s 799 F2br 1956-1958 -C./ t^ic .:^^.^ STATE DOCUMENTS' PCDADT "^'^ ^' '95^ nCXViX I /»pril 30, 1958 \ ^SJS??j, MONTANA Fish and Game Commission -*,sK«>'-'»-'" .^..^«^^^SS^^^^-^^<^^ei^^..,,. ^^^^^,„., iiii^Crr'-'->-v.v^., .<,i^S?!i,iStJ!Jit«*^ MONTANA STATE LIBRARY IMIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 0864 0016 1675 7 BIENNIAL REPORT of the MONTANA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION May 1, 1956 -April 30, 1958 CONTENTS Page Administration 'i Recommended Legislation "^ Law Enforcement - 9 Information and Education - 12 Game Management - - 16 Fisheries - 27 Statistics ^^ Published by MONTANA FISH & GAME DEPARTMENT Helena, Montana FOREWORD Wildlife is an important part of Montana's natural wealth. His- torically, it played a basic part in the formation of this state. Fur. particularly beaver, attracted early-day trappers who did much of the first exploration in the west. Game and fish sustained the white man and provided his clothing even as it had his Indian predecessors. Today, wildlife is contributing a different and perhaps a more important value as a source of relaxation and recreation to break the pace of modern living. In Montana, wildlife and recreation are also assuming a ver\- important role in the state's financial structure. It is the job of the Fish and Game . Department to maintain the maximum amount of fish and game compatible with other eco- nomic land and water uses. This task is becoming more difficult each year. The demand for hunting and fishing continues to increase at an almost startling rate while at the same tiine the habitat in which these animals must be rai.sed becomes less. Fish and game management must rely on research and basic facts to solve these problems. Gone are the days when guesses and casual observations can be used to manage game. Only scientific stud- ies can be expected to indicate the proper action nece.ssary for kma- range game management. Along with research, the department must rely on enforcenien'. and education as well as fish and game production to meet the chal- lenge of the future. Places for wildlife to live and places for sportsmen to pursue their sport are all part of the complex problem. Of all the states, Montana has a favored position as an area lor high quality outdoor recreation. This is an asset not just to Montana but to the entire nation and its perpeti:ation and management is a nation-wide responsibility. Facing up to this challenge, the department is conducting a prt)- gram of research management, enforcement and education which will perpetuate the resource. These, howe\er, are joint responsibilities which must be shared by all Montana citizens. The department can- not provide recreation where wateis :i'-e polluted or land habitat destroyed. This repo't is a brief summary of tlie activities of the Kisli and Game Department as it meets the problems of the present and pre- pares to meet those of the future. To the Honorable J. Hugo Aronson Governor of Montana Dear Governor Aronson: We herewith submit the Biennial Report of the Montana Fish and Game Commission for the period of May 1, 1956 to April 30, 1958. This report summarizes the operations of the Fish and Game Department for the past two years with particular emphasis on income and expenditures. This is in compliance with Montana law. The job of maintaining good hunting and fishing in this state is becoming more difficult each year. Population increases, changes in land and water use practices and constantly increasing demands for recreation complicate the problem. Successful maintenance of this resource would be impossible without the help and cooperation of the Governor's office, the legis- lature and other Montana citizens. We hope this report will be helpful to you, to members of the legislature and to all who have an interest in this state and its wildhfe wealth. Respectfully submitted, E. J. Skibby, Chairman, Lewistown H. W. Black, Vice Chairman, Poison John T. Hanson, Sr., Member, Malta R. D. Shipley, Member, Miles City W. T. Sweet, Member. Butte A. A. O'CIaire, Secretary — 3 — Use of electronic business machines has greatly facilitated many facets of ad- ministration. Here, sportsmen attend a drawing for special big game permits. ADMINISTRATION Growth in the Fish and Game Department has proceeded at a remarkable rate during the past fifty years. Today, the department which operated on a budget of $100,000.00 in 1902 has an annual income approaching 2 ' .■ million dollars. The property inventory, including fish hatcheries, buildings, vehicles and all equip- ment, was worth $2,795,448.20 in 1957. Ob- viously, the Fi.sh and Game Department has become not only an important unit of state government but a growing industry as well. The administration .section of the Fish and Game Department is charged with the respon- sibility of keeping accurate financial records, detailed property inventories and procurement through the state purchasing agent of materials and equipment, as well as the innumerable jobs as.sociated with managing a big busine.ss. Most complicated are the means by which the Fish and Game Department obtains its finances. All activities of the department are paid for by state hunters and fishermen. This involves a state-wide network of license deal- ers located in nearly e\ery city and town in the state. Becau.'-e of the value as business stimulators, dealerships are in great demand. However, because of additional administrative cost, the department must limit the dealer- ships to the number necessary to adequately serve the public. Like other state agencies, the department must maintain accurate records of income and e.xpenditures which are examined regularly by the proper state t^fficials. Recent use of modern business machines has streamlined the work of record keeping, issuing permits, marking of research question- naires, and other similar mechanical duties which can be performed st) much more cffi- ticntlv and economicallv. 4- INCOME AND EXPENDITURES May 1, 1956— April 30, 1958 EXPENDITURES INCOME Commission 0.48 9'' Veliicle Account 0.53 % Warehouse-Shops 0.81 % Info.-Ed. (Extension) ._ 0.95 ''/c Predator Control 1.99 ^i Information-Education.. 2.65 ';;- Game Farms 3.83 Tt Miscellaneous 5.26 -X Administration 8.40 '"'.■ Enforcement 21.10 % Restoration 26.0 Fisheries 28.0 % Resident Hunting and Fishing Licenses 40.407(/ Non-Resident Hunting And Fishing Licenses..30.40% Pittman-Robertson Reimbursement 18.61% Miscellaneous 5.01% Dingell-Johnson 3.82% Fines 1.76% 5 — COMPARISON OF INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS (1902 Through April 30, 1958) 2.500,000 j / 2.200,000 / 2.000,000 1.900.000 1.800,000 1,700,000 1,600.000 t 1 1 \ > / 1 1 / 1 « 1 1 J i\ / \ 1,400.000 '/ 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000.000 900,000 800,000 j / / 1 1 / // //' /' 600,000 500 000 1 '/ I f 400.000 / / 1 200 000 y '/ 100 000 y >-—' r r 1 1 t I- I ' i I \ 1 1 I i I 1 i I'-.XI'I-.N'DII I Kl I.Sl OMI'. RECOMMENDED LEGISLATION Special Noii-Resident Deer aii«l Antelope Permits The Thirty-Fourth Session of the Legisla- ture enacted a law authorizing the Fish and Game Commission to issue special non-resident deer and antelope permits. This authorization expired on December 31, 1956. The Legisla- ture was requested to extend this authority because there was yet a need to direct hunt- ing pressure into areas where resident hunters were not exerting sufficient hunting pressure to control deer or antelope populations. The Thirty-Fifth Session extended the authoriza- tion until December 31, 1958. During the past three hunting seasons, the following numbers of special $20.00 non-resi- dent deer and antelope permits were issued: 1955 1956 1957 Non Resident Deer 2623 6445 5038 Non Resident Antelope 3495 5033 2895 There is a need for directing additional hunting pressure into certain areas of the State; therefore, it is recommended that the Legisla- ture grant authorization for the Commission to continue the issuance of special non-resident deer and antelope permits. Revision of Law Limiting Eligibility of Moose, Mountain Sheep, Bison Permit Holders Present statutes prevent persons who have received a moose, mountain sheep or buffalo permit from applying for a permit to hunt the same species for a succeeding ten-year period. It is recommended that this ten-year limi- tation on the eligibility of any person to have a moose, mountain sheep or buffalo permit be amended so that the ten-year limit applies only to permit holders who kill an animal under such license or permit. The return of an unused moose, mountain sheep, or buffalo permit at the end of the hunting season would restore the hunter to the list of persons eligible to apply in following drawings. Hunting Merriam's Turkey The Montana Fish and Game Commission has been successful in introducing the Mer- riam's turkey in several areas of the State. The original transplants have increased in numbers to the extent that a portion of the turkeys may be harvested by hunting. Because of the limited numbers of wild turkeys, it will be necessary to issue permits in a limited number. Therefore, it is recommended that the Legis- lature grant authority to the Commission to issue special turkey permits under a drawing system if there are more applications for tur- key permits than the number to be issued. Reclassification of Fox, Canada Lynx And Black-footed Ferret It is recommended that fox be removed from the fur-bearing animal list and be classed as a predatory animal. The fox population has increased in east- ern Montana. The pelt, however, has little commercial value and the fox is considered by most people as a predator. Because fox are now listed as fur-bearing animals, persons must possess a trapper's li- cense to legally kill them. The Montana Fish and Game Commission has declared an open season on fox throughout the entire year for the past three years. The Canada lynx and black-footed ferret are rare animals in Montana. Montana is one of the few states which still has a few black- footed ferret. These species have never been a problem to either livestock or poultry oper- ators. In order to prevent these species from being exterminated, it is recommended that the Canada lynx and black-footed ferret be placed on the regulated fur-bearing animal list. Repeal of Non-Resident Game & Fish Shipping Regulations For several years Montana law has re- stricted the removal by non-residents of fish or game to a single bag limit. This