U196 — 6M — 7-32 3 0864 0016 1660 9 I irrary" :y of MCi^TAriA November 30, 1936. His Excellency, Elmer Holt, Governor of Montana, Helena. The State Fish and Game Commission here- with respectfully submits the biennial report of activities of the Department, setting forth achieve- ments durinof the fiscal years 1935 and 1936. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Ray G. Lowe, Chairman W. C. Keil P. G. Gutensohn J. J. Harper A. C. Baumgartner Kenneth F. MacDonald, State Fish and Game Warden and Secretary of Commission. ^AONTANA STATE UBRARt 930 East Lyndale Avenue Helena. Montana 59601 THE SPORTSMAN'S PRAYER "Let me shoot clean, kill clean; and if 1 can't kill clean, please Lord, let me miss clean." -Bob Nichols MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONERS Ray G. Lowe, Chairman, Glendive W. C. Keil, Billings A. C. Baumgartner, Great Falls P. G. Gutensohn, Whitefish J. J. Harper, Anaconda Kenneth F. MacDonald, Secretary and State Fish and Game Warden FISH AND GAME OFFICE STAFF J. H. Chartrand, Chief Deputy William H. Voorhies, Cashier Willa Wilcoxen, Stenographer Nellie Raw, Secretary Gertrude Simon, Stenographer REGULAR DEPUTY GAME WARDENS Benson, Carl, Red Lodge Clark, L. C, Havre, 215 9th Ave. Cosner, Harry, Malta DeGolier, Elmer, Poison Dorrington, Wm. J., Libby, Box 516 Hill, W. A., Harlowton Holmes, Allen T., Billings, Box 244 Kohls, Wm. Ray, Ennis Krost, E. M., Missoula, 934 Vine St. McCaffery, J. P., Anaconda, Box 193 Marshall, Frank R., Great Falls, 918 4th Ave. So. Miller, Louis W., Bozeman Neal, Bruce, Augusta O'Claire, A. A., Kalispell Pilling, Fred E., Butte, Montana Hotel Price, Charles R., Dillon Rensch, Len J., Miles City, 1109 Leighton Blvd. Sailor, H. C, Absarokee Shook, Dale T., Plains Starina, Frank, Hardin Staunton, Fred T., Livingston, 218 Chinook St. Weaver, J. A., Lewistown SPECIAL DEPUTY GAME WARDENS Ives, H. B., Helena Iwen, John, Bainville Roushar, A. D., West Yellowstone Morgan, Harry N., Ovando Muxlow, George, Glendive FISHERIES DIVISION Elmer G. Phillips, Superintendent, State Fisheries Ann Crirnmins, Stenographer FISH HATCHERIES Anaconda, A. G. Stubblefield, Foreman Big Timber, J. W. Schofield, Foreman Daly (Hamilton), Melvin Larson, Foreman Emigrant, Fred R. Beal, Foreman Great Falls, Leo Gilroy, Foreman Lewistown, Iver Hoglund, Foreman Libby, John P. Sheehan, Foreman Ovando, George Miller, Foreman Philipsburg (Rock Creek), Murray Walsh, Foreman Poison (Station Creek), Graham Cadwell, Foreman Red Lodge, Ross Snyder, Foreman Somers, J. Paul Campbell, Foreman POND CULTURAL STATION Eli Melton, Foreman, Miles City STATE GAME FARM J. F. Hendricks, Superintendent, Warm Springs J. R. Wells, Assistant Superintendent jiltiilliMiiMtiiiiMtinniiininMiMiiMiMuinMniiMniMtiiiiiMuiMiiriiiMiiiiMnnininPMinMiHuiunMMtiMiiriniiiiPitiMiMtMnninniiMMMMiiiniMiiiiiniiNiitniiiiitiMiMiiiiittiH iMMiMMMiiMiiiHmiuMHiiiinimiMMiHiiniuniiniiiMMnMMMiiiiJMitiMiMitHniiMMinMiMMHMMiiMiiMnMriirMnrnMniuinMMiMrnMrnriiniriiMM MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION GREAT STRIDES TAKEN IN GAME MANAGE- MENT IN MONTANA By KENNETH F. MacDONALD State Fish and Game Warden and Secretary of Commission HE administration of the fish and game program the past two years in Montana may well be compared with the administra- tion of any active business or industry of the same period in that, prevailing conditions necessitated in some cases, permitted in other cases, a radical departure from the more or less con- ventional manner in which such activities had been administered for many years previous. Studying these changes and comparing conditions existing previously lead us almost to believe that the economic depression which wrought such hardships and distress may have been a blessing in dis- guise. Prior to this period it was almost impossible to interest any large group or legislative body in the wildlife program — it being quite generally accepted that "there was water in the well, so why worry." Life went on with man's greed and indifference to the future needs, each day seeing the valuation of this important resource dropping at an alarming rate. This period, however, caused the public to pause and reflect upon the deplorable condition of the natural resources. Inventories were taken individually and by organized groups and not until then did it come into full realization that a most drastic change in the nation's program was necessary if it was hoped to protect the very re- sources upon which the nation depends for its existence — basic assets such as soil, water, timber, grasses and other products of the soil. It appeared as though nature took advantage of the opportunity and crystallized attention on this need through the drought and dust storms. Agencies have been since set up to safeguard these important assets from fur- ther damage. These agencies, in addition to setting in motion the machinery for recovery of losses did another service in moulding public opinion to over- come prejudices, misunderstandings, thoughtlessness, and ignorance which had been seriously hampering the constructive programs for years proposed by individuals and agencies whose work and interests enabled seeing the picture as it really was and permitted visualizing the only possible outcome if rem- edial measures were not inaugurated. It looks as if nature herself set the stage through the havoc wrought and when the show was over an enlightened public demanded that something be done. Wildlife is essentially a product of the soil and water. While any plan designed to protect or rebuild these assets, to some extent improve conditions for wildlife, it is necessary that the plans be properly correlated if the full benefits are to be derived. This necessitates broadening the scope of the ac- tivities of the Fish and Game Commission which is charged with the responsi- bility of administering the wildlife program in this state. Readjustments are being made in rapid-fire order and the need for keeping before the public the value of the wildlife resources was never greater. Public domain lands, lands reverting back to the state and counties for taxes, reservoirs, and sloughs are sought for various and sundry purposes MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION and it behooves the sportsmen to see that wildlife interests are considered and protected. In practically every case, dual use of such lands is possible with both interests being amply provided for. The Fish and Game Commission is not unmindful of its responsibilities to secure to this and future generations an economic and recreational resource of no small moment. This report will carry a full and detailed account of the activities, finances, programs and recommendations which it is hoped will be of some value in emphasizing the enormity of the task, the responsibilities of all interested in Montana's welfare and the benefits which will accrue with realization and accomplishments of the wildlife program. In order to properly administer the affairs of the Department, the Com- mission this year set up five divisions — Administrative, Fisheries, Game Farm, Game Bird and Animal and Enforcement. A budget was made with every consideration given to the importance and duties of each unit. This, it is expected will make for better operation and properly protect the development of one phase of the program at the possible expense of another — the interests of the angler, bird hunter and big game hunter developed on an even keel. Following is a review of the activities of each division during the biennial period, with the recommendations to be treated collectively in a separate report to permit more comprehensive appreciation of their needs. Administration This division embraces the general administrative activities and to this is charged all costs of operations of a general nature not a proper charge against any one of the other divisions. In July, 1935, the office was remodeled in order to better utilize the inadequate space in which the large volume of business is transacted. While some improvement resulted, it is yet far from meeting the requirements. The Fish and Game Commission holds regular monthly meetings in the Department offices when the activities of the various divisions are reviewed and suggestions and recommendations from the em- ployees, and sportsmen are carefully considered. ^ To properly protect the Department funds and to put the administration upon a more business-like basis, the Commission, early in 1936, made a ruling requiring that all license dealers be bonded. Some dealers resented this, at first believing it a direct reflection upon their honesty and integrity but when fully explained the majority appreciated the value of this and cooperated by complying with the ruling. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, the Department through its dealers sold more fishing and hunting licenses to both residents and non-resi- dents than in any previous year in the history of the Department. However, the marked decrease in the number of trappers licenses sold was responsible for the net revenue being somewhat lower than that of previous years. With more persons enjoying the out-of-doors, its fishing and hunting, there is a heavier demand on fish and game, necessitating a corresponding increase in the activities and costs of operation. The revenue derived from the sale of licenses, fines and confiscations is the limiting factor controlling the opera- tions— the Department being dependent entirely upon this income for its opera- tions. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION In the report will be found a statement of the assets and liabilities to per- mit a better understanding of the value of the property owned by the Depart- ment, also a detailed report as to receipts and disbursements covering the biennium. Fisheries Division A full report of the activities of this division appears in a separate article in the report by Elmer G. Phillips, Superintendent of State Fisheries, the im- portance of this work necessitating treating it separately to permit a full and detailed account of the activities, program and recommendations. Game Farm As with the fisheries report, J. F. Hendricks, Superintendent of the State Game Farm, has prepared a report on the activities, program and recommenda- tions of this division, which will appear in a separate article. Game Birds — Game Animals Under the Montana game laws the following birds are classed as upland game birds: sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken, sage hen or sage grouse, fool hen or Franklin grouse, ruffed grouse, quail, Mongolian pheasant, Chinese pheasant, Hungarian partridge, ptarmigan and wild turkey. The Fish and Game Commission makes a distinction between the native and exotic species, classifying the native birds as the native upland and the Mongolian and Chinese pheasants and Hungarian partridges as pheasants and partridges. Despite the fact that the advance of civilization has materially decreased the extent of the former habitats of the native upland birds and despite the fact that these birds, without exception, apparently lack the power of self- preservation, so far as man is concerned, Montana may boast a reasonably good supply of each species with the exception of the wild turkeys. Ptarmigan are found only in limited numbers in the higher elevations. A pen of colorful Chinese pheasants ready for liberation from the State Game Farm at Warm Springfs. Once in their native habitat they become the wariest bird in the field, the greatest thrill In the pheasant season, the top prizea of any hunter's bos'. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Considerable time has been devoted by the present and past Commission for the welfare of these valued game bird species, but due to the limited means by which any appreciative improvement may be effected, it has necessi- tated confining such control and protective measures to regulations of open seasons. Each year requests are received from sportsmens' organizations to open or close certain areas. It is gratifying to note that by far the greater number of such requests express concern for the future of the birds. For several years previous to 1935 the season had been declared open in checker-board sections where it was known that a reasonably abundant supply of these birds were to be found, closing other areas for further protection and as an aid to reproduc- tion. This plan while not by any means satisfactory was reasonably successful until the improved roads and means of travel made it quite possible for the hunter of even moderate means to travel several hundred miles on a trip to the open ai-eas. This, obviously, made the plan impractical as the heavy con- centration of hunters reduced the bird population in the open areas to mere skeleton colonies. While the Commission has never subscribed to an opinion held by many that the days of these native birds are numbered due to inroads by predators, humans and diseases, and that, this being true, the sportsmen might as well make some use of the remaining numbers, it has been felt that no serious harm results from short open seasons. This it is thought tends to scatter the birds, mixing the colonies, thereby improving the breeding stock (there is no definite proof however, to substantiate such a claim). In 1935, to provide a short open season and at the same time prevent any heavy concentration of hunters in limited open areas the entire state was de- clared open for a short period with observations made by sportsmen interested in the perpetuation of these birds and by the deputy game wardens. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION In the days to come Chukar cocks like this will provide keen sport for part- ridg^e hunters in the semi-arid re- gions of Montana. Reports received indicated that a surprisingly abundant number of birds were found with little damage done be- cause the hunters were so widely dis- tributed over the state. It was felt pos- sible to provide a similar regulation for 1936, but with the severe drought, in addition to the damage caused by grass- hoppers and Mormon crickets, which forced the birds to water areas (small springs, reservoirs and creeks), where both food and water were available and where they would be easy prey to hunt- ers and predators; to the many requests from farmers that the season remain closed on account of the valuable work the birds were doing in the control of the insect pests and on account of the danger of fires caused by hunters in the timbered areas, the Commission declared the entire state closed to the hunt- ing of all native upland birds with the exception of Lincoln county where a four- day open season was declared on Blue and Ruffed grouse only. There was no danger of appreciably reducing the birds in this county by a concentration of hunters due to its location in the extreme northwestern part of the state. Travel was most difficult due to the heavy road construc- tion program under way at that time. Too, the nature of the area, heavily timbered, provided ample protection to the birds, and not being suitable for Chinese pheasants or Hungarian partridges which are thriving so splendidly in other sections of the state, the Commission felt the sportsmen of Lincoln county who were unable to travel the long distances for "Chink" and "Hun" shooting should be considered and a short open season declared. No harmful effects resulted. However, with the road program showing definite progress in that territory, it will undoubtedly be inadvisable to again single out this one county for the native bird season. Heretofore little progress has been made in the artificial propagation of the native species but recently in some of the eastern states, where means are available to permit extensive research studies, some fair progress is being made along this line. It is the sincere wish of all sportsmen that a practical plan will be developed to assure the perpetuation of these most valued of our game birds. 10 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION ELK f Montana's elk each year attract more attention. Not only is this applicable to the non-resident, but to the increasing number of residents who are becom- ing interested in this form of big game hunting. It stands to be one of the major recreational attractions, next to the fishing, that we have to develop and offer the sportsman. Bull Elk Were it not for the fact that this wonderful game animal has the ability to adjust itself to almost any condition, its present status would not present a very attractive picture. Primarily a range animal, it has been forced into the timbered mountain areas by civilization and through several generations has been able to survive and build up resistance against the new factors presented in this totally different environment. Due to the lack of control over the many factors so closely linked with the elk management, this stands out as one of the major problems for the Commission. When Montana was admitted to the Union there was a land grant to the state for the express purpose of securing revenue for the main- tenance of schools and colleges. Such a step indicated plainly enough the far- sightedness of those I'esponsible. How regrettable some one could not have visualized the need of land for wildlife, especially the big game animals. It is true that a large percentage of Montana is within national forests and every credit is due those responsible for such action, but the fact remains that prior to the time of the creation of the national forests by far the majority of the worth-while lands had passed into private ownership, leaving the less desirable lands for the national forest. It is thus apparent that we cannot rightfully expect maximum efficient use of public lands for game animals when they are only partially adapted to provide for these animals. It is generally agreed even by stockmen that the timbered areas should be reserved for the purpose they can best serve -that in the primitive, native state where the true and first values lie in the protection of water sheds, habitat for game and for recreation. While timber is yet a most important MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 11 product of the forest and a human necessity, the substitution of manufactured materials, more substantial and durable than wood, leads us to believe the time is not far distant when the timber value of forest lands will decline in favor of other beneficial uses. Man has proven, most visibly, his ability to seriously damage valuable land areas through thoughtlessness and misuse. There are many outstanding examples of that in Montana all of which has served to transform once valuable range land into waste lands forcing the domestic stock into timbered areas where they are in direct competition with the big game animals. Programs now underway appear most encouraging for the restoration of these plains lands and their subsequent return to grazing values. Until that is a realization, however, the