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Mee aan can dow 8 Se eeg any a tia poeta eariier) Ee RT ean ON teat nns omens ee eee esc tost aepate Ware mone peor os et nett ake are: od a Oe ee tere Ge dom in oe ve perro eres ry erin) Rawat Mise ll hrcheeals eatin ain a a echt Siapotces Rintiass a miteme peas 4p kamen rer + =: peaenirted sie 4-1 Sealers Ves erten pet BA eratterete mightortons * ie oi ete ee “ ee meet eaeace Assan eaheea Sits food 4) mat aa bed —. tte eicgasacgtaniel 19ey- 6 = cele seated si arararaes ep ereemeninsh Se pelea date heal Oe a eee te ee vee ~ Sea eet laresGadegis sev boy atsresieraisea see 3" pre nwt pets Pementen atee sires ao. 0 he Sorat ata) oo UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY BOOK NUMBER B52N 500019 22 1S02 . oi 7 ait |. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY rN a t No. 22 [Actual date of publication, October 31, 1902] A BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HUDSON BAY REGION be BY RSs » _» EDWARD A. PREBLE ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY : Se "4 aa: ~ Prepared under the direction of Dr. C. HART MERRIAM CHIEF OF DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY - WASHINGTON f NMENT PRINTING OFFICE << S| < . - = : NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 4 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 CONTENTS OF NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. . Revision of the North American Pocket Mice. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp 36) pls-4te% October2osse laa ont ae eee eee es Price, 10 cents. - Descriptions of fourteen new species (genera Onychomys, Arctomys, Lagomys, Spermophilus, Tamias, Nyctinomus, and Arvicola) and one new genus (Phe- nacomys) of North American Mammals. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp. 02, pls.8,.figs; 7. October 30, 1889: -< 22.2 = Price, 10 cents. - Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. [List of Reptiles and Batrachians, by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger.]~ Pp. 136, pls. 14 (2 colored), maps 5 (colored), figs. 2. September 11, 1890_ Price, 25 cents. . Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American Mammals. [Revision of Spilogale and descriptions of new species in nine other genera.] By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp. 60, pls. 3, figs. 3. October 8, 890s WENA et Re ee eas. aD Se ees Price, 10 cents, . Results of a Biological Reconnoissance of south-central Idaho. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. [List of Reptiles and Batrachians, by Dr. Leonhard Stejne- ger.| Pp. 132, pls. 4 (1 colored), figs. 4. July 30, 1891.. Price, 15 cents. - (Not published. ) . The Death. Valley Expedition: A Biological Survey of Parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. Part II]. [Reports on Birds, by Dr. A. K. Fisher; Reptiles and Batrachians, by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger; Fishes, by Chas. H. Gilbert, Ph. D.; Insects, by C, V. Riley, Ph. D.; Mollusks, by R. E. C. Stearns, Ph. D.; Desert Trees and Shrubs, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam; Desert Cactuses and Yuceas, by Dr, C. Hart Merriam; List of Localities, by T. 8. Palmer.] Pp. 402, pls. 14, maps 5 (colored), figs. 2. Mirai? OUT B98 x ren eas Fak orp rte Mt fe ne Sh ea ee (Out of print.) - Monographie Revision of the Pocket Gophers, Family Geomyide (exclusive of the species of Thomomys). By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp. 258, pls. 20, maps 4 (colored), figs. 71. January 31, 1895.__-.2.-.-.- Price, 35 cents, ( Not published. ) . Revision of the American Shrews of the Genera Sorex, Nolosorex, and Blarina. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Gerrit.$. Miller, Jr._ Pp. 124, pls. ID Shlos?,or WeGember ailiilAO nate ye 5 See ee Price, 10 cents. - Synopsis of the Weasels of North America. By Dr. C. Wart Merriam. Pp. At plSO. des. 1G i J Une oO COG == ae = syn ee Price, 10 cents. . Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. By Gerrit $. Miller, Jr. Pp: 84pls. 3s fies: 40: Julye23 1896S 2 ee Price, 10 cevits. . Reyision of the North American Bats of the Family V¢spertiliontde. By Ger- ritS. Miller, Jr. Py. 135, pls. 3, figs. 40. October 16, 1897- Price, 10 cents. . Natural History of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. By E. W. Nelson and others. Pp. 97, map 1, figs..2.- “Aypril 29, 1899-- 22. i222 Price, 10 cents. - Revision of the Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus. By Edward A. Preble. Pp Al pliietios, k= Autoust(S: 16992 2 ae ae oe eee ee Price, 5 cents. - Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp. 179, pls. 5, figs. 46. October 28, 1899..... Price, 20 cents. No. 17. Reyision of American Voles of the Genus Microtus. By Vernon Bailey. Pps88, pls) oa, tess (=. Juime 6: 1900 %ae = as ee Price, 10 cents. No. 18. Revision of the Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus. By Wilfred H. Osgood. Pp. 65, pls. 4, figs. 15. September 20, 1900 -.--- Price, 10 cents. No. 19. Results of a Biological Reconnoissance of the Yukon Riyer Region. By Wilfred H. Osgood and Louis B. Bishop. Pp. 100, pls. 7. October 6, WOOO eee een a ee Ste aot SA ene phate ee ae eh ape rere an ead Price, 10 cents. No. 20. Revision of the Skunks of the Genus Chincha. By Arthur H. Howell. — Pp. G25 pls.28: AUIOUSt OD AaOO le see ee ee te teementtie ee Price, 10 cents. No. 21. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; Natural History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. By Wilfred H. Osgood. Pp. 87, pls. 7, fig. 1. September 26, 1901---.-- pe = Soe Price, 10 cents. All applications for Nos. 1-5, 8, and 10-21 should be addressed to the Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D. C. Remittances should be made by postal money order or express money order, not by postage stamps or private check. North American Fauna, No. 22. 108 \ PLATE J. Seale of Miles. so. 75 100 125 150 \ KC 2.» ZA esd Ns anstield \. y de U D ¥ chil) FT. CHURCH) taulney ake cf WwW oy NORWAY Hae. ORWAY HOUSE; — as | Sutton Si “| ‘ SBgwan / Pir, ont URive,. \ IW Rlve; f INST fnqo}} ul co esl ay Py oe | ‘é zs aN 0. wit = Ng fare gear "$2 90 KEEWATIN. The route follow ed by this expedition is shown by a dotted line. Ser ee ee 80 Stevenson De} U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA Pepe Nien 72 {Actual date of publication, October 31, 1902] BY A BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HUDSON BAY REGION EDWARD Ay PREBLE ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared under the direction of Dro ©. BART MERRIAM CHIEF OF DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ee EC? eee \ OH WS Mites ® WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1902 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. UntIrep StTaTES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D. C., August 18, 1902. Sir: I have the honor to transmit for publication, as North American fauna No. 22, a paper on the natural history of the Hudson Bay region, by my assistant, Edward A. Preble. C. Hart MERRIAM, a ee Chief, Biological Survey. Secretary of Agriculture. PREFATORY NOTE. A century or more ago the employees of the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany sent collections of birds and mammals from Hudson Bay to London. Some of these specimens came from the shores of Hudson Bay, others from trading posts in the distant interior; but many were not labeled to show where they were obtained. They were examined by the naturalists of the time and a number of species were described and named as new. In most cases the original specimens have dis- appeared and modern naturalists have been greatly perplexed in attempting to ascertain just what the species really were. No mod- ern museum possessed anything approaching a representative collec- tion of the mammals and birds of Hudson Bay, and specimens for comparison with related forms from other parts of Boreal America were not to be had. The resulting embarrassment was most keenly felt when the Biological Survey secured large collections from Alaska. In many instances it was impossible to tell whether certain Alaska species were identical with or distant from related forms previously described from Hudson Bay. In order to obtain the long-needed material it was determined to send an expedition to Hudson Bay. Edward A. Preble was placed in charge of this expedition; his report shows how well and faithfully his duties were performed. His suc- cessful trip, in an open boat, in inclement fall weather, from Fort Churchill tothe Barren Grounds near Cape Eskimo, in search of topo- types of the Hudson Bay ground squirrel (often known as Parry’s marmot) deserves special commendation. I take pleasure also in referring to the uniform courtesies and facil- ities extended by the officers and employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company, particularly by Mr. C. C. Chipman, commissioner of the company, at Winnipeg. Gryls Bail CONTENTS. Page. Introduction‘andlitinerany. =. oe ee ee a oe a icclsisleinss Ses ss 9 General account of the region traversed. ..-..--.---.-----.--.-------------- 11 letietzoneceiOlitherneelOn a. senor ea ee ae Se ce eincle a same ene e viele deere 22, TE MIOUIS EW OG ko Se a eee en ene oe eee eee eR MAM tne siete eile foo 23 HES) LTO SAY Edy ee ee erect eee ote erase ors cia a eicinnie Soca a biciie cele. = PA Note on Doundariestor themeaion treated ---) see -o—.- = = neces c- sees eecee ee 38 TING Win SOCIO erecta ae eet fa ee an hs ee ae She ale otncve, acter alae ees \steis bis 38 AmmMotateds list Onmammalseee- eons - seb e ae acs = eee cues. Be eee & 39 fekparaKa{e ie eI RSU ORR OHO IS, es cs Bars ces eRe pg RO A er 75 Anos bearish Ol paIimAcChIAnseee sc. sss 75 sees mone see to sso coe ease meee 133 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Lema ele VLAD Ole COW Ale ese ote ea nan aero Pee eeeetaeeesaee Frontispiece. Il. Fig. 1. General view of Norway House.—Fig. 2. Shore of channel MEATONOGWAY. MOUS Sarat ae ctor eats een ere DEI a le eneloes 10 Ill. Fig. 1. Spruce thicket near Norway House.—Fig. 2. Aspen thicket EE CERIEN OTA Vase O UNG seein ee 5 ao ep nan 2 SE Sa oo Rett a 10 IV. Fig. 1. Rocky shore near Norway House, showing store of fur- trader.—Fig. 2. Sea River Falls (looking down)-.........--.----- 12 V. Fig. 1. Oxford House (photographed by William Campbell).—Fig. Zemlndian: Camps Oxford HHOuse se. -s5 sos: tose) sas eee Sees 12 VI. Fig. 1. Rapid below Windy Lake.—Fig. 2. Canoe entering rapid, EET OUU RIV GI ee eee ae oa ea es oof ile maine eS ake 14 VII. Fig. 1. Rapid, Trout River.— Fig. 2. Shore of Knee Lake near south (20016 a a So ae aie eh ah ae a Ie et I A ee ND BG RS Da alas a 14 VIII. Fig. 1. White Mud Rapid, Hill River.—Fig. 2. Hill River near See- inp wbortare: brassy Ellin distance --2--.22. Sse sossese seen e= 16 IX. Fig. 1. Left bank of Hill River from Rock Portage.—Fig. 2. Clay banks lowershilubutvensstee= oe ee eee ee a ee St 16 X. Fig. 1. Fort Churchill.—Fig. 2. Meadows, looking southwest from Fort Churchill. —Fig. 3. Seal ( Lrignathus barbatus), Fort Churchill. 18 XI. Fig. 1. Ledge of quartzite at Fort Churchill.—Fig. 2. Low tide at [norar (Chowan tel aw) Ue ages ee ee ke ee 18 XII. Fig. 1. Camp on Barren Grounds, 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo.— Fig. 2. Burrow of lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus), Barren SOI Bice kace a5 6Ue ce eA EES ee ae ee ee 20 XIII. Fig. 1. Camp on Barren Grounds, 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo.— Fig. 2. Eskimo guide at northern camp ........-....------------ 20 XIV. Fig. 1. Dragging canoe up rapid, Trout River.—Fig. 2. Hell Gate SP GIGI KON) pee Me oc ec cele nccace 22 No, 22, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. October, 1902. A BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HUDSON BAY REGION, By Epwarp A. PREBLE. INTRODUCTION AND ITINERARY. In 1610 Henry Hudson, while searching for a northwest passage, entered and partially explored the great inland sea that bears his name. In 1670 the Hudson’s Bay Company was organized to trade for furs with the natives of the great unexploited territory adjacent to the Bay. This company first established several trading posts at the mouths of the rivers tributary to the Bay and then gradually extended its field of operations inland. By this means the southern and western shores of Hudson Bay and the principal rivers emptying into it on the west had become fairly well known at a time when immense areas in North America, apparently more favorably located and more accessible, were still unexplored. As a natural result the birds and mammals of this semiarctic region were early brought to the attention of naturalists, and many species whose ranges extend over a very large area were first described from specimens sent to Europe from Hudson Bay. This was mainly due to the labors of the employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who, residing at trading posts and coming in contact for purposes of trade with practically all the natives of the region, were able to secure natural history speci- mens with comparative ease, especially the larger species. The many collections thus made were conveniently sent to England by the ships which paid annual visits to the posts. In this way a number of mam- mals and many birds, mainly littoral and pelagic species, first became known to science. As time went on, however, less attention was given to the fauna of this region, while most other parts of North America were ransacked for natural history material, so that the close of the nineteenth century found Hudson Bay one of the most neglected fields of modern zoological research. Some species, orig- inally deseribed from poor specimens, and in the loose and inaccurate style of a hundred years ago, were known by these descriptions alone, while others were represented in museums only-by poorly 9 10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, stuffed and faded specimens, entirely inadequate to meet the require- ments of modern scientific methods. This lack of material, in con- nection with the absence of definite knowledge as to the boundaries of the life zones, made it desirable that a collection, as thorough as possible, be made in the region. Early in the summer of 1900, therefore, I was detailed to make a biological reconnaissance of as much of the region immediately to the west of Hudson Bay as it would be practicable to cover in a single season. My brother, Alfred E. Preble, of Tufts College, Massachu- setts, accompanied me as assistant. The Hudson’s Bay Company still maintains trading posts through- out the region we were to visit, and the officials of the company com- pose almost its entire white population. These posts are situated on the usual lines of travel, and constitute the only bases of supplies available; hence it was considered advisable to arrange with the com- pany for food and means of transportation. This we did on our arrival at Winnipeg on June 13, and obtaining a canoe from the company, set out the next day down the Red River. The following morning we took the Northwest Navigation Company’s steamer Princess at West Selkirk, and on June 17 arrived at Norway House, near the north end of Lake Winnipeg, where we were to begin operations. Here we collected until June 238, when our northern trip was resumed. We took two Indians for guides, boatmen, and camp hands, and a large Peterborough canoe, in which our collecting and camp outfit and provisions were carried. We passed down the east channel of Nelson River, and ascending the Echimamish, followed the usual boat route to York Factory, stop- ping to collect at favorable points. At the head of the Echimamish proper, which terminates abruptly at a rock about 30 yards broad called the Painted Stone, we made a portage and launched our canoe ina small lake. A stream flows eastward from this lake and we thus had the advantage of the current for the remaining distance to Hud- son Bay. Beyond Painted Stone Portage the route passes successively through the Robinson lakes, Franklin River, and Pine, Windy, Oxford, Knee, and Swampy lakes. These different lakes vary from a few miles to forty in length, and the channels connecting them con- tain numerous rapids. Hill River forms the outlet of Swampy Lake, the last of the chain, and unites with Fox River to form Steel River. This in turn unites with the Shamattawa, and the resulting stream, known as Hayes River, empties into Hudson Bay at York Factory. On reaching the Bay we exchanged our canoe for a sailboat and made our way up the west coast to Fort Churchill, at the mouth of the river of that name. Here, after a few days’ stay, I left my brother to com- plete the collection, while I pushed northward well into the Barren Grounds. This trip consumed three weeks, and on my return to Fort Churchill we immediately started on the homeward journey in order PLATE Il. North American Fauna, No. 22. Fic. 1.—GENERAL VIEW OF NORWAY HOUSE. FiG. 2.—SHORE OF CHANNEL NEAR NORWAY HOUuSE. Agel ais het North American Fauna. No. 22. PLATE III. Fic. 2.—ASPEN THICKET NEAR NORWAY HOUSE. OcroBER, 1902.] ACCOUNT OF REGION TRAVERSED. Ve to complete it before navigation closed. We passed down the coast to York Factory in a sailboat and retraced our way to Norway House in our canoe. The trip up the rapid streams with our heavily loaded boat was a very arduous one, but we reached Norway House without accident or delay on September 16, having completed a journey by canoe and sailboat of more than 1,200 miles, much of it through very difficult water. We took a steamer from Norway House on Septem- ber 19 and arrived at Winnipeg on September 22. During our trip to Hudson Bay we were placed under many obliga- tions to a number of officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company, to whom our cordial thanks are hereby extended. Through the courtesy of C. C. Chipman, commissioner of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Win- nipeg, we were able to make arrangements to secure supplies and trans- portation at the different trading posts of that company on our route; without this aid the trip could hardly have been accomplished. Among others who assisted us in various ways are Messrs. William Clark, W.C. King, and Roderick MacFarlane, of Winnipeg; J. K. Mac- Donald, of Norway House; William Campbell, of Oxford House; G. B. Boucher, of York Factory; Ashton Alston, of Fort Churchill; and especially Dr. Alexander Milne, of Winnipeg (formerly of York Factory), who has given me many notes on the distribution of the larger mammals. To the Rey. Mr. Chapman, a missionary at Fort Churchill, we were also indebted for information and various courtesies. The Rey. W. A. Burman, of Winnipeg, kindly furnished us with a list of the principal trees and shrubs occurring about Winnipeg. From Colonel Scobell, C. E., of Winnipeg, we obtained much detailed and valuable information concerning the boat route to York Factory. In preparing this report I have received many courtesies from Mr. Robert Ridgway, curator, and Dr. C. W. Richmond, assistant curator of birds in the U.S. National Museum, who have not only permitted the unrestricted use of the collection under their charge but have helped me in many other ways. Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., assistant curator of mammals in the National Museum, has extended similar favors in regard to the mammals; and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator of rep- tiles in the National Museum, has aided in identifying the frogs col- lected. Thanks are also due to Frederick V. Coville, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, and his assistants, for identifying the plants collected. Finally, 1 am indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Dr. T. 5. Palmer, chief and assistant chief of the Biological Survey, for various courtesies extended during the progress of the work. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE REGION TRAVERSED. Winnipeg is situated at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, on the site of old Fort Garry. To the westward stretch the plains, but the vicinity of the rivers is well wooded with elm ( U/imus americana), Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa), basswood (Tilia 12 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, americana), ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo), and other species, with an undergrowth composed principally of viburnums, hazel (Corylus americana and rostrata), woltberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), hawthorn (Cratxegus coccinea), ete. The Red River below (to the north of) Winnipeg is very winding and is inclosed between banks of clay and limestone which at first are rather high and steep and are fairly well wooded, though the woods seldom extend far back from the river. But just beyond West Sel- kirk (a village about 20 miles below Winnipeg, near the site of the historic Selkirk Settlement) the banks become lower and the woods gradually yield to willow thickets. Farther down, a few miles from the mouth of the river, these willow thickets in turn disappear, and Lake Winnipeg is approached through a marsh which extends as far as the eye can reach, and where numberless coots and other marsh- loving birds find a congenial home. Soon after we entered the waters of Lake Winnipeg, about 42 miles from our starting point, our course carried us too far from shore to permit observations as to forest conditions, and such was the case throughout much of our voyage up the lake, though a few oppor- tunities for notes were offered. At The Narrows we could see that the western shore was well wooded with birch and conifers, a charac- ter of forest which, we were told, continues south nearly to the mouth of Red River. At Bull Head, off which we anchored early on the morning of June 16, the forest consisted mainly of spruce, tamarack, a species of pine (probably Pinus divaricata), birch (Betula papyrifera), and poplar (Populus balsamifera), the deciduous species predominating. The shores of the northern part of the lake are low and sandy with numer- ous outcrops of gneiss, and many low islands of the same rock occur. Great Playgreen Lake, the body of water next traversed, lies just east of the northern part of Lake Winnipeg, with which it is connected at its southern end by a rocky channel. This channel is entered at Mossy Point, the southern extremity of a slender strip of land separating the two lakes, on which Norway House was originally situated. Nelson River issues from Great Playgreen Lake by two main channels, known as Kastand West rivers, which, coming together at Cross Lake, inclose Ross Island, 50 miles in length. East River, on leaving Great Play- green Lake, divides into several minor channels encircling small islands, then expanding forms Little Playgreen Lake, about 25 miles from the outlet of Lake Winnipeg, and 300 miles from the southern end. On one of these islands, at the southern margin of Little Playgreen Lake, stands Norway House (PI. II, fig. 1). Two miles distant, on the east- ern shore of the lake, is Rossville Mission. Like most of the region between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay, the country about Norway House consists largely of swamps, mainly North American Fauna, No. 22. PLATE IV. Fic. 1.—Rocky SHORE NEAR NORWAY HOUSE, SHOWING STORE OF FUR TRADER. Fic. 2.—SEA RIVER FALLS, LOOKING DOWN. = amie. > 4 ing paleo rite ~ Tay ie North American Fauna, No. 22. PLATE V. Fic. 1.—OXFORD HOUSE. Photographed by William Campbell. FiG. 2.—INDIAN CAMP, OXFORD HOUSE. OcToBER, 1902.] ACCOUNT OF REGION TRAVERSED. 13 grown up to willows and tamaracks. Numerous elevated places occur, rocky ‘islands’ on which has accumulated a rather thin covering of soil, supporting a moderately heavy growth of black and white spruce (Picea nigra and P. alba, Pl. IL, fig. 1), balsam fir (Adzes balsamec), Banksian pine (2%nws divaricata), aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides, Pl. Ill, fig. 2), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), canoe birch (Betula papyrifera), and tamarack (Laria laricina). These species form the bulk of the forest between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay. From the vicinity of Norway House to the Sea River Falls (PI. IV, fig. 2), about 20 miles below, the shores are rather low (see PI. I, fig. 2; Pl. LV, fig. 1). Then for the few remaining miles before the mouth of the Echimamish is reached the route lies through a channel bordered by rather high banks and forested with birch and poplar. The water of the Echimamish, which flows into Nelson River from the eastward, is very dark and contrasts markedly with that of the Nelson, which carries the whitish waters of Lake Winnipeg. ‘The course here leaves East River and ascends the Echimamish, a short distance from the mouth of which it passes through Hairy Lake, a broad, shallow sheet of water a few miles in length, in which grow extensive patches of bulrush (Scirpus lacustris). Above this lake for more than 20 miles the Echimamish is a winding, sluggish stream, with an east and west trend, and averages about 50 feet in width. Its banks are low and marshy, and on the lower part extensive swamps border it on either side. Occasional outcrops of gneiss occur, dry ‘ islands,’ which form the only available camping places. The forest consists mainly of spruce, tamarack, and willow, the latter usually predomi- nating. Mosquitos, which swarm oyer the entire region, are here almost unbearable, and as the shallowness of the water, which is barely deep enough to float a canoe, makes paddling very difficult, the ascent of this river was perhaps the least pleasant part of our journey. Three dams, at one of which—the second— we did some collecting, are kept up for the purpose of holding back a suffictent amount of water to permit the passage of boats. The stream flows through a flat country and in several places in the upper part of its course, broadens and forms small ponds. In its comparatively still waters the yellow pond lily (Vymphxa) grows abundantly. - At the Painted Stone, about 36 miles from Norway House, the stream comes to an abrupt termination, and boats are carried across a rock and launched ina small lake with high, rocky shores. From this lake issues a stream generally considered a part of the Echimamish, which in the Cree language signifies ‘the river that flows each way.’ It would appear that the small lake is fed from some underground source, and that some of its waters escape into the western part of the Echimamish. The vicinity of Painted Stone Portage proved a very good collecting ground. The eastern part of the Echimamish is 14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, deep and bordered by high, rocky banks, on which Potentilla triden- tata grows abundantly. Seven miles from the Painted Stone the stream unites with White Water River, which discharges the waters of Little Lake Winnipeg, and from this point to Oxford Lake the stream is called Franklin River. The Robinson lakes, the southern shores of which are rather marshy and the northern shores higher, are next passed, and then 12 miles from the junction of the two streams Robinson Portage is reached. Here a portage of about three-fourths of a mile is necessary to avoid Robinson Rapids, where the river plunges through a deep ravine in a series of falls and rapids, with a total descent of about 50 feet. Deep mossy woods border this gorge, the excessive moisture from the rapids causing a luxuriant growth. From the lower or northern end of Robinson Portage, which lies nearly north and south, extends a line of lakes with marshy shores and supporting an abundant growth of sweet flag (Acorus calamus). A short stop was made and some col- lecting done at the north end of the portage. Immediately below these lakes the river plunges with considerable rapidity through a rocky gorge called Hell Gate. A short portage is made at its entrance, and after being launched in a surging pool at the foot of the rapid, the canoe is borne swiftly through the gorge. In some places the rocky walls rise nearly perpendicularly without a break; in others the bank consists of a succession of steep mossy terraces, the homes of several eagles.