T ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT ( OF THE - Montana State Board of Horticulture FOR THE YEARS 1919-1920 STATE of MONTANA Montana State Library 3 0864 1006 8800 4 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Montana State Library https://archive.org/details/biennialreporto1920mont_0 I iv a. \ • ' # •(. •% \ ' ' I I I / A C > ./^lSSOULIAf« * V I '* . , • i* •# ♦ / ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORl' OF The Montana State Board of Horticulture FOR THE YEARS -1919-1920 STATE of MONTANA Montana State Board of Horticulture HON. SAMUEL V, STEWART EX-OFFICIO MEMBER, HELENA W. J. CRISMAS FIRST DISTRICT, JOLIET T. T. BLACK SECOND DISTRICT, WHITEHALL ALLEN PIERSE THIRD DISTRICT, GREAT FALLS # v. FRED T. PARKER FOURTH DISTRICT, MISSOULA 0. M. GERER FIFTH DISTRICT HAMILTON ARTHUR V'. PLATT SIXTH DISTRICT, BIG FORK C. C. WILLIS SEVENTH DISTRICT, PLAINS FRED T. PARKER PRESIDENT J. C. WOOD STATE HORTICULTURIST LAURA B. ELLITHORP SECRETARY OFFICE, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING, MISSOULA CONTENTS I Recommendations 5 Estimated Budget 6 Present Horticultural Conditions 7 Financial Statements H Inspection Reports 12 Montana Licensed Nurseries 24 Montana Horticultural Inspectors 26 Fruit Tree Leaf-Roller (Slingerland & Crosby) 27 Control of Fruit Tree Leaf-Roller (Leroy Cliilds) 28 Colorado Leaf -Roller in the Bitter Root (T. K. Thompson) 33 Codling Moth Control in 1920 43 Spraying Program 47 Results of Use of Spray Pump in Kalispell (Roy Roush) 49 Montana Quarantines - 52 Quarantines 54 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of the State Board of Horticulture, Missoula, Montana, January 1, 1921. To His Excellency, Joseph M. Dixon, Governor of Montana, and To the Legislative Assembly of the State of Montana : In compliance with the provisions of Section 1932 of the Revised Codes of 1907, amended by the Twelfth Legislative Assembly, I here- with submit the Eleventh Biennial Report of the State Board of Horti- culture covering the years 1919 and 1920. Respectfully, J. C. Wood, State Horticulturist. ? ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT RECOMliENDATIONS. In the budget submitted to the State Accountant, as required by law, found on page 6 of this report, an increased appropriation is asked for. AA^e know that this will be necessary to adequately guard and take care of our horticultural interests. In 1911 the appropri- ation granted us by the Legislature was $13,500,00, which included $2,500 as salary for the State Horticulturist, and since that time we have had one increase of $500.00. During these ten years fruit grow- ing has become one of Alontana’s leading industries and our commer- cial apple production has increased more than fourfold; also our ex- penses, such as traveling, inspection, labor, material, and supplies of all kinds. The enforcement of all quarantine regulations, three of which are now in Iffect, has been placed with the Board. In 1919 we expended $1,000 on the eradication of the harmful barberries, but were unable to follow up the work in 1920 on account of lack of funds. If the quarantine against the alfalfa weevil is not rigidly enforced, it will bring disaster to the alfalfa growers of this state, and our present appropriation is inadequate to fully comply with its requirements. The codling moth is being allowed to become established in the commercial fruit sections of the state on account of lack of funds to enforce its control.. The Colorado leaf-roller has made its appear- ance, and already has resulted in great damage, and unless its rav- ages are checked bids fair to destroy the fruit industry of the Bitter Root valley, and our funds are insufficient to enforce control measures. Our horticultural law was framed to suit conditions as they ex- isted at the time it was enacted, but new problems have arisen, and in order to meet them our law should be so amended as to give the Board power commensurate with its added responsibilities. The question of the horticultural law will be taken up and discussed by the fruit growers at the annual meeting of the Montana Horticultural Society, to be held in Hamilton this month, at which time a committee will be appointed to recommend constructive changes. AVe bespeak for the recommendations of this committee the con- sideration due its members as representative fruit growers who know from practical experience and close study the needs and conditions of horticulture in Alontana. —5— 6 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT ESTIMATED BUDGET For 3IONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION OPERATION - Salaries State Horticulturist Secretary Inspectors Office Supplies and Expenses Postage - Stationery. Record Books and Blanks.... Sundry Office Supplies and Expenses.... Telephone, Telegraph Express, Freight. Drayage Traveling Expenses State Horticulturist Inspectors Board Members at Meetings Printing and Binding Publications Spraying General Supplies and Expenses Quarantines — : CAPITAL EXPENSES Furniture and Furnishings Machinery and Appliances Hand Tools and Petty Equipment REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS Machinery and Apparatus *Group Totals. INCOME Appropriation Horticultural Board Expenses Collections State Horticulturist Net Appropriation and Collections Used.. Appropriation Salary State Horticulturist Appropriation Salary Secretary 1921 *$34,800.00 * 31,850.00 * 21,300.00 3.000. 00 1,800.00 . 16,500.00 * 1,650.00 300.00 800.00 300.00 230.00 * 20.00 * 4,500.00 1.500.00 2.700.00 300.00 600.00 2.500.00 300.00 1.000. 00 * 2,850.00 200.00 2.500.00 150.00 * 100.00 100.00 1922 *$34,800.00 * 31,850.00 ■ * 21,300.00 3.000. 00 1,800.00 16,500.00 * 1,650.00 300.00 800.00 300.00 2.30.00 20.00 * 4,500.00 1.500.00 2.700.00 300.00 600.00 2.500.00 300.00 1.000. 00 * 2,850.00 200.00 2,500.00 150.00 * 100.00 100.00 ESTIMATED 1921 1922 $20,000.00 $20,000.00 10,000.00 10,009.00 $30,000.00 $30,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 1,800.00 1,800.00 $34,800.00 $34,800.00 PRESENT HORTICULTURAL CONDITIONS The horticultural law divides the state into seven horticultural districts as follows: The first district comprising the counties of Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweetgrass, Park, Carbon, and Rose- bud ; the second district comprises the counties of Gallatin, Madison, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and Clark, Meagher, Wheatland, and Broadwater ; the third district comprises the counties of Cascade, Fer- gus, Valley, Chouteau, Teton and Musselshell; the fourth district comprises the counties of Missoula, Mineral, Granite, Powell and Deer Lodge; the fifth district comprises the county of Ravalli; the sixth comprises the counties of Flathead and Lincoln ; and the seventh the county of Sanders. Counties formed since the law was enacted all remain in the district which included the original county. The Board of Horticulture, which is charged with the administra- tion of the horticultural law, is appointed by the Governor, one mem- ber from each district for a term of four years and all serving without pay. The governor is ex-officio a member of the Board. 1 he mem- bers from the various districts are chosen for their practical experi- ence in fruit growing and their interest and study in horticultural problems. The regular meetings of the Board are held on the third Monday in February and September and special meetings may be called when matters of importance are to be considered. The executive work of the State Board of Horticulture is under the direction of the State Horticulturist who is selected by the Board. Fruit; Inspection. All fruit entering the state or produced within the state is sub- ject to inspection with the exception of blackberries, cranberries, cur- rant, gooseberries, loganberries, raspberries, strawberries, bananas and pineapples. Melons, cantaloupes and tomatoes are also exempt from inspection. In so far as it is possible to do so, fruit is inspected at the distributing centers and at point of production. Butte, Helena, Great Falls, Billings, Havre, and Missoula are the points at which the greatest amount of incoming fruit is inspected. At these places carloads are received from the western states and distributed to nearby points. In the Bitter Root valley, the Missoula valley, the 8 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT Flathead lake section and parts of Carbon county locally produced fruit is inspected for pests and diseases before it is shipped. The railroads are forbidden by law to accept fruit for shipment before it has been inspected and passed as reasonably free from dangerously injurious pests and diseases. The insi)ection of fruit should be main- tained in ^Montana with such thoroughness that new pests and diseases will be kept from the fruit sections just as long as possible and in such manner that the consumers will be protected from inferior and worthless fruit. Xurserj' and Nursery Stock Inspection. The setting of fruit trees has been very small with the exception of home orchards. Very few commercial orchards have been planted within the last ten years, consecjuently only the older and well es- tablished nurseries are still operating. Nurseries within the state are inspected yearly and if the stock is found to be free from pests and diseases certificates of inspection are granted to the nurserymen. Very little stock is now grown in i\Iontana. iMost of the danger lies in nursery stock shipped into ^Montana and too careful watch cannot be kept on these shipments. Enforcement of Quarantines. The State of ^Montana at the present time is maintaining three quarantines which are printed elsewhere in this report. They are directed against the spread of white pine blister rust, wheat rust and the alfalfa weevil. All horticultural inspectors are charged with the enforcement of the quarantine provisions. This work naturally fits in with the frnit and nursery stock inspection and the inspection force is well organized to accomplish results. Orchard Insi>ection. Orchard inspection is maintained throughout the fruit-growing sections, the purposes of which are as follows: It enables the inspection service to keep track of the pests and diseases already present, to define the boundaries and to suggest methods of control. To enforce and supervise the spraydug of all orchards where dangerous insect pests or diseases are found. Diseases. The following report on diseases and pests mentions only those which are of greatest importance : MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 9 Apple Scab : This disease is prevalent throughout all the western portion of the state. It annually causes thousands of dollars’ worth of damage in misshapen and unsalable fruit. The past few years being dry and unfavorable to the development of fungus diseases but little damage has occurred but will return with wet seasons. Scab can be controlled by thorough spraying with lime-sulphur. Bacterial Blight: This disease has done much damage in past years but like the scab is more prevalent during wet seasons and for several seasons has caused little damage. The more susceptible va- rieties such as the Alexander and Transcendent crab have largely disappeared, and for that reason the blight may never return with the same violence as in the past. The only known remedy is by cutting out the diseased parts or removing entirely badly affected trees. Insect Pests. Blister Mite: Apple and pear trees are attacked by this insect and badly affected trees lose their leaves before summer is over. This insect is a microscopic mite which feeds within the leaf causing the characteristic browning of the leaves. The injury caused is worse during dry seasons than during rainy seasons. Bud Moth: The damage by the bud moth is increasing each season in unsprayed orchards. It can be easily controlled by arsenical sprays. Codling Moth : The codling moth is present in most of the cities and has been allowed to gain a foothold in nearly all of the