BIRD GUIDE
Birds East of the Rockies
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Ruffed Grouse.
BIRD GUIDE
Water Birds, Game Birds and Birds of Prey
EAvST of the Rockies
BY
CHESTER A. REED
Author of
North American Birds' Eggs, and, with Frank M. Chapman, of Color Key to North American Birds. Curator in Ornithology, Worcester Natural History Society.
1910 DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO. New York.
\?'k.
•S^
Copyrighted 1906.
Copyrighted, 191p, CHAS.K.REED,
Worcester, Mass.
PREFACE.
While strolling through a piece of woodland, or perhaps along the marsh or seashore, we see a bird, a strange bird, — one we never saw before. Instantly, our curiosity is aroused, and the question arises, "What is it?" There is the bird! Hq^ can we find out what kind it is? The Ornithologist of a few years ago had but one course open to him, that is to shoot the bird, take it ho^me, then pore through pages of descriptions, until one was found to correspond with the specimen. Obviously, such metheds cannot be pursued today, both humane and economical reasons prohibiting. We have but one alternative left us: We must make copious notes of all the peculiarities and markings of the bird that is be- fore us. On our return home, we get down our bird bodks, and there are many excellent ones. After carefully looking through the whole library, we find that. although many of our books are welf illustrated, none of them have the picture of what we seek, so we adopt the tactics of the "Old-time" Ornithologist, before mentioned, and pore over pages of text, until finally we know what our bird was. It is for just such emergencies as this — to identify a bird when you see it, and where you see it, that this little pocket "Bird Guide" is prepared. May it be the medium for saving many of today's seekers for "bird truths," from the many trials and tribulations willingly encountered, and hard and thorny roads gladly traveled by the author in his quest for knowledge of bird ways.
Worcester, Mass. CHESTER A. REED.
1906.
21
242h
INTRODUCTION.
The study of the birds included in this book, is much more difficult than that of the small land birds. Many of the birds are large; seme are very rare; all are usually shy and have keen eyesight, trained to see at a distance, in fact, many of them have to depend upon their vigilance, for their very existence. Therefore, you will find that the majority of these birds will have to be studied at long range. Sometimes, by exercising care and forethought, you may be able to approach within a few feet of the bird you seek, or induce him to comf* to you. It is this pitting your wits against the cunning of the birds that furn- ishes one-half of the interest in their sudy. Remember that a quick motion will always cause a bird to gy. If you seek a flock of plover on the shore, or a heron in the marsh, try to sneak up behind cover if possible; if not, walk very slowly, and with as little motion as possible, directly towards them, by so doing you often will get near, for a bird is a poor judge of distance, while a single step sideways, would cause him to fly. Shore birds can usually best to be observed from a small "blind," near the water's edge, where they feed. Your powers of observation will be increased about ten-fold if you are equipped with a good pair of field glasses; they are practically indispensable to the serious student and add greatly to the pleasures of anyone. Any good glass, that has a wide field of vision and magnifies three or four diameters, is suitable; we can recom- mend the ones described in the back of this book.
WHAT TO MAKE NOTE OF.— What is the nature of the locality where
6
seen; marsh, shore, woods, etc.? If in trees does it sit upright or horizontal? If on' the ground, does it run or walk, easily or with difficulty? If in the water, can it swim well, can it dive, does it swim under water, can it fly from the water easily, or does it have to patter over the surface before flying? What does it seem to be eating? Does it have any notes? Does it fly rapidly; with rapid wing beats or not; in a straight line or otherwise? Does it sail, or soar? In flocks or singly? These and hundreds of other questions that may suggest themselves, are of great interest and importance.
A PLEA TO SPORTSMEN.— Many of the birds shown in this book are Game Birds, that is, birds that the law allows you to shoot at certain seasons of the year. Some of these are still abundant and will be for numbers of years; others are very scarce and if they are further hunted, will become entirely ex- terminated in two or three years. Bow-whites are very scarce in New England; Prairie Hens are becoming scarce in parts of the west; the small Curlew is practically extinct, while the larger ones are rapidly going. In behalf of all bird lovers, we ask that you refrain from killing those species that you know are rare, and use moderation in the taking of all others. We also ask that you use any influence that may be yours, to further laws prohibiting all traffic in birds. The man who makes his living shooting birds, will make more, live longer and die happier, tilling the soil than by killing God's creatures. We do not, now, ask you to refrain from hunting entirely, but get your sport at your traps. It takes more skill to break a clay pigeon than to kill a quail.
7
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TO?OG,RK?H\ 0? k B\RO
Characteristics of Form or Habit, That Will De- termine to What Order or Family Birds Belong. GREBES; Colymbid(F: — Form, duck-like; bill point- THINGS TO REMEMBER. ORDER 1. DIVING Bl RDS— Pygopodes. ed and never flattened; no tail ; legs at extreme end of body; each flattened toe with an individual web; wings small. Flies rapidly, but patters along the water before taking wing. Expert divers, using wings as well as feet, to propel them, under water.
LOONS. Family Gaviidop: — Larger than Grebes; bill, long, heavy and pointed; tall very short; feet webbed like a duck's, but legs 'thin and deep; form and habits, grebe-like.
AUKS, MURRES, PUFFINS. Family Alcidf^^: — Bills very variable; tail short; usually takes flight when alarmed, instead of diving as do grebes and loons. With the exception of puffins, which stand on their feet, all birds of this order sit upon tJseir whole leg and tail. They are awkward on land; some can hardly walk.
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ORDER 2.
LONG-WINGED pennes.
JAEGERS. Family
SWIMMERS.— Longl-
SKUAS, JAEGERS. Family Stercorariida:— Ma- rine birds of prey; bill strongly hooked, with long scaly shield, or cere, at the base; claws strong and ^^;,==^-.^ curved, hawk-like; flight hawk-like; plumage often -,,r^^P\ entirely sooty-black, and always so on the back.
GULLS, TERNS. Family Larido-:— Gulls have hooked bills, usually yellowish, yellow eyes and pale, webbed feet. Head, underparts ana square tail are white in adults, back, pearl-grey; exceptions are the four small black-headed gulls, which also have red- dish legs. Gulls fly with the bill straight in front, and often rest on the water. Terns have forked tails, black caps, and their slender, pointed bills and small ?L^Rt\. webbed feet are usually red. They fly with bill pointed down, and dive upon their prey.
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10
ORDER 3. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.— Tublnares.
FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, PETRELS. Family iProcellariidflp: — Nostrils opening in a tube on top of the hooked bill. Plumage of fulmars, gull-like;
shearwaters entirely sooty black, or white below; petrels blackish, with white rumps, — very small birds. All seabirds.
ORDER 4. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.— Stegan- opodes.
All four toes joined by webs.
TROPIC BIRDS. Family Phaethontidrr:— Bill and form tern-like; middle tail feathers very long.
GANNETS. Family Sulidae:— Bill heavy and pointed; face and small throat pouch, bare.
SNAKE-BIRDS. Family Anhingidae:— Bill slender and pointed; neck and tail very long, the latter rounded; habits like those of the following.
CORMORANTS. Family Phalacrocoracidcc:— Bill slender, but hooked at the tip; plumage glossy black and brown; eyes green. They use their wings, as well as feet, when pursuing fish under water.
PELICANS. Family Pelecanidse:— Bill very long and with a large pouch suspended below.
MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS. Family Fregatid«?: — very long and strongly hooked; tail long and forked; wholly maritime, as are all but the preceding three.
OROtR 4-.
11
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12
ORDER 5. DUCKS, GEESE AND SWANS. Anseres.
Mergansers, with slender, toothed bills, with which to catch the fish they pursue under water.
Other ducks have rather broad bills, more or less resembling those of the domestic duck. Their flight is rapid and direct. River ducks have no web, or flap, on the hind toe; they get their food without go- ing entirely under v/ater, by tipping up. Sea ducks have a broad flap on the hind toe.
ORDER 6. FLAMINGOES. Odontoglossae.
Family Phoenicopteridff': — Large, long-necked, pink birds with a crooked box-like bill, long legs and webbed feet. ORDER 7. HERONS, IBISES, ETC. Herodiones.
Long-legged, wading birds, with all four toes long, slender and without webs. Usually found about the muddy edges of ponds, lakes or creeks, and less often on the sea shore. Wings large and rounded.
SPOONBILL. Family PlataleidfF: — Bill long, thin and much broadened at the end; head bare.
IBISES. Family Ibididfr:— Bill long, slender and curved down. Ibises and Spoonbills fly with the neck fully extended.
STORKS. Family Ciconiidcp : — Bill long, heavy and curved near the end; head and upper neck Dare.
HERONS, BITTERNS, EGRETS. Family Ardei- dw: — Bill long, straight and pointed; head usually crested, and back often with plumes. Herons fly with a fold in the neck, and the back of the head resting against the shoulders.
ORDER 8. MARSH BIRDS. Paludicolae.
Birds of this order, vary greatly in size and ap- pearance ,but all agree in having the hind toe ele- vated, whereas that of the members of the last or- der, leaves the foot on a level with the front toes; neck extended in flight.
CRANES. Family Grudidcp: — Very large and heron-like, but with plumage close feathered; top of head bare; bill long, slender and obtusely pointed.
COURLANS. Family Aramidf^:— Size mid-way between the cranes and rails; bill long and slender.
RAILS, ETC. Family Rallidcp:— Bills are varia- ble, but toes and legs long; wings short; flight slow and wavering; marsh skulkers, hiding in rushes. Gallinules have a frontal shield on the forehead, Coots have lobate-webbed feet; short, whitish bills.
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13
^iKCA^iK.
14
ORDER 9. SHORE BIRDS. Limlcolse.
Comparatively small, long legged, slender-billed birds seen running along edges of ponds or beaches.
PHALAROPES. Phalaropodidcp.— Toes with lobed webs.
AVOCETS, STILTS. Recurvirostridre:— Avocet with slender recurved bill, and webbed feet; stilt with straight bill, very long legs, toes not webbed
SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Family Scolopa cid(c: — Bills very variable but slender, and all, ex cept the Woodcock, with long pointed wings; flight usually swift and erratic.
PLOVERS. Family Charadriidcpi— Bill short and stout* tliT'f-^p tops
TURNSTONES. Family Aphrizidcp:— Bill short, stout and slightly up-turned; ^ur toes.
OYSTER-CATCHERS. Family H«matopodid(E: — Bill long, heavy and compressed; legs and toes stout; three toes slightly webbed at base.
JACANAS. Family Jacanidcp: — Bill with leaf-like shield at the base; legs and toes extremely long and slender; sharp spur on wing.
ORDER 10. FOWLS Gallinae.
Ground birds of robust form; bill hen-like; wings short and rounded; feet large and strong.
PARTRIDGES, GROUSE. Family Tetraonido?: — Legs bare in the partridges, feathered in grouse.
TURKEYS, PHEASANTS. Family Phasianidae: — Legs often spurred, or head with wattles, etc.
GUANS. Family Cracida?: — Represented by the Chachalaca of Texas. ORDER 11. PIGEONS AND DOVES. Columbse.
Family Columbid^F: — Bill slender, hard at the tip, and with the nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane at the base. Plumage soft grays and browns.
ORDER 12. BIRDS OF PREY. Raptores. VULTURES. Cathartidcp:— Head bare; feet hen-like.
HAWKS, EAGLES. Falconidcp : — Bill and claws strongly hooked; nostrils in a cere at base of bill.
BARN OWLS. Aluconidae: — Black eyes in trian- gular facial disc; middle toe-nail serrated.
HORNED OWLS, ETC. Bubonldce:— Facial disc round; some species with ears, others without.
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BIRD GUIDE
PART I
Water Birds, Game Birds and Birds of Prey
Part 2 contains Land and Song Birds, the two books giving every bird east of the Rocky Mountains
DIVING BIRDS— Order Pygopodes GREBES— Family Colymbidae WESTERN GREBE
1. JEchmophorus occidentalis. 25 to 29 inches.
All grebes have lobate-webbed feet, that is each toe has its individual web, being joined to its fellow only for a short distance at the base.
This, the largest of our grebes, is frequently known as the "Swan Grebe" because of its extremely long, thin neck. In summer the back of the neck is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.
Notes. — Loud, quavering and cackling.
Nest. — A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to upright stalks. The 2 to 5 eggs are pale, bluish white, usually stained (2.40 x 1.55). They breed in colonies.
Range.— Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the Pacific, and north to southern Alaska. Winters in the Pacific coast states and Mexico.
17
18
HOLBCELL GREBE
2. Colymhus holhoelli. 19 inches.
This is next to the Western Grete in size, both being much larger than any of our others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked with a reddish brown neck, silvery white cheeks and throat, and black crown and crest, but in winter they take on the usual grebe dress of grayish above and glossy white below. Because of their silky appearance and firm texture, grebe breasts of all kinds have been extensively used in the past to adorn hats of women, who were either heedless or igno- rant of the wholesale slaughter that was carried on that they might obtain them.
Nest. — Of decayed rushes like that of the last. Not in as large colonies; more often single pairs will be found nesting with other varieties. Their eggs average smaller than those of the last species (2.35x1.25).
Range. — North America, breeding most abundantly in the interior of Canada, and to some extent in the Da- kotas. Winters in the U. S., chiefly on the coasts.
HORNED GREBE
3. Colymhus auritus. 14 inches.
As is usual with grebes, summer brings a remark- able change in the dress of these birds. The black, puffy head is adorned with a pair of buffy white ear tufts and the foreneck is a rich chestnut color. In winter, they are plain gray and white but the secondaries are always largely white, as they are in the two preceding and the following species. The grebe diet consists al- most wholly of small fish, which they are very expert at pursuing and catching under water. One that 1 kept in captivity in a large tank, for a few weeks, would never miss catching the shiners, upon which he was fed, at the first lightning-like dart of his slender neck. They also eat quantities of shell fish, and I doubt if they will refuse any kind of flesh, for they always have a keen appetite.
Nest. — A slovenly built pile of vegetation floating in the " sloughs " of western prairies. The 3 to 7 eggs are usually stained brownish yellow (1.70x 1.15).
Range. — Breeds from Northern Illinois and So. Dakota northward; winters from northern U. S. to the Gulf of Mexico.
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AMERICAN EARED GREBE
4. Colymbus nigricoUis californicus. 13 inches.
This is a western species rarely found east of the Mississippi. In summer, it differs from the last in hav- iiii,^ the entire neck black; in winter it can always be distinguished from the Horned Grebe by its slightly ipeurved bill, while the upper mandible of the last is
>iivex. In powers of swimming and diving, grebes are lint surpassed by any of our water birds. They dive a I the Hash of a gun and swim long distances before coming to the surface; on this account they are often called " devil divers." They fly swiftly when once a-wing, but their concave wings are so small that they have to patter over the water with their feet in order to rise.
Nest. — They nest in colonies, often in the same sloughs with Horned and Western Grebes, laying their eggs early in June. The 4 to 7 eggs are dull white, usually stained brownish, and cannot be separated from those of the last.
Range. — Western X. A., breeding from Texas to Mani- toba and British Columbia; winters in western U. S. and Mexico.
LEAST OR ST. DOMINGO GREBE
5. Colymhus dominicus hrachypterus. 10 inches.
This is much smaller than any others of our grebes; in breeding plumage it most nearly resembles the fol- lowing species, but the bill is black and sharply pointed. It has a black patch on the throat, and the crown and back of the head are glossy blue black; in winter, the throat and sides of the head are white.
Nest. — Not different from those of the other grebes. Only comparatively few of them breed in the U. S. but they are common in Mexico and Central America. Their eggs, when first laid, are a pale, chalky, greenish white, but they soon become discolored and stained so that they are a deep brownish, more so than any of the others; from 3 to 6 eggs is a full complement ( 1.40 x. 95).
Range. — Found in the United States, only in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Southern Texas, and south- wards to northern South America.
22
PIED-BILLED GREBE
6. Podilymhus podiceps. 13.5 inches.
In any plumage this species cannot be mistaken for others, because of its stout compressed bill and brown iris; all the others have red eyes. In summer the bill is whitish with a black band encircling it; the throat is black; the eye encircled by a whitish ring; the breast and sides are brownish-gray. In winter they are brown- ish-black above and dull white below, with the breast and sides washed with brown. Young birds have more or less distinct whitish stripes on the head.
Notes. — A loud, ringing " kow-kow-kow-kow ( repeated many times and ending in) kow-uh, kow-uh."
Nest. — Of decayed rushes floating in reed-grown ponds or edges of lakes. The pile is slightly hollowed and, in this, the 5 to 8 eggs are laid; the bottom of the nest is always wet and the eggs are often partly in the water; they are usually covered with a wet mass when the bird is away. Brownish-white (1.70x1.15).
Range. — Whole of N. A., breeding locally and usually in pairs or small colonies.
LOONS— Family Gavidae LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER
7. Gavia immer. 31 to 35 inches.
In form, loons resemble large grebes, but their feet are full webbed like those of a duck; they have short, stiff tails and long, heavy, pointed bills. They have no tufts or ruffs in breeding season, but their plumage changes greatly. The common loon is very beautifully and strikingly marked with black and white above, and white below; the head is black, with a crescent across the throat and a ring around the neck. In winter, they are plain gray above and white below.
Loons are fully as expert in diving and swimming as are the grebes. They are usually found in larger, moi open bodies of water.
Notes. — A loud, quavering, drawn-out " wah-hoo-o-o."
Nest. — Sometimes built of sticks, and sometimes sim- ply a hollow in the sand or bank under overhanging: bushes, usually on an island. The 2 eggs are brownish with a few black specks ( 3.50 x 2.25 ) .
Range. — N. A., breeding from northern U. S. nortli- vvards; winters from northern U. S. southwards.
23
BLACK-THROATED LOON
9. Gavia arctica. 28 inches.
This loon lives in the Arctic regions and only rarely is found, in winter, in Northern United States. In sum- mer, it can readily be distinguished from the common loon by the gray crown and hind-neck, as well as by different arrangement of the black and white markings. In winter, they are quite similar to the last species but can be recognized by their smaller size, and can be dis- tinguished from the winter plumaged Red-throated Loon by the absence of any white markings on the back. Like the grebes, loons have to run over the surface of tlie water in order to take flight, and they are prac- tically helpless when on land. Their flight is very rapid, in a straight line, and their neck is carried at full longth in front. This species has red eyes, as do all I lie other loons.
Nest. — The same as the last species, but the two eggs have more of an olive tint and are smaller (3.10x2.00).
Range. — Arctic America, wintering in Canada and oc- easionallv in Northern United States.
RED -THROATED LOON
11. Gavia stellata. 25 inches.
Besides being smaller than the common loon, this species has a more slender bill, which has a slightly up-turned appearance owing to the straight top to the upper mandible; in summer, its back and head are gray, with no white spots, although the back of the head has a few white streaks; there is a large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; the under parts are white. In winter, it is gray above and white below, but the back is spriii kled with small white spots; at this season it can easil\ be distinguished from Holboell Grebe by the absence of any white patch in the wings as well as by the differ ently shaped feet.
Nest. — A depression in the sand or ground, not more than a foot or two from the water's edge, so they can slide from their two eggs into their natural element. The eggs, which are laid in June, are olive-brown, specked with black (2.90x1.75).
Range. — Breeds from New Brunswick and Manitoba north to the Arctic Ocean; winters throughout the United States.
AUKS, MURRES and PUFFINS— Family Alcidae
PUFFIN; SEA PARROT
13. Fratercula arctica. 13 inches.
Puffins are grotesque birds, with short legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, that of the common Puffin being 2 in. in length and about the same in height; the bill is highly colored with red and yellow, and the feet are red; eyes, white. It will be noticed that the blackish band across the throat does not touch the chin, this distinguishing it from the Horned Puffin of the Pacific coast. Adults in winter shed the greater portion of their bill, lose the little horns that project over the eye, and the face is blackish; they then re- semble young birds. They live on rocky shores, the more precipitous the better. They stand erect upon their feet and walk with ease.
Notes. — A low croak.
Nest. — They breed in large colonies on rocky cliffs, laying their single white eggs (2.50x1.75) in crevices.
Range. — Breeds from Matinicus Rock, Me., northward; winters south casually to Cape Cod. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. naumanni ) is found in the Arctic Ocean.
BLACK GUILLEMOT; SEA PIGEON
27. Cepphus grylle. 13 inches.
These birds are very abundant about the rocky islands from Maine northward. They may be seen sitting in rows on the edges of the rocks, or pattering along the water as they rise in flight, from its surface, at a boat's approach. In summer the plumag3 is entirely black, except the large white patches on the wings ; legs red : eyes brown. This species has the bases of the greater coverts black, while they are white in Mandt Guillemot (C. mandtii — No. 28), which is found from Labrador northward. In winter, these birds are mottled gray and wliite above, and white below, but the patches still show.
Notes. — A shrill, piercing, squealing whistle.
Nest. — Guillemots lay two eggs upon the bare rock n gravel in crevices or under piles of boulders where th(\ are difficult to get at. They are grayish or greenish white, beautifully and heavily blotched with black an brownish (2.40x1.60).
Range. — Breeds on coasts of North Atlantic from Maine north\vard; winters south to Long Island.
MURRE 30. Uria troille. 16 inches.
In summer the throat is brownish black, but in win- ter the throat and sides of head are white; feet blackish bill, long and stout, 1.7 in. long, while that of Brunnich Murre (Uria lomvia — No. 31), is shorter (1.25 in.) and more swollen. The ranges and habits of the two species are the same. Murres are very gregarious, nesting in large colonies on northern cliffs. In summer every ledge available at their nesting resort is lined with these birds, sitting upright on their single eggs.
Notes. — A hoarse imitation of their name " murre."
Nest. — Their single eggs are laid upon the bare ledges of cliffs. They are pear-shaped to prevent their rolling off when the bird leaves; greenish, gray or white in color, handsomely blotched or lined with blackish (3.40 x2.00). Their eggs present a greater diversity of color- ation and marking than those of any other bird.
Range. — Breeds from the Magdalen Is. winters south to Loner Island.
northward i
RAZOR-BILLED AUK
32. Alca torda. 16.5 inches.
Similar in size and form to the murre, but with a short, deep, thin bhick bill, crossed by a white line. In summer, with a white line from the eye to top of bill, and with a brownish black throat; in winter, without the white line and with the throat and sides of head white. They nest and live in large colonies, usually in company with Murres. Their food, like that of tlic murres, puffins and guillemots is of fish and shell fish. or marine worms. They get these from the rockweed along the shores or by diving; they are good swimmers, using both their feet and wings to propel them through the water, the same as do the grebes and loons.
Notes. — A hoarse grunt or groan (Chapman).
Nest. — Their single eggs are laid on ledges of clifi- they are not nearly as pointed at the smaller end, y- murre eggs, and are alwavs gravisli white in colo;. marked with blackish blotches (3.1x2.00).
Range. — Breeds from the Magdalen Islands north- ward; winters south to Long Island.
29
GREAT AUK
33. Plautus impennis. 29 inches.
This largest of the auks lived, as far as we have authentic record, until 1844, when it became extinct, largely through the agency of man. Although nearly twice as long a bird as the Razor-billed Auk, their wings were shorter than those of that bird, being only a trifle longer than those of the little Dovekie; tliey were flight- less, but the wings were used to good advantage in swim- ming. Being in the direct line of travel between the old world and the new, sailors, on passing vessels, killed countless numbers of them for food, and in some cases merely for the love of slaughter. They lived on coasts and islands of the Atlantic from Mass., northwards. There are about seventy mounted birds preserved, of which five or six, as well as some skeletons, are in this country.
Their eggs resemble those of the Razor-bill but, of course, are much larger (5.00x3.00). About 70 of these are in existence, six being in this country (Wash- ington, Phila., and four recently purchased by John E. Thayer, of Lancaster, Mass. ) .
DOVEKIE; SEA DOVE
34. Alle alle. 8 inches.
These little auks, called are very abundant in the
" ice birds " by the fishermen, far north. In summer, they have a blackish brown throat and breast, but they are never seen in the United States or southern parts of the British possessions in that plumage. In wintoi . their throats and sides of the head are white, as wc as the rest of their upper parts. At all seasons the edges of the scapulars and tips of the secondaries arc white, as are usually spots on each eyelid. Lven in winter, they are only casually found on our coast, for they keep well out at sea. Occasionally they are blown inland by storms and found with their feet frozen fast in the ice of some of our ponds or lakes.
Nest. — They lay single pale greenish blue eggs, plac- ing them in crevices of sea cliffs; size 1.80x1.25.
Range. — Breeds on islands in the Arctic Ocean and on the coasts of Northern Greenland; winters south to Long Island and casually farther.
LONG- WINGED SWIMMERS— Order Longipennes
SKUAS AND JMGEHS— Family Stercorariidw
SKUA
35. Megalestris skua. 22 inches.
These large birds are the most powerful and audacious pirates among the sea fowl of northern waters. Their whole form is indicative of strength; form robust, feet strong, and bill large, powerful and hooked. Their plumage is of a nearly uniform blackish-brown, with white shafts to the wing feathers and a white patch at the base of the primaries.
Nest. — They do not nest in large colonies, only a sin- gle or a few pairs breeding in the same locality. Their nests are hollows in the ground, a short distance back from the rocky shores. The two eggs that they lay are olive brown, spotted with blackish (2.75x1.90).
Range. — North Atlantic coasts, chiefly on the Old World side, breeding from the Shetland Islands and possibly Greenland, northwards. They are only rarely found on our coasts even in winter, but have been taken as far south as New York.
POMARINE JAEGER
36. Stercorarius pomarinus. 21 inches.
Jaegers are more slender in form than the Skuas, but like them are piratical in their habits, preying chiefly upon terns. Off Chatham, Mass., I have often watched tliem in pursuit of the graceful terns, but, excellent fliers as the latter birds are, they were always over- taken and forced to drop the fish that they carried, and the jaeger would rarely miss catching it as it fell. This species has two color phases independent of sex or age. In the light plumage the top of the head is black; rest of the upper parts and the under tail coverts brownish black; underparts and bases of primaries, white. Dark phase, — Entirely blackish brown except the white shafts to wing feathers and bases of primaries. In any plu- mage they can be distinguished from the other species by the rounded, lengthened central tail feathers.
Nest. — A hollow in the ground in marshy places. Th( two eggs are olive brown spotted with black.
Range. — Northern hemisphere, breeding north of the Arctic Circle; winter from Mass. southward. 3
PARASITIC JAEGER
37. Stercorarius parasiticus. 17 in.
Two phases of color, both similar to those of the last, but the central pair of tail feathers are pointed and j)r()ject about 4 in. beyond the others; bill 1.4 in. long, \\ ith the nostril nearest the end. All jaegers have gray- ish blue legs with black feet, and brown eyes. They are called " Jiddy hawks " by fishermen, who often feed them fish liver. Their flight is like that of a hawk. The nesting habits and range are the same as the next.
LONG-TAILED JAEGER
38. Stercorarius longicaudus. 21 in.
Like the last species, but with the pointed central tail feathers projecting 8 or 10 in. and with a shorter bill (1.15 in.) and the nostril about midway of its length. It is less often found in the dark phase.
Notes. — Shrill wailing whistles.
Nest. — Nest and eggs like those of the Pomarine Jaeger.
Range. — Arctic regions, wintering south to Florida.
GULLS AND TERNS— Family Laridae IVORY GULL
39. Pagophila alha. 17 in.
Entirely pure white with the shafts of the primaries yellowish; bill dark at base and yellow at tip; eyes brown, surrounded by a narrow red ring; feet black. Young birds are spotted with brown on the head, tips of wing and tail. This beautiful " Snow Gull," as it is called by whalers, is abundant at its breeding ground in the Arctic regions, but is rarely seen as far south as the United States. It breeds the farthest north of any of the gulls except Ross Gull.
Nest. — Of grasses and seaweed, usually on ledges of cliffs, but occasionally on the ground farther inland. The three eggs, laid in June, are grayish-buff, marked with brown and black (2.30x1.70).
Range. — Breeds only north of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to New Brunswick and British Columbia; casually to Long Island and the Great Lakes.
36
KITTIWAKE
40. Rissa tridactyla. 16 in.
In summer, with plumage white, except the gray back and wings, and solid black tips to the primaries; in winter, the sides and back of the head are washed with the color of the back; young birds are like winter adults but have a dusky spot back of the eye; feet blackish, bill yellow in adults and black in young birds. Kitti- wakes are very abundant in their northern breeding ground, and are common off the New England coast in winter. They usually keep well out at sea, often hov- ering around fishing boats to pick up refuse that is thrown overboard. They can easily be identified by their small size, the distinct black tip to the wings and their black feet.
Notes. — " Keet-a-wake, keet-a-wake."
Nest. — A pile of small sticks, grass and weeds, placed on ledges of sea cliffs. The 3 or 4 eggs are olive gray, with black markings (2.20x1.70).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence north to the Arctic Circle; winters south to Long Island and casuallv farther.
GLAUCUS GULL
42. Larus hyperboreus. 28 in.
Plumage white with a pearl gray mantle; no black in the plumage, the primaries being white or grayish; bill and eye yellow, the former with a red spot at the end of the lower mandible; feet flesh color. In winter, the head is slightly streaked with brownish. Young birds are mottled grayish brown and white, of varying shades, but always lighter than the young of the Her- ring Gull. Some specimens are very beautiful, being entirely white, with a few spots of brownish on the back, resjembling the markings of a light-colored Snowy Owl. This species is one of the largest and most power- ful of the gull family, only surpassed by the Great Black-backed Gull.
Nest. — Usually a bulky structure cf grasses, seaweed and moss placed on the ground ; the two or three eggs are brownish gray with brown and black spots (3.x 2.20).
Range. — Breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay northward: winters south to New England, the Great Lakes and Calif.
ICELAND GULL 43. Larus leucopterus. 25 in.
Plumage exactly like that of the Glaueus Gull but the birds are smaller and are found farther north.
Range. — Breeds in Greenland and winters south to Northern New England and the Great Lakes.
KUMLIEN GULL
45. Larus kinnlieni. 27 in.
Plumage very similar to that of the Iceland and
Glaueus Gulls, but with the primaries conspicuously
_ gray, with white tips. As usual with the gull family,
"4 this species feeds largely, during the nesting season
upon eggs and young, of other sea birds. They seem to
I have a special liking for Cormorant eggs, and these un-
I gainly creatures have to sit on their nests very closely
I to prevent being robbed.
Range. — Breeds about the mouth of Hudson Bay; winters south to Long Island.
GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL
47. Larus marinus. 29 in.
Largest and most powerful of our gulls. Adults in summer have the head, tail and underparts white, back slaty black, eyes and bill yellow, with a red spot near the tip of the lower mandible; feet flesh color; primaries tipped with white. In winter, the head is streaked with dusky. Young birds are mottled with dusky brown above, and streaked with the same below. These birds are very rapacious, and besides feeding upon refuse, fish and shellfish, devour, during the summer season, a great many eggs and young of other sea birds; this habit is common to nearly all the larger gulls.
Notes. — A laughing " ha-ha " and a harsh " keouw."
Nest. — Either hollows on the ground or masses of weeds and drift, hollowed out to receive the three grayish brown eggs, spotted with blackish and lilac. (3.X2.15).
Range. — These gulls breed from Newfoundland nortli ward, being most abundant on the Labrador coast. In winter they are found as far south as the Carolinas. usually in company with Herrings Gulls.
39
HERRING GULL
51. Larus argentatus. 24 in.
Adults in summer, white, with gray mantle, and black primaries tipped with white. In winter, the head and neck are streaked below with grayish brown. Bills of adults, yellow with red spot on lower mandible; eye yellow; feet flesh color; bill of young, flesh color with a blackish tip. These are the most abundant of the larger gulls and the best known because of their south- erly distribution. Several of the smaller Maine islands have colonies of thousands of birds each, and in winter great numbers of them are seen in all the harbors along our seacoast. Young gulls are born covered with down, and can run swiftly and swim well.
Notes. — " Cack-cack-cack " and very noisy squawkings when disturbed at their breeding grounds.
Nest. — A hollow in the ground, or a heap of weeds and trash. The three eggs are olive-gray, spotted with black (2.8x1.7).
Range. — Breeds from Maine, the Great Lakes and Da- kotas northward; winters south to the Gulf of Mexico.