“ Throughout most of its course of 7 miles through the gorge, the river is confined within narrow limits, and the smooth but impet- uous current bears the voyager rapidly onward, constantly bringing fresh vistas to his view. In a few places a portion of the rocky walls has fallen, partially damming the stream, and the canoe is run through short, rapid chutes, the perpendicular walls preventing a landing, however desirable it might appear. Farther down the rocky banks are not so high and the surrounding country is seen to consist of rugged rock masses scantily clothed with Banksian pines. Here the voyager may land to see the ‘kettles’—deep, rounded potholes of various sizes, which have been worn in the rock during past ages. A short distance beyond the lower end of Hell Gate Gorge, 23 miles from Robinson Portage, lies Pine Lake, a small, irregularly outlined body of water containing numerous islands and environed by rocky but fairly well wooded shores. Ten miles farther on, below a succes- sion of small ponds and channels with marshy shores, lies Windy Lake. Here the banks are moderately high and formerly were well wooded; but within the past few years they have been partially denuded by fire. The meet! of Viney Lake is 12 miles choi from Oxford Lake, near « Compare 5 ident W ANG says, in speaking of shies gorge, “ “The brown fishing-eagle had built its nest on one of the projecting cliffs.’’? Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, p. 39, 1823. North American Fauna, No. 22. PLaTE VI. Fic. 1.—RaPiD BELOW WINDY LAKE. FiG. 2.—CANOE ENTERING RAPID, TROUT RIVER. North American Fauna, No, 22 PLATE VII. Fic. 1.—RAPID, TROUT RIVER. Fic. 2.—SHORE OF KNEE LAKE NEAR SOUTH END. IRS Slice eS Spe ba cint pee IEE ele RAR OcTOBER, 1902.] ACCOUNT OF REGION TRAVERSED. 5 the northern end of which, 30 miles farther, is situated Oxford House, the only post or habitation of any kind on this route between Norway House and Hudson Bay (PI. V, figs. 1 and 2). In the short stream connecting the two lakes four rapids occur, at two of which portages are necessary (Pl. V1, fig. 1). Oxford Lake extends southwest and northeast, and its 30 miles are marked by irregular shores and many islands. The shores are mainly of rock and are generally well forested. The locality about Oxford House we found favorable for collecting and a stop of a few days was made. The promontory on which the post is situated was probably well wooded originally, but its western half has been entirely cleared and is mainly covered with grass, with a few patches of willows and other shrubs. East of this cleared area the ground slopes gently to Back Lake, about a quarter of a mile distant, and is fairly well covered with spruce, fir, tamarack, poplar, and willow. The soil is a stiff clay, and potatoes and other garden vegetables of fine quality are raised. The waters of Oxford Lake flow into Back Lake through a short, narrow channel, and those of Back Lake find their outlet in Trout River (Pl. VI, fig. 2; Pl. VU, fig. 1), which runs southeastward to Trout Falls, 9 miles from Oxford House. At Trout Falls the river makes a plunge of about 12 feet into a deep pool. Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, Appendix, p. 670, 1823. ¢ Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, Introduction, p. xv, 1831. 26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Between 1829 and 1837 appeared Fauna Boreali-Americana, by Swainson, Richardson, and others, the first volume treating of mam- mals, the second of birds, and the others of fishes and insects. The material accumulated on the voyages of Parry, the first voyage of Ross, and the journeys of Franklin, together with much additional informa- tion on the natural history of the northern parts of North America, is elaborated in this valuable publication. The expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River under Captain Back (1833 to 1835) was productive of much new information regarding the natural history of the interior of British America, owing chiefly to the labors of Richard King, surgeon and naturalist to the expedition. A few notes appear in Back’s narrative of the expedition, which also contains a list by Richardson, unfortunately often without annotations, of the specimens collected. King’s narrative of the journey is replete with information on the birds and mammals collected and observed, and the localities and dates of many specimens merely listed in Back’s narrative are thus put on record. A few observations of the fauna of the lower part of the Great Fish River and of the region between Lake Winnipeg and York Factory, the route followed by King on his return journey, were made within the boundaries of the present Province of Keewatin. In 1846 and 1847 John Rae made a journey of exploration from York Factory to the Arctic coast, wintering at Repulse Bay. Zoological appendix by Joseph Sabine. 1 vol., 4to, pp. i-xv, 1-783. London. A few species from York Factory mentioned in the appendix. The narra- tive contains a few references to the natural history of Keewatin. 1824. Lyon, G. F. The Private Journal of Captain G. F. Lyon, of H. M. 8. Heela, during the recent Voyage of Discovery under Captain Parry. [Parry’s Second Voyage.] 12mo. London. Contains numerous notes on natural history, relating especially to the vicinity of Winter Island and Igloolik, Melville Peninsula. 1824. Macoiuivray, WittiAM. Description, Characters, and Synonyms of the Dif- ferent Species of the Genus Larus, with critical and explanatory Remarks. Vertebrata, by Edward Sabine. Collections and observations made mainly about Melville Island. 1825. Lyon, G.F. A Brief Narrative of an unsuccessful attempt to reach Repulse Bay through Sir Thomas Roe’s ‘‘Welcome,’’ in His Majesty’s Ship Griper, in the year MDCCCXXIYV. 8vo, pp.198. London. Contains a few notes on the natural history of Southampton Island and of the mainland in the vicinity of Cape Fullerton. 1825 (1827). RicHarpson, JoHN. Appendix to Captain Parry’s Journal of a Second Voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 4to, pp. 1-432. London. Zoological Appendix. Account of the Quadrupeds and Birds, by John Richardson. Refers mainly to natural history of Melville Peninsula, particularly Winter Island and Igloolik. 1826. Parry, Wini1am Epwarp, and Ross, JAMES CLARK. Journal of a Third Voy- age for the discovery of a North-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in the years 1824-25, by William Edward Parry. 1 vol., 4to, pp. i-xxvili, 1-186, 1-151. London. Appendix, Zoology. By Lieut. James Clark Ross. The zoological appendix refers mainly to the natural history of Port Bowen, where the expedition wintered, and other points about Prince Regent Inlet. A few notes on natural history occur in the narrative. 1828. RicHarpson, JoHN. Short Characters of a few quadrupeds procured on Cap- tain Franklin’s late expedition. < Zool. Journ. III, No. 12, pp. 516-520, Jan. to Apr., 1828. Original description of Sorex palustris, ‘Hab. Marshy places, from Hud- son’s Bay to the Rocky Mts.’’ Cricetus talpoides described from Hudson Bay (specimen probably from Manitoba or Saskatchewan). 1829. Dovenas, Davin. Observations on some Species of the Genera Tetrao and Ortyx, natives of North America; with Descriptions of Four new Species of of the former and Two of the latter Genus. < Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVI, pp. 133-149. Mentions abundance of Pediccetes phasianellus about Oxford Lake, and of Canachites canadensis on the streams which flow into Hudson Bay. 1829. RicHAarpson, Joun. Fauna Boreali-Americana, Part First. Quadrupeds. 4to, pp. i-xhi, 1-300. London. Contains much original matter on the mammals of the Hudson Bay region. 1831. Swarnson, WruLrAm, and RicHarpson, JoHN. Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part Second. The Birds. 4to, pp. i-Ixvi, 1-524. London. Contains much original matter on the birds of the Hudson Bay region. 1835. Ross, Sir Jonny. Narrative of a Second Voyage in search of a North-west Pas- sage, and of a residence in the Arctic Regions during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. 1 vol., 4to, pp. i-xxxiv, 1-740. London. Contains many notes on the zoology of the country to the northward of Hudson Bay, particularly about Felix Harbor, Boothia. OcroBER, 1902.] ; BIBLIOGRAPHY. 31 1835. Ross, James CLARK. Appendix to the Narrative of a Second Voyage in search of a North-west Passage, ete. By Sir John Ross. 1 vol., 4to, pp. i-xii, 1-120, i-ciii. London. >Report on mammals and birds by J. C. Ross, pp. vii-xly. A systematic account of the collections and observations made on Ross’s second voyage. 1836. Back, GEorGE; and RicHarpson, Jon. Narrative of the Arctic Land Expe- dition to the mouth of the great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835; by Captain Back, R. N., Commander of the Expedition. 1 vol., 8vo, pp. i-x, 1-663. s.ondon. Appendix No. 1. Zoological Remarks by John Richardson, pp. 477-518. In the narrative mention is made of the observation of a number of species within the present boundaries of Keewatin. The Zoological Appendix con- tains a nominal list of the mammals collected, and a list of the birds in which the localities of a few species are indicated, followed by a commentary “respecting those which are objects of chase to the Indian hunter, either for food or for the sake of their fur,”’ with ‘‘a few brief remarks on the speci- mens of the other species when they serve for the elucidation of doubtful points of their history.” 1836. Kine, RicHarp. Narrative of a Journey to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in 1833, 1834, and 1835; under the command of Capt. Back, R. N. 2 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. i-ix, 1-312. Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 1-321. London. Contains many notes on the natural history of the Great Fish River and on the route from the headwaters of that river to York Factory via the Slave, Athabasca, Clearwater, Churchill, Saskatchewan, Nelson, Echimamish, Hill, Steel, and Hayes rivers. 1837. Ricnarpson, Jonn. Report on North American Zoology. Hall’s Second Arctic Expedition, Chapter VII, pp. 199-268. A concise account, prepared chiefly from official sources, of Hall’s expedi- tion in northern Keewatin and adjacent lands in 1864-1869, in search of rec- ords, relics, and other traces of Sir John Franklin’s last expedition. The account contains many notes on the game animals of the region. Ripeway, Roperr. Note on the Anas hyperboreus, Pall., and Anser albatus, Cass. Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1875-76, Part IV, p. 581 et seq., 1878. ¢ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xxiv, 1835. @Lyon’s Private Journal, p. 48, 1824. € Zoologist, Fourth Series, IV, p. 71, 1900. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv. 1877-78, p. 29c¢ (1879). 39 40 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Bay, on the north side of Southampton Island,¢ and at other points in the upper part of Hudson Bay. Delphinapterus catodon (Linn.). White Whale. Beluga. Common all along the coast and seen daily whenever we were on the water. On July 13, while returning from Beacon Point, I saw a school of about a dozen white whales in Hayes River halfway between the mouth of the river and York Factory. They were passing out with the ebbing tide, having ascended the river a short distance dur- ing the flow, as is their custom, and were emitting a variety of sounds from a shrill scream to a hoarse snort or grunt. The mouth of Churchill River isa favorite place for these whales, and at the time of our visit the Hudson’s Bay Company kept several men constantly at work capturing them. The method generally employed is as follows: A large net is sunk to the bed of the river— usually at the mouth of some natural basin—and after a school has passed over it into the inclosed area it is raised, imprisoning some of the animals, so that when the tide falls they are at the mercy of their captors. The oil is extracted for export and the meat is used for food for the dogs. In former years white whales were shot from ‘whale stands’ maintained at the mouth of the Hayes and other rivers, but this method seems to be less in vogue at present. A number of the animals, the largest about 14 feet in length, were rather hurriedly examined at the ‘ whale fishery’ near the mouth of the Churchill July 30. Their color ranged from a deep blue-black to silvery white. It is usually stated that the dark ones are the young, but this is not invariably the case, since some, at least half grown, were nearly black, and others, 3 or 4 feet in length, were as white as the largest. An embryo about 7 inches long and nearly pure white was obtained at Churchill. This species seems to abound in all parts of Hudson Bay, and has also been recorded from several localities to the northward. — . Southwell reports that the whaling ship Galaena took 820 white whales in Elwin Bay, Prince Regent Inlet, during the month of August, 1894.? Rangifer caribou (Gmel.). Woodland Caribou. The woodland caribou is found throughout the region traversed between Norway House and Hudson Bay. It seems to be more com- mon toward the Bay, but is occasionally killed (usually in the winter) near Norway House. Mr. William Campbell, of Oxford House, reported the species much less common than formerly; it is said to have become scarcer in some localities, as the moose extends its range, apparently being driven out by that animal. On our way to the Bay aLyon’s Private Journal, p. 44, 1824. bThe Zoologist (Third Series), XIX, p. 94, 1895. OcroBER, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. 41 we saw tracks of woodland caribou several times on Steel River, once coupled with the tracks of a wolf that had evidently been trailing the ‘aribou, and on our return trip a caribou was killed on Steel River by a party which ascended a few days in advance of us. Between York Factory and Fort Churchill a few small bands are found throughout the year on the ‘ Barrens.’ Tyrrell saw them here early in the winter of 1893.4 We saw none, but noted a great many tracks on the ‘Barrens’ between Stony and Owl rivers July 19, and were told by some Indians we met that they had killed several within a week. Dr. Milne informs me that he has seen them between Fort Churchill and Cape Churchill, and that the latter point is considered a good place for hunting them at any time of the year. He thinks these small bands form the ‘t northern fringe of the bands which migrate to the coast in spring, the great majority of which in their journey cross to the south of Nelson River,” an opinion which has weight from his fourteen years’ residence at York Factory. Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, p. 147, 1829. ¢ Synopsis of Quad., p. 270, pl. 24, fig. 2. @ Pennant, Hist. Quad., 3d ed., 1793, p. 129, says: ‘‘It has lately been described by Pallas under the name of Mus empetra.”’ ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 378, 1772. 48 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, is apparently found throughout the region as far north as York Fae- tory, but is said to be more common to the southward. A hunters’ skin, taken near Oxford House in the spring of 1900, was obtained from Mr. William Campbell, who reported the animal as not common in the vicinity. At York Factory we obtained an immature specimen and a hunters’ skin, taken on Hayes River. Several skins from Trout Lake, where the animals are said to be numerous, were also obtained. The skins secured, representing immature individuals and adults of both sexes, vary but little in coloration. The prevailing color of the upperparts is rufous, the subapical zone of black being restricted and contributing little to the general color; the lower parts are rufous, this color varying somewhat in intensity; the tail is very dark brown or black, the hairs tipped with rufous; the feet are nearly black. The only skull available for comparison was taken at Oxford House June 10, 1901. It is that of a female, and though the teeth are not much worn, the development of the occipital crest and the general appearance indicate maturity. It is much smaller than skulls of wood- chucks of about the same age from Washington, D. C., and Maryland (the type locality of monax), and shows other differences as follows: Rostrum less deflected, the nasals flatter and more narrowed poste- riorly; basal portion of zygomatic process of squamosal broader and flatter, its posterior edge, when viewed from above, being practically continuous with the general curve of the zygoma and lacking the con- spicuous concavity usually seen in typical monax. The teeth are proportionally weaker, the incisors especially being more slender. This skull measures as follows: Occipito-nasal length 80; zygomatic breadth 55; breadth of rostrum immediately in front of zygoma 15; length of nasals 33; breadth of posterior end of nasals 7. Allen recorded specimens of Arctomys monax from James Bay and Nelson River.@ Castor canadensis Kuhl. Canadian Beaver. Owing to persistent trapping, the beaver is becoming scarce through- out the region, but skins are annually traded at all the posts visited. We saw the remains of a beaver bouse between Pine and Windy lakes and a comparatively recent dam on a small stream which empties into Hayes River about 15 miles above York Factory. A number of skins were seen at Fort Churchill. These had been taken on the Lower Churchill River. Several black pelts were among the furs at Norway House. A fine large ligamentary skeleton was obtained at York Factory from Dr. Milne, who said that the animal it belonged to had been taken in the vicinity. Its measurements (approximate) are as follows: a@Mon. N. Am. Rod., p. 919, 1877. OctoBER, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. 49 Total length 1,000; tail vertebra 380; hind foot 190. Skull: Occipito- nasal length 137; zygomatic breadth 99; interorbital constriction 25; leneth of nasals 51; breadth of nasals 24; length of upper molar series (crowns) 30. Nine adult skulls of both sexes, collected in the vicinity of Oxford House, average as follows: Occipito-nasal length 131.3; zygomatic breadth 93.5; interorbital constriction 25; length of nasals 47.3; breadth of nasals 23.6; length of molar series (crowns) 28.2. Dr. Bell reports that a family of beavers was found by Indians on North River, a stream that flows into the Bay about 15 miles above Fort Churchill.“ Hearne relates that the Indians who accompanied him on his first exploring trip killed beavers on Seal River, the mouth of which is about 40 miles north of Fort Churchill.’ The point at which Hearne seems to have crossed Seal River, and presumably where the beavers were taken, is not far from the Bay. [Mus musculus Linn. House Mouse. Referring to this species, Richardson says: ‘‘I have seen a dead mouse in the storehouse at York Factory.”° J. E. Gray records a specimen of the house mouse collected by Dr. Rae at York Factory, with the remark that it was probably introduced from Europe.” The species does not seem to have ever become established, though individ- uals should apparently be landed occasionally with goods from England. We trapped large numbers of mice about the various buildings. but took only the native species. | Peromyscus canadensis umbrinus Miller.“ Clouded White-footed Mouse. We found this form common and apparently quite generally dis- tributed between Norway House and York Factory, and took speci- mens at the following localities: Norway House, Sea Falls, Echimamish River (Middle Dam and Painted Stone Portage), Robinson Portage, Pine Lake, Oxford Lake (south end), Oxford House, Trout Falls, Hill River (mouth of Fox River and near- Rock Portage), Steel River, Hayes River, and York Factory. I have compared this series with the type series of LP. canadensis umbrinus from Peninsula Harbor, Ontario. The specimens of the type series are mainly in fall pelage, while most of our Keewatin specimens were taken during the summer; but enough are comparable “Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv. 1882-3-4, App. II, p. 49DD (1885. ) + Journey from Prince of Wales Fort * * * to the Northern Ocean, p. 9, 1795. ¢Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, p. 141, 1829. 7Rae’s Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, Appendix, p. 199, 1850. ¢Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 28, No. 1, p. 23, April, 1897. 7165—No. 22——_4 5O NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, to make it reasonably certain that they are all referable to the same form. In detailed measurements the two series agree very well. Seven adults from Painted Stone Portage average: Total length 186; tail vertebree 92; hind foot 20. Average of seven adults from Oxford House: 186, 92, 20. Average of seven adults from York Factory: 183, 91, 20.7. This mouse constitutes the house mouse of the region, and infests all the houses and stores within its range. At York Factory almost all our specimens were taken in or about the post buildings; the animal seemed to be rare in the surrounding swamps. [(4) Neotoma drummondi (Richardson). Drummond Wood-Rat. A wood-rat received about 1860 from W. MacTavish, and supposed to have been taken at Fort Churchill,“ is in the U. S. National Museum. It was mounted for many years, but is now made into a study skin. The color has become so changed by exposure that no dependence can be placed on it, and the skull lacks the greater part of the braincase and is otherwise defective. Comparison of this imperfect specimen with specimens taken at Jasper House in the type region of drummondi shows noessential differences. As Jasper House seems to be the nearest point to Fort Churchill that the genus Veotoma has been recorded, and as the animal is unknown to the inhabitants of Fort Churchill, it seems most likely that the specimen came from some point in the interior, and was erroneously included in a lot of specimens from Hudson Bay. | Phenacomys mackenzii Preble. Mackenzie Phenacomys. Phenacomys mackenzii Preble, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, p. 182, August 6, 1902. (Fort Smith, Mackenzie. ) Found only at Fort Churchill, where an adult female and two imma- ture individuals were secured July 26 to 28. Two of these were taken on a dry hummock in the meadow west of the post, and the third ina grassy place among the rocks. The rostral portion of a skull, with a part of the skin attached, was found in a fissure among the rocks, where the animal had evidently been eaten by a weasel. Evotomys gapperi (Vigors). Common Red-backed Mouse. We found this species to be rather common throughout the region between Norway House and Hudson Bay, and took a large series embracing specimens from the following localities: Norway House, Sea Falls, Echimamish River, Robinson Portage, Pine Lake, near head of Oxford Lake, Oxford House, Knee Lake (near outlet and on island “In a letter to Sir John Richardson, extracts of which were published, Professor Baird says: ‘‘From * * * our other northern collectors and correspondents we have already received many interesting specimens, though the best are still on the way. We have already had Neotoma cinerea from Fort Churchill.” (Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), XIII, p. 164, 1861.) Octoner, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. yi near ‘ Narrows’), Swampy Lake, Hill River (at various points), Steel River, Hayes River, and York Factory. One was also taken by my brother on Churchill River, 15 miles above Fort Churchill. Mossy spruce woods seemed to be their favorite habitat, but we also fre- quently trapped them in deciduous or mixed woods, and occasionally in willow thickets in swamps. They inhabited the larger wooded islands in Knee Lake. On lower Hill River as well as on Steel and Hayes rivers we took only an occasional one, and at York Fac- tory a week’s trapping yielded but three, all of which were caught about the post buildings. None were found at Fort Churchill, or any- where on the tundra, and several nights’ careful trapping by my brother on Churchill River above the post yielded but one. Of this series of nearly seventy specimens all but six are in the normal red-backed pelage. The exceptions may be briefly referred to. One, from Robinson Portage, has a few black hairs scattered over the back, perceptibly darkening the dorsal stripe. One, from Oxford Lake, taken September 12, has the dorsal stripe dusky, sides only slightly darker than normal, and belly yellowish white. One, taken on upper Hill River September 5, has the dorsal stripe dusky brown, the belly and sides about normal, and the back nearly concolor with sides; the dorsal stripe is indicated only by a slight admixture of red. Of the three specimens taken at York Factory, one is normal; another, probably in left-over winter pelage, differs from the average only in being slightly brighter. The third is yellowish white beneath, with nearly normal sides, and dorsal stripe indicated only by a slight darkening of the dorsal area. One, taken on Churchill River, 15 miles above Fort Churchill, has the dorsal area dull red and only faintly indicated, with dull-brown sides and ashy-brown lower parts. It is immature and measures: 133; 30; 20. A skin from Fort Churchill in the U. S. National Museum (No. 4206) has a seal-brown dorsal stripe, which extends forward nearly to the eyes, and dull, yellowish- brown lower parts and sides. ; Three adults from Norway House average: Total length 134; tail vertebrae 39; hind foot 18. Four from Robinson Portage average: 135.5; 38; 18. Five from Knee Lake average: 138; 42; 19. Three from York Factory average: 141; 40; 19. Microtus drummondi (Aud. and Bach.). Drummond Vole. We found this vole rather common in suitable locations throughout the region between Norway House and Hudson Bay. It seemed most abundant in the partially cleared areas near the posts, and as it readily takes up a residence in the houses and stores, it becomes a decided pest. A large series was collected, including specimens from the fol- lowing localities: Norway House, Echimamish River, Robinson Port- age, Oxford House, Steel River, York Factory, Cape Churchill, and Fort Churchill. 52 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, This series averages a little larger than typical drwmmond?, but on the whole is fairly typical. Seven adults from Norway House aver- age: Total length 152; tail vertebrae 42; hind foot 19. Seven from Oxford House average: 153; 47; 19. Seven from Fort Churchill (selected as being nearly typical of this form): 156; 40; 19. Microtus aphorodemus sp. noy. Barren Ground Vole. Type from Barren Grounds, about 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo, Keewatin (near mouth of Thlewiaza River). 9 ad. (skin and skull), No. 106422, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected August 5, 1900, by Edward A. Preble. Original number, 3208. General characters.—Similar to Microtus drummondi, but larger, with mich larger and heavier skull. Color.—Upperparts dark yellowish bister, as in drwmmondi, but usually with an admixture of yellowish-tipped hairs, imparting a coarse appearance to the pelage; adults varying beneath from nearly white to light plumbeous, sometimes tinged with light brownish. Young: Varying but little from adults, lighter in color than young of drwmmondi, especially beneath. Skull.—Much larger than that of drummond/; rostrum propor- tionally heavier; molar series longer. Compared with that of penn- sylvanicus the skull is much larger, less arched, and with more widely spreading zygomata; teeth about as in pennsylvanicus. Measurements.