economic demand will require use of the public lands for domestic stock, but with proper management and use of these lands for that purpose there need be no serious competition between the domestic and big game animals. Grazing may be so regulated as to protect the grasses and brovv'se to the extent natura' re-seeding is possible. Land management is being studied and put into practice as fast as proven plans are effected and with private owners realizing the importance and the necessity of in- telligently managing this, heretofore neglected phase of the program, with public officials making definite progress toward that end, coupled with the keen interest taken by the general public which has been aroused to the neces- sity of immediate action, the future now appears promising. Migrating Out. There are four major elk herds in Montana — Northern Yellowstone, Galla- tin, Sun River and the Flathead, with smaller but important herds in the Belt mountains and in the Bitterroots. Records of the Fish and Game Commission, U. S. Forest Service and the National Park Service will show that for many years complex problems have arisen relative to the proper management of these elk. With these agencies vitally interested with sportsmen in the wildlife program, a plan was inaugurated during the spring of 1936 whereby the three agencies cooperated in a count of the elk in the Northern Yellowstone herd. A program was mapped out with groups representing each agency covering 12 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMfSSION the several areas embraced in the territory in which all of the elk were con- centrated. The work was conducted in such a way as to prevent any duplica- tions and only the elk actually observed were counted. All agreed as to the number, 10,281 — the first time that there were not differences of opinions — not between the agencies so much, but between the agencies and sportsmen. Just prior to the elk count the Fish and Game Commission made a survey trip through the area both within and outside the Park and was convinced beyond doubt that a drastic reduction of the elk herd was necessary in order to permit the range conditions to rebuild to the former and normal level. Following the Yellowstone count. Deputy Game Wardens, Forest Rangers and Park Rangers made a similar count in the Gallatin area where 2,218 elk were counted. With conditions not favorable for counts in the Sun River and Flathead areas until later in the spring, the work was discontinued until early in May, when Deputy Game Wardens, Forest Rangers and representatives of the sports- men made a count of the Sun River herd and settled arguments of long stand- ing with 3,098 elk being counted and all participating being in full accord as to the accuracy of the count. Time or conditions would not permit a count of the Flathead herd, al- though two Deputy Wardens, Archie O'Claire and Bruce Neal made a 13-day snowshoe trip through the South Fork to observe the range conditions follow- ing a most severe winter. In order to gain further information concerning the range conditions in the Gallatin and Sun River areas, a group representing the Fish and Game Commission, sportsmen, Forest Service, Park Service, Northern Pacific Rail- way, which company owns considerable land in the Gallatin area, and stockmen made a survey trip through the Gallatin early in September and came to a common understanding as to the program necessary to adopt regarding use of grazing lands by game and domestic stock. Immediately following the Gallatin survey, a similar trip was made through the Sun River with the same interests, except the Park Service and Northern Pacific Railway, represented. Again it was agreed by all interests as to the definite action to be taken in order to properly protect the game and range. Such cooperative work makes for a common understanding of the prob- lems and in order to satisfactorily administer the management of this import- ant phase of the wildlife program it is essential that all interested see the problems from the same viewpoint. It is planned to continue with the spring counts and fall range surveys, with all agencies represented, in order that accurate information may be available to the Commission and make possible a sound game management program. ^^^^ib^ .:^- .^^ife^r^Si^KBi^i^i:^ MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 13 DEER ! The deer population in several sections of the state is showing a most definite increase — in other sections sportsmen report a shortage. The Fish and Game Commission in 1935 declared a buck law over the entire state with the exception of the western portion of Ravalli county and a small area just west of Glacier park in Flathead county. A state-wide "buck law" was de- clared in 1936. While some big game hunters question the value of this regulation, it is generally agreed by sportsmen in areas where the buck law has been in effect for a few years that it is without question, beneficial. An outstanding ex- ample of the value of the "buck law" is to be found in the Belt mountains where no does have been killed for years; the fawn crop now is above normal and the kill of bucks showing a steady increase each year. It is admitted that no reason can be given at this time for the apparent shortage of deer in some sections. There are many factors which may be responsible and it is planned to study the situation to determine definitely whether there is a shortage and if so, the cause. There is no question but what the severe winter of 1935-36 was respon- sible for a heavier-than-normal loss. Predators, at such times are most active, with deer being the food most easily available. It is too easy to accept some theory as to what is responsible for apparent fluctuations in game populations and in most cases, with time and revenue permitting an extensive study of conditions, it will be found that such theories or accepted ideas have no foun- dation, and that the cause, if any, is due to some other reason far removed from the one advanced and accepted previously. By this, it is not intended to question and doubt reports and ideas advanced by individuals but it is intended to point out that a study of all related factors should be made be- fore stating definitely the suspected cause. It is only through following such a plan that proper steps may be taken to correct the condition. Through the winter game studies being made under the supervision of the Forest Service much valuable data will be gathered relative to winter ranges, migrations, diseases, predators and other factors most closely associated with the welfare of our big game animals. It is regretted that funds will not per- mit a more active participation by the Fish and Game Commission in this work but it is hoped that funds will be available during the 1937-38 season to make this possible. Antelope This highly-prized game animal is showing a most marked increase in Mon- tana with every indication now pointing to the possibility of an open season in one or more of the areas each year under regulated hunting. In 1935, follow- ing a close study by deputy game wardens in southeastern Montana, the Fish and Game Commission declared an open season under the "limited permit" system in Carter and Powder River counties. Two hundred permits were al- lotted at a "drawing" held at Broadus with 125 antelope taken during the 30 day season. This system prevents any heavy slaughter and was met with much favor by those participating. A similar plan was followed in Chouteau county in 1936 with 400 permits allotted. The Fish and Game Commission has approved a plan to trap and trans- plant antelope next spring. 14 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION There are many areas in the state ideally suited for this ani- mal and with an abundance in several sections, it appears en- tirely practical to introduce the antelope successfully into selected districts. Mountain Goats. It is generally agreed that the season which has been open in Ravalli county for several years has actually served to improve the goats both as to number and physical condition. This is due to the average hunter seeking only a trophy which in all cases are the older animals, permitting the younger stock to breed and produce healthier and sturdier offspring. With this illustration as a guide, the Commission, in 1935, declared an open season in a portion of Flathead county and in 1936 again opened this area and added Lewis and Clark and Teton counties. In the latter areas sufficient protection was af- forded by the Sun River game preserve to prevent any undue slaughter. This animal is highly prized by residents and non-residents alike for trophy pur- poses but due to the strenuous effort required to reach the goat areas, but a small percentage of sportsmen care to hunt this animal. It is typical of Mon- tana and deserves consideration and protection to assure its perpetuation. Before the droug-ht struck Chouteau County, fat antelope g'razed without fear but with much favor on the famous Sullivan Oauie Preserve near Square Butte. Mountain Sheep. While there are quite a number of sheep areas, they are not showing proper increase. There are many theories ad- vanced as to what is responsible for this, along which the most generally accepted is the loss of the young by eagles and preda- tory animals. Here again, it is felt necessary to make a study of the matter to ascertain, with- out question, the true cause. It is entirely possible that being confined to rather