limitation was intended to prevent out-of-state shipment of fish from one or two areas in the State where it was believed non-residents were de- pleting the fish population. Subsequent study and investigation has disclosed the fallacy of this belief. This law has made violators out of a great number of people. Therefore, it is rec- ommended that the restriction on non-resident license holders to ship or remove only one legal limit of fish or game be repealed and that a non-resident be allowed to ship the same quan- tity of fish or game as a resident license holder. Fir^li Haltilal (:«'r>alioii The biggest single factor causing a decline in Montana fi.shing is habitat destruction. It is a more important factor, for instance, than in- creasing fishing pressure. To thrive, fish need more than just water. Food, cover, spawning areas, water quality and proper temperatures must be provided. Considerable effort was spent during the biennium to minimize habitat destruction. This was largely spent requesting cooperation from other agencies, for with the exception of the pollution law enacted by the 1955 legislature, there are few statutes protect- ing fish habitat. For example, highway builders, other pub- lic agencies, or private individuals are free to straighten streams or remove gi-avel from them without mitigating the damage in any way, and water users are under no compunction to leave sufficient water in streams to keep them alive, or to keep their return water silt free. Washington State, for one. has enacted legislation requiring that persons, agencies and others who would use, divert, obstruct or change the natural flow or bed of a river or stream or remove materials from the stream bed, obtain approval from the State Fish and Game Department. (Chap. 99. Ses.L "49: see Game Code of State of Washington). Similar legislation is needed in Montana since the Fish and Game Commission is responsible for man- aging the priceless fishery resource of the state without having a word to say about what may be done to the habitat of that resource. Piihlir I M' Kcpewriters have been installed in all district headquarters. These have made it possible to transmit rapidly and accurately information of importance to department personnel who can in turn release this locally for public information Radio and television facilities are regular features used to provide programs of an in- formative and educational nature. Publicity Although the department does not ha\e i special publicity section there is much work of this nature accomplished. Each year the thou- sands of inquiries on Montana hunting and fishing are answered. The.so come from every state and many foreign countries and include not only requests for wildlife information but camping, boating, and travel as well. A special pamphlet "Guide to Hunting and Fishing in Montana" h;is bcL>n prepared to answer ques- tions. In addition, maps, regulations and thou- .sands of individuil letters are included ni theso mailings. Cooperation with the State Highway Ad- vertising l)ivisit)n and the Montana Chamber of Commerce thiough sport shows, outdmu- writer tours, and by providing literature, were additional services to the recreation industry in Montana. 12 — Youth Education The emphasis on youth education has shifted during the biennium since the Fish and Game Department is financing a conservation program through the Department of PubUc Instruction. However, there is still a great de- mand upon the Information and Education Division for youth instruction. Boy Scout camps, 4-H camps, Boys State, Campfire Girls, as well as many schools, are supplied with lec- tures and instruction on wildlife resources. Instruction and lectures are devised so that a student receives an appreciation of all na- tural resources. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship of animals to soil and vegetation. Adult Education The Department of Fish and Game is spon- soring wildlife extension for adults through Montana State University and Montana State College. However, department personnel also give numerous lectures and talks to adult groups. Huntin§; Safety The newest addition to the Information and Education work of the Fish and Game De- partment is the hunting safety program. This responsibility was delegated the Fish and Game Department by the 1957 legislature. New legis- lation requires that: "On and after January 1, 1958, no big game hunting license shall be is- sued to any resident person under the age of eighteen ( 18 ) years unless he presents to the person authorized to issue such license either: ( 1) evidence that he has held a hunting hcense issued by this state in a prior year, or (2) a certificate of competency as provided by this section; providing further that all resident per- sons under fifteen (15) years of age must present a certificate of competency even if he has held a hunting license in prior years. "The Departmient of Fish and Game shall provide for a course of instruction in the safe handling of firearms and for that purpose may cooperate with any reputable association or organization having as one of its objectives the promotion of safety in the handling of fire- arms. The department may designate any person, found by it to be competent, to give instructions in the handling of firearms. A person so appointed shall give such course of instruction and upon the successful completion thereof shall issue to the person instructed, a certificate of competency in the safe handling of firearms." To meet this assignment the Information and Education Division was given the respon- sibility of training the youngsters. One man was delegated to set up training and certifi- cation procedures. By the end of the bien- nium, in less than one year of operation, the division had trained nearly 9,000 teen-age Montanans. Volunteer instructors using the course established by the Montana Fish and Game Department and the National Rifle Association did the class work. The department supplies material and training techniques. Men of the Enforcement Division serve as local contact men for the program. From youngsters to aged, county fair visitors find wild- life one of the most interesting and educational exhibits. In addition to techniques of safe hunting, the course includes sportsman-landowner rela- tionship, and sportsmanship. This program is expected to train new generations of safety conscious sportsmen. Many Montana lives should be saved as a re- sult of this work. District Education Local administration of the Montana Fish and Game Department is based on seven dis- trict sub-divisiom-.. In one of these a district educator has been established as a pilot project to show the value of this service. The explora- tory work is in District 4, headquartered in Great Falls. District education includes all phases of the department's Information and Education program, but gi\es the local people benefit of closer contact and therefore more complete services from the department. The district educator in District 4 is also a qualified pilot and does much of the flying for the district staff. The success of the dis- trict education program indicates the desirabil- ity of eventually increasing this service to in- clude a similar specialist in each of the seven areas. General Services General ser\'ices include a broad field of activities which cannot be simply classified, but which contribute to the overall wildlife information and education effort. The department's live wildlife exhibit grows in popularity each year. A regular sched- ule of fourteen state and county fairs is fol- lowed each year, and about 150,000 persons view the collection of native Montana fish and game. Conflicting fair dates restrict the extent to which this feature can be expanded since equipment and the number of animals limit the exhibit to two major units. Appreciation and understanding of Montana's wildlife is stimulated at each showing. In cooperation with the Enforcement Divi- sion, an In-Service Training School for law enforcement personnel was developed through the cooperation of Montana State University. This school was held to keep field men in- formed on new and changing enforcement mat- ters and is essential in keeping a staff operat- ing at maximum efficiency. A similar In-Service training in general game management has also been conducted in cooperation with Montana State College at Bozeman. A technical library is maintained by the divi-sion in which current writings and reports are available as references to all employees. An inter-department news letter is prepared to keep employees posted on the activities of various .sections of the organization. Photography in the preparation of moving pictures, colored slides and illustrative black and white pictures is handled largely by the Information and Education Division. Al.so a lending library of outdoor moving pictures is available to sportsmen's clubs, schools and civic groups. Expansion of the Department's Education and Information v/ork is expected in the future as the public demand for this service has in- creased in all parts of the state. The depart- ment has a definite obligation in contributing to the state-wide effort to promote interest and education on all conservation matters. This will be met by all Fish and Game employees and the Information and Education Division. No citizen can overlook the fact that the prosperity of the state and nation is tied di- rectly to our natural resources, and basic education is an essential in creating the knowl- edge necessary to support and maintain this resource. WILDLIFE KDICAIION EXTENSION FKOGKAM Adult Education During the past two bienniums the Fish and Game Department has financed a program of adult education in cooperation with Montana State University and Montana State College. Under terms of a memorandum of under- standing between these institutions, a series of educational lectures on wildlife and resource management is presented to the public. As stated in the original agreement, the purpose of this program is to: "develop a bet- ter understanding of advanced management of the natural resource base, to the end that a more fa\orable en\ironment for wildlife spe- cies may be attained and maintained." This program which dexelopcd at Montana State University m 1949 was adopted by the Montana Wildlife Federation in 1952. Since the goal of this series is to further the objec- tives of good wildlife management, the Fish and Game Commission agreed, in 1954, to underwrite the cost of conducting the work. Originally, $7,500 was deposited with the treas- urer of each school. With the current increase in operation thu program now amounts to $19,000 annually. Men operating from the two univereily units present forum lectures to groups in many .sections of the state. Location of r«niiiii I'o>mi>. U)5t)-.')7 Hi'ii l.ud.L^L-, Hardin, Houndup, Harlowton, Three Forks, Stun- foni. Lewistown. Havre, Ovando- Ilelniville, IMulip.sburg. -14 Les Pengelly (right) Wildlife Extensionist, discusses elk ageing techniques at a wildlife forum. 