orchard districts, except that of Flathead county. It can be controlled by spraying with arsenic of lead and in a number of instances has been completely eradicated. A campaign for eradication is planned for the coming spring. Ovster Shell Scale : This is the worst scale insect in the state. C/ It is not of much importance in well cared for orchards, but it is present in practically all old and neglected plantings. Mobile it is almost ever;yAvhere present it does not spread easily or rapidly from old to well cared for orchards. It can be controlled by thorough and persistent spraying. San Jose Scale: This is the most destructive of all scale insect pests but has not as yet been found in Montana orchards. The opin- ion is prevalent that it cannot exist in Montana climate but it is prev- 10 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT alent in states where the climate is more severe than ours and Ave should not rely upon climate, and inspectors are cautioned to prevent its being admitted on nursery stock or fruit. Leaf -Roller : The leaf-roller, AA^hich AA^as first brought to the notice of the fruit groAver three years ago, has rapidly increased until the past season much damage was done and unless brought under control AAull practically destroy the fruit industry of the Bitter Root valley. This insect is more fulty dealt with elscAvhere in this report. It can be controlled and steps are being taken to do so. Aphids; These sucking insects occur in practically all the or- chards and are of many different species. The green aphids which feed on the leaves and groAving tAvig tips are the most common, but in some places the Avoolly aphids, Avhich feed both on the roots and upper parts of the tree, are becoming established. The green aphids can- be controlled by spraying but satisfactory results in combating the AAmolly aphids are hard to secure. The total damage to the fruit crop is not alarming. There are many other insect pests of minor importance not enu- merated in this article but as they are doing little damage groAvers are not AAmrried about them. Advisorj" Work. Our inspectors in the fruit groAving districts are devoting much time to advisor}" Avork, as has been the cmstom in former years. They endeaA"or to visit each orchardist in their district and advise as to the proper methods in pruning, spraying, thinning, etc., and later give instructions, where needed, in picking, grading and pacldng the fruit. The work is resulting in much good and better methods are rapidly being developed by fruit growers from this service. FINANCIAL STATEMENT February 28, 1919 Receipts Regular Appropriation $11,500.00 Salary State Horticulturist 2,766.68 Salary Secretary 1,000.00 Horticultural Spray Tax 538.06 Nursery Tags Maintenance Account 1,510.48 Excess Inspection 803.81 Publishing Proceedings Horticultural .Society ^ 300.00 Fruit and Nursery Stock Inspection - 6,153.79 Spray Machinery and Supplies - 155.00 Nursery Licenses 550.00 $25,283.52 Disbursements Expenses Board Members at Meetings $ 399.83 Nursery Tags Traveling Expenses 967.45 Orchard Inspection and Spraying 5,377.50 Office Expenses 1,860.47 Publishing Proceedings Horticultural Society - 600.00 Salary State Horticulturist - 2,500.00 Salary Secretary 1,000.00 Fruit and Nursery S'tock Inspection 10,729.23 Special Services — - 273.15 Spray Machinery and Supplies - 1,303.27 In State Treasury — General Fund -24 In State Treasury — Salary State Horticulturist 266.68 $25,283.52 Financial Statement, December 31, 1920 Receipts General Appropriation - $ll,i)00.(X) Salary State Horticulturist - 2,;)00.00 Salary Secretary - l.oOO.OO Horticultural Spray Tax - Maintenance Account y,369.3i Office Expenses 106.92 Fruit and Nursery Stock Inspection 8,609.82 Spray Machinery and Supplies m CO -I < j- o h "to 00 i>- 0 1-H (M 00 <0 10 0 0 CD <£) CO 00 t> ^ LO oq Fees 0 rH tH CO 0 tH (Cq rH CTi tH OQ tH (dT se- 0^ CO 0 CS RO Ut) r-l cq rH 0 ^ T-l iO (M LiO cq cq Car Lot.. 1-H CO OT eg CD 0 ixi CO CD CO 0 cq LO LO 05 0 eo CTs eg eg c- LO Total LO oq 00 cr^ 00 CO LO Oi 00 CD ^D 00" ir- 1—1 CO iH 1— i CTi Ci 0 1—1 0 tH (Cq CO Miscel- oq cq laneous CD 0 0^ ^ Oi CD LO CD Grapes.— c- CD cq t>^LO 0 CO 1-H cq" 1— 1 Oi CO iH CD 1-^ oc eg 0 'T' .0 t- eg CD eg cq Lemons.. ID CTi ?D CTi (cq" th t-T 1—1 1— i oq TH CO 00 Ci 00 0 00 ei ^ CO 0 ID CD Oranges. 'cf' LD 1X5 00 CO 00 CD ^ ID LO 1—1 r-1 00 LO Ci LO (cq ■M Quinces.. Lxw W' LLJ 05 CO 0 Apricots. CTi ID LO tH 1-H co" rH cq (Di 10 CO CO 1— 1 1— 1 - 00 0 0 0 Ci I>- 00 Peaches.. CO oq u- cq iH CO 1-H 0 0 l>- Oi tH Ci CO cq Pears crTocTco (cq o' 1— 1 tH TT cq 0 CD CO 0 0 t-H 00 CO CO CO CD CO ID CO Apples.... 00 05 0 eg eg tH t- cq CD Q0> CO cq*' CD 05 00 eg CD tH 1-H tH I 1 » 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 < ■ ■ 1 1 ■ • 1 < ' H O DC \— G ^ +J +.1 -M IQ tn w VI VI ui 01 qPQpSgg m ’5 o h -1-1 ^ 'id 4:1 4!^ 43 ^ w G ;-, -M -(-> -1-1 1— I eg CO -rhi LO «0 t- 14 ELEVENTH BIENNIA LREPORT July I, 1918, to and Including Jime 30, 1919 MRSERl STOCK INSPECTED Approximate Variety Apples - - 14,362 Pears Peaches - - - Pliims-Prunes 2,279 Cherries - - 2,057 Apricots -- - - ^ Quinces - - - 6 Shade - - - 55,779 ( )riiameiitals - 52,637 Grapes - - 676 Strawl)erries 130,535 Blackberries - - 2,076 Raspberries — — - 10,203 Currants - 3,484 Gooseberries 1,990 Grafts 64 Seedlings - 12,283 Evergreens 2,764 Total 291,448 Number of car lots inspected- - - 8 NURSERY STOCK CONDEMNED On Account of Quarantine Quarantine Crown Gall No. 4 No. 2 Total Apples - 1,001 1.001 Raspberries - 675 675 Currants - - - 18 48 Gooseberries 43 43 Total..... 1,001 675 91 1.767 MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 15 Ci tH ai H On in M (-H in in o CO o s S b/3 .5 'S '3 T5 s c« © 3 •-5 CO I- o CE F (0 Q > m CO _j < H O h Ut) IC O LO LJti Ut) iO o O 05 Cvl 05 CTi lO fX) O 1^ Fees u- (>q IT- 00 th r-l 00 BO 00 Cq rH CO 00 CD C<1 tH CO g-reens- oq cq" rf LO CO LO t-H T— 1 00 Seedling CO Ol (cq 00 CO oq T— 1 Grafts.--- CD 05 o o r- 0 Goose- t-H O CO 00 CV) I:- i>- CO tH 05 05 berries. T— 1 T— ( CO 00 00 00 CO 00 Currants (^q LO Tf tH 1-H T—l co" T-i eg 00 (CQ o o CO Rasp- o 05 CD O O ^ (Cq Lo 05 o eg eg 0 (cq berries. eg LD 1— ( 0 1—1 OO T— 1 LO o CD cj:, LO CO C5 o IT- Black- CO O T— 1 lO T— * 0 beriies. T— 1 ccq" LO o o o o o 10 ,H LO lo eg o o CO Straw- 00 05 00 LO 10 berries. (>•" tH CO T-l oq tr- oq 0" CCI 1—1 o 1— 1 CD eg CD Grapes...- CO 05 CO T— t C-- CD CO -i-M eg CD uo t- CO -I-H 1-1 CO Oi na- (cq 05 05 CD mentals.. LO o’ r-l cq CO T— 1 LO eg 05 cx) CO o 05 rt- 05 OO CO tH IS- Sbade..... 1 CO O LO 0 CO LO CO LO LO Quinces- CD Apricots. T-t BO CO 05 eg CD 1-1 r-l o IS- rjl c— O LO lO CO LO Cherries. LO Tf T— 1 1— 1 0 oq" eg -'f CO o o o 05 Prunes iH ^ t- eg c- CD Plums o c^ cq t-H oq o CO CO 05 LO Peaches.. CO LO t>» CO o CO 05 Pears eg rH tH LO LO CO 00 1-H o o ^ 05 05 o (sq LO oo eg CD tH eg CD .-Ypples.... ^ TT* LO 00 CkJ CO Tf cq 1— 1 1—1 (0 jJ -;J ^ 4J +J rM f— ^ m m in in VI to u pQQQQQ Occ 4-1 .d 1— m C i- g_> g-i r-i eg CO ■y uo L-- 16 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT July 1, 1919, to and Including June 30, 1920. FRUIT INSPECTED Variety No. Boxes Apples - - - 517.766 Pears 42,642 Peaches — 219,902 Pruues-Plums - 50,599 Cherries - 3.400 Apricots ----- - 3.624 Quinces - - - - — - 210 Oranges - - - - 90,386 Lemons - - — 48,489 Crapes - 252,047 Miscellaneous - - 65 Total - -1.229.130 No. of car lots inspected - 1,525 No. cars Montana apples insfveeted — 350 FRUIT CONDEMNED On Account of San Oyster Codling Jose Shell Quar. IMoth Scale Scab Scale No. 4 Decay Totals Apples 5.780 43 757 7 • 4 6.591 Pears - - 33 33 Cherries 67 10 77 Lemons 1 1 Totals 5.813 44 757 7 71 10 6.702 MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICTTETURE 17 Q H Q ^Jl z M H M Cl? o e m rS C CO a _i o < h •t o os 1- 1-H OS 5 t- 00 LO T— 1 O CO (^2 00 CO C- l>- iH o ^ O CO CO 00 I-H oq’ Fees QO 05 LO CO 1— ( 0^ rH T—i oo €/?- OO rH C- cq ^ CO LC 'Tf LiO oq T— 1 (M Car Lot.- c* T— 1 UO TtH CO l>- o CO* oq oo CO lO C- T— t CQ Total CO 00 LO liO tH 05 CTi cr> CO 00 CO T-i (M ^ ^ (cq icg -f rH (M Quinces.- c> cq (cq CO (cq t— !M Apricots. •r-l iiO 05 (Cq" CD OO CO tH ^ o ^ ^ i-H o Cherries. T— 1 tH co" 00 O 05 cq 00 00 o 05 Prunes os O T-l ID Plums 05 cm" l> rH o (M rH ID os LfS OO us US (M LlO 05 05 O O os CO O to US 05 Peaches. ‘ LO 05 T-l 05" CO o cq tH t-H • 00 CD Apples... o o 1— 1 ffq os to to Its to I>- us os 03 cq CO rH - 4-J o H 18 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT July 1, 1919, to and Including June 30, 1920 NURSERY STOCK INSPECTED Approximate Var-iety No. Plants Apples 13,885 Pears 529 Peaches 297 Plums-Prunes 4,206 Cherries 3,273 Apricots 72 Quinces 16 Shade 23,855 Ornamentals 23,827 Seedlings 16.429 Grapes 882 Strawberries 156,331 Blackberries 4.969 Raspberries 15,864 Currants 3,426 Gooseberries 2.470 Evergreens 916 Miscellaneous 253 Total 271.500 Number of car lots inspected 7 2/3 Nl'RSERY STOCK CONDEMENED Quar. No. 2 Currants 12 Gooseberries 12 24 M KSERY STOCK INSPECTED July I, 1919, to and Including June 80, 1920. MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE CO 1“ o d: h □ > □ CO -J < h o h LO lO o o o o M TjH t-h 1^) O O IC OO T-i 00 CO rH 00 Fees LO r-l O ^ t-H t-H tH CD 09- O 00 iH OO LO O (cq CO i>- T-i CO c>- O th uo 00 CO oq o CO ID Totals.... iri io ^ oo io oo ^ 1-H ^ iH (M ^ tH (M Car Lots ClIK ^ T-1 OlICO u- CD CO Miscel- CO rH CM ID (M • laneous O O O ID Ci Seed- LO o o *' 1— 1 M CD oa O T-i 05 beri'ies- (m" (m" crs T— 1 r>- o O o 1-H O D - CO CO -iH CO (M !>• CO cd" LD 1-H LD O * ^ 00 OO (M T-l - :D O Orna- L— ^ CD CD ^ 1-1 M 1— 1 05 iD CC M 00 mentals. 02 C- CO 1—1 1-1 CO * 1— 1 CO CO cq c- LO 02 00 02 02 OCl 1— 1 CO Cherries. C£> lO 00 00 00 LO CO oq CO CO CD rH cq 1-H co" Prunes 02 LO CO o LO Ilf o CD ■ 42 cS F aj *2C |C 43 iS C4 42 ci Oa^KP^Qpq cS O' t-( 02 ;-i O o o o o 02 c a I- J/} O) ;=s H o FRUIT CONDEMNED MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 21 c 00 I- o o l::: X uc t- t- CO CO l- t- X o r- o\ X L't T— ' O X o 1^: ro O O} -f l::: OJ CO LO CO X 0^1 O X X CO CO Ol O O Cl CM X Cl X O lO tH T^^ 1—1 X CD CD CD O Cl O CO CO l'- O t- Q LO Cl CD O LO iM Cl O CO CD Cl CO X X Ol CO o t- Ol o X rH Ol XI Ol T-i ci.5 00 o o X 0^ ID t- Ol C-0 CD t- o LO oi Cl t- CD oi CD ID Tt1 CO I' 01 oi tH Cl Cl O l X r-i CO CO CO 0-1 LO O X Ttl rH Ol CD CO X L- CD O CD Cl t~ tH T- ! Ol CD D1 b- O Tt* b- ID tH Tt^ (M ^ Ol X X X a bo X D X D X 8 X cl CO , c bX) X 'H ^-1 q-| X X C D X o c X 'd ^ ao C-i , ai ^ > ' tL ' d C (C CO X a; «M CO D 2^ ^ ^ O X ^ •d Ax ft D A ft A! A— 'd ^ d o d X X ai ^ -s_- Sh CJ X X X X X X a; a; bc bo ai o o c CO c o d !-i ^ i-i d d d ft ft ft ^ d T-r^ rr. ^ ^ ^ :£ 5 CD a; - d o o DC A ^ g jC X X O -r^ ^ C d d o “ X ^ w (i;; a a X NUKSEKY STOCK 1NSI*K('TE1)— AFFKOXIMATE NO. OF PLANTS ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT »C Cl t- CO 00 OI a OI a -H a a 1C X a X OI w*' (3* 1- L- tH X X a- a OI L- l-C OI IxC 3 W X 10 OI OI 01 X X a X rtl Ttl X X OI Ol a X 00 a H X OI X X rH rH 1C rH OI OI i'- rH OI -t H X oi Ot) iO ot r- a a X 1C a X rf a a t- X CO CO X CO X IC I- LC l- X 0 X a X 1- 01 X tH OI 0 a 1C a OI -t a a tH 01 oi H OI OI a oi a X rH 1C OI rH rH rH CO rH rH a a a 01 X X w*’ a 1’ a OI rnaaaxaxaic a 'd a OI L- 1- tH 1C X a X la -fi a a X rfi rH ■X »c 00 X CO X H rH i- a rt 01 a tH tH ■CO rH CO ic a 1C 00 a 00 00 X rH rH -d r*^ OI OI tH OI 1C X a tH OI ■X OI X I- t- 1- 1- Wv a a a 1C X X X a a 3, vr 10 01 X CO 10 a a a I- X a 1C -t L- L 0 a O' rH a X a a 00 l- OI 1C 00 rH 00 ~v rH t- a X ^ CO 1C a 3 •r^ 01 -h a 01 01 r-^ rH -d , r-l •H cc 01 1C; 1C OI a a r-i a 00 CO ^ a 01 r-r -d 10 'H 00 a 1- X OI a a rH X 01 00 OI t-— '»-H X d CO w rH rH X OI X a a -0 00 a -t 00 1C 1C 1— < 01 rH 00 0 CC CO lO 00 X rH L- a X 1-1 X -t a 01 01 rH —( C^ r^ 10 r^ rH rH —1 Ct' 10 L-- X 0 0 r^. -f a 01 H a i'- 1- a OI 01 0 X 1- OI a 1C a t- a OI 01 1C r+l -H X X LC 0 CO Cl rH rH 0 a X X OI OI a a X 01 oi CO 00 a CO oi a 00 rH t'- X OI X r^ a X i- 01 X 01 tH a X rH tH X X l-C rH X X X X a a 1C OI X W*1 t- t- 0 01 04 rH rH CO rH l- X rH -h X O*' OI 01 a CO rH CO O tH tH 'd tH i- a W*’ 1- 1C CO rH a 'a ic 'H a a' LC 0 rH t-H OO Oi rH OI a 01 00 rH a rH CC; IC 3. CO 00 a a X GO rH LC 1C 10 w 'Jj a IC -V 00 OI OI 0 OI cc rH a X OI X cc X a X 00 01 -H a X tH rH nr CO 1C rH -t CO t — H a a a i- 1C LC T— ! OI rH rH CO cc ^ rl tH tH rH 0 X a 'M CO -C CC O r-i ^ Gt- ^ T-\ CO 0\ I- I- -y t- i'- hO CO CC' W 0\ I'- QC M -H rH Ci CO O’ Cl lO CO O OI 01 -LO O tH oi oi -M Cl »q 'O^ -H Cl t- CO" Cl GC CO* >0' of CO O C1‘ tH ^ T-l 'CC >0 O tH >0 C/j 10 Cl' CO T-J 00 00 OC Cl O 1C 00 1-H O tH 01 01 00 X’ tH OI CO I- Cl 00 IC tH 01 o o o rH I- -t l-C l'-_ >0 X CO o tH X oa 01 CO L'- of r4 Cl t'-” iH x" Cl’ Oi” L-' CO -K IC T-f tH Cl' X CO -f tH Cl ^ (01 X CO X CO 10 cc d <0 iJD <0 v: \ cc -h cc t- ict L': o i'- .ri iH 'CC LC Cl >o LC o LC Cl Cl Cl Cl X ot -f to Cl I- Cl Cl T— I Cl' Ci t- X Cl Ci cc CO I- Cl Cl rc EC 5 S tr. bi: bt cb be o O cS be 0 cb be o !