limited areas, in-breeding or the presence of old- er animals which are now taken only by old age, disease or pre- dators are factors. This is im- portant enough to warrant an ex- tensive study which would require at least one year to be of proper benefit, in the Gallatin and Sun River Higrh in the mountains of Gallatin county, these two rams, pride of the peaks, are graz- Inef. Reg-ulatory measures are in force to allow this colorful g-ame animal, the Bocky Mountain Sheep, to increase and retain a per- manent position in Montana. MONTANA STATE PISH AND GAME COMMISSION 15 BEAR ? The bear is considered by many as one of our most valued game animals and each year is gaining in favor. The Commission, in August, 1935, declared a closed season on bear from May 15 to October 14, giving the first protec- tion it ever had. The interest being shown by both residents and non-residents assures this game species all possible protection. Moose. The present outlook for the moose in Montana is encouraging with notice- able increases being noted in the Gallatin, Slough creek and Rock creek (Gran- ite county) areas. While there are some who believe an open season under the permit system would not be harmful, the Commission feels it necessary to give this highly prized animal protection for some time yet. It is pointed out that no one is getting any benefit from them under the prolonged closed season, but the fact remains that they have a high esthetic value to the residents and tourists. Enforcement Division. A squad of 28 deputy game wardens is employed to patrol the state. The functions of this division have undergone radical changes. While the chief function remains that of enforcement of the fish and game laws, it now is required that "Deputies" serve as agents of the Commission. To properly prosecute the duties of the office requires knowledge of fish and game laws, general law, court procedure, wildlife, people and of their district. BRUIN KEEPS THE OLD WEST ALIVE I In the primitive, rug'g'ed fastness of the South Fork of the Flathead, this mother black bear and her two cubs, pause for a moment before dipping- their noses into the cool stream for a drink. Eu IS '3 ^6 d M o o « o » o •3 -■ " "Co • * .2 " +i O ..Wo n » d O o m 5S tfi '^ n H d « o a o a o +» a d m o 14 ;3 2 ^ H+J n-l 0) r-H El .. ho d < <^ d ^ P, "3 S PS w .- • u m s s -^ '-' o .. _j3 fi . 2 N o3 . m n d •a 2 H n^"^ d B d "^ hi pq Fi cS >>** a n o - a Co <]) d S U o bo H -^ « dKl 4j a) ij ■s *^ «> is V o .- O to fl +0 ^ Ri pq bo a ibby Due to shortage of funds it was found impossible to undertake the pro- posed improvements necessary at this station. Three circular wood ponds were installed, and their successful operation warrants the installation of an additional number. This station at the present time is using less than one- third of its available water supply, and in view of the large territory which it serves it should be expanded as rapidly as possible by the construction of a MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 39 number of the semi-natural ponds, for which ample space and water are avail- able. A dwelling for the assistant with combined garage and living room are necessary. Also much landscaping remains to be finished. Miles City This station has not undergone any major improvements during the last two years. However, a recent WPA project makes possible the repair of in- juries to the wood ponds caused by the action of ice in winter. With these improvements completed more satisfactory rescue work of the warm water fish will be possible. Ovando The old wooden ponds at this station were torn out, and a dirt pond created in their place. This has proved a great deal more sat- isfactory. However, the small sup- ply of water available at this sta- tion has limited development, and it is hoped that funds will be made available to allow moving it to a more desirable location. On the sumiTiit of the Beartooth plateau, this pack string- of horses has taken new species of g-ame trout for planting. CS-rand days are ahead with rod and reel. Philipsburg No improvement work was un- dertaken at this hatchery due to the heavy expansion at Anaconda which serves the same territory. Poison Major improvements were made to the garage, and two more wood rear- ing ponds were constructed. All buildings were repaired. This station usually operates during the summer months, but is being called upon to assist in hatching salmon this winter. Red Lodge This hatchery is instrumental in stocking many of the lakes and streams lying in the Red Lodge-Cooke City region. A recently approved WPA project will allow dismantling of the old building, and construction of a larger one of logs. Salish This hatchery is located approximately midway between Arlee and Ravalli and has access to a very large volume of water which is sufficient to develop this site to one of the largest in the Northwest. This station is stragetically located to stock one of the heaviest fished sections of the State and one which contains some of the most beautiful fishing waters to be found. Very little has been undertaken up to date due to shortage of funds which prevented the extensive development necessary to properly take care of the large territory which it will serve. As outlined the plans call for a dwelling for the foreman, a hatchery building of 120 trough capacity with quarters for the crew and combined garage and feed rooms. The rearing facilities call for the construction of nine rectangular ponds, 50x150 of the semi-natural type, nine circular concrete ponds of 30-foot diameter and twelve circular concrete of 10-foot diameter. With the development of this station and the improved 40 MONTANA STATE FISTI AND GAME COMMISSION distribution facilities several of the small hatcheries now operated only during the summer months can be absorbed thus reducing operating costs. Somers Improvement work at this station has been confined to that of a minor character, but it is hoped that funds will soon permit improvements to be made to the pipe line at the head of the water supply since much of the present pipe has rotted through. WHERE THE WARM WATER FISH ARE RAISED. — ^ -_ One of the Mgr brood ponds at the Fond Culttiral station at Miles City, operated jointly by the Montana Fish and Game Department and the U. S. Bureau of Fish- eries. The state receives one-half of the fish rescued from the ponds. Here begin the bass, perch, sun fish and other warm water varieties of game fish. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 41 (Continued from page 26) The small magazine is distributed over all parts of Montana for the benefit of the thousands of sportsmen. It is the hope of the Commission that through the modest magazine, "Montana Fish and Game Notes", greater cooperation may be reached between sportsmen in the state and the Department. Because the State Fish and Game Department operates upon its own re- ceipts and receives no tax benefits as other departments, the Commission is expending as little as possible in getting the publication before the public. Copies are sent to license dealers, sportsmens' clubs, newspapers and others. Many of the articles appearing in the magazine have been reprinted, while there has been considerable favorable comment upon the project of the maga- zine itself. GAME LAWS OF MONTANA SHOULD BE ENFORCED By OSCAR PROVOST Assistant Attorney General Justice imposes a two-fold obligation upon the state — (1) to distribute equitably its burdens and benefits among all of its citizens — to give everyone an "even break" — and (2) to protect the rights of generations yet to come by protecting its natural resources from exploitation and unnecessary depletion. There is no better example of this obligation than the control by the state of its fish and game. Since the earliest times it has been recognized that the ownership of wild animals — ferae naturae — is in the state for the benefit of all the people, and laws protecting fish and game have become an integral part of the juris- prudence of all civilized nations. Early in its history, the State of Montana recognized its obligation to pro- tect the abundance of fish and game with which this territory was blessed and, happily, subsequent legislative assemblies have adopted wise and salutary meas- ures with the commendable view of "promoting the greatest good for the greatest number." By giving the State Fish and Game Commission, charged with the ad- ministration of the laws, the power to make necessary rules and regulations to meet any new condition that may from time to time arise and by recog- nizing that in a state so vast as Montana, conditions vary in different sections and localities, the legislature has given us a law which is as flexible, fair and orderly as it is possible to promulgate. Through the establishment of fish hatcheries and game farms, as well as careful regulation of open seasons, the people are assured that nature's supply shall not be exhausted and that even our "children's children" shall be able to enjoy the bounty of a happy hunting ground in the years to come. In view of the foregoing policy of the state, it follows logically that it is a fundamental obligation of good citizenship to obey the fish and game 42 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION laws and to cooperate in every way with public officers charged with their enforcement. Unfortunately, those familiar with the problem have observed a definite disposition on the part of some citizens, and even some