—Type: Total length 190; tail vertebre 50; hind foot 20. Average of six adults from type locality: 182; 49; 20.3. Average of four adults from near Hubbart Point: 181; 49; 20.2. Skull of type: Basal length 28; nasals 7.6; zygomatic breadth 16.5; mastoid breadth 12.6; alveolar length of upper molar series 7. Skull, No. 106274, @ ad. (largest in series): Basal length 29; nasals 8.5; zygomatic breadth 17; mastoid breadth 12.5; alveolar length of upper molar series 7. Remarks.—\ found these voles common on the Barren Grounds near the mouth of Thlewiaza River early in August, and collected a large series. They frequented patches of wild rye (Zlymus mollis) on the sandy raised sea beaches near the shore, and burrowed exten- sively in the sand and to some extent in the semidecayed masses of seaweed which had accumulated at high-water mark. They were most active in the morning and evening, but were taken at all hours without difficulty in traps set in their well-worn trails. ‘Their prin- cipal food seemed to be the culms of the wild rye. I found many cavities beneath boulders which they had utilized for storehouses and had filled with the stalks of this coarse grass, cut into short sections. Along the coast north of Fort Churchill at several points where the wild rye grew luxuriantly I found abundant traces of these voles. A series of twenty-two was collected on a point about 10 miles north of Hubhart Point on the morning of August 16, while I was waiting for OcToBER, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. 53 the tide to come in that we might resume our journey southward. This series includes young and adults of all ages and both sexes, the females slightly predominating. Several females contained embryos which varied in number from seven to ten. Ten specimens taken on the * Barrens,’ near Cape Churchill, August 25, are referable to this form, and the large series of drwmmond? taken at Fort Churchill includes some specimens that seem to incline toward aphorodemus. Microtus xanthognathus (Leach). Chestnut-cheeked Vole. This species was originally described from Hudson Bay. During our trip, though constantly on the lookout for the species, we saw no traces of voles which we could attribute to zunthognathus and secured no specimens. Coues recorded Arwicola ranthognathus from Fort Churchill.“ The fact that the table in which this specimen is listed contains only skins with chestnut cheeks, as shown by the context, makes it evident that the identification is correct, a fact further supported by the length of the hind foot (1 inch). This specimen can not now be found. Bailey records Microtus wanthognathus from Nelson River.? Fiber zibethicus hudsonius subsp. noy. Hudson Bay Muskrat. Type trom Fort Churchill, Keewatin, Canada. ¢g ad. (skin and skull), No. 106881, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected August 9, 1900, by Alfred E. Preble. Original number, 3081. General characters.—Rather small, about the size of /’her spatulatus, but differing in color and cranial characters; smaller than and other- wise different from /7her zibethicus. Color.—Ahove, dull yellowish brown, darker on middle of back and head; fur of lower parts tipped with yellowish brown, throat yellow- ish white; middle of chin dusky; cheeks yellowish fawn. Compared with spatulatus, hudsonius is more yellowish brown, the back lacking the dusky tinge of spatulatus, and the sides are uniformly lighter. Skull.—Smaller and more angular than in /%her zibethicus, with highly developed interorbital crest and small molars, as in spatulatus, but differing from skull of spatu/atus as follows: Bull more inflated; paricto-squamosal suture irregular; lateral face of zygoma, especially jugal, broader; nasals narrower anteriorly, but otherwise similar. Measurements.—Type: Total length 539; tail vertebrae 225; hind foot 74. Average of four adults from Echimamish River: Total length 542.5; tail vertebrie 236.2; hind foot 75.7. Average of two adults from York Factory: Total length 556; tail vertebrae 246.5; hind foot 74.5. Skull of type: Occipito-nasal length 56; zygomatic breadth 38; inter- orbital breadth 6; greatest length of nasals 20; greatest breadth of nasals 9.5; 3 length of upper molar series (crow ns) 13.5. a ida: N. Fon. Rod., p. 201, 1877. (No. 8356 in table. ) oN, A. Fauna, No. 17, p. 58, 1900. 54 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Remarks.—TVhis species is common and quite generally distributed throughout the region between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay. Though its skin is worth but a few cents in trade, the abundance of the animal and the ease with which it is trapped cause it to be much sought for, and many thousands are annually taken. While ascending the Echimamish we found muskrats abundant and tame, and we also saw many in the marshy lakes in the neighborhood of Robinson Portage. On account of the abundance of ‘rats’ these two localities are favorite trapping grounds of the Indian hunters. The sweet flag (Acorus calamus), a favorite food, abounds in the lakes below Robinson Portage, and the great number of muskrat houses seen there showed the locality to be a favorite resort. We saw many musk- rats while we were descending Hill and Steel rivers. Here they live entirely in burrows in the banks, as the deep water and swift cur- rent render house building impracticable. Piles of mussel shells, showing where the animals had been feasting, were frequently noticed on the banks. The point of marsh below York Factory seemed to be the home of a considerable number of muskrats, but as it is frequently overflowed, they are said to seldom survive the winter. In the vicinity of Fort Churchill they were found in but one place—a stream entering the Churchill River a few miles above the post, and there they were rather uncommon. A winter following a dry season is said to be very destructive to muskrats. On account of the low water the animals construct their burrows and houses correspondingly low and are often forced out by floods at a season when they are unable to procure food and haye no protection from their enemies. We collected specimens on the Echimamish, and at Robinson Port- age, York Factory, and Fort Churchill. Young of the year in fresh pelage are darker than adults, but the entire series we collected shows much less rich brown than zébethicus from New England. Synaptomys (Mictomys) bullatus Preble. Northern Lemming Vole. Synaptomys (Mictomys) bullatus Preble, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, p. 181, August6, 1902. (Trout Rock, near Fort Rae, Mackenzie. ) We trapped only two specimens of this lemming vole—one at Nor- way House June 21 and one,a female with six embryos, in the swamps bordering Echimamish River June 25. Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson). Back Lemming. We found this fine species at but one locality, near the mouth of Thlewiaza River, where it was common and where a series of about seventy, comprising adults and young of both sexes, was secured August 4 to 8. A succession of low, flat, boulder-covered areas, which lay between the shore and some shallow lagoons a few hundred yards inland, was occupied by the animals. The ground was dry and well OctoRER, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. 55 covered with short, thick grass, through which their runways extended in every direction. They burrowed extensively, sometimes beneath boulders, but as often in the sides of tiny terraces or from a flat sur- face. Their holes seemed to be connected in an endless labyrinth. We captured several by suddenly overturning some of the boulders, but most were taken in traps set in their well-trodden roads. They paid no attention to bait, but were readily caught in runway traps. When taken alive they showed considerable ferocity for animals of their size, snarling and biting vigorously. The breeding season seemed to be nearly over, but a few females contained from four to six embryos. The teats are eight in number, four inguinal and four pectoral. No specimens of Lenumus from the vicinity of Point Lake, the type locality of tr7mucronatus, are available for comparison, but it is not likely that the Hudson Bay animal differs appreciably. A few speci- mens, in poor condition, from the Anderson River region, show no apparent differences. Color of adults.—Fur everywhere plumbeous at base, on head and shoulders tipped with black and grayish in about equal proportion; lower parts and sides rusty ochraceous, this color extending forward on cheeks and lips and sometimes tingeing slightly the head and shoulders; lower part of back bright reddish brown, the fur very thick and long; tail usually distinctly bicolor, yellowish below, and dusky brown above; pencil about 9 mm. in length; feet dusky brown above, lighter below. In some of the half-grown specimens in fresh pelage the head and shoulders are considerably flecked with the color of the sides and there is an indistinct dusky stripe extending from between the ears to the middle of the back. Younger specimens are nearly unicolor throughout, the plumbeous fur tipped with yellowish brown. Measurements.—One of largest specimens: Total length 160; tail vertebrie 22; hind foot 20. Average of ten adults: 151; 21.8; 20. Skull: Average of four adults: Basal length 30.6; zygomatic breadth 21.5; interorbital breadth 3.1; mastoid breadth 15.5. Remarks.— Arvicola trimucronatus was recorded from Izloolik, Mel- ville Peninsula, by Richardson,¢ and was said by J. C. Ross to be com- mon on the shores of Boothia Felix.’ Dicrostonyx richardsoni Merriam. Richardson Lemming. Dicrostonyx richardsoni Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., II, p. 26, March 14, 1900. About 120 specimens of this interesting lemming were collected. These ranged inage from young a few days old to fully adult individ- uals. About 80 were taken, mainly by my brother, at Fort Churchill, « Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 311, 1825 (1827). +b Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xiv, 1835. 56 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 23, the type locality of the species, and the remainder at two localities on the Barren Grounds, and on the ‘Barrens’ below Cape Churchill. Many burrows were untenanted and there was usually nothing in their appearance to indicate the fact. On this account trapping was found to be less satisfactory in securing specimens than digging. A few -minutes’ digging usually disclosed whether or not a burrow was occupied. Gravelly ridges, the remains of old raised sea beaches, occur through- out the country bordering the Bay, and are found inland many miles from the present coast line. Richardson lemmings frequent mainly these ridges. Their burrows differ widely from those of Lemmus and Microtus. Each seemed to be distinct and occupied by onty a single individual, except in the case of females accompanied by young. The hole sometimes has its entrance beneath a piece of driftwood or at the base of adwarfed spruce. It usually proceeds at an angle of about 45° for a foot or so, and then extends nearly horizontally for 2 or sometimes 3 feet to the nest of grass and moss, which occupies a circular cham- ber 4 inches in diameter. A side gallery a foot or two in length usually branches off from the main burrow not far from the nest. This is without a terminal chamber and is evidently used as a place of refuge. In this retreat we usually found the owner of the burrow if he was at home. The sand and gravel dug from the burrow is usually pushed out into u long pile extending sometimes 2 feet from the entrance. No runways are made, even when the burrows are near soft ground; the animals evidently range indiscriminately over the ground. The only food observed in the burrows was a few leaves of bear-berry (Arctostaphylos wia-ursi). Three young at a birth seems to be the usual number. Every litter we found consisted of three, and in each pregnant female we secured were three embryos. The breeding season seemed to be nearly over, however, so that pregnant females were not common. One, captured on the Barren Grounds August 12, besides containing the usual three small embryos, was suckling three young. Several young were kept for a few days by my brother. They were very readily tamed and took food (rolled oats and crumbs of bread) within a few hours of their capture, allowing him to hold them on his hand while they ate. They sat on their haunches and held the food in their fore feet like squirrels. These young lemmings were very gentle and interesting in their ways, but the old ones fought viciously when captured, and their sharp incisors and strong jaws made them somewhat formidable. In the immediate vicinity of the post at Fort Churchill we found only a few lemmings, but the sandy ridges on the south side of the river and on the pomt near the ruins of Fort Prince of Wales proved OcroBER, 1902.] MAMMALS OF KEEWATIN. swe fruitful collecting grounds. At my two camps on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo they were abundant in their favorite locations; and on a long sandy ridge below Cape Churchill, where we landed on the afternoon of August 24, we found many burrows and captured about 20 lemmings. Only one was actually seen away from its bur- row—a female which, when surprised by us some distance from her home, ran into a shallow deserted burrow for refuge. The animals seem mainly nocturnal in their habits, though a few were taken at the mouths of holes during the daytime. They are known by the natives of Churchill as ‘Husky’ or ‘Huckey’ (i. e., Eskimo) mice, because of their northern habitat. Compared with skulls of Dicrostonya hudsonius from the coast of Labrador, those of 2). richardson? exhibit the following conspicuous differences: Braincase broader; interparietal broader and squarish in outline (in Auvdsonius small and triangular); parietals broader; bullee much more inflated. In color D. richardsoné is much darker than hidson7/us, owing to a much greater proportion of chestnut- and brown-tipped hairs in the pelage. The specimens taken by us vary remarkably, but the grayest show more brown than any specimens of /udsonius examined. Topotypes of D. richardsont in summer pelage may be described as follows: Fur light plumbeous at base; that of back and_ sides tipped with chestnut or rich yellowish brown, occasionally with these colors and gray, sides usually lighter than back. Latham, Synopsis, III, Part 2, p. 389, 1791. ¢ Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 361, 1825 (1827). d@ Auk, VII, p. 320, 1890. eNat. Hist., III, pl. 148, 1750. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 56DD (1885). EE EE OcTOBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 79 Churchill hy W. W. Kirkby. A specimen from Duke of York Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Pagophila alba (Gunn.). Ivory Gull. Richardson describes a specimen of the ivory gull killed at Hudson Bay.” This gull has also been recorded from Port Bowen and from other localities to the north of Keewatin. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). Kittiwake. Sabine says this species abounds in Hudson Bay,’ and Richardson gives a description of one killed on Melville Peninsula in July.“ A specimen from the Savage Islands, Hudson Bay, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Larus glaucus Briinn. Glaucous Gull. Doubtless found in all parts of Hudson Bay. It has been recorded from Melville Island, Felix Harbor, and other places in the Arctic regions, and has been found breeding in James B points on the east coast of Hudson Bay.” ay and at various Larus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull. Undoubtedly occurs on Hudson Bay during migrations, since many winter on the Great Lakes, and Arctic expeditions have obtained specimens in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay and at Melville Island. Larus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. Common on the coasts of Greenland and Labrador and frequent in winter on the Great Lakes. It is, therefore, like the Iceland gull, very probably to be found, at least during migrations, inhabiting Hudson Bay. Larus argentatus Briinn. Herring Gull. Common on Lake Winnipeg, Hudson Bay, and all the intermediate lakes and larger rivers, and breeding throughout the region. — It is usually very shy, however, as it is shot for food by the natives when- ever opportunity offers.. At Fort Churchill, where we collected a specimen July 28, the eggs are gathered in large numbers in May and packed in salt, to be eaten in the late autumn and early winter. On our return trip during the latter part of August and fore part of September, many birds in the dark, immature plumage, sometimes almost sooty, were seen. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring -billed Gull. Gulls referred to this species were rather common in June and July on the inland waters from Lake Winnipeg to Hudson Bay and north- “Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 419, 1831. »Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, Appendix, p. 695, 1823. © Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 423, 1831. @ Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 34, 1900. 80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, ward to the Barren Grounds. An immature female was collected on the Barren Grounds 50 miles below Cape Eskimo August 8. Larus franklini Sw. and Rich. Franklin Gull. A specimen of this gull from Hayes River, Hudson Bay, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. It breeds about Lake Winnipeg, and probably at other points in southwestern Keewatin. Larus philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte Gull. Common on Lake.Winnipeg June 15 to 17. Several were seen near the outlet of Swampy Lake July 7, and one was collected on Hayes River July 9. They were also common on Hudson Bay, especially in the vicinity of Fort Churchill, where immature birds were numerous July 25 to 30. On our southward trip we saw a few of these gulls on Knee Lake September 6. The species is recorded from Severn House by Murray,“ and from several places on Hudson Bay by various other authors. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgil.). Ross Gull. The first known specimen of this beautiful species was killed at Alagnak, Melville Peninsula, by James Clark Ross, in June, 1823, during Parry’s second voyage. Another was shot afew days later by another officer attached to the same expedition. These two birds served as the basis of Richardson’s description of Larus rossi7,’ but this name is antedated by Larus roscus, inadvertently bestowed by Mac- gillivray previously. J.C. Ross later recorded it from Boothia Felix,¢ The species does not seem to have been since taken in the Hudson Bay region. Xema sabinii (Sab.). Sabine Gull. In the Zoological Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, Richardson speaks of many specimens being procured at Winter Island, Melville Peninsula.? J. E. Harting mentions a pair in breeding plumage obtained off Melville Peninsula and presented to the University Museum at Oxford by John Barrow.” Fielden reports a specimen in full breeding plumage which was obtained by Captain Markham near York Factory in August, 1886." The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum coilection records a specimen (No. 13715) which was collected at Norway House by Robert Kennicott. The original description was based on a specimen from the west coast of Greenland. «Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), LX, p. 321, 1859. » Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 360, 1825 (1827). ¢ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. Xxxvl, 1839 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, p. 111, 1871. é Transactions Norwich Soc., IV, p- 351, 1887. OcTOBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 81 Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern. A specimen procured at Moose Factory by J. McKenzie is recorded by Turner,’ and Nutting records one taken near Grand Rapids, Sas- katchewan, in the summer of 1891.? As the species occurs in the interior as far as Great Slave Lake, it is probable that it regularly reaches southern Keewatin. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. Common on Lake Winnipeg June 15 to 17, and seen on nearly all the lakes on our route to Hudson Bay. One was collected near Rob- inson Portage June 28. It may occur on Hudson Bay north to the Barren Grounds, in association with the Arctic tern, but was not identified with certainty this far north. It was recorded from Hudson Bay by Andrew Murray.’ Sterna paradisea Briinn. Arctic Tern. Common on Hudson Bay. A specimen was collected 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, and the species was seen daily at Fort Churchill. Young just able to fly were observed on the meadows bordering Button Bay July 31, and still smaller young on a sandy islet a few miles farther north August 1. When I started south from near Cape Eskimo August 13, the species had apparently commenced to migrate, and old and young were common on the Bay until we reached York Factory August 26. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of an Arctic tern collected at Moose Factory in 1881. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). Black Tern. Abundant on the marshes at the mouth of Red River June 15. Many were seen June 24 on a marsh near Hairy Lake and many more June 27 at the north end of Robinson Portage, where two specimens were collected. Murray recorded the species from Severn House and Moose Factory.¢ Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.). Fulmar. Stated by James Clark Ross to be peculiarly numerous in Hudson Bay, Davis Strait, and Baflin Bay.” Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swain.). Double-crested Cormorant. A single immature bird was taken near Pine Lake September 12. It was swimming about in some rapids and was easily approached. @Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 245, 1885. > Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 252, 1893. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 231, 1859. @ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xxxviii, 1835. 7165—No. 22 6 82 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, We saw cormorants, probably referable to this species, on Lake Win- nipeg in June, and our Indian guide said he had often seen them at Norway House. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. White Pelican. We saw several June 16 near Bull Head Point, Lake Winnipeg. Forster recorded the species (as a variety of P. onocrotalus) from York Fort, Hudson Bay.” Andrew Murray also recorded a specimen from Hudson Bay,’ though Blakiston says later that Mr. Murray was not sure where the specimen was killed.¢ Merganser americanus (Cass.). Merganser. A female, apparently with a brood of young in the vicinity, was seen near Sea Falls, about 20 miles north of Norway House, June 23. Several individuals were observed on Oxford Lake June 30. A female with moulting wing quills was taken on Hayes River a few miles above York Factory July 10. Though unable to fly, this bird dived so adroitly that we had some difficulty in securing it. Merganser serrator (Linn.). Red-breasted Merganser. A number were killed for food by the Indians at our camp on the Barren Grounds 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo August 3 to 8. While ascending Hill River September 2 we observed a female accompanied by young unable to fly, and near Pine Lake September 13 we met with a flock of the birds and obtained from it several specimens. This species is recorded by Murray from Trout Lake and Severn House;’ and a specimen collected at Repulse Bay by Dr. Rae is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). Hooded Merganser. A female was collected by my brother, Alfred E. Preble, on Churchill River about 15 miles above Fort Churchill August 6. The species was recorded by Murray from Trout Lake and Hudson Bay;’ and Bell saw the young going south on Nelson River in September.” Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. First seen near Pine Lake June 28, where a female followed by a brood of young was noted, and one of the brood collected. An adult female was taken near Oxford House July 3, and between this point and York Factory the species was several times observed. One was @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 419, 1772. b¥Edin. New. Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 231, 1859. eTbis, V, p. 151, 1863. “Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 69¢ (1880). OcToBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 83 seen on the marsh at Beacon Point, near York Factory, July 13, one ona small pond on the Barren Grounds north of Seal River August 18, and a female with a brood of unfledged young on Steel River August 31. During the first half of September the species was seen almost daily. A large flock was noted on Trout River September 9, and many were observed on the Echimamish September 14 and 15, During the first part of our journey, when we were going north, we saw several females with broods, and it was noticeable that the young, when startled, invariably took to the woods, where they easily con- cealed themselves. On our return we started up several large flocks, but more commonly found just three in a flock. The name given to this duck throughout the whole region visited is ‘stock duck.’ The catalogue of birds in the U. 5. National Museum collection shows that specimens were collected at Moose Factory in 1881, and the bird undoubtedly occurs throughout the wooded portion of the region. Anas obscura rubripes Brewst.“ Red-legged Black Duck. An adult male was collected at Fort Churchill July 28 and another had been shot by an Indian a day or two previously. Blakiston records a specimen received from York Factory.’ A specimen taken at Moose Factory and one from Cape Hope, Severn River, have been recorded by Brewster. The species is called throughout the region the ‘b/ach stock duck’ to distinguish it from the mallard. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.). (Gadwall. One was taken near Cape Churchill August 24, but was not pre- served. Bell collected the species on Hudson Bay./ Mareca americana ((imel.). Baldpate. Recorded by Murray from Hudson Bay.’ A specimen from Nelson River is recorded by Baird as being in the Smithsonian collection./ Clarke records an adult male from Fort Churchill collected many years ago. 7 Nettion carolinensis (G@mel.). (rreen-winged Teal. An immature male was preserved from a lot killed for food by Indians at Fort Churchill July 25. Several green-winged teals were seen in small ponds about 15 miles north of Seal River August 18, and large flocks were started up from ponds between Fort Churchill and aAuk, XIX, p. 184, 1902. bIbis, V, p. 146, 1863. cAuk, XIX, p. 187, 1902. @Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. IV, p. 50 (1883). ¢Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 229, 1859. Birds of North America, p. 784, 1858. gAuk, VII, p. 320, 1890. 34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Cape Churchill August 22. A small flock was seen between Robinson Portage and Echimamish River September 14. The species is recorded from Severn River by Forster,” and from York Factory by Dr. Bell.? The British Museum Catalogue records a specimen from Repulse Bay collected by Dr. Rae. Querquedula discors (Linn.). Blue-winged Teal. A specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Nutting found the species common and collected specimens at Chemawawin, Saskatchewan, in the summer of 1891.°¢ Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller. Andrew Murray received this species from Moose Factory and Trout Lake, 7 and a specimen collected by James McKenzie at Moose Factory is recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum. Seton, on the authority of Bell, records it from Lake Winnipeg.‘ Nutting reported it common at Chemawawin, Saskatchewan, where he took specimens in 1891.