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THE WILDCAT. . : : : : . DANIEL ARROWSMITH (‘‘ Sangamon’). COON-HUNTING IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS. : 4 . DANIEL ARROWSMITH. FOX-HUNTING IN VIRGINIA. . ; : : ‘ : . Dr. M. G. Exwzey, Associate Editor The National Economist. ALLIGATOR-SHOOTING IN FLORIDA. . : , : . Cyrus W. BuTLER. THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. : % : ‘ JUDGE JOHN DEAN CATON, and Witu1AM B. LEFFINGWELL, Author of ‘‘ Wild Fowl Shoot- ing,” ‘‘Shooting on Upland, Marsh, and Stream,”’ etc. Ti PAGE, 391 405 429 \ FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. FRONTISPIECE, . : . ; : : ‘ ; - : ° : : : - 2 A BULL MOOSE, . ; : : : 2 : : : : : : : : 21 BROWSING oan) oy. Olea) Coen Lib hares igs ee eee Opposite 38 THE BATTLE OF THE BULLS, —5,/ "<= ay yeu eeeenes 326 RHE FENESH,6::: °),2> “ol. i) St cept are eyeeee ens eae eee st 340 WANTED—=A ‘FRIENDLY, HAND, 20s Ggnest horse een 352 CAMPWARD BOUND, .. sie, | fh mya Wea oP os ee Ke 386 AT BAY, < 25. 43,""..°! eae era ke oreo nine eet ae em 392 ONLY WATERING, 3 3. 0) MGG meee alee nee eee ee ae ce 402 SURPRISED, Cae WU eS ra oy rami pec 408 POACHING, | u.0 s.i~ Sn 4a) cee eee « 440 “ENFANT PERDU,” 4 LENE gh aA coal ona i a Soo ea 468 IN (AT THE DEATH, 3.3.) 2e hte Pee ee = 508 TALLY-HO! ws kat > aR Pe eee en oe Oe tee 540 FORWARD ON! — 2: «... 2 ecce) Race eee a » 544 A- PUGNACIOUS: PASSENGER, 2" Secale nce eee on eee 562 (8) OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. ELK CALF, WOODLAND CARIBOU, BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU, RESTING, A PORTRAIT, ON GUARD, SHIPPED, . GOATS—FEMALE AND YOUNG, MOTHER AND SON, THE SULTAN OF CHOPACA, COUGAR AND YOUNG, WOLVERINE, RACCOON, BLOWN OUT, C9) Pas ee 4 _ A, ¥ a4 {: ioe a” eye eae Sree, es om Ve 7 INTRODUCTION. By JoHn DEAN CATON, Author of ‘‘The Antelope and Deer of America;” ‘‘A Summer in Norway,” etc. AM requested to write an introduction to Mr. Shields’ book, ‘‘The Big Game of North America,”’ and it affords me great pleasure to comply with this request. s~ Yet, the first question I asked myself when I read the editor’s letter was, ‘‘ Why introduce such men as these to American readers?”’ What need is there to commend, to reading sportsmen or to naturalists,a book written by such able, conscientious, indefatigable workers in the interests of natural history, field sports, game protection, and sportsmen’s literature as the men whose names appear as contributors to this work? Why should I write in behalf of the noble, the pathetic, the conscientious ‘‘ Shoshone;”’ the careful, painstaking ‘*Roxey Newton;’’ the eloquent, the enthusiastic, the poetic ‘* Algonquin;’’ the gallant champion of the hounds, Doctor Ellzey; the venerable lover of Nature, Colonel Alexander; the genial, big-hearted ‘‘Uncle Fuller;’’ the nature-loving ‘‘Sibyllene;’ the careful naturalist, But- ler, or the ever fresh and interesting old hunter, ‘‘ Sanga- mon?/’? Their numerous and fascinating contributions to the sportsmen’s press have made their names household words throughout the land. Why should I introduce the sturdy, cautious Van Dyke; the eloquent, the beloved ‘‘Boone;”’ the flowery **Sillalicum;”’ the earnest, enthusiastic ‘‘Gaucho,”’ or the arduous mountaineer, ‘‘Coquinat’’? I need not; I will not presume to do so. They are known throughout the Eng- lish-speaking world; and the man who has not yet read “The Still Hunter,’ ‘‘Cruisings in the Cascades,’’ and (11) 12 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. ‘* Rustlings in the Rockies,’’ has thus far missed the most intense happiness that could possibly be, crowded into a few hours by his own fireside. All these and many other well-known names appear as contributors to the present volume—that of the last-named writer as the editor thereof. Each writes of a species of game that he has studied for years, not alone in dust-cov- ered books, but in that grander school, the realm of Nature. These men have spent days, weeks—aye, in some cases, many years—in the wilderness, sleeping on the trails of the animals they now write of—watching their movements by day, listening to their calls by night, and, after the fatal bullet has done its work, dissecting and studying the structure of the bodies of their victims on their native heath. But this book is not designed to interest the sportsman alone. While it does not assume to be a strictly scientific work, yet the professional naturalist will find much in it, not only to interest, but to instruct, him. The natural his- tory of an animal does not consist alone of his bones. As showing a record of the past, these contain the only reliable data to tell us of the animals that lived long ago, and to identify genera and classes of existing fauna; but, at present, other parts of the animal deserve our attention aswell. He consists of flesh and blood, as well as of bones, and can not be thoroughly understood without a careful study of all these constituent parts. From a scientific point of view, the osteology of an animal is undoubtedly of prime importance; but in a prac- tical, utilitarian consideration, the broader field of general morphology, and especially of myology, is of equal and even greater importance, while the psychology which is developed in various animals, in some respects, interests us most of all. Nature has endowed all animals with a certain meas- ure of mental capacities, and these constitute a part of their beings. So they alike come within the domain of natural history. None of these are beneath the study of the scientists. While the component parts of the dead animal may be INTRODUCTION. 13 studied with the aid of the dissecting knife, other facilities are required for the proper study of the mental endowments of the animal, and for this, observations of the animal in life are indispensable. Here, then, especially may the natu- ralist find many valuable lessons in the several papers col- lected and given to the world in this volume. The hunter alone has complete opportunity to study the habits, char- acteristics, and capabilities of the animals which he pur- sues. He observes and studies carefully the sagacity and cunning of the Fox, the Wolf, and many other animals, in securing a supply of food or in avoiding danger, showing capabilities with which they are endowed for their well- being. In the American Antelope, for instance, he sees a curiosity manifested which often leads it to destruction. The sportsman, I say, studies and observes all these characteristics, not alone because they interest him and fur- nish him food for thought while on the hunt and for dis- cussion by the camp-fire, but because he is aware that he must know all the resources of the game in order to hunt it successfully. I repeat, therefore, that he who would scientifically study natural history, will find much ithe papers, written by these skillful, practical hunters, and given to the world in this volume, to aid him to a full understanding of this vast subject, for which he might look in vain elsewhere. And, then, whatan array of subjects is here presented for study! Every species of Big Game inhabiting this conti- nent is here served up; and several species that do not strictly come within that classification are treated, because they occasionally afford sport or incident to the hunter when in search of other animals. Among the most important papers are those on the Buffalo—now, alas! practically extinct—in its wild state; those on the Polar Bear and the Musk-ox, furnished by survivors of the memorable Greely Arctic Expedition, who hunted and subsisted largely on these and other wild animals while battling with icebergs, starvation, and death in the frozen North. The Rocky Mountain Goat, that mysterious and little-known habitant 14 BIG GAME’ OF NORTH AMERICA. of the snowy cliffs, is written of by a man who has lived half a life-time beneath the shadows of its Alpine home, and who has probably killed more goats than any other man, living or dead. Then there is a most interesting and valuable chapter on the Peccary, or Mexican Wild Hog—an animal that few Northern sportsmen have ever seen, and yet one that swarms in certain portions of Arizona, Texas, and our sis- ter Republic. Its habits, habitat, and range are accurately described, and thrilling accounts are given of several hunt- ing expeditions after this animal, in which large numbers of them were killed. We all have read many articles descriptive of Moose- hunting in Maine and Canada, but here is a novelty. Mr. Hibbs has given us a paper on Moose-hunting in the Rocky Mountains, embellished with valuable notes as to the habits of the great ruminant, under its rugged environment, and with such thrilling episodes and adventures in hunting it as could only have been experienced in that strange and picturesque land. ‘*Sillalicum’’ has given us a study of the Cougar, and Nattrass one of the Lynx, never before equaled by an'y writers, and which could not have been produced by other than the enthusiastic hunters and naturalists that they are. Mr. Lett’s paper on the Caribou throws mueh *new light on the habits and character of that strange denizen of the great northern wilderness. He has lived half a life-time in its woodland home, and has had exceptional opportuni- ties for studying it in its wild state. Mr. Cooper contributes the most complete and compre- hensive monograph of the Wolverine+that has ever been written. He has lived in the various portions of the country which it inhabits, for twenty-five years, and, in addition to his own experience with it, gives many inci- dents and anecdotes collected from other hunters and trap- pers. His paper comprises over seven thousand words, and will prove of inestimable value to all who wish to learn the true Itfe history of this, heretofore, little known animal. INTRODUCTION. 15 There are many other names and subjects that I should like to speak of in detail, but time and space forbid. The editor of this work has not overlooked the fact that this is preéminently a practical age—an age of object- teaching. He has, therefore, illustrated his book in a way that he and his contributors may justly feel proud of. Altogether, there is given here such a study of the natural history of our game quadrupeds, and of the thrill- ing incidents encountered in hunting them, as has never before been offered to the reading world. Each chapter in this book is in itself a complete work, and the book, as a whole, is a most valuable library. Any one of the names on Mr. Shields’ list of contribu- tors should insure the sale of an entire edition of his book, and when we multiply this possibility by twenty-six, the whole number of names on his title-page, the result obtained indicates the magnitude of the success that should, and that we hope will, crown his labors and those of his collaborateurs. BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. By Newton Hrsss (‘‘ RoxtEy NEwrTon”). Where echoes sleep in deepest forest shade, Where legend says the chieftain slew his bride, ' And airy phantoms float from side to side, The monarch of the mountain ranges made His home. In coat of sombre hue arrayed, With eyes of liquid, beauteous brown, and wide, He stood supreme, a king of power and pride. From beaten paths a sturdy hunter strayed Through silent, shadow-haunted, ancient wood; And near the lair he came. An antlered head Was raised, the air was sniffed, and then the sound Of heavy hoofs was heard. He stamped—he stood In stupid awe. A crash! The monster, dead, The hunter’s prize, lay weltering on the ground. WN his far western habitat, the Moose usually lives higher up the mountain-sides than either the Elk or the Deer, though on some parts of the western slope of the Rockies he is migratory, and changes his abode as the seasons change. In summer, he is found only in the little parks at the sources of creeks, as near the summits of the snow-clad ranges as he can find the peculiar foliage plants suited to his fastidious taste. He will seek the food he likes best, even at the risk of his life. Shy and wary as he is, he has been known to defy men and dogs in order to spend an hour on the borders of a swamp where grew water-liles and other herbs and plants on which he was wont to feed. On one occasion, a party of hay-makers were camped on a prairie, near a lake, high up in the Bitter Root Mount- ains, fourteen miles from the timber. A lone bull Moose was seen to pass near the workmen, and between the wagons and the kitchen tent. His trail was within thirty yards of the fire that blazed up and sent its curling smoke 2 (17) 18 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. heavenward, yet he passed slowly along, regardless of scents or noises. The mowers were running with their clatter, and some of them were near enough to observe his movements plainly. At first, the ungainly beast was believed to be some prospector’s poor mule seeking water, and then returning, alone, to a probable owner, who was believed to be digging in the gulches above. Day after day the black object came down the mountain with stately tread, and with clock-like regularity. After a week, one of the boys chanced to be in camp while his companions toiled in the hay, and was aroused from his imagined illness by the approach of the Moose to the very camp. There were guns enough in the tent to resist a formidable Indian attack, if properly handled, but the surprised hay-pitcher rushed out with a pitchfork to battle with the Moose. The broad-antlered monarch, however, had no desire to cultivate the acquaint- ance of the sick man, and, with the great speed of his swinging trot, passed on, never swerving from the well- worn trail that he had traveled, perhaps, for years. On returning to camp, I was slow to believe the invalid’s story; but he insisted, and reiterated, and Iwas at last con- vinced. The need of meat and the love of sport combined were sufficient to send me even in pursuit of a forlorn hope; so, exchanging the pitchfork for the rifle, I started toward the supposed feeding-ground of the great deer. It was in September, 1883. The season was dry, and in that country there were no swamps, even in the timber, on or near the summit of the range, as is usual at the head of water-courses; so I thought it not improbable that a Moose might seek the lake for a feeding-ground. I approached it cautiously, and began to skirt the bank, with eyes and ears strained for the faintest evidences of game. After an hour of hard work, wading and creeping through willows, around and about the arms and sloughs which crept out here and there from the main body of the lake, I saw a dark object above the flags, or cat-tails, about four hundred yards away. I knew at once it was the game I was in search of; but it MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 19 was too far away for a sure shot, and how to get nearer—a little nearer, at least—was the puzzle I must solve. I had learned well the lesson of the cunning of the ani- mal I must outwit. Even if he had been bold on the trail, in his run of fourteen miles for a feed upon his favorite lily-pads, he would now start at the snap of a twig, or the first breath of air that came to him from me, or even from the tracks I had left behind, and would soon put miles of prairie between himself and me. There was astretch of open deep water between my cover and the game. To pass that would be impossible, and to skirt the lake, through the wil- lows, offered the danger of a noisy course. I knew his quick ear would never fail to catch the least sound, so I went back to the open, beyond the fringe of brush, and traveled a mile through them. Then I was compelled to guess, without guides, the location of the cluster of flags, in which I had last seen the Moose. I came up to the point, creeping like the Panther that seeks a vantage-ground from which to spring upon the Fawn, to the edge of the cat-tails. They were dense, and higher than my head. I proceeded, I thought, as noiselessly as the snow falls, and with more caution than I ever possessed before or since. I parted the yielding cover, and the open lake was revealed to me. I knew that was the spot, right before me, where the great brute was feeding when I last saw him. Yes; the water was still muddy and disturbed where he had been wading; but the Moose was gone! He had stolen away silently, but swiftly and surely. Had there been in that spot any other living animal, my skill and determined effort would have surprised it; but the Moose had fairly outwitted me. Then, the next thought was that the great fleet creature would hie himself to yonder dense wood, whence he came two hours before. To do so, he must run over an open prairie fourteen miles wide, and could not avoid being seen, at least. I looked in vain, however, and satisfied © myself that he had not yet left the willows and weeds that bordered the lake. 20 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. I summoned the boys from the prairie-grass meadow, and they tried to drive him out for me; but all the noise and diligent search they and I made failed to rouse the Moose from his hastily chosen lair in or about the lake. He knew the situation, and was master of it; he simply defied us. The noisy hay-pitchers returned to work, and I, jeered and ridiculed by them, walked sadly back to the tent, too much abashed to be able to convince them that I had really seen a Moose; yet the next day the same dark object passed the trail that threads the prairie from the mountain to the lake. I hastened to the scene of my former disappointment, and walked upright to within forty yards of the Moose, as he stood crunching the root of a lily.” I fired, and the plunging of that great beast in three feet of water was like the explosion of a submarine torpedo. He stopped after a few jumps, and stood broadside again. I fired again, when he pitched heavily forward, dead—shot through the heart—and floated out from shore, propelled by his insen- sible struggles. This Moose was about four years old. He was black and glossy on his sides, while his back was yet brown with coarse tatters of his last winter’s coat. His horns were clean, white, and new—ready for the warfare of the approaching mating-season. He was fat, and would have weighed, dressed, about seven hundred and fifty pounds. My companions now apologized for their skepticism of the day before, and congratulated me on my skill and good fortune. Some of them even went so far as to say that they knew all the time the Moose was in there, for I never made a mistake in matters pertaining to game, but that they simply wanted to have some fun with me. Judge Caton, in his grand work, ‘‘The Antelope and Deer of