-i (V t>. • r-( cb k ci be cb be be t;:? be tfjp O k +-J : o o o c c r' cb be • r-t »-H ^ w Cr -H 5-1 Cb cb I? cb o t: 0) cb be o p K' o o O 'r^ 5-1 cc rr, xf. m 'Ji Qi P oj ^ (-H '*r! ^ ♦w P k p ^ X P X p p p P 5i cb ^ p a a a X X X P P Qi X p p p p p p p p HHH 1 . 5-^ ^ o 0) 0^ o ci ^ ^ ^ a w w w ^ O) ^ ^ 0) ^ ;5h p a ^ cb P ri p X Cb p O s p o a a w a X X p p . ^ p p p p p a a a > a a c X X p Ob a -sj 'll a I— ( I— ( Vi X X X iX — p p p p p p p Cb 5i ^ p .-HEhH p p p a a a a X X X 24 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT MONTANA LICENSED NURSERIES Licenses Expiring June 30, 1919. No. Name Address oOS Albdiiy Niirserios ■ xVlbdiiy. Oregon 509 Hopper's Greeiilionse & Nur.sery Billings. Montana 510 Salem Nursery Co ....Salem. Oregon 511 Jewell Nursery Co Lake City. Minnesota 512 Oscar H. AVill & Co : Bismarck. No. Dak. 513 E. M. Sherman — — ....Charles City, Iowa 514 Northwest Nursery Co Valley City, No. Dak. 515 Clinton Falls Nursery Co Owatonna, Minnesota 516 Henry A. Dreer, Inc Philadelphia, Pa. 517 Stark Bro.’s Nursery & Orchard Co Louisiana, Missouri 518 Rose Hill Nursery ....Minneapolis, Minn. 519 Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House... Beatrice, Nebraska 520 Hankinson Nursery Co Hankinson, No. Dak. 521 Deerfield Nursery Co Medford. Minnesota 522 State Nursery & Seed Co .Helena. Montana 523 Gurney Seed & Nursery Co Yankton. So. Dak. 524 Farmers' Seed & Nursery Co Fairibault, Minnesota 525 R. M. Kellogg Co ......Three Rivers, Mich. 526 Oregon NurseiA' Co Orenco, Oregon 527 Missoula Nursery Co Butte. Montana 52S Howard Lake & ATctor Nurseries Howard Lake. Minn. 529 Missoula Greenhouse & Nursery Co. .Missoula, Montana 530 Home Nursery, Fred Inabnit, Prop Billings, Montana 531 Lake Avoca Nursery Butte, Montana 532 Northern Nursery Co Denver, Colorado 533 Englewood Nursery Co ,..Butte, Montana 534 Henry Struck Columbus. Montana 535 Vkashington Nursery Co Toppenish, Wash. 536 Toppenish Nursery Co Toppenish, AVash. 537 Yakima A^alley Nursery Co Toppenish, AA^ash. Licenses Expire June 30, 1920. 538 All)auy Nurseries Albany, Oregon 539 Hopper's Greenhouse & Nursery Billings, Montana 540 Northwest Nursery Co., 556—1921 Ahilley City, No. Dak. 541 State Nursery & Seed Co ....Helena, Montana 542 Jewell Nursery Co Lake City, Minnesota 543 Farmers’ Seed & Nursery Co Faribault, Minnesota 544 Stark Bro.’s Nursery & Orchard Co .....Louisiana, Missouri 545 Gurney Seed & Nur.sery Co Yankton, So. Dak. 546 Oscar H. AVill Co Bismarck, No. Dak. 547 Salem Nursery Co Salem. Oregon MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 25 No. 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 557 558 559 560 561 556 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 Name Henry A. Dreer, Inc - - Howard Lake & Victor Nurseries. Oregon Nursery Co - - Yakima Valley Nursery Co Billings Plant & Culture Co R. M. Kellogg Co Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House. Englewood Nursery Co. Missoula Nursery Co Missoula Greenhouse & Nursery Co. Toppenish Nursery Co Washington Nursery Co Home Nursery Company Address Philadelphia, Pa. Howard Lake, Minnesota Orenco. Oregon Toppenish, Wash. Billings, Montana ...Three Rivers, Michigan Beatrice, Nebraska Butte, Montana ...Butte, Montana Missoula, Montana ....Toppenish, Washington ....Toppenish, Washington Billings', Montana Licenses Expire June 30, 1921 Northwest Nursery Co Valley City, No. Dak. Albany Nurseries - Albany, Oregon Salem Nursery Co - - Salem, Oregon Oregon Nursery Co - Orenco, Oregon State Nursery & Seed Co — Helena, Montana Oscar H. Will Co - Bismarck, No. Dak. Jewell Nursery Co - Lake City, Minnesota Henry A. Dreer - - Philadelphia, Pa. Hopper’s Greenhouse & Nursery - - Billings, Montana Stark Bro.’s Nurseries & Orchard Co. Louisiana, Mo. Gurney Seed & Nursery Co Yankton, So. Dak. Missoula Nursery Co Butte, Montana Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House Beatiice, Neb. 26 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT MONTANA CITY Billings Columbus Glendive J oliet Livingston Miles City Park City Red Lodge Wibaux Bozeman Butte. 1039 Iowa Ave, Dillon Harlowton Helena Glasgow Great Falls Havre Lewistown Mondak Anaconda Missoula Hamilton Stevensville Big Fork Kalispell Poison Plains Plains HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT NO. 1 COUNTY Yellowstone Stillwater Dawson Carbon Park Custer Stillwater Carbon Wibaux DISTRICT NO. 2 Gallatin Silver Bow Beaverhead IVbeatland Lewis and Clark DISTRICT NO. 3 Valley Cascade Hill F ergus Sheridan DISTRICT NO. 4 Deer Lodge Missoula DISTRICT NO. 5 Ravalli Ravalli • DISTRICT NO. 6 Flathead Flathead Flathead DISTRICT NO. 7 Sanders Sanders INSPECTORS INSPECTOR Algeo, Ned Kucera, James Alible, C. P. *Crismas. W. J Garvan, .Jno. A. Ames, Truman Bessette, J. E. Chapman, L. P. Parker, J. R. Fossum, .J. A. Newnes, J. T. Ruerup. J. H. Malcolm. S. H. Whitbread, A. H Decker. Walton Trump, E. F. Dodge. C. H. Newcomb, A. S. Kelly, M. J. Fox, Edwin Shovell. W. L. Jones, Arthur E. *Platt, A. V. Roush, Roy Behrns, Mrs. A. Putnam, W. F. *Willis, C. C. *Board Members. FRUIT TREE LEAF ROLLER Copied from Manual of Fruit Insects by Slingerland and Crosby. Recorded as common throughout practically the whole of the United States, this insect is one of the most destructive of the leaf- rollers infesting fruit trees. It has been especially injurious in the orchards of New York, Missouri and Colorado, attacking apple, pear, cherry, plum, apricot, quince, rose, currant, raspberry and goose- berry, besides about a dozen different kinds of forest trees ; curiously enough peaches seem to be exempt from attack. It is thus a very general feeder and it sometimes strips fruit trees and ruins many of the young fruits. The eggs are laid in June on the bark of the twigs in small, flat, light brown, or grayish patches, each patch containing about 150 eggs and covered with an impervious gtimmy substance. The winter is passed in the egg stage. The caterpillars hatch about May 1, and enter the opening buds, where they roll and fasten the leaves loosely together with silken threads into a nest within which they feed. After the fruits set, they are often included in the nests and ruined by the caterpillars eating large irregular holes in them. The caterpillars get their growth in 2 or 3 weeks, and are then about | of an inch long, light green in color with the head, legs and thoracic shield varying from brown to black. About ten days are spent as a brown pupa in a delicate silken web or cocoon in the nest early in June. The moths emerge, and soon lay the peculiar patches of eggs on the bark, thus completing the life-cycle of the single annual generation of this leaf-roller. The pretty little moths, measuring about f of an inch across the expanded wings, vary considerably in coloring and markings. The front wings are rust-brown in color, marked with bands and spots of very pale yellow. A number of hymenopterous parasites attack this leaf-roller. Toads often eat many of the cater- pillars that drop from the trees, and red-winged blackbirds are ef- ficient enemies in Colorado. MEANS OF CONTROL The leaf-roller has been found a difficult insect to control by ordinary spraying with arsenical poisons. Recent work in Colorado has shown, however, that over 95 per cent of the eggs can be destroyed by one thorough application of a miscible oil, one part in 19 parts of water, made early in the spring while the trees are dormant. —27— THE CONTROL OF THE FRUIT TREE LEAF ROLLER By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Pathologist, Hood River Branch Experi- ment Station. (This article is cut from a paper on “The Life History and Control of the Fruit Tree Roller” presented by Mr. Childs at the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association, held at Spokane on December 13 to 17, 1920. Only the portions relating to control are herein reprinted. ) You are probably more interested in the control of the leaf- roller than in the discussion of its life history. The control of the pest is not easily obtained. The habit of the insect, tying the leaves together and spinning about them a protective web makes it difficult to get at the worms with a contact spray or apply a poison to the surfaces upon which they are largely feeding. Early spring spray- ing with miscible oils is also accompanied with many difficulties, chief of which is unfavorable weather condition occurring at the time applications should be made. For the most part, endeavors towards effecting control have been along, three lines ; poisons and contact sprays, such as arsenate of lead and black leaf forty applied to destroy the young worms after they have hatched, and oil sprays directed towards the destruction of the eggs and applied to the trees in the spring before, hatching takes place. Extensive experimental work along all of these lines has been carried out in New York, Colorado and in Oregon, and in the final analysis of this work results have been much the same, namely, that after the insects hatch, control from the standpoint of reducing the percentage of damaged fruits has been unsatisfactory. The causes for the failure of poison and contact sprays in de- stroying this worm are probably two-fold. First, that the insect is highly resistant to poison, and second, due to its habit of folding and tying the leaves in such a way as to prevent the thorough coat- ing of a large proportion of the foliage upon which the insects are feeding. I believe that it can be safely stated that no present known insecticide can be applied after the worms have hatched and ac- complish a benefit which would Avarrant its use. Some protection from complete defoliation is, hoAvever, accomplished, and applications of arsenate of lead would be of some value to reduce this. Oil emulsions of various kinds, including kerosene, distilate, car- —28— MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 29 bolic acid, crude and more refined heavy oils have been used and results noted in various sections of the country, as agent employed for the destruction of the eggs. In summarizing this work it may be stated that applications possessing greatest merit have invariably been those emulsions made from rather heavy refined types of oil. Light oil emulsions, such as kerosene or distilate, are much too volatile to effect killing. The oil either evaporates too quickly or fails to penetrate the egg masses sufficiently to prevent hatching. In some of the work carried on at Hood River we found more eggs hatching on trees sprayed with an 18% kerosene emulsion than on the unsprayed check trees, indicating, of course, that no benefits were derived from the application. Unfortunately, under certain conditions at least, the mere fact that a thorough application of oil has been given, does not always insure successful control of the leaf-roller. This has been discour- aging to some growers who have had unfortunate results. The causes that bring about irregular results are not altogether known at the present time. However, the more important factors involved are weather conditions, chiefly that of temperatures