whereas Dr. King at first pursued some microscopi- cal studies. Ricketts tried to inoculate rabbits with blood from a spotted fever case. There was no reaction with the first two rabbits although one showed a slight rise in temperature. Turning then to guinea pigs, the results of inoculations were much more encouraging. The blood of a patient (Cortsen, Dr. Merrick) was injected into guinea pigs. Following an inoculation period of from two to four days the animals developed temperatures ranging from 104° to 106° F., became emaciated and died, one on the 7th and one on the 11th day. From 36-48 hours before death the temperatures were subnormal. Ricketts noted especially a scrotal swelling in the male guinea pig. the skin of which was infiltrated with blood. This frequently recurring reaction has since been found of con- siderable diagnostic value. From guir.ea pigs which died, a second lot was inoculated. One of these latter animals died ; two others recovered after a course of high fever and emaciation. From the animal which died, a third generation was inoculated but none of these showed the disease. Following the successful carrying of the disease from one animal to another by blood inoculations, experiments were performed with ticks as a means of transmission. To quote Ricketts : "a female tick (Dermacentor andersoni Stiles) which had fed for about two days on a sick guinea pig transmitted spotted fever to a healthy guinea pig when allowed to bite the latter. Dr. W. W. Kin'g obtained a similar result for about the same time. A little later the same year I obtained successful transmission with a male tick in the same manner ; and repeated the transmission with a female a number of times". Until June 11, Dr. King confined himself to his microscopic work but then turned to inoculation experiments v/itli material furnished him by Ricketts. Upon returning to Washington, King took with him one male and three female ticks which had fed on diseased animals. The male tick died but the females gave the disease to healthy guinea pigs STATE BOARD OP ENTOMOLOGY 23 in experiments which were carried out at the Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, D. C. Dr. King published his report of the successful transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by means of ticks as a very brief note in the Public Health Report for July 27, 1906. Dr. Rickett's report ap- peared seven days later on August 4, 1906, in the Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Asociation. Both Ricketts and King were in the field continuing their studies in 1907. More tick-transmission work was done. It was during this season that Ricketts supplied another link to the chain of evidence against the tick. He obtained the disease from ticks collected in "infected dis- tricts". One of the strains so obtained was carried from guinea pig to guinea pig through many passages. Thus it was shown that, in addition to being able to transmit the disease from one affected laboratory animal to another, the tick harbored the disease in nature. The following year he devoted himself to determining the source of infection of the tick. This was. not completed, nor is the question yet settled whether the virus of spotted fever is perpetuated by the tick alone or if a combination of ticks and susceptible mammals is necessary. In this connection, Dr. R. R. Parker has shown the likelihood of n complex of a large number of factors resident in nature as concerned in the perpetuation of the virus and that the intensity of the action of the individual factors varies greatly in different areas of infection and even within the different por- tions of the same area. He has found much evidence that points to rabbits and the rabbit tick as a very significant combination of factors in many sections of the West, and in cue part of western Montana has shown that the Rocky Mountain goat is an extremely important local factor. Transmission of spotted fever in nature by the above mentioned rabbit tick was demonstrated by him in 1921. Ricketts discovered the casual organism of the disease and demonstrated it in the tick and especially in the ovaries of the female In addition he showed that it was carried over from one generation of ticks to the next. This positive evidence against the wood tick made it highly desirable and indeed imperative to know more about this carrier of the disease. In August, 1907, Dr. T. D. Tuttle, Secretary of the Montana State Board of Health, conferred with the officials of Montana State College, and requested that the Entomologist make a thorough study of the ticks of the State. The request coincided with plans already made by Entomolo- gist R. A. Cooley. Accordingly during the spring and summer of 1908, he co.nducted studies of the tick as found in the Gallatin Canyon, south of Bezeman, Montana. With the assistance of Mr. W. V. King, much new information on the habits of the tick, its host animals, and the methods of handling was developed. Mr. King was appointed as "agent and ex- pert" of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, on June 29, 1909, and was designated to make a "tick survey" over the northwestern states, under the supervision of Prof. Cooley. He traveled through parts of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon and Washington. Much new data on the life histoi-y and distribution of Dermacentor andersoni as well as other species of ticks was collected. 24 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT The 1909 session of the Montana State Legislature appropriated $6,000 for the Montana State Board of Health, with the specific designa- tion that the money was to be spent by Dr. Ricketts in further studies of the disease and for following up Lhe discoveries already made. In the spring of that year Ricketts was prepared to proceed with the work but as it turned out the money was not actually available. As an al- ternative, certain citizens of Missoula showed their interest in the work by a(?.yancing $1,000 which allowed Dr. Ricketts to have some tick col- lecting done for him in the Bitter Root Valley, and to carry on some laboratory work at the University of Chicago. Dr. W. D. Hunter, of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. D. A., and Dr. A. K. Fisher, of the Bureau of Biological Survey, together ' with Prof. R. A. Cooley of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, car- ried on some observational and experimental work with ticks in the Bit- ter Root \*alley during the summer ot 1909. It was probably at this time that preliminary arrangements were made for some cooperative re- search on the disease. Having in mind the many complications involved in the proposition, the study of the wood tick itself, its relation to its host animals as well as the relation of both of these factors to the di- sease, Prof. Cooley, as did no doubt the other men familiar with the problem, saw that the investigations would be most fruitful if several agencies, each well equipped in its own branch of science, would cooperate in an organized basic study of the whole question. As a consequence, for the continuation of the work in 1910, Dr. Ricketts and his assistants were to handle all phases of the pathological work, the Bureau of Bio- logical Survey was to study the animals which served as hosts for ticks, and the Bureau of Entomology was to work on its life history and de- velopment. This plan suited Dr. Ricketts for he no longer desired human material in his studies but intended to confine his work to small wild animals. By such an arrangement it was believed that the most sig- nificant progress could be made. Mr. Willard V. King was to be em- ployed by the Bureau of Entomology, under the direction of Dr. Hunter, but under the immediate supervision of R. A. Cooley. After much consideration and looking about, a camp was established on Sweeney Creek about two and one-half miles southwest of Florence, Montana. This laboratory known unofficially as "Camp Venustus", con- sisted of a log cabin of three rooms, stables, etc., together with tents which were to serve as sleeping quarters. On March 15, 1910, as shown by correspondence covering the period, W. V. King was already at the camp and A. H. Howell and Clarence Birdseye, of the Biological Survey, were working on the east side of the Bitter Root River but intended to be at the camp within a very few days. All previous investigators had made their headquarters at Missoula or other fair sized towns, from which trips of short duration were made into the infected districts. This was a comparatively safe procedure for by careful and frequent examinations of the body and clothing ticks could be removed before they had fed long enough to produce the disease. But living in the open through the height of the tick season in one of STATE BOARD OP ENTOMOLOGY 25 the most heavily infested districts was a far different matter. King, Birdseye, Howell, and Paul Stanton, the latter serving as cook and gen- eral utility man for the party, as well as R. A. Cooley who visited the camp frequently, deserve credit for this undoubted temerity. By taking such chances the work could be greatly facilitated. No time need be spent in slow travel to and from the real tick locations and as a result, the time for observation?