¢ Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintail. First seen on the * Barrens,’ 50 miles north of York Factory, July 19, when an adult female was taken. Common on the meadows border- ing Button Bay July 31. Hundreds were seen on the shallow ponds of the Barren Grounds, 50 miles below Cape Eskimo, August 4 to 8, and on our way back to Fort Churchill, August 13 to 19, numbers were seen whenever we landed. At Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, Septem- ber 20, I saw one which had been shot by a hunter. Throughout the region the species is called the *‘long-necked duck.’ Murray received the species from Trout Lake and Severn House,? and Bell records a specimen from York Factory,’ and says the spe- cies breeds near Norway House.’ A specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 is recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U. 8. National Museum collection. Aix sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck. The wood duck is recorded from * Hudson Bay,’ Moose Factory, and Trout Lake by Andrew Murray.’ Two specimens collected at Moose a@Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 419, 1772. > Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 69¢ (1880). ¢Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 257, 1893. d Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 229, 1859. ¢ Auk, III, p. 149, 1886. f Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury. 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). gy Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 230, 1859. OcTOBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 85 Factory by James McKenzie are recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum. Aythya americana (Kyt.). Redhead. Nutting recorded this species and obtained specimens near Chema- wawin, Saskatchewan, in the neighborhood of which ‘* countless num- bers of the red-head breed.” “ Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). Canvas-back. Nutting obtained a specimen near the mouth of the Saskatchewan in the summer of 1891.” Aythya marila (Linn.). Scaup Duck. A specimen was taken August 22 from a large flock on a pond near the shore of the Bay about midway between Fort Churchill and Cape Churchill. These birds were moulting their wing quills, for which purpose they had evidently congregated on this pond, where they were safe from the attacks of predatory mammals. Aythya affinis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck. The lesser scaup duck has been reported from a number of localities in the Hudson Bay region, though on account of its close resemblance to the greater scaup the accuracy of some of the records is doubtful. Baird recorded a specimen from Nelson River and considered Forster’s record of marila from Severn River’ to refer to the present species.? Murray records it from Severn House,’ and Bel! reports it from Fort Churchill and York Factory.’ Clangula clangula americana (Bonap.). (olden-eye. Rather common on the larger lakes between Norway House and Oxford House. At the latter place we took an adult male July 3, but did not shoot any more on our northward trip, although we saw a flock containing about 200 near the outlet of Knee Lake July 6, and daily noted a few on our way to York Factory. After this we did not meet with the species again until we reached Hill River on our return, September 5. Here we found many, and on Knee Lake September 6 noted a large flock, probably the same we had observed there two months before. We saw afew more on the Echimamish September 15, one of which we collected, and found a large flock on Hairy Lake. Macoun records specimens taken at Fort Churchill,’ and Forster notes the occurrence of the species on Severn River.’ «Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 257, 1893. bIbid., p. 258, 1893. ¢ Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 413, 1772. ¢ Birds of North America, p. 791, 1858. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), LX, p. 230, 1859. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury. 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). 9 Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 95, 1900. * Phil. Trans., LXIJ, p. 417, 1772. 86 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Clangula islandica (Gmel.). Barrow Golden-eye. Bell intimates that this species, as well as the common golden-eye, is found on Hudson Bay.“ Seton, on the authority of R. H. Hunter, records it from Lake Manitoba, Shoal Lake, and the mouth of Red River, Manitoba. ? Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). Buffle-head. We saw an adult male on Red River, between Winnipeg and West Selkirk, June 14, and an immature bird on Hill River, near Swampy Lake, September 5. The species is recorded by Forster from Severn River,’ by Murray from Severn House, Moose Factory, and Trout Lake,’ and by Clarke from Fort Churchill.“ It probably ranges throughout southern Keewatin. , Harelda hyemalis (Linn.). Old-squaw. Though not observed by us, this species has been recorded from a number of localities on the west shore of Hudson Bay. Edwards figured a ‘ Long-tailed Duck from Hudson’s Bay; Forster recorded the species from Churchill River;’ and Richardson described speci- mens killed at Winter Island, Melville Peninsula, on Parry’s second voyage.” Rae speaks of finding this species breeding on an island off Knaps River,’ and collected a specimen at Repulse Bay which is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Murray recorded the species from Severn House;” Clarke, an adult pair in summer plumage from Fort Churchill;/ and Bell, a specimen from York Factory.” Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck. Forster recorded a specimen from the Hudson Bay region;’ Blakis- ton says he examined one at York Factory;” and the catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken in James Bay August 3, 1860. Camptolaimus labradorius (Gmel.). Labrador Duck. Joseph Sabine includes Anas labradoria among the species which at that time were found on Hudson Bay and its vicinity, but which were «Proc. Royal Soe. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. IV, p. 50 (1883). » Auk, III, p. 328, 1886. ¢ Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 417, 1772. d Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 230, 1859. ¢ Auk, VII, p: 320, 1890. J Nat. Hist. III, pl. 156, 1750. g Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 418, 1772. h Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 373, 1825 (1827). ‘ Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, p. 22, 1850. J Auk, VII, p. 320, 1890. k Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). ? Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 419, 1772. m Ibis, V, p. 149, 1863. OcrosERr, 1902 BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 87 not obtained on Franklin’s Expedition.” An adult male, perhaps from Hudson Bay, was presented to the British Museum by the Hudson’s Bay Company about the year 1835;? and it is likely that a specimen to which no definite locality is assigned that is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue is this same bird. Somateria mollissima borealis (C. L. Brehm). Northern Eider. This species was obtained on Parry’s second voyage at Winter Island, being recorded as mollissima;° and Blakiston, writing of S. mollissima, speaks of haying received specimens from Hudson Bay. A specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. American Eider. First seen in small numbers about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, and rather common from there northward. Flocks of a hundred or more were often seen north of Fort Churchill, and a female with young two or three weeks old was observed August 3, 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo. The species is said to breed in large numbers on certain rocky islands north of Fort Churchill. Quantities of the eggs are gathered by Indians and Eskimos in late April and early May, and brought to Fort Churchill, where they are packed in salt for later consumption. The bird is called by the Indians ‘ Husky’ (i. e., Eskimo) duck. Two specimens, collected by Dr. Bell at Fort Churchill, are recorded by Macoun.°¢ Somateria v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider. Murray recorded this species from Severn House.” As the species occurs on Great Slave Lake, it should be occasionally found in Keewatin. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider. Edwards figures this species from Hudson Bay, calling it the ‘Gray- Headed Duck.’’ Linnzeus cites Edwards’s figure in his description of spectabilis, but does not base his description exclusively on it. It was recorded by Blakiston, who speaks of having seen specimens from Hudson Bay,” and by Richardson, who states that it was observed in numbers about Melville Peninsula on Parry’s second voyage.’ A “Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, Appendix, p. 698, 1823. >See Dutcher, Auk, VIII, p. 203, 1891. ¢ Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 370, 1825 (1827). dTbis, V, p. 150, 1863. € Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 105, 1900. J Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 229, 1859. g Nat. Hist., III, pl. 154, 1750. Albis, V, p. 150, 1863. ? Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 373, 1825 (1827). 88 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, specimen from York Factory, collected by Dr. Bell, is recorded by Macoun.“ Oidemia americana Swains. American Scoter. Swainson based his description of this species on Hudson Bay speci- mens;” a specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue; Andrew Murray recorded the species from Trout Lake;’ Blakiston says that he ‘‘received specimens from the west coast of Hudson’s Bay;”” and an adult male is recorded from Fort Churchill by Clarke.? Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. We observed this species twice on Knee Lake—a small flock on July 7 and a few on September 8 as we were returning. We also noted a few about fifty miles north of York Factory July 19. Many breed about the borders of small ponds throughout the interior, and large numbers are killed for food before they are able to fly. Murray recorded the species from Trout Lake, Moose Factory, and Severn House. ° Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. Rather common in Hudson Bay south of Cape Eskimo August 4 to 13. My brother took a specimen on Churchill River near Fort Churchill August 11, and we obtained another near Pine Lake Sep- tember 13, as we were returning. On September 14 we saw several near Robinson Portage. Edwards figured this species, which he cailed the ‘Great Black Duck from Hudson’s-Bay,” and on this figure Linnzeus based his description of Anas perspicillata. The species has since been several times recorded from Hudson Bay by different writers, and a specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is mentioned in the British Museum Catalogue. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). Ruddy Duck. Blakiston speaks of having examined a specimen at York Factory, on Hudson Bay,’ and Bell records a specimen from the same place./ The species seems to be of regular occurrence about Lake Winnipeg and other points in Manitoba, and probably in the adjacent parts of Keewatin. aCatalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 108, 1900, >Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 450, 1831. ¢Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 231, 1859. dTbis, V, p. 150, 1863. ¢Auk, VII, p. 320, 1890. J Nat. Hist., III, pl. 155, 1750. g Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 69c (1880). OcTOBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 89 Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Greater Snow Goose.@ This bird was first described by Forster from Severn River, Hudson Bay.’ Swainson and Richardson speak of its occurrence at Albany Fort and York Factory;* Murray records it from Moose Factory and Severn House:” and Bell characterizes it as abundant at Fort Churchill and York Factory during migrations,’ and says that it began to arrive at the former place September 5.’ Barnston says that at Martin Falls, Albany River, the species was generally passing in large flocks about May 10.% A specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue; and one from Black Island, Lake Winnipeg, is recorded by Macoun.” Chen cerulescens (Linn.). Blue Goose. Edwards figured the * Blue- Winged Goose’ from Hudson Bay,’ and on this figure Linneus based his description of the species. A specimen from Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue, and one taken at Moose Factory in August, 1860, by J. McKenzie, and one from Fort Churchill, appear in the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum. It is said to be found principally about the south- ern part of the Bay, and according to Indian information breeds in northern Labrador. Chen rossi (Cassin). Ross Snow Goose. A specimen procured at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, is recorded by Macoun/ The ‘Horned Wayey’ of Hearne is doubtless this species. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). White-fronted Goose. Edwards figured a specimen procured from Hudson Bay, which he called the ‘Laughing-Goose.* Barnston says that this species is sel- dom seen in the southern part of Hudson Bay, but is less rare at York Factory, and is frequent at Fort Churchill.’ Blakiston received a specimen from Hudson Bay,” and one from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. “4In some of the cases cited the species has been recorded as (. hyperborea, but I have assumed that the eastern form is referred to. bPhil. Trans., LXII, pp. 413, 433, 1772. ¢Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 467, 1831. a@¥din. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859. €Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 69c (1880). JIbid., 1882-3-4, App., III, p. 55DD (1885). gEdin. New Phil. Journ., XXX, p. 254, 1841. Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 114, 1900. iNat. Hist., III, pl. 152, 1750. jCatalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 115, 1900. kNat. Hist., III, pl. 153, 1750. 'Tbis, II, p. 257, 1860. mTbid., V, p. 141, 1863. 90 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Anser fabalis (Lath.). Bean Goose. Under the name segetwm, Richardson mentions this species as one of the geese which are known to visit the Hudson Bay region, but are rarely seen, being accidental visitors.@ Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. An island in the northern part of Lake Winnipeg, on which this bird is said to nest in considerable numbers, was pointed out to us. While descending Steel River July 9 we took a half-grown bird from a flock of five. These had probably come down Fox River, where the species is said to breed. Young geese unable to fly, probably of this species, were seen by Alfred E. Preble on Churchill River August 11. While ascending Steel and Hill rivers, August 31 to Sep- tember 4, we saw one or two flocks daily. We shot one bird on Hill River September 4, but found its preservation impracticable. Murray recorded the species from Moose Factory and Severn House,’ and Bell says it breeds on Churchill River. ° In former times, when the posts on Hudson Bay supported a much larger population than at present, geese constituted a staple article of food, and this species and B. ¢. hutchinsi especially were shot in great numbers, both for immediate consumption and to be salted for winter. Barnston, from the number recorded at the different posts, estimated that at least 57,500 were annually killed on James Bay and the west coast of Hudson Bay.” At present the demand for the birds is less and their numbers are diminished; hence fewer are killed. Branta canadensis hutchinsi (Rich.). Hutchins Goose. Several flocks of geese referred to this species were seen on the Barren Grounds near Hubbart Point August 16. Dr. Rae saw a female with a brood of young near Neville Bay.’ Macoun records two specimens taken at Fort Churchill by Dr. Bell, and an egg obtained at Repulse Bay.’ The species has been recorded from other points in northern Keewatin. Branta bernicla (Linn.). Brant. Said by Swainson and Richardson to breed in great numbers on the coast and islands of Hudson Bay.’ A specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue; and Dr. Bell records a specimen killed at York Factory.” «Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 364, 1825 (1827). b Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859. ¢Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App., VI, p. 69c (1880). d This, II, p. 258, 1860. ¢ Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, p. 24, 1850. J Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part 1, p. 120, 1900. g Fauna Boreali-Americana, If, p. 469, 1851. Proc. Royal Soe. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. IV, p. 51 (1883). EE OcToBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 91 Branta leucopsis (Bechst.). Barnacle Goose. Said by Richardson to be rare and accidental in Hudson Bay.“ A specimen in the U. S. National Museum collection was obtained near Rupert House, James Bay, by Bernard R. Ross.’ Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. Whistling swans visit the western shores of Hudson Bay in great numbers in the spring and fall, and their assembled thousands are said to present a beautiful and imposing spectacle during their semiannual visits. The broad expanse of Churchill River near its mouth is a favorite place of resort. A specimen collected at Fort Churchill and presented by J. R. Spencer is recorded by Dr. Robert Bell,’ who also states that the species breeds on Nottingham Island, Hudson Bay.? Olor buccinator (Rich.). Trumpeter Swan. Richardson describes a specimen killed on Hudson Bay.’ Barnston speaks of the breeding of swans near Eastmain Fort, on James Bay, and of eggs being brought to him from a nest on the banks of a lake near Norway House.’ His remarks probably refer to this species, as it has a more southern breeding range, especially in the interior, than O. columbianus. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). Bittern. We saw several flying over the marsh at the mouth of Red River June 15, heard the notes of one near Norway House June 19, and saw one near Sea Falls June 23. At Beacon Point, near York Factory, I started one from the marsh July 18. On our return trip we saw sey- eral near Oxford House September 10, and on the Echimamish Sep- tember 15. The species is recorded from Severn River by Forster,’ and from Fort Churchill by Clarke.” Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern. Under the name Lotaurus minor Dr. Robert Bell records this species from York Factory,’ and later says, *‘Of the least Bittern (Ardetta exilis Gray) I have specimens from Manitoba and York Factory.” It has been taken near Winnipeg, but can scarcely reach Keewatin except as a strageler. a Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 364, 1825 (1827). > Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds of North America, I, p. 475, 1884. ¢ Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 70c (1880). Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, p. 30DD (1885). ¢Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 464, 1831. J Ibis, II, p. 253, 1860. 9 Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 401, 1772. h Auk, VII, p. 320, 1890. tRept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68¢ (1880). J Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. IV, p. 51 (1883). 92 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. One noted on Red River, near Lake Winnipeg, June 15. Edwards figured a specimen from Hudson Bay, calling it the *Ash- colour’d Heron from North America.’% His figure formed the prin- cipal basis for Linneeus’s description of Ardea herodias. Turner records a specimen collected at Moose Factory, James Bay, August 29, 1860, by James McKenzie.” This specimen is recorded in the cat- alogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum, but can not now be found. Grus americana (Linn.). Whooping Crane. Edwards figured the ‘ Hooping-Crane from Hudson’s-Bay.’’ His fig- ure formed a partial basis for Linneeus’s description of Ardea amert- cana. Hearne says: ‘‘This bird visits Hudson’s Bay in the spring, though not in great numbers. They are generally seen only in pairs, and that not very often.” 7 Grus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. Noted several times on the Barren Grounds 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo, usually in companies of four or five. The distorting effect of the atmosphere sometimes gave them a strange appearance as they stood or walked about on some distant hillock. Edwards’s ‘ Brown and Ash-colour’d Crane,’ figured from a Hudson Bay specimen,’ formed the basis of Linnzeus’s description of Ardea canadensis. Forster recorded the species from Severn River,’ Murray from Trout Lake,’ and Richardson from Igloolik, Melville Peninsula.” It was seen at Montreal Island, near the mouth of Great Fish River, and recorded by King.’ Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. Dr. Bell records from York Factory a specimen presented by Dr. Matthews.’ Nutting found it common about Chemawawin, Saskatch- ewan, and secured specimens.” : Porzana carolina (Linn.). Sora. Edwards figured a sora rail from Hudson Bay,’ calling it the ‘ Little American Water Hen,’ and the species is recorded from Severn House “Nat. Hist., III, pl. 135, 1750. >Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 245, 1885. cNat. Hist., III, pl. 132, 1750. dJourney * * * tothe Northern Ocean, p. 422, 1795. eNat. Hist., III, pl. 133, 1750. J Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 409, 1772. gEdin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), [X, p. 225, 1859. hk Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 353, 1825 (1827). ‘Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, II, p. 21, 1836. JRept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882—3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). KNat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 262, 1893. , Nat. Hist. III, pl. 144, 1750. OcroseER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 93 by Andrew Murray,” from Fort Churchill by Clarke,’ and from York Factory by Bell.“ Macoun records it from Moose Factory, James Bay, where Spreadborough found it breeding.” It undoubtedly breeds throughout the region. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmel.). Yellow Rail. During the afternoon of July 13, while collecting on the marsh at Beacon Point, near York Factory, I flushed five yellow rails, securing three, two males and a female. The males were discovered by follow- ing up the source of their notes, which, though rather low, have a penetrating quality that makes them distinctly audible at a distance of several hundred yards. A metallic cluck, five or six times repeated, constituted their call. It was given thus: First two notes uttered with scarcely an interval between them, then a pause of about a second, then three, or occasionally four, notes exactly like the first two. The birds flushed were in open, grassy places where I was usually able to approach near and, guided by the note, to start them almost from beneath my feet. I heard about a dozen, but was unable to flush more than five, for the others, which were in bushy portions of the marsh, seemed to hear me and take alarm before I could get near, and would cease calling. Hutchins wrote a short account of the habits of the yellow rail as observed by him at the mouth of Severn River,’ and Bell has recorded the species from Fort George, on the east coast of the Bay.¢ Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. Abundant in the marsh at the mouth of Red River June 15, and not again noted until we reached the same marsh on our return Sep- tember 21, when many were seen. We were told it occurs about some of the marshy lakes north of Lake Winnipeg. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). Red Phalarope. The red phalarope was fairly common on the shallow ponds below Cape Eskimo August 3 to 8, at which time they were feeding downy young. Anadult male and a young bird in the down were collected August 6. Edwards figured a specimen brought from Hudson Bay by Mr. Isham.’ His figure formed a partial basis for Linnzeus’s description of Tringa fulicaria, Clarke records an adult pair in summer plumage a4¥din. New Phil. Jour., (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859. b Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. ¢ Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. IV, p. 51 (1883). @ Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 140, 1900. €MS. quoted by Richardson, Swainson, Thompson, Macoun, and others. J Nat. Hist., IIT, pl. 142, 1750. i Sai NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, from Fort Churchill;“ and aspecimen, collected at Repulse Bay by Dr. Rae, is noted in the British Museum Catalogue. King observed the species near the mouth of Great Fish River.? Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). Northern Phalarope. First seen on the marshes about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, where a male was taken whose abdominal bareness showed that it had recently been sitting on eggs. The birds were present in numbers, and when I left the marshes, about an hour after sunset, were still active and noisy. The species was common at Fort Churchill July 21 to August 21, and abundant on the Barren Grounds below Cape Eskimo August 3 to 8, where an immature bird was collected. While returning down the coast of the Bay August 14 to 26 we saw the species daily, but after leaving York Factory did not again meet with it. Macoun records it from an island in James Bay, where about a dozen, evidently breeding, were observed by Spreadborough June 16, 1896.° Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson Phalarope. Murray records Phalaropus lobatus (Ord) from Severn House.? Phalaropus lobatus of Ord is supposed to be referable to S. tricolor, and as the species regularly reaches Lake Winnipeg, its occurrence at Severn House is not improbable. Philohela minor (Gmel.). Woodcock. Recorded by Dr. Bell, who says ‘‘I saw one specimen of the wood- cock at York Factory in the end of August.”’ The woodcock may regularly reach southern Keewatin, but its presence as far north as York Factory must be merely accidental. Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson Snipe. Several seen on a marsh between Oxford and Back lakes, near Oxford House, September 10, and three or four started beside the Echimamish September 14. Two specimens in summer plumage are recorded by Clarke from Fort Churchill,“ and a specimen said to have been collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is listed in the British Museum Catalogue. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection shows that the species was taken at Moose Factory in 1881. « Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. > Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, II, p. 21, 1836. ¢ Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 146, 1900. d Edin. New Phil. Jour. (new ser.), LX, p. 225, 1859. Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 70c (1880). OcroseR, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 95 Gallinago major (Gmel.). (Greater Snipe. A snipe sent to the British Museum many years ago from ‘ Hudson’s Bay,’ and which served as the type of Swainson’s Scolopaw leucurus,@ is identified by Dr. Sharpe as Gal/inago major, and so recorded in the British Museum Catalogue.’ Macrorhampus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Abundant on the meadows bordering Button Bay near Fort Churchill, July 31. The species was then moving southward, and, with the exception of a few individuals seen about 50 miles below Cape Eskimo August 3, was not again noted. Two specimens were collected. These have been examined by Reginald Heber Howe, jr., in connection with his study of the genus, and he considers them practically typical scol opaceus.© Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sandpiper. A male bird was shot on the mud beside a small pool on the tundra, about 50 miles north of York Factory, July 19. It was in company with a pectoral sandpiper which was killed by the same shot. It is probably a bird of the year, and has dusky back and crown, the feathers of which are edged with rusty brown, those of wing-coverts being edged with pale buffy; lower parts buffy, very faintly spotted on sides and flanks; superciliary stripe, cheeks and throat buffy whitish, very faintly spotted with brown. Several more individuals were noted on August 12 about 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo. Richardson describes one from Hudson Bay,” and a specimen col- lected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Tringa canutus Linn. Knot. A specimen from Melville Peninsula is described by Richardson.¢ One from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, and one from *‘ Hudson Bay’ are recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Tringa maritima Briinn. Purple Sandpiper. Recorded by Richardson from Winter Island, Melville Peninsula, where at was obtained in June,’ and by James C. Ross, who says it arrived at Port Bowen, Prince Regent Inlet, early in June.’ Rich- ardson gives a description of a spec imen from Hudson Bay;” and one oe : ——— ——— -- — —— a Fauna Bowen Ameticana, II, p. 501, 1831. bSee Coues, Auk, XIV, p. 209, 1897. ¢See Howe, Auk, X VIII, p. 272, 1901. @¥Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 381, 1831. eIbid., p. 387, 1831. J Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 354, 1825 (1827). 9 Narrative of Parry’s Third Voyage, Appendix, p. 101, 1826. + Fauna Boreali-Americana, IJ, p. 382, 1831. From the date of collection, July 29, 1822, it is almost certain that it was collected in the vicinity of York Factory. 96 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. (No, 22, collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. First seen on the marshes about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, where the species was rather common, and where a male was shot. Common on the meadows bordering Button Bay July 31, and abundant on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 3 to 13. Several seen near Oxford House September 10. A specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue, and the catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped Sandpiper. Rather common on the meadows bordering Button Bay July 31, where a specimen was collected. A number were noted on the Barren Grounds below Cape Eskimo August 3 to 8. Tringa bairdi (Coues). Baird Sandpiper. Macoun says: *‘Spreadborough saw three on a small island in James Bay on June 16, 1896, and believes they were breeding.” ¢ The species probably occurs regularly in western Keewatin Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. First met with at Fort Churchill, where adult birds accompanied by young were seen on the meadows July 26 and an immature bird was taken. Large numbers were observed on the shores of Button Bay July 31, and immense flocks were seen on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 3 to 13, though at the latter date their num- bers had greatly diminished. The species was noted at nearly every place at which we landed on the way back to Fort Churchill, August 13 to 19; and it was doubtless present in flocks of small sandpipers seen between Fort Churchill and York Factory, though it was not again positively identified. Tringa alpina Linn. Dunlin. Blakiston speaks of having seen a specimen from Hudson Bay,’ and the American Ornithologist Union Check List records it as accidental on the west side of Hudson Bay, though I have been unable to discoyer on exactly what information the record is based. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues). Red-backed Sandpiper. First seen on the beach about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, where numbers were observed and several specimens were taken. The birds seemed to be just commencing their southward migration. a4 Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part 1, p. 162, 1900. bIbis, V, p. 1382, 1863. a ee oe eee we) OctoBER, 1902. ] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 97 They were seen in large numbers wherever we landed on the coast north of Fort Churchill, were present by thousands on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 3 to 13, and were still seen, though in diminishing numbers, wherever we landed on the way back to York Factory. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Semipalmated Sandpiper. Rather common at Fort Churchill, where adults and young were taken on the meadows July 25. Common along the coast north of Fort Churchill, and seen in immense flocks on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo. As with the red-backed sandpipers, we found the species common on the beach wherever we landed on our return down the coast to York Factory August 13 to 26. One taken at Moose Factory in 1881 is registered in the catalogue of birds in the U. 8. National Museum collection. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). Sanderling. A number were seen at my camp 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo on the morning of August 13. They were flying southward with other species. A specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue, and Clarke records an adult in sum- mer plumage from Fort Churchill.“ According to Swainson and Richardson, Hutchins reported that the species bred on Hudson Bay as low as the fifty-fifth parallel.’ Limosa fedoa (Linn.). Marbled Godwit. Edwards figured a specimen brought from Hudson Bay by Mr. Isham.° His figure formed the basis of Linnzeus’s description of Scolopax fedoa. Murray recorded the species from Hudson Bay,” and a specimen from Hayes River is recorded in the British Museum Cata- logue. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collec- tion records u specimen from Moose Factory. Limosa hemastica (Linn.). Hudsonian Godwit. We first met with this species on the beach about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, where a number were seen and two were taken. It was common on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 4 to 8, and several were seen between Fort Churchill and Cape Churchill August 22, and below Cape Churchill August 24. Edwards figured a specimen brought from Hudson Bay by Mr. Isham, calling it the ‘Red-breasted Godwit,’ and on his figure Lin- * @Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. »Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 336, 1831. ¢Nat. Hist., III, pl. 137, 1750. @¥din. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859, €Nat. Hist., III, pl. 138, 1750. 7165—No. 29 i 98 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, neeus based his description of Scolopaw hemastica. Forster recorded the species from Churchill River,“ and Murray from Severn House.? A specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). Greater Yellow-legs. One was seen at Oxford House July 3 and one on upper Hill River July 7. Isaw several on the beach near York Factory July 13, and at Fort Churchill July 24. The species was very common on the shores of Button Bay July 31, and about 50 miles below Cape Eskimo August 4 to 8, and was noted wherever we landed on the way back to Churchill. While ascending Hayes River August 29 and 30 we observed a great many, usually in flocks of about a dozen, but after ‘passing the mouth of the Shamattawa, which is in reality the main river, we saw none for several days. Steel and Hill rivers, which compose the other branch of Hayes River, are not so well adapted to the habits of the species and it seems probable that most of the yellow-legs, and probably other sandpipers, migrate up the Shamattawa, where low, sandy shores more often occur. We saw two or three on Knee Lake September 7, one at Oxford House September 10, and several on Playgreen Lake September 17 to 20. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection con- tains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs. First met with June 27 at Robinson Portage, where a pair were seen on the marsh and the male was collected. They probably had a nest in the vicinity, as they were very uneasy and frequently alighted on neighboring dead trees. The species was common at Fort Churchill July 22 to 30, and abundant at Button Bay July 31, and 50 miles below Cape Eskimo August 3 to 8. A few were noted on Hayes River August 30. The species is recorded by Andrew Murray from Severn House,? and the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881. Totanus totanus (Linn.). Common Redshank. The only evidence that this is a North American species is a deserip- tion by Swainson and Richardson of a specimen from Hudson Bay of ‘Totanus calidris, the Redshank or Gambet,’ which they said existed in the British Museum.’ The species occupies a place in the ‘ Hypo- thetical List’ of the American Ornithologists’ Union Check List on the strength of this record. «Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 411 (Scolopax lapponica), 1772.. » Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859. ¢Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 391, 1831. (See also Coues, Auk, XLV, p. 211, 1897. OcTOBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 99 Helodromas solitarius (Wils.). Solitary Sandpiper. We met with this species only while descending the Echimamish, where several were seen September 14 and 15 and one was taken. A specimen collected at Repulse Bay by Dr. Rae is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue, and A. McKenzie took one at Moose Fac- tory. The species probably occurs throughout the region. Helodromas ochropus (Linn.). (Green Sandpiper. Swainson and Richardson described a specimen of Zotanus ochropus, the ‘ White-tailed Tattler,’ from Hudson Bay.“ This specimen is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Heteractitis incanus (Gmel.). Wandering Tattler. Bell says: ** I obtained a specimen of the Wandering Tattler (//et- erocelus brevipes, Vieill.), supposed to be a western species, on the Eastmain Coast.’ Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian Sandpiper. Several were seen and one was shot on the Barren Grounds 50 miles below Cape Eskimo August 8, and several more were noted 25 miles farther north August 10 to 13. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. I saw a number on the higher parts of the tundra 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo August 10 to 13, and noted others (collecting two) August 24 on some sandy ridges, the remains of old shore lines, below Cape Churchill. The birds had a soft, plaintive call, and were rather tame and unsuspicious. A specimen taken by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Actitis macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper. This widely distributed species is found throughout the region as far north at least as Fort Churchill. It was common on Red River June 14, and seen daily between Norway House and York Factory June 23 to July 10. A deserted nest was found on the rocky island that constitutes Rock Portage, at the lowest of the Hill River rapids. While we were descending Steel and Hayes rivers, July 9 and 10, one or more pairs of this species were almost constantly in sight, and young ones unable to fly were often seen running along the shelving banks. The species was not seen on the shores of Hudson Bay, but we collected a specimen on Churchill River, near Fort Churchill, July 25, and my brother found it rather common on the same stream, about 20 miles from its mouth, early in August. While ascending “Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 392, 1831. >Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, 1882, I, Sec. 1V, p. 51 (1883). 100 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Hayes, Steel, and Hill rivers on our return, August 28 to September 3, we found that many were still lingering there, and I saw several at Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, on September 20. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. ’ First observed about 50 miles north of York Factory, where a number were seen and one was shot July 19. Another was shot at Fort Churchill July 28. Quite a number were seen on the shores of Button Bay July 31, and to the north of that place on the following day. We saw a few daily while we were encamped on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo, August 10 to 13; and noted a few more below Hubbart Point August 18, between Fort Churchill and Cape Churchill August 22, and below the cape August 24. The birds were usually seen at low tide, when they flew about in small compa- nies over the broad boulder-strewn flats in search of feeding grounds, uttering a loud, clear whistle. During high tide they resorted to the tundra and were less observable. Latham based his description of this species mainly on a specimen received from Mr. Hutchins, probably from Severn River.” Murray recorded the species from Severn House.? Numenius borealis (Forst.). Eskimo Curlew. This species was first described by Forster from a specimen taken at Albany Fort, Hudson Bay.’ It is recorded by Dr. Bell as abundant at Fort Churchill in August, 1879.7 Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). Black-bellied Plover. A specimen in winter plumage, evidently a bird of the year, was killed on a small rocky island in Swampy Lake September 5. Forster recorded the species from Severn River;’ Richardson from Melville Peninsula, where he says it breeds;/ and Bell from York Factory.’ Clarke recorded two adults in summer plumage from Fort Churchill.” In former years the various plovers, particularly this species and the golden plover, were much hunted at the various posts on the Bay, especially during their southward movement in August. - @Index Ornithologicus, II, p. 712, 1790. (See also Latham, Syn. Suppl., I, p. 243, 1787.) > Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), LX, p. 225, 1859. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 411, 431, 1772. d@ Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 69¢ (1880). éPhil. Trans., LXII, p. 412, 1772. J Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 352, 1825 (1827). g Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). ht Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. OcrogER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 101 Charadrius dominicus Miill. Golden Plover. I found this species moving southward in small flocks at a point 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo August 4 to 8, and also, though in diminished numbers, 25 miles to the northward, August 10 to 13. A specimen was taken at the first point. It has the black of the lower parts varied by a number of whitish feathers, which predominate on the throat and the sides of the chest. This species was recorded by J. C. Ross from Port Bowen, Prince Regent Inlet. where it arrived the middle of May; by Murray from Trout Lake,’ and by Bell from York Factory.° Clarke recorded an adult in summer plumage from Fort Churchill.” The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. ZEgialitis vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer. Several were seen on the grassy meadows about midway between Fort Churchill and the mouth of Churchill River on July 24. Though shy, they seemed very solicitous and probably had young in the vicinity. ZEgialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. First noted as we were descending Hayes River July 10. - Here, ona sandy island about 25 miles above York Factory, the birds were breeding and downy young were running about. We saw a number of old birds at Beacon Point, York Factory, July 13, and six days later, on landing at a spot 50 miles farther north, found the species common. At Fort Churchill it was abundant, and we collected, on July 24, both adults and downy young. As I passed up the coast, July 30 to August 8, it continued rather common; and it was still represented, though sparingly, at the northernmost point of the trip, about 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo, during my four days’ stay there (August 10 to 13). On our return trip it had evidently migrated, as we saw nothing of it. Andrew Murray recorded the species from Trout Lake and Severn House; anda specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. ZEgialitis meloda circumeincta Ridgw. Belted Piping Plover. Under the name Charadrius melodus, King records a bird, probably referable to the present form, which he shot on Lake Winnipeg, near the northern end, while he was traveling between the mouth of the Sas- «Parry’s Third Voyage, Appendix, p. 102, 1826. » Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 229, 1859. ¢ Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). ¢ Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 225, 1859. ’ 102 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, katchewan and the outlet of the lake.’ This specimen is described by Richardson in the appendix to Captain Back’s narrative.’ Speci- mens referable to c/rewmcincta have since been taken on Lake Winni- peg on several occasions. Arenaria morinella (Linn.). Ruddy Turnstone. The first turnstones we met with were feeding on the beach at the ‘whale fishery,’ Fort Churchill, July 30. On August 1 we again noted the species a few miles north of Fort Churchill, and August 10 to 13 observed many small flocks about 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo. On August 14 I took a specimen just after starting down the coast on my return, and from Fort Churchill to York Factory, August 21 to 26, we saw many flocks daily. Whenever the birds perceived our boat they would approach and circle about it very slowly, sometimes coming within a few yards of us. Whether they mistook the boat for a rock on which they designed to alight, or were impelled merely by curiosity, I could not tell. Under the specific name of ‘nterpres this bird has been recorded by Forster from Severn River,’ by Bell from York Factory,” and by Clarke from Fort Churchill.“ Swainson and Richardson say it breeds on Hudson Bay,’ as it probably does to the northward. The British Museum contains a specimen from Repulse Bay, collected by Dr. Rae. Canachites canadensis (Linn.). Hudsonian Spruce Grouse. A pair in worn breeding plumage were collected at Oxford House July 3. A flock was started as we were ascending Hayes River, August 30, and others were seen on Hill River September 3 and 4. A female that was shot September 4 was preserved, and also an adult male of several that were killed on the Echimamish, September 14 and 15. Linneus based his description of Zetrao canadensis on Edwards’s figures of a male and female from Hudson Bay, probably from the west coast;’ Forster recorded the species from Severn River;” Murray received it from Trout Lake;’ Bell reported it from York Factory ;/ ands a specimen from Fort Churchill is recorded by Clarke.¢ Speci: «Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, I, p. 299, 1836. b Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish River, App., p- 509, 1836. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 412, 1772. ¢ Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68c (1880). é Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. J Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 371, 1831. g Nat. Hist., II, pl. 71, female, 1747; III, pl. 118, male, 1750. 4 Phil. Trans., LXII, p: 389, 1772. ‘Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 224, 1859. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 55DD (1885). OcToBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 103 mens collected at Moose Factory are recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection, and the species doubtless ranges throughout the wooded portions of Keewatin. Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. We heard grouse drumming on the Echimamish during the night of June 24, and near the south end of Oxford Lake June 30. We did not note the species again until September 8, on our return trip, when a female was taken on Knee Lake. While making a portage on Trout River, September 9, I heard a grouse drumming, and entering the thicket soon located the bird on its drumming stand, a low rock, and shot it. Within a few minutes, as I carried the dead body on my hand toward our embarking place, I noticed that its wings had become raised over the back until they were nearly in contact and were firmly fixed in that position, apparently owing to the contraction of the muscles of the wings, which had been exercised so violently. As the body cooled the wings dropped to their normal position. Near the south end of Oxford Lake, September 11, a few were seen, and near Hairy Lake, September 15, several were shot, a male and a female of which were preserved. Forster recorded the species from Albany Fort and Severn River,¢ and Bell reported it rare as far north as York Factory.? Lagopus lagopus (Linn.). Willow Ptarmigan. First seen and a fine pair shot on the tundra about 50 miles north of York Factory. Specimens were also taken July 24 in the vicinity of Fort Churchill, where the species was rather common. While encamped on Churchill River, about 15 miles above Fort Churchill, early in August, Alfred E. Preble observed them in considerable num- bers. They were rather common on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 3 to 13, where two immature specimens were secured. Forster recorded this species from Severn River,’ and Swainson and Richardson state on the authority of Hutchins that 10,000 were cap- tured in a single season at that place.? James C. Ross recorded it from Port Bowen, Prince Regent Inlet, where it remained as late as November 16, and returned about the middle of March.’ Barnston states that it arrived at Martin Falls, on Albany River, about October 20,7 and that it began to assume its summer plumage about March 20, at which time also it departed northward.’ In the interior of Keewatin this species regularly goes south in winter as far at least as Norway @Phil. Trans., LXII, :p. 393, 1772. b Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-9, App. VI, p. 68¢ (1880). ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 390, 1772. 4¥auna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 351, 1831. €Parry’s Third Voyage, Appendix, p. 99, 1826. Jf Edin. New Phil. Journal, XXX, p. 256, 1841. gIbid., p. 253, 1841. 104 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, House, and forms a welcome addition to the winter bill of fare at the Hudson Bay posts. Definite data are lacking regarding the southern limit of its breeding range on the west coast of Hudson Bay, but on the east coast it breeds as far south as James Bay, where Spread- borough found it nesting at a point a short distance north of Fort George. “ Lagopus rupestris (Gmel.). Rock Ptarmigan. First described by Gmelin, who based the name on Pennant’s ‘ Rock Grouse’ from Hudson Bay.’ Wedid not meet with the species, as its summer home lies to the north of the region visited. The people of Fort Churchill say it occurs at that post regularly in winter, and Clarke has recorded from there a pair in winter plumage.° Swainson and Richardson, quoting Hutchins’s manuscript, say that the species reaches York Factory and Fort Severn in very severe winters.” J.C. Ross says that the species left Port Bowen, Prince Regent Inlet, in October and returned in March.’ Dr. Rae saw a rock ptarmigan with a brood of young near Cape Fullerton,’ and specimens collected by him at Repulse Bay are recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Pedicecetes phasianellus (Linn.). Sharp-tailed Grouse. Two males in worn breeding plumage were taken at Norway House June 18, and downy young at Oxford House early in July. We did not again note the species until September 14, when we saw a pair on the upper Echimamish. It was common at Norway House September 16 to 19, and a specimen in fall plumage was taken at that point. The tracks of a large flock were seen on the sandy shore at Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, September 19. Edwards figured and described a specimen from Hudson Bay, call- ing it the ‘Long-Tailed Grous from Hudson’s Bay,’’ and this figure and description formed the basis of Linneeus’s description of Zetrao phasianellus. Forster recorded it from Albany Fort and Severn River,” and Murray from Trout Lake.’ J. B. Tyrrell saw it near York Factory.’ The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of one taken at Moose Factory in 1881. a@Macoun, Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 206, 1900. bAret. Zool., Il, p. 312, 1785. ¢Auk, VII, p. 321, 1890. ¢ ¥auna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 354, 1831. ¢ Parry’s Third Voyage, Appendix, p. 99, 1826. J Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, p. 29, 1850. 9 Nat. Hist., II, pl. 117, 1750. ” Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 394, 425, 1772. ¢Edin. New. Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 224, 1859 j Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Sury., 1896 (new ser.), IX, p. 165F (1897). OcroBeER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 105 Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). Passenger Pigeon. Forster received a specimen from Severn River.“ Swainson and Richardson, quoting Hutchins’s manuscript, say that a flock visited York Factory in 1775 and stayed two days.’ James Clark Ross relates that while he was crossing Baflin Bay July 31, 1829, on Ross’s second voyage, a passenger pigeon flew on board.“ Dr. Bell saw small flocks on the upper part of Nelson River early in September, 1878.7 Macoun records a small breeding colony found on Waterhen River, northern Manitoba, on June 23, 1881. Turner records specimens collected at Moose Factory, August 16, 1860, by C. Drexler.’ Macoun records a set of eggs taken at the same place in June, 1888, by Mr. Miles Spence,’ and Clarke records an adult pair taken at Fort Churchill many years ago.” Barnston, writing in 1840, states that the migra- tory pigeon was frequently seen during August at Martin Falls, on Albany River, but disappeared about September 10. ? Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove. While descending Red River from Winnipeg to West Selkirk, June 14, we saw several birds of this species. It is probable that it regularly reaches southern Keewatin. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. We saw five marsh hawks during our trip—the first, June 13, as we were descending Red River; the next, July 13, at Beacon Point, York Factory; another, August 19, at Fort Churchill; another, August 24, below Cape Churchill, and the last, August 29, on lower Hayes River. Those observed August 19 and 24 were immature birds and were secured. Edwards figured and described this bird, which he called the ‘ Ring- tail’d Hawk,’ from a Hudson Bay specimen. His figure and descrip- tion form the basis of Linnzeus’s description of /ulco hudsonius. Murray recorded the species from Moose Factory and Severn River.’ Accipiter velox (Wils.). Sharp-shinned Hawk. One was seen at Norway House June 19, one at Oxford House early in July, and one as we were ascending Hill River September 3. Richardson described a specimen from Moose Factory under the @Phii. Trans., LXII, p. 398, 1772. » Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 363, 1831. ¢ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xxix, 1835. d Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 70c (1880). € Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 216, 1900. J Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, p. 245, 1885. g Catalogue Canadian Birds, Part I, p. 217, 1900. h Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. ‘Edin. New Phil. Journ., XXX, p. 255, 1841. Nat. Hist., III, pl. 107, 1750. kEdin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 221, 1859. 