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T,0TTT?>TAN^ A PURGI1A2.E EXHIBITIO/^
APRIE 30 TO DEG. I - le^T*

THird Biennial R.eport

o/*

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF

Horticulture

to

Leg^islative Assembly

7/ c

of

STATE or MONTANA

Butte Pr<

ee

For tHe years

JUN 6 1910

il^ifelwcfoiJbrary

"INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING COMPANY, HELENA, MONTANA."

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.
Henry White, First District, Billings.

E. N. Brandegee, President, Second District, Helena.

C. H. Campbell, Third District, Great Falls.

C. C. Willis, Fourth District, Plains.

J. O. Read, Fifth District, Hamilton.

O. C. Estey, Sixth District, Big Fork.

Hon. Jos. K. Toole, Ex-Officio Member, Helena.

Chas. H. Edwards, Secretary, Butte.

INSPECTORS.

E. N. Brandegee, Inspector-at-Large for the State, Helena.
Henry White, First District, Billings.

H. C. Gardiner, Second District, Bozeman.

Chas. H. Edwards, Second District, Butte.

E. N. Brandegee, Second District, Helena.

C. E. Hubard, Third District, Great Falls.

E. M. Tucker, Eourth District, Missoula.

J. O. Read, Fifth District, Hamilton.

O. C. Estey, Sixth District, Big Fork.

J. C. Wood, Sixth District, Big Fork.

Fred Hartman, Sixth District, Kalispell.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of State Board of Horticulture.

Butte, Mont., January i, 1905.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY, .

JOSEPH K. TOOLE,

GOVERNOR OF MONTANA.

In accordance with law we have the honor to . submit the Third
Biennial Report, Volume HI., of the Montana State Board of
Horticulture for the years 1903 and 1904.

E. N. BRANDEGEE,

C. H. EDWARDS, President.

Secretary.

Report of the Montana of

Horticultii^lic hikimag

TO HIS EXCELLENCY,

JOSEPH K. TOOLE,

GOVERNOR OF MONTANA.

To the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the State of
Montana :

In compliance with the provisions of law, I have the honor
to submit for your inspection the following report of the work
of the State Board of Horticulture and its officers and appointees
for the years 1903 and 1904:

AN ACT

To Create the Montana State Board of Horticulture, to Prescribe
Its Powers and Duties, and to Appropriate
Money Therefor.

Be It Enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of

Montana

Section i. There is hereby created a State Board of Horti-
culture, to consist of six (6) members, five of whom shall be ap-
pointed by the Governor, one from each of the horticultural dis-
tricts that are hereby created, and the State Executive who shall
be an ex-officio member of the board. No person shall, however,
be appointed on said Board, or employed by them, who shall be
connected in any way, with any nursery, or who shall be en-
gaged in the sale or handling for profit of any nursery product.

Sec. 2. The State shall be divided into the following horticul-
tural districts : The First District shall comprise the counties of
Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon and Park;
the Second District shall comprise the counties of Gallatin, Madi-
son, Jefferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and Clarke,
Meagher and Broadwater ; the Third District shall comprise the
counties of Cascade, Fergus, Valley, Chouteau and Teton.; the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

5

Fourth District shall comprise the counties of Missoula, Ravalli,
Granite and Deer Lodge; the Fifth District shall comprise the
county of Flathead. ■

Sec. 3. The members shall reside in the district for which
they .are appointed. They shall be selected with reference to
their study of, and practical experience in horticulture, and the
industries dependent thereon. They shall hold office for a term
of four years, and until their successors are appointed and quali-
fied, provided, however, that two of the Board first appointed —
to be determined by lot — shall retire at the expiration of two
years. All vacancies in the Board shall be filled by appoint-
ment of the Governor,, and shall be for the unexpired term.

Sec. 4. The Board is authorized to employ a secretary and
prescribe his duties, who shall hold his appointment at the pleas-
ure of the Board. Before entering upon the discharge of his
duties, each member and employe of the Board shall take and
subscribe to the oath of office, which said oath shall be filed with
the Secretary of State.

Sec. 5. The Board may call together and hold, in conjunction
with horticultural societies, public meetings of those interested
in horticulture and kindred pursuits, and may publish and dis-
tribute such proceedings and discussions as in its judgment may
seem proper, provided the sum so expended shall not exceed the
sum of $300 per annum. ,

The Board shall meet on the third Monday of February and
September of each year, land as much oftener as it may deem
expedient. $

Sec. 6. The office of the Board shall be located at such place
as the majority thereof may determine, and shall be in charge of
the Secretary during the absence of the Board.

Sec. 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the prevention,
treatment, cure and extripation of fruit pests and the diseases
of fruits and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions,
or orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and other
suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to
orchards, fruits and fruit trees, said Board may prescribe regula-
tions for the inspection and disinfection thereof, which regula-
tions shall be circulated in printed form, by the Board, among

6

THIRD BIENNIAL REiPORT OF THE

the fruit growers and fruit dealers of the State, and shall be
published at least ten days in two horticultural papers of gen-
eral circulation in the State, and shall be posted in three con-
spicuous places in each county of the State, one of which shall
be at the county court house thereof.

Sec. 8., The said Board shall elect from their own number or
appoint from without their number, to hold office at the pleasure
of the Board, one competent person in each district tO' be known
and to act as ^“Inspector of Fruit Pests.”. Said inspectors shall
be selected with reference to their study and practical experience
in horticulture. It shall be the duty of said inspectors tO' visit the
nurseries, orchards, stores, packing houses, warehouses and
other places where horticultural products and fruits are kept and
handled within their repective districts, and to see that the
regulations of the State Board of Horticulture to prevent the
spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants, and the
disinfection of fruits, trees, plapts, grafts, scions, orchard debris
and empty fruit boxes and other material shall be fully carried
out and complied with. Said inspectors shall have free access,
at all times, to all the premises where any trees, plants, fruits or
horticultural products or supplies are kept or handled, and shall
have full power to enforce the rules and regulations of the State
Hortictiltural Board, and to order the destruction or disinfection
of any or all trees, plants, fruits or horticultural products or
supplies found to be infected with any disease, as prescribed or
designated by said Board.

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons, cor-
poration or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any person
or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, plants, vines,
scions or grafts, to notify the inspector of said district wherein
such trees, plants, vines, etc., etc., are to be delivered at least
five days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date
and nursery or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions,
etc., etc., lare to be delivered, together with the name of the
party or parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the
duty of the inspector receiving said notice to inspect the said
trees, plants, grafts, scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as prac-
ticable, and at the point where the same are to be delivered, and
if the same be found free from any and all diseases or pests, as

MONTANA STATEI BOARD OP HORTTCUDTURE.

7

designated by said State Board of Horticulture, he shall so cer-
tify and shall attach such certificate to each lot or bill of such
trees, plants, scions, grafts, etc., etc., which said certificate must
contain a list of said trees, grafts, scions, plants or vines sO' in-
spected. But if any of the trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants
SO inspected shall be found to be diseased or infested with any
of the pests, as prescribed by said Board, then the inspector shall
order the destruction of such trees, grafts, scions, vines, etc., etc.,
so diseased or infested, together with all boxes, wrapping or
packing pertaining thereto.

Sec. 10. If any person or persons in charge or control of any
nursery, orchard, storeroom, packing house or other place where
horticultural products or supplies are handled or kept, shall fail
or refuse to comply with the rules and regulations of the said
State Board of Horticulture, or shall fail or refuse to disinfect
or destroy any diseased or infected trees, plants, vines, scions,
grafts, shrubs or other horticultural supplies or products, when
ordered so to do by the inspector of such district, he shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof
shall be fined in any sum not less than $25 nor more than $300.

Sec. II. It shall be the duty of every owner or manager of
every orchard, nursery, storeroom, packing house or other place
where horticultural products or supplies are kept or handled,
which shall become diseased or infected with any injurious insect
or pest, to immediately, upon discovery of the existence of such
disease or pest, tO' notify the inspector of said district of the ex-
istence of the same. It shall be the duty of such owner or man-
ager at his own proper expense, to comply with and carry out all
the instructions of said inspector for the eradication of said dis-
ease or pests. Any person who shall fail or refuse to comply
with the instructions of said inspector for the eradication of any
disease or pest, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and ^
upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than
$25 nor more than $300.

Sec. 12. If any person or persons, corporation or corporations
shall fail or refuse to forthwith comply with the instructions of
said inspector, for the eradication of any disease or pest, said
inspector shall proceed forthwith to eradicate such disease or
pest and the expense of the same shall become a charge and a
lien upon the property of such owner.

THIRD BIENNIAD REiPORT OF THE

Sec. 13. Every person who, for himself or as agent for any
other person or persons, corporation or corporations, transporta-
tion company or common carrier, shall deliver or turn over to
any person or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees,
vines, shrubs, nursery stock, scions, grafts, without first having
attached the inspector’s certificate, as provided in Section 9 of
this Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than $25 nor
more than $300.

Sec. 14. No person or persons, corporation or corporations,
shall be liable to any other person or persons, corporation or
corporations for any damage to any trees, vines or shrubs, nurs-
ery stock, scions or grafts by reason of the same being held to
await the certificate of the inspector, as provided in Section 9
of this Act.

Sec. 15. The Inspectors of fruit pests appointed or elected by
said Board, shall receive as compensation for their services the
sum of $5.00 (five dollars) per day for the time actually em-
ployed ; provided, however, that no inspector shall receive more
than three hundred dollars in any one year, when acting as such
inspector of fruit pests. The members of said Board shall re-
ceive no compensation for their services except actuual expenses
paid out. The secretary of said Board shall receive the sum of
$1,000 per annum for his services.

Sec. 16. All bills for expenditures, under this Act, shall be
audited and passed upon by said Board of Horticulture, and if
found legal and just, shall be allowed, subject to the approval of
the State Board of Examiners, and a warrant shall be drawn
therefor upon the auditor of the State of Montana, who shall
draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer therefor.

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all
meetings of the Board and procure records of the proceedings
and correspondence, to collect books, pamphlets, periodicals and
other documents containing valuable information relating to hor-
ticulture, and to preserve the same ; to collect statistics and other
information showing the actual condition and progress of horti-
culture in this State and elsewhere ; to correspond with agricul-
tural and horticultural societies, colleges and schools of agri-
culture and horticulture and other persons and bodies as may

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

9

be directed by the Board, and prepare, as required by the Board,
reports for publication ; he shall also act as assistant to, and
obey the directions of the inspectors of fruit pests, under the
direction of the Board.

Sec. i8. The Board shall biennially, in the month of January,
report to the Legislature a statement of its doings and abstracts
of the reports of the inspectors of fruit pests, and of the Secre-
tary.

Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State
Board of Horticulture, as set forth in this Act, out of the moneys
in the State Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of
three thousand ($3,000) dollars, or as much thereof as may b*e
necesary for the year commencing March i, 1899, three thou-
sand six hundred ($3,600) dollars, or as much thereof as may be
necesary for the year commencing March i, 1900.

Sec. 20. All sums of money collected as fines for violations
of any of the provisions of this Act shall be turned into the state
treasury for use in defraying the expenses of the Board hereb}^
created, and the appropriations hereby made shall be paid out of
the fund to the extent of the money therein contained.

A BILL FOR

An Act Entitled, ‘‘An Act to Amend Sections 7, 8, 9 and 19 of
an Act to Create the Montana State Board of Horticulture to
Prescribe Its Powers and Duties, and to Appropriate Money
Therefor.”

Be it Enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana :

That Section seven of an “Act to create the Montana State
Board of Horticulture, to prescribe its powers and duties, and to
appropriate money therefor,” as enacted by the Sixth Legisla-
tive Assembly of the State of Montana, be amended to read as
follows :

Section 7. Eor the purpose of preventing the spread of con-
tagious diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the preven-
tion, treatment, cure and extripation of fruit pests and diseases
of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions
and orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and other sus-

10 THIRD BIBNNIAIL. REPORT OF THE

pected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards,
fruit and fruit trees, said Board may prescribe regulation for the
inspection, disinfection or destruction thereof, which regulation
shall be circulated in printed form, by the Board, among the fruit
growers and fruit dealers of the State, and shall be published at
least ten days in two horticultural papers of general circulation
in the State, and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in
each county in the State, one of which shall be at the County
Court House thereof.

That Section eight of said Act be amended so as to read as
follows :

Section 8. The said Board shall elect from their own number
or appoint from without their number, to hold ofhce at the pleas-
ure of the Board, one competent person in each district, to be
known and act as “Inspector of Fruit Pests.’^ Said inspectors
shall be selected with reference to their study and practical expe-
rience in horticulture. It shall be the duty of said Inspectors to
visit the nurseries, orchards, stores, packing houses, warehouses
and other places where horticultural products and fruits are kept
and handled within their respective districts, and tO' see that the
regulations of the State Board of Horticulture to prevent the
spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants, and the
disinfection of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard debris
and empty boxes and other material shall be fully carried out
and complied with. Said inspectors shall have free access, at all
times, to all premises where any trees, plants, fruits or horticul-
tural products or supplies are kept or handled, and shall have full
power to enforce the rules and regulations of the State Horticul-
tural Board, and to order the destruction and disinfection of any
or all trees, plants, fruits or horticultural products or supplies
found to be infected with any disease as prescribed or designated
by said Board.

The said Board may appoint one or more, as necessary, com-
petent persons to be known as “Special Fruit Inspectors” whose
general powers and duties shall be the same as those prescribed
in this section to govern “Inspectors of Fruit Pests,” and whose
especial duty shall be the inspection of fruits offered for sale in
the State of Montana.

Such special fruit inspector shall receive such sum per day as

MONTANA STATE BOARD' OF HORTICULTURE.

11

the said Board of Horticulture may agree upon, provided such
sum shall in no case exceed the sum of five dollars per day, for
the time actually employed, and further provided that such com-
pensation shall not exceed the amounts charged and collected as
fees for such inspection.

That section nine of said act be amended so as to read as fol-
lows :

Section 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons,
corporation or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any per-
son or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, plants,
vines, scions, or grafts, to notify the inspector of said district
wherein such trees, plants, vines, etc., etc., are. to be delivered, at
least five days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the
date and nursery or railroad station where said trees, plants,
scions, etc., etc., are to be delivered, together with the name of
the party or parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the
duty of the inspector receiving said notice to inspect the said
trees, plants, grafts, scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as prac-
ticable and at the point where the same are to be delivered, and if
the same be found free from any and all diseases or pests, as
designated by said State Board of Horticulture, he shall so certi-
fy and shall attach such certificate to each lot or bill of such
trees, grafts, plants, scions, etc., which said certificate must con-
tain a list of the said trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so in-
spected. But if any of the trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants
so inspected shall be found to be diseased or infested with any of
the pests, as prescribed by said Board, then the inspector shall
order the disinfection or destruction of such trees, grafts, scions,
vines, etc., etc., so diseased or infected, together with all boxes,
wrapping or packing pertaining thereto, provided, that the State
Board of Horticulture shall have power to designate certain
places as quarantined stations, where all nursery stock brought
into the State shall be inspected and disinfected. The State
Board of Horticulture shall charge and collect from each nursery
inspected the sum of ten dollars, and a proportionate sum for
less than car lots, but in no instance less than two dollars for
each separate inspection or disinfection. For the inspection of
fruits a fee of two cents per box or package with a maximum
fee of five dollars for each separate lot or car shall be charged and

12

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

collected. The inspectors shall collect such fees and shall not
give certificates of inspection until the fees are paid.

That section nineteen of said act be amended so as to read
as follows :

There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State Board of
Horticulture, as set forth in this act, out of the moneys in the
State treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of twenty-
five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for
the year commencing March ist, 1901. Three thousand dollars,
or as much thereof as may be necessary, for the year commenc-
ing March ist, 1902, said appropriation of money to be payable
out of the revenues of the State of Montana for the year 1902.

Section 20. All acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith
are hereby repealed. ,

HOUSE BILL NO. 113.

A BILL FOR

An Act to amend Section one, two, seven, eight, nine, fifteen,
and nineteen of An Act Entitled “An Act to Create the Mon-
tana State Board of Horticulture,” to prescribe its duties and
powers and to appropriate money therefor, approved February
17, 1899; and as amended by an Act of March 14, 1901 ; and to
add to said act certain new sections to be designated as sec-
tions 21 to 28 inclusive.

Be it Enacted by the Legislative Asembly of the State of
Montana :

Section i. That Section one of said act be amended so as to
read as follows :

Section i. There is hereby created a State Board of Horticul-
ture, to consist of seven members, six of whom shall be appointed
by the Governor, one from each of the horticultural districts that
are hereby created, and the State Executive who shall be an
ex-officio member of the Board. No person shall, however, be
appointed on said Board, or employed by them, who^ shall be
connected in any way with any nursery, or who shall be engaged
in the sale or handling for profit of any nursery product.

Section 2. That Section two of said act be amended so as
to read as follows :

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

13

Section 2. The State shall be divided into the folloiving horti-
cultural districts : The First district shall comprise the counties
of Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon, Park and
Rosebud; the Second district shall comprise the counties of Gal-
latin, Madison, Jefferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and
Clarke, Meagher and Broadwater; the Third district shall com-
prise the counties of Cascade, Fergus, Valley, Chouteau and
Teton ; the Fourth district shall comprise the counties of Mis-
soula, Granite, Powell and Deer Lodge ; the Fifth district shall
comprise the county of Ravalli ; and the Sixth district shall com-
prise the county of Flathead.

Section 3. That Section seven of said act, as the same is now
in force after amendment by act of March 14, 1901, be amended
so as to read as follows :

Section 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of con-
tagious diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the preven-
tion, treatment, cure and extripation of fruit pests, and diseases
of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions
and orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and other
suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to
orchards, fruit and fruit trees, said Board may prescribe regula-
tions for the inspection, disinfection, or destruction thereof,
which regulation shall be circulated in printed form, by the
Board, among fruit growers and fruit dealers of the State, and
shall be published at least ten days in two horticultural papers,
of general circulation in the State, and shall be posted in three
conspicuous places in each county in the state, one of which
shall be at the County Court House thereof.

For further prevention of the spread of diseases dangerous to
fruit and fruit trees, it shall be unlawful for any person or per-
sons, dealer or dealers, to allow, or cause to be used the second
time any crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping once having
contained fruit of nursery stock, and that the destruction of the
same must be made in its entirety, and that the finding of such
crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping in possesion of any per-
son or persons, dealer or dealers, other than the consignee, shall
be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of this act.

Any member of the Board of officers thereof, is hereby author-
ized to seize and destroy by burning without breaking said crate.

14

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

box, barrel, package or wrapping wherever found, and to prose-
cute said violator or violators.

Section 4. That section eight of said act, as the same is now
in force after amendment by the act of March 14, 1901, be
amended so as to read as follows : Section eight. The said board
shall elect from their own number, or appoint from without their
number, to hold office at the pleasure of the Board, one competent
person in each district, to be known and act as Inspector of fruit
pests. Said inspectors shall be selected with reference to their
study, and practical experience in horticulture. It shall be the
duty of said inspectors to visit the nurseries, orchards, stores,
packing houses, warehouses and other places where horticultural
products and fruits are kept and handled within their respective
districts, and to^ see that the regulations of the State Board of
Horticulture to prevent the spread of fruit pests and diseases of
trees and plants, and the disinfection of fruits, trees, plants,
grafts, scions, orchard debris, and empty fruit boxes and other
material shall be fully carried out and complied with. Said in-
spectors shall have free acess, at all times, to all premises where
any trees, plants, fruits or horticultural products or supplies are
kept or handled, and shall have full power to enforce the rules
and regulations of the State Horticultural Board, and to order the
destruction and disinfection of any or all trees, plants, fruits or
horticultural products or supplies found to be infected with any
disease as prescribed or designated by said board.

The said board may appoint one or more as necessary, compe-
tent persons, to be known as Special Inspectors, whose general
powers and duties shall be regulated and prescribed by the mem-
ber of the Board for that district. Such special inspector shall
receive such sum per day, as the said Board of Horticulture may
agree upon, provided such sum, shall in no case exceed the sum
of five dollars per day, for the time actually employed.

The said Board shall appoint one person to be known as In-
spector at Large for the State, whose duties shall be prescribed
by the Board, and who shall receive the sum of five dollars per
day for the time actually employed.

Section 5. That Section nine of said act, as the same is now
in force after an amendment by the act of March 14, 1901, be
amended so as to read as follows : Section 9. It shall be the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

1&

duty of every person or persons, corporation or corporations,
who shall sell or deliver to any person or persons, corporation or
corporations, any trees, plants, vines, scions or grafts, tO' notify
the secretary of the board, whose duty it shall be to notify the
inspector of said district wherein such vines etc., etc., are to be
delivered at least five days before said goods are to be delivered,.
giving the date and nursery, or railroad station where said trees,
plants, scions, etc., etc., are tO' be delivered, together with the
name of the party or parties who are to receive the same. It shall
be the duty of the inspector receiving said notice, to inspect the
said trees, plants, grafts, scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as
practicable, and if the same be found free from any and all dis-
eases or pests, as designated by said State Board of Horticulture,
he shall so certify and shall attach such certificate to each lot or
bill of such trees, grafts, plants, scions, etc., which said certifi-
cate must contain a list of the said trees, grafts, scions, vines, or
plants so inspected. But if any, of the trees, grafts, scions, vines
or plants so inspected, shall be found to be diseased or infested
with any of the pests, as prescribed by the said Board, then the
Inspector shall order the disinfection or destruction of said trees,
grafts, scions, vines, etc., etc., etc., so diseased or infected, togeth-
er with all boxes, wrapping or packing pertaining thereto, and
charge and collect the sum of ten dollars ($io) for the disinfec-
tion and inspection of each car load of said nursery stock, and a
proportionate sum for less than car lots, but in no instance for
less than $2.00, for each separate inspection or disinfection, pro-
vided, that the State Board of Horticulture shall have power to
designate certain places as quarantined stations, where all nurs-
ery stock brought into the State shall be inspected and disin-
fected.

For the inspection of fruits, a fee of two cents per box or pack-
age with a maximum fee of five dollars for each separate lot or
car shall be charged and collected. The inspectors shall collect
such fees and shall not give certificates of inspection until the
fees are paid.

Section 6. That section fifteen of said act, as the same is now
in force after amendment by the act of March 14, 1901, be amend-
ed so as to read as follows: Section 15. The inspectors of fruit
pests appointed or elected by said Board, shall receive as com-

16

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THEl

pensation for their services such sum as the Board may regulate,
provided, not to exceed five dollars per day for the time actually
employed. The members of said Board shall receive no com-
pensation for their services, except actual expenses paid out.
The secretary of said Board shall receive the sum of $i,ooo per
annum for his services.

Section 7. That section nineteen of said Act, as the same is
now in force after amendment by the act of March 14, 1901, be
amended so as to read as follows :

Section 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the
State Board of Horticulture as set forth in this Act, out of the
moneys in the State Treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the
sum of five thousand dollars, $3,500, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, for the year commencing December i, 1902, and
$2,500 or so much thereof as may be necessary for the year com-
mencing December i, 1903.

Section 8. That there shall be added to said act of February
17, 1899, as new enactments the following additional Sections to
be designated as Sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28:

Section 21. Every person who for himself, or as agent for any
other person or persons, transportation company or common car-
rier, shall deliver or turn over to any person or persons, cor-
poration or corporations, any fruits without first having attached
the inspector’s certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor.

Section 22. No person, firm or corporation shall engage or
continue in the business of. selling within the State, or importing
fruit trees, plants or nursery stock into the State, without first
having obtained a license to dO' business in this State, as in this
act provided.

Section 23. Any person, firm or corporation, may obtain a li-
cense to engage in the business of selling fruit trees, plants or
nursery stock into this State, upon the payment of the sum of
twenty-five dollars, and by filing with the secretary of. the State
Board of Horticulture, bond with sureties, in the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000), conditioned that the principals will
faithfully obey the laws of the State of Montana, and that the
said principals will pay the cost of fumigation of all nursery
stock or other materials, or goods imported into or sold within

Sectional View of Hortiewltiiral Palace, World’s Fair, 1004.

Full View Montana Horticultural Exhibit, World’s Fair, 1904.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

17

the State by the said principal or his or their agent, and the ex-
pense of destruction of any infested nursery stock. License
granted under this act shall be for one year, provided, however,
that such license may be revoked at any time for any violation of
this act, at the discretion of the Board.

Section 24. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or cor-
poration licensed to do business under this act to notify the secre-
tary of the State Board of Horticulture of his intention to ship
an invoice of fruit trees, plants or nursery stock, from one point
to another in this State, or from any point without this State into
this State. The said notice shall contain the name and address
both of the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of the goods
to be shipped, the freight or express office at which the goods are
to be delivered, and the name or title of the transportation com-
pany from whom the consignee is to receive such goods.

Such notice shall be mailed at least five days before the day
of shipment.

Section 25. It shall be the duty of each person or corporation
offering to sell, or selling and delivering, any nursery stock, fruit
trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings, etc., etc., within the State
of Montana, to place on each and every package so sold and de-
livered, a label or card, containing the name and address of both
the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of the stock therein
contained.

Section 26. Any person or persons who shall receive and ac-
cept any nursery stock, fruit trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings,
grafts, etc., etc., that have not been inspected by a duly ap-
pointed inspector of the State Board of Horticulture, and shall
use or dispose of said nursery stock, fruit trees, vines, plants,
scions, cuttings, grafts, etc., etc., without first notifying the in-
spector and furnishing him opportunity to examine, and if neces-
sary fumigate the said nursery stock, will be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and will be subject to fine as further provided in
this act.

Section 27. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, and cut-
tings grown or growing within the State of Montana, used for
filling orders shall, after said stock shall have been taken from
the nursery rows or grounds, and before the same shall have been
packed for delivery, be inspected by a duly appointed inspector

18 THIRD BIENNIAL RBBORT OF THE

and shall be disinfected by fumigating- or other method, when
in his judgment such is necessary. After such inspection, if it
be found that said nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings,,
are clean and free from insects and fungi pests, he shall issue
his certificate to said nurseryman, and said certificate shall en-
title him to use said stock, so inspected and disinfected for filling
orders for next current delivery.

Nurseries shall give to the secretary of the Board five days’"
notice of the time when said stock shall be ready for inspection
under the provision of this act.

Section 28. Any person or persons, corporation or corpora-
tions, transportation companies or common carriers, violating
any of the provisions of this Act,. shall be deemed guilty of a mis-
demeanor and fined in the sum of not less than twenty-five ($25)
dollars nor more than three hundred dollars ($300).

Section 9. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict herewith are
hereby repealed.

Section 10. This Act shall take effect and be in force from
and after its passage and approval.

RULES OF THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTI-
CULTURE.

Under the law, the term nursery stock is construed to mean
and include fruit, shade, and ornamental trees (deciduous or
evergreen), shrubs, vines, plants, roots, bulbs, buds, scions, cut-
tings, or other portions of plants, shrubs or trees designed to be
replanted in Montana for home or commercial use.

For the purpose of preventing the importation and spread of
contagious diseases among fruits, fruit trees and nursery stock,
and for the treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests, the
Montana State Board of Horticulture, established (in accordance
with an Act to create the Montana State Board of Horticulture,
to prescribe its powers and duties, approved February, 1899), the
following rules and regulations and ask the earnest co-operation
of all fruit growers, dealers, and all persons interested in main-
taining the present high grade of Montana fruit, in carrying out
the important work.

Rule I. It shall be the duty of the stock inspector after re-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OE HORTICULTURE.

19

ceiving notice of the arrival of any nursery stock to immediately
have the same inspected or fumigated and he shall, if he finds
after inspection said nursery stock free from any and all diseases,
place his certificate upon each and every package, showing that
the said nursery stock has been inspected or fumigated, giving
name of the inspector, the date of inspection and place, but ‘if
the said nursery stock be found to be infected with any of the dis-
eases or insects injurious to orchards as prescribed by the Board
of Horticulture, other than the San Jose Scale, Woolly Aphis,
Black Knot of the plum and Black Knot of the cherry, the said
diseased stock shall be properly treated, but if the said nursery
stock shall be infected with San Jose Scale, Woolly Aphis, Black
Knot of plum. Black Knot of cherry. Crown Gall, or Root Knot,
then the Inspector shall destory the same by burning; together
with all wrapping and packing, and shall issue a certificate to
the shipper or owner showing cause for destruction.

Rule 2. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings
of any kind shipped into or brought into the State of Montana,
before delivery to the purchaser shall be unpacked from the boxes
and in case of baled and burlapped shipments, these coverings
shall be removed and stock shall be inspected and fumigated at
Miles City, Billings, Dillon, Missoula, Kalispell, Great Falls or
Glasgow, which points are hereby designated as quarantine sta-
tions.

All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings brought
into Montana by any transportation company, shall be inspected
and fumigated at the point of delivery, provided said point of de-
livery shall be one of the above designated quarantine stations ;
but, if any shipments shall be filled for delivery at any other
points in Montana, they shall be inspected or fumigated at the
quarantine station on the line of such transportation company
next preceding or nearest the point of delivery to which they are
billed.

All such nursery stock, plants, trees, vines, cuttings, brought
into the State of Montana, by wagon shall be inspected and
treated at the nearest quarantine station, as hereinbefore men-
tioned, to the point where such nursery stock, trees, plants, vines
and cuttings enter the State.

The certificate of the Inspector making such examination and

20

THIRD BIENNIAL RERORT OP THE.

inspection shall exonerate the shipper and consignee from any
and all penalties provided by law.

Rule 3. Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees, vines,
plants and cuttings who shall desire to have such nursery stock,
trees, plants, vines, and cuttings, inspected and fumigated at
points in Montana other than the regular quarantine stations,
may have such inspection and fumigation made at any point
designated by such importer or owner ; provided, however, that
such importer or owner shall pay all charges of inspection and
fumigation and all expenses of the officer employed in such in-
spection and fumigation, such charges and expenses tO' be paid
before the certificate is granted.

Rule 4. The Inspector of each district shall inspect or cause
to be inspected, each and every orchard within his district an-
nually, unless otherwise ordered by the Board. He shall see
that the owner or owners of any premises where trees, plants,
vines, etc., are growing shall obey the instructions of the State
Board.

Rule 5. It shall be unlawful for any person to spray any tree
plant or shrub when the same is in bloom; with any substance in-
jurious to bees or honey.

Ruled. In the absence of the Inspector of any district or in
the event that he cannot or does not perform, for any reason, the
work required, the member of the State Board of Horticulture
for said district may appoint temporarily such assistant inspec-
tors as may be necessary for such work.

Rule 7. All Inspectors shall, at the close of each week, report
to the Secretary of said Board a complete statement of his doings,
upon the proper blanks furnished for that purpose, together with
an itemized bill for his labor for the time actually served by him
during such week, which bill, when properly audited by the mem-
ber of the State Board of Horticulture for the district in which
said Inspector shall labor, be again audited by the President and
Secretary of the State Board and forwarded to the State Board
of Examiners for payment.

Rule 8. All inspection and fumigation shall be under the
charge and supervision of the Inspector at large, and all Inspec-
tors shall be responsible to him.

Rule 9. The Inspectors appointed by this Board are author-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP ■ HORTICULTURE.

21

ized to inspect in their respective districts any and all nursery
stock, trees, plants, shrubs, vines and fruits, and 'to collect the
fees prescribed in the law, from the owner or person in control of
such nursery stock or fruits wherever found. All fruits inspected
and found free of any disease or infection shall be branded “In-
spected and Passed” together with the date of the inspection and
number of district in which inspected, but if found to be infested
with any injurious insects, or disease, shall be condemned and de-
stroyed by burning by the inspector without exception.

6-ule lo. The special fruit inspectors appointed by the Board
shall, in all districts, excepting district No. 2, receive as com-
pensation for the work of inspection of fruits the sum total of the
fees collected ; provided, however, that the sum shall not exceed
$5.00 per day for each days work, devoted to inspection.

Fumigation.

By fumigation it is tO' be understood treatment with hydro-
cyanic acid gas. This treatment should be done as follows ; All
nursery stock to be treated should be placed in an air tight tent
or box. For every one hundred cubic feet of space in box or
tent, take one ounce “Avoirdupois weight,” and fused potassium
cyanide, ninety-eight per cent strength, preferably in lumps about
the size of a walnut ; one and one-half ounces commercial sul-
phuric acid, best grade, and two and one-fourth fluid ounces of
water. First: Place the water in a three-gallon vessel (which
may be glazed earthenware) ; to this add the acid and finally the
potassium cyanide. (The cyanide would be better enclosed in
a small paper bag in which a hole is torn.) Immediately close
the doors or openings, taking all precautions against inhaling the
gas, as it is one of the most violent poisons known. After leav-
ing box or tent closed for forty minutes, open all doors and allow
at least one hour for thorough ventilation before attempting to
remove stock. No injury is caused to nursery stock if the gas
is left in more than forty minutes.

Beginning with January i, 1903, and continuing throughout
February and into March, the time of the Board and this office
was devoted to necessary legislative matters.

As soon as the amended bill became law, the same was edited

22

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OE THE

and prepared for the printer, and i,ooo copies were printed.
Necessary blanks, such as licenses, bonds, and Inspector’s blanks,
all in conformity with the new law, were also printed and these,
with copies of the law, were distributed to nurserymen. Inspec-
tors, fruit dealers and Board members. In addition to distribut-
ing the law and printed matter, 3,000 reports were mailed out.

In the early part of January the following circular was sent to
all newspapers of the State and all Experiment Stations of the
United States :

Montana State Board of Horticulture, 79 West Broadway.

Butte, Montana, June 3, 1903:

Gentlemen : This Board would be pleased to> receive your

publication regularly as an exchange. The favor will be greatly
appreciated and in turn any information that we may be able to
furnish you will be gladly given.

Should you desire to extend this courtesy to the Board will
you kindly notify us when this office is placed on your list,

- Yours very truly,

C. H. EDWARDS,

Secretary.

The object was to receive all bulletins and periodicals that
might prove of interest to the Board. As a result of the letter
there now comes to the Board all the principal papers and bulle-
tins. The bulletins are all filed according to the subject matter
contained and all notes of interest to our work contained in the
papers are preserved for reference.

A special letter was written and mailed, with copy of law and
bond to each nursery of the State and to all nurseries outside of
the State who were known to be carrying on trade in the State,
calling their attention to the requirements of the law and re-
questing prompt compliance. Nurseries were quite prompt in
obeying the law and all reliable firms were found to be satisfied
with the law. It can be safely said that the law, as it stands,
applied to nurserymen is efficient and has placed the nurse-ry busi-
ness of the State on a much better basis than was the case previ-
ous to its amendment.

In the month of May correspondence was began with the
various railroads regarding freight rates. At the midwinter
meeting of the Horticultural Society, held in Stevensville, Mr.

MONTANA STATE BOARD O'P HORTICULTURE.

23

W. M. Wooldridge, Mr. C. C. Willis and myself were appointed
as a committee on freight rates.

June loth the following letter was addressed to the Great
Northern :

Mr. F. B. Clark, Gen. Traffic Mangr., St. Paul, Minnesota:

Dear Sir : At the Montana Horticulture Society’s mid-winter
meeting, held at Stevensville, Montana, last February, there was
disposition manifested to criticise the railroads operating in Mon-
tana for not establishing a freight rate on carload shipments of
apples that would enable the farmers and fruit growers of the
fruit growing sections, especially of the Bitter Root Valley, which
is on the Northern Pacific, to reach the North Montana markets,
which is a large market for such products as they produce. Those
friendly to the railroads contended against this disposition and
cited instances which went to show that when such matters were
properly presented to the proper officials, that they were ever
willing to make such rates as would enable a farmer and horti-
culturist to find a market, especially within our own state. I took
this view of it and in consequence was appointed as one of the
committee to' try and reach an understanding with the roads ;
the other members of the Committee being Mr. C. C. Willis, of
Plains, Missoula County, who is known to Mr. S. L. Moore
and Hanniford, of the Northern Pacific, and Mr. C H. Edwards,
Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture at Butte, and my-
self.

When in Helena recently Mr. W. B. Harlan, the President of
the State Horticulture Society, spoke to me regarding this and
asked that I take the matter up at once. I had understood that
Mr. Edwards had done so, but it seems that this is not the case.

I was very much surprised to hear it stated, and I believe by
conservative men, that not less than 100,000 bushels of apples
were permitted to go unharvested and rot upon the ground in
the Bitter Root Valley the past year, simply because they were
not able to find a profitable market for them. With the large
importations of apples into other parts of Montana there cer-
tainly seems to be no good reason for this. The burden of com-
plaint seemed to be that the Northern Pacific had made a very
reasonable rate along their line which helped fruit growers out
there very materially, but that the Great Northern would do

24

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

nothing along their line. Will you kindly advise me if something
cannot be done to meet these peoples’ wishes and how far you
are willing to go.

I wish to add that a special effort is being made at this time
throughout the whole of Montana to build up the agriculture re-
sources of this State and the assertion is quite often made, “what
is the use of trying to build up agriculture within the State when
you cannot market it within your own state ; the railroads will
not make rates that will enable us to secure a profitable market.”

My own personal experience in the Milk River Valley has been
that our road has always shown a disposition to meet the farmers
and producers more than half way. Yours truly,

W. M. WOOLDRIDGE,

Industrial Agent.

The same date the following was addressed to the Northern
Pacific :

Montana State Board of Horticulture, Room 104, Clark Block.

Butte, Montana, June 10, 1903.

Mr. J. M. Hannaford, Sec. Vice President N. P. Ry, St. Paul,

Minnesota :

Dear Sir : At the last meeting of the Montana State Horti-

cutural Society, held in Stevensville, Mr. AV. M. Wooldridge, Mr.
C. C. Wlilis and myself were appointed a committee to take up
with your road and the Great Northern the matter of freight
rates. Mr. Wooldridge, being near to the Great Northern peo-
ple, has taken up the work with them and this leaves Mr. Willis
and myself to discuss the subject with you.

The prevailing impression is, that with the exception of the
rate on Bitter Root fruits to Butte and Helena, that the orchard,
garden and farm products of Idaho, AVashington, Oregon and
Utah enjoy a better rate to all Montana points than do the like
products of Montana. ,

We cannot, however, say that this is correct, yet the opinion
as before stated, prevails and at each meeting the subject comes
up and seems never to be settled. The purpose of this committee
is to try and secure reliable data from the various roads, both as
to express and freight rates, that a basis may be had from which
to work intelligently. To this end we would ask you, if con-
sistent with your rules, to furnish to us a scale of rates, both

Sectional View, Showing Special Exhibit of Crab Apples, Montana Horti-
cultural Exhibit, World’s Fair, St. Louis, 1904.

Sectional View Montana Hortieultural Exhibit, World’s Fair, St. Louis, 1904.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 2S

freight and express, upon car lots and less than car lots, showing
the rates charged for fruits, vegetables and general farm products
from prominent shipping points in the states named above to
prominent points in Montana, and also showing the rates charged
for Montana products to like points.

If this can be done we can then get down to work and put an
end to the everlaMing charge of discrimination. We are of the
opinion that Montana orchard and garden products are not able
to compete in any of the markets of the State outside of Butte
and Helena in car lots, except, perhaps, in few instances. The
cities of Bozeman, Livingston, Billings, Miles City and many
more places should afford Montana products a good market, but
it is a fact that we have not been able to reach them. The prod-
ucts of the garden and orchard are growing rapidly and while
it may seem now that they are not of much consequence in the
matter of trade the time will soon be here when we will have to
look outside the State for markets for our fruits.

We would like if something could be done towards getting our
fruits into the northern parts of the State. .

Trusting to hear from you early, we are, yours truly,

(Signed.) C. C. WILLIS,

C. H. EDWARDS.

The Northern Pacific replied as follows June 15th:

St. Paul, Minn., June 15, 1903.

C. H. Edwards, Esq., Montana State Board of Horticulture^

Room 104, Clark Block, Butte, Montana :

Dear Sir: I am in receipt of communication of the loth inst.,
signed by yourself and C. C. Willis, in regard to rates on orchard,
garden and farm products of Idaho, Washington, Oregon and
Utah to Montana points, as compared with rates from Montana
points.

If such a condition exists I am not aware of it. However, I
have referred your communication to Mr. W. E. Alair, division
freight agent for Montana, who has charge of such matters. He
will make a thorough investigation, and if the facts are as stated
by you, I have no doubt the matter will be adjusted in a satis-
factory manner. Yours truly.

J. M. HANNAFORD.

26

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

July 8th the following reply was received from Mr. Alair, Di-:
vision Freight Agent of the Northern Pacific:

St. Paul, Minn., July 8, 1903.

Messrs. C. H. Edwards and C. C. Willis, Montana State Board
of Horticulture, Room 104, Clark Block, Butte, Montana :
Gentlemen : As you were advised Mr. Hannaford referred to
me your communication of June loth on the subject of rates for
fruit, garden and farm products from the Bitter Root Valley to
Montana common points. Before replying, I have taken time
tO' give the matter a little study, both with reference to rates
and the district from which the supply of fruit and vegetables
for Montana points is drawn. Your near location to the Butte
and Helena markets, not only gives you decided advantage in
comparison with other territories supplying those points in the
matter of rates, but enables you to put products on the market
much sooner and of course in better condition. I do not see how
vegetables from California, Washington and the South can com-
pete against the products of the Bitter Root Valley, which
recahes there in so much shorter time and of course fresh and
crisp.

You have a rate of 70c per 100 lbs., L. C. L. on fruit and vege-
tables from Bitter Root Valley points to Butte and a rate of 25c
in carload lots. The rates from Washington are, carloads, 83 1/2C ;
less than carloads, $1.30. From the Pacific Coast, $1.12% car-
loads; less than carloads, $i.75- If these other points can come
in to Helena and Butte and compete with the Bitter Root with
this difference in rates, there must certainly be a good market
and a good profit for the farmers of the Bitter Root Valley. A
great many carloads do go in, not only from the Pacific Coast,
but from the South and California. I think this condition of
affairs should enable you to dispose of the charge of discrimina-
tion on the part of the railroad company.

I hope your prediction that the time will soon be here when
the producers of the Bitter Root Valley will have to look out-
side the State for markets will soon be realized. At present there
seems to be a good chance for them in Helena and Butte.

I shall be glad at any time to have you take up this or other
questions with me and if there is anything further in regard to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

27

the rates under discussion, please give me specific information
and we will look into it further. Yours truly,

W. E. ALAIR, D. F. A.

In answer to this the following letter was addressed to Mr.
Alair :

Butte, Montana, July 21, 1903.

W. E. Alair, Division Freight Agent, N. P. R. R. Co., St. Paul,

Minnesota :

Dear Sir: Yours of July 8, replying to my letter to Mr. J. M.
Hannaford, concerning freight rates, has been received. If you
will refer to my letter to Mr. Hannaford you will note that the
statement is made, ‘Svith the exception of the rate of Bitter Root
fruits and vegetables to Butte and Helena that the orchard,
garden and farm products of Idaho, Washington, Oregon and
Utah enjoy a better rate to all Montana points than do the like
products of Montana.” In so far as rates tO' Butte and Helena
are concerned, the principal shipping points, in Western Mon-
tana, no doubt, have a slight advantage. But the two places
named do not afford the Montana products a sufficient market
for the reason that points in other states ship largely into these
markets. Now, what our people desire is to be able to place their
products in the various towns of Montana on an even basis with
more Western points, if not some slight advantage. This is the
reason why I requested, if possible, that your road make a scale
of rates on fruits and vegetables, shipped into this State, in car
lots, and less than car lots, from some of the principal points
West of us to such points in Montana as Butte, Helena, Ana-
conda, Livingston, Billings, Miles City, etc., and also a scale
showing the rate on Montana products from the principal shipping
points on like products to such places. Such a scale of rates would
enable this committee to show our people just exactly what posi-
tion they were in as to rates. You state that we have a “rate of
70c per 100 lbs., L. C. L. on fruit and vegetables from Bitter Root
points to Butte and a rate of 25c in carload lots. The rates from
Washington are, carloads, 83t/2C ; less than carloads, $1.30. From
the Pacific Coast, $i.i2j^ carloads; less than carloads, $1.75.”
Now, I have been informed, several times, that it is possible for
shippers in Washington and Oregon to ship to Missouri River
points, fruits in carloads at 65c per hundred. That said carloads

28

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

could be diverted to any Montana point for the same rate. Now,
if this is true, then you will see that these people could place
their products in Billings, Miles City and many other points at
a lower rate than could our people. I trust that you can give us
such scale of rates as asked for, so that we may be able to present
this matter in a clear manner to our people. Yours truly,
(Signed.) C. C. WILLIS,

C. H. EDWiARDS.
August 5th the following reply was received from Mr. Alair :

St. Paul, Minn., August 5, 1903.

Mr. C. H. Edwards, Montana State Board of Horticulture, Room
104, Clark Block, Butte, Montana :

Dear Sir: I have your favor of July 21st, continuing corre-

spondence on the subject of fruit and vegetable rates to various
points in Montana as compared with the adjustment from Bitter
Root Valley, and note that you still request the rates from some
of the principal points “West of us,” and also rates on Montana
products to such points as Butte, Helena, etc.

My letter of July 8th gives you the rates from the Pacific
Coast, and also from Eastern Washington to these points, as well
as the rates from Bitter Root Valley. The rates from Washing-
ton cover the principal territory with which Montana would
come in competition, if it can be called competition with such a
wide difference in the rates as shown in my letters. Now, if you
will be good enough to just specify what other points in Montana
west of Missoula ship fruit and vegetables into Butte, I shall be
glad to give you those rates as well, or you can obtain the in-
formation direct from our General Agent at Butte.

Your information that there is a 65c rate applying on fruits in
carloads ^0111 Washington and Oregon to Missouri River points,
is certainly not correct ; we have no such rate. The rates are as
I have previously advised you, $1.12% in carloads, and $1-75
less than carloads from Pacific Coast to Missouri River, and the
same rates apply to Montana points. Yours truly,

W. E. ALAIR, D. F. A.

The Great Northern replying August nth wrote as follows

Butte, Montana, August ii, 1903.
Mr. C. H. Edwards, Clark Building, City:

Dear Sir : Referring to our recent discussion in connection

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE’

29

with the present adjustment of our rates on apples to points on
our line in Northern Montana.

I beg to enclose herewith memorandum showing the rates
from all producing points. In some cases, as I pointed out to you
here, the through rates from the Bitter Root country are less
than apply on apples from California, Oregon and Washington.
This is true as to Great Falls and Benton, the two largest con-
sumers.

I would be glad, however, to meet your committee at any time
with a view to going over this matter in detail and to arrive, if
possible, at some adjustment that would be satisfactory to you.
As I stated to you verbally, it is not the intention of this Com-
pany to favor the consumption of foreign apples as against the
Montana product, on the contrary, the short hauls at compara-
tively higher rates render us a greater profit.

Kindly get your committee together or as many as are in-
terested in this and Twill be glad to meet you any time, either in
Butte or Helena. Yours truly,

ARCHIBALD GRAY,

A. G. F. A.

At the conclusion of this correspondence the committee pre-
pared a table of rates, over all lines on the products under dis-
cussion and reported to the Society as follows :

Butte, Montana, January 19, 1904.
To the Officers and Members of the Montana Horticultural So-
ciety :

Your committee appointed at the last meeting of the Society,
held at Stevensville, February 21st and 22nd. to investigate the
matter of freight rates with a view to securing such reductions
as might be deemed reasonable and just, report as follows :

Shortly after the adjournment of the meeting at Stevensville
it was decided that Mr. Wooldridge should conduct negotiations
with the Great Northern and Mr. C. C. Wills and Mr. Edwards
with the Northern Pacific.

Your committee found on entering upon the work that it
possessed no tangible information as to rates upon Montana prod-
ucts to the important markets of the State, nor rates upon like
products to the same markets from competitive points west.

Recognizing the futility of attempting to secure any changes

30

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

in the existing rates without first securing reliable data
from which to form a basis to work from, correspondence was
entered into with all roads for the purpose of compiling a com-
parative schedule of rates.

Progress was necessarily slow in the matter. A great deal of
correspondence was had which took up considerable time and at
last it was discovered that if the schedule of rates was to be
compiled that your committee would have to do it themselves.
This was done and is herewith submitted as a part of this re-
port, with all correspondence having any bearing upon the mat-
ter, for your consideration.

Wishing to be relieved of further duty in the work, we are
yours respectfully,

C. C. WILLIS, Plains.

W. M. WOOLDRIDGE, Hinsdale.

C. H. EDWARDS, Butte.

FREIGHT RATES' ON APPLES IN CAR LOADS, PER CWT., OVER
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena. .

To Anaconda.

To Bozeman . .

To Livingston

To Big Timber

To Billings ..

I To all points
1 east of Billings
and St. Paul . .

Grantsdale

$ .25

$ .25

$ .25

$ .45

$ .50

$ .60

$ .70

$ .75

Hamilton

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Corvallis

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Victor

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Stevensville

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Florence

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Carlton

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Lolo

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Missoula

.25

.25

.25

.45

.50

.60

.70

.75

Plains

.30

.30

.30

.50

.55

.65

.70

• "5

Thompson

.35

.35

.35

.55

.60

.70

.70

.75

NOTE — No rates are quoted on Potatoes, Vegetables, Hay and Grain to
points east of Butte, Helena and Anaconda on N. P. Ry., as all eastern terri-
tory is supplied from Gallatin and the Yellowstone country. No rates are
quoted on O'. S. L. except to Butte, as said line does not enter other terri-
tory.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

31

FREIGHT RATES' ON APPLES IN CAR LOADS, PER CWT., OVER
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena

To Anaconda.

To Bozeman..

To Livingston

To Big Timber

To Billings ...

To all points
east of Billings
to Dickinson . .

Grantsdale

$ .55

$ .55

'$ .55

$ .93

$ .93

$ .93

$ .93

$ .93

Hamilton

.55

.55

.55

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Corvallis

.55

.55

.55

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93-

Victor .

.50

.50

.50

.93

' .93

.93

.93

.93

Stevensville

.50

.50

.50

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93.

Florence

.50

.50

.50

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Carlton

.50

.50

.50

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Lo Lo

.50

.50

.50

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Missoula

.42

.42

. .42

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Plains

.60

.60

.60

.93

.93

.93

.93

.93

Thompson

.65

.65

.65

.93

.93

.93

'.93

.93

FREIGHT RATES ON POTATOES PER CWT., CAR LOADS, OVER
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena

To Anaconda.

$ .20

$ .20

$ .2a

Hamilton

.20

.20

.20

Corvallis

.20

.20

.20

Victor

.20

.20

.20

Stevensville

. 20

. 20

.20

FI orcri CP ■.

.20

. 20

.19

Carlton

. 20

. 20

.18'

Lo Lo

.19

.191

.18

Missoula

. 18

1

. 18|

.17

Plains

. 20

1

.20

. 2a

Thompson

.201/2

1

.20 1/2 1

1

.201/2

32

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

PREIG-HT RATES ON POTATOES PER CWT., CAR LOADS, OVER
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

Grantsdale
Hamilton . .
Corvalis . . .
Victor . . . .
Stevensville
McKeen . . .
Florence . .
Carlton . . .
McLarrens

Lo Lo

Missoula . .

FROM

To Wallace

To Burke
Idaho

To Wardner
Idaho

.18

$ .20

$ .20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

.18

.20

.20

FREIGHT RATES’ ON HAY PER CWT., IN CAR LOADS, OVER THE
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena ....

To Anaconda .

Grantsdale

$ . 14

$ . 14

$ . 14

Hamilton

. 14

. 14

.14

Corvallis

. 14

. 14

. 14

Victor

. 14

. 14

. 14

Stevensville

. 14

. 14

. 14

Florence

. 14

. 14

. 14

Carlton

. 14

. 14'

. 14

McKeen

. 14

. 14

. 14

McLarrens

. 14

.14

.14

Lo Lo

. 14

. 14

. 14

Missoula

. 14

.14

. 14

Frenchtown

. 15

. 15

.15

PI a.i n s

. 17%

: 17%

• 17%

Thompson

. 20

. 20

.20

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

33

FREIGHT RATES' ON HAY PER CWT., IN CAR LOADS, OVER THE
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

FROM

To Wallace
Idaho

To Burke
Idaho

To Wardner
Idaho

Gra,ntsd.a.l6

$ .14

$ .16

$ .16

Hamilton

.14

.16

.16

Corvallis

.14

.16

.16

Victor

.14

.16

.16

Stevcnsville

.14

.16

.16

McKecn

.14

.16

.16

Florence

.14

.16

.16

Carlton •

.14

.16

.16

McLarrens |

.14

.16

.16

Lo Lo

.14

.16

.16

Missoula

.14

.15

.15

FREIGHT RATES ON GRAIN AND POTATOBS MIXED IN CAR LOADS,
PER CWT., OVER N. P. RY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena

j To Anaconda .