1957-58 — Hamilton, Superior, Drummond, Boulder, Dillon, Livingston, Co- lumbus, Ekalaka Attendance at the series of forums totaled 8,500. Public High School Lectures Lectures were presented to approximately 1,500 public school students. University and College Lectures Teacher workshops and lectures were gi\'en to 737 advanced students and teachers. Civic and Sportsniens Groups Conservation talks were given to various civic organizations with an estimated attend- ance of 1,300 and approximately 3,000 members of sportsmens groups were contacted. In addition tc the lectures and conserv^a- tion talks, many meetings of state-wide, and even national, importance were attended. During the biennium, approximately 110,- 000 miles were traveled in conducting the duties connected with this work. COOPERATIVE PROGRAM- DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION In 1951 the Montana Legislature passed a law directing that conservation education should be taught in public elementary and secondary schools of the state. The law also provided that such a program would be pre- sented as a part of, and integrated with, other related subjects and courses. The instructions from the legi.slature further stated the extent and application of such a program should be determined by the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public In- struction. No monies were provided for this program. In 1957 the Montana Fish and Game Com- mission provided the State Department of Pub- lic Instruction with a grant of $9,000 to initiate this program. In August of 1957, a Conserva- tion Education Supervisor for the Department of Public Instruction was appointed with funds provided under 1he cooperative program. During the year 1957-58 the following four continuing programs have been established: Teacher Institutes are offered in each Montana county every other year. This service has been extended to twenty-six western counties. The eastern thirty counties will be covered the fall of 1958. Conservation Tips are mailed to most of the elementary teachers and all of the schools in the state. One Tip is mailed each month of the school year. Each Tip covers one phase of resource management and suggests an activity for use in the classroom. A Study Guide in Conservation Edu- cation is being developed to cover the five basic natural resources in Montana — mineral, soil, water, plant life (range and forests) and wildlife. This guide will be available for use in the schools of Montana. A Schedule of School Visits has been established as a counseling service for conservation education. This service is available from the Department of Public Instruction upon request by officials of any Montana school. The vital importance of wise resource-use education takes on new dimensions of value as we examine the role of Montana in the area of proper utilization of soil, water, mineral, range, forests and wildlife. Montana has much to offer the nation by way of food, materials and recreation. Only through the understanding and the apprecia- tion of wise use and wise management of these resources can this vast treasure be expected to supply the needs of all Montanans and other citizens of the United States. Conservation education is part of the answer. GAME MANAGEMENT The past two years have been particularly important in Montana's Game Management program. The Fish and Game Department's reorganizational plan, extending over a period of several years, was completed early in 1957 by the establishment of a Game Management section. In this way the management work having to do with big game, game birds, water- fowl, and fur bearers is more effectively car- ried out. The valuable assistance given by other sections still remains a vitally important part of the manatjement program. Coordination of effort is now more readily achieved. Particular efforts have been made in the past two years to obtain statewide uniform- ity in opening dates for big game .seasons. It has been found that in this way, undesirable hunter concentrations can be very materially reduced. This wider distribution of hunters also tends to avoid over harvests in the smaller more accessible areas. A special effort has been made to select high, less accessible areas in which an earlier than general opening date could be allowed. This makes available a longer season for high- quality "back country" type himting. Early snows in these areas often handicap accessi- bility during the regular and extended seasons. Montana is liccoming increasingly known throughout the nation for its unusually fine wilderness hunting. Early seasons in these re- mote areas ha\e oeen a most impi>rtant factor in this regard. The general lessening of true high-quality hunting makes this a particularly important consideration. Kaiip' aii«i S«>aMiii .Srlliii^: Probably the most important development in game management during the past several yeais has been aii increased awareness of the impt)rtance of range in the setting of seasons. The balancing of game numbers with winter food supply lias become the primary objective of Montana's Mianagement program. 16- An analysis of range conditions and trends on a statewide basis represents an increasingly important segment of the management staff's work load. Cooperation with public and private land administrators is a particularly important factor of this program. Problems of range depletion brought to light by recent cooperative studies have point- ed up the need for an exhilarated hunter take, particularly in regard to deer. For several years the harvest of either sex has been an im- portant factor of this program. Where special range problems have been observed, seasons have been extended. This has aided in pin- pointing hunting pressure in areas of special need. The use of a legislative enactment allow- ing the issuance of $20.00 out-of-state deer and antelope licenses has represented another im- portant aid in the control of game numbers. Antelope range problems appear to be, in most cases, reasonably well in hand. Deer, however, still present some serious use problems. Much appreciated cooperation of landholders, sports- men. Legislators, and Federal Agencies has represented a vital factor in the working out of these problems. The acquisition of small isolated tracts of key winter game range ( discussed in detail further on in this report) has proven to be a solution to sex'eral of Montana's most perplex- ing elk problems. A careful study of the food relationship of elk and livestock on mountain ranges will, when completed, add a great deal to the fund of information necessary to prop- erly manage both these important users of public range lands. It is becoming increasingly apparent that through careful management there is adequate forage for both domestic live- stock and elk on the majority of mountain ranges. Elk Planting: The planting of elk from surpluses in Yellowstone National Park, although highly important during the years of herd establish- ment, is taking a less important place in the elk management program today. It has been found that elk have now been established on the ma- jority of ranges adaptable to this highly prized species of big game. Major effort has now been shifted to the management of the herds in harmony with the forage supply and other uses of these ranges. Harvest of moose by special permit has increased in scope and importance through the past several years. Starting as a mature bull harvest only, the seasons have been, in most cases, liberalized to either sex. The number taken has reached somewhat over 400 yearly. This represents only a little over 10% of the estimated statewide annual increase. It ap- peal's, therefore, that with careful management the harvest m.ay be somewhat increased on a sustained basis in the future. Hunters must work to get the prized Rocky Mountain Mountain goat hunting has become an im- portant sport of considerable magnitude. Sev- eral areas where goats were introduced in the '40s are now making a very important contri- bution to the mountain ranges where this game species has been hunted for many years. The Crazy Mountains represent an area of extreme importance as one of the newer hunting regions. Bighorn Sheep : The Rocky Mountain bighorn, long a rare species in Montana, has increased in recent years to numbers justifying a carefully regu- lated hunt. Coupled with the opportunity for mountain goats, sheep hunting has bi'ought sportsmen up into some of the state's most spectacular alpine country. The grizzly bear, although on the threshold of extinction throughout the greater part of his original range in the west, is still available in Montana in sufficient numbers to afford wil- derness hunting of the highest order. The following tabulation indicates the trend of deer hunter harvest in Montana during the past seven years. These figures indicate a continued increase in hunter success through this period. Statewide Harvei-l I icml Year No. License Holders No. Deer Harvested No. Harvested Per 100 License Holders 1951 101.985 39.000 38 1952 118,181 53.800 45 1953 119,591 80,000 67 1954 123,259 84,300 68 1955 129,735 100.000 77 1956 130,445 100,500 77 1957 127 047 105,100 Gam.