-- and experimental work in all its phases was greatly increased. In January, 1910, Prof. Cooley wrote to Dr. Ricketts about the pos- sibility of an immunizing serum for the workers who were to be at the Florence laboratory. A horse serum more or less effective on laboratory animals had been prepared at Richetts' laboratory at Chicago but no trials on human prophylaxis had been made. Granting that point, how- ever, it seemed that fresh administration would have been necessary every two weeks and as there was strong danger of anaphylactic shock with the serum given repeatedly, the matter was dropped. Early in the fall of the previous year, 1909, the money appropriated by the Montana legislature still not being available. Dr. Ricketts took up the study of a disease closely related to spotted fever, namely, the typhus fever of Mexico. Then in December, 1909, the Montana State Board of Health informed Ricketts that the money was finally ready to be used. In accordance with this new development, and in spite of already being somewhat involved in the typhus problem, Ricketts made arrangements to carry on laboratory work at the University of Chicago through assistants and to send one assistant to Montana as soon as the field work could start in the spring of 1910. He himself left Chicago in December, 1910, and proceeded to Mexico on the typhus fever project. The agreement was that he was to come to Montana the first day of May, 1910. During the last week in April, however, he was stricken with typhus fever and died in JMexico City on May 3, 1910. To. Dr. Ricketts belongs the credit for making by far the greatest contributions to the early study of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Besides those points already noted, he obtained transmission of the disease with several species of ticks other than the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. He predicted the spread of the disease to other parts of Montana. Altogether he showed that he had a re- markable insight into the problem. His ideas were very clear in regard to the direction his investigations should take for he started many lines of work and suggested others which are important phases of the re- search program which is in progress today. Dr. Ricketts' work was supported by grants from the American Medical Association, the Montana State Board of Health, the University of Chicago, the Memorial Institute of Infectious Diseases, Missoula and Ravalli counties, and by specific appropriations made by the Legislature of the State of Montana. Josiah J. Moore, now a prominent physician in Chicago, was a stu- dent at the State University at Missoula in 1907 when Dr. Ricketts came 26; NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT to Montana for his second season's work. Moore was employed by Rick- etts and helped to carry out many of the tick experiments from 1907 to 1910, both in the Bitter Root Valley and in the pathological laboratories at the University of Chicago. He came back to Montana, at Richetts' direction, April 23, 1910, to work at the Florence "camp", but upon receiving the news of Ricketts' death, he returned to Chicago. Howell did not remain at the "camp" for the entire season but Birdseye stayed until July 15 and King until November. Some very fundamental information was collected relative to the tick and its host animals. Previously it had been supposed that the wood tick had a one- year life cycle but observations by King from March to November. 1910. and substantiated by the 1911 work, showed that at least a two-year period was required. The work was not confined to the Florence district. Various trips were made to other parts of the valley. Birdseye killed and examined (May, 1910) three mountain goats, five black-tail deer, and one elk. The goats were killed above Lake Como and had a great abundance of adult ticks on them. The elk, killed at the north end of Lake Cdmo, had no ticks, nor did any of the deer save one on which a single speci- men of Bermacentor alhipicUis was found. These details are mentioned for this was the first indication that the mountain goats support a large tick population. Dr. W. D. Hunter, of the Bureau of Entomology, Dr. H. K. Fisher, of the Bureau of Biological Survey, and Dr. H. A. Morgan, of the Uni- versity of Tennessee, visited the Bitter Root Valley in September, 1910, to look over the progress of the work and to receive first hand informa- tion on the tick situation. Dr. Morgan had had much experience with Texas fever, a tick-borne disease of cattle, and his advice and consulta- tion proved very valuable to the work in Montana. It should likewise be mentioned that, whereas it may appear that the men at the Florence camp were working independent of outside aid, such was not the ease. Doctors Hunter and F. C. Bishopp, of the Bureau of Entomology, with headquarters at Dallas, Texas, gave a great deal of time to the deter- mination of almost every lot of ticks collected and thereby not only facilitated the work but gave it an accuracy which it could not other- wise have enjoyed. Although the work was very successful in many ways, had Dr. Ricketts been present it would have been greatly unified. Much material of pathological interest had to be discarded because there was no one to study it. However, by 1911, the information needed for the control of ticks and Rocky Mountiiin spotted fever seemed to be at hand. At least among the scientific workers the mode of transmission had been settled already, the life history, of the principal vector was now fairly well established, and its most important host animals known. The next logical development was to put this information to practical test. If the number of nymphal ticks could be reduced by destroying their rodent hosts, and the adult ticks on domestic animals could be eliminated by STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 27 dipping, then the incidence of the disease should be greatly decreased. In fact, Ricketts himself had suggested these two possibilities but not on as sound evidence as was now available. The Period of Field Experiments on the Control of Ticks The Bureau of Entomology, the Bureau of Biological Survey, and tlie Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, cooperated again during 1911. Clarence Birdseye, A. H. Howell, of tlie Biological Survey, and M. H. Spaulding of the Experiment Station, did further work on the small mammals which serve as tick hosts. W. V. King, of the Bureau of Entomology, while also making further life history studies especially in regard to tick longevity, concentrated on the initiation of a tick control campaign. Under the advice and supervision of R. A. Cooley, King stimulated such an interest in the dipping of livestock that a dipping vat was constructed near Florence, being paid for partly by public sub- scription. The vat was completed by June 3 and the first stock put through about tlie middle of the same month. Dr. H. W. Henshaw, Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey, and Dr. L. O. Howard, of the Bureau of Entomology, tried early in 1911 to arrange with the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service for some cooperative work on spotted fever in the Bitter Root Valley. Such an arrangement was not favored by the Federal Health authorities as it was believed unnecessary. However, the Public Health and Marine Hos- pital Service joined with the Montana State Board of Health in an en- terprise to exterminate ticks. Dr. Thomas B. McClintic was sent out by the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service and evidently intended to make his headquar- ters at Florence, Montana. But after meeting with Dr. Tuttle in Helena, McClintic changed his plans and set up his laboratory at Victor. Di-. Tuttle was very active during 1931 on the spotted fever problem. With an appropriation of several thousand dollars he was in a position to prosecute the work in an effective manner. But he wished no inter- ference by the entomologists and the Biological Survey. In fact he took the attitude that all the necessary information on the problem had been obtained by Dr. Ricketts. To a certain extent this was the case. Ricketts had suggested that