Grantsdale

$ . 23

$ . 23

$ . 22

Hamilton

.23

.23

.22

Corvallis

. 22

. 22

.21

Victor . . 1

.22

. 22

. 21

Stevensville

.21

. 21

. 20

McKeen

. 20

. 20

. 19

Florence

. 20

.20

. 19

Carlton

. 20

. 20

. 19

McLarrens

. 19

. 19

.18

Lo Lo

. 19

. 19

.19

Missoula

. 18

. 18

. 17

Frenchtown

. 18

. 18

.18

Plains

. 20

. 20

. 20

Thompson

.221/2

.221/2

.221/2

34

THIRD BIENNIAD REPORT OF THEl

FREIGHT RATES ON VEIGETABLES STRAIGHT IN CAR LOADS’ AND
MIXED VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN CAR LOADS, PER CWT.,
OVER N. P., RY.

FROM

To Butte

To Helena

To Anaconda'.

All Bitter Root Points and Missoula

$ .25

$ .25

$ .25

FREIGHT RATES FROM WALLA WALLA, WASH.; LEWISTON, IDAHO;
NORTH YAKIMA AND DAYTON, WASH., OVER N. P. RY., PER CWT.

ARTICLE

Vegetables (car loads)

Vegetables (less car loads) ...

Apples (car loads)

Apples (less car loads)

Fruits straight (car loads) . . .
Fruits straight (less car loads)

To Butte

To Helena

To Anaconda.

1

To p<duts east
and including'
St. Paul

$ .55

$ .55

$ .55

1.30

1.30

1.30

.65

.65

.65

.75

1.30

1.30

1.30

.831/2

.831/2

.831/2

1.121/2

1.30

1.30

1.30

FREIGHT RATESl FROM LEWISTON, IDAHO; NORTH YAKIMA AND
DAYTON, WASH., ON POTATOES IN CAR LOADS, PER CWT., OVER
N. P. RY.

ARTICLES

To Butte

To Helena

To Anaconda.

Potatoes

$ .45

$ .45

$ .45

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

35

FREIGHT RATES OVER OREGON SHORT LINE IN CAR LOADS AND
LESS' CAR LOADS, PER CWT.

ARTICLE

Car Loads

Less

Car Loads

Hay — Prom Blackfoot, Idaho, to Butte

$ .171/2

.20
.20
.41
.831/2
.65

Grain — From Blackfoot, Idaho, to Butte

Potatoes — Prom Blackfoot, Idaho to Butte

Vegetables — Prom Salt Lake Utah to Butte

Green Fruit — Prom Olds Ferry, Idaho to Butte

$1.25

Applef? — Prom Spnb'nnPj Wash tn 'Rnttp . .

Apples — Prom Washington and Idaho to Points East of
Butte to St. Paul

.75

RATES ON APPLES PROM PRODUCING POINTS, IN CAR LOADS AND
LESS THAN CAR LOADS.

TO

From Atlantic 1-5
Seaboard P’nts ^

1 From Califor- j
nia Points via
Butte U

F rom Califor- ^
nia Points via
Spokane (J

F'rom Snake R.

Pts. in Wash., *-3
Idaho, Ore., via /

O.R.&N.&Sp.

From Wenat- ^
chee, Old Mis-
sion, Wash... 0

J

U

i4

FromKalispell

d

d

From Missoula
and BitterRoot
Branch, N. P. •
via Helena ^

6

Great Palls . . .

Benton

Havre

Chinook

Harlem |

Malta

Shelby Junction

$1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

$1.18

$1.25

1.25

1.25

1.41

1.50

1.61

1.25

$ .65
.65
.65
.75
.75
.75
.65

$ .65
.65
.65
.75
.75
.75
.65

$ .52
.62
.53
.55
.58
.64
.40

$ .60
.73
.62
.64
.67
.74
.46

$ .57
.63
.73
.75
.78
.83
.69

$ .93
.99
1.11
1.14
1.17
1.22
1.07

These rates were in effect up to May 1st, 1903.

36

THIRD BIBiNNIAD REPORT OF THE

July 3rd the following notice was mailed to all Inspectors:

Butte, Montana, July 3, 1903.

Dear Sir: By the direction of the President of the Montana

State Board of Horticulture, you are hereby notified that a
meeting of the Inspectors of said board will be held in the city
of Butte, July 9, 1903, at 2 p. m., in room 104, Clark Block, corner
Park and Academy streets.

The purpose of the meeting is for an exchange of opinion on
orchard and fruit inspection and such other matter as may
come before the meeting and to secure united action among the
Inspectors.

You will try and be present. Bring with you any specimens
of diseased fruits or nursery stock that you may have or be able
to secure. You will take vouchers for all money expended in at-
tendance upon this meeting. Kindly reply at once informing me
whether you will attend. It is important, so be sure and be here
on time. Yours truly,

C. H. EDWARDS, Sec.

July 9th Inspectors met and the following is a record of the
session :

In accordance with a resolution passed by the Board at its
meeting in April, authorizing the Inspector at large to call to-
gether the Inspectors, that they might discuss questions pertain-
ing to the work of inspection, notice was sent to all Inspectors
to meet in Butte on July 9, 1903.

In response to this notice there were present : E. N. Brandegee,
Helena; H. C. Gardiner, Bozeman; C. E. Hubbard, Great Ealls;
Henry Whit, Billings ; Geo. S. Good, Thompson ; E. M. Tucker,
Missoula ; J. O. Read, Hamilton, and C. H. Edwards, Butte.

Meeting was called to order by C. H. Edwards. It was moved
and seconded that Mr. Brandegee occupy the chair. Carried.

Moved and seconded that Mr. Gardiner act as secretary.
Carried.

C. H. Edwards read the call and stated the object of the meet-
ing. A communication from Mr. Pace, of Plelena, relative to co-
operation of Emit Inspectors with officers of State Fair in secur-
ing an exhibit of apparatus used in fighting pests, and also sug-
gesting a list for exhibition, was presented.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

37

Moved that the matter of arranging premium list for fruits be
referred to Mr. Harlan.

Moved by Mr. Reed that Mr. Edwards take up the matter of
securing spraying apparatus with manufacturers for an exhibit.
Carried.

Moved by Mr. Edwards that Mr. Brandegee gather together
diseased specimens of nursery stock and fruits for exhibition at
the State Eair, and also that he have co-operation of the Emit
Inspectors.

Moved by Mr. Hubbard that the Inspectors co-operate with
the State Eair authorities in securing an exhibit for the State
Fair and, if possible, securing an exhibit for the County Fair.
Carried.

Resolved : That it is the sense of the meeting that 250 jars
would be the number required for the preserved exhibit for the
World’s Fair, subject to the wishes of the Fair authorities.

Moved by Mr. Edwards that this meeting endorse Mr. Gard-
iner’s action relative to the condemnation of Mr. Williams’ fruit
in Bozeman, and further, that the secretary of the Board acquaint
Mr. Williams with this fact. Carried.

Mr. Hubbard said that Mr. Lowery, of Great Falls, Lindsay &
Co.’s representative, wished to convey to the meeting his appre-
ciation of the services and work of the fruit inspection in the
State.

Resolved ; That where an Inspector, upon examination of any
orchard or garden, finds it necessary that the trees or plants
therein need treatment for any disease that the owner be notified
as per Section ii, of the law, to proceed to eradicate said diseases
and if after a reasonable time the owner fail to comply with the
instructions given, that the Inspector proceed to do the work and
charge and collect from the onwer the cost of such work. That
it is the opinion of Inspectors that it is not wise upon the part
of the Board to perform the work of spraying or treating diseased
orchards or gardens. That it would be better to have owners un-
derstand that they must, themselves, do the work as stated in
Section ii, of the law.

Moved by Mr. Edwards that it is the sense of this meeting that
the Inspectors gather and destroy all fruit packages and bill the
expense as usual. Carried.

38

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Specimens of San Jose Scale, roots affected with Woolly Aphis
and Crown Gall, were exhibited. *

The meeting discussed the various methods of orchard and
fruit inspection and exchanged ideas on all the work, and ad-
journed after holding two sessions, feeling that much good was
experienced through interchange of ideas.

H. C. GARDINER,
Secretary.

Exhibit at Ogden.

During the meeting of the Irrigation Congress, held in Ogden,
Utah, in the fall of 1903, in response to a number of urgent re-
quests from the officers of the Irrigation Congress to attend and
make an exhibit of fruit, the work was undertaken and a small
exhibit, containing 125 plates of some of our choice fruits, was
prepared and taken to Ogden for exhibit at the County Fair,
which was held during the session of the Congress. The exhibit,
while small, was very choice, and formed a very interesting part

of the fair. In addition to the very magnificent display of fruits
made by Utah and Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, California,
Oregon, Washington and Montana contributed very creditable
exhibits. The Montana exhibit created the greatest interest among

visitors, as it was not generally known that our State was
adapted to the culture of fruits.

FRUITS INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR ENDING NO-

VEMBER 30, 1903.

Boxes.

Apples 126,406

Pears 10,028

Plums and Prunes 25,100

Peaches and Apricots 48,532

Cherries 8,356

Quinces 43

Orang-es 29,249

Lemons 11,518

Total

* 259,232

* Of this amount there was inspected in Butte City alone 191,624 pack-

PRUITS CONDEMNED IN STATE FOR YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1903.

Boxes.

Apples (For Codling- Moth) 695

Pears (For Codling- Moth) 442

Peaches (For Peach Worm) 800

Total 1,937

In addition several car loads of apples were sent out of the State as
unfit for market.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 39

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR

THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1903.

Apple Trees 167,050

Crab Apple Trees 5,252

Plum and Prune Trees 23,389

Cherry Trees 21,780

Pear Trees 22,563

Quince Trees 780

Peach Trees 631

Apricot Trees 209

241,654

Shade Trees 36,933

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs 11,293

48,226

Blackberries 10,671

Raspberries 23,250

Currants 8,894

Gooseberries 11,342

Grapes 13,512

S'tra wberry 100,636

Rhubarb and Asparagus 3,016 171,321

Total .461,201 461,201

In addition to above, 610 packages of mixed stock were inspected.
NURSERIES INSPEiCTED FOR THE TEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1903.

Number of Acres 62

Number of Small Plants 24,000

Number of Trees 585,000

Number of Trees Condemned and Destroyed 2,973

Disease Condemned for Grown Gall

DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR END-
ING NOVEMBER 30, 1903.

RECEIPTS.

Appropriation, 1903 $3,500.00

DISBURSEMENTS.

General Expenses —

Printing and Engraving $366.64

Services and Expenses Inspector at Large 289.00

Firstj District —

Inspector’s Service and Expenses $27.30

Second District —

Inspector’s Service and Expense $41.90

Third District —

Expenses Board Member $ 26.95

Inspector’s Service and Expense 192.45

Supplies 11.80

Fourth District —

Expense Board Member $ 56.80

Supplies 135.31

Inspector’s Service and Expense 933.60

Fifth District —

Inspectors Service and Expense $332.60

Sixth District —

Elxpense Board Member $ 32.60

Supplies 14.95

Inspector’s Service and Expense 163.25

To Balance 874.85

$3,500.00 $3,500.00

40

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

RECEIIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND” FOR FISCAL TEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1903.

RECEIPTS.

Balance on Hand December 1, 1903 $ 91.82

Fruit Trees 2,417.24

Nursery Stock 320.75

Orchard Work 270.22

Licenses 350.00

Rent 60.00

Total $3,510.03

DISBURSEMENTS.

Wages $2,163.58

Freight, Expressage and Transfer 87.03

Rent and Supplies 639.39 .

Traveling Expense 234.85

Telegraph, Telephone and Postage 215.00

Balance on Hand Nov. 30, 1903 170.18

$3,510.03 $3,510.03

During the year 1903 there were 79 notices of shipments of
nursery stock received ; fourteen licenses issued to nurseries ;
ninety-seven salesman’s certificates made out ; ninety-two in-
spector’s reports received; 1,139 letters were answered, 500 cir-
culars were mailed out ; 3,000 copies of the Board report, and
1,000 copies of the horticultural law were distributed.

Helena, Montana, January .S, 1904
To the State Board of Horticulture:

Gentlemen : As Inspector at Large it has been my duty to

visit the various portions of the state, consult with other In-
spectors, determine the different plant diseases and insects sub-
mitted to me, and give the best methods of treatment. The state
is very large and I found it difficult with the amount of time that
could be spared from other duties, to visit all parts of it. The
Bitter Root Valley is the most important horticultural valley and
naturally has claimed its share of attention. Next year, how-
ever, I expect to devote more time to Board matters.

Nursery Stock Inspection.

Of all the duties of the Board that of nursery stock inspection
is the chief at the present time, and is likely to continue sO' imtil
a radical improvement in the trees offered for sale is manifest.
I refer not only to trees shipped into this state, but also to trees
of our own nurseries. An inspection and supervision of these
will save the planting of diseased stock and the large subsequent

MO'NTANA STATK BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

41

loss that has occurred in many instances within this State in
years past on that account.

Local nurseries in common with nurseries of all other States
distribute freely apple aphis, which occurs now in all apple grow-
ing sections of the State. As this insect is in the egg for ordin-
arily at the time of transplantation from the nursery and the egg
is impervious to chemicals no method can be suggested that will
stop the transfer of this insect to even new localities.

Aside from this aphis local nurseries distribute almost no other
insect, and certainly no especially injurious one. They are free
from Woolly Aphis and all scale insects. But in common with
many nurseries East and West, the products of some of them
are infested with Crown Gall, tan which no more serious fruit
pest is known in Montana at the present time.

Crown Gall I believe to be a disease of comparatively recent in-
troduction. So persistent and destructive a pest would have re-
ceived attention earlier if it had been present over any large
extent of the country. It is not until very recently (1900) that
its dangerous character has been manifest. Its first inrtoduction
to Montana is probably within the last ten years. What it has
done on a small scale and as an instance of the destructiveness
that it may attain in the larger field of the entire State, I quote
the following letter :

September, 29, 1903.

My Dear Sir: You no doubt remember that I am interested in
a young apple orchard at Victor, Montana. This was set out four
years ago last Spring in part, and the balance one year later. We
have replanted over 3,300 of the original 7,000 and I have con-
cluded a careful examination this Fall and find to my sorrow that
about 1,000 more trees are dying and probably one-half of the
entire lot are diseased or at least not making the growth they
should.

Mr. J. O. Read kindly looked over the situation while I was
there and says that the trees are infested with Crown Gall, which
to me is a new disease and which I do not find mentioned under
that name in the few books upon the subject which I am able to
get hold of.

Whatever the character of the disease is, it is there and has
cost us many thousand dollars’ damage and the full extent of it
I do not as yet know. I am very anxious to get all the informa-
tion possible, and to learn if anything can be done to stop the
ravages, also if it can be communicated in the orchard to new

42

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE;

and healthy trees ; also how close to the spot occupied by the
old tree would it be safe to plant the new tree with which to
replace it.

I feel certain that you will afford me all the information you
can find concerning this most discouraging situation so that we
can form some idea what is the best course for us to pursue. I do
not like to give up as the orchard has cost over $5,000 to date,
besides the cost of the land and the loss of the use thereof.

Thanking you in advance for whatever you can do for me, I
am, yours very truly,

I cannot too highly recommend Mr. J. O. Read and his faith-
ful work as inspector under the Board. It was he who made the
first condemnation for Crown Gall within the state and ten
thousand trees were burned for this cause alone at one time on
the authority of his observations of the disease in the Bitter
Root Valley. His observations were correct in every particular
and that condemnation and subsequent ones have saved tens of
thousands of dollars to horticultural interests in the State of
Montana.

Crown Gall is a destructive and highly contagious disease. It
affects apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince, apricot, peach, poplar,
blackberry and raspberry. The disease is caused by a slime
mould fungus. The spores of this fungus travel easily in the
nursery row and a nursery may become quickly thoroughly con-
taminated when the disease is once introduced into it.

No method of eradication is known. The tree or trees infected
should be burned. This applies to nursery stock and to trees in
the orchard. No tree should be planted on the same spot where
a previous tree has died from Crown Gall, as the germ of the
disease persists for about four years in the soil. The practice of
growing nursery stock on the same ground year after year -cannot
be pursued after the germ is once introduced into the nursery.

All Inspectors of the Board should be constantly on the watch
for Crown Gall on nursery stock offered for sale. All infested
trees should be burned and if a shipment of stock shows galls on
one-half of the trees the entire shipment should be destroyed.

As the disease is widespread and affects many nurseries
throughout the country and some of our local nurseries, the only
method to pursue is to destroy nursery stock when found in-
fected. The presence of any Crown Gall in a shipment of nurs-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

43

ery stock subjects the remainder, althoug-h no galls can be found
on the roots to grave suspicion.

Black Knot.

in the Gallatin Canyon and in Rattlesnake Valley, on Prunus
demisSa, I have found the Black Knot of the plum and cherry,
Plowrightia morbosa, Sacc. It is native in both these regions
and doubtless can be found in many other moist canyons East and
West of the divide on the wild cherry. This disease may prove
troublesome to cultivated cherries and plums in the Rattlesnake
and elsewhere.

The disease may be best known by unsightly black knots near
the end of branches of plum and cherry trees. It is a serious
pest, but may prove less destructive in the dryer climate of Mon-
tana.

Woolly Aphis.

Woolly Aphis occurs on one old tree in the city of Missoula.
It is not often met with on nursery stock shipped into the State,
Now and then it appears and Inspectors always destroy the in-
fected tree.

Codling Moth.

I have found Codling Moth at Missoula, Helena, Thompson
Falls and Kalispell. Other Inspectors may, in their own dis-
tiicts, be able to add to the list of infected localities. It was re-
ported to me that it had appeared at Carleton and I made a visit
to the orchard reported to be infested. The moth was not to be
found there and had never been found there. The erroneous
statement to* that effect was due to a mistaken idea that arose in
the course of conversation between two people in that neighbor-
hood.

While the moth is liable to be found anywhere that apples are
raised along the line of railroads, too much reliance on uncon-
firmed reports of its occurrence should not be placed. Other in-
sects and also birds make holes in apples in Montana. The moth
makes a typical hole in an apple, but the identification of the
insect from this evidence should be left to an expert.

In Missoula extensive work was done this year against the
Codling Moth, but not as much as during the year previous. One
spray of Paris green and lime was applied to apple and pear
trees in the town and a system of banding was diligently pursued.

44

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

The moth was in evidence as much as last year owing probably
not to greater abundance, but to the smaller crop of apples.

It is not feasible to even hold down the moth in a district so in-
fested as Missoula without sufficient funds to spray at least three
times. Spraying with Paris green and lime is the most effective
way of dealing with this insect and I believe that the money spent
in banding trees could be more effectively spent in spraying
them. I therefore recommend that three sprays at least be ap-
plied for this insect in Missoula this year and that the banding be
eliminated.

While the complete eradication of a noxious insect is much to
be desired as a matter of fact complete eradication is hardly
feasible and where the infestation is great and the area large,
practically impossible. Especially is this the case with Codling
Moth, fortified so securely by its methods of life. Paris green
will kill the insect, and to raise apples profitably in an infested
district is possible by its use. But to exterminate the insect in a
city with as many and as large trees as are in Missoula with the
weapons at present known I regard as an impossibility.

And even if extermination could be accomplished, in a very
short time, reinfestation and reinfection would take place from
the railroad cars that pass through the town.

The problem then of the Codling Moth in the railroad centers
of the State where apple trees are grown seems a perennial one.
The work for the Board is one of repression of the pest at these
points as much as possible and the prevention of its spread from
these centers and by primary infection from other States. The
spraying and banding done in Missoula and elsewhere, and the
general inspection of fruit cannot but be very efficacious in pre-
venting this dissemination, or at least in delaying it very much.

In the Kalispell infestation different conditions are encount-
ered. The trees there are all young and the number of moths is
at present small. The work done there the past season has at
least stopped the increase of the infestation. I recommend that
at Kalispell for the next year that special effort be made to de-
crease the number of moths to a minimum and to pursue the
work in future years to see if it is possible to exterminate the
moth on even a small field. Little extra expense would be in-
volved. Large orchards are threatened in that vicinity and in-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE,

45

vasion of these would be delayed at least for a long time. And
the work will be of an experimental kind, the results of which
will be indicative of plans for the future treatment of this pest.

The horticultural area is extending rapidly in the state and the
appropriation for our work shows no such increase. The Board
has ever found its funds inadequate and must sooner or later
pursue the plan of ordering the owners of orchards that are in-
fested with pests liable to spread and become a general nuisance,
to repress them or to do it ourselves at the expense of the person
most interested. In repressive work in cities this plan has been
tiled and found to be a poor one. Too much friction was en-
countered and the coot of collection left so little returns that it
was abandoned. But in commercial orchards this plan must in
the future be pursued. ,

Codling Moth first establishes itself in the orchards of the
principal towns. The intercourse of these with the country dis-
trict is closest and they become distributing centers of this insect.
The number of fruit trees in towns is economically small, but
their influence on the spread of insects is very great. It would
have delayed the coming of the Codling Moth twenty years if no
apple or pear trees had been to grow within the limits of incor-
porated cities.

Aphis of all kinds have been less abundant than in previous
years, due to the cold spell in June and to an increase of parasitic
enemies. The first was a condition that prevailed over the entire
State ; the second was manifest in districts and most evident in
the city of Helena, where lady bugs were in such abundance as to
hold the box elder aphis in check and stop three-fourths of itg
ravages. ,

Lime sulphur and salt is very effective in destroying the eggs
of aphis and is a spray that is destined to be extensively employed
in Montana. Pear leaf blister mite, red spider, oyster shell bark
lose and, indeed, scale insects of all kinds are held in check by its
use. Mr. O. C. Estey of Flathead County, reports favorably of its
use against oyster shell bark louse in his district, and Mr. Goode,
of Thompson, corroborates his statements from practical work at
Plains.

There are patches of this scale insect through this State that

46

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

should be treated with this spray and I recommend its use upon
them during the dormant period of the trees this winter.

San Jose Scale has not to my knowledge yet been found in
Montana and, perhaps, if found will not prove as serious a pest
as oyster shell bark louse. The latter is well adapted to our
climatic conditions passing the winter in the egg form. Prof.
Elrod and myself, however, have brought tO' light a scale insect
in Missoula which has much the same life history as the San
Jose Scale. Dr. L. O. Howard identifies it with Aspidiotus pop-
uli, a new species recently found at Sand Point, Idaho, and at
Ogden, Utah. The insect was probably brought to Montana on
nursery stock imported from Salt Lake. It closely resembles San
Jose Scale and also Aspidiotus ancylus. Poplar trees of different
kinds are infested by it. In Missoula it is found on Carolina
poplar. The trunks seem the favorite habitat, though limbs are
sometimes infested. The bark become rough and warty and
finally twisted and knarled. AVhile no trees are to be found in
Missoula that have been killed by the insect, some are to be seen
in the last sta'ges of life. Bark on older trees is too thick for the
insect to do much damage, but on the younger trees the injury
done by them is very great.

I have found it necessary to condemn a large shipment of
roses for greenhouse affected with root nemotodes. 1Tie p :st
is a most serious one of roses and affects also a large number
of other greenhouse plants. That so many greenhouses are free
from them is remarkable. At present I know but two green-
houses in the state affected by them. In one of these the advice
of the Board of Horticulture has been followed and sterilization
of soil has been resorted to. This is an expensive process, but I
believe that the returns from roses planted in soil thus prepared
have demonstrated that the proceedure is very profitable. No
trace of nematodes can be found in roots and the bushes are
probably healthier in other ways than when grown in unsterlized
soil. E. N. BRANDEGEE,

Inspector at Large.

Hamilton, Montana, Eebruary 8, 1904.
To the Montana State Board of Horticulture :

Gentlemen : During the past season I have inspected 142

orchards and home gardens. All these orchards are located in

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

47

and around Grantsdale, Hamilton, Corvallis, Victor and Stevens-
ville. I also inspected all the orchards along the railway in the
district, realizing that if there was any diseases to be found that
I should be more apt to find them in these orchards than in
these situated farther in the country. It is a well known fact
that insect pests are very apt to originate in orchards near towns
anvl railroads. This is especially true as regarding Codling Moth.

The Codling Moth is no doubt one of the worst enemies that
the orchardist has to contend with, and for this reason I made a
most careful search for this pest in the district. I found the
moth present in an orchard in Hamilton and from what I have
been able to learn it has been there for some time.

All of the older orchards and most of those set out later
years are in good condition. There are, however, a few of the
younger orchards infected with Crown Gall. According to my
observations the Crown Gall is the most dangerous disease that
we have, affecting trees. The disease not only kills the trees
affected, but leaves the soil in which the trees were planted in
unfit for orchard use for a long time, at least until it has been
cultivated to some other crop than trees for several years. The
only way of riding the orchard of this disease is to pull up all in-
fected trees and burn them, and then crop the land to some
leguminous plant.

I find that the Crown Gall has been in the district for several
years and it has cost the orchardist much time and money. The
utmost care must be used to prohibit nursery stock from being
planted that is affected with this disease. I might say that there
is now one orchard which is so thoroughly infected with Crown
Gall that the orchard is almost a failure. Of course the owners
will, in time, by a proper system eradicate the trouble, but it will
be at a great cost.

Until recently the Eastern nurseries have used Montana as a
dumping ground for all their worthless and diseased stock and
it is not surprising to find after years of labor and waiting that
many of our trees are worthless. Of course this is not so any
longer. Our law has caused them to look carefully after the
quality of the nursery stock sent in, yet only the utmost effort
of the growers with the Board will avail us if we intend to keep
our orchards free from many of the troubles that our neighbors

48

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

in other States have to battle with. In this connection I would
impress upon the minds of every fruit grower the necessity of
examining all trees and plants, even though they have been in-
spected by the Board. Should any of the stock intended for
planting be found to show signs of any disease the Board mem-
ber or Inspector should be called to examine same. Better wait
a day or two than to plant and then find that you have spent your
time and money on worthless stock. It must be remembered
that with the thousands upon thousands of trees and plants com-
ing into our State annually that it is possible for some diseased
stock to escape. The Board is doing all that lies within its
power to prevent the importation of any diseased stock, but at
the same time the utmost vigilance of every planter is necessary
in the fight against diseased nursery stock.

I find that many trees are injured by sunscald. This is due to
climatic conditions and can be prevented in a great measure by
painting the trees with some good tree paint. There are many
of them on the market. A good coating of white wash will be
found effective. I have observed that where either tree paint
or white wash has been used that the injury from sunscald has
been much less.

So far I have not discovered the oyster shell bark louse in the
district. It is not a serious disease ; it can readily be eradicated
in one season by the use of lime, sulphur and salt solution, which
has been proven by the Board in its work where this pest has
been in evidence for many years.

To those who are contemplating the planting of orchards I
would suggest that they write the Secretary of the Board for
information as to varieties that are best adapted to our climate,
and for commercial orchards. The McIntosh apple as an early
winter apple cannot be surpassed. It can be grown to perfec-
tion in this country and will prove a good apple for commercial
orchards. The fruit growers of Montana must make up their
minds to get down to about three or four good varieties, and
where possible, two varieties would be better. It is my experi-
encfc both from practical work and observation that all small
fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, blackberries, raspberries
and strawberries succeed very well and are all money makers.
One can get through their culture some ready money while wait-

Sectional View Montana Horticultural Exhibit, World’s Fair, St. Louis, 1904.

Sectional View Montana Horticultural Exhibit, World’s Fair, St. Louis, 1904.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

49

ing for the tree fruits to bear. From three to five hundred
dollars per acre may be secured from small fruits when properly
cultivated.

I cannot close this brief report without calling the attention
of all growers to the necessity of carefully preparing their prod-
ucts for market. I have observed throughout my travels that
there is a tendency among many of the growers to overlook this
important point ; to think that with the successful growing of
their product that their work ends. This is wrong and if we are
to gain a reputaiton for our orchard and garden products we
must see that strict attention is given to the work of preparing
our goods for the market. Indeed I might say that there is more
in the manner in which our products are packed than in the
quality of the goods themselves. Respectfully submitted,

J. O. READ,

Member for the Fifth District.

Butte, Montana, January ii, 1904.
To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture :

Gentlemen : As Inspector in the Fourth District, I have the

honor of submitting to you the following report of the past sea-
son’s work done by me.

During the year I have inspected 5,238 packages of fruit as
follows: Apples 256, apricots 155, cherries 205, oranges 5, pears
339, peaches 3,589, plums 636, quinces 53 ; of these I found it nec-
essary to condemn 117 packages as follows: Apples 35, pears 82.
I also inspected eight cars of oranges and lemons.

The fruit which came to Missoula from the West is consigned
to this place from Walla Walla, Prosser, North Yakima and
Lewiston. The early pears and apples from these points were,
as a rule, badly affected with Codling Moth. After a few lots
were condemned only good fruit came, the consignors ceased
shipping to Missoula, owing to their fruit being so badly infested
with the moth. They doubtless sent it to other states having no
inspection laws. The cherries, apricots, plums, peaches, oranges
and lemons were very good. The later varieties of pears and
apples were also free from diseases or pests. During the heavy
fruit shipping season I visited the depot, express office, fruit
stores and warehouses twice every day. While the season was
so heavy I procured a dray and hauled all second hand boxes to

bO THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

the city dump, where I burnt them. I accompanied each load
to be sure that they were always destroyed. Everything possible
was done to enforce the law in regard to the destruction of
second hand boxes, I informed the merchants and growers
that the Horticultural Board on this point were very particular
and that the Board fully intended to enforce the law. I had much
less trouble with the second hand boxes than I had anticipated.

Orchard Work.

Last year we sprayed twice in Missoula for the Codling Moth.
But when the time came this year to put on the first spray Mr.
Brandegee and I looked over the ground and saw that so much
of the fruit was falling, and came to the conclusion that it would
be useless to spray. Besides the weather was so changeable it
would have been almost, if hot, impossible to spray at that time.
In July all of the worst infested apple and pear trees were
banded, the number of trees banded was: Apples 2,163, pears 141.
Some trees required from one to two bands, while others re-
quired as many as twenty or more. The total number of bands
put on was 5,006. I commenced putting the bands on July 28th,
and finished August 17th. By that time, which was two weeks
later than last year, a spray was put on. The spraying was com-
menced August 1 8th, and lasted until August 31st. The number
of trees sprayed was 5,286; the number of homes where spraying
was done was 342.

When the larvae began to leave the fruit the bands were ex-
amined closely and the larvae were taken frim them and placed
in a tin of coal oil, where they lived but a short time. The bands
were watched closely throughout the entire season.

As far as I have been able to determine, the banding system
and spraying are the only methods in use that can be depended
upon. An early and thorough spraying is worth more than
everything else that can be done.

I made several trips into the country to see if the moth was
making its way into those parts, but could not find any signs of
the fellow there. It does not seem to be spreading to any great
extent in the city, where it has been for some years. It inclines
to stay in the old orchards. I got word that the pest was in an
orchard at Carlton; I notified Mr. Brandegee, who came at once
to Missoula; we lost no time in getting where it was reported 10
be ; the moth was not to be found.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

51

Last Spring and Fall I fumigated and inspected 32 lots of
nursery stock ; this stock was consigned from 26 different nurs-
eries. In some instances the stock was infested with Wool-y
Aphis, and Crown Gall. In one or two instances the stock was
infested with both of the diseases. In such instances the entire
shipments were destroyed by burning. Wherever any diseases
were present I always sorted the lot over personally and dt-
stroyed the infected ones.

By this time the Eastern nurserymen have doubtless begun to
know that they can no longer use Montana as a dumping ground
on 'which to place their inferior and diseased stock. Nursery
stock inspection is one of the most important duties with which
the Board has to deal.

At the beginning of the packing season last Spring, Mr.
Brandegee and myself visited the local nurseries. While they
were packing I made frequent visits to see that the horticultural
laws were being obeyed. I found not only the local nurserymen,
but also the nurserymen beyond oUr state only too glad to com-
ply with the law. The people of Missoula are beginning to see
that they cannot grow fruit without protection from encroaching
pests. .. ..

Last year’s work was certainly productive of much good. The
work went along very smoothly in this District. I am greatly
indebted to those who helped to make the work pleasant as well
as profitable — to Mr. Charles H. Edwards, to Mr. E. N. Brande-
gee, and to Mr. C. C. Willis. Respectfully submitted,

E. M. TUCKER,

Missoula. Inspector.

Thompson, Montana, December 29 1903.
Mr. President and Members of the State Board of Horticul-
ture :

I have the honor to present my annual report as Inspector of
the Eourth District.

I have inspected 69 orchards, a total of 18,038 trees ; 16,178

apple trees, 722 pear, 658 plum, 436 cherry, 43 peach, 17 apricot,
5 nectraine and 4 quince trees and twenty and three-fourths acres
of small fruit, including some very fine grape vine.

I found most of the orchards in very good condition, but I
found some that looked as if they were set out and supposed to

52

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

'grow and bear fruit with no further care, and of course you all
know the results.

I found some very serious pests, at Thompson twelve and at
Heron three small orchards, with a total of six hundred trees,
very badly affected with Codlin Moth.

I found one orchard at Plains, and one at Selish, badly affected
with oyster shell bark louse. In the orchards -of Mr. Isaac Sears
and Mr. Pierce, that had been sprayed with lime, sulphur and
salt for the oyster shell bark louse, the insect was thoroughly
eradicated, and I believe the same spray to be very good for pear
leaf blister mite and apple scab, of which I found some.

For the Codling Moth I sprayed with Paris green and lime, one
pound of each to one hundred gallons of water, the first of July,
but should have sprayed about the 20th of June, but did not get
the outfit sooner. I also bandaged the trees with strips of burlap
and changed them once a week and I found as high as fifteen
worms under one band ; also picked all the fruit that showed any
signs of moth and destroyed it once a week.

I found considerable pear leaf blister mite, also some Flathead
apple tree borers and some plum curculio ; also some apple tree
anthracnose and canker.

I also found a great many trees affected with black heart, but
found most of the orchards in very good condition, and some
very fine orchards and some very fine fruit, of which Mr. Thomas
Wilson, two miles East of Paradise, had the finest apples, and
they certainly were fine.

At Paradise I found quite a number of apricots and peach
trees loaded with fruit, and believe it a good locality to raise
them in larger quantities.

Grape vines are growing on the ranch of Mr. Fred Vaughn,
one mile West of Eddy, loaded with large grapes of the Concord
variety.

The best trees and the best fruit I found on the clean, culti-
vated orchards, the next best on orchards crop such as garden,
potatoes, etc., but would not recommend an orchard being seeded
down to grass of any kind.

I wish to thank Mr. Brandegee, President, and Mr. Edwards,
Secretary, for their kind instructions and assistance on several
occasions. I am, yours truly, GEO. S. GOOD,

Inspector Fourth District.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

53

Great Falls, Mont., Dec. 15, 1903.

C. H. Edwards, Esq., Secretary State Board of Horticulture,

Butte, Montana :

Dear Sir: In making my report as Inspector for the Third

District for the year from November 30th, 1902, to November
30th, 1903, I wish to touch briefly upon the work which has been
done here this year.

I have inspected and passed 51,711 packages of fruit. I have
inspected and fumigated 1 15 packages of nursery stock, which
has been received here from outside of the State. Also have
made two nursery inspections. Owing to the fine conditions
which the fruit trees we have in this District are in and as I
made a careful inspection of them last year, did not deem it ad-
visable to put the State Board to tne expense of inspecting the
same this vear. I am glad to say that fruit has been coming so
nice this year that I have not had to condemn a single package,
and I think the shippers realize that Montana is no longer their
dumping ground. The first part of the season I wrote several
letters to the shippers cautioning them against sending infected
fruit, and I understand they are expending a large sum of money
in exterminating the fruit pests from their orchards. .

Although we still have one man here, who I do not think the
inspection law effects at all, but who deems it his duty to kick
about some parts of same, I hear a great many speak very highly
of the good which the inspection law has done for this part of
the State.

The Inspectors’ meeting, which was held at Butte in July of
this year, I think was a great help to all of us and enables us 1o
work along the same line.

I was called out in the country last spring by a man who
thought he had the San Jose scale on his young apple trees, but
found it to be only the eggs of the apple aphis, which for some
reason had not hatched.

The elm trees along our boulevards were not nearly as badly
infected this year as they were a year ago by the elm aphis, and
I think perhaps we can lay this to the late frost which we had
in the spring, which without doubt killed a large portion of
them-.

I have been unable to find any crown gall in this locality as
yet, but think we should keep up a very rigid inspection against

54

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

this, as it is without doubt one of the worst enemies which we
have to contend with.

Very respectfully,

C. E. HUBBARD,
Inspector Third District.

Bozeman, Mont., Jan. i6, 1904.
To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture.

Gentlemen : Gallatin valley is not yet a fruit-growing section

of the State, but judging from the number of orchards that are
being set out yearly, it will be one not many years hence. It is
important, therefore, that the young trees and consequently the
old ones, be kept free from insect pests. On account of this
lack of the home-grown product almost all of the fruit has to be
shipped in, one kind and variety of fruit coming from Idaho,
another from Washington and still another from California, and
these kind of fruits bring into this State the insects which thrive
in those localities. It is certainly very imnortant, then, that an
inspector be stationed at this place as a protecting agent to both
the farmer and merchant. In this connection I would like to
call the attention of the Board to a fact which has in this valley
to a degree, at least, destroyed the efficiency of the horticultural
law. Bozeman has an inspector, but its neighboring towns
have not.’ As a result of this, poor qualities of fruit will be con-
signed to the towns where no inspector is situated and will be
sold at a much lower price than fruit which has to pass inspec-
tion.

The consumers of fruit in and near Bozeman, thinking rather
of price than quality, will drive to these towns and buy their
apples and whatever other kind of fruit they are in need of. This
as I said before defeats to a certain extent the purpose for which
the horticultural law was created.

During the past fiscal year 7,590 packages of fruit have passed
through the inspector’s hands at Bozeman. These packages
were in 17 different lots, 12 of which were car lots, and consisted
mostly of apples. Out of this number 296 packages were con-
demned because of being infected with codling moth.

Very respectfully,

FRANK H. HAM.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

55

Big Fork, Mont, Dec. 15, 1903.

Mr. President and Members of Montana State Board of Horti-
culture.

Gentlemen : I have the honor of submitting to you my third
annual report as inspector of orchards for the Fifth Horticultural
District of Montana. It is with pleasure that I can report a
bountiful crop of all kinds of fruit in this district, and of a supe-
rior grade generally, although some was rather small, when not
thinned properly. But as a general thing the fruit growers are
alive and up to date in horticulture. Prices have ruled good and
fruit of superior quality has sold at good prices for cash.

Buyers of fruit demand it of good quality, well graded and
packed in attractive packages.

A great improvement is noticeable in the way growers are
placing fruit on the market; a large amount of it has been
shipped from Kalispell the past season, first-class fruit bringing
fancy prices. But there is still room for a great improvement
in grading and packing fruit for shipment. The tendency of
some to try to make the good sell the poor, which causes all to
be graded as poor, is a very poor business proposition.

During July the fruit growers of this district organized an as-
sociation for mutual benefit. (It was too late in the season for
berry growers to receive any benefit this season.)

Arrangements were made to have a business house in Kalispell
handle the balance of the fruit crop. It was only partially suc-
cessful, as business rivalry between commercial houses caused
some loss to our home market, as some fruit was shipped In
which caused ours to find an outside market, which may prove
^‘a blessing in disguise,” as a demand has been created for our
fruit in other places.

The association proposes to place an independent factor m
charge of their fruit the coming season. Also secure fruit pack-
ages as an association, which should be a saving to individual
members.

Owing to other important duties I could not give orchard in-
spection the attention it should have, considering the importance
of the subject. However, have made a few notes which may be
of value to the Board.

The codling moth being the most destructive, will consider
it first. From what I have seen of its work in Kalispell I think
that the past season was the third of its existence, and it is

56

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Spreading- fast. Where there was only three orchards reported
in 1902, there was twenty-two in 1903. In one orchard where
there was only five trees affected in 1902, in 1903 there was fifty-
nine, with 715 wormy apples found and a number of the larvae
destroyed by the owner of the orchard, of which no record was
kept.

The plan followed the past season v/as to thin the apples close,
pick and destroy all wormy fruit, band the trees and examine
bands every ten days.

August 8th some apples were found from which the larvae
had escaped; on the nth of August the first cocoons were found.
On the 3d of October the last larvae were discovered. Number
of orchards infected, 22; numbjer of trees, 180; per cent of trees
infested, 32 per cent ; per cent of apples affected on trees infested,
15-16 of one per cent.

At picking time very few apples were discovered containing
worms.

Unfortunately no record was kept of work done by deputy,
although positive instructions were given to that effect.

September 3d three trees were discovered with wormy apples
in Lakins’ orchard at Big^Fork. All the apples from the affected
trees were burned ; however, most of the larvae were gone from
the apple. The coocoons were undoubtedly carried to the orchard
in using second-hand boxes. Wormy apples were reported from
Columbia Falls, Swan Lake and west side of Flathead lake, but
were not verified. Codling moth was found on one pear tree in
Kalispell.

The spraying outfit was received too late in' the season (July
15th) to derive much benefit from as yet.

There was an article in a local paper which criticized the in-
spector for not taking bands off trees every five days, and was
accused of lack of diligence for not doing so. The writer had
not informed himself of the habit‘d and life cycle of moth before
writing the article and there are many who do not take the time
to enquire into it, so it may be as well to quote some .authority
on the moth. C. B. Simpson, special field agent for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, in Bulletin No. 41, gives the time as twenty-
two days from the time the moth enters the band to emergency,
and quotes Prof. Gillette, of Colorado, as placing the period at
a minimum of twelve days and a maximum of twen-
ty-nine days, with an average of twenty days. Riley,

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 57

from fifteen to twenty-one days; Washburn, three weeks ;
Sling-erland, two to three weeks. Perhaps it would be
advisable for the Board to issue a pamphlet descriptive of the
codling moth, giving all information as to its habits, life cycle,
etc. ; also remedies to exterminate. Any information which would
be useful to orchardists and the general public, as a lamentable
lack of knowledge exists on the subject, and as it has gained a
foothold here, every fruit grower should know how to treat the
codling moth.

I burned one load of second-hand boxes last season, which
were sold by a merchant handling fruit. I shall push that sec-
tion of the bill next season. On the 17th of March, 1903, I
sprayed an orchard with lime sulphur and salt solution to destroy
oyster shell bark louse, using 15 pounds of each to 40 gallons of
water, boiling lime and sulphur one hour, adding salt and boil-
ing 15 minutes longer, and applied it hot. In one orchard I think
it killed 90 per cent of the scale. The other orchard treated, the
result v/as not as satisfactory. While spraying for oyster shell
I noticed several trees badly infected with the eggs of the
aphis. On examination of those trees this spring I discovered
all the aphis eggs destroyed. Am so well pleased that I shall
experiment largely this winter. Shall also try the caustic soda
spray, which is so highly recommended by California horticul-
turists for scale insects. (One pound of caustic soda to six gal-
lons of water.) In my last report I reported unfavorably in
spraying with Bordeaux mixture for apple scab ; am pleased to
note the entire success of the spray, no scab showing the past
season. A block of autumn strawberry apple trees were sprayed
and the scab destroyed. No effect was perceptible till the follow-
ing season.

One cherry tree was discovered to be badly affected with the
cherry slug this season. One thorough spraying with whale oil
soap and quassia chips exterminated them. Damage by the cur-
rant saw fly was very^ slight. Plum aphis were very numerous,
but a thorough spraying with the above emulsion had the same
effect. By reason, of the use of a tobacco whale oil compound
last spring, which was highly recommended (and proved inef-
fective) the apple plant louse had so increased in numbers that
orchardists had great difficulty to save the crop, and in some
cases almost failed, but thorough spraying with good whale oil

S8 THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

soap and quassia chips was generally successful in destroying
them.

Last spring was cold, wet and late, which I think is favorable
weather for the aphis, as they increased more than usual. They
seem to be more numerous in orchards surrounded by timber.
Orchards on the prairies are not seriously affected by them,
owing to the prevalence of the lady bugs, which are so numerous
in grain fields on prairies. Anthracnose of apple appear to thrive
in cool weather, also. Have not had an opportunity to experi-
ment with it yet. Orchardists appear to lack confidence in try-
ing to check its advance, although instructed what to do.

While spraying last winter with the lime solution I tried some
on some cherry trees that would shed their foliage in mid-sum-
mer, probably the effect of some fungus. The result was grat-
ifying, as they did not drop their foliage till the proper time
the following season.

Have noticed a small spot on apples about one-eighth of an
inch in diameter, several together sometimes, dark brown or
black; they do not penetrate the apple, but show on the surface
as an unsightly blotch, more especially on Red June and Mac-
intosh.

Pear trees which were treated for blister mite the season of
1901 aie still free from the mite.

Moles are a great nuisance to fruit trees on prairies, and can
only be poisoned or trapped. They destroy a great many trees.

Owing to loss of one orchard report book the report on num-
ber of trees inspected is very limited, comprising the following:

Apple trees bearing, 13,639; non-bearing, 28,787; estimated
crop, 13,110 boxes. Plum trees bearing, 868; non-bearing, 647;
estimated crop, 791 bushels. Pear trees bearing, 274; non-bear-
ing, 495; estimated crop, 115 bushels. Cherry trees bearing,
875; non-bearing, 2,411; estimated crop, 5,195 gallons. Total
number of trees, 47,796.

Injurious insects found — Aphis, Redhumped Caterpillar, Cod-
lin Moth, Red Spider, Cherry Slug, Hop Plant Louse ; also Lice,
Saw Fly, Moles, Fungus, Dry Rot and Anthracnose.

V ery respectfully,

O. C. ESTEY,
Inspector Sixth District.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTU.RE.

59

At the meeting of the Board held in Great Falls in January,
1904, it was decided to issue a bulletin on the codlin moth and
other important dangerous insects and diseases. This work was
prepared by the inspector at large and was issued and distributed
from this office during March.

During this meeting the entire work of the Board and its of-
ficers was carefully gone over and plans for the year were made.
The secretary’s report was adopted, likewise reports of members
and inspectors and ordered published in the regular report.

The subject of Montana’s horticultural exhibit for the Louis-
iana Exposition was discussed and the secretary authorized to
complete for the World’s Fair Commission the labor of secur-
ing, preparing and caring for the best exhibit possible, with the
fund appropriated for that work by the World’s Fair Commis-
sion.

During the year ending November 30 there were received and
recorded 74 notices of shipment of nursery stock, and there
were 51 nursery stock salesmen’s certificates issued.

The number of fruit inspectors’ reports received were 77 and
number of reports on inspection of nursery stock, 120.

Licenses issued to nurseries, 12; pamphlets issued, 1,000: re-
ports issued, 1,000, and number of letters answered, 700.

Nurseries licensed to do business in the State of Montana:
J. C. Jensen, Bingham City, Utah ; the Montana Nursery Co., Mis-
soula, Mont.; Jack Evans, Spokane, Wash. ; Washington Nur-
sery Co., Toppenish, Wash.; Wm. T. Grier, Echo, Mont.; L. L.
May & Co. and Mayfield Nurseries, St. Paul, Minn. ; Miller’s
Greenhouses, Helena, Mont. ; Stark Bros. Nursery and Orchard
Co., Louisiana, Mo.; The Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, Minn.;
State Nursery Co., Helena, Mont.; Oregon Nursery, Salem,
Ore. ; O. S. Chilcott, Rockvale, Mont.

60

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

FRUITS INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR ENDING NO-
VEMBER 30, 1904.

Boxes.

Apples 130,374

Pears 13,601

Plums and Prunes 26,695

Peaches and Apricots 57,627

Cherries 9,416

Quinces 647

Orang-es 42,510

Lemons 20,278

Grapes 3,743

Total

* 304,891

* Of this amount there was inspected in Butte City alone 147,659 pack-

ages.

For the two years ending Nov. 30, 1904, over 48 per cent of the total
fruits inspected in the State were inspected by the Butte office. Of the
total apples inspected in the State 35 per cent were Montana grown.

FRUITS CONDEMNED FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1904.

Apples (Codling Moth and Scale) 1,805

Pears (Codling Moth and Scale) v 93

Peaches (Twig Bore) 61

Total 1,959

In addition to above several cars were sent out of the State as unfit
for market.

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE
YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1904.

Apples 223,769

Plums and P 12,559

Cherries 26,961

Apricots 129

Peaches 576

Quinces 538

Crab Apples 3,822

Pears 14,096

Shade and Ornamental Trees 38,985

Shrubbery and Small Trees (N. O. S.) 32,381

Roses 348

Blackberries 5,628

Raspberries 15,113

Strawberries 16,863

Gooseberries 6,732

Currants 5,509

Grapes 210

Asparagras and Rhubarb 297

282,450

71,714

50,352

Total 404,516

And 78 boxes mixed, not listed.

According to report of 1901 and 1902 there were 1,650,000
fruit -trees. out- in the State. From the records of nursery stock
inspected during the years 1903 and 1904, we find that there

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

61

have been set out in the State 524,104 fruit trees, making a total
of 2,174,104. This would make the total fruit-tree acreage of

the State 21,741 acres. It is impossible to secure figures as to

acreage of small fruits, but a conservative estimate would place

the total acreage of tree fruit and small fruits at 25,000 acres.

NURS’ERIES INSPECTED FOR THE YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1904.

Total number of acres 82

Total number of small plants 25,000

Total number of trees 382,500

Total number of trees condemned and destroyed 1,600

Disease condemned for — Crown Gall.

NURSERY STOCK CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR

ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1904.

Apple Trees 8,322

Pear Trees 114

Plum Trees 202

Cherry Trees 503

Apricot Trees 1

Peach Trees 7

Quince Trees • • • 2

Shade Trees 256

Blackberry Plants 477

Gooseberry Plants 17

Roses 13

Grape Vines 21

Strawberry Plants 124

Raspberry Plants 20

Total 10,079

Principal disease condemned for — “Crown Gall.”

NUMBER OF ORCHARDS, TREES AND ACRES SMALL FRUITS’ IN-
SPECTED, 1903-1904.

Thtal num.ber Orchards 703

Total number of Trees 515,061

Total number Acres Small Fruits 184

DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR END-
ING NOV. 30, 1904.

RECEIPTS.

Appropriation for 1904' $2,500.00

Balance of 1903 appropriation unexpended 874.85

Total $3,374.85

DISBURSEMENTS.

General Expense —

Printing-

Board Members’ Expense

Inspector at Large, Service and Expense

$ 20.04
28.40

Second District —

Inspector, Service and Expense

62

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Third District —

Inspector, Service and Expense , $198.85

Fourth District —

Board Members’ Expense $ 52.15

Inspector, Service and Etxpense 1,045.96

Fifth District —

Board Members’ Expense $ 50.00

Inspector, Service and Expense 459.25

Sixth District —

Board Members’ Expense $ 17.60

Inspector, Service and Expense . .. 568.85

Balance appropriation unexpended 446.65

$3,374.85 $3,374.85

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND” FOR FISCAL TEAR
ENDING NOV. 30, 1904.

RECEIPTS.

Balance in fund from fiscal year, Nov. 30, 1903....

Fruit Trees

Nursery Stock

License

Rent

Total

DISBURSEMENTS.

Wages

Freight, Express and Transfer

Rent and Supplies

Traveling Expenses

Telephone, Telegraph and Postage

Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1904

Total

MONTANA’S HORTICULTURAL INTERESTS AT THE
WORLD’S FAIR AT ST. LOUIS.

At a meeting of the Horticultural Inspectors of Montana, held
in Butte during July, 1903, at which Mr. Paul McCormick, sec-
retary of the executive committee of the St. Louis Exposition,
was present, the subject of Montana’s horticultural interests at
the exposition were discussed in all its branches.

As a result of this meeting the World’s Fair Commission de-
cided to place the work of securing and preparing a suitable ex-
hibit of the fruits of the State in the hands of the Board of Hor-
ticulture.