- Itii-.l-: The introduction of the Merriam's turkey in eastern and central Montana has represented an especially important aspect of the wildlife restoration program during the past several years. To date, there have been nine individual plants of turkeys made throughout the state. A plant in the Long Pines section of southeast- ern Montana has indicated particularly rapid increa.se. It is expected that sport hunting will be available on this species in this portion of Montana in the ntar future. Special efforts have been made to gain as much information as po.ssible regarding the best management of the native grouse. The data collected to date is of value in .sotting .seasons for the.se important native game birds. Waterfowl mana;^ement areas previously de- scribed also present many benefits in the de- velopment of ringnecked pheasant populations in thf).se areas. The population trend i-egard- The blue grouse provides some fine mountain recreation for sportsmen with stamina. ing this important game bird has been some- what upward throughout several important areas in the state. The Hungarian partridge .showed a particu- lar marked upward trend in numbers. This was most obvious throughout their range in the north and central part of Montana. Waterfowl: A particularly interesting evaluation of waterfowl hunting in Montana was carried out in 1957. Four thousand questionnaires were mailed to hunters on the basis of the 1956 licen.se sales. Approximately 36,943 persons hunted waterfowl as indicated by waterfowl stamp .sales as reported by Fish and Wildlife Service. The ax'erage numbers of days per hunter was 6.84 and estimated number of man-days ex- pended was 222,600. Average kill per duck hunter day was 1.05 and the average sea.son kill per hunter was 7.18. The estimated state- wide duck kill was 233,700 ducks. The species composition of 1957 duck .sea.son was: mallards —63.6';. blue-wing teal — 10.1'., gix^en-wing teal— 6.7'., pintail— 4.3' i , scaup -2.9';, shovel- lers—2.2';, canva.sback— 1.7'. . baldpate — 1.6';, gadwall — 1.8';, rcdliead — 11';, and others and unknown — 4.2'; . An estimated 11,900 people luinted gecso. An average of .72 j^ee.se per luinter were taken and an estimated '..500 geese was the statewide harvest. Tlie rei)orteci specit-s composition of 1957 goose season was Canada geese — 67.4%, snow geese — 29.57", white-fronted geese — 1.9%, and unknown — 1.2%^. Waterfowl habitat development constituted a very important phase of the Department's program. Major state-owned waterfowl habi- tat development areas in the Flathead Valley, Ninepipe-Pablo; the Fairfield-Choteau area, Freezeout Lake; and the Milk River area, Sleeping Buffalo project, were the most im- portant units where this type of development was carried out during the biennium. Fencing, diking, establishment of water control facilities, as well as the planting of food and cover, represented important activities on these areas. In addition to the increased pro- duction of waterfowl, public hunting of major importance will be guaranteed by these areas. This pintail must find several resting and feeding during his south-bound flight. WINTER GAME RANGE ACQUISITION The pattern of land ownership in western and central Montana results in many elk win- ter ranges being located partially or whoUy on private lands which are adjacent to National Forests. The public-owned forest lands furnish forage for elk during the spring, summer, and fall. Competition with livestock is usually not a problem on the ranges which are used by elk during these seasons, but it may be intense on the privately-owned rangelands used by elk during the winter. Frequently, landowners along the entire foothill area of a mountain range are affected. These landowners should not be expected to support large numbers of elk at the expense of their livestock operations. The solution to such problems is to restrict an elk population to a definite winter range area. The restriction of elk to definite wintering areas, where they will not compete with live- stock operations, is one of the primary func- tions of the game ranges which are acquired by the Montana Fish and Game Department. ground fork of Bear Creek in Madison county with the "Sphinx' 1 the area of a recently acquired big game winter range. 19 — Helmet" in the back- Only occasional isolated tracts of land are suitable for winter elk ranges. Either singu- larly or in the aggregate, these tracts can never represent more than a relatively small area in the state. Tracts as small as 4,000 acres have solved long-standing problems of elk depreda- tion over relatively large areas. Prior to the acquisition of a game range, elk invariably win- ter in scattered bunches along the foothills of a mountain range. After a game range is ac- quired, the animals wintering on private lands are either forced into a game range or they are harvested by extended hunting seasons. Under these conditions, an elk herd soon "learns" to use a definite range area. The best possible forage conditions are also maintained on a game range in order to attract and hold elk off private lands. Since a state-owned game range simply transfers elk use from private to public lands, they cannot be expected to materially increase elk populations. However, the benefits derived from a state-owned game range cannot be measured in terms of elk numbers alone. The initial benefit is, of course, the alleviation of conflict with livestock operations. Further benefits relate to the fact that an elk herd may be managed on the basis of its own forage sup- ply rather than the intensity of its depredations on privately-owned rangelands and haystacks. This permits a relatively stable management program where annual harvests can be gauged to the carrying capacity of a definite forage supply instead of variable or conflicting re- ports of damage. Land for winter game ranges is purchased or leased. Marginal rangelands of relatively low value make the most satisfactory winter elk ranges. High value rangelands or croplands may be included in a purchase, but these lands are either traded (for other lands more suitable for elk) or sold to adjoining landowners. Per- mits for grazing livestock on forest lands may also be obtained as the result of a purchase^ In e\'ory ca.se, these permits are wai\'ed for redistribution or retirement, depending upon the judgment of forest grazing administrators. Since a permit is usually retired in lieu of ad- justments needed to effect an improvement in range conditions, the retirement of a permit actually amounts to a redistribution of grazing privileges to the other permit holders on a forest. Annual payments, comparable to assessed taxes, are made to the counties in which a state-owned game range is located. Payments are determined by local county assessors and are equal to the taxes paid on adjoining lands of comparable value. Local economies are also supplemented by the sustained recreational use which occurs as the result of a game range. Most game ranges provide places for public camping and fishing, as well as hunting. Local businesses usually develop or expand facilities to engage in the resulting recreational industry. WILDLIFE INVESTIGATIONS LABOKAKHn In 1957 a laboratory was set up by the Montana Fish and Game Department in coop- eration with the State College at Bozeman. The expanding facilities and services of this laboratory are a\ailable to all wildlife per- sonnel throughout Montana. At present, a primary function of the lab- oratory is the preparation and analysis of big game stomach samples. This function is car- ried out for areas where important food habits work is being conducted in order to know ex- actly what kinds and proportions of foods are being eaten by various animal species. A 1... ^.>-hcs l.iK K-'M.c liluni.ii.h ^.|1U|>ICT til ciiniili.ttc rcHiJuc too small ad kills, and wiiitei -kiili'd ;iniin;ils. The present work being 20 In the course of food habit studies, samples must be separated and contents identified. carried out in regard to several big game spe- cies will make available important information needed for their management. In addition to these important considera- tions, food habits information assists in the in- terpretation of data collected in other phases such as range surveys, checking station pro- grams, winter kills, sex and age ratios, etc. In addition to the food habits work, an important program having to do with a study of the skeletal characteristics of several im- portant fur-bearing animals is also being con- ducted. Necessary management information in regard to age and sex ratio is being obtained from a sample of mink carcasses being collect- ed in cooperation with the trapper harvest. This information is being analyzed along with the harvest reports and field observations to direct the future management of this import- ant fur bearer throughout the state. In addition to mink, a great deal of important information has been obtamed through the facilities of the laboratory in regard to the pine marten, beaver, and otter. GAME BIRD FARMS Ring-necked Pheasants The Fish and Game Department continued to operate the three pheasant farms located at Billings, Fort Peck, and Warm Springs. How- ever, the operation of the Bilhngs farm was changed from a permanent station to seasonal status. The hatching and brooding phases of operation were discontinued and only the pens were used for rearing. Additional birds were hatched and brooded at the Fort Peck and Warm Springs farms and were then trucked to Bi'lings when four to five weeks of age where they were put in the pens for rearing. The birds vv^ere then released in the fall. This method has proved to be practical as well as economical, and the total State production was mcinl^ined at approximately the same level as in prG\ -ous years Chukar Partridge The Moiese Game Farm which had been in operation since 1953 as a chukar farm was dis- continued in the Fall of 1956 and the last of the chukars were released in the Spring of 1957. It was felt that all areas considered to be possible chukar habitat had received initial releases of chukars and that game farm pro- duction should be discontinued. Release areas will be checked closely to determine the success of the stocking. 