the dipping of livestock would be an effective check on tick abundance, but he was in error concerning the life history of the tick, believing that it was a one-year cycle, and had but little inform^ tion on the relative importance of the different host animals. For Tut- tle then to claim that the work at the Florence "carnp" in 1910 was of no significance, that the problem was one solely for the health author- ities and that all other agencies should be prevented from taking part in the investigation, showed a very limited appreciation of this complicated problem. Unknown to the Bureau of Entomology and the Montana Experiment Station, Dr. Tuttle, as secretary of the State Board of Health, financed a dipping vat at Victor to be used by the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. The situation thereby developed, of the State paying 28 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT for the construction of a vat in one part of the valley and asking resi- dents of another part to construct their own vat caused no small amount of dissention. It placed the other agencies in a very awkward position to say the least and created a resentment that lasted for several years amongst a local population that was not too thoroughly convinced on the "tick theory" anyway. The Public Health and Marine Hospital Service pressed the tick- control work during 1911 and devoted only secondary attention to the other aspects involved. The idea seemed to be prevalent that the ex- termination of the adult ticks on livestock would solve the problem. As one surveys the situation now some twenty years later, it is plain that this is only one phase of a complete control program and that dipping as then conceived could bring about the destruction of but a small percentage of ticks. We can dismiss this rather hectic period of our history with the statement that none of the workers grasped the interlocking complications which gradually have woven themselves into the tick control work. In September, 1911, the Bureau of Entomology and the Biological Survey withdrew from the work. King was sent to South Carolina on the pellagra investigations but the work which he started on the longevity of the wood tick was continued by Prof. R. A. Cooley through the suc- ceeding summer and resulted in the discovery of some very remarkable habits and adaptations. The Public Health and Marine Hospital Service continued their con- trol work in 1912, being represented by Drs. T. B. McClintic and Wm, C. Rucker. The first fatality among the scientific workers on Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever due directly to close association with the disease, occurred this summer when Dr. McClintic became ill and died after a rather short duration of fever. The case was important not only from the standpoint of losing a valuable worker but, as tliere was no definite evidence that he had been bitten by a tick, the old antagonism toward the tick transmission idea again made itself known. The work of Di-. McClintic was continued by Dr. Rucker in 1912 and the unpublished data reviewed and published by Dr. L. D. Fricks in 1914. The year 1913 is an important one in the history of Rocky Moun- tain Sipotted fever. In January, Senator Fred Whiteside of Flathead County, introduced a bill in the Montana Legislature creating the State Board of Entomology supported by an appropriation of $6,000. As finally passed, the board consisted of the Secretary of the Montana State Board of Health as chairman, the State Veterinarian as a member, and the State Entomologist as secretary. Dr. Tuttle of the Board of Health had resigned in 1912 so that Dr. W. F. Cogswell became the chairman of the Board of Entomology. Under his leadership the Board of Entomology has cari'ied out research and control activities in connection with Rocky Mountain spotted fever which are not unimportant, but its most valuable function has been in its capacity as coordinator and constant activator in the work of bringing the disease under control. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 29 The Board of Entomology in its second meeting, March 24. 1913. began its coordinating duties. After some discussion of the whole propo- sition, telegrams were di.spatched to Washington, D. C, asking the Bureau of Entomology and the U. S. Public Health Service for a conference in Montana in order that definite plans for the work might he made. Ok April 11, 1913, Dr. W. D. Hunter, of the Bureau of Entomology, and Dr. L. D. Fricks, of the Public Health Service, met with the Board. Dr. Hunter stated that his organization was prepared to spend $15,000 during the season and had brought ^ith him Mr. H. P. Wood who was to conduct investgiations on the life history of the tick and also on the efficiency of various dipping solutions. These latter activities were sup- ported by funds over and in addition to the $15,000 just referred to, this latter amount being for work of the Bureau under the local supervision of Prof. R. A. Cooley. Resolutions were adopted to the effect that the Bureau of Entomology be invited to take charge of the Stevensville dipping vat and all work to the north, and the Public Health Service to have charge of the Victor dipping vat and all work from Victor south. This was an agreeable division and was adhered to for the next several years. In 1913 the Board of Entomology divided the Valley into three tick- control districts, namely the Florence, Stevensville and Victor districts. These were later increased as need developed. It passed regulations gov- erning the dipping and quarantine of cattle and in addition made a cen- sus of all livestock on the west side of the Valley. Preparations were also made for prosecuting the control work in 1914 on a more intensive basis than had been possible before. Arthur E. Seamans was employed by the Board of Entomology in 1913. He first worked in Owl Canyon, near Bozeman, but beginning July 1 was located at Florence and assisted in taking the stock census as well as in making further life history ob- servations. H. P. Wood, of the Bureau of Entomology, was also at Florence during this season. His work was chiefly concerned with the life history of the tick but he also performed experiments on dipping and the use of sheep to collect ticks. This latter enterprise was begun in order to check the observations of Dr. L. D. Fricks who had reiJorted to the State Board of Entomology' that ticks would be killed by the lanolin of the sheeps' wool. Dr. W. V. King returned in 1914 to have charge of the work for the Bureau of Entomology with headquarters at Florence. Three general classes of work were followed — educational, control, and biological and experimental studies. In most sections the general attitude of the people, toward the work showed a great change. No longer was it necessary to argue the question as to whether ticks were the transmitting agent or even to urge the desirability of tick extermination. There were other localities, however, where the educational side of the program was by far the most important in order to break down the inertia if not also real antagonism in regard to the work. Dr. L. D. Fricks continued in charge of the Public Health Service program. The dipping of livestock was further investigated and at the 30 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT conclusion of the season's work, Fricks decided that while the practice of dipping would undoubtedly reduce the number of adult ticks, it would never serve as a very effective means of controlling spotted fever. He pressed instead the desirability of grazing sheep on heavily infested areas, the scheme being that the sheep would pick up great numbers of ticks which would be killed in the sheeps' wool. This promising idea was given no support by W. V. King, who, following up the work of Wood (1913) showed that enough adult ticks could develop on sheep to easily maintain a normal supply. Up to 1914 Rocky Mountain spotted fever was confined particularly to the west side of the Bitter Root Valley. A few cases of a somewhat milder form of the disease had occurred in Carbon County. But in the spring of 1914 two cases developed in eastern Montana, one in Mussel- shell County and one in Richland County. In 1915 thirty-one cases of spotted fever were reported in several counties of Eastern Montana. Only two of them were fatal but this apparent spread of the infection brought a new and unexpected turn to the investigations upon the disease. As the work done previously in the Bitter Root Valley threw but little light on conditions in Eastern Montana, a new field station of the Montana State Board of Entomology was established at Powder ville in 1916, a territory known to be infected. Dr. R. R. Parker