officials, to avoid this duty. These few seem to think that the laws do not apply to them and with complete disregard of the rights of others feel no restraint in breaking down the orderly processes of government. Good citizens cannot sympathize with the "sportsman" who inexcusably refuses to pay his fair share by first buying a license, who wilfully ignores the closed season laws and deliberately exceeds his bag limit. Yet too often such a fellow finds influential and venal sympathizers who, regardless of the detrimental effect their activities in a particular case may have on the general morale, exert every effort to help him avoid his just punishment and defeat the purposes of the law. Far too frequently county attorneys succumb to the importunities of their political supporters and either refuse entirely to prosecute the miscreant or assume an attitude of indifference that brings the law into disrepute. Again, it is not uncommon for justices of the peace to take the law into their own hands and often, when the culprit pleads guilty, impose a minimum fine and without any legal authority suspend its payment. Such practices are subversive of good government and give basis for the argument that local governments have so badly broken down and disinte- grated that only the strong arm of the federal government has strength enough to cope with the problem. Every citizen worthy of the name knows it is his duty to obey every valid law. Every public officer, every peace officer, county attorney and justice of the peace has taken a solemn oath to enforce the fish and game laws honestly and fearlessly. Every sportsman knows that there can be no dis- puting about the duty of the state to regulate and protect fish and game and all are agreed that political considerations do not warrant any deflec- tion from that policy. It is in this matter of law enforcement, particularly at this time, that every true sportsman and every active Rod and Gun club can render effective service. Let all frown upon any attempt to evade the law and cooperate whole- heartedly with the game wardens who are simply doing their duty for the benefit of all the people. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 43 t ■ — — Sales of Confiscated Articles Held by Department The Montana Fish and Game Department conducts an auction sale each year to dispose of articles confiscated from game law violators. The state game laws provide that equipment used in violatmg the statutes may be confiscated and subsequently sold at public auction to the highest bidders. Money received from the sale of such property is deposited to the credit of the Fish and Game Fund. During the fiscal year July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935, 40 guns and several fish rods, reels and lines were confiscated and sold at auction. This yielded the Department's fund a total of $307.25. The sale of game fish, game birds, deer and elk, which were confiscated at the time the game law violators were apprehended, amounted to $835.36 in the same period. During the fiscal year July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936, 49 guns, 31 rods with reels and eight fish baskets were seized and sold at auction for $379.60. The sale of game fish, game birds, and deer and elk totaled $1,149.40 in the same fiscal year. Confiscated furs, which included beaver, muskrats, raccoon and mink, came to $866.40. From the sale of beaver skins taken by the state, $563.25 was received, making a grand total for the biennium of $4,101.28. There is a moral to all this. If you have a friend who wishes to borrow your gun or fishing tackle, first make sure that he has a proper license in his possession before giving your consent. Also be reasonably assured that he does not intend to violate any of the fish and game laws. The Fish and Game Commission has taken a firm stand on this. It will not return confiscated articles, even if they had been borrowed. Several guns and fly rods confiscated the last two years were borrowed property. This caused the owners considerable embarrassment by losing their favorite guns and rods. So beware! Fur- Bearing Animals Are Rich Montana Resource "There's gold in them thar' mountains" and no little part of it is repre- sented by the pelts of Montana's fur-bearing animals. Few people stop to realize the value of Montana raw furs. This year the Fish and Game Department has issued more than 600 trappers' licenses which include general and land owners' permits. These allow the holders to take muskrats, mink and fox. The value of these furs should be greater this year than in the 1935-36 season as the demand is brisk with prices ranging higher. Among the early settlers of Montana were people primarily interested in furs. Rugged trappers penetrated the northwest in search of beaver and they 44 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION found that this territory had a great abundance of this valuable fur-bearing animal. Montana still has a large number of beaver. This has been made possible by the foresight of men who were interested in the future of the state — the first conservationists. The Montana Fish and Game Department for several years past has issued permits to land owners to trap beaver only where it has been shown that property damage is being done. These permittees are allowed to take only a specified number which is determined after an inspection is made of the property upon which the beaver are located. These inspections are made by an employee of the Department, ii.«5nallv a deputy game warden. In 1935 there were 6,156 beaver skins shipped out of the state. In 1936 the total was 5,724. These skins returned to the shippers $97,000. J^ From figures compiled at the Fish and Game Department's offices in Helena, it was conservatively estimated that raw furs returned to Montana trappers in 1935, based upon pre- vailing minimum prices a total of $129,875, while in 1936, $119,250. These totals repre- sent the returns made on fur-bearing animals almost exclusively. There are no accurate figures available for the amounts received for the skins of preda- tory animals. The Fish and Game Commission is conduct- ing a study of game and fur-bearing ani- mals over the state with the assistance of deputy game wardens and others who are familiar with game conditions. When this information is compiled it will enable the Com- mission to set proper dates and make suit- able regulations cover- ing the taking of game and fur -bearing ani- mals. The Commission, in shortening the trapping season 30 days this year, took the position that it would do much to take care of the increases of fur-bearing animals which, for the most part, have their young in the spring of the year. if^ MONT ANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMESSION 45 BIRD HUNTING IN MONTANA ENTER- ING NEW ERA By J. F. HENDRICKS Game Farm Superintekident ORE each year, the hunting of Chinese pheasants and Hungarian partridges becomes popular. Thousands of hunters take advan- tage of the open seasons to swing their shotguns to their shoulders and go out in quest of the brilliant game birds, noted as much for their wariness and cunning as for their table deliciousness. It is almost unbelievable that but six years ago the hunting of Chinks and Hungarians was negligible. Even ardent conservationists had little idea that the sport would reach a glorious height in such a brief time. Today, it is the leading sport of the field. The young as well as the old enjoy the sport, walking through the bottom lands, some fortunately with dogs, waiting for the thrilling explosion of color that is the cock Chinese pheasant, or the swift, dazzling take-off of its little neighbor of the field, the Hungarian partridge. More than 60,000 birds have been liberated in Montara counties since the game farm at Warm Springs was established. The farm was created by the Montana Fish and Game Commission in 1929 and construction commenced in October of that year. As unbelievable as it may sound, the first crop of birds was liberated in June of 1930, only nine months after the first pens were built. Montana's bird life, depleted by seasons without supervision and years without restocking, started to hit the "come-back trail," and at the same time to have added to it new species for the sportsmen and new romance to the fields and brush. The initial crop consisted of 6,442 Chinese pheasants. All of those birds were set free from June to late in the fall of 1930. The brood stock consisted of 250 birds, brought to Montana from private dealers in the state of Wash- ington. From this inconspicuous beginning, Montana's outstanding field sport, the delight of virtually every sportsmen in the state, took on major league proportions. Since the first liberation, the output steadily has increased as the farm developed. The industry went from the bush league into the minors and then the majors. The brood stock has increased from 250 birds to 475. The last birds, liberated in 1936, totaled 10,572 preasants and 182 Valley quail. To gain an accurate picture of the remarkable development of this type of bird life it is necessary to follow the distributions made each year. The 1931 output was 8,792 pheasants, released in the various counties of the state. The next year's figure was smaller, amounting to 4,900. For the reason of the decrease from the previous year was the unusual activity at the site of the pens, including the construction of the new highway. The birds continu- ously were distrubed. The following