This duty was accepted, and immediately upon the adjourn-
ment of the meeting, estimates of the cost of gathering and pre-
paring a suitable exhibit were made and presented to the com-
mission at a meeting held in September. These estimates called
for an expenditure of $5,800, which amount was to cover all cost

$ 170.18
3,214.71
589.52
300.00
60.00

$4,334.41

$3,562.92

24.60

330.75

37.65

110.21

268.28

$4,334.41 $4,334.41

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

6^

of securing, preparing and maintaining an exhibit, covering i,ooo
square feet. The plan called for one carload of apples to be pre-
pared, in the most scientific manner and placed in cold storage;.
1,000 packages of small fruits to be shipped at stated intervals
during July, August and September; one carload of apples and
other tree fruits to be gathered and shipped about September
25th or October ist, and 150 large jars of chemically prepared
fruits.

After mature deliberation the commission found that it would
be impossible to expend the amount requested. The total sum
of $5,000 at their command was- found inadequate to go around
and the sum of $4,500 was finally agreed upon to cover all ex-
penditures in the horticultural department.

It then became necessary to go over the estimates, curtailing
here and there, dispensing with some parts entirely in order to
come safely within the appropriation.

A final plan was then presented to the ^mmission which
called for one carload to be placed in cold storage, 500 packages
to be shipped during the summer and one car to be sent October
5th. ,

While awaiting the decision of the committee regarding what
should be done, about 75 small. jars of small fruits consisting of
berries, cherries, plums, apricots and peaches were secured and
preserved, in chemicals.. No regular specimen jars were obtain-
able and small salt and candy jars, holding from one to four
quarts, were used. These were used merely as ornaments to
the exhibit. -

In keeping with the final plan submitted, one straight carload
of apples were gathered from all parts of the State. These, after
arriving in Butte, were all examined one by one to see that they
were free from all blemishes and the selected ones were then
wrapped first in tissue paper, then wrapped in parafine paper.
They were then securely packed in a box, a little larger than our
apple box, and . placed in cold storage until the car was com-
pleted. The box used was a tight box, lined with light manilla
paper, ends and sides, the sheet being large enough to act as a
cover when the box was filled. Between the paper and box was
placed a thin sheet of excelsior, sides and ends and between each
layer of fruit a layer of paper, then a layer of excelsior and then
a layer of paper, thus insuring against bruising and providing for
absorption of all moisture. Upon the end of each box a card

64

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

was placed giving the name of the exhibitor, his address, the
name of the variety and the number of specimens therein con-
tained. A complete record of the contents of each box was also
made in a book. This car was completed about December ist
and loaded and shipped to St. Louis on December 24th, arriving
there January 2, 1904.

To load and ship a car of fruit in the dead of winter such a
long distance required judgment and care. Danger of freezing,
chances of being caught in a wreck, possibility of sudden rise in .
temperature were questions of grave importance. The car used
for shipping was a refrigerator style. All ice was removed ; the
ends, sides and bottom of car were padded with about six inches of
clean straw. The boxes were laid across the car in rows of
five ; strips one inch wide were nailed across the row at each end,
one being flush to one side of the car, the other flush to the
other side. This was followed on up until the' boxes were five
rows high throughout each end of the car to the center. The
center space or doorways was reserved for brace work to hold
the boxes tight throughout the entire car. For this purpose two-
by-four lumber was used. Straw was packed around the exposed
ends of the boxes in doorways. When the car was finished it
was ready to go a journey of almost any distance.

At the time of loading a sufficient number of boxes were
opened and examined to test the condition of the fruit after be-
ing two and a half months in storage. Every specimen exam-
ined was found to be in perfect condition, as good as the day
they were packed. At the same time there were opened a few
boxes that had been packed for experimental purposes to be kept
in Butte for study. The fruit in these boxes was bruised and
otherwise unfit for exhibition purposes. The fruit consisted of
Alexander, Wolf River, Wealthy, Pewaukees, McMahon White.
Johnathan, etc., and was packed simply to study the bruises at
different stages. These were all found to be in the same condi-
tion as when packed, the bruised spots not having spread at all,
rather they were inclined to show a gradual drying. The good
apples that were packed in among them were all found to be
perfect. Upon January i8th they were again examined and
found in the same condition. The same procedure was followed
in .packing these bruised apples as was followed in packing the
exhibit.

The Mound City Ice & Cold Storage Co., of St. Louis, to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 65

whom the car was sent for storage, was instructed to open a
number of boxes to note their condition upon arrival. The fol-
lowing, which is a copy of a letter received from them after the
receipt of the car, tells how they arrived : ‘‘C. H. Edwards, Butte,
Mont. : Car 5019 of apples was received and placed in storage

January 2d. We examined several boxes of this fruit and found
it to be in good condition. In this respect we beg to say that
your shipment is one of the best packed cars we have received
for World’s Fair exhibition. We refer to condition of apples
examined, how rapped and packed in boxes. The box itself and
manner in which car was loaded to protect against breakage and
frost. We assure you that such shipments are appreciated.

Yours very truly,

(Signed) F. S. TIMBERLAKE, Manager.

The contents of the car placed in cold storage was used dur-
ing the summer from May to October to keep covered our space
of 1,000 square feet. It was universally conceded by all horticid-
tural superintendents that our pack and package was the very
best.

Application for 1,000 square feet of space in the Horticultural
Palace has been made during October, and after the shipment
of fruits had been made the matter of installation of the exhibit
was taken up. In view of the fact that funds y/ere small, low
installation was decided upon. While this plan of installation
deprived us of an opportunity of much adornment it, we believe,
gave the advantage of presenting to the visitors our entire ex-
hibit at a glance.

On April 15th we went to St. Louis to begin the work of in-
stallation. On April 30, 1904, the day which the fair was form-
ally declared open, Montana’s horticultural exhibit was complete
and from that time to December ist, the closing of the Fair, Mon-
tana was well represented in the Palace of Horticulture, exhibit-
ing throughout the season no less than 10,000 plates of fruits.

While in St. Louis during the month of June we had a good
opportunity of observing the poor condition of the small fresh
fruits that were received by the nearby states and decided then
that it would be utter folly for us to attempt the local shipment
of small fruits during the months of July and August, as was
our intention. Then, too, our fund available was small for this
work and the express rate of $5.50 per 100 pounds made it possi-

66

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ble for US to ship only a very few shipments. Had it been possi-
ble to get them there in good condition, we would have attempt-
ed to have shown strawberries and cherries and other small
fruits, fresh from the orchards; but as it was not, the plan was
abandoned.

During the summer months of 1904 the fruit growers of Mon-
tana were again solicited for fruits for a second car with which
to close up and make a good finish. About September 15 the
work of assembling at Missoula this second car was commenced,
and upon October ist the same was shipped to St. Louis. The
car arrived there about October loth. This car contained about
15,000 specimens, consisting of apples, crabapples, plums, prunes
and pears. It arrived in good condition and completed the work
of gathering and packing of fruits for the fair. The receipt of
this choice car enabled us to show an abundance of beautiful
fruits during the last two months of the fair. During October
we were showing in good condition apples of 1903 and 1904 at
the same time.

It has been no easy task, indeed, to maintain for a period uf
seven months an exhibit of fresh 'fruits, covering a space of 1,000
square feet and consisting of 10,000 plates of fruits, when we take
into consideration the fact that our base of supply was distant
from St. Louis about 2,000 miles. It required the greatest care
possible to maintain an exhibit of cold storage fruits alone, last-
ing over a period of five months, yet during this period Mon-
tana’s exhibit compared favorably with all of the western states,
especially when we remember that she spent in the horticultural
department less than half the money spent by the least of the
states.

Throughout the entire work the strictest economy was prac-
ticed. Not one needless dollar was spent.

It would, of course, be impossible that our horticultural ex-
hibit should come up to the expectations of all the people that
saw it, and of many of our own citizens who visited the fair,
yet it is a fact that no exhibit in the horticultural palace attracted
greater attention. It is universally conceded that Montana
stands at the head as a mining, agricultural and stock raising
state, but that she could claim a place in the categor^^ of fruit-
growing states has not been credited by the people outside of her
own borders, and, indeed, by many living within her domain.

It is our opinion, formed from observations made during our

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

67

visit to this educational fair just closed, in connection with this
work, that the money expended in our horticultural exhibit will
prove of inestimable value to our state.

Aside from the value as an advertisement to the world of our
horticultural possibilities, we consider the effort put forth along
this line of great worth to the grower of fruits. From this work
we hope to learn something of the keeping qualities of our ap-
ples under the most trying conditions. This in itself is valuable.

A careful record of each variety placed in cold storage was
kept, and this data will be published later in the form of a spe-
cial bulletin. Photographs of the leading varieties were made
and these, with a complete history of the fruit and tree will form
a part of the bulletin.

We believe that Montana may justly feel proud over the re-
sults attained through her horticultural exhibit. The small
amount of funds available compelled the strictest economy in all
matters. The extent of the exhibit was necessarily smaller than
might be desired and it was impossible to show a great variety
of fresh fruits on account of the almost prohibitive rates. Not-
withstanding these drawbacks, we think a good showing was
made. The entire number of exhibitors were but sixty-seven.
During the entire period of the fair, seven months, there was
maintained an excellent exhibit by these progressive orchard-
ists, and to sixty-one of these gold, silver and bronze medals
were awarded, and an additional silver medal to the commission
on installation.

LIST OP PRUIT EXHIBITORS.

P. L. Cook, Como.

R. A. S’leeman, Lo Lo.

R. A. Parkhurst, Victor.

A. N. Mittower, Victor.

J. R. Willis, Plains.

Wm. Porter, Woodside.

Thos. S. Smith, Carlton.

Ida P. Cottrell, Carlton.

M. H. Pierce, Plains.

C. O. Johnston, Carlton.
Victor Mine Orchard, Victor.
W. J. Crismus, Rockvale.

A. J. Durnford, Carlton.
Appolino & Waters, Victor.

R. A,. Eddy, Victor.

J. L. Lacaff, Plorence.

P. G. Pickering-, Joliet.

R. V. Jamieson, Victor.

E. P. Burger, Joliet.

Mrs. Lizzie Murphy, Carlton.

J. H. Lehson, Missoula.

W. J. Tiedt, Darby.

J. P. McClain, Carlton.

J. O. Read, Hamilton.

O. C. Estey, Big Pork.

A. C. Vanderpool, Plains.

C. C. Willis, Plains.

J. P. Lewis, Plains.

E. A. Meyers, Hamilton.

G. L. Saterlee, Darby.

J. C. Colcord, Stevensville.

B. George, Darby.

A. C. M. Co., Hamilton.

E. A. Johnson, Hamilton.
MacRae Bros., Victor.

C. W. Smith, Woodside.

W. Turnage, Woodside.

W. B. Harlan, Como.
Thomas Deering, Como.

P. E. Lockridge, Corvallis..

68

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Isadore Wag-ner, Florence.

W. P. Maclay, Missoula.

W. J. Allen, Carlton.

Samuel Dinsmore, Missoula.

Prank Engler, Victor.

L. Lacrousier, Victor.

S. Wagner, Florence.

Fred Gilbert, Lo Lo.

Bitter Root Stock Farm, Hamilton.

W. H. Rock, Lo Lo.

Bass Bros., Stevensville.

T. A. McClain, Carlton.

Missoula Nursery Co., Missoula.

Gus Gorus, Darby.

LIST OP

Gold Medals.

State of Montana.

Bass Bros., Stevensyille.

Bitter Root Stock Farm, Hamilton.

Silver Medals.

P. L. Cook, Como.

R. Parkhurst, Victor.

Thos. S. Smith, Carlton.

Ida F. Cottrell, Carlton.

M. H. Pierce, Plains.

Henry Johnson, Carlton.

Victor Mine Orchard Co., Victor.
Appolino & Waters, Victor.

J. F. LacafC, Florence.

R. V. Jamieson, Victor.

W. J. Allen, Carlton.

Samuel Dinsmore, Missoula.

L. Lacrousier, Victor.

S. Wagner Florence.

W. H. Rock, Lo Lo.

Gus Gorus, Darby.

J. H. Lehson, Missoula
W. J. Tiedt, Darby.

J. P. McClain, Carlton.

A. C. Vanderpool, Plains.

C. C. Willis, Plains.

J. P. Lewis, Plains.

G. L. S’atterlee, Darby.

J. C. Colcord, Stevensville.

Ben George, Darby.

McRae Bros., Victor.

W. B. Harlan, Como.

Thos. Deering, Hamilton.

In addition to the above list there

Fritz Hendricks, Woodside.

J. E. HaufC, Woodside.

J E. Lockwood, Woodside.

L. H. Johnston, Victor.

John S'ears, Woodside.

D. E. Bandman, Missoula.

Thomas Padden, Darby.

De Veber & Herbert, Florence,
Billings Land & Irrigation Co., Bil-
lings.

State of Montana.

Fred Grill, Hamilton.

O. C. Cooper, Hamilton.

AWARDS.

E. A. .lohnson, Hamilton.

Fritz Hendricks, Woodside.

J. E. Hauff, Woodside.

J. E. Lockwood, Woodside.

L. H. Johnson. Victor.

John Sears, Woodside..

Thos. Padden, Darby.

DeVeber & Herbert. Florence.

T. A. McClain, Carlton.

Bronze Medals.

J. O. Read, Hamilton.

E. A. Meyers, Hamilton.

C. W. Smith, Woodside.

Wm. Turnage, Woodside.

F. E. Lockridge, Corvallis.

Fred Grill, Hamilton.

F. G. Pickering, Joliet.

Mrs. Lizzie Murphy, Carlton,

Isadore Wagner, Carlton.

W. P. Maclay, Missoula.

Fred Gilbert, Lo Lo.

Missoula Nursery Co., Missoula.

R. A. Sleeman, Lo Lo.

A. N. Mittower, Victor.

J. R. Willis, Plains.

Wm. Porter, Woodside.

C. O. Johnson, Carlton.

A J. Durnford, Carlton.

Dan’l E. Bandmann, Missoula.

O. C. Cooper, Hamilton.

Billings Land & Irrigation Co., Bil-
lings.

was awarded to the Montana World’s

Pair Commission a Silver Medal for Installation.

During the entire season of the fair the exhibit was cared for
by Mr. Verdi Spurgin. That it was in good hands is evidenced
by the results as shown in the matter of awards. It would have
been impossible to have found a gentleman better fitted for this
work. To his untiring efforts is due the credit of our success.
He has labored early and late for eight months, never losing

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

69

sight of a single opportunity to advance the interests of the
state, and we desire to express to him our sincerest thanks for
his many efforts to carry to a successful close the exhibit.

In conclusion we wish to express thanks to the commission for
their many courtesies extended, and for their earnest efforts on
behalf of the fruit interests of the state ; to Mr. Buskett, repre-
sentative of the commission, and to the fruit growers of the
state for their earnest co-operation, and to the press for its kind-
ly assistance.

REPORT OF E. N. BRANDEGEE TO STATE BOARD OF
HORTICULTURE.

Gentlemen : A great change is manifest in the fruit now com-
ing to market in Montana compared with that of five and six
years ago. Eastern apples then came in unrestricted, infected
with all the pests. Western apples and pears were sent as in-
different horticulture had grown them. Market conditions did
not demand the best fruit nor even good fruit. The supply was
accordingly infected with codling moth or some other common
pest. Five years ago pears, apples, peaches and plums were in-
fected with San Jose scale and a visit to market would disclose
any quantity of it.

The San Jose scale has almost entirely disappeared now froin
market fruits. A year at a time passed without a fruit inspector
discovering, after earnest search, more than a specimen. Other
scale insects are comparatively as rare now, and even the codling
moth appears in much reduced numbers. The market fruit of
Montana is probably the best in the world. It is as good as
favored localities and intelligent and diligent horticulture can
produce. About one-half the apples consumed in the state are
home-grown. The other half comes from orchards that are
pruned and sprayed to produce fruit to meet Montana demands.
One horticultural law has thus had a wide influence for the
growth of scientific horticulture in these states. It was a notice
to growers that they must grow the best fruit or keep out of our
market. And the commercial orchards of the Pacific states are
kept as free from pests as in infected regions is possible with
present horticultural methods.

The better fruit now grown and found in market suits the
taste of the consumer and excellent fruit adds always to the de-

70

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

mand. It is an advantage to the wholesale and retail trade, as
more is to be made in good fruit, and especially in fruit that en-
dures market conditions. But for the fee system, the inspection
of fruit would meet with universal approval, a;id it has improved
horticultural conditions in the Northwest as no other means, per-
haps, that could be devised could do.

It has called to common notice the importance in horticulture
of scientific methods and the injury to be wrought by horticul-
tural pests. It has impressed upon the growers of the state the
necessity and advantage of keeping those pests away so far as
possible. In most state laws to make them effective need indi-
vidual co-operation. Fruit inspection keeps before the grower
an ideal to which he must attain, and individually and collec-
tively this state has benefitted by the fruit inspection law.

Comparatively few pests, however, are distributed by fruit.
Nursery stock disseminates many times more. When the hor-
ticultural law was passed, it was soon discovered by the Board
entrusted with its operation that the nursery stock sent to this
state was often of the basest quality. . Trees by the tens of
thousand were bought and sold that were valueless, and often
much worse than valueless to the buyer. Scale insects that
might spread and injure entire valleys were sent in to us. Plant
diseases that were as injurious came in, often without the knowl-
edge of the seller and, of course, of the victim who bought and
planted the infected trees.

This condition was very unfavorable to horticulture and to
the growth of orchard tree raising in Montana. It took all profit
out of many orchards that were planted, threatened with con-
tagion good established orchards and discouraged sometimes
entire valleys as to the possibility of apple culture. There have
been instances where infected stock that would not live anywhere
has been sold in quantity in the same region and its subsequent
death has been attributed to climatic influence, whereas it was due
to contagious disease. This postponed the horticultural develop-
ment of sections of our state and blinded the inhabitants to their
own horticultural possibilities.

The Board immediately initiated the inspection and fumiga-
tion of nursery stock. This continues to the present time with
greater efficiency than at first. More nursery stock, comparative-
ly, is seen and treated. And inspectors have become familiar
with the details of the work. The nurseries of the country have

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

71

learned, and some of them by sad experience, that nothing but
healthy stock can be sold in this state.

The inspection of nurseries and the inspection and destruc-
tion, if necessary, of nursery stock is a work of great importance
to this state and horticultural interests would suffer if the work
should be allowed to cease. Local nurseries are not in every in-
stance free from contagious disease. But they are free com-
pared with- imported stock. A single infested nursery may oe
the means of the spread over an entire state or several states, if
unrestricted, of a highly contagious disease or an insect whose
subsequent eradication is nearly impossible.

It is of the highest importance that all the nurseries of the
state be thoroughly inspected above ground and below ground.
It is equally important that all nursery stock, so far as possible
in this state of .magnificent distances, be thoroughly treated.
The Board has endeavored to do this and I believe has succeeded
better than other states with similar laws and has saved in this
alone to the horticultural interests of the state many times the
total cost of the law. But this is the most important part of our
work in restricting the spread of horticultural pests, and all
means should be devised to give it more svstem and make it
complete as possible.

Nursery stock continues to be infected and as many trees,
proportionately, are condemned and destroyed as when the
Board first undertook inspection of it. Nearly all young trees
that come into the state are accompanied by certificates of char-
acter printed and purporting to be signed by state inspectors or
professors of the experiment stations in the states where the
nurseries are located. If these certificates were trustworthy,
our work on nursery stock would be much simplified. But they
are totally unreliable. They are found attached to stock that
is badly infested. No diseased stock has as yet come into the
state that was not accompanied by a certificate setting forth
its immaculate condition, and one bad carload last spring had
three cards of introduction from as many states. Their use in this
way to cover fraud may not be warranted by those who issue
the certificates, but in any event they indicate that inspection of
nurseries and nursery stock is as yet in other states carelessly
performed.

The horticultural law has done valuable work in Montana

72

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

on nurseries and nursery stock. And it is here that most is done
in restricting the spread of pests. Nearly all the destructive
pests are disseminated by nursery stock. Infested fruit menaces
us but with one, but this is the most injurious insect, and fruit
inspection should be maintained specifically for this pest and
for its work in fruit. But the inspection of nursery stock is of
greater moment. If we get San Jose scale on growing trees in
Montana it will come to us on nursery stock. Our oyster shell
bark and woolly aphis came to us in that way and if the state
gets them, so will any of the scales that infest trees. Most all
insects but the codling moth are distributed on nursery stock,,
and the various plant diseases are distributed in this manner
alone.

Fruit inspection and the inspection of nurseries and the in-
g'pection and fumigation and destruction, if infected, of nursery
stock, is but a part of our work. Several injurious insects and
plant diseases have been introduced into the state and have be-
come firmly established. The control of these, at least, and theii
eradication if possible is the work of our horticultural law. Ex-
tensive work has been done by us in locating and determining^
the troubles, and doing away with them as fast as possible. I
will specify a few of them.

Oystershell Bark Louse.

This scale insect was introduced some years ago and is now
found in several orchards in Flathead, Ravalli and Missoula
counties. It is a serious pest, well adapted to thrive in Montana
and tends to extend its ravages. No satisfactory method of kill-
ing this insect has been used until recently. Kerosene emulsion
applied at the time when the young are just hatched is effective
in practice to a limited degree. The spray kills the unprotected
young that it touches, but great irregularity is manifest in the
time of hatching of the eggs in the same locality and different lo-
calities of the state. At no time can the spray be applied so that
it will kill more than a fraction of the insects. In all these coun-
ties the inspectors last year or this year have used lime-sulphur
mixture. In every instance its use has proved effective and un-
doubtedly in the future this spray will be extensively used in
Montana for all scale insects.

Lime and sulphur (the salt is better omitted) must be applied
to the dormant tree and never when it is in foliage. A formula

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

73

much simplified will be found in this report. The trees should
be well pruned before spraying for oystershell bark. Two appli-
cations, one in the fall after the leaves are gone, and one in the
spring as late as possible before the buds have burst, clean trees
pretty thoroughly of this scale. The last application is undoubt-
edly most effective, and operates on the young after hatching in
a marvelously effective manner.

The work on the oystershell bark should be continued until
all orchardists who have this insect on their premises are familiar
with this spray. Its use in Montana has been delayed and the
good retarded that might have been attained by its use. The ex-
periments of Prof. Aldrich in Idaho indicate that it is the most
effective spray for aphis. It is well known by our own experi-
ences that it is the most effective means of controlling pear leaf
blister mite. Against the bud moth it is effective and against
red spider and clover mite and woolly aphis and possibly it has
a fungicidal value. It is recognized to be the best insecticide
known in horticulture, and of most general application, and its
work should be watched by all inspectors on aphis of all kinds,
as well as those enumerated and others, notably borers.

Codling Moth.

As usual this insect has taken its quota of time and effort in
the endeavor to keep it out and to get rid of it in the places where
it is already established. The inspection work of Mr. Read has
disclosed its presence at several places in the Bitter Root valley
and it has been there for a number of years from indications.
One orchard at Flathead Lake, and the cities of Kalispell, Mis-
soula, Thompson Falls and Helena are the other infected dis-
tricts.

At Missoula the problem is the greatest and the work has
been the most extensive. There are from six to eight thousand
trees in the town affected with codling moth. Some of these
frees are thirty years or more old. Their great size and proxim-
ity to sheds, barns, fences and houses, all affording ideal winter
habitation to the insect, makes its control there a matter of great
expense. The local inspector has sprayed and endeavored to
make others spray, but the problem is an unwieldly one. It may
yet be solved, but never without the hearty co-operation of the
city with the Board of Horticulture.

In this respect Kalispell has set an example which Missoula

74

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

may well imitate. The city co-operated with the Board in secur-
ing a special inspector. They were fortunate in the selection of
Mr. Wood, who gave to the work unusual ability and enthusi-
asm. From a personal inspection of the work done by him in
spraying and banding and picking infested fruit I can testify
that everything was done 'that could be done to eradicate the
moth in Kalispell this summer.

Kalispell is not a center where many freight cars are stalled.
It has but a tenth the number of infested trees that Missoula
has, and none of thes are large. The problem of the moth is com-
paratively simple there, yet indicative of what may be accom-
plished in the larger field. The work of Mr. Wood and Mr.
Hartman and Mr. O. C. Estey at Kalispell and Flathead Lake
will be watched with great interest. It will demonstrate pro or
con the possibility of the eradication of the moth when once firm-
ly established.

It may be early to rejoice over the great results of the work.
But the indications are that the moth has been eradicated at
Flathead Lake, and that he will be very scarce in Kalispell next
summer. If so, or in any event the same methods should be em-
ployed in the Bitter Root infected districts and in the orchards
surrounding Missoula and at Thompson Falls next season.

In the railroad centers of the state the danger from reinfesta-
tion is greatest. Not only does this come from infested fruit,
but from infested cars. In August, September and October cod-
ling moth may be found in the fruit or boxes, but in no other
month of the year. It is at this time freely distributed in this
way. Every car from an infested district in these months con-
tains more or less of them, no matter how careful the inspec-
tion. Emit inspection has greatly diminished the number ^o
be found, but nothing but total exclusion can do away with in-
festation from this cause. This is slowly coming to pass. One
half the apples used in Montana are now of home production,
and in fruit raising districts the apples that are imported from
abroad are very few. With pears the record is not as good.

But reinfestation from fruit aside, and that will not come, to
pass for some years at Missoula and Helena, there is still the
railroads. The greater dissemination of the codling moth is
the railroad, even when it is not carrying cars of fruit. Cars
that have been loaded with infested fruit become badly infested

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 75

with larvae of the moth. In protected situations in these cars
they make their winter cases and travel over the country through
the entire winter securely housed. In the month of May such
cars may be lying at Missoula or Helena or any other railroad
center. Here their pupation completed the moths emerge and
fly to any neighboring fruit trees. Such infected cars may not
be loaded with fruit and usually are not at the time when they
become a source of danger to orchards. They may be found in
produce cars and sometimes in furniture cars; in fact, in any
car that has been used for the shipment of apples in other states
when the last brood of codling moth was seeking its winter lo-
cation. A car of apples from the Bitter Root last spring con-
tained fully a hundred moths and in a car of onions from Ham-
ilton somewhat more than that number could be seen.

In all orchard communities the provision of the law in regard
to the destruction of empty fruit boxes is very just. Codling
moth is distributed very readily in old apple, pear and quince
boxes and in other boxes that were loaded in the same car with
these fruits. I am glad to report that in apple regions the law in
regard to their destruction is more generally observed. In Kal-
ispell not an emppty fruit box has gotten out from the grocery
stores this^year and in the Bitter Root their destruction is more
general than before.

Crown Gall.

This most prevalent and destructive enemy of nursery stock
is very common on trees imported and native. A large variety
of trees are reported as affected by it in other states, but in Mon-
tana I have seen it on the apple alone.

The presence of the disease is indicated by round, warty swel-
lings at the crown of the tree or on the smaller roots. The union
of stock and scion is perhaps the most common and fatal point of
attack. But the gall frequently appears above and below this
weakest portion of the tree, and seedlings are affected as read-
ily. A recent examination of a shipment of home-grown stock
disclosed only a third of the trees affected at this point, and the
remainder but one with galls elsewhere on trunk and roots.

This disease is very destructive to young apple trees in the
state and is a pest that requires the greatest vigilance on the
part of the Board to prevent its distribution. All nursery stock
infested with it is worthless except to sell, and most nurserymen

76

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

are willing- to part with it for a consideration. Such stock will
not bear fruit. It may grow for a period of years only to die,
when it should be remunerative, thus throwing on its unfortunate
purchaser cost of trying to grow it in addition tO' its original
price.

In irrigated ground the disease is most virulent. The Bitter
Root has suffered more from it, according to reports, than has
the Flathead. The germ seems to be freely distributed by wa-
ter. In the course of time local nurseries will be seriously trou-
bled by this disease, and the course best to be pursued by you
in dealing with infestations should be dictated by the experience
of the country and the importance of the interests at issue.

Apparently but few nurseries of the country are totally free
from the disease. All that the Board can do then in the case
of a badly infested nursery is to have an inspector present when
the stock is dug and destroy all trees that are infected, and m
nursery shipments, to cull and destroy all that show signs of the
disease. The presence of a quantity of Crown Gall, however, in
any shipment subjects the remainder to grave suspicion, and
when half the trees have these galls upon the roots the entire
shipment should be destroyed. Thousands of trees have been
destroyed in Montana by inspectors for this cause alone.

Woolly Aphis.

This insect is often met with on nursery stock. When de-
tected the tree is destroyed. Fumigation does not destroy it :n
the egg form and it is to be expected that orchards will show its
presence sooner or later. Mr. Read has reported it in the Bit-
ter Root this year. Inspectors should see that trees, where :t
shows itself, are properly treated. Kerosene emulsion, or lime-
sulphur should be sprayed on the trunks for the aerial form in
the summer time, and the earth taken from the base of the tree
and the galls flooded with boiling water, and the earth replaced.

As the state gets older and the orchards become larger and
more numerous the ravages of insects and plant diseases will
become greater and the outbreaks more frequent. The time has
already passed -vhen the state can expend funds save in cases of
emergency or for experiment in spraying a city or in individual
orchards. It should compel owners of premises infected with
pests liable to spread, to spray or in other ways eradicate them
and sunervise the work if necessary with a man skilled in the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

77

work. But pumps and mixtures and manual labor should be
supplied by the individual or community benefitted.

The horticultural law has had a great influence for good on
the fruit industry of the state. It has stimulated the planting of
trees. It has kept market conditions to be met before the mind of
the planter. It has improved his market and has given his in-
vestment a greater certainty of future profit.

I wish that a campaign might be inaugurated to induce top-
grafting of worthless varieties now bearing, and the planting of
none but suitable market varieties in commercial orchards. Noth-
ing could be of more benefit to the industry. The Board of
Horticulture should issue a bulletin on the different varieties
that do the best in the different sections of the state — that pro-
duce a good market apple and are trees suited to the climatic
conditions.

Helena, Mont., December i, 1904.

Plains, Mont., January 3, 1905.
President State Board of Horticulture.

Dear Sir : I beg leave to make the following report from the

Fourth District of Montana:

I should think that the fruit tree planting had increased 10
per cent in the last year, and I find the growth has been very sat-
isfactory the past season, where the trees had plenty of moist-
ure. The fruit crop was not so large as usual, on account of
late frosts, which injured especially apples and plums. I find
the past season has been very favorable to insect growth, and I
find in my district the codling moth has increased with great
rapidity in the infected districts, with all our efforts to hold
them in check, though I am told by the inspectors that they
have not spread over any more territory, but the damage to the
fruit has been 80 to 90 per cent in some orchards. I think there
will have to be some other plan pursued to hold them in check
besides the method now in use by the Board, as the infected
districts get all the appropriations made by the state and they
still setting more trees from year to year, and it makes the work
of spraying far greater each year. I find the people of Missoula
very careless in the matter of spraying and seem to care very lit-
tle for the welfare of the fruit-growers of the state. They seem
to think the state should spray and look after their orchards

78

THIRD BIENNIAL. REPORT OP THE

free of charge. I think if the law could be amended to put a
tax of one cent on each fruit tree in the state outside of the towns
and 50 cents each for all trees set in the towns, the money going
to defray the expense of inspection and spraying the trees of
the state and the tax to be collected the same as other taxes. If
this could be done it would discourage the planting of orchards
in all the towns of the state, for in the t6wns is where the cod-
ling moth makes its first appearance and gets a good start before
it is discowered. I find the lime, sulphur and salt spray ap-
plied two or three times destroys the oystershell bark louse.
There will have to be some radical measures taken in these in-
fected orchards to get rid of the codling moth or they will soon
spread over the entire state and ruin the fruit-growing industr)^
that looks so promising now.

C. C. WILLIS.

Mr. President and Members of the State Board of Horticulture.

By request of your secretary I send my second annual report
as member of Board of Horticulture for Fifth District of Mon-
tana.

The work on insect pests and fungus has been very satisfac-
tory, especially regarding codling moth. The work in Kalispell
has been in charge of Mr. J. C. Wood, who has been very earn-
est and thorough in his work and I feel assured that he would
have succeeded in exterminating the codling moth were he
backed by sufficient funds. His records show a greater degree
of success as compared with records of previous year. Feel as-
sured his report will be satisfactory to the Board.

In September, 1903, I found seven apple trees in which there
were wormy apples (in the Lakins’ orchard at Big Fork) from
which the codling moth larvae had emerged. As this orchard is
in the vicinity of several larger ones, I thought best to take it in
personal charge and try to exterminate the moth, which proved
entirely successful, not finding a live larvae this season, nor a
wormy apple. Although I was informed by entomologists that
to entirely exterminate them was impossible.

The season was favorable for the work, due to lack of rain
while spraying. The owner of orchard sprayed under my per-
sonal supervision. It was sprayed the forepart also the latter
part of June.

MONTANA ^TATE: BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

79

The first spary was prepared by adding two pounds of slaked
lime, strained, one-third pound commercial paris green to forty
gallons water. The extract of six pounds of quassia chips and
seven pounds whale oil soap (the latter being qualified with C.
potash), was added to destroy the green aphis.

The second spray had just half the quantity of lime added as
the first, otherwise the same. After the second spray a few dead
larvae were discovered partially in calyx of apples, also a few
places where worm had apparently eaten and got enough poison
to destroy it. The fruit growers of the locality aided the work
financially and materially. Should the results be as successful
as now apparent the Board has done incalculable benefits to
the fruit growers of that locality, as about 25,000 apple trees
are growing within a mile of the orchard which was affected.
The apple plant louse has been very prevalent the past season^
increasing very fast. Whale oil soap and quassia is mostly used
and appears to be the most efficacious, if what is known as pot-
ash soap and quassia shavings in preference to what is known as
hog ships can be procured. Six pounds quassia, seven of soap
to forty gallons of water is the preferable solution here. I dis-
covered the aphis in thirty orchards, which were badly infested,,
not noting other. Pear leaf blister mite was discovered in six
orchards. As pears are not considered a commercial fruit in
this district the mite is not much dreaded.

The past season evidently was favorable for the development
of peach leaf curl. Trees that were never affected before showed
evidence of the curl this summer. Late in season it disappeared.
I cut back several and removed foliage, washed body and limbs
with whale oil soap. Will note results next season.

Discovered several orchards in one locality affected with twig
blight ; recommended cutting back and spray with Bordeaux
mixture, full strength, in the winter, modified in summer. Orch-
ards are too far from my home for me to work on them experi-
mentally. The oystershell bark louse was found in four orch-
ards, one of which has been sprayed the past two seasons.
There are very few left — only a thorough investigation will dis-
close them. I sprayed in March, 1904, with lime sulphur and
salt (same solution as recorded in my last report). I also tried
potash solution, six pounds potash to forty gallons water, so
highly recommended in California, with practically the same re-

so THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

suits obtained by former solution. While experimenting on aphis
eggs March 3, 4 and 5, 1904, I tried 15 pounds lime, 15 pounds
salt, 15 pounds sulphur to 40 gallons water. Also 15 pounds
lime, 15 pounds salt, 6 pounds potash in 40 gallons water, with
no apparent effect on aphis eggs. It is possible spraying was too
late in season — ^shall try earlier the coming winter.

The sooty fungus is becoming quite serious on thin-skinned
apples, as Red June, Macintosh, etc., which will require spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture. Leaf blight of apple, cherry and
pear is quite common. The cherry slug is found frequently,
but is destroyed by contact with poison or caustic.

The writer discovered in two orchards a worm about 7-16 of
an inch in length which works in the apple much the same as
larvae of codlin moth. It enters the apple at the side and appar-
ently passes an extended period in the vicinity of the core, as the
entrance becomes covered by a thin film nearly the color of apple,
which makes it difficult to find entrance. The writer sent speci-
men of apples containing worms to U. S. Entomologist at Wash-
ington and it was not recognized. Should it become more plenti-
ful it would prove a serious menace to apple growers.

Cherry worm was reported late in season (too late to be in-
vestigated) from our locality.

Mr. Fred Hartman, inspector of green fruits in Kalispell, is to
be congratulated on the thoroughness and success he has at-
tained in his work. He has proved to be a very efficient officer
and has been especially particular in enforcing rules 3, 4, 5 and
6 of the Board of Horticulture.

Yours very truly,

O. C. ESTEY,

Member of Board of Horticulture for Fifth District, Montana.

Big Fork, Mont.

Orchards inspected by O. C. Estey, 72 ; days inspecting orch-
ards and nurseries, 29 ; days special on codling moth, 1 1 ; total
number of days at $5.00 per day, $200.00. Paid for spraying ma-
terials, $15.90; paid for extension rod, $7.50; total, $223.40. Ex-
pense to Great Falls meeting of Horticultural Board, $17.60. To-
tal number of trees inspected, 38,579; apple, 31,965; plum, 1,908:
pear, 602; cherry, 4,026; peach, 147. Acres of small fruit, 59%;
nurseries, 2; number of trees in nurseries about 150,000.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

81

Number of orchards in which the following insects were
found : Aphis, 30 ; pear leaf blister mite, 6 ; twig blight, 2 ; oys-
tershell bark louse, 4 ; sooty fungus on apple, 3 ; leaf blight, i ;
cherry slug, 2; small worm in apple, 2; root gall, i; blackhearc,
I ; codling moth, i ; red humped caterpillar, 5 ; leaf spot, i ; apple
scab. I.

Orchards inspected by J. C. Wood: Number of orchards in-

spected, 36;; total number of trees, 24,355; apple trees, 20,901;
plum trees, 1,313 ; pear trees, 518; cherry trees, 1,923 ; peach trees,
1 13; total number nurseries, one-half acre strawberries, small
fruits, number of acres, i2i/4.

Days inspecting orchard, 16; days special codling moth work
in Kalispell banding trees, examining same, screening warehouse

windows and extra work, 28.

Bill of J. C. Wood — 44 days at $5.00 per day $220.00

Wire screen and tacks for warehouse windows ■ 3.40

Repairs and hose for spray pump 14*55

Express charges on extension rod 1.60

Total $239.56

Number of orchards in which the following insect pests or
fungii were found: Twig blight, i; aphis, 18; codling moth, 3;

tent caterpillar, i.

The town of Kalispell is classed as one orchard, for conven-
ience and brevity. Mr. Wood will give the result of his- work
in Kalispell in his report, which has not been received up to this
date. O. C. ESTEY.

Big Eork, Nov. i, 1904.

%

Great Ealls, Mont., Nov. i, 1904.

C. H. Edwards, Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Butte,
Mont.

Dear Sir: Erom Nov. 30, 1903, to Oct. 30, 1904, I have inspec-
ed and fumigated 33 packages of nursery stock. Have also in-
spected and passed 450o8 packages of fruit, and am glad to re-
port that in the last four years fruit has never been received in
this district that equals that of the year 1904.

The small fruits for the past season have been especially fine,
and it has been almost impossible to find codling moth in the
apples or pears this year, which I think is due to the rigid in-
spection law that has been enforced for the past four years in

82

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OE THE

this state, as well as the favorable conditions of the past season
and the labor and expense which the growers have undergone
to rid orchards of the pests.

There was more fruit raised in Cascade county the past sea-
son than ever before, and I look for a great many apple trees to
be set out here in the next few years, as it has been proven to us
that a hardy variety of apples, when protected and irrigated, can
be raised in a great many localities of the Third District.

We had a much larger display of fruit at the Cascade County
Fair this year, which was raised in this county, than ever be-
fore, and one of the remarkable features, which we were all
proud of, was a very fine basket of strawberries, which were
raised here in town and picked on the morning of the 26th of
September; and, even as late as the 4th day of November this
man brought me a box of green and ripe strawberries and straw-
berry blossoms which he had picked that morning.

I have kept a careful inspection of the stores and warehouses
and seen that the fruit boxes were burned, rather than being
scattered all around town.

Although we have not had as much nursery stock shipped in
the past season as we have some years heretofore, what has been
coming has been in very much better shape, and I do not see as
many irresponsible fruit tree agents through the country as we
have had in years gone by.

At the meeting of the State Horticultural Society held here
last winter, there was a great deal of enthusiasm shown by the
people of Cascade county, and think that it did a great deal to
encourage the raising of fruits in this part of the state.

Owing to the fine conditions which the fruit trees are in in
this session, and to the low financial condition of the State Board
of Horticulture’s funds, did not deem it advisable to make a thor-
ough orchard inspection this year. However, have carefully in-
vestigated anything that seemed to be wrong.

The trees in the city nursery here, which are composed mostly
of elm, ash and maple, numbering about 20,000 in all, are in a
very healthy condition, and the growth which they make is re-
markable ; and the young elm and ash trees along our boulevards
have been much freer from pests, particularly elm aphis, than
usual.

Very respectfully submitted,

C. E. HUBBARD,
Inspector Third District.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

83

Hamilton, Mont., Nov. i, 1904
To the Montana State Board of Horticulture.

Gentlemen : During- the year I have endeavored to make as

careful examination of the orchards of my district as it has been
possible for me to do with the limited means afforded by the
present law. I have held to the opinion that it was far better
to make a careful inspection of a few orchards than to endeavor
to casually observe the many. I deemed it best to go over each
orchard visited with the utmost care, to learn positively whether
any disease of a dangerous character existed, and to spend suf-
ficient time with the owner to enlighten him, where it was
necessary, as to best methods of combatting and eradicating
diseases and injurious pests.

In the two years, 1903 and 1904, I have carefully examined
296 orchards, containing 429,000 trees, consisting of apples,
pears, plums, prunes, cherries and peaches, apples forming about
90 per cent of all trees, and about 70 acres of small fruits.

I have found no new diseases or insect pests other than those
reported in my report of 1903. The disease and pests found are
codling moth, three instances ; oystershell bark louse in four
orchards; woolly aphis in several places; flatheaded borer, com-
mon ; and crown gall in many orchards. All of these pests have
been in existence for years, especially the oystershell, borers,
woolly aphis and crown gall, and according to the best informa-
tion obtainable the codling moth has existed in the district for
several years.

I find that it is a hard matter to obtain from the growers, gen-
erally speaking, any information as to the possible infection of
their orchards by the moth. It would appear, from all that has
been written and printed concerning the history and habits of
the moth, that no individual need be unacquainted v/ith this pest,
or fail to note its presence in the orchard. Still I find that many
growers have yet to learn how to detect it, to know it when
they see it. In several instances I have been called upon to visit
orchards reported to be infested with the moth, but after careful
inspection have found the trouble to be something other than
supposed.

The question is always asked each fruit grower visited, “Have
you ever found any wormy apples in your orchard?” The
answer has always been, “No.” Only in one case have I been
told that wormy apples were found in the orchard and in this

84

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF ' THE

orchard the moth was found and from the owner’s own experi-
ence and knowledge it had been there for years.

It would, indeed, be difficult to say how the moth was carried
into the few orchards in which it has been discovered in this
district. When we consider the many avenues through which
we are liable to infestation, we cannot help but be surprised that
we have escaped the ravages of this pest so long. Nothing but
the strict quarantine that the Board has maintained against in-
fested fruits has delayed its spread throughout the Bitter Root.
Nothing but an embargo against the importation of fruits liable
to infestation by the moth can keep out this pest, and I doubt
even then if it could be done. I have noticed the moth in vari-
ous stages in refrigerator and box cars, standing upon the sid-
ings in the valley awaiting their load of freight. How many
have escaped from these cars? Then, too, it may be, and no
doubt has been, carried from these cars upon articles of freight
into distant orchards. That would account for the infestation of
orchards so far from the railroads. Every grower should study
the history and habits of this insect and learn how to combat
it. No one should rely upon the dangerous idea that climatic
conditions will keep out the moth or render its destructive ability
less here than elsewhere.

In the report of the inspector at large will be found instruc-
tions for the eradication of the diseases which I have reported,
and the reader is referred to that portion of this volume.

Sun scald is a frequent form of injury found in the district.
It is considered a form of winter injury. The long exposed
trunks receives the ray of the sun, a condition favorable to the
bad results following rapid alternate frej^zing and thawing.
Paring away the diseased parts and covering the wound with a
mud plaster will be found helpful. Some good tree paint ap-
plied to the trunks of trees will prevent in a great measure the
injury.

As a result of my inspection of the orchards of the district I
find that in many instances whole orchards have been set out to
varieties not adapted to our locality or climate. These orchards
can be remedied to a great extent by budding and top working
to suitable varieties. The grower should find out what varieties
are best suited to the market, and to his locality and then pro-
ceed to work over every undesirable kind that he has in the
orchard. I have endeavored while around the orchards to learn

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

85

all those not acquainted with the process how to perform the
work, and am pleased to see that some are engaged in changing
these worthless kinds to suitable ones.

The time has arrived when we must determine upon a few
suitable varieties of fall and winter apples. We are planting
thoughtlessly, not giving that attention which the business is
entitled to, and many orchardists are now paying the penalty
by having thrown upon their hands a lot of worthless fruit with
no market for the same. There are being propagated in our orch-
ards to-day hundreds of varieties of apples and the grower can
hardly explain why he is planting them. No study is given to
adaptability, habit of tree, market value of fruit ; in fact, it looks
as though trees were simply being planted to see them grow.
Certainly if Montana is to have a place in the list of apple pro-
ducing states we must call a halt and settle down to two or three
specially adapted apples.

Montana has to-day apples growing in her orchards that for
size, quality, keeping and market, will rank with the best grown
in any land. Yet growers will go on planting untried and tried
worthless kinds, when they might profit by the experience of
older heads if they would only look around for themselves.

I desire before closing this report to call the attention of the
board to the importance of Missoula as a quarantine station for
the inspection of nursery stock and fruits. Missoula is prac-
tically the key to all western Montana. Through it passes all
the nursery stock that is used in the Fourth and Fifth districts
and we cannot be too careful in the matter of inspection there.
The importance of this point can readily be seen when we un-
derstand that there are set out in western Montana about 150,000
trees annually. Respectfully submitted,

J. O. READ,

Member for the Fifth District.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture.

Sirs : Having been appointed deputy, or assistant inspectof

for the Sixth District and assigned the codling moth district em-
bracing the city of Kalispell and vicinity surrounding the same,
I herewith submit my report of the season’s work.

Having no previous knowledge of the extent of the infested
area, I decided to treat the entire city as one orchard, which in
reality it is.

86

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

In making a house to house canvass and platting the door
yard or city orchards, I found 4,742 fruit trees of all kinds grow-
ing on 339 city lots, of which 305 are apple, 1,074 cherry, 443
plums, 167 pears and 13 peach. Of this number 1,081 are apples
and pears of bearing age.

Having prevailed upon the city council to pass a spray ordi-
nance to aid me in my work, I commenced spraying June 7th
and sprayed four times during the season. The first time sprayed
I used paris green — 4 oz; paris green and 2 lbs. lime to 45 gals,
water. Owing to the frequent rain.s washing off the paris green
spray, I secured and used for the remainder of the season arsenite
of lead in a prepared form under the name of “disparene,” pre-
pared by the Bowker Insecticide Co., of Boston, Mass., at the
rate of 3% lbs. to 45 gals, of water. I find the arsenite all that
is recommended for it, not only adhering to the fruit and foliage,
but being effective not only for the codling moth, but destroying
all biting insects.

In addition to spraying, when the larvae began to develop,
all bearing trees were banded and the bands carefully examined
once every two weeks, and all fruit found containing larvae was
gathered and destroyed.

The windows of all store houses and cellars where fruit had
been stored were covered with screen to prevent the flight of anv
moth which might develop in them.

All bearing trees were included in the first spraying, but as
the season advanced and the moth began to develop, by close
inspection and examined I was able to^ ascertain the exact
extent of the infested area and sprayed only the infested dis-
trict and those blocks immediately surrounding, or about 550
of the 1,081 bearing trees contained in the city.

Three orchards containing 69 of the largest trees in the city,
in the center of the infested district, were selected and a record
kept of the season’s work, with the following results :

The first larvae to change to the pupa stage was found May
27th; first empty cocoon on June 9th; larvae of the ‘first brood
was found in the cocoons as late as July 14th.

By August 3d the moth could be found in all stages of de-
velopment. On August 12, 90 per cent found under bands were
in the pupa stage, while on the next examination all cocoons con-
tained larvae, no pupa being found.

First examination of bands was made July loth, when 8 larvae

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

87

was found. Second examination July 26th, resulting in 81 larvae
and pupa. Third examination August 4th, giving 62 as results.
Fourth examination August 13th, when 42 were found. Fifth ex-
amination August 17th, finding 4. Sixth examination August
26th, showing 9 under bands. Seventh examination September
4th, only 3 being found.

Had a careful record of the entire city been kept, I believe
equal results would have been obtained. As the last two examin-
ations clearly indicated that all larvae entered the bands would
remain until next season, I have waited until all fruit was gath-
ered before taking them off and destroying them. In a short
time I shall remove them and report results.

In only three orchards beyond the city limits has the codling
moth made its appearance, and these were treated in a similar
manner to those within the city, with still more gratifying re-
sults. In one of them, which was badly infested a year ago, I
found only seven larvae under bands, and those early in August,
and I have every reason to believe in this one instance they
have been exterminated.

My work in Kalispell allowed but little time for orchard work,
and that time was devoted to orchards immediately surrounding
the city. I inspected 37 orchards containing 20,729 trees. These
orchards, as a whole, are in a thrifty, vigorous condition and,
with the exception of green aphis and a few cases of pear leaf
blister mite, are remarkably free from pests and disease.

For green aphis I recommended whale oil soap and quassia
chips, and for the blister mite lime, salt and sulphur, while in a
dormant condition.

Had I not been instructed to stop all orchard work, my inten-
tions were to inspect all orchards within three miles of the city
of Kalispell in order to ascertain if the codling moth had ap-
peared beyond the city, as well as to show the number of trees
endangered, should the work be stopped and the moth be al-
lowed to spread.

But, as I was unable to complete that part of my work, I will
make a conservative estimate and place the number at 50,000
within a radius of three miles of Kalispell.

From my experience and observation in Kalispell, I not only
believe that by intelligent, thorough and careful work the cod-
ling moth cannot only be effectually controlled, but eventually
exterminated in this district, and if necessary, all other orchaid

88

THIRD BIBiNNIAD REIPORT OP THE,

work be stopped and the time and money devoted to that work;
also, that the inspection laws governing fruit shipped in from
other states and the destruction of empty fruit boxes be more
rigidly enforced. Most respectfully,

J. C. WOOD,

Deputy Inspector Sixth District.

Big Fork, Mont.

Thompson, Mont., Nov. 9, 1904.

C. H. Edwards, Secretary of State Board of Horticulture, Butte,
Mont.

Dear Sir : I herewith send a report of all work done by me for
the season ending Nov. i, 1904. In the months of March and
April I sprayed 2,100 trees for oystershell bark louse. The form-
ula used was lime sulphur and salt, one pound of each to three
gallons of water. The results were very satisfactory ; also found
it good for pear leaf blister mite. In the months of June and
July I sprayed several small orchards in Thompson for codling
moth. The formula used was paris green and lime, but did not
find it very satisfactory. In September I inspected the orchards
at Plains. They were all in good condition with the exception
of ten that had some oystershell bark louse, but think one more
good spraying will eradicate them. As a general thing found all
orchards in a very good condition.

GEO. s. good;

Inspector Fourth District

Missoula, Mont., Oct, 25., 1904.
To the State Board of Horticulture.

Gentlemen : During the season of 1904 I have inspected a to^
tal of 2,419 packages of fruits and nine straight carloads of fruits.
This is the first season that fruits have been shipped in straight
cars to this point. I found it necessary to condemn but little
fruit. During the season I inspected all the orchards in and
around Missoula and sprayed a total of 3,368 trees. Two sprays
were made, the first about June 30th and the last about the mid-
dle of August. I find it very difficult to carry on a systematic
work against the codling moth at this point for the reason that
the orchards are scattered over so wide a territory, which makes
the work very expensive to carry on. However, I am satisfied
that much good was accomplished this season. I find that many

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

89

owners of trees are becoming- deeply interested and are anxious
to assist in the work. During the spring and fall, in addition to
inspecting home-grown nursery stock, I inspected and fumigated
fifty-one shipments of nursery stock. I found it necessary to
condemn several thousand trees on account of infection of crown
gall and woolly aphis. Respectfully,

E. M. TUCKER,
Inspector, Missoula.

THIRD BIENNIAL RERORT OP THE

SO

CODLING MOTH.

Codling’ moth is an old enemy of the apple raising industry.
It was imported in fruit from Europe to this country and has
likewise extended to every country in which the apple is grown.
Every apple state in the Union has the pest. It prevails in the
railroad centers of Montana. No commercial orchards in the
state are infested by it at the present time, but its gradual ex-
tension and spread is probable. With reasonable care on the
part of orchard owners, however, and with a knowledge of the
life history of the insect, years and perhaps decades should pass
before the insect does extensive damage in the state.