106 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, name of Acecpiter pennsylvanicus.” Fielden records one taken by Captain Markham near York Factory in August, 1886.” Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper Hawk. A Cooper hawk darted into a flock of Canada grouse which we flushed while ascending Hayes River August 30, and though it did not succeed in capturing any it terrorized them so completely that we were unable to approach them. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). Goshawk. Richardson gives a description of a goshawk killed at York Factory, accompanied by a figure presumably drawn from the same bird.¢ Baird recorded one collected on Nelson River,” and Clarke an adult female collected at Fort Churchill many years ago.¢ Buteo borealis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk. A number were seen July 8 and 9 as we descended Hill and Steel rivers, where they were undoubtedly nesting. They flew from tree to tree in advance of the canoe, with squeals of protest at our intrusion. When we were returning we saw several on Hill River September 3. Dr. Bell recorded the species from Fort Churchill.” Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Hawk. Bell recorded a specimen from York Factory, collected and pre- sented by Dr. Matthews.” Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson Hawk. An adult specimen (sex not noted) in the dark plumage, collected at Moose Factory in 1881 by W. Haydon, is in the U.S. National Museum collection. Buteo platypterus (Vieill.). Broad-winged Hawk. A specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1862 by J. McKenzie is recorded by Turner.” Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). Rough-legged Hawk. Two were seen at Swampy Lake September 5, swooping about over the wooded shores, evidently at play. A specimen collected early in August at Norway House was presented to us by J. K. MacDonald of that post. “Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 46, 1831. Transactions Norwich Society, IV, p. 349, 1887. ¢ Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 48, 1831. d Birds of North America, p. 16, 1858. ¢Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. /Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 67e (1880). gIbid., 1882-34, App. III, p. 54DD (1885). hProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 244, 1885. — a —_ aalt poate OcTOBER, 1902. ] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 107 This species is recorded by Murray from Severn House and ‘Trout Lake,“ and an apparently immature specimen, collected at Fort Churchill many years ago, is recorded by Clarke.’ Aquila chrysaétos (Linn.). (Golden Eagle. We saw several of these birds as we were passing through Hell Gate Gorge June 28, and noticed at least two of their nests on its rocky walls. Edwards figured a specimen from Hudson Bay,’ and Linneus based his description of Fulco canadensis on Edwards’s figure. Sir John Franklin, who passed through Hell Gate Gorge in October, 1519, speaks of a nest of the brown fishing-eagle on one of the projecting cliffs. ¢ Halizetus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. We were informed that white-headéd eagles were occasionally seen near Fort Churchill and nested in the vicinity, and we obtained the upper mandible of one that had been killed there. Mr. Campbell, of Oxford House, reported having seen the species near Oxford Lake. Falco islandus Briinn. White Gyrfalcon. The residents of Fort Churchill spoke of a white hawk, probably this species, which is sometimes seen there. Richardson described a mature bird from Hudson Bay;’ Murray recorded /. candicans from York Factory;“ Ridgway described a specimen from Moose Factory;/ and a specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay, is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.). Gyrfalcon. Forster described Falco sacer, probably identical with gyrfalco, from a specimen taken at Severn River;% Bell records a specimen (as /iulco sacer) from York Factory;” and Clarke records two specimens from Fort Churchill.” Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawk. One was seen on the Barren Grounds below Cape Eskimo about August 5. The species is recorded by Murray from Trout Lake and Severn House,’ and by Bell from York Factory,’ and also from Marbie @ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 221, 1859. b Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. ¢ Nat. Hist., I, pl. 1, 1743. @ Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, p. 39, 1823. ¢ Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 28, 1831. f Land Birds of North America, III, p. 112, 1874. 9Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 383, 423, 1772. Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 67c (1880). ‘Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 271, 1859. 108 ORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Island, where an adult and two young birds were killed September 1.” An adult male collected at Fort Churchill many years ago is recorded by Clarke.? The catalogue of birds in the U. S$. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. A pigeon hawk which was moulting from the brownish plumage to that of the more mature bird was shot at a portage on Hill River July 7. From its actions and those of its mate, which was seen with food in its talons, it was probably nesting in the vicinity, but a care- ful search failed to: locate the nest. Another bird was taken at Fort Churchill July 25, and on our return trip we saw one on Hill River September 1, and one at Oxford House September 10. Richardson described a specimen shot at York Factory September 4, 1822;¢ Forster recorded the species from Severn River;“ Baird from Nelson River;’ and Bell from between Norway House and Fort Churchill. 7 Falco richardsoni Ridgw. Richardson Merlin. Nutting records this species from Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan, where a male was secured in the summer of 1891.9 Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. We saw one while descending Red River June 14, one at Sea Falls, 20 miles north of Norway House, June 23, and several while ascending Hayes and Steel rivers August 30 to September 1. On September 15 we again noted the species at Sea Falls. Baird recorded a specimen from Nelson River;° Bell reported the species at York Factory; and Mearns lists a specimen from Moose Factory.” Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmel.). Osprey. At Robinson Portage June 26 we saw a pair, and on the shore of Windy Lake, June 29, another that had a nest containing good-sized young. While returning we saw one bird at York Factory August 27, one on Hill River September 4, one on Trout River September 9, and a number about Windy Lake September 12. Bell reported several nesting along the Churchill and Grass rivers.” «Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 54DD (1885). b Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. ¢Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 361, 1831. @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 382, 1772. eBirds of North America, p. 10, 1858. Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 67e (1880). gNat. Hist. Bull. Uniy. Iowa, IT, p. 269, 1893. hk Auk, IX, p. 262, 1892. OcTOBER, 1902.] . BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 109 Asio wilsonianus (Less.). Long-eared Owl. Thompson, quoting Hutchins’s manuscript, says that this species was found at Severn Settlement. presumably Fort Severn, where Hutchins resided.“ Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl. Rather common and quite generally distributed throughout the region wherever favorable ground occurs. One was seen at Beacon Point, near York Factory, July 13, and two were taken at Fort Churchill. One was seen on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 4, and one at Oxford House September 10. Murray recorded the species from Trout Lake Station,’ and Bell from York Factory and Fort Churchill.“ The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of one taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Syrnium varium (Barton).“ Barred Owl. Strix varius Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penna., p. 11, 1799. Syrnium nebulosum authors (not Strix nebulosa Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 386, 424, 1772, which is based on the great gray owl. Several specimens of the barred owl taken at Moose Factory are recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum. Nutting records the species from Chemawawin, Saskatchewan.‘ Scotiaptex nebulosum (Forst.). Great Gray Owl. Strix nebulosa Forst., Trans. Phil. Soe. London, LXII, pp. 386, 424, 1772. (Severn River.) Strix cinerea Gmel., Systema Nature, I, p. 291, 1788; and of authors. Forster based the name Strix nebulosa on a specimen of the greac gray owl sent by Mr. Graham from Severn River, Hudson Bay.’ His description, in part, is as follows: Strix capite levi, corpore fusco, albido undulatim striato, remige sexto longiore apice, nigricante. Description.—Rostrum fusco flavum, mandibula superius magis flava. Oculi magna iridibus flavis. * * * Pectus albidum maculis longitudinalibus transversisque fuscis. Abdomen album superius uti pectus maculis longitudinalibus sed inferius striis trans- versis notatum. Latitudo pedum quattuor. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 540, 1890. > Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. ¢Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 67¢ (1880). 4 Stric nebulosa Forster plainly having been based on the great gray owl, the name Strix varius Barton seems to be the next name available for the barred owl The barred owls will, therefore, stand as follows: Syrnium varium (Barton), Frag. Nat. Hist. Penna., p. 11, 1799. Syrnium varium alleni (Ridgw.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., IIT, p. 8, March, 1880. Syrnium varium helveolum (Bangs), Auk, XVIII, p. 299, 1901. €Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 270, 1893. The fact that Forster’s description of Strix nebulosa refers to the great gray owl was brought to my attention by Mr. R. Ridgway. 110 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No 22, Blakiston received two specimens from York Factory,” and Turner has recorded the species from Moose Factory, where a specimen was collected by J. McKenzie.? Seton records it as resident in the woods about Lake Winnipeg.° Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Richardson Owl. A specimen collected at Repulse Bay by Dr. Rae is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Fielden records the species from near York Factory, where it was obtained by Captain Markham in 1886.@ It probably occurs throughout the Hudson Bay region. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). Saw-whet Owl. Strix passerina, recorded by Forster from Hudson Bay, probably from Severn River,’ is in all likelihood referable to this species. Turner recorded a specimen, which is still in the National Museum, collected at Moose Factory by J. McKenzie.? Megascops asio (Linn.). Screech Owl. George Barnston, writing in 1840, mentions ‘‘ The small owl (Seops)” as being heard in April at Martin Falls, Albany River.’ Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Horned Owl. The characteristic notes of the great horned owl were heard during the night of September 11, while we were encamped near the south end of Oxford Lake, September 13 at Robinson Portage, and the next day on the Echimamish. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection records two specimens of the great horned owl collected at Moose Factory by J. McKenzie. One of these has been examined and is referable to this form. Clarke recorded a specimen probably referable to this form collected many years ago at Fort Churchill.” Fielden records a fine specimen obtained near York Factory in 1886 by Captain Markham.? Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. We did not meet with this species but saw wings at several posts, and learned from a young man at Fort Churchill that he had seen a snowy owl late in July. Forster early recorded it from Churchill River,’ and the reports of «Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., V, p. 50, 1863. b Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 243, 1885. ¢ Auk, III, p. 155, 1886. d Transactions Norwich Society, IV, p. 349, 1887. é Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 385, 1772. f Edin. New. Phil. Journ., XXX, p. 253, 1841. g Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. OcroBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. = wl oleal various Arctic expeditions uote its occurrence at several points to the north and northwest of Hudson Bay. Its presence throughout the region in winter is attested by various observers. Surnia ulula caparoch (Miill.). Hawk Owl. .* The Little Hawk Owl?” of Edwards, from Hudson Bay, formed the basis of Miiller’s Strvz caparoch. Forster recorded the hawk owl, under the name Strix funerea, from Severn and Churchill rivers;? Murray received it from Trout Lake and Severn House;’ Swainson and Richardson mention a specimen from York Factory;“and one col- lected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken by Walton Haydon at Moose Factory in 1881. Ceryle aleyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher. We found the belted kingfisher common throughout the region between Norway House and Oxford House. A large clay bank on the shore of Oxford Lake near Oxford House, which we passed June 30, was perforated by the nesting holes of a numerous colony of bank swallows. In this bank were also several larger holes, which were probably those of kingfishers, judging from the anxiety mani- fested by at least four pairs of kingfishers that were flying about. During our return trip we saw several kingfishers on Steel and Hill rivers early in September, on Trout River September 9, and on the Echimamish September 14. Clarke recorded an adult male from Fort Churchill,’ and several have reported the species from York Factory. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Dryobates villosus leucomelas (Bodd.). Northern Hairy Woodpecker. Forster recorded v7/losus from Severn River, and Bell reported it from York Factory,’ both probably referring to the present form. An adult male of this species from Fort Churchill is recorded by Clarke.“ It is likely the bird ranges throughout the wooded portion of the region. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains.). Downy Woodpecker. A specimen collected at Moose Factory by Walton Haydon is in the U.S. National Museum. The downy woodpecker undoubtedly ranges throughout southern Keewatin. Nat. Hist., II, pl. 62, 1747. (See Stejneger, Auk, I, p. 362, 1884.) > Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 385, 1772. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 221, 1859. @ Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 94, 1831. é Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. f Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 388, 1772. 9 Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. IL, p. 54DD (1885). 112 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Picoides arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. We collected two males in a tract of burnt spruce woods at Norway House June 19, and while ascending Hayes River August 30 saw another in spruce woods. Baird recorded a pair from Hudson Bay obtained from John Gould.@ Fielden recorded a specimen obtained near York Factory in August, 1886.” The catalogue of birds in the United States National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Picoides americanus Brehm. Striped-backed Three-toed Woodpecker. Forster recorded this species from Severn River;¢ Murray received one from Severn House;” Baird recorded a male from Hudson Bay,’ supposed to be the one figured by Audubon, and Clarke recorded several adults of both sexes collected at Fort Churchill many years ago. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. An adult female collected at Fort Churchill more than fifty years ago is recorded by Clarke.? The U.S. National Museum collection con- tains a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Ceophleus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. Thompson, quoting Hutchins’s manuscript, reported this species from Albany River,” Baird recorded a specimen from Nelson River,’ and the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records four specimens collected at Moose Factory in 1862. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker. We found flickers rather common throughout the region between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay, and saw several at Fort Churchill July 25. Forster recorded this species from Albany Fort;/ Murray from Trout Lake and Hudson Bay;’ and others have recorded it from dif- ferent points in the region covered by our observations. The cata- Jogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. «Birds of North America, p. 98, 1858. bTransactions Norwich Society, IV, p. 348, 1887. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 388 (P. tridactylus), 1772. @¥din. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 223 (4. tridactylus), 1859. € Birds of North America, p. 100, 1858. f Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. gIbid., p. 322, 1890. h Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 551, 1890. ‘ Birds of North America, p. 107, 1858. J Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 387, 1772. k Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 223, 1859. OcroBeER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 1s} Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). Whip-poor-will. Bell says: ‘‘The Whippoorwill was not seen nor heard north of Norway House,”” implying its occurrence at that point. Bendire, probably referring to the same record, says: ‘‘ As far as I have been able to ascertain, this species reaches the extreme northern limits of its range on the north shore of Lake Winnipeg, near Norway House.’ The species probably occurs regularly in extreme southern Keewatin. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.). Night-hawk. Rather common at Norway House June 17 to 23, and several seen at Robinson Portage June 27, Oxford Lake June 30, and about the shores of Knee Lake July 5. They seemed to frequent entirely the districts which had been swept by fire. As we saw none on our return early in September, they had undoubtedly migrated by that time. Murray recorded the species from Trout Lake,’ Bell reported it from York Factory,“ and a specimen collected years ago at Fort Churchill is recorded by Clarke.” Edward Sabine recorded one that was picked up dead on Melville Island.“ The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection contains the record of a speci- men taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Muscivora forficata (Gmel.). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Bell recorded a ‘* specimen of M/oulus forficatus in the Govern- ment Museum shot at York Factory in the summer of 1880.°" The species has also been reported from Manitoba.’ It evidently occurs only as a rare straggler. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen collected at Moose Factory July 11, 1881, by Wal- ton Haydon. Nutting found the species abundant at Grand Rapids, at the mouth of the Saskatchewan.” It should occur regularly in southern Keewatin. Sayornis phebe (Lath.). Phcebe. A pair had a nest beneath the wharf at Norway House, and several more nests were observed on June 28 as we were passing through Hell Gate Gorge. They were placed on the face of cliffs overhanging the water, and contained young nearly ready to fly. Though the bird “Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68¢ (1880). > Life Hist. N. A. Birds (U. S. Nat. Mus. Special Bull. 3), p. 146, 1895 (1896). ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. @ Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. €Suppl. to Appendix, Parry’s First Voyage, p. exciv, 1824. f Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, 1882, I, See. IV, p. 52, (1883). 9Seton, Auk, II, p. 218, 1885. 4Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 271, 1893. 7165—No. 22 8 114 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, should occur throughout southern Keewatin, I find no published rec- ords of its occurrence in the Province. Contopus borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Observed but once, on July 4, ina swamp bordering Trout River, between Oxford House and Knee Lake. The bird was perched on a tall dead tree, uttering at intervals its characteristic note. Murray recorded the species from Hudson Bay.“ Empidonax trailli alnorum Brewst. Alder Flycatcher. Flycatchers referred to a/norwm were several times observed by us at Norway House, and while we were ascending the Echimamish, but various causes, including their extremely wary habits, conspired to prevent their collection. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. A nest containing well-incubated eges was collected near the south end of Oxford Lake on the morning of June 30. The female parent was secured at the same time. I have compared this bird with most of the specimens in the large series in the U.S. National Museum collection, and it proves to have a smaller bill than any of them. Turner recorded a specimen collected by C. Drexler at Moose Factory.’ Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). Horned Lark. An adult male horned Jark, collected at Moose Factory June 18, 1863, and now in the U. S. National Museum collection, has been sev- eral times recorded. This specimen proves, on examination, to be referable to the typical form. Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop. Hoyt Horned Lark. We first met with this form on the ‘ Barrens’ about 50 miles north of York Factory July 19, and found it common from there north as far as we went, especially at Fort Churchill, where adult birds and a young one not long from the nest were taken July 24 to 26. A speci- men was collected 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo August 4. During our return we saw many horned larks on the clearing at Norway House, September 16 to 19, feeding in company with Lapland long- spurs. Bishop has recorded specimens of this form from Depot Island, ‘Hudson Strait’ | Hudson Bay].“ J. C. Ross took a specimen near Felix »b Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 242, 1885. ¢ Auk, XIII, p. 132, 1896. @ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xxvi, 1835. a ee OcroBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 115 1822, near Cape Wilson, Melville Peninsula;“ and Murray received specimens from York Factory and Severn House.’ Forster recorded horned larks from Albany Fort,’ but in the absence of specimens, it is impossible to decide whether a/pestris or hoyti is referred to. Pica pica hudsonia (Sab.). Magpie. Forster recorded the magpie from Albany Fort under the name Corvus pica.@ Thompson, quoting Hutchins’s manuscript, says that one was caught ina marten trap at York Factory;° and Joseph Sabine, who described Audsonia from Cumberland House, speaks of having had a specimen from Hudson Bay in his possession some time before.’ Fielden records a specimen procured at York Factory.’ Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). Blue Jay. Several were seen in the groves of Quercus macrocarpa at West Selkirk on the morning of September 22. According to Chamberlain, the species has been taken at Moose Factory.” Russell records it from Grand Rapids.’ Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). Canada Jay. This species was reported about Norway House, and was seen nearly every day on our journey between there and York Factory. Speci- mens were collected on the Echimamish, at Oxford House, and at York Factory; and Alfred E. Preble saw several near Fort Churchill. Murray recorded the species from Severn House, and Clarke an adult from Fort Churchill.” The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Fac- tory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. Northern Raven. We saw several between Robinson Portage and Pine Lake June 28, and while descending Hill River July 8 noticed a pair flying about the face of a high clay bank. Except for one seen at Fort Churchill July 30, we did not again note the species. James Clark Ross speaks of a pair which wintered at Port Bowen, Prince Regent Inlet.’ Bell reported this species as breeding through- « Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 343, 1825 (1827). > Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 398, 1859. ¢ Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 398, 1772. @Tbid., p. 387, 1772. ¢ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 565, 1890. J Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, Appendix, p. 671, 1823. 7 Transactions Norwich Society, IV, p. 348, 1887. 4 Catalogue Canadian Birds, p. 75, 1887. ‘Explorations in the Far North, p. 264, 1898. J Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. k Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. 'Parry’s Third Voyage, Appendix, p. 97, 1826. 116 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, _out the region between Norway House and Forts Churchill and York.¢ Corvus americanus Aud. Crow. A few seen about Lake Winnipeg and Norway House, and small numbers noted nearly every day between Norway House and York Factory. They were rather common at York Factory July 10 to 17. A few were seen about the mouth of Churchill River July 30, and another was noted 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo on the morning: of August 14. On our return trip they were several times met with. Murray recorded the crow from Trout Lake and Hudson Bay.? Xanthocephaius xanthocephalus (Bonap.). Yellow-headed Blackbird. Recorded by Murray from Hudson Bay.’ Nutting found it breed- ing abundantly at Chemawawin, Saskatchewan.? Agelaius pheniceus (I.inn.). Red-winged Blackbird. Common in the Red River Valley, and abundant about the marshes below Robinson Portage, where two specimens were collected June 27. A number were seen near Oxford House July 4,in the marsh between Oxford and Back Lakes. Recorded by Murray from Hudson Bay.? Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.). Western Meadowlark. A number seen along Red River between Winnipeg and West Selkirk June 14. Specimens procured at Winnipeg have been exam- ined and prove referable to this form. Icterus galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. One seen flying across Red River, about midway between Winnipeg and West Selkirk, June 14. Bell records a specimen from York Factory, collected and presented by Dr. Matthews.‘ Scolecophagus carolinus (Miill.). Rusty Blackbird. Several seen and a female taken June 25, near the head of the Echimamish, where they were undoubtedly breeding. One was taken from a large flock at Fort Churchill July 26. While encamped on Churchill River, about 15 miles above Fort Churchill, Alfred E. Preble found the species abundant, and took several specimens August 8. We found the species common as we ascended Hill River September 3 to 5, and saw several between Oxford and Windy lakes September 12. It was very common along the Echimamish September 14 and 15. «Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 67¢ (1880). vb Wdin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. cTbid., p. 222, 1859. dNat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 274, 1893. ¢ Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., 1882-3-4, App. JII, p.54DD (1885). OcroRER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 117 Forster recorded it from Severn River,” his record being probably the earliest notice of the bird, which was then undescribed. Murray received specimens from Severn House and Trout Lake,’ and Bell reported it from York Factory.