1+ is hoped that natural repro- duction in successful areas will provide birds for stocking other areas through trapping and transplanting. Ring-necked Pheasant Production Billing^s Warm Springs 1956-1957 10,383 1957-1958 11,730 11,269 11,385 12,007 12,329 33,659 35,444 1956-1957 1957-1958 Chukar Partridge Prothiction 1,402 607 21 ^ ill '<»jr - IM If'*! ji ■^Ti y/i: - FUR AMMAL AND PREDATOR RESEARCH AND >IANA(;EMEM Fur animals always have been a character- istic part of the Montana scene. They consti- tute a renewable resource worth millions of dollars. It is the moral and legal obligation of the State Fish and Game Department to see that this resource is properly used. According- ly, research activities are aimed at producing factual information as the foundation for sound management. Findings of these studies provide a basis for evaluation of current management, for recommendations for future improvements, and for restoration of depleted areas. New techniques and facts are constantly added to the existing fund of information. The various activities conducted during the biennium are briefly summarized as follows: Economic Survey Fur animals are unique among wildlife re- sources in that they provide a direct cash crop in addition to providing recreation. This crop is harvested with only moderate investment on the part of the trapper. Sea.sonal workers often add to their income at a time of year when other types of employment are .scarce. More than a hundred different occupations are listed by trappers. Obviously, recreation as well as 22 remuneration is a motive for trapping by many people. Mail surx'eys to determine trapper success and fur dealer surveys to provide average pelt prices for the 1957-58 season were not com- pleted at the time of writing. Instead, the catch for 1956-57 is compared with that of 1955-56. During these two seasons a total of 3.077 trap- per's licenses were issued. Listed on the fol- lowing page are the furs taken by these trap- pers. Income to trappers from sale of these pelts also is shown. Furs taken during these two seasons to- taled approximately 140,000 pelts, worth more than one-half million dollars. Four species — beaver, mink, muskrat and marten — produced more than 95 per cent of the pelts and nearly all the income, reflecting current market trends. Tlie most important fur prtxlucing areas arc ill the western mountainous portion of the state and in the "high-line" area, north of the Missouri River. Since the three most import- ant fur animals are associated with bodies of water, it is natural that they should be more abutidant in the watershed and glaci- ated pothole areas. Drouth conditions during the biennium have seriously reduced muskrat populations in northeastern Montana. Size and Value of Fur Take 1955-56 No. Pelts Value 1956-57 No. Pelts Value Muskrat $ 55,812 44,003 $ 28,663 15.310 Beaver 17,611 $ 137,326 $ 9,812 70.141 Mink 7,383 $ 124,146 $ 7,964 122,347 Marten $ 721 5,638 $ 494 2,791 Weasel $ 1,543 1,636 $ 962 605 Bobcat $ 1,209 2,938 $ 808 2,554 Coyote $ 118 122 S5 100 100 Skunk $ 2,547 1,860 $ 2,329 1,467 Raccoon $ 763 1,541 $ 468 735 Badger $ 264 201 $ 183 119 Fox $ 87 87 $ 136 301 Lynx $ 21 105 $ 45 225 Wolverine $ 6 120 $ 4 80 Otter $ 0 0 $ 62 1,099 TOTAL 88,085 $ 319,723 52,030 $ 217,874 Beaver Beaver investigations conducted during the biennium were primarily directed at keeping a finger on the pulse of populations. Popula- tion studies included analysis of pelt meas- urements, aerial colony counts and harvest analysis. Aerial beaver colony counts constitute an index to population density and permit year to year comparisons to show population trends. Results of counts conducted in the fall of 1956 and 1957 are shown below. Stream Miles Colonies Counted Miles Colonv 1956 1957 3874 2394 2518 1771 Although nearly 70,000 beaver have been taken in the last four seasons, these counts show excessive densities in many areas. In spite of liberal seasons, low prices simply have not provided enough incentive to produce de- sired harvests. Comprehensive harvest analysis is con- ducted at the end of every season. This gives the number of beaver trapped, dates of capture, trapper success and ratio of private land to public land trapped. Mink Analysis of catch records has shown that mink have been subject to heavy trapping pressure for a number of years. Since the size of the mink take is influenced by market and weather conditions as well as by population size, information based on biological indicators is used to supplement catch records as a mea- sure of population condition. Approximately 3,300 mink carcasses were collected during the biennium from cooperating mink trappers throughout the state. Age and sex ratios from these samples are used to re- flect trends in population condition. Harvest age and sex ratios do not reveal the actual composition of the population. For this reason intensive live trapping and marking of wild mink is conducted to facilitate accurate evaluation of age and sex data from trapper catches. 23 Marlcu The long-range investigation of marten liv- ing requirements conducted in cooperation with the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit was continued during the biennium. This study is based on live trapping and is produc- ing an understanding of population ecology through long-term observation of marked wild marten. Results of this study and analysis of aarlier marten seasons guided formation of improved management plans which allow an- nual cropping of marten populations. Formerly, seasons were held at irregular intervals. The 1957 open season was the third in this sus- tained yield program. Restocking of vacant habitats was con- tinued with the release of live trapped marten in the Big Belt Mountains during 1956 and 1957. l*r«Mlatoi> Fur animals, properly managed, are worth millions of dollars to the people of Montana. Predators, on the other hand, if mismanaged, may cost the people of the state millions of dollars. Such costs may be in the form of live- stock and poultry losses or may involve unwise expenditures for ineffective or unjustified con- trol measures. In order to execute predator management in accord with modern scientific principles, factual information relating to eco- nomics, population trends, distribution and certain aspects of predator ecology must be available. The first step toward a thorough analysis of Montana predator problems was to under- take a mail survey of wildlife damage on ranches and farms. In cooperation with the State Department of Agriculture, cjucstion- naires were mailed to approximately 10,000 of the state's 33,000 ranchers and farmers. Over 75 per cent of the survey forms have been re- ceived and are being proce.s.sed. When this information is summarized and evaluated it will aid the Department greatly in belter serv- ing the ranchers and farmers who rai.se much of the state's wildlife. Future investigations will deal with preda- tor-prey relationships affecting management of the various game species in Montana. Ohj««tiM-5 Fur and predator research is aimed at bio- logically and economically sound management, of these segments of the wildlife resource. Trapping seasons and regulations based on fact- ual information will insure that the people of the state will continue to reap the benefits to be derived from the fur resource. Action pro- grams conducted by the Department in con- trolling private property or wildlife losses to predators will be guided by careful investiga- tions. Such programs will be aimed at remov- ing individual animals causing losses or at con- trolling depredations on specially managed areas, leaving the majority of predators free to carry on their natural and often beneficial functions. PrcMlalor Ctintrol Predation is only one of the factors that limit game populations. Investigations show that other natural forces such as weather, food availability, disease, cover and other factors may have a far greater effect on many species than do predators. Thus, indiscriminate preda- tor control without the guidance of scientific investigation has no place in modern game management. If studies show predation on game to be an important cause of keeping a population below the carrying capacity of its habitat, then predator control, used on a local and often temporary basis, can be one of the game man- ager's kit of tools. Before control measures may be used on much (>f our public lands, the man- aging agency properly requires that game populations must be under the carrying capac- ity of the habitat and that harvest by hunters must be adequate to keep herds in balance with the range. During the biennium, the Fish and Game Department contributed $40,000 annually to the predatoi- control piogiam conducted by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with the State Livestock Commi.>;sion. the coun- ties and the game department. This contribu- tion is not so much for purpo.ses of game man- agement as it is a means of di.scharging a part of the Commission's responsibility toward over- all predator management. The State Fish and Game Director is a member of the Advisory Committee which makes recommendations on the conduct of the predator control program 24 The badger is a predator of minor economic importance. Bounties on mountain lions ($50.00) and bobcats ( $2.00 ) were continued. In addition the Commission reimbursed sportsmen's clubs for one-half the bounty paid on crows and magpies but not to exceed 10 cents per bird. The more thickly settled farmland areas receive relatively little assistance with their predator problems at present. Problems in these areas are more likely to involve poultry losses to the smaller predators. In many areas skunks and badgers have increased. Fox and raccoon have extended their ranges greatly in recent years. Since they are new to many areas, farmers inexperienced in trapping some- times find these animals difficult to capture. Other states have found extension instruction very effective in dealing with problems of this type. Accordingly, late in the biennium plans were made to initiate an extension predator control program on a pilot basis. The extension trapping instructor will work with groups and with individuals. At group meetings he will show movies and slides of trapping, hand out informative bulletins and answer questions. Field demonstrations are made to groups or individuals right on a farm where damage is occurring. The final set may be made to catch the predator doing the damage. This training is fast, effective and low in cost. If damage recurs, the farmer is trained and can handle the problem himself; or if more training is needed, he gets it in a follow-up call. This system will encourage the traditional self-reliance of the Montana citizen and will maintain the sovereignty of the private indi- vidual. Anyone interested is simply taught to help himself. It is anticipated that the same approach will be useful in dealing with beaver problems. 25 — MONTANA COOPERATIVE WILDLIFE RESEAR( M IMT The Montana Cooperative Wildlife Re- search Unit was established at Montana State University in Februar>- 8. 1958. It is operated through a coordinating committee with repre- sentatives from the State Fish and Game De- partment, State University and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Objectives, as established, are: 1. To provide technical and professional training on various levels in wildlife management, teaching, research, dem- onstration and administration. 