Many of our orchards are isolated and at a distance from
railroads. As the moth is known to fly not more than a mile,
infestation of these will take place only through old fruit boxes
or fruit, infected with the insect in the larval form. An orchard-
ist should never permit old fruit boxes to be brought near his
premises. Infection of his trees take place readily from them
and once established in an orchard it is practically impossible to
exterminate the codling moth.

The insect passes the winter in the larval condition, that is ?s
the common apple worm, in durable cases made by it under the
outer bark of trees, under rubbish or in the cracks of fences and
even in the ground. In May pupation takes place and the adult
moth emerges. It is a small insect with a wing expansion of
about three-fourths of an inch. Careful search alone can dis-
cover them, even when abundant, at this stage of growth. The
moth lingers around for a time and then, if evenings are warm,
proceed to lay her eggs. These are deposited on the frgit or
leaves of the apple and the pear. From fifty to one hundred
and fifty eggs are thus laid and soon after the mother moth dies.

The eggs are about the size of the head of a pin, white or with
a yellowish tinge. They hatch in from four to ten days. From
them emerge minute larvae which wander around for some
hours over the surface of the apples seeking a suitable place to
start a tunnel for the center of the fruit. This is usually with
the first brood, the calix end. About sixty per cent enter the
apple from this place and the remainder enter from the sides or
where two apples touch.

In all instances the young larvae prefers a protected location

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

91

to begin work on his tunnel. This selected he begins eating his
way to the center of the fruit. He feeds upon the substance of
the apple as he goes and pushes his castings out of the mouth of
his tunnel. A week or less is spent by him in getting to the
center. Here he feeds upon the seeds and fills the chamber with
his castings. He remains here ten to thirty days and grows
rapidly in size. When nearly full grown he makes another tun-
nel to the surface. The mouth of this tunnel is often at the calix

FIG. 1. — Twig with San Jose Seale magnified five times.

• — By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

but oftener in the side of the apple. For several days this exit
hole is kept closed by a web spun by the insect and by castings.
These are pushed out by the insect when it leaves the fruit.

The apple at this stage may or may not have fallen from the
tree. In any event the larvae of the first brood on emerging
from the apples looks for a suitable place to undergo transforma-
tion into a moth. Some crawl back to the limbs and trunks, some
let themselves down by threads to the ground and reascend the
trunk. In all instances a protected location is secured which may
be under outer bark, in crevasses of the tree, under bands, on
rubbish about the tree and possibly in the ground.

92

THIRD' BIENNIAL RElPORT OF THE

A silken cocoon is spun by the larvae. In about three days
it becomes a pupa. In this state he remains tv/o or three weeks.
At the end of this period he comes out again a moth. The
females again lay their eggs and a similar round of life is com-
pleted. This last brood spend the winter in the larvae state in
cocoons made much securer and stronger than those constructed
by the first brood.

In Montana the insect produces two broods annually. These

FIG. 2. — Leaf of Apple, showing; San Jose Seale about natural size.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

are very irregular in the time of appearance, due to the long
period during which eggs are deposited by the first moths. At
the end of summer exists on this account an overlapping of
broods, and in August the insect may be found in all stages of
development.

Remedies.

Spray within ten days after the blossoms fall, with paris green

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

93

and lime or arsenate of lead. Spray again a month later with
the same preparations. These earlier sprays are liable to be
quickly washed away by rain. From August 15 to September
15 the larvae are most abundant and rains less and sprays at
this time are most effective in this state. Banding is another
method for fighting the pest. Bands of burlap are tied around
the trunk and large limbs and visited once a week and the larvae

FIG. 3. — Apple infested witli San Jose Seale, slightly magnified.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

destroyed. Banding can well be used to supplement spraying,
but the latter is most effective.

CROWN GALL.

The attention of all nurserymen and orchardists should be
called to the destructive and persistent nature of the disease
known as Crown Gall. It has been introduced into Montana
on nursery stock, has done extensive damage to orchards already,
and is the chief pest of the young apple orchard.

The disease may be known by swellings of a porous irregular
warty structure at the crown of the tree, most frequently where
stock and scion are united. It is, however, not merely a trouble
of grafted stock. It affects seedlings as readily as smaller galls
are often present on the roots. The swellings at times attain
the size of the fist, but on young trees in Montana, are usually
much smaller. They disintegrate readily in the soil and pul-

94

THIRD' BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

verize more or less in drying-. They have often been mistaken
for the galls caused by woolly aphis. The latter are smoother
and more oval and are comparatively rare in Montana.

The galls are caused by a slime mould fungus, closely related
to the fungus that causes club root of the cabbage. It is pri-
marily a nursery disease. In the nursery row it spreads with
great rapidity and when once the germ is introduced stock can-
not safely and profitably be grown for several years on the in-
fected plot of ground.

Any young tree infected with Crown Gall is worthless and
should be destroyed by burning. All purchasers of young trees
should be sure before accepting them that the roots have no
galls of any kind.

The presence, in a shipment of trees, of a few with Crown

FIG. 4. — Half-f?rowii Female. FIG. 5.^ — ^Full-grown Female.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

Gall Upon them, subjects the remainder of the trees to grave sus-
picion and perhaps warrants the rejection of all.

No young tree so affected will grow and mature fruit in paying
quantities. If death occurred at once after planting, the loss
would not be so serious. But usually a tree affected with Crown
Gall makes an abnormally slow growth during two to five years
from the nursery, only to die at the end of that period. Thus
its owner loses not only the original cost of the tree, but also the
use of the ground for a term of years, the cost of cultivation and
all profit in the enterprise.

But by planting of trees affected with Crown Gall, worst of all,
the orchardist introduces into his orchard an insidious and highly
contagious disease. If new and healthy trees are planted in
the same plot it readily communicates itself to them. Especially

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

95

is this the case in cultivated or in irrigated ground. The germ
is readily distributed by the cultivator and by Avater flowing
from one tree to another.

Crown Gall attacks apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, nectar-
ine, quince, cherry, poplar, blackberry and raspberry.

No method of alleviating or remedying the trouble is known.
When nursery stock is so diseased it should be burned and whm
a young orchard is badly affected, the cheapest method to pursue
is to use the land for something else than trees for a long time.
The germ will persist in the soil in the absence of trees about
four years.

OYSTERSHELL BARK LOUSE.

This is one of the few scale insects that are found out of doors
in the state. It was brought here on nursery stock and has
established itself at Plains, Selish, Lo Lo and at Flathead Lake.

PIG. 6. — Full-Grown Male. — All mucb enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

In orchards at these places it seems to flourish and to spread, and
becomes a serious detriment to successful apple raising.

The insect passes the winter in the egg form under the protec-
tion of its scale. Sometimes in June, probably, though the time
will vary and each year must be determined, the young emerge
from the eggs and crawl along the limbs. After a day of migra-
tory life they become fixed and by their secretions form the char-
acteristic scales. The scale of the female is oyster-shaped, of a
purplish brown color and about one-twelfth of an inch in length.
The scales sometimes cover thickly the trunk branches and even
the fruit of the tree.

Oystershell bark louse attacks willow, pear, plum, quince,
poplar, currant, raspberry, rose and wild cherry as well as apple.

96

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Remedies.

In the dorni'ant period when all leaves, are off the tree spray
with lime, sulphur and salt. In the summer when the young-
are migrating, spray with kerosene emulsion ten times diluted.

PEAR BLIGHT.

By Dr. B. T. Galloway.

In parts of California, Oregon, Montana and Washington
where this trouble has shown itself, and, fortunately, they are
not many, the following explicit account of pear blight by^^Dr. B.
T. Galloway, Chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology of the Department of Agriculture, will be read with

FIG. 7. — Old Female Exposed.

— ^By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

much interest. In pear orchards, where the disease is unknown,
it should be always looked for, and the grower will be glad to
know what to look for.

Whart the blight is — Pear blight is a contagious bacterial dis-
ease of the pear and allied fruit trees. It attacks and rapidly kills
the blossoms, young fruits and new twig growths, runs down in
the living bark to the larger limbs and thence to the trunk.
While the bacteria themselves rarely kill the leaves, at most only
occasionally attacking the stems and midribs of the younger
ones, all the foliage on the blighted branches must,' of course,

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

97

eventually die. The leaves usually succumb in from one to t-wo
weeks after the branch on which they grow is killed, but remain
attached and are the most striking and prominent feature of the
disease.

Ho'W it acts^ — The most important parts of the tree killed by
the blight are the inner bark and cambium layer of the limbs
and trunk. Of course, when the bark of a limb is killed, the
whole limb soon dies, but where the limb is simply girdled by the
disease, it may send out leaves again the next season and then
die. All the parts of the tree below the blight are healthy, no
more injury resulting to the unaffected parts of the tree than if
the blighted parts had been killed by fire or girdling.

The cause^ — The blight is caused by a very minute microbe of
the class Bacteria. This microbe was discovered by Prof. T. J.

FIG. 8. — Young Scale Insect, FIG. 9.— Mature Female Insect,

enlarged 135 times. much enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

Burrill in 1879 and is known to science as Bacillus amylovorus.
The following are the principal proofs that it caused the dis-
ease :

1. The microbes are found in immense numbers in freshly
blighted twigs.

2. They can be taken from an affected tree and cultivated in
pure cultures, and in this way can be kept for months at a time

3. By inoculating a suitable healthy tree with these cultures
the disease is produced.

4. In a tree sO' inoculated the microbes are again found In
abundance.

98

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Treatment..

The treatment of the disease may be classed under two heads :

1. Methods which aim to put the tree in a condition to resist
blight or to render it less liable to the disease.

2. Methods for exterminating the microbe itself, which is of
first importance, for, if carried out fully, there can be no blight.

The methods under the first head must, unfortunately, be di-
rected more or less to checking the growth of the tree, and, there-
fore, are undesirable except in cases where it is thought that the
blight will eventually get beyond control of the orchard. Under
the head of cultural methods which favor or hinder pear blight,
as the case may be, the most important are pruning, fertilizing,
cultivation and irrigation ; but details in regard to these need not
be given here, as the main reliance must be placed in the only

PIG. 10. — Wingred Male, miieh enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

really satisfactory method of controlling the disease — that is the
extermination of the microbes which cause it. Every particle of
blight should be cut out and burned while the trees are dor-
mant, not a single active case being allowed to survive the win-
ter in the orchard or within half a mile or so from it. Every
tree of the pome family, including the apple, the mountain ash,
service berry and all the species of Crataegus, or fiawthornes,
should be examined for this purpose, the blight being the same
in all.

Cutting out blight — The orchardist should not stop short of
absolute destruction of every case, for a few overlooked may go
a long way toward undoing all his work. Cutting out the blight
may be done at any time in the winter or spring up to the period

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

99

when growth begins. The best time, however, is undoubtedly
in the fall, when the foliage is still on the trees, and the contrast
between that on the blighted and that on the healthy is so great
that it is an easy matter to find all the blight. It is important
to cut out blight whenever it is found, even in the growing sea-
son. At that time of year, however, it cannot be hoped to make
much headway against the blight, as new cases constantly oc-
cur which are sufficiently developed to be seen when the cutting
is done. In orchards where there are only a few trees and the
owner has sufficient time to go over them daily, he will be able
to save some which would otherwise be lost. However, when
the trees stop forming new wood, the campaign should be begun
in earnest. ,

Examinations for blight — Of course, the greater part of the
blight can be taken out the first time the trees are gone over. If
this should be in midsummer, the trees should be all again care-
fully inspected in the autumn, just before the leaves shed, so as
to get ever case that can be seen at that time. After this a care-
ful watch should be kept on the trees, and at least one more
careful inspection given in the spring before the blossoms open.
It would, doubtless, be well to look the trees over several times
during the winter, to be certain that the blight is completely ex-
terminated. In order to do the inspecting thoroughly it is nec-
essary to go from tree to tree down the row, or, in the case of
large trees, to walk up one side of the row and down the other,
as in simply walking through the orchard it is impossible to be
certain that every case of blight has been cut out.

The above line of treatment will be even more efficacious
in keeping unaffected orchards free from blight. A care-
ful inspection of all pomaceous trees should be made two or
three times during the summer, and a sharp outlook kept for the
first appearance of the blight. It usually takes two or three
years for the disease in an orchard to develop into a serious epi-
demic, but the early removal of the first cases will prevent this
and save a great deal of labor later and many valuable trees.

BUD MOTH.

When the buds of fruit trees begin to swell in the spring,
they are frequently attacked by a small worm, the larvae of the
bud moth. Apples, cherries, pears and plums are injured by it

100

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

in this state in the localities where the pest has become estab-
lished.

The larvae is, in the spring, about a quarter of an inch long,
with a dirty white body and a dark brown head.

It feeds on the opening buds and later ties together leaves or
blossoms forming a case, in which it lives securely protected,
venturing forth only to feed. In this case, it grows to nearly
three-quarters of an inch in length, pupates and emerges about
the middle of July as a moth. The moth lays her eggs, out of
which the young larvae soon hatch and feed on the leaves. When
partially grown they spin, in protected situations, nests for" win-

FIG. 11. — Last Seg-ment of Female San Jose Scale.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

ter quarters. These are usually attached to the bark of the host
tree and are very inconspicuous. It is in these winter cases that
they are distributed on nursery stock.

At times in other states the bud moth has become a pest of
the first class. Ordinarily when abundant its ravages are espe-
cially noticeable only on young trees, which it is liable to deform.

Remedies.

Spray with arsenate of lead just before and after the buds open.
Paris green and lime may also be used, but is not as effective.
Or spray with lime-sulphur just before the buds begin to swell.

APHIS.

For aphis of all kinds and the apple aphis in particular, use
lime-sulphur spray during the dormant period of the tree. In
all probability this spray will prove most effective applied as late
as possible in the spring, just as the buds are swelling. This is
probably the most effective remedy for aphis known. Quassia

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

101

chips and whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion, according- to
formula given, should be applied preferably before and after the
buds swell in the spring. Later applications are not so effec-
tive.

Aphis of different species attack most all our orchard and
shade trees. In 1902 they did extensive damage throughout the
state. ‘‘Aphis years’" are liable to occur again. Even in ordi-

BIG. 12. — Stem Colonies pig. 13. — Crown and Root of Youn^ Apple Tree,
of Woolly Aphis. showing characteristic swellings or galls pro-

duced by the root lice.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

nary years the pests are destructive. Their variability in num-
bers makes accurate observation of the effectiveness of sprays
difficult, but experiment and practical experience seems to war-
rant the extensive use of the lime-sulphur solution for these in-
sects.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

The San Jose scale has not yet been found in Montana. Not-
withstanding the inspection and fumigation of nursery stock, it

102

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

will probably at some time gain a foothold. This insect has
proved very destructive to trees of all kinds in other states, and
more than any other pests called attention to the loss occasioned
by injurious insects and fungi. Its course was at first unchecked,
but later more efficient methods of treating* infested trees have
removed the dread of its presence. Probably it will never prove
a serious pest in Montana, and if it ever becomes established,
can be easily controlled by the lime-sulphur solution.

PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE.

The leaves of pear trees are often disfigured by brownish
blotches raised and with a small hole in the center of the eleva-

FIG. 14. — Ag:ainic Female of Woolly FIG. 15. — Pupa of Woolly Aphis,
Aphis, mueh enlarged. much enlarged.

— jBy Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

tion. These blotches are small, but often run together and later
turn black, destroying in part or wholly the functions of infected
leaves. The trouble is the work of a small mite, which burrows
beneath the epidemis of the leaf and propigates rapidly. '

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

103

The mite is easily controlled by lime-sulphur applied late as
possible in the spring, but before the buds have burst.

WOOLY APHIS.

This insect is a small plant louse, wingless or winged. Its
body is covered with a filmy woollike secretion which projects
beyond the rear of the body. They form conspicuous white
patches in depressions on the bark of apple trees, most frequent
at the base.

This insect affects both the roots and trunk and is one of the
most . prevalent and injurious foes of the apple. The damage
done by them above ground is insignificant, but below ground

Fig. 16. — Winged Agamic Female of Woolly Aphis, much enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

they cause galls on the roots which seriously impare their func-
tions. Older trees aflfected by them show devitalization, a yel-
low tinge of leaves which often fall prematurely. Younger trees
are frequently killed by them.

This pest is distributed on nursery stock and purchasers of ap-
ple trees should be on the watch for the galls on the roots or the
white secretion on the bark. It is very common on imported
stock and may escape, if not abundant, the observation of an
inspector, and it is not killed by fumigation. It occurs in a few
orchards of the state.

Scions on Northern Spy stock are very resistent to the attacks
of woolly aphis.

Remedies.

Destroy all young trees, the roots of which have any number of

104

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

galls Upon them. This is a measure of safety in our state which
suffers at the present time little from the ravages of this insect.

If stock is suspected dip in tobacco water or in hot water,
130 F. Kerosene emulsion diluted ten times will also serve.

When older trees in the orchard are infested, wood ashes or
tobacco dust thrown around the roots will prove of material
benefit. Or remove the soil from the base and, after soaking
galls with hot water, replace the earth. Spray the aerial form
with kerosene emulsion or, better yet, with lime-sulphur.

PIG. 17. — Mature Sexual ludividuals of Woolly Aphis, greatly enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.

Insecticides may be divided into three classes according to the
character of pests against which they are designed to be used.
First, poisons that kill sucking insects. Second, poisons that kill
leaf-eating insects. Third, poisons that kill fungi.

Sucking insects insert their beaks into the tissues of leaf or
bark and suck the plant juices. A spray must be applied to the
surface of plants and the poison remains on the surface a^s the
water dries. The beak of a sucking insect goes through this and
through the outer layer of the plant. No amount of stomach
poisons can, therefore, injure them. Such insects are scale in-
sects and plant lice. Never use arsenicals like paris green
against these insects.

For sucking insects of this type a contact poison must be used.
Kerosene oil, whale oil soap and quassia chips are poisons of this
character. They operate by closing the breathing apparatus or
by penetrating the skin.

Arsenicals are used where the injurious insect is leaf-eatijig or

MONTANA STATE' BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

105

leaf-chewing’. The potato beetle, codling" moth or tent caterpil-
lars are instances.

Paris Green.

Arsenic uncombined is injurious to foliage and in paris g’reen
it is combined with copper. Even in properly made paris green
there is a small percentage of uncombined arsenic and this often
burns foliage if applied in strong or even weak solutions. To
obviate this a little freshly slacked lime is added to the paste of
paris green before the full quota of water is added.

Paris Green Formula — Paris green, one pound; freshly slacked
lime, one pound ; water, one hundred and twenty-five gallons.

Make a paste of the paris green with a little water. Add lime
to the paste, mix thoroughly and pour in required amount of
water. The mixture must be agitated while in use as paris green

PIG. IK — Mature Sexual Female, showing e^§T before and after ex-
trusion—greatly enlarged.

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

is but slightly soluble in water and the small granules sink read-
ily to the bottom of the vessel.

Arsenate of Lead.

This substance is formed from the union of arsenate of soda
and acetate of lead. Dissolve four ounces of arsenate of soda in
a gallon of water. Also dissolve eleven ounces of acetate of
lead in another gallon of water. Mix the two solutions together
and stir into one hundred gallons of water.

Preparations of arsenate of lead are for sale by the Bowker
Insecticide Co., Boston, Mass., and A¥m. H. Swift, Boston, Mass.

106

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Arsenate of lead is rapidly coming- to the front as an arsenical
insecticide. It does not burn foliage even when applied in ^
strong mixtures. Its presence is manifest when sprayed on a tree
by its white color and it adheres better and longer than paris - ■
green. Its use is advised for codling moth in this state, in all
the earlier sprays.

FIG. 19. — Healthy and Diseased Roots of Apple Seedlinsrs. (Photo.)

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commissior.

Lime and White Arsenic.

.White arsenic i pound.

Lime 2 pounds.

Water 2 gallons.

Boil for an liour. At the end of this time the arsenic will have
united with the lime. When wanted for use dilute with water
and lime. The pound of arsenic is sufficient for 300 gallons d
water.

CONTACT INSECTICIDES, FOR INSECTS THAT SUCK.
Kerosene Emulsion.

Place two gallons of ordinary kerosene in a warm place, either
in a warm room or in the sun, and allow it to be come as warm
as possible without danger from fire. Boil one pound of laundry

MONTANA STATE BOARD OE HORTICULTURE.

107

or whale oil soap in a gallon of soft water until completely dis-
solved. Remove the soap solution from the fire, and while still
boiling hot, add the kerosene and agitate for ten minutes, or un-
til the oil is emulsified, with a spraying pump by forcing the
liquid back into the vessel from which it was pumped. When
the liquid is perfectly emulsified it will appear creamy in color

PIG. 20. — One-year Graft on Diseased PIG. 21. — One-year Graft on Healthy
Apple Root. (Photo.) Apple Root, inoculated with Crown

Gall. (Photo.)

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

and will flow evenly down the side of the vessel when allowed
to do so. Care should be taken to completely emulsify the oil,
and this is accomplished much more easily when the mixture
is hot. This strong emulsion may now be readily diluted with
water and used, or it may be stored away for future use. When

108

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE:

cold it becomes like sour milk in appearance and should be dis-
solved in three or four times its bulk of hot water before dilut-
ing with cold water. If the water is at all hard, “break’' it by
adding a little salsoda before putting in the soap.

Small amounts of this emulsion may be made by using the in-
gredients in small quantities, but in the same relative propor-
tion.— ^Bulletin No. 24, Agricultural College, Michi'gfan.

FIG. 22. — Crown Gall of Apple on Nursery StoeK. (Photo.)

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commissiom

Whale Oil Soap and Quassia Chips.

Boil for two hours one pound of quassia chips in water. Dis-
solve in warm tvater one pound of whale oil soap. Mix the two>
solutions and use in six gallons of water. Most effective spray
for summer use against aphis.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

109

Lime-Sulphur Salt.

Formula :

Lime 15 pounds.

Flowers of sulphur ..15 pounds.

Salt 15 pounds.

Water 50 gallons.

Slack the lime thoroughly with hot water. Add enough water
to make a thin whitewash. The sulphur and salt are then stirred
in. Boil for one-half an hour adding water from time to time to
prevent burning and stirring the mixture occasionally to pre-
vent caking. Then add the requisite amount of hot water, or
if cold water is added, bring the whole to the boiling point.
Strain into the spray tank and apply hot to the trees with a
fine nozzle.

This is the ordinary method of using lime sulphur and salt.
When the spray was first used, the mixture was boiled for sev-
eral hours. Now thirty minutes is considered sufficient. The
salt is also omitted and gives no additional merit to the mixture.

In practical use in this state is the following formula, which
has proved apparently as effective as the regular formula and is
much simpler in preparation :

Sulphur 20 pounds.

Lime 20 pounds.

Water 50 gallons.

Place the lime in a bucket and add to it boiling water. With
hot water make a paste of the sulphur. When the lime is in full
ebullition, add the sulphur paste. Slack the lime slowly, but add
enough hot water to keep it from burning. When the lime is
thoroughly slacked strain it into the spray barrel with the re-
quisite-amount of hot water. Thoroughly stir and apply to the
tree with a Vermorel nozzle.

This does not do away with the boiling of a large quantity of
water, but in many ways simplifies the preparation of the wash.

The following preparation, taken from Bulletin 247, N. Y. Ag.
Ex. Station, Geneva, is recommended for experimental use in this
state. It is prepared with cold water:

The Lime-Sulphur-Caustic Soda Wash.

Formula :

Lump lime 30 pounds.

Flowers of sulphur 15 pounds.

Commercial caustic soda 4-6 pounds.

Water 50 gallons.

110

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Place the full quantity of lime in the kettle or barrel, or what-
ever the receptacle may be, and start it to slake with water, using'

PIG. 24 Black Knot of Plum and Cherry. (Photo..

— By Permission of Virginia Crop Pest Commission.

enough to prevent the lime from being air-slaked, and not
enough to drown it. As soon as the boiling action commences,
add the sulphur, which has just previously been made into a

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

Ill

paste with water. Stir this in thoroughly and pour in water in
small quantities, to keep the mixture in the form of a rather thin
paste. After the slaking of the lime, then add the caustic soda,
in lots of about two pounds, at short intervals, and stir till the
soda is dissolved. As soon as the chemical action has ceased,
dilute the mixture with cold water to make the required amount.
The time of cooking will be shortened by using warm water in
slaking the lime, and in making the sulphur into a paste. This
wash is advised for experimental purposes, or when it is not
possible to use the sulphur wash prepared by external heat.

Use the same grades of lime and sulphur, flowers of sulphur
preferably, as for the lime-sulphur-salt wash. For extensive
spraying, purchase from wholesale druggists the commercial
caustic soda, put up in fifty pound cans. Upon exposure to the
air, the caustic soda absorbs moisture' and greatly increases m
weight. Odd amounts of the soda may be kept dry in covered
Mason jars. To prepare small quantities of the wash one may
use any of the common soda lye brands, as sold by grocers.

Any of the lime-sulphur formulae are very corrosive, and all
spray pumps and attachments must be thoroughly washed after
every use of them with this mixture. Its application is attended
with great discomfort. It blisters hands and face. Rubber gloves
will prove of service and vaseline or veiling, or both, may be used
to protect the face. The pump and horses should always, if pos-
sible, be kept to windward as the continual blowing of the spray
upon the latter will make their hair come off.

Lime of sulphur is the best insecticide known. It is destructive
to a number of insects injurious tO' trees and in addition possesses
a fungicidal value. Its extensive use is recommened in this state
for oyste.r shell bark louse, and all other scale insects, for red
spider and the clover mite, for aphis of all kinds, and pear leaf
blister and for the bud moth and case bearer.

Lime sulhpur should be applied to the dormant tree in winter
or early spring, never to foliage. It is effective in two ways,
by its caustic properties, and by its poisonous qualtities. The
first makes it effective against aphis by preventing the hatching
of the eggs ; the poisonous qualities are manifest with oyster shall
bark louse. Any young insects that settle on a well sprayed tree
die after a few days.

112

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Fungicides; — Bordeaux Mixture.

All things considered the best results will be obtained from the
use of what is known as the fifty-gallon formulae of this prepara-
tion, as follows :

Ingredients :

Water .50 gallons.

Copper sulphate 6 pounds.

Unslacked lime 4 pounds.

Must be well made — It has been found that the method of com-
bining the ingredients has an important bearing on both the
chemical composition and physical structure of the mixture. For
example, if the copper sulphate is dissolved in a small quantity of
water and the lime milk diluted to a limited extent only, there
results, when these materials are brought together, a thick mix-
ture, having strikingly different characters form one made by
pouring together weak solutions of lime and copper sulphate. It
is true, furthermore, that if the copper sulphates solution and
lime milk are poured together while the latter, or both, are warm,
different effects are obtained than if both solutions are cool at
the moment of mixing. Where the mixture has been properly
made there is scarcely any settling after an hour, while the im-
properly made mixture has settled more than half.

How to make it — Briefly, the best results have been obtained
from the use of the bordeaux mixture, made in accordance with
the following directions : In a barrel, or other suitable vessel,
place twenty-five gallons of water; weigh out six pounds of
copper sulphate, then tie the same in a piece of coarse gunn)^-
sack and suspend it just beneath the surface of the water. By
tying the bag to a stick laid across the top of the barrel no further
attention will be required. In another vessel slack four pounds
of lime, using care in order to obtain a smooth paste, free from
grit and small lumps. To accomplish this it is best to place the
lime in an ordinary water pail and add only a small quantity of
water at first, say a quart or a quart and a half. When the lime
begins to crack and crumble and the water disappear add another
quart or more, exercising care that the lime at no time gets too
dry. Towards the last considerable water will be required, buL,
if added carefully and slowly, a perfectly smooth paste will be ob-
tained, provided, of course, the lime is of good quality. When
the lime is slacked add sufficient water to the paste to bring the
whole up to twenty-five gallons. When the copper sulphate is

MONTANA STATE BOARD' OF HORTICULTURE.

113

entirely dissolved the lime is cool, pour the lime milk and copper
sulphate solution slowly together into a barrel holding fifty gal-
lons. The milk of lime should be thoroughly stirred before pour-
ing. The method described insures good mixing, but to complete
this work the barrel of liquid should receive a final stirring for
at least three minutes with a broad wooden paddle.

114

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

TOP WORKING ORCHARD TREES.

By G. Harold Powell,

Assistant Pomologist, Bureau of Plant Industry.

Introduction.

The top working of orchard trees is concerned with the inser-
tion of buds or scions in the tops of the trees after they are es-
tablished in the orchard. It may be practiced upon trees of bear-
ing age which it is desirable to transform into better sorts ; or it
may refer also to trees recently planted which may be top-
worked^ for other purposes. The fruit grower may have planted
varieties that are not adapted to his climatic conditions, or when
the orchard reaches bearing age, may find that the varieties are
not true to name, and are inferior or even worthless. In many
of the orchards that were planted about twenty-five years or more
ago, especially in the Southern states, the trees are of varieties
that were brought from sections having entirely different climatic
conditions, and as they are not adapted to the South, the orchards
have been unprofitable. Under any of the conditions mentioned,
it may be possible to convert the orchard into a paying invest-
ment by top working the trees with buds or scions of better
kinds, and it is this form of top working that is most widely
known and practiced. Top working may be useful also in build-
ing up broken down tops of highly prized trees. It may be em-
ployed in grafting varieties into the tops of self-sterile trees to
insure cross pollination. It may be practiced in re-forming the
tops of trees like the peach, and it is especially useful in testing
new varieties by bringing them into early bearing by top work-
ing them into bearing trees.

There are many varieties of orchard fruits desirable for com-
mercial orchards or for domestic use that are lacking in hardi-
ness or vigor. The trees may be susceptible to sun scald or to
insect troubles, and are short-lived and unproductive when prop-
agated in the usual manner. With a view to correcting these
difficulties, orchards are sometimes planted with a single hardy,
vigorous, straight-growing, long-lived variety. A year later, or
as soon as the trees are well established and growing strongly,
selected buds of the permanent varieties are grafted or budded in
the body or branches, and the original tops are removed as soon

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE;.

115

as the new buds start into growth. This method of establishing
an orchard by double working is growing in favor, especially
with apple growers who wish to provide some desirable quality
through the stock not found in the body of the permanent variety,
or to grow an orchard from buds taken from trees of superior
merit.

To Lessen Injury From; Sun Scald.

Sun scald is a climatic disease. It is especially serious on
apples in the Mississippi Valley, the Ozarks, the Prairie and
Northwestern states, and in the most Northern apple regions of
the East..

Pears, especially the Kieffer, cherries, plums, and occasionally
peaches are injured also, but to a less extent. Sun scald is in-
duced by warm spells of weather in the late winter and spring
months, when the sun, shining on the South -and West sides of a
tree, causes the body and the larger branches to start into prema-
ture growth. If cold weather again sets in, the active parts of the
body and sometimes of the large branches are killed. The bark
and living tissues dry and adhere to the wood and crack open
and separate from the body during the succeeding summer. The
tree is finally weakened by bacteria and fungi, which cause the
body to decay. It then either dies or is blown over.

The sun scald is most severe when there are violent alterations
in temperature in the spring, accompanied by high winds, and it
is especially disastrous when the ground is frozen so deeply that
the tree can not absorb sufficient water to replace the moisture
lost by evaporation.

Varieties differ in their susceptibility to sun scald, though the
kinds apparently exempt in one locality may succumb to it in a
more severe climate. Occasionally there may be winters when
not only all of the young apple orchards but even some of the
young forest trees in exposed places are affected. In New York
and New England the Northern Spy, Roxbury Russett, Tolman
and Arctic are among the least susceptible, while Tompkins
King, Twenty Ounce, Esopus, and Gravenstein are most often
affected. In Ottawa, Canada, the Haas, McMahon, Wealthy,
Oldenburg, and Gideon are seldom attacked, while nearly all of
the New York and New England kinds are injured. Some of
these varieties, however, like Northern Spy, have been grown
successfully on these hardy, resistant stocks, where a hardy root
was also provided. In the Mississippi Valley and the Ozarks the

116

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Ben Davis, Gano-, Missouri Pippin, and Ralls are frequently at-
tacked, while Limbertwig, Winesap, York Imperial, Grimes,
Jonathan, and Greyhouse (Hoopes) are freer from it.

It is possible, therefore, to reduce the danger from sun scald
by top working a susceptible sort on a variety that has proved
more resistant to the disease. The selection of the stock depends
on the behavior of the varieties in each locality. In addition to
its resistance to the disease the stock should be equally vigorous
in growth with the variety to be worked upon it.

Besides the selection of resistant stocks, the danger from sun
scald can be reduced to a minimum by starting the top of the tree
close to the ground, and by inclining the tree to the southwest.
The branches thereby shade the body of the tree. It is possible
also to prevent scald by the use of mechanical shading devices,
such as lath, wire, or board screens, by wrapping the trunk with
a flexible material like straw, to be removed in summer, or by
inclosing the body in a box filled with earth.

To Modify Vigor.

There is a nice balance between the roots, the stem or body,
and the top of the tree, and each part has a strong influence on
the vigor of the other two. The slow-growing quince root, the
doucin and paradise apple, and the mahaleb cherry and sand
cherry reduce the normal vigor of the pears, the apples, the
cherries, and the plums worked upon them, and make dwarfing
or semidwarfing possible. The Northern Spy, Ben Davis, and
Fallawater apples, all strong-growing varieties, develop an un-
usually vigorous root system in the stocks on which they are
worked. In a similar way a strong-growing body invigorates
both the top and root system of the tree. The Jonathan, Wealthy,
Oldenburg, Esopus, and Red Canada apples are thrifty, but of
slender growth, and all of them partake of the vigor of Northern
Spy when top-worked on it.

In a similar manner the slender-growing cherries are made
stronger when worked on the vigorous mazzard stocks. Pears
are invigorated when worked on stronger growing bodies, and it •
is a common practice in some nurseries to double-work slender-
growing varieties like Bose, Winter Nelis, Barry, Wilder, and
Danas Hovey or strong-growing bodies like Kieffer and Bartlett.
Slender-growing plums, like Lincoln, are greatly strengthened
when top-worked on the vigorous Marianna, and the Japanese
chestnut is invigorated when worked on the American species.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

117

Top-working’ therefore becomes an important factor in making
slender and weak-growing but otherwise desirable varieties of
greater value.* A striking example of the influence of a strong
stock on a less vigorous variety is found in the Red Canada
apple, which, under the name Steele’s Red Winter, was exten-
sively worked on seeding stocks in Wayne County, Mich., in the
early history of apple growing there, sixty-five or seventy years
ago. Under these conditions the variety was vigorous, prolific,
a long keeper, and popular in the markets of the West. It was
therefore propagated widely in the nurseries, but, when grown
upon its own body, the trees were slow and weak in growth. For
this reason the variety, when grown from nursery-propagated
trees, was generally condemned, and was commerically obscured
for many years. But in the orchard in which the variety
happened to be grafted on Northern Spy, or Tolman, it still re-
tained the old-time vigor and productiveness of the early
orchards that were top-worked on strong-growing seedlings. At
the present time the variety is regaining its former prestige in
Michigan, where its commercial value depends on top-working it
on a strong-growing variety.

To Modify Insect Injuries.

The wolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera Hausm.), known in for-
eign countries as the '‘American blight,” attacks the roots
bodies, and tops of many varieties of apple. On the roots of
nursery stock it is particularly disastrous, as it is most difficult
to control in that position. On the trunk and top it is more
easily subdued. All varieties are not equally attacked. In Eng-
land first, and later in Australia, it was observed that the Winter
Majetin was practically immune, and still later, when American
apples were introduced into Australia, the Northern Spy was
found resistant. Australian and some Western American nurs-
erymen now offer lists of “blight-proof” stocks, on which the
commercial varieties are propagated, and by their use the damage
by the wolly aphis, which was a scourage to the apple industry
of Australia, has been reduced to a minimum. The varieties are
worked either upon the roots of the resistant stocks, or top-
worked upon their own rooted trees.

Methods of Obtaining a Self-Rooted Tree.

There are several practical ways of establishing a fruit tree on
its own roots. Kieffer pears, Marianna plums, and most myro-
bolan plum seedlings, as well as some of the Japan plums, like

118

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Satsuma, may be grown from cuttings. With apples, scions may
be whip-grafted on a piece of seedling root, and the scion planted
at least six inches deep in strong, rather moist, but well drained
soil. In dry soils and in dry seasons the scions do not strike
roots, but under favorable condition the scion throws out a root
system the first year. The original piece root may be removed,
if it has thrown out roots, when the tree is taken from the nurs-
ery. Plums and pears may also be self-rooted by whip-grafting
scions on piece roots.

In California the Northern Spy has been successfully self-
rooted by inserting the scion by a veneer graft in the side of a
whole seedling root a few inches above the crown. The root and
scion are planted with the scion at least six inches in the ground.
At the end of the season, after the scion has thrown out roots,
the trees are lifted and the seedling root removed. The trees are
then reset in the nursery, where they are cultivated until large
enough for orchard planting.

One of the most successful methods has been followed in Iowa
by Col. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist of the Department of Agri-
culture. It consists in inserting a scion of the desired variety on
a piece or whole root. The trees are grown in the nursery for
two years, then taken up and laid in trenches. Each branch, after
being slightly cut on the upper side, is bent up and well covered
with earth, after the usual method of layering. The branches
strike the roots during the first season at the cut and bent por-
tion, and in the fall or following spring they are removed from
the parent tree and planted in the nursery, where the}^ are culti-
vated until large enough for the orchard.

To Hasten Fruitfulness.

The insertion of buds in bearing trees hastens the fruitfulness
of the variety. As Sourauer says, “by this insertion of a youngef
portion of a plant on an older stock the former can reap all the
advantag'es of the more advanced age of the latter ; it becomes,
indeed, older itself.” Apples and pears bear in two to five years
earlier on scions in bearing trees than they do on nursery-prop-
agated trees of the same varieties, and peaches, plums, and
cherries one to three years sooner.

To Perpetuate Desirable Characteristics.

Fruit trees are generally propagated in nurseries from buds
taken from vigorous nursery stock. Occasionally the propagator
selects the buds from bearing trees, though the stand of nursery

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

119

stock is smaller and the trees less vig-orous. The nurseryman Is
primarily concerned in producing- a block of vigorous, -vvell-grown
trees at the cheapest cost. The fruit grower, in the past, has not
concerned himself with the individuality of the stock from which
the nursery trees are propagated. His highest ideal is a big,
well-grown tree, straight in body, well-branched, and well-
rooted. The two ideals have, therefore, been harmonious.

But progressive fruit growers, and some nurserymen, are be-
ginning to pay attention to the character of the parentage of
nursery stock. The Baldwins and Elbertas in the same orchards
differ in size, productiveness, color, form, keeping quality, and
relative immunity from disease. In fact not two trees of a va-
riety are exactly alike, and among the individuals or buds of
which the tree top is composed there is also more or less varia-
tion. Sometimes the fruit or foliage on a branch is so unlike the
rest of the tree that a new variety is introduced by propagating
from it. These strongly marked variations are known as
^'sports,” and the Pierce grape, the Banks apple, and the Dela-
ware (Cannon’s Early) peach are sport varieties that appeared
on branches of the Isabella, Gravenstein and Mountain Rose, re-
spectively.

It has been assumed that the smaller varieties of a variety,
such as more productive individual trees, larger or more highly
colored fruit, or more vigorous foliage, are likewise transmissible.
There is little doubt that permanent variations in a tree no matter
how small, may be transmitted by budding or grafting, but a prac-
tical difficulty lies in determing whether a variation is inherent or
incidental to the food supply or other surroundings of the tree or
branch. A well-fed, properly pruned, and carefully tilled and
sprayed tree has larger foliage, is more vigorous, and produces
better fruit than a neglected tree. But there is no reason to ex-
pect transmission of these superior qualities in full degree, un-
less the descendants are surrounded with an equally favorable
environment. -

The stability of a variation can be determined only by compar-
ing it for several years wilth other trees growing under similar
conditions. If the tree or any of its branches persists in produc-
ing fruit or foliage of particular merit, or if the bearing habit is
more regular, it is highly desirable to propagate the varietv from
such trees or branches. There have been no accurate or long-
continued experiments in propagating fruits from trees of su-

120

THIRD BIB'NNIAD REPORT OF THE

perior merit. The effort, however, to propagate only from the
best is based upon sound principles of plant improvement, and is
to be strongly encouraged.

Top working may therefore be used by the fruit grower to per-
petuate desirable stable variations. The variety may be budded
or grafted on a desirable stock after the trees are established in
the orchard. Similar results may be brought about b}^ the nurs-
erymen by propagating only from specially selected buds, but
the cost of growing the trees will be greater, and they will need
to be sold at a higher price.

Bearing Age of Young Top- Worked Trees.

Scions inserted on old trees bear at an early age, but it is un-
certain whether the fruiting of scions grafted on a young tree
is accelerated. Young trees, however, top-worked with buds
from bearing trees, will bear a year or two earlier than trees
propagated with buds from nursery stock, but it is uncertain how
much of the influence is due to the top working or to the pre-
cocity inherited from the already productive parent. The Sutton
orchard in PI. XXVII, fig. i, top-worked on Northern Spy stock,
at seven years old averaged a barrel and a half of apples to the
tree. On the same farm, owned by Mr. George T. Powell, Ghent,
N. Y., a Tompkins King orchard top-worked on Northern Spy
stock, averaged three barrels per tree in 1902 at 10 years old.
Peach trees propagated from buds from bearing trees develop
fruit buds the first year while in the nursery.

Details of Top- Working Young Trees. — The Stock.

A single variety selected in accordance with the principles
mentioned in the preceding paragraphs is desirable for a stock
on which to top work the young orchard. Every consideration
of permanency and uniformity discourages the use of miscel-
laneous seedling stocks. Every seedling is a distinct variety, and
no two are alike in hardiness, vigor, immunity from climatic or
other difficulties, or in longevity. In severe climates the stock
should be established on vigorous, hardy roots ; but in other
localities the greatest uniformity may be expected ' from well-
grown self-rooted trees, or from trees propagated on specially
selected vigorous seedling roots. Where a check to the growth
is not especially sought, the stock should at least equal in vigor
the variety worked upon it, or the scion will eventually overgrow
the stock. '

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

121

In planting- the stock should conform to the usual age for set-
ting the fruit. The tops may be budded with the permanent
variety later in the same season if the trees are growing vigor-
ously, or they may be grafted or budded during the second sea-
son. It is advisable to top work the orchard as early as possible
after it is well established, as the shock to the tree by removing
the original top and the loss in energy expended in the growth
of the top increases with its age.

Fig. 15. — Tongue or whip grafting: A, stock prepared: B, scion prepared- C,.

stock and scion united and wrapped.

*‘Top-working Orchard Trees, by Fowell, Reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture
for 1903.”

Grafting.

The young orchard may either be grafted or budded, or graft-
ing and budding may be used in combination on the same tree.
The trees may be worked on the body or branches, or on both in
combination.

Grafting is the process of inserting a scion on a stock so that
the growing parts of both are in contact. The operation is per-
formed in the spring just as the foliage is pushing forth, though
it may be done either a little earlier or later.

There are many kinds of grafting, but with young trees in
which the branches are not over three-eights of an inch in

122

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

diameter, the tongue or whip graft is most common. In making
it the scion and stock are cut diagonally, after which a vertical
cut is made in the cut surface of each. The tongue of the sci m
and the cleft in the stock are then joined together and the parts
are held firmly with a bandage of waxed string or cloth. The
details of the operation are shown in fig. 15. The cleft graft is
used for larger branches, and the operations are explained in fig.
16 and in greater detail later on in this paper.

In , branch grafting the scions are inserted in three to five

Fig. 16. — Cleft grafting: A, scion; B, scions inserted in cleft; C, stub and

scions waxed.

"“Top-working Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture
for 1902.“

branches well distributed over the trunk, in accordance with the
grower’s ideal for a top. A branch-grafted tree, with the scions
just pushing forth their leaves, is shown in fig. 17. A similar
tree, three months later, is shown in PL XXIV, fig. i. A Sutton
apple orchard, seven years old, branch-grafted on Northern Spy,
is shown in PI. XXVII, fig. i.

The branch-grafted tree develops into a shapely form if the
scions live, but the death of one or more of the scions destroys
the balance of the top. This may be corrected by inserting a June
bud on the same branch or by budding it in the fall, or by regratf-
ing it the following spring. It is a difficult matter, however, to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE;.

123

restore the proportions of a top where the scions are of different
ages.

In some sections the larvae of bud moths play havoc with the
scions just as they are starting into growth, and make the estab-
lishment of a well-formed orchard a most difficult undertaking.
The trouble may be largely overcome by inserting the buds in
the body of the tree instead of the branches, when any one of the
buds alone may become a leader and form a top. (See figs. i8
and 19.)

A single scion is sometimes inserted in the body of the tree,
and although it is often successful the method is objectionable,
as the stock alone remains if the scion perishes:

Fig 18. — Body-budded
tree.

^‘Top-working Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture
for 1902.”

Budding.

Budding is the insertion of a bud attached to a piece of bark
upon the growing part of the stock. There are many kinds of
budding, but the shield bud, the details of which are shown in
fig. 20, is usually employed with the more common fruits. The
operation may be performed whenever the bark will slip, which

124

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

occurs just as growth is starting, again in early summer, and in
late summer and early fall. In the North budding is usually done
from the last of July until the first or middle of September, with
mature buds of the season’s growth. The buds remain dormant
until the next spring. In the South, June budding is also
practiced with immature buds, which start into growth the same
season. Budding is sometimes done in early spring with dorm-
ant buds taken in the winter and retarded in a cool place.

In top working young trees the budding may be done in the
branches, on the body, or in both in combination. The branches
are selected in the same manner as outlined for grafting, though
a bud may be inserted in the body of the tree if no branch is
suitably located. Fig. 21 shows a tree with buds in three
branches and a bud inserted in the body to balance the top. The
buds should be inserted on the branches several inches from the
body of the tree, so that the same branch may be rebudded or
grafted if the original bud perishes. With spring budding, a
second bud may be inserted in June if the first bud dies, and a
bud may be inserted in the fall if a June bud dies. A graft may
be set or a bud inserted in the spring on a branch in which a fall
bud dies. An August branch-budded tree is shown in fig. 22.
Three of the buds on the branches lettered B in the illustration
failed to grow, and the scions which are just pushing out were
inserted in the spring. The bud lettered A was the only one that
survived. A branch-budded tree with a top three years old is
shown in PI. XXIV, fig. 2.

One of the most satisfactory methods of budding young trees
is to insert the buds in the body. An ideal top can be formed,
as the buds can usually be placed in the most desirable positions
on the body. A striking advantage also lies in the capacity 'T
any single bud to form a leader and make a top in case of the
death of the remaining buds. A body-budded tree is shown in
fig. 18, and a similar tree three years later in PI. XXV. fig. i. A
tree in which two of the buds have been killed with bud-moth
larvae is shown in fig. 19, and a similar tree with the top formed
from a single bud in PI. XXV, fig. 2.

Budding is usually more satisfactory than grafting. The oper-
ation is more simple, the wound heals more quickly, and the
form of the tree can be regulated to better advantage by insert-
ing the buds on the body, but the most satisfactory results follow

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

125

the adoption of both branch and body budding on the same tree
when one is needed to supplement the other.

Care of Top- worked Young Orchard.

The spring grafted or the spring or fall budded tree should
have the remaining branches removed as soon as the scions or
buds start into growth. The branch should be cut off an inch or
two beyond the bud, and a month or two later, when the danger
to the new shoot from blowing out is lessened, it should be cut

Fig. 20. — Shield budding: A, matrix ; B, shield bud; C, bud

Fig. 19 — Body- inserted in matrix; D, bud tied,

budded tree,
with two buds
killed by bud-
moth larvae.

“Top-working Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture
for 1902.”

close to the shoot, so that the end of the branch may heal over
during the season. It is not always advisable to remove the en-
tire top from a June-budded tree as soon as growth starts, as
the buds may grow too vigorously and be blown out. If the
water shoots that arise on the body and branches are left until
the next spring, the growth of the buds will be retarded.

The top-worked tree needs the most careful attention during
the first season. Except in June-budded trees, the water sprouts
should be removed three or four times to prevent dwarfing or

126

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THEl

smothering the scions. During the latter part of July or early
in August the rank-growing branches may be headed in to stock
them up, and the side branches need pruning to strengthen them
and to give the top a desirable form. After the first year, the
tops are treated like any other tree of the same age.

Top Working Bearing Apple Trees.

There are many apple orchards not over 25 to 30 years of age
in good healthy condition that might be top-worked with better
varieties. It is not profitable to top work the larger trees, as the
large branches that need removing do not heal over readily, and
the tree usually dies from decay. It is also too expensive to set
the scions in the large trees. An apple tree may be remodeled in
three or four years by inserting scions in part of the branches
each successive season. Branches larger than 2% inches in
diameter should not be grafted, as they do not heal over, and are
also more susceptible to sun scald. The operator should en-
deavor to maintain the original form of the tree. The branches
at the top are cut off rather close to the body, and at a greater
distance as the base is approached. The large branches need
shading while the remodeling is in process. This may be pro-
vided by distributing the scions evenly throughout the tree each
year and by leaving some of the older branches. Only a few
branches should be grafted in one place in a single year, as the
exposed stubs, especially in the Southern states, are usually
scalded. It is always advisable to graft a larger number of
branches than necessary for the final top. The scions shade the
branches and may be removed as they overcrowd. A top-worked
tree requires close attention if the operation, which is harsh at
the best, is to be successful. All large wounds should be painted
with red lead to prevent the entrance of fungi and bacteria. The
scions should be watched to prevent their dwarfing and somther-
ing by overhanging branches. Water sprouts, which appear in
abundance, need removing in June. Every endeavor should be
used to re-cover the tree as quickly as possible, and to protect it
from injury while the operation is in progress. A tree 25 years
of age partly remodeled is shown in PI. XXVI, fig. i, and a tree ‘
with the entire top replaced with scions in PI. XXVI, fig. 2.

The grafting is done in the spring with dormant scions, two of
which are inserted in a horizontal position in each stub. The
stub and the end of each scon are then carefully waxed. The
operation may be understood by reference to fig. 16.

Stayman Winesap, Branch Whip-grafted on Ben Davis. Fig. i. — Missouri Pippin, Branch-Budded on Ben Davis

New Growth 3 Months Old. Top 3 Years Old.

“Top Working Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1902.”

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

127

Top-Working Bearing Peach Trees.

There has been a large development in the peach growing busi-
ness in the last decade. With the rapid growth of the industry
many varieties have been planted in large quantities that are un-
desirable for commercial purposes or ill-adapted to the regions
in which they are located. There are also many orchards more
than lo years old, with trees still vigorous, but of varieties that
are no longer equal to the newer commercial sorts. To sacrifice
the orchards by cutting them out means a loss of labor and cap-

“ lop-working- Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for J902.’^

ital already invested, but to leave the trees unchanged continues
an unproductive investment. It is possible to top-bud these
orchards with better varieties, and it may be desirable from the
commercial standpoint to do so if the trees have been given good
care, as new tops may be formed that will produce good crops in
three or four years.

128

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The budding may be done either in June or in the fall, the
season depending on the locality and the convenience of the
grower. The buds may be inserted on the main branches if the
diamxeter of the latter within six or eight inches of the trunk is
not over inches. On larger trees it is not advisable to bud
the main branches, but new shoots in which buds can be inserted
may be provided near the trunk of the tree by cutting off the
main branches within i% to 2 feet of the body, and by
thoroughly cultivating the soil after the heads are removed.

In preparing the tree for fall budding it is often possible to pick
the fruit, then cut back the top, and insert the buds in three to
five of the main branches near the trunk, the distribution of the
buds having regard for the form of the future top. In large
trees the cutting back is done the preceding winter or spring to
provide the new shoots for budding. In the South, however,
where the fruit is harvested earlier in the season, it is possible to
take the crop, remove the top, and then by frequent cultivation
provide new shoots on the larger branches that can be budded in
August of the same year.

As soon as the new buds start into growth the old top should
be entirely removed and the branches bearing the buds cut back
close to the bud. The new shoots that grow on the old branches
should be kept off, and the new head formed in accordance with
the grower’s ideal for a top. It may be advisable to head in the
shoots of the new top during the first summer to stock them up
and prevent long, slender, weak branches. The ends of the old
branches should be painted with red lead to prevent the entrance
of fungi and bacteria which cause their decay. If care is ex-
ercised in all of the operations, the new top may bear profitable
crops for many years.

A tree 10 years of age, with a new top three years old, is shown
in PL XXVII, fig. 2. This tree should bear a good crop a year
later.