RING-BILLED GULL
54. Larus delawarensis. 18 in.
Adults in summer. — White with pearl gray mantle; ends of outer primaries black with white tips; eye yel- low; feet and bill greenish-yellow, the latter crossed by a black band near the tip. In winter, the head and neck are streaked with grayish. Young birds are mot- tled brownish-gray above, and the tail has a band of blackish near the end.
The adults can be distinguished from the Kittiwakes, which most closely resemble them, by the yellowish feot and white tips to the black primaries.
Nest. — In hollows in the ground, usually in gras-. The two or three eggs are gray or brownish gray, strongly marked with black (2.80x1.75). They breed in large colonies, often in company with other gulls and terns.
Range. — Whole or North America, breeding from New Foundland, Dakota and British Columbia northwards, most abundantly in the interior; winters from Northern United States southward.
Ik.
42
LAUGHING GULL 58. Larus atricilla. 16 in.
Largest of the black-headed gulls. Bill and feet car- mine-red; primaries wholly black or only with slight white tips; eye brown; in breeding season, with the underparts tinged with pinkish. In winter, without the black hood, the head being tinged with grayish, and the bill and feet dusky. Young birds are like winter adults with the back more or less mixed with brownish and the tail crossed by a black band. The most southerly distributed of our eastern gulls, its northern breeding place being on the southern shore of Mass.
Notes. — Strange cackling laughter; hence their name.
Nest. — Heaps of rubbish and weeds on the ground in wet marshes. The 3 to 5 eggs are gray or olive-gray with black spots (2.25x1.60).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to Mass., and in the interior to Ohio, but most abundantly on the South Atlantic coast. Winters from the Caro- linas to Northern South America.
FRANKLIN GULL 59. Larus franklini. 15 in.
Adult in summer. — Hood dark; mantle lighter than the last species; primaries gray with black ends broadly tipped with white; underparts rosy; bill and feet red, the former dark toward the tip, and more slender than that of the Laughing Gull. In winter, the plumage changes the same as that of the last but the color of the primaries and the shape of the bill will always indentify this species. These gulls are strictly birds of the intc rior, nesting on low marshy islands in ponds or sloughs, often in company with grebes, upon whose eggs they subsist to a great extent.
Notes. — Similar to those of the last species.
Nest. — A mass of weeds, etc., on the ground in marshes, often partly floating in the water. The eggs are similar to those of the Laughing Gull but the mark- ings are usually in the form of zigzag lines as well a> spots (2.25x1.60).
Range. — Interior of North America, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas north to Middle Canada; winters from the Gulf States southward.
4.3
BONAPARTE GULL
GO. Larus pJiiladelphia. 14 in.
Adult in summer. — Hood lighter gray and not as extensive as in the last two species; bill slender and black: feet coral red; primaries white with black tips and outer web of first one; mantle paler than either of the last. In winter, the head is white with gray spots l»ack of the eyes. Young birds have the back mixed M'ith brownish and the tail with a band of black near the tip, but the bill and primaries always separate this species in any plumage from the other black-headed gulls. Thes little gulls are one of the most beautiful and graceful of tlie family, but they are rarely found in the U. S. with the dark hood.
Nest. — Of weeds and grass on the ground, but not in tlie watery situations chosen by the preceding species. The three eggs are olive-brown, marked with blackish (l.OOx 1.30).
Range. — Breeds in the interior from Hudson Bay and Xorthern Manitoba northward. Winters from Maine, the Great Lakes and British Columbia southward.
ROSS GULL; WEDGE-TAILED GULL
61. Rhodostethia rosea. 13 in.
Bill short and slender: tail wedge-shaped. Adults in summer. — Witli no hood, but with narrow black collar; mantle light pearl: primaries wholly white with the exception of a blackish outer web to the first one; feet coral red, and underparts tinged with rosy in the nest- ing season. In winter, with no black collar nor pink underparts, and with blackish spot before the eye. Young mixed with blackish above, and with a black band across the tip of the tail ; feet black ; easily dis- tinguished, when in the hand, by the very small bill, and the wedge shaped tail. This gull has the most northern distribution of any known bird, except, pos- sibly, the Knot. Its breeding grounds were first re- ported by Xansen in 1806, in Franz Josef Land. It is one of the rarest birds in collections.
Range. — Polar regions, south in winter to Point Bar- row, Alaska, and Disco Bay, Greenland.
45
SABINE GULL 62. Xema sahini. 14 in.
Tail sliglitly forked: bill small and black, tipped with yellow. Adults in summer. — Head with a slaty-gray hood, edged with a black ring around the neck; outer primaries black, with white tips, and edge of shoulder black; feet blackish; eye ring orange red. In winter, without the hood or collar, but the head is tinged with gray on the ears and nape. Young birds most nearly resemble those of the Bonaparte Gull, but the primaries are blackish, and the tail slightly forked. This species is very abundant within the Arctic Circle, but is not as boreal as the last.
Nest. — In depressions in the ground, usually lined with grass; the three eggs are olive-brown, marked with deeper brown and black (1.75x1.25).
Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska and the islands about the mouth of Hudson Bay northwards; winters south on the Atlantic coast to Maine and rarelv New York.
GULL-BILLED TERN
63. Gelochelidon nilotica. 14 in.
Differs from all other terns in the shape of its black bill, which is stout, but with the upper mandible not hooked nor curved, as in the gulls. Tail forked about 1.5 in. Adults have the crown black in summer, while in winter the head is white, with the nape and spot in front of eye, black mixed with white. Young birds are similar to winter adults but have the back feathers margined with brownish, and the neck streaked with gray. This species is found only on our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and is not abundant anywhere.
Notes. — A high, thin, somewhat reeay " tee-tee-tee." sometimes suggesting a weak voiced katydid (Chap man ) ,
Nest. — A slight, unlined depression in the short marsh grass or on the beaches. Ihe three eggs are olive gray, spotted with black and brown (1.80x1.30).
Range. — Breeds in Texas and along the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts to Virginia; later, may wander north to New England; winters south of the U. S.
47
CASPIAN TERN
64, Sterna caspia. 21 in.
Largest of our terns. Bill heavy and bright red; head crested; tail forked about 1.5 in.; eyes brown. Adults in summer have the crown and occipital crest glossy black. Winter adults and young birds have the crown mixed with white, and the latter are also blotcned with blackish on wings and tail.
Nest. — The 2 or 3 buffy, spotted eggs are laid in hol- lows in the sand. Size 2.60x1.75.
Range. — Breeds locally along the South Atlantic coast and in the interior to Great Slave Lake.
ROYAL TERN
65. Sterna maxima. 19 in.
Similar to the last, but smaller; bill more slender; tail forked 3.5 in.
Nest. — A hollow^ in the sand. The 2 or 3 eggs are amy buff, wdth distinct blackish-brown spots (2.60x 1.70).
Range. — Breeds in the Gulf States and north to \ ir- ginia and Calif.; winters south of the U. S.
CABOT TERN
67. Sterna sandvicensis acufiavida. 16 in.
Head crested; bill and feet blackish, the former with a yellow tip. Adults have the crown glossy black. Young birds, and winter adults, have the crown mixed with white, and the former have blackish markings on the wings; tail forked 2.75 in. Like the majority of terns, these breed in immense colonies.
Nest. — Their two or three eggs are deposited in slight hollows in the sand. They are cream colored, boldly spotted with blackish brown (2.10x1.40).
Range. — Breeds on the Florida Keys, Bahamas and the West Indies; later may stray north as far as New England; winters south of the United States.
TRUDEAU TERN
69. Sterna trudeaui. 14 in.
This is a lare South American species, described 1)\ Audubon as having occurred in New Jersey and Ni ■^\ York. It has the form of the Forster Tern, a briglii yellow bill and no black crown, but a black line through the eye to the ears. 4
49
50
FORSTER TERN 69. Sterna forsteri. 15 in.
No crest on this or any of the following terns. Tail forked 4 in.; below pure white. In summer, with bill and feet orange red; crown black. In winter, the crown is white, but there is a blackish patch about the eyes, and the bill and feet are dark. These beautiful birds are often known as " Sea Swallows," because of their similarity in form and flight to those well known land birds. They are the embodiment of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert and ready to dart down upon any small fish or eel that may attract their fancy. They usually get their food by plunging.
Notes. — A sharp, tw anging " cack."
Nest. — A hollow in the ground, in which the 3 eggs are laid in June. Eggs whitish, greenish or brownish, vari- ously marked with brown, black and lavender. (1.80x 1.30).
Range. — Breeds in the interior, north to Manitoba, and on the coasts to Virginia and Calif. Winters from the Gulf States southward.
COMMON TERN
70. Sterna hirundo. 15 in.
Mantle darker than that of any of the similar terns; washed with grayish below; bill and feet bright red, the former shading to black on the tip; tail less deeply forked (3.1 in.) ; edge of outer primaries and outer tail feathers, blackish. Changes in winter correspond to those of the last. Young birds have the feathers on the back margined with brownish.
Note. — An energetic " tee-arr, tee-arr."
Nest. — The three eggs are laid in a slight hollow on the sandy beach.
Range. — Breeds locally from the Gulf States to Green- land and Hudson Bay; winters south of the U. S.
ARCTIC TERN
71. Sterna paradiswa. 15.5 in.
Similar to the Common Tern, but tail longer (forked 4.5 in.) and bill wholly red. In winter, bill and feet dark, as are those of the others.
Range. — Breeds from Mass. northwards; winters in the south.
51
ROSEATE TERN
72. Sterna dougalli. 15.5 in.
This species is the most gracefully formed of the terns. I'lie tail is 7.5 in. long, forked to a depth of 5.25 in. Ill summer, tlie bill is blackish, changing to red only at the base. The underparts are a beautiful rosy tint in tlie breeding season; tail entirely white; feet red. In winter the usual changes occur, and young birds have dusky edges to the feathers of the back and wings. Tcins are now becoming more abundant on our coast, their slaugliter and persecution for millinery purposes fortunately having been stopped in time to prevent their extinction.
They feed chiefly upon small fish and marine insects, and often gather about fishing boats, waiting for an opportunity to dive after any bit that may be thrown overboard.
Notes. — A harsh " cack " and " tee-arr," like that of the common Tern.
Nest. — Eggs like those of the similar terns.
Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic coast north to Mass.; winters south of the U. S.
LEAST TERN
74. Sterna antillarum. 9 in.
Smallest of our terns. Adult nape, and line through the eye.
in summer. — Crown, black ; forehead and line above the eye, white; bill and feet yellow, the for- mer black at the tip. In winter, the crown is white, the blackish being restricted to the nape and about the eyes. These pretty little sea swallows were abundant both on the coast and in the interior but are yearly becom- ing more scarce especially on the Atlantic coast. They are very aggressive when anyone approaches their nest- ing grounds and will continually dash down at you as they utter their sharp cries of disapproval.
Notes. — A sharp, metallic clattering " cheep, cheep."
Nest. — Two or three eggs are laid upon the bare sand. They are buify-gray, sharply specked with blackish (1.25 X.95).
Range. — Breeds north to Mass.. the Great Lakes and Calif.; winters south of the United States.
53
SOOTY TERN
75. Sterna fuscata. 17 in.
Adult in summer. — Above sooty-black, except the ite outer tail feathers. Crown, line through the eye, 1 and feet, black: forehead and underparts white; eye (1. Young birds are smoky slate color all over, with 1" tail feathers, and some on the back and breast, tipped itli whitish. This is the " egg bird " of tropical coun- ies, thousands of their eggs being taken for food. Note. — A nasal " ker-wacky-w ak " (Chapman). Nest. — A single egg deposited in a hollow in the sand ; is creamy-white, spotted with blackish-brown. Range. — Tropical countries; breeds north to the Flor- a Keys and islands in the Gulf of Mexico; sometimes anders north to New England.
BRIDLED TERN
76. Sterna umetheta. 15 in.
Similar to the last, but the back and wings much li;:hter, and the white of the forehead extends over the eyes; nape whitish.
Range. — Breeds north to the Bahamas.
• BLACK TERN
77. Hydrochelidon nigra Surinam ensis, 10 in.
Adults in summer with the head, neck and underparts, black; back, wings and tail, dark gray; eyes brown. In winter, the forehead, neck and underparts are white: nape and patch back of eye blackish.
In summer these little terns are found only in tlu- interior, where they nest about marshy ponds. Tlu'\ are very pugnacious and will sometimes touch an in truder with their wings as they dart past. As usual with the family, they nest in colonies.
Notes. — A sharp "peek." (Chapman).
Nest. — A pile of weeds and trash in sloughs on tlic prairies, or about the edges of marshy lakes, the nests often being surrounded by, and partly floating in the water. The three eggs are very dark colored, haviiiir an olive-brown or greenish background, blotched witli black. (1.35X.95).
Range. — Breeds in the interior from middle U. S. north to Alaska and Hudson Bay; winters south of the U. S., migrating along the Atlantic coast as well as in the interior.
NODDY
79. Anous stolidus. 15 in.
Adults with the crown silvery-white, the rest of the plumage being sooty-brown; the bill, feet and line to the eye are black. The plumage of these beautiful birds is very soft and pleasing to the eye. They look to be izentle and confiding, and a closer acquaintance shows iliat they are. They will frequently allow themselves to be touched with the hand before they leave their nests. They are abundant in some of the Bahaman and West Indian Islands, where they nest in company with other species.
Notes. — A hoarse reedy " cack " increasing to a gut- tural " k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r." (Chapman).
Nest. — Of sticks and grasses, placed at low elevations in the tops of trees and bushes, or upon the ground. Tlie single egg that they lay is buffy, spotted with black and brown. ( 2.00 x 1.30) . ^
Range. — Breeds north to the Bahamas and on Bird Key near Key West; rarely wanders on the Atlantic coast to South Carolina.
SKIMMERS— Family Rynchopidae BLACK SKIMMER
80. Rynchops nigra. 18 in.
These strange birds are not apt to be mistaken for any other. They are locally abundant on the Sontli Atlantic coast as far north as Virginia. Their flight is swift and more direct than that of terns; they lly in compact flocks, in long sweeps over the water, feed- ing by dropping their long, thin mandible beneath tin- surface and gathering in everything edible that comes in their path.
Notes. — Baying like a pack of hounds.
Nest. — Tlieir 3 or 4 eggs are deposited in hollows in the sandy beaches. They are creamy-white, beautifully marked with blackish-brown and gray. (1.75x1.30).
Range. — Breeds on the Gulf coast and on the Atlaiii coast to Xew Jersey; after nesting, they occasionally wander northward as far as Nova Scotia; winters from the Gulf States southwards.
V
58
TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS— Order Tubinares
SHEARWATERS— Family ProceUaridaB
FULMAR
86, Fulmarus glacialis. 19 in.
Bill short and stout, compared to that of the shear- waters, strongly hooked at the tip and with the nostrils opening out of a single tube, prominently located on the top of the bill. They have two color phases, the light one being gull-like, but the tail is gray like the mantle; eyes brown; bill and feet yellowish. In the dark phase they are uniformly gray above and below. These plum- ages appear to be independent of sex or age. They are extremely abundant at some of their breeding grounds in the far north. The birds are constant companions of the whalers, and feed largely upon blubber that is thrown overboard.
Nest. — Their single white eggs are laid upon bare ledges of sea cliffs. (2.90x2.00).
Range. — Breeds in the Xorth Atlantic and Arctic Oceans from Labrador and northern Scotland north- ward; winters south regularly.
CORY SHEARWATER
88. Puffinus J)orealis. 21 in.
This rare bird is found off the coast of New England and in Long Island Sound from July to September. Tt is slightly larger than the similar Greater Shearwater, the back and head are lighter in color, the entire under- parts are white, and the bill is yellowish. Its nesting habits and eggs are unknown, but they are supposed to breed in the Antarctic regions.
The majority of specimens that have been taken have been found off Chatham, Mass.
AUDUBON SHEARWATER
92. Puffinus Iherminieri. 12 in.
This small shearwater, except in point of size, is quite similar to the following, but the under parts are white, except the under tail coverts which are sooty; the back and head are somewhat lighter too. They nest in abun- dance on some of the Bahaman and West Indian Islands, and can usually be met with off the South Atlantic coast in summer.
Their eggs, which are pure white (2.00x1.35), are deposited at the end of burrows dug by the birds.
GREATER SHEARWATER
89. Puffinus gravis. 20 in.
Entire vipper parts, top and sides of head, bill and feet, grayish or brownish-black; middle of belly and under tail coverts dusky. This species is the*^ most abundant of the shearwaters found off our coast. They are constant attendants of the fishermen when they are at work, and at other times are usually to be seen flying low over the water, or resting in large bodies upon its surface. Their flight is peculiar and distinc- tive,— tlnee flaps of the wings then a short sail, re- peated over and over. Possibly this habit is acquired by tlieir swooping down into the trouglis of waves, then flapping to clear the next crest. Tbey are very greedy and continually quarreling among themselves in order to get the lion's share of the food. They are called " Haglets " by the fishermen.
Notes. — Harsh, discordant squawks when feeding.
Nest. — \Yhile the habits of these birds are well known their breeding places are yet a mystery.
Range. — Whole North Atlantic coast in summer.
SOOTY SHEARWATER
94. Puffinus griseus. 17 in.
Sooty grayish-black all over except the under wilier coverts, which are whitish; eye brown, bill and ivct black. A few of these may usually be seen with flocks of the Greater Shearw^aters, and sometimes a flock com- posed entirely of this variety will be encountered. Tluy are expert swimmers on the surface of the water, but I have never seen one dive. Their food is almost if not wholly composd of oily refuse gathered from the sur- face of the water. In order to take flight, they paddle along the w^ater a few steps; it is difficult for them to rise, except against the wind. If you sail upon them I'rom the windward, they go squawking and pattering over the water in all directions, and can frequently be caught in nets. They are very tame, and will some- times take food offered them, from the hand.
Notes. — Guttural squawks like those of the large species.
Range. — Xorth Atlantic coast in summer.
STORMY PETREL
104. Thalassidroma
lagica. 5.5 m.
Smallest of our petrels, and darker than either the Leach or Wilson; tail square; upper tail coverts white, tipped with black.
This species is rare on the coasts of this country, but is common on the shores of the old world. It is the original " Mother Gary's Chicken." They nest abun- dantly on the shores of Europe and the British Isles.
Their single white eggs, deposited at the end of bur- rows, are dull white with a faint wreath of brown dots.
WILSON PETREL
109. Oceanites oceanicus. 7 in.
Tail square at end; coverts white, not tipped with black ; legs long, with yellow webs. This species is very abundant on ovir Atlantic coast from July to Sept., spending the summer here after having nested in the Kerguelen Is. in February. Their upper parts are much more darker than those of Leach Petrel.
Their note is a weak twittering " keet-keet."
LEACH PETREL
106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa.
8 in.
Tail forked; tail coverts white, not tipped with black; legs much shorter than those of Wilson Petrel, which is the only other common species on our eastern coasts. Leach Petrel is a very abundant breeding bird on Maine islands and northward. Some of the soft peaty banks of islands are honeycombed with entrances to their bur- rows, which extend back, near the surface of the ground, for two or three feet, and terminate in an enlarged chamber. Here one of the birds is always found during the period of incubation, and sometimes both birds, but one is usually at sea feeding during the daytime, re- turning at night to relieve its mate. All petrels and their eggs have a peculiar, characteristic and oppressive odor.
Notes. — A weak clucking.
Nest. — Single egg at end of burrow; white with a very faint ring of brown dots around the large end.
Range. — Breeds northward from Maine; winters to Viroinia.
■||r^^^^
■-^^^
J
64
TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS— Order Steganopodes
TROPIC BIRD— Family Phsethontidae
YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD
112. Phcethon americanus. 30 to 34 in.
Form tern-like, but with the central tail feathers much lengthened (about 18 in.) ; legs short and not very strong; all four toes connected by webs.
These beautiful creatures fly with the ease and grace of a tern, but with more rapid beating of the wings. They are strong and capable of protracted flight, often being found hundreds of miles from land. They feed upon small fish which they capture by diving*^ upon from a height above the water, and upon snails, etc., that they get from the beaches and ledges. They are very buoyant, and sit high in the water with their tails ( Icvated to keep them from getting wet.
Nest. — A mass of weeds and seaweed placed upon rocky ledges. The single egg that they lay is creamy, so thickly sprinkled and dotted with purplish brown as to obscure the ground color. (2.10x1.45). . . Range. — Breeds north to the Bahamas and Bermudas.
GANNETS— Family Sulidae BLUE-FACED BOOBY
114. ^ula cyanops. 28 in.
Bill, face and naked throat pouch, slaty-blue; eye yellow; feet reddish. Plumage white except the pri maries, secondaries and other tail feathers, which ar<' black. Young birds are streaked above with gray and brownish, and are dull white below. Boobies are bir(l> of wide distribution in the Tropics, this species beiii<4 rarely seen in southern Florida, but quite abvmdant on some of the West Indian islands. Owing to the numer- ous air cells beneath their skin, they are very buoyant and can ride the waves with ease during severe storms. They secure their prey, which is chiefly fish, by plung- ing after it.
Nest. — Their one or two eggs are laid usually upon the bare ground on low islands, or sometimes in weed- lined hollows. The eggs are pure white, covered witli a thick chalky deposit (2.50x1.70).
Range. — Breeds north to the Bahamas and the Gulf
BOOBY
115. 8ula leucogastra. 30 in.
This species, commonly called the Brown Booby, is lnownish black with the exception of a white breast and underparts. Young birds are entirely brownish black; bill and feet greenish yellow; eye white. They are one of the most abundant breeding birds upon many of the Bahaman and West Indian Islands. They have uieat powers of flight and dart about with the speed of arrows, carrying their long bill and neck at full length before them. They are awkward walkers, and, iwing to their buoyancy, it is difficult for them to \\ im under water, but they are unerring in securing u'ir prey by plunging upon it from a height.
Nest. — They breed in colonies of thousands, laying M'ir two eggs upon the bare sand or rocks. The eggs !*' chalky white, more or less nest stained. (2.40x
i.GO).
Range. — Breeds in the Bahamas and West Indies; wanders north casually to the Carolinas.
GANNET 117. Sula bassana. 35 in.
Primaries black; rest of plumage white; back of head tinged with straw color: bill and feet bluish black. Young grayish or brownish black, mottled above and streaked below. This species is the largest and most northerly distributed of the gannet family. Thousands upon thousands of them breed upon high rocky islets off the British coast. The only known nesting places used by them in this country are Bird Rock and Bona- venture Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in these places they nest by thousands, their rough piles of sea- weed touching each other in long rows on the narrow ledges.
Notes. — A harsh " gor-r-r-rok." (Chapman),
Range. — North Atlantic, breeding, on the Americar side, only on islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Win ters along the whole United States coast, floatin;^ ir large flocks out at sea, and rarely coming on land.
U8
DARTERS— Family Anhingdae
ANHINGA; SNAKE BIRD
118. Anhinga anhinga. '65 in.
Adult male with a glossy greenish-black head, neck and iinderparts, tlie neck being covered behind, in breed- ing season, with numerous filamentous, whitish plumes. Female and young with neck and breast fawn color in fiont. Eyes red, face greenish and gular pouch orange. Middle tail feathers curiously crimped. These peculiar birds spend their lives within the recesses of swamps, tlie more dismal and impenetrable, the better. They perch on limbs overhanging the water and dive after fish, frogs, lizards, etc., tliat pass beneath, from which they get one of their names, American Darter. They >\vim with the body submerged, with only their serpent- like liead and neck visible; hence they are called Snake- birds.
Nest. — Of sticks and leaves in bushes or trees over water, large colonies of them nesting in the same swamp. Tlie 3 to 5 eggs are bluish, covered with a chalkv de- ]M)sit ( 2.2.5 X 1.35).
Range. — Breeds north to the Carolinas and 111. Win- ters in Gulf States.
CORMORANTS— Family Phalacrocoracidae CORMORANT
119. Phalacrocorax carlo. 36 in.
Largest of our cormorants; tail with 14 feathers. Adults with glossy black head, "neck and underparts: in breeding season with white plumes on the neck and a white patch on tlie flanks. Young with throat and belly white, rest of underparts mixed brown with black. Cormorants feed chiefly upon fish which they pursue and catch under water. They were formerly extensively, and are now to a less extent, used by the Chinese to catcli fish for them, a ring being placed around their neck to prevent their swallowing their prey.
Nest. — Made of seaweed and sticks on narrow ledges of rocky islets or sea cliffs, this species being entirely maritime. The four eggs are greenish-white, coverec with a chalky deposit. (2.50x1.40).
Range. — Breeds from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland north to Labrador and Greenland; winters south to the middle states.
G9
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
120. Phalacrocoraao auritus. 30 in.
Tail Math 12 feathers; distinguished from the last species in any plumage by the shape of the gular sac; • III the common Cormorant the feathers on the throat extend forward to a point, making the hind end of the ])()uch heart-shaped, while in the present species it is (• )nvex. In breeding plumage, this species has a tuft of 1 lack feathers on either side of the head. The throat I'ouch is orange yellow; eyes green. These cormorants ai e found to some extent along the Atlantic coast, in >".mmer, from Maine northward, but they are chiefly liirds of the interior, being particularly abundant in Manitoba.
Nest. — On ledges on the coast, and on the ground in the interior, or in trees. The nests are made of sticks and weeds, shallow, shabby platforms holding 3 or 4 t uus. The eggs are bluish-green and chalky.
Range. — Breeds from Maine, on the coast, Minnesota iii)rthward; locally in North Carolina. Winters in the (.ulf States. 120a., Fla. Cormorant, found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, is smaller.
MEXICAN CORMORANT
121. Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus. 25 in.
Adults with feathers bordering on the gular sac, white. In breeding plumage, the sides of head and neck have tufts of filmy white feathers, eyes green, as they are in all cormorants. All cormorants are expert swimmors and fishermen. They never plunge for their prey, but pursue and catch it under water, the same as do tlie grebes. When perching, they sit erect with their nock bent in the form of a letter S. They fly with their necks outstretched, and with rather slow wing beats. They are very gregarious and nest in large colonies, this species always being found in swamps or heavy shrubbery, surrounding bodies of water.
Nest. — Usually in trees overhanging the water, o: upon the ground, in either case being made of sticks and weeds. The 3 to 5 eggs are bluish-green, covort ' with a chalky deposit (2.25x1.35).
Range. — Breeds north to the extreme southern bound ary of the United States; wanders north casually t) 111. in summer.
71
PELICANS— Family Pelecanidae
WHITE PELICAN
125. Pelecanus- erythrorhynchus. 5 feet.
White with black primaries. Eye white; bill and feet yellow, the former in the breeding season being adorned with a thin upright knob about midway on the top of the upper mandible. The large pouch, with which pelicans are armed, is used as a dip net to secure their food, which consists of small fish. The White Pelican scoops up fish as he swims along the surface of the water; when he has his pouch partially filled, he tilts liis head, contracts the pouch, thereby squeezing the wa- ter out of the sides of his mouth, and swallows his fish.
Nest. — Of sticks and weeds on the ground on islands or shores of inland lakes. They breed in colonies, and lav their eggs in June. The two or three eggs are pure white (3.45x2.30).
Range. — Breeds in the interior from Utah and Minn, northward. Winters on the Gulf coast and in Florida; rare on the Atlantic coast.
BROWN PELICAN
126. Pelecanus occidentalis. 4.5 feet.
Pouch greenish; eye white; back of neck in breedinfj season, rich velvety brown; at other seasons the whole head is white. These pelicans nest abundantly on some of the islands on the Gulf coast of the U. S., on Pelican Island on the east coast of Florida, and sometimes on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina. Like the White Pelican, this species lives chiefly upon small fish, but they procure them in a difl'erent manner. They are continually circling about at a low elevation above the water and, upon sighting a school of fish, will plunge headfirst into it, securing as many as possible.
Nest. — Either on the ground or in low trees, in the latter case being more bulky than in the former; com- posed of sticks and weeds. The three to five eggs that they lay are pure white with the chalky covering com- mon to eggs of birds belonging to this order.
Range. — Breeds on the Gulf coast, and on the Soutli Atlantic, north to South Carolina; later may casually stray t.j New England; winters on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
73
' ^'%^^^^^^MM^.
MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS— Family Fregatidae MAN-O'-WAR BIRD; FRIGATE BIRD
128. Fregata aquila. 40 in.
Eye brown; bill long, comparatively slender, and flesh colored; gular sac orange; feet small and weak, with the four toes joined by webs. Frigate birds are strictly maritime; they nest in large colonies and usually travel in large companies. In expanse of wing compared to size of body they are unequalled by any other bird, and in power of flight they are only surpassed, possibly, by the albatrosses. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.
Nest. — A low, frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. They lay but a single white egg in March or April; size 2.80x1.90.
Breeds in the Bahamas, West Indies, Lower California and possibly on some of the Florida Keys.
ORDER ANSERES
AMERICAN MERGANSER
129. Mergus americanus. 25 in.
Bill, feet and eye red in male, the former with a black stripe along the top; plumage black and white, with a greenish-black head; no crest. Female gray and white, with brown head, crested; chin white; eye yellow. These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent. They are exceptionally good swimmers for members of this family, and can chase and catch their fish, using their wings to aid their legs in pro- pelling them throvigh the water.
Nest. — In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or less often on the ground. The nest is made of leaves and grasses and lined with downy feathers from the breast of the female. The 6 to 9 eggs are creamy-buff (2.7x 1.75) ; June.
Range. — Whole of North America. Breeds from New Brunswick, North Dakota and California, northward. Winters from the northern boundary of the U. S. soutli to the Gulf of Mexico.
75
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER
130. Mergus serrator. 22 in.
Eye, bill and feet red. like those of the last species, but the head is crested on the male, as well as the fe- male, and a band across his breast is mixed rusty and black streaks. The female has not as brightly colored a head as the female of the American ]\Ierganser. and the throat is not pure white. They can be distinguished in any plumage, from the fact that the nostril is nearer the eye than it is the tip of the bill, while that of the last species is located midway between the eye and the tip of the bill. This is the species that is most often found in salt water. It is also found inland but not as commonly as the last.
Notes. — A low croak.
Nest. — On the ground, concealed in tufts of long grass or overhanging rocks. Their 5 to 10 eggs are olive buff in color (2.50x1.70); June, July.
Range. — Breeds from Maine and 111., northward: win- ters throughout the United States.
HOODED MERGANSER
131. Lophodytes cucuUattis. 17 in.
Bill short compared to those of other mergansers, and black. It is not apt to be mistaken for any other duck, because of its small size and the large crest with which both sexes are adorned, that of the male being black with a large, white patch, and that of the female plain brown.
The male has the power of raising or lowering his crest; when excited he will at times repeatedly open and shut it like a fan. When at a distance on the water, the male might possibly be mistaken for the Buffle-head, as that species also has white on the head, but its back also is largely white. Both male and female have yellow eyes.
Notes. — Low, muttered croakings.
Nest. — In holes of trees on the banks of, or near, streams or lakes. The bottom of the cavity is lined with grasses and down, and on this they lay 8 to 12 grayish white eggs (2.15x1.70); May, June.
Range. — Breeds locally throughout the U. S., but most
77
MALLARD 132. Anas platyrhynchos. 23 in.
Male. — Head, green: specnlum purplish-bine; bill olive-green; legs orange; eyes brown. The female most closely resembles the Black Duck but is lighter colored, more brownish, and the speculum, or wing patch, is always bordered with white. This species is one of the handsomest and most valuable of ducks. It is the cogener of the domestic ducks, and is largely used as a table bird.
Their food consists chiefly of mollusks and tender grasses. These they usually get in shallow water by " tipping up," that is. reaching the bottom without go- ing entirely under water. They also visit meadows and the edges of grain and rice fields for food.
Notes. — A nasal " quack," often rapidly repeated when they are feeding.
Nest. — Of grass, lined with downy feathers, concealed in tufts of grass near the water's edge. The 6 to 10 eggs are buffy or olive-greenish (^.25x1.65).
Range. — Breeds from the northern tier of states north- ward: Avinters in southern half of the U. S.
BLACK DUCK
133. Anas riihripes. 22 in.
General plumage mottled blackish, the feathers hav ing lighter edges; throat, buffy, streaked with blackish crown and line through eye, nearly solid blackish; specu lum bluish-purple, with no white; bill greenish-black legs brownish. Black Ducks breed locally in pairs throughout northern United States and southern Can ada. This is the species most often seen in New Eng land. When in flight, it can usually be recognized 1)^ the dark colored underparts and the white lining to tlu wings. Its habits are just like those of the Mallaid with which it is closely related.