was in charge of the work and was assisted by R. W. Wells. Studies on the bionomics of the ticks and the economic conditions which would need to be considered in a control program were made. During 1915 to 1917 Dr. W. V. King remained in charge of the con- trol work in the northern district of the Bitter Root Valley for the Bureau of Entomology. The general plan of the work consisted, first to prevent the engorgement of adult ticks on domestic animals as the prin- cipal measure, as in former years, and second, to supplement that by the destruction of small mammals which serve as hosts for the immature stages of the tick. Similar work was superintended in the southern districts of the Valley by Dr. L. L. Fricks, representing the Public Health Service. In addition investigations on the nature of the virus of spotted fever were carried out. It was in 1916 that the Board of Entomology im-ited Dr. S. B. Wol- bach, of the Harvard Medical School, to study the casual organism of the disease. This work on the disease has continued ever since but was climaxed in 1919 at which time he published a complete report on Dermacentroxenus rickettsi Wolbach. The Eastern Montana investigations of Dr. R. R. Parker and R. W. Wells on the habits and host relationships of the tick were moved to Musselshell County for the season of 1917. Previous work at Powderville represented a rather limited local condition but at Musselshell the com- prehensiveness of the work was increased by the possibility of covering a much wider area. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 31 The Modern Period At the conclusion of the 1917 season both the U. S. Public Health Service and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology withdrew from the investi- gations and control operations in the Bitter Root Valley. With no fed- eral agencies planning to carry on in VMS, the State Board of Entomol- ogy decided to place Dr. R. R. Parker in charge of the Bitter Root pro- ject. Parker had been prepared for this work by two years of intensive investigation on ticks in eastern Montana and was well qualified to carry out the program which had been adopted by the Board. He arrived at Victor in March, 1918, and has been intimately associated with the spotted fever problem ever since. In 1918 for the first time, the control operations in the entire valley were unified under one organization. The campaign on the eradication of ticks was reorganized and during the succeeding years improved to such a degree that at least on the main floor of the entire valley the chance of persons picking up infective ticks was reduced to almost a negligible quantity. Practically all cases of spotted fever in these later years have originated outside of control districts, for the most part con- tracted from ticks picked up in some of the surrounding canyons. Dr. Parker has called attention to the fact that the suppression of the disease in the valley cannot be entirely effective as long as the breeding of tremendous numbers of ticks in the Mountain goat ranges, very close to well populated sections, remains uncontrolled. The dipping and present handling of livestock and rodent destruction as a check on tick abundance have reached a static condition. An equilibrium between the control work in the valley and reinfestation from the mountain can- yons, due to the migrations of such small mammals as the Columbian ground squirrel, has become established. More than this cannot be ex- pected without some major change in the entire concept of the control program. The smallest number of cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever oc- curred in 1918 since any accurate records have been kept. In the years immediately following, however, there occurred an alarming increase of the disease. The Board of Entomology saw the necessity of more fundamental research on the disease. In spite of the general effective- ness of the control work so far as the elimination of ticks in the valley was concerned, it was evident this would not be enough to cut down the death toll. An increased appropriation so that the investigations might be expanded was requested from the 1921 legislature but was not ob- tained. Fortunately, upon the appeal of the Montana State Board of Health and the State Board of Entomology, the U. S'. Public Health Service con- sented to resume its investigation of the disease in Montana. Dr. R. R. Spencer was placed in charge for the Public Health Service. Dr. Parker who had held the title of assistant entomologist with the Board of En- tomology^ was transferred to the Public Health Service as Special Expert. W. E. Pollinger was employed by the Board to look after the control 32 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT work and was followed later (1924) by Frank O'Donnell, who has had charge of this phase of the work ever since. This arrangement left Dr. Parker free to devote himself to the full time investigation of the disease although still available for frequent consultations relative to the campaign against rodents and other phases of the control work. The beginning of the cooperation between Si)encer and Parker con- stitutes an important land mark, for at that time the most comprehensive investigation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever yet undertaken was initi- ated. We cannot detail the many important contributions that have been made by Spencer and Parker and theii associates in the U. S. Public Health Service. Most outstanding, however, has been the development of a prophylactic vaccine, a phenolized Aarus prepared from the tissues of infected ticks (D. andersoni Stiles). The fii'st attempts toward preparation of the vaccine were made in 1922. By 1924 a product was developed that was effective in preventing the disease in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys. Its harmlessness to man was demonstrated In 1925, after Dr. Spencer had subjected himself to the first treatment, and since that time the production and distribution of the vaccine has become a major activity at the Hamilton Laboratory of the Public Health Service. The vaccine has proved to be highly effective in pre- venting the disease. It has taken away the fear of the disease in the Bitter Root Valley by reducing the more virulent type of spotted fever to a milder form and stopping the mild infection altogether. No one can know how many cases of fever and deaths have been prevented in the Rocky Mountain states by the free distribution of this vaccine. In ex- tremely bad tick years such as 1932, without the vaccination the num- ber of deaths in Montana might have been appalling. Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, of the Rockefeller Institute, conducted experi- ments in the laboratories of that organization in New York City as well as at the Northern Pacific Hospital in Missoula, relative to the produc- tion of a prophylactic serum for spotted fever. While in Montana in 1923 Dr. Noguchi tried this serum on a number of Japanese employees of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Even after several years' work, how- ever, the action of his immunizing agent was indefinite and never came into use to protect humans except in the experiment just referred to. The limitations on the control work caused by the development of great numbers of ticks back in the mountain canyons, which cannot be reached by the methods in use — nor possibly by any system of tick de- struction— has been referred to. One chance existed by which ticks in these very inaccessible places could be reached. If some parasitic insect which lives in the bodies of ticks could be introduced and would become established, success might be attained. The high reproductive power of some such parasitic insect might enable it to overcome the ticks or at least keep their numbers down. In 1926 a parasite, Ixodiphagus caucur. tei du Buysson, was introduced on Naushon Island, Massachusetts, in an attempt to control the American dog tick. It was learned through Dr. Emile Brumpt that this parasite would also attack Dermacentor ander. som Stiles, the principal vector of spotted fever. Arrangements were STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 33 made through Dr. S. B. Wolbach, of the Harvard Medical School, to ob- tain a supply of the parasite for cultivation and distribution in Mon- tana. The State Board of Entomology undertook this parasite problem and carried it on until 1931. The attempt was very much worth while but the results have not been encouraging. In 1928 the State of Montana completed a new laboratory at Hamil- ton to house the parasite and control work of the State Board of En- tomology and also the much more extensive activities of the U. S. Public Health