Grafting Materials.

There are many kinds of grafting wax, but one made by melt-
ing one pound of tallow, two pounds of beeswax, and four pounds
of resin is satisfactory for open-air. The melted liquid is poured
into cold water, when it hardens. As soon as it is cool it is pulled
like molassses candy until it is light colored. The wax ma}" be
kept indefinitely by wrapping it in oiled paper and putting it in
water.

Apple Tree, Top-worked, 2 Years Old. Original Top Partly rig. 2.-Apple Tree, Top-worked, 4 Years Old. Original Top En.
K^emoved. Removed.

“Top-Working- Orchard Trees, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1902.”

ffq’

Fig. 2. — Top-Budded Peach Tree. Stock 9 Years Old; Top 3 Years Old.

“Top- Working Orchard Tices, by Powell, reprint from Yearbook of Department of
Agriculture for Year 1902.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

129

In tying- whip grafts, waxed string is often used for root work,
and for the branches either waxed string or strips of waxed
cloth. The waxed string may be made by dropping balls of No.
i8 knitting cotton into melted wax. The wax quickly penetrates
the ball. The waxed strips may be made by dropping a ball of
old cotton cloth cut into narrow strips into melted wax, or the
wax may be spread on the cloth, after which it can be cut or
torn into strips of the desired sizes.

In budding, raffia is generally used for tying. The raffia can
be purchased at about 20 cents a pound. It should be soaked in
water for a few hours before using, when it may be cut into
strips of the desired length.

130

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Fruits, in Plains and Paradise Valleys.

Plains Valley and surrounding country is considered one of
the finest fruit districts in the State, and all varieties of fruit
that can be grown in Montana will flourish here with more or
less success.

It would be folly for me to enumerate the different varieties
of apples, plums, pears, etc., that are grown in this section — in-
deed, space would not permit of such a lengthy article.

There are five or six commercial orchards here, and with two
or three exceptions, every farmer and rancher has a home
where varieties too numeroous to mention can be fonud..

I don’t know but what it is a good plan to follow in the plant-
ing of a small orchard, for then one is sure to secure choice va-
rieties for home use that would not pay from a commerical
standpoint. However, our commercial orchardists do not grow
more than three to five varieties, which is plenty at the very
most. Isaac Sears grows the Wealthy and Johnathan for the
fall market and the Ben Davis for late winter and early spring.
It is needless to describe the Ben Davis for it characteristics are
well known, but it is not a good seller in this vicinity on account
of its poor flavor, which seems to be its only drawback with us.
In point of flavor the Wealthy is the favorite fall apple, but is
much given to overbearing and some years falls badly at time
of maturity.

The Rome Beauty is successfully grown by A. L. Treat, and,
along with the Delaware Red, is considered one of our leading
late keepers. Both are much better flavored than the Ben Davis,
but the Delaware Red is a small apple unless severely thinned.
The Alexander, McIntosh, Spitzenberg and Benton County
Beauty have been largely planted, but some are just coming in
to bearing and I cannot give my personal observations of them
at this writing.

Apples and strawberries are the only fruits grown for ship-
ment at Plains — why, I cannot say. Pears are as easily grown
here as apples — indeed, the Bartlett, one of the finest pears the
world over, has proven quite hardy in this part of Montana and
bears young. The blister mite is the only pest that infests the
tree and I believe a commercial orchard of this variety of fruit
would be a paying investment for some enterprising man.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

131

Prunes likewise do well here. With me the silver prune is ex-
ceedingly hardy and very prolific — bearing successive crops. It
is very sweet and has a silver skin, as its name indicates, which
is very tough, enabling it to stand long shipment.

I shall not attempt to describe more than one of the many
kinds of plums that grow at Plains for all do well — it is a mere
matter of choice for home use, and for commercial purposes the
variety that combines fine flavor, appearance and good shipping
qualities is the one to plant. For beauty, fine flavor, size and
hardiness I know of no finer than Peach Plum. le bears a strik-
ing resemblance to a peach, from whence it derives its name. Tt
ripens in August, is a free stone, delicious to eat from the hand
and good for cooking. The tree is an upright grower, bears quite
young and is prolific, but is not given to overbearing, which is a
great fault with most plum trees.

Sweet cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are
grown in this district, but they are so uncertain it would be a
losing investment to plant for commerce. Nevertheless, I would
advise all fruit growers to plant a few for home use, for when
they do bear full crops one feels well repaid for the time and care
bestowed on them.

Mr. G. F. Flarlan is the only man in Plains who raises suc-
cessive crops of' peaches, apricots and nectarines. His orchard
is in an unusually well favored locality. It is situated on the
West side, at the base of a large prairie mountain. It is well
protected from the morning sun, and the reflections of the after-
noon sun against the mountainside keeps the air warm well
along into the night, thus insuring good crops of these tender
fruits.

There seems to be one serious drawback to the fruit industry^
and that is the market. I know it to be a fact that Plains fruit
growers experience a great deal of trouble in trying to dispose of
their apples. It is not because of their inferiority, but because
there is no demand. I understand that on account of high trans-
portation rates the Eastern part of the State will not patronize
the fruit industries of Montana. Unless something is done to
remedy this evil in the near future the Plains fruit industries
will go back instead of progressing, for landowners will not
plant commercial orchards when those who already have
them cannot dispose of their produce.

Mr. Sears tells me that he considers the Baldwin the finest

132

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

winter apple, but that he finds the tree very tender — much given
to winter killing. He succeeds with this apple by grafting it on
the crab — any variety — and finds it hardy when grown in this
manner. MRS. C. E. BAKER.

Plains, Montana.

MONTANA STATE! BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

183

FRUIT INDUSTRY IN MONTANA.

During the years 1903 and 1904 there have been planted
throughout the State, according to reports received by this
office, 865,717 trees and plants. Of this number 524,104 were
fruit trees. This would place the total number of fruit trees in
the state at 2,174,104. The total acreage of all fruits amounts to
25,000 acres. The total average earnings of this acreage, if all in
bearing, would be over six millions of dollars. The value of the
total fruit crop for 1904 amounted tO' about $750,000. The apple
crop for 1904 amounted to 350,000 boxes, and at the average re-
tail prices would place the value at about $425,000.

Importations.

Notwithstanding the rapid increase in the production of our
own orchards in 1903 and 1904 there was a large amount of fruits
imported into the state. During 1903 there was inspected in the
state a total of 259,232 packages of fruits. Of this number 191,-
624 were apples. For 1904 there was inspected 304,981 packages,
130,374 of which were apples. Gradually the amount of apples
imported into the States is becoming less. Of course there will
always be some importations, as difference in season and lack of
sufficient quantity of certain varieties will demand that we im-
port some, and then, too, Montana exports some of her own crop,
as certain varieties grown in our State find ready market at good
prices in the East. Careful inspection of all imported fruits has
raised the quality to number one.

Crab Apples.

For several years past we have been exporting to Eastern
states and Canada thousands of boxes of crab apples. So prom-
inent has the Montana crab apple become that buyers are con-
stantly on the watch for our crop. During 1904 there was wit-
nessed lively bidding for choice crab apples and the price reached
the highest figure known. Before the close of the shipping sea-
son there came a break in the market, caused, no doubt, from the
fact that dealers held out too long for still further advances. In
the production of crab apples Montana should lead the United
States. We can produce in greater abundance good, first class
crab apples, and the growers should organize themselves and set
the price at a fair figure, not allowing the dealer to speculate to
the injury of the industry. The market now enjoyed can be
kept and enlarged if fair play and honest methods prevail.

134 THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Spread of Fruit Area.

A few years ago the planting of orchards was confined to Mis-
soula, Ravalli and Flathead counties. Outside of these districts
little was done even in an experimental way. To-day, however,
we find that orchards are being set out in all sections of the
State, and some of the newer districts are rapidly becoming close
seconds to the older and larger ones. Since the amendment of
the law requiring nurseries to secure licenses to do business in
the State was passed this office has been brought into close rela-
tions with nurseries and from the information thus gleaned we
are able to note the rapid growth in planting in the State gen-
erally. This spreading of the industry also calls for greater labor
on the part of the Board and its employes, and will continue to do
so for years. It is pleasing to note this general planting for it
speaks for a higher and more prosperous condition for our people.

Home Nurseries.

The past two years has witnessed a healthy growth in nursery
business of the State. According to reports received from in-
spectors there was inspected in the State in 1904, 62 acres of
nursery stock, containing about 585,000 trees and 240,000 plants.
These nurseries were found to be in good condition, all doing a
good business. Each year the acreage in nursery is being in-
creased, more varieties are being propagated, and the sales of
home grown nursery stock increasing.

Imported Nursery Stock.

The passage of the new horticultural law in 1903 caused a con-
siderable improvement in the quality of the imported nursery
stock which was received for planting. While the Board has
carried on a rigid system of nursery stock inspection it has not
always been able to examine all the stock received in the state,
but being in a position to know when and where the stock would
arrvie and from whom it came, it has been able to see a large per-
centage shipped by the various nurseries and thus has been able
to detect' any diseased stock that might come in.

Generally the quality of all nursery stock received has been
good. It was found necessary to condemn in few instances. A
total of about 10,000 trees was condemned during 1904.

Montana Winter Apples.

Each succeeding year finds us producing more and more winter
varieties, and each season witnesses the planting of a greater

MONTANA STATE b6arD OF HORTICULTURE.

135

number of these kinds. Up to within a year or two it was diffi-
cult to secure straight carloads of single varieties of winter
apples, but the last two years has shown an increase in the num-
ber of late keepers and it is possible now for dealers to secure
these winter sorts in quantities and store them for winter trade.

Cold Storage.

The question of cold storage for apples has received consider-
able attention in the past two years. Many of the growers pos-
sessing large orchards are deeply interested in the matter and are
studying the storage question on the farm and in the city. The re-
sults of our experience with Montana apples at the World’s Fair
will be edited and published in the form of a bulletin at an early
date and will contain much valuable data on the keeping qualities
of our best varieties. Sufficient experiments have been carried
on in this line to determine, however, that Montana apples stand
cold storage splendidly, and with good care in the matter of
selection and preparing for storage should come out in splendid
condition. Cold storage of fruits is a business of itself, and one
that requires considerable skill to manage. It is vastly different
to the storage of butter, eggs, and meats, requiring closer atten-
tion and wider knowledge in general. As yet there are but few
plants in Montana that make a business of storing fruits, but no
doubt with the demand for storage will come the necessary
plants. In reply to a request made of Henning'sen Produce Co.,
of Butte, operating one of the largest and best equipped cold
storage plants in the northwest, as to their experience with fruit
in storage, the following letter will be of interest to growers :

Mr. Chas. H. Edwards, 103 Clark Block, City:

Dear Sir : In compliance with your request asking for an ex-

pression relative to our success with cold storage apples in gen-
eral, and Montana varieties in particular, beg to advise that while
our experiments last season were rather limited, we feel safe in
saying that good apples carried in a first class cold storage
plant will make their owners’ money.

To handle apples successfully it is necessary that the tempera-
ture should not vary more than one degree from one end of the
season to the other. In our own plant the variation did not
amount to that much, we being able to carry our rooms with a
variation of not to exceed a fraction of one degree, for a period
of six months or longer.

Great care must be exercised in the gathering and packing of

136

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

apples for cold storage purposes, as this has a very considerable
bearing on the outcome, much more so than where the stock is
consumed immediately. We find that where apples are properly
handled from the orchard to the storage room, and where de-
sirable varieties are stored, that the shrinkage for a period of six
months is nominal ; where on the other hand the same apples
are handled carelessly, the shrinkage is very heavy. Generally
speaking, it pays to wrap apples for cold storage.

We expect to increase our storage facilities this fall, and ex-
pect to store a great many more apples than we did a year ago.
We are going to experiment with the different varieties, par-
ticularly those grown in this state. The writer also expects to
store several cars of fancy Wealthy apples, and believes that this
variety can be carried much longer than customary, and we ex-
pect to have some valuable suggestions to offer next year along
this line.

Growers and dealers who are interested in cold storage are
always welcome, and we should be pleased to take any one in-
terested over our plant. We believe we have the best and most
up to date system in use. Yours very truly,

HENNINGSEN PRODUCE CO.

Per A. P. HENNINGSEN.

Conditions of Orchards.

Generally speaking the orchards of Montana, so far as infesta-
tions of any kind is concerned, are in a good, healthy condition.
They are well cared for, highly cultivated and systematically
pruned. Each year finds their products increasing in value and
importance in the trade of the State. The taxable wealth of the
State has been increased largely through their planting; they
have given employment to a large number of persons and have
caused the retention of hundreds of thousands of dollars in the
State that otherwise must have been sent to more favored states.
In several districts of the State certain localities have been found
infected with the coddling moth and every effort possible has
been and will be put forth to control and exterminate the infesta-
tions.

New Varieties.

Every year finds the growers throughout the State propagating
new varieties with the hope that some choice late keeping apples
may be found that might make Montana noted for its production.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

137

There are at the present time under consideration a number of
varieties, but so far but one of these has passed the experiment
stage. The apple that we refer to is the ''Akin.” The first per-
sons to set out this variety in the State, so far as we can learn,
were W. B. Harlan and F. L. Cook, of Como. The trees planted
by Mr. Harlan did not live to fruit. Those set out by Mr. Cook
grew to be large, healthy trees and fruited when about sev^n
years out. In 1903 Mr. Cook sent a few boxes among his display
of this apple for the fair and our attention was then first drawn
towards the variety, and we concluded to keep a careful watch
over its record in storage. On April 29, 1904, this apple was
unpacked and placed on exhibition. It was found to be in perfect
condition, and maintained its flavor after coming out of storage
longer than any variety on the tables. Later on we discovered
that Mr. C. M. Allen, of Allomont fruit farm at Lo Lo, had sev-
eral hundred of these trees coming into bearing, and we received
from Mr. Allen further confirmation of the good qualities of tliis
variety. We are of the opinion, after careful study of this apple,
that it is the most prominent winter apple for Montana yet found.
The history of this apple as given by Mr. Allen and Mr. Cook,
replying to inquiries from this office, will be of interest to grow-
ers, as also will that of Mr. E. H. Riehl, in the Rural World :
"The 'Aken apple (Synonims: Akin Red; Akin Seedling,
sometimes misspelled Aiken, and Aken, and wholly distinct from
‘Akin’s Winter,’ of Downing, which is a Minnesota crab), is a
seedling from the farm of Mr. W. J. Akin, near Lawrenceville,
Ills. The seeds were brought from Tennessee and planted in
1831 by Mrs. Mathew England. It was first propagated by Mr.
John Akin in 1861 ; first exhibited before the Illinois Horticul-
tural Society in 1890. Three entries were made : As the best
seedling apple, best new apple, and apple best in quality. It was
awarded all three first premiums over all competitors, including
both old and new varieties. A. C. Hammond, late Secretary
Illinois Horticultural Society, said : 'Among all new apples Akin
is probably the best. I know it to be an apple of good size, fine
appearance, superior quality and a good keeper.’ It has also been
referred to as near akin to that other apple,

“ ‘ the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe.’

“The tree is hardy and an upright grower, resembling the

138

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Northern Spy in habit of growth. The hark is a chestnut brown,
tinged with golden. The Yearbook of the Department of Agri-
culture 1903 gives the following description:

“ ‘Form roundish, slightly ribbed ; size medium ; surface very
smooth and glossy ; color yellow, washed over almost the entire
surface with bright crimson ; dots numerous, variable, but
usually small, light russet and frequently indented ; cavity
medium size and depth and gradual slope, somewhat furrowed,
and usually distinctly rusted ; stem short to medium, length %
to % inches, stought, usually downy ; basin small, of medium
depth and closed ; skin moderately thick, tenacious ; core large,
roundish, open, clasping the eye ; seeds of medium size, plump,
brown, numerous, 10 to 20; flesh yellowish, moderately fine
grained, breaking juicy; flavor rather mild subacid, quality very
good. Season, December to April or May; fruit enduring cold
storage exceptionally well.’

‘T planted 500 of these trees seven years ago and they are just
coming into bearing with the Northern Spy, planted at the same
time. I regard them as the most handsome apple I have ever
seen, and believe they will prove very valuable in this valley. '

“Very respectfully yours, C. M. ALLEN.”

“It is perfectly hardy, upright growth and does not drop the
fruit. I set out the trees in 1894 and they have been bearing
three (3) years. The yield last year was good — this year it was
light — partly owing to blossoms being destroyed by ants (an
insect we are troubled with considerably).

“The apples keep good until in June in an ordinary cellar here.
We like the apple and like it better than any other winter apple
I’ve tried. Yours respectfully,

“FRANK L. COOK, Como.”

“Some years ago scions of this variety came to us for trial, with
the flattering praise that is customary with most new fruit.
These were top-grafted on a bearing tree, and the following year
a young tree of the same variety was planted near by.

“W e were pleased 'vith its vigor, but not with its manner of
growth, which was upward like a Lombardy popular. About
four years after grafting, when about to condemn the variety,
the grafted *tree set a full crop of fruit. As this grew heavier it
bent the tall, slender branches in all directions. The fruit ripened
with Jonathan, which it resembles in size and color, though some-
what different in shape. Its quality is very good. The limbs

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

139

remained bent, and have been pretty well loaded with choice
fruit every year since.

“The young- tree was two years later in starting to bear. Since
then, its behavior has been the same as the top grafted tree. We
now give the Akin considerable preference to the Jonathan. And
we recommend it highly, either for home use or commercial
planting. It is a very pretty grower in the nursery. — E. H. Riehl,
in Rural World.”

The Yearbook of the Department of Agrisulture for 1903 men-
tions this apple as one of the most promising winter varieties.
We believe it is worthy of test by every orchardist in the State,
and while it may not suit every locality, we are sure that it
could be so generally planted with perfect assurance of success
as to make Montana famous in the apple world.

Cherries.

Next to the apple in importance as a profitable fruit in Mon-
tana comes the cherry. For years we have been growing all of
the sour cherries and some few of the sweet cherries, but it has
been only in the past few years that the large sweet cherries,
such as the Bing, Lambert, and Royal Ann have been set out in
great numbers. The results of these plantings have been highly
gratifying, and 1903-1904 saw some of as fine cherries as grown
in the world, from Montana orchards, on our markets.

Conclusion.

With each year the study of horticulture is extending in its
scope. In the beginning of the work crab apples alone made up
the list of fruits studied and experimented with. Next a few of
the standard apples of Russian varieties ; then the list was tested
still further until hundreds of varieties of the standard apples
were proven successful. Small fruits of all kinds, of course,
formed an interesting study and gave some returns to the ex-
perimenter. Gradually has the line of experiment extended until
to-day nearly all of the fruits adapted to Northern countries have
been tried, and Montana may be justly placed in the list of suc-
cessful fruit states.

FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

Montana

State Board of Horticulture

TO THE

Legislative Assembly

OF THE

STATE OF MONTANA

FOR THE YEARS
J 905- J906.

'‘independent POBLISHINQ company, HELENA, MONTANA."

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

Henry White/ First District, Billing-s.

T. T, Black, Second District, Whitehall.

R. N. Sutherlin, Third District, Great Falls.

C. C. Willis, Fourth District, Plains.

W. J. Tiedt, Fifth District, Darby.

O. C. Estey, Sixth District, Big Fork.

Hon. Jos. K. Toole, Ex-Officio Member, Helena.

Fred Whiteside, Secretary and Inspector at Large, Office
Room 33, Hirbour Block, Butte.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of State Board of Horticulture,

Butte, Mont., January i, 1907.

To His Excellency,

Joseph K. Toole,

Governor of Montana.

In accordance with law I have the honor to submit the Fourth
Biennial Report, Volume IV, of the Montana State Board of Hor-
ticulture for the years 1905 and 1906.

FRED WHITESIDE,
Secretary and Inspector at Large.

PREFACE.

In this report routine matters and statistics of doubtful interest
have, so far as possible, been omitted, and the endeavor made to
confine the report to matters of value to those interested — both
directly and indirectly — in fruit growing.

Besides a review of the work done by the State Board of Horti-
culture and statistics showing the volume and character of busi-
ness done in Montana in the fruit industr}^ other information,
formulas and tables deemed to be of value to fruit growers, have
been included in this report, the purpose being to help in a prac-
tical way those engaged in the business.

For handy reference the Montana Horticultural Law, together
with the Rules and Regulations of the State Board of Horticul-
ture, are printed in the report.

REPORT OF THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HOR-
TICULTURE.

To His Excellency,

Joseph K. Toole,

Governor of Montana.

To the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana :

In compliance with the provisions of the law, I have the honor
to submit for your inspection the following report of the work
of the State Board of Horticulture and its officers and appointees
for the years 1905 and 1906:

REVIEW.

The present secretary was elected to the position by the Board
on March 20, 1905, since which time he has practically had charge
of the work carried on by the Board. At the same meeting in
March, 1905, Mr. T. T. Black of Whitehall became a member of
the Board by appointment, to succeed Mr. E. N. Brandegee, re-
tiring member. And at the same meeting the offices of Secretary
and Inspector at Large were consolidated. On May i, 1906, Mr.
J. O. Read, President, resigned as a member of the Board, and
Mr. W. J. Tiedt of Darbv. Montana, was appointed by Governor
Jos. K. Toole to fill the vacancy.

When the present Secretary took up the work for the Board
in March, 1905, the office had been vacant for some time and
much complaint was being made about the prevalence of dis-
eased fruit in the Montana markets, apples infested with Cod-
ling Moth being particularly abundant, all such fruit having
been shipped into the state from outside points. By close in-
spection and by requiring a strict compliance with the law by
shippers, the Montana markets were in a short time cleared of in-
fested fruit, and since that time such fruit has reached our mar-
kets only in a few isolated instances. While a rigid enforcement
of the law has engendered some friction it has been less than
might have been expected.

The amount of fruit and nursery stock condemned has been*
comparatively small, and on the whole dealers have benefitted by

6

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

the law, for it has compelled consignors to send here a better
grade of goods than was formerly shipped into this market, and
both the dealer and consumer have benefitted.

As local inspectors receive as compensation only the fees col-
lected on goods inspected, it has been difficult to keep good men
as inspectors at points where the volume of business is small, and
under such circumstances it is difficult to keep the markets en-
tirely free from infested fruit or nursery stock.

Duding 1905 and 1906 the funds at the disposal of the Board
have been used in fighting orchard pests in the fruit growing
counties, principally the Codling Moth, in Missoula and Flathead
counties. This is by far the worst pest known to the apple in-
dustry, its ravages having almost wiped out the business in some
states. Fortunately it has not yet secured a wide foothold in
Montana, and a few thousands spent at this time will save mil-'
lions of dollars in the future. The work of fighting the Codling
Moth in Montana has been confined to the fruit growing sec-
tions, for, while the Moth is known to exist at Helena and a few
other points, the danger of its spreading from such points is
very slight, as it could only leave such points through shipments
of local fruit, and no such shipments are made.

The Codling Moth has been known to exist in Missoula for a
long time, and in 1904 it had spread to a number of orchards out-
side of the city limits, while practically every tree in the city was
badly infested. While the Moth appeared more recently at Kal-
ispell, in 1904 every tree in the city was infested, and it had
spread to orchards about one mile beyond the city limits. As
the infested orchards in the Kalispell district belonged to over
three hundred owners, and those in he Missoula district belonged
to over six hundred owners and the orchards were of all kinds and
conditions the work of fighting the Moth was most difficult. Early
in the spring of 1905 a complete record was made of both the
Kalispell and Missoula districts, giving in detail the location,
name of owner, number and kind of trees, and the condition of
the orchard. As the work of inspecting and banding of trees
was carried on, the work done each day was marked upon the
record of each particular orchard, and in this way the exact con-
dition of the work was known at all times, and the possibility of
missing infested trees was avoided. The record was also used
for the purpose of mailing notices of instruction, and asking the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 7

co-operation of owners of orchards. The result of the work done
has been most gratifying. In the Kalispell district the people co-
operated in the work most willingly and the moth has been prac-
tically exterminated in this district, the larvae of the moth hav-
ing been found in only one place in Kalispell in 1906.

In the Missoula district the work has been much more diffi-
cult, and the results have been less satisfactory, although good
progress has been made. The people of Missoula generally have
been less willing to co-operate in the work, and in a few instances
refused to allow the work to be done until legal steps were taken
by representatives of the Board, and in one instance after an
orchard had been sprayed the owner was found washing off the
trees with a garden hose.

The trees being older and larger in Missoula, and in places
surrounded by board walks, outbuildings and shrubbery, has also
made the work more difficult.

The apple, pear and crab- apple are the only fruits molested by
the moth. The eggs laid on the young fruit by the moth hatch
into worms in a few days, and these at once bury themselves in
the fruit where they grow to maturity. The poison can only be
sprayed on the outside of the fruit, and unless the worm is pois-
oned when it first begins to eat, it escapes the poison entirely, for
this reason it is the most difficult pest of all to overcome, and not
more than 80 per cent of the worms usually can be killed by
spraying. The others must be caught in the bands, or be killed
by destroying the wormy fruit, and it is in this part of the work
that the co-operation of the people is effective. It is safe to say,
if each one of the six hundred owners of fruit trees in the Mis-
soula district vv^ould examine his own trees once a day for a week
after the worms hatch, and pick and destroy all wormy fruit, the
Moth could be exterminated in a single season.

The spraying is of little value unless it is followed b}^ other
work to kill the worms which escape the poison. Various prep-
arations of Paris Green and Arsenate of Lead have been tried for
spraying, and the best results were obtained frotn the use of
^^Disparene,” an arsenate of lead preparation made by ih'e Bowker
Insecticide Company of Boston. The advantage in this prepara-
tion is chiefly in its qualities of adhesion, as after it is once dry
it is not easily washed off by the rain.

The first spraying is done soon after the blossoms have fallen,

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

in order to get the poison well into the blossom end of the fruit
where the worm usually enters. The second spray is put on about
the time the eggs are hatching, usually from June 12th to 20th,
and to catch the second brood the spraying begins about August
1st, but the dates of spraying vary somewhat with the seasons.
Clean cultivation of the orchard has been found to be a great
help in exterminating the moth. After the wo*m has growm to
maturity it leaves the fruit, and hides in a convenient place near
the tree, where it spins a cocoon, from which it later hatches into
a Codling Moth. If clean cultivation is practiced the worms are
forced to seek shelter under the bands of burlap placed on the
tree, or they are devoured by the birds and other enemies pro-
vided by nature.

Two power spraying machines were purchased by the Board
in March, 1906, and these have proved to be a good investment.
The spray pump is operated by a gasoline engine, and besides
doing the work much better it is much cheaper and quicker than
the hand spray.

In the Missoula district the moth has been exterminated in all
orchards outside of the city, and has been greatly reduced in the
city, but owing to the fact that most of the trees in the city are
in close proximity to walks, fences, shrubbery and other ideal
shelters for the larvae of the moth, it will require radical measures
to eradicate the moth from the city, and I believer such measures
should be taken at once. To accomplish this end it will be
necessary to pick and destroy the fruit in every yard and orchard
where clean cultivation is not practiced, and this should be done
after the eggs of the moth have been laid and before any of the
worms come to maturity.

Under the present law the owner is supposed to treat all in-
fested trees when notified by the inspector, bur. in many instances
the owners are non-residents, and in other instances the owners
are so dilatory in doing the work or it is done in such a poor
manner that it is worthless. In such cases the inspector has
power to do the work, and the owner becomes liable for the cost,
but in most cases the cost of collection is greater than the amount
collected, as the only available method is a suit at law against
each individual owner. I would suggest that the law be amended
so that the cost of such work becomes a tax upon the property,
to be collected with other taxes by county officials.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. &

I would also suggest, that the law be amended giving the In-
spector at Large power to quarantine an orchard, and allow the
fruit to be used upon the premises. Under the law, as it nov;-
stands, the inspector must condemn and destroy all infested fruit,
and a notice of quarantine would often be quite effective in iso-
lated orchards.

Besides the Codling Moth several other insect pests have ap-
peared in Montana, but none of them threaten to become serious.
The worst of these is perhaps the Oystershell Bark Louse, which
has appeared at several places in the state. The Red Spider,
Wooly Aphis, Crown Gall and a few other pe*5ts have appeared
in isolated instances; descriptions and remedies for all of which
will be found in the chapter on Fruit Pests and Remedies.

Under the law and the rules of the Board local inspectors have
been given as compensation for services all fees cotiected up to
$5.00 per day. Prior to 1906 all excess fees received from local
inspectors, and all fees received for nursery licenses were ex-
pended by the Secretary in the regular work of the Board. The
vouchers and accounts being checked up by the State Examiner.
In 1905, however, the Attorney General advised this office that
such disbursements were illegal, since which time all such fees
have been remitted to the State Treasurer. As these remittances
have been placed in the general fund, and not to the credit of the
fund against which the State Board of Horticulture may draw^
the funds available for the use of the Board have been reduced to
this extent, amounting to about $1,000 per anuum, and this has
hampered The work to a considerable extent during the past
year. I would advise that the annual appropriation be increased
to cover this matter or that such fees remitted to the State Treas-
urer be credited to the fund, against which the State Board of
Horticulture may draw.

10

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION
FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEM-

BER 30, 1905.

RECEIPTS.

Appropriation, 1905 $3, 500 00

DISBURSEMENTS.

General Expenses —

Printing, engraving, publishing, office and

spraying supplies $477 55

Rent and telephone 281 85

Expenses Board members 130 65

Services and expenses Inspector at Large. 793 25
Local inspectors’ services and expenses . . 1,602 56

Balance unexpended and available for 1906 214 14

$3,500 00 $3,500 00

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION
FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEM-
BER 30, 1906.

RECEIPTS.

Nov. 30, 1905 — Unexpended balance, available for 1906.$ 214 14

Dec. I, 1905 — ^Appropriation 1906 3>5oo 00

DISBURSEMENTS.

General Expenses :

Printing, office supplies and advertising. . . 241 60

Two machine sprayers, freight and spray-
ing supplies 887 87

Labor and inspection orchard work 889 45

Rent, telephone and postage 490 25

Expenses Board members 71 10

Telegrams, express, freight and transfer 30 80

Services and expenses nspector at large. . 705 00

Publishing of proceedings of State Horti-
cultural Society 1906 150 00

Balance, unexpended reverting to gen-
eral fund 248 07

$3,-14 14 $3,714 14

MOINTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

11

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND’’ FOR
FISCAL YEAR ENDING* NOVEMBER 30, 1905.

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1904

Fruit fees

Licenses

Nursery stock and fumigation . .-

Rent .

DISBURSEMENTS.

Fees to inspectors $4,076 81

Rent, general work and supples 655 19

Traveling* expenses secretary 117 70

Postage, telephone and telegraph 60 29

Freight, express and transfer 10 15

Remittances to state treasurer 198 94

$5,119 08 $5,119 08

Unfinished Business for the Fiscal Year Ending Nov. 30, 1905,
Subsequently Reported.

Nursery stock and fumigation $42 00

Fees to inspector $42 00

' $42 00 $42 00

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND” FOR
FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906.

RECEIPTS.

Fruit fees - $4T73 63

Nursery stock and fumigation 351 90

Licenses 625 00

Inspector’s excess of fees remitted 157 27

DISBURSEMENTS.

Fees to inspectors $5^25 53

Remittances to State Treasurer 782 27

$5,907 80 $5,907 80

FRUITS INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1905.

$ 268 28
4450 55
300 00
52 25
48 00

Apples

Pears

Packages.

•• 155,843

. . . 14,064

12

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

Peaches 54(j744

Plums and prunes ’ 37»975

Cherries Hj992

Apricots 3,552

Quinces 127

Oranges and Tangerines 42,985

Lemons and Grape Fruit I3j9H

Grapes 65,558

Strawberries 1 5,540

Blackberries 3,678

Raspberries 9,978

Dewberries 323

Blueberries 71

Currants t. 598'

Gooseberries 626

*Total 43L565

*0f this amount there was inspected in Butte 320 cars, or
263,734 packages, which includes all express and local freight
shipments

FRUITS INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR

ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906.

Apples

Pears

Peaches

Plums and Prunes

Cherries

Apricots

Quinces

Oranges and Tangarines

Lemons and Grape Fruit

Girapesi

Strawberries

Blackberries

Raspberries

Dewberries

Blueberries

Currants

Gooseberries

Packages.

■ • ^75.657

■ • 15.055

• • 79,992

• • 55,647

. . 12,603

• • 1,203

55

• • 52,929

■ • 14,562

. . 62,973

. . 14,678

• . 4,418

. . 11,961

444

25

(867

751

*Total 503,820

*Of this amount there was inspected in Butte 337 cars, or
251,252 packages, which includes all express and local freight
shipments.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICTTnrURE.

13

FRUIT CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1905.

Boxes.

Apples, Pears and Apricots (for codling moth and San Jose
Scale 884

Peaches (for Gummosis and Twig Borer)

936

Total 1,820

FRUIT CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906.

Boxes.

Apples (for Codling Moth, San Jose Scale and Oystershell

Scale) 791

Pears (for Codling Moth, San Jose Scale and Fire Blight) i^i

Peaches (for Gummosis and Twig Borer) 222

Apricots, Plums and Prunes (for San Jose Scale) 30

Total ....1,174

In addition to the above one car apples and two cars peaches
were sent out of the State as unfit for market.

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., SHIPPED INTO MON-
TANA AND INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR
THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER

30, 1905.

Apple trees 23,805

Crab apples 1,463

Pears 723

Peaches 506

Plums and Prunes 3,049

Cherries 3T73

Apricots 14

Quinces 32

32,765

Shade Trees 315

Ornamentals, Shrubs and Bulbs 1,483

1,798

Black and Dewberries 2,122

Raspberries 4,100

Mulberry 28

Currants 870

Gooseberries 648

14

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE

Grapes 644

Strawberries 18,655

Buffalo Juneberry 23

Rhubarb and Asparagus 79

27,169

Total 61,732

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., SHIPPED INTO MONTA-
NA AND INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE
YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906.

Apple trees 46,713

Crab Apples 4,749

Pears 2,601

Peaches 270

Plums 2,097

Cherries 4,482

Apricots 23

Quinces 19

60,954

Shade trees 11,089

Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Bulbs 6,84s

17,934

Evergreens 735

Roses 964

1,699

Black and Dewberries 1,270

Raspberries 4,504

Mulberries 2

Currants 1,947

Gooseberries 2,086

Grapes 1,562

Strawberries 2,287

Buffalo Juneberry 23

• 13,681

Total 94,268

NURSERIES INSPECTED FOR THE YEARS ENDING
NOVEMBER 30, 1905 AND 1906.

Number of Acres 150

Number of Small Plants 95,ooo

Number of Trees 820,000

Number of Trees Condemned and Destroyed 3,640

Disease condemned for Root and Crown Gall

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

15

NURSERY STOCK CONDEMNED AND DESTROYED IN
THE STATE FOR THE YEARS ENDING
NOVEMBER 30, 1905 AND 1906.

Apple, (Crown Gall and Root Knot) 4,745

Apple, (Wooly Aphis) 777

Apple (Oyster Shell Bark Louse) 15

Apricot (Crown Gall) i

Plum (Crown Gall) 25

Total 5,561

In the year 1905, there were 131 notices of shipments of nurse-
ry stock received ; 12 licenses issued to nurserymen ; 53 sales-
man’s certificates supplied ; 61 inspector’s reports received ; 987
letters were written; 1,000 circulars were mailed out; 1,000
copies of the Third Biennial Report of the Board distributed ;
500 copies of the horticultural laws and rules were transmitted ;
1,000 notices to fruit-growers were mailed and posted; notices
were also published in various newspapers of general circulation
in the State.

During the year 1906, 173 notices of shipments of nursery
stock were received; 25 nurseryman’s licenses were issued; 181
inspector’s reports received: 1,043 letters were written; 1,500
circular letters were mailed out ; 2,000 copies of the horticultural
laws and rules were transmitted ; notices were also published in
various newspapers generally circulated in the state.

FRUIT GROWING IN GENERAL.

The following pages are intended not so much for the ex-
perienced fruitgrower as for the beginner.

Much of the information contained is of an elementary nature,
and is designed to help and encourage those who are new in the
business, and perhaps induce others to embark in a calling which
is at once interesting, honorable and profitable.

Fruit-growing may with truth be said to be in its infancy in
Montana, for, while the amount of fruit now produced is con-
siderable it is as nothing when compared to the possibilities ol
the State in this direction.

The reasons for the comparatively slow development of the
industry are not hard to find, while every portion of the State

16

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICUT-.TURB.

is adap'ted to the production of fruit of one kind or another, the
various sections vary so much in soil, altitude, climate and other
conditions, that the varieties and kinds of fruits that may be
grown successfully vary greatly in the different sections. To
ascertain the varieties of fruit adapted to any particular locality
long years of experimental work are necessary. While the va-
rieties and kinds of frut grown in the entire country are almost
infinite, the varieties that can be successfully grown in any one
locality are very few, and it is not strange that in most instances
the first trees planted have not been adapted to the particular
locality where planted and most of the pioneer fruit-growers have
paid dear for experience gained in planting unprofitable varieties,
or after learning the best varieties to plant, and ordering these
from the nurseryman, when the trees came into bearing after
years of careful attention they were found to be not true to name,
and to be varieties totally unsuited to the locality In view of
these facts it is not strange that many of the first orchards plant-
ed in Montana have been unprofitable, and that the industry has
been slow in its development. In spite of all this, however, a
few men have persevered in the effort, and great has been their
reward. Where suitable vareties of apples or crabs have been
planted the crop of a single season has in instances brought
more than $500.00 per acre to the grower, and cherries have in
some cases brought even greater returns. Small fruits have
also proved to be very profitable to the careful grower, and to
the man of moderate means these are the best crops to grow be-
cause of the quick returns.

As before stated many of the first orchards planted, and even
some of the more recent settings have proved to be of poor varie-
ties, and while some of the owners of such orchards became dis-
couraged, and neglected them, others have been changing the
poor varieties into good ones by top-grafting, with most excel-
lent results.

While the fruit-growers of all sections have many adverse
forces with which they must contend, those who follow the bus-
iness in this State have advantages that are enjoyed in few oth-
er localities The climate here is such that most of the insect
pests do not thrive well, and are consequently kept down with a
minimum of labor While the shortness of our season restricts
us to the production of certain varieties the intensity of our grow-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTITRE.

17

ing season, with the crisp mountain air and fertile soil, combin<»
to give our fruits better flavor than those grown farther south or
in lower altitudes. Besides these natural advantages, we have
the further advantage of an almost unlimited home market, by
reason of the mining, lumbering and stock-growing industries
of the State, and all things considered, the outlook is most en-
couraging for the Montana fruit-grower, and the industry is
bound to become one of the most important in the State.

THE APPLE.

The apple is justly called the “King of Fruits,” and most
horticultural writers, at least, have forgiven Mother Eve for
falling a victim to its charms. While we are restricted in the
number of arieties that may be successfully 'grown in Montana,
we are more than compensated for this by the superior quality
and freedom from blemishes of the apples grown here. While
many Montana apples of poor quality are to be seen in the mar-
ket, it is because varieties not adapted to the locality were
planted, and no one is to blame for this, because the best varie-
ties to plant could only be learned by years of experience, and
the grower is not to be blamed for trying to make the best of a
mistake that was unavoidable. The marketing of this class of
apples undoubtedly injures the market for better fruit, but as
the commercial orchards are gradually being converted into bet-
ter varieties this class of apples will disappear.

VARIETIES.

The question which concerns every apple grower most is, “What
varieties shall I plant?” This question must be answered dif-
ferently in almost every locality. For often a difference of only
a few miles in location makes a wonderful difference in the
varieties that can be successfully grown. There are, however,
a few varieties that can be successfully grown in almost every
section of Montana, and these will be first considered, although
most of them, strictly speaking, are not perfect commercial ap-
ples; but perhaps it will be as well to admit at the beginning
that the perfect commercial apple has not yet been discovered.
Most of the apples that can be grown successfully over a wide
area of the state belong to the early or fall varieties, and the fact
that they are not long keepers makes them unprofitable to the
large commercial grower, but for the small grower, conveniently

iS

MONTANA STATE BO/vRD OF HORTICULTITRE-.

located with respect to market, they are usually very profitable.
In this class are the Red June, Yellow Transparent, Duchess of
Oldenburg and Red Astrachan. Of these four, the last named
is perhaps the least desirable, while the Red June is one of the
best. It is fine in quality, and being a dark red all over does
not spot or discolor from bruising. It is not quite as large as
the other varieties named, and like the Yellow Transparent,,
needs severe thinning. A most serious objection to the Yellow
Transparent is its tendency to spot under the slightest bruise^
and this objection also holds in less degree against the Duchess^
and in fact against all yellow apples. Other early apples grown
successfully in places, but not yet widely distributed, are the
Gravenstein and Benoni. While the foregoing are called, early
apples, the date of ripening varies greatly with locality and alti-
tude. Other apples grown successfully in almost every portion
of the state are the Snow, Alexander, Wealthy, McMahon White
and McIntosh Red. These ripen very close together in point of
time, and in some places the last four are called Fall apples, in
other sections they are Late Fall or Early Winter apples. As a
rule apples ripen later and keep longer east of the Rocky Moun-
tains than do the same varieties west of the Mountains, and in
this respect the Flathead Valle}^ is somewhat later than points
south on the same side of the range.

The Alexander is one of the best fall apples grown in Mon-
tana. It is very large, of fine appearance, color red and yellow,
and of fair quality. The Snow is of about the same season as the
Alexander, much smaller, but of very fine quality, red 'in color
with some green. The Wealthy is perhaps the most widely
distributed apple in the northwest, and in many respects is one
of the best. In localities where it ripens late it may be classed
as a good commercial apple, but where it ripens early it is not
as good, because it does not keep as well. Where it ripens early
it is inclined to fall from the tree, and begins to wither in two
or three weeks after picking, even in the best of cellars. Its color
is red, with some green, quality fair, size good. The McMahon
White is of about the same season, size and keeping qualities as
the Wealthy, whiteish green in color, more acid than the
Wealthy and is fine for cooking. All things considered, the Mc-
Intosh Red is perhaps the best commercial apple widely grown
in Montana. While in a few sections the tree has not been con-

MONTANA STATE BOAROD OF HORTICULTURE.

19

sidered entirely hardy, yet losses from winter injury have not
occurred in the coldest sections where the trees are grown, and
such losses have probably been due to local conditions. The
apple is of the finest quality, and has a spicy flavor peculiar
to itself. It is of good size, dark red in color, and keeps until
about January first, although like other apples, its keeping qual-
ities varies with the date of ripening in different sections. The
tree is of good shape and a very vigorous grower.

Of the varieties mentioned the Yellow Transparent and Wealthy
are the most prolific bearers, with the Red June a close second.
The others are good bearers but cannot be depended upon to
produce a full crop every year. The reason for light crops, how-
ever, is usually to be found in a lack of cultivation, pruning,
thinning or other necessary work.

It can be said without fear of successful contradiction that no
long keeping Winter variety of apple with all the necessary
qualifications of a commercial apple, and suited to all localities
has yet been introduced in Montana. At any rate, if there is
such an apple it has not yet been tested in all sections of the
State. Several varieties of apples of this description are being
grown successfully in one section or another, but it remains
to be seen how widely any of these can be grown, and some of
them we know have not been successful in all localities ; among
these may be mentioned the Northern Spy, Jonathan, Wagner,
King and Spitzenburg.

The Bethel is an apple of fine quality which gives promise of
being a valuable variety, but it has not yet been widely tested.
The Missoula is a new variety or an old variety under new con-
ditions and name, which is also very promising. The two last
mentioned are both red in color, of good size and in keeping
qualities are somewhat better than the McIntosh Red, which is
usually called an Early Winter apple

Other varieties that are successfully grown in one locality or
another are the following: Yellow Newtown, Pippin, Rhode

Island Greening, Rome Beauty, Antonovka, Okobena, Longfield,
Tollman Sweet, Canada Red and Wolf River.

Most nurseries have one or two high priced novelties in ap-
ples, and these are widely advertised as the best on earth and
are put out at fancy figures, but they are worthless in most local-
ities. In planting a commercial orchard it is best to stick to the

20

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

best varieties that have been tested in the vicinity, planting- a
few only of new varieties as an experiment.

It is also best to buy from the nursery nearest the land to
be planted. Trees from the home nursery are more apt to be
true to name; they are acclimated and are injured less in mov-
ing than the trees that are shipped long distances.

PEARS.

One of the most profitable fruits to the Montana grower is
the pear, and while this fruit cannot be grown successfully in all
sections of the state, yet in those localities suited to it, it grows
to greater perfection than in any other state west of the Rocky
mountains. In Montana pears do well in almost every locality,
but east of the main range only a few hardy varieties seem to
withstand the climate, and these, as a rule, must be planted in
favored places. Many varieties of pears will not mature in this
climate; but where the right varieties are planted in the right
locality the result is a most delicious and luscious fruit.

The pear is especially well adapted to the needs of the small
grower by reason of the quick and steady returns which it gives,
for most varieties are early and regular bearers. The small grower
can also handle the fruit to much better advantage than the
commercial grower, for the reason that it is comparatiA^ely short
lived, and must have the best of care in order to reach the mar-
ket in good condition ; but when properly handled the returns
are much better than from some other A^arieties of fruits.

The varieties most widely grown in Montana are : The Flem-
ish Beauty, Clapp’s Favorite and Bartlett. As to which of these
varieties is the best depends on locality. The Sheldon and Sieckel
are also grown quite successfully in places.

CRAB APPLES.

When grown on a commercial scale, one of the most profit-
able fruits in Montana is the crab apple. When produced in
less than car lots, however, the grower must depend on local de-
mand, which is usually unsatisfactory.

Crabs can be grown successfully in every section of Mon-
tana, and the risk from winter losses is very slight.

For market the best variety is undoubtedly the Transcendent,
and for this varety in car l6ts the demand is almost without
limit, the price usually being from $i.oo to $i.io per box, f. o. b.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

21

Montana points. Other varieties grown are the Hyslop, Martha,
Gibbs Golden, North Star, General Grant and Whitney No. 20,
the last named being as large as the ordinary small apple, and
is delicious for eating out of hand, but is very short lived. None
of the crabs, however, are long keepers.

PLUMS.

Plums are grown successfully all over Montana, but some
varieties can only be grown in favored places.

From the standpoint of profit, plums are perhaps the most
unsatisfactory of all the fruits grown in the state. • This is not
due to any lack of quality or productiveness, but to the poor
methods of packing, inadequate transportation facilities, and the
perishable nature of the fruit.

The Bradshaw, Moore’s Arctic and De Soto are among the
hardiest varieties grown. The Wyant and Forest Garden are
reported from the Experiment Station at Bozeman as being very
hardy.

Other varieties successfully grown in more favored places are :
The Lombard, Yellow Egg, Green Gage, Peach Plum, Tragedy,
Pond’s Seedling, Italian Prunes, and German Prunes.

CHERRIES.

All things considered cherries are among the most profitable
and satisfactory fruits grown in Montana. While the trees are
not as hardy nor as long lived as the apple or crab, the hardy
varieties can be grown in most sections, and west of the main
range the cherry is a standard crop. The demand for the fruit
is almost unlimited, and the price received by the grower is
from eight to ten cents per pound.

Sweet cherries are produced very successfully in certain sec-
tions of the Bitter Root and Flathead, but cannot be grown in all
sections, as the trees are not entirely hardy, and even where the
trees grow, do not always fruit well, but where the sweet cherry
can be grown, it is highly profitable. Of the sweet cherries, the
Bing and the Royal Ann are the varieties most widely grown.
The Bing is perhaps the favorite, being a large, dark red cherry
of fine quality. The Royal Ann is equally large, but lighter in
color. The Lambert is also grown successfully in places.

The sour varieties of cherries are much more widey grown
than the sweet cherries, and are prolific and regular bearers.

22

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTl!rRE.

Of these, the Early Richmond, Vladimir and Ostheime, are per-
haps the most hardy, with the Montmorency, English Morello
and Wrag close up in point of hardiness. Of all the sour cher-
ries the Montmorency is probably the favorite, being a little
larger than the Early Rlchm.ond and not as sour as the others.

The Wrag, English Morello and Ostheime are dark red in
color and are splendid for making wine.

PEACHES.

Montana is popularly supposed to be too far north tO' permit
the growing of peaches, but near the shores of Flathead Lake,
and also in a few places in the Bitter Root, peaches of fine size
and quality are grown. Peaches are also being grown on quite
a large scale in Carbon county, but the trees are covered in
winter.

The varieties which have proved most successful are the
Triumph and Champion, the first named being the earliest.

SMALL FRUITS.

Practically all varieties of small fruits do well in every sec-
tion of Montana, and the production of these fruits is a most
inviting field for the efforts of the husbandman. East of the
main range, strawberries are usually covered with a winter mulch
of straw or hay, and cane fruits are generally laid down and
covered with earth in the fall ; but on the western slope, where
the snowfall is greater and the climate less rigorous, these
measures are seldom resorted to

The small fruits grown in Montana are unexcelled in quality;
the yield is abundant, and, as the home demand is always greater
than the supply, the prices received by growers are usually good.
Such fruits also bring quicker returns to the grower than the
orchard fruits, and all these things combine to make the busi-
ness most attractive to the small grower, but the business is
most exacting in every detail. In fact, every feature of the
work, from preparing the soil for the plants to the marketing
of the fruit, is an exact science, and only those who follow it
in the most thorough manner can hope to succeed.

FRUIT LANDS.

The lands best adapted to fruit growing are the rolling foot-
hills and bench lands. If not too close to the high mountains.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

23

such lands are freer from frost than the low lands of the valleys,
and they afford good drainage, which is required by nearly all
fruits.

BEST AGE TO PLANT.

In orchard planting most growers of experience prefer trees
uot more than two years old from the nursery, and many or-
chardists plant yearling trees with very satisfactorv results. The
future growth of a tree is retarded by transplanting in propor-
tion to its age and if trees from one to four years old are planted
at the same time, in the same soil, and are given the same care, in
a few years the younger trees will be larger than the older ones.
For this reason young trees are preferred for plantng.

PRUNING.

When the tree is planted, the top is generally cut back to make
it balance the root, as the roots are cut severely in digging the
tree. The best practice, however, is to reduce the top by cut-
ting out the superfluous limbs. This will give the tree proper
shape, and will force the growth into the limbs that are to form
the permanent top of the tree. There is much difference of
opinion as to the proper shape for a tree, and particularly the
apple tree. The growers of most experience, however, have no
fixed rule for shaping or pruning the tree, each tree being treated
according to its requirements. If a tree is a very upright grower,
the inside branches are cut out to make the tree more spreading.
If the tree is very wide and spreading, the outside branches are
out off to make the tree more upright. The ideal form which
most growers endeavor to reach, is an urn-shaped tree, with the
trunk dividing into three or four main branches about two or
two and one-half feet from the ground, these three or four
branches forming the entire top of the tree. The main branches
should start out at nearly right angles to the trunk, and curve
upward, which will obviate the danger of the tree splitting down.
This danger is further provided against by twining together two
of the small inside branches from opposite sides of the tree.
These will grow together, and form a solid tie across the tree,
and if the tree has four main branches there should be two of
these ties fastening the opposite main branches together. A
tree that is properly shaped when planted will require no prun-
ing, except to keep the suckers and small limbs trimmed out, and

24

MONTANA STATE BOA ED OF HORTICULTURE.

this should be done at least once a year. Winter or early spring
is the best season tO' prune, as the trees are then bare of foliage,
but most growers avoid pruning when the wood is frozen. If a
tree is planted with a large number of branches, these must be
cut out from year to year, and much of the energy exerted in
growing wood, is thus wasted.

IRRIGAT,ON.

Most of the fruit produced in Montana is grown under irri-
gation, and the study of irrigation, as applied to fruit growing,
is something that should be taken up in a systematic and scien-
tific manner by the horticulturists of the state.

Too much water is injurious to fruit of any kind, and there can
be no doubt that many fruit growers would be more successful
if they practiced more cultivation and less irrigation. This is
well illustrated in Flathead county, where practically all fruit
is grown without irrigation ; clean cultivation being practiced,
and fruit of that section keeps longer and reaches the market in
better condition than fruit of the same varieties grown under
irrigation.

FERTILIZING.