2. To investigate and correlate the pro- duction, utilization, management and restoration of desirable populations of wildlife compatible with good land use. 3. To demonstrate research findings through extension and practical man- agement of game and fur-bearing ani- mals and of other desirable species of wildlife, and encourage wildlife restor- ation through programs with schools. youth clubs and adult groups. To make available to land-owners and operators, sportsmen, conser\'ation offi- cials, extension workers, teachers and others, the facts, methods and new findings discovered through research, and through literature suited to local and state conditions. To disseminate research findings through the publications of reports. bulletins, circulars, and journal and magazine articles. These to include scientific, semi-popular and popular materials at all levels. Rosrarrh I*rojort« 1. Magpie Predation on Ringneck Pheasants Completed 2. Feed Requirements of Elk Calves :i. Population Study of Canada Geese in the Flathead Valley Continued 4. Life History and Ecology of the Marten in Glacier Park 6, Motion Pictures of Unit Activities . 6. Aging of Fi.sher and Analysis of Reproductive System 7. Experiment.^ with the Pla.stii- Jesse-Knot Marker Contmued 8. Antelope Aging Completed 9. Pliysiology of Bighorn Sheep Continued 10. Mule Deer Population and Rr.ngc Studies in Western Montana 1 1. Studies of Alpine Ecology in the Northern Rocky Mountains Now 12. Quantitative Aspects of Raptdi- Predation Continued Winter Fishing — a favorite sport in M FISHERIES Difficulties are beginning to be experi- enced in the production of sufficient numbers of fish for restocking rehabilitated waters in Montana. Rehabilitated waters are sometimes incurred from hydro-electric installation con- struction, but mostly from cleaning up infested waters that have populations of undesirable fish. The management tools as developed in the past few years through the rehabilitation of running water in conjunction with the con- struction of fish barriers make possible the reclamation of trout waters in Montana and the segregation of species, particularly native species, in designated sections of streams or watersheds. Plans are completed and bids for construc- tion of additional fish rearing facilities at Lew- istown, Montana were opened on June 22, 1958 during the regular meeting of the Montana Fish and Game Commission. Construction may not be completed until the summer of 1959. This is the Montana Fish and Game Commis- sion's answer to solving the problem of having fish available for rehabihtation projects. Continued search for information by field personnel is resulting in a better over-all knowledge of the fish management problem and the program of fish management is being revised annually as improved practices are developed. Investigations, information gather- ing, and the fish planting program are our key annual programs that continually confront all people working with the fishery resources. The problem of adequate waters for trout management and the need for guaranteed pub- lic access to trout waters in the state must be recognized and resolved. The first may be solved by legislative action guaranteeing the availability of water for fish. The second can be solved by the reservation of public-owned lands for fishing recreation by purchase of right-of-way to public lands, or gift of fishing lands and areas for public use by our people. The additional financial burden of an access purchase program must be backed by the desire of interested people to support the increased cost in license fees for fishing in Montana. If an access program is to be carried out that en- tails the expenditure of money, this money must be provided from license revenues for fishing. This, then, reveals that a most important function on the part of our legislature is to guarantee this recreational resource for the people of Montana and the future generations. It can only be done by long range planning and the necessary financial backing. The legis- lature by its action of previous years has set up a program for pollution control. This pro- gram has developed and is working in the in- terest of the people of Montana. 27 — The following resume of the fishery man- agement program and the Montana fish hatch- ery system is presented for your information, and if there are any questions, may we suggest that they be referred to the people who are continually working at these problems and are familiar with the answers and information that may be \'aluable to you. Department personnel work in knee-deep muck during a rehabilitation project. GENERAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT General fisheries management covers all aspects of fisheries outside of fish propagation. It is concerned with fish losses, including those caused by the shrinking of fish habitat, with the proper use ot hatchery fish, with stream and lake improvement and rough fish eradica- tion, with fishermen access, with the creation of new fishing waters, and with investigation of management problems. This is the work of the fishery biologist. Much of it is supported with federal aid funds. Some of the more de- tailed studies are made in cooperation with the Zoology and Entomology Department of Mon- tana State College. The following is a summary of representa- tive projects undertaken during the bienniuni Luke and Slreuiii Survey Sometimes the remark is made "the state has been surveying waters for five years now, how come the suiveys are not all completed?" True, biological .surveys have been conducted on many Montana waters already. H()we\er. only a beginning has been made, particularly when the many remote mountain lakes and smaller streams ;iro cnnsidercfl. Olniouslv, a knowledge of the characteristics of each water and its fish population is essential to proper management. In addition, fisheries surveys are the backbone of the stream classification under- taken by the Montana Pollution Council in establishing adequate pollution control stand- ards. Follow-up surveys are even more import- ant than initial surveys since changes can be detected, management measures evaluated, and remedies applied as needed. A .survey of particular importance during the biennium was one made in connection with Nine Mile Prairie Reservoir on the Blackfoot River, a large re.servoir planned by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Chemical treatment of the site before impoundment is being consid- ered to eliminate rough fish. Such questions arose as: What is the distribution of rough fish in the drainage; that is. how many miles of stream and how many lakes must be treated? Are fish barriers needed to prex-ent recontami- nation from rough fish downstream? What will be the cost of this work including replanting? The fisheries survey in 1957 disclosed 135 miles of stream and at least 15 lakes would have to be treated. Two fish barriers are needed and nearly 12,000.000 rainbow trout required for replanting. The total cost for fisheries work to minimize damage from construction of the re-servoir is $1,125,000.00. This cost estimate has been furnished to the constructing agency for inclusion with project costs. Lake and Stream Reliabililatioii RehabiUtation. as popularly u.sed by fish- er>' workers, means chemically eradicating all fish from a body of water that is over-run with undesirable species. After the chemicals have dissipated, game fish are planted. In 1957 alone, 15 lakes were treated and comprised a total of 4.500 surface acres of water when full. Results have often been spectacular. Small fish planted in these waters often grow as fast as they do in hatcheries. Growths of an inch a month are not unusual. Use of this tool is limited by its cost. The average cost for the chemicals alone in 1957 was $1.77 per acre foot. F^ollow-up studies on the Marias Drainage which was chemically treated in 1955 showed that the primary purpo.sc of eliminating carp and goldeye from the drainage above Tiber Dam was accompli.shed. At the time of this writing no carp or goldeye have been found and 28 fishing on Tiber Reservoir has been excellent. A study is being continued so the effective life of the Marias rehabilitation project can be de- termined. We must determine on the basis of fishing days provided, whether or not we are justified in treating a lake or a drainage that will be recontaminated in five or ten years. A recent innovation in rehabilitation work is the use of fish barriers — low dams creat- ing falls — to divide a drainage into smaller management units. This permits progressive rehabilitation downstream from the headwaters without danger of rough fish re-invading from below. The smaller management units can be more thoroughly treated with chemicals and managed individually. Late in 1957 a fish bar- rier was constructed just below the outlet of Rainy Lake in the Clearwater River Drain- age. This is the first such fish barrier used in Montana. Evaluating Hatchery Fish The fish hatcheiy is the most expensive tool of fish management. During the biennium over half the fisheries dollar was spent on raising and planting trout. It is imperative that we learn to use these fish so they will do the most good. It must be realized that where the habitat is suitable fish populations can maintain themselves. In fact, the bulk of the fish caught in Montana today are wild fish. In using hatchery fish, then, the actual need, suitabihty of the habitat and return to the creel must be considered. This requires continuous study. For example, a three-year study on six lakes in the Clearwater Drainage, completed during the biennium, was used to evaluate the different types of cutthroat trout planting, which were in use on these waters. It disclosed that even the heaviest type of cut- throat planting that we could afford was ineffective in increasing the numbers of cut- throat trout in these lakes. For practical pur- poses, every fish caught was a naturally spawned fish. As a result all the planting has been stopped. This represents a yearly saving of over 750,000 cutthroat trout, both fry and fingerlings. Consequently a new management plan was inaugurated on the Clearwater Drainage with the construction of the fish barrier below the outlet of Rainy Lake. The three lakes and the complex of streams upstream from the bar- Pictured he planting. type of tank used for aerial fish