and rainfall at the time of or immediately following applications of the spray. In 1915 at the time our first work with miscible oil was undertaken at Hood River, weather conditions for obtaining good results were ideal. So good were these results that we felt confident that control was only a matter of thoroughness of application. Since that time numerous variations in results have occurred both in the experimental work and in orchards that have been under the observation of the writer for the past 5 years. Tests carried on during this time have shown conclusively that rain immediately following applications invariably greatly reduces the percentages of eggs that would ordiparily be killed by sprays favorably applied. This is probably du^ to the fact that a portion of the oil is removed and insufficient amounts of the material re- main to accomplish desired results. In connection with these ob- servations, it appears to be a fact that greater strengths of the emul- sion—say 8 to 10 gallons of the oil to 100 gallons of water— give better results than does a 6 per cent emulsion applied under the same conditions. Rains often following oil applications even as late as two or three days have been observed to materially effect control, while on the other hand complete results have been obtained with 30 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT rain falling as soon as twenty-four hours. We do not know just why this condition should occur but it seems to indicate that temperature is involved and perhaps the stage in the development of the eggs. It seems quite logical to believe that eggs could be more easily destroyed in some stages of their incubation than in others. These are prob- lems that we are working on at the present time. • The particular brands or makes of oil, which may be used to best advantage in leaf-roller control have been largely discussed — chiefly by the various manufacturers. Each and all believe that their partic- ular brand is the ideal spray and they are probably entirely honest in this belief. We find that the eastern manufacturer boosts his product because it is made from a paraffin base oil; the westerner talks his up on account of the fact that it is made from an asphaltum base. In the final analysis probably neither can help himself, as they undoubtedly have to use the oil available in the particular sec- tions from which to make their spray. As far as our experimental work goes — and it seems to have been found in other sections- — either type of oil will give the same results if applied at the same strengths under similar conditions. Growers should remember, however, that the oil spray is a specific, benefits from which application are quite definitely confined to certain orchard pests and can not be used as a cure-all as often represented in advertisements. As has been stated before, light oils have not proved effective. The requirements of an oil which will give maximum results under all conditions are not known at the present time. Most of the work that has been done with lubricating oil has been with oils running in specific gravity from 28 to 22 degrees Beaume. The most consistent results obtained in the control of the leaf-roller seem to point to the fact that a 22 degree oil can be used more effectively than a 28 de- gree oil. Based upon our earlier results with miscible oils, a recommenda- tion of 6 gallons to 100 gallons of water was made. However, since the other factors which have been discussed appeared — and mate- rially effecting results — our recommendations have been increased to an 8 to 100 mixture. The results obtained during the past two years by Hood Biver growers point to the fact that much more con- sistent results are attained with this strength than was true of the weaker dilution. Regardless of the factors which have just been discussed adding MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 31 to the difficulties of control the most important circumstance that has come to our attention with reference to incomplete control has been due to poor spraying or the failure on the part of the orchardists to use sufficient spray on each tree. It has been my observation that poor spraying is responsible for at least 75% of the failures reported by growers. Contrary to the common belief it is very difficult to cover every part of the tree with the spray. Spray must be wasted to accomplish this and it is right here where many growers fall down. In procuring control of the leaf -roller the average orchardist is up against a more serious problem than he realizes. As has been stated before, it is not an uncommon occurrence to find a tree pos- sessing from 100 to 200 egg masses or between 5000 to 10,000 eggs. Under ordinary conditions 95 to 98 per cent of these eggs hatch into very hearty eating young worms. Often trees in badly infested cen- ters have present many more eggs than this. These eggs are scat- tered over the entire tree with the exception of the last season’s growth and in order to cover these with spray every portion of the tree must not only be sprayed but drenched with oil. Our study of the prob- lem shows that growers who obtain effective control year after year use the spray in the following proportions per tree: At 11 years, 4.1 gallons of spray; at 12 years, 4.5 gallons; at 13 years, 5.6 gallons, or an increase of about a gallon a tree per season. This observation has not been noted on trees older than 17 years. Trees, of this age require 8 gallons of spray. If much less material than this is used good results can not be expected. From personal observation I know that the first experiences of most orchardists in the use of oil for the control of this insect has usually been accompanied with but partial or poor results — and this to a very large degree has been the result of poor spraying. Most of our growers have learned the need of extremely thorough work, by experience, and not from the advice given them. If you can reap the benefit of their experience and the advice that has been given it will save you 'much money,' for the oil spray is expensive, and es- pecially so when control is not obtained. My advice to you is thoroughness of application above all things else. You will get better results by spraying half of your orchard right than all of your orchard poorly. Many miscible oils now on the market are good products and can be emulsified with little trouble. The best procedure in the preparation of the spray is as follows: 32 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPOBT Thoroughly rock the barrel before drawing off the oil. The in- gredients are liable to separate if allowed to stand undisturbed. This will insure uniformity. Draw off the required amount of oil for the tank and mix with equal parts of water, stir until a thick, white emulsion is produced. If this does not take place immediately, add a little more water. Place this in the tank with the agitator running and fill the tank with water. The best time to make the applications can not be definitely stated. Get the spray on during clear warm Aveather if possible. The oil can be used safely up to the time the buds begin to burst. At this period the spray is very beneficial in destroying brown and green aphids and I have found it much superior to tobacco for this purpose. Remember above all things that thoroughness of application is the most important factor involved in the control of this pest. If you religiously follow this practice excellent control can be expected. COLORADO LEAF-ROLLER IN THE BITTER ROOT VALLEY (Cut from a paper presented by R. K. Thompson of Darby, Montana, at the Sixteenth Annual meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Asso- ciation held at Spokane, Washington, on December 13 to 17, 1920. The two paragraphs giving the life history of the leaf-roller have been inserted.) In the spring of the 1919 I noticed for the first time the effects of the Colorado leaf-roller in my orchard. On investigating different parts of the orchard I found an egg mass on a tree here and there and occasionally three or four. At the time of discovery it was too late to control the insect even had I known what to do. During the spring and early summer the damage done by the insect over the orchard as a whole was not severe. The leaves were curled on a few trees here and there and some apples were damaged. However, one tract of about forty acres was more severely damaged than the rest of the orchard. Here the foliage of nearly all the trees showed the work of the leaf-roller. A¥hen the moths appeared they were very numerous in. this block and spread over an area of about four hundred acres plastering the trees with egg masses. Many trees showed two or three hundred egg clusters. Distribution I endeavored to learn all I could about the insect and found that the Colorado leaf-roller is an old and widespread pest. It was described as early as 1863 and occurs in New York, New Jersey, Georgia, Mis- souri, Texas, New Mexico, California, and Colorado, and has more recently spread to Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The outbreaks in the East and Southwest have not been serious, but in the West the outbreaks' have been very serious, especially in Colorado, where it appeared in 1891. In Fremont County, according to Pro- fessor List of that state, it has threatened to destroy the fruit in- dustry and the growers are still fighting it. The sudden and rapid growth of the leaf-roller in the Bitter Boot Valley in 1919 was prob- ably due to the dry, hot weather of that spring and summer and of the two preceding years. Under similar weather conditions we might expect further outbreaks. Life History The leaf-roller begins its life cycle in the egg stage during the The egg masses are glued to the twigs, limbs and trunks —33— summer. 34 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT Photo made in .Inly of a liitler Root oT'chai'd comp lcl( ly dc foliated hy tlui work of the le:i f-roller- kirva. MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTT^RE A close up view of a single tree showing the white egg masses and the webs made by the larvae in their movement from one part of the tree to anotheit Photo taken in July. 36 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT of the trees and pass the winter in this condition. The following spring when the trees are well in leaf the eggs begin to hatch. At blossoming time the worms move into the blossoms, causing the flow- ers to drop so that badly infested trees set no fruit even though they blossom heavily. Until after midsummer the worms continue to feed on the leaves rolling them up into nests and where numerous, completely defoliat- ing the tree. Toward midsummer the worms change to pupae ’within the leaf nests and from these emerge as moths after midsummer. The moths then lay their eggs in patches on the trees to produce a new generation of worms the following spring. Severity of Attack The severity of the attack on about one hundred acres of our orchard, I believe, has not been equaled, even in Colorado. In this block the larvae were abundant and not only destroyed all the fruit but absolutelv defoliated the trees so that all that remained was naked branches and the brown remnants of leaves. After the supply of green leaves was gone the worms svuing loose from the tree and let themselves to the ground by means of their web. There they at- tacked evervthing green, including the weeds in the cultivated fields or t/ O C-? 