° The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of specimens taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer Blackbird. Common in the Red River Valley, between Winnipeg and West Sel- kirk, June 14. Nutting records this species and S. carolinus from the lower Saskatchewan, where both apparently breed.?@ Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Ridgw.). Bronzed Grackle. Several seen near Sea Falls and on the lower Echimamish June 24; rather common June 26 and 27 at Robinson Portage, where two speci- mens were collected; common at Oxford House June 30 to July 4; and a single bird seen on upper Hill River July 7. On the return trip several were seen on Trout River, near Oxford House, September 9. Bell reported Y. purpureus from York Factory,’ and Clarke recorded an adult male from Fort Churchill, collected many years ago.’ The catalogue of birds in the U. S$. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak. Thompson, on the authority cf R. H. Hunter, reports that this species was seen in autumn, winter, and early spring at Big Island, Lake Winnipeg.’ Pinicola enucleator leucura (Miill.). Pine Grosbeak. A male was seen perched on a tree overhanging Hill River, near the mouth of Fox River, July 8. The species was reported to us by the residents of Fort Churchill. Edwards figured a pair of these birds brought from Hudson Bay by Mr. Isham, who informed him that they wintered there.’ Forster recorded it from Severn River;” Murray recorded it from Severn House;” Bell reported that it was frequently seen on the Churchill in the latter part of July;’ Clarke recorded adults of both sexes, collected @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 400, 1772. >Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser. ), IX, p. 223, 1859. ¢Rept. Prog. Can. Geou. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68¢ (1880). 4 Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 274, 1893. é Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. fProc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 584, 1890. g Nat. Hist., III, pls. 123 and 124, 1750. hPhil. Trans., LXII, p. 402, 1772. ¢Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Surv., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 70c (1880). 118 ~ ORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, at Fort Churchill many years ago;“ and Fielden recorded a specimen obtained near York Factory in 1886.2? The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). Purple Finch. The song of the purple finch was several times heard early on the morning of June 16 at Bull Head Point, Lake Winnipeg, where the steamer stopped for wood. Turner recorded the species from Moose Factory,’ and Walton Hay- don collected specimens there in 1881. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). Red Crossbill. A small flock was seen at our camp on the Hchimamish June 25. Forster recorded two specimens of * Loxia curvirostra’ from Severn River.? Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. Murray received this species from Hudson Bay, Severn House, and Trout Lake; Baird recorded a specimen in the U.S. National Museum from Nelson River; and adults of both sexes from Fort Churchill were recorded by Clarke.“ Acanthis hornemanni (Holb.). Greenland Redpoll. Clarke recorded two adults collected many years ago at Fort Church- ill.“ Murray’s record of Linota borealis from Severn House may be referable to the present form or to ex7lipes. ¢ Acanthis hornemanni exilipes (Coues). Hoary Redpoll. Three specimens from York Factory and one from Fort Churchill, collected in July, are referable to this form. Acanthis linaria (Linn.). Redpoll. Kight specimens, including one in juvenal plumage, were collected July 12 to 16 at York Factory, where the birds were abundant, and a very bright male was taken at Fort Churchill July 23. Forster recorded this species from Severn River.’ Acanthis linaria holbelli (Brehm). Holbcell Redpoll. A specimen (No. 89811) taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon, and now in the U.S. National Museum collection, seems to be a typical example of this form. a Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. b Transactions Norwich Society, IV, p. 348, 1887. ¢Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 239, 1885. d Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 402, 1772. é Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), LX, p. 223, 1859. J Birds of North America, p. 428, 1858. g Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 405, 1772. OcroBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 119 Spinus pinus (Wils.). Pine Siskin. Nutting records the pine siskin from Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan, where two specimens were taken.“ It probably occurs throughout southern Keewatin, but I find no published records. Passerina nivalis (Linn.). Snowflake. Edwards figured the ‘Snow-Bird from Hudson’s-Bay,’? and on this figure Linneus partially based his description of Hinberiza nivalis. Forster recorded migrants from Severn River;° Richardson says the species breeds on Melville Peninsula,” and records it as usually arriy- ing at Fort Churchill from March 26 to April 6, and being very rarely seen in midwinter; Dr. Rae saw young near Neville Bay;° Swainson and Richardson speak of its breeding about Chesterfield Inlet;/ Murray received specimens from Hudson Bay, Severn House, and Trout Lake;’ Bell reported it from York Factory;” Clarke from Fort Churchill;’ the British Museum Catalogue has a record of one collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay; and the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Calearius lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur. Rather common 10 miles north of Fort Churchill, on the shores of Button Bay, where an immature bird was taken July 31. Abundant on the Barren Grounds south of Cape Eskimo August 4 to 13, at which time the old birds were moulting and were almost invariably destitute of tail feathers. They were seen in great numbers near Hubbart Point August 17, and were common at Norway House Sep- tember 19, where one was secured. At the latter point they were feed- ing in company with horned larks. Forster recorded the species from Severn River;/ Murray received specimens from Trout Lake and Severn House;% Clarke recorded adults and young collected at Fort Churchill;’ and two specimens col- lected at Repulse Bay by Dr. Rae are mentioned in the British Museum Catalogue. The catalogue of birds in the U. 8S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. “Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 275, 1893. bNat. Hist., III, pl. 126, 1750. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 403, 1772. @ Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 344, 1825 (1827). ¢ Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, p. 24, 1850. J Fauna Boreali-Americana, II, p. 246, 1831. 9 Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68¢ (1880). i Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. J Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 404, 1772 120 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No; 22, Calcarius pictus (Swains.). Smith Longspur. Rather common on the meadows at Fort Churchill July 23 to 30. They were quite tame, but were hard to see on the mossy hillocks, their coloring rendering them very inconspicuous. Often the first intimation I had of their proximity was their note, consisting of several sharp chips uttered in rapid succession. Three adult males and a young male just from the nest were taken. The young male, which was secured July 24, may be described as follows: Back dusky, the feathers edged with deep buff and whitish; feathers of head and neck dusky, mostly edged with buff, collar of adult being indicated by white edgings; wing quills strongly edged with brown, coverts tipped with white; lower parts buffy, about as in adults, chest conspicuously streaked with black, and sides marked with obscure spots of dusky; white markings of head plainly indicated. Murray recorded specimens from Severn House; and a specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. Poecetes gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow. Nutting reports the vesper sparrow common at Grand Rapids, Sas- katchewan, where specimens were taken in the summer of 1891.? Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). Savanna Sparrow. Common throughout the region wherever suitable ground occurred, especially in the vicinity of the posts. At Norway House June 22 we found young just beginning to fly, and took several specimens of these and the old birds. We co!lected other specimens at Oxford House June 30 to July 4, and at York Factory, where they were especially common on the marsh at Beacon Point. We collected two more at Fort Churchill and two in the juvenal plumage at my camp 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo August 4 to 8. The last were taken in traps set for voles. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Ammodramus bairdi (Aud.). Baird Sparrow. Nutting records a specimen taken at Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan, in the summer of 1891.° Zonotrichia querula (Nutt.). Harris Sparrow. A number of specimens, including adults of both sexes and young just from the nest, were collected, July 23 to 30, at Fort Churchill, where the birds were rather common. They frequent the scattered patches of a¥din. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 223, 1859. Nat. Hist. Bull. Uniy. Iowa, II, p. 275, 1893 ¢Tbid., p. 275, 1893. OcroBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. WPA dwarfed spruce that grow in the small valleys and ravines intersecting the extensive expanse of precipitous ledges along Churchill River in the vicinity of the post. They undoubtedly nest among these spruces, but no nests attributable to the species were found. We heard no song, but they had a loud metallic chip which was audible and easily | recognized at a distance of several rods. Young just from the nest, taken July 24and 25, may be thus described: Upperparts dusky black, the feathers edged with deep buffy and brown, the black predominat- ing on crown, the brown on hind neck, and the black and brown about equally divided on back; outer wing quills edged with deep buffy, inner with brown; tail feathers edged and tipped with whitish; sides of head and lower parts buffy; chest and side streaked with black, which is most conspicuous on sides of chest and forms a promi- nent malar stripe; upper throat grayish white, with fine dusky markings. Several were seen in a thicket bordering upper Hayes River August 30, and the species was rather common in a fire-swept tract between Robinson Portage and the Echimamish September 14. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White-crowned Sparrow. First seen at York Factory, where it was abundant and where a small series, including adults of both sexes and young birds not long from the nest, was taken July 12 to 14. About the post at Fort Churchill it was extremely abundant July 23 to 30, but after passing that point we saw no more of it until we had repassed the post on our return and were ascending Hayes River August 30, when we observed a number in a thicket bordering the river. This species was first described by Forster from Severn River, Hudson Bay. He also received it from Albany Fort, where it was said to breed;“ and Murray received it from Severn House.’ It prob- ably breeds throughout the northern wooded portions of Keewatin, being confined mainly to the Hudsonian zone. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow. Abundant throughout the region between Norway House and York Factory. It was especially numerous in the extensive tracts which had been devastated by fire, where its simple but beautiful song lent a charm to the gloomy surroundings. A few were noted, one of which was collected, at York Factory in July; and on our return trip a few were seen at Oxford Lake September 11. Murray reported the species from Hudson Bay,’ and Clarke recorded an adult pair from Fort Churchill.“ It was taken at Moose Factory @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 403, 426, 1772. b Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 223, 1859 ¢ Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. UY NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Its breeding range in Keewatin is probably nearly co-extensive with the forest, though it is rare in that part that lies in the Hudsonian zone. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow. First seen at York Factory, where the species was rather common and a young bird not long from the nest was taken July 12. It was abundant at Fort Churchill July 24 to 30, and we took a series at that point. Many were noted on the Barren Grounds, 50 miles south of Cape Eskimo, August to 8. On our return trip several were seen at Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, September 19. Murray received specimens from Severn House;% and a specimen collected by Dr. Rae at Repulse Bay is recorded in the British Museum Catalogue. The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum col- lection contains the record of a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Spizella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow. A few chipping sparrows were seen about the post at Norway House, one of which was collected. We also met with them about the post buildings at Oxford House, and saw one or two on an island in Knee Lake July 5. It was peculiarly pleasant to meet with this friendly little bird in these wild northern forests; and it was inter- esting to note that it showed no absence of that social trait to which its name is due, but was usually found nesting near dwellings Spizella pallida (Swains.). Clay-coiored Sparrow. Nutting records three specimens, evidently taken on the lower Saskatchewan.’ The species probably barely reaches southwestern Keewatin. Junco hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junco. A specimen was taken June 20 at Norway House, where the species was common; another was secured July 3, one of a number seen in the spruce and tamarack woods about Oxford House, and the species was again observed while we were ascending Steel River, September 1. Specimens were received from Severn River by Forster, who, sup- posing the species to be undescribed, renamed it /ringilla hudsonia. Two specimens are recorded from Fort Churchill by Clarke.” Speci- mens were taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Melospiza melodia (Wils.). Song Sparrow. Common at Norway House and in the shrubbery about the clearing at Oxford House, and a number observed about Knee Lake July 5 te Ga Neon Phil. Tauem, (new ser.), IX, p. 223, 1859. Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ., Iowa, I, p. 275, 1893. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 406, 428, 1772. d Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. OcToBER, 1902. ] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 123 and 6. Not noted between Knee Lake and York Factory on our inward trip, though we found the species rather common on Hill River when we ascended it early in September. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.). Lincoln Sparrow. Rather common July 13 to 16 at York Factory, where three speci- mens were collected. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow. A few were seen in the shrubby woods back of the post at Oxford House, a an adult was taken July 3. At York Factory, where the species was rather common, two young, not long from the nest, were taken ae 13 and 16. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow. First noticed on the afternoon of July 10, when its beautiful song yas heard in the willow thickets bordering Hayes River a few miles above York Factory. While at York Factory we found fox sparrows fairly common in willow thickets, and took a pair July 16. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. We heard the song of this bird while descending Red River, a few miles below Winnipeg, June 14. King took one near the north end of Lake Winnipeg in the summer of 1835.4 Progne subis (Linn.). Purple Martin. Edwards figured a bird brought from Hudson Bay by Mr. Isham, calling it the “Great American Martin’.’ Linnzeus based his descrip- tion of Hirundo subis on Edwards’s figure. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow. Forster recorded a specimen sent from Severn River as ‘ Hirundo No. 35.’° This is probably the earliest notice of the species, which was not formally described until many years afterward. Baird records & specimen taken at Moose Factory May 27, 1860;¢ and Barnston mentions the species as arriving at Martin Falls, Albany River, by May 15.° Hirundo erythrogastra Bodd. Barn Swallow. On the morning of August 13, while I was encamped at the mouth of a river on the Barren Grounds, about 25 miles south of Cape Eskimo, a barn swallow that had evidently been following the course of the stream flew past the camp. When it reached the Bay it turned south- ward and soon disappeared from sight down the coast. a hace ae Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, Il, p. 225, 1836 bNat. Hist., III, pl. 120, 1750. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 408, 1772. @ Review of American Birds, p. 290, May, 1865. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ., XXX, p. 254, 1841. 124 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). Tree Swallow. A few seen on lower Red River June 15, and two at Norway House June 19. Common between Norway House and Oxford House, and many nests observed in deserted holes of woodpeckers in trees at the water’s edge, June 23 to 30. Common also at Oxford House, and noted on Steel River July 9. On our return through their haunts early in September we saw none. The catalogue of birds in the U. 8S. National Museum collection records specimens taken at Moose Fac- tory, and the species probably ranges throughout southern Keewatin. Riparia riparia (Linn.). Bank Swallow. A small colony was found on Red River, a few miles below Winni- peg, June 14, and a large one in a high clay bank on the shore of Oxford Lake, near Oxford House, June 30. Several colonies were seen July 10 on Hayes River, a few miles above York Factory. The catalogue of birds in the U. 5. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. Three were observed by Alfred E. Preble in the stunted spruce woods near Fort Churchill July 25. Tyrrell speaks of seeing a flock ‘‘in a grove of birch trees near the shore of Theitaga Lake, on their breeding grounds.”” ‘This lake is situated about 300 miles slightly north of west of Fort Churchill. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Cedar Waxwing. Recorded by Baird from Moose Factory, where it was collected by Drexler August 26, 1860.’ Walton Haydon took specimens at the same place in 1881. Nutting found it breeding abundantly at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin, Saskatchewan.°¢ Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. Two specimens were taken at Fort Churchill, where the birds were rather common July 23 to 30, and one was taken and another noted near Painted Stone Portage September 14. Forster recorded Lanéus excubitor, referring to the present species, from Severn River;” Murray received specimens from Trout Lake and Severn House; and Bell reported it from York Factory.’ The species was collected at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant about Lake Winnipeg, at Norway House, and between Norway House and Oxford House. In the vicinity of Oxford House « Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Sury., 1896 (new ser.), IX, p. 165F (1897). » Review of American Birds, p. 408, May, 1866. €Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 277, 1893. @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 386, 1772. é Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 223, 1859. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1878-79, App. VI, p. 68e. (1880). _— OcrosEr, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. WO) its song was heard almost continually. After leaving that point we saw nothing more of the bird. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo. A peculiar vireo song heard on Hill River July 8 was probably the song of this species, but I was unable to secure the bird. Baird recorded the species from Moose Factory, where specimens were taken June 2, 1860, by C. Drexler.* Walton Haydon took specimens at the same place in 1881. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. One (a male) taken at Oxford House July 3, and one heard singing in a swamp bordering Knee Lake July 5. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). Black and White Warbler. Recorded by Turner from Moose Factory, where Drexler took specimens May 13 and 31, 1860.? Nutting reported one specimen from Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan.° Helminthophila celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. One was taken in a willow thicket at York Factory July 16, and the species was again noted near Pine Lake September 13, and at Duck Point, Playgreen Lake, September 19. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). Tennessee Warbler. Two females taken at Oxford House July 3. The species was fairly common at York Factory, where specimens were taken July 13, 14, and 16. Baird recorded specimens from Fort George and Moose Factory, collected by C. Drexler in 1860,” and the species was taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler. _ Recorded by Turner from Moose Factory, where one was taken May 28, 1860, by Drexler.“ The collection of the U. 5. National Museum contains other specimens from the same place. Dendroica estiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. Rather common at Norway House, Oxford House, and York Fac- tory. Specimens taken at these three points have a slightly darker crown than is usual in eastern examples, but are referable to the typ- ical form. Specimens taken at Fort Churchill many years ago are recorded by Clarke,’ and the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum col- «Review of American Birds, p. 341, May, 1866. bProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 236, 1885. ¢Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, LI, p. 277, 1893. @ Review of American Birds, p. 179, April, 1865. €Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 237, 1885. f Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. 126 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, lection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in 1881 by Walton Haydon. The species probably breeds throughout the wooded por- tions of Keewatin. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. One was seen, in company with kinglets and chickadees, in the spruce woods bordering Hill River, September 2. According to Turner, Drexler took the species at Moose Factory.” Clark records specimens from Fort Churchill.? Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler. One or two seen at Norway House, and one taken at Oxford House July 3. Turner recorded the species from Moose Factory,” where specimens were also taken in 1881 by Walton Haydon, and the British Museum Catalogue records one collected by G. Barnston on Albany River. Dendroica castanea (Wils.). Bay-breasted Warbler. One was taken at Oxford House July 3. Turner recorded the species from Moose Factory, where it was taken June 2, 1860, by Drexler.“ Dendroica striata (Forst.). Black-poll Warbler. At Oxford House, June 30 to July 4, they were rather common and a female was collected. On July 10 we noticed a pair in a thicket that bordered Hayes River, a few miles above York Factory, and on arriv- ing at that post we again found the birds rather common. At Fort Churchill, where they were also common, we took another specimen July 24. It proved to be a young one not long from the nest and still in the speckled plumage. This species was first described by Forster from Severn River,’ and was recorded by Murray from Trout Lake.? Dendroica blackburnie (Gmel.). Blackburnian Warbler. This species is recorded by Murray from Severn House and Trout Lake under the name Sylvicola parus.@ Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). Palm Warbler. One was seen on a small willow-covered island in Hill River Sep- tember 4. Clarke recorded an adult specimen from Fort Churchill.” a@Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 237, 1885. bAuk, VII, p. 322, 1890. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, pp. 406, 428, 1772. d¥din. New. Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. a — SS ——- = ee = OcToBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 7 le Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Yellow Palm Warbler. Turner recorded a specimen taken at Moose Factory in July, 1860, — by Drexler,“ and Baird records one (under the name palmarwm) taken at Fort George, on the east coast of James Bay, in 1861.’ Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird. A specimen taken at Moose Factory by Walton Haydon in the sum- mer of 1881 is recorded in the catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Ridgw.). Grinnell Water-Thrush. We saw our first water-thrush at Painted Stone Portage. It was close to the edge of the water and was running through the under- growth which fringed the foot of a cliff. On the afternoon of the same day, June 26, we noted another at Robinson Portage, and on June 30 a third at Oxford Lake. When we arrived at Oxford House we found the species rather common, and from there to York Factory, as we descended the rivers, its sprightly song was heard daily. A pair seen at a portage on Hill River July 7 were feeding young just from the nest. Three specimens were taken in the marshy woods about York Factory, where the species was common July 11 to 17, and one was taken August 8 by Alfred E. Preble on Churchill River about 15 miles above Fort Churchill. These prove to be intermediate between nove- horacensis and notabilis, but nearer to notabilis. Murray received the species from Severn House.¢ Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning Warbler. Nutting records a specimen from the lower Saskatchewan (exact locality not stated) that is apparently intermediate in characters between folmiei and philadelphia, but seems nearer to tolmiei.¢ Thompson, on the authority of Macoun, records the mourning war- bler from Waterhen River and Swan Lake,’ Manitoba, which are not far to the southward of where Nutting collected. As the species has been recorded also from various points to the southeast of Keewatin, there is little question that it breeds in the southern part of the Province. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.). Wilson Warbler. Rather common in the undergrowth bordering a swamp at Robinson Portage June 27. Several were seen at York Factory July 10 to 17, one being taken on July 14. @Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, p. 237, 1885. + Review of American Birds, p. 208, April, 1865. ¢ Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. 4Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, IT, p. 278, 1893. €Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 622, 1890. OSes NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, The British Museum Catalogue records a specimen frora Hudson Bay collected by Captain Herd. A specimen taken at Moose Factory in the summer of 1881 by Walton Haydon is in the U.S. National Museum collection. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.). Canadian Warbler. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in the summer of 1881 by Walton Haydon. Nutting records the species from Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). Redstart. Baird recorded a specimen taken at Moose Factory by Drexler,’ and Thompson quotes Hutchins’s manuscript to the effect that one was shot at Fort Albany. ¢ Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). Pipit. Rather common July 24 to 30 on the rocky hills at Fort Churchill, where a pair were taken. A large flock was seen on lower Hayes River as we were ascending it August 29. Murray recorded the species from Hudson Bay.? Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieill.). Winter Wren. The catalogue of birds in the U. S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory by Walton Haydon. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). Short-billed Marsh Wren. A male was taken in a wet meadow at Norway House June 20. From its actions it probably had a nest in the vicinity, but despite a careful search none was found. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch. An adult female taken at Fort Churchill many years ago is recorded by Clarke.¢ Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Heard on the Echimamish June 25, and a few seen on an island in Knee Lake on the forenoon of July 5. In his narrative Dr. Rae speaks of taking one above Broad River, between York Factory and Fort Churchill.’ Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. Baird recorded a specimen taken at Moose Factory.’ A chickadee in the U. S. National Museum that was taken at the same place by @Nat. Hist. Bull. Uniy. Iowa, II, p. 279, 1893. » Review of American Birds, p. 256, May, 1865. ¢Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 624, 1890. d Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), IX, p. 222, 1859. eAuk, VII, p. 322, 1890. f Narrative of An Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, p. 11, 1850. 9 Review of American Birds, p. 81, July, 1864. OcToBER, 1902.] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 1z9 Walton Haydon is referable to the eastern form. Forster recorded Parus atricapillus from Fort Albany.“ Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). Long-tailed Chickadee. One taken on the lower Echimamish June 24. Nutting reported a specimen from Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan.’ Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee. We first met with this species on the Echimamish June 24. We noted it again at Robinson Portage three days later, and found it com- mon at Oxford House, where we secured a male July 3. We saw several on an island in Knee Lake July 5, and a number near York Factory July 13, collecting two on the latter date. On our return we saw several on Hill River September 3. The species was first described by Forster from Severn River.° It is recorded from Fort Churchill by Clarke,” and from Moose Factory by Rhoads.¢ Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. One was seen on the lower Echimamish June 24. Regulus calendula (Linn.). Ruby-crowned Kinglet. I saw one at Norway House June 17 and took a specimen on the Echimamish June 24. It was common at Oxford House June 30 to July 4. One was observed as we were ascending Hill River Sep- tember 1. Forster recorded a specimen probably sent from Severn River;” Bell recorded the species from York Factory;/ and Clarke an adult from Fort Churchill.? The catalogue of birds in the U.S. National Museum collection records a specimen taken at Moose Factory in the summer of 1881 by Walton Haydon. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgw. Willow Thrush. The characteristic ‘veery’ call note and song were heard several times, and the singer was seen once as we floated down Red River between Winnipeg and West Selkirk June 14. None were taken, but specimens from the region seem referable to the western form. Hylocichla alicie (Baird). (Gray-cheeked Thrush. Not met with until we reached York Factory, where a female and two young just from the nest were taken in a dense willow thicket @Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 407, 1772. bNat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Lowa, II, p. 279, 1893. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 408, 430, 1772. @ Auk, VII, p. 322, 1890. ¢Auk, X, p. 328, 1893. J Rept. Prog. Can. Geol. Sury., 1882-3-4, App. III, p. 54DD (1885). 7165—No. 22——9 130 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, July 138. The young birds may be described as follows: Back and head dark olive-brown, each feather tipped with dusky and with a longitudinal spot of brown; rump and upper tail-coverts brownish spotted with rusty; lower parts white, slightly tinged on breast and sides with buffy, each feather tipped with a dusky bar, those on breast heavily marked, the marking decreasing in size posteriorly; throat almost unmarked; cheeks grayish, spotted with dusky; wings and tail olive-brown, the wing quills lighter on outer edges. l again met with the species July 24 at Fort Churchill, where I saw several in stunted spruce woods. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Cab.). Olive-backed Thrush. The song of this species was heard at Bull Head Point, Lake Win- nipeg, on the morning of June 16. The birds were rather common at Norway House, and were seen or heard daily between there and Oxford House. They were common at Oxford House, and a specimen was taken at that point. While descending the streams between Oxford House and York Factory we found them abundant; every wooded islet in the lakes seemed to be the home of a pair, and wherever we camped we heard their songs, which began soon after midnight. A nest found in a bush overhanging Jack River, between Knee and Swampy lakes, July 6, contained eggs on the point of hatching. At York Factory, where we took two specimens, the species was apparently less abun- dant, and beyond that point we did not meet with it. Baird recorded a specimen collected at Moose Factory in July, 1860, by Drexler.¢ Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cab.). Hermit Thrush. Nutting found the hermit thrush abundant at Grand Rapids, Sas- katchewan, in the summer of 1891.2 Though it doubtless occurs in southern Keewatin, I find no published records of such occurrence. Merula migratoria (Linn.). Robin. Found throughout the region, but seldom seen elsewhere than in the vicinity of the posts, where, however, they were rather common. Many old and young were seen at Fort Churchill during the latter part of July. On our return trip we noted the species on Hayes River August 30, Steel River August 31, Hill River September 4, and between Oxford and Windy lakes September 12. Forster recorded it from Severn River,’ and Murray from Severn House and Trout Lake.?@ « Review of American Birds, p. 21, June, 1864. » Nat. Hist. Bull. Univ. Iowa, II, p. 279, 1893. ¢Phil. Trans., LXII, p. 399, 1772. d Edin. New Phil. Journ. (new ser.), LX, p. 222, 1859. OcToBER, 1902. ] BIRDS OF KEEWATIN. 131 Saxicola enanthe leucorhoa ((amel.). (rreenland Wheatear. James Clark Ross recorded a specimen of Sylvia wnanthe obtained at Felix Harbor, Gulf of Boothia,“ which is probably referable to the race recently recognized by Stejneger.’ The British Museum Cata- logue records from Albany River an adult male wnanthe, collected by Barnston, which is also probably referable to the Greenland race. If, as is probable, this bird inhabits the country to the north of Hudson Bay, its most natural route of migration would seem to be along the borders of the Bay, and it is not unlikely that it is a regular breeder about the northern shores. Sialia sialis (Linn.). Bluebird. The U.S. National Museum collection contains a specimen taken at Moose Factory in the summer of 1881 by Walton Haydon. «Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. xxvi, 1835. bProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, p. 476, 1901. BATRACHIANS OF KEEWATIN. We made a small collection of the species of frogs noted during the trip, and extended their previously recorded ranges. A gradual short- ening of the hind legs as the northern limit of the ranges of these species is approached seems to be the rule, and is evidently correlated with the shorter period of activity. In addition to this collection I include references to several species of frogs and salamanders recorded by Cope from the region about James Bay, and from the mouth of Nelson River. Rana pipiens Gmel. Leopard Frog. We noted this species at two points-—in the meadows néar Norway House, where it was fairly common, and at Sea Falls, about 20 miles farther north, where we saw several individuals while we were making a portage. We collected two specimens at each place. Rana palustris Le Conte. Le Conte Leopard Frog. Cope records specimens from James Bay, collected by C. Drexler.¢ These specimens, which are preserved in the U. 8. National Museum, have been re-examined in connection with this report. Rana cantabrigensis latiremis Cope. Northern Wood Frog. We collected a series of wood frogs that includes specimens from Taft’s Fishery (on Great Playgreen Lake), Norway House, York Fac- tory, and Fort Churchill. According to measurements, this series is referable to /atiremis as restricted by Howe.’ Eleven well-grown specimens from Norway House average: Length of body (nose to anus) 46.3; femur (measured from central line) 19.1; tibia 19.9. Seven specimens from York Factory average: Length of body 43.9; femur 18.7; tibia 17.7. A single specimen taken at Fort Churchill measures: Length of body 50; femur 19; tibia 19. Cope records cantabrigensis from the mouth of Nelson River, and from James Bay.“ The James Bay specimens have not been critically examined, and may be nearer to cantubrigensis than to latirem?s. This frog was by far the most abundant species throughout the region between Lake Winnipeg and York Factory, and many were 4 Batrachia of North America (Bull. 34, U. S. Nat. Mus.), p. 409, 1889. + Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, No. 14, p. 373, Feb., 1899. ¢ Batrachia of North America (Bull. 34, U. S. Nat. Mus.), p. 437, 1889. 133 1384 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 22, OcToBER, 1902.] taken in our traps as well as by hand. At Fort Churchill, though frogs were reported to be frequently heard in the marshes, we were able to obtain but one specimen. This is characterized by extremely short legs, and differs further from any others collected in being heavily vermiculated on the sides with black. Most of the specimens collected have a grayish median dorsal stripe. The color from life of a York Factory specimen is as follows: Back grayish green, sparingly spotted with black, and with a greenish-white median dorsal stripe; beneath greenish white, darkest on sides. Rana septentrionalis Baird. Specimens recorded by Cope under the name Rana cantabrigensis evittata from Moose River, Ontario, are referable to Rana septen- trionalis, as stated by Tiowe.” Chorophilus septentrionalis Boulenger. Northern Chorophilus. Chorophilus septentrionalis Boulenger, Cat. Batrachia Salientia Brit. Mus., p. 335, 1882. We found this species throughout the region between Lake Win- nipeg and York Factory, and took specimens at the following localities: Taft’s Fishery (Great Playgreen Lake), 1; Norway House, 3; Oxford House, 1; York Factory, 3. These specimens appear to be referable to scptentrionalis, the type locality of which is Great Bear Lake, as the tibio-tarsal joint does not reach the tympanum when the leg is stretched forward. The fol- lowing brief description of the color was taken from a live specimen from Oxford House: Body light green above, greenish white beneath; body stripes bronzy lavender; tympanum brownish; hind legs light green above, flesh color beneath. Amblystoma jeffersonianum platineum Cope. Cope records a specimen collected by C. Drexler on Moose River.? Chondrotus microstomus Cope. Cope records a specimen from Hudson Bay, probably from James Bay, collected by F. W. Hayden? (probably mistake for W. Haydon). Plethodon cinereus Green. Cope records four specimens from ‘ Hudson’s Bay Territory,’ prob- ably from the region about James Bay, collected by C. Drexler.? a4 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, No. 14, p. 374, Feb., 1899. » Batrachia of North America (Bull. 34, U.S. Nat. Mus.), p. 94, 1889. eThbid., p. 103, 1889. @Tpid., p. 135, 1889. a INDEX. [Names of new species in bold-face type. } Page. PAD IeSI NaI RAIN Chri m er esenciacina wel a tore ect sie laysie 13 Acanthishormemanni .-.--~ 2. .0--2--s0--8 118 hornemanni exilipes ...............---. 118 Liao fs ce Sakie sSanceeeonOdEe cation neaae 118 Uy bat hott e(o}) of0 2 Ul oe eth eee Ree 118 Accipiterstricapillus: :=2.- 22: 5.2.22 -~- === 106 CORTE EE i 420 SE DE DEE Dg Sod SAO ED ICC 106 PENNA VIVANICUS se a. oe one nie cae inion ewe 106 Melo Mmeme re sast sticks occa mec asec = ase 105-106 JCI SCT UTI (0p sens ne eS oe 12,22 | MOOTUN CALAMUS yc. co apegainne coe == scnclceccen 14 Actitis macularia /Egialitis meloda circumeincta .......--- 101-102 BEVIN ALE ooo ae. ycinceie is oa ai cee mre oe 101 MOGUMONE Shah ccc ok skis cece caieneren cece 101 APelRINs PHOONICCUS...< ..c cm a0--- es Oe ee 85 HINCKICAN A). 5{ 2: «esta caeeemee eens 85 A 2 oasis Jose wes dowed ce wea Secese 85 BOC OR (2) 39 LCs) a oe ee eet 83 Bartramia longicauda.....................- 99 ASSEN Seto Aets Jeet wa 2h ou Se oe geo 11 BERG ECOLG DROW coc Ses Soin Soc coves dene 73 RUN CINANIN oe seater ostalsc tases cc dade 133-134 Page Bear BarreniGround! se occa nccisec spine ace 64 black 64 MOAN ae wise Meets & ddlv. scion etic cea 21, 64-65 Beavern Canadian sas 26cscs. sere ns sccemeee 48-49 Betulavelandulosay s<¢s-¢ sees ease se meises 17 TMA P= Woesenc yo aa seie in eeiavan on oy cee 20 Papyrifera meses cesses secs Saoca PRG Bibliographiy.2: tees sse=e es oae seer eet esos 27-38 Binehic tes ee neec an cepe asus ee emcees he 12 CANO Se pen araesiaeeetisceis cas ccr gece 13, 16, 28 wares tsetse ~ see a= scspord Ce ncdeeeseeee 17, 20 IBIGLEMN cacao eeaiseise cities dcmec coe eee aeree 91 NANG cere ce ose = Ain cee EAC ee eee 91 IBIAGEDINd Brew ene222 ccc. coke cee eeece 117 TEG-WAD PEO! : 2 sack c\ Me ceaeiee ss cee aaa 116 REIS Wis fees Saintes = atiamic'n pe elarete ee 116-117 wellow-heaned == 5. Soo Sc ehcs onan Ace ee 116 Blarindiprevicwudaee. «se. 44-5----2-6e eee 22 BIE DINGS = cis. sjersiaio lets steric sitiaisis os isle eae cies 131 BOr-DeaM esas seen wi A ao ass See eee 17 Bonasa umbellus togata................-..- 103 Botaunugienticinosus). 22-2. - seeaee eee 91 Brantasberniclal..2-.\...22/-sssseseecee nes 90 Canadensise=- cess. . Jensen seeee eee ee 9) Canadensis hutebinslsscc-sseeeres o- 2 eee 90 LOUCOPSIS! 2 esate. ~ oes he San caiet las ccee- Lees 106 Calcapigilapponicusisaasss-2-0ccanes 2 se 23,119 DICHISH -seoeat mince Seccacces cerca s es 23, 120 | Moalidrin arenariee~.c.c6 parece lss cine ce en 97 CAR DANISEYIS ste cae ee cece aeece cies se 15 | Camptolaimus labradorius .........-...-.-- 86-87 Canachites canadensis ............-... 22, 102-103 (CEI an Ss Oe ee 61-62 OCOMMENITALN escapees sn ond x. csobe con seeoossess ouesseceiss once 20 SCE WanUPATCHG conc oa cena sees ee 59-61 | DA CLOUSUUS eameaa a oe e ee eee eee 54-55 Pselda nVemalis)s on. c5.c-s5 cee ce os cscee 86 | Lepargyreea canadensis .............--..... 16, 21 Hawk, broad-winged......-.-..-.-.-..-.-.- 106: | sepusiamiericanus® <: 22-2 2222 ccer- se sce matin iousinnipiel tele TOBE WIE OOM eam cm ones ois ce alas wiate walaaeniccleminces sian 75-76 PI MROMNE worse ts hte cina aie = emi eae 12 | bled kethronbed ese 2a aajaccrs serie ee scr 76 15 FO) ee ee eae 12 | PAGING Ssectis= ncelc cae eciow n:s'e aime caress 20, 76-77 Helminthophila celata .............-....... 125 | MEM LTP EGs Soe coscclos sma suciccweccee 20,77 MIOVODTANG n/n caries semaine daeetic sales stale 125 WENO ADL eee aie muicio valelvicinsciiscceuer 76 Helodromas ochropus .............-..-...-- 99 | Lophodytes cucullatus..................-.. 82 CUE LSU, ee aR ele eae ete 99 | Loxia curvirostra minor .................-- 118 PCr RTeab OIC as nde swar es nesses pecieece 92 TENCOD LOL A etesta siamese ater ene casts Sa 118 Heteractites incdnus ....................... OOM Tocltine CAM ACCNBIS Ee. a. 2an cece ance cniecseee- 65 Heterocelus brevipes ..3<. 2-2-2... -<.s222..0e 99 | Lutreola vison lacustris ...................- 38, 66 Mirundoverythrogast(rn.- = 5--s6-.es-- ee Tie lege CHNOOR Sess 24 cnc = occinis socacsesns 61 Histrionicus histrionicus................... LOS tare (Ores (30) oe 22, 61 IONE VSOCKIC 35.5 cos stew an csaeepeeiees ee 16 | Macrorhampus scolopaceus........-.-...-- 95 Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis ........ Gal | MPSS Gg oe ee es eRe ES Sova 115 Hylocichla alicie ........ greece eeeeees Rae ee ERLE re re Peters aro a oko orm wore 3 amour ieee acate 82-83 pascescens sRlicicola:..... -------ssd oe see eee 127 MeCrgansenss2 scan chee sass eR ee COOL 82 ON DOSS OSC halts Reena see eee 43-44 hooded hose acdce sae eeeeepeeeeiaes 829). OwlvArcticihorn ed essere sss eene sean 110 red-preasted = 235252 eee esa eens 82 DaLred 2 sete sche s ee ae ae 109 Mere anseramericanuspesses ese aee ee ese 82 Breat:Pray esses sce. eae eee eee 109-110 S@Lrrator 52 -S ccs eee Sse eae eee eas “82 hawkiess he ssese case See eee eee eee 1 MerlingsRich ard Sones seer eee ee sere eer sae 108 long-eared os. fo esti one seer sees 109 Merulaymicratonaree eee eeeeee eee eeeee reas 130 Richardson e-see- ese eee eee eee 110 Micropalama himantopus.-...-.....-.--.--- 95 Saw-=wheto.25-5 5.220 35. eee eee 110 IMM CLOLUSS jane cena CeO nee ate ce eee 20 Screech ence sees eee e os eee eee nee 110 aphorodemustes-eeeret see eseee aoe 38, 52-53 SNOWY 22222 sock se oe ae nase eee EERE 110-111 Gum mMon Giese see eee eee eee nee eee 51-52) || Pagophilajal bara=--=4 hese eee eeeeeeeeee 79 LENIN FOEVIOS 6 sa secseossasesaceseseco 53 | Pandion haliaétus carolinensis..-...-....-- 108 Milfoil water) 22S ese asenic een eationcoe 15p)| earustatricapllluseeese=eeeeeeeeeeeeerree 128-129 Milvalustoriica tus sseseseen- oee eee ae eee 113 atricapillus septentrionalis.........---. 129 MUTI e WEL een seieretarieclce eee 66 hudsonicus!s=sq2se sae ee eee eee 22,129 Mniotiltasvyariaess-- ease aaoee sete es oes 125") 0Rasserellaciligcaes = ss-seces-e eee eee 123 Moleystar-nosediaee seseraa- seer: eee eee 73) |) PaSseriia nly ais eaaee= sees eee eee gucseee 119 Monodon monoceros..--..---=-------------- 39-40 | Pedicecetes phasianellus ..........---..-..- 104 WOW Sey CHAO Son oe oc mcote sn eosacacogercoes 43 | Pelecanus erythrorhynchos .--..-----.---.- 82 MOSQUITO Ta seh se si ete ee see oo ee eae esis 1318) Relicanwihiteees-ses se Stee nee eee eee “e 82 Mouse, clouded white-footed.............-- 49-50 | Perisoreus canadensis -.......-.......-.--- 22,115 NOUS Sass Hse ese cena Teese Oe 49 | Peromyscus canadensis umbrinus.-...----.-- 49-50 Hid SonvB aye) UM ln See eee eee eee 58 | Petrochelidon lunifrons.-........-..-...---- 123 Meadow eeeeeeise See esate Hema 20))/ Bhalacrocoraxidilophusesss=co= esses eer ee 81-82 med=backe dase seraaset casa hee ceases 60-51 | Phalarope, northern..---....-.-..--+-----.- 94 MIUTRC els Sacto meee eee eae anise 77 Ito oaconupcEebassorsceoscbsassaccrSias 93-94 Brunni cho. aes8-o eee ace oe see mae 77 Wilson! {22 site. .-22 eset te eee ee 94 Mussempetrayance sc scis sae see coeeraniee 47))|) Phalaropus|lOpatUS sss esses e eee ee eens 23, 94 MUSCUWIUSHS eee ce oes ee eee see eels 49 | Phenacomys, Mackenzie ---.---.5------ -25- 50 MUSCiV Oran OLfiCath=ssa-e sees nereee esac eee 113 | Phenacomys mackenZill=-22---2e- esas 38, 50 MAS K=OX2 Se tiais mesinaicisien erence ne cieei ace 2343-44" )|| Philohelalminon sees me eees se ie eee 94 Muskrat. seudsonl Baye. -ssceeeescsesese seen DS—54) le Phocaercnlandichees-—e—==seesee eee 70 Mustela americana abieticola..-..........-- 38, 68 hiSpid 8) < Sees see eee 70 PeuNANtlessesense eke nose eae wee 22, 69 Witulin a. 22 ses acee ce seen eee 71 My OnsuciiupUsiee eeeeee eee eee eeee eee 73\ |) Phoebelie. ss sede csc ae eee oa eee eee 113-114 MYT CAR Ble aoe caine sean naem en sickisernsens Seite 16h) Licaipi ca hudsonieeee--ees as eee eet 115 Miyniophivllumeieee nas eesersne sees eseeeeee 15) :| Biceav\alba.. 22: - 28-22 ee eee ee 13 Nar wih elie sertecec secre as ie eye eee 39-40 MPT: sc .2s o a soe eee 13 INCOSOrEss DALUSUNIS eee ae ee nee eee eee 71-72 | Picoides americanus --------2----2-2==-==ee= 112 NEOLOmMa Grnum Monde eeeee eee eeee acces 50 aTcticusicc=: 2. s Pigeons passengers. os eee eee eee eee 105 Nigh t-hawikusee eee ss cece ce wae cme See 113. |. Pine, Banksiani- =. --5246- >= = seen 13, 16, 23 NiImeniusiborea@ lists. --e see eee seer eee eee 100 | Pinicola enucleator leucura...--.-..----- 117-118 IVC LOMAS ss acecaassehnpsasecesnccus 93: 100/4), Pintaill so) eetcceee peecee case eee saan 84 Nuthatch, red-breasted .................... 128) (PINUS\OLVaTiCatae-ceseseseeece. eee eee 13,16 Wihite- breasted = eecesessece eee see eene 128 | Pipit.......--..---------------+--+---+------+ 128 Nive tall serie tee eco ietmicle sieeiser nicer 110|| Plethodonicinereus..- = 2-2-2. ae ae 134 tengmalmi richardsoni..-.-.---...----- 110 | Plover, belted piping --- 101-102 INV.Cleanny Cleiesemsetsteleietes sel sleeisae 110-111 black-bellied\..<: ... 22-2. == Geena 100 NNed POE ose oo se cosesctsscoscasscbesoeRs 13 Golden. soe cee eee eee ~ 101 CO} ies MAOREN END) scecosdsapwdsconsbasebosEosS a semipalmated|eec.--22-- ees eee 17,101 Odobenus'rosmamnis|-eeeeee see eee 69-70 | Podilymbus podiceps..-..---..-------------- 75 Oidemia americana -....-..--..------.----- 88 | Pond-weed ..-..-.----%---- 15,17 deglandivcns- cence case ee eee oee ce 88 | Pocecetes gramineus.......-......----.---=. y DETSpICM lata cea. e aces 887) SP op areata ee ee ee ee ees eee Olbiorchilus’ hiemallis!-2.-225-) = e-- eee = 128 ASPEN a. She eee et ea eee a eee QOld-squawss- <2 sco sce ces cae ea aod eees 86 balsam).ceseeo-eeease = Oloripucein ator sees: ce =p eee ee eee 91 | Populus balsamifera ie. ee ie ae “ee =. Se INDEX. 139 Page. Page. Populus tremuloides ............----------- 18,16 | Scoter, white-winged........-..-....----.:- 85 Parcupine, Canada). ...-2--scesierssson+ oso = 69 | Scotiaptex nebulosum...............2----.- 109 ROPPATIA CRTONNG: << sn. wcumdeina'n/onee os Seis OS oa MEOUTINT=-CESI 4 a. Seas cde nese eeu. cee es 16 HMOVEDOFACENSIS ~ . ite rere et rid NH aa te Perabo hit Rhee Hts r sti write arent he rary Prats ucrtnrriteteente Wile ler ene es Pie shirt tochene AG “iy riteryren » ne ie ‘ eruneraniny ae id ase abl deh 4 Piehoty & it ear SF ethbe ps heh bat tae Pepe aston tdi mefsb kkk Avie» Sorte shot SW ehh bob e ibis Cyrene Whol (inbiilees PHT Ve Wee hag bee hemes A a ll ots - eh ORaRSCMrrer Ber fron RHI aaah i See ee nie hesseuth ns: malitettettc tatters Scag behue i Pt ahha Aahe of eh UO Ree ah & a Stee Pobe ba Eby te edb h fae wow bene ea oews sie . he he bape . Se nemetit ste Sa ee oS fake he { Bbw Be Ge heme oe CoG roe of cory sol tnrertatcata dente pete err Barats state y Syne POF eb eee km rh a We i BF debit be tha eh he Maw TOP Weehe Mob bom ties t mh fhemeeb # SN ANE bh 9 Wee pret Wyte IM Sta SEI PRS SHER Pirsrareess Orn Te)t Ihe ae me bey H aa i ee ef i + Ny ¥ Teh fein te eA he a wei Wetboetbon Wek HM eerty pak bs ” Hace mt ae ae fens MEATY Went ea taint Baan Sen MANS tahoe ame ocel A haw hih by ia : a ttayeniie teeabe| Nigh inc ree tie WITH Wea Beyond he Vendy ie aiye Yeah bee Vasa ean op Top ischobee ire nm ieph f Mest: Ht ne Weed afte pobete t Cyn Be OCS be tefl | i bts: hebdh Lobebipawibihe tel bob ketone un iti He aan btyen, mabe & tet state pate) uC search AY Coauaqtisy wteg ees Faw ins * she ina Lio es) sia rt POE ane seeeaneR eat Y van ata ise PMS One " A albiuoneb enh narortene ny) thi aye iC ety SUE ANitthei hasten Behe eek mM {st : ie rhe Petey Wheby eee. aN Pitt 5 Poa siiee by i Res ie ttnL erin a arate Ouee Uamaeheesy op eh ksi bre MAN srearang stern SM On Ree Ceeliavi he eb ek rte Be ae ie ee et adhe tetas RHO MICH Se PR oS Penstamutuesehyh Moy th rose! hh hab hebeh enon Wado peti. fn it en at Mot fe heath: » ruarare Ti ee 44 Seba h Tea hm Ts sake tel 4 iy was oa eo hve Bed ray ity lees Phas! Hodiphieba ts hone LS * + bite tom bib ebay aes i 4 eat) Det yew ah Us bre ha S)8 ene fh Pabie Dy 93 i HE eo bebe 2 Mahomet f ay » as ms ae ieeoerratucgiata tee Lt Py HUE hopeber ite rer ‘ +P bo! at * ph batetbey Miter biesbbedebe bit ey [sey = G Deerhbtllibeeh Hiker enue: Nab ipes tntacitbentasy sok , ity tebe Wor tie tates sca WyNb es Web y {i haart vi " rise PU sneeAieb pret sba resis a ft cere Hed Aber poh Abe tetihes Prats aaene cite ¥ bas SEMI aan Sue h ats ae oat beh Yee patel | Aes STATA bop eel |e pat ha ras Sibi { ty per Tah Bee Bey oh tebe 2 Citar “hby cepake ae AD in isse Treriisensey Atha [cpa Beni i vet i i then str it. fee tethrarty eer) eras sabes yoy ae Hi. Ota be Hb Neh § O ny ods. bebe meter aoe Mate Hiepen xe ratty Hb Ae Ay 8 Dobe ie aay i tke io be 5 se ime jad bata bp eights accent tt iti eal, he hs st meer Lon epee we an Ea cans Ne ; 4 races (4 shoe ha tat tues i hen Taiyo * ord ii Hone Md ‘ i ternary Mists UF Ae ”* it sereg Tene! DP Dee hb bit bob k oo wp 4 be if rte i ded ybebeiawanst eal = ee! Uy i peteatart nn Ke i site Mal tit tour feeeh be drt ivoniceat oben ie | ants sist Y Te oe ad pratt iy + Raa brent aches ed apse | Ys , pod arabe ea oie us Baro aK woes oe chan Paeoe rt ibe f e Tek nein i hs Vaythe whe ideas py es athe ‘ > vi whe jen 3 ro brewed eed iene npbebelerphitcae Lich dit ace ental at eine HY AA Peele Hen) oi + He sEsPa Sin ce talowaai Sede wAsbsbeLsincbirlhe pbebe hibmorh? peated i itis Spe reams t it OnE ine ste Oi roi Capire Nye rans Y epee eee de Les (Vy Siti ithe bier ei ehy Tee tcsbaliec tha rr as Pheer oen ies mide tant Bas eseat bee ay Oe ip eetrrstar ta Nie bebeph bon pho B tae eed cherub eh Be ceey “bbs Ong etre? igi Siethe Nene gnc epee ese ay sereesite beets toposes taiee mee Pee ete eee Avtar manne Spiasaes bar eer) pete begs patetberbaritwenrhe siintee vie ne iisnsbenoe 0 Poe piesk ot eese py petetet ey tt Pind yi ghianhcosep ocd UUbtospeht be cht ge Mtr tated ti Related Mr ta dea BataeaeT at ico we ; 4 ne they si terieh “wy bodied Rete d sbi Sreriaee i Gistiesene Seep ith eeesmen, Le Patheneit w Heth Hideo: imme oe wee 7 pric} aoe Wig est (wre (314 Gian nied Anutts date ph tesa Tybee ue ob eas oats tho hete iliac Terie Dias bi beeen eR dete 1s erer Prcheprn Gb iipsts ie rere Hireee @ bben bs Bar irs ep a the) Sera » Pot Eyer Bene g hes Pay htebe . Aan ited paper pipe yc bi dsb p= mitnee is ta eie b Deni wb: ay alah Ai how Syraere nits oH ie Wee albriees pore ath apt i * sha bhi ab bel ob el i 7 paig deh sat bib oe ee i hek f i nes Vb fbsgaprhtheos ay suis fy Pete be) beh Bode in r, ' bees nibehs yey by Piveiee bob whebeAvedsas) the ‘ bon bat bs br Soe ach oh he pate ete ADs pao: ied ee rie {5B by be bee hppa bab thieshe ied xo fat es the ped eee te p terarhnrece th bdce: Tela euran at rthon shpat tad Ae p eb emer bree b abst beth rper pda sidabeacncnt deteh tena | Tebsber Tea sieh bibeiee. Shee hoes r whe ReMeshaiaericy het vapors bee peahepee b: yt eibatats Phere ts pore tas TL Piarerwias pasty +> & irk Aenjeote ed hab, bie wribohat sear « shhh 1b af mins bends abe cigs beh orbs nee: slp ti beroty bb abs hppaisterest: betel e Shek reir sh enti § Se bp ® Beisel Tipe fo She Poh bop jehieher On taloertht bee PO be poke th EAI CHL TS canal A4 Oars Ohio bet niet wobyb tote bebe Ty Sob ai pe ebe ron f emer sie ba SPOUT i ¥ 0.0 recbas 1h buen. e i bebe) Beh by ber- oi este bis 2h atime eed LG et ta oad Eitebpocter est Ay sel bn bob hs Sha hope, ts be beret b> iced rheata rene beck be Setovhopoonier hid brere ce bye, SPOA: ha Bre echt seg woemberet mw Fe Shen ote hak Vee mo gies ae aetd o 1 pert rato Whe breathed te bebe dampen oe ebrbeh B Reeser bitemely Ei ocr preter ove biprbibs beer aoee hahre fo eb we (hes rhe eee bebe i Bt ented: Pye Onan es Ahed mheeiy } Rt taped 6 OE Ee ate dod eatharbatate D410 Rewed-b-hobiie bb) Grp ae Pw he een en hb