Service. Dr. R. R. Spencer returned to Washington that fall and Dr. R. R. Parker has since directed the operation of the Service Laboratory. By 1930, it was apparent that investigations on Rocky Mountain spotted fever could not be confined to Montana. The disease had become a major problem in several of the western states. This fact was greatly emphasized by the increase in the production of the vaccine which became necessary. The vaccine project especially seemed to unify and centralize all interests in spotted fever at the Hamilton Laboratory. Larger quarters were needed for the expansion of the work. The Board of Entomology accordingly voted to sell the laboratory to the federal government and this was approved by the 1931 session of the state legislature. Following this the United States Congress passed the Walsh bill appropriating $75,000 for the purchase of the Laboratory and $75,000 for its enlargement. After the necessary appraisal of the building and equipment the sum of $68,757 was paid by the federal government to the State of Montana on February 3, 1932, in full payment for the property. The investigations relative to tick parasites were transferred to the Public Health Service, thus leaving only the control work under the jurisdiction of the State Board of Entomology. This account would not be complete without a parting tribute to the State Board of Entomology. The writer of this history can do this with some authority on account of his familiarity with the activities of the Board, and with some grace on account of having had nothing what- ever to do with the organization until 1931. From 1913 to 1931 the Board's membership was not changed. Dr. W. F. Cogswell as chairman, Dr. W. J. Butler as member, and Prof. R. A. Cooley as secretary, worked together with a sincerity of purpose very seldom found in public office. Over a period of nineteen years they have fostered in one way or an- other, all the activities having to do with the suppression of spotted fever. Through their efforts the development of knowledge concerning the disease has not lagged. When there was danger of an interruption in the work due to the many discouragements and difficulties in the way of progress, the Board stood ready by their own efforts or by seeking the aid of federal agencies, to press on the work. The problem which gave direct origin to the Montana State Board of Entomology has not been solved, but its status has changed from what seemed at one time a local problem to one of national and international importance. The U. S. Public Health Service is prosecuting the work on the disease with such vigor and success that there no longer is doubt as to the ultimate outcome. 34 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT Men Who Have Died of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever While Employed In the Investigation of that Disease in Montana. THOMAS B. McCLINTIC, U. S. PnbUc Health Service, 1912. ARTHUR HOWARD M"CRAY, State Bacteriologist, June 14, 1919. WILLIAM EDWIN GITTINGER, U. S. Public Health Service, June 30, 1922. GEORGE HENRY COWAN, U. S. Public Health Service, October 29, 1924. ARTHUR LeROY KERLEE, U. S'. Public Health Service, February 14, 1928. ORGANIZATIONS WHICH HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE INVESTI- GATION OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER IN MONTANA, 1902-1933. The American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois. The Biological Survey, U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C. The Bureau of Entomology, U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C. Chambers of Commerce of Missoula and Hamilton, Montana. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, Chicago, Illinois. The Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minnesota. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Memorial Institute of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois. The Minnesota State Board of Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Missoula County, Montana. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozemau, Montana. Montana State Board of Entomology, Bozeman, Montana. Montana State Board of Health, Helena, Montana. Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana. Montana State Entomologiist, Bozeman, Montana. The Northern Pacific Railway, St. Paul, Minnesota. Private Individuals in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana. Ravalli County, Montana. The Rockefeller Foundation, New York City. The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Paris, Paris, France. The U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY The following biblography contains the most significant references especially to the early study of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Much information contained in the foregoing history of this work in Montana was obtained from an examination of correspondence covering the period 1906-1918. Referenes to the more recent literature on the subject are incomplete. References to "tick paralysis" are not included. A. Alton, R. D. 1905 Two possible cases of "spotted fever" at Livingston and Gardiner, Montana, 1904. Bull. 20, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Washington. pp 110-111. American Medicine 1902 Strange disease induced by tick bite. (News item). Am. Med., Philadelphia 4:365. 1902 Spotted fever induced by tick bite. (Correction of p. 365). Am. Med., Philadelphia 4: 485. ANDERSON, J. F. 1903 Spotted fever (tick fever) of the Rocky Mountains, a new disease. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. 14. 1903 Spotted fever (tick fever) of the Rocky Mountains, a new disease. Am. Med., Philadelphia, 6: 506-508. 1905 Spotted fever (tick fever) of the Rocky Mountains, a new disease. 2nd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Health, Helena, part 2: 123- 158. Anderson, R. 1908 Historical, Laboratory and Clinical observations in so-called "Rocky Mountain spotted fever." Utah M. J. (Denver Med. Times), 27:516-522. Anderson, J. F. and Goldberger, J. 1909 On the relation of Rockj' Mountain spotted fever to the typhus fever of Mexico. Pub. Health Repts., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., 24: 1861. Ashburn, P. M. 1905 Clinical notes on ten cases of Rocky Mountain "spotted fever" in Bitter Root Valley, 1904. Bull. 20, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Public Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Washington, pp. 100-110. 1905 a A suggestion as to the treatment of spotted fever in Montana. Lancet-Clinic, Cincinnati, n. s. LIV pp. 579-584. 1905 b Piroplasma hominis (?) Spotted Fever in Montana. Lancet-Clinic, Cincinnati, n. s. LIV, pp. 494-505. Ashburn, P. M. and Craig, C. F. 1908 A comparative study of Tsutsumushi disease and spotted fever of Montana. Phillipine Jour. Sci., 3: 1-14. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 158: 749-761. B. Badger, L. F., Dyer, R. B. and Rumreich, A. S. 1931 An infection of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever type. Identification in the eastern part of the United States. Public Health Reports 46:463-470. Badger, L. F. 1932 The laboratory diagnosis of Endemic Typhus and Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever with special reference to cross-immunity tests. Am. Jour. Trop. Med. 13:179-190. Banks, N. 1908 Revision of Ixodoidea of U. S. U. S. D. A. Bull. 28: 30. 1908 a A revision of the Ixodoidae, or Ticks, of the United States. U. S. D. A. Tech. Series, No. 15, Bureau of Bntom. 36 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1910 The scientific name of the Spotted Fever Tick. Jour. Am. Med. Assoc, Chicago. 55: 1574-1575. 1915 The Acarina or Mites. U. S D. A. Report No. 108 — Contribution from the Bureau of Entom. Becker, Fredorick B. 1926 Investigations on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Colorado. Jour, of Infectious Diseases, 39: 81-88. Bedford, G. A. H. 1929 The effect upon ticks of dipping cattle regularly at short inter- vals in arsenical baths. Rep. Direct. Vet. Services, Pretoria, 15 Vol. 1, Sect. 1-4: pp. 551- 57 2, 1 graph. Birdseye, Clarence 1912 Some common mammals of Western Montana in relation to agri- culture and spotted fever. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bull. 484. Bishopp, F. C. 1911 The distribution of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. U. S. D. A. Bur. of Entom., Cir. 136. 1911 a Some new North American Ixodidae with notes on other species. Proc. of the Biological Society of Washington, 24: 197-208. 