7 alfalfa where it was growing as a cover crop. Remedies In the summer of 1919 when I realized the seriousness of the pest I turned to the remedies. I found that the most effective spray used against it in Colorado was Scalecide, and this had also been used with good results in New York. In Hood Eiver, ]Mr. Childs was using a western oil successfully, namely, Durmoil, manufactured in Hood River. Owing to the difficulty of securing the eastern oil in any quantity last spring, I decided on a western oil and finally bought Sherwin-Williams Spray Mulsion. Spraying Our spring was very backward and we did not start spraying until the 9th of April, and the records show that during April we sprayed the following full days: 9th, 13th, 18th, 19th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 26th, 29th. On several other days we made a start but found conditions were not satisfactory and stopped. The days between the dates mentioned were too wet from rain or sleet. During this spray- MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 37 ing period, especially at the start, the mornings were cold and some- times ice had been formed during the night. We used the Spra Mulsion, with the exception of the first day, on the basis of seven gallons of oil to one hundred of water. We sprayed with Hiardie and Bean sprayers at a pressure of 300 pounds, although at times on some of the older sprayers the pressure was not maintained. We used guns and the spraying was thoroughly done and Bie trees soaked. About two hundred and fifty acres were sprayed during April from the first car of Spra Mulsion. The result was negligible ; few, if any, egg masses were killed. This section was the most seriously affected in 1919 and I sprayed it first to be sure it would be covered. There was a delay of a few days in shipment, and the second car of Spra Mulsion arrived the 4th of May, and we started again and continued until the 10th without interruption, the weather remaining warm and clear and ideal for spraying. One hundred and fifty acres were covered during this time. About ninety before the leaf buds had opened and sixty while they were opening and the young leaves appearing. The eggs began hatching shortly after the 10th, but we stopped spraying because of the spray injury to the young foliage, as the leaves suffered considerable damage, although after- ward new leaves pushed out and the trees recovered. At this period we used the Spra Mulsion on the basis of eight gallons to one hundred gallons of water, and secured much better results. On the ninety acres we obtained about 50% kill, although this was by no means a control, and both fruit and foliage suffered severe damage. The sixty acres gave the best results, and we showed from 50% to 75% kill. This saved our fruit and prevented serious leaf damage from the larva. Conclusions From the foregoing results it would appear that weather con- ditions and the time of spraying relative to the time of hatching are important factors as well as the strength of the mixture. I am of the opinion that I should have used a very strong mixture in the early spraying, possibly ten to twelve gallons of the Spra Mulsion to each one hundred gallons of water, and even then it might have been 'neces- sary to have sprayed a second time when the rain occurred during a period of a couple of days following the application. The results obtained by my neighbors using the oils were no better than my own. 38 p]LEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT Painting I noticed that on comparatively young trees most of the egg masses were deposited on the trunk and main branches. I conceived the idea of painting these egg masses with full strength oil and secured control over sixteen hundred acres in that manner. Priming Another plan which we tried successfully was a severe pruning and heading back of the tree to increase its vigor and simulate its leaf growth, and thus Enable it to withstand the attack of the worms. A block of one hundred acres of orchard most severely dam- aged by the worms in 1919 was so pruned. This orchard was part of the two hundred and fifty acres sprayed early and wdthout results, and consequently had an abundance of worms, but the trees were able to put out leaves faster than the worms could eat them, and as a result were not defoliated and came through in fair shape. Trees not heavily pruned were defoliated, and although they put forth a second crop of leaves they were so weakened we cannot expect any fruit for at least another year and perhaps longer, and I doubt if they would recover at all from a similar attack this year. Arsenate of Lead After failing with the oil I tried arsenate of lead. Four pounds of the dry powder to one hundred gallons of water at the time the flower buds were beginning to separate and up to the pink stage. I found many dead larva in the bud clusters and believe the spray helped control the larva in their early stage of work on the flower buds as other parts of the orchard not sprayed showed the flower buds woven together and eaten, \vhich was not the case where I had sprayed. I also put on a pink scab spray of lime-sulphur, and used arsenate of lead with it and obtained similar results. f From my experience 'I doubt that it would pay to put on an arsenic spray for leaf-roller alone ; although I think it is of advantage in combination with lime-sulphur for a pink scab spray. Paris Green . Growers near Spokane tried last summer to control the leaf- roller -with paris green. Even when used at such strength that fhe foliage was severely burned and the nozzlemen could not stand the burning of the spray on their hands and faces the worms were not all killed and it had to be given up. MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 39 What Bitter Root Is Doing and What We Have Learned Checking up the results of our first spraying season against the leaf -roller we found they were far from satisfactory, and that wo must undertake a study of the oil sprays offered and the time and strength of application before we can hope to improve. Professor J. R. Parker of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, came to our valley this summer to undertake experiments and aid us in the fight. He made a collection of the leading oil sprays and has sprayed a tract of the orchard with each brand of sprays. This spraying was done a short time ago and the results will be cheeked by taking branches with the egg masses upon them and starting them to grow in the greenhouse. Under these conditions the eggs not destroyed by the spray will hatch. OILS Sherwiii-Waii ams This oil contains 27% water, 2% of Phenols, 7% soap and 62% of mineral oil and dead coal tars. The mineral oil is composed of 75% of kerosene or of the kerosene type of oil. Mr. Parker be- lieves the oil contains too much water and the oil is not heavy enough. Mr. Host, of the Sherwin-Williams Company, gives the following analysis of their oil ; 27 inert matter water Phenols 6% Minerol oil 58% Dry soap 9% No coal tar and had this to say after visiting the orchards this summer in the Bitter Root and in Washington: Sherwin-Williams Spra Mulsion ‘M find that miscible oils of the same type as Spra Mulsion are the most effective in controlling the leaf-roller. They penetrate the egg masses better than any other sprays and prevent the hatching. The carbolic acid contained in some of the sprays is very active and destructive to the eggs. It is quite evident that these oils should be used at a greater strength than generally recommended, and we are changing our recommendations for Spra Mulsion, and now advise its 40 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT use at the rate of 4 or 5 gallons to the 50 gallons of water. The spray should, be applied prior to, but as near the hatching time of the eggs as possible. Favorable weather conditions at the time of appli- cation and several days following are essential to good results, and under no circumstances should spray be applied during cold, rainy, sleety weather. It requires several days for the oil to penetrate the egg masses and if rain falls before this is accomplished another spray- ing should be made. DurmoU of Hood River Durmoil, the oil manufactured by Mr. Olmstead of Hood River, contains 8% water, 3.6% of dry soap, 4% of phenols and 82% of mineral oil of a lubricating type. Mr. Olmstead believes the phenols are a very active agent in the destruction of the egg. His oil has been used very successfully in Hood River and other parts of Oregon for the control of the leaf- roller. He advocates its use on the basis of eight gallons to one hun- dred gallons of water. California Spray Chemical Company Mr. R. Vickery of the California Spray Chemical Co. has this to say of the two oils manufactured by their concern for the control of the leaf-roller : ‘ ‘ In order to kill insect eggs it is necessary to have light fractions to penetrate the eggs, and heavy fractions to keep the light fractions of the petroleum from evaporating too rapidly. This crude oil emul- sion is therefore made of a 23 degree Beaume Natural Crude Oil, fresh from the wells and contains the desired fractions. For the leaf -roller we use the emulsion at the rate of one gallon of emulsion to four or five of water. ‘‘Years ago we came to the conclusion that a better distillate oil spray could be made than the miscible oil. The miscible oil was too expensive and separated into oil and water in the presence of the cal- cium or the Magnesium Salts contained in hard water. For this reason we made our distillate emulsion. We intend this winter to put this out in paste form, so as to increase the oil contents to 90'% and reduce the freight. This is more distillate oil than is contained in any miscible oil. Our sample contains 66% distillate and should be diluted at the rate of one gallon of emulsion to six gallons of water. ’ ’ MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 41 Dormant Soluble Oil, General Chemical Company Mr. Foster of the General Chemical Company writes the follow- ing of their Universal Dormmnt Solnble Oil; ‘ Mt contains over 80% of mineral oil known as the lubricating distillate type which is much heavier than kerosene.” His agent at Missoula adds 2% Phenols and some dry soap. Their comments on the Fruit Tree Leaf-Roller are as follows: “The pest can be and is most successfully controlled by the use of an oil spray during the winter season when the tree is entirely dormant. “It should be applied during clear wieather. when the trees are dry and when the weather is reasonably warm. Do not spray the trees while the temperature is near or below the freezing point. If any considerable amount of rain occurs within five or six days after the trees are sprayed the application should be repeated. “It is most desirable to use the Dormant Soluble Oil at the rate of 12 gallons for each 200 gallon tank of spray.” Scalecido kir. Pratt, a manufacturer of Scalecide, the eastern oil, gives the analysis of Scalecide as follows : Water 7% Phenols - 0 Drv Soap 0 Mineral oil 70% Vegetive oil 20% Alkali 1% Naphaline 2% “We use the Sulphonated Vegetable Oil as an emulsifier; in other words, corn or cotton seed oil with sulphiiiic acid and neutral ized makes a fine soluble oil. “We use a special distillate carrying as much of the native sul- phur as possible and also prefer an asphaltum base oil because there is little or no sulphur in the parafine oil. (We have always been led to believe the superiority of an eastern oil over a western oil was the parafine base of the former.) I do not believe that the dif- ference in affect is due to the mineral oil, but to the vegetable oil, 20% of which is compound. We advise the use of the material in 42 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT the spring of the year, just as the insects are hatching, or rather just before they hatch.” Mr. Pratt states that Scalecide acts within an hour, and if Scalecide is applied the egg masses are destroyed in spite of a rain, unless it falls within an hour of the application. Comparison Material From a comparison of the material of the oils used in the dif- ferent brands we find that Hood River, General Chemical, Scalecide and one oil of the California Chemical Company, are of the distillate lubricating t}T>e. Sherwin-Williams uses the kerosene type, while one oil of the California Chemical contains both. We find that three western brands contain phenols and soap. Scalecide does not. Amounts Used in Mixtures As to the mixtures. General Chemical and Scalecide advocate six gallons to the one