rier are scheduled to be rehabilitated in the fall of 1958 and replanted with rainbow trout the following spring or summer. If this proves successful, additional barriers will be built downstream allowing the entire drainage to be rehabilitated as described in the section "Lake and Stream Rehabilitation." Two other studies during the biennium were on Flint Creek, the department's test stream near Philipsburg, and Smith Lake rear- ing pond near Whitefish. It was demonstrated on these waters that each stream and lake has a carrying capacity in pounds of fish regard- less of numbers. For Flint Creek (when the flow was maintained at no less than 8 cubic feet per second) this was 210 pounds per sur- face acre and for Smith Lake Rearing Pond, 33 pounds per surface acre. Planting in excess of the carrying capacity resulted in slower growth, skinny fish, lower overwinter survival, and only temporary surpluses. It was also found on the test stream that transporting fish longer than six hours in certain fish tanks affected their survival. In still another test, fish raised on one diet survived twice as well as fish on another diet. Such studies are con- tinuing and promise much needed information on hatchery techniques, planting rates, and survival of hatchery fish. Pollution Control Starting in 1957, a department fishery biol- ogist was assigned full time to work in liaison with the Stats Board of Health and Pollution Council on pollution control and abatement in relation to fish and wildhfe. Much of the initial work will be classification of Montana streams as to use. These uses are drinking water, rec- 29 reation. aquatic life (including fish), agricul- tural and industrial. A considerable portion of the biologist's time is spent working with new industries on their pollution abatement prob- lems. To date the major effort has been on the Clark Fork of the Columbia Drainage. Pulp mill wastes often have a high dis- solved oxygen demand and may contain caustic compounds. Note foamy condition of water. Fisherman Access Obviously no fish management measure is worthwhile unless fishermen can get to the water. The stand might be taken that Montana has no great access problem at this time so it should be of no concern. Such an attitude is folly, for access problems are steadily growing and it can be anticipated that in ten to fifteen years Montana will be in the same situation as more heavily populated states — in desperate need of fishing access but faced with "house lot" prices. The approach today is to secure access through public lands whenever possible. Since 1951 a survey of state and federal lands to determine their value for fi.shing access has been in progress. As a result, to date the Bu- reau of Land Management has been requested to retain 99,000 acres and the Slate Board of Land Commissioners has been requested to retain an additional 152,000 acres so waters bordering these lands will be acce.ssible to the public. It would be desirable if sites with high value as fishing access could be actually set aside for this purpo.se. There would be no cost involved. The lands would be administered by the same agency as at present, and leased for agricultural u.se, but they could not be .sold. Some of the finest agricultural land in the state is along river bottoms. Lake frontage has always been desirable real estate. As a result many important fishing waters are completely on private land. During the biennium five tracts comprising 3-3 4 miles of stream front- age have been purchased. Also, 1.1 miles of frontage was purchased on three lakes. These lakes have a total of 150 surface acres. Such purchases are handled by the Departmen*. Lands Agent. Water Purchase Through a joint agreement between the Montana Fish and Game Commission, the State Water Conservation Board, the Western Montana Fish and Game Association, and the Ravalli County Fish and Game Association. 5.000 acre feet of water will be available an- nually to the Fish and Game Department from the West Fork Dam in Ravalli County. The water which was purcha.sed in early 1958 is in excess of agricultural needs. It will be released into the Bitterroot River during summer months when heavy irrigation draws the streams to a dangerous low for fish. This is the first time in Montana that water has been specifically reserved for fishing. The need arose because there is no provision in the state laws for minimum stream flows to preserve fish life. Creel Census In fish management the "proof of the pud- ding" is in the creel. The statewide creel cen- sus shows that in 1957 the average angler contacted by State Fish and Game Wardens caught about 1 fish per hour, while the aver- age for fishermen voluntarily filling in the department's Fisherman's Log was 3 fish even,' two hours. On the basis that a fish every 2 hours is good fishing — fishing in Montana can be considered excellent. The statewide creel census has been in operation since 194K. Information gathered by wardens, guides and outfitters, and received from sportsmen in Fisherman's Logs is tabu- lated by electronic business machines. This in- formation is used by the District Fisheries Managers in managing the State's waters. I III; >i()M v\ V I isi! ii\i< HI K^ .SVSIF.M Cost of fish production has become of prime concern to fish culturists us well as to sportsmen. Departments of the various states .30 - and the Fish and Wildlife Service have each had their own system of cost analysis. Because of the differences in cost accounting breakdown it has been impossible to compare performance statistics of the different organizations. The Federal Fish and Wildlife Service has spent many years in developing an annual report system which would adequately present all phases of the hatchery operations. Because the Federal Service operates hatcheries in all sections of the United States, the Montana Department feels they should take the lead in developing cost accounting and performance evaluation statistics. We have therefore adopted the federal annual hatchery report on a trial basis, and each foreman has prepared the report for the calendar year 1957. Copies of the reports may be inspected by the public at the Helena office or at the various hatcheries. Under the Federal annual reporting system expenditures for items such as new construc- tion, "park" maintenance, experimental work, hatchery assistance given other activities in the agency, central office overhead and amor- tization of the facilities are not included in the cost per pound of fish produced. Labor and funds used specifically for rearing fish were charged to fish production. Because the Montana fish hatchery annual report was not begun until 1957, this type of breakdown is not available for the calendar year 1956. In 1957 approximately 50 per cent of the state hatcheries expenditures were used for fish production (see table 1). It will be noted that there is considerable variation in the cost per pound of fish produced at the various stations. This is invariably a reflection of the size of fish being reared. For instance in 1957 it cost 53 cents per pound to rear fish at the Bluewater hatchery while at Somers it cost $2.31 per pound. The Bluewater fish poundage wa.s predominately large catch- able sized rainbow trout, while the Somers fish production was almost exclusively small fry and fingerlings. Catchable sized trout are popular with most sportsmen in spite of the relatively high cost per fish. They are planted in heavily fished accessible areas of Montana streams. The smaller fry and fingerlings though more expensive by the pound are providing an eco- nomical means of re-establishing desirable game fish in rehabilitated lakes and streams. Table No. 2 shows number, pounds and species planted by all Montana and Federal hatcheries in Montana for the years 1956 and 1957. 1957 TABLE NO. 1 Numbers Pounds Planted Cost Per Pound of Fish Produced Percentage of Funds Used For Production Anaconda 352,955 Arlee 1,115,085 Big Timber 628,793 Bluewater 205,467 Emigrant 336,263 Great Falls 4,128,511 Hamilton 72,355 Lewistown 829,157 Libby 106,595 McNeil 1,349,000 Poison 2,282,548 Somers 3,142,554 23,462 .89 7k; 24,415 .89 62% 6,048 1.15 52% 31,818 .53 61% 9,287 .92 43% 43.575 .91 49% 4,542 2.14 58% 48,031 .55 70% 3,930 2.00 36% 36 17.75 28% 546 2.86 28% 2,247 2.31 40%' TABLE NO. 2 Fi>li i'laiil.d i>N Slat.- and I rd.-ral ilal.lirri MdiiUma Jan. 1 — Dec . 31 — l!t.-)fi Jan. 1-Dec. 31—1957 Species Size .Numlier Founds Number Pounds Rainbow- Fr\- 807,168 643 76.320 36 1 L233,658 990 379.677 1.055 2 8.899.854 21.517 5,158.862 14.914 3 152,170 1.803 577.398 4.786 4 174.940 5,108 27.897 1.261 5 108.338 6.305 46,345 4.213 6 144.130 15.106 244.421 23.220 Legal 813.854 239.705 1.193.855 341.816 Adult 131.710 34,330 162.548 48.396 Cutthroat Frv 2,878.198 663 1.410.070 290 1 517,782 307 629.224 487 2 557,105 1,047 694.369 1.178 3 111,282 850 283.817 3.303 4 49,590 868 260.592 4,097 5 20,255 1,340 13,760 320 6 32,205 2.205 59.876 5.591 Legal 11,420 2,005 24.828 3 271 Adult 1.839 4,122 880 2.676 Eastern Brook 4 9.828 252 15,861 909 Brown Trout ... . 3 11,510 176 Mackinaw 1 153,318 61 94.000 2.000 70 Golden Trout Fry 1 2 1 20,862 20 3 1.328 16 Sockeye Fry 2,364.382 895 2.597.011 614 eggs 102.080 21 1 39,437 8 209.356 49 Grayling Fry 3.286,950 101 1.133.183 56 4 10.022 341 5 10.395 462 8.790 409 Legal 20,000 2,711 13.747 786 Bass 3 306.900 2.692 85.110 989 5 10.200 183 Sunfish 1 974,400 309 2 100.010 475 Walleye Fry 1,773.875 35 2.238.000 39 Northern Pikt- Frv 639.720 18 120.000 4 Adult 20 60 TOTALS 25,396,233 347,079 18,848.299 465.506. .'H •§E " n : : I X § ; r^ ; ^ ^ ■• ^ ; O ; ; ^ i 1^ II i Z ; : O : S oc SJ S : : ; i g : ; S : g| M S : ■> ^ Q i ; ""' : ; «S §Q z CTj U 1^ ^ o u ss CQ ^t Xj 25 U ui J V -fC "^iS en g« U 2 en ■ ^1 U o;t n Z.'^ ^0 ^ I| gE t^ CO O O f^- ^1 0-. -+ ^ ^1 O Q vo —< i-n ^ Tt IT) '^J -^ ""' Cn <^]_ CO rn_ ro (N) ON r^, 00 OO' CO r^i m' '^" '^' — •' '^" 00 — ' >o oo' ro O '^ t^ori — 0G^-l-O-t-|-Ln(Nl'^. ■O tx. 00 O 't vc ^ CC -r >J-. 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'-^ uS o <^ ^ Q " ro in -+ NO O On O O NO NO NO, LT; OO' im' (Nf " ' ' t^ ro ro t^ 00 Ri ^ 0^ On 0\ ^ t % ^ \j-> \0 f^ -t- rr; CO NO O) O "^ NO fN M 2 ;^ 2^ O ^ t^ -+ CO ON 00 ^^ t~N t^ "+ t^ f^ ^ g^ §8 ^ --I fO r^ t^s 00 N> O ^ — . < ty^ O 39 — ^ b. o -:t' "-T no' NO NO •^- fV] ON ON OO NO ON r^ CO CO tNx ro r^ CO '-I i^ "5 i^ --f ON On CO "^ t> Q ■-; ro On <^i t^i 00 ^>! 00 o ^NOfNjro,— lONfOt^ On ? fN -. 