America,’ accurately describes this great mammal in these words: Largest of all the Deer family, and most ungainly in form. Head long and narrow; eyes small and sunken; nose long and flexible, and covered with hairs, except a spot between the nostrils; ears very long and coarse; antlers | ZZ (21) 9D BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. large and spreading, broadly palmated with numerous sharp points; neck short and stout, and nearly horizontal, higher at the withers than at the hips. Body short and round. Legs long and stout, fore legs the longest. Accessory hoofs large and looscly attached. No metatarsal gland. Tarsal gland inside the hock present, but small, and covered with black reversed hair. Hair long, coarse, and rather brittle; longest about the neck; color variant from black to brown and yellowish gray. Antlers wanting on the female, which is smaller than the male, and lighter colored in winter. The venison of the Moose is good, winter or summer. It is coarse-grained—even more so than that of the Elk—but possesses a flavor peculiarly its own. I have heard it pro- nounced musky in flavor, but the friends of the animal— the men who love to hunt it in its forest home—do not detect the musk. When, in midwinter, the Deer are too - poor to eat, the mountaineer goes in search of Moose, which, owing to their great size and strength, can procure their food . despite the deep snows and blizzards. He knows that the flesh of the great ruminant is dark and uninviting to the eye, but sweet and juicy to the palate. The hump of the Buffalo is a delicacy widely celebrated among sportsmen. The Moose has a hump on his nose, and for a delicious morsel it excels any other meat dish I have ever had the pleasure of sampling. The Beaver’s tail has many admirers, and the nose of the Moose resembles it in some ways, but is far better. I never knew any other ver- dict from those who had enjoyed a dinner with that best of game dishes as a meat course. The Moose, the killing of which is described above, was devoted to the delectation of the deserving laborers in the hay-field, and was, without dissent, voted the best meat in the world. There is, however, I will admit, something in the air that surrounds a camp, far away from civilized homes, that fits the palate to the enjoyment of wild meat. This unaccountable peculiarity may be reason for the public to look upon the indorsements of sportsmen with a degree of allowance. The head of the Moose was cooked in the best style of the hunter’s art. It was coated with clay all over, by rub- bing the sticky, putty-like substance into the coarse, long MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 23 hair, till it was inclosed, completely, in a case of mud two inches thick. I might remark that it was not particularly well dressed, after the manner of modern civilized butchers, but was coated and cooked with tongue intact. The pro- cess of removing the horns was an excuse for saving the brains as a separate dish for the complaining member of the company. You have all heard of the great dish of brains provided from the Moose. The writer who repeats that well-worn story never knew much, personally, about the Moose. He has either been deceived by the cook, and believed the ‘‘hump” was the brain, or he has written about that of which he saw nothing. The Moose has no more brains (in quantity) than the beef steer, but with that sweet meat from the hump a quantity could be prepared that would make the uninitiated think the head, horns, and all were filled with brains. But to return. Our Moose-head was coated with clay. In the meantime, a hole was shoveled out, large as a pork- barrel, and was filled up with dry wood, which was made to burn like a furnace till the sides of the oven were almost white with heat. The head was dropped into the hole and covered with live coals of fire. Over all was thrown the loose dirt dug from the hole, and the Moose-head was left to roast till the next morning. We all retired, feeling like a child on Christmas eve who longs for the coming of Christmas morning. When that head was lifted to the temporary table, after ten hours of roasting, it was steaming hot, and the aroma made us ravenous as wolves. The clay was baked like a brick, and when cracked and torn off it removed the skin, and left the clean, white, sweet meat exposed. The flavor of the juicy hump of the Moose I could not describe, but it had enriched every part of our roast with its deliciousness, and few such breakfasts have been eaten by hay-makers as we ate that morning. It is not the custom of the resident hunters, in the Rocky Mountain region, to preserve the skins of Moose they kill, for these are of but little value. They are not 24 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. materially different from those of the Elk—coarse and porous when dressed for leather. They are used by the Indians, however, for saddle-bags and for tents. They are heavy, and consequently regarded as worthless when the hunter has a long, rough journey before him. ‘The antlers are heavy also, and even more cumbersome; but the average hunter takes pride in the careful preservation of them. The largest pair of antlers I ever saw was taken from the head of a Moose that was killed in the Teton Basin, near the head of Snake River. When standing on the points, they encircled the tent door, and a man could walk under the arch by slightly stooping. They measured, from tip to tip, eight and one-half feet. The monarch which carried them was a grand specimen of the ruminant divis- ion of the animal kingdom. His weight was never known, but, as he lay on his brisket, his withers were higher than ‘any horse in the outfit. An ordinary man could barely ‘‘chin’’ the Moose as he lay on the ground, as the horse- man would express that simplest way of taking a measure- ment. He was ‘‘ fifteen hands’’ high without his legs under him. In the fall of 1884, in company with a hunting party of three gentlemen from an Eastern city, I shot and wounded a two-year-old cow Moose, in a small lake in the Cour d’Alene Mountains. The ball passed through one shoul- der, and, of course, disabled her; but any man would have been foolhardy to have approached her. One of my companions had a well-trained dog, which was sent into the water to drive the Moose out of a clump of willows in which she concealed herself after being wounded. The dog swam to the little island, only to be driven back into the water. The enraged Moose followed, with lunges that were terrific. The dog was a strong swim- mer, but he could no more escape the mad Moose than if he had been chained. He was borne down, and would have been killed only for the depth of the water. As it was, he was well-nigh drowned, when a quick shot killed the cow, and thus made it possible for him to swim ashore. MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 25 The coat of this Moose was almost black. Along the back, however, was a brown tinge, where the coat had begun to fade from exposure to the weather. The Moose, in his best form, is black; but I have never found one over two years old which did not carry some faded tufts of his old coat till his new coat became rusty from wear. A hunter, whom I timidly dispute, not because I do not know him to be wrong, but because his records of hunting adventures are widely read, tells of killing Moose with a hand-ax, after running them down in the deep snow. This may have been done in Maine or Canada, but if so, it proves to my mind that the Moose there do not possess the same wild, savage, pugnacious natures as those found in the Rocky Mountains, for surely no sane man would dare to attack one of our vicious mountain Moose, single- handed, with any weapon short of a repeating-rifle, and before doing that he should be sure that he can control his ° nerves perfectly in the face of danger. In one instance, some men attacked one of our wild bulls without a rifle, but it cost two of them their lives. A few years ago,a party of river-men wounded a large Moose near the bank of Clear Water River, in Idaho, and it took to the water. The eager, but unskilled, hunters rushed upon the wounded animal witha bateau. It was alarge boat, and was manned by six strongand fearless men. They were either without a gun in the boat, or scorned to use one, but determined to kill the Moose with axes, cant-hooks, and other woodsman’s implements. They bore down by the side of the swimming Moose, which was kept in the cur- rent by walls of rocks, and dealt him a blow. This inter- ference made him more desperate, and he turned to fight. The men were brave, ina bateau that would stem the rapids of Clear Water River with a cargo of three tons aboard; so they rushed to the battle with shouts of defiance. The Moose struck the boat with his antlers, and raised it clear out of the water, turning it upside down so quickly that the men were all frightened and stunned, and two of them were either killed or drowned. The other four were 26 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. rescued by their companions on shore, after the Moose had been shot several times. ‘These incidents convince me that a man can not successfully battle with a Western Moose hand to hand—at least, not in the water. The question of the best rifle to use in hunting Moose can not be settled to the satisfaction of all hunters by any one writer, for there is a great diversity of opinion on the subject of guns. There are, however, some essential re- quirements that may be stated in general terms. The rifle, to give satisfaction to the Moose-hunter, or any other hunter of large game, must be accurate, effective, and capable of rapid manipulation. Hunters of long experience shoot mechanically, and not with conscious deliberation. For such marksmen no gun is like the old gun, worn and rusty from faithful service. To such veterans I raise my hat, but offer no advice. Their success makes them honorary sports- men in every society, and also makes their word law with amateurs. There is, however, one maxim that no thinking man will dispute, and that is, that the new guns are better than the old ones, simply because modern rifle- makers have profited by the experience of their predeces- sors. The improvements in rifles in the past few years, have been the greatest success of the scientific world. It is unnecessary to note here the steps in the evolution from the old flint-lock to the perfect repeater of to-day. This has all been gone over in other works. Being called upon to choose the best gun for Moose-hunting, my vote would be cast for the new Colt’s Lightning Repeater, forty cal- iber, using sixty grains of powder and two hundred and sixty grains of lead, twenty-eight-inch barrel, ten pounds weight, and carrying ten shots. This gun I unhesitatingly pronounce the most perfect in balance, the safest from premature explosions, capable of the most rapid work, and the least apt to fail to fire when subjected to the test of heat and to the manipulations of unsteady hands. The arrangements for working the gun with the left hand, while the right hand and right shoulder support it, almost without disturbing the aim, is the most important advan- MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Par ( tage this gun has over any others that I have seen. It enables the operator to shoot more rapidly, when accuracy is considered, than the common lever-actions do. With any of the new repeating-rifles, however, all that is needed. to do good work is good judgment, a good eye, and a stéady nerve. I do not believe in the heavy guns of large caliber. Even fora Grizzly Bear, I would use no larger than a forty caliber. This, however, is a disputed point. Men with more experience than I have had use the larger rifles. It is generally admitted that the best place to shoot any big game is through the shoulders. The Buffalo-hunt- ers discovered long ago that those large animals were most certainly secured by firing at their strong and bulky shoulders. With the Moose this is surely the best policy. Their shoulders are massive and their chests are very deep, so that there is danger of shooting too high. The advice of the most successful hunters, with whom I have associated, is to shoot low, and well forward. A _ bullet through the lungs is nearly as effective as one through the heart. This rule should govern in shooting Deer, Bears, and all other large game. In the winter of 1884, I established a camp in the Teton Basin, at that time an unsettled region. The high, tim- bered Teton Range of mountains was, and is yet, well stocked with game, and the wild meadows of the basin afforded then, but not now, excellent winter range for Moose, Elk, and Deer. In the fall, the Deer came to the low lands with the first snow; the Elk followed them as soon as the depth was increased to two feet or more; and then the Moose would come when the crust formed on the snow in the mountains. The Moose is as thoroughly at home in soft snow as he is in the water; but when the heavy crusts form, he retreats, and seeks more favorable feeding-grounds. My cabin was the first landmark of civilization in that now thickly settled valley. We had killed Deer, in season, till we were sup- plied with meat to last all winter. Then came the Elk, and 28 - BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. they were so tempting that we were moved to go in search of the first that appeared. We killed two of the choicest to be found. This meat, too, we placed in ourlarder, for the sake of variety. A month later, Moose were reported, by one of the trap- pers, to be plentiful half a mile up the creek. The story he told of the great, shaggy beasts filled us with the spirit of the chase. We must havea Moose’s nose. No other article of diet that we could think of possessed such charm for our party, just then, as the Moose’s nose; and a Moose’s nose we must have. The snow was only about a foot deep, so we tramped out along the trails, in the old-fashioned way, fora still-hunt. To our surprise, we found the game very plentiful, and as tame, almost, as domestic cattle. They evidently had taken possession of the winter range that had been theirs aac for ages, and seemed undisturbed by intrusion. ; The first Moose encountered was a cow. She wore a shaggy, faded coat and a sickly look, so’ we did not kill her. She moved lifelessly, like a poor domestic cow. She moped about, and secluded herself in the willows where she had been browsing. We consulted, and decided that she must be sick; but imagine our surprise when the next one, a bull, was discovered trying to conceal himself in a clump of willows. We were all so near together that each waited for the other to propose the manner of attack; so one of the boys, being inexperienced and noted for his bad marksman- ship, was detailed to shoot the poor old bull, some of the more generous sportsmen declaring themselves too kind- hearted to shoot a sick animal. At the crack of the boy’s rifle, the great, rough-coated mountain-monarch reeled and, with a groan that was half a cry of agony, fell heavily to the ground. He was found to be in fine condition for the winter season. We feasted on hump, and discussed the peculiar action of the game we saw that day, until far into the night; they were so different from the sly animals we had hunted in MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 29 other seasons, and amid different surroundings. We after- ward noted, however, that the Moose, when driven from his timbered mountain home to the valleys, where he remained a few weeks, seemed to leave his shyness behind. This characteristic has been noted several times since. There were forty Moose counted near our cabin that winter. On one occasion, a bull Moose passed through Rexburg, Idaho, a town of considerable size. He went on through Elgin and other thickly settled neighborhoods. He was followed by more than one hundred men, and killed without more than the trouble necessary’ to butcher a beef steer. My conclusions are, from these seemingly contradictory traits of this animal, that he loses, to a great degree, the sense of fear upon changing from the familiar haunts, where he passes the greater part of his life, in the solitude of the forest, to the scenes so different in the valleys, where the marches of hunger enforce a temporary sojourn. During the winter that I was the only householder in the Teton Basin, the Moose became so familiar with the surroundings that they passed around the house at night so closely that we could hear them tramping in the snow, and their fresh tracks were seen every morning within easy gunshot range of the house. They Lecame so tame that the trappers often encountered them in their morning rounds, and they made no effort to escape. They were feeding on the dry grass and willows along the little river. They would wade in the water where it splashed over the rocks and did not freeze, in search of the sprigs of green water-plants and strings of moss that trailed in the water below the submerged rocks. The Moose would wade about when the cold wind blew, and icicles would hang from their coarse, long hair in great white spears. It is the delight of the Moose to paddle in the water even in winter. One of our trappers, while time rested heavily on his hands, in our camp on the Teton River, decided to try to catch a Moose ina snare. He provided himself with a one and a quarter inch manilla rope, and selected a trail a 30 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. hundred yards from the house as the place to make the experiment. The rope was securely fastened to a cotton- wood tree, and the noose was hung from small willows, directly over the well-tramped trail, at such a height as to allow the Moose to pass his head through and at the same time to carry the lower part of the noose forward above his knees till it caught him securely around the neck. The first night rewarded the lucky trapper, inasmuch as the success of his scheme was demonstrated. His work was well done, but the game was too strong for the trap. The rope, which would have held the strongest team of horses, on a dead pull, was snapped by the Moose, and the fright- ened beast ran over hills and plains, dragging the rope after him. The mark it made was seen up and down the valley, wherever the trappers went, for a month. The Moose, in his rounds of feeding, dragged the long rope through the water and through the snow in turns, till it became a rope of ice that made a track in the snow as if he were dragging a log. It must have been a great burden for the Moose to pull around, yet all winter the track was seen, where it crossed and recrossed the Teton Basin. How the poor brute ever got