1912 A new species of Dermacentor and notes on other North Ameri- can Ixodidae. Proc. Biological Society of Washington, 25: 29-38. Bishopp, F. C. and King, W. V. 1913 Additional notes on the biology of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. Jour. Econ. Entom., 6: 200-212. Bishopp, F. C. and Wood, H. P. 1913 The biology of some North American ticks of the genus Derma- centor. Parasitology, 6: 153-187. Boyd, Hugh 1932 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Med. Assn. State of Alabama, 1: 387-389. Braden, J. M. 1906 Some observations on four cases of spotted fever occurring in Colorado. Colorado Med., Denver, 3: 213-219. Breinl, F. 1926 Untersuchungen ueber die Immunitaet bei Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ztschr. f, Immunitatsforsch., Jena, 46: 123-136. 1928 Effect of concurrence on Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever infections in guinea pigs. Jour. Infect. Dis., Chicago, 42: 48-55. Buckley, J. J. 1905 Clinical notes on two cases of spotted fever in Bitter Root Valley. 1904. Bull. 20, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Public Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Washington, pp. 100-101. Butler, VV J. 1923 Control methods in the repression of spotted fever. Mont. State Board of Health Special Bull. 26: 28-33. C. Campbell, A. J. 1916 Rocky Mountain Spotted or tick fever. Colorado Med., Denver, 13:209-213. Castellani, A. and Chalmers, A. J. 1910 Spotted fever of the Rocky Mountains. Manual of Trop. Med., Wm. Wood & Co., N. Y. 1910 pp 712-717 Chandler. A. C. 1918 Animal parasites and human disease. J. Wiley, N. Y. p. 361. Chapln, Robert M. 1914 Arsenical cattle dips. U. S. D. A. Farmers Bull. 603 — Contribution from Bur. Animal Industry. Christy, C. 1903 Ornithodours moubata and tick fever in man. British Med. Jour., London, 2: 652-653. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY S7 Chowning, W. M. 1907 Rocky Mountain spotted fever; preliminary reports. Jour. Minnesota Med. Assoc, etc., Minneapolis, 27:101. 1908 Studies in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Minnesota Med. Assoc. 27: 45-49. Cobb, J. O. . . 1902 The so-called "spotted fever" of the Rocky Mountains. A new disease in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana. Pub. Health Reports, U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospital Service, 17: 1866-1870. Cogswell, W. F. 1929 A short review of the work of the U. S. Public Health Service on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 7th Biennial Rept. Montana St. Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 69-70. Connor, Chas. L. 1924 Immunity in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour, of Immunology, 9: 269-289. Connor, Charles L. . -, . 1924 Quantitative perculiarities of mixtures of the virus and immune serum of Rockv Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Med. Research, 44:317-328. Connor, C. L. ^^ , 1924 The identification of the organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the blood. Jour. Infect. Diseases, Chicago, 35: 587-590. Cooley, R. A. 1908 Preliminary report on the wood tick. Mont. Exp. Sta., Bozeman. Bull. 75. 1911 Tick control in relation to the Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Mont. Exp. Sta. Bull. 85. 1913 Notes on little known habits of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick {Hermacentor venustus Banks). Jour. Econ. Ent. 6: 93-95. 1914 Field of usefulness of this board. Some insect-borne diseases. Spotted fever and the tick. Eradication begun. Regulations, Montana State Board of Entomology. 1st Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 5-15. 1915 The spotted fever tick (Dermacentor venustus Banks) and its con- trol in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana — a review. Jour. Econ. Ent. 8:47-53. 1916 Control of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Montana. Regula- tions Montana State Board of Entomology. 2nd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 5-12. 1919 3rd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 5-24. 1921 4th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., pp. 5-17. 1923 The spotted fever tick. Mont. State Bd. of Health Spec. Bull. 26 (Rocky Mountain spot- ted fever), pp. 9-18. 1923 5th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 4-15. 1927 Tick parasites. Rept. Med. Sentinel (Portland, Ore.) Dec. 1927. 1927 Cooperation. Control measures. Work of U. S. Public Health Service. Importance of tick problem in Montana. Spotted fever cases in Montana 1914-1926. Death of G. H. Cowan. A parasite of ticks. Plans and needs. 6th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena. pp. 5-19. Cooley, R. A. 1929 Montana's laboratory for the study of insect-borne diseases. 7th Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 86-88. 1929 Preliminary report on the tick parasite. Ixodiphagus caucurtei Du- Buysson. 7th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 17-31. 1929 Tick parasites — executive report. 7th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 10-16. 1930 The possibility of controlling the wood tick by parasites. Western Hosp. News, Portland, Ore.. 2:8. 3S NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1930 The Montana tick parasite expedition to Africa. Science (N. Y.) 71: 419-420. 1931 Review of tick parasite work for 1929-1930. 8th Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 16-25. 1931 Activities and summary for 1929-1930. Cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service. Organization and personnel. Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever outside of Montana. Proposal to surrender the Board's research worlv to U. S. Public Health Service. Future of Board of Entomology. Sth Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 7-15. Cooley, R. A. and Kohls, G. M. 1928 Egg laying of Ixodiphagus caucurtet DuBuysson in larval ticks. Science (N. Y.) 67: 656. Cowdry, B. V. 1922 The distribution of Rickettsia in the tissues of insects and arach- nids. Jour. Experimental Medicine 37: 431-456. 1926 Rickettsiae and disease. Arch. Path and Lab. Med., Chicago, 2: 59-60. Craig, C. F. 1904 The relation of tlie so-called "Piroplasma hominis" and certain degenerative changes in the Erythrocytes. Am. Med., Philadelphia, 8:1016-1017. Cumming, J. G. 1917 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in California. Jour. Infect. Dis. 21. D Davis, B. F. 1911 Unfinished experiments of Dr. Howard T. Ricketts on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Contribution to Med. Science, Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 409-418. Davis, B. F. and Peterson. W. F. 1911 Complement deviation in Rockv Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8: 330-338. Dyer. R. B.. Rumreich, A. S. and Badger, L. F. 1931 The typhus — Rocky Mountain spotted fever group in the United States. Jour. Am. Med. Association 97:589-594. 1931 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Eastern type). Transmission by the American dog tick {Dermacentor variabilis)- Pub. Health Repts. 46: 1403-1413. T. Foot, N. C. 1919 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the domestic rabbit. Jour. Med. Research 34: 1919. Fricks, L. D. 1913 Rocky Mountain spotted (or tick) fever — sheep grazing as a pos- sible means of controlling the wood tick ( Dermacentor andersoni) in the Bitter Root Valley. Pub. Health Repts., 28:1647-1654. 1914 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — some investigations made during 1912 by Past Asst. Surgeon T. B. McClintic. Pub. Health Repts., 29: 1008-1020. 1914 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — a report of its investigation and of work in tick eradication for its control during 1913. Public Health Reports 29: 449-461. 1914 A review of Rocky Mountain spotted fever eradication work con- ducted by the U. S. Public Health Service in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana. 1st Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 28-31. 1915 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — measures undertaken during 1914 for its eradication, and a report of its investigation. U. S. Pub. Health Service Repts., 30. 1916 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — some points in its diagnosis and prevention. Supplement No. 28 to the Public Health Reports. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 39 '1916 ' Review of Rockv Mountain spotted fever eradication work con- ducted by the U. S. Public Health Service in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, 1915-1916. 2nd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 24-^7. 1916 Rocky Mountain spotted fever— a report of laboratory investiga- tions of the virus. oo o/i 2nd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Entom., Helena, pp. 28-34. G. Gates, G. A. ......=,* 1905 A report of two cases of "spotted fever. iro icn 2nd Biennial Rept. Mont. State Bd. Health, Helena, pp. 158-160. Gates. L. A. „ .. ^^ -, j> 1903 A report of two cases of "spotted fever Bull. 14. Hyg. Lab.. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv.. Washington, Oct. pp. 48-50. 1905 A clinical report of four cases of "piroplasmosis hominis" with table of seventeen cases seen by the author. Bull. 20, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Washington, pp. 111-llS. Geary, J. W. 1905 A case of spotted fever. Med. Sentinel, Portland, Oregon, 14:32. Gomez, L. ,„.... v^v,* 1909 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the rabbit. Jour. Infect. Dis., 6:382-386. ^^^1924 Mercurochrome — 220 soluble in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Am. Med. Association, 83:1506-1507. Gydesen, C. S. ^ ^ 1928 Rocky Mountain spotted fever and case reporL. Colorado Med., Denver, 25: 46-51. Gwinn, R. 1902 The so-called "spotted fever. "The Missoulian," Missoula. Montana. 1905 Report on case of spotted fever in 1904. mc in7 Bull. 20, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Health Serv.. Washington, pp. 106-107. H. Hayashi, Naosuke 1920 Etiology of Tsutsugamushi disease. Jour, of Parasit. 7:53-68. Hayashi, N. and Takenchi, N. ,, " . 4... x. .p 1923 An etiological study on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In Aichi Jour, of Exp. Medicine. 1:1, 6 pages. Heidingsfeld, M. L. 1904 Spotted fever. (Editorial). Lancet-Clinic, Cincinnati (92), N. S. 53 (20) :492-493, Nov. 12. Heinemann, P. G. and Moore, J. J. ^ ^ , Tx,r 4. • 1911 The production ijnd concentration of a serum for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour, of the Am. Med. Assoc, 57:198. 1912 Experimental theiapy of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour, of Infect. Diseases, 10: 294-304. Henshaw, H. W. and Birdseye, C. . ^^ • 1911 The mammals of the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, in their re- lation to spotted fever. U. S. D. A. Bur. of Biol. Survey, Cir. 82. Hertig, M. and Wolbach, S. B. 192^4 Studies on Rickettsia-like micro-organisms in insects. Jour. Med. Res. 44:329-374. March, 1924. Hewitt, C. Gordon A contribution to a knowledge of Canadian ticks. Trans, of the Royal Soc. of Canada. Third Series, 9: 225-239. Higgs, De W. P. 1908 Rocky Mountain fever. Chicago Medical Times, 41 :272-274. Hooker, W. A., Bishopp, F. C. and Wood, H. P. 1912 The life history and bion^omics of some North American ticks. U. S. D. A. Bur. of Bnt. Bui. 106. Howard, J. W. „„, 1905 Report of a case of so-called "spotted fever" at Hamilton, 1904. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. Bui. 20:104-105. 40 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT Hunter, W. D. and Bishopp, F. C. 1910 Some of the more important ticks of the United States. Prom Yearbook of Dept. of Agv. for 1910. Yearbook separate 531. 1911 The Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick with special reference to the problems of its control in the Bitter Root Valley in Montana. U. S. D. A. Bur. of Bnt. Bui. 105. K. Kelley. Prank L. 1916 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — its prevalence and distribution in Modoc and Lassen Counties, California — A preliminary report. Calif. State Jour, of Medicine. October. 1923 Weil-Pelix reaction in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour, of Infect. Diseases, 32:223-225. Kemp, H. A. and Grigsby, C. M. 1931 The occurrence and identification of an infection of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever type in Texas. Texas Jour. Med. 27 :395-398. Kerlee, A. L. and Spencer, R. R. 1929 Rocky Mountain spotted fever — a preliminary report on the Weil- Pelix reaction. U. S. Public Health Service Rep. 44: 179-182. Kieffer. Chas. P. 1907 Intermittent tick fever. Preliminary report on a new type of fever due to tick bite (Ixodiasis). Jour. Am. Med. Assoc. 48: No. 14:1154-1158. King. W. "W. 1906 Experimental transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by means of the tick. Preliminary note. U. S. Pub. Health Reports, 21: 863-864. (July 27.) King, W. V. 1914 Work of Bureau of Entomology against spotted fever tick in co- operation with Montana State Board of Entomology. Pirst Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent., Helena, 16-27. 1916 Report of the investigations and control of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick in Montana during 1915-1916. Second Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent., Helena, 13-23. Kohls, Glen M. 1931 A summary of (tick) parasite liberations. Eighth Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Bnt., Helena, 26-34. Kuczynski, Max H. 1927 The causes of Rocky Mountain spotted and typhus fevers. Biological and pathological studies. 256 p. Julius Springer, Berlin. Kuczynski, M. H. and Brandt, Elisabeth 1925 Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen sur Aetiologie und Pathogenese des Pleckfiebers. Virusstamme und Weil-Felinschen Reaktion. Krank- heitforschung, Leipz. 1: 69-84. 1925-26 Idem. 11. Versuch einer weiteren Begiuendung einer Theorie der Weil-Felixschen Reaktion. Krankheitsforschung, Leipz. 2: 70-86. 1926 Neue aetiologische und pathogenetische Untersuchungen in der "Rickettsiengruppe" (Fleckfieber und Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Krankheitsforschung Bd. Ill, H. 1. I.. Labier, Clarence R. 1925 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Indiana. Jour, of Ind. State Med. Assoc, 18:418-419. Larrouse, P., King, A. G. and Wolbach, S. B. The over-wintering in Massachusetts of Ixodiphagus caucurtei. Science (N. Y.) 67:351-353. LeCount, E. R. 1911 A contribution to the pathological anatomy of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Infect. Diseases, Chicago. 8:421-426. Ivochead. W. 1917 Near relatives of insects injurious to plant and animals. Ninth Ann. Rep. Que. Soc. Prot. Plants, p. 13. Longeway, A. F. 1901 Minutes Montana State Board of Health. Pirst Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Health, 1901-2, pp. 9-10, 11, 13. STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 41 M. Marsden, W. L. 1903 Spotted fever in Oregon. Medical Sentinel, Portland, 11:389. Maver, M. B. 1911 Transmission of spotted fever by the tick in nature. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8: No. 3:327-329. 1911 Transmission of spotted fever by other than Montana and Idaho Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8: No. 3:322-326. Maxey, Ed. E. 1899 Some observations on the so-called "spotted fever" of Idaho. Medical Sentinel, 7: 433-438. Maxey, Ed. E. 1908 Rocky Mountain spotted (tick) fever; with special reference to casual factors, mortality and geographic distribution in Idaho. Medical Sentinel, Portland, 16: 187: 666-678. Mayo, H. N. 1906 Rocky Mountain or spotted fever. Medical Sentinel, 14: 370. 1907 Spotted fever. Denver Med. Times. (1906-1907), 26:67-69. McCalla, L. P. 1908 Direct transmission from man to man of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Medical Sentinel, Portland, 16: 187. McClintic, Thomas B. 1912 Investigations of and tick eradication in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A report of work done on spotted fever in cooperation with the State Board of Health in Montana. Pub. Health Rep. 27, No. 20:732-760. 1914 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Some investigations made during 1912. Pub. Health Rep. 29, No. 17:1008-1020. McCullough, G. T. 1902 Spotted fever. Medical Sentinel, Portland, 10:225-228. Medical Sentinel 1899 The so-called "spotted fever of Idaho. Medical Sentinel, Portland, 7: 456-458. Michie, Henry C. and Parsons, Houston H. Rocky Mountain spotted (tick) fever. Report of an investigation in the Bitter Root Valley of Montana. Medical Record, 89: No. 7:265-277. Minshall, S. W. 1905 Notes on a case of "spotted fever" in Bitter Root Valley, 1904 U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. Bui. 20: 105-106. Mooser, C. E. 1906 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour, of Am. Med. Assoc, Chicago, 47: 686. Moore, Josiah J. 1911 Time relationships of the wood tick in the transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8, No. 3: 339-347. Morton, Fred A. 1929 Quantity production of tick parasites. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 32-35. nr. Nicholson, F. M. 1923 A cytological study of the nature of Rickettsia in Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever. Jour, of Exp. Med. 37:221-230. Noguchi, Hideyo 1923 Immunity studies of Rocky Mountain spotted fever I Useful- ness of immune serum in suppressing an impending infection. Jour, of Exp. Med. 37: 383-394.. 1923 Immunity studies of Rocky Mountain spotted fever II Pro- phylactic inoculation in animals. Jour, of Exp. Med. 38: 605-626. 