The complaint is often heard that old trees produce small
fruit, but this is no doubt due to the fact that the same crop
is taken from the soil )^ear after year without any adequate return
having been made to the land. If the soil is properly fertilized
and tilled, old trees will produce fruit of the same size and qual-
ity as the younger trees. If barnyard manure is not available
for fertilizing, a crop of peas or clover sown between the rows
and plowed under when in blossom will greatly enrich the soil.
Some orchardists grow clover in the orchard, but this should only
be practiced where plenty of water is available for irrigation, and
the crop of clover should be left to rot on the land.

MULCHING.

If a mulch is used around the trees it should be of well rotted
manure, or other material that will not form a harbor in which
the mice can nest, as they are almost certain to eat the bark
from the trees during the winter. In some sections entire
orchards have been killed in this manner.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

25

THINNING.

One of the problems that has claimed the attention of fruit
growers for many years has been the disposition of second class
apples ; but this problem has recently been solved by growers
of the Pacific Slope by thinning the fruit until there are no
second class apples produced ; practically all of the apples pro-
duced being first class, and this really is the only correct solu-
tion of the problem. By severe thinning and rigid rules for
packing, these wesern growers have brought the price of Spitzen-
berg and Newton Pippin apples from about $i.oo per box up
to $2.60 per box, the entire crop being sold by the carload
through the Fruit Growers’ Union. The same thing can be done
in Montana, but the work must start at the bottom. First, the
worthless varieties of apples must be changed by top-grafting
into desirable sorts suited to the locality where grown ; and
then by proper cultivation, pruning, irrigation, thinning and
packing the Montana grower can get the highest price paid in the
world for apples, for when the proper varieties are grown under
proper conditions the Montana apples are excelled by none.

Apples should be thinned to one in a place, and these
not closer than five inches apart on the limb. To accomplish
this, it is often necessary to remove four fifths of the crop; but
measured in pounds the matured crop will be fully as large as
if no thinning had been done, and instead of small second class
apples the product will be large, first class apples. Thinning
should be done as soon as possible after the apples are formed.
Fruit growers often complain about the excessive labor and cost
of thinning but it requires no more time or labor to take jthe
extra fruit off in the spring than to pick the small apples in the
fall.

APPLE BOXES.

Montana growers have long endeavored to secure a box for
apples that will suit all growers, and frequent changes have
been made in the size of the standard box. This effort to adopt
a box that will prove satisfactory to everybody is futile ; be-
cause apples of different size and shape cannot be packed to ad-
vantage in the same sized box, and the man who grows Alex-
ander apples does not want the same shaped box as the man
who grows Jonathan or Spitzenberg. It would seem more rea-

26

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

sonable to fix the standard cubic content of the box and allow
certain variations in shape to suit the apples to be packed. This
would result in a long, narrow box for small varieties, and a
wide, short box for the large ones.

COLD STORAGE.

While our season is too short in most sections to permit us
to compete in the production of many of the long keeping apples,
yet the use of cold storage will enable us to put our apples on the
market when both demand and prices are good.

Cold storage is destined to play an important part in the fu-
ture apple industry of Montana.

DISTANCE TO PLANT.

In many of the first orchards planted in Montana, the trees
were set entirely too close together. Apples should not be planted
closer than twenty-four feet apart each way, and plums, pears,
and other sorts, not closer than twenty feet each way.

PICKING AND PACKING.

In handling and packing fruit the Montana grower has much
to learn, and he might study the methods of his western neigh-
bors to good advantage. As a rule, it is only necessary to look
once at a car of fruit coming into Butte or Helena to know
whether it is from Montana or farther west, and the difference
in the pack is even less marked than the difference in price, the
foreign apples invariably bringing the better price.

In picking apples the best growers pick directly into boxes,
handling each apple as if it were an egg. The boxes are put in
the cellar or cold storage until the apples are to be sold, when
they are packed in tiers in new boxes, and put out at once.

VARIETIES.

There are many varieties of apples and fruits grown in Mon-
tana that are not mentioned in this report, and many of those
mentioned are only suited to certain localities. The bane of
most fruit growers is a plethora of varieties. Many of them hav-
ing twenty or thirty varieties, only three or four of which are
really suited to the locality. For this reason, the varieties men-
tioned in the report are restricted, in the hope, that beginners will
confine hemselves to varieties that have been tried; planting only
a few of other varieties for the purpose of testing them.

!!II0NTAXA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

27

TOP GRAFTING.

Where an orchard contains varieties unsuited to the locality —
and there are many such in Montana — the only remedy is to
change the varieties bv top grafting. To change a large orchard
in this manner appears to be a difficult task, but it is not as diffi-
cult as it appears. The best season for top grafting is just after
the first strong flow of sap has started in the spring, which is
usually in May, and top grafting can usually be done success-
fully during this entire month. The scions are cut during the
winter, only the growth of the last season being taken, and these
are packed in damp sawdust or sand in a cool cellar until used.
In cutting the tree to be grafted, about two-thirds of the top is
cut away. The tree is cut thus severely in order to force the
growth into the grafts. It is best to cut the limbs as near the
trunk as possible without cutting limbs that are too large.
Avoid cutting limbs that are more than one and one-half inches
in diameter, if possible.

Both the split graft and the bark graft have been used ex~
tensively in Montana, and in an orchard in Flathead county where
3,000 trees were top worked in 1906, both methods were tested
quite thoroughly, and where the work was well done the bark
graft gave much the best results.

In this work the wax was put on hot, with a small brush. The
wax was melted and put in a five pound lard pail, which was sus-
pended inside of a ten pound lard pail, in the bottom of which had
been placed a small alcohol lamp, the heat from the lamp keep-
ing the wax at the proper temperature. The wax was composed
of five parts rosin and one part tallow, by weight, no beeswax or
other ingredient being used. This wax is very cheap, and wifi
not melt or run under the hottest sun. The trees were cut two
or three weeks ahead of the grafting. The scions were put in
by a man, the wax being put on by a boy, and the bark grafts
were wrapped with a strip of waxed cloth, about half an inch
wide, to hold the scion in place and prevent warping of the bark.
This work was also done by a boy. The total cost of grafting
eight and ten year old trees was eight cents per tree. The re-
mainder of old tops will be cut out next spring, and where needed
additional grafts will be put in. This will cost about five cents
per tree additional. Where possible, it is best to leave about
a six inch stub in cutting limbs, in order that a second graft may

28

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

be put in if the first one dies. This is done the following sea-
son, first cutting off the old stub.

INSECT ENEMIES AND DISEASES.

For much of the information herein contained on this subject
the writer is indebted to Prof. R. A. Cooley of Bozeman, and
Professors C. D. Ball and R. S. Northrup of the Utah Experi-
ment Station. ,

If it were not for injurious insects and plant diseases, the
growing of fruit of any kind would be comparatively easy. These
insidious foes meet the grower of most sections at every turn,
and tax his ingenuity and skill to the utmost to overcome thenu
Successful fruit growing is getting to mean more and more, a
constant battle with insects and fungi. At first view this seems
discouraging, but after all it is the one factor that assures the
wide awake, industrious fruit grower a fair price for his goods,
for the sloven cannot control these pests and must ultimately be
forced out of business.

The Montana fruit grower has an advantage over the growers
of most sections in that the climatic conditions of this state are
not favorable to the spread of most of the insect pests, and they
can be controlled with a very small amount of labor as com-
pared to Other sections. California has met with considerable
success in fighting insect pests by introducing parasite insects
to prey on the pests. Most of these parasites are varieties that
work on the enemies of the citrus fruits, but parasites for the
Codling Moth and Oyster Shell Bark Louse are now being tried,
and if these prove successful an effort will be made to introduce
them into Montana.

HOW BEST TO CONTROL AND ERADICATE THESE

PESTS.

Insects are of two distinct classes. Some are the biting (man-
dibulate), others are of the sucking (haustellate) kind, each
group involving a special system of treatment.

For the biting insects, such as the Codling Moth, Tent Cater-
pillar, Cut Worms, etc., a spray that deposits a poison upon the
fruit or plant on which the insect feeds is used, such as Paris
Green or any of the x\rsenate of Lead solutions. Of these the
most effective is Disparene, an Arsenate of lead preparation made
by the Bowker Insecticide Company of Boston.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

29

For the insects, such as the Aphis, Red Spider, Oyster Shell
Bark Louse, etc., which live by sucking the juices of the plant
or fruit, a spray must be used that will kill the insect when it
comes in contact with the body, such as Kerosene Emulsion,
Lime and Sulphur, Tobacco Decoction or AVhale Oil Scan and
Quassia Chips.

Fungus diseases come from the growth of parasite plants which
use the fruit, trees or fruit plants as host plants. Bordeaux Mix-
ture is the universal remedy for these diseases. Copper Carbon-
ate Solution is also used to some extent, and Lime and Sulphur
is effective in some cases.

THE CODLING MOTH OR APPLE WORM.

The well known apple worm is enormously destructive lo ap-
pies and pears in the United States. It is said to destroy, on
an average, about one-half of the apple crop of the United States
annually. Its injuriousness is much less in Montana than in some
other states where the climatic conditions are more favorable
to it, but we believe that the percentage of damage under ordi-
nary conditions will vary from about 15 to about 55, when noth-
ing is done to hold it in check. The apple is Montana’s most
successful fruit and the Codling Moth its worst insect enemy.

The Codling Moth is two-brooded in Montana. The first
eggs of the season are laid about the middle of June. By the
latter part of July wormy apples become noticeable. The second
brood begins its operations about the loth to the 15th of August,
and is principally injurious to fall and winter varieties.

It occurs in a few isolated localities in the following counties :
Flathead, Sanders, Missoula, Ravalli, Broadwater, Yellowstone,
Lewis and Clark and Custer.

For means of wide distribution the Codling Moth is mainly
dependent on traffic in fruits. It has extended itself through-
out practically the whole world, and is believed to have done so
almost entirely through the medium of fruit packages. It is a
particularly dangerous practice to carry second hand fruit boxes
into the orchard to be filled again. This practice is now pro-
hibited by law.

This insect does more dam.a2-e than all others with which the
apple grower has to contend. The worms pass the winter in
tough cocoons hidden beneath the rough bark of the trunk or

30

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

THE CODDLING MOTH: a, the moth or adult insect, slightly en-
larged; b, the egg, greatly enlarged; c, the full-grown larva, slightly en-
larged; d, the pupa, slightly enlarged; e, the pupa in its cocoon on the in-
ner surface of a piece of bark, reduced about one-half; f, the moth on bark
and empt)f pupa skin from which it emerged, about natural size. (Simpson
U. S. Dept. Agr.)

larger limbs, in cracks or knotholes, or under rubbish in the
orchard. The moth is nearly the color of the apple bark and
flies with a zigzag motion. It never flies to light and is rarely
seen. The moths hatch out a week or two after the blossoms
fall and lay their eggs on the upper surface of the leaves, close
to an apple, or on the apple itself where the fuzz has been
rubbed off. The second brood of eggs is nearly all laid on the
apples. The great majority of the little worms of the first brood
go in at the calyx, while of the second brood, about half, go in at
the side of the apples. The worms remain in the apples about
twenty days and then crawl down the tree and hide in the bark.
It takes about fifty days for one complete generation, and there
are but two broods in a season in this state. The worms of the
second generation remain in the cocoons over winter.

Remedies : Spray with Disparene, Paris Green or Lime Arsenic
as soon after the blossoms fall as possible. Repeat in ten or four-
teen days. If the orchard has been badly infested or is within a
quarter of a mile of other infested ones from which moth may
fly in, spray three times for the second brood.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTiC'trLTURB.

31

Never spray the tree when in blossom on account of bees and
honey.

The first two sprays should be thrown from above down and
from the sides in, so as to force the poison into the calyx cups.
For these sprays use a coarse, fan-shaped spray that will carry
six feet before it forms a mist. The two sprays should be con-
tinued until every flower has been thoroughly soaked and the
trees are dripping heavily. For the later sprays use a finer^
mist-like spray and stop as soon as the trees begin to drip.

Put bands on the trees a month after blossoms, and remove
every ten days and destroy all larvae until the 20th of August,
then leave on until picking time. Scraping the bark in the
spring, screening the fruit house, and picking off all wormy ap-
ples about two weeks after the first worms come under bands,,
will also aid in keeping them down. Clean culture is also a
great help in fighting the Moth. Pruning the trees and thin-
nng the fruit also make the work easy.

For further information on this subject see page 3 — of this
report.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

This is the most pernicious of all the scale family. It is a sap
sucker and cannot be poisoned, but must be killed by contact.
It attaches itself to the bark of the tree, giving it a dirty, scurfy
appearance. In its worst stage it encrusts the twigs and
branches, the tiny sales often overlapping each other. The in-
sect punctures the bark, poisoning and discoloring the tender
cambium or under bark, as though it had been punctured with
fine needles dipped in analine dye.

Remedies : In the summer time, while the young are hatch-

ing and before they become attached and have developed their
impenetrable shell or scale, they may be combatted successfully
with Kerosene Emulsion applied in double strength. The most
thorough, practical and effective remedy for all scale insects is
the Lime-Sulphur solution. If this solution is properly made
and applied as directed, its caustic properties will kill all scale
and other insects which it may come in contact with ; also' the
eggs of the Red Spider and every species of aphides. The hydro-
cyanic acid gas is also a very effective remedy for the San Jose
Scale.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

SAN JOSE SCALE. A Pear infested by San Jose Scale. Portion of a branch infested
by San Jose Scale. Female San Jose Scale — enlarged. Young developing San Jose Scale.
(Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

THE OYSTER SHELL BARK LOUSE.

The insect is so named because of the resemblance which the
scale bears to a long, rather narrow oyster, and this renders it
easily recognizable. It came to this state evidently on nursery
stock, and is found at Plains, Selish, Lo Lo, and at Missoula.
Under the work of the Board, with the co-operation of the
growers, it is being reduced considerably; it is hoped will in due

The oyster -shell bark-louse, a, showing female scale and eggs from be-
low; b, female scale seen from above; c, female scales, natural size; d,
male scale; e, male scales, natural size. (L. O. Howard, Division of Ento-
mology, U. S. Dep. Agr.)

time be eradicated. It is detrimental to profitable and success-
ful apple growing.

The cast skins of the larvae are at the narrow end of the scale
and form its head. The females come to maturity during the
latter part of August, fertilization having taken place in the
earlier portion of the same month, and egg-laying continues into
September, when the entire space below the scale will be found
filled with minute, pale yellow eggs ; something over one hun-
dred in some cases, though often much less. These eggs re-

34

MO'NTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

main during the winter, protected by the scales, and from them
hatch the crawling larvae in June. Growth is slow ; there is
only one brood, and when not excessively abundant the insect
does not do much injury. As a matter of fact, however, it does
often become excessively abundant, and lilacs or apple trees may
become so covered that no portion of the bark can be seen be-
tween the scales.

Among fruit trees it is found on the apple, pear, plum, quince,
currant raspberry and wild cherry, though apples are the most
susceptible and branches are occasionally destroyed. It also
establishes itself on the fruit. Young trees may be killed in some
instances, and old trees are much harmed. Walnut and butternut
trees are very susceptible to the attacks of this species, and are
sometimes killed even when pf considerable size. Of the shade
trees, willow, maple and poplar are sometimes injured. It is
also found on the rose.

Remedies : The most effective insecticide yet employed against
the Oyster-Shell Bark Louse during the dormant period of the
tree is the Lime-Sulphur, or Lime-Sulphur Salt wash. An applica-
tion of this wash during the latter part of March or first weeks
in April, followed in the case of badly infested trees by a second
application before the buds have swollen much, will generally
suffice to eradicate the scales. The Kerosene Emulsion spray,
or any contact poison spray, is also effective if applied just after
the young have hatched in June.

THE SCURFY SCALE.

With the San Jose, Oyster-Shell Bark Louse and the Scurfy
Scale fruit pests, we have three common orchard scales. We
will now briefly consider the Scurfy Scale.

This “Scurfy Scale,” or “Harris Louse,' is much broader than
the oyster-shell louse, much paler, almost white in color, and
much thinner in texture. The cast larvae skins are at the nar-
row end of the scale, and in general the life history is like thaf
of the preceding species. The larvae also hatch during the early
days of June, and are orange rather than yellow in color. The
male scales are comparatively very small and almsot snow white.
The eggs are developed in September and are deep purplish
brown, varying from twenty to eighty or more, but fewer in num-
ber than the oyster-shell bark-louse.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

35

THE SCURFY BARK-LOUSE, a, females;
b, males; natural size; c, female; d, male. (L, O.
Howard, Division of Entoniology, U. S. Dep. Agr.)

This scale prefers the pear among orchard trees, and the
Keiffer is its favorite variety. Of the shade trees, poplars are
most frequently infested, and of the small ' fruits currants are
usual victims. Pear trees are sometimes so badly infested that
their trunks seem whitewashed, and in such cases serious injury
or death results.

There is only one brood of these scales, and the winter is passed
in the egg stage.

Remedy: Lime and Sulphur spray applied as for oyster-shell
bark-louse scale.

WOOLY APHIS.

Appears on the trunk and branches of the apple tree as white,
wooly patches which show a red color when crushed. Later in
the season they migrate to the smaller limbs and twigs. Another
form occurs below the ground where they form knot-like swell-
ings along the roots.

Remedies : Spraying with Lime-Sulphur Mixture in winter or
Kerosene Emulsion in summer, will hold them in check. Pure
kerosene or a strong emulsion driven with force against the
patches in early summer will tend to keep them down. For the
root infesting form, scraping away the dirt and scattering sev-
eral pounds of tobacco stems to the tree has been recommended.

36

mO'Ntana state board of horticulture.

WOOLV APHIS, a, agamic female; b, larval louse; c, pupa; d, winged
female with entenna enlarged above; all greatly enlarged with waxy ex-
cretion removed (original) [Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.]

APPLE APHIS.

The shiny black eggs of this pest may be found during the
winter on the terminal twigs and strong growing shoots. They
are usually placed around the buds and in the crotches. The lice
hatch about the time the leaves start and soon curl them up, and
if numerous stunt the growth of the tree.

Remedies: Winter spray with the Lime-Sulphur Mixture will
destroy the eggs: AVhen only a few trees are affected, a strong
Kerosene Emulsion may be used, or the eggs may be crushed by
the hand. Just after the eggs hatch an ordinary Kerosene Emul-
sion will kill the young. Later they curl the leavbs so that a
spray will not reach them. Spray also with Tobacco or Whale
Oil Soap and Quassia Chips.

RED SPIDER OR BROWN MITE.

Minute reddish or greenish mites working on leaves and stems
of fruit and shade trees, and sucking their juices so that they
turn yellow and die. They can usually be detected by the sickly,
yellowish color of the plant along with a slight webbing or the
presence of reddish mites. The Brown Mite lays bright red eggs
in the fall, usually in clusters on the main trunk or branches, and
when numerous, easily seen at a distance.

Remedies: The Lime-Sulphur Spray in the spring just be-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

37

RED SPIDER. a, Adult, enlarged; b, Palpus; c, Claws.

[Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.]

fore the buds start is the easiest means of destroying the eggs.
In summer, spray with a strong Kerosene Emulsion or Whale
Oil Soap, one pound to five or six gallons of hot water.

THE PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE.

The presence of this nest is readily known by the bright red
pimpledike spots that appear on the young leaves. Later these
spots turn green and then brownish, forming cork-like thicken-
ings on the under sides of the leaves. The cause of the spot
is a minute four-legged mite, scarcely visible to the naked eye,
and measuring but one-hundred-and-fiftieth of an inch long. Its
body is cylindrical in form and marked crosswise by numerous
striae. As soon as the leaves burst from the buds in spring the
mites burrow into them, forming the bright red galls, which are
hollow and have minute openings on the under sides of the
leaves. In these galls eggs are laid, which soon hatch into young
mites. As fast as new leaves come out the mites migrate to them,
forming new galls, and this process continues as long as
leaves are developed. Before the leaves fall in autumn the mites
crawl back to the twigs, and pass the winter in cracks in the
bark and similar places, but more particularly beneath the scales
of the winter buds. At no stage of the mite’s life is it able to
move fast, but the pest becomes spread from tree to tree by
crawling on insects, the feet of birds, and probably in similar
ways. The damage done is sometimes quite severe, as the func-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

tion of the leaves is seriously impaired by their attacks The
affected leaves also fall prematurely.

Remedies: Experiments with this pest have not been very
satisfactory. Spraying in winter when the mites are under the
bud scales with Kerosene Emulsion (diluted only three times),
gave the best results, but this strength also injured the trees
somewhat. In no instance were all the mites destroyed. Pro-
tracted periods of cold weather are fatal to the pest.

PEAR AND CHERRY SLUG.: a, adult saw fly, fe-
male; b, larva with slime removed; c, same in normal state ;
d, leaves with larvae natural size; a, b, c, much enlarged
(original). (Div. Entomology U. S. Dep’t. Agr.)

PEAR AND CHERRY SLUG.

A dark, slimy green larvae with a big head which feeds on the
leaves, turning them brown in spots. There are two broods in
a year, one appearing in June or early in July, the other in
August. The second brood usually does the most damage, and
where numerous enough will strip an entire tree and kill it.
The larvae grow to be about a half inch long and they go into
the ground and pupate, coming out a black fly-like insect.

Remedies : Spray with Paris Green or Lime Arsenic as soon

as damage is noticed. When fruit is nearly ripe, the trees may
be dusted with AVhite Hellebore or dry air slaked lime instead.

CHERRY AND PLUM APHIS.

A deep brown, almost black, plant-louse, infesting cherry and
plum trees of all ages to such an extent as to prove very an-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

noying at times. Leaves, young twigs, blossoms, and even fruit,
may become blackened with multitudes of these lice. Sometimes
they are abundant during the early part of summer and then sud-
denly disappear, and are not again seen until the following spring.
The infested leaves curl up in the manner common to injury by
puncturing insects, and growth may cease completely. Adult
lice measure about .06 inch in length, are rather broad, the ab-
domen almost rotund and shining. It occurs on other trees of
the genus Prunus. «

The eggs are laid in the fall about the buds, as is the case
with the apple leaf aphis.

Remedy : Spray with Kerosene Emulsion, diluted so as to

avoid burning the foliage, or with Tobacco Decoction, or with
Whale Oil Soap and Quassia Chips.

CABBAGE APHIS,

The lice often gather in immense numbers on the under side^
of the leaves later in the season. Use same remedies as for other
lice, except that he spray nozzle must be set at an angle, so as to
rest unler the plant anl spray up against the lice.

CABBAGE WORMS.

Green worms that eat the leaves and finally spoil the head of
the cabbage.

Remedies : Spray early in season before the head is formed,

with Paris Green or Disparene. This may be continued up to
within two weeks of picking time with safety, provided no
heads that have holes in them are used.

STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER.

A small rusty-brown moth with white marks. Appears in the
patch in the early summer and a little later a greenish worm is
found rolling the leaves and destroying them. Another brood
comes on later in the season.

Remedies: Spray soon after the moths have become abundant
in the partch, with Paris Green or Lime Arsenic, and again about
the time the berries form. Mow the vines as soon as the crop
is off and sprinkle with straw and burn as soon as dry.

STRAWBERRY CROWN BORER.

Its head is yellowish brown; the jaws dark at the tips; the
rest of he body is white ; length is one-fourth of an inch ; its

40

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

body measures about one twelfth inch in diameter. It much re-
sembles a very small grub worm, but unlike all grub worms it
lacks jointed legs, not having any use for them, as it does not
travel from plant to plant. Usually but one grub is found in
each plant.

The small white grub works in the interior of the undergroviud
stem, where it is concealed from observation, and kills or en-
feebles the plants. Cutting open lengthwise an infested plant,
a broad mine is discovered filled with refuse extending from the
bases of the petioles of the leaves down towards the lower end
of the stem, and the whole interior of the stem may be eaten
away. The grubs change to pupae and these in turn change to
beetles, which leave the plants late in the fab and burv in the
ground.

Treatment: No method has been devised which will destroy

the grubs without also injuring the plants. The best method
is to dig up all the infested plants and destroy them.

STRAWBERRY WEEVIL.

Is a small black beetle, attacking the buds and blossoms of the
strawberry, destroying the stamens of the bi-sexual varieties and
ruining them both for fruit and for purposes of pollination.

Remedy: Kerosene Emulsion or White Hellebore, the plants

to be sprayed as soon as the buds are set.

THE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG.

This bug attacks fruit trees, also bush fruits, such as grape,
raspberry, blackberry, currant, gooseberry and strawberry. The
latter suffering the most, as the bug punctures the berries and
extracs the sap from the young, developing berries and fruit,
thus causing them to button, shrivel and die.

The adult insect is a little over one-fourth of an inch long
and is grayish brown with yellow markings. A few streaks of
red occur on the thorax.

Remedy: No satisfactory remedv has thus far been devised:

Spraying is not very effective, as food is taken up through a
sucking beak, and the poison thus secured being harmless. Con-
tact poisons are unavailing, due to the heavy covering
with which the insect is supplied by nature. It is a persistent
and troublesome pest, and on low growing plants is almost im.
possible to control, but on trees their number can be reduced'

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

41

at least by jarring the tree durirxg the cold portion of the day, and
catching them in a receptacle running toward the center, where
a can or pail is set conaining some kerosene and water.

TENT CATERPILLAR.

This insect has stripped the fruit and shade trees in a num-
ber of towns in the state. It is easy to control. The eggs may
be found in creamy or waxy rings around the smaller twigs
during the winter time. These hatch with the appearance of
the first leaves, and the colony of little caterpillars spin a web
and eat the leaves, migrating from branch to branch, and when
larger, resting in masses on the trunk without a web. When
full grown they come down and spin a cocoon and soon come
out a yellow brown moth.

Remedies : Spray with Paris Green or Disparene as soon as

the leaves have opened out and before the blossoms appear, then
again as soon as the blossoms fall. Use mtist spray. With a
few trees in a town lot, the easiest way is to cut off tlhe egg
rings and burn them. To keep them from climbing up a tree
take a roll of cotton batting, unroll and put once around the

42

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

tree, then tie in the middle and pull the top down over the bottom
like an umbrella.

Treatment for Tent Caterpillar: Remove the eggs by prun-

ing, or spray with Lime and Sulphur, or destroy the web by
burning two whisps of straw or paper beneath it. This should be
done in the early morning or late in the evening when the worms
are in the web.

THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES.

Aside from injuries caused by insects, plants suffer from dis-
eases of two kinds, viz., those caused by fungi and by bacteria

There are a number of fungus diseases which often cause seri-
ous trouble with some crops, and a knowledge of them and the
methods by which they may be controlled is necessary.

In relation to their treatment they may be considered in two
classes : Those growing on the surface of the plants, typical

of which are the mildews which cause a white downy or pow-
dery appearance on the surface, and those that penetrate the
inner tissues of the host, where being protected they flourish.
This latter class includes the various rusts, rots, fungus blights,
etc., and, in general, are characterized by discolorations of leaf
or fruit, by abnormal development, falling away or rotting of af-
fected parts.

Sulphur is the remedy generally used for the fungus diseases
in the surface of plants. It may be used as the flowers of sulphur
mixed with equal quantity of air-slaked lime and dusted upon
affected plants in the morning while the dew is present; or liver
of sulphur (potassium sulphide) may be sprinkled on by dis-
solving it in water. Use it at the rate of one-half to one ounce
per gallon. Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate may be
used for these fungi if desired, although the sulphide of potassium
is the popular remedy.

Those fungi which penetrate to the internal tissues of plants
must be treated in a different manner. The host plant so pro-
tects them that no solution can be applied which will destroy
the organism causing the disease. Therefore, some means of
prevention must be employed.

Knowing that they secure their foothold upon plants by the
germination of very minute spores which are produced in great
abundance and may be easily carried by the wind, we mnst aim
to check their ravages by destroying the spores of life of the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

43

organism immediately after it has germinated. Probably the
best means of destroying the spores, is to practice clean cul-
ture and remove wherever possible all diseased plants or por-
tions of plants and any rubbish, and have it burned. Careful
sanitation is of prime importance and more than pays for itself.
Copper compounds in solution will also kill spores and organisms
themselves where they can be brought into contact. Copper
in solution, however, will burn tender plants, and must have lime
added to prevent it. For this reason the spray mixture known
as Bordeaux is used. If the directions elsewhere printed are
carefully followed, no trouble will be experienced, and the best
of results will be attained whether the mixture is used in the
orchard or garden.

In growing vegetabes considerable care is necessary in the
selection of seed and plants to prevent the increase of fungus trou-
bles. Plant them in soil which has not grown the same nor
related crops for several years. In this manner the spores of
fungus diseases liable to attack the crop will probably not be
present in the soil, and there is little danger of their becoming
abundant.

When fungus diseases of certain vegetables are prevalent in
a district, spray these crops frequently with Bordeaux Mix-
ture, starting the spraying before the disease makes its appear-
ance, thus preventing the disease getting a start.

After removing the crop clean up all rubbish left in the field
and burn it.

Bear in mind, that whenever it is desired to spray for fungi
without discoloring the fruit or foliage, the ammoniacal solution
of copper carbonate may be substituted for Bordeaux Mixture,
although it does not act quite as effectively and costs a little
more.

An apparently new disease called by the United States En-
tomologists '‘Brown Spot of the Apple/’ has made its appear-
ance in Montana. The disease has been observed at Thompson
Falls and at or near Columbus, Mont. It is a fungus disease
which attacks the cambium layer (inner bark). It is first mani-
fest in small brown spots which appear in the inner bark, these
gradually spread and the limbs attacked wither and die. The
disease spreads slowly, a portion of the tree affected often re-
maining alive for as much as two years. So far as known it

44

MO’NTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

affects the apple only. All affected branches should be cut out
and the tree sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture. Disinfect the saw
or knife used and burn all cuttings.

We have now seen how the fungus diseases spread and arc
favored or hindered by certain conditions. Let us look at the
factors which aid or check the development of the bacterial dis-
eases.

Considering the common Pear Blight as typical of the genu
diseases it is only necessary to sav that they work upon the in-
terior tissues of the plants, thus making it impossible to reach
them with a spray. In fact, the only treatment which is advised
is careful orchard sanitation. This emphasizes the cutting away
and destroying of all diseased parts in order to check further
spread as much as possible.

PEAR BLIGHT.

This disease is very common and serious in some states, and
is distinguishable by the following symptoms, and works in the
manner described. The leaves, generally on the ends of rapid
growing twigs or younger parts, become suddenly wilted and
droop. Then the whole end of the tAvig Avilts and wrinkles and the
leaA^es become stiff and turn gradually broAvn, looking as though
they had been scorched by fire. Dark, discolored and wrinkled
areas appear on the bark sometimes at a considerable distan«'e
below the point at Avhich the leaA^es are killed, and from these
spots the sap oozes out and runs doAvn the limb.

When the above conditions are noticed either on pear or apple
trees, it may be relied upon that “Pear Blight” has made its
appearance m your orchard, and, Avith a climate exceedingly
faA^orable for its dcA^elopment, it is more than likely that all the
pear trees in the neighborhood Avill be killed, and pear growing
will be a dead industry. There is nothing that Ave can recom-
mend as a treatment for this disease Avith any certainty of its
being successful. It being a germ disease, as heretofore explained,
it lives inside the tissues of the host plant, making it impossible
to use any germicide as a cure. If, Avhen the disease is noticed,
those parts affected are cut aAvay, cutting well back into the
sound wood a foot or so below any symptoms of the disease, and
the parts cut out carefully gathered and burned, the chances of
the disease spreading further are much lessened.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

45

BROW.V ROT OF CHERRY — enlarged. [Sclerotinia [Monilia]

Fructigena, Pers.] U. S. Dept. Agr.

BROWN ROT OF PEACH, PLUM, CHERRY, ETC.

It sometimes happens that at the time the above fruits are
ripening, warm, sultry weather is experienced. This often causes
the fruit to turn brown, soft and rotten in a very few hours. The
reason for this is that a fungus exists in the orchard, and the
weather conditions were such as to cause the spores to germinate,
and the growth of this fungus in the fruit caused it to rot. If
this condition should occur, the trees should be sprayed with
the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. This solution is
recommended because it does not discolor the leaves or fruit,
and as the disease occurs generally just before picking time, it
is impracticable to use the Bordeaux Mixture, which contains
lime.

POTATO BLIGHT.

The late fungus blight is the most common and causes con-
siderable. damage sometimes. It is spread and carried over the
winter by spores, which fall upon the ground from the blighted
tops, hence, these should be raked up and burned. The disease
may be recognized by the discolorations wTich occur on the
leaves. They are at first yellow and later brown, and finally the
leaf dies and becomes dry and hard. When the spores fall to the
ground the tubers become infected, and the center shows a dry
rot later in its development.

Remedies: Careful spraying with Bordeaux Mixture through

the season will check its development. Begin spraying in those
districts where it is known to abound before it makes its appear-

46

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

ance, and continue at intervals of two or four weeks until the
potatoes are ripe.

CURRANT LEAF-SPOT.

(Currant Rust.)

This disease manifests its presence by the appearance of spots
irregularly scattered over the leaves. Thipv are evident both
above and below, are soon whitish or grayish at the center and
are surrounded by a brown ring. They show at first as very
small brown dots of indefinite outline, but the pale center ap-
pears when they are not more than .04 inch in diameter. They
increase about .28 inch in diameter when isolated, maintaining a
more or less circular outline, but when abundant become con-
fluent, forming large discolored areas often involving most of the
leaf. Their general appearance is much like that of the rust
spots of strawberry leaves, and they are caused by a similar
fungus parasite.

The bushes become deprived of most of their leaves long be-
fore the proper season, and the new growth is thus shortened
and the buds for the next season are enfeebled.

Treatment: Spray the naked bushes with Bordeaux Mixture

early in spring before the leaves unfold, and again several times
at intervals during the growing season.

BLACK KNOT.

Attacks plum and cherry.

Produces large, wart-like, black growths along the twigs and
branches. Affected limbs gradually swell up, generally more on
one side than on the other, until finally the bark where most
distended breaks apart and reveals the cause of the swelling in
a spongy mass which now pushes up between the edges of the
ruptured bark and at length becomes thicker, it may be, than
the limb itself. It is at first of an olive color, with felt-like sur-
face, and retains this color for some time, the growth mean-
while extending along the limb for several inches, or in some
cases for a foot or more. When old, the growth becomes a dull
coal-black, and the uneven, slightly granular surface becomes
broken by deep fissures.

Treatment: Prune away the affected parts and burn the cut-
tings. Spray with Bordeaux Mixture or with Lime and Sulphur.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

47

RASPBERRY ANTHRACNOSE.

(Blackberry Anthracnose, Raspberry and Blackberry Cane Rust)

Attacks raspberry, blackberry, and other plants of the genus
Rubus.

Appears on the canes at or near the ground as very small
purple spots, which spread and soon acquire a grayish-white cen-
ter and finally grow to a large size, then with a clearly defined
purple rim ; often uniting and covering much of the bark; spreads
to the petioles of the leaves when abundant and eventually to
the leaves themselves, occasionally even to the fruit; spots often
a quarter of an inch in diameter ; not penetrating the wood to any
distance ; surface opaque, slightly ribbed longitudinally when old,
and assuming a scab-like character; when at an advanced -stage
splitting, and admitting water so as to cause rot to extend into
the underlying wood. Due to a well known fungus, which causes
the scab spots by attacking the bark, in which it remains dor-
mant over winter. Young shoots attacked by spores as soon as
they appear in spring and most of the growth and development
takes place during the growing season, dwarfing the growth
and reducing- quality and yield of berries. If bad, berries shrivel
up about picking time, and often the canes die if the disease is
of long standing.

Treatment: Same as for Black Knot, except that the spray-

ing must be done at frequent intervals.

RASPBERRY CANE BORER.

After the raspberry crop is taken ofif it is often noticed that
the ends of many of the branches are drooping, and often the
injury is laid to careless pickers. It is caused, however, by the
raspberry cane borer, and as the eggs are laid in June in the
tender new growth their drooping condition is the first indi-
cation of the presence of the pests.

The eggs are laid between two rows of punctures about half
an inch apart, which are made by the female, which gnaws the
wood to stop the flow of sap in the canes and thus hinder the
growth, being done, evidently, so that the growth of the cane
cannot dislodge or disturb the eggs in any way. The double row
of punctures extends entirely around the cane, and as soon as the
worms hatch they eat their way into the center of the stalk, fol-
lowing the soft pith downward until the root of the plant is

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

reached, which is usually not until fall.

The only positive remedy known is to watch the bushes closely,
and on the first appearance of the trouble see that all diseased
canes are cut and burned before the worms begin their down-
ward journey. By doing this no trouble is experienced, as the
loss of the cane is only what should be done during the summer
to cause the next year’s bearing canes to branch. Or if the in-
jury is done to a cane of this year’s bearing wood, it will have
to be cut out, anyway, while if the borer is allowed to get to the
root the whole plant will soon succumb.

LEAF BLIGHT OF PEAR-enlarged. [U. S. Dept. Agr.]

PEAR LEAF BLIGHT.

Is caused by a fungus ; produces small round spots on the
foliage, and causes the leaves to drop early in the season. It also
produces ugly hard spots on the fruit, frequently causing it to
crack open. It is readily preventable by spraying with Bor
deaux Mixture, about three treatments being necessary. Th*
first should be made about three weeks after the bloom sheds,
and the other two at intervals of two weeks. This trouble should
not be confused with the disease called pear or “fire” blight,
which attacks the limbs of trees.

CROWN GALL.

Crown Gall has been very injurious to Montana nursery stock,
and the following article by J. W. Tourney, Experiment Station,
Arizona, is of especial value.

“Crown Gall is a disease very injurious to deciduous fruit
trees, particularly so to the almond, apricot, peach, plum and

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

49

CROWN GALL.

nectarine. The same, or closely allied' galls, have been found
upon the roots of the apple, pear, English walnut, grape, rasp-
berry, and a number of other plants, both cultivated and wild.

“The disease may be readily recognized by the large knot-
like out-growths which develop at the crown of the plant just
beneath the soil, or, in older plants, on the roots and rootlets.
There is no disease of deciduous fruit trees in irrigated regions
that is as widespread and that causes so much injury to the
fruit industry as the crown gall. Not only is it prevalent and
rapidly increasing in the irrigated regions of southwestern United
States, but it is becoming one of the most menacing diseases
which threaten the deciduous fruit industry in practically all of
the great fruit centers of the United States.

“For the past six years I have had the crown gall under ob-
servation, and five years ago, published a preliminary report
regarding it, as Bulletin No. 12, of the Arizona Experiment Sta-
tion. This report was based almost entirely upon observations
in the field. Two years ago extensive experiments were begun
to ascertain the communicability of the gall. It is sufficient at
this time to state, that I have repeatedly produced the disease
by inoculation of young seedlings with small bits of the gall,

60

MONTANA STATE BOAHO OF HORTICULTtJRE.

in some instances the galls beginning to develop twenty days
after inoculation.

“Again, I have repeatedly produced the gall on almond seed- •
lings by planting the seeds in sterile soil, and at the time of
planting placing a few pieces of minced gall in the soil.

“There is no question regarding the communicability of this
disease; it is contagious. The disease is probably caused by a
micro organism known as a “slime fungus the plasmodia of the
organism, through irrigation, causing the galls to develop. Un-
der certain conditions the plasmodia creep to the surface of the
gall and form minute amoeba-like bodies which slowly make
their way through the damp soil to other plants.

“Knowing the nature of the disease, the question with the
fruit grower is how to eliminate it from the infested orchards.
The best advice that I can give to those intending to plant trees,,
is to get trees from a nursery that is absolutely free from the
crown gall. It is not sufficient to cast aside as worthless only
those trees with galls upon their roots. Every tree that comes
from an infested nursery is dangerous, and when such trees are
planted, great chances are taken. If your orchard is already in-
fested with crown gall, you cannot entirely get rid of it. All
that you can do is to hold it in check and keep the galls as
much as possible from the crowns of the trees. When it ap-
pears on the main stem of a tree a few inches below the ground,
that is, at the crown, as it frequently does, particularly on young
trees, it is almost certain in time, if unchecked, to cause the
death of the tree. As this disease only affects the tree at the
point where the gall develops and in the adjacent tissue, if the
gall be removed and something applied to the wound to prevent
additional growth, it can be held in check, and a minimum
amount of harm will come to the tree from its action.

“From a number of experiments carried on in the greenhouse,^
where a large number of seedlings have been under experiment
for the past two years, it has been shown that bluestone is of
marked value in the treating the disease. In the field the follow-
ing has proved to be the most successful of any treatment as
yet known. The remedy should be applied in October and
November or in March and April, as at these periods of the
year the growth of the gall is the most rapid.”

“Two parts of blue-stone;

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

51

“One part of copperas ;

“Three parts of quicklime.

“Crush the bluestone and copperas to a fine powder, thor-
oughly mix with the lime, and add enough water to make a thick
paste. In treating the disease the crow.n of the trees should be
exposed, all the galls cut away, and a quantity of the paste plas-
tered over the wounds. This remedy prevents the growth of
the soft, spongy tissue infested by the plasmodia. It is
very important that all the galls cut from the trees be gathered
and burned.”

INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.

Practically speaking all insects are divided into two groups,
and in order that one may know what remedy to use for any par-
ticular insect the following is given:

Group I. Includes all biting or leaf-eating (mandibulate) in-
sects. For these the following food poisons are given:

Paris Green.

Paris Green . . i pound

Quick Lime i pound

Water 150 gallons

Stir the poison into a thin paste with a little water, slake the
lime and strain the mixtures through a sieve into the vessel
holding the required amount of water. Agitation is necessary
while operations are going on, as Paris Green is not very soluble
in water and the small granules rapidly sink to the bottom o,f
the vessel.

Arsenate of Lead.

Arsenate of Soda 4 ounces

Acetate of lead .^i ounces

Water 100 gallons

Dissolve the Arsenate of Soda in two quarts and the Acetate of
Lead in one gallon of warm water.

An especially valuable remedy for spra3dng very delicate foil-
age or for use against insects which are killed only by large
doses of poison, since it can be used upon plants in much strong-
er solutions than the other food poisons, without injury to tfi^
foliage.

The Bowker Insecticide Co. of Boston, Mass., offers this pre-
- paration for sale through the Portland Seed Co. of Spokane,

52

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

Wash., through which agency the Montana State Board of Hort
iculture has secured its last supply.

Lfime and White Arsenic.

White Arsenic i pound

Lime 2 pounds

AVater 2 gallons

Slake the lime and then boil the ingredients together for one
hour. For use, dilute with 300 gallons water.

Additional lime in the solution may be necessary to prevent
burning of the foliage. Great care is necessary in the prepar-
ation of this remedy.

For All Sucking Insects — Contact Insecticides.

Group 2. Comprises all the sucking (haustellate) insects,
which insert their beaks into the leaf tissues, bark or fruit and
suck the juices. For these the following remedies are given:
Kerosene Emulsion.

Kerosene Oil 2 gallons

Laundry or Whale Oil Soap i pound

Water i gallon

Dissolve the soap in boiling water, and while still hot add
the kerosene, taking care to keep the latter away from the fire.

Agitate the mixture violently until it becomes a thick, creamy
mass. If perfectly made, will stand indefinitely without free
oil rising to the surface.

This will be found to be an efficient remedy for green aphis,
wooly aphis, red spider, mealy bugs and certain scale insects.

Whale-Oil Soap and Quassia Chips.

Boil for two hours one pound quassia chips in water.

Dissolve in warm water one pound of whale-oil soap. Mix
the two solutions "and use in six gallons of water.

Most effective spray in summer for use against aphis.

Lime. Sulphur and Salt.

Lime 15 pounds

Sulphur 15 pounds

Salt 15 pounds

Water 50 gallons

Slake the lime thoroughly, add the sulphur, cover with water,
and boil briskly for at least an hour. Then add the salt and boil
for 15 or 20 minutes longer. Add water to make 50 gallons.

Apply with considerable force through a coarse nozzle while

MONTAI^A STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

Still warm. Experiments show that the salt adds nothing to the
efficiency of this spray.

Lime-Sulphur-Caustic Soda Wash.

Lump Lime 30 pounds

Sulphur 15 pounds

Commercial Caustic Soda 4 to 6 pounds

Water 50 gallons

Slaken the lime in the required vessel.
Tobacco.

Hard Soap (preferably Whale-Oil) . . . . i pound

Water 8 to 10 gallons

Strong Tobacco Decoction i gallon

Dissolve the soap in boiling water, add the tobacco decoction
and dilute to 8 to 10 gallons.

FUNGICIDES.

Bordeaux Mixture for Dormant Plants.

Bordeaux Mixture is perhaps the most generally useful of
all spraying compounds. It is the principal remedy for fungus
diseases, is of some value as an insecticide, has a beneficial ef-
fect upon plants independent of its effect upon their insect and
fungus parasites and may be used for most purposes in place of
water in the preparation of the arsenical sprays.

Bordeaux for winter use may be made as follows :

Copper Sulphate 6 pounds

Unslaked Lime 4 pounds

Watqr 50 gallons

Bordeaux Mixture for Plants in Foliage.

Copper Sulphate’ 4 pounds.

Unslaked Lime 6 pounds

Water 50 gallons

For a stock solution dissolve any number of pounds of copper
sulphate (blue vitriol) in as many gallons of water by suspend-
ing in a burlap sack, so that the sulphate just touches the sur-
face of the water. Keep the stock solution in a stoppered jar.
Use an earthen or wooden vessel in the preparation of Bordeaux
Mixture, as it will ruin a vessel of metal.

In some vessel slake slowly five pounds of fresh lime, using
hot water, gradually adding water until a thin whitewash is
formed. Take four gallons of the copper solution above and add

54

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

to 25 or 30 gallons of water. To this solution add through a
strainer the lime whitewash as prepared, adding sufficent water
to make 40 or 45 gallons, stirring vigorously the while. Keep
the mixture agitated while spraying.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE AS AN INSECTICIDE AND A

FUNGICIDE.

By adding one-quarter pound of Paris Green to each fifty gal-
lons of Bordeaux, the mixture becomes a combined insecticide
and fungicide. Or, arsenate of lead may be added instead of
Paris Green — two or three pounds of the arsenate to fifty gallons
of Bordeaux. Arsenate of lead, called Disparene, unlike Paris
Green, will not burn the foliage when applied in large quantities ;
and it ‘"sticks” better.

FINALE.

The business of fruit-growing is a matter of such infinite de-
tail, requiring such a wide range of knowledge, that had Solo-
mon lived to the age of Methusala, devoting his life to horti-
culture, he would still have had something to learn of the bus-
iness, and the few suggestions in this report are offered for the
benefit of those who are new in the work, and not as an exhaust-
ive treatise on fruit-growing.

Respectfully submitted,

FRED. WHITESIDE,

Secretary Montana State Board of Horticulture.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTiCULTURE.

65

Montana Horticultural Law.

An Act to Create the Montana State Board of Horticulture, to
Prescribe Its Powers and Duties, and to Appro-
priate Money Therefor.

Be It Enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana :

Section i. There is hereby created a State Board of Horti-
culture, to consist of seven members, six of whom shall be ap-
pointed by the Governor, one from each of the horticultural dis-
tricts that are hereby created, and the State Executive who
shall be an exofficio member of the board. No person shall,
however, be appointed on said board, or employed by them,
who shall be connected in any way with any nursery, or who
shall be engaged in the sale or handling for profit of any nursery
product.

Section 2. The State shall be divided into the following horti-
cultural districts: The first district shall comprise the counties
of Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon, Park
and Rosebud ; the second district shall comprise the counties of
Gallatin, Madison, Jefferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis
and Clark, Meagher and Broadwater; the third district shall
comprise the counties of Cascade, Eergus, Valley, Choteau and
Teton; the fourth district shall comprise the counties of Mis-
soula, Granite, Powell and Deer Lodge ; the fifth district shall
comprise the county of Ravalli ; and the sixth district shall com-
prise the county of Elathead.

Section 3. The members shall reside in the district for which
they are appointed. They shall be selected with reference to
their study of, and practical experience in horticulture, and the
industries dependent thereon. They shall hold office for a term
of four years, and until their successors are appointed and qual-
ified, provided, however, that two of the board first appointed —
to be determined by lot — shall retire at the expiration of two
years. All vacancies in the board shall be filled by appointment

5G MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

of the Governor, and shall be for the unexpired term.

Section 4. The board is authorized to employ a secretary and
prescribe his duties, who shall hold his appointment at the pleas-
ure of the board. Before entering upon the discharge of his
duties, each member and employe of the board shall take and
subscribe to the oath of office, which said oath shall be filed
with the Secretary of State.

Section 5. The board may call together and hold, in conjunc-
tion with horticultural societies, public meetings of those inter-
ested in horticulture and kindred pursuits, and may publish and
distribute such proceedings and discussions as in its judgment
may seem proper, provided the sum so expended shall not ex-
ceed the sum of $300 per annum.

The board shall meet on the third Monday of February and
September of each year, and as much oftener as it may deem ex-
pedient.

Section 6. The office of the board shall be located at such’
place as the majority thereof may determine, and shall be in
charge of the Secretary during the absence of the board.

Section 7. For the purpase^of preventing the spread of con-
tagious diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the preven-
tion, treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests, and diseases
of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions
and orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages or other sus-
pected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards,
fruit and fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulations for
the inspection, disinfection or destruction thereof, which regula-
tions shall be circulated in printed form, by the board, among
fruit growers and fruit dealers of the state, and shall be published
at least ten days in two horticultural paper of general circuation
in the state and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each
county in the state, one of which shall be at the County Court
House thereof.

For further prevention of the spread of diseases dangerous
to fruit and fruit trees, it shall be unlawful for any person, or
persons, dealer, or dealers, to allow, or caused to be used the
second time any crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping once
having contained fruit or nursery stock, and that the destruction
of the same must be made in its entirety, and that the finding
of such crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping in possession

MON’l’ANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

57

of any person or persons, dealer or dealers, other than the con-
signee, shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation
of this act.

Any member of the .board or officer thereof, is hereby author-
ized to seize and destroy by burning without breaking such
crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping wherever found, and to
prosecute said violator or violators.

Section 8. The said board shall elect from their own number,
or appoint from without their number, to hold office at the
pleasure of the board, one competent person in each district, to
be known and act as inspector of fruit pests. Said inspectors
shall be selected with reference to their study, and practical ex-
perience in horticulture. It shall be the duty of such inspectors
to visit the nurseries, orchards, stores, packing houses, ware-
houses and other places where horticultual products and fruits
are kept and handled within their respective districts, and to see
that the regulation of the State Board of Horticulture to pre-
vent the spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants^
and the disinfection of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard
debris and empty fruit boxes and other material shall be fully
carried out and complied with. Said inspectors shall have free
access, at all times, to all premises where any trees, plants, fruits
or horticultural products or supplies are kept or handled, and
shall have full power to enforce the rules and regulations of the
State Horticultural Board, and to order the destruction of any
or all trees, plants, fruits or horticultural products or supplies
found to be infected with any diseases as prescribed, or desig-
nated by said board.

The said board may appoint one or more, as necessary, com-
petent persons, to be known as Special Inspectors, whose gen-
eral powers and duties shall be regulated and prescribed by the
member of the board for that district. Such special inspector
shall receive such sum per day, as the said Board of Horticul-
ture may agree upon, provided such sum shall, in no case, ex-
ceed the sum of five dollars per day, for the time actually em-
ployed.

The said board shall appoint one person to be known as
Inspector at Large for the State, whose duties shall be pre-
scribed by the board, and who shall receive the sum of five dol-
lars per day for the time actually employed.

58

MONTANA STATE BOAIDD OF HORTiCULTtJRE.

Section 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons,
corporation or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any per-
son or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, plants,
vines, scions or grafts, to notify the secretary of the board,
whose duty it shall be to notify the inspector of said district
wherein such vines, etc., etc., are to be delivered at least five
days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date and
nursery, or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions, etc.,
etc., are to be delivered, together with the name of the party or
parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the duty of the
inspector receiving said notice, to inspect said trees, plants,
scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as practicable, and if the
same be found free from any and all diseases or pests, as desig-
nated by said State Board of Horticulture, he shall so certify and
shall attach such certificate to each lot or bill of trees, grafts,
plantsi, scions, etc., which said certificate must contain a list
of the said trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so inspected.
But if any of the trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so in-
spected shall be found to be diseased or infested with any of the
pests, as prescribed by the said board, then the inspector shall
order the disinfection or destruction of said trees, grafts, scions,
vines, etc., etc., etc., so diseased or infected, together with all
boxes, wrapping or packing pertaining thereto, and charge and
collect the sum of ten dollars ($10) for the disinfection and in-
spection of each carload of said nursery stock, and a prr^^oi-
tionate sum for less than car lots, but in no instance tor less
than $2, -for each separate inspection or disinfection, provided,
that the State Board of Horticulture shall have power to desig-
nate certain places as quarantine stations, where all nursery
stock brought into the state shall be inspected and disinfected.