rid of his trade-mark, or whether he is still wearing it, no one knows. It was a new rope, and would last him for years if not unloaded by some lucky chance. ~The Clear Water River has its source in the heavy forests of the Bitter Root Range of mountains, and its many trib- utaries drain the best feeding-grounds for the Moose to be found in any part of our country. The gold-hunters, in their excursions, pass through the silent. wilderness, but they go and come without disturbing the game. So rugged are the rocky cations of these mountains that hunters sel- dom penetrate to the region of the lakes along the summit, and the Moose breed there year after year in comparative safety. From these game-preserves the Moose never migrate in winter in herds, as they do from the more bar- ren regions farther south. There are no little valleys to invite settlement high up in the Bitter Root Range, so the encroachments are not so destructive to the game in these MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 31 northern ranges as they are near the National Park and in the fertile valleys of the Snake River. It is upon the trib- utaries of Clear Water River that the sportsman, ten years hence, may expect to find Moose in numbers that will insure good sport to reward endurance and patience. Any man who can lay claim to the name of sportsman can reasona- bly expect to find a Moose in two or three days of still hunting in the Clear Water region, either now or ten years from this date. The Moose supply in that wilderness will be practically inexhaustible—as much so, at least, as in the forests of Maine. The best season for Moose-hunting in the mountains of the Far West is October and November. The first snow- fall, on the mountains, may be expected in November, and if the hunter is not discouraged by the hardships sure to . come with the first storms of winter, he would do well to take advantage of that season, as that, too, is about the time the bulls go forth to battle for the favors of the females. This is the season in which the native hunters, in the north- eastern woods, are said to use the birch-bark horn with such terrible results to the unsuspecting game. The horn has never been used in the Rocky Mountains, to my knowledge, and I have never heard any such noise here as is attributed to the Moose in the woods of Maine and Canada. The cow Moose, I have reason to believe, never utters a cry of any kind, here, and the bull of our region simply whistles, like the Elk and Deer. I have often heard them make their challenges and utter their calls, but it was simply a whistle, such as a boy might make by blowing between his fingers, though coarser, and not prolonged or repeated. My first experience with the call of the Moose was on the Upper Clear Water River, ten years ago. I was in camp in the dense cedar forests of that great wilderness, and was not expecting to see large game. I thought the whistle which echoed from the cafion, a quarter of a mile away, was the challenge of a black-tailed buck, and I went out to meet him with an antiquated Henry rifle of the lightly charged pattern. The gun was old, as well as lightly oe BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. charged, and was kept coated with dust and rough with rust by the owner, who did not know that better guns had been made in later times. I went forth to secure venison, uncertain as I was of the accuracy of the sights, as well as of the powers of the rifle’s execution, and, half in a spirit of experiment, blew upon my hands as I had learned to do when a boy, after I had failed to locate the game just where I expected to find it. To my surprise, I heard ‘ne crackling of the brush within gunshot, the animal that caused it coming nearer. ‘*T will kill the Deer,’’ I thought, and was soon in position, with the approaches well guarded. Sure enough, a dark form passed in view, but it was too large and too dark for a Deer. ‘‘Itis a mule,” I thought; but no! his gleaming antlers appeared in full view. I knew the stranger then, but was undetermined what todo. It was folly to shoot so far at a Moose with that little old pop-gun, so I waited. The Moose came blindly on, sniffing the air and beating the brush with his wide-spread antlers, as if enraged and ready for battle. He came within thirty yards, standing with his great, bulky form above a log which lay between us. He stood stock-still, as if listening, and I feared he would hear my heart beat; but I controlled myself, drew a steady bead with the coarse sight on the butt of his ear, and fired. The bullet penetrated his brain; he dropped like a beef, and was dead when I reached him. This Moose came at the call, but I believe he would have come at any other signal just as promptly. In fact, I have since heard of a bull Moose approaching camp apparently in response to the bray of a mule. These beasts are full of fight when they are on these excursions, and they would almost fight a buzz-saw if it came in their way. I offer these suggestions in explanation of the success attending the use of the birch-bark horn. The Moose approaches the source of the noise in a fit of rage at the intrusion, not knowing or caring what or who it is, and not because he is deceived, nor yet Pecans the noise of the form is an imitation he the Moose language. MOOSE-HUNTING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 33 The cow Moose does not grow bold like the bull who is so ready to battle for her in the fall of the year. Further- more, it is only during one short month that the antlered monarch of the woods is brave to defend his mate. After the rutting-season he abandons the cows, and, in company with other bulls as sullen and ungainly as himself, retires to the most secluded lairs, and there skulks in cowardice —afraid of his own shadow. All winter long the bulls are found in pairs or in herds, with no cows or young about. They remain separated till the calves are well grown and are able to run from danger by the side of the mother. While the young are small, they do not depend upon flight to escape an enemy. They are effectively guarded from beasts of prey by the mother. She will drive Wolves, Bears, and Mountain Lions in disorder from the field. When aman approaches the secluded bedding-ground, the mother silently steals away. She leaves the helpless young to hide in the ferns or chaparral; and well it hides, too. At the signal of the departing mother Moose, who caresses it with her nose, and may be breathes her ‘‘God bless you ”’ in its ear, the little creature becomes, in looks, a part of its surroundings, and the hunter might step over it as a life- less, moss-covered stone or piece of wood. In 1885, I spent the month of June on the St. Joseph River, in the Coeur d’ Alene Mountains, and I had there an experience with a young Moose which might be of interest to sportsmen. It is a beautiful country for a hunter to spend the summer in. There are great forests, dark and cool with shade; there are lakes and streams alive with mountain trout; and there are Deer, Bears, Elk, and Moose in numbers to make glad the heart of the most sordid plodder. An English gentleman, with enthusiasm and cash, filled me with the desire to find a Moose in the velvet and in the gloss of a summer coat. We procured a camp outfit, and sought the head-waters of the little St. Joseph River. _ There we found a great park of giant pines, the ground “beneath all carpeted with soft ferns and velvety moss. The 3 34 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. ‘ sun had no power to darken the pale-green ferns, and the wind never blew to tangle the slender fronds. The moist ground was untracked, except by the cautious feet of the wild creatures of the woods, and all was silent, as if no echoes slumbered in those bowers. We spread our camp on the soft, sweet floor of the green-canopied and tree- studded home of the gods, and rested. Rich was the peace of solitude for a night. In the morning we were longing for adventure, like rest- less spirits In a new world, and went forth commissioned to explore and to conquer the denizens of that Arcadian-like land of summer loveliness. We tramped far, far through an outstretched, unchanged expanse of forest, without sat- isfactory results as to the finding of big game. There were dozens of that species of grouse known as the fool hen, with its staring red eyes and stupid habit of sitting like a bronze image on limbs and logs, even within reach of our hands. There were other wonders for the appreciative Englishman to admire, but he was determined to see a live Moose in its native haunts, and nothing less would satisfy his longing. Finally, when he was separated from me about a quarter of a mile, I heard his deep voice in tones of agitation. I hastened to his aid, and found him standing with gun presented, a model for an artist, demanding an answer to his unintelligible ‘‘ What is it?’? He was pointing into a tangle of ferns near his feet, that was as dense as the rank clover in a rich meadow. I, as with an echo, answered, ‘‘ What is it?’’ when by his side I saw a crouching little animal, with glossy brown coat, lying low and still as a frightened fawn. We could not at first determine what it was, but its innocent eyes stayed our hands before we pulled the trigger. No, we could not shoot the crouching, beautiful creature. ‘‘Ah,”’ said the athletic foreign sportsman, ‘‘I will capture the bloody thing!’’ and handing his rifle to me, he Sprang upon it like a lion upon alamb. When a hunter has found one of those places, with proper caution he can inva- riably get a shot; whether he is successful depends on his nerve and on his being a sure shot. It is an interesting sight to see a Bear ‘‘stepping.”’ None but very fat Bears make them. A week or two before going into winter quarters, the Bear selects some marshy ground, or a slough, along the side of which it can make a promenade night and morning before bedding. The place must be soft enough to permit his feet to sink at least a foot or more in the mud; and his steps are the same distance both going and returning, just as regular as the steps of a veteran sentinel. After the Bear has selected the place, and stepped for some fifty to seventy-five yards, he turns and retraces the same steps until satisfied. The time is either in the morning, about daylight, or just before sunset. I have found them oftener making their promenade in the morning than in the evening. They seem THE BLACK BEAR. 263 to take great delight in it. Only once have I observed two Bears at it at the same place. It seemed great fun to them to step immediately behind one another, the larger in front, in the same track, which soon becomes a foot or more deep, and presents the same appearance of steppings as those of a drove of hogs in muddy lanes. These Bears would push one another around as they got to the end of the track, and each would endeavor to be the first to resume the round, the foremost looking behind it, to see what the rear one was doing, several times before it got to the beginning-point. Once I saw them rear up like two dogs at play, with fore paws over the other’s shoulders. When a Bear comes to these stepping-places, it appears very timid —looks in every direction to discover some ani- mal, and sometimes crouches to the ground to listen better. Then, if satisfied by hearing no noise and observing no unusual object, it sniffs the wind in every direction, to locate a scent, and when entirely satisfied that all is right, begins its promenade. When tired, or when it is time to seek its lair, it trudges slowly away. To be successful, the hunter must be assured of the side on which the Bear comes to its stepping-grounds, and then be certain to be there sufficiently long before the Bear will come to the place, not to be scented by it. He must be cautious to ascertain the direction of the wind, and take that position on the side of the steppings near enough to make a deadly shot, and yet not too close, lest the Bear scent him. That position should be near the opposite end of the steppings from which the Bear begins to step, so that he may take advantage of the momentary halt that a Bear makes as he turns around to retrace his steps; and with a double-barrel No. 12 hammerless gun, grasped as if in a vise, stock firmly pressed to shoulder, forefinger ready to touch the left trigger at that particular moment, and with an ounce and a quarter ball, driven by three and three- fourths drams of powder, with a rising aim, about two to three inches back of shoulder, four inches below backbone, he will assuredly drop the Bear dead in its tracks; or, should 264 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. the hunter prefer the rifle, let him use. a Winchester rifle, and an Express ball prepared for this special work. For what particular purpose the Bears take these regular step- pings, I have never been able to determine. I have seen none but very fat Bears at it. A poor Bear, in the Southwest, seldom, if ever, hiber- nates. I have found them feeding every month of the winter. It is the opinion of many hunters with whom I have conversed about the steppings made by fat Bears, that it was done for the purpose of preparing their systems for - the hibernation of three or more months. It is now only a question of time, and that very short, when the Black Bear will be exterminated, unless some may be preserved in captivity in zodlogical gardens. Take the fifty years of my experience with Bears—estimate the vast number that existed in the United States at the beginning of the year 1840 with the sparse number in 1890—and one may reasonably conjecture that forty years hence it will be almost impossible to find a wild Bear in the same space of territory. At the present time, Bears are still found along the Appalachian Range of mountains, in the wide and unsettled parts of the Mississippi bottoms and all its tributaries, and also in the Trinity, Sabine, and Brazos bottoms. Right here where I am now living, twenty-five years since, Bears were abundant; two years since, two Bears were killed on the opposite side of the river; but now, I firmly believe, not a Bear could be found in a radius of one hundred miles, their extermination being due to the advance of railroads, that caused the country to be settled, and to the rapid improvement in fire-arms and ammuni- tion. I append here accounts of several hunts in which I participated in my early life, and which accounts I con- tributed to the American Field, some years ago, under my own initials. Solitude is more company to me than society. When I want genuine comfort, freedom from all care, give me my THE BLACK BEAR. 265 office-room, without a human being in sight or on the prem- ises; nothing around me, in the form of living objects, save my mute and faithfui dogs and my handsome Maltese cat. My thoughts are my companions, affording more real enjoy- ment, for the time, than the society of even my most cher- ished friends. There are times when the sight of a human face is positive misery; when spoken words, whate’er their import, grate harshly on the ear; when conversation becomes repulsive, and when I would rather walk the depths of some vast forest, alone, communing with Nature in her varied garb, than listen to the speech of the wisest of philosophers, or the witticisms of friends. Such is my condition now—this cold December night— as I stir the fire and look with deep regard on my affec- tionate dogs—the handsome Beauty, the dignified Black Maud, and the frolicsome Dan's Trump—that are crowding closer to the fire as the cold wind howls through the key-hole, and the rattling snow and sleet beat against the window-panes. The sash and shutters vibrate, and, raising the window to close the shutters, the furious wind drives into the room a mass of sleety snow, and the lamp is extin- guished. I return to the fire, and gazing upon the bright, glowing coals, my mind reverts to such a night just forty- one years ago, when I was lying under a tent on the Oua- chita River, in Arkansas, with three boon companions. In memory I go back to the previous night, when seated about the hearth-stone of one of the most excellent ladies it was my fortune ever to know—no one save her only child, a most ardent sportsman, her niece, and myself being her company. It was a lovely night, just a week. before Christ- mas. Mrs. Candace Taylor—such was the name of this lady—broke the silence, as we had sat for a few minutes each buried in thoughts and plans of the coming festivities, remarking: ‘* Brother Harry and his wife will be here from Tennessee next week, and I want some Bear-meat for my Christmas dinner. I presume they have never eaten a piece, and I want to show them what good eating a piece of fat Bear- 266 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. meat affords. Howell, my son, can’t you and Colonel A—— go down to the Ouachita to-morrow, and, with Mr. Littlejohn and Albert Williams, kill a Bear for me?”’ ‘* Nothing would suit me better,’ replied Howell. ‘‘T have been thinking of it for some time; and if you and Agnes (that was his wife’s name) can stay here alone for a few days, we will be off to-morrow morning just as soon as you can get our eatables ready. I know Colonel A—— will go, as he has been talking for some time of joining me in a Bear-hunt.”’ ‘¢You and Colonel A—— get ready to leave at daylight; Agnes and I will order the provisions cooked to-night. You shall not be delayed by us.” This settled the matter. I ordered my horse, rode to my office, and packed up everything necessary for me to carry on such a hunt. I cleaned up and put in order my fine double-barrel Manton, sharpened my cane-knife, melted the lead and ran a number of bullets to fit the bore, cut the patching out of thin buckskin, and, lastly, filled my canteen with the best of old Bourbon, to keep me from catching cold; for, though it was then so warm, I anticipated a spell of intensely cold weather before we should return. The, next evening found the party seated around the camp-fire on the west side of the Ouachita River, which was then low enough to ford at the old Coleman Ford. We had two tents—one for the whites, the other for the negroes. Howell Taylor had a large pack of black-and-tan hounds. Parson Littlejohn had several good hounds, and some shaggy half-curs—excellent fighters. Albert Williams had about a dozen mongrels, all of which were good fighters, and one or two good. start-dogs. Howell had one bitch, called Kate, that would rather run a Bear than eat a piece of venison. She could trail up a Bear that had passed two days before, would run it for forty to fifty hours before quitting it, and was equally good on Deer. This sensible animal seemed to know just what kind of game her master wanted her to run. At home, if he wanted to go’ Possum-hunting, all he had to do was to THE BLACK BEAR. 267 have the negroes who accompanied him show their axes to old Kate. It was enough; she was seen no more until she had treed the ’Possum or *Coon. Did he want to hunt tur- keys, of which there were numerous flocks in the surround- ing hills, he had only to show Kate a turkey before leaving the house, take neither horn nor any other dog along, and he would be assured Kate ran nothing but a wild turkey that day. Our party were all smokers. Volumes of smoke were issu- ing from the door of the tent as one after another related past experiences in Bear-hunting, and thus we whiled away the greater part of the night. Littlejohn was an eloquent preacher, who loved to hunt as well as he did to preach; Taylor was beginning to study for the ministry; Phillips was, I believe, a member of the church, while the only sinner in the party was myself. Prayers were finally said, and we had just lain down to sleep, when the sky darkened, the wind roared, and a perfect Texas ‘‘norther’’ setin. Rain fell in big drops; then it turned to snowing and sleeting. A more sudden change I never witnessed. The shivering dogs crawled into the tents, and piled or cuddled on the bed- clothes, in spite of all our efforts to keep them out. At no period of my life do I remember a colder and more disagreeable night. As to sleeping, it was out of the ques- tion until tired nature gave way, and we sank into fitful and unrestful naps. About the break of day we were roused by the whining of old Kate. After we found it impossible to keep out the dogs, they had been allowed to stay in the tent, and the flap had been pinned down too tight for them to get out. Howell got up, and remarked: ‘‘Some varmint must be passing by, from the signs old Kate is making, and I believe it is a Bear.”’ Opening the flap of the tent, he let her out, and gave her a stirring ‘‘hie on.’’ But she needed none, for, with a bound and a note that told us plainly it was a Bear, she rushed down the road, with all the pack at her heels. Not a hundred yards out, the whole pack gave tongue. It wasan 268 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. exciting time. We were all up—negroes and whites—in a moment, as excited a party as one ever sees on a Bear-hunt. Phillips, an experienced Bear-hunter, who knew the whole country, rushed out of the tent, listened awhile, and then said: “Tt is a Bear, sure enough. The warm weather has caught him out of his den, and he is now making for the big cane-brake at the mouth of Cypress Creek. We are bound to kill that Bear. It is going to be a long and severe chase, but we shall kill. Come, let us eat a bite; drink plenty of coffee, for you will need it all to-day. Fill your pockets with lunch while the negroes are saddling our horses, for that Bear is to be killed, no matter what occurs. Howell, you and Littlejohn are better prepared to die than that sinner, the Colonel, and myself; for if you drown, you will be sure to go to the happy hunting-grounds, while it is extremely doubtful about us. Now, you must ride for life down the bank of the river, until about eight miles below here, to the crossing. You can not ford it now, but you must swim your horses across, and then, if you are not drowned, ride like Jehu up Cypress Creek to the big brake. You will be in hearing of the dogs all the time, and if you don’t get a shot, the Bear will cross the river to this side, and make for the cane-thicket at the mouth of the Little Missouri River. Perhaps the Colonel and I may get a shot at it on this side. If we do not, it will run the thicket, and after awhile cross back. Then you can kill it as it swims back to you on the east side.”’ These instructions were rapidly given as we gulped down our breakfast. It was an awful tim® to be out on a Bear-chase, especially as long a one as we expected this one to be, for none but a poor Bear would be out of winter quarters at this time of the year and in this storm. Even now, as I sit peering into the fire, I can see the per- sons whom I have represented, as plainly as if alive, and as if it were but yesterday. All have long since passed from earth, and have gone to their long resting-place, whither I am fast traveling. lIalone am left to recall the scene, and THE BLACK BEAR. 269 to muse over it. Sixty-seven winters have whitened my locks, but I am a youth again this cold, bitter night, as eager to join in a chase of this kind as I was on that memo- rable morning. YetIamsad. Why should I be their sur- vivor by so many years? I, whom if death had taken *twere no loss to the world nor society, while those who have gone had so much at stake—so many friends to whom their departure was a grievous calamity. What would have been their feelings could each have unveiled the future, and have looked twenty years ahead? I close my eyes, and still their faces are seen on every side. The wind still moans in fitful gusts—now it is a fierce howl—and louder rattles the sleet against the panes. Can there be some unseen spirit near, even in this room, who calls back from the murky shadows of the past this weird scene, and impels me to put on paper the recollections of that day? Or has the soul of my comrade in battle, my boon companion in sports of the forest, come back to earth, and is he now holding silent communion with my own spirit, almost emancipated from its dull clog of mortality? And does he bid me record the events of this chase, the most memorable of his short life? Ah! it must be so. Involuntarily I seize the pen, to write the thoughts that come trooping from the reservoir of memory, too fast for anything but an electric pen and an eager hand to record. Taylor and Littlejohn have mounted their horses, and the snow-flakes have hidden them from view as they hurry, with the speed of the wind, to get in hearing distance of the pack, which has now crossed the river. “Take your time, Colonel,’ said Phillips, ‘‘and eat a-plenty. It will be a long way in the night before we again see this camp-fire, in my opinion. Weare going to have the severest chase ever seen in this bottom. I had no idea of starting a Bear until we got to the forks of the rivers. That Bear is poor; and I believe it is a barren female, else the old hussy would have been in her bed, sucking her paws and thinking of the babies she was to rear. As it is, she will never take a tree or go to bay. 270 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. > She will run and whip off the dogs all day, and it is so cold they will stop at night. If we kill her—and I vow she shall die—it will have to be done ahead of the dogs, while she is crossing back and forward from the two big brakes.”’ ‘*Mount,’’ I replied. ‘‘I have eaten all I want, and Ike has put us up a good lunch—sufficient for all four of us. Besides (showing him the canteen), | have got some- thing to warm the inner man, if we should feel like freezing.” A dash down the road revealed the trace of the dogs and Bear. < ‘“What a whopper it is!’’ said Phillips, who led the way, I following at a break-neck speed. Some two miles below, we saw where the Bear had left the road and crossed the river, at one of its widest bends. No dogs were in hear- ing. I wanted to swim our horses across, and follow after them. ‘*No,’’ said Phillips. ‘‘No use to do that; before we could come up with them the Parson and Howell will have crossed, and will be ahead of us. Perhaps they may kill; but I think the Bear will cross back to run to the forks before we can get opposite the mouth of Cypress. Hurry up, and ride for all you are worth, to get there ahead of it. These dogs mean business, and so must we if we are to be in at the death.’’ Four miles more brought us to where the Parson and Howell had swum their horses across. ‘* How is this?”’ said Phillips, as we pulled up to listen, and examine where they had crossed. ‘‘I thought I told them to be sure to go to the ford, and then ride up the creek, so as to intercept the Bear. It is now evident that when they got here they heard the dogs fighting the Bear on the other side, and not being able to wait to go down two miles farther, they have crossed, and, no doubt, are not far behind the dogs. Let us make for the ford as fast as we can ride, and wait there. If the Bear attempts to go up Cypress Creek, then we will have to swim across, and endeavor to get up with the dogs.” THE BLACK BEAR. 271 A dash of a mile more, and Phillips stopped suddenly. He had caught the sound of the baying of the dogs, and of the voices of Littlejohn and Taylor. The roar of the pack was plain; and not far behind them we could hear the yells of the two hunters. ‘‘They must have gone stark-mad, to be hollering to those dogs,’ exclaimed Phillips, as he muttered to himself words I did not catch—but no doubt they made the record- ing angel blush for their irreverence. And then he added, louder, ‘‘ The Parson has forgot where he is, and thinks he is preaching to a lot of mourners at a camp-meeting. He will never kill a Bear at that rate. Ride, Colonel; I hear old Kate half a mile ahead, and she is just pinching and pushing that Bear for all he is worth. The Bear is aiming to cross at the ford, and if we can get there in time we can get a shot before it passes the road.”’ It was true. Old Kate was at least three to four hun- dred yards ahead; and it was a ride for life and death for us to be there before they crossed the river, which we undoubt- edly would have done, but for having to make our way around a number of large trees that the wind had blown down that night right across our path. This gave the Bear the inside track, and we had the melancholy satisfaction of hearing Kate’s fierce voice as she plunged into the cane on the right. She and the Bear had passed before we got to the ford, which the rest of the pack were now swimming. ‘‘Let us stop here until the dogs all cross, and when they see me they will pursue the Bear with renewed cour- age,’’ said Phillips. Just then I saw the Parson and Taylor dash down the bank, right into the water, behind the last dogs. What cared those gallant hunters for ice, snow, and swimming water ina time like this! Up the bank they came, as wet as water could make them, and still yelling. ‘‘Stop that infernal noise,’’ shouted Phillips, as he dashed forward to head them off. ‘‘Stop that noise. If you had not yelled so, you would have got a shot long ago, 272 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. or the Colonel and I would have killed the Bear while crossing here. It will never stop, nor return here, unless all noise ceases. I will follow the dogs, and endeavor to head the Bear from running up the Little Missouri. Par- son, you and Howell take down the Ouachita, and if you hear the dogs fighting close, make for the dogs; but, for God’s sake, do no more yelling. And you, Colonel, stay back, and if you hear the dogs returning, dash back to this place. The Bear will cross back, if it is not shot.” With these injunctions, he was soon lost to view, and I shouted to the Parson and Howell to ‘‘hold on for a moment.” Pulling out my canteen, I said, ‘‘If there ever was a time in your lives that you needed spiritual revival, it is now;’’ and I handed it tothem. all ey 9 THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHEEP. By G. O. SHIELDS (‘‘ CoQUINA’). HE Rocky Mountain Sheep is one of the wildest, wariest, and most difficult to hunt, successfully, of all North American game quadrupeds. His habi- tat being the highest, raggedest, and most forbid- ding mountain ranges, it is only by the most arduous toil, the most wearisome and, in many cases, dangerous climbing, that the hunter can reach the feeding-grounds of the wild Sheep at all; and once there, his skill will be taxed to its utmost to get within rifle-range of the game. He will be fortunate indeed if, after he has crawled a quarter of a mile, and has almost reached the point from which he hoped to make a successful shot, one of the capricious currents of wind that are so often fatal to the hopes of the mountain hunter does not sweep up a canon or around a crag, in a direc- tion immediately opposite to that from which it has been blowing, and carry his scent to the delicate nostrils of Ovis, for the sense of smell in this animal is equally as keen as that of sight. He will also be fortunate if, after hours of careful and tedious, time-killing and back-breaking stalk- ing, he does not displace a loose rock and start it rolling down the mountain, or if he does not break a dry juniper- twig, the sound of either of which would send the game leaping and dancing away among the crags. The Big Horn is gregarious in its tastes, and a few years ago paola of several hundred were frequently seen together. Now it is rare indeed that so many as fifty are found in one place. The sportsman is extremely fortunate who can find a band of ten or fifteen after riding and climbing a week to reach their range. ( 363 ) 364 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. When bands of Sheep are feeding, they usually post a sentinel on some prominent point, to watch for possible danger; and when about to lie down, they seek the highest ground in the neighborhood, in order that each member of the flock may act as his own guardian. The muscular development of this animal is simply mar- velous; and while possibly not as graceful and elastic in his movements as the Deer or the Antelope, yet he will leap from crag to crag, will bound up over ragged ledges, over ice-glazed slopes, or down perpendicular precipices, alighting on broken and disordered masses of rock, with a courage and a sure-footedness that must challenge the admiration of everyone who has an opportunity to study him in his mountain home. It may be well to state once more, however, that all the old stories of hunters and mountaineers, to the effect that the Sheep jump over precipices and alight on their heads, are purely mythical. i Hl } 2 VTE Os i zy! pL pale ny » ' ay ¥ si Eo pthee ili? 4 , sales We « ; 7 i J i Yat , Li et i n { eau i ty F } a ‘ Mele! em iar uae a ‘> . J rf, cf My «i cde ; a ‘ a a a r , 1 u y a . th ' - is a* vaye = - f oz ~ ta ' i ” < i ds) ti i we Ul AD ay i a. L ! ; ae TPR N 4 ¢ nye e ? t ic ‘3 if - \ ; r \ ‘ i Ab | » ? { rl ‘ r =. fates ae Paws ae "ee G } { ' sa ; firmly i ~ i os Las er wie v > ih a 1 aL - rs be 1 i ae -™ : ‘ - \ : ~ f ak Zi . 3 | ‘ Gr = é + _ ats Seen ene tw i he i S + Ne te 3 a a 5 4, j Lf ; ~ . ‘ be soo ~* ~ , ei 3 amt > » iit eae ‘ 7 - f - . i ea 3 7 : 1 2 . ‘ | i . | , are 2 rs a = ‘ - 4 ; . { i i i , 3 1) . . ‘ i Dt yie t . ae H i \ COURSING THE GRAY WOLF.* ~ By Duncan S. CaAGe. - LIVED some years in the Texas Panhandle, where the question as to the best dog to use in coursing the Gray Wolf was a vital one, and my experience in the mat- e~ ter may prove of interest to other lovers of that grand sport. Let me premise by saying that I firmly believe that any dog—no matter of what breed or strength—that will, single-handed, seize and hold his grip on a Gray Wolf will hardly survive his first encounter. The thick hair and tough, loose skin of the Wolf protect him from serious injury from the dog’s teeth, while his own powerful fangs cut at each snap like a circular-saw. Of course, where a number of large dogs, of almost any breed, close in on a Wolf, they may, in a combined attack, easily pull him down and kill him, whereas it would be suicidal for any one. or two of them to attempt it alone. My conclusion was, that if destruction of the Wolves is the only object, the ordinary Fox-hound is by odds the best; not that dogs of this breed can capture or kill his Wolfship, but they trail him to his den, and this once located, his death is easily compassed. We used to use -balls of cotton soaked in liquid carbolic acid and turpen- tine, and, igniting them, throw them in. In most cases this soon brought the game out, so nearly suffocated that he could be killed with a club—though I must say we did not practice this mode of dispatching him. A wheezing, foam- ing, staggering Wolf might well bluff the Sorosis Club itself; so we generally preferred to pierce him with bullets, *From Sports Afield, by kind permission of the publishers. ( 475 ) 476 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. while we stood at a safe distance. This method was effect- ive in the whelping-season, and men were employed spe- cially for this work on the ranch where I was then working —one of the largest in that section. There is, however, little sport in this; but, with the proper accessories, the Wolf furnishes as exciting a run as the most enthusiastic rider could wish. To my mind, there is always something lacking in a sport where the game is helpless when caught. No matter how the pulses throb during the wild chase, there is always a Sharp revulsion when the hoarse, agonized bleat of the Antelope tells that the fangs of his fierce pursuers are rend- ing his fleet limbs, or even when the sharp scream of the jack-rabbit ends the chase; but there are no such com- punctions when the cruel Wolf feels the tortures he has so often inflicted on others; and he is a formidable adversary when, grim and bristling, he turns at bay. As to the question of speed, it is mostly a matter of condition. A gorged Wolf is not fast, and I have shot several in this state by running up to them on average cow- ponies; but when properly ‘‘gaunted,” few horses can catch a Gray Wolf; and they have tremendous endurance. On the ranch I mentioned, we had seven cross-bred Stag- hounds and Greyhounds that ran and fought well together, and we all looked forward each season to the brief interval between the close of winter work and the spring round-up, when we would have leisure for hunting. Though we killed many Gray Wolves, it was always necessary to shoot them after the dogs overhauled them. They could keep the Wolves down, but could not kill them. I shall never forget the first one they caught. Wolves had shown up numerously that winter, and in my camp we were all eager to go into headquarters in spring and take the dogs out after them. Many were the speculations as to how the dogs would come out—whether they would tackle the Wolf, ete. At last the momentous day arrived; and behold us, six in number, mounted on our ‘‘top-horses,’’ sallying forth in COURSING THE GRAY WOLF. 477 search of our wily foes. How the day comes back to me now as my mind reverts to it, and **Old memories crowd upon me; Old forms go trooping past.” The day was perfect. The breath of spring ‘was in the air; a subtle perfume rose from the tender grass crushed under our horses’ feet as they moved under us with that strong and