Notes. — A " quack," like that of the Mallard.
Nest, — Placed on the ground, not far distant from tl water's edge; made of grass and feathers; the 6 to 1 eggs are buff-colored (2.30x 1,70) ; May, June,
Range, — Breeds locally from N, ward; winters south to the Gulf.
Y. and Iowa north
79
1^"^
FLORIDA DUCK
134. Anas fulvigula. 21 in.
Much lighter than the Black Duck, all the feathers being broadly margined with buffy, throat nearly clear buffy without markings. The habits of this species, which is restricted to Florida and the Gulf coast to Louisiana, are the same as those of the northern Black Duck.
Notes. — Precisely like those of the Mallard,
Nest. — Of grass and down, on the ground, the eggs being like those of the Black Duck but averaging a trifle smaller (2.15x1.50); April.
Range. — Florida and the Gulf coast to La. : resident. 134a.. ]\Iottled Duck (A. f. maculosa), is very similar to the Florida species, but is mottled with black on the belly, instead of streaked. It is found on the cor.st of Texas and north to Kansas.
80
GADWALL
135. Chaulelasnius streperiis. 20 in.
Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum ; lining of wings white; eyes brown. The female is simi- lar, but the back and wings are brownish-gray and the speculum gray and white. A rather rare migrant in New England, common in the Middle States and abun- dant west of the Mississippi. They are usually found in meadows and grain fields bordering marshes or lakes. As is usual with ducks, these do most of their feedinu early in the morning or after dusk, and spend tin' greater part of the day in sleeping. They are of tlic most active and noisy of ducks, which accounts for theii- Latin name " streperus," meaning noisy.
Notes. — A rapid, shrill quacking.
Nest. — Feather-lined hollows in the ground, concealed by patches of weeds or tall grass. Eggs 7 to 10, creamy buff color (2.10x1.60); May, June.
Range. — Northern Hemisphere; breeds in northern United States, except the eastern portion, and in Can- ada; winters along the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
WIDGEON
Mareca penelope. 19 in.
Crown buffy ; head reddish brown ; wing coverts white ; speculum green. Female with blackish speculum, and a pale, rusty head, neck, breast and sides, streaked or barred with blackish. The Widgeon is an Old World (luck that rarely, and accidentally, strays to our At- lantic or Pacific coasts. It breeds in America only in the Aleutian Islands. Its habits are the same as the next species, our American Widgeon.
In the Old World it is regarded as one of the best of table ducks. Its food consists of marine and fresh- ^ water insects, small shell-fish, seaweed and grass. Its t^ nidification is just like that of the Baldpate.
82
BALDPATE; AMERICAN WIDGEON
137. Mareca americana. 19 in.
^Ying coverts and top of head white; rest of liead and neck finely specked with black; speculum and broad stripe back of eye, green; female, similar but with the Avliole head specked, and with no green on the ears. They can usualh' be identified at a distance by the ab- sence of any dark areas, and when flying by the white- ness of the underparts. Baldpates are common and well known birds throughout Xorth America, where they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. Their food consists of mollusks, insects, grain, and tender shoots of grass; their flesh is, consequently, very palatable and they are much souglit as table birds.
Notes. — A shrill, clear whistle.
Nest. — Of grass, lined with feathers from the breast of the female; situated on the ground in tall grass near the water's edge. 8 to 10 buff eggs (2.15x1.50) : June.
»3
GREEN-WINGED TEAL
139. Xettion carolinense. 14 in.
Head reddish-brown; speculum and large patch back of eye, green; a white crescent in front of wing. Female with the head and neck whitish, finely streaked with dusky; wings as in male. Tliese ducks are abundant in most parts of the United States, but are rather uncom- mon in New England. They are usually seen in flocks of ten or a dozen, and often a single bird, or two or three, may be found with a flock of Mallards. They frequent ponds, marshes and rush-grown shores of creeks, rivers or lakes, feeding upon shellfish, insects, aquatic plants and seeds.
Notes. — Shrill, piping whistles, rapidly repeated.
Nest. — On the ground under the shelter of tall grass; it is made of weeds and grass, and lined with feathers. They lay from 5 to 9 eggs, buffy (1.85x1.25); May, June.
Range. — Breeds from the northern tier of states north- ward; winters from Va., 111. and British Columbia, southward.
BLUE-WINGED TEAL 140. Querquedula discors. 15.5 in.
Male. — Head gray, with a white crescent in front of the eye; underparts buflfy, heavily spotted with bhick : wing coverts blue; speculum green. Femala similar to the female Green-winged Teal, but with blue wing cov- erts. Teal can easily be distinguished from other ducks by their small size; the present species can usually be separated from the last, by the darker underparts, the longer neck and smaller head. Their flight is very rapid ; it probably appears to be more rapid than that of other ducks because of the much smaller size of the Teal. They usually fly in compact lines and when ready to alight, do so very precipitously.
Notes. — A weak, but rapidly uttered quacking.
Nest. — Made of weeds, placed in tall grass bordering marshes or ponds. 6 to 10 buffy eggs are laid during May or June. (1.90x1.30).
Range. — Breeds from Maine, Ohio and Kansas north- ward: winters in the lower half of eastern United States.
85
CINNAMON TEAL
141. Querquedula cyanoptera. 16 in.
]\Iale with the whole head, neck and underparts bri^rlit cinnamon; wings as in tlie Blue-winged species. Female similar to the female Blue-wing, but more rusty beh^w, and the throat is tinted or quite dark, wliile that of the last species is usually light. These beautiful birds are very abundant west of the Rocky ]Mountains, but are of only casual or accidental occurrence east of the Mississippi Valley and sometimes Southern Florida. Their favorite nesting places are in fields of tall grass or clover, in close proximity to marshes or ponds.
Nest. — Compactly woven of grasses and lined with down; they lay from eight to as many as thirteen buffy white eggs, size 1.85x1.35; May, June.
Range. — Breeds in Western United States and British Columbia. Occurs rarely in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Texas and Florida.
SHOVELLER
142. Spatula clypeata. 20 in.
Bill long, and much broader at the tip than at the | base; head and speculum green; belly reddish-brown; breast and back, white; wing coverts, pale blue; eye yellow; feet orange. Female with head, neck and under- parts, brownish-yellow, specked or streaked with dusky; wings as in the male, but not as brightly colored. Easily recognized in any plumage by the large, broad bill. If it were not for this large and ungainly shaped bill, this species might be classed as one of our most beautiful ducks, when in full plumage, which is only during the breeding season; at other seasons the head of the male is largely mixed with blackish.
Nest. — Of fine grasses and weeds, lined with feathers; they lay 6 to 10 grayiah eggs (2.10x1.50) ; May.
Range. — Whole of the northern hemisphere. Breeds in America, from Minnesota and Dakota northwards, and locally farther south; winters on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts; rare during migrations on the North Atlantic coas^t.
87
^0^'
^mmii^S^^
PINTAIL 143. Dafila acuta. 22 in.
Tail pointed, and, in the male, with the two central feathers considerably lengthened; neck unusually long and slender for a duck ; form more slender than that of other ducks. Male with brownish head and stripe down back of neck; back and sides barred with black and white; speculum green, bordered with white or buff. Female mottled brownish, buffy and black, but to be known by the sharply pointed tail feathers and long neck; speculum brownish. These ducks are strong swim- mers and good fliers, but poor divers; they get their food the same as does the Mallard by " tipping up," their long neck enabling them to feed in comparatively deep water. They are quite timid and lurk in the tall grass of the marshes during the daytime, feeding chiefly after dark.
Notes. — Quacks like those of the Mallard.
Nest. — On the ground, and like that of other ducks, well lined with feathers; 6 to 12 eggs (2.20x1.50).
Range. — Breeds from 111. and Iowa northward; win- ters in southern half of the U. S.
WOOD DUCK
144. Aix sponsa. 19 in.
Head crested in both sexes, tlie feathers being espe- cially lengthened on the nape. No other American duck that can possibly be mistaken for them. The male Wood Duck is the most beautiful of the family, in this or any other country, its only rival being the gaily col- ored Mandarin, of China. In summer, they may be found about the edges of clear ponds or lakes, especially those located in woods remote from human habitations. They are very local in their distribution and only on* or two pairs "will be found in a locality. In most part> of their range they are rapidly diminishing in numbers.
Notes. — A soft whistled " peet, peet " and a squawky, danger-note like " hoo-eek, hoo-eek."
Nest. — In the hollow of a tree usually near the watei"-' edge. The bottom is lined with soft downy featheis. and 8 to 15 huffy eggs are laid (2.00x 1.50).
Range. — Whole of the United States and southern Canada, breeding locally throughout the range. Win- ters in southern half of the U. S. .
90
REDHEAD
146. Marila americana. 19 in.
Note the shape of the bill of this species^ as compared to that of the similarly colored Canvas-back. The male liedhead has a bluish bill with a black tip, and his back is much darker than that of the Canvas-back; eye yel- low. The female has the throat white and the back plain grayish-brown, without bars. Redheads dive and swim with great agility; they feed largely upon water plants and mollusks which they get from the bottom of ponds, or along the seashore. They breed very abun- dantly in the s^loughs of the prairies in the Northwest.
Notes. — A hollow, rapid croaking.
Nest. — Of grasses, lined with feathers, in marshes. Their 6 to 12 eggs are buflfy white (2.40x1.70) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds chiefly in the interior, from Minnesota and Dakota northward, and to a lesser degree north from Maine. Winters in southern part of tlie U. S.
CANVAS-BACK
147. Marila vallisneria. 21 in.
Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish forehead, very light back and red eyes. Tl)e female has the back grayish-brown, finely barre with black. Like the last species, Canvas-backs ai excellent swimmers and divers, and can secure the food from a considerable depth. In winter they ar found in great abundance on the Atlantic coast froi Maryland southward, and are one of the most persisi ently hunted birds, for their flesh is much esteemed and they have a high market value. They are seen large flocks, and are difficult to approach, but are said to decoy as easily as any other.
Notes. — Harsh croaks, little different from those of tlie Redhead.
Nest. — On the ground in marshes or sloughs, tin hollow being lined with grasses and feathers from tlic breast of the female; 6 to 10 eggs (2.40x1.70).
Range. — Breeds in the interior from Minnesota and Dakota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia southward. Rare in New England.
AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK
148. Marila marila. 18 in.
Head black, glossed with greenish; speculum white; bill dull bluish; eye yellow. Female resembles that of the Redhead, but has a white speculum. These ducks are perhaps better known as Blue-bills, than as Scaup Ducks. They are one of the most abundant migrants on the Atlantic coast, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the flash of a gun.
Notes. — A peculiar grunting quack.
Nest. — Of grass and feathers on the ground in marshes.
Range. — Breeds from Minnesota and Dakota north- ward. Winters south of New England.
LESSER SCAUP DUCK
149. Marila affinis. 17 in.
Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed purple instead of green.
Range. — Breeding range same as that of the last; winters in the scuthern half of the U. S.
RING-NECKED DUCK
150. Marila collaris. 17 in.
Male with a narrow chestnut neck ring; head glossed witli purple; back black; chin white; bill blackish, Mitli a bluish band near the end; eye yellow. Female witli white cheeks, eye ring and region about the base of the bill; otherwise similar to the female of the Redhead, but smaller.
These ducks are usually met in flocks of from one to three dozen, the same as the preceding two black headed ducks. Their flight is very rapid, and they arc equally agile when in the water. They are seen on the Atlantic coast only in winter, and remain just as far north as the water remains open.
Notes. — A low grunting "quanck."
Nest. — Of grasses and feathers in marshes and on bogs. The 6 to 10 eggs are grayish-white (2.25x1.60) ; June.
Range. — Breeds in the interior of Minnesota north- wards; winters throughout the United States.
93
U4
BUFFLE-HEAD
153. Charitonetta alheola. 14 in.
Head iridescent with green, purple and blue, and with rt large white patch extending from eye to eye, across tlie back of the puffy crest. Female with a wliite patch on either side of her brownish head; speculum white. . They are known bv a great variety of names such as * ■• Butter Ball," " Spirit Duck," " Dipper," etc., the ma- jority of which refer to the celerity with which they can disappear under the water. They are always on liie alert and will dive at the flash of a gun. They are able to continue incessant diving for a long period and can remain under water for a long time. Their flight is very rapid, and when alighting in the water they make considerable splash, but can take wing from it easier than the majority of ducks.
Notes. — A single guttural croak.
Nest. — In hollow trees; eggs greenish gray (2.00 x 1.40) ; June.
Range. — Breeds from the northern boundary of the U. S. northward; winters throughout the U. S.
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE 151. Clangula clangula americana. 20 in.
Head puffy, or slightly crested. Male with greenish li(>ad and a round white spot between bill and eye. Female with a brownish head and white speculum.
Notes. — A hoarse croak, rarely uttered.
Nest. — In cavities of hollow trees near ponds or on the banks of streams. 0 to 10 grayish green eggs (?,.30x 1.70) : June.
Range. — Breeds from the northern ^rts of the north- ern tier of states, northward; winters throughout the U. S.
BARROW GOLDEN-EYE 152. Clangula islandica. 20 in.
Head bluish with a white crescent at base of bill ; eye bright yellow in both this and the last species; female practically indistinguishable from the preceding, although the bill of the present species is shorter and comparatively higher at the base.
Range. — Breeds from Northern U. S. north to Labra- dor and Alaska, and in the Rockies, south to Colorado; winters in the northern half of the L'. S.
96
OLD SQUAW; LONG-TAILED DUCK
154. Harelda hyemalis. ^ 21; $ 16 in.
This species is one of the very few ducks that change their plumages in summer and winter. The female h marked similarly to the male but is very much dullei colored, and lacks the long tail feathers with whicl the male is adorned. They are sea ducks and, whih they are usually found to some extent on some of the larger lakes or ponds, during migrations, they are verj abundant on the Atlantic coast. They are excelleni swimmers and dive to great depths in search of food, It is said (Nelson) that in their summer home, durinc the mating season, they frequently dive under the watei from the air, a habit that none of the other ducks, ex cept rarely the Pintail, indulge in.
Notes. — A confused, but rather musical gabbling.
Nest.— On the ground near water; thickly lined with downy feathers; eggs laid in June.
Range. — Breeds from Labrador and Alaska north- ward; winters south to Long Island Sound and the upper Mississippi Valley.
HARLEQUIN DUCK
155. Histrionicus histrionicus.
17 in.
Male very oddly and liandsomely marked, as shown: female blackish-brown, lighter below and with a whitish spot before and one behind each eye. During the win- ter, they are seen in flocks off the coast, from Maine and sometimes from Long Island Sound northward. In summer, they are usually found only in pairs along rivers or creeks, and in the Rocky Mountains they fre- quent the tvirbulent streams that are the homes of the Water Ouzel. When swimming. Harlequins sit high in the water, but they are able to get under the surface with the greatest of speed.
Notes. — A rapidly uttered, clattering whistle.
Nest. — On the ground, in crevices under rocks, tho hollow being well lined with down; also said to nest in hollow trees; their 5 to 8 eggs are greenish-buff and measure 2.30x1.60; June.
Range. — Breeds from New Brunswick north and north west to Alaska and the Arctic Ocean, and south in the Rockies to Colorado; winters south to the Middle States and Calif.
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LABRADOR Dl/CK
156. Camptorhynchus lahradorius. 20 in.
Male with the head, breast and wings, white; narrow stripe over the top of the head and down the back of tlie neck, ring around the neck, back, primaries and entire underparts, black. Female mottled brownish-gray and blackish, with white speculum.
Labrador Ducks were never very abundant within the memory of any living person, but they were occasion- ally shot and were found sometimes in the New York markets. At that time little heed was paid to them and they became extinct before anyone realized the fact. Their record has been traced down to 1875, since which time none have been taken. As far as known there are but 38 or 40of them preserved. They were formerly found f ro^^^^ l&laS^v Sound north to Lab- rador.
NORTHERN EIDER
159. i^omaieria mollissima horcalis. 23 in.
Base of bill extends on either side of forehead in a point, a mark that will distinguish it from the next and very similar species, in any plumage. The female p]ider presents a most remarkable difference in plumage from that of the male, and, unlike the females of most species, is a very handsome bird.
Nest. — Of grasses lined with down; concealed in tall grass or under bushes; the 6 to 10 eggs are greenish- drab (3.00x2.00); May, June.
Range. — Breeds on Labrador and Greenland coasts.
160.
AMERICAN EIDER Somateria dresseri. 23 in.
This is the Eider that is usually seen on the Atlantic coast and is the only one that breeds south of Labra- dor. The base of the bill, that encroaches on either side of the forehead is rounded, and broader than that of the last. They nest from Maine (rarely) northward, and winter south to Long Island.
99
KING EIDER
162. Somateria spectabilis. 23 in.
The feathers of the sides of the bill of this specie?, do not reach to the nostril, while in the two preceding' ones, they do. This is the chief point of difference ir distinguishing the females, which very closely resembl each other. Adult males, as can be seen, are very dif ferent from the other Eiders. As is usual with the Eiders, the male of this species moults to a plumage resembling that of the female, during the late summer, when he has shed his wing feathers and is, for a period flightless. This is a part of Nature's plan to give her feathered children protection when they most need it. W Idle the females are sitting upon the eggs, they are deserted by the males, which congregate in large llocks, and drift aimlessly about until joined by the females in Fall.
Nest. — A depression in the ground, lined with feath- ers. Eggs like those of the last species.
Range. — Breeds from northern Labrador and the Aleu- tian Islands, Alaska, northward; winters south to Maine and casually to Long Island Sound.
AMERICAN SCOTER
163. Oidemia americana. 19 in.
Adult male, entirely black; bill black with enlarged base yellow; eye brown. Female plain brownish-black, lighter below. All the Scoters are better known ti) sportsmen as " coots," this species being the Butter- billed Coot, while the female is the Gray Coot.
Notes. — A long musical whistle. (Elliott).
Nest. — On the ground usually well concealed. Their 6 to 10 eggs are a creamy buff color (2,50x1.70).
Range. — Breeds from Labrador northward. Winters south to the Middle States and Lake States.
WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
105. Oidemia deglandi. 22 in.
This species is the most abundant of the Scoters win- tering off the New England coast, where they congregate in immense " rafts," floating off shore.
Nest. — Concealed in long grass, lined with feathers : 5 to 8 buffy eggs (2.75x1.85) ; June.
Range. — Breeds from North Dakota and Newfound- land northward; winters in the northern half of U. S.
iui
102
SURF SCOTER 106. Oidemia perspicillata. 20 in.
Male black with a white patch on top of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and yellow, with a large black sjDot near the base. Female a uniform grayish brown, lighter below, with a whitish patch in front of each eye; young birds are like the female but also have a white patch back of the eye. That they are very abundant is apparent from the size Df a single flock seen by Nelson about 10 miles out to sea from St. Michaels, Alaska: it formed a continuous band for about 10 miles in length and from a half to three-quarters of a mile in width. All the '' Coots " have heavy bodies, making it rather difficult for them to rise from the water, along which they run for a few yards before springing into the air.
Nest. — A feather lined hollow on the ground, like that of other ducks; eggs creamy buff (2.40x1.70).
Range. — Breeds from Newfoundland, Manitoba, and British Columbia northward; winters south to Virginia, Ohio and California.
RUDDY DUCK
167. Erismatura jamaicensis. 15 in.
Bill short, broad, with an upturned appeaiance; tail feathers very narrow, stiff and pointed. Male in sum- mer, with bhick crown, whitish cheeks, throat and belly, and reddish-brown back, breast and sides. In winter, the cheeks are duller colored and the back mixed witli grayish. Female with crown, back and sides grayish ; cheeks showing traces of white as on the male. These ducks are very sprightly, either in the water, on land, or awing. Their flight is very rapid, their stiff, short wings producing a buzzing sound that gives them the local name of Bumble Bee Coot. They have a great variety of names referring to some character of thei form, such as Broad-bill Dipper, Bull-neck, Bristle tail, etc.
Nest. — Of grasses or rushes, lined with down, placed in tall grass near the water or in clumps of rushes growing out of the water; 6 to 12 grayish eggs (2.40x 1.75). very large for the size of the bird; June.
Range. — Breeds in the interior of northern U. S. and in Canada; winters in southern United States.
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104
LESSER SNOW GOOSE
169. Chen hypehoreiis. 25 in.
Plumage entirely white; ends of primaries black: top and back of head sometimes tinged with rusty: bill and feet red.; eye brown. This variety is like the next, which is the bird commonly seen in the East, although the Lesser Goose is found east to the Mississippi Valley.
GREATER SNOW GOOSE
169a. C. h. nivalis. 33 in. .
Snow Geese travel in large flocks, the same as do the Canada Geese, led by an old male that has traveled the airy road many times before. At times, flocks are seen on the prairies, so large that they give the ground the appearance of being covered with snow. Tliey are very wary and will all take flight at the first alarm.
Notes. — Usually silent, but they sometimes " honk."
Nest. — Of grasses, sometimes, but not always, lined with down; 5 to 8 buffy white eggs (3.40x2.40) ; June.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters on the South Atlantic coast.
BLUE GOOSE
109,1. Chen ccerulescens. 28 in.
Head and neck white, often tinged with rusty on the face; underpaits brownish-gray. Young birds are simi- lar but the head is brownish; bill and feet reddisli ; eye brown. This handsome goose is found only in the interior, but a few accidental birds have been taken on the Atlantic and two on the Pacific coasts. While it is not an abundant species, flocks of twenty or thirty are often seen in the Mississippi Valley. They are some- times seen with Snow Geese, but for the most part keep by themselves. On their march to their breeding grounds they branch off from the routes chosen by the Snow Geese, and turn to the eastward, breeding east of Hudson Bay, while the white geese are found chiefly to the westward.
Nest. — A glass-lined depression on the ground; eggs deep buff color (2.50x1.75) ; June.
Range. — Breeds in the Hudson Bay region and in Labrador ; winters on the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico, migrating through the Mississippi Valley.
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106
AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
171a. Anser alhifrons gamheli. 28 in.
Forehead, white; head and neck gray; under parts mixed black and white; feet veHow; bill pinkish: eye brown. These geese reacli the U. S. on their return from the Arctic regions about the first of October; they are very abundant on the Pacific coast and fairly common in the Mississippi Valley, but are rare on the Atlantic coast. They are very noisy birds and in some sections of the country are known as Laughing Geese. From being shot at so frequently, they are very wild and difficult to approach, sentinels being stationed to give ahum if danger approaches, when they are feeding.
Notes. — A confused honking, likened to laughter.
Nest. — Of grasses on the ground, usually in marshes: nearly always lined with down from the breast of the female. The four to nine eggs are huffy ( 3.00 x 2.05 ) : May, June.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions, chiefly west of Hudson Bay; winters south to the Gulf coast and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic coast.
CANADA GOOSE
172. Branta canadensis. 38 in.
The best known and most widely distributed of our geese. In the northern states they are always eagerly looked for in the Spring, for theii arrival is a sure indication that the backbone of Winter has broken. Their familiar honking is heard long before the thin, wavering, black, V-shaped line appears on the horizon ; | as it draws nearer, the volume of sound increases, re- sembling the baying of a pack of hounds, and at last, the flock sweeps overhead with deafening cries; large , birds, with long necks fully outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.
Nest. — Of grasses and feathers, on marshes or near ponds; 4 to 9 buff'y drab eggs (3.50x2.50) ; May, June
Range. — Breeds from Labrador, Dakota, and British Columbia northward; winters in Southern U. S. 172a. Hutchins Goose (B. c. hutchinsii) is smaller (31 in.) and found in Western N. A., casually east of the Miss. 172c. Cackling Goose (B. c. minima) is still smaller (24 in.) ; is found in the same range.
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108
BRANT
173a. Brania hernicla glaucogastra. 26 in.
Head, back and breast black, sharply defined against the grayish-white of the underparts: a whitish patch on either side of the neck. They are very abundant on the Atlantic coast in winter, and Miien not too per- sistently hunted are unsuspicious; they do not fly in regular formation like the Canada geese, nor do they appear to have any special leader. They are inquisitive a)id easily decoyed, and consequently large numbers of tliem are shot annually. They are noisy, their notes being a peculiar, guttural " car-r-r-rup " or " r-r-rup." and when in the presence of a large flock, the sound is deafening. ( Elliott ) .
They feed upon tender water plants and roots, which they get from the bottom by tipping up, and not by diving.
Nest. — A depression in the ground, lined with grass and feathers; eggs grayish-buft' (2.80x1.75); June.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters on the Atlantic coast and less often in the Mississippi Valley, from Mass. and 111. southward.
BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK
177. Dendrocygna autumnalis. 22 in.
Legs and neck long; bill and feet pinkish; eye brown; head and neck chiefly gray; breasL and back brownish; belly and under tail coverts, black; wing-coverts white and gray. These peculiar shaped ducks are not rare in certain localities along the Rio Grande in Southern Texas, and are abundant in Mexico and Central Amer- ica. They are not timid and are frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, an often feed in grain fields at considerable distance fro:.i water; they also eat shoots and seeds of aquatic plants. Like the Wood Duck, they nest in hollow trees, often at some distance from water, and, as soon as the young appear, help them to the ground and lead them to the water.
Notes. — A loud, shrill whistle.
Nest. — Usually lined with down, in cavities of hollow trees; the 6 to 15 eggs are pure white (2.05x1.50); May.
Range. — Found in the United States only in the Southern part of Texas.
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110
FULVOUS TREE DUCK
178. Dendrocyijna bicolor. 22 in.
Form like that of tlie last, but with the head, neck, riiinp and underparts rusty, and with no white in the wings. The Fulvous Duck is much more abundant in the United States than the Black-l>ellied, and is casually I ^J found as far north as Kansas and Nevada, while it is f ^ regularly found in Texas and Louisiana, where it is known as the Long-legged Duck. Owing to the nature of its diet, which consists chiefly of grain, roots and water plants, the flesh of this bird is esteemed as an article of food, and many are killed for such. When wounded, they are said to be difficult to capture, owing to the speed at which they can run; they also swim and dive well.
Nest. — Located in the hollow of a tree, the bottom of
the cavity usually being lined with feathers. They lay
from ten to fifteen pure white eggs, and as many as
" '"*\ thirty-two have been found in one nest, but these were
k ^ probably laid by two or more females; May.
Range. — Texas and Louisiana, and north casually to Kansas and Nevada. Winters in Mexico.
WHISTLING SWAN
180. Olor colunibianus. 54 in.
Nostril situated at a greater distance from the eye tlian it is from the end of the bill; a small yellow spot on the bare space in front of the eye; plumage entirely M'hite; bill and legs black. This is the swan that is found on the Atlantic coast, and is most abundant in tlie Miss. V^alley. It is rare north of Chesapeake Bay, but it is abundant from there southward, in winter. They make a beautiful sight against the blue sky, their immense white wings slowly fanning the air and their long necks extended.
Notes. — A peculiar, flageolet-like " Who, who, who." (Elliott).
Nest. — A mass of weeds, grass and feathers on the ground; 3 to 6 greenish buff eggs (4.00x2.75).
Range. — Breeds within the Arctic Circle; winters south to the Gulf of Mexico; rare north of Va. on the Atlantic. 181. TRUMPETER SWAN {Olor hucinator) is larger (65 in.) and is found west of the Miss. It breeds from la., northwards. Nostril midway between eye and tip of bill.
Ax
4
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ORDER ODONTOGLOSS^
FLAMINGOES— Family Phoenicopteridae
FLAMINGO
182. Phoenicopterus ruber. 46 in.
These large, beautiful birds are found in Southern Florida, and casually north to South Carolina, but it is doubtful if they breed within our limits. They fly with their long neck fully extended and legs trailing behind, M remarkable sight when a flock of several tliou.--and is seen in flight. In 1904, Mr. F. M. Chapman visited a large breeding colony in the Bahamas, photographing the birds in every Qonceivable position. Their nests are mud-built structures, about a foot high, placed close togetlier in the marshy interior of low lying ishmds, or on sandbars. The top is slightly hollowed out to receive the single egg (3.40x2.15), which is covered with a chalky deposit. They sit astride the nest with their legs doubled under them.
Notes. — A honking like that of Canada Geese.
Range. — Resident in the Bahamas and West Indies; north to Florida.
HERONS, STORKS, IBISES— Order Herodiones
Family Plataleidae
ROSEATE SPOONBILL
183. Ajaia ajaja. 33 in.
Head entirely bald in adults, and only feathered to the eyes in young birds; bill long, thin, flat and very much broadened at the end, variously colored with green, blue and orange; eyes and legs red. Young birds, without the bright carmine shoulders or saffron tail of the adults. These peculiar but handsomely tinted birds were formerly abundant in Florida 'and in the adjoin- ing states, but so many have been killed for their feath- ers, that they are now rare and confined to the most inaccessible swamps of Southern Florida. Spoonbills travel and nest in communities; their flight is strong and Heron-like, but they carry their neck fully extended, their ample wings slowly beating the air.
Nest. — A frail structure of sticks, in mangroves or low trees; 3 or 4 pale, greenish blue eggs splashed with brown (2.50x 1.70) ; May, June.
Range. — Florida and the Gulf States, and Southern Texas.
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114
IBISES— Family Ibididae WHITE IBIS
184. Guara alha. 25 in.
Tips of primaries black; plumage, otlierwise, entirely- white; bill, face and legs, orange red or carmine. Young with head and neck, and more or less of the body, brownish or streaked with brown. White Ibises are very abundant in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, breeding in immense rookeries in remote swamps, plac- ing their frail platforms in bushes over the water or sometimes weaving nests out of rushes, attached to up- right canes and brake. These rookeries are very untidy and offensive to human beings, and millions and millions of black flies and mosquitoes wall be encountered by any who wish to investigate the breeding places of these birds.
Notes. — A loud, harsh croak.
Nest. — ^Of twigs in bushes, or of rushes in the tangle and brake of marshes; 3 or 4 whitish eggs, handsomely spotted and splashed with brownish.
Range. — Breeds north to South Carolina and Southern 111. Winters from the Gulf States southward.
SCARLET IBIS
185. Guara rubra. 25 in.
This beautiful species is wholly bright scarlet, except for the black primaries; young birds are found in all stages of plumage from the brownish-gray and white of the first year birds, to the full pknnage of the adults.
This is a tropical- ibis that abounds in northern South America, but is yearly decreasing in numbers, owinu to the persistency with which they are hunted, their feathers being much in demand for tying trout flies, as well as for decorating hats, a barbarous practice that is being stopped in this country, by legislation and public sentiment.
Nest. — In rushes or mangroves like that of the last species; the eggs are the same size but average brighter in color (2.25x 1.60).
Range. — Xorthern South America, casually north to the Gulf States, but has not been reported for years in our country.
1 15
'^,V?
GLOSSY IBIS
186. Plegadis autumnalis.
25 in.
116
Like the next, which is our common species, but with the feathers about the face not white, as in that species.
Range, — Tropical America, casually north to south- eastern United States.
WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS
187. Plegadis guarauna. 24 in.
Bill, face and legs, carmine red; feathers bordering the face, white; wings and tail glossy greenish-black; rest of plumage rich chestnut-brown, glossed with pur- ple on the head. They nest by thousands in extensive swamps, in company with herons.
Nest. — Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living stalks, well cupped,, thus differing from that of any of the herons; eggs plain greenish blue (1.95x1.35); deeper and brighter than those of any of the herons.
Range. — Texas, New Mexico, Ariz., Calif., and south- ward.
STORKS— Family Ciconid; WOOD IBIS
188. Mycteria americana. 40 to 46 in.
Entire head unfeathered and covered with scales; both head and legs are pale bluish in color; eye brown; plumage entirely white except for the glossy purplish- black primaries and tail. This large bird is a true stork and is very similar to the common European Stork. The name ibis was incorrectly and unfortunately applied to this species, and tends to confusion. Its flight is very easy and graceful, accomplished with a slow flapping of the wings, alternated at short intervals with long sails. At times they mount high in the air and circle about like hawks or vultures.
Notes. — Loud, hoarse croaks.
Nest. — A shallow platform of sticks in bushes or ;it low elevations in trees, usually over the water, the bir swarming in the most inaccessible swamps. Their So 4 eggs are white and granular.
Range. — Breeds in the Gulf States and north to South Carolina; later mav stray north to New \ork.