1923 Experimental prophylactic inoculation against Rocky Mountain spotted fever. •' In Northwest Medicine. Sept. 1923 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1923 Piophylactic inoculation against Rocky Mountain spotted fevei-. Mont. State Board of Health, Spec. Bui. 26: 44-47. 1926 Cultivation of Rlckettsia-like Micro-organisms from the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. Dermacentor andersoni. Jour, of Exp. Med., 43:515-532. 1926 A filter passing virus, obtained fiom Dermacentor andersoni.] Jour. Exp. Med. 44: 1-10. Numbers, J. R. 1908 Discussion on spotted fever symposium. Idaho State Med. Assoc, Boise. October. Nuttall, G. H. F. 1915 Observations on the biology of Ixodidae. Parasitology, 7, No. 4. O. O'Donnell, F. J. 1927 Control work: Rockv Mountain spotted fevei'. Control districts Bitter Root Valley, for period Jan. 1, 1923-Dec. 31, 1926. Sixth Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 41-54. 1929 Control work: Rocky Mountain spotted fever control districts. Bitter Root Valley, 1927-1928. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 70-75. 1931 Control work: Rocky Mountain spotted fever control districts, Bitter Root Valley, for the biennium ending Dec. 31, 1930. Eighth Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 40-44. Osier, W. 1907 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Modern Medicine, Lea Bros. & Co.. N. Y. 3: 535-540. P Paine, Listen 1916 How sheep eradicate Rocky Mountain fever. American Sheep Breeder, Nov. 1916:672-673. Parker, J. R. 1929 Introduction and tribute to Roy Kerlee. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 7-9. Parker, J. R. and W. J. Butler 1929 Tick parasite liberations in Montana during 1928. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 35-38. Parker, R. R. 1918 Some results of two years' investigations of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. Jour. Econ. Ent. 11: 189-194. 1919 A possible source of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in nature. Read before Montana State Health Officers' Assoc, Missoula, Mont., July, 1919. 1919 Second report on investigations of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick in eastern Montana. Third Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 41-54. 1919 Report of tick control operations in the Bitter Root Valley dur- ing the season of 1918, facts in connection therewith; recom- mendations for the furtiier prosecution of the worl\. Third Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 25-40. 1919 Tick control program for 1919. Mont. State Board of Ent. Cir. 1:1-23. 1920 The present status of the control of Dermacentor venustus Banks in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, and new data concerning the habits of the tick. Jour. Econ. Ent. 13:31-37. 1921 Report of tick control opeiations in the Bittei' Root Valley during the seasons of 1919 and 1920. Fourth Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 18-44. 1921 The control of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the Bitter Root Valley. Mont. State Board of Ent. Cir. 1 (Revised). STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 43 1923 Transmission of Rocliy Mountain spotted fever by the rabbit ticlc, Haemaphysalis leporis palustris Paciv. Am. Jour. Trop. Med. 3:39-45. 1923 Incidence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Idaho. Mont. State Board of Health Spec. Bui. 26: 27-28. 1923 Maintenance of the virus of spotted fever in nature with par- ticular reference to conditions in the Bitter Root Valley. Mont. State Board of Health Spec. Bui. 26: 33-40. 1929 Vaccination against Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Seventh Bien. Mont. State Board of Ent. 68-69. 1929 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Montana. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 63-67. 1929 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Seventh Bien. Rep. Mont. State Board of Ent. 39-62. 1931 Present status of the use of Public Health vaccine for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Eighth Bien. Rep. 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Mont. State Board of Health Spec. Bui. 26: 5-9. I^G&.rcG li. A., 1908-9 Tick or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Utah M. J. (Denver Med. Times) 28: 415. Pixley, C. 1905 Report of a case of so-called "spotted fever" in 1904. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Hygienic Lab. Bui. 20: 103-104. R. Reimann, H. A. 1928 Rickettsia of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the brain of the infected guinea pig. Jour. Infectious Diseases, 43:93-96. Ricketts, H. T. 1906 The study of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick fever) by means of animal inoculations. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 47: 33-36 (July 7). 1906 The transmission of Rocl^y Mountain spotted fever by the bite of the wood tick (_Dermacentor occidentalis). Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 47: 358 (August 4). 1906 Furtlier observations on Roclvy Mountain spotted fever and Dermacentor occidentalis. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 47: 1067-69. 1907 Observations on the viius and means of transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jour. 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Health Repts., 41: 1817-1822. 1927 Prophylactic vaccination against Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 6th Biennial Rept. Mont. St. Bd. Entom., Helena, p. 29. 1930 Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Variations in the behavior of the virus. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. 154, 49-60. Spencer, R. R. and Parker, R. R. 1930 Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Infection by other means than tick bites. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. 154, 60-63. 6 plates. 1930 Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Improved methods of manufacture of the vaccine and a study of its properties. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. 154, 63-72. Spencer. W. O. 1907 Mountain or spotted fever, as seen in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Med. Sentinel, Portland, Oregon, 15:532-537. States, G. W: 1909 Tick fever, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Utah Med. Jour. 28:522-526. Stevifart, J. L. and Smith, "W. F. 1908 Clinical phases of Rockj- Mountain spotted fever. 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Soc. pp. 1-21. Stiles, C. W. 1908 The common tick (Dermacentor andcrsoni ) of the Bitter Root Valley. Pub. Health Repts., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv.. 27: 949. 46 NINTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1910 The correct name of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. Jour. Am. Med. Assoc, 55:1909-1910. 1910 The taxonomic value of the microscopic structure of the stigmal plates in the tick genus Dermacentor. t v, t? n co U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull bZ. Stith, R. M. 1905 Tick fever, with report of case. Northwest Med., Seattle, 3:201-205. Striclte^r^, ^rj^j^g' pj.^^^^lency and distribution of Rocky Mountain spotted fever Mont'^^it.^Bd. of Health Spec. Bull 26 (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), pp. 18-20. T. Take^nc^i, ^^^^^^^^^^ pathological studies on the Rocky Mountain spotted fever I. Morphological researches on the origin of the disease. Aichi Jour, of Experimental Med., 1:21 pages. Tonkin A B 1923 'incidence of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Wyoming. 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Northwest Lancet, Minneapolis, 22: 440-442. 1903 Report on the investigation of so-called spotted fever. 1st Biennial Rept. Mont. St. Bd. of Health, Helena, 25-91. 1904 Studies in Pyroplasmosis hominis. ("Spotted Fever" or "tick fever" of the Rocky Mountains). Jour. Infect. Dis. 1:31-57. Wolbach, S. B. 1915 The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 2nd Biennial Rept. of Mont. St. Bd. of Entom. 35-45. 1916 The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (A preliminary report). Jour, of Med. Res. 34:121-126. (New series Vol. 39). 1916 The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Occurrence of the parasite in the tick (Second preliminary report). Jour. Med. Res. 35: 147-150. (New series Vol. 30). STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 1918 Etiology and pathology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Third ' preliminary report). The occurrence of the parasite and the pathology of the disease in man. Additional notes on the para- site. Jour. Med. Res. 37:499-508. Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 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