0 1^. - > _;:; nj t; ra |l _^S ss "o " -< - LTv 00 t^ ! "~- NO 00 t CO t< uS c V)-Vi- Vi- 00 ; ON d'^ s^- ^■2 — I JJ Ol U ^ c ~ ^5 ^50- i MOM ANA IISH AM) (iAMK nil' VK I MI£M STATEMENT OF IN(;0>IE MAY 1. lOofi-APKII. .in. I<).-,7 Hunting and Fishing Licenses: Resident Bird an.l Fi>li 191.081 (?i $ 3.00 $ 573.243.00 Resident Hi- (ianic 121.0_'6 (a, 3.00 363.078.00 \on-Resident 6-Dav Ki.sliinj,' 41.328 (Ti 3.00 123,984.00 Xon-Resident Fishing ?090 (a 10.00 50.900.00 Xon-Resideni I'.ird 2(S fii 25.00 6.700.00 Non-Resident V.ia Hanu- -'.''74 (a 100.00 297.400.00 Shippinjj Permits ''.025 (7i .60 3.615.00 Certificates of Identification -'.074 (a .50 1.037.00 How & Arrow 1.45.? (7i 2.00 2.906.00 Fnr Shipping I'ermits 222 (a .60 133.20 Moo.se Permits 4U5 (a 25.00 10.125.00 Monntain .Sheep 2(." (a 15.tK) 4.035.00 Mountain Coat ><51 (a 5.00 4.255.00 Xon-Resident Deer 6.445 (a 20.00 12S.t»00.00 Xon-Resident Antelope 5.033 (ii 20.(X1 100.(.(:a00 $1.670.''71.20 Less Dealers' Fees . 37.754.10 1954 Account Paid 1955 .Accounts Paid Total Income from lluntinij \: Fishing License Sales Miscellaneous Sales: (iiiRial Irapi^crs l.O'M (a 10.00 $ 10,910.00 Land ( Jwner Trappers ... -"'S (ii LOO 298.00 lieaver Tags 16.LS8 ^( ..=^(1 8.069.00 i'.eaver Permits ^•f'l 5..=;73.00 (Permit for ten heaver $10.a!> (Each additional heaver l.OOi Outfitters 280 (li 10.00 2.8(.K).0(.) Resident Fur Dealer 41 Cn 10.00 410.(X) Ta.xidermist . Ki Cii 15.00 240.00 (;eneral Season Beaver Royalties 'K.W? (a LOO ".325.00 Fur Dealer Apent .'. 2i^ Co 10.00 280.1X) Xon-Resident Fur Dealer S f?/ .5().(K) 400.tX) Minnow Seining Permits 11 Gi lO.fX) 110.00 Additicmal Heaver Granted 22u (a l.UI 226.00 Miscellaneous Revenue: I'lnrs $ 46.(.1'),(K) Sale of Confiscated Fish & Meats . 3.4'»<.(V. Other Reventie .U. -4 .>().>•> Sale of Confiscated Hides and Ftirs 17Z.0& Royalty on Live Heaver Sol. I 6.50 Pitlrn.iii-Rohertson Income hy l-'ederal Reiml.nrsenu iii Dingell-Johns( n Incotne hy Federal Reiinhursenieiit TO'IAI. IXCO.Mi; TO l)|-.l'\RTMh:\T FOR I'l'.RloD .\1\\ I. I-'.m, M'Kll »■ r-, $1.(..U.217.10 2.90 7.977.90 Sl.641.197.90 .Wi41.«10 84.H44. 52..^26.615.50 40- MONTANA FISH AND GAME DEPARTMENT STATEMENT OF INCOME IVIAY 1, 1957.APRIL 30, 1958 Hunting and Fishing Licenses: Resident Bird & Fisli 188.048 Resident Big Game 118.235 Xon-Resident 6-Day Fishing 41,869 Xon-Resident Fishing — 5,705 Non-Resident Bird 277 Non-Resident Big Game 3,774 Shipping Permits 6,478 Certificates of Identification 2,225 Bow and Arrow 1,929 Fur Shipping Permits 159 Non-Resident Deer 5,038 Non-Resident Antelope 2,895 Mountain Goat - 1,070 Moose Permits 411 Mountain Sheep 195 (a. $ 3.00 &: 3.00 (a: 3.00 m 10.00 m 25.00 (S, 100.00 (S .60 (S; .50 (S, 2.00 @ .60 &, 20.00 & 20.00 (Si 5.00 @ 25.00 &: 15.00 Less Dealers' Fees 1956 Accounts Paid Refund due Gregoire Total Income from Hunting & Fishing License Sales $ 564,144.00 354,705.00 125,607.00 57,050.00 6,925.00 377,400.00 3,886.80 1,112.50 3,858.00 95.40 100,760.00 57,900.00 5,350.00 10,275.00 2,925.00 $1,671,993.70 36,841.40 $1,635,152.30 5,170.10 + 1.90 $1,640,324.30 Miscellaneous Sales: General Trappers 1,032 @ Land Owner Trappers Beaver Tags Beaver Permits Outfitters Resident Fur Dealers Taxidermist Licenses General Season Beaver Royalties Fur Dealer Agent Non-Resident Fur Dealer Minnow Seining Permits .Additional Beaver Granted 1,032 & 10.00 226 (5 1.00 5.429 (S! .50 545 238 (a 10.00 34 @ 10.00 18 (S; 15.00 409 O; 1.00 26 (£; 10.00 9 &: 50.00 11 ® 10.00 10 @ 1.00 10,320.00 226.00 7,714.50 2,959.00 2,380.00 340.00 270.00 409.00 260.00 450.00 110.00 10.00 25,448.50 Miscellaneous Revenue : Fines 36,927.31 Sale of Confiscated Fish & Meats 3,128.22 Other Revenue 132,485.08 Sale of Hides & Furs 99.60 Rovaltv on Live Beaver Sold 8.00 Roiigh'Fish Sold — Fort Peck Lake - 743.13 Pittman-Robertson Income by Federal Reimbursement Dingell-Johnson Income by Federal Reimbursement TOTAL INCOME TO DEPARTMENT FOR PERIOD MAY 1, 1957-APRIL .30, 1958 173.391.34 $1,839,164.14 404.249.42 96,016.50 $2,339,430.06 — 41 DETAIL OF E\IM:.M)I n KES For Fi>.al V«'ars Emlinp April M). 1«>37. and April M). I '>■">?{ COMMISSIONKRS Per Diem Operation TOTAL April April 1958 $ 3,075.25 $ 3.922.50 6.860.18 s"" 8.9(M.30 $ 0035.43 12.826.80 AD.MI.M.SI K.\ri( >\- Salaries OiK-ration Capital l".\|)ei)(litiire Kci)air iS: Rcplaitiiu-iit TO'I" \1. ,^ 132.210.55 $ 142.306.74 43.340.08 52.914.22 3.641.39 13.604.57 046.49 1.781.93 $ 180.138.51 S 210.607.46 MI.SCKI.I.AXKOUS ACCOUNT? Primiiit; Licenses - Maps .. Refunds Appropriation to State Controller Canyon Ferry Dam Tiber Dain River Basins Projects Fishes of Montana Search and Rescue Miles City Goose Pasture Land Affcnt Extension Trai)per Game Daniafje Turkey TransplantiiiK (otlur tlian I'.R. KIk Transplanting (other than I'.R.) . .. Checkinfj Stations (other than P.R.) Bond Investment & Interest Bulk Gasoline and Oil .\ccouiit TOTAI 44.181 43 2.445.48 7.628.87 718.59 3.0S8.84 756.66 7..S99.01 1.785.76 100.441.96 $ 16").918.68 32.670.46 1.656.90 3.232.05 479.90 1.175.64 11.40 3.344.96 275.62 1.504.a>< 1.472.17 59.48 3.656.75 2.885.41 7.54 56 LOT) 441,9<,« 540. 19* 52.012,07 L\FOkM.\Tlo.\ W'l) l-l)l'( \ III >.\ Salaries Operation Capital IC.xpendituris Repair and Rephiiiinenl TO'I'AI. 2(..;')8.26 15,342.03 II.S&'^.K? J>',4 1.630.83 1.037.22 $ 93.334.63 . $ 44.510.13 26,603.10 2.401.20 1.808.21 $ 75.412.73 $ 30.424 .03 17.?i(..St 4.<'28.47 3.42»).32 1,844.10 934.76 9.656.07 8.752.53 543.81 s 19.260.14 $ 14.762.92 5.121.36 919.09 1.286.87 $ 22.090.24 s 18.650.36 9.405.24 3.454.78 2.592.40 34,102.78 s 11.732.93 6.169.56 249.59 971.83 $ 19.123.91 s JO.8.^0.55 25.964.50 13.701.76 2.508.W $ 63.033.93 $ 11,578.22 4,047.49 404.00 7,')76.90 $ 16,LV).65 24,006.61 DETAIL OF EXPENDITURES — (Continued) April 1957 McNElL Salaries $ 1,850.87 Operation 1,92573 Capital Expenditure -46.57 Repair and Replacement - 139.27 TOTAL $ 3,962.44 OVANDO Salaries $ 11.67 Operation 41.92 Capital Expenditure Repair and Replacement Refund from Fire Insurance TOTAL $ 53.59 POLSON Salaries $ 5,236.52 Operation 2,211.74 Capital Expenditure 1 50.48 Repair and Replacement 304.67 TOTAL $ 7,903.41 SOMERS Salaries , $ 11.109.95 Operation 5,322.84 Capital Expenditure 8,486.15 Repair and Replacement 1,846.40 TOTAL $ 26,765.34 FISHERIES GENERAL Salaries $ 4,189.85 Operation 7,284.66 Capital Expenditure 2,689.06 Repair and Replacement 513.98 TOTAL $ 14,677.55 SPAWNING STATIONS Salaries $ 12,228.53 Operation 5,629.64 Capital Expenditure 103.13 Repair and Replacement 1.039.35 TOTAL $ 19,000.65 ♦Indicates Credit — 47 — April 1958 $ 1.509.90 1,479.02 170.39 $ 3,159.31 $ 113.27 224.13 317.96 1.634.56* $ 979.20* $ 4,293.35 2.652.73 65.16 900.25 $ 7,911.49 $ 11,864.42 5,061.63 465.65 705.04 $ 18,096.74 $ 2,125.93 10.422.42 35,743.88 366.92 $ 48,659.15 $ 12,141.97 8,270.45 487.64 1,740.09 $_ 22,640.15 DETAIL OF KXI'K.NDiri Kl> — ((..iitiiiu. <1 ) fi:i)i:k \i. ii \T(iii:rif.s CRKSTOX Salaries Operation Capital Mxpenditiire Rei)air anil Replaii-nu-nt TUTAI. KXXIS Salaries Oi)eration Capital Expenditure Repair and Replacement . TOTAL . MILES CITY Salaries . Operation Capital Expcndiluic Repair and Rei)laccnienl TOTAL .. $ 5.123.54 $ 5.003.99 FISHl'.RIKS MAXAGl-.MI'lXT PROJECTS MISCELLAXEOrS FIELD I'ROjF.CTS Salaries Operation Capital Expenditure Repair and ReplacenuMil TO'I'AL UlNGELL-JOHXSOX l'R(Jji;c'l .s Salaries {J)jeration . Capital Ex])enditurc Rei.air and Repl.ucnu iit 'KJTAL TOTAL EISIIF'.RII'.S DUlSloX ♦Indicates Crc-dil — 48 s 2.213.00 $ 2,362.50 2.510.58 2.779.22 16.64 37.20 55.80 .. $ 4.740.22 $ 5,234,72 L088.00 S 2.839.42 2.287.60 1.397.37 81.02 18.48 793.97 673.06 $ 4.850.59 $_ 4.928.33 $ A.57S.75 s 4.383.00 .s44,7<) 620.99 <; l.r.<24.U4 .> .-.v.708.4S 24,553.05 3.580.()0 10«i.305.20 1,772.83* 3.053.43 ■ $ 26.840.29 $ $ 190.526.75 $ (.2,.';'»8.i)i /^.^''Hk^.^ .<7.705.«M 7SXyi2.77 (.,281.94 35,474.2') 1.448.53 • ^.7.36 $ 108.034.41 :i.25 _$_ 545.450.54 $ ;y2.855j2 DETAIL OF EXPENDITURES— (Continued) GAME FARM DIVISION BILLINGS MECHANIC SHOP Salaries Operation Capital Expenditure Repair and Replacement Credit for Services TOTAL *Indicates Credit April April 1957 1958 Salaries $ 6.301.25 Operation 4.857.30 Capital Expenditure 84.89 Repair and Replacement 547.17 TOTAL $ 11.790.61 FORT PECK Salaries -- -- $ 11,896.88 Operation . . . 9.263.58 Capital Expenditure 7.69 Repair and Replacement - 1.794.54 TOTAL $ 22,962.69 WARM SPRINGS Salaries - - - $ 13,"95.00 Operation . 8,306.45 Capital Expenditure 95.01 Repair and Replacement . . 716.15 TOTAL . $ 23,112.6T MOIESE Salaries $ 2,001.00 Operation 1,568.19 Capital Expenditure 15.95 Repair and Replacement 278.78* TOTAL ^ 3,306.36 TOTAL GAME FARM DIVISION :... $ 61.172.27 WAREHOUSE AND SHOP Salaries $ 13,425.93 Operation 1,818.74 Capital Expenditure 402.42 Repair and Replacement 107.43* TOTAL $ 15,539.66 HELENA WAREHOUSE Salaries - - Operation Capital Expenditure - Re])air and Replacement TOTAL $ 6.645.70 5.297.13 62.69 $ 12,005.52 $ 12,682.08 12.178.65 96.64 2,061.51 $ 27,018.88 $ 15.258.48 11.361.20 18.83 474.05 $ 27,112.56 $ 295.51 34.08 31.10 442.45 $ 803.14 ^ 66,940.10 $ 6,011.12 1.435.79 129.06 598.97 $ 8,174.94 $ 14.500.00 1,535.76 28.80 683.81 9,251.02* $_ 7,497.35 DETAIL OF FAPENDITl RKS — (ContiiuHMl) WOODWORKING SHOP & BINKHOUSE Salaries Operation Capital Expenditure Repair and Replacement Credit for Services 6 979.82 965.85 177.28 502.33 4,265.05* TOTAL $ 4.360.43 April 19S8 6,841.70 1,029.85 76.55 2.360.97 8,753.71* 1,555.36 STORES AND SUPPLIES Expenditures for Merchandise Credit for Merchandise Checked Out TOTAL :.(j 15.55 2,615.55 $ 60.878.66 60.999.92" WILDLIFE RESTOR.\TIO.\ Salaries Operation Capital Expenditure Repair and Replacement .... TOTAL GRAND TOTAL 22r5I6.66 ^ _'N'.214.3o 1.^7.651.94 161.315.26 l'>3.7 14.57 168.612.41 20.0S2.64 24.882.66 $ 576.965.81 $ 2.217,661.06 *Indicates Credit TOTAL SALARIES $ 9^)2.051.44 TOTAL OPER.ATIOXS .543.744.87 TOTAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES 414.161 ..^8 TOTAL REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT 149.614.41 TOTAL I'.OXD IX\ESTMEXTS 100.441.96 TOTAL APPROPRIATIOXS 16.750.00 GRAXl) TOTAL OF KXiM=:XI)ITURES $ 2.217.664.06 $ 644.024.69^ $ 2.426.827.68 S 1.171.66.V01 a')2.245.20 424.829.74 201.031.69 441.06* 27,500.00 $ 2.426.827.68 RECAPITULATION OF FUNDS >lav 1. I<>56 to Ai.ril M). I «>.">: And !Vlay I, I«>.=i7 l«» April M). 1938 Balance Forwar7.55 2,217,664.06 3,031 .533.55 2.426.S27.68 $ 58.^,152.05 2.326.615.50 $ 602,103.40 2.3.^0.4.^)06 $ 604.705.87 SOO.OOO.W $ U04y705.87