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11«
BITTERNS, ETC.— Family Ardeidae AMERICAN BITTERN
190. Botaurus lentiginosus. 28 in.
Much variegated with brown and yellowish -brown; adults with a long, broad, black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye yellow; legs and base of bill greenish-yellow. Bitterns have a great many local names, most of which refer to the peculiar pumping noise that the male makes during the mating season. Perhaps the most common of these is " Stake-driver." Bitterns are found in bogs or marshes; they remain concealed by the tall grass until any intruder is very near, before they take flight.
Notes. — A squawk of alarm ; song a hollow " punk- cr-lunk."
Nest. — A grass-lined hollow in tufts of grass or turf, in the middle of bogs or marshes. 3 or 4 plain brownish eggs, measuring 1.95x1.50. But one or two pairs nest in a locality; May, June.
Range. — Breeds in the northern half of the United States and Southern Canada; winters in southern half of the United States.
LEAST BITTERN
191. Ixobrychus exilis. 13 in. Male with tlie crown and back glossy black; female with these areas hair-brown, and streaked with brown below. These diminutive little bitterns are very shv and
retiring, and seldom seen awav from the reed
gi.
marshes or ponds that they frequent.
Notes. — A hoarse croak, and a softly repeated " coo." Nest. — A platform of dead rushes twisted about the living stalks. The 3 or 4 eggs are pale bluish white. (1.2X.9) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf States, locally to South- ern Canada; winters from the Gulf States southward.
CORY LEAST BITTERN
191.1. Ixohryclms neoxynus. 13 in. This extremely rare little bittern is of the same size and form as the common species. The crown, back, wing-feathers and tail are black, and the rest of the plumage is more or less intense chestnut brown. The majority of specimens have been taken in Florida and Ontario, with one each from Michigan and Massachu- setts. There are about twenty of them known to be preserved.
119
GREAT WHITE HERON
192. Ardea occidentalis. 50 in.
This is the largest heron that we get in North Amer- ica, surpassing even the Great Blue. Its plumage is entirely white ; no " aigrettes " on the back, but two white plumes on the back of the head and the feathers of the breast much lengthened, the same as in adult Blue Herons; bill, eyes and legs yellow. A gray phase of this heron, or a hybrid between it and the Great Blue Heron, is occasionally found in Southern Florida; it is similar to the Blue Heron, but paler and with the head and neck white.
Nest. — A large platform of sticks placed in the tops of mangroves. Their three or four eggs are not dis- tinguishable from those of the next species; June.
Range. — Said to be not uncommon on some of the Florida Keys.
120
GREAT BLUE HERON
194. Ardea herodias. 48 in.
Adult Blue Herons are very handsome birds, as may be seen in the illustration. Young birds, and nine out of ten that we see will be young birds, are much duller colored and have no plumes. It takes several years, for them to attain their perfect plumage. Their nests are placed in the tops of the tallest trees and are, con- sequently, difficult to get at. In some heronries, trees have been found containing as many as 40 nests. In flight, herons always carry their head drawn in against the shoulders, the neck being curved below.
Nest. — A platform of sticks in tall trees in wet woods. 3 or 4 pale greenish-blue eggs (2.50x 1.50) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds locally throughout tlje United States and Canada, either in colonies, or single pairs where they are persecuted as in Kew England; winters in Southern U. S. 149b. Ward Heron (A. h. wardi) is similar but lighter below and the neck is darker and browner; it abounds in Florida.
121
AMERICAN EGRET
196. Herodias egret ta. 41 in.
Entirely white, with no plumes on the head but with a long train of straight " aigrette " plumes growing from the middle of the back; bill and eye, yellow; legs and feet, black. Young and adults in winter, without plumes. The hand of man, to gratify the desire of woman, has ruthlessly slaughtered thousands upon thou- sands of these exquisitely beautiful birds; in Florida where they were abundant a few years ago, only strag- glers are seen. A few of these heronries are yet left, either because they are in wildernesses where man has not yet penetrated, or are strongly protected by the humane owners of the land. It is only at tlie breeding places that they can be killed in numbers, as at other times they are shy; and it is only during nesting season that they wear -their beautiful plumes.
Nest. — A frail platform of sticks, at low elevations,, in bushes usually over water in swamps. Kggs, 3 or 4 in number, plain bluish green (2.25x1.45); April
to .TUTIP.
SNOWY HERON
197. Eyretta candidissima. 24 in.
Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved phimes growing from the middle of the back; long crest of phunes on the back of the head, and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base and about the eyes ; legs black : feet yellow. This species is the most beautiful of the Egrets and consequently is the one that has suffered most from " plume hunters." Al- though they are now protected wherever they can be, their ranks have been so decimated that extermination is threatened within a few years; the demand for their plumes is still so great that lawless men will commit murder to obtain them (Warden Bradley having been sliot in 1905, while preventing the destruction of herons in Southern Florida).
Nest. — In swamps, in company with other small her- ons, the nests being frail platforms of twigs on branches of trees. Eggs pale greenish-blue.
Range. — Breeding range formerly coincident with that of the last, but now very rare.
124
REDDISH EGRET
198. Dichromanassa rufescens. 29 in.
Two color phases, the gray being the most common: — Head and neck, including plumes on neck and breast, reddish-brown; rest of plumage gray, the plumes on the back being lightest; feet blue-black; bill yellowish at the base and black at the tip. In the white phase, the plumage is entirely, or nearly, white, including the ])lumes. As usual, these egrets associate in large flocks, of their own kind or other small herons. Their food consists of small fish, frogs, lizards, insects and mice. Jliey will stand motionless in shallow water, for a long time waiting for their prey, and woe to the creature t hat comes within striking distance of their spear-like ill. Their flight is strong and graceful as they make lieir way from their breeding places to their feeding grounds on the mud flats, left bare by the receding tide. Nest. — Like that of other herons; eggs slightly more greenish blue than those of the other egrets ( 1.9 x 1.45) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds in the Gulf coast states, and north to South Carolina.
LOUISIANA HERON
199. Hydranassa tricolor ruficolUs. 26 in.
In breeding plumage, with short plumes on the back, extending three or four inches beyond the tips of the wings. Throat, front line of neck, and underparts white; head and neck reddish-purple; back and wings slaty; crest whitish; bill and legs dark; eyes red. A very abundant species throughout the year, on the Gulf coast of the United States. Their bearing is one of self-esteem and their walk slow and stately; they are often called " Lady of the Waters," because of the im- posing picture that they make. They are very sociable, rarely quarrel among themselves, and are usually found in company with Little Blue Herons and Egrets.
Nest. — They nest in communities in mangroves in southern Florida and in swamps, in company with many other species, in the northern portions of their range. Their nesting habits and eggs are the same as those of the Snowy Heron.
Range. — Breeds and is resident in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
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LITTLE BLUE HERON
200. Florida ccerulea. 22 in.
TTead and neck, maroon; rest of plumage slaty-bhie; Illumes on back of head, breast and on the back; eyes yellow; bill and feet greenish. Young birds are white, usually with a tinge of bluish on the forehead and ends of the wings. They can be distinguished from the simi- lar Snowy Herons by the greenish-black legs, w^hile the legs of the latter are black with yellow feet. These little herons are resident and most abundant in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. They are at home in and enjoy the rankest and most impenetrable swamps, where only birds or reptiles can tread with safety. \('t herons are an interesting group and, in their own A\;iy, perform useful service to mankind by destroying (Huintities of reptiles, insects and mice.
Nest. — The nesting habits and eggs of this species are the same as those of the little Snowy Heron and the eggs cannot be distinguished with certainty.
Range. — Breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; later may stray north to New England.
GREEN HERON
201. Butorides virescens. 17 in.
Smallest of the family, except the Least Bittern. In l^reeding plumage, they are one of tlie most beantifu of herons. They may be fovmd in marshes, along creeks or about the edges of shallow ponds or lakes. They are often seen sitting upon a partly submerged log sunning themselves, or waiting for a tempting frog or fish to pass within reach. When they are among rushes, they will usually attempt to escape observation by mimicking their surroundings, and they do so very suc- cessfully. When they are alarmed and take flight they utter a single sharp shriek. At other times they utter a series of hollow screams, " qu-ick, qu-ick," and also ji hollow croak.
Nest. — In bushes, in communities or in company witli ^ other species in the south, but usually a few pairs nest in a locality in the northern states and Canada. Eggs pale bluish-green (1.45x1.10).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf to Manitoba and Nova Scotia; winters in the Gulf States.
12S
BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON
202. '^ycticorax nycticorax ncevius. 24 in.
Bill much heavier than that of the herons; neck and legs shorter and stouter; eye red; bill black; legs and bare space in front of eye, pale yellowish-green. Young birds are mottled with brownish-gray and white; eyes yellow. As their name implies, these herons do most of their feeding after dusk, sleeping during the greater part of the day. Their heronries are usually located in swamps, and preferably in coniferous trees. A visit to one of these is very interesting, but old clothes must be worn, for their homes are filthy. On your approach, the old birds flap away, and circle about with squawks of disapproval, and all the young birds commence a loud ticking noise, like what would be produced by hun- dreds of huge " grandfather's clocks."
Notes. — A harsh " quark."
Nest. — A platform of sticks; eggs pale bluish-green.
(2.00x1.40).
Range. — Breeds north to New Brunswick and Mani- toba; winters in the Gulf States and southward.
YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON
203. Xyctanassa violacea. 23 in.
Like tlie last species, the head of this one is adorned with three long, rounded, white plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested together so that there appears to be but one. As dusk approaches, these birds sally out from their roosting or nesting places, and with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to their feeding grounds, which are usually fresh water bogs, teeming with animal and insect life. After dark the " quark " of Night Herons is frequently heard as the birds pass overhead, and they can very easily be decoyed by a crude imitation of their call. This species is principally confined to the South where it is found in heronries of its own kind, or in company with others.
Notes. — Like those of the Black-crowned Night Heron.
Nest. — A platform of sticks in trees, in swamps. 3 or 4 pale l)luish-green eggs (2.00x1.40) ; May- Range. — Breeds north to South Carolina and Southern Illinois; later may stray farther north.
130
CRANES, RAILS, ETC.— Order Paludicolse
CRANES— Family Gruidae
WHOOPING CRANE
204. (Jriis americana. 50 in.
Plumage white, with black primaries; the inner wing feathers greatly lengthened, making a flowing train. Head of adult, largely bare, carmine colored, and with a few black hair-like feathers; eye yellow; bill and legs black. Young birds are whitish, mixed with gray. These great birds are not uncommon on the prairies of interior America, where they frequent the edges of marshes and sloughs. They are very wary and their great height enables them to see anyone a long way off, above the marsh grass. They were formerly found on the South Atlantic coast, but are now extremely rare thore.
Notes. — A loud whooping scream.
Nest. — On the ground, usually in marshes; it is a bulky mass of grass and weeds, with the hollowed top a foot or more above ground. The two eggs that they lay are brownish-buff, spotted with brown. (3.75x2.50) ; Mav, June.
LITTLE BROWN CRANE
205. Grus canadensis. 3G in.
Like the next and better known species, bnt smaller and browner, especially on the wings.
Range. — Breeds in the interior of Northern Canada; migrates, west of the Mississippi and east of the Rockies, to Mexico.
SANDHILL CRANE
206. Grus mexicana. 44 in.
Plumage entirely grayish with a few brownish feath- ers; bare skin on top of head, red. These cranes are locally distributed in the Gulf States, and in the inte- rior north to Manitoba. Their food consists largely of grasshoppers, worms and lizards. Unlike herons, their young are born covered with down and can run about as soon as they appear. When flying, cranes carry their neck full outstretched.
Nest. — On the ground like that of the Whooping Crane.
Range. — Winters on the Gulf coast and in Florida: breeds north to Manitoba.
131
132
COURLANS— Family Aramidae LIMPKIN
207. Aramus vociferus. 27 in.
These singular birds are the connecting link between tlie cranes and the rails. They are rarely seen in flocks, usually living a secluded life in pairs. They are often known as the " crying bird," because of the peculiar wailing cries that they utter, both in daytime and after nightfall. They are great skulkers, and it is difficult to make them fly; when they do take wing, it is only to f^o a few rods before dropping into the shelter of the reeds again. They can run rapidly, having a peculiar mincing gait, that is said to have given them the name of Lirapkin.
Notes. — A peculiar wailing " whee-ee-eu."
Nest. — A loosely constructed platform of sticks, leaves, grass and moss, located a few feet from the ground in tangled underbrush or vines. The 4 to 7 eggs are buflfy white, blotched with brown (2.30x 1.70) ; April, May.
Range. — Breeds and is resident in Southern Florida, and casually Texas.
RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS— Family Rallidae KING RAIL
208. Rallus elegans. 18 in.
Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts reddish-brown; neck and breast, rich cinnamon-brown, brightest on the breast. Sides sharply barred with black and white. This species is the handsomest of the rails, and is the most distinctly and brightly marked. They are excellent runners and are very difficult to start from the marsh grass within which they are concealed. They are usually found in fresh water marshes, while the next species is mo-^t abundant in salt marshes; they are both often found in the same place and must be seen at close range to dis- tinguish them.
Notes. — A loud " bup, bup, bup " repeated and endii in a roll. (Chapman).
Nest. — Of grass and weeds on the ground in marslx-. The eggs are pale buff, spotted with reddish-broM i (1.6x 1.2) ; June.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf coast north to Conn.. Ont., and Minn. Winters in southern U. S.
1.33
134
CLAPPER RAIL
211. Rallus crepitans. 15 in.
General color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; breast pale brown; flanks barred with gray and white. This species is found almost exclusively in salt marshes, where they skulk about like rats. During exceptionally high tides, when their hiding places are covered, many of them are killed by negroes and white men for food; they can swim, but usually run across tlie marsh, making use of blades of grass, sticks or whatever trash may be in their course, as stepping stones.
Notes. — Loud and clacking like those of the King Eail.
Nest. — Of grasses on the ground in salt marshes; 6 to 14 bulTy eggs, spotted with brown (1.70x1.20).
Range. — Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, north to Mass. The following subspecies are darker and very locally distributed. 211a, Louisiana Clapper (R. c. satii ratus), coast of La. 211b, Scott Clapper (R. c. scotti), Gulf coast of Fla. 211c, Wayne Clapper (R. c. waynei), east coast of Fla. to S. C.
VIRGINIA RAIL
212. Rallus virginianiis. 9.5 in.
Coloration almost exactly like that of the King Rail, but tlie bird is much smaller. Like that species, this one prefers fresh water marshes. They have a great aversion to flying, and, like other rails, will trust to their legs for safety, should danger threaten; probably no other birds are as dexterous as the rails in tliread- ing their way through the close standing rushes. Al- though they do not have webbed feet, they can swim fairly well, and also dive, but they do so only when they are forced to. They look extremely awkward ;!- they run over the trash on the marsh, their head and neck erect and extended, with their head rapidly turn- ing from side to side as though looking for a place of s^afety.
Notes. — A guttural, rattling " cut-cut-cut-ee."
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs creamy-white, specked with brown. (1.25x.90); May, .June.
Range. — Breeds in the northern half of the United States and southern Canada; winters in southern U. S.
136
CAROLINA RAIL; SORA
214. Porzana Carolina. 8,5 in.
Adults with the face and throat black. Young with no black on the head. This species is not apt to be confused with any, except, possiblj% the Virginia Rail, which is somewhat larger, and always has the breast conspicuously cinnamon color. These birds are very abundant in nearly their whole range, but they are so secretive in their habits that their presence is often not noticed. Unless disturbed, they pass the greater por- tion of the day in slumber, and do most of their feeding after dusk, when their confused, clucking notes are heard all over the marshes. All of the rails have this habit of feeding chiefly at night, perhaps through fear of enemies during the daytime, for they seem to be very timid birds.
Notes. — A rapid clucking, " kuk, kuk. kuk," etc.
Nest. — A rude structure of grass and rushes on the ground in either salt or fresh marshes; 6 to 16 buff colored eggs with reddish brown specks.
Range. — Breeds in the northern half of the U. S. and northwards; winters in the southern half.
YELLOW RAIL
215. Coturnicops novehoracensis. 7 in.
This is a handsome bird, the entire plumage having a glossy lustre. The back is blackish, with all the feathers edged with white, while the head, neck and breast have a peculiar yellowish-brown shade.
Nest. — On the ground; made of rushes and grass woven and twisted together; the 6 to 12 eggs are rich buff color, specked in a wreath about the large end, with reddish-brown; size l.lOx.80; June.
Range.— Breeds in northern U. S. and southern Can- ada; winters in the southern states.
BLACK RAIL
216. Creciscus jamaicensis. 5 in.
Much smaller than any of our other rails; very dark.
Notes. — A peculiar, loud clicking sound.
Nest. — Of grass and rushes, well cupped to receive the 6 to 12 eggs; these are creamy white, speckled with reddish brown ( 1.03 x. 75); June.
Range. — Breeds in the United States north to Mass., southern Minn, and Oregon. Winters in the West Indies and Central America.
1.^7
138
PURPLE GALLINULE
218. lonornis martinicus. 13 in.
Bill shorter and stouter than that of tlie rails, and with a hard shield at the base, that extends on the fore- head to the top of the head. This species is beautifully colored with purplish-red and blue on the underparts, ;uul greenish on the back and wings; legs yellow; bill ea inline, tipped with yellow. The habits of the galli- lules are practically the same as those of the rails.
I icy inhabit marshes, where they creep cautiously but rapidly through the upright stalks, or run over the slimy surface, where none but birds with extremely long toes could get a foothold. Their powers of flight are weak, and they do not take wing unless they are cor- nered or wish to cross some stream.
Nest. — Woven of grasses and rushes, and placed either on the ground or attached to living rushes, usually over the water; their 5 to 10 eggs are rich cream color, spotted with reddish brown (1.60x1.15).
Range. — Breeds in eastern United States, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois; winters south of the U. S.
FLORIDA GALLINULE
219. Gallinula galeata. 13 in.
Bill and crown plate, red, tipped with yellow; legs greenish with a red ring around the top; pkimage gray changing to blackish on the head and neck. Florida Gallinules are very noisy, especially during the mating and breeding season, and marshes in the south, where they breed by hundreds, fairly ring with their crie^, chuckles and squawks. They have an almost endless variety of notes but all of them are harsh and explosive. At times they appear to be stupid, and allow anyone to approach in a boat, near enough to touch them with an r>.»^ oar. When frightened, and with no protecting rushes gf ^S^ to conceal them, they will rush off over the grass and water, with much spattering and squawking.
Nest. — Usually fastened in the marsh grass or flags above water ; made of rushes and grass ; the eggs are similar to those of the Purple Gallinule but are duller.
Range. — Breeds north to southern New England, On tario, ^Minnesota and Oregon; winters in southern U. S.
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AMERICAN COOT 221. Fulica americana. 15 in.
Bill and frontal shield as in the gallinules, but the bill is whitish with a blackish ring near the tip; each individual toe is furnished with a large scalloped web; otherwise their plumage is grayish like that of the Florida Gallinule. Coots are, locally, very abundant throughout temperate North America in summer. Like •gallinules, they inhabit reedy pools, sluggish streams and boggy marshes, where they are at least safe from Jumian pursuit. They conceal themselves among the reeds, so as to escape observation, taking wing only when they are obliged to. They are expert swimmers, and can dive and swim for long distances under water; in this respect they have a decided advantage over the rails and gallinules.
Nest. — Like that of the gallinules; 6 to 15 grayish eggs, finely speckled with black (1.80x1.30). May, June.
Range. — Breeds throughout temperate America, rare 140 on the North Atlantic coast; winters in southern U. S.
SHORE BIRDS— Order Limicolae
PHALAROPES— Family Phalaropodidae
RED PHALAROPE
222. Phalaropus fulicarins. 8 in.
Bill heavier than any of the other phalaropes; feet lobate-webbed. Adults in summer have the entire under- parts reddish brown; side of head white; upper parts gray, white and black. In winter, head and underparts are white; back gray. Phalaropes differ from any other of our birds, in that the female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird, and the duties of incubation are largely or chiefly performed by the male bird. These phalaropes are very rarely seen in the United States in their breed- ing plumage; when they come in the Fall, nearly all have clianged to their dull winter dress, and they keep this until after they leave us in the Spring.
Nest. — A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses; eggs greenish buff, spotted with blackish.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters south to New York, Calif., and Ohio, chiefly on the sea coasts.
NORTHERN PHALAROPE 223. Lohipes lohatus. 7.5 in.
Bill short and slender. Female in summer with reddish-brown breast; gray upper parts mixed with wliite and buff; throat and belly, white. Male, similar but duller colored. In winter, the upper parts are gray mixed with white, and the underparts are pure white. Tliis is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on our coast only for a short time during migrations. Like the last, they are expert swimmers and pass most of their time, when not breeding, upon tlio surface of the water, where they can outride the most severe storms in safety. They feed upon minute 11 sects that they secure from beds of floating kelp.
Notes. — A sharp, rapidly repeated, metallic '" tweet."
Nest. — A grass-lined hollow in the ground: eggs -icenish-buff, spotted with black ( 1.30 x. 90).
Range. — Breeds from Labrador, Hudson Bay and Alaska northward. Winters south of the I'nited States, migrating along both coasts, and to some extent in the interior.
WILSON PHALAROPE
224. Steganopiis tricolor. 9 in.
Bill long and slender. Female in summer with a black line through eye, shading into a broad stripe of rich chestnut on the sides of the neck. Male much duller colored and slightly smaller. This phalarope is one of the most beautiful of all our shore birds, and is the most southerly distributed of the phalaropes. It is a bird of the interior, and is only rarely or cas- ually met with on the sea coasts. It commonly travels about in small companies instead of large flocks as the other two species do, and is not as often seen on the water, although it can swim well.
Notes. — Usually silent, but has a low quack.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of grass, and near the border of a marsh or pond; the 3 or 4 eggs are brownish or greenish-buff with black markings (1.30x.90); June.
Range. — Breeds chiefly in the interior, from Iowa and California, north to Hudson Bay; winters south of the U. S.
e -■ A .VOtSS,
144
I AVOCETS AND STILTS— Family Recurvirostridse 'I AMERICAN AVOCET
: 225. Recurvirostra americana. 17 in.
Bill slender and recurved; feet webbed; feathers on the underparts very thick and duck-like, being imper- vious to water. In summer, the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and winter adults have the head and neck white, but the rest of the plumage is the same as in summer. These interesting waders are very abundant in some localities on the western plains. During the breeding season, if not molested, they become very tame; at other times they are quite wary. Their food consists of water insects and small Crustacea, which they secure in a novel manner. Wad- ing along in shallow water, with their head immersed, they keep their bill moving from side to side through the soft mud.
Nest. — Of grass, on the ground; the eggs are brown- ish-buff spotted with black (1.90x1.30); May, June.
Range. — Breeds locally from Texas and southern Cali- fornia northward to Saskatchewan; rare or casual east of the ]Miss. and on the Atlantic coast.
BLACK-NECKED STILT
226. Himantopus mexicanus. 15 in.
Legs extremely long, and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with the back brownisli. These very long-legged creatures are found in suitable places west of the Mississippi River, and are especially abundant in southern California, Stilts are poor swim- mers, but habitually feed in comparatively deep water, that is up to their bodies, their whole head, neck and upper parts of the body often being submerged while thus engaged. They are strong and swift on the win^. twisting as they fly, so as to alternately show their black upper parts, then the white surfaces beneath; this is a habit that is common to several varieties of shore birds.
Nest. — On the ground as usual; eggs greenish-buff, spotted with black (L80xL25); May, June.
Range. — Breeds in the Gulf states and southern Call fornia, north to Dakota; winters south of U. S., except in southern California. Rare on the Atlantic coast. 10
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146
j SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.— Family Scolopacidae AMERICAN WOODCOCK
228. Philohela minor. 11 in.
Bill very long; eyes very large and located near the top of the head; form heavy; legs short; plumage much mottled with black, brown and gray. These peculiar birds are very well known throughout their range, to gunners and sportsmen, who have been the means of almost completely exterminating them in some locali- ties. They are found in runs along the edges of brooks, where the mud is soft. Their food is of worms, insects and their larvae, which they get from the ground by boring with their long bills. Their flight is very rapid, and when startled they double and twist in their haste to get away, their three narrow outer wing feathers producing a peculiar whistling sound.
Notes. — A low peep, and a twittering.
Nest. — Simply a hollow amid the surrounding leaves;, the 4 eggs are buff, with yellowish-brown spots (l.SOx 1.15) ; April, May.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding chiefly from Ohio and New Jersey, northward; winters in southern U. S.
WILSON SNIPE
230. Gallinago delicata. 11 in.
Bill very long, but not as heavy as that of the Wood- cock; eyes not abnormally large; head striped with black and whitish; back handsomely variegated with black, brown and white; sides barred with black and wliite. The Snipe frequents more open country than the Woodcock, being found in marshes or along open brooks. Like the Woodcock, they often lie still and trust to their colors to prevent their being seen, but if they are observed, and they are always on the alert, they instantly take wing and pursue a zigzag course out of sight. Like the last species they procure their food by boring, the tip of the bill being flexible, so they can grasp their food when they feel it.
Notes. — A sharp, harsh whistle as they take wing.
Nest. — Depressions in the grassy edges of ponds r.r marslies; eggs olive gray, marked with blackish. (L5<i \ 1.10) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds from the northern tier of states north- ward. Winters in southern U. S.
148
DOWITCHER
231. Macrorhamphvs griseus. 10.5 in.
Bill very long like that of the Snipe. Adults in sum- mer are reddish-brown below, more or less specked with black on the breast and barred with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter, or even white, on the rump. In winter, they are gray above and white below, the breast being tinged with gray and streaked with dusty. Dowitchers are known as Red- breasted Snipe and^ as Robin Snipe by gunners, with whom they are great favorites. They usually travel in flocks, and often with flocks of other species. Their notes are a series of musical whistles, easily imitated, and the birds are easily attracted thereby.
Nest. — As usual on the ground; eggs greenish-buff, spotted.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding in the Arctic regions; winters south of the U. S.
232. LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER (M. scolopaceus ) , is found in western N. A. The bill is supposed to be longer, but the plumage is identical and the birds prob- ablv are.
STILT SANDPIPER
233. Micropalama himantopus. 8.5 in.
Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer, the entire underparts are rusty-white, barred with black- ish; ear-coverts and top of head browner; back mixed brown and black. In winter, they are gray above and whitish below, with the breast streaked with dusty. They seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single individuals being found in flocks of othor species, rather than in flocks of themselves. They an usually more shy than the birds with which they arc associated, perhaps because they lack companionship of their own kind. They have a musical whistle, not d\> tinctive from that of many others of our small shoit birds.
Nest. — The three or four eggs are laid in a hollow in the ground, usually in the grass back from the beach ; eggs grayish, blotched with various shades of brown.
Range. — Eastern North America, breeding in the Arc tic regions and migrating through the United States to South America, chiefly on the Atlantic coast.
149
15U
KNOT
234. Tringa canutus. 10.5 in.
Bill moderately long and quite stout; form more robust than most of our shore birds. Adults in summer, mixed brownish and gray, above, and uniform reddisli- brown below. In winter, plain gray above and white below; young similar but with feathers on the back edged with white. It is an abundant species on the Atlantic coast during migrations, and is known by vari- ous names such as Red-breasted Sandpiper and Robin Snipe, when in summer dress, and as Gray-back when in winter plumage. It is usually found on the ocean beach, where it follows the waves as they recede, pick- ing up numerous insects left there, and retreating be- fore the next wave.
Notes. — An ordinary Sandpiper whistle.
Nest. — Not positively known, but a supposed egg obtained by Lieutenant Greely in the vicinity of Fort Conger was pea-green in color, with small brown spots. (1.10x1.00).
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; migrates chiefly on the Atlantic coast, to South America.
PURPLE SANDPIPER
235. Arqiiatella maritima. 9 in.
Upper parts blackish, margined with biiffy; breast and sides slaty purple. In winter, blackish, without the rusty edging to the feathers. These dark colored little sandpipers prefer bold rocky coasts.
Notes. — A loud, shrill whistle.
Nest. — A hollow in the ground, among grass and weeds, lined with a few grasses; eggs grayish buff, handsomely splashed with various shades of brown.
Range. — Breeds from northern Labrador and tlic mouth of Hudson Bay northward; winters south to Long Island Sound and the Great Lakes.
PECTORAL SANDPIPER
239. Pisohia maculata. 9 in.
Crown and back blackish, strongly edged with red- dish-brown; an ashy-gray wash on the breast, with nu- merous streaks of blackish. Well known and called by a great variety of names, of which Jack Snipe and Grass Snipe are probably the most common.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; migrates through the U. S. to South America.
152
WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER
240. Pisohia fuscicollis. 7.5 in.
Upper tail coverts white; below white, but with the throat and breast streaked with dusky, these markings extending on the sides to the tail.
Notes. — Musical whistles in no way different from those of the Least Sandpiper.
Nest. — On the ground, in grass back of beaches; eggs gray, profusely blotched with blackish brown.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Labrador and ITiidson Bay northward; migrates through the U. S. east of the Rockies, to southern South America.
BAIRD SANDPIPER
241. Pisohia hairdi. 7.5 in.
Of the same size, form and general coloration as the White-rumped Sandpiper, but the upper tail-coverts are blackish, and the breast is only very faintly streaked.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions, and migrates chiefly through the interior, but to some extent on the coast, south to southern South America.
LEAST SANDPIPER
242. Pisohia minutilla. 6 in.
Smallest of our sandpipers. Upperparts blackish, edged with bright chestnut; breast and sides ashy-gray, conspicuously streaked with dusky.
Notes. — A musical whistle, " peet-weet."
Nest. — A grass lined hollow: eggs grayish, heavily blotched with blackish brown (1.15x.80).
Range. — Breeds from Nova Scotia and northern Brit- ish Columbia northward; winters from the Gulf States and California southward.
SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER 246. Ereunetes pusillus. 6.25 in.
Feet with small webs between the toes at their base. Similar in size and form to the Least Sandpiper, but the upper parts are not as bright rusty, and the breast is only faintly streaked with dusky.
Range. — Breeds from Labrador northward.
247. WESTERN SANDPIPER (E. mauri) is very similar; more rusty above, with stronger markings.
l.j.-J
154
RED-BACKED SANDPIPER 243. Pelidna alpina sakhalina. 8 in.
Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in
summer, with the upper parts largely bright rusty;
I)"lly black; head, throat, breast and sides strongly
streaked with black. In winter, dull brownish-gray
; I)()ve and white below, with the breast washed with
; i ayish and slightly streaked with dusky. Found in
ige flocks on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, dur-
U migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight
very rapid and performed in very compact flocks that
t as if governed by one impulse. They are very
tive, feeding for a short time in one place, then flying
another. They are found most abundantly on sand
rs and mud flats, rather than on the open beach.
Nest. — Usually on dry, grassy knolls, a hollow in the I arth being lined with a few dried grasses. Eggs pale uieenish or brownish gray, spotted with blackish. (1.40 \ 1.00) ; June.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions, and winters from the Gulf coast and southern California, southward.
SANDERLING
248. CalicJris leucophcea. 8 in.
Toes short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in sum- mer, variegated above with briglit reddish-brown and black; below white, the breast being strongly washed with rusty and spotted with black. In winter, plain grayish above and white below; head white, except the crown; young birds are like winter adults but have the back" with some blackish. In the interior this spe- cies is found on the edges of lakes and rivers. On the coast, it is one of the boldest of the shore birds, feed- ing on the edge of the outer beach, often under the comb- ing crest of the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to foam on the beach. They are usually wary and will not allow a close approach.
Nest. — On the ground with black.
eggs greenish-buff, spotted
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters soutli to l^atagonia, migrating on both coasts and to a less extent in the interior.
155
150
MARBLED GODWIT
249. Limosa fedoa. 19 in.
Bill long and slightly recurved. Back, wings and tail, 1 ufous, barred with black; rump usually white, with lack bars; underparts pale rufous with narrow bars; lit'ad grayish, with black streaks on the crown and sides. Young similar, but whiter below and with few or no bars. These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the interior and on the coast in the fall. They frequent salt marshes on the coast, and the
rders of ponds and lakes in the interior. They are much hunted and are consequently very wary, usually taking wing as soon as anyone appears in sight. They are readily decoyed, and thousands perish annually at the hands of sportsmen. They are known by many names, Marlin and Straight-bill Curlew probably being the most commonly used.