year, however, the output jumped to 10,162, as propagation and distribution entered into the home stretch. In 1934, the distribution 46 MONTANA STATE FISH AND (JAME COMMISSION fignre was 10,086. The next year, 1935, the yield amounted to 9,275 birds. This latter decrease was natural in bird propagaation on such a large scale. As stated before, the 1936 liberation was 10,572 birds. Because it was operating at more than its capacity, the State Fish and Game Commission has authorized the construction of a second farm, four miles north of Billings. This farm, which will enhance Montana game bird life and raise it to new levels, will be completed in 1937. It is expected that the first birds to be liberated from the new game farm will be ready in the summer of 1937. The new farm is being constructed along the same lines as the Warm Springs plant, containing all modern equip- ment for the propagating and raising of Chinese pheasants and other game birds. The new farm, however, will commence on a small scale similar to that employed at the first farm near Warm Springs. One of the principal objects of the new farm will be the raising of Chukar partridges, a new bird in the Northwest and one that promises keen sport for hunters in the years to come. This bird was brought to Montana from California three years ago. The Chukars will be raised on a larger scale than what has been attempted at the Warm Springs unit because of the more favorable conditions prevailing in the Billings area. The Valley quail, also from California, will be raised at the new farm at Billings for the same reason. There is little reason not to believe that Chukars and quail will, in the years to come, become "natives" of Montana and provide as much sport as do now the brilliantly plumed Chinese pheasant and the "brown bombers," those darting Hungarian partridges. INTRODUCING A NEW MONTANA FAMILY. Tills fluffy brood of young- Chukar partridg-es. now at the State Qaiue Farm at Warm Spring's, will be transferred to the new g-ame farm at Billing's for raising' and liberation in the siunmer months, and subsequently will provide new hunting' thrills for Montana sportsmen. MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 47 One of the difficulties at the Warm Springs farm is the shortness of the season due to climatic conditions. All members of the quail and partridge families are late breeders. As a result it was impossible for any great num- ber of these species to be matured in the fall and be in I'eadiness to withstand the rigorous winter weather. The partridge family is a stury, hardy race and there is great hope for it in Montana. The birds are able to live without water for long periods and can survive on very little vegetation. The Chukar has gained the characteriza- tion of "the bird that lives on nothing." As there is a considerable amount of semi-arid land in the state, there is no reason to believe that they will not become as numerous as our first friend, the Hungarian partridge. While the Billings farm will be in the nature of an experiment station, Chinese and Mongolian pheasant propagation will continue at the Warm Springs unit and as many will be liberated from the pens there in the future as have been in the past. With the Warm Springs output and the additional bird yield of the Bill- ings farm, the outlook for Montana bird hunting looks exceptionally bright. The two farms should yield a sufficient number of birds to satisfy even the most disgruntled of sportsmen. Happy days are indeed ahead for Montana bird hunters! Montana, with as many varying types of weather as there are colors in a cock pheasant, presents at times, almost insurmountable obstacles in the rais- ing and distribution of these birds. Because of drought conditions in northern, northeastern, eastern and cen- tral sections of the state, liberation of birds necessarily was discontinued in 1936. Lack of water and feed conditions made this action mandatory. If birds had been planted there they would have perished. However, more birds were liberated in counties adjoining the drought dis- tricts in 1936 than in previous years, so that when normal conditions return they will migrate into those sections. In addition, when normal conditions return the drought counties will receive heavier plantings of birds, the object being to give each county a fair share and an even break. As the years go by it is becoming more apparent that distribution must be made as conditions warrant rather than by strict county planting. Before the birds are liberated now a survey is made by competent persons and it is definitely and scientifically determined if the surroundings, available feed and environment are of such a nature as to prove advantageous for the birds. To aid territories where feed and cover are in abundance, the Commission next spring will obtain Caragana plants from the University of Montana at Missoula and plant them on farm lands with the permission of the owners. This project will be of great benefit to bird life and will subsequently prove its value to Montana sportsmen. Because of the severe winter of 1935-36, climaxed by the late February blizzard of 1936, the State Fish and Game Commission authorized the con- struction of self-feeders and shelters for the winter feeding birds. Approxi- mately 250 of these automatic feeders have been placed in suitable spots over the state where the birds congregate and feed in winter. These locations are designated by deputy game wardens after careful surveys. Heavy loss of birds in the future will be avoided by this practice. 48 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Much credit must be given to sportsmen of Montana, who, as a result of close and whole-hearted co-operation with the Commission, have given valu- able assistance in bird work in the state. A fine and very commendable ex- ample is the splendid work done by sportsmen last winter in feeding game birds which otherwise would have perished. The State Fish and Game Commission is in constant touch with bird problems over the state due to the vigilence of its deputies and the cooperative spirit of sportsmen. HIGHWAYS SPOIL FISHING? WHERE DO YOU GET THAT STUFF? By BOB FLETCHER Planning Engineer, Montana Highway Department. HERE are still a grist of fireside fishermen bemoaning the march of progress, which they claim has ruined the good old days. These lugubrious gents carol a dirge entitled, "Those happy times have gone forever." About one out of hundred of these oracles can tell one kind of trout from another. A large percentage can talk glibly about the merits of reels, tapered lines and agate guides but they are plumb ignorant regarding the details of a trout's home life, appetite and habits. These phony Ike Waltons recall the era when the number of trout they snaked out of a riffle was solely dependent upon the number of flies that dangled from their leader — one fly, one trout; two flies, two trout, and ad lib. They scoff at the softness of the younger generation and narrate tales of ris- ing before the uneasy crow to sally forth on a ten-mile fishing trip in the family phaeton. They gloat over the discomforts and uncertainties attending a jaunt in the pioneer inotoring period of stem winding cars. These enthusiasts likewise used to take the Sunday fishing train when they wanted to be real sporting. Based on that sound adage "the farthest fields are greenest," the railroad drummed up a nice little volume of extra business transporting piscatorially inclined parties far afield to streams not one jot or tittle nor even half a whit better than those right at home. They played on that well known male weakness, the yen for an occasional change of pasture. Now the particular feature in the march of progress which these slippered pantaloons deplore is the construction of modern highways that give motorists a two hundred mile radius from which to choose their Sunday fishing grounds. They complain that no more can a man skid on a slick rock in mid-stream and wade out with his boots full of fish. They lay this alleged dearth of brain food to the new highways. Well, brother, it is undoubtedly true that you can nowadays dip a drink of crystal clear mountain water out of a stream without having to strain the fish out of it but it isn't because there are no fish left. There are perhaps not quite as many as there used to be but the finny denizens that now disport MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 49 themselves amidst the I'ocks and rills where highways reach, have made some progress too. No longer are they weak-minded enough to mistake a piece of feather duster tied with a raveling from grandpaw's red flannels for a de- lectable, delovely fillet of grass-hopper. The poor fish of today are educated, which makes matching wits with them much more interesting. So from a sporting point of view the fishing is better than ever. You don't hear about record catches any more because the trout are wiser and the old timers find it easier to wail about the highways mining the fishing than to improve their technique to the point of becoming real fishermen. Every community has a few experts who can and do play around the so-called fished-out streams with amazing results. But these fel- lows don't do much bragging and advertising. Modern highways and transportation have made the beauty, glory and tonic of the stream banks and forest glades practi- cal for the entire family. Mother may be the kind who doesn't like ants in her pants and potato sal- ad, but most women, if