For the inspection of friut, a fee of two cents per box or pack-
age with a maximum fee of five dollars for each separate lot or
car shall be charged and collected. The inspectors shall collect
such fees and shall not give certificates of inspection until the
fees are paid.

Section 10. If any person or persons in charge or control of
any nursery, orchard, storeroom, packing house or other place
where horticultural products or supplies are handled or kept,
shall fail or refuse to comply with the rules and regulations of
the said State Board of Horticulture, or shall fail or refuse to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

59

disinfect or destroy any diseased or infected trees, plants, scions,
vines, grafts, shrubs or other horticultural supplies or products,
when ordered so to do, by the inspector of such district, he
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction
thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than v^25; nor more
than $300.

Section ii. It shall be the duty of every owner or manager
of every orchard, nursery, storeroom, packing house or other
place where horticultural products or supplies are kept or han-
dled, which shall become diseased or infected with any in-
jurious insect or pest, to immediately upon discovery of the ex-
istence of such disease or pest, to notify the inspector of said
district of the existence of the same. It shall be the duty of such
owner or manager at his own proper expense, to comply with
and carry out the instructions of said inspector for the eradica-
tion of any disease or pest. Any person who shall fail or refuse
to notify said inspector as herein provided, or who shall fail or re-
fuse to comply with the instructions of said inspector for the eradi-
cation of any disease or pest, shall be deemed guilty of a mis-
demeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum
not less than $25 nor more than $300.

Section 12. If any person or persons, corporation or cor-
porations, shall fail or refuse to forthwith comply with the in-
structions of said inspector, for the eradication of any disease or
pest, said inspector shall proceed forthwith to eradicate such
disease or pest and the expense of the same shall become a
charge and a lien upon the property of such owner.

Section 13. Every person who for himself or as agent for any
other person or persons, corporation or corporations, transporta-
tion company or common carrier, shall deliver or turn over to
any person or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees,
vines, shrubs, nursery stock, scions, grafts, without first having
attached the inspector’s certificate, as provided in Section 9 of
this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than $25 nor
more than $300.

Section 14. No person or persons, corporation or corpora-
tions, shall be liable to any other person or persons, corporation
or corporations for any damage to any trees, vines or shrubs,
nursery stock, scions or grafts by reason of the same being held

60

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

to await the certificate of the inspector, as provided in Section 9
of this act.

Section 15. The inspectors of fruit pests appointed or select-
ed by said board shall receive as compensation for their services
such sum as the board may regulate, provided, not to exceed
five dollars per day for the time actually employed. The mem-
bers of said board shall receive no compensation for their serv-
ices, except actual expenses paid out. The secretary of said
board shall receive the sum of $1,000 per annum for his services.

Section 16. All bills for expenditures, under this act, shall be
audited and passed upon by said Board of Horticulture, and if
found legal and just, shall be allowed, subject to the approval of
the State Board of Examiners, and a warrant shall be drawn
therefor upon the Auditor of the State of Montana, who shall
draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer therefor.

Section 17. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all
meetings of the board and procure records of the proceedings
and correspondence, to collect books, pamphlets, periodicals and
other documents containing valuable information relating to
horticulture, and to preserve the same; to collect statistics and
other information showing the actual condition and progress of
horticulture in this state and elsewhere; to correspond with
agricultural and horticultural societies, colleges and schools of
agriculture and horticulture and other persons and bodies as may
be directed by the board, and prepare, as required by the board,
reports for publication ; he shall also act as assistant to, and obey
the directions of the inspectors of fruit pests, under the direction
of the board.

Section 18. The board shall biennially, in the month of Jan-
uary, report to the legislature a statement of its doings and ab-
stracts of the reports of the inspectors of fruit pests, and of the
secretary.

Section 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the
State Board of Horticulture as set forth in this act, out of the
moneys in the state treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the
sum of seven thousand dollars, $3,500 or so much thereof as may
be necessary for the year commencing December i, 1904, and
$3,500 or so much thereof as may be necessary for the year
commencing December i, 1905.

Section 20. All sums of moneys collected as fines for viola-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

61

tions of any of the provisions of this act shall be turned intv.
the state treasury for use in defraying expenses of the board
hereby created, and the appropriations hereby made shall be
paid out of the fund to the extent of the money therein con-
tained.

Section 21. Every person who for himself, or as agent for any
other person or persons, transportation company or common
carrier, shall deliver or turn over to any person or persons, cor-
poration or corporations, any fruits without first having attached
the inspector’s certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor.

Section 22. No person, firm or corporation shall engage or
continue in the business of selling within the state, or importing
fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock in to the state, without first
having obtained a license to do business in this state, as in this
act provided.

Section 23. Any person, firm or corporation may obtain a li-
cense to engage in the business of selling fruit trees, plants or
nursery stock into this state upon the payment of the sum of
twenty-five dollars, and by filing with the Secretary of the State
Board of Horticulture, bond with sureties, in the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000), conditioned that the principals will
faithfully obey the laws of the state of Montana, and that the*
said principals will pay the cost of fumigation of all nursery
stock or other materials, or goods imported into or sold within
the state by the said principal or his or their agent, and the ex-
pense of destruction of any infected nursery stock. License
granted under this act shall be for one year, provided, however,
that such license may be revoked at any time for any violation
of this act, at the discretion of the board.

Section 24. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or
corporation licensed to do business under this act to notify the
Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture of his intention to
ship an invoice of fruit trees, plants or nursery stock, from
one point to another in this state, or from any point without this
state into this state. The said notice shall contain the name and
address both of the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of
the goods to be shipped, the freight or express office at which
the goods are to be delivered, and the name or title of the trans-

62

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

portation company from whom the consignee is to receive such
goods.

Such notice shall be mailed at least five days before the day
of shipment.

Section 25. It shall be the duty of each person or corporation
offering to sell, or selling and delivering, any nursery stock, fruit
trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings, etc., etc., within the state
of Montana, to place on each and ever^r package sO' sold and
delivered, a label or card containing the name and address of
both the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of the stock
therein contained.

Section 26. Any person or persons who shall receive and
accept any nursiery stock, fruit trees, plants, vines, scions, cut-
tings, grafts, etc., etc., that have not been inspected by a duly
appointed inspector of the State Board of Horticulture, and shall
use or dispose of said nursery stock, fruit trees, vines, plants,
scions, cuttings, grafts, etc., etc., without first notifying the in-
spector and furnishing him opportunity to examine, and if nec-
essary, fumigate the said nursery stock, will be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor and will be subject to a fine as further pro-
vided in this act.

Section 27. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and ciu-
tings grown or growing within the state of ]\Iontana, used for
filling orders shall after said stock shall have been taken from
the nursery rows or grounds, and before the same shall have
been packed for delivery, be inspected by a duly appointed in-
spector and shall be disinfected by fumigating or other method,
when in his judgment such is necessary. After such inspection,
if it be found that said nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and
cuttings, are clean and free from insects and fungi pests, he shall
issue his certificate to said nurseryman, and said certificate shall
entitle him to use said stock, so inspected and disinfected for
filling orders for the next current deliver}^

Nurseries shall give to the Secretary of the board five days'
notice of the time when said stock shall be ready for inspection
under the provision of this act.

Section 28. Any person or persons, corporation or corpora-
tions, transportation companies or common carriers, violating
any of the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and fined in the sum of not less than twenty-five

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

65

dollars ($25), nor more than three hundred dollars ($300).

Section 29. All acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are
hereby repealed.

Section 30. This act shall take effect and be in force from
and after its passage and approval.

ACT OF 1907.

Section i. The Montana State Board of Horticulture is here-
by authorized and empowered to establish a quarantine over
any orchard or place where fruits are grown or kept, that is in-
fested with any injurious disease or insect pest; and said board
may establish such rules and regulations governing such quar-
antine and regulating or restricting the use of such fruits upon
the premises or the shipment or disposition of same as the board
may deem necessary to prevent the spreading of such disease or
diseases or insect pests.

Section' 2. Any person who shall violate the provisions of this
Act, or the rules and regulations established by said Board of
Horticulture or who shall ship or dispose of any idseased or
infested fruit, or fruit products, in violation of the order of said
Board of Horticulture, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not
less than Twenty-five ($25) Dollars nor more than Three Hun-
dred ($300) Dollars.

Section 3. Whenever under the direction or regulations of the
Montana State Board of Horticulture any money is expended
(by said board for the purpose of eradicating any disease or in-
sect pest from any orchard or other place where fruits are grown
or kept, said board through its representative shall notify the
owner of such orchard or oremises in writinor of the amount

A O

SO expended. Said notice shall be mailed to the last known ad-
dress of such owner, and if such owner shall fail to pay the
amount so expended by said board within thirty days of the
time such notice is sent, then and in that event the board shall
file a statement verified under oath by its representative with the
County Treasurer in the county wherein said money shall have
been expended. Said statement shall set forth the amount so
expended together with the correct description of the property
on which such money was expended as it appears on the assess-

<54

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

merit roll of the county. The County Treasurer shall add the
amount as set forth in said statement to the taxes upon said
property and shall collect the same as provided by law for the
collection of taxes for state and county purposes.

Section 4. The County Treasurer in any county where any
money is collected as provided in Section 3 of this Act, shall on
or before the first day of February of each year remit the amount
previously collected to the Secretary of the State Board of Horti-
culture who shall remit the same to the State Treasurer and such
remittances, together with all other fees and remittances paid
into the State Treasury by the State Board of Horticulture shall
be added to the appropriation for the use of the said board in
the year in which such remittances are made and all such re-
mittances shall be credited to the fund for the use of the State
Board of Horticulture.

Section 5. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict with this Act
are hereby repealed.

Section 6. This act shall be in full force and effect from and
after its passage and approval.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

65

RULES OF THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTI-
CULTURE.

Rule I. The term nursery stock is construed to mean
and include fruit, shade- and ornamental trees (deciduous or
evergreen), shrubs, vines, plants, roots and bulbs, scions, cut-
tings, or other portions of plants, shrubs or trees designed to be
re-planted in Montana for home or commercial use.

It shall be the duty of the inspector after receiving
notice of the arrival of any nursery stock to immediately have
the same inspected or fumigated and he shall, if he finds after
inspection, said nursery stock free from any and all diseases,
place his certificate upon each and every package shoAving that
the said nursery stock has been inspected or fumigated, giving
name of the inspector, the date of inspection and place, but if
the said nursery stock be found to be infected with any of the
diseases or insects injurious to orchards as prescribed by the
Board of Horticulture, other than the San Jose Scale. Wooly
Aphis, Black Knot of Plum, Black Knot of Cherry, the said dis-
eased stock shall be properly treated, but if the said nursery
stock shall be infected with San Jose Scale, Woolly Aphis, Black
Knot of Plum, Black Knot of Cherry, Crown Gall or Root Knot,
then the inspector shall destro}^ the same by burning; together
with all wrapping and packing, and shall issue a certificate to
the shipper or owner showing cause for destruction.

Rule 2. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings
of any kind shipped into or brought into the State of Montana,
before delivery to the purchaser, shall be unpacked from the
boxes, and in case of baled or burlapped shipments, these cov-
erings shall be removed and stock shall be inspected and fumi-
gated at Miles City, Billings, Dillon, Missoula, Kalispell, Great
Falls, Glasgow, Troy, Plains and Thompson Falls, which points
are hereby designated as quarantine stations.

All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings brought
into Montana by any transportation company, shall be inspected
and furnigated at the point of delivery, provided said point of
delivery shall be one of the above designated quarantine sta-

66

MONTANA STATE BOARD OlF HORTICULTURE.

tions, but if any shipments shall be filled for delivery at any
other points in Montana, they shall be inspected or fumigated
at the quarantine station on the line of such transportation com-
pany next preceding or nearest the point of delivery to which
they are billed.-

All such nursery stock, plants, trees, vines, cuttings, brought
into the state of Montana by wagon shall be inspected and
treated at the nearest quarantine station, as hereinbefore men-
tioned, to the point where such nursery stock, trees, plants,
vines and cuttings enter the state.

The certificate of the inspector making such examination and
inspection shall exonerate the shipper and consignee from any
and all penalties provided b}’ law.

Rule 3. Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees, vines,
plants and cuttings, who shall desire to have such nursery stock,
trees, plants, vines and cuttings inspected and fumigated at
points in Montana other than the regular quarantine stations,
may have such inspection and fumigation made at any point
designated by such importer or owner ; provided, however, that
such importer or owner shall pay all charges of inspection and
fumigation, and all expenses of the officer employed in such in-
spection and fumigation, such charges and expenses to be paid
before the certificate is granted.

Rule 4. The Inspector at Large shall have authority to em-
ploy labor to assist the inspectors in any district whenever in
the judgment of such Inspector at Large such assistance is nec-
essary.

Rule 5. It shall be unlawful for ,any person to spray any
tree, plant, or shrub, when the same is in bloom, with any sub-
stance injurious to bees or honey.

Rule 6. All special inspectors shall be appointed by the In-
spector at Large, and shall hold office at his pleasure. All in-
spectors shall report to the Secretary at least once .a month, or
as often as directed by said Secretary.

Rule 7. Every inspector engaged in work for which no fees
are prescribed by law, shall receive for such work the sum of
Three Dollars per day for each day actually employed. Bills for
all such work shall be audited by the President or Secretary and
forwarded to the State Board of Examiners for payment.

Rule 8. All inspection and fumigation shall be under the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

67

charge and supervision of the Inspector at Large and all inspec-
tors shall be responsible to him.

Rule 9. The inspectors appointed by this board and the spe-
cial inspectors appointed by the inspector at large, are author-
ized to inspect in their respective districts any and all nursery
stock, trees, plants, shrubs, vines and fruits, and to collect the
fees prescribed in the law, from the owner or person in control of
such nursery stock or fruits wherever found.

Rule 10. The inspector in each district shall receive a com-
pensation for the inspection of fruits and nursery stock the sum
total of all fees collected for such inspection ; provided, how-
ever, that the same shall not exceed the sum of $5.00 per day
for each day’s work devoted to inspection, and all the fees in
excess of said sum shall be transmitted, with the report of the
inspector, to the Secretary.

Rule II. The Inspector at Large shall have authority to go
or send a competent person outside of the state to inspect any
fruits or nursery stock to be shipped intO' the state whenever
the party asking for such inspection shall defray the entire ex-
pense of such proceeding.

Rule 12. A quarantine is hereby established over any orchard
or place where fruits or nursery stock are grown or kept that
is or may become infested with any injurious disease or insect
pest, and the Inspector at Large is authorized and directed to
enforce such quarantine against any orchard or place where any
such disease or insect pest is or may be hereafter found. The
Inspector at Large shall notify the owner or person in control
of such orchard or place in writing of the establishing of such
quarantine and thereafter such owner or person in control shall
not ship or remove or allow to be shipped or removed, any fruit,
nursery stock or other material, except by the written permis-
sion of the Inspector at Large. The owner or person in con-
trol of any such orchard or place may be permitted to use any
such fruit or material upon the premises under the instructions
of the Inspector at Large.

By fumigation it is to be understood treatment by hydrocyanic
gas. This treatment shall be done as follows : All nursery stock
to be treated should be placed in an air tight tent or box. For
every one hundred cubic feet of space in box or tent, take one)
ounce, avoirdupois weight, and fused potassium cyanide, 98 per

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

cent strength, preferably in lumps about the size of a walnut ;
one and one-half ounces commercial sulphuric acid, ’best grade,
and two and one-fourth fluid ounces of water. First: Place

the water in a three gallon vessel (which may be glazed earthen-
ware) ; to this add the acid and finally the potassium cyanide.
(The cyanide would be better enclosed in a small paper bag in
which a hole is torn.) Immediately close the doors or openings,
taking all piecautions against inhaling the gas, as it is one. of
the most violent poisons known. After leaving box or tent
closed for lorty minutes, open all doors and allow at least cne
hour for tliorough ventilatio'n before attempting to remove
stock. No injury is caused to nursery stock if the gas is left
in for more than forty minutes.

Fifth Biennial Report

OF THL

Montana

State Board of Horticulture

TO THL

Legislative Assembly

OF TTIL

STATE OF MONTANA
For tFie Years

1907-1908

‘.NDEPENDENT PUBLISHING COMPANY, HELENA, MONTANA.’'

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

JOHN G. CLARK,

First District, Fromberg.

T. T. BLACK,

Second District, Whitehall.

R. N. SUTHERLIN,

Third District, Great Falls.

T. A. McCLAIN,

Fourth District, Carlton.

WILLIAM J. TIEDT,

Fifth District, Darby.

J. C. WOOD,

Sixth District, Big Fork.

C. C. WILLIS,

Seventh District, Plains.

HON. EDWIN L. NORRIS,
Ex-Officio Member, Helena.

C. C. WILLIS,

President and Inspector at Large.

JOSEPH W. WALLISCH,

Secretary. Office Room 33, Hirbour Block, Butte.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of State Board of Horticulture,
Butte, Montana, January i, 1909.

To His Excellency,

Edwin L. Norris,

Governor of Montana.

In accordance with law I have the honor to submit the Fifth
Biennial Report, Volume V, of the Montana State Board of Hor-
ticulture for the years 1907 and 1908.

JOS. W. WALLISCH, Secretary.

PREFACE.

In this report routine matters and statistics of doubtful
interest have, so far as possible, been omitted, and the endeavor
made to confine the report to matters of value to those interested
— both directly and indirectly — in fruit growing.

Besides a review of the work done by the State Board of
Hbrticulture and statistics showing the volume and character
of business done in Montana in the fruit industry, other infor-
mation, formulas and tables deemed to be of value to fruit-
growers, have been included in this report, the purpose being to
help in a practical way those engaged in the business.

Report of the Montana State Board of
Horticulture,

To His Excellency,

Edwin L. Norris,

‘ Governor of Montana.

To the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana :

In compliance with the provisions of the law, I have the
honor to submit for your inspection the following report of the
work of the State Board of Horticulture and its officers and
appointees for the years 1907 and 1908:

REVIEW.

The present secretary was elected to the position by the
Board on March ii, 1907. At the same meeting in March the
following became members of the board by appointment by the
Governor : John G. Clark of Fromberg, T. A. McClain of Carl-
ton, C. C. Willis of Plains.

The vacancy in the Sixth District, Flathead County, caused
by the resignation of Mr. Fred Whiteside, was filled by the
appointment of Mr. J. C. Wood of Big Fork, by the Governor
on May 6, 1908. At a special meeting of the Board held on
March 18, 1908, Mr. C. C. Willis was elected president and
inspector at large to succeed Mr. Fred Whiteside, resigned.

The same course pursued by the former secretary was fol-
lowed without relaxation. With a quarantine law enacted at the
session of the legislature in 1907 the board was in a position to
control the spread of pests and diseases, which it did, and the
wisdom of such needed legislation was at once apparent, as it
proved of inestimable value to the industry in the State. Under
its provisions the careless orchardist and small grower of a few
trees who had any infestation of fruit pests or any infectious or
injurious diseases, was quarantined and compelled to follow the
directions of the party authorized and empowered to establish
such quarantine, to rid his trees of the pest or disease, as the case
might be. A number of such quarantines have been enforced and

6

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE;

the beneficient results to the board and the industry, figured in
dollars and cents, are vast. Under this law much needed work
was done, especially in the spraying line under the supervision
of the board, and the expenses therefor were collected by the
county treasurer in most cases with other taxes and remitted to
this office and in turn sent the state treasurer. All such remit-
tances are shown in the report of the appropriation fund, which
appears on another page.

The rigid inspection of fruit and nursery stock resulted in
some friction, and much stock was condemned, but the markets
showed the good results accomplished thereby. The general
average of fruit shipped into Montana the last year has been
cleaner than in previous years, particularly in the peach and pear
line. I can account for this on the theory of the prevailing dry
season in other parts of the country, as fungus diseases thrive
only in wet seasons. In support of this we have the appearance
of Apple Scab, in sections of the State, where this disease was
hitherto unknown. For the spring of 1908 was the wetest and
most disastrous on account of floods and washouts, to the greater
portions of our State. However, the board has coped with the
disease with satisfactory results, except in the Lake region of th^
Flathead, where the infection has existed for some time, but it
is receiving all care and attention towards its reduction and ulti-
mate eradication.

The Oyster Shell Bark Louse Scale and Coddling Moth, in
the western part of the State, has received the usual care and
attention and has been considerably reduced. Experience has
demonstrated that more than one spray of lime, sulphur and salt
is required for the Oyster Shell Bark Louse Scale, and this will
be undertaken in the future. While the Pear Blight has been
eradicated in some parts of the State, we find that in other parts
it has developed for the first time, due to the excessive moisture
of the spring of 1908. It is more difficult to control in apple than
in pear trees. Heroic measures will be used to ' combat it
in the virgin territory. Each year brings to us an increase in
the industry, and on account of the vast territory covered the
expense of orchard inspection and spraying is becoming greater.
Many orchardists, not familiar with pests and diseases, requested
orcahrd inspection, etc., which they should have, but for lack
of funds sufficient to cover the necessary work, many such
requests had to be denied. I would therefore suggest an increase

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

7

in our appropriation in order to insure a more systematic and
successful warfare against the further invasion of fruit pests and
diseases, and the extermination of those now existing in orchards
in the State. Orchard inspection has been carried on partly, as
far as our present means would permit, in virgin country. The
orchardists visited have been glad to avail themselves of the
necessary information and follow the orders of pruning, spraying,
&c., according .to the practical demonstrations given them by the
visiting inspector, spraying, pruning and the required treatment
of pests and diseases being unknown to many. Wooly Aphis,
of the root attacking form, has been found in some orchards by
the inspectors and the Green Aphis was reported as troublesome
in some sections. In each case a practical demonstration was
given, how to successfully combat them. Other minor pests
and diseases were found and treated-. While these have not done
any great harm they 'require attention, for a few dollars now
spent will save us hundreds in the future. The Codling Moth,
being the worst pest known to the apple industry, has received
the usual care and attention of the board. It has been reduced in
most places and in others practically exterminated. As nev^
infection may occur at any time, we are prepared to meet it. At
the present time the board has five power sprayers, which are
being used in the commercial apple sections. Their use has
stimulated others to purchase individual sprayers. The usual
banding of trees was carried on and a record kept thereof. In
Missoula County in 1907 there were 5,250 trees sprayed; 4,110
bands used ; 2,530 trees banded, and 16,334 worms found under
bands, a decrease of 28 per cent in 1907 over 1906.

The figures for 1908, to determine the decrease of worms in
1908 over 1907 are not available at the time this report is made.

KECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION
FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1907.

Receipts.

Appropriation, 1907 $ 4,000.00

Remittances to State Treasurer, fees col-
lected, etc 614.60

8

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

Disbursements.

General Expenses :

Printing, engraving, publishing and office

Rent, telephone and postage 484-75

Expenses board members account meeting. . 82.85

Services inspector at large 592-50

Special inspection 28.40

Orchard inspection, labor, hand-picking

and spraying 2,093.23

Express and telegrams 29.75

Spraying supplies, spraying machines,

freight, repairing and drayage 778.76

Balance unexpended and available for 1908 186.31

Totals $ 4,614.60 — $ 4,614.60

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “APPROPRIATION
FUND” FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1908.

Receipts.

Unexpended balance from 1907 $ 186.31

Appropriation for 1908 available to March

I, 1909 4,000.00

Spraying collections 433-22

Remittances to State treasurer 1,085.50

Disbursements.

General Expenses :

Publishing, printing electrotyes and office

suplies $ 511-25

Office rent, telephone and postage 488.77

Rent storing spraying machinery, tools,

etc., at Missoula .• 22.80

Expenses board members for general and

special meeting 294.10

Orchard inspection and spraying 2,061.80

Services inspector at large 53-50

Expert services 54-20

Publishing Proceedings State Horticultural

Society 1907 300.00

Spraying and machinery supplies, repair-
ing, freight, two spraying machines,

and building material 1,724.70

Express and telegrams 38-56

Balance 155-35

Total

$ 5.705-03—$ 5.705-03

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND” FOR
FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1907.

Receipts.

Fruit trees $ 5,130.05

Nursery stock, fumigation and spraying. . 1,115.74

Licenses 500.00

Inspector’s excess of feds remitted 216.16

County treasurer spraying fees remitted.. 481.65

Disbursements.

Fees to inspectors $ 6,245.79

Remittances to state treasurer 1,148.21

Balance 49.60

Total $ 7,443.60—$ 7,443-60

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS “FEE FUND” FOR

FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1908.

Receipts.

To balance from last fiscal year 1907 $ 49.60

Fruit fees 5,440.76

Nursery stock and fumigation 808.20

Licenses 575-oo

Inspector’s excess of fees remitted 334-73

Spraying fees and county treasurer spray-
ing tax remittance 290.73

Refund overcharge on freight on sprayer

to Fromberg i.oo

Disbursements.

Fees to inspectors $ 6,458.72

Remittances to state treasurer 985.11

^Balance 56.19

Totals $ 7,500.02 — $ 7,500.02

*The balance of $56.19 was remitted to the state treasurer on

November 29, 1908, but did not reach his office in time to be
credited to the Board of Horticulture at the close of the fiscal
year.

FRUITS INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1907.

Apples 154.134

Pears 20,124

Peaches 65,157

Plums and Prunes 41,815

Cherries 14,226

10

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

Apricots 2,890

Quinces . 22

Oranges and Tangarines 57>994

Lemons and Grape Fruit . 17,395

Grapes 57,834

Strawberries 28,051

Blackberries 4,872

Raspberries . 9,396

Dewberries 554

Blueberries 61 1

Currants 554

Gooseberries 807

Total packages 476,436

Of this amount there was inspected in Butte 309 cars con-
taining 227,116 packages, and in addition 42,902 packages of
local freight and express shipments. 573 cars were inspected in
the entire State.

FRUITS INSPt:CTED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1908.

Apples 187,861

Pears 18,485

Peaches 90,296

Plums and Prunes 41,753

Cherries 20,028

Apricots 4,454

Quinces 595

Oranges and Tangerines , 71,949

Lemons and Grape Fruit 15,768

Grapes i34,3o8

Strawberries 28,055

Blackberries 3^869

Raspberries 11,37^

Dewberries 1,166

Blueberries i 102

Currants 1,010

Gooseberries 9^8

Total 631,999

Of this amount there was inspected in Butte 274 1-2 cars,
containing 95,783 packages, and in addition 144,540 packages of
local freight and express shipments. 728 1-2 cars were inspected
in the entire State.

■ MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

11

PRUIT CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1907.

Apples and Pears (for Codling Moth, San Jose, Scurfy Bark

Louse and Oyster Shell Bark Louse Scale)

Peaches (for Gummosis and Twig Borer) 433

Total boxes i>5io

FRUIT CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FOR THE YEAR
ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1908.

Apples (for Coddling Moth, San Jose and Oyster Shell

Scale) ^ 1,439

Pears (same as for apple) ii

Peaches (for Gummosis and Twig Borer and Peach Scab) . . 374

A.pple Scab 10

Oranges (Purple Scale) 384

Apricots (Shot Hole Fungus) 82

Total 2,300

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., SHIPPED INTO MON-
TANA AND INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR
THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1907.

Apple and Crab Apple trees 123,074

Apple Seedlings 198,853

Pears 6,289

Peaches

Plums and Prunes 13,466

Cherries . 18,052

Apricots 192

Quinces 126 — 361,408

Shade Trees 66,540

Ornamentals, Shrubs and Bulbs 21,439 — ^7S79

Evergreens . 27,716

^oses 6,663— 34,379

Black and Dewberries I5,59i

Raspberries 20,859

Mulberries 621

Currants ^ ^ ^ 21,899

Gooseberries 15465

Strawberries 101,435

Grapes 6’oo4

Buffaloberry ^15

High Bush Cranberry 125 — 182,314

T otal 666,080

12

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, ETC., SHIPPED INTO MON-
TANA AND INSPECTED IN THE STATE FOR
THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1908.

Root Grafts

French Apple Stock

Apple Seedlings .

Apple and Crab Apple

Pears

Peaches

Plums and Prunes

Cherries

Apricots

Quinces

Shade Trees

Oranmentals, Shrubs and Bulbs, Evergreens,

Roses

Black and Dewberries

Raspberries

Mulberries

Currants

Gooseberries

Strawberries

Grapes

Buffaloberry

High Bush Cranberry

Rhubarb and Asparagus

149,500

900

65,410

177,602

7,012

3469

22,692

19.578

220

1 17— 446,500
78,961

50,520— 129,481
9,027
34,118

534

11,618

IF437

379.919

3.570.

156

241

13.389— 464.009

Total

1,039,990

NURSERIES INSPECTED FOR THE YEARS ENDING
NOVEMBER 30, 1907 AND 1908.

Number of acres , 190

Number of Small Plants 185,000

Number of Trees 782,000

No trees or small plants condemned for disease or pest. All
nurseries reported in good condition.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

13

DRY LAND FRUIT CULTURE.

By Hon. Fred Whiteside, Kalispell, Montana.

As there are vast areas of land in Montana that can never
be irrigated, the production of profitable crops on these lands
is one of the important problems in the developemnt of the state.
In dry land farming, success depends largely upon the amount
of moisture that can be retained in the land by proper handling
of the soil, and this in turn is influenced in no small degree by
the nature of the crop being produced. As the chief element
in dry land work is constant and thorough cultivation, the crop
which most readily permits the cultivation is the one most
advtantageous for dry farming. And, in this connection it may
be said that no other crop will permit of as easy and thorough
cultivation as the orchard.

While the orchard is non-productive for the first few years
the land between the trees can be used for growing potatoes or
other crops that can be cultivated, but this is not advisable,
except where the annual precipitation is considerable.
Every plant grown on the land, whether it be potatoes, weeds
or oher vegetation, robs the soil of a portion of the moisture
stored therein, and consequently clean cultivation without any
crop in the orchard is by far the best method, but it is far better
to grow a well cultivated crop in the orchard than to allow it to
grow up with weeds. It is also of the utmost importance that
the work of cultivation be started early in the spring. In fact,
it should be started just as soon as the snow is gone and the
land is dry enough to work. As the chief object of cultivation
IS to prevent evaporation of moisture it follows •that cultivation
should begin before the moisture has evaporated. Cultivation
will be of but little benefit if it only begins after the dry winds
have blown over the land for three or four weeks. To use an
old expression, “it is useless to lock the stable after the horse
has been stolen.” The orchard should be cultivated as soon as
possible after every rain, especially if the top of the soil has been
packed by the rain, for in this condition it loses moisture rapidly.
But never stir the soil if it is wet enough to stick.

The amount of cultivation necessary to give the best results
can hardly be stated in a hard and fast rule, but generally
speaking, if enough cultivation is given to keep the orchard
entirely free from weeds the trees will thrive. This rule, how-
ever, does not apply to new land for such land produces but few

14

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

weeds. While no rule fixing the proper amount of cultivation
can be laid down, owing to the differences in soil and other
conditions, in my own experience I have found it best to cultivate
the orchard three or four times each month during the entire
growing season. If no other crop is grown in the orchard the
work is much simplified, as cross cultivation can then be prac-
ticed, which saves much hard labor in keeping the weeds out.

The best tool to be used in cultivating the orchard is the
spring tooth cultivator. It is five feet wide, made in two sections,
eight teeth in each section. By using a long bar the two sections
can be spread apart, making the machine lo feet wide. In this
form- a strip of land five feet wide is left between the two sections
without cultivation. This permits cultivation of the land near
the trees without driving the team ver}^ close to the trees and
after going over the orchard in this manner the cultivator sections
can be put together and the strips of land not cultivated the first
time over can be cultivated.

Deep cultivation of the orchard is not necessary but it
should not be less than four or five inches in depth. The effect
of this cultivation is three fold. It puts the plant food contained
in the soil in condition to be assimilated by the roots. The loose
earth acts as a mulch to prevent evaporation of moisture and
when the rain falls it acts as a sponge to hold the water until it
can soak intO' the -subsoil, for if the surface of the land is hard
the water will run off before it can be absorbed into the soil.
The subsoil acts as a reservoir to hold the water which falls upon
the land and unless the surface of the land is kept loose and mel-
low by cultivation the water stored in the subsoil is brought to
the surface by capillary attraction and is lost by evaporation.
As it requires about 500 pounds of water to grow one pound of
vegetation (dry) it is apparent that a very light crop of weeds
will rob the soil of an enormous quantity of water which can be
saved by clean cultivation for the production of the crop.

Fruit growing in the west has recently attracted wide atten-
tion because of the high prices commanded by fruit lands and
the enormous profits made by growers.

Unplanted lands suitable for fruit growing in the intermoun-
tain region of the west are selling in many places at $500 or
more per acre while good orchards already in bearing can hardly
be purchased at any price. This is not hard to understand be-
cause growers in many instances have received more than $1,000

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

15

per acre in net returns from a single crop. Apple trees are set
about loo to the acre and usually begin bearing about the third
year. The fifth year after planting the yield is usually about
one box per tree and the yield should increase about one box
annually per tree thereafter. Four hundred Wealthy apple trees
planted in my own orchard, near Kalispell, in 1898, yielded 3,000
boxes of apples in 1907. From 800 apple trees of the Micintosh
Red variety planted in the same orchard in 1901, 1,500 boxes of
apples were picked in 1907, and at this time (May 15, 1908), the
trees are loaded with blossoms for a much larger crop this year.

This orchard has never been irrigated, clean cultivation
being practiced.

VARIETIES.

The question which concerns every apple grower most is,
“What varieties shall I plant?’' This question must be answered
differently in almost every section. For often a difference of
only a few miles in location makes a wonderful difference in the
varieties that can be successfully grown. There are, however, a
few varieties that can be successfully grown in almost every
section of Montana, and these will be first considered, although
most of them, strictly speaking, are not perfect commercial
apples. Most of the apples that can be grown successfully ovei
a wide area of the state belong to the early or fall varieties, and
the fact that they are not long keepers makes them unprofitable
to the large commercial grower, but for the small grower, con-
veniently located with respect to market, they are usually very
profitable. In this class are the Red June, Yellow Transparent,
Duchess of Oldenburg and Red Astrachan. Of these four, the
last named is perhaps the least’ desirable, while the Red June is
one of the best. It is fine in quality, and being a dark red all
over does not spot or discolor from bruises. It is not quite as
large as the other varieties named, and like the Yellow Trans-
parent, needs severe thinning. A most serious objection to the
Rellow Transparent is its tendency to spot under the slightest
bruise, and this objection also holds in less degree against the
Duchess, and, in fact, against all yellow apples. Other early
apples grown successfully in places, but not yet widely dis-
tributed, are the Gravenstein and Benoni. While the foregoing
are called early apples, the date of ripening varies greatly with
locality and altitude. Other apples grown successfully in almost

16

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

■every portion of the state are the Snoiv, Alexander, Wealthy,
McMahon White and McIntosh Red. These ripen very close
together in point of time and in some places the last four are
called fall apples; in other sections they are late fall or early
winter apples. As a rule apples ripen later and keep longer east
of the Rocky Mountains than do the same varieties west of the

FIG. 1. 9 YIOAR OLI'» WFAI/mV ATIT.F TRFE.

(400 trees produced 3000 boxes of maples in 1907.)

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

17

mountains, and in this respect the Flathead Valley is somewhat
later than points south on the same side of the range.

The Alexander is one of the best fall apples grown in Mon-
tana. It is very large, of fine appearance, color red and yellow,
and of fair quality. The Snow is of about the same season as
the Alexander, much smaller, but of very fine quality, red in
color with some green. The Wealthy is perhaps the most widely
distributed apple in the northwest and in many respects is one
of the best. In localities where it ripens late it may be classed
as a good commercial apple, but where it ripens early it is not
so good because it does not keep as well. Where it ripens early
it is inclined to fall from the tree and begins to wither in two or
three weeks after picking, even in the best of cellars. Its color
is red with some green, quality fair, size good. The McMahon
M^hite is of about the same season, size and keeping qualities as
the Healthy and is fine for cooking. All things considered, the
McIntosh Red is perhaps the best commercial apple widely
grown in Montana. While in a few sections the tree has not been
considered entirely hardy, yet losses from winter injury have not
occurred in j:he coldest sections where the trees are grown, and
such losses have probably been due to local conditions. The
apple is of the finest quality and has a spicy flavor peculiar to
itself. It is of good size, dark red in color and keeps until Janu-
ary first, although like other apples, its keeping qualities vary
with the date of ripening in different sections. The tree is of
good shape and a very vigorous grower.

Of the varieties mentioned the Yellow Transparent and
Wealthy are the most prolific bearers, with the Red June a close
second. The others are good bearers but cannot be depended
upon to produce a full crop every year. The reason for light
crops, however, is usually to be found in a lack of cultivation,
pruning, thinning or other necessary work.

Apples should be thinned to one in a place, and these not
closer than five inches apart on the limb. To accomplish this, it
is often necessary to remove four-fifths of the crop, but measured
in pounds the matured crop will be fully as large as if no thin-
ning had been done, and instead of small second-class apples
the product will be large, first-class apples. Thinning should be
done as soon as possible after the apples are formed. Fruit
growers often complain about the excessive labor and cost of
thinning, but it requires no more time or labor to take the extra

18

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

FIG. 2. 6 YE-\R OLD RED McTNTOSH ORCHARD.

(800 trees produced 1500 boxes of apples in 1907.)

fruit off ill the sprino- tlian to pick the small apples in the fall.

CRAB APPLES.

; „ When o^i'own on a commercial scale, one of the most profit-
abJe fruits in Montana is the crab apple. When produced in less
than car lots, however, the g^rower must depend upon local
demand, which is usually unsatisfactory.

Crabs can be grown successfully in every section of Mon-
tana and the risk from winter losses is very slight.

For market the best variety is undoubtedly the Trans-
cendent, and for this variety in car lots the demand is almo'st
without limit, the price usually being from $i.oo to $1.25 per box
f. o. b. Montana points. Other varieties grown are the Hyslop,
Martha, Gibbs Golden, North .Star, General Grant and Whitney
No. 20, the last named being as large as the ordinary small
apple, and is delicious for eating out of hand, but is very short
lived. None of the crabs, however, are long keepers.

PLUMS.

Plums are grown successfully all over Montana, but some
varieties can only be grown in favored places.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 19

From the standpoint of profit, plums are perhaps the most
unsatisfactory of all the fruits grown in the state. This is not
due to any lack of quality of productiveness, but to the poor
methods of packing, inadequate transportation facilities and the
perishable nature of the fruit.

The Bradshaw, Moore’s Arctic and D'eSoto are among the
hardiest varieties grown. The Wyant and Forest Garden are
reported from the Experiment Station at Bozeman as being very
hardy.

Other varieties successfully grown in more favored places
are the Lombard, Yellow Egg, Green Gage, Peach Plum,
Tragedy, Pond’s Seedling, Italian Prunes and German Prunes.

CHERRIES.

All things considered, cherries are among the most profitable
and satisfactory fruits grown in Montana. While the trees are
not as hardy nor as long lived as the apple or crab, the hardy
varieties can be grown in most sections, and west of the main
range the cherry is a standard crop. The demand for the fruit
is almost unlimited, and the price received by the grower is from
eight to ten cents per pound.

Sweet cherries are produced very successfully in certain
sections of the Bitter Root and Flathead, but cannot be grown
in all sections, as the trees are not entirely hardy, and even where
the trees grow do not always fruit well, but where the sweet
cherry can be grown it is highly profitable. Of the sweet cherries
the Bing and the Royal Ann is equally large, but lighter in
color. The Lambert is also grown successfully in places.

The sour varieties of cherries are much more widely grown
than the sweet cherries, and are prolific and regular bearers. Of
these the Early Richmond, Vladimir and Ostheime are perhaps
the most hardy, with the Montmorency, English Morello and
Wrag close up in point of hardiness. Of all the sour cherries the
Montmorency is probably the favorite, being a little larger than
the early Richmond and not as sour as the others.

The Wrag, English Morello and Ostheime are dark red in
color and are splendid for making wine.

BEST AGE TO PLANT.

In orchard planting most growers of experience prefer trees
not more than two )^ears old from the nursery, and man}'
orchardists plant yearlings with very satisfactory results. The

20

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

future growth of a tree is retarded by transplanting in propor-
tion to its age, and if trees from one to four years old are planted
at the same time, in the same soil, and are given the same care,
in a few years the younger trees will be larger than the older
ones. For this reason young trees are preferred for planting.

PRUNING.

When the tree is planted, the top is generally cut back to
make it balance its root, as the roots are cut severely in digging
the tree. The best practice, however, is to reduce the top by
cutting out the superfluous limbs. This will give the tree proper
shape and will force the growth into limbs that are to form the
permanent top of the tree. There is much difference of opinion
as to the proper shape for a tree, and particularly the apple tree.
The growers of most experience, however, have no fixed rule for
shaping or pruning the tree, each tree being treated according to
its requirements. If a tree is a very upright grower the inside
branches are cut out to make it more spreading. If it is very
wide and spreading tlie outside branches are cut off to make
it more upright. The ideal form which most growers endeavor
to reach is an urn shaped tree with the trunk dividing into three
or four main branches about two or two and one-half feet above
the ground, these three or four branches forming the entire top
of the tree. The main branches should start out at nearly right
angles to the trunk, and curve upward, which will obviate tlie
danger of the tree splitting down. This danger is further pro-
vided against by twining together two of the small inside
branches from opposite sides of the tree. These will grow
together and form a solid tie across the tree, and if the tree h: s
four main branches there should be two of these ties fastening
tlie opposite main branches together. A tree that is properly
shaped when planted will require no pruning, except to keep the
suckers and small limbs trimmed out, and this sliould be d me
at least once a year. Winter or early spring is the best season
to prune, as the trees are then bare of foliage ; but most growers
jirefer to avoid pruning- when the wood is frozen. If a tree is
planted with a large number of branches, these must be cut out
from year to year, and much of the energy exerted in growing
wood is thus wasted.

THINNING.

One of the problems that has claimed the attention of :h-uit
growers for many years has Iiecn the disposition of second class

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

21

apples ; but this problem has recently been solved by growers of
the Pacific Slope by thinning the fruit until there are no second
class apples produced, practically all of the apples produced
being first class, and this really is the only correct solution of Ihe
problem. By severe thinning and rigid rules for packing, these
western growers have brought the price of Spitzenberg and New-
ton Pippin apples from about $i.oo per box up to $2.60 per box,
the entire crop being sold by the carload through the Fruit
Growers’ Union. The same thing can be done in Montana, but
the work must start at the bottom. First, the worthless
varieies of apples must be changed by top-grafting into desirable
sorts suited tO‘ the locality where grown, and then by proper
cultivation, pruning, irrigation, thinning and packing the Mon-
tana grower can get the highest price paid in the world for apples,
for when the proper varieties are grown under proper conditions
the Montana apples are excelled by none.

APPLE BOXES.

Montana growers have long endeavored to secure a box for
apples that will suit all grov^^ers, and frequent changes have been
made in the size of the standard box. This effort to adopt a
box that will prove satisfactory to everybody is futile, because
apples of different size and shape cannot be packed to advantage
in the same size box, and the man who grows Alexander apples
does not want the same shaped box as the man wno grows
Jonathan or Spitzenberg. It would seem more reasonaole ^ c fix
the standard cubic contents of the box and allow certain varia-
tions in shape to suit the apples to be packed. This vould result
in a long, narrow box for small varieties and a wide, short box
for the large ones.

TOP GRAFTING.

Where an orchard contains varieties unsuited to the locaiiiy
— and there are many such in Montana — the only remedy is to
change the variety by top grafting. To change a large orchard
jn this manner appears to^ be a difficult task, but it is not as
difficult as it appears. The best season for top grafting is just
after the first strong flow of sap has started in the spring, which
is usually in May, and top grafting can easily be done success-
fully during this entire month. The scions are cut during the
winter, only the growth of the last season being taken, and these
are packed in damp sawdust or sand in a cool cellar until used.

22

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

In cutting the tree to be grafted, about two-thirds of the top is
cut away. The tree is cut thus severely in order to force the
growth into the grafts. It is best to cut the limbs as near the
trunk as possible without cutting limbs that are too large.
Avoid cutting limbs that are more than one and one-half inches
in diameter, if possible.

Both the split graft and the bark graft have been used
extensively in Montana, and in an orchard in Flathead County,
where 3,000 trees were top worked in 1900, both methods were
tested quite thoroughly and where the work was well done, the
bark graft gave much the best results.

In this work the wax was put on hot with a small brush.
The wax ^as melted and put in a five-pound lard pail, which
was suspended inside of a ten-pound lard pail, in the bottom of
wMch had been placed a small alcohol lamp, the heat from the
lamp keeping the wax at the proper temperature. The wax was
composed of five parts resin and one part tallow, by weight, no
beeswax or other ingredients being used. This wax is very cheap
and will not melt or run under the hottest sun. The trees were
cut two or three weeks ahead of the grafting. The scions were
put in by a man, the wax being put on by a boy, and the bark
grafts were wrapped with a strip of waxed cloth, about half an
inch wide, to hold the scion in place and prevent warpine of the
bark. This work was also done by a boy. The total cost of
grafting eight and ten-year-old trees was eight cents per tree.
The remainder of old tops will be cut out next spring, and where
needed additional grafts will be put in. This will cost about
five cents per tree additional. Where possible, it is best to leave
about a six-inch stub in cutting limbs, in order that a second
graft may be put in if the first one dies. This is done the fol-
lowing season, first cutting off the old stub.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

23

THE McINTOSH RED APPLE— HISTORY, ETC.

From a photograph owned by Mr. G. A. Blair, Victor, Montana.

The original McIntosh tree is ii8 years old and is located on
the McIntosh farm at Dundela, Ontario, about 40 miles from
Ottawa, Canada.

Fourteen years ag’o the tree was seriously injured by the
burning of a building which stood near it ; the scars of the fire

24

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

are visible. Hbwever, one-half of the old tree continues to bear
the red apples which are famous in portions of Montana, par-
ticularly in the Bitter Root Valley. Tt has been bearing con-
tinuously for more than a century.

Dundela McIntosh was the discoverer of the tree. It is
interesting to note that the McIntosh Red was originally a
chance seedling. The story that is told on the McIntosh farm is
that the original Dundela McIntosh, in clearing brush that had
grown up about his cabin, came upon 14 apple sprouts that had
come up from chance scattered seed. These he allowed to grow.
Of them all, only the one which is the parent of all the McIntosh
Red trees amounted to anything. But that one was enough.

Mr. Blair of Victor, Montana, has a photograph of the tree
and about a few years ago visited the McIntosh farm at Dundela
and saw the tree.

The old tree is undoubtedly the oldest and hardiest bearing
apple tree in the world.

“The McIntosh and Alexander apples can be growm to per-
fection in Montana, better than any place in the world. The
Jonathan and Maiden Blush grow to perfection in the Clear-
water Valley ol Idaho, and the Spitzenberg and Newton Pippin
excell when grown in the Hood River Valley of Oregon. ? base
varieties, when grown in Montana, do not compare favorably
with the Idahoi or Oregon products. Then why attemiit to com-
pete with Oregon, Washington and Idaho, with die •same
varieties, when we can grow the McIntosh and Alexander better
than can be grown elsewhere?”

HOW BEST TO CONTROL AND ERADICATE INSECT
ENEMIES AND PESTS.

Insects are of two distinct classes. Some are the Hting
(mandibulate), others are of the sucking (haustellate) kind, each
group involving a special system of treatment.

For the biting insects, such as the Codling Moth, Tent Cater-
pillar, Cut Worms, etc , a spray that deposits a poison upon the
fruit or plant on which the insect feeds is used, such as Paris
Green or any of the Arsenate of Lead solutions. Of these the
most effective is Disparene, an Arsenate of Lead preparation
made by the Bowker Insecticide Company of Boston and the
James A. Blanchard Co., New Tork, N. Y.

For the insects, such as the Aphis, Red Spider, Oyster Shell
Bark Louse, etc., which live by sucking the juices of the plant

MONTANA STATE BOA.RD OF HORTICULTURE.

2S

or fruit, a spray must be used that will kill the insect when it
comes in contact with the body, such as Kerosene Emulsion,
Lime and Sulphur. Tobacco Decoction or Whale Oil Soap and
Quassia Chips.

Fungus diseases come from the growth of parasite plants
which use the fruit, trees or fruit plants as host plants. Bordeaux
Mixture is the universal remely for these diseases. Copper Car-
bonate Solution is also used to some extent, and Lime and
Sulphur is effective in some cases.

THE CODDLING MOTH OR APPLE WORM.

THE CODLING MOTH.

(a) The moth or adult insect, slightly enlarged; (b) the egg, greatly en-
larged; (c) the full-grown larva, slightly enlarged; (d) the pupa, slightly
enlarged; (e) the pupa in its cocoon on the inner surface of a piece of bark,
reduced about one-half; (f) the moth on bark and empty pupa skin from
which it emerged, about natural size. (Simpson, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

This insect, the great cause of wormy apples, is one of the
worst foes of the apple grower and one which will thrive in
neglected and untreated orchards. Where apple and pear trees
are grown, it is only a matter of time until this pest appears, due
to the various agencies tending to> its distribution. The moth is
greyish brown and has transverse streaks of grey and brown on
its fore wings, and on the inner hind angle a large brown spot like
a horse shoe. The hind wings are light brown. 'It is one of the
most destructive to apples and pears. Its destructiveness reaches
a fabulous sum throughout the entire country. The climatic

26

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

conditions of our state are not as favorable to it as in other
states on account of the cool nights. The moths lay their eggs
on the blossom, fruit and leaves, which soon hatch, and the
larvae eats its way through the calyx end of the apple. However,
if the tree is sprayed as soon as the petals have fallen and before
the apple has formed and a poison of Disparene, Paris Green or
Lime Arsenic is deposited in the calyx end, the larvae is sure to
partake of it for its first meal, which means its death. Ther '/^re,
it is imperative that the first spraying be done thoroughly, which
can be ascertained by examining a number of the calyxes to
know whether sufficient poison has been deposited therein or
not. If the first spray is thoroughly done it will lessen the second
brood, as the Codling Moth is two brooded in Montana. The
first eggs are laid about the middle of June. The second brood
begins its operations about the loth to the 15th of August. It is
this brood that is injurious to fall and winter varieties of apples.

The worms pass the winter in tough cocoons hidden beneath
the rough bark of the trunk or larger limbs, in cracks or knot-
holes, or under rubbish in the orchard. Where clean cultivation
is followed their abiding places are destroyed to a great extent.
The first brood of worms go in at the calyx end, while the second
brood, about half, go in at the side of the apples. Band the trees
a month after blossoming and remove every ten days and destroy
all larvae found until August 20th, when it can be left until pick-
ing time.

For further information as to spray remedies, for this and
other pests, see article on Insecticides and Fungicides which
appears on another page.

The State Board of Horticulture of California has teen
conducting experiments in the propogating of parasites which
prey upon the Codling Moth and Oyster Shell Scale.

An effort was made to secure some of these parasites from
the California board for introduction into Montana. This effort
was unsuccessful. However, the National Department of Agri-
culture is making an effort for the good of the whole country
and will introduce not only one species, but as many as possible.
Several hundred cocoons of the Codling Moth preying var: ffy
have already been received from different parts of Europe and
are being cared for in the insectary of the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

27

SAN JOSE SCALE.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

A Pear infested by San Jose Scale. Portion of a branch infested by San
Jose Scale. Female San Jose Scale — enlarged. Young developing San Jose
Scale. (Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.)

While the San Jose Scale has not yet appeared in the State
it is generally spreading in the neighboring states. This pest
is of such a serious nature that every effort should .be made to
keep it out of Montana.

For the information of those who have not seen this insect,
it may be described as a small sap-sucking louse, active Avhen
first born, but soon becoming immovable on the bark, leaf or
fruit, and secreting at this stage a flattened protective scale over
its body, losing at the same time its more obvious insect structure
and devoting its energies thereafter to feeding on the sap of the
plant and producing young in great numbers. In cases where
the scale lice are in moderate numbers, they will occur in small
colonies or groups, or scattered singly over the bark, presenting
then no striking mark to the vision unless one is looking for

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

them. When scattered in this manner on younger bark the tis-
sue is generally reddened around them, a feature which lends
to their more ready recognition. The adult females are the
largest scales, slightly irregular in their convexity, of a dull gray
or lighter, with a distinct boss or center of a different color and
appearance. Young scales, also abundant at the present season,
are smaller, more distinctly circular and of a darker color, often
nearly black. All sizes occur together in the clusters, frequently
so crowded that the true color of the bark is not visible for the
scurfy covering consisting of the numerous insects.