springy step which is in itself a joy. Our gallant dogs were all eagerness as they threw their lithe forms in the air and bounded with delighted yelps around us. We were all true friends and comrades. What more could mortal wish ? In the distance rose the abrupt wall of the great Staked Plain, and around us stretched the gently rolling Valley of the Canadian, with its emerald carpet of buffalo-grass—an ideal coursing-ground. Antelope were in sight in many places; but to-day our thoughts were on fiercer game, and we avoided them, keeping the dogs close to us. Thus we rode for several miles, keeping a sharp lookout for Wolves, but beginning to fear that we were doomed to disappointment. - At length, glancing toward a ridge on the left, [ caught a fleeting glimpse of some animal disappearing over its crest. Hardly daring to hope that it was a Wolf, we galloped to the top of the ridge, and a simultaneous yell broke from our lips as, less than two hundred yards away, moving along with that indescribably lazy and insolent lope he assumes when he thinks a safe distance is between him and an enemy, we saw a large Gray Wolf. At the sound of our voices, he glanced back, and, drop- ping his izsouciance, lit out like a gray streak; and well he might, for behind him the dogs were vaulting across the prairie with the velocity, almost, of so many arrows, and were closing in on the fated prowler despite his most strenuous efforts to leave them behind. The horses, strain- ing every herve, as in a quarter-race, were keeping well up; while, to ease our minds, encourage the dogs, and rattle the Wolf, we were giving vent to yells which would not have discredited a Comanche. The dogs were running well + 478 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. bunched, and gaining rapidly. Nowa quarter has been run, and hardly twenty yards separate them from the chase. Our yells redouble as, with a magnificent spurt, our favorite, Kate, shoots out from the press, and, with strides the eye ~ can scarcely follow, closes on the Wolf as if he were tied. Quick as thought he turns at bay; but Kate avoids the gleaming fangs, and seizes his hind leg as she flies past. Both come to the ground with the shock, and before he can rise the pack is on him. In a moment more we are up. Each man shouts encouragement to the dogs, holding aloft his ready six-shooter in one hand, while the other restrains his plunging horse as the animal rears from the writhing, growling mass almost under his feet. Several sharp yelps tell of cuts inflicted by the clashing jaws of the grim quarry, and each of us is waiting for a chance to fire without danger to the dogs or horses. The dogs fight with courage and skill—with quick, sharp snaps—leaping back out of reach; for the dog that holds his grip on a Wolf, in the language of the range, ‘‘may linger, but he can’t stay.” Suddenly, with a mighty effort, the wolf shakes himself free from his foes and gains his feet. What a picture of ferocity !—his rumpled hair bristling, jaws dripping bloody foam, gray eyes glaring with demoniac fury. Small won- der that the dogs shrink for a moment into a wider circle! He sees his chance, and makes a dash for liberty; but it is fatal, for it brings him past the best shot on the range. Judy, the nearest dog, bounds on the Wolf; but, ere she touches him, the shot has sped, and he lies quivering on the ground. The dogs rush in, worry and mangle him to their heart’s content: We dismount, and placing our hats on the ground, pour the water from our canteens in their indented crowns to refresh our panting allies. A brief rest is taken, during which praise and petting is lavished on our proud dogs, Kate coming in for a double share; and having secured the scalp of our victim, we return leisurely to fight the battle over again over the bountiful ranch dinner, and plan new forays against the marauding Wolves. ‘ THE WOLVERINE. By C. A. Cooper (‘‘ SIBYLLENE”’). 7-4|XCEPT to naturalists and dwellers in the Arctic regions, the characteristics of the Wolverine are but slightly known. In the temperate and torrid zones, we find people able to minutely describe the hoop- snake; but ask these people, or even their better-informed neighbors, what they know about the Wolverine, and if you do not get the answer, ‘‘ Well, there are plenty of them in Michigan, but I never happened to see one,’’? you will probably be given some of the fifteenth-century theories of Olaus Magnus, a better archbishop than naturalist, whose writings upon this animal have been handed down with clock-work regularity. Naturally, there are various causes for this lack of knowledge, the first and foremost being that the Wolverine has virtually been exterminated within the borders of the United States. Even in-the ‘‘good old days” there were comparatively few of them. The menageries and zodlogical gardens know him not, and his stuffed form is principally noted for its absence from a majority of the museums throughout the land. Were it not for the frequent. revival of the name, through Michigan ‘being known as the Wolverine State, the fact that such an animal exists would be unknown to a majority of the busy people of this continent. Being nocturnal, wary, and solitary in habit, it is not surprising that the Wolverine is so seldom seen; especially as it now inhabits only the boreal regions, or the most secluded portions of elevated forests in the north temper- ate zone. With the exception of one or two points in British America, it can not be said to have been abundant (479) 480 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. at any time, as the following partial comparative record of Hudson’s Bay Company’s sales conclusively shows: ‘‘Sa- bles, four millions; minks, two and a half millions; otters, one and a half millions; Wolverines, one hundred thou- sand.”’ Except when some overwise old Wolverine has taken a contract to persistently destroy their traps, the Hudson’s Bay trappers do not make them a particular object of pur- suit, on account of their extreme cunning, and scarcity, and their mid-rank in value among fur-bearing animals. When, too, we consider that the severe winters, and insect pests at other seasons, keep all save a few hardy adventur- ers from invading its domain; that only the outlying dis- tricts receive nocturnal visits from the animal when it is on the verge of starvation, and that until recently the outskirts of its territory have been free from railroad encroachments, we see why the few sober and reliable articles upon this species have failed to dispel the mystery and exaggeration of centuries. In Northern Europe and Asia, the animal is generally known as the Glutton, the term Wolverine being an Ameri- canism of the eighteenth century. Owing to the difficulty of getting reliable data, nearly every country or tribe has seen fit to invest the animal with a name which, in the opinion of the original investigators, had some distinguishing reference to the supposed form or character of the beast; but, in addition to Wolverine and Glutton, the only one not substantially local is the French Canadian Carcajou, which is also well known to residents of portions of British America and the United States. Until about the year 1850, the Glutton of Europe and Asia was thought to differ materially from the American Wolverine. Later investigation, however, has shown it to be identical. The latest edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is not at all clear on this point. It not only defines the Carcajou as ‘‘the American Badger,” but presents cuts showing the Glutton to be epicurean and THE WOLVERINE. 481 lamb-like; while the Wolverine, on another page, is appar- ently sprightly, and ever anxious for a fight. In fact, all of the well-known names applied to this car- nivorous mammal seem to have originated in misconception and error. The Latin Gulo, signifying glutton, selected by writers as early as 1550, and still used by modern authors to prevent confusion, gives but a faint idea of the gastronomic feats of the species as related by Old World naturalists, who seemed determined that the animal should do justice to the name they had given it. The repasts of those ancient gentlemen, Milo of Crotona and The- ogenes of Thasos, who could each devour a whole ox in one day, are insignificant affairs as compared with the voracity imputed to the Glutton, which, weighing only thirty pounds, could finish an Elk at one meal, stopping only occasionally to unburden itself by squeezing between two trees. One of these ancient authors, Linnzeus, gave to the ‘‘American form of the creature’’ the name of Ursus luscus, which signifies a Bear with one eye; the foundation for his conclusions being a single unlucky specimen from Hudson’s Bay which had lost an eye. The wariness, the nocturnal habits, and the exaggerated ferocity of the Timber Wolf, were all ascribed to the Wol- verine at an early day; hence the name. At least, a pre- ponderance of evidence favors this view, and agrees in its being a more appropriate name than Glutton. Dr. Elliott Coues, who has written much the best scien- tific article on the Wolverine I have yet seen, is of the opinion that Carcajou, or Carcajou quincajou, said to have been first applied by Charlevoix to either the Wolverine or some animal of the cat kind, is derived from the Cree Indian word O-kee-coo-haw-gew, and that Quickhatch, or Qui-qui-hatch, another term familiar to the whites of Brit- ish America, has the same origin. Richardson and others agree with him. The Wolverine belongs to the family Mustelid@, sub- family Wusteline, genus Gulo, and is known to the scien- tific world as Gulo luscus—a very absurd name indeed, In 31 482 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. the structure of its teeth it resembles the martens; in its” eyes and incomplete plantigrade walk, the Bear; the markings suggest the skunk or badger; while its habits, endurance, and ferocity have vaguely connected it with the Wolf. As in the case of the Bear, the after parts droop, and the head is usually carried low. In general appearance, it would somewhat resemble a fat, three-months-old. Cinna- mon Bear, were it not for its bushy tail. A casual front Wolverine. view would render the deception complete. The head is rather large and short, and tapers rapidly to the muzzle. The ears are short and broad, the neck and body rather long, and the eyes very small and black. In length, the body of an adult specimen, including the head, measures about thirty-two inches, the extreme length of the tail add- ing slightly more than a foot to the measurement. The legs are short and large. The feet are also large, and make tracks in the snow so nearly resembling those of a small Bear that the inexperienced hunter is generally deceived. To the practiced eye, they are readily distinguished by the short steps of the Wolverine. ‘ THE WOLVERINE. 483 Perhaps the most prominent and distinguishing external feature is the stubby tail, which is covered with soft, dark hair seven inches long. This, while soft and inclined to droop, is still remarkably fluffy and bushy, the impression, at first sight, being that something droll or defective has been dressed in gorgeous raiment. On account of the feet being semi-plantigrade, its gait approaches the awkward and shambling walk of the Bear, which, together with its short and thick legs, conveys the idea of great strength. ~The fine and valuable fur is partially concealed by a growth of coarse hair, which attains a length of four inches along the sides and hips. Like some of the other fur- bearers, the anal glands contain a very unsavory liquid, as the subjoined narrative of an experience of Captain James Ross will show: ‘At Victoria Harbor, in the middle of the winter, two or three months before we abandoned the ship, we were one day surprised by a visit by one (Wolverine), which, pressed hard by hunger, had climbed the snow-wall which surrounded our vessel, and came boldly on deck, where our crew were walking for exercise. Undismayed at the presence of twelve or fourteen men, he seized upon a canis- ter which had some meat in it, and was in so ravenous a state that, while busily engaged at his feast, he suffered me to pass a noose over his head, by which he was immediately secured and strangled. - By discharging the contents of two secretory organs, he emitted a most insupportable stench. These secretory vessels are about the size of a walnut, and discharge a fluid of a yellowish-brown color and of the consistence of honey.”’ The claws of the Wolverine are horn-colored, inclining to whitish, and about an inch long. Johnson’s Natural History says: ‘‘ The women of Kamchatka use the white paws of this animal in dressing their hair.’”’ As the paws are black, the intention is not clear. There is considerable variation in the light colors of the body. A light-colored stripe, varying from reddish-brown 484 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. to creamy-gray, and usually about two inches broad, extends from the top of the base of the tail, along the middle of each side, to the shoulders. Rarely, this stripe is three inches broad, and almost white, and when thus found, in connection with gray hairs throughout the dark of the Specimen, is an indication of old age. Most of the speci- mens I have seen have had more or less gray upon the front of the head, and small, irregular blotches of white upon the throat and brisket. With the exception of the aforemen- tioned light colors, the whole of the animal is a dark- brown, shading into black upon the back and feet. A specimen in the Chamber of Commerce library at Denver, Colorado, from which our illustration is drawn, has a gray stripe across the forehead, and large white blotches on neck and chest, but the body-stripe is hardly distin- guishable. Four adults taken at Trappers’ Lake, Colorado, in the winter of 1889, were beautifully marked, the broad, light- colored bands contrasting magnificently with the surround- ing dark and glossy fur. A specimen in the possession of J. A. Murdock, an editor and naturalist of Pilot Mound, Manitoba, has, in addition to the irregular throat-marks, considerable white around the nose. Audubon says: ‘‘A white stripe extends across the forehead;’’ but this is by no means regular. The fur of adults does not change color in winter. I have never seen the very young, which are said to be quite woolly and of a dirty-white color; neither have I been able to find anyone who could say anything authentic concern- ing them. As the oft-repeated ‘‘dirty-white’’ color would be something of an absurdity in nature, I do not accept it readily, but, instead, believe the young to resemble the parents; in which event, they would easily be mistaken for young minks, sables, or possibly otters, by all except ana- tomical naturalists. Notwithstanding its want of great agility, and the con- sequent apparent difficulty of procuring food in the bleak North, the Wolverine is usually very fat. Thirty-five THE WOLVERINE. 485 pounds may be said to be the average weight of those in good condition. There are eighteen teeth in the upper jaw and twenty below, divided as follows: Incisors, twelve; canines, four; pre-molars, sixteen; molars, six. As in the marten, the upper back molars are set transversely in the jaw. The Wolverine may be said to be confined to the north- ern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and is usually found only in wooded districts. In the Rocky Mountain region, its southern limit is probably 38°, and near the eastern coast of the United States, about 42°. Audubon. killed one in Rensselaer County, New York, in 1810. In several natural histories we find accounts of occasional specimens having been taken, previous to 1850, at about latitude 42° and 48°, in the States of New York, Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, and Vermont; but I can not recall a single account of its occurrence in the Ohio or Mississippi Valleys, nor in Canada, though it is probable the animal is still to be found in the latter country.* We have late and authentic records of its occurrence in the Rocky Mountains as far south as latitude 39°, though I have never heard of one in this latitude below an altitude of nine thousand feet. As we proceed toward the Arctic regions, along the Continental Divide, we hear of its presence from time to time; but until - we reach the Peace and Mackenzie River regions, in British *In a letter to the editor, dated March 29, 1890, Mr. William P. Lett says: ‘I find in the ‘Naturalist and Geologist,’ published by the late Elkanah Billings, the paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, the following: ‘The Glutton (Gulo Luscus, Linn.) is the Car- eajou of Le Hontan and the French Canadians; Quickhatch (Ursulo affinis Americana) of Catesby (Carolina); Quickhatch of the English residents at Hudson’s Bay; Quickhatch or Wolverine of Ellis; Wolverine of Pennant; Wolverine, Qui-qui-hatch, or Carcajou of Gra- ham (Manuscripts); Ka-blee-a-ri-oo of the Eskimos of Mellville Peninsula; Ka-e-week of the Eskimos of Boothia Felix; Na-gha-i-eh of the Chippewas: O-mee-that-sees O-kee-coo- haw-gew (whence, Sir John Richardson observes, the term Quickhatch of the European laborers in the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company is evidently derived) of the Crees or Algonquins; Rosomak of the Russians; Jarf Filfress of the Fauna Suecica; Timmi of the Kamchatkans; Haeppi of the Koratzki; Gluton of the French; Gulo of Olaus Magnus; Gulo Vielfrass of Genet; Hyena and Ursus Hudsonis of Brisson; Mustela Gulo and Ursus Luscus of Linnzeus; Ursus Gulo of Pallas and Gmelin; Taxus Gulo of Tiedemann; Gulo Arcticus of Desmarest; Gulo Vulgaris of Griffith’s Cuvier; Gulo Luscus of Sabine.’ I can not find any authentic account of this animal having been killed or observed in the Ottawa Valley of late years; but one was killed, about forty years ago, while swimming across the Gatineau River, which stream enters the Ottawa River about one mile below this city. I dare say there are some up there yet.” 486 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. America, it can not be said to be, nor has it ever been, plentiful. On the west, north, and east, the range of the animal extends to the ocean. The four skins which I had the pleasure of examining at Trappers’ Lake were from specimens trapped in the winter of 1889, at an elevation of ten thousand feet, in Garfield County, Colorado, on the fortieth parallel. While crossing the mountains between Middle and Egeria Parks, Colorado, in the winter of 1883, I was fortu- nate enough to kill one of these animals. I say fortunate, because for twenty-five years I have annually passed from two weeks to three months in the wildest portions of Colo- rado, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and never have seen but this one living specimen at large. It was late in the afternoon of a day that promised snow, that I had seated myself in the edge of a clump of pines for a moment’s rest, before starting upon a down-hill jour- ney of ten miles. While mentally discussing the chances of getting lost ina snow-storm, were I to leave a well-known creek for a more direct but untried route, a Wolverine came out of a gulch, and was about to pass within fifty . yards of me. It caught the movement as I raised my rifle, and sat upon its haunches, when almost instantly its neck was broken by a bullet in the throat. It proved to be a male in good condition, and was killed so quickly that it gave forth no fetid odor. The lateness of the hour, and my heavy load, prevented taking more than the hurriedly stripped skin; and even this was given to a friend to keep as a memento of our hunt. The following account of the capture of a Wolverine, written by Frank T. Wyman, of Boise City, Idaho, I take pleasure in quoting verbatim: ‘‘The Wolverine spoken of was killed by my brother, Charles M. Wyman, in February, 1889. He had spent the night ina cabin on the top of Lion Hill, about forty miles south-southeast of Salt Lake City, Utah. The altitude is about nine thousand feet above the sea. Early in the morn- THE WOLVERINE. 487 ing, some miners passed the cabin, following what they called the tracks of a‘Mountain Lion. My brother followed them, and found the tracks ended at the opening of a mining-shaft. A heavy fall of snow had nearly covered this over, and the animal had accidentally fallen some forty feet to the bottom, where a foot or two of snow prevented any serious injury from the fall. ‘Charles lowered himself to the bottom, when a shot- gun loaded with heavy shot, and a lantern, were sent down. The miners above were opposed to his proceeding, and wished to haul him out, but in vain. From the bottom of the shaft a drift extended about thirty feet, and then branched into a ‘Y.’ At the point of branching was a large timber to hold the roof. Pausing here a moment be- fore proceeding to explore the right-hand opening, Charles pointed the gun into this drift, and started to advance, when, with a snarl which sounded loud enough in the nar- row drift, the Wolverine came from the other branch. My brother was unable to point the gun into that drift in time to shoot, because of the timber, and so was defenseless. ‘‘Acting on the principle that wild animals are usually afraid of an artificial light, he swung the lantern into its face, which caused it to retreat. As quickly as possible, the gun was brought to bear upon the proper point, where- upon the Wolverine uttered another snarl and came again. Taking as good an aim as possible in the uncertain light, a shot was fired, which of course extinguished the light. After waiting for a time, with one finger upon the other trigger, Charles relighted the lantern, and found the Wolverine dead, just in front of him. ‘‘There were no other Wolverines in the vicinity, so far as known. THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 571 A mere love of slaughter does not bespeak a sportsman; that feeling might be better gratified in the abattoir than in the woods. No matter how abundant the game, none but a brute would ever kill it for the mere pleasure of killing, and leave it to rot on the ground. The feeling of utility must be associated with its capture. If it can not be util- ized, a pang of regret must take the place.of gratification, in the breast of a true sportsman, when he sees his game laid prone before him; and how glad would he be were it alive, and bounding away through the woods or over the prairie! The true sportsman’s camp is a school for the young beginner, where he may learn many things besides the mode of pursuing and capturing his game. If he be fortunate in selecting his associates in his early outings, he will learn many things, besides the mode of hunting, which will con- tribute largely to the pleasure of his life in after years. He will learn how largely acts of kindness and courtesy toward his companions contribute to the happiness of ail; to commend the skill of others rather than to boast of his own; to strike or pitch a tent; how to dress his game; to cook a meal, when occasion shall require; and a thousand other things which need not be mentioned here. He will learn that a sportsman may be a gentleman, and indeed should be, if he would make himself agreeable to his com- panions, and contribute his share to the enjoyment of the excursion. The true sportsman does not hunt solely for game, but for the pleasure it affords him, for health, and to rest him- self from the toil of business. In this he is rarely disap- pointed. Look about you and see what a large proportion of those who have, each year, torn themselves from busi- ness, and spent a few weeks in the hunter’s camp, or on the banks of streams, enjoy robust health, even in advanced age. Their systems, when young, become well knit together, their constitutions greatly strengthened, and so they are enabled to perform more labor, and with less fatigue, than those who lack the energy or the inclination to leave their common avocations and seek much-needed rest. 572 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. I speak not now of those who hunt for game only, for, as a general rule, they have no business, which could fatigue their minds, at least, if they have minds to be fatigued. If they would devote the same effort to some other honest pursuit, their gains would be vastly greater, ° taking the season through. That class of men have always been called shiftless, and have lacked that degree of respectability for which all honest men should strive. I regret that there are some who aspire to the name of sportsmen, who, on occasion, fall beneath that rank. I refer now to those who do not hesitate to shoot game or take fish out of season. In a wild and uninhabited or sparsely settled country, where the streams are swarm-_ ing with fish, which are never taken because there is no one there to take them, or in the far-distant wilds, where an abundance of game is found, which is rarely hunted, game laws would be out of place; and so it would be quite proper at any time of the year to take as much meat, or as many fish, as one’s necessities might require—but even then, to capture more than could be utilized would be to indulge a brutish and unmanly instinct. But in countries where civilization has, to a large extent, driven off the wild animals or game birds, all right-thinking men must appre- ciate the necessity for laws to protect them from extermi- nation; and these laws have just as binding a force upon every citizen as that law which says ‘‘Thou shalt not steal.”? At least, such is its legal obligation, and so, indeed, should it be binding morally. No game law can ever be framed which will meet the approval of all; and if one man says that he thinks that the close season com- mences too early, and therefore he will not observe it, another may, with equal propriety, claim that there should be no law which would prevent him from shooting game animals when he pleases—his father, fifty years ago, shot all he wanted, and why should he not enjoy the same right? He forgets that conditions are changed, and he must admit that it would be very unwise to exterminate all our game birds and animals; and yet, unless he and his like ’ . THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 573 are restrained, utter extermination must soon follow in those countries where game is beginning to grow scarce. The wild animals in any country belong to the State, and it is only by sufferance that the State allows anyone to kill ‘them; hence the right of the commonwealth to protect the wild animals within its borders is as unquestioned as is its right to protect its treasure in its vaults. On this important subject, civilization may learn some-. thing valuable from savage life. When the great prairies were first visited by the white man, they fairly swarmed with great herds of Bison, and so they continued till they were exterminated by the white man’s rifle. As late as 1840, I saw large collections of their bones on the Illinois prairies, still in a good state of preservation; and two miles up the south branch of the Chicago River, at a place now within the heart of the City of Chicago, for more than half a mile the whole surface of the ground was covered with Buffalo-wallows, so that it was difficult to drive a wagon, except at a very slow rate, over the surface. Other large . game was equally abundant throughout this great valley at an early day, and so it had undoubtedly been for untold ages. During all this time, large tribes of Indians inhab- ited every part of it, whose principal subsistence was the game they killed and the fish they caught; but they wasted none, they only killed to supply their wants, and the result was that the game was never depleted, but continued as abundant year after year, and century after century, as it had ever been. While this could not continue in a country densely settled by civilized man, there are large districts of country where the conditions are such as to be well adapted to the well-being of every species of wild animal known to the country, if the white man, who seeks them, would only kill enough to supply his wants. The smaller game, such as grouse and water-fowl, are still with us, and would be in great abun- dance forever, were they but reasonably protected, and no more killed than enough to supply the legitimate needs of those who hunt them, and at the proper seasons. Let us, 574 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. I say, learn a lesson from the Indians who preceded us, and not extend our slaughter beyond reasonable limits. If we will not spare the game from choice, then society must interpose, and compel us to do what we should do volun. tarily. Imagine a country entirely destitute of wild ani- mals, where all the native fauna have become extinct, and to most men it would seem like a desert, many of its choicest charms would be gone, and it would become the most fitting abode for the miser, whose happiness consists in counting his gold. When the white man drove the Bison beyond the Mis- sourl River, it gathered in countless herds on the great plains east of the Rocky Mountains, and filled the country from Texas to the Saskatchewan. But twenty years ago that whole country was covered with the Bison, in numbers almost beyond computation, and there was the grandest hunting-ground ever Known in any part of the world. So great were their numbers that it was thought they never could be exterminated; and yet, a single score of years has sufficed to blot them from the face of the earth, with but very few exceptions. Had Congress done its duty, and stretched out its arm to protect this, the grandest game animal in the world, we should now have a preserve which would be the boast of every true American; but it is too late now—that great opportunity is forever gone. A few may be preserved in the Yellowstone Park, but only enough for specimens; the area is too limited for more. Other large game may be there preserved, but only to the same extent. Had the Government acted upon General Sheridan’s recommendation, made some years ago, to greatly enlarge that park by the addition of a mountain district adjoining it, which can never be useful for any other pur- pose, then indeed we might in time have had a collection of wild animals peculiar to our country, approximating, at least, their condition in a wild state. Had each white man who went to hunt the Buffalo been as reasonable in his tastes as the ignorant red man; had he killed to supply his reasonable wants, and no more—law or THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 575 no law—we-should yet have had the great herds of Bison. Would all men do so from this time on, we should always have Elk, Deer, Moose, and Caribou. But if men continue to kill everything they can reach with their lead, whether they need it or not; if men are allowed to hunt for the market and for simply the skins of these noble animals, then all of them will soon be extinct. In conclusion, let me beseech all sportsmen to maintain the dignity of the craft to which they belong, and to exert all their influence to elevate the standing of that craft and to preserve our game and fishes. , r poe Let any man wander through the forests, and let there come wafted to his ears, on the wings of the wind, sweet melody from the throat of some feathered songster; let him trace, through the ambrosial leaves, the secreted place of his serenader; yet, when he sees the bird, he may not behold one resplendent in brilliant colors, clothed in gaudy raiment, cloaked with feathers dazzling in their sweeping or trailing beauty, but rather one modest in appearance, subdued in colorings, but whose lack of luster is more than balanced by the heavenly music that warbles and tremors, that pipes and is lost in mournful cadence as its flute-like tones vibrate and thrill deliciously through the woods. So it is with man. Clothing does not make a gentle- man; gentility, if he possess it, is born and bred in him, and asserts itself unsolicited; is ever on the surface, and, like the gurgling spring, bubbles forth and is never-ending. We are nearly all more or less barbarians, not in the sense of lacking enlightenment and rejoicing in the fruits of civilization, but in our love for out-of-door life and the sports of the field; and when I find a man who is not easily drawn toward the pleasures of the field; who does not rejoice in the opportunity to walk forth and commune with Nature; who does not love to follow the banks of some winding stream, and tempt the trout or the gamy bass with his alluring bait; or to follow the baying hounds as they 576 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. leap from crag to crag, rushing through the dells, over hill and dale, in the thickets, or in the tall prairie-grass; or in milder sports, with faithful Setter and armed with light and easy-hanging gun, to seek the woodcock among the alders and brakes, or the confiding quail on the golden stubble— when I find a man who does not love these pastimes, it seems to me that Nature has been derelict, and has neg- lected to engraft into his being the highest attributes of manhood. Not love Nature —the flowing streams, the placid lake, the waving prairie, the majestic forest, the grand, towering mountain, the sublime, peaceful valley? When a man can say, truly, that the cares of business have weaned him from the love of these things, then the longing for wealth, its power and influence, has torn from him the enjoyment of some of the greatest blessings of our life. We often wish some dear friend or some honored guest, as he bids us good- bye after having favored us with his companionship fora time, health, wealth, and prosperity; but the greatest bless- ing we could bestow on him, had we the power, would be perfect health. Yet it is within the province of nearly every man to possess it, if he will. Itis not to be found in the shop, the office, the store, or beneath the roof of buildings made by man; it can be realized in its entirety only in the open fields, in the forests, on the streams, when the earth is bathed in sunshine, or when the Goddess of Night casts her mantle over tired Nature, and kisses to rest the departed day, breathing into her sleeping form the sweet incense of renewed life, as she bathes the verdure with her tears of dew which gladden our existence. A selfish person we despise; but he who loves the fresh- ness of the fields is not, nor ever will be, selfish. There is a charm which seems to dwell in the balsam of the firs, in the purity of the fields, in the odor of the flowers, which descends from the blue vault of heaven by day and lingers through the starry night, forever ennobling and enriching the heart of him who loves the fields. You say of him, he loves dogs or horses. Show me the man who does, and I THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 577 will see in my presence one who is kind, generous, and brave; for one can not love animals and delight in their companionship without learning from them lessons of unselfishness, and without becoming himself the soul of generosity: Still, we must admit, reluctantly, that there are exceptions to this as well as to all other rules, and we would not conceal the fact that there are so-called sports- men who are selfish. These exceptions simply prove the rule we have stated. As at times that which seems most perfect in appearance is sullied with hidden defects, so it is with some sportsmen. It often takes years, in the ordinary course of business or social life, to find out a man’s true nature; but if you will but camp with him, hunt with him, or tramp with him, on some nomadic excursion for a few weeks, his real character will become as open and plain to read and to understand as an open book when the day is at its brightest. Were I to invite you to my house, you would be an hon- ored guest. All the sources within my power, so far as my means might permit, would be brought forward in order to make you feel that you were welcome, and that my aim and desire were merely the gratification of your pleasures. The hospitality which one friend so gladly extends to another, you would expect, and [ would accord you. Sup- pose, however, I broaden the invitation, and, instead of inviting you to my house, solicit you to enjoy, as my guest, the pleasures of my fields. Should there be a distinction in my manner of treatment of you, as between my house and my fields? Most assuredly not. Yet I have been received with the greatest cordiality at a man’s house, who left me under many obligations to him as I bade him good- night, but who has chilled me, and canceled all the kindly feeling I had for him, by his selfishness on the following day. Taking me to fields where game was plentiful, he has shot throughout the day, taking first choice of ground and of shots on all occasions, apparently without the least com- punction of conscience, regardless of all etiquette or com- mon decency. 