hundred of water. Hood River eight gallons, Sherwin-Williams, eight to ten, and California Chemical, fourteen to twenty. Time of Application Sherwin-Williams and Scalecide advise spraying as late in spring as possible. General Chemical advise winter spraying when weather is not freezing. Sherwin-Williams and General Chemical advise spraying in clear weather and to put on a second spray in case of rain following the spray within five or six days. Scalecide on the other hand, acts at once. From the summaries it appears that the grower has several factors to take into consideration in making his selection of an oil. I have not mentioned price as that is subject to changes in various localities. As I stated before, we are waiting to make a selection after Professor Parker has advised us of his results. CODLING MOTH CONTROL IN 1920 The present State Horticulturist took office February 1, 1920. At that time, from the best information available, the codling- moth ex- isted in the City of Missoula, where it had been present for many years and had been slowly spreading in ever}- direction until checked by natural barriers. Control measures had been adopted by the State Board of Horticulture in former years, but from lack of sufficient equipment and co-operation of the citizens it was decided to forego any further attempt in Missoula the present season and to confine our labors to the commercial orchards. A spraying campaign was organ- ized in the two principal apple growing districts adjoining the city, namely, the Rattlesnake and Orchard Homes. An inspector was placed in these two districts to direct and supervise the work, with the result that wormy apples in the sprayed orchards were reduced to the mini- mum. In some of the orchards sprayed no wormy apples were found. As these districts are composed of small tracts, and no one individual possessing sufficient acreage to justify the expense of owning a high power pump, the state placed two pumps at their disposal, making a charge sufficient to cover maintenance. The City of Kalispell, Flathead County, and the City of Hamilton, Ravalli County, were each reported to be infested with the codling moth. Investigation showed that both infestations were of recent years. As these two cities were each in the center of commercial fruit districts, it was decided to make, an effort to control the outbreak in these two towns. The City of Kalispell, through the influence of the State Board of Horticulture, purchased a high power spray pump and turned it over to the Beard to operate. This was badly needed, not only for the fruit trees, but for the boulevard trees also, which were seriously infested with aphis. Elsewhere in this report is an article by Roy Roush, Horticultural Inspector for this district, in which he gives the results of his campaign for the control of the codling moth in Kalispell. See page 47. One pump is inadequate to cover the City of Kalispell, and one of the pumps now owned by the state which can be spared from another section should be placed in Kalispell. , In the City of Hamilton, six fruit growers who own small orchard tracts in the suburbs were induced to contribute toward the purchase of a high power pump for this town, which was also turned over to the State Board to operate. The extent of the codling moth in- —43— 44 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT festation was greater than we knew, consequently there was not suf- ficient territory sprayed, and the results obtained, for this reason, were disappointing. AVe hope the coming season to put on a wider and more complete campaign, and shall make every effort to eradicate the moth from the City of Hamilton. No effort or expense should be spared in this work, as Hamilton is in the center of the largest fruit growing district in the state. A power pump purchased by the City of Helena was placed in charge of H. S. Alalcolm, green fruit inspector of that place, to operate. He reports good results obtained from its use. Outside of the four cities mentioned, we had information of two other districts where the moth was present. One of these districts contained approximately 50 acres. A state owned pump was placed in this block under the supervision of Air. A. E. Jones, one of our in- spectors, with the result that from a very bad infestation the num- ber of wormy apples and larvae found were reduced to the minimum, to be exact, 11 in number. The same plan followed the coming year should result in a complete eradication of the codling moth from this section. The other district, known as Home Acres, contained an aggregate of 150 acres of orchard. AVe also placed a state pump on this work, under the supervision of Air. AV. L. Shovell, District Inspector. The trees were thoroughly sprayed twice and follov’ed up with a system of banding. In this block, which was also badly infested in 1919, from all appearances the codling moth was completely eradicated. Not a wormy apple was found nor a cocoon of the moth under any of the bands. I do not believe it will be necessary to repeat the spraying pro- gram in this district next year. Unfortunately, upon closer investigation, the past summer we found many other orchards infested with the codling moth, seme to only a slight degree, while others to an extent that indicates the moth has been present for a number of years without the State Board hav- ing any knowledge of it. This makes it rather discouraging, for the reason that it is impossible for the state to supply sufficient pumps, and crews to operate them, to eradicate the moth from the Bitter Root valley. Consequently, if the work is done, and the State Board shall insist that it be done, it will have to be done by the owners themselves. Our present law is inadequate to force the spraying in every instance, and the only recourse we have where the owner refuses to spray is to do the work for him and charge the expense up as a tax against the MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 45 property. Unless we can have onr law amended so as to impose a more severe penalty on those refusing to follow the advice of the Board, the codling moth will spread so that in a few years it will be present in every orchard in the Bitter Rcot valley. The immense damage done each year by the codling moth, where it has become established in other states, and the cost to the grower in combating it would justify the state in taking extreme measures in an effort to eradicate it before it becomes thoroughly established. This, I believe, is possible, as it has been proven that the control of the codling moth in Montana is much easier than in some states where the seasons are longer and warmer and where several broods appear each year, while here we have but one and, perhaps, a partial seconcf. Our cold winters as well as our short, cool summers also help to reduce its number. From a careful inspection of the trees in Missoula the past winter, it was found that practically all of the codling moth larvae that were above the snow line were winter killed, and, as the majorit}^ of them are found above the snow line, beneath the rough bark, the number of the first brood is greatly reduced. PRODUCTION Commercial apple growing in Montana has been established on a firm basis, the production this year being the largest in its history. There has been approximately 500 full cars marketed, with from 40 to 50 cars disposed of by local shipment. The returns for the apple crop this year were in excess of three-quarters of a million dollars. While other states of the northwest were meeting with difficulty in disposing of their apples at prices greatly reduced from that received last year, Montana iNlcIntosh were in demand at prices ecpial to or higher than in former years. This condition has been brought about by the fact that there is only a limited area in the United States where the McIntosh can be successfully produced, and the greater part of the territory lies within the State of ^Montana. For this reason there is little fear of an over-production cf the bicintosh, and the demand is increasing more rapidly than the production. Unfavorable varieties * are rapidly disappearing and will be replaced by the iMcIntosh. This is shown by the fact that SO per cent of all full car shipments from Montana this season were i\rcTntosh Red. The establishing of perma- nent and profitable markets for the iMcIntosh apple will encourage the planting of new orchards, and klontana will eventually take a high place among the apple producing states of the Union. INSECT PESTS Insect pests and fruit diseases are being satisfactorily controlled. Those that have been present for a number of years have ceased to give us much concern. This has been brought about by the intelligent use of the spray pmnp. Thorough spraying at the right time with the right material will control all pests and the knowledge that clean fruit cannot be grown without a definite sx^raying j:>rogram has resulted in a large increase in the number of spray pumps each year. On account of the invasion of the codling moth and leaf-roller, there will be a marked increase in the number of spray pumxos purchased. SPRAYING PROGRAM The following spray program, if adopted by fruit growers, will insure clean fruit : —46— SPRAYING PROGRAM (From Circular 36, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.) MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 47 Scab, 48 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT tH<=> .1:1 CM SJ 33 r-> ^ S' ^ 3 0) m I oj B .13 w rC 2 .■31 'S Qi O :3 CD m ' cS P (D .13 W ^ O ^rd tT Ki (U r— '~~^ f< I a o p m I 0) s •r^ IS 2 S ^ H o d i .a "d tn O' OJ I— I ai o CO C (Ji ° a- o ^ t(-i c3 a 0.0 d'o_2 W P O) a 2 0 ^ S c tn 33 ;hO 33 ^ o 2 S_ c3 ^ • 4-' 4-' -M 4-' 4-J +J 4-^ 4-)' 0 0 ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :z; ^ - iz; J? !? IZ o no 33 o Cl-I O O lO o o +-C +-I 33 CM 03 CO ^.1 <: cO 33 o Cm O O LO 03 O CCM 03 W 5-. < Cm o O LO m > bo <3 lA g O no 33 03 ^ o O lO o o •W 4-J p : X 0) o a o p o H P Ci^ «M O cuti CD O 4-> 4-J P CM 03 CO !-. s - ><; O 1 o o M K O^ CD 2 CC3 c.t; 0; > a O P 4-' (D 0) y pP cj D «M oj 03 2 riC3 C.tl 03 > CO p UOl M c 03 M O O LO 43 O . M M o3 C M ^ ! <1^ o np P CD r-H V4 O OLO (D O -M f-i 03 CO < a o - X tu ^ c C (X Ojz CD-S P .'^ (d’S m > < LO P rS «+-i o O ITS a) c 4-^ 4- p ^ 0) CO p 0) o p 4.^ 3< 03 o o o M ^ 0X3 03 2 4-' pa C.ti 03 fe. CO P bo p o CO 0) CD .c.d CO d Sh . 03 X3 M o 1^ cbO a d 33 c p ^SE ^ ^ Sm o c CO -P .^04-^ pE 33 JjjjtM f3.a c 03 -i 03' 0^ 'a CD o s- 000 CO CD p Cj CO ,0) (D*: a CO I u 4) CO a a p X. c' c o , 10 a id ; © o CO o 03 03 IBu 2^;S ro *1^ rr- O O CO •f-4 2 o 03 03 .t; X3 3 i's- Sh 03 . f3 222 >5 o o CO x; 2 c a c 33 c o b o U 4_ o .a 2 a bi c.a CD ^ (1) ^ %-> C oc CO 2 a d 2? o o ^ a - ;- o o CO .r4 Ml r* ..-. d M d d 03 03 03 0. t. ;- 00 3 dJ '-' d o d M X o O M a 2 bJ3'^^ .a c 2£ O !- 00 2-^ ^ o a d d 0 b^nd 2 b3 S'^ d M o '-^dS a 2 pis P o CO a tsi '4»' • +J ^ o bj; d.a £2 c 00 03 a a d 2? r-^ o o p CD CO ^a ^ d o o a MS M 03 035.-!!: atJ'g^d S d2 ■13 d d ^ a 03 04 X> ;m ;-( CO ^ 2 o da p ^oE ?H 'W' 5mh O O ^a Es CO ■}::; .M O M £2 a*^ g d d.a d (13 d3 <13 03 a O4 Jh O !- 000 CO a o p CD 'M O O hX) ■D O 4-J +J P P ^ V CO < o -M a P .p P 4-K 2 8 o M g3 0X3 03 2 dd; d.2 03 > to M lA o -M O p ?