In May the female gives birth to young, and these travel
over the tree in search of unoccupied spaces, which they occupy
and then begin the secretion of the protecting scale as above.
With several indeterminte broods each season, the new growth
is covered as fast as made, and the tree is not able to outgrow
its enemy. The injury is done by the abstraction of the sap from
all parts of the tree by the hundred thousand beaks throughout
the entire growing season.

Owing to the form and feeding habits of the scale lice, the
effective agents in their destruction are practically limited to
various washes and sprays that act as contact poisons or corro-
sives. Among these are crude petroleum, coal oil, resin washes
and combinations of lime, sulphur and salt among others. Sev-
eral of these are open to the objection that while destructive to
the insects they also endanger the tree. Others cannot be relied
upon to kill the insects in all stages, necessitating the frequent
repetition of treatment. At the present date the leaf and flower
buds being expanded, perhaps as satisfactory a treatment as
any is the application of a spray of moderately strong kerosene
emulsion, previously preparing the trees by pruning off all that
can be spared of the branches, to reduce the surface to be
operated on. The application of this spray should be several
times repeated during the spring and summer. This will not be
completely effective, but may serve as a temporary check. It
should not need saying that every infested twig and all other
parts should be carefulty picked up and burned, to prevent the
further spread of the pest.

A more satisfactory treatment is the application, in the
dormant season of the tree, of a wash or spray of the lime,
sulphur and salt mixture, as employed with good effect in eastern
orchards.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

29

THE OYSTER SHELL BARK LOUSE.

(a) Showing- female scale and eggs from below; (b) female scale seen froir
above; (c) female scales, natural size; (d) male scale; (e) male scales,
natural size. (L. O. Howard, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

This widely known injurious species is the only scale insect
of importance to the fruit grower that has been recognized in
Montana. It is found west of the main range or divide, where
it has proved to be a troublesome pest and an enemy to apple
trees. Where abundant, the sickly condition of the trees are
readily observed. It not only incrusts itself on the limbs and
twigs, but also on the fruit, and such fruit should be condemned.
Several sprays of lime, sulphur and salt will generally s-uffice to
eradicate it. The first spray should be made during the dormant
period of the tree during the latter part of March, if the weather
is favorable, or in the beginning of April, followed by a second
spray, in cases of badl}^ infested trees, before the buds have
swollen much. Under each scale from 50 to' 90 and in some cases
loo eggs have been found. About June first the larvae hatch out
and are able to walk immediately, when they crawl out from
under the protected cover of the parent scale to other parts of

30

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

the twigs, principally to the young shoots, which at that time
of the year are tender and succulent. They then settle down
and insert the long thread-like hairs into the bark and suck the
juices. It is found on the apple, pear, plum, quince, currant,
raspberry and wild cherry. Young trees may be killed in some
instances and older ones are much harmed and their vitality
retarded. Shade trees often are injured by it. It is found on the
rose.

The insect derives its name from its resemblance to a long,
rather narrow oyster, which renders it easily to be recognized.

Kerosene emulsion spray or any contact poison spray is also
effective if applied just after the young have hatched in June.

THE SCURFY SCALE.

THE SCURFY BARK-LOUSE.

(a) females; (b) males, natural size; (c) female; (d) male; (L. C. How-
ard, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

This scale may be encountered by the inspectors at any
time on apples and pears. The secretary of the board has con-
demned pears infested with this pest. With the San Jose, Oyster
Shell Bark Louse and Scurfy Scale we have three of the com-
mon orchard scales.

This “Scurfy Scale,” or “Harris Louse,” is much broader
than the Oyster Shell Louse, much paler, almost white in color,
and much thinner in texture. The cast larvae skins are at the
narrow end of the scale, and in general the life history is like
that of the preceding species. The larvae also hatch during the
early days of June, and are orange rather than yellow in color.
The male scales are comparatively very small and almost snow

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

31

white. The eggs are developed in September and are deep
purplish brown, varyig from twety to eighty or more, but
fewer in number than the Oyster Shell Bark Louse. This scale
prefers the pear among orchard trees, and the Keififer is its
favorite variety. Of the shade trees, poplars are most frequently
infested, and of the small fruits currants are usual victims.
Pear trees are sometimes so badly infected that their trunks
seem whitewashed, and in such cases serious injury or death
results.

There is only one brood of these scales, and the winter is
passed to the egg stage.

Remedy; Lime and sulphur, spray applied as for Oyster
Shellbark Louse Scale.

(a) Agamic female; (b) larval louse; (c) pupa; (d) winged female with
antenna enlarged above; all greatly enlarged with waxy excretion removed.
(Original). (Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.)

Appears on the trunk and branches of the apple tree as
white wooly patches which show a red color when crushed.
Later in the season the}^ migrate to the smaller limbs and twigs.

Another form occurs below the ground, where they form
knot-like swellings along the roots.

Both forms are shown in the respective cuts.

Remedies: Spraying with lime sulphur mixture in winter

or kerosene emulsion in summer will hold them in check. Pure

WOOLY APHIS.

FIG. 1. WOOLY APHIS.

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MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

kerosene or a strong emulsion driven with force against the
patches in early summer will tend to keep them down. For the
root infesting form, scraping away the dirt and scattering several
pounds of tobacco stems to the tree has been recommended.

FIG. 2. WOOLY APPLE APHIS.

(a), (b), Work on the roots; (c) enlarged figure of the louse. (U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bureau of Entomology.)

Many inquiries have come to this office about this pest, as
they are very troublesome and injurious. Young trees, especially
in the nursery rows, being more susceptible to its attack than
trees in bearing.

The shiny black eggs of this pest may be found during the
winter on the terminal twigs and strong growing shoots. They
are usually placed around the buds and in the crotches. The lice
hatch about the time the leaves start and soon curl them up, and
if numerous stunt the growth of the tree. It is very important
that prompt treatment be given if you want to rid yourself of
this pest. For the lice multiply very rapidly. In the first genera-

APPLE APHIS.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

33

tion we have one aphis, which will increase to 10,000 aphids in
the third generation. This enormous number should impress
you with its importance and the necessity for action.

Remedies : Winter spra}'’ with the lime-sulphur mixture will
destroy the eggs. When only a few trees are affected, a strong
kerosene emulsion may be used, or the eggs may be crushed by
the hand. Just after the eggs hatch an ordinary kerosene emul-
sion will kill the young. Later they curl the leaves so that a
spray will not reach them. Spray also with tobacco or whale
oil soap and quassia chips.

THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD MOTH.

“Tmetocera ocellana” Schrif.

R. A. COOLEY. *

Montana Agricultural College.

FIG. 1. Egg of the bud-moth, greatly enlarged. (R. A. Cooley, Montana
Experiment Station.)

The common name of this insect refers tO' the characteristic
habit of the larvae of feeding in the buds as they expand in the
spring of the year. This habit makes the insect an important one,
for obviously a very little eating in the young tender buds may
cause a great deal of damage. Both the fruit buds and the leaf
buds are attacked, the destruction of the former leading to a loss
of the crop of fruit, and of the latter to an unnatural and injurious
branching of the terminal twigs, particularly in nursery stock.
Like many other fruit pests, this insect has its '‘ups and downs,”
periods of presence in injurious numbers followed by intervals
during which it may be difficult to detect its presence. So far
as the writer 4s informed it has not occurred in injurious num-
bers in Montana since the spring of 1902. It may, however, be-
come injurious at any time, and fruit growers should be informed
regarding its life history and the means of controlling it.

34

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

FIG. 3. Full grown laiwa of the bud-moth, about three times enlarged, (R^
A. Cooley, Montana Experiment Station.)

OCCURRENCE IN MONTANA.

The bud moth has been found at widely scattering points
west of the main range of the Rockies in Montana and it is
believed that it is generally and extensively distributed through-
out the apple growing regions in the west end of the State.

It has also been found at Billings.

Fig. 2. Base of the apple leaf from below showing work of bud-moth lai'va.
The web and tubular retreat are indistinctly shown. (R. A. Cooley, Montana
Experiment Station.)

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

35

In spite of the fact that during the years since 1902 this
insect has not been destructive, it has continued to spread until
now it is much more generally distributed than at that time.

NATURAL HISTORY AND HABITS.

As winter approaches the partly grown larvae of this insect
construct for themselves temporary cocoons, or hibernacula.
These hibernacula so closely resemble the felty surface of the
young twigs as to be very obscure and detected with difficulty
even by trained eyes. They are closely secreted in crevices
around buds, or on the scars that mark the positions where
leaves were attached. They are about one-sixteenth of an inch
across and are constructed from the silky secretion produced by
the larvae and from the surface parts of the bark of the twigs
and thus are made to closely resemble the bark.

In the spring of the year as the buds are swelling, the dark
brown larvae with black heads emerge from their winter quar-
ters and go to the buds. As the buds open they crawl in among
the tender leaves and flower buds and begin eating. Some per-
haps bore into the buds before they expand. As the leaves
unfold the larvae makes use of a single leaf and constructs a
tubular retreat from which it emerges from time to time to feed.
Leaves surrounding the larvae are drawn together and fastened^
thus forming a kind of nest. Some dead leaves become detached^
but being fastened to the others, fail to drop to the ground,
thereby making the nests all the more conspicuous because of
the brown leaves among the green. A badly infested tree has
a decidedly unnatural appearance.

Mr. Jones, a student assistant, recorded (Second Annual
Report Montana State Entomologist, 1904) that after the first
molt in the spring the larvae migrate to new quarters, and,
crawling into a nev/ cluster of leaves, bind them together into
a liest. Some, however, he found to remain in the old nest.
Either in the old or the new home, they continue to feed until
full size is reached, at which time they measure about a half
inch in length. A cocoon is constructed in the old tubular re-
treat, or in some crack or crevice on the tree, and the larvae
transforms to a pupa and later to a moth, reaching this stage
about June 20th. The eggs for the new generation are laid in
the early part of July and hatch in about eleven days. These
eggs are small, flat objects, nearly transparent, and in some re-
spects they resemble the egg of a codling moth, from which they

36

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

differ principally in being slightly smaller. By the 20th of July
the insect is practically all in the larvae stage again. The newly
hatched larvae proceed at once to the underside of the leaves
and begin to feed singly along the sides of the midribs, grad-
ually constructing a kind of nest or retreat. For this purpose the
leaf pubescence frays and the silk produced by the larvae (are
mingled into a tube or covering under which the larvae) remains
in hiding when not taking food. Often two leaves are fastened
together with the larvae between. It is obvious that it would be
impossible to reach the larvae with a spray at this point in the
life history unless a poison is applied before the leaves are bound
together.

The larvae continues to feed until fall, when they pass to
the twigs and construct hibernacula in which to pass the winter.
These larvae, up to this point, are small, and the amount of food
taken is not large. They are not usually noticed during this part
of the year, the food they take being such a small part of the
foliage of the tree. There is thus but one brood a year.

FiS. 4. -\iiple twis' showing- work done by b\id-moth larva early in the sea-
son. (After Slingerland, Come 11 I^niversity Experiment Station.)

KINDS OF TREES ATTACKED.

This insect is best knowm as a pest of the apple, but it also
feeds u])on the pear, plumb, cjuince, peach and cherry as well as
upon the blackberry among small fruits, in all cases feeding on
the buds.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

37

MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION.

From its life history it is clear that this insect has excellent
chances of being distributed on nursery stock, since it spends
the winter on the twigs. From tree to tree in the same orchard,
or over short distances in the same vicinity, the moth can easily
fly for the purpose of extending its distribution.

REMEDIES AND PREVENTION.

It is believed that the bud moth will not become trouble-
some where a program of spra3ung for the codling moth is car-
ried out, particularly if arsenate of lead is used, though the
sprayings for the latter insect are not perfectly timed for the bud
moth.

There appears to be three points in the larval life at which
the insect is open to attack : First, when the larvae go to the

buds in the spring. Second, when they crawl to a new cluster
of leaves just after the second molt. Third, when the newly
hatched larvae are feeding on the underside of the leaves.

It therefore seems desirable to coat the buds and leaves at
these critical points, in cases where no spraying is done for the
codling moth. We consider the last two sprayings to^ be of
more importance than the first and it is believed that a single
thorough application of arsenate of lead made just before the
eggs hatch, thereby coating with poison the leaves that later
will be eaten by the young larvae, will in most cases be sufficient
remedy in orchards.

On young trees in orchards and nurseries much good can
be done by hand picking, taking care not to allow the larvae
to escape either from the hand or the vessel in which the nests
are being gathered. After gathering the nests should be burned
at once.

38

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

CURRANT WORM.

Eggs deposited on under surface of leaves, (b) young larvae; (c) full
grown larvae; (d) adult insect.

The most serious insect enein}^ of the currant in the west
is the currant worm. This insect is an unwelcome guest of
foreign birth, and in many localities strips the plants annually
with the utmost regularity. The eggs are deposited in rows
along the veins of the leaves on the under surface, especially on
the leaves near the ground, early in the spring. The young
begin toi feed about the last of May and are frequently well
established before being noticed. They reach the upper branches
and become conspicuous about the time the fruit is ready to
gather, a time when it is more difficult to combat them. If taken
in its early stages this insect is easily destroyed with arsenate of
lead or paris green of standard formula. These insecticides,
however, should not be applied after the fruit begins to color.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

39

At this stage the best material to apply is hellebore.

White hellegore is comonly used on all classes of small fruits
as a substitute for paris green after the fruit begins to color.
The volatile oil which is its active principal as an insecticide
readily evaporates. Hence it becomes harmless a day or two
after an application. On account of this fact, however, it is
essential to secure a fresh article. Stock carried over from the
previous year is worthless, and the difficulty about securing it
in a fresh condition is a serious drawback to its use as an insecti-
cide. It may be applied either as a powder or in liquid form.
If the latter is used it is a very good plan to mix it with an
equal bulk of flour or air-slacked lime, and apply early in the
morning while the dew is on or after a shower. In the liquid
form it is applied at the ratio of one ounce to three gallons of
water.

The cane borer, as its name indicates, is an insect which
feeds by boring out the heart of the canes, and in occasional years
is very destructive. The eggs of these insects are deposited
on the stems in the early summer and a wood grub-like larvae
emerges. The larvae burrows into the heart of the cane where
it feeds upon the pith and sap wood. In the fall it pupataes and
emerges late the following spring as a moth. The canes are
seriously weakened by this insect, and injured ones are fre-
quently broken off by strong winds, or when heavily laden
with fruit. A careful examination will usually locate a small
opening on the side of the cane, thus indicating the presence of
the borer. The infested stock should be cut out in the fall and
burned.

The currant is occasionally subject to leaf spot and other
fungus diseases, and for this reason it is advisable to add Bor-
deaux mixture to the insecticudes when spraying for the currant
worm.

Article and cut by the Fruit Grower Co., St. Joseph, Mo.

PLUM CURCULIO.

“Conotrachelus nenuphar,” Host.

The common plum curculio in many instances does as much
damage to apples as does the notorious codling moth. This is
especially the case with the commercial orchard, where the
apples are frequently all reduced from what would otherwise
be number ones to numbers two and threes and even culls.

40

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

THE PLUM CURCULIO.

Adult magnified five diameters.

The plum curculio is the insect which causes the “sting’^ in
the apple. Fig. i shows one of these beetles magnified five
diameters.

The insect is so well known that it does not need description,
but the life history of the insect in the apple will be given very
briefly.

The adult beetles appear during August and begin at once
to “sting” the apples by feeding upon them. In doing this they
eat small holes through the skin and into the pulp. These holes
are usually about one-tenth of an inch in diameter and about the
same in depth, and the pulp may be eaten awa}^ for a short dis-
tance back under the skin. These holes cause the apples to decay
at these places and render them unfit for storage purposes. At
the approach of cold Aveather the beetles seek some sheltered
place in order to hibernate, getting under rubbish or matted
grass, or even entering the ground. In the spring the beetles
come out from their hibernating quarters and begin to feed upon
the young deA^eloping leaA^es, and later upon the petals of the
flowers, and still later upon the young apples. Both the male
and female beetles make these feeding punctures in the apples,
but later the females also make punctures for the purpose of
depositing eggs. In this instance the female eats a hole through
the skin and into the pulp, and then turns around and pushes an
egg into it. HaAung accomplished this, she eats a crescent-
shaped cut through the skin, partially surrounding and partially
undermining the egg. These punctures are made for the purpose
of depositing eggs and also the feeding punctures are called
“stings” by the horticulturist.

When the apple is comparatively small it tends to outgrow

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

41

these “stings” and will usually do so, leaving only a scar, pro-
vided fungoid and other diseases do not enter at this point. If
the egg hatches and the larvae eats its way into the pulp a short
distance and then dies, the apple may recover from this, but will
leave a scar situated in a depression. This depression is due to
the fact that the tissue where the larva has eaten becomes hard
and does not grow to^ the extent the surrounding tissue does, and
if cut into will appear as a short, dark colored, hard thread which
is bitter tO' the taste. In this way the great bulk of our knotty
and gnarly apples are produced.

If the apple in which the young larva is feeding falls to the
ground the larva will continue to feed upon the pulp, mining
in a zigzag direction through it towards the core, and when full
grown will leave the apple and enter the ground about two inches
in depth, pack the earth away from its body so as to make a
small earthen cell, inside of which it will transform tO' a pupa.
If, however, the apples containing the young larvae fail to fall
by the time the larvae are half grown, the larvae appear to all
perish.

Fortunately, comparatively few eggs deposited in apples
ever succeed in hatching, and of those that do hatch into larvae,
very few ever succeed in reaching the full grown larval con-
dition.

The larvae requires about three weeks to reach maturity,
and the pupa requires a little over two weeks before the adult
hatches ; but as the larvae usually remains in the ground about
ten days before it transforms to a pupa, and as the adult after
it hatches usually remains in the ground about ten days before
coming out, we find that this insect passes fully as much time in
the ground as it does out of it, from the time the egg is deposited
until the larvae enter the ground.

As the female bettles that have hibernated over winter begin
to deposit their eggs in the yqung apples about the middle of
May, when the apples are about the size of hazelnuts, and as
they are a long time in depositing their two hundred and fifty
to four hundred eggs, doing so during the latter half of May and
all of June and the first half of July, and as the first adult beetles
begin to emerge the latter half of July and during all of August,
and at once begin to “sting” the apples for feeding purposes, one
can readily see that the apples are being “stung” continually
throughout the entire season, that the larvae can be found in

42

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

them until the fore part of August, and that the pupae will
therefore be found in the ground from the fore part of July to
the fore part of September. The fact that the first of the young
adult beetles begin to emerge and '‘sting’' the apples before the
last of the old beetles are through “stinging” them, has led some
to suppose there is more than one brood of these beetles each
year, but you can readily see from what I have given of their life
history that there is but one brood each year. The old beetles
die at the approach of cold weather and the young beetles hiber-
nate over winter under rubbish of all kinds, and do not deposit
their eggs until the next spring and summer, although they
“sting” the fall apples for feeding purposes only.

Redemies : It is possible to kill many of the adult beetles

in the spring of the year while they are feeding upon the unfold-
ing leaves, provided one sprays thoroughly twice before the
blossoms open with any of the arsenical poisons.

It is also possible to kill great numbers of the pupae and of
the young adults in the ground before they emerge, provided one
will plow the orchard shallow and immediately and thoroughly
harrow the same the middle of July and then harrow thoroughly
again the first and again the fifteenth of August. The plowing
and harroAving breaks the earthen cells in which the pupae are
situated and kills the great bulk of them, and the middle of July
until the middle of August coA’^ers the period in which the pupae
are found in the ground.

The best single method, lioweA^er, of fighting these
insects is to take advantage of the fact that the larvae Avill die
by the time they are about half groAvn unless the apples fall to
the ground. Hence, if Ave Avill pick up once each week and
destro}^ by burning or by feeding to stock windfalls, or will turn
hogs or other stock into the orchard so that they will eat up
the apples as fast as they fall, Ave can thus prevent the develop-
ment of adults which Avould come out and reinfest our orchard.
It must be understood that the spraying in the spring of the
year is the only method that Avill greatly lessen the number of
‘‘stings” in the early apples that particular year. The destruc-
tion of windfalls and the cultivation of the orchard lessening the
number of “stings” for the next year more especially and also
lessening the late “stings.” If the aboA^e directions be followed
one can in a year or tAvo, so rid his orchard of these insects that
the “sting” will be practically prevented.

Cut and article by the Fruit GroAver Co., St. Joseph, Mo.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

43

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER.

Adult Strawberry Leaf-Roller. The upper figure enlarged, the lower figure
natural size.

The adult of this insect is a small moth about a half inch
across its expanded wings. The front wings are reddish brown,
streaked and spotted with black and white, while the hind wings
are dusky. One of these moths is shown in Fig. i, natural size
and also magnified.

The adult moths appear in the spring and deposit their eggs
on the leaves of the strawberry plant; !the larvae when hatched
feed upon the same, and at once fold the leaves over and fasten
them by means of silken threads, thus protecting the larvae,
since they do not eat through the outer epidermis. This injures
the plants, and where numerous causes the bed to appear as if
a fire had passed over it. When the larvae have become full
grown they transform to pupae with the folded leaves, and in a
couple of weeks transform tO' adult insects, which immediately
pair and lay eggs for another brood.

* The pupae of the second brood remain over winter as such.
The first brood appears before the strawberries blossom and
the second brood after the strawberries have been gathered.

Rmedies : While it is possible to spray the strawberry

plants before the fruit is one-half grown with any of the arsenical
poisons and kill these insects before they have folded up the
leaves and become protected from any spray, nevertheless this is
not as successful a method as to wait until the strawberries have
been gathered, and then mow the plants and allow thm to dry,
then set fire to them when the wind is in a favorable direction
and burn over the entire patch. If the plants are not thick
enough to burn well by themselves, straw may be spread over
to help in this process. This burning of the plants at this time
will not injure them in the least, even though it be dry season.

44

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

STRAWBERRY WEEVIL.

Is a small black beevil, attacking the buds and blossoms of
the strawberry, destroying the stamens of the bi-sexual varieties
and ruining them both for fruit and for purposes of pollination.

Remedies : The best poison spray is Arsenic of Lead at

the rate of four pounds in 50 gallons of water. To obtain the
best results from spraying, the vines should be treated a day or
two before blooming, two or three days after the first blooms
and again five or six da}^s after that.

Kerosene Emulson or White Hellebore, the plants to be
sprayed as soon as the buds are set.

STRAWBERRY ROOT LOUSE.

While this pest has not, as yet, appeared in Montana it is
nevertheless one with which we should be acquainted and the
Inspectors should be careful in their examinations of strawberry
roots, as they are usually introduced from the nursery or from
old infected beds.

The lice are found in clusters; very small, blackish, and
v/ingless. When abundant, great numbers of ants’ nests will be
found in a strawberry bed, which is indicative that root lice are
present. The infested ’plants do not thrive or look good and
occasionally some die oft ; the fruit is small and does not ripen
well. By sucking the plant juices they injure the rootlets, which
die off. They also attack the leaves, though little injury results
therefrom. The eggs of this pest are very small, oval, black,
shining and are clustered upon the stems and along the ribs of
the green leaves. They bring forth their young alive. Scarcely
any difference is perceptible between the young and the mother.
They are three brooded and it is this brood that becomes winged
and fly to other plants and beds. The winged form is smaller
bodied than the wingless type and are, apparently, all black.
All forms are carried to the roots by ants.

Remedy: No satisfactory remedy is known. Of the various
experiments tried it has been demonstrated that ordinary insec-
ticides are of no avail. Drenching applications of tobacco
extract directed into the crown, will destroy many of the lice.
Secure clean plants and plant upon clean land, is one of the
preventitive measures in one sentence.

Roots may be cleaned by dipping or fumigating. Dipping
in kerosene emulsion or tobacco decoction. Dilute the former
with twelve parts of water. Free the plants from dirt and sub-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

45

merge them completely. Keep coA/ered not more than three
minutes and then wash well in fresh water.

If well done, this should kill all the lice on the plants. If
fumigation is resorted to, which is the easiest, cheapest and
quickest way of destroying the pests, the plants should be spread
out on trays of wire netting so that the gas can quickly pene-
trate, and use one ounce of cyanide to lOO cubic feet of space,
one and one-half fluid ounces (commercial sulphuric acid and
two and one-fourth fluid ounces) of water and allow the plants
to remain closed for ten minutes. Be careful not to inhale the
gas, as it is one of the most violent poisons known.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

Lygus pratensis, Linn.

TARNISHED PLANT BUG.

Fig. 1. Young tarnished plant bug; third stage X 9 diam. (Stedman.)

The tarnished plant bug is a small sucking insect of an
elliptical shape, somewhat flattened, about one-fifth of an inch
in length and about half as wide. Its color varies considerably,
ranging from a dark brown through light brown to yellowish or
yellowish green, with darker and lighter markings, which in some
instances are more or less obscured. Fig. 2 shows an enlarged
drawing of one of these insects, and Fig. i an enlarged drawing
of th^ young stage of the insect. The tarnished plant bug hiber-
nates during the winter under rubbish of all kinds, such as is
usually found along fences or along the edges of timber or where-
ever there is any matted grass or weeds. Early in the spring as
soon as the buds begin to swell, these insects come out and begin
at once to suck the sap from the expanding buds, both leaf and
flower, of various fruit trees and bushes, especially the peach.
These insects insert their beaks through the tissues of the bud

46

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

and extract the sap, introducing involuntarily a little poison
which causes the bud to turn dark, and where badly injured may
kill the same.

When the flowers appear these insects pierce them as well,,
and likewise cause them to turn dark and greatly injure them,,
or kill them if the injury is sufflcient. These insects attack not
only the orchard fruits, but also the small fruits, such as rasp-
berry, blackberry and especially straAvberry, when the blossoms
are appearing.

Fig. 2. Adult tarnished plant bug; X 6 diam. (Stedman.)

The tarnished plant bug does its greatest amount of damage^
perhaps, in the strawberry patch when the same is in bloom,
since wherever these insects suck the sap from the flower or the
developing berry it causes that portion to cease growing and
may kill it outright or will cause an uneven growth or a complete
^‘buttoning” of the berry. While this is not the only cause of
“buttoning” it is usually the principal cause, and it is also the
principal cause of the buds, flowers and young fruit “blighting,”
as it is called.

The tarnished plant bug deposits ' her egg in the spring'
singly on the plants upon which it is feeding, and the young bugs
hatching from these eggs begin to suck the sap in a manner sim-
ilar to the adults ; so that later in the season these insects may be
found in various stages of development on the plant.’

Remedies : In the orchard the best plan of fighting these

insects is to spray the trees early in the morning while it is yet
cool with kerosene emulsion. If one waits till the sun is up well
and the atmosphere warm, these insects are so active that they
will fly away from the tree before the spray can reach them. In
the strawberry patch, however, as these insects are there feeding

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

47

upon the flowers and developing berries it is not advisable to use
the kerosene emulsion because the same will taint the berries
and the emulsion may interfere with pollination. Hence in the
strawberry patch one should dust the plants early in the morn-
ing with fresh and pure pyrethrum, one pound of which should
be mixed with two> or three pounds of common flour and the
same applied by means of any of the numerous dust applying
machines. Pyrethrum can also be sprayed upon the plants by
mixing a pound of the pyrethrum with three gallons of warm
water.

Another excellent method of fighting these insects is to
spray the plants with a patent extract of tobacco known as “rose
leaf extract.” One gallon of this extract in fifty gallons of water
will give excellent results. I have tried making an extract of
tobacco, or tobacco tea, myself, but have never been able to reach
anything like the good results with it that can be obtained with
the patent extract given above.

Cut and article by Fruit Grower Co., St. Joseph, Mo.

CANKER WORMS.

Canker worms (or measuring worms) have not yet appeared
in Montana. However, they may be brought in in shipments
of strawberries which should be condemned when so infested.
They appear soon after the foliage is expanded in the spring.-
rapidly devouring the foliage or turning it brown. Whole
orchards may be seen to^ be of a brown color at a distance, as a
result of the attacks of this insect. When an infested limb is
jarred the slender caterpillars, about three-fourths of an inch
long, let themselves down by silken threads.

Remedy : Spray propmtly and thoroughly with an arsenical
poison as soon as their presence is first detected. In regions
where they are suspected to be present it is well to keep the
trees banded with building paper smeared with an adhesive sub-
stance which may be watched in the spring of the year for the
purpose of learning whether or not the wingless moths are
ascending the trees to lay their eggs. A large proportion of the
damage may be averted by the use of such bands. Tar or prin-
ter’s ink may be used but are less satisfactory.

48

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

APPLE SCAB.

APPLE SCAB.

(Venturia pomi.) (Michig-an Agr. Experiment Sfation.)

Apple scab is perhaps the most destructive fungous enemy
of the American fruit grower, particularly in the north, occupy-
ing among diseases a position ranking with that of the codling
moth among the insect foes of the apple. Its injuries are greater
than are generally appreciated, both in effect and extent. The
}deld of fruit per tree is greatly lessened whenever scab is pres-
ent: (i) By the premature dropping of young apples, due to

the attacks of the scab fungus on flowers, stems and fruits soon
after the blossoms fall. (2) the smaller size of the scabby
apples that mature. (3) By the loss, just before picking, due to
the fact that scabby fruit does not cling well to the tree and is
more easily blown off. (4) The value^of the fruit harvested is
greatly diminished, since spotted apples must be placed in a lower
grade and sold for less than clean fruit. (5) Their keeping
((uality also is impaired, as molds and other fungi which cause
decay gain entrance through the scab spots and increase the loss
during storage. Nor is the damage confined to the fruit. The
leaves also are scattered by the fungus and the resultant spotting
and distortion considerably lessen the vigor and general health
of the tree.

The aggregate loss from scab is enormous, amounting to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

49

many millions of dollars every year. This is a most oppressive
tax on the farmer, since it is unnecessary. An effective remedy
is available in Bordeaux mixture. The experience of many years
has demonstrated that the loss from scab may be almost en-
tirely prevented by thorough and timely spraying, which is con-
sidered by the leading fruit growers throughout the country to
be an indispensable orchard practice.

Apple scab is caused by the summer or conidal stage of a
fungus found in its perfect form on dead apple leaves. The
disease appears first on the leaves shortly after they unfold, the
first infections having come from spores blown by the wind from
the dead leaves of the previous season. The olive green, velvety
spots on the leaves and fruit produce great numbers of spores,
which spread the scab broadcast. In a favorable season the
flowers and very young fruit and its pedicels are attacked also.
The fungus grows in this manner throughout the summer and
autumn. In late autumn and winter the Venturia or perfect
stage is produced on the dead apple leaves on the ground.

The relative severity of the disease is influenced by a num-
ber of factors, chief of which is the w^eather. A low tempera-
ture and abundant moisture favor the development of the fun-
gus, and consequently scab is w’orse in cool, damp seasons.

Cultural conditions in the orchard influence the scab fungus
as much as they do' the codling moth. Neglected, unpruned and
uncultivated trees are more subject to scab and careful attention
to the general condition of the orchard will always be profitable
in connection with spraying.

Varieties of apples differ somewhat in their susceptibility
to scab, though not to an extent that will make it worth while
to plant resistant varieties with the idea of avoiding the necessity
of spraying.

Spray just before the trees are in foliage with the Winter
Bordeaux mixture, following with two or three sprays after the
blossoms have fallen. The lime and bluestone solutions should be
kept separate and used as soon as mixed. If it stands over night
after being mixed it may injure the trees if used. It is also dan-
gerous to use it during wet weather. When the apple scab is
bad and the season wet, five pounds of the copper sulphate should
be used.

See the two formulas given under Fungicides.

50

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

PEAR BLIGHT, FIRE BLIGHT AND TWIG BLIGHT.

(Bacillus amylovorus.)

This disease is known to be of bacterial origin. It appears
in the spring on the blossoms. Some clusters turn black and the
disease is carried from flower to flower by bees or other insects.
From the flowers the disease spreads to leaves and twigs. It
attacks the tender growth of the apple, pear, apricot, quince,
raspberry and blackberry. This disease is exceedingly destruc-
tive to pear trees. It appears not regularly, but at times is very
destructive to both nursery and orchard trees. Some years com-
paratively little damage is done, while other years large areas
of orchard trees will be destroyed. The only remedy that is
known tO‘ be of use is the cutting out, a few inches below the
blighted portion, all the branches or limbs affected. Refuse
trimmings should be burned.

Although many remedies have been suggested for this
disease, the only precautionary measure that is now regarded of
any value is to avoid fertilizing the trees with stable manures or
those rich in nitrogen. Anything that tends to a moderate
growth and thorough ripening of the trees is desirable. This
disease also attacks blossoms and twigs of the apple and quince
trees and spreads in the young growth, killing the terminal
twigs.

Department of Agriculture, New York.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 51

BLACK KNOT.

(Plowrightia morbosa.)

BLACK KNOT ON PLUM.

(Maryland Agr. Experiment Station.)

This fungous disease of the plum and cherry if neglected
becomes very destructive.

Extensive areas of plum orchards have been entirely de-
stroyed and damage to the Duke and Morello types of cherry
trees has been very great.

The first evidence of the presence of the disease is in olive-
colored, smooth or velvet like spots on the branches in the spring
which extend upon the new growth. These spots develop into
rough, irregular knots and become dried and rough by winter.

In the spring the disease is spread by the spores, which

52

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

escape in great numbers fromi the minute cells that form on the
olive-colored spots and young knots.

The old knots contain the spores, which live over winter
and cause the spread of the disease in the spring.

Treatment: As the knots appear early in the growing sea-
son they should be removed at once. To control this disease it
is necessary to observe its first appearance and cut it out. No
knots should be permitted to remain on the tree a 'day after dis-
covery. Branches bearing knots should be cut off at a point
several inches below the swellings or knots and immediately
burned, not left lying on the ground.

Wild plum and cherry trees growing in the vicinity of an
orchard should be as carefully watched as the orchard itself and
all evidences of this disease destroyed.

Spraying with copper preparations, like Bordeaux mixture,
may be helpful to prevent black knot, but should not be de-
pended upon.

Department of Agriculture, New York.

CROWN GALL.

CROWN GALL.

Crown Gall has been very injurious to Montana nursery stock
and the following article by W. Paddock, Colorado Agricultural

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

53

College, is important:

Colorado fruit growers have long known of the destructive
nature of crown gall to all kinds of fruit trees. There seems to
be some conditions here which make the disease much more
destructive than in the humid states. In fact, it has caused so
little damage in the east that nurserymen come to regard it as
harmless. This probably accounts for the attitude of eastern
nurserymen toward our inspection laws. Not a spring passes
but some of our inspectors are threatened with damage suits by
some nurseryman who has had his stock condemned. Some nur-
serymen claim not to' have heard of the disease before.

About four years ago the United States Department of
Agriculture published the results of some experiments with
crown gall which apparently proved that it is not harmful to
apple trees. While this may be true under the conditions at St.
Louis, where the experiments were conducted, every Colorado
fruit grower of a few years experience knows that here the
reverse is true. Experience has shown our fruit growers that a
great many trees die each year from this cause. And it has been
noticed in a great many instances that if a badly infected tree is
planted it rarely makes much of a growth and it usually dies
before it is ten years old.

The cause of the disease has been obscure, though Toomey
of Arizona tried to prove that a certain fungus was responsible.
No one has ever been able to duplicate his results, consequently
it has never been fully accepted. Doctors Smith and Townsend of
the Department of Agriculture have recently found that a gall on
the Paris Daisy is due tO' the attacks of a bacterium. They have
also found that when peach trees are inoculated with a pure cul-
ture of these germs, galls are produced which closely resemble
the common crown gall.

It now seems probable that the true nature of crown gall
will be discovered ; but it is not at all likely that the results will
modify our treatment of diseased trees.

In the meantime the inspection of nursery stock should con-
tinue to be as rigid as in the past, and it is likely that the interests
of all will be best served if all diseased trees are destroyed as
soon as discovered.

This latter portion our ?\Iontana inspectors should bear well
in mind and follow as the law directs.

54

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

SPRAYING.

Spraying for fruit pests and fungus diseases is one of the
necessities of the progressive fruit grower, as it insures absolutely
free fruit when properly and thoroughly done. Spray whether
any special cause exists or not, as it acts as a preventive, for once
the fungus establishes itself on the fruit nothing will eradicate it
and if any pests exists or make their appearance for the first
time they will surely partake of it. It also acts as a fertilizer
and greatly improves the functions of the leaves. If you wish to
secure good prices for your fruit, then spray, for spraying causes
perfect fruit to be grown. Good healthy trees, well cared for,
are less susceptible to disease than neglected ones, as spraying
and pruning go hand in hand. If the orchard is kept clean, as
far as possible, the sources of infection are lessened.

Never spray with a poisonous spray while the tree is in
bloom, as it results in injury to bees and honey. The bees to
a great extent fertilize many, blossoms in their search for nectar.

The various spraying formulas are given on another page.
Certain kinds of sprays, like disparene, which is an arsenate of
lead preparation, can be purchased cheaper than to prepare it
yourself and saves you the fear of results, if directors are closely
followed. The J. A. Blanchard Co. of New York and the Bowker
Insecticide Co. of Boston, Mass., are large manufacturers of all
kinds of insecticides and fungicides.

Many people fear danger from poisoning by eating sprayed
fruit, but this has been demonstrated to be groundless. No
apprehension need to be felt in regard to pasturing cattle or hogs
in an orchard with reference to any spray as ordinarly applied.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

55

Scab and
Rust.

Bitter Rot,
Black Rot,
Sooty Blotch,
Fly Speck.

Bud Moth.

Codling Moth.

Tent Cater-
pillar, Fall
and Spring
Canker
Worm.

Fall Web
Worm.

Maggot.

5pray Calendar.

APPLE.

For first application spray with copper sulfate solution, or
better, with strong Bordeaux mixture, before the buds start.
Second application : Give another spraying with Bordeaux mixl
ture as soon as blossoms have fallen. After this two or three
sprayings with Bordeaux mixture may be given at intervals of
three or four weeks. .

Apply Bordeaux mixture about the middle of July and at
intervals of two^ or three weeks until fruit begins to ripen, then
use weak copper sulfate at like intervals.

Add paris green or lead arsenate to Bordeaux mixture foi
first and second sprayings given under scab. If the insects are
numerous give an intermediate spraying with lead arsenate. For
Bud Moth and Aphis the following has proven inexpensive and
does good work:

Four quarts tobacco solution.

One pound whale oil soap.

Six pounds disparene.

Sixty-five gallons of water.

Add paris green or lead arsenate tO' second spraying with
Bordeaux mixture. Give like application after about two months
to catch later broods of the insect. It is recommended, for the
first spraying given, that a nozzle throwing a rather coarse spray
be used, so that larger quantities of the poison will be deposited
in the calyx end of the apple, where the caterpillar of this insect
usually enters.

Use paris green or lead arsenate whenever insects show
themselves. For very large trees use sticky bands around the
stems in spring and fall to prevent the canker worm from crawl-
ing up. Destroy egg masses of tent caterpillar in winter and
burn or crush the nests in summer.

Destroy webs as soon as seen and if necessary spray with
some stomach poison.

Destroy all infected apples by pasturing hogs or sheep in
the orchards. Let chickens have the run of the orchard and they
will pick up a large number of the pupae. Carry apples out of
the orchard as soon as picked and avoid, if possible, storing them

56

San Jose
Scale.

Scurfy Bark
Louse.

Oyster Shell
Bark Louse.

Wooly Aphis.

Borers —

Flat Headed,

Rou,nd-

Headed.

Leaf Spot.

Rust.

Leaf Spot
and Leaf
Blight.

Worm or
Caterpillar.

Black Knot.

Shot-Hole
Fungus,
Leaf Spot.

Powdery

Mildew.

Rot.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

where flies fromi the mag[^ots in them can get back into the
orchard the following spring. 1

Thorough spraying with lime-sulphur wash in the spring of
the year. See article on San Jose Scale.

Spray with whale oil soap, using it at the rate of one pound,
to seven gallons of water, or with kerosene emulsion. j

Several sprays of lime-sulphur and salt will generally suffice
to eradicate it. Apply in the spring when the young begin to
crawl, generally in the latter part of March or about the first
of April. Repeat if necessary about June first when the larvae
hatch out.

On branches spray as for scurfy bark louse. Cut out the
affected parts if possible or wash with pure kerosene. On roots,
mix finely ground tobacco dust with the soil around the roots.

Examine trees in spring and fall and dig out, or kill by insert-
ing a flexible wire into the burrow.

BLACKBERRY.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture when leaves are half grown.
Repeat, if necessary, in two or three weeks.

Dig out and burn infected plants.

CELERY.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture in seed bed and every two or
three weeks after transplanting until the celery is ready to be
blanched. Rotate the celery bed from year to year if the disease
becomes very serious.

Hand-pick or spray with hellebore.

CHERRY.

Prune away infected branches. Spraying with copper sulfate
or normal Boredaux mixture before the leaves come out and
later with dilute Bordeaux mixture is a partial preventive.

Spray with diluted Bordeaux mixture when leaves are un-
folding. Repeat every two or three weeks except when trees
are in blossom.

Use potassium sulfid or dilute Bordeaux mixture whenever^
the disease appears. |

Use Bordeaux mixture when buds begin to open. Repeat !
when fruit has set. Follow with one or two sprayings of ammo-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

57

fi^phis or
Louse.

iXnthrac
Mose and
-eaf Spot.

A/orm.

Mildew.

aooseberry
"rult Worm.

flight.

.eaf Blight,
-eaf Spot,
Jooty Blotch,
»cab.

»sylla.

Slack Knot.

lum Pocket.

/urculio.

niacal copper carbonate, soda Bordeaux mixture or weak copper
sulfate solution when the fruit begins to ripen. Pick fruit when
dry and just before it is fully ripe.

Use whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion as soon as insect
appears.

CURRANT.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture before the leaves appear.
Follow with a like spraying when the leaves are unfolding and
every two or three weeks thereafter until fruit begins to ripen.
For the leaf spot, one or two sprayings with Bordeaux mixture
may be given after the fruit has been picked.

Use arsenate of lead in water or in the second or third Bor-
deaux sprays given above. Hellebore is an efficient poison for
this insect and should be used, if it is necessary to' use an insec-
ticide, about the beginning of June. Even this poison should not
be used later than two weeks before time for picking.

GOOSEBERRY.

Spray with potassium sulfid as soon as leaves begin to ap-
pear. Repeat every ten to fourteen days until the end of June
or beginning of July.

Destroy infested berries.

PEARS.

Cut out infested branches well below the diseased portions
and burn.

Treat as for similar diseases in the apple.

Spray with kerosene emulsion as soon as leaves have ex-
panded. Repeat in a week or ten days if necessary.

PLUM.

See cherry.

This disease is closely related to the leaf-curl in the peach
and may be treated in the same way. Diseased fruit should be
picked and burned. Spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture
just before the buds begin to open. If sprayings are to be given
later use dilute Bordeaux mixture.

Spray with lead arsenate or paris green and adhesive mix-
ture when fruit begins to form. Jar trees early in the morning
while the beetles are sluggish and gather on sheets or in curculio

58

San Jose
Scale.

Aphis or
Louse.

Anthrac

Nose.

Crown Gall.

Leaf Spot
and Rust.

Cane Borer.

Leaf Spot
and Rust.

Leaf Spot.

Crown

Borer.

Blight.

Scab.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

catchers. This jarring must be done every morning for four
five weeks, commencing when the fruit begins to form.

See apple.

See apple.

RASPBERRY.

Cut and destroy badly infected canes in the spring befoi
the leaves come out. Spray the rest thoroughly with Bordeau
mixture. Repeat the process after the fruit has been pickei
Renew plantation frequently.

Be careful not to plant infected canes and dig out and dc
stroy in the field as soon as foiind.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture when leaves are half growi
Repeat, if necessary, in two or three weeks. Dig out and bur
rust infected plants. j

Cut out and destroy infected canes whenever found. j

BLACKBERRY. |

See raspberry. !

STRAWBERRY. '

Spray with Bordeaux mixture before blossoming and agaij
after fruit has been picked, or cut the leaves with a mower aftej
the fruit has been picked and burn the bed over. Then spray thj
new leaves once or twice with Bordeaux mixture during latl
summer and fall. Change bed to new land from time to time.

Rotation and burning over, as given for leaf spot, will hokl
this enemy in check.

POTATO.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture when plants are five or si:l
inches high. Repeat every two or three weeks, or as long as i
seems necessaray. Vines should be watched closely in warm!
muggy weather following rain, and if not well covered with Bbr
deaux mixture they should be sprayed.

Soak seed tubers for two hours in formalin or corrosive sub,
limate solution. Rotate crop so as to avoid planting on infested
land. The use of barnyard manure, lime or wood ashes favorii
the development of scab. Commercial fertilizers should replac<;
manure as far as possible.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

59

Spray with paris green or arsenate of lead as soon as beetles
appear.

P. S.. — The foliage of certain varieties of plums is easily in-
jured by spraying compounds, and judgm.ent must be used in
their application. In general the “weak Burdeaux mixture” may
be safely used as a fungicide and arsenate of lead as an insecti-
cide.

Recent study has shown that the bitter rot fungus causes
cankers on limbs of trees. Spores from these canker spots will
infect fruit, and they should therefore be cut out, preferably
during winter or early spring.

A. F. Stene, Rhode Island Experiment Station.

IN5LCTICIDE5 AND FUNGICIDES.

Practically speaking, all insects are divided into two groups,
and in order that one may know what remedy to use for any par-
ticular insect, the following is given:

Group I. Includes all biting or leaf insects (mandibulate) .
For these the following food poisons are given :

PARIS GREEN.

Paris green, one pound.

Quick lime, one pound.

Water, 150 gallons.

Stir the poison into a thin paste with a little water, slake
the lime and strain the mixture through a sieve into the vessel
holding the required amount of water. Agitation is necessary
while operations are going on, as paris green is not very soluble
in water and the small granules rapidly sink to the bottom of
the vessel.

ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Arsenate of soda, four ounces.

Acetate of lead, ii ounses.

Water, 100 gallons.

Dissolve the arsenate of soda in twO' quarts and the acetate
of lead in one gallon of warm water.

An especially valuable remedy for spraying very delicate
foliage or for use against insects which are killed only by large
doses of poison, since it can be used upon plants in much stronger
solutions than any other food poiso'ns, without injury to the
foliage.

oO

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

The J. A. Blanchard Co., New York, N. Y., and the Bowiker
Insecticide Co. of Boston, Mass., offer this and other prepara-
tions for sale.

LIME AND WHITE ARSENIC.

White arsenic, one pound.

Lime, two pounds.

Water, two- gallons.

Slake the lime and then boil the ingredients together for one
hour. For use dilute with 300 gallons of water.

Additional lime in the solution may be necessary to prevent
burning of the foliage. Great care is necessary in the preparation
of this remedy.

FOR ALL SUCKING INSECTS— CONTACT INSECTI-
" CIDES.

Group 2. Comprises all the sucking (haustellate) insects
which insert their beaks into the leaf tissues, bark or fruit and
suck the juices. For these the following remedies are given:

“Black Leaf” Tobacco extract, a preparation used largely
for dipping sheep and cattle. Can be purchased in any of the
sheep growing sections of the state at about 90c per gallon retail.
It is very convenient and effective in use, one gallon of the
“extract” being sufficient to make 60 gallons of spray.

Kerosene oil, two gallons.

Laundry or whale oil soap, one pound.

Water, one gallon.

Dissolve the soap in boiling water and while still hot add
the kerosene, taking care to keep the latter away from the fire.

Agitate the mixture violently until it becomes a thick creamy
mass. If perfectly made will stand indefinitely without free oil
rising to the surface.

This will be found to be efficient for green aphis, wooly
aphis, red spider, mealy bugs and certain scale insects.

WHALE OIL SOAP AND QUASSIA CHIPS.

Boil for two hours one pound quassia chips in water.

Dissolve in warm water one pound of whale oil soap. Mix
the two solutions and use in six gallons of water.

Most effective, spray in summer for use against aphis.

: “BLACK LEAF” TOBACCO EXTRACT.

This is also a very good and cheap solution for all kinds of
aphis. Use in proportion of one gallon of the extract to 65 gal-
lons of water.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

61

LIME, SULPHUR AND SALT.

Lime, 15 pounds.

Sulphur, 15 pounds.

Salt, 15 pounds.

Water, 50 gallons.

Slake the lime thoroughly, add the sulphur, cover with
water and boil briskly for at least an hour. Then add the salt
and boil for 15 or 20 minutes longer. Add water to make 50
gallons.

Apply with considerable force through a coarse nozzle while
still warm. Experiments show that the salt adds nothing to the
efficiency of this spray.

Lump lime, 30 pounds.

Sulphur, 15 pounds.

Commercial caustic soda, 4 to 6 pounds.
Water, 50 gallons.

Slake the lime in the resuired vessel.

Hard soap (preferably whale oil), i pound.

Water, 8 to 10 gallons.

Strong tobacco decoction, i gallon.

Dissolve the soap in boiling water, add the tobacco decoc-
tion and dilute to 8 to 10 gallons.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR DORMANT PLANTS.

Bordeaux mixture is perhaps the most generally useful of all
spraying compounds. It is the principal remedy for fungus
diseases, is of some value as an insecticude, has a beneficial effect
upon the plants independent of its effects upon their insect and
fungus parasites and may be used for most purposes in place of
water in the preparation of the arsenical sprays.

Bordeaux for winter use may be made as follows :

Copper sulphate, 6 pounds.

Unslaked lime, 4 pounds.

LIME-SULPHUR-CAUSTIC SODA WASH.

TOBACCO.

FUNGICIDES.

Water, 45 gallons.

JUN d Jjfff

62

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR PLANTS IN FOLIAGE.

Copper sulphate, 4 pounds.

Unslaked lime, 6 pounds.

Water, 50 gallons.

For a stock solution dissolve any number of pounds of cop-
per sulphate (blue vitrol) in as many gallons of water by sus-
pending in a burlap sack, so’ that the sulphate just touches the
surface of the water. Keep the stock solution in a stoppered jar.
Use an earthen or wooden vessel in the preparation of Bordeaux
mixture as it will ruin a vessel of metal.

In some vessel slake slowdy five pounds of fresh lime, using
hot water, gradually adding water until a thin whitewash is
formed. Take four gallons of the copper solution and add to 25
or 30 gallons of water. To' this solution add through a strainer
the line whitewash as prepared, adding sufficient water to make
40 or 45 gallons, stirring vigorously the while. Keep the mixture
agitated while spraying.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE AS AN INSECTICIDE AND A

FUNGICIDE.

By adding one-quarter pound of paris green to each fifty gal-
lons of Bordeaux, the mixture becomes a combined insecticide
and fungicide. Or arsenate of lead may be added instead of paris
green — two or three pounds of the arsenate to fifty gallons of
Bordeaux. Arsenate of lead, called disparene, unlike paris green,
will not burn the foliage when applied in large quantities and it
'‘sticks’' better.

Preserving Fruits for Exhibition.

Fruits for preservation and show purposes should be put up
when very firm, and for at least 48 hours after being put into
the preservative fluid should be kept under a low temperature
and in a darkened room.

Following are some of the preservative formulas:

Formalin, i pint.

Salt solution, 2 pints.

Water, 17 parts.

When made up, the solution will keep indefinitely. Another
solution weaker in formalin has also been used here satisfactorily :
The proportions are ;

Formalin, 3 parts.

Salt solution, 10 parts.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

63

Water enough to make loo parts.

For Raspberries, the following mixture is recommended:

Formalin, i part.

Glycerine, lo parts.

Water, 89 parts.

Strawberries 'may be preserved fairly well in a saturated
solution of common salt, and better still in a fluid composed of
formalin, i ounce; alum, i drachm; glycerine, 5 ounces; water,,
3 pints.

Red Currants keep best in a solution of

Corrosive Sublimate, i part.

Glycerine, 10 parts.

Water, 90 parts.

The corrosive sublimate must be dissolved in hot water and
the solution and fruit preserved in it should be labelled poison,
as it is very deadly if swallowed.

The glass stoppers of bottles and jars may be made perfectly
tight by smearing the ground surface with a small amount of
light colored vaseline. This will also prevent in great measure
the stilking of the stoppers when it is desired to remobe them,,
according to B. O. Longyear, of the Agricultural College, Fort
Collins, Colorado.

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