they get a chance to go with any degree of com- fort, enjoy the outdoors as much as the men. As for the kids, what could be sweeter? No, this squawk that emanates from some selfish, witless old fogey to the effect that cars and highways have ruined the outdoors is short-sighted and un- reasoning bunk. There remain in Mon- tana vast primitive areas where roads will never be built. You travel through them by saddle horse or by hand. For the boys who feel an annual, ata- vistic urge for back coun- try, there she lies, thous- "^ ands of acres of moun- tains and forests, stream-lined with rivers and creeks plumb full of game but uneducated trout. Those are the places where the real sportsmen use barb- less hooks. It takes a little time and efforts to reach these places. The high- ways take you to the border land where the trails begin. But let me tell you something, — in spite of all the sobbing from "the good old days" advocates, the trails are not congested with any of their ilk. 50 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMifiSION SCIENTIFIC SOURCES UTILIZED . . . ! Montana's Fish and Game Department is utilizing every possible scientific source for the purpose of obtaining information that will be of benefit to its fish and game management plan. Members of the Fisheries Division, during the slack season, have attended Montana State college at Bozeman and participated in a short course in fish culture, bacteriology and water analysis, which training they combine with their routine work. The cost amounted to approximately $5 per man, including printed instructions and materials used. During the past year, game wardens as well as fisheries men, held separate "schools" in Helena, at which outstanding men in their fields have appeared and lead discussions on pertinent problems respecting the work of the two di- visions. The attorney general's office has co-operated in this venture and has sent one of the assistants to explain many of the legal aspects of law enforce- ment work. Some idea of the scope of these meetings may be ascertained by the 50 topics discussed at the last meeting of the 26 deputy game wardens, held prior to the beginning of the big game season. These topics included: Present districts, patrolling of district, contacting license dealers, contact- ing rod and gun club members, relations with farmers, deer and elk tags, set- line fishing, justice courts and county attorneys, confidence of public, depart- ment activities in relation to newspaper articles, information requests from Helena office, observations and notes made in the field, information on viola- tors, when to confiscate devices, juvenile cases, approaching a sportsman in the field, basis used in arresting and passing arrest, public opinion of game laws, public opinion of amount of fish and game, beaver permits, making reports, expense accounts, letters to sportsmen or others asking for information, letters to Helena office, rating of deputies, rescuing fish in dry streams, fish screens, habits of game birds, buck law, head law on elk, mountain goats, cooperation with federal agencies, transplanting of elk into small areas as against develop- ing large areas, patrol of Gardiner area, suggestions relative to Montana Fish and Game Notes, patrol of Sun River area, value of checking stations, duck stamp and plugged guns, pheasant damage to crops, deer and elk damage to crops, shipping permits, permits to hold pets, need for conservation of migra- tory waterfowl, limits on fish, minnow fishing, coyotes, magpies and crows, non-residents with resident licenses, game preserves, posted streams and areas, contact with fisheries men, search warrants, case reports, forwarding confis- cated devices, and elk counts. But the Department is going even further than that, it is having investi- gations conducted by outside agencies in connection with several of the state's fish and game problems. At the present time Dr. Howard Welch of the veter- inary science department of Montana State college is determining whether Chinese pheasants are harmful to crops out of proportion to their benefits. Receiving complaints from farmers in the Billings area that the pheasants were damaging their crops, including corn and sugar beets, the Fish and Game Commission decided to check the situation and Dr. Welch agreed to conduct the MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 51 tests. As the investigation covers a full year's cycle, results will not be known until the latter part of June, 1937. In agreeing to do the work for the Commission, Dr. Welch placed at the disposal of the Department one of the finest veterinary science departments in the West. Pheasant specimens were sent to the college at regular intervals, the crops and gizzards opened, the contents weighed, and seeds, worms and bugs are identified. Weed seeds are segregated from the grain seeds and ac- curate records are kept. An accurate check is made of the planting and harvesting periods in that section, and this is used in the determination of the findings. By keeping a full years' record of these investigations an accurate report will be available on the question of whether a Chinese pheasant damages crops in any appreciable amount or whether as a game bird, feeding on insects and weed seeds, he is not more beneficial than harmful to the farmer. Through the University of Montana at Missoula, which has made success- ful investigations of foliage plants for bird life, the Department this spring will have available a large number of Caragana plants. These will be of invaluable importance in the raising of Chinese pheasants in Montana. DEPUTY GAME WARDEN ARE ACTIVE IN FIELD. While fishing and hunting in Montana have steadily increased in popu- larity and custom, it is safe to say that no more game violations took place in 1936 than in any other previous year. Deputy game wardens, however, are more active than they have been since 1930, which was the peak of violations in the state. In that year there were 514 arrests made as compared with 509 for 1936. The most common violation is shown to be fishing without a license. Fol- lowing that comes shooting game birds out of season. Hunting without a li- cense takes the third berth. Park county headed the list for violations in 1936 with 40 arrests. Lewis and Clark, Yellowstone and Cascade counties were not far behind with 39 vio- lations each. Carbon county was in third place with 37 arrests while Madison county was fourth with 27 violations. All of these counties have excellent hunting and fishing, which attributed to the large number of violations. The number of arrests, however, should not be construed to cast any reflections upon such counties. A large percentage of the violations were made by persons who were residents of other counties in the state. There were a number of counties which in 1935 and 1936 apparently were free from game law infractions. These were: In 1935 — Carter, Glacier, Liberty, Pondera, Powder River, Prairie and Sheri- dan counties. In 1936 — Daniels, Fallon, Garfield, Judith Basin, Liberty, McCone, Petro- leum, Prairie, Rosebud, Teton, Treasure and Wheatland counties. 52 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION NATIONAL FORESTS IN MONTANA OF GREAT VALUE. By PERCY E. MELIS Acting Assistant Regional Forester. The national forests throughout the nation comprise a net area of 165,978,- 691 acres, and contain a wide variety of public resources, all of which are owned, protected, and developed by the federal government for the use and benefit of the people. In Montana, the net area of national forest land is 16,187,260 acres, and one of the major resources consists of wildlife. This wild- life resource includes game and fur-bearing animals, food and game fish, birds, and in fact, all the creatures that inhabit the area. The forest service directs its efforts toward maintaining and developing this resource and making it available for the continuous use and enjoyment of the people. It has been estimated that national forest lands furnish 85 per cent of the forage for the big game animals of the state of Montana. During the summer period an even larger percentage use the national forest ranges, but during the winters, there is a migration of game to lower elevations, resulting in some of the animals leaving the forests during a part of the year. This situation re- quires very close cooperation and harmony between the forest service and the State Game Department in their joint endeavors, directed toward game con- servation and wildlife management. To many people the idea of wildlife management means only game wardens and closed seasons, bag and creel limits; bounties on coyotes and cougar; streams closed to fishermen and game preserves closed to hunters. The very first steps in game management consist, in fact, very largely of prohibition and restrictions. But years of experience now indicates that modern wildlife management includes a far broader field of endeavor. It comprehends such problems as maintaining and improving the environment of the animals, main- taining a proper balance between numbers and the available feed, securing de- sirable utilization, as well as making provision for a continuous supply. Game studies have now been conducted on the national forests over a period of years, and although the work of game management is still in its infancy, much useful information has been obtained and constructive action is being directed toward improved management practices. The loss from