37 578 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. If you were my guest, my desire would be to make your visit a pleasant one; it would make no difference whether at home or afield. Were I to seat you at my table, then help myself before offering you the choicest before us, you would rightly consider mea boor. Yet some men, who pro- fess. to be sportsmen, and who would show no such ill- breeding at their table, will, in their shooting, rob their cuest of his shots regardless of the birds’ flight. Then, at the close of the day’s sport, after having acted the part of the swine in picking out the choicest ground for themselves, and shooting birds that did not belong to them under the rules of the field, and that they knew would have been bagged by their guest, they will boast to some country bumpkin of how they killed ‘‘twiced as many as the other feller, who is considered a mighty good shot.”’ I know of no one so despicable to hunt with as such a man; and yet, linked to him in the closest alliance is the one who fires at every bird, and constantly claims that he kills each one that falls. There is nothing more disgusting than this; and when a gentleman is unwittingly found in the company of such a man, the day is spoiled for him. He wonders what he has done that a punishment so hard to endure should have been inflicted on him. The fields may be broad, the space unbounded wherein to hunt, and yet there is neither breadth nor depth enough to any field to justify a gentleman sportsman in shooting in company with such a man. When aman claims the killing of a bird at which both he and his companion have fired, the claimant not only shows his selfishness, his lack of gentlemanly qualities, but shows his lack of confidence in his own skill. The crack- shot doesn’t need to claim his bird, for when the trigger is pulled, it seems to him that he intuitively sees the charge of shot reach its intended mark, notes its effect, and knows whether or not he has bagged the bird; therefore, the true sportsman will not claim the bird under such circumstances, and will say nothing; or, if with a younger and more inex- 5) perienced companion, will insist that his comrade made the THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 579 successful shot, and that his own aim was untrue. It is such trivial acts of self-denial and generosity that endears to the hearts of inexperienced shots their more skillful and experienced brothers. When a sportsman shows the courtesies in the field, which he should do unsolicited, and with pride and pleas- ure, he is entitled to no reward for merit, but simply car- ries out the lessons of unselfishness which his association with Nature and with gentlemen has taught him. When you invite a friend to be your guest on a hunting or fishing trip, you honor yourself with his presence. Your path is plainly before you, and leads in only one direction. It is plainly your duty to make the day one of the happiest possible for him. How best to do this, the circumstances of the case and your own gentlemanly instincts should teach you. You should insist on his accepting the first shot; and if he should be so unfortunate as to miss, don’t add to his chagrin by trying to bag the bird before he has fired his second barrel, but let him shoot again. Better let the bird go free than violate the courtesies of the craft. As you enter the field with him, tell him he is to shoot first; then, placing him at your left—because most men can shoot better at left-quartering birds—tell him you will take turns with him on straight-away birds, but he is to fire at those going to the left, while you will take those going to the right. Should it happen that most of the birds fly to the right, exchange places, or insist that he take every alter- nate shot going to the right. Human life is like a piece of machinery—they both need the best of oil to make them work smoothly and successfully; and there is nothing which attains its end with a man so effectually as gentle, unobtrusive, thoughtful preferences which are delicately thrust upon him. They may be small, but they show that a man’s heart is right; and by showing your guest such attentions and courtesies, even for a day, you make him your friend for life. The old saying, that ‘‘Two is company, and three is a 9 crowd,”’ is true here; for, in upland shooting, but two 580 BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA. should hunt together. Where there are more than two shooting over the same dog, or pair of dogs, it causes con- fusion to the hunters, excites the dogs, and smacks too strongly of game extermination. It would be impossible to live up to the rules of field etiquette were we to indulge in club-hunts. They ought not to be called club-hunts, but, rather, extermination hunts; for this is the effect, although not primarily the object of them. Iam opposed to the congregating of indi- viduals for the purpose of choosing sides, then hunting and declaring the winners on a score oF points, on game ae any kind. No matter how honest a man’s intentions are, if he allows himself to join these destructive forces, he lowers himself to their level, and in his anxiety that his side shall win, may stoop to secure game by unsportsmanlike methods. Let him see a covey of quails on the ground, and he is extremely Hable to forget for the moment his love of legiti- mate sport, his desire to give each bird a chance for its life, and to fire at the covey. He picks up the result of his pot- shot, looks guiltily around, then secretly congratulates himself on the number of ‘‘ points”? gained. When aman allows the element of profit to enter into the day’s hunt, avarice, greed, and the desire for a big bag cloud the mind, dull the conscience and the beauties of Nature, and the proper love for field sports are for the time forgotten——the hunter is converted into a mercenary creature who deserves the contempt of honorable sportsmen. ‘The same precepts and principles here declared as to the shooting of feathered game, apply with equal force to the hunting of Big Game or the taking of fish. Our game, both large and small, is fast disappearing, and our attention should at all times be directed to its pres- ervation. The true sportsman will limit himself to a decent-sized bag, whether the law of the State wherein he shoots requires this or not; and when he has killed sufficient for himself and friends, will cease to shoot, even though there be whole coveys of birds, or whole herds of Elk or Deer, still in sight. THE ETHICS OF FIELD SPORTS. 581 I have neither the space nor desire to enter into an elab- orate discourse, giving advice to young men as to their duties afield; but a gentleman is the same in the field as in the drawing-room, and when a man is found who is selfish in the field, depend upon it he is so elsewhere, and in busi- ness-life will prove decidedly unpleasant to deal with. Many of our greatest minds have found steadfast and undying friendship among children of the forest; untaught they were, and deprived of ordinary educational advantages —but the solitude of the wilderness, and the purity of the untainted and unpolluted fields and streams, imbued them with honesty, generosity, and freedom from deceit. The sportsman, then, will find his greatest happiness in the open air, and his life will be prolonged and bettered for it; and as he wanders through some shady dell, and feels and knows he is alone, he notes the golden bars of sunlight streaming through the clustering leaves, seats himself beside some gurgling brook, and as the birds sing sweetly to him, soliloquizes: ‘‘ Nature never did betray the heart that loved her. *Tis her privilege through all the years of this, our life, to lead from joy to joy; for she can so inform the mind that is within us, so impress with quietness and beauty, and so feed with lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues, rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men, nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all the dreary inter- course of daily life, shall e’er prevail against us, or disturb our cheerful faith that all which we behold is full of blessings.”’ We Bed. 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It is decidedly the most preferable route for winter travel, as it is far enough south to avoid the delays caused by snow and extreme cold experienced on more northerly routes, and in the summer it is the pleasantest by reason of the fact that the solid roadway of the Santa Fé Route gives off little or no dust, and the time of the journey to Southern California is so much less than on other lines. The service in the Dining Cars and in the Dining Rooms along the Santa Fé Route is an added attraction, as on such a long journey a person desires properly prepared food, and it is assured on this line. The scenes along the Santa Fé Route are the most diversified in the United States. Beginning at Chicago, the most modern of the cities ef the world, it passes through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona to California. , For those desiring to go to California, through Pueblo, Colorado Springs, and Denver, the Santa Fé Route is also the most desirable, as its own tracks extend from Chicago to all of those cities and connect in union depots with trains of the Denver & Rio Grande and other lines west from the cities named. W. F. WHITE, JNO. J. BYRNE, Pass’r Traffic Manager, Ass’t Gen’l Pass’r Agent, CHICAGO. FIRST-CLASS RAILROAD Penetrating the most attractive portions of Illinois, lowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming. ‘THE Direct Route =e : z FOR Toursis Sportsmen Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, Neenah and Menasha, Creen Lake, Marquette, Lake Geneva, Fox Laka, Devil’s Lake. St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Ashland, Lake Minnetonka, Yellowstone National Park. Council Bluffs, Omaha, Denver and the Mountains of Colorado, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Colton, San Diego, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Victoria, Vancouver and all Callfornia, Alaska and Pacific Coast Polnts. Consisting of THROUGH FAST TRAINS Between CHICAGO and destinations, is carefully arranged to meet the requirements of Through and Local Travel, and its equipment of new and superb SLEEPING CARS, PALATIAL DINING CARS and ELEGANT PAR- LOR OARS AND COACHES is such as to command the patronage of the best class of travelers, It is the ONLY LINE to the BLACK HILLS. Rates, Maps, and all information furnished on application Ve ey Ticket Agent, or to the General Passenger Agent, at cago. WwW. H. NEWMAN, J. M. WHITMAN, E. P. WILSON, 3d Vice-President. General Manager. General Passenger Agent. Superb Train Service, Good Connections, Fast Time and No Delays Can all be Secured by taking the NorNeIn Paciiie fi. R BETWEEN THE EAST AND Dakota, Manitoba, Montana, Idaho, Washington, British Columbia, Oregon and California. THIS IS THE "Yellowstone Park and [Jining Gar Route,” The Northern Pacific Railroad is the Short Line to Helena, Butte, Tacoma, Seattle and Portland, Ore.; is the Only Line Running Pullman Sleeping Cars to Fergus Falls, Grand Forks, Grafton, Winnipeg, Fargo, Helena and Butte City, and is the Only Rail Line Reaching Cheney, Sprague, Yakima, Ellensburgh, Seattle, Tacoma and nine-tenths of the Cities and Towns of Washington.. PULLMAN SLEEPERS, DINING CARS AND FREE COLONIST SLEEPERS ON EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY. This Line Offers Special Attractions to California Tourists. For full information concerning rates, time, etc., call on or address your nearest ticket agent, any traveling passenger agent of this company, or CHAS. S. FEE, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, N. P. R. R. ST. PAUL, MINN. THE ANTELOPE AND DEER OF AMERICA. A Comprehensive Treatise on the Natural History, Including the Characteristics, Habits, Afjinities, and Capacity for Domestication, of the ANTELOCAPRA AND CERVIDA OF NORTH AMERICA. By JOHN DEAN CATON. Svo, 426 Pages, 54 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50 PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY FOREST AND STREAM PUBLISHING Co., 318 Broadway, New York City, FRED. AAEMPFER, TAXIDERMIST, AND DEALER IN TAXIDERMISTS’ AMXATERIALS. ARTIFICIAL GLASS EYES FOR STUFFED BIRDS, ANIMALS, FISH, Ftc. Also Entomological and Egg Implements, Insect Pins, Cork for Insect Cases, Egg Drills, Etc., Etc. SEND FOR CATALOCUE OF ABOVE COODs. Birds and animals of all kinds mounted to order. Mounting of deer, elk, and buffalo heads aspecialty. FRED, KAEMPFER, No. 169 E. Madison St., Chicago, Ill. CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES A NARRATIVE OF Travel, Exploration, Amateur Photography, Hunting = Fishing With Special Chapters on Hunting the Grizzly Bear, the Buffalo, Elk, Antelope, Rocky Mountain Goat, and Deer; also on Trouting in the Rocky Mountains; on a Montana Roundup 5 Life among the Cowboys, Etc. BY G. O. SHIELDS (‘COQUINA’, Author of ‘‘ RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES,” ‘‘ HUNTING IN THE GREAT WEST,” ““THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE,” ETc. 12mo. 3)0 Pages. 75 Illustrations, Cloth, $2.00; Half Calf, $3.00. The learned writer, scientist and sportsman, Col. W. D. Pickett, better knownas ‘“P.,” says of this book: ‘*t The true lover of nature who delights to occasionally escape from the annoyances and worriments inseparable from so-called civilized life, and to wander amid scenes that tell only of the infinite power, the beneficence, and the grandeur of the Great Ruler; who delights to worship in the grandest of all His temples—the mountains; who realizes and feels His presence on every mountain peak, in every dark canyon, in every rushing wind, in every gentle zephyr, and who, amid such scenes, above all realizes his own weakness and littleness; he it is who will take pleasure in following the author amid some of the grandest and most beautiful scenery on this continert.” Mr. T.S. Van Dyke, author of **The Still Hunter,” and other popular books, says: ‘It is one of the most entertaining books on field sports yet published. Mr. Shields always has something to say, and says it ina way that makes one see it. He is never dull, and there is an air of truth about his work that fully satisfies the reader.”’ Mr. Orin Belknap, known and loved of all sportsmen by his familiar pseudonym of ‘* Uncle Fuller,’’ says: ‘'The author of this work has placed the sportsmen of America under lasting obligations by his pleasing descrip- tions of his adventures in the wilds of these little-known mountains.” ‘““In all that pertains to exploration, the wild journeys into wild places, the dangerous ascent of rugged peaks and no less perilous descent into obscure valleys, hitherto untrodden by the foot of man,the lungs expanded with deep breaths of untainted air, the blood bounding with sudden pros- pects and unexpected discoveries, the keen feeling or full and abundant life and the nearness of the great heart of nature—in all this the author wins, and deserves to win, the hearty sympathy of readers of every cast of thought, opinion and condition.’’--Belford’s Magazine. Says W. B. Leffiiugwell, the gifted author of ** Wild Fowl Shooting,” and of ‘‘Shooting on Upland, Field, and Marsh:”’ ‘I have rarely encountered, anywhere, such vivid descriptions of life in the mountains as ure found in ‘Crusings in the Cascades.’ ”’ ‘** Men who enjoy jaunts into the woods in search of big game will find this book extremely interesting.’’—New York Herald. ‘“** Cruisings in tae Cascades’ is by far the best thing Coquina has ever written.”—American Field. “It is a handsomely printed and finely illustrated volume, made up of spirited sketches of travels, explorations, hunting and fishing. It is charm- ingly interesting. The author mingles solid facts of great value with accounts of his wild adventures, and tells the story with an off-hand style that banishes sleep from tired eyes.’’—Chicago Inter-Ocean. ‘**Cruisings in the Cascades’ is Mr. Shields’ latest, and, we think, best publication. It will be heartily appreciated by American sportsmen.”— Shouting and Fishing. “The pages are breezy and the illustrations numerous and attractive, the camera having been freely used by the author in his travels.”--Turf, Field and Farm. ‘* Mr. Shields is not only a hunter, but an angler, and an amateur photo- grapher, and on his excursions in the mountains has made good use of his opportunities. Asa narrative of adventure the book is entertaining, and as a record of sport it will delight many readers.”’—The Literary World. ‘Tt is sure to meet with a large sale.”— Chicago Tribune. “It is by all odds the most fascinating book on big game hunting ever published.” —The Journalist. This book will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by RAND, McNALLY & CO., Publishers, CHICAGO. The American Book of the Dog The Origin, Development, Special Characteristics, Utility, Breeding, Training, Diseases, and Kennel Manage- ment of all Important Breeds of Dogs. A Book for Dog Fanciers and Dog Owners EpITED BY G. O. SHIELDS (“‘Coquina’’), ” Author of ‘‘ CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES,” ‘‘ RUSTLINGS IN THE RocKIEs,” ‘“HUNTING IN THE GREAT WEsT,” ‘‘ THE BATTLE OF THE BiG Hon,” ‘THe Bia Game or NortH AMERICA,” ‘“CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS,” etc. 8vo, 700 Pages, 85 Illustrations: Gloth, $4.00; Half Galf, $5.00. CONTENTS. The English Setter — Bernard Waters, Kennel The Chesapeake Bay Dog-Geor ge We Kierstead. Editor The American® Field, and author of The Bedlington Terrter.......... . H. Russell. **Modern Training, Handling, and Kennel Phe Pesh CVemler aistcacec ces ase in ‘J.S. Niven. Management.” The BalleLemier py c..csweweewcios = eae F Dole. The Irish Setter—Max Wenzel, Secretary The The White English Terrier......... . F. Burns. Irish Setter Club of America, and B. F. The Airedale Terrier........... F. ra F. Mercer. Seitner, Vice-President The Pointer Club The Scottish Terrier............. John H. Naylor. of America. The Dandie Dinmont Terrier—John H. Naylor. The Gordon Setter—Harry Malcolm, President The Skye Vernier. a. one. s2 Lawrence late The American Gordon Setter Club. The Black and Tan Terrier.....Dr. H. T. Foote. The Pointer....... Charles K. Westbrook, A. M. The Maltese Terrier........ Miss A. H. Whitney. The Greyhound—Col. Roger D. Williams, Presi- The Collie—Henry Jarrett and J. E. Dougherty dent The Iroquois Hunting and Riding € lub. | The Old English Sheep Dog...... William Wade. The Deerhound........ .. Dr. Q. Van Hummell. The Great Dane (German Dogge).......... ..... The Foxhound—Dr. M. G. Ellzey, Associate Prof. J. H. H. Maenner. Editor The National Economist. The St. Bernard....... ae vie astentae .F. E. Lamb. The Bassethound........... Lawrence Timpson. APOE RSET ec cet ote ints) sacoruatnte’s William Wade. “EHS IDRENANUNG | 00.0 vino es nid oe William Loeffler. The Newfoundland.............. L. F. Whitman. THE BlOndhGund .s oo vccsceccccs ok J. L. Winchell. THE BONedee. cu {sew cee ewes yeece John E. Thayer. The Russian Wolfhound.. . William Wade. The Dalmatian Coach Dog...........0.