-( 4-) a* £ P Q 2 8 03 M 33 O n 03 2 ddf d.2 b o <( LO ^4 3 d a 2 CO 1 03 o a d a o. O o a3 d bB'*-' 03 03 d.a CO ^^.00 2^2 8 >2 o o. o 00 CO 2 d o CO coa 22 a d d d b^nd P ^ bs ^ O &H M4 O CO 03 03 ‘1 a; cO a O M 32 . ^ bB'*^ <1^ ^4 c.a c “2 132 Ml 0. O Si O ooo 03 a M o o M o o 03 d (13 a M d 03 d o 2 a d o CO a M d ol CO CO a tH 03 03 13 fe bB d o 4M S^rM O M .44 03 M -M d 2 M a m g- d a >. X d H2 . CO S) ^ <7: < ^ CD d o i d d 03 CO d a d 5-. M 00 13 > a CO ^4 03 M d o d a^M a o M oa O ^4 °ro3 M n 3 lb >. d dado .a 03 ‘M jj. g M ^ 03 “ g ^ CO m pi -S d g CO CO 03 M. 3 g a d CO *bl M b4 d Q 3 r 2 03 2 2 a I 3 03 : a 2mm M o CD 4-> o O I, I. 9mm ^ ’ 03 03 M M O O 03. I 0) M O RESULTS OF USE OF SPRAY PUMP IN CITY OF KALISPELL By Roy Roush, Inspector, Sixth District. Through the influence of the State Board of Horticulture, the City Council of Kalispell was induced to purchase a high power spray outfit, which they turned over to the State Board to operate, with the results outlined below : In presenting a report on the work of spraying the trees of this city during the past summer it may be well to recall their condition during the preceding summer before the spraying was done. By early August, 1919, the elms were very generally covered with elm tree aphis to such an extent that the leaves were yellow, unsightly and rapidly falling. The maples were suffering from the action of the maple leaf aphis, causing the syrupy “honey dew” covering the side- walks and the discoloration and falling of the leaves. The injury to the maples is well shown by a tree on the City Hall grounds, which scarcely made a leaf this season as a result of the injury in 1919. These are but two of the many pests attacking our shade trees, but will serve as examples. The present season was very unfavorable for an efficient control of pests, owing to the cold and rainy spring which delayed the trees in leafing out and making it difficult to spray at the right time, as some trees were in full leaf while others had scarcely broken the buds. Nevertheless, by care and repeated action, it was possible to effect an almost perfect control of the shade tree pests, and we take pride in calling your attention to the condition of the trees this year as com- pared to 1919. Of the two pests mentioned above there was but a trace left in August and in no case were the trees so badly affected as to be noticeable without close search. Since the trees of our streets and avenues are the finishing touch, without which these thoroughfares would be bare and un- attractive, it has been aptly demonstrated that as an appreciation of civic beauty it certainly pays to spray. However, it must be empha- sized that spraying unless carefully and conscientiously done by men thoroughly conversant with the pests and able to apply the RIG-HT material in the RIGHT way and at the RIGHT time, is but useless expenditure of both time and money and must result in failure. 50 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT The City of Kalispell embraces about 280 blocks, sub-divided into 3360 lots 50x142 feet. There have been planted and stand at the present time 8882 fruit trees divided as follows; 6243 apple 1459 cherry 649 plum 531 pear It is apparent that this number of trees would make an orchard of considerable size if spaced a distance of 30 feet apart. There was sprayed this year, twice, 1688 trees in 352 lots in 56 blocks, at a cost of 30c per tree. This also includes banding and ex- amination of bands and compares favorably with the cost of spraying a few years ago when the cost ran as high as 30c per tree. This I attribute in part to better spraying machinery, which was used this year. The results of the spraying have been vei\v satisfactory, as the following comparison shows: Out of a total of 114 lots sprayed, lying east of Third avenue, east and north of the Great Northern tracks, where the infestation was heaviest, 8 lots were found to be infested with the codling moth, numbering 19 larvae found in the apples and under the bands. Investigation seems to verify the belief that about 90% of these lots were infested last year. Out of 238 lots sprayed south of the Great Northern tracks and east of Main street, but three showed evidence of the codling moth. In the unsprayed district, examination of the apples on the trees revealed 29 different lots infested with codling moth. These were banded and watched carefully and all wormy apples discovered on the trees were picked off and burned. The greatest number of worms found on any one lot in the un- sprayed portion was 67, the smallest 4, the aggregate 291, under bands and in the fruit. It is cpiite unlikely that all the lots infested, in the unsprayed district, were found and this only emphasizes the importance of spray- ing a larger territory next year, in fact, the entire city, if we are to • keep our orchards free of the codling moth. This brings up the ques- tion of equipment. It is an absolute impossibility to spray the entire city with one sprayer at the right time, and I would recommend that if the law and funds permit, we be equipped with another sprayer MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTlCUr.TURE 51 of large capacity. With two spra^Trs it is possible to cover the en- tire town and at the right time. A few conditions which tend to work against onr best efforts might be mentioned here, the principal one being trees overhanging buildings and fences making it difficult to spray thoroughly and also allomng the worms places for hibernating, thus avoiding the bands ; these, however, are a small minority. A more important condition is insufficient pruning, or none at all. This condition is quite general. I hope to eliminate these conditions somewhat before another spraying season. In a few instances children tamper with the bands or remove them entirely. I cannot close this report without a word of praise for the people of Kalispell for their co-operation and support in the spraying, the objectors being few and far between. I might also mention ])efore closing that on 76 lots 211 trees were found to be infected with Fire Blight. Of this number approximately 90% were Transcendent crabs and Alexanders. These have been ordered removed and burned. Four mountain ash were also found to be infected. The oyster shell scale is quite generally distributed over the east half of the town, and cherries infested with worms were found on two lots. The foregoing sets forth the cor ditions here at the present time. MONTANA QUARANTINES ^Montana has now in force three quarantines for the prevention of the introduction of diseases and pests. Quarantine No. 2 is against the white pine blister rust which is a fungus disease attacking the pines in the eastern part of the United States and causing serious damage. Our cpiarantine prohibits the introduction of any of the five-leaved pines, currant and gooseberry plants from am’^ part of the United States east of and including i\Iinnesota, Iowa, i\Iissouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. There is a federal quarantine covering this same territory and also prohibiting the movement of the five-leaved pines and currant and gooseberry plants from infested territory into clean territory which gives us an additional protection against the introduction of this disease. Quarantine No. 3 prohibits the introduction of the common bar- berry, both the green and purple form, which acts as the host plant for the black stem rust of wheat and which' is necessary in carrying over the disease through one period of its life cycle. The Sixteenth Legislative Assembly passed an act providing for the destruction of all harmful, or common, barberry bushes growing within the state of ^Montana. The work of eradication was placed with the State Board of Horticulture and under that authority the state has been scouted by our inspectors and all common barberry found has been removed. Quarantine No. 4 was issued in 1918 for the prevention of the introduction of the alfalfa weevil. The quarantine was made effec- tive against the entire state of Utah, the county of Delta in Colorado, the counties of Uinta and Lincoln in Wyoming and the counties of Bingham, Cassia, Bear Lake, Oneida, Bannock, Franklin, Power and Payette in Idaho, the areas known at that time to be infested with the alfalfa weevil. Prior to July, 1919. the state of Idaho also ciuaran- tined her infested counties but on that date the quarantine was an- nulled allowing shipments of hay from the infested counties to all parts of the state making it necessary for IMontana to issue Quaran- tine No. 0 which w^as issued February, 1920, to become effective March 1, 1920. This quarantine prohibited the shipment of- hay into Montana from the entire state of Idaho. At the solicitation of some of the stockmen of the state who rep- resented that there would be great suffering and heavy loss of the MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 53 livestock in the state by the excluding of Idaho hay, Governor Stewart extended the date of the enforcement of this ciuarantine to March 30th. At the expiration of the thirty days another extension of time was made, wdth a third extension to ktay 30, 1920. At the present time it has become known that the alfalfa weevil has spread to twenty-two counties in Idaho, the counties of Gunnison and Montrose in Colorado, Washoe conntv in Nevada, and Malheur and Baker in Oregon. At the last meeting of the Quarantine Board, which is composed of the State Entomologist, the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Horticulturist representing the. State Board of Horticnltnre, it was recommended that the alfalfa weevil ciuaran- tine be extended to cover this new territory, and on December 30, 1920, Governor Stewart issnecl Quarantine No. 6, which included all territory known to be infested. If the alfalfa weevil is introduced into the State of Montana it will result in a heavy loss to the alfalfa growers and a reduction of their crop. Everything possible should be done to prevent its intro- duction into Montana. The State Board of Horticulture is doing everything within its power to enforce the requirements of our various cjuarantines. Ship- ments of all products coming under the cjuarantine regulations from alfalfa wmevil infested sections are closely wutched for by our in- spectors and W'hen found unaccompanied by the recpiired certificates of inspection are returned to points of origin. All plants that might carry the white pine blister rust disease coming from the quarantined areas are destroyed as well as all common barberry plants. QUARANTINES Quarantine No. 2 WHEREAS, the fact has hoeii determiiied that a dangerously injurious disease known as the White Pine Blister Rust (Peridermium strobi Kiel) ) exists and is prevalent in portions of the eastern part of the United States as far west as and inc‘ludin,a’ Minnesota ; and WHEREAS, there is danger of the introduetion of this disease into the great white pine forests of the State of Montana through shipments of five- leaved pines and currants and gooseberry plants ; NOW, THEREFORf], I, S. V. Stewart, (Governor of the State of Montana, under and hy virtue of the authority conferred upon me hy Chapter 61 of the Session Laws of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, do hereby declare and proclaim that a quarantine l)e and herel)y is established against the importation into the State of Montana of white pine (Piiius strobus), stone pine (P. cembra), liml)er pine (P. flexilis) and any other five-leaved pines, and currant and gooseberry ijlants (Kibes and Grossiilaria) from any part of the United States east of and including the States of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. All quarantine guardians and deputy state horticultural inspectors are hereby instructed and required to refuse admission into Montana of any shipments of any of the five-leaved pines al)Ove mentioned, and currant and gooseberry idants. It shall he the duty of the deputy horticultural inspectors, or other quarantine guardians, to deport immediately such shipments or de- stroy them hy burning. All expenses incurred in deporting or destroying such shipments shall he paid hy the consignor. Any person who sells or offers for sale within the State of Montana pine seedlings, currant and gooseberry plants from the above quarantined area in violation of this quarantine order shall he liable to prosecution under the State Laws of Montana. It is specifically understood and intended that this quarantine lu’oclama- tion shall revoke all previous i)roclamations on this sul)ject hy me made. IN fVITNESS fVHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State to he affixed. DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the third day of .Inly, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventeen. (Signed) : S. V. STEfYART. Bv the Governor : C. T. STEfVART. Secretary of State. Quarantine No. 3 WHEREAS, the fact has been determined that a dangerously injurious plant disease known as fVheat Rust is disseminated and carried by means of Barberry hushes (Berberis vulgaris), both of the green and purple form: and fVHEREAS, there is danger of the introduction of this disease into the great wheat fields of Montana through shipments of said Barberry hushes and a further dissemination of said wheat rust through the agency of Bar- berry l)ushes ; NOfV, THEREFORE, I, S. V. Stewart, Governor of the State of Montana, under and hy virtue of the authority conferred upon me hy Chapter 61 of the Session Laws of the Thirteenth I.egislative Assembly, do hereby declare and proclaim that a quarantine he and hereby is established against the —54— MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 55 importation into the State of Montana of Barberry bushes (Berberis vulgaris) and plants from any point without the said State of Montana. All quarantine guardians and deputy state horticultural inspectors are hereby instructed and required to refuse admission into Montana of any shipments of Barberry hushes (Berberis vulgaris) or plants. It shall be the duty of the deputy horticultural inspectors, or other quarantine guard- ians to deport immediately such shipments or destroy them by burning. All expenses incurred in deporting or destroying such shipments shall be paid by the consignor. Any person who sells or offers for sale, in the Sfate of Montana, Barberry hushes (Berberis vulgaris) or plants contrary to this quarantine order shall be liable to i>rosecution under the laws of the State of Montana. IN MHTNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State to he affixed. DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the twenty-fourth day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred eighteen. (Signed) : S. V. STEWART. By the Governor ; C. T. STEAVART, Secretary of State. Quarantine No. 6 WTiereas. It has become known to me that an injurious insect, popularly called the alfalfa weevil, and scientifically known as “Phytonomus posticus,” exists and is dangerously injurious to alfalfa in the States of Utah and Idaho ; in certain counties in the State of Wyoming, to-wit : Uinta and Lincoln coun- ties ; in certain counties in the State of Colorado, to-wit : Delta. Gunnison, and Montrose counties ; in a certain county in the State of Nevada, to-wit : Washoe county; and in certain counties in the State of Oregon, to-wit; Mal- heur and Baker counties ; NOW, THEREFORE. I, S. V. Stewart, Governor of the State of Montana, under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Chapter 61 of the Session Laws of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, do hereby declare and proclaim a quarantine against said States of Utah and Idaho ; against the comities of Uinta and Lincoln in the State of Wyoming; against the counties of Delta, Gunnison and Montrose in the State of Colorado ; against the county of Washoe in the State of Nevada; and against the counties of Baker and Malheur in the State of Oregon, and forbid the importation into Montana of the following agricultural products and other articles, excepting under conditions and regulations as herein specified ; 1. Alfalfa hay and other hays of all kinds and cereal straws, excepting the material known locally in Utah as salt grass packing hay, which shall be admitted into Montana, provided that such material he cut only between the dates of October 1 and April 1. and that the raking, shocking, stacking, baling and shipping of this material as a com- mercial product he conducted only after the maximum daily tempera- ture of the season has fallen below sixty degrees Fahrenheit. Provided, further. That a certificate be required from the Crop Pest Inspector of the State of Utah showing that these requirements have l)een met, which certificate shall accompany each shipment. Provided, further, That no salt grass packing hay shall he held over in the field from one season to another. The use of salt grass hay as a packing material in shipments of fruit, crockery and other materials is permitted, provided said salt grass hay has been cut and removed from the field between October 1 and April 1, as above specified, and 56 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT stored in Wcireliouses removed from alfalfa fields, alfalfa liay or other suspected materials. Excepting, further. That alfalfa meal or other finely ground meals made from alfalfa hay may be shipped from the above designated quarantined states and counties into the State of Montana under the following regulations : Mills desiring to ship such products into Montana shall apply to the State Horticultural Inspector of Montana for a permit. Such permits shall be issued only to owners or operators of mills located on land free of and remote from growing alfalfa. The Horticultural Inspector of Montana, before issuing such a permit, shall satisfy himself that such alfalfa milled products, if not shipped at once after grinding, have been stored in warehouses remote from growmg alfalfa and free from alfalfa hay. and the hauling of the hay to the mills and the grinding of the meal has been done only between the dates of October 1 and April 1. Violation of any of the provisions in these regulations governing the shipment of alfalfa mill products into Montana shall be cause for the revocation of such permits. 2. Fresh fruits and vegetables, exclusive of potatoes, excepting under the following regulations : a. Shipments for Montana to be made only from points designated by the recognized State Pest Inspection officers of the State ship- ping into Montana, said officers to notify the State Horticulturist of the State of Montana by registered mail or by telegraph of the designation of all shipping points in the aforesaid States of Utah and Idaho ; and counties of Uinta and Lincoln in 'Wyoming ; and counties of Delta, Gunnison and Montrose in Colorado ; and county of Washoe in Nevada ; and counties of Baker and Malheur in Ore- gon ; said notification to be sent and its receipt to be acknowledged before any shipments are made to the State of Montana from said designated points. b. Shipments to be repacked from orchard or field boxes into new, clean boxes, or other fresh containers. c. All wagons or other conveyances used in hauling to the place where repacking is conducted to be kept free from alfalfa- hay or other hays, straw, and all other means of contamination. d. All packing houses to be at all times free of alfalfa hay, other hays, straw, and other means of contamination. e. Each lot shipment shall bear an official certificate of the state from which the shipment originates stating that it has been inspected and passed in compliance with these regulations and stating where it was repacked and inspected. 3. Potatoes unless accompanied by an official certificate signed by the recognized State Pest Inspection Officer of the State from which such shipments of potatoes originate, setting forth that the potatoes have been passed over a screen, placed in fresh, clean sacks and packed in cars that are free of alfalfa hay or other means of contamination. 4. All nursery stock, unless accompanied by special certificate setting forth that such nursery stock has been fumigated for the alfalfa weevil in an airtight enclosure subsequent to being boxed, baled or packed for shipment, with cyanide of potassium or cyanide of sodium at the rate of one ounce to each one hundred cubic feet of enclosed space. 5. That no shipment of household or emigrants’ movables originating in any state or county designated as infested with the alfalfa weevil shall be brought into the State of Montana by any common carrier, person or persons, unless such shipment be accompanied by a copy of a sworn statement made in duplicate by the owner or shipper after the follow- MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE ' 57 ing forms on blanks wliich will be furnislied to applicants by the State Horticulturist of Montana, Copy No. 1 to be mailed to the State Horti- culturist, Missoula, Montana, and Copy No. 2 to be delivered to the common carrier agent, with a special certificate appended, to attach to waybill. State of I, gg County of- - i I hereby solemnly swear that I was present during the preparation for shipment of the household or emigrants’ goods which this affidavit accompanies ; that the goods were delivered to the at on (Railroad) (Station) constituting (less than) a carload (Month, day, year) (If carload, write initials and car No. here) to be shipped to - (Name of consignee) at - via (Destination) (Give initials of other lines) that no nursery stock, vegetables or fruit is included in the shipment and that no hay or straw (except as provided for under Part No. 1 of this Quarantine) is included for packing material, or any other purpose, except as food necessary for the livestock in transit to the Montana state line; that the shipment is made up of the following: Household goods, farm implements, tools, harness, farm wagons, au- tomobiles, stands of bees, livestock (draw a line through items not included ) ( Specify ) feed for animals in transit - (Specify kinds and amount of each) and (Specify any items not included in previous classification) (Shipper or owner) Subscribed and sworn to before me a Notary Public in and for the State of Countv of this the day of : 19 (Notary Public) My commission expires 19 The special certificate from the owner or shipper to be appended to Copy No. 2 of the sworn statement shall be after the following form : I hereby agree to observe explicitly the requirements of the Mon- tana Quarantine Order with regard to hay or straw (included as stock feed for use before reaching the Montana state line), household and emigrants’ goods and other materials, and hereby certify that I have mailed this day one copy of the foregoing affidavit to the State Horti- culturist, Missoula, Montana. ( Signature) 6. All railway shipments of livestock unless shipped in cars that are free of alfalfa hay, all other hays and cereal straws, throughout all that portion of the journey that is within the States of Utah and Idaho; the 58 ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT counties of Uinta and Lincoln in Wyoming ; the counties of Delta, Gun- nison and Montrose in Colorado; the county of Washoe in Nevada; and the counties of Baker and Malheur in Oregon. All Horticultural Inspectors of the State of Montana are hereby instructed and required to refuse admission uito the State of Montana of all such articles p,s are herein designated from said States of Utah and Idaho ; and counties of Uinta and Lincoln in Wyoming ; and counties of Delta, Gunnison and Montrose in Colorado ; and county of Washoe in Nevada ; and counties of Baker and Malheur in Oregon, except under the conditions herein enumerated. If any such articles as are hereinbefore listed be shipped into the State of Montana in violation of this Quarantine they must be at once destroyed or returned to the shipper at his expense. This Quarantine shall not he construed to interfere with shipments of products to the Yellowstone National Park over the Oregon Short Line Rail- road, and to Idaho points via Montana over the Gilmore and Pittsburg Rail- road. This Quarantine shall take effect and be in force on and after the first day of January, A. D. 1921. It is specifically understood and intended that this Quarantine Procla- mation shall revoke all previous Proclamations on this subject by me made. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State to be affixed. (Seal) DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the thirtieth day of December, in the year of our ■ ’ Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty. S. V. STEWART. By the Governor : C. T. STEWART, Secretary of State. «< > i r 4' i V "4 3 1 h r / \ V t # I ^ i *' •>.