pre- dators, starvation and disease has been checked for several seasons, as well as the annual kill by man. Forage conditions in the winter range areas and the concentrations of game in these areas have been studied. As a result of these studies, salting recommendations have been made to the State Game Department and large quantities of salt have been distributed by forest service packers in order to secure better distribution and improve the vigor of game animals. The winter game studies have shown conclusively that the principal limit- ing factor in the production of big game is the small amount of winter range in comparison with the vast areas of available summer feed. The original MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 53 home of most of our big game was on the prairies, and in the valleys which have now been fenced, pastured or plowed. Wild game has been forced into the mountains, which, on account of heavy snows, furnish but little winter forage. During severe winters only a very small percentage of the national forest areas can be used as winter feeding grounds, and as a result the game is heavily concentrated on these limited areas and much of it is forced to ad- jacent lands already heavily used for other purposes. The winter loss is ac- cordingly heavy. In order to alleviate this situation as far as possible, domestic stock has been removed from the winter range areas of all national forest lands, except in a very few instances where private lands are intermingled to an extent that makes separate management impracticable. In addition, the control of over 200,000 acres of privately owned winter rangeland has been acquired by the forest service by purchase, and exchange of grazing privileges, and this area made available for the exclusive use of game animals. In spite of these efforts, snow conditions reduce the amount of usable winter range to less than ten per cent of the area available to them during the summer period. An active program of further land acquisition and ex- change is now being fostered in an effort to provide seriously needed additional winter grazing areas, but accomplishment is badly handicapped by the inade- quacy of funds which can be made available for this use. Pioneer conditions can never be restored, the agricultural valleys and plains cannot be returned to the unrestricted use of the buffalo and their former associates. In fact, very few of even the most ardent sportsmen would desire to return to frontier days and give up our farms, fields, and industries which have been developed from the resources that once supported countless wild animals. On national forests, however, big game is on the increase, and during the last twelve years the number of game animals has increased approx- imately 100 per cent. Carefully planned management and a better distribution of game will make it possible to further increase these numbers as rapidly as winter range areas can be provided for their use. 54 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION GAME ADOPTIONS DANGEROUS BOTTLE BABE The Montana Fish and Game Department has taken an active stand against the adoption of game foundlings, found, apparently abandoned, in the woods. Such adoptions constitute a questionable practice unless it is definitely determined that they have been abandoned and are lost and, vi'ithout the pro- tection of a human being, would die or fall victim to a predator. Once adopted, they often prove dangerous playmates for children. There are several instances of youngsters being trampled by their hoofs. Insofar as they must be released eventually, domesticity often renders them unable to cope with natural conditions and they become the easy prey of hunters or predators. But the danger in adopting them is of the greatest importance. Deputy Game War- den Elmer DeGolier reported to the Depart- ments this year of an unfortunate case near Poison. A fawn had been found away from its mother and adopted. Some time later it was necessary for the father of the little boy to shoot the fawn when he found it trampling the youngster with its sharp hoofs. The child might have been killed. Of course, there is the story of "Betsy" of Anaconda, the prize foundling of the year. The adoption of this awkward baby moose was the only human thing possible to do. On May 31, she was saved from drowning in the Wise river, by Charles L. Foster of Butte, who turned it over to Les- ter Barton, an active member of the new Rocky Mountain Sportsmen's association, who in turn placed it in the custody of A. G. Stubblefield, foreman of the state fish hatch- ery in Washoe park. "Betsy," as she was baptized when found in the Wise River was discovered marooned on a pile of drift wood in the middle of the "drink." She either strayed from her mother, got too near the bank and fell in, or else she was the weaker of twins and in crossing the river with her mother and twin, was swept down the stream. At any rate, "Betsy" is the only bottle-fed moose now roaming the swampy lowlands on the Hazelbaker ranch in Beaverhead county, fully protected. But the stand of the Commission on all game adoptions is — be careful, and report the case to your local deputy game warden as soon as possible. MONTANA- STATR FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 56 STATISTICAL REPORTS SHIPPING PERMITS ISSUED FROM JULY 1, 1934 to JUNE 30, 1935 Permits Issued from Helena Kind of Skins No. of Skins Muskrats 24,447 Beaver 6,144 Mink 3,167 Fox : 1,286 Marten - 534 Weasel 532 Raccoon 445 Skunk -...- 158 Coyote - - 138 Badger 53 Ermine 27 Bear ... 6 Lynx Cat -- 6 Fisher 1 Otter 1 36,945 Permits Issued by Wardens No. of Skins Total 2,606 27,053 12 6,156 82 3,249 711 1,997 12 546 17 549 5 450 .... 158 1 139 53 ...- 27 6 ..- 6 1 1 3,446 40,391 JULY 1, 1935 to JUNE 30, 1936 Permits Issued from Helena Kind of Skins No. of Skins Muskrats 29,604 Beaver 5,724 Mink .- 2,310 F'ox * - 1,436 Marten 641 Raccoon 512 Otter 13 Bear 14 Weasel 239 Skunk 65 Coyote 21 Badger 14 Lynx Cat 3 40,596 Permits Issued by Wardens No. of Skins Total .... 29,604 5,724 3 2,313 15 1,451 26 667 .... 512 .... 13 3 17 .... 239 .... 65 ..-. 21 .... 14 .... 3 47 40,643 56 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION VIOLATIONS BY COUNTIES July 1,1934 to July 1.1935 to June 30, 1935 June 30, 1936 Beaverhead 10 ig Big Horn 18 23 Blaine 3 5 Broadwater 2 Carbon 9 37 Carter 1 Cascade 4 39 Chouteau 2 4 Custer 10 1 Daniels 1 Dawson 4 7 Deei- Lodge 12 5 Fallon 2 Fergus 22 16 Flathead 10 16 Gallatin 16 20 Garfield 1 Glacier 1 Golden Valley 4 1 Granite 6 9 Hill 3 2 Jefferson 4 6 Judith Basin 5 Lake 38 39 Lewis and Clark 13 9 Liberty Lincoln 12 22 Madison 18 27 McCone 1 Meagher 2 ' 5 Mineral 10 14 Missoula 16 13 Musselshell 4 3 Park 15 40 Petroleum 7 Phillips 3 2 Pondera 2 Powder River 1 Powell 9 8 Prairie Ravalli 11 6 Richland 9 3 Roosevelt 11 6 Rosebud Sanders 15 22 Sheridan 1 Silver How 3 5 Stillwater 6 17 Sweet Grass 1 4 Teton 1 Toole 1 6 Treasure 5 Valley 3 4 Wheatland 1 Wibaux 1 2 Yellowstone 27 39 Totals 391 609 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMCSSION 57 FISH AND GAME LAW VIOLATIONS July 1, 1934 to June 30,1935 Buying untagged beaver skins 1 Transferring license 3 Alien in possession of firearms 11 Catching more than five fish under 7 inches 5 Desti:oying evidence of sex of deer 5 Fishing without a license 101 Fishing through the ice - 1 Fishing in closed waters 15 Fishing in closed season 2 Fishing with more than one pole and line Seining - Hunting without a license ^'■ Hunting on game preserve 9 Illegal possession of beaver skins Killing moose 2 Killing elk out of season 4 Killing deer out of season 17 Killing grouse or pheasants out of season 36 Killing doe deer Killing more than one deer or elk 3 Killing antelope unlawfully 3 Killing fawn 4 Killing deer by use of spotlight 1 Making false affidavit or statement to secure license Opening muskrat house 3 Possession of seine without license Fishing with salmon eggs or spawn 14 Shipping furs out of state without permit 4 Shooting ducks before and after hours - 16 Shooting ducks after season closed 10 Shooting from public highway 16 Shooting swan 1 Trapping fur-bearing animals out of season 1 Trapping fur-bearing animals without a license 16 Trapping beaver without a permit 15 Trapping on game preserve without a license Killing pheasant hens - 10 Selling game animals or game fish 2 Guiding without a license 2 Failing to tag big game 5 Failing to keep a record of fur sales Operating without a fur dealers license 5 Catching over limit of game fish 8 Snaring game birds 1 Using fish traps to take game fish 2 Illegal possession of venison 10 Illegal possession of elk meat 2 Spearing game fish 2 Possession of more than legal limit of game birds Refusing to show license Unlawful use of set line : Disturbing the peace Hunting in closed areas Shooting game animals during closed season Failing to tag beaver skins Illegal possession of live beaver Conducting taxidermist business without a license Possession of gill net Shooting fish with a rifle Total 391 July 1, 1935 to June 30, 1936 8 8 151 1 23 1 17 2 15 7 2 1 2 13 45 4 7 2 1 25 1 4 16 6 6 1 14 1 4 18 7 8 6 8 1 1 21 1 13 4 3 9 1 3 1 4 6 2 1 1 1 1 509 51 MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMCSSION o Eh OOO'-*OU5oOM0000Wt-OO «D Ci 00 o (y5 m ci 1-^ M c>- 00 t* eo c*^m 00-^mOt>>U5(Ma50CDC^i-H«£)OCO C^i-tcntM^HOooMOOt-COlI^THcOD- C^l CO M rH C^' rH rH ^ 1 o o o 4) TS :o 00 00 (U cj :o (M c^ -M (U ! 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