Range. — Breeds in the interior from Iowa north to Saskatchewan. Winters south of the U. S., migrating along both coasts as well as in the interior.
HUDSONIAN GODWIT 251. Limosa hcemasiica. 15 in.
Bill slightly recurved; tail black at the end, and white at the base, not barred as that of the last species always is. Above blackish, with rusty margins; below deep reddish-chestnut, barred, chiefly on the sides, with black. In winter, similar but duller both above and below, with only traces of bars on the flanks, and with the breast more or less streaked. This species is more abundant on the Atlantic coast during migrations than the last. It is most often known as the Ring-tailed Marlin, owing to a very strong contrast between the black tail, white rump and dark upper parts as the bird flies. They are usually found in the marshes back of the ocean beach, and, owing to their large size, cai> be seen for a long distance.
Notes. — A loud, shrill whistle.
Nest. — A grass lined hollow in marshes; eggs brown- ish buff, blotched with blackish (2,20x1.40).
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters sout]i of the United States, migrating chiefly on the Atlantic coast, but to some extent down the Miss. Vallev.
15J
GREATER YELLOW-LEGS
254. Totanus melanoleucus. 14 in.
Bill long and rather slender; legs long and yellow or greenish yellow. Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back black margined with white; rump white; tail barred black and white; underparts white, washed with gray on the breast, and with numerous black arrow-head markings. In winter, similar, but with no bla<ck markings below.
Notes. — A loud three-syllabled whistle.
Range. — Breeds from northern portion of Miss. Val- ley in the U. S. northward; winters from the Gulf States and southern California southward.
LESSER YELLOW-LEGS 255. Totanus flavipes. 10.5 in.
Very similar- in form, color and markings to the large Yellow-legs, but smaller in every way.
Range. — Breeds in the interior of Canada, nortli to the Arctic Ocean, and possibly in northern Miss. Valley. Winters from the Gulf States southward, migrating in the interior and along the Atlantic coast.
SOLITARY SANDPIPER 256. Helodromas solitarius. 8.5 in.
Above olive-grayish, streaked on the head and neck, and sharply speckled on the back and wings, with white ; tail sharply barred with black and white; below white, streaked on the breast and barred on the sides with gray and white. In winter, with fewer white markings on the back. It is often confused with the Spotted Sandpiper that frequents the same places, but should be easily identified when it flies by its barred tail and linings of the wings. They have the habit, common to nearly all the shore birds, of elevating their wings after alighting, and then carefully folding them on the back. ¥/J^'
Nest. — For a long time their eggs were unknown, but are now known to be laid in the nests of other land birds, at low elevations in trees or bushes near water. They have been found in Manitoba in a Waxwing's nest. Eggs bluish-green with blackish-brown blotches.
Range. — Breeds from Northern U. S. winters south of the U. S.
northward ;
159
WILLET 258. Catophophorus seniipalmatus. 16 in.
Bill long and quite stout; feet with small webs be- tween the bases of the toes. Upper parts brownish- gray, more or less speckled with black; most of sec- ondaries and bases of primaries white, very conspicuous in flight, and easily distinguishing it from any other wader of its size. Usually found in small flocks along the edges of marshes; they are said to be quite shy except during nesting season, and to be difficult to de- coy. After breeding they wander northward and are often seen in flocks of other migrating species. When standing on the beach they often , indulge in curious antics, bowing and flirting their tails.
Notes. — A loud, shrill whistle, " pill-will-willet."
Nest. — On the ground; eggs buflfy, blotched with brown.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf to New Jersey; later strays to Maine. 258a, Western Willet (S. s. inornata) is supposed to be slightly larger and paler. Breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters along the Gulf coast.
BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER
261. Bartramia longicauda. 12 in.
Upper parts blackish with greenish-brown edgings: tail brownish with black bars, and white tips to the outer feathers. Underparts wliite, with prominent in verted, black arrow head markings on the breast and along the sides. These birds are more often known as Upland Plovers, because they are found on dry hill- sides, rarely near water. West of the Miss, they aie said to occur in large flocks in the Fall, but in the East, half a dozen or so would be considered a fair sized flock. They feed upon small grasshoppers and other small in- sects, sometimes chasing them for a considerable dis- tance before securing them. They are shy and usually take wing as soon as they see you.
Nest. — Of grasses, usually concealed in clumps of grass or weeds in the mJddle of fields; eggs buffy, blotched with yellowish-brown (1.75x 1.25) ; May, June.
Range. — Breeds locally in the northern half of the United States and Southern Canada; winters south of
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER
262. Tryngites suhruficollis. 8 in.
Bill short and slender. General color above, blackish- brown margined with tawny; underparts buffy, with a few black specks on the sides of tlie breast. Primaries blackish-brown on the outer webs, the inner webs, as well as those of the secondaries, being whitish, peculiarly speckled with black; these markings are characteristic and are found on no other of our shore birds. It seems to be most nearly related to the last species, and like that, is often found on hillsides at a distance from water.
Notes. — A low, weak " tweet."
Nest. — A scantily lined depression on the ground; the four eggs are grayish-buff, boldly blotched with rich chestnut-brown and black (1.45x1.05); June.
Range. — Breeds in Arctic America; winters in South America, migrating chiefly through the interior of the United States, but to a less degree on the coast.
SPOTTED SANDPIPER
263. Actitis macularia. 7.5 in.
Below wliite, with round blackish spots, heaviest on the breast and sides; above olive-brown or gray, witli faint black bars; a narrow black line from the bil through the eye to the ears. Young entirely white below, with the breast faintly tinged with gray. These birds are abundant and breed locally throughout tlie United States and the greater part of Canada. One or more pairs will usually be found nesting in the fields about all small ponds, or among the weeds that grow- about edges of pools and lakes. They have a peculiar habit of "teetering," whether standing still or while feeding on the banks of streams or ponds; other birds do this but not nearly as persistently as Spotted Sand- pipers.
Notes. — A clear " peet-weet ; " also a single melodious whistle.
Nest. — On the ground in fields or near the edges of pools or streams; eggs buffy, boldly spotted.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf to Hudson Bay; win- ters south of the U. S.
16.^
164
LONG-BILLED CURLEW
264. Numeniiis americanus. 23 in.
Bill much decurved and very long (4 to 8 in.), the longest of any of our shore birds. Plumage variegated with rufous and blackish above; bright buflfy or rufous below, streaked on neck and breast, and barred on the sides with blackish. " Sickle-bills," as these birds are often called, are the largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous either when flying or walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when they are in a flock of smaller plover, as sometimes liappens. They fly in compact flocks, evidently led by one individual, for they wheel and circle in perfect unison, sailing up in the wind on outspread wings, when about to alight.
Notes. — A flute-like whistle, " ker-loo."
Nest. — On the ground; eggs greenish-buiT, with small black spots over the whole surface (2.50x 1.80).
Range. — Breeds in the Upper IVIiss. Valley, north to IVIanitoba; winters in the Gulf States, and southward; '"■ formerly bred on the South Atlantic coast; strays to New England and New Brunswick in the fall.
HUDSONIAN CURLEW 265. Numenius hudsonicus. 17 in.
Darker brown above, than the Sickle-bill ; crown broad- ly striped with blackisli and buflf; underparts grayish, streaked on the brj^ast and barred on the sides with blackish. This and the succeeding species are sumnuM- inhabitants of the Arctic regions, being found within our borders only for a short time in the Fall and Spring. It is found in fresh and salt water marshes, as well as on mud-flats and on sandy beaches of the seashore. They are very unsuspicious and are easily stalked, or decoy very easily, coming to wooden caricatures of them- selves stuck up in the mud, or to crude imitations of their whistles; consequently large numbers of them are shot and they are becoming scarce.
Notes. — Similar to that of the last.
Nest. — Hollows in the ground, lined with grasses an weeds; eggs buffv, blotched with brownish-black (2.2.1 xl.60).
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions. Winters south of the United States, migrating both on the coast and in the interior.
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ESKIMO CURLEW
266. Numenius horealis. 13.5 in.
Bill comparatively short (about 2 in.) and little curved. Above, marked similarly to the last; below v.hite or pale buff, often thickly covered on the breast and sides with streaks and arrow head markings of blackish. Primaries and most of the secondaries plain brownish-black, without the variegation of the last spe- cies. A few years ago this was considered the most abundant of the curlews, but so persistently have they been hunted tliat they are now practically exterminated. When it comes to looking after their safety, curlews are, perhaps, the most stupid of the shore bircls for they do not seem to realize the dangeroui character of man- kind in general, and they have paid the penalty. I trust that all sportsmen will refrain from shooting these birds.
Nest. — Like that of the Hudsonian; eggs similar but smaller.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding in the Arctic regions and migrating through the Plains, Mississippi Valley, and to a less extent on the Atlantic coast, to South America. Very rare now anywhere.
PLOVERS— Family Charadriidae
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
270. Squatarola squatarola. 11.5 in.
Iliiul toe very small. Bill short and stout. Adults in summer with the back, wings and tail barred or marked with black and white; top of head and naix' white, except for a few black markings on the crown . face, throat, breast and fore part of belly, black. J ii winter, brownish-black, somewhat mottled, above; below dull white. Young similar to winter adults, but the back is spotted with yellowish-white. While these hand- some plover migrate to some extent, and sometimes in large flocks, through the interior of the United States, they are chiefly and most abundantly found on tlie coast. They are the plover most eagerly sought by gunners.
Call. — A plaintive whistle, " ter-lee."
Nest. — Grass-lined hollows in marshes or dry land, l)ack from the beach ; eggs greenish-buff, spotted with black.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters in Soutli America, migrating through the U. S. in Sept. and "Nlav.
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168
AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER
272, Vharadrius doniinicus. 10.5 in.
No hind toe.- Back and tail mottled with black anti yellow; below, more or less entirely black to the tail. bToiing and winter adults, more or less spotted with yellow and blackish-brown above, and grayish-white be- low, with indistinct streaks on the breast. Often con- fused with the last species in this plumage, but is smaller, bill smaller and more slender, and the axillars, or feathers nearest the body, under the wings, are gray while those of the Black-bellied Plover are black. This species is now regarded as rare on the North Atlantic coast during migrations, while in the interior it is more abundant than the last species. They do not seem to be as suspicious as the Black-bellies, and a flock will often allow a close approach, even when they see you.
Nest, — Nesting habits like those of the last, and other shore birds; eggs slightly smaller (1,90x1.30).
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions; winters south to South America.
KILLDEER 273. Oxyechus vociferus. 10 in.
No hind toe. Rump ana base of tail reddish-brown; breast crossed by two black bands. Like the Spotted Sandpiper, this bird is locally and abundantly distrib- uted throughout the United States and Southern Can- ada; it is, however, rare in New England, where it is sometimes found in the Fall. It frequents meadows, fields and ploughed ground, where it feeds upon insects, and around the edges of pools and streams where it gets small shellfish and larvae. As usual, they will attempt to lead an intruder away from their nest by feigning lameness.
Notes. — A loud, noisy and incessant " killdee."
Nest. — A slight hollow in the ground, usually in a clump of weeds: sometimes lined and sometimes not; the four eggs are greenish-buff, heavily blotched with black.
Range. — Breeds locally throughout United States, ex- cept New England, and southern Canada; winters in southern U. S.
Iti!)
170
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER
274. ^gialitis semipalmata. 7 in.
Small web between the bases of the two outer toes. Single broad, black band across the breast; black line from base of bill to eye. They are very abundant on our seacoast in Fall, both in flocks composed entirely of their own kind, and also with Least and Semipalmated Sandpipers. They usually keep on the inner side of sandbars or muddy flats bordering marshes, rather than on the open ocean beach. It is also found in smaller flocks, about ponds and marshes in the interior of the country. They are usually unsuspicious and will allow a close approach, or if you are still, will run by within a very few feet.
Notes. — A clear double whistle, usually uttered when on the wing or when alarmed. They decoy to an imita- tion of it.
Nest. — On the ground; eggs buffv, sparsely specked with black. (L30x.90); June.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence north- ward; winters from the Gulf States southward.
PIPING PLOVER
277. ^[/ialitis meloda. 7 in.
Very pale above; no black in front of eye; black patch on each side of breast. Young similar, but the black replaced by grayish, as is the case with the last spe- cies. This species, apparently, never could be classed as abundant and of late years, it is becoming rather rare along our Atlantic coast; this is probably more due to the building of summer resorts and homes along their former breeding grounds than to hunters. The}' are rather more shy than the last species, but will usu- ally attempt to escape by running along the beach or by hiding, rather than by flight. Owing to their light colors it is very difficult to see them at any distance.
Notes. — A two-syllabled piping whistle.
Nest. — On the ground; eggs buff with fine black- specks.
Range. — Breeds on the coast from Va. to Newfound- land and in the Mississippi Valley.
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172
SNOWY PLOVER
278. ^gialitis nivosa. 6.5 in.
Very small and very pale colored. Small black patch on either side of the breast, on ear coverts, and on crown. Bill more slender but longer than that of the Piping Plover.
Notes. — Low, mournful, piping whistles.
Range. — United States chiefly west of the Rockies, east to Kansas and north to Dakota.
WILSON PLOVER
280. OcJithodromus wilsonius. 7.5 in.
Bill large and heavy for birds of this genus. A black band across the neck, not extending to the back of the neck; dark line between eye and bill.
Notes. — A "mixture of whistle and chirp," very dif- ferent from that of allied plovers. (Elliott).
Nest. — A shallow hollow in the sand, sometimes con- cealed by short beach grass; eggs grayish, spotted and scratched with blackish brown (1.25x.95).
Range. — Breeds on the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts north to Virginia; later may stray to Maine.
MOUNTAIN PLOVER
281. Podasocys montanns. 9 in.
No black on breast or sides, but with black band on top of head and a black line from bill to eye. Above grayish-brown; below buffy across the breast, white else- where. Mountain or Prairie Plover, as they are often and better called, are abundant on the western prairies. Like the Bartramian Sandpiper, they do not frequent the vicinity of water, but live and get their food in the dry grass-covered districts. They are not at all shy where they are not hunted. Like all the family, they are very fleet on foot, and may often be seen chasing grasshoppers or other active insects. Their flight is very rapid, often devious and usually at a low elevation.
Notes. — A single^ low, musical whistle.
Nest. — A depression in the ground, anywhere on the prairie. Eggs brownish-gray, blotched with blackish.
Range. — West of the Mississippi River, breeding north to Dakota. Winters from Southwestern United States southward.
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174
TURNSTONE
283. Arenaria interpres. 9,75 in.
Very similar to the next, which is the one figured, but slightly larger, and with black prevailing in the upperparts. This is the Old World species, found in America only in Labrador and Alaska.
RUDDY TURNSTONE
283.1. Arenaria interpres morinella. 9.5 in.
Bill short and stout, the upper mandible being >t:aight, so that the bill has an upturned appearance. J.t'gs reddish on adult birds and orange on young.
KnoAvn by a great many names, referring to its pe- culiarly pied appearance: — Calico-bird, Checkered-snipe, etc. An abundant species usually found on pebbled beaches.
Notes. — One or two clear whistles.
Nest. — A scantily lined hollow; eggs grayish, beauti- fully marbled with brown, lilac and blackish.
Range. — Breeds in the Arctic legions ; winters in Southern South America, migrating en both coasts.
AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER
286. Hcematopus palliatus. 19 in.
Bill very long, heavy, compressed, and thin and chisel- like at the tip. Bill and eye, red; legs flesh color. These large, awkward looking birds are not scarce on the South Atlantic coast, where they are met with in pairs or small companies. They run with great swift- ness, or walk sedately along the beaches and marshes gathering insects and fiddler crabs, of which they are very fond. They are said to have got their name from the habit of eating oysters when they found them with the shell open, a practice that would be extremely haz- ardous for them to undertake, as these shellfish close their two valves very quickly and would be apt to catch the bird. Owing to their large size they are frequently shot at and, consequently, are usually shy.
Nest. — A depression in the sand; the two or three eggs are buff"y, spotted with blackish-brown ( 2.20 x 1.50); May.
Range. — Breeds on the coast north to Virginia; later may stray to Nova Scotia. Winters south of the U. S.
175
MEXICAN JACANA Jacana spinosa. 8 in.
A very peculiar species. Bill plover-like; at the base, terminating in a leaf-like sheaf that covers the fore- head; a hard spur on the shoulder of each wing; legs and toes extremely long, the toenails being abnormally so, the hind nail often being an inch and a half long. Young very different from the adult. — Grayish-brown above, with wings greenish-yellow as in adult; below whitish, darker across the breast and on the sides; a light line above the eye. Jacanas are inhabitants of marshy, muddy pools and ponds, where they can easily run over the surface, their long toes getting a good foothold on the floating aquatic plants. They are said to be very pugnacious in defence of their young, and also to fight among themselves during th^ mating season.
Nest. — Nests made of weeds and trash, on little float- ing islands or lily pads. 3 to 5 olive colored eggs, curiously scrawled with black. (1.20x.95); May.
Range. — Is found and breeds within our borders only in Southern Texas.
GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC.— Order Gallinae
Family Odontophoridse
BOB-WHITE; QUAIL; VIRGINIA PARTRIDGE
289. Colinns virginianus. 10 in.
Male with white throat, bordered with black; female with a yellowish-brown throat, and line above eye. One of the most popular " game birds," so popular that it is exterminated in New England, and birds imported from the west are unable to regain the lost foothold. Found in stubble and low brush, where they hide until almost stepped upon. They feed upon insects and grain.
Notes. — A clear whistled " bob-white " and a series of low, clear whistles when in flocks.
Nest. — Of grass at the end of tunnel in tall grass bordering fields; 8 to 16 white eggs (1.20x.95) ; May.
Range. — Resident east of the Rockies, north to Minn, and Ontario. 289a, Fla. Bob-white (C. v. floridanus), found in southern Florida is extremely dark (shown on plate). 289b, Texan Bob-white (C. v. texanus) is paler with black areas wider.
177
SCALED PARTRIDGE
CalUpepla squamata. 10 in.
With a whitish or buffy-white crest; plumage bluish- gray, with darker edges giving the bird the appearance of being covered with scales. The female is more brown- ish, but is marked the same as the male. These birds are locally abundant in arid, cactus-covered deserts, often at a distance from water, and frequently in com- pany with Gambel Partridge.
Nest. — 8 to 15 eggs are laid in some hollow under a low bush or cactus; they are creamy-white, dotted with minute specks of pale brown. (1.25x.95); April, May.
Range. — Mexico north to Central and Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s. castano- gastris), is more richly colored and has a cliestnut patch on the middle of the belly. It is found in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.
GAMBEL PARTRIDGE 295. Lophortyx gamhclii. 10 in.
Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally these are carried in one packet so that there appears to be but one feather, but when ex- cited, or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers, or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and sides chestnut, throat and middle of belly black. Female with the throat light and hindhead gray; crest small; no black on belly. An abundant species both in mountains, valleys or deserts, near or remote from water. Habits like those of the eastern Bob-white, but instead of taking wing, they will generally rvm.
Nest. — Eggs laid on the ground under any suitable cover; creamy-white, handsomely blotched with brown.
Range. — Resident in western Texas, New Mexico an(' Arizona, north to southern Utah and Nevada.
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180
MEARNS OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE 296. Cyrtonyx montezumce mcarn8i. 9 in.
Bill very stout and compressed. Crest large, puflFy and flat. Markings on the male very grotesque and clownish ; general color of the female, pinkish brown with streaks of black, and white specks, below, and barred and streaked above. These strange birds are .very local in their distribution in the southwest, rare in some localities and occurring in quite large flocks in others. They are so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their clownish plumage, has given them the name of " Fool " Quail. They frequent dry deserts, valleys, or mountains up to an elevation of at least 8,000 feet. When startled, they often squat down, and can almost be caught in the hand, but when they do fly, their flight is very rapid, and accompanied with a peculiar clucking noise.
Nest. — A depression in the ground, lined with grasses, and concealed in clumps of weeds or grass. Their eggs, like those of other partridges, are numerous, pure white, and not as sharply pointed as those of the Bob-white.
Range. — Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
DUSKY GROUSE
207. Dendragapns ohscurus. 20 in.
Plumage gray, white and black, with a few rusty markings on the back; wide gray band on tip of tail. Female smaller, browner and more barred above. These large grouse are found on side hills or in gulches, usu- ally not far from water. Like our common Ruffed Grouse, during mating season, the males of this species strut about with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown back until it nearly touches the tail. At this season they are very pugnacious and the woods will resound with their challenging " toots," — loud and hol- low sounds with a ventriloquial effect.
Nest. — Eggs laid on ground in woods, usually under fallen logs or at the bases of trees; buffy, sparsely spotted with brown. (2.00x1.40) ; May, June.
Range. — Rocky Mts., from Mexico to Montana and east to South Dakota. 297b., Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii) , is found on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, north to British America. Little or no band on the tail.
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182
HUDSONIAN SPRUCE GROUSE
298. Canachites canadensis. 15 in.
Very similar to the next, which is our common spe- cies, but tlie female is not quite as rusty. Found in Labrador and about Hudson Bay.
CANADA GROUSE; SPRUCE GROUSE
298c. C. c. canace. 15 in.
Male black and grayish; female chiefly rusty, barred with black. The Spruce Grouse is usually found in dense thickets and groves or swamps of evergreen woods. It IS one of the least suspicious of birds, and in winter, is sometimes knocked down by sticks in the hands of deer hunters. Their flesh is unfit to eat and conse- quently they are not hunted.
Notes. — A drumming, said to be produced by the wings, when in the air; a clucking by the female.
Nest. — Eggs laid on the ground, usually under low, spreading branches of spruces; bright buff with bold black blotches. (1.70x1.25).
Range. — Northern New England, New York and Min- nesota, northward.
RUFFED GROUSE
300. Bonassa umhellus. 17 in.
Crested and with two large, black, neck-ruffs; plum- age brown, black and white. Female with the ruffs smaller and usually brownish. These grouse have two color phases, the general tone of plumage being either reddisli brown or gra}% independent of age or sex of bird. These naturally wild, shy grouse are the kings of the eastern game birds, their wariness and speed with which they will dodge through the trees being the only reasons they have so long withstood the hunting to which they are subjected. During spring, the male struts often, tail expanded into a half circle, head thrown back to meet the upturned tail, and ruff spread so as to form a complete collar. They make a loud drumming by beating the air with their wings.
Nest. — Eggs on leaves in the woods; plain brownish- burt" I 1.55 X 1.15).
Range. — Resident from Va. and Ark. north to south- ern Canada. 300a., Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B. u. togata), is found in the southern British provinces and northern New England.
183
18i
WILLOW PTARMIGAN 301. Lagopus lagopus. 15 in.
In winter, white with black tail feathers. In sum- mer, usually reddish-brown with black bars. This species has a much stouter bill than the next.
Nest. — Eggs laid on the ground. Rich buflfy, so heav- ily blotched and streaked with black as to nearly con- ceal it. (L75x 1.25).
Range. — Breeds in the northern half of Canada, mi- graimg southward to southern Canada.
301a., Allen Ptarmigan (L. 1. alleni), found in New- foundland, is similar, but in winter the shafts of the primaries are always black.
ROCK PTARMIGAN
302. Lagopus rupestris. 14 in.
In winter, like the last species, except that the bill is smaller, and the lores are black.
Range. — From the Gul"" of St. Lawrence and north- ern British Columbia northward. 302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan, replaces the last variety in northern Labra- dor. 303. Welch Ptarmigan (L. welchi), found in New- foundland, is said to be grayer in summer.
PRAIRiE HEN; PINNATED GROUSE —
305. Tympanuchus americanus. 18 in.
Tufts of neck feathers rounded or square at the ends, long on the males, and short on the females. Above, barred with brownish-black and white or buffy white, the bars being of about equal width; top of head barred black and grayish. Female differs from the male in having the tail feathers barred, whereas they are black in the male. Found locally throughout the prairie regions of the Mississippi Valley north l^ Manitoba. Owing to the immense numbers shot for sale in eastern markets, they have become exterminate in many places where they were formerly abundant. Male birds have a loose sac or naked skin beneath the tufts of feathers on the neck; they inflate these to the size of small oranges, and then produce a loud, hollow, reso- nant booming sound.
Nest. — Anywhere on the ground on the prairie; eggs olive-buff, finely specked with brown.
Range. — From La. and Tex. north to Manitoba and Dakota. 305. Attwater Prairie Hen, smaller and darker, is found in Louisiana and Eastern Texas.
185
HEATH HEN
306. Tympanuchus cupido. 17 in.
Xeck feathers pointed; scapulars more broadly tipped with white; axillars always barred; top of head ])aler and always brownish. These differences will always • separate this species from the very similar western bird. They were formerly found throughout Southern New England and the Middle States, their range meeting that of the Prairie Hen, but now they mo restricted to the island of Martha's Vineyard, south of Mass., and probably the true form is extinct there, for western birds have been liberated on the island and i interbred with the natives.
LESSER PRAIRIE HEN
307. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus. 16 in.
Xearest like the prairie hen but paler above, the litown bars being narrower and lighter colored, but A\ ith the edges blackish, giving the back of the bird a very different appearance from thrt of the Prairie Hen. It is found in western Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas.
PRAIRIE SHARP-TAILED GROUSE
308b. Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris. 18 in.
Xo pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is crested a little more than that of the Prairie Hen : tail with the central feathers nearly two inches longei than the rest, which are also graduated so the outside ones are much the shortest. Plumage much palei than that of the Prairie Hen, and feathers on tlic breast and sides being marked with blackish loops. Found in more or less abundance on the plains and prairies west of the Mississippi River. In mating sea son flocks of them indulge in curious antics, dancing, ruffling their feathers, and cooing and crowing.
Nest. — Eggs laid in a hollow in the ground, usually sheltered by a tuft of grass or bunch of weeds. The eggs are brownish-drab, finely specked, over the whole surface, with blackish-brown. (1.70x1.25).
Range. — West of the Miss. River, from Kew Mex- ico and Indian Territory north to Manitoba. 308. Sharp-tailed Grouse, is found in the interior of Brit- ish America from Hudson Bay to Alaska. Darker and less rusty than the preceding.
188
SAGE GROUSE
309. Centrocercus urophasianiis. 29 in.
The female of this large and very interesting grouse, differs from the male only in its smaller size and paler, duller plumage. They are found in abundance on the dry sagebrush-covered plains about the Rocky Mts. and to the westward. In summer they feed largely upon insects and buds of various plants, but in fall and winter, their food is almost entirely the leaves of the sagebrush; at this season, in consequence, their flesli is unfit to eat, so they are not hunted for market, and are able to pursue a life of quiet as far as man is concerned. In spring, they indulge in amusing play, as do all the grouse; they have a few wiry hairs on either side of the neck, covering the naked sacs that correspond to those of the Prairie Hen; tliey strut about with these sacs inflated, and their spread tail, erect, making peculiar buzzing sounds.
Nest. — Eggs laid on the ground under sagebrush ; greenish-buff, spotted rather sparingly with brown.
Range. — Sagebrush covered plains from New Mexico to Southern British Columbia and Assiniboia
Family Meleagridae WILD TURKEY
310. Meleagres gallopavo silvestris. 48 in.
Female much smaller and duller colored than the male. These fine, large birds frequent woodlands and borders of streams, where they search through the un- derbrush for food in the daytime and sleep in the tall- est trees at night. They are one of the shyest birds, and they have reasons for being, for they have been hunted until tliere are none left in New England and northern Middle States. Wild Turkeys strut and gob- ble precisely like domestic ones. Their plumage is more of a coppery bronze color and their upper tail coverts are rusty, without white edges.
Nest. — Eggs laid on the ground among leaves, usu- allv in dense thickets; buff, spotted with brown. (2.55 xL90).
Range. — From Penn. and Ohio south to the Gulf States west to Arkansas. 310b., Florida Wild Tur- key, found in Florida, is smaller. 310c., Rio Grande Turkey, is found in southern Texas; it has upper tail- coverts edged with buff.
189
RING-NECKED OR MONGOLIAN PHEASANT
*** PJiasianus torquatus
The male of this heautiful pheasant varies greatly in length according to the development of the tail, sometimes being 36 in. in length; the female aver- ages about 22 in. and is plain colored, but still a very handsome bird. ]\lales vary greatly in the rich- ness of their colors, and in the width of the white collar on the neck, the latter depending upon the ex- tent to which they have been interbred with the Eng- lish Pheasant, the latter bird having no white on the neck. These pheasants have been introduced in Ore- gon and Washington and are very abundant there now. Attempts at introducing them in the East have not been as successful, but in some private preserves they are doing well. They are rather sluggish in their habits, compared to our Ruffed Grouse, and usually try to escape by running or hiding rather than by taking wing; when they do fly, they go in a straight line and rather slowly.
FAMILY CRACID^
CHACHALACA
311. Ortalis vetula mccalli. 21 in.
Plumage olive-brown above, and gray below; head crested; sides of head and chin, naked, orange-red. These birds are found in southern Texas, in dense woods, thickets and chaparral. They are very noisy, their calls being loud, harsh, clackings, " cha-cha-lac," repeated rapidly and taken up by all the birds in the neighborhood. They are not usually shy and are often domesticated. They are also hunted to some extent, but their flesh is said not to be very good eating, and their body is quite small compared to the length of the bird.
Nest. — A frail platform of sticks, placed in scrub- . ^
by brush or bushes, a few feet above the ground. They ^*\
lay four white or buffy-white eggs, the shell of which jl^ .^^,„.,,,.J^
is very rough and hard (2.25x1.55); April. W
J^\4V^vv^
Range. — Eastern Mexico north to southern Texas.
liU
192
PIGEONS AND DOVES— Order Columbae Family Columbidae PASSENGER PIGEON
315. Ectopistcs migratorius. 16 in.
Plead and back bluish-slate; below, rich rusty brown. Only a few years ago, up to 1880, they were extremely abundant in eastern North America. Seemingly incred- ible stories are told of the immense flocks and roosting j)laces of these birds, and most of them are autlientic. It is unfortunate that the camera was not extensively used tlien, so we have no visual records of them. A nesting place in Michigan is described as 28 miles in length by about four in width, and every ti'ee in the woods, throughout this whole tract, had several nests, and some were filled with them. Flocks darkening the sky and covering several square miles are recorded. Aiid, today, but one or two stragglers are reported in a year, and these are usually doubtful. They were sh(")t and netted at their roosting and nesting places, i)arreled up and sent to market for sale, this continuing so long as tliere were birds enough to make it profit- able, and we reap the result — no birds.
MOURNING DOVE 316. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.
12 in.
Upperparts olive-brown; below, buffy-gray; a small black mark on the ears above the iridescent neck patch.
These birds never flock as Passenger Pigeons did, traveling in companies of six to a dozen, and they have no common nesting or roosting places, but nest any- where in the woods, orchards or vines. As they are not often hunted, they are not shy, and in some local- ities are very tame, especially when they are breeding. Their food consists of seeds, grain, berries and insects, most of which they get from the ground. They nest either in trees, bushes or on the ground, most often the former. Their nests are very frail platforms, com- posed of only a few twigs and rootlets; when on the ground, usually no nest is made. Their two eggs are pure white, as are those of all doves. They are loving birds, always cooing to each other, and are very atten- tive to their young until they are full grown.
Range. — Breeds throughout the United States and southern Canada, except northern New England and the Provinces. 13
WHITE-FRONTED DOVE
318. Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera. 12 in.
No black ear-mark; under wing coverts rusty cliest- nut. Forehead whitish; all but central pair of tail featliers tipped with white.
Nest. — Indistinguishable from that of the next species.
Range. — Central America and Mexico, north in Feb- ruary to valley of Lower Rio Grande.
WHITE-WINGED DOVE
319. Melopelia asiatica. 12 in.
Large black patch on the ears; tail only moderate- ly long, and broadly rounded, with large white ends lo the outer feathers. Besides the regular cooing notes, common to doves, this species has a peculiar song lik- ened by some, to the first attempts at crowing, of a \()ung rooster.
Nest. — A shabby platform of twigs, lined with bits "f weeds, moss and leaves; placed at any height from ihe ground in bushes, trees or cacti. Eggs white.
Range. — Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and casually southern Florida, southward.
GROUND DOVE 320. Chcemepelia passerina terrestris. 6.75 in.