-. » s.r... The Beagle—H. F. Sche llhass, Presiaent The Maj. T. . Woodcock. American-English Beagle Club. The Poodle w | R. Furness. The Irish Water Spaniel—P. T. Madison, Secre- Theatalian GreynOuntle nso scetdsldenmo ites tary The Indiana Kennel Club. Me CeUee ei ueneaecism eens os “W. Fisher. The English Water Spaniel-William A. Bruette. The Mexican Hairless Dog.. “Mrs. Seiroy Foote. The Clumber Spaniel—F. H. F. Mercer, Kennel | The Toy Spaniels—Miss Marion E. Bannister, Editor Sports Afield. Secretary The New York Pet Dog Club. The Sussex Spaniel—A. Clinton Wilmerding, The Schipperke Recmicenic Setnencos: E. R. Spalding. President The Ainerican Spaniel Club, Diseases of the Dog, and their nice rerio ae The Cocker Spaniel......... .... J. Otis Fellows. | J. Frank Perry (‘‘Ashmont”’), author of The F x Terrier—August Belmont, Jr., Presi- | “Dogs; Their Management and Treatment dent The American Kennel Club, and The in Disease.’ American Fox Terrier Club. Spaniel Training.... ........... F. H. F.. Mercer. This book will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by RAND, McNALLY & CO., 162 to {72 Adams St., Chicago. Camping # Camp Outlits A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG . AND OLD SPORTSMEN. BY G. O. SHIELDS (‘“COQUINA”), Author of ‘‘CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES,” ‘‘THE Bic Game or NortH AMERICA,” ‘‘ RUSTLINGS IN THE RockrEs,” HUNTING IN THE GREAT West,” ‘‘THE BATTLE oF THE Bic HOLE,” etc. 12mo. 170 Pages. 30 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.25. The book also contains a chapter by Dr. CHARLES GILBERT DAVIS, on CAMP HYGIENE, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY; one by Col. J. FRY LAWRENCE, on CAMP COOKERY; and one by FRANK F. FRISBIH, on THE DIAMOND HITCH, OR HOW TO LOAD A PACK HORSE. ‘Every reader of sportsmen’s literature will recognize, at once, the fact that, herein, Mr. Shields has a subject on which he is thoroughly competent to instruct. The book is the result of thirty years’ experience in the woods and mountains, and bristles with points from cover to cover. The articles by Dr. Davis, Col. Lawrence, and Mr, Frisbie, on Camp Medicine and Surgery, Camp Cookery, and the Diamond Hitch are also timely and full of instruc- tion.”°—American Field. “ Any young man, or old one either, not experienced in camp life, who is anticipating an outing in the woods, will find this neat volume a good investment. It is no theoretical writing; but a book born of experience, wise in its suggestions, and good upon every page. It is not often one sees a more thoroughly practical writing. It covers everything: The outfit in clothing, in food, in tackle, in implements, with valuable advice to govern life in camp. Old sportsmen will enjoy this volume so pleasantly written, although it may tell them little that they have not already learned from experience, and young ones will find it invaluable.’—Chicago Inter-Ocean. “This book should be in the library of every sportsman, and will save its cost many times to each and every purchaser, by the practical and useful instruction it imparts.”°— Chicago Herald. ‘“Mr. Shields has been camping and studying woodcraft for a quarter of a century, and surely should and does know about all there is of camp lore. In ‘‘Camping and Camp Outfits * he wastes no words, but gets to the point by the shortest route. Every page, and every line, conveys valuable information. Old campers will enjoy reading this book because it is practical, and young campers can not afford to be without it.”.—Sports A field. This book will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by RAND, McNALLY & CO., 162 to 172 Adams Street, Chicago. - American 3% Game Fishes How, When, and Where to Angle for them. EDITED BY GOD SEE Lbs: (“COOUINA”),; ” Author of ‘‘CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES,” ‘‘ RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES,” ” ** HUNTING IN THE GREAT WEsT,” ‘‘THE BATTLE OF THE BIG ” Hoe,” ‘‘TaHe Bic Game or NortH AMERICA,” ‘“*CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS,” etc. 8vo, 500 Pages, 80 Illustrations, Cloth, $4.00; Half Calf, $5.00, COUN Ee Nas iS. AE LOOIIMOD Wasae cawenen wodssnts Charles Hallock, | The Mackinaw Trout...... Rey. Luther Pardee. Associate Editor The American Angler ; Sea Bass, Sea Trout, Spanish Mackerel,Grouper, author of “*The Sportsman’s Gazetteer,” etc. Mangrove Snapper, Sheepshead, and other The Pacific Salmon..W. A. Perry( “Sillalicum’”’), Southern Fishes. : ESE aC larke, Author of “Elk-Hunting in the Olympic Author of “Fishes of the Atlantic Coast, "etc: Mountains ” etc. Me Graylin waa es ces oes heels .F. H. Thurston. The Land-Locked Salmon...J.G. A. Creighton. The Wall-Eyed Pike......... ...- A. A. Mosier. Te Black Baspe oo... ls. sce Dr. J. A. Henshall, MHCVPICE CRG lociascilecne sie ceieiclasiet ratela W.D. Tomlin. Author of **The Book of the Black Bass,” THe WhiteJ/Perchia ce -eceen ne Fred. Mather, “Camping and Cruising in Bey wee: Late Angling Editor Forest and Stream, and LGM RUM ht ivan cect =) o's 3 NG Haldeman, member of United States and New York Proprietor The Louisville % ourier-Journal. State Fish Commissions. The Striped Bass. ........... Francis Endicott, The Yeliow Bass, White Bass, Strawberry Bass, Angling Editor Outing ay bese Rock Bass, Crappie, Sunfish, Yellow ‘Perch, HG RISIMENA Me sniants aca se Prof. G. Brown Goode, and other minor Fishes........ 0 ....ssese. Assistant Secretary ‘Ihe Smitnsoni: an Insti- Prof. David Starr Jordan, tution, andauthorof ‘American Fishes” etc. President The University of Indiana; author The Muskallonge.............Dr. J. A. Henshall of “Synopsis of Fishes of North America,” and A A. sas “Science Sketches,” ete. The Brook Trout....F.H. tase (“Kelpie”). The Senses of Fishes ........ William C. Harris, Trouting on the Nipigon passe jelous | aay: | Editor The American Angler. Author of ‘* Daylight La A Mi * Adirond: ick Fishing Tackle, and How to Make It............ Tales," etc. J. Harrington Keene. The Rocky Mountain Trout........ G. O. Shields Reels, Their Use and Abuse....... B. C. Milam. i (Coquina’’) The Angler’s Camp Outfit... .... G, O, Shields. This book will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by RAND, McNALLY & CO., 162 to 172 Adams St., Chicago. BY THE SAME AUTHOR. THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE A History of Gen. Gibbon’s Engagement with the Nez Perce Indians, in the Big Hole Basin, Montana, August 9, 1877.. 12mo. 150 Pages, Profusely Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00. Read the following indorsment of the book from General Gibbon: HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER BARRACKS, W. T., August 11, 1889. Mr. G. O. SHIELDS, Chicago, I]. DEAR SIR: I was very much pleased with your account of the Big Hole fight, and I believe your statement of the facts are all correctly given. The book is well written and handsomely printed and bound. The likenesses are all goodand easily recognizable. If I were to criticise your book ut all, I should say that your comments on the story are somewhat too complimen- tary to myself. I thank you for piacing on record, ir a permanent shape, such a satis- factory account of the battle. Very truly yours, JOHN GIBBON. And this from Captain Coolidge: CAMP PILOT ButTTE, Wvoming, March 17, 1889. Mr. G. O. SHIELDS, Chicago, Ill. DEARSrIR: Ihave read witha great deal of interest and pleasure the manuscript of your book, entitled ‘The Battie of the Big Hole,” and as a participant in the tragic affair it describes can cheerfully commend ic to all who are interested in obtaining a true history of the Nez Perce campaign. It is a graphic and truthfulaceount of the Big Hole fight, and ot the events leading up to it, and must prove a most valuable contribution to the history of our Indian wars. I trust the book will meet with the generous reception it deserves. Yours truly, CHAS. A. COOLIDGE, Capt. 7th U.S. Infty. “It is good to recall from time to time the gallant conduct of our sol- diers in the West, and Mr. Shieldsisto be thanked for refreshing people’s memories in regard to this important event.”—New York Times. “Itisa graphic story of Indian warfare, and the author is to be thanked for the manner in which he has again brought to remembrance the story of a battlein which the brave and historic Seventh Infantry won a great. renown. The book is a valuableaddition to the history ot the Great West.” —Chicago Herald. “Tt isan exciting history of Gen. Gibbon’s engagement with the Nez Percé Indians. Itisa well-told story, printed in large, clear type, with many portraits of the actors in the contest.” —Chicago Inter Ocean. “In the battle of the Big Hole, Mr. G. 0. Shields (Coquina) gives an exceedingly interesting description of one of the most desperate fights in the history of our Indian wars. He gives his readers a very accurate idea of some of the hardships necessarily endured in such Western campaigns, and takes occasion to eulogize, in no faint terms, the American soldier in gen- eral and General John Gibbon in particular.””—Journal of the Military Serv- ice Institution. This book will be mailed, post-paid,on receipt of price by RAND, McNALLY & Co., Publishers, CHICAGO. BY THE SAME AUTHOR. Hunting in the Great West. (Rustlings in the Rockies.) 12mo Cloth. Over 300 Pages, Illustrated. Price, 75 Cents. TENTH EDITION LATELY ISSUED. PART |. RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES. PART II. IN THE BIG HORN MOUNTAINS. PART Ill. TEN DAYS IN MONTANA. PART |IV. THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA. PART V. MISCELLANEOUS. “Lovers of all kinds of sport will be charmed with these pages. The author tells the story of his various hunting experiences in such a genial, modest, pleasant manner that you are very sorry when the book comes toanend. You unconsciously catch the hunting fever, and feel like packing up rod and gun and starting away to the mountains. ‘*For those whom stern fate confines to the boundaries of civilization—who lack the time necessary for interviewing the bear, the elk, and the antelope in their native homes, there is nothing better or more entertaining than a perusal of Mr. Shields’ book. “Tf you can not rustle in the Rockies, you can read * Rustlings in the Rockies,’ which is the next best thing.”’— Belford’s Magazine. “Tt is one of the most thrillingly interesting works on field sports extant. There are many fine things in the book, but Mr. Shields’ description of the death of the great elk isa masterpiece in its line, and stamps the author as a writer of rare narra- tive power.”—The American Field. “We have received a copy of Mr. Shields’ book, “Hunting in the Great West,’ and confess to the reading of every word of it. We were sorry when we reached the last page, and hope this gifted writer will soon favor the wor ‘1d with other books on field sports.”°—The American Angler. ‘An intensely interesting work. It should occupy a place in every sportsman’s library.”’°— Outing. 5 ““* Hunting in the Great West* must prove both interesting and instructive to every lover of field sports.”°— Chicago Times. “Tt will occupy a prominent place in the literature of the chase.”—New York Herald. “A thoroughly readable and enjoyable work.”’—Chicago Tribune. “Tt is a captivating volume on out-door sports and adventures. One of the good points of the author is his devotion to the cause of pr ‘otecting game and fish by proper laws. *_* * * The volume is highly entertaining, and is full of incidental information. For hunter and fisherman it constitutes a feast.’ — Cincinnati Commercial. The book will be mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price by RAND, McNALLY & CO., Publishers, CHICAGO, "Y10A MON pue oded!YO ‘susysiiqnd “OO % ATIVNOW ‘GNVY ‘ULVULSATII ATASNAOUd | Deir Cesena A083 5e P10 Hi) 003 "NHWSLYOdS DNANINOYd AG NHLIIYM SHIOLLYV HO SHIUHS V .BUTJOOYS [MOT PILA,, Jo 10oyNV (90810H) TIZMONISS37 JONUG WVITTIM Aq perpa WVSYLS GNV HSYVN “GNV1dN NO ONILOOHS WILD FOWL SHOOTING WILLIAM BRUCE LEFFINGWELL. TREATS OF Guns, Decoys, Blinds, Boats, * Retrievers, FOR WILD FOWLING. This Book has never Received an Adverse Criticism. First Edition of 1,000 Copies sold in less than 30 Days. Endorsed by Every Prominent Sportsman and Sporting Paper in America. DR. N. ROWE, of American Field, the leading authority in America, says: Frank Forester has the reputation of having been the best writer on field sports we ever had, but he never wrote a work of such enduring merit as this. I consider it the best book on field sports ever written. vrest and Stream; Shooting and Fishing; Outing; Turf, Field, and Farm; Breeder and Sportsman; Sports Afield; Sporting Goods Gazette; Charles W. . Budd; James R. Stice; H. MeMurchy, and hundreds of others, endorse it as the best work on the subject extant. Write for Descriptive Circular to RAND, MCNALLY & CO., | CHICAGO, ILL. Price, $2.50 Cloth; $3.50 Half Morocco. The Universal Base Bat Guide Being the most comprehensive collection of tnformation about the National Game ever before printed between the covers of one book. It Contains Special Articles on the Leading Points of the Game FROM THE PENS OF A. G. Spalding, Frank H. Brunell, Chas. A. Comiskey, F. H. Carroll, N. Fred. Pfeffer, William E. (Buck) Ewing, Timothy J. Keefe, E N. Crane, Wm. A. Sunday, W.A Latham, Mark E. Baldwin, Ed. Hanlon, James A. Hart, C. A. Weidenieller, and other prominent exponents. Also the full and complete schedules, players’ averages, etc., of the leading associations in the field for the coming season, as well as carefully collected data touching the personnel and games of every pro- fessional base-ball organization now before the country. By John C. Eckel and Frank Connelly, OF THE CHICAGO TIMES. OFFICIALLY ENDORSED. Bound in Handsome Paper Cover. Illustrated. Price, 50 Cents. DIOTIES Of the Base Ball Field The National Game’s Great Exponents and their Methods, TOGETHER WITH THE NATIONAL PLAYING RULES GOVERNING ALL CLUBS PARTY TO THE NATIONAL AGREEMENT. AN ENTERTAINING COLLECTION OF DRESSING-ROOM YARNS , AND HUMOROUS INCIDENTS IN THE LIVES OF NOTED PLAYERS. BY HARRY PALAKER, Correspondent of the Philadelphia Sporting Life, and Press Representative with the “Around the World Tour” of the Chicago and All-American Teams. Bound in Handsome lilustrated Paper Cover. Price, 35 Cents. For Sale by all Booksellers. Sent prepald on receipt of price. RAND, MCNALLY & Co., PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. RAND, McNALLY & 60.’S POCKET MAPS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Afghanistan, Indexed: (paper Cover) =2.---2 5. cses-ss cen coecsecnccdaeoes Africa, in three sheets, two being 21 x14 inches, and one 14x11 inches, and showing plans of cities of Algiers and Tunis -.._.................- 5 AlnskaroyTce sOunChOs) sons on eee eee ee te eee Sale =e 2700 VINES ir AS a EC) 1) een a Te a oe ee ain 50 Australia and New Zealand, with plans of Sydney and Pt. Jackson,21xl4in 50 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, with plan of Vienna, 21x14 inches ....... 50 Belgium and The Netherlands, with plan of Brussels, 21x14 inches ..... 50 British America (Dominion of Canada), 21 x 14 inches_.-._-...-.....-.-- 50 BrigishG@olumpia; 4c el ances es sce ea ok eee pate aaeee eee eae coe 50 CentralAmerica, 14x dlinches 2223-23 oe ee Ae ee 50 Hinks olex in CHER Sea ae ae eee ee ae ea ene Bn eee eae 50 Cabak Qi la inches. 55 eet oe eee eee s een cee ore eeae eee ee a eens 50 Denmark, with North portion of the German Empire, comprising Schles- wig Holstein and Lauenburg, 11x 14 inches ~.....-.....-..-.....-.- 50 Egypt and the Egyptian Soudan (paper cover).--.------.---.--..---...-- 25 England and Wales, 21x 14inches, with Index of cities, towns, etc. ...- 75 MEO PO we lextlain CNESte nee = ee ee neo cee eens ane a ne eancueaes 50 France, 21 x 14 inches, with plan of Paris, and Index to cities, towns, etc. 75 Germany, in two sheets, 21x14 inches each, with Index to cities, towns, etc. 100 Greece, and the Ionian Islands, 21 x 14 inches........-------.-----.------ 50 Holland, see Belgium. Honduras, 48 x 36 inches; scale, 10 miles tol inch...... -...-...--.----- 5 00 India, Indo-China and FurtherIndia, with plans of Calcutta and Bombay, ACRE AN CHES eee ops sae ee ee pee eee ae es oee ene neeesn ease 50 Ireland, 21 x14 inches, with Index to cities, towns, etc. -.......-..------ 75 Rtalys elem inches: 32 2. pee sects ono ee aces ctedeus Jas te ssescswebe canes 50 Japan; in’ two sheets, 21x14 inches each....---.--.- 22-2 --.cescecc-enem 1 00 MEXIGOte ERM CHORA snort sae ee ot eo dee Ba caneeees, 50 Mexico, 72x52 inches, handsomely colored (in leather case)--- 7 50 Netherlands) see: Belpinm)-<. . 222 5-25 2222 soc. ot-=cens20 New Zealand, see Australia North America, showing the West India Islands and Central America, ieke a NC NCR eee ee nn aie Se ee ae oe ee aon eeeen a= seseeaes as 50 Oceanica= 2 iaiainches 24-2 ee coe on moo ewe cene suet eee 50 Palestine, with plans showing Environs of Jerusalem, journeyings of Christ, and sketch showing divisions into tribes, 21x14 inches.. 50 Persiajand Afghanistan, 14x Tl inches.-< < .s2=<1=ss+--22ececccsesancose= 50 Portugal seers paler. 2 ee ort aoe ea ee as asco ss cascokew iss aseces Rusia (Huropean).- 2x I4\inches222- 0. 22: oo = case cstccececceccesscos 50 Scotland, 21x 14 inches, with Index to cities, towns, etc. --......-...-. = 15 South America, in two sheets, 21 x 14 inches, showing plans of Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Isthmus of Panama amd City of Buenos Ayres_......-. 15 Spain and Portugal, with plans of Madrid and Lisbon, 21x14 inches -._- 50 Swedeniand Norway, clei annchnes i. 28 saan. cone et ene aaa onee cee 50 Switzeriand sel eis sinGhes) soe cet owes. 2 Se eee oe cee seen ee 50 Turkey in Asia (Asia Minor), and Transcaucasia, 21x14 inches -.---.-_- 50 Tirkey An WwaroO posed kl iN CNeR esa sone se eae ona en a ee eee 50 World, on Mercator’s Projection, 21x 14 inches -...-.._-.-.----.--.--... World, on Mercator’s Projection, 58 x 41 inches--.-----.._..------------- 250 Except where otherwise stated, these Maps are neatly bound in cloth cases. We make the production of maps a specialty, and keep the largest stock of map plates in the country. Are prepared to furnish Authors and Publishers with maps to illustrate Books of Travel and Historical and Educational Works at a merely nominal charge over the cost of paper and printing. Maps which require to be specially prepared, are compiled, engraved and printed with the utmost care and accuracy. : A full line of Maps of the States and Territories in U. 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