Size very small; tail short and nearly square. Back of head blue-gray; forehead and most of underparts pinkish. Bill, feet and eye, more or less red.
Nest. — A frail structure of twigs, lined with pine needles; placed usually at low elevations in bushes. The two eggs are pure white.
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; abundant near the coasts; winters throughout its range.
320a., Mexican Ground Dove, found from Texas to California, is slightly paler than the eastern species.
INCA DOVE 312. Scardafella inca. 8 in.
Tail long, with the outer feathers tipped with white, and shorter than the middle ones. Feathers mostly margined with brownish-black. The bases of the pri- maries are bright chestnut, and the whole underwing is of that color; bill black; eye and feet reddish.
Range. — Southern Texas, southern Arizona and south- ern New Mexico.
VULTURES, HAWKS AND OWLS— Order Raptores , AMERICAN VULTURES— Family Cathartidse TURKEY VULTURE OR BUZZARD 325. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. 30 in.
Head naked; red or carmine; bill dull whitish; eyes brown; feet pinkish. Plumage blackisli-brown.
Nest. — Their two eggs are laid upon the ground, be- tAveen rocks, under logs, or in hollow trees; they are whitish, handsomely blotched with brown.
Range, — Breeds from the Gulf north to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota and British Columbia.
BLACK VULTURE
326. Catharista uruhu. 24 in.
Entire plumage, including the naked head, black; feet and tip of bill yellowish. Under surface of the wings white, making it very easy to identify.
Nest, — Two eggs, greenish-white, blotched with brown- ish. (3.00x2.00),
Range. — Resident north to North Carolina, southern Illinois and Kansas.
FALCONS, HAWKS AND EAGLES— Family Falcon-
idae
SWALLOW-TAILED KITE
327. Elanoides forficatus. 24 in.
Tail long and deeply forked; plumage white, and glossy black; feet short but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish-gray. The flight of these birds is very swift and swallow-like; at times they circle about for long periods, on motionless wings; at others, they will be seen swooping over marshes and low ground; the evolutions they perform during the matiu'i; season are wonderful to behold, floating, sailing, dou- bling and turning, in all imaginable positions, as though they were a part of the air itself.
Notes. — A shrill whistled " peet-peet."
Nest. — Composed of twigs, lined with moss and root- lets; usually located in the tops of trees at great heights; 90. to 125 feet from the ground not being uncommon; eggs pale bluish-white, very handsomely marked with brown. (1.85x1.5).
Range. — Breeds north to Virginia, Manitoba and ^liii- nesota; winters south of the United States.
197
WHITE-TAILED KITE 328. Elanus leucurus. 16 in.
Head, underparts and tail, white; slioulders black; upperparts gray. Young, with the back tinged with rusty. Their food consists largely of snakes, but they also eat a great many small rodents and insects.
Nest. — Made of sticks, weeds and leaves, and placed in trees at quite an elevation from the ground; eggs creamy white, profusely blotched with brown.
Range. — Texas to central California, and less often east of the Miss. River, north to South Carolina.
MISSISSIPPI KITE
329. Ictinia 7nississippiensis. 14 in.
Head, underparts and ends of secondaries, bluish- gray. Lores and tail black; back dark; eyes red.
Nest. — Of sticks and weeds in the tops of tall trees; eggs bluish white, usually unmarked, but occasionally with a few brownish specks. (1.65x1,25).
Range. — Breeds north to South Carolina, southern Illinois and Kansas; winters south of the United States.
EVERGLADE KITE
330. Rostrhamus sociahilis. 15 in.
Bill very slender and much hooked, the lower mandi- ble being decurved somewhat, to match the upper; the cutting edge of the bill without a tooth or notch, as most hawks and kites have. Lores naked and yel- lowish, like the cere; eyes red. Plumage blackish; rump and bases of outer tail feathers, as well as tip white. This tropical species is found in the United States, only in the southern half of Florida, in the densest swamps, being fairly abundant in the Everglades. They are said to feed exclusively upon a certain species of water snail, and each bird has a particular perch to which he takes every snail he captures, and after skillfully extracting the animal with its curiously modified beak, it drops the shell on the mound beneath. (Bendire).
Nest. — Of twigs, lined with leaves and weeds, placed at I'lw elevations in bushes or underbrush, often over water: eggs pale greenish-white, spotted with brown- Range. — Southern Florida.
200
MARSH HAWK 331. Circus hudsonius. 19 in.
Upper tail coverts and base of tail white. Male, l)lue-gray above; below whitish, streaked and barred with rusty. Female and young. — Above rusty brown- ish-black; below rusty with dusky streaks on the breast and sides. As shown by its name, this hawk is found most abundantly in or around marshes or wet meadows. I have found them especially abundant in boggy marshes such as frequented by bitterns. Their flight is quiet and owl-like, and as they do most of their feeding toward dusk, they often seem like owls as they flit l»\ without a sound. Their food is composed chiefly of 1 meadow mice and moles, which they spy and dash down upon as they fly at low elevations.
Notes. — A shrill whistle when their nest is ap- proached.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground in marshes: four plain bluish-white eggs. (1.80x1.40); May, June.
Range. — Breeds locally in the whole of the United States and Canada, north to Hudson Bay; winters in the southern half of the United States.
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK 332. Accipiter veloco. 12 in.
This little hawk, so near like the Cooper, is one of the most active of the family, and from this fact it gets its name velox, meaning swift. It is often seen in woods, orchard, or even about buildings in large cities, in which latter places, it does good service in catching English Sparrows. If they would confine their food to these birds, no one would object, but un- fortunately they will take any little bird that comes within their reach, or that they are able to catch. They are one of the very few hawks that do live largely upon birds, and even they destroy a great many mice.
Notes. — A shrill, three -syllabled whistle.
Nest. — A rude and usually frail structure of twigs, placed in branches of trees, usually at quite low ele- vations (15 ft.). Eggs white, beautifully blotched with brown. (1-45x1.15).
Range. — Breeds chiefly in northern U. S. and Canada; winters throughout the United States.
201
COOPER HAWK 333. Accipiter cooperi. IG in.
This hawk is a large edition of the last species. All liawks vary in size, this one and the last, perhaps, more than any others. Female hawks are always the largest. A large female of the Sharp-shinned variety. is often as large as a small male Cooper, but the crown of the Cooper is darker than that of the Sharp- shinned, and his tail is always rounded, while that of the last species is nearly square at the end. This is also a destructive species; it is usually one of these two hawks, or the Goshawk, that is responsible for the ill-feeling with which farmers regard all of the family. All small hawks are known to farmers as • Chicken Hawks," and large ones as " Hen Hawks," I)ut the majority of our hawks rarely disturb fowls.
Nest.— Of sticks in crotches of trees, usually quite high up; often old crows nests are used; eggs bluish- white, unmarked or very faintlv specked with brown. ( 1.90 X 1.45) ; April.
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf north to southern Canada : winters from Mass. and Oregon southward.
AMERICAN GOSHAWK
334. Astur atricapillus. 23 in.
Adults, above bluish-slate, darkest on the crown; a whitish line over the eye; below white, finely waved with gray. Young, brownish-black, with ligliter edg- ings to the feathers; below whitish, streaked with blackish-brown. Young birds can easily be distin- guished from those of any other species by their large size and the long tail. This handsome species is one of the most rapacious and destructive of our birds of prev. Their short wings and long tail enable them to glide among the thickest foliage with great speed, and even the Ruffled Grouse cannot escape them. In the north where they live in summer, they destroy great numbers of Ptarmigan and Spruce Grouse, and come to us in the winter with their appetite whetted for a diet of poultry and our game birds, being ex- ceedingly bold in their capture.
Nest. — Of sticks lined with weeds and bark, in tall trees; eggs white, unmarked.
Range. — Breeds throughout Canada; winters in the nortliern half of tlie United States.
203
!Ui
HARRIS HAWK
335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. 20 in.
Tail coverts, base and tip of tail, white. Adults with the shoulders, thij^hs and under wing-eo verts, red- dish-brown. Young with rusty edgings to feathers on the back; below, rusty buff with blackish spots or streaks; thighs barred with blackish. Space in front of eye, bare except for stiff hair-like bristles, yellow- ish like the cere. This species is the connecting link between the vultures and hawks of the genus huteo. Its feedings habits are similar to those of the vul- tures, with which it often associates when feeding upon carrion. They are very sluggish birds and their flight is slow and heavy; when not feeding they are usually x'rched on one foot on some dead limb, dozing.
Nest. — Made of sticks, twigs and weeds, placed in )ushes or low trees. Their three or four eggs are dull white, unmarked (2.10x1.65).
Range. — Mexico, north to southern United States chiefly in Texas, but also found in New Mexico and casuailv east to Louisiana.
RED-TAILED HAWK 337. Jiiiteo horealis. 21 in.
One of the liandsoniest and most powerfully built of our hawks. Adults with the tail rusty-red, with or without a narrow blackish band near the tip; below white, with a band of blackish streaks across the breast, and dusky markings on the sides. Young birds are similar, but have the tail grayish-brown with black bands. An examination of the food of this bird of prev. made by the Department of Agriculture, shows that, Instead of living upon poultry as most farmers think, their food consists chietly of frogs, snakes, liz- ards, mice and insects, less than one in ten of the stomachs examined containing any remains of poultry.
Notes. — A shrill whistle or scream.
Nest. — Of sticks, weeds, leaves and trash high up in tall trees: eggs white, spotted with blackish-brown.
Range.— Breeds in United States and Southern Can ada; winters in the United States. 837a., Krider Hawk is a paler race found on the plains from Minn, to Texas. 337d., Harlan Hawk, is darker and has the tail mottled with blackish; found in the Gulf States.
20 U
RED SHOULDERED HAWK
339. Buteo lineatus. 19 in.
Adults with the shoulders bright reddish-brown; primaries and secondaries barred with black and white; below huffy thickly barred with rusty-brown. Young with the shoulders duller; underparts white, streaked all over with blackish-brown. This is one of the most abundant of the birds of prey in Eastern United States, and it is also one of the most useful, destroying quan- tities of moles and field mice, as well as grasshoppers. Tsually one or more pairs will be found in a piece of woods. One pair that 1 know, and I presume it is tlie sapie pair, each year has its nest on the edge of a colony of Black-crowned Night Herons and, during the season, they live and feed their young largely upon the young of these birds.
Nest. — Of sticks, lined witii weeds and strips of bark; i'lrgs white, blotched with brown (2.15x1.75). April, May.
Range.— Breeds from the Gulf to Maine and Minne- sota. 339a. Fla. Red-Shouldered Hawk, found in Flor- ida and north to So. Car., is paler colored.
SENNETT WHITE-TAILED HAWK
341. Buteo albicaudatus sennetti. 22 in.
Adults grayish-slate above and to the sides of the throat; tail and underparts white, the former with a subterminal band of black and indistinct wavy lines and the latter with fine barring on the sides. Ihe shoulders are largely chestnut. Young birds are brown- ish-black above and usually white below, but the under- parts are variable — often streaked with rusty and blackish, or even wholly black.
They are useful hawks, their food consisting chiefly of insects and moles or mice.
Nest. — Built in bushes in open land, rarely more than six feet above ground. Composed of sticks, dry weeds and grasses making a bulky structure visible for a long distance. Three eggs are not uncommon but two is the usual number; they are dirty white with very few marks of brown (2.35x1.85). Their nesting season ranges from as early as February to July.
Range. — Not uncommon on the Gulf coast of Texas and in the lower Rio Grande Valley, southwards into South America.
li)i
208
SWAINSON HAWK 342. Buteo sivainsoni. 20 in.
Tliis species has the greatest variety of plumages of any of our hawks. It has only three outer prima- ries notched near the tips, while the two last species, which are the only ones that can be confused with it, have four. Adults in the light phase have a band of rich chestnut across the breast. Adults in the dark phase are uniform blackish-brown, with some rusty edgings and with thighs more or less rusty. Young birds are huffy below, with elongated blackish spots. Its harmless character can be understood from the fact that it is no unusual sight to find other birds, -' such as Arkansas Kingbird and Bullock Oriole, nest- ing in the same tree; and the first mentioned species ; goes even further than this, sometimes constructing its home in the sides of the nests of the hawks.
Nest. — Of sticks and twigs, either in trees or on the ground on rocky ledges: eggs white, spotted with I brown. (2.20 x l'.70) .
Range. — Western N. A., breeding from Texas to the Arctic regions; east to Illinois and west to the Pacific.
BROAD-WINGED HAWK
343. Buteo platypterus. 16 in.
Adults grayish-brown above; below, streaked on the throat and breast, and barred below, with rusty -brown; tail with three blackish bars. Young similar above; below white, streaked with blackish-brown. They are most apt to be confused with the Cooper and Red- Shouldered Hawk, but when in flight, it can usually be distinguished at a distance, from the former by its shorter tail, and from the latter by its smaller size and rounded wings. They may be classed as abundant east of the Great Plains. They are rather solitary in their habits, especially during the breeding season, when but one pair is usually found in a piece of woods.
Notes. — A long, squeaking wail, sounding much likt two branches rubbing together and creaking.
Nest. — Of sticks, invariably lined with pieces of bark; usually placed in crotches next to the trunks of large trees, but not usually at a great height; eggs whitish, more or less blotched with brown and gray.
Range. — Breeds north to New Brunswick and Mani- toba ; winters in southern half of the United States.
209
210
AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK 347a. Archihuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. 22 in.
Legs feathered to the toes. Adults blackish on the !)ack and belly; head and breast, more or less grayish- white, streaked with dusky; tail white, barred on the end with black; eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish-brown, more or less mixed with rusty. This large, heavily-built species is found in the United States, only in winter; it frequents thinly wooded dis- tricts or meadows, where it catches its prey, which consists of small rodents, insects and reptiles. It is very irregular in its appearance, especially in the east, but it is most often found near the coast. It is a sluggish species and I doubt if it does any harm to wild birds or to poultry; it certainly does a great deal • if good.
Nest. — Of sticks, on rocky ledges; eggs bluish-white, hnldly splashed with brown. (1.90x1.55).
Range. — Breeds north of the United States border; winters in northern United States.
FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK 348. Archihiitco ferrugineus. 23 in.
Legs feathered to the toes. Adults with back, shoul- ders, thighs and legs, rusty, barred or streaked with black; tail grayish-wiiite, tinged with rusty. Young birds are brownish-black, above and without any rusty below. In the dark phase they are sooty-brown, more or less varied with rusty, and the tail is the same as in the light plumage. Their bill is larger and tai longer than that of the last species. A fairly abundant hawk on the plains and prairies west of the Miss., usually not at a great distance from water.
Nest. — Usually on the ground on bluffs or rocky ledges, but sometimes in trees; made of sticks an weeds; sometimes used year after year, and then be- coming bulky, as it is added to each year; eggs white, handsomely spotted and blotched with blackish-brown, very variable.
Range. — Breeds west of the Miss., from Kansas, lo- cally, and the Dakotas, abundantly, north to Sas- katchewan. Winters south to Mexico.
211
212
GOLDEN EAGLE
349. Aquila chrysoetos. 35 in.
Legs feathered to the toes. Plumage blackish -brown, adults having the lengthened feathers on the nape, golden-brown, and the tail more or less mixed with white; leg feathers rusty. These large, handsome, well- built birds of prey are fairly abundant in thinly set- tled country west of the Miss., especially in mountains and foot-hills. They are very powerful birds and a single pair of them will rule the whole country in which they reside. They are very shy in the presence of man and will never attack a person or show fight unless wounded or surprised at their meals. Their food consist of prairie dogs, rodents, ducks and even fawns.
Notes. — ^A shrill a " kee-kee-kee."
Nest. — A very bulky structure of large sticks, lined with twigs, needles and in some cases evergreen; eggs creamy-white, spotted, splashed and clouded with vari- ous shades of brown and gray (2.90x2.50).
Range. — West of the Miss., from Mexico northward; rarely eastward to the Atlantic coast.
BALD EAGLE
352. Ealiceetus leucocephalus. 34 in.
Legs not feathered to the toes. Adults with white head and tail. Young birds similar in color to those of the Golden Eagle, but blacker and with the legs always bare on the lower half. Young, with brown eves, like those of the last; adults with yellow eyes and feet. This handsome bird of prey, our national emblem, is resident and locally distributed throughout the United States and Canada, always near streams or lakes, and most abundant on the seacoasts. Their food, like that of the Golden Eagle, is chiefly caught by themselves, and consists of any small mammals, geese, ducks, etc., and during the summer, or when their usual food is scarce, they feed upon fish, which they either catch for themselves or taken by force from Ospreys.
Nest. — Of sticks large and bulky, and usually in tops of very tall trees; two eggs, pure white. (2.75x2.10).
Range. — Resident locally in whole of North America. 213
214
WHITE GRYFALCON
353. Falco island us. 23 in. Adults in perfect plumage, pure white, slightly barred
on the back and spotted below with black.
Nest. — Of sticks, lined with grasses and feathers; ])laced on ledges of cliffs; eggs bulky white, specked with reddish brown, often so thickly that the ground color is obscijred (2.30x1.80).
Range. — Arctic region, breeding in Northern Green- iiul, and wintering to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and casually to northern ]\Iaine.
GRAY GYRFALCON
354. Falco rusficolus. 23 in. Adults white, heavily barred above, and streaked be- low with gray and black.
Range. — Arctic regions, south in winter, rarely to northern United States.
354a. GYRFALCON ( F. r. gyrfalco). Similar to the ast but darker, the latter being usually more white than (luskv, wiiile this is the reverse.
354b. BLACK GYRFALCON ( F. r. obsoletus) . Much darker than the last, the markings tending to be buffy white spots on a grayish black ground.
PRAIRIE FALCON
355. Falco mexicanus. 18 in.
A blackish patch on the sides of the throat, similar to tliat of the Duck Hawk. Above brownish black, much paler and never with the slaty color of the Duck Hawk; below streaked or spotted with blackish brow^n. These falcons are fairly abundant on the western plains and prairies, and are also found in wooded mountain regions. They are strong and active and will fight fiercely if cap- tured. They live upon small mammals, birds and occa- sionally, grouse. Their flight is very swift and accom- plished by rapid wing beats, with occasional sailings.
Notes. — A cackle, and rapidly repeated (Bendire) .
kee-kee-kee."'
Nest. — -A mass of sticks and trash, on bluff's or rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees; eggs reddish buff, thickly sprinkled and blotched with brown. (2.50x1.60).
Range. — Eastern border of the Great Plains to the Pacific; and from Saskatchewan to southern Mexico,
215
21ti
DUCK HAWK
356a. Falco peregrinus anatum. 17 in.
Black moustache mark, or patch on each side of the throat. Adults white below, tinged with buffy on the breast and sides, and lightly barred with black; above bluish slate, darkest on the crown. Some adults are darker, and much more heavily barred than others. Young, brownish black with rusty edges to the feath- ers; below, buffy, heavily streaked with blackish. This is one of the handsomest and most dashing of the rap- tores, and is very similar to the one formerly most used for the chase in England. They are swift and fearless in pursuit of their prey, and the fastest flying ducks as well as the slower herons fall easy victims to their valor. Their feet are exceptionally large, and they are often, on this account, known as Great-footed Hawks.
Nest. — Eggs laid upon bare ledges or soil, with very little, if any, nest. Bright buff, marked with rich rusty brown. (2'.05 x 1.55) .
Range. — Breeds in Northern United States and Can- ada, most abundant west of the Miss.
PIGEON HAWK 357. Falco columbarius. 12 in.
Adult male, bluish slate above, with black shaft lines to the feathers; below buffy on the breast, sides and thighs; streaked on the breast and barred on the flanks with black; tail with four black bands. Female and young, blackish brown above; below streaked with dusky. These little falcons are very bold and coura- geous when led by the pangs of hunger, chasing their prey close to human beings, and they have been known to follow birds, which, in their fright, have dashed through windows in houses. They live upon any of the smaller birds, as well as rodents, grasshoppers and other insects.
Nest. — Usually a slight platform of. twigs in trees, deep in the woods, less often in cavities in trees, and sometimes on ledges; eggs buffy, heavily blotched witli chestnut. (1.50x1.20).
Range. — Breeds chiefly north of the United States, but occasionally on the northern border; winters in northern United States.
21'
RICHARDSON MERLIN
357b. Falco columharius richardsonii. 12 in.
Both adults and young are similar to the same of llic last species, but they are much paler colored, and ihc tail is crossed by six light bars. The habits of this -[lecies, which seems to have quite a limited range, are piccisely like those of the Pigeon Hawk. Like that species, it flies swiftly, with rapidly beating wings, and occasionally sails and soars. The under surface of the wings is prominently barred, but not as much so as tliat of the Pigeon Hawk; it is very conspicuous when in flight.
Nest. — Either in hollow trees, or a rude platform of sticks, usually not very high from the ground; eggs huffv white, handsomely blotched with brown. ( L60
\ 1.25).
Range. — From the Miss, to the Rockies, and from .Mexico north to Saskatchewan, locally distributed.
21S
SPARROW HAWK
360. Falco sparverius. 10.5 in.
This is the smallest and one of the handsomest of our hawks. Cannot be mistaken for any other species, be- cause of its bright colors and odd marking. The female is barred on the back, wings and tail, while the male has but a few short bars on the back. The general tone of both, above, is a bright rusty-brown. This is the most abundant hawk that we have, and it is also best known, chiefly because it is found commonly in the vicin- ity of farmhouses and commonly on the outskirts of cities. Their flight is peculiar, a few rapid wing beats, then a short sail, alternately. They are very noisy in mating season and when the young birds first fly, their notes being a "apidly repeated, " killy-killy-killy." Their food is of grasshoppers, mice and rarely small birds.
Nest. — Usually in cavities in trees, often in desert Flicker holes, the eggs being laid upon the bare wo< Thev are cream colored, finely sprinkled and spotted with broM^n. (1.35x1.10).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador an Hudson Bav. Winters in southern United States.
219
220
AUDUBON CARACARA
362. Polyborus cheriicay. 22 in.
These peculiar birds cannot be mistaken for any of our hawks or falcons. They are very sluggish birds, with habits resembling both those of buzzards and some of the hawks. They are usually known in localities where they are found, as Caracara Eagles. As we might suspect from the shape of their bill, the naked and bristle-covered lores, and the feet, which have not the strongly hooked talons of hawks, the food of these birds is largely carrion. It is terrestrial in its habits and is most often seen, when not in flight, either upon the ground, or standing erect on branches at low elevations. They are more quarrelsome in their disposition than are vultures, and frequently fight over their prey.
Nest. — A bulky, but shabby pile of sticks and weeds, in bushes or low trees; eggs buff, sprinkled, spotted or blotched with yellowish brown or chestnut. (2.50x 1.80).
Range. — Resident of the Mexican border of the U. S. and in southern Florida.
AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK
364. Pandion halixstus carolinensis. 23 in.
Real old birds have the head whiter, and less whi edging to the back feathers, than do the young. F( very strong, and very hard and rough, perfectly adapt to grasping slippery fish ; outer toe can h^. used equally well, either in front or behind, when perching or grac- ing their prey. Their food is entirely of fish, wlii they catch themselves, by plunging after it, hovering the air a few seconds while watching the fish, prepai tory to diving upon it. They are always found abo water and are very numerous on the seacoasts, whc twenty or more may frequently be seen at a time. Tin are protected by law in some states, and by public s( timent in most others.
Notes. — A loud, tremulous, piercing whistle.
Nest. — Usually in trees; large and bulky, of sticks, sometimes on the ground, telegraph poles, chimneys, etc. Eggs creamy buff, blotched with rich brown. (2,40 xl,80).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf to Labrador and Alas- ka; winters in the southern half of the U. S.
FAMILY ALUCONID^
BARN OWL
365. Aluco pratincola. 18 in.
Plumage very soft, finely barred and specked; gen- eral coloration gray, yellowi:h-bro\vn and white. No ear tufts; eyes small and brown; face very long; legs very long. These peculiar owls aie abundant in the south, where they are commonly known as " Monkey- faced Owls," because of their odd visage. They are very useful birds, and are usually recognized as such. Their food consists almost wholly of small squirrels, rodents, reptiles and insects. It does most of its hunt- ing just after dusk and early in the morning. Its flight is rather slow and entirely noiseless, as is that of all I the members of the family.
Nest. — In hollow trees, under the roofs of barns or in p caves; the four to six eggs are pure white. (1.70x1.30).
Range. — United States, breeding north to New York, Ontario, and Washington. Winters in the southern half of the United States.
HORNED OWLS— Family BubonidaB
AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL
366. Asio wilsonianus, 15 in.
This species can readily be distinguished from the next, which is the only one of the same size, by its lonu ear tufts; it is also darker, and the markings on tlu' breast are largely in the form of bars. In the northern portions of the United States, this species is probably tlie most abundant of owls, excepting tlie little Screech Owl. It is often quite common, where its presence is little suspected, because, unless disturbed, it flies only at night and is a rather silent species. During the daytime it is usually sitting upright in the dense tops of evergreen trees. Crows often discover them, and pro claim their hiding place to the whole neighborhood by their incessant cawing. Owls of all kinds are in dis favor with crows.
Notes. — A soft-toned "wo-hunk, wo-hunk." (Bendire. )
Nest. — They lay from four to seven pure white eggs, usually in old crow nests.
Range. — Resident from the Gulf to Nova Scotia and Manitoba.
223
224
SHORT-EARED OWL
367. Asio flammeus. 15.5 in.
Ear tufts very short; general color buflfy, not nearly
as brown nor as dark as the last species usually is.
They are not nearly as nocturnal as most of the owls,
and most of their hunting is done about dusk, when
they may be seen flying close to the ground over marshes
or low land. Their flight is perfectly silent, which aids
I them in securing their prey of field mice, which they
I usually get without stopping in their flight, just swoop-
^ ing down, extending their long legs, armed with wicked
I little claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he
I being carried to a nearby stump, and devoured, fur,
? bones and all.
Notes. — A very short, shrill cry, evidently their call note, and a low clucking uttered as they swoop over your head; besides the usual snapping of the bill.
Nest. — On the ground, usvially in marshes; the four to seven eggs are pure white. (1.55x1.25).
Range. — Breeds locally from the Gulf to the Arctic regions; winters throughout the United States.
BARRED OWL
368. Strix varia. 20 in.
Eyes dark brown. This is the most abundant of the large owls throughout its range. It has no ears. This species is the common " hoot owl," that is the terror of small children and many older ones. They are noisy birds, and two of them like to get at opposite sides of a piece of woods and talk to each other. Their notes arc very vari.ible but are oftenest combinations of '' who whos " and " too-toos," often ending in a mournful wail. They spend the day in slumber, unless routed out of the dense trees where they rest, by crows or human beings. They are one of the least harmful of the family and should be protected.
Nest. — Usually in hollow trees, but sometimes in old crow nests. Eggs pure white (1.95x1.65).
Range. — Resident in eastern North America. 368a. Florida Barred Owl (alleni), is smaller, darker and the toes are unfeathered, as are those of 368b, Texas Barred Owl, found in southern Texas. IS
225
226
GREAT GRAY OWL
370. ^cotiaptex nebulosa. 27 in.
Tail long; eyes small and yellow. This large owl is only found in Northern United States during the win- ter. Its tail is unusually long, as are all its feathers, thereby making it appear a very much larger bird than it really is; it weighs but little more than the Barred Owl. They do not appear to be in especial abundance anywhere, but occasionally large flights of them will occur in some parts of the country; they seem to occur most freely in Minnesota and North Dakota. They are nocturnal like the majority of the family, and subsist largely upon mice and hares.
Nest. — Of sticks, in trees, usually pines, in heavily wooded districts; eggs white. (2.15x1.70).
Range. — Breeds from southern Labrador, Hudson Bay and Alaska northward ; winters south to the northern border of the United States and casually to Long Island and Illinois.
RICHARDSON OWL
371. Cryptoglanoo fimerea richardsoni. 10 in.
This species bears considerable resemblance to the lit tie Acadian Owls, but is grayer; the top of the hea( has numerous round white spots and the wing coverts are spotted with white.
Nest. — Usually in holes of trees; eggs white.
Range. — Breeds throughout Canada, and possibly in the northern parts of the northern states; winters south to northern United States.
SAW-WHET OWL; ACADIAN OWL. 372. Cryptoglaux acadica. 8 in.
Smallest of our eastern Owls; no ear tufts. General color brownish above and white below w^ith the sides streaked with brown. . No markings on wing coverts, but scapulars spotted with white. It is chiefly nocturnal in its habits and, consequently, is not often seen even if they are abundant.
Range. — Breeds from northern U. S. northward; win- ters in northern United States. 22]
228
SCREECH OWL
373. Otus asio. 9.5 in.
Two color phases independent of age, sex or season; eyes yellow; has ear tufts. The Screech Owl, or its sub-species, is found throughout the United States, and is one of the most abundant and best known of the family. They are not at all timid, in winter fre- quently being found in church towers, while on the outskirts of cities and in the country, they reside, at all seasons of the year, in orchards. They remain mated for life, and live in the same tree for years, if not too much disturbed by curious boys. Both adults and the four young are often found in the nest together, and they offer no resistance when tney are removed bj hand. Their food is almost wholly of insects and rodents.
Notes. — A wavering trill.
Nest. — In holes of trees; eggs white (1.35x1.20).
Range. — Resident in U.S. and southern Canada. 373a. Florida Screech Owl (floridamis) , is smaller and slightly darker. 373b. Texas Screech Owl (mc- calli), is smaller and more heavily barred on the sides.
GREAT HORNED OWL
375. Buho virginianus. 23 in.
Has ear tufts, thus distinguishing it from any other of our large, powerfully built owls. These large birds are the fiercest, most active and most destructive of the family. Their size and strength allows them to kill skunks and woodchucks, as well as poultry, grouse and small mammals and birds. They seem to be es- pecially fond of skunks, and nearly all of them that I have seen or handled, have given unmistakable evi- dence of their recent and close association with these animals.
Notes. — A deep, dismal " who-who," and a loud un- earthly shriek.
Nest. — Usually in deserted hawk or crow nests, an( also in hollow trees; eggs white. (2.25x1.85). Feb., March.
Range. — Breeds and resident from the Gulf to Lab- rador. 375a. Western Horned Owl (pallescens) is paler colored; found in the plains and Rockies north to Manitoba. 375b. Arctic Horned Owl (subarcticus) , is chiefly black and white; found in Arctic America, win- tering south to northern border of United States.
229
28U
SNOWY OWL
37G. IS^yctea nyctea. 25 in.
Xo ear tufts. Plumage white, more or less heavily spotted with black, the female usually being quite strongly barred on the back. They are locally abundant in the far north, preferring low, mossy lands to the more timbered districts. Here they find an abundance of food during the summer months, living upon hares, lemmings, ptarmigan and ducks. They are about the equal of the Horned Owl in strength, and usually will weigh a few ounces more; they will frequently kill animals or birds as heavy, or heavier, than themselves. They also catch a great many fish; these they get in shallow water among the rock-weed covered stones, by reaching down quickly and seizing their prey in their strong claws.
Nest. — On the ground in dry portions of marshes; (lie 2 to 8 eggs are pure white.
Range. — Breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay, northward, and possibly farther south; winters cas- ually to the Middle States, and commonly to Minne- sota and Maine.
AMERICAN HAWK OWL
377a. Surnia ulula caparoch. 15 in.
Tail long and rounded; plumage mottled black, white and gray, with little, if any, brownish tinge; heavily barred with black. These owls, curiously resembling a hawk in build, and more so in flight, are very active and hunt more during the daytime than after dark. They feed largely upon small rodents and lemmings which are very abundant in their summer home, and also kill a great many small birds. They seem to be impartial to wooded districts, or open marshes and low lands, where they may be seen skimming about close to the ground.
Nest. — Either of sticks in the tops of trees, or in hollow cavities. The eggs are white, as are those of all owls, and nearly globular in shape. (1.40x1.25).
Range. — Breeds from Newfoundland and Manitoba northward, and possibly farther south on the moun- tains. Winters south to northern United States, rarely to New York and Illinois.
|
w |
|
mm^t |
|
HJP!^! |
231
232
BURROWING OWL
378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogcea. 10 in.
Legs very long, and nearly bare on the lower part of tarsi; tail short; no ear tufts. An abundant and useful species in the prairie regions west of the Mis- sissippi. They live in the same region that prairie dogs are found, using deserted burrows of these ani- mals, or taking them by force, for they are more than a match for these curious animals; they do not, as has often been said, live peaceably in the same bur- lows with them. On the contrary, young prairie (logs, as well as rodents, small snakes and birds, form a large part of their daily diet. They are both diur- nal and nocturnal, doing most of their hunting after lusk, but often seen sitting at the mouth of the bur- nw during the daytime. The six to ten eggs that they Icposit at the end of these burrows are white.
Range. — West of the Miss. Valley, north to South- ern Manitoba and British Columbia. 378a. Florida Bur- rowing Owl (floridana), is smaller and whiter; found in southern Florida.
INDEX
Anhinga 68
Auk, Great 30
Razor-billed 29
Avocet, American 144
Bittern, American 118
Cory Least 119
Least 119
Bob-white 177
Florida 177
Texan 177
Booby 66
Blue-faced 65
Brant 112
Caracara, Audubon 220
Chachalaca 191
Coot, American 140
Cormorant 69
231
Cormorant, Double-crested ......'. 70
Florida 70
Mexican 71
Crane, Little Brown 131
Sandhill 131
Whooping 130
Curlew, Eskimo 166
Hudsonian 165
Long-billed 164
Dovekie 31
Dove, Ground 195
Inca 195
Mourning 193
White-fronted 194
White-winged 194
Dowitcher 148
Long-billed 148
Duck, Am. Golden-eye 94
Am. Scaup 92
Baldpate 83
Barrow Golden-eye 94
Black 79
Black-bellied Tree 109
Buffle-head 95
Canvas-back 91
Eider, American 99
Northern 99
King 100
Florida 80
Fulvous Tree 110
Gadwall 81
Harlequin 97
Lesser Scaup 92
Long-tailed 96
Labrador 98
Mallard 78
Mottled 80
Old Squaw 96
Duck, Pintail 88
Redhead 90
Ring-necked 93
Ruddy 103
Scoter, Am. 101
Surf 102
'* White-winged 101
Shoveller 87
Teal, Blue-winged 85
" Cinnamon 86
" Green-winged 84
Widgeon 82
Wood 89
Eagle, Bald 213
Golden 212
Egret, American 122
Reddish 124
Ei 'er, American 99
Northern 99
King 100
Falcon, Prairie 215
234
Flamingo, American 112
Frigate Bird 74
Fulmar 58
Galliniile, Florida 139
Purple 138
Gannet 67
Godwit, Hudsonian 157
Marbled 156
Goose, Am. White-fronted 106
Cackling 107
Canada 107
Blue 105
Snow, Greater 104
Snow, Lesser 104
Goshawk, American 203
Grebe, Eared 20
Horned 19
Holboell 18
Least 21
Pied-billed 22
Western 17
Grouse, Canada 182
Dusky 181
Richardson 181
RulTed 183
Sage 188
Shap-tailed 187
Sharp-tailed Prairie 187
Spruce 182
Guillemot, Black 27
Mandt 27
Gull, Black-backed 39
Bonaparte 44
Franklin 43
Glaucous 37
Herring 40
Iceland 38
Ivory ..: 35
Kittiwake 36
Kumlien 38
Laughing 42
Ring-billed 41
235
Gull, Ross 45
Sabine 46
Gyifalcon 214
White 214
Hawk, Am. Rough-legged 210
Am. Sparrow 219
Broad-winged 209
Cooper 202
Duck ■ 216
Ferruginous Rough-leg 211
Harlan 205
Harris 204
Krider 205
Marsh 200
Pigeon 217
Red-shouldered 206
Red-tailed 205
Senett White-tailed 207
Sharp-shinned ■ 201
Swainson 208
Heath Hen 186
Heron, Great White 120
Great Blue 121
Green 127
Little Blue 126
Louisiana 125
Night, Black-crowned 128
Night, Yellow-crowned 129
Snowy 123
Ibis, Glcssy . 116
Scarlet 115
White 114
White-faced Glcssy .«. . 116
Wood 117
Jacana, Mexican 176
Jaeger, Long-tailed 34
Parasitic 34
Pomarine 33
Killdeer 179
Kite, Everglade 199
Mississippi 198
Swallow-tailed 197
236
Kite, White-tailed 198
Kittiwalve 36
Knot 150
I.impkiii 132
Loon 23
Black-throated 24
Red-throated 25
Mallard 78
Man-o-War Bird 74
Merganser, American . . , , 75
Red-breasted 76
Hooded 77
Merlin, Richardson 218
Murre 28
Brunnich 28
Noddy 56
Osprey, American 221
Owl, Am. Hawk 231
Arctic Horned 229
Barn 222
.Barred 225
237
Barred, Florida 225
Burrowing 232
Burrowing, Florida 232
Great Gray 226
Great Horned - 229
Long-eared 223
Richardson 227
Saw-whet 227
Screech 228
Short-eared 224
Western Horned 229
Snowy • 230
Oyster-catcher 175
Partridge, Gambel 179
Massena 180 .
Mearns 180
Scaled 178
Pelican, Am. White 72
Brown 73
Petrel, Leach 63
Stormy 62
Petrel, Wilson 62
Phalarope, North'eru 142
Red 141
Wilson 143
Pheasant, Ring-necked 190
Pigeon, Passenger 192
Plover, Am. Golden 168
Black-Bellied 167
Killdeer 169
Monntain 173
Piping 171
Piping, Belted 171
Semipalmated 170
Snowy 172
Upland 161
Wilson 172
Prairie Hen - 185
Lesser 186
Ptarmigan, Allen 184
Rock 184
Willow f r . f f . r IS4
Ptarmigan, Welch 184
Puffin 2(;
Large-billed 26
Quail 188
Rail, Black 137
Carolina 136
Clapper 134
Louisiana 134
Florida 134
Wayne 134
King 133
Sora 136
Virginia 135
Yellow 137
Sanderling 155
Sandpiper, Baird 152
Bartramian 161
Buff-breasted 162
Least 153
Pectoral 151
Purple 151
238
SniidpiiHM-, IJ(Ml-l)a('-ko(l ir>4
S(>Mii|>;iliuated ir>:^
Solitary 15J)
Sandpiper, Spotted VM\
Stilt 149
VV(>storn 153
Wliito-rumped . 152
S<'()t(M*, American 101
Surf 102
WIUtO-WillROd 101
Shovollor 87
Snakc-birfi 68
Snipo. Wilson 147
Sh<Mrwat(M\ Audubon 59
( "{)!•>• 59
(Jr<Nit(M' 60
Sooty 61
SUimiuor, Rlaolv s... 57
Slam 32
Spoonbill. Ko8ente 113
Still. HlarU iuM>l<«Ml 145
239
Swan, Trumpeter Ill
Whist liuK s Ill
Toal. Hlu(>-vvinMed 85
Cinnamon 86
Groon-winged 84
Tern. Arctic 51
Hlacl< 55
Bridled 54
Cabot 49
Caspian 48
Common 51
Forater 50
Gull-blUed 47
Least 53
Noddy 56
Roseate 52
Royal 48
Sooty 54
Tropic Bird. Yellow-billed 64
TuiKoy. Wild 189
Turnstone 174
Turnstone, Ruddy 174
Vulture, Black 196
Turkey 196
Willet 160
Western 160
Woodcock, American 146
Yellowlegs 158
Greater 158
240
PREPARING BREAKFAST (Two adult Chipping Sparrows breaking worm into pieces to feed young)
PREFACE.
The native birds are one of our nation 's most valu- able assets. Destroy them, and in a comparatively few years the insects will have multiplied to such an extent that trees will be denuded of their foliage, plants will cease to thrive and crops cannot be raised. This is not fancy but plain facts. Look at the little Chickadee on the side of this page. She was photo- graphed while entering a bird box, with about twenty- five plant lice to feed her seven young; about two hun- dred times a day, either she or her mate, made trips with similar loads to feed the growing youngsters.
It has been found, by observation and dissection, that a Cuckoo consumes daily from 50 to 400 cater- pillars or their equivalent, while a Chickadee will eat from 200 to .500 insects, or up to 4000 insect or worm eggs. 100 insects a day is a conservative estimate of the quantity consumed by each individual inseetiv-
orous bird. By carefully estimating the birds in several areas, i find that, in Massa- chusetts, there are not less than five insect-eating birds per acre. Thus this state with its 8000 square miles has a useful bird population of not less than 25,600,000, which, for each days fare, requires the enormous total of 2,560,000,000 insects. That such figures can be expressed in terms better understood, it has been computed that about 120,000 average insects fill a bushel measure. This means that the daily con- sumption, of chiefly obnoxious insects, in Massachusetts is 21,000 bushels. This esti- mate is good for about five months in the year. May to September, inclusive; during the remainder of the year, the insects, eggs and larvae destroyed by our Winter, late Fall and early Spring migrants will be equivalent to nearly half this quantity.
It is the duty, and should be the pleasure, of every citizen to do all in his or her power to protect these valuable creatures, and to encourage them to remain about our homes. The author believes that the best means of protection is the disseminating of knowledge concerning them, and the creating of an interest in their habits and modes of life. With that object in view, this little book is prepared. May it serve its purpose and help those already interested in the subject, and may it be the medium for starting many others on the road to knowledge of our wild, feathered friends. Chester A. Eeed.
Worcester, Mass.,
October 1st, 1905.
INTRODUCTION.
It is an undisputed fact that a great many of our birds are becoming more scarce each year, while a few are, even now, on the verge of extinction. The decrease in numbers of a few species may be attributed chiefly to the elements, such as a long continued period of cold weather or ice storms in the winter, and rainy weather dur- ing the nesting season; however, in one way or another, and often unwittingly, man is chiefly responsible for the diminution in numbers. If I were to name the forces that work against the increase of bird life, in order of their importance, I should give them as: — Man; the elements; accidents; cats; other animals; birds of prey; and snakes. I do not take into consideration the death of birds from natural causes, such as old age and disease, for these should be counterbalanced by the natural increase.
There are parts that each one of us can play in lessening the unnatural dangers that lurk along a bird's path in life. Individually, our efforts may amount to but little, perhaps the saving of the lives of two or three, or more, birds during the year, but collectively, our efforts will soon be felt in the bird-world.
How Can We Protect the Birds? — Nearly all states have fairly good game laws, which, if they could be enforced, would properly protect our birds from man, but they can not be; if our boys and girls are educated to realize the economic value of the
birds, and are encouraged to study their habits, the desire to shoot them or to rob them of their eggs will be very materially lessened." It is a common practice for some farmers to burn their land over in the Spring, usually about nesting time. Three years ago, and as far back of that as I can remember, a small ravine or valley was teeming with bird life; it was the most favored spot that I know of, for the variety and numbers of its bird tenants. Last year, towards the end of May, this place wa& deliberately burned over by the owner. Twenty-seven nests that I know of, some with young, others with eggs, and still others in the process of construction, were destroyed, besides hundreds of others that I had never seen. This year the same thing was done earlier in the season, and not a bird nested here, and, late in Summer, only a few clumps of ferns have found courage to appear above the blackened ground. Farmers also cut off a great many patches of underbrush that might just as well have been left, thus, for lack of suitable places for their homes, driving away some of their most valuable assistants. The cutting off of woods and forests is an impor- tant factor in the decrease of bird life, as well as upon the climate of the country.
Our winter birds have their hardships when snow covers the weed tops, and a coating of ice covers the trees, so that they can neither get seeds nor grubs. During the resting season, we often have long-continued rains which sometimes cause an enormous loss of life to insect-eating birds and their young. In 1903, after a few weeks' steady rain and damp weather, not a Purple Martin could be found in Wor- cester County, nor, as far as I know, in New England; they were wholly unable to get
8
food for either themselves or their young, and the majority of them left this region. The Martin houses, when cleaned out, were found to contain young, eggs and some adults that had starved rather than desert their family. The Martins did not return in 1904 or 1905.
Birds are subject to a great many accidents, chiefly caused by flying into objects at night. Telephone and telegraph wires maim or kill thousands, while lighthouses and steeples often cause the ground to be strewn with bodies during migrations. Other accidents are caused by storms, fatigue while crossing large bodies of water, nests falling from trees because of an insecure support, and ground nests being trod upon by man, horses and cattle.
In the vicinity of cities, towns, villages or farms, one of the most fertile sources of danger to bird life is from cats. Even the most gentle household pet, if allowed its liberty out of doors, will get its full quota of birds during the year, while home- less cats, and many that are not, will average several hundred birds apiece during the season. After years of careful observation, Mr. E. H. Forbush, Mass. state orni thologist, has estimated that the average number of birds killed, per cat population, is about fifty. If a dog kills sheep or deer, he is shot and the owner has to pay dam- ages; if a man is caught killing a bird, he pays a fine; but cats are allowed to roam about, without restriction, leaving death and destruction in their wake. All homeless cats should be summarily dealt with, and all pets should be housed, at least from May until August, when the young birds are able to fly.
Of wild animals, Red Squirrels are far the most destructive to young birds and eggs; Chipmunks and Grays are also destructive but not nearly as active or impu- dent as the Reds. Skunks, Foxes and Weasels are smaller factors in the decrease of bird life.
Birds of prey have bnt little to do with the question of bird protection for, with a few exceptions, they rarely feed upon other birds, and nearly all of them are of considerable economic value themselves. Jays, Crows and Grackles, by devouring the eggs and young of our smaller birds, are a far greater menace than are the birds of prey, but oven these have their work and should be left in the place that Nature in- tended for them; they should, however, be taught to keep away from the neighbor- hood of houses.
How Can We Attract Birds About Our Homes? — Many birds prefer to live in the vicinity of houses, and they soon learn where they are welcome. Keep your premises as free as possible from cats, dogs, and especially English Sparrows, and other birds will come. Robins, Orioles, Kingbirds, Waxwings and a few others will nest in orchard trees, while in dead limbs or bird boxes will be found Bluebirds, Wrens, Swallows, Woodpeckers, Chickadees, etc.
A house for Purple Martins may contain many apartments; it should be erected in an open space, on a ten or twelve foot pole. Boxes for other birds should have but one compartment, and should be about six by six by eight inches, with a hole at least one and one half inches in diameter in one side; these can be fastened
10
in tr- OS or on the sides or corners of barns or sheds. It is needless to say that English Sparrows should not be allowed to use these boxes. By tying suet to limbs of trees in winter, and providing a small board upon which grain, crumbs, etc. may be sprinkled, large numbers of winter birds may be fed; of these, probably only the Chickadees will remain to nest, if they can find a suitable place.
How To Study Birds. — This refers, not to the scientific, but to the popular study of our birds, chiefly in the field. We can learn many very interesting things by watching our birds, especially during the nesting season, and the '^habits and peculiarities of many are still but imperfectly known. One thing to be impressed upon the student at the start is the need of very careful olDservation before deciding upon the identity of a bird with which you are not peMectly familiar. A bird's colors appear to differ greatly when viewed in different lights, while in looking up in the tree tops, it is often impossible to see any color at all without the aid of a good field glass. By the way, we would advise everyone to own a good pair of these, for, besides being almost indispensable for bird study, they are equally valuable for use at the sea shore, in the mountains or at the theatre. [We hare examined more than a hundred makes of field glasses to select the one best adapted to bird study, and at a moderate price. We found one that was far superior to any other at the same price, and was equal to most of those costing three times as much. It gives a very clear image, magnifies about four diameters and has a very large field of view. It comes in a silk-lined, leather case, with cord for
11.
stidpending from the shoulder, and is of a convenient size for carrying in the pocket. We have made arrangements so that we can sell these for $5.00, postpaid (money refunded if they are not satisfactory after three days trial). Order from Chas. K. Eeed, Worcester, Mass.]
We should also advise everyone to keep a note book, apart from the Bird Guide, At the end of the season you can write neatly with ink on the top of the pages of the Guide, the dates of the earliest arrivals and latest departures of the birds that you have recorded. If you see a bird that you do not recognize, make the following notes, as completely as possible: — Length (approximately); any bright colors or patches; shape of bill, whether most like that of a finch, warbler, etc.; has it a median or superciliary line, eye ring, wing bars, or white in the tail; what are its notes or song; does it keep on or near the ground, or high up; are its actions quick or slow; upon what does it appear to be feeding; is it alone or with other birds, and what kinds; where was it seen, in dry woods, swamp, pasture, etc.; date that it was seen. With this data you can identify any bird, but usually you will need only to glance over the pictures in the Bird Guide to find the name of the bird you have seen.
I should advise anyone by all means to make a complete local list of all the birds that are found in their neighborhood, but of far greater value than the simple recording of the different species seen on each walk, will be the making a special study of one or more birds, even though they be common ones. While.
12
of course, noting any peculiarities of any bird that you may see, select some particular one or ones and find out all you can about it. The following most necessary points are cited to aid the student in making observations: — Date of arrival and whether in large flocks, pairs or singly; where found most abundantly; upon what do they feed at the different seasons; what are their songs and calls at different seasons; when and where do they make their nests; of what are they made and by which bird or both: how long does it take, and when is the first and last egg laid; how long does it take them to hatch, and do both birds or only one incubate them; upon what are the young fed at different ages; how long do they remain in the nest, and do they return after once leaving; how long before they are able to feed themselves, and do they remain with their parents until they migrate. These and other notes that will suggest themselves, will furnish interesting and valuable instruction during your leisure time.
13
Lessee LQ\e.'«\^ \-oice
TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD
BIRD GUIDE
PART 2
Land Birds East of the Rockies
The numbers and names used in this Dook are those adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and may be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.
On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species often cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the original; they can best be identified by the locality in which they are found.
Of course the writing of birds' songs is an impossibility, but wherever I have thought it might prove of assistance, I have given a crude imitation of what it sounds like to me. The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross against the name of each bird that you see in your locality, and also that you write at the top af the page, the date of the arrival and departure of each bird as you note it; these dates vary so much in different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As many will not wish to soil their books, we would suggest that they have a leather covered cogj for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.
16
CAROLINA PASOQUET.
382. Comiropsis carolinensis. 12^2 inches.
Adults have the fore part of the head orange, while young birds have the head entirely green, witli only a trifle orange on the forehead.
With the exception of the Thick-billed Parrot which is very rarely found in southern Arizona, these are the only members of the Parrot family in the United States. They were once abundant throughout the southern states, but are now nearly extinct. They are found in heavily timbered regions, usually along the banks of streams, where they feed upon seeds and berries.
Note. — A sharp, rolling "kr-r-r-r-r." (Chapman.)
Nest. — Supposed to be in hollow trees, where they lay from three to five white eggs (1.31 x 1.06).
Range. — Formerly the southern states, but now con- fined to the interior of Florida and, possibly, Indian Territory.
GROOVE-BILLED ANI.
384. Crotophaga snlcirostris. I4I/2 inches. Anis are fairly abundant in southern Texas along the Rio Grande. Like all the members of the family of Cuckoos, their nesting habits are very irregular ; of ttimes a number of them will unite and form one large nest in a bush, in which all deposit their eggs. The eggs are bluish-green, covered with a white chalky deposit ( 1.25 X. 95).
ROAD-RUNNER.
385. Geococcyx californianus. 23 inches. In the southwestei'n portions of our country, from Texas and Kansas west to the Pacific, these curious birds are commonly found. They are locally known as "Ground Cuckoos," "Snake-killers," "Chaparral Cocks." They are very fond of lizards and small snakes, which form a large part of their fare. They are very fleet runners, but fly only indifi"erently well. Their four to ten white eggs are laid on frail nests of twigs, in bushes.
MANGROVE CUCKOO.
386. CoccyzuG minor. 13 inches.
These buff-breasted Cuckoos are natives of Cuba and Central America, being found in southern Florida only during the summer. The habits of all the American Cuckoos are practically identical and their notes or songs can only be distinguished from one another by long familiarity.
YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.
387. Coccyzus americanus. 121/4 inches.
This species is the most abundant in the southern part of its range, while the Black-bill is the most com- mon in the North. Notice that the lower mandible is yellowish, that the wings are largely rufous, and that the outer tail feathers are black, with broad white tips, these points readily distinguishing this species from the next. The eggs of this species are large and paler col- ored than the next (1.20x.90). They breed from the Gulf to southern Canada and winter in Central America.
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.
388. Coccyzus erythropthaimus. 11% inches.
Cuckoos are of quiet and retiring liabits, but on ac- count of their mournful notes are often regarded witli awe by the superstitious. Uliey are one of our most val- uable birds, for they consume quantities of the fuzzy lent Caterpillars, that are so destructive.
1 heir short, rounded wings and long, broad tails give tliem a silent, gliding flight that often enables them to escape unnoticed.
Note. — A low guttural croak, "cow," "cow," etc., re- I tea ted a great many times and sometimes varied with "covv-uh," also repeated many times.
Nest. — Flat, shabby platforms of twigs placed at low ( Icvations in thickets or on tlie lower branches of trees. i lie tour greenish-blue eggs are 1.15x.85.
Range. — United States and southern Canada, east of (Ih! Rockies. Arrives in May and leaves in September tor northern South America.
BELTED KINGFISHEB.
300. Vvnjlc alci/oii. l'.\ inches. The inah» lias tho hroasl band and sith's hhi(?-j;rny, like th(» baic'k, while the feinah' has chestnut -eohned si(h>.s and
Ui:i\ hand.
itoui jM)nds, lakes, rivers, aii\\vhere that small fish > entirely of lish that they perches on dead branches.
breast band in addition to
Kin<jfHsheis may be I'oinid the sea-side or small (•ictl\s may Ih> obtained. 'I hcii t'ood catch by divinj^: for, fr(»iii Ihei
(»r by hov(Min«^f over the water until the fiah are in proper positions and then plun;i;in«;- after them.
Note. — A very loud, harsh rattle, easily heard half ji mile away on a clear, quiet day.
Nest. — At the end of a two or three-foot tunnel in ;i sand bank. The tunnel terminates in an enlarj^cd cluunber where the five to ei<,dit glossy white eggs ( 1.3;") \ l.Of)) are laid upon the saiul.
Range. — Whole of North America north to the Arctic regions. Winters from southern United States south ward.
TEXAS KINGFISHER.
391. Ceryle americana septentrionalis. 8 inches.
The adult male of this species has a rufous breast band, while the female has only a greenish one.
The Texan Green Kingfisher is the smallest member of the family found within our borders. You will notice that all Kingfishers have the two outer toes on each foot joined together for about two-thirds of their length. This has been brought about through their habit of excavating in sand banks for nesting sites. It is quite probable that at some future distant period the three forward toes may be connected for their whole length, so as to give them a still more perfect shovel.
Note. — A rattling cry, more shrill than that of the Belted Kingfisher.
Nest. — 'ihe four to six glossy white eggs are laid on the sand at the end of a horizontal burrow in a bank, the end being enlarged into a chamber sufficiently large to allow the parent hirri to turn about.
Rang-e. — Southwestern border of the United States, from southern Texas to Arizona.
IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER.
392. Campephilu:' principalis. 20 inches.
Male with a scarlet crest, female with a black one.
These are the largest and most rare of the Woodpeck- ers found within our borders. Their decline in numbers is due, to a certain extent, to the killing of them because of their size and beauty, but chiefly on account of cutting off of a great deal of the heavy timber where they nest. They are very powerful birds and often scale the bark off the greater portion of a tree in their search for in- sects and grubs, while they will bore into the heart of a living tree to make their home.
Note. — A slirill two-syllabled shriek or whistle.
Nest. — In holes of large trees in impenetrable swamps. On the chips at the bottom of the cavity, they lay from three to six glossy, pure white eggs ( 1.45 x 1.00) .
Range. — Formerly the South Atlantic States and west to Texas and Indian Territory, but now confined to a few isolated portions of Florida and, possibly, Indian Terri- tory.
HAIRY WOODPECKER.
393. Dryohatcs villosus. 9 inches.
In summer these Woodpeckers are found in heavy- woods, where they breed, but in winter they are often seen on trees about houses, even in the hirger cities, liunting in all the crevices of the bark in the hope of locating the larva of some insect. They are usually more shy than the Downy, from which they can read- ily be distinguished by their much larger size.
Note. — A sharp whistled '"peenk."
Nest. — In holes in trees in deep woods; three to six glossy white eggs (.95x.70).
Range. — Eastern U. S. from Canada to North Caro- lina.
Sub-species. — 393a. Xorthern Hairy Woodpecker ( leucomelas ) , British America and Alaska : larger. — 393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (audubonii), South Atlantic and Gulf States ; smaller. The difl'erence be- tween these birds is small and chiefly in size, although the southern bird often has fewer white marks on the wing coverts. Other sub-species are found west of the Rockies.
SOUTHEBN DOWNY WOODPECKER.
394. Dryohates puhescens. G inches. •The male has a red nuchal patch while the female has none. Downies are one of the commonest of our Woodpeckers and are usually tame, allow^ing a very close approach before flying. They remain in orchards and open woods throughout the summer, and in win- ter often come to the windows in places where they are fed, as many people are in the habit of doing now. Their food, as does that of nearly all the Woodpeckers, consists entirely of insects, grubs and larvae.
Note. — A sharp "peenk" or a rapid series of the same note, usually not as loud as that of the Hairy Wood- pecker.
Nest. — In holes in trees in orchards or woods, the four to six white eggs being laid on the bare wood; size .75 X .60.
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Sub-species. — Northern Downy Woodpecker (me- dianus ) , North America east of the Rockies and north of the Carolinas. This variety is slightly larger than the southern ; others are found west of the Rockies.
RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER.
395. Dryohates boreal is. 8^4 inches.
Male with a small patch of scarlet on both sides of the head; female without. The actions and habits are very similar to those of the Downy. The birds can readily be identified at a distance by the cross-barring of white on tlie back. Their notes are harsher than those of the Downy and have more of the nasal quality, like those of the nuthatches.
Range. — Southeastern United States, west to Texas and north to Virginia.
TEXAN WOODPECKER.
396. Dryohates scalaris hairdi. 7i/4 inches. On account of its numerous cross bars, this species is often known as the Ladder-backed Woodpecker. They are quite similar to the Nuttall Woodpecker, that is found on the Pacific Coast, but differ in having the underparts brownish-white instead of white, and the outer tail feathers heavily barred. They are found from Texas to southeastern California and north to Colorado.
ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
400. Picoides arcticus. 9.5 inches. Back glossy black, without any white. Only three toes, two in front and one behind. This is the most common of the two species found within the United States. They breed from the northern edge of the Union north to the limit of trees.
AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
401. Picoides americanus. 8% inches.
Back barred with white; outer tail feathers barred with black; yellow crown patch on male mixed with white. Except on some of the higher mountain ranges these birds appear in the United States only during winter. They are very hardy and commence nesting before snow leaves.
Note. — ^A shrill, loud, nasal shriek, sometimes re- peated.
Nest. — In holes of trees as is usual with Woodpeckers. The white eggs measure .95 x .70.
YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.
402. ISphyraincus varius. 8V1> inches,
Male with a scarlet crown and throat; female with a scarlet crown and white throat; young with the head and neck mottled gray and white, with a few scarlet feathers.
Tliis species has gained some ill-repute because of its supposed habit of boring through the bark of trees in order to get at the sap, and thus killing the trees. However, 1 very much doubt if they do any appre- ciable damage in this manner. I have watched a great many of them in the spring and fall and have clearly seen^ that they ,vere feeding upon insects in the same way as the Downy,
Note. — A loud whining "whee," and other harsh calls similar to the scream of a Blue Jay.
Nest. — In holes in trees, at heights from the ground Aarying from eight to fifty feet. Late in May they lay from four to seven white eggs (.85 x .60).
Range. — U. S. east of the Rockies, breeding from Virginia and Missouri to Hudson Bay, and wintering in southern U. S.
PILEATED WOODPECKER.
405. FJilaooiomus pileatus. 17 inches.
Male with a scarlet crown and crest, and a red moustache or mark extending back from the bill ; female with scarlet crest but a blackish forehead and no mous- tache.
Xext to the Ivory-bills, these are the largest of our Woodpeckers. Like that species it is very destructive to trees in its search for food. While engaged in this pursuit, they often drill large holes several inches into sound wood to reach the object of their search. Like all the Woodpeckers, they delight in playing tattoos on dry, resonant limbs with their bills.
Note. — A whistled "cuk," "cuk," "cuk," slowly re- peated many times, also a "wick-up" repeated several times.
Nest. — In large cavities in trees, in which they lay four to six white eggs (1.30x1.00).
Range. — Southern United States. The Northern Pileated Woodpecker (abieticola) is locally found in temperate N. A.
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 406. Melanerpes crythrocephalus. 9% inches.
Adults with entire head and breast red; young with a gray head and back, streaked with darker.
This very handsome species is common and very well known in the Middle and Central States. They are the ruffians of the family, very noisy and quarrel- some. One of their worst traits is the devouring of the eggs and young of other birds. To partially otfset this, they also eat insects and grubs and a great deal of fruit.
Note. — A loud, wliining "charr," "charr," besides numerous other calls and imitations.
Nest. — Holes in trees in woods, orchards or along roadsides and also in fence posts or telegraph poles. In May and June they lay four to six glossy white eggs (1.00 X .75).
Range. — United States east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf to New York and Minnesota. Winters in southern United States.
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.
409. Cent urns caroUnus. 9i/> inches.
Male with whole top of head and back of neck red; female with forehead and hind head red but crown gray. Both sexes have the center of the belly reddish, and hav<; red eyes.
Like the Red-heads, these birds are noisy, but they have few of the bad qualities of the others. Besides the regular Woodpecker fare, they get a great many ants and beetles from the ground and fruit and acorns from the trees. They are said to also be fond of orange juice. In most of their range they are regarded as rather shy and retiring birds.
Note. — A sharp, resonant "cha," "cha," "cha," re- peated.
Nest. — In holes bored usually in live trees and at any height from the ground. Their five or six eggs are glossy white (l.OOx.75).
Rang-e. — United States east of the Plains, breeding from Florida and Texas to southern Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Winters along the Gulf coast; occasionally stravs to Massachusetts.
FLICKER.
412. Colaptes auratus. 13 inches.
Male with a black moustache mark; female without, although young females in the first plumage show some black.
These birds are very often known as "Golden-winged Woodpeckers," "High-holes" and about a hundred other names in different localities. Flickers are found com- monly in woods, orchards or trees by the roadside; on pleasant days their rapidly uttered, rolling whistle may be heard at all hours of the day.
Note. — A rapidly repeated whistle, "cuk," "cuk," "cuk"; an emphatic "quit-u," "quit-u," and several otliers of a similar nature.
Nest. — A cavity in a tree, at any distance from the ground. The white eggs usually vary in number from five to ten, but they have been known to lay as many as seventy-one, where an egg was taken from the nest each day.
JRang-e. — South Atlantic States. The Northern Flicker (luteus) is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains.
RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.
413. Colaptes cafer collaris. 13 inches.
Crown brown and throat gray, these colors being just reversed from those of the common Flicker.
The male is distinguished by a red moustache mark, which the female lacks. The typical male Red-shafted Flicker lacks the red crescent on the back of the head, but it is often present on individuals, as there are nu- merous hybrids between this species and the preceding. Flickers are more terrestrial in their habits than are any others of the family; their food consists largely of ants which they get from the ground.
Note. — Same as those of the last; both species often utter a purring whistle when they are startled from the ground.
Nest. — Ihe nesting habits are identical with those of the last and the eggs cannot be distinguished.
Range. — From the eastern slope of the Rocky Moun- tains to the Pacific.
CHUCK-WILL'S- WIDOW.
416. Antrostomus carolinensis. 12 inches.
Male with the end half of the outer tail feathers white, and the edge of the outer vanes rust}'; female with no white ends to the feathers. Birds of this family have small bills, but extremely large mouths adapted to catch- ing night-flying moths and other insects. They remain sleeping during the day, either perched lengthwise on a limb or concealed beside a stump or rock on the ground, their colors harmonizing with the surroundings in either case. They fly, of their own accord, only at du§k or in the early morning. This species, which is much the largest of our Goatsuckers, is known to, at times, devour small birds, as such have been found in their stomachs.
Note. — A loudly whistled and repeated "chuck-will's- widoAv."
Nest. — None, the two eggs being laid on the ground or dead leaves in underbrush. Eggs white, blotched with gray and lavender (1.40x1.00).
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, breeding north to Virginia and Missouri, west to Texas.
WHIP-POOR-WILL.
417. Antrootomus vociferus. 9% inches.
Male with broad white tips to outer tail feathers; female with narrow buffy tips. These birds are often confounded with the Nighthawk, but are very easily distinguished by the long bristles from base of bill, the black chin, the chestnut and black barred wing feathers and the rounded tail. \Vhip-poor-wills are more noc- turnal than Nighthawks and on moonlight nights con- tinue the whistled repetition of their name throughout the night. They capture and devour a great many of the large-bodied moths that are found in the woods, but are never seen flying over cities like Nighthawks.
Note. — An emphatically whistled repetition of "whip- poor-will," "whip-poor-will."
Nest. — In June they lay two grayish or creamy white eggs (1.15X.85), mottled with pale brown, gray and lilac. These are deposited on the ground in woods.
Range. — East of the Plains, breeding from the Gulf to Manitoba and New Brunswick. Winters south of the United States.
POOR-WILL.
418. Phalcenoptilus nuttallii. T^A inches. The female of this beautiful little Night-jar differs from the male only in having narrow butfy tips to the outer tail feathers instead of broad white ones. Like all the members of this family these birds are dusk fliers, remaining at rest on the ground in daylight. Their frosted gray plumage harmonizes so perfectly with their surroundings that it is almost impossible to see them. Their eggs are nearly immaculate, but usually show traces of the lavender blotches that mark others of the family. Their call is a mournful "poor-will-ee." They are found from the Plains to the Pacific, but are not common east of the Rockies.
MEBRILL PAjRAQUE.
419. Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli. 13 inches. As usual with birds of this family, sexual difference in the plumage occurs chiefly on the tips of the outer tail feathers. These birds are common in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. Their eggs differ from any of the preceding in having a salmon-colored ground.
NIGHTHAWK.
420. Chordeiles virginianus. 10 inches.
Male with white throat and white band across tail; female with rusty throat and no white on tail. Notice that the Nighthawk has a forked tail and white band across the wings, thus being readily distinguished at a distance from the Whip-poor-will.
Note. — A loud nasal "peent."
Nest. — None, the two mottled gray and white eggs being laid on bare rocks in pastures, on the ground or under brush, or on gravel roofs in cities; size 1.20 x. 85.
Range. — United States east of the Plains, breeding from Florida to Labrador; winters south of United States. Three sub-species occur: — 420a. Western Night- hawk (henryi), west of the Plains; 420b. Florida Night hawk (chapmani) ; 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (sennetti), a pale race found on the Plains north to Saskatchewan.
TEXAN NIGHTHAWK
421. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. This species is found in southern Texas and New Mexico. It differs from tlie last in having the primaries spotted with rusty, like those of the whip-poor-will.
38
CHIMNEY SWIFT.
423. Chwtura pclagica. o^j inclies.
Unused chimneys of old dwellings make favorite roosting and nesting places for these smoke-colored birds. They originally dwelt in hollow trees until the advent of man furnished more convenient places, al- though we would scarcely consider the soot-lined brick surface as good as a clean hollow tree. Spines on the end of each tail feather enable them to hang to their u])right walls, and to slowly hitch their way to the outer world. Throughout the day numbers of them are scouring the air for their fare of insects, but as night approaches, they return to the chimney.
Note. — A continuous and not unmusical twittering uttered while on the wing and also within the depths of the chimney.
Nest. — ]\Iade of small sticks or twigs glued to the sides of a chimney and each other by the bird's saliva. The three to live white eggs are long and narrow (.vox. 50).
Range. — N. A. east of the Plains, breeding from Florida to Labrador; winters south of U. S.
WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.
425. Aeronauies melanoleucus. 6V2 inches.
This beautiful SAvift is one of the most graceful of winged creatures. Its flight is extremely rapid and its evolutions remarkable. They nest in communities, thousands of them often congregating about the tops of inaccessible cliffs, in the crevices of which they make their homes. No bird has a more appropriate generic name than this species — "aeronautes," meaning sailor of the air; he is a sailor of the air and a complete master of the art.
Note. — Loud, shrill twittering, uttered chiefly while on the wing.
Nest. — Placed at the end of burrows in earthy cliffs or as far back as possible between crevices in rocks ; usually in inaccessible places and as high as possible from the ground. It is a saucer-shaped structure made of vegetable materials cemented together with saliva, and lined wdth feathers. The four white eggs measure .87 X .52.
Range. — From the eastern foothills of the Rockies to the Pacific: north to Montana and northern California.
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.
428. Trochilus coluhris. Sy^ inches.
This little gem is the only one of the family found w'thin the territory included in this book. Owners of flower gardens have the best of opportunities to study these winged jewels, on their many trips to and fro for honey, or the insects that are also attracted there- by. With whirring wings, they remain suspended be- fore a blossom, then — buzz — and they are examining the next, with bill lost within the sweet depths. Their temper is all out of proportion to their size, for they will dash at an intruder about their moss-covered home as though they would pierce him like a bullet. Their angry twitters and squeaks are amusing and surprising, as are their excitable actions.
Nest. — A most beautiful creation of plant fibres and cobwebs adorned with lichens and resembling a little tuft of moss upon the bough on which it is placed. In June two tiny white eggs are laid (.50 x .35).
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters south of U. S.
SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHEIl.
443. Muscivora forficata. 14 1^ inches.
This pretty creature is the most graceful in appear- ance of the Flycatcher family, if not of the whole order of perching birds. In the southwest it is frequently known as the "Texan Bird of Paradise." Its habits are very much like those of the Kingbird; as it gracefully swings through the air in pursuit of insects, it fre- quently opens and shuts its scissor-like tail. They are usually found in open country or on the borders of woodland. They rarely alight on the ground, for their long tails make them walk very awkwardly, but when they are a-wing they are the embodiment of grace.
Note. — A shrill "tzip," "tzip," similar to notes of Kingbirds.
Nest. — Quite large; built of all kinds of trash, such as twigs, grasses, paper, rags, string, etc. ; placed in any kind of a tree or bush and at any height. The four or five creamy white eggs are spotted with brown ( .90 X .67 ) .
Range. — Breeds from Texas north to Kansas; win- ters south of U. S.
KINGBIRD.
444. Tyranniis iyrcnuiiis. 81^4 inches.
Adults with a concealed orange crown patch; young with none. From the time of their arrival in May until they leave us in August, Kingbirds are much in evidence in farmyards and orchards. Ihey are one of the most noisy birds, ahAays quarreling about some- thing, and usually coming oil" victorious in whatever they may undertake. Crows are objects of hatred to them, and they always drive them from the neighbor- hood, vigorously dashing upon and picking them from above and often following them for a great distance. They have their favorite perches from which they watch for insects, usually a dead branch, a fence post, or a tall stalk in the field.
Note. — A series of shrill, harsh sounds like '"thsee," "thsee."
Nest. — Of sticks, rootlets, grass, string, etc., placed in orchard trees or open woods at any height. Four or five creamy white eggs, specked and spotted with red- dish brown (.95 x .70).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada.
GRAY KINGBIRD.
445. Tyrannus dominiscensis. 9 inches.
Differs from the common Kingbird in being larger and gray above; has black ear coverts, and no white tip to tail.
Like the last species, these are very noisy and pug- nacious, and rule their domains with the hand of a tyrant. After they have mated they quarrel very little among themselves, and often several may use the saiiu' lookout twig from which to dash after passing flies or moths.
Note. — A rapidly repeated, shrill shriek: "pe-che-ri," '•pe-che-ri.''
Nest. — Rather more shabbily built but of the same materials as those used by our common Kingbird. Placed in all kinds of trees, but more often in man- groves, where they are commonly found. Three to five pinkish-white eggs, profusely blotched with brown (1.00 X .72).
Range. — West Indies and Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Winters in the West Indies and Central America.
ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.
447. Tyrannus verticalis. 9 inches.
These tyrant flycatchers are abundant west of the Mis- sissippi, where they are often, and perhaps more aptly, known as the Western Kingbirds. If possible, they are even more noisy and pugnacious than the eastern species. They have a great variety of notes, all rather unpleasant to the ear. Their food, like that of the other Kingbirds, consists of moths, butterflies, ants, grasshoppers, crick- etc, etc., most of which they catch on the wing.
Note. — A shrill, metallic squeak; a low twittering and a harsh, discordant scream, all impossible to print.
Nest. — Quite large and clumsily made of paper, rags, twigs, rootlets and grasses, placed in all sorts of loca- tions, frequently in eave troughs or above windows. The eggs are creamy white, spotted with brown (.95 x .05).
Range. — Western United States, breeding from Texas to Manitoba and west to the Pacific; winters south of U. S.
DERBY FLYCATCHER.
449. Pitangus derhianus. IOV2 inches.
This imposing flycatcher is the largest of the family tliat is found in North America. As usual with mem- bers of the family it is of a quarrelsome disposition, but hardly so much so as either the common or Arkansas Kingbirds. Their large, heavy bodies render them con- siderably less active than the smaller members of the family. On account of the size of the head and bill, they are often known as Bull-headed Flycatchers.
Notes. — Very varied, but similar in character to those of the eastern Kingbird.
Nest. — It is said to build its nest at low elevatioi!- in trees or in thorny bushes — a large structure of twi^s and rubbish with an entrance on the side. The three to five eggs have a cream-colored ground and are prom- inently specked about the large end with brown (1.15 x .82). ^
Range. — A Mexican species that is fairly common in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.
CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
452. Myiarchus crinitus. 9 inches.
These large flycatchers are very noisy in the mating season, but their notes are rather more musical than those of the Kingbirds. They ap- pear to be of a quarrelsome disposition, for rarely will more than one pair be found in a single piece of woods. They also frequently chase smaller birds, but never attack larger ones, as do the Kingbirds. They have a queer habit of placing a piece of snakeskin in the hole in which their nest is located, for what purpose, unless to scare away intruders, is not known, but it seems to be a universal practice.
Notes. — A clear whistle, "wit-whit," "wit-whit," re- peated several times. This is the most common call; thev have many others less musical.
Nest. — Of straw, etc., in holes of dead limbs. Eggs four to six in number; bufl^y white, streaked and blotched with brown.
Range. — Eastern X. A. from the Plains to the At- lantic, breeding north to southern Canada.
PHOEBE.
456. 8ayornis phcehe. 7 inches.
A Phoebe is always associated, in my mind, with old bridges and bubbling brooks. Nearly every bridge which is at all adapted for the purpose has its Plioebe home beneath it, to which the same pair of birds will return year after year, sometimes building a new nest, sometimes repairing the old. They seem to be of a nervous temperament, for, as they sit upon their usual lookout perch, their tails are continually twitching as though in anticipation of the insects that are sure to pass sooner or later.
Note. — A jerky, emphatic "phoe-be,' with the accent on the second syllable, and still further accented by a vigorous flirt of the tail.
Nest. — Of mud, grasses and moss, plastered to the sides of beams or logs under bridges, culverts or barns. In ]\lay or June four or five white eggs are laid (.75 x .55). '
Range. — N. A. east of the Rockies, north to southern Canada ; winters in southern U. S. and southward.
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
459. Nuttalornis borealis. 1^2 inches.
These birds can scarcely be called common anywhere, but single pairs of them may be found, in their breed- ing range, in suitable pieces of woodland. I have al- ways found them in dead pine swamps, where the trees were covered with hanging moss, making it very difficult to locate their small nests. Their peculiar, loud, clear whistle can be heard for a long distance and serves as a guide-board to their location.
Note. — A loud, clear whistle, "whip-wheeu," the first syllable short and sharp, the last long and drawn out into a plaintive ending.
Nest. — A small structure for the size of the bird, made of twigs and mosses firmly anchored to horizon- tal limbs or forks. Three to five eggs are laid; a rich creamy ground, spotted about the large end with brown and lavender { .85 x .05 ) .
Rang-e. — ^N. A., breeding from the latitude of Massa- chusetts, and farther south in mountainous regions, north to Labrador and Alaska.
WOOD PEWEE.
4G1. Myiochanes virens. Ci/^ inches.
In life, the Pevvee can best be distinguished from the larger Phoebe, with which it is often confounded, by its sad, plaintive *"pe-ah-wee," "pee-wee," which is strik- ingly ditierent from the brusque call of the Phoebe. Pewees are also found more in high, dry woods where they build their little moss-covered homes on horizon- tal boughs at quite a height from the ground. Like the other tlycatchers they always perch on dead twigs, where their view is as little obstructed as possible.
Note. — A clear, plaintive whistle, "pe-ah-whee," "pee- wee."
Nest. — One of the most exquisite of bird creations, composed of plant fibres quilted together and orna- mented with rock lichens ; situated at varying heights on horizontal limbs, preferably oak or chestnut, and sometimes in apple trees in orchards. Eggs creamy white, specked with brown (.80 x .55).
Range. — U. S. from the Plains to the Atlantic and north to Manitoba and New Brunswick; winters in Central America. 4
YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
463. Empidonax flaviventris. 5i/£. inches.
These strange little Flycatchers are found in swamps such as those usually frequented by Olive-sided Fly- catchers and Parula Warblers. They are one of the few of the family to nest on the ground or very close to it. Their homes are made in the moss-covered mounds or stumps found in these sw-amps.
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Plains north to Labrador, breeding from northern U. S. northward.
GREEN-CRESTED OR ACADIAN FLYCATCHER.
405. Empidonax virescens. 5^ inches.
This bird is very similar to the last, but the lower mandible is light, and the throat and belly white. Their favorite resorts are shady woods not far from water. Here they nest in the outer branches of bushes or trees at heights of from four to twenty feet from the ground. The nests are shallow and composed of twigs and moss. Eggs creamy with brown spots.
Range. — U. S. east of Plains, breeding from the Gulf to New England and Manitoba; winters in the Tropics.
ALDER FLYCATCHER.
466a. Empidonas trailli alnorum. 6 inches.
This species is veiy similar to, but larger, than tlii weU-known Least Flycatcher or Chebec. They ai' found in swampy pastures or around the edges oi ponds or lakes, where they nest in low bushes.
Range. — U. S, east of the Mississippi, breeding ivom New York to New Brunswick.
LEAST FLYCATCHER.
467. Empidonux minimus. 5^4 inches.
Smaller than the last and with the tail slight]\ forked. Common everywhere in orchards, swamps oi along roadsides. They are very often known by the name of "Chebec," because their notes resemble that word. Their nests are placed in upright forks of any kind of trees or bushes ; they are made of plant fibres and grasses closely felted together. The eggs range from three to five in number and are creamy white, without markings; size .65 x .50.
Range. — N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from middle U. S. north to New Brunswick and Manitoba.
VERMILION FLYCATCHER.
471. Pyrocephalus rubincus mexicanus. 6 inches.
Female with only a slight tinge of pink, where the male is brilliant vermilion.
This is the most gorgeously plumaged species of the American Flycatchers. It has all the active traits oi the family and, to those who are only accustomed to the demure gray plumage of most eastern species, the first sight of this one as he dashes after an insect is a sight never to be forgotten.
Notes. — During the mating season the male often gives a twittering song while poised in the air, accom- panying it by loud snapping of the mandibles.
Nest. — Saddled on limbs of trees at low elevations from the ground ; composed of. small twigs and vege- table fibres closely felted together and often adorned on the outside with lichens similar to the nests of the Wood PcM^ee. The four eggs are of a creamy-buff color with bold spots of brown and lilac, in a wreath around the large end (.73 x .54) .
Range. — Mexican border of the United States, from Texas to Arizona.
HORNED LARK.
474. Otocoris alpestris. T% inches.
This variety, which is larger than its sub-species, is only found in the U. S. in winter, but several of the sub-species are residents in our limits. During the mating season they have a sweet song that is uttered on the wing, like that of the Bobolink.
Notes. — Alarm note and call a whistled "tseet," "tseet"; song a low, sweet and continued warble.
Nest. — A hollow in the ground lined with grass; placed in fields and usually partially concealed by an overhanging sod or stone. The three to five eggs have a grayish ground color and are profusely specked and blotched with gray and brownish (.85x.60).
Rang-e. — Breeds in Labrador and about Hudson Bay; south in winter to South Carolina and Illinois.
Sub-species. — 474b. Prairie Horned Lark (praticola). A paler form usually with the line over the eye white, found in the Mississippi Valley. 474c. Desert Horned Lark ( leucolaema) . Paler and less distinctly streaked above than the Prairie; found west of the Mississippi and north to Alberta.
AMERICAN MAGPIE.
47^, Pica pica Jiudsonia. 20 inches.
This handsome member of the Crow family is sure to attract the attention of all who may see him. He is very pert in all his actions, both in trees and on the ground, and is always ready for mischief. In a high wind their long tail often makes traveling a laborious operation for them, and at such times they usually remain quite quiet. They are very impudent and always on the lookout for something to steal; they are also very noisy and forever scolding and chattering among themselves.
Notes. — A loud, harsh "cack," "cack," and an endless variety of whistles and imitations.
Nest. — A large, globular heap of sticks placed in bushes or trees from four to fifty feet from the ground. The entrance to the nest is on one side and the interior is made of grass and mud. The four to six eggs are white, thickly specked with yellowish brown ( 1.25 x .90).
Range. — Western North America, east to the Plains and north to Alaska; resident.
BLUE JAY.
477. Cyanocitta cristata. II14 inches.
These are one of the best known and most beautiful birds that we have, but, unfortunately, tliey have a very bad reputation. They often rob other birds of their eggs and young as well as food and nesting material. They are very active birds and are always engaged in gathering food, usually acorns or other nuts, and hiding them away for future use.
Notes. — A two-syllabled Mdiistle or a harsh, discordant scream. Besides these two common notes they make an endless variety of sounds mimicking other birds.
Nest. — Of twigs and sticks in bushes or low trees, preferably young pines. The four eggs are pale greenish blue specked with brown ( 1.10 x .80) .
Range. — N. A. east of the Rockies from the Gulf to Labrador, resident in the U. S. The Florida Blue Jay (florincola) is smaller and has less white on wings and tail.
FLORIDA JAY.
479. Aphelocoma cyanca. ll^A inches.
This Jay is locally distributed chiefly in the southern parts of Florida, being found principally in scrub oaks. Like the Blue Jay, their food consists of animal matter and some seeds, berries and acorns. Their habits are very similar to those of the northern bird and their calls resemble those of our bird, too. They are rather slow in flight and pass a great deal of their time upon the ground.
Notes.— A "jay," "jay," similar to that of the Blue Jay, and a great variety of other calls.
Nest. — In the latter part of March and in April they build their flat nests of twigs, usually in bushes or scrub oaks, and lay three or four greenisli-blue eggs, with brown spots; size 1.05 x .80.
Range. — Middle and southern portions of Florida, chieflj' along the coasts.
GREEN JAY.
483. Xantlioura luxuosa glaucescens. 12 inches.
These Jays are very beautiful, and we are sorry to have to admit that, like all the otlier members of the family, they are merciless in their treatment of smaller birds. During the summer their diet consists of raw eggs with young birds "on the side," or vice versa; later they live upon nuts, berries, insects; in factj anything that is edible.
Notes. — Practically unlimited, being imitations of those of most of the birds in the vicinity.
Nest. — Xot easily found, as it is usually concealed ii dense thickets. The nests are like those of other Jay^, loosely made of twigs and lined with black rootlets. The four eggs that are laid in May have a grayish ground color and are thickly spotted with several shades of brown and lilac. They measure 1.05 x .80.
Rang-e. — Fairly common in _^^
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CANADA JAY.
484. Pcrisorciis canadensis. 11M> inches.
These birds are well known to hunters, trappers and campers in the northern woods. They are great fi lends, especially of the lumbermen, as some of the pranks that they play serve to enliven an otherwise tedious day. They seem to be devoid of fear and enter camp and carry off everything, edible or not, that they can get hold of. They are called by guides and lumbermen by various names, such as Whiskey Jack, Moose Bird, etc.
Notes. — A harsh "ca-ca-ca," and various other sounds.
Nest. — Usually in coniferous trees at low elevations; made of twigs, moss and feathers. The three or four eggs are gray, specked and spotted with darker (1.15x .80). They nest early, usually before the snow begins to leave the ground and often when the mercury is below zero.
Rang-e. — Eastern North America from northern United States northward. 484c. Labrador Jay (nigri- capillus), which is found in Labrador, has the black on the hind head deeper and extending forward around the eye.
oS
NORTHERN RAVEN.
486a. Corvus corax principalis. 25 inches. The liabits of all the ravens and crows are identical and are too well known to need mention. They are all very destructive to young birds and eggs. The Raven can be known by its large size, its very large bill and lanceolate feathers on the throat. They are found in the mountains from Georgia and on the coast from Maine northwards.
WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. 487. Corvus cryptoleucua. 18Vi> inches. This species has the bases of the feathers on the back of the neck white. Found in southwestern United States. AMERICAN CROW. 488. Corvus americanus. 19 inches. The common Crow of North America, replaced in Florida by the very similar Florida Crow (pascuus). PISH CROW. 490. Corvus ossifragus. 16 inches. This small species is found on the Atlantic coast north to ^lassachusetts.
CLARKE NUTCRACKER.
491. Nucifraga columbiana. 121/l> inches.
Clarke Crows are found abundantly in all coniferous forests on the higher mountains in their range. They are very peculiar birds, having some of the traits of Woodpeckers, but more of those of the Jays.
They are very active, very noisy and very inquisitive, sharing with the Rocky Mountain Jay the names of "Cam|3 Robber," "Moose Bird," etc. They are great travellers and may, one season, be absent where they were abundant the preceding one.
Notes. — Various calls and imitations like those of all others of the Jay family.
Nest. — Of sticks, at high elevations on horizontal boughs of coniferous trees. The four eggs have a pale greenish-gray ground, thickly sprinkled with darker ( 1.25 X. 92).
Rang-e. — Mountains of western North America, casu- ally east to Kansas.
STARLING.
493. i^turnus vulgaris. 8i/^ inches.
Plumage metallic green and purple, heavily spotted above and below with bufty or wliite.
These European birds were introduced into New York a number of years ago, and are now common there and spreading to other localities in Connecticut and about New York City. They live about the streets and in the parks, building their nests in crevices of buildings and especially in the framework of the elevated railroads of the city, and less often in trees. They lay from four to six pale-blue, unspotted eggs (1.15 x .85). How they will affect other bird life, in case they eventually become common throughout the country, is a matter of conjec- ture, but from what I have seen of them they are quar- relsome and are masters of the English Sparrow, and may continue their domineering tactics to the extent of driving more of our song birds from the cities.
BOBOLINK.
494. Dolichonyx oryziconis. 7^ inches.
Bobolinks are to be found in rich grass meadows, from wlience their sweet, wild music is often borne to us by the breeze. \Yhile his mate is feeding in the grass or attending to their domestic affairs^ Mr. Bobolink is usually to be found perched on the tip of a tree, weed stalk, or even on a tall blade of grass, if no other spot of vantage is available, singing while he stands guard to see that no enemies approach. He is a good watch- man and it is a difficult matter to flush his mate from the nest, for she leaves at his first warning.
Song. — A wild, sweet, rippling repetition of his name with many additional trills and notes. Alarm note a harsh '•chah" like that of the Blackbird.
Nest. — Of grasses in a hollow on the ground, in meadov. s. They lay four to six eggs with a white ground color, heavily spotted, clouded and blotched with brown ( .85 X .62 ) .
B;ange. — X. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from New" Jersey and Kansas north to Manitoba and Xew Brunswick; winters in South America.
COWBIRD.
495. Molothrus ater. 7% inches.
Male glossy greenish black, with a brown head; fe- male and young, dull gray.
Groups of these birds are often seen walking sedately about among the cows in the pasture, hence their name. They are the only birds that we have that neither make a nest of their own nor care for their young. The fe- male slyly deposits her egg in the nest of a smaller bird when tbe owner is absent, leaving further care of it to its new owner. Warblers, Sparrows and Vireos seem to be most imposed upon in this manner.
Notes. — A low "chack," and by the male a liquid, wiry squeak accompanied by a spreading of the wings and tail.
Rang-e. — U. S., chiefly east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf to Manitoba and New Brunswick ; win- ters in southern U. S. A sub-species, the Dwarf Cow- bird (obscurus), is found in southwestern United States; it is sliohtlv smaller.
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.
497. Xanthocephalus xanthoccphalus. 10 inches.
Male black, with head and breast bright yellow; female more brownish and with head paler and mixed with brown.
These handsome birds are common locally on the prairies, frequently ^7 doughs and extensive marshes and borders of lakes. Ihey are very sociable birds and breed in large colonies, sometimes composed of thousands of birds.
Notes. — A harsh "chack," and what is intended for a song, consisting of numerous, queer sounding squeaks, they being produced during seemingly painful contor- tions of the singer.
Nest. — Of rushes woven around upright canes over water, m ponds and sloughs. The nest is placed at from four inches to two feet from the water and is quite deep inside. The four to six eggs are grayish, profusely specked with pale brown (l.OOx.70).
Rang-e. — U. S., chiefly west of the Mississippi, north to British Columbia and Hudson Bay; winters on south- western norder of the U S.
KED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.
498. Agelaius phceniceus. 9i/4 inches.
Male black, with scarlet and buff shoulders; female brownish black above and streaked below. Nearly all our ponds or wet meadows have their pair or colony of Blackbirds.
Note. — A harsh cackt a pleasing liquid song, "conk- err-ee." given with much bowing and spreading of the wings and tail.
iMest. — Usually at low elevations in bushes, in swamps or around the edges of ponds, or frequently on the ground or on hummocks m wet pastures. The nest is made of woven grasses and rushes, and is usually partial- ly suspended from the rim when placed in bushes. The three ta five eggs are bluish white, scrawled, chiefly around the large end, with blackish ( 1.00 x. 70).
Rang-e. — East of the Rockies, breeding north to Mani- toba and New Brunswick; winters in southern U. S.
Sub-species. — 498b, Bahaman Redwing ( bryanti ) . 498c. Florida Redwing ( floridanus ) . 5
MEADOWLARK.
501. Sturnella magna. 10% inches,
Meadowlarks are familiar friends of the hillside and meadow; their clear fife-like whistle is often heard, while they are perched on a fence-post or tree-top, as well as their sputtering alarm note when they fly up before us as we cross the field.
Song-. — A clear, flute-like "tseeu-tseeer," and a rapid sputtering alarm note.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground in fields, usually partially arched over. Three to five white eggs specked with brown (1.1 Ox. 80).
Range. — N. A. east of the Plains and north to south- ern Canada; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois southward.
Sub-species. — 501.1. Western Meadowlark ( neglecta ) . This race has the j'ellow on the throat extended on the sides; its song is much more brilliant and varied than the eastern bird. It is found from the Plains to the Pacific. 501c. Florida Meadowlark (argutula) is smaller and darker than the common.
503.
AUDUBON ORIOLE.
Icterus auduhonii. 9% inches.
Within the United States, these large Orioles are found only in southern Texas, They are not uncommon there and are resident. Their notes are loud, mellow -whistles like those of the other Orioles. Their nests are senu-pensile and usually placed in mesquite trees not more than ten or fifteen feet from the ground.
SCOTT ORIOLE.
504, Icterus parisorum. 8 inches.
These beautiful birds are found in southwestern United States, from California to western Texas,
They are said to sing more freely than other members of the family, but the song, while loud and clear, is of short duration. Their nests, which are semi-pensile, are often places in giant yucca trees, or in vines that are suspended from cacti. The three or four eggs are pale blue, scrawled and spotted with black and lavender (,95x.65).
HOODED ORIOLE.
505. Icterus cucullatus scnnetti. 8 inches.
This very brilliantly plumaged Oriole is, perhaps, the most abundant of the family in southern lexas. It is not as shy a bird as the two preceding species and is more often found in the neighborhood of houses.
With the exception of a few kinds of fruits, their food consists almost entirely of insects; all the Orioles are regarded as among our most beneficial birds.
Notes. — A harsher and more grating whistle than that of most of the Orioles. j
Nest. — Usually in bunches of hanging moss, being I made by hollowing out and matting the moss together ■ and lining it with finer wiry moss. Others are placed in yucca trees, such nests being made of the fiber of the tree. Eggs dull white, scrawled about the large end with black and laA'^ender (.85x.60).
Range. — Found only in southern Texas. A sub- species (nelsoni) is found in New Mexico, Arizona and southern California.
ORCHARD ORIOLE.
506. Icterus spiirius. 7i/4 inches.
Male chestnut and black; female dull yellowish and gray; young Diale, second year, like female, but with black face and throat. These Orioles are usually found in open country and, as their name suggests, have a preference for orchards. They are also found abundantly in shrubbery along streams and roadsides. They feed chiefly upon worms, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, etc., and are one of the most beneficial birds that we have.
Song. — A rich, loud and rapid warble, cheery and pleasing but impossible to describe; a chattering note of alarm.
Nest. — A beautiful basket of grasses woven into a deeply cupped ball and situated in forks of trees or bushes; often tliey are made of green grasses. Four to six white eggs, specked, scrawled and spotted with black and brown ( .80 x .55 ) .
Range. — U. S. east of the Plains, breeding from the Gulf to Massachusetts and Michigan; winters in Central America.
BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
507. Icterus galbiila. l^j inches.
Male orange and black; female dull yellowish and gray.
They are sociable birds and seem to like the company of mankind, for their nests are, from choice, built as near as possible to houses, often being where they can be reached from windows. As they use a great deal of string in the construction of their nest, children often get amusement by placing bright-colored pieces of yarn where the birds will get them, and watch them weave them into their homes.
Song". — A clear, querulous, varied whistle or warble; call, a plaintive whistle.
Nest. — A pensile structure, often hanging eight or ten inches below the supporting rim, and swaying to and fro with every breeze. They lay five or six white eggs, curiously scrawled with blackish brown ( .90 x .60 ) .
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Rockies and breeding north to New Brunswick and Manitoba. Winters in Central America.
RUSTY BLACKBIRD.
510. Scolecophagiis carolinus. Qi/^ inches. ]\Iale glossy black ; female grayish ; both sexes in winter with most of the head and breast feathers tipped with rusty. In the United States we know these birds chiefly as emigrants; but a few of them remain to breed in the Northern parts. Their songs are rather squeaky efforts, but still not unmusical. These birds are found east of the Rockies.
BREWER BLACKBIRD.
510. Scolecophagiis cyaneocephalus. 10 inches. Male with a glossy purplish head and greenish-black body; female grayish brown. This is the Western rep- resentative of the preceding; it is most abundant west of the Rockies, but is also found on the Plains. Its dis- tribution is not so northerly and it nests commonly in its United States range. Their eggs are whitish, very profusely spotted and blotched with various shades of brown (l.x.75).
PURPLE GRACKLE.
511. Quiscalus quisciila. 12 inches.
Male Avith purple head and greenish back ; female brownish gray. All the Grackles are very similar in appearance, the colors varying with different individuals of the same species. Their habits are alike, too, and I consider them one of the most destructive of our birds.
Notes. — A harsli ''tchack,'' and a squeaky song.
Nest. — Of sticks and twigs, usually in pines in the Xorth and bushes in the South. Four eggs, pale bluish -ray with black scrawls (1.10 x .80).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to Mass.
Sub-species. — 511a. Florida Grackle (aglseus), slightly smaller. 511b. Bronzed Grackle (aeneus, with a purple head and usually a brassy back. Eastern U. S., breeding north to Labrador and ^Manitoba.
BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE.
513. Megaquiscalits major. 15 inches. Similar in color to the last but much larger, and hav- ing the same habits. Eggs also larger (1.25 x .95). Southeastern U. S. The Great-tailed Grackle (ma- crourus), found in Texas, is still larger.
EVENING GROSBEAK.
514. Eesperiphona vespertina. 8 inches.
Female marKea like the male but much paler colored. As would be judged from the large bills that these birds have, their food consists almost entirely of seeds, with occasionally a few berries and perhaps insects. In certain localities they are not uncommon, but, ex- cept in winter, they are rare anywhere in the U. S. and east of the Mississippi they can only be regarded as accidental even in winter. They have been taken at least once in Massachusetts. In winter they usu- ally travel about in small bands, visiting localities where the food supply is the most abundant.
Song. — A clear JRobin-like whistle; call, a short whistle.
Nest. — A flat structure of twigs and rootlets placed at low elevations in trees or bushes. Four eggs, green- ish white, spotted with brown ( .90 x .65 ) .
Rang-e. — Breeds in mountains of western British America and northwestern U. S. South and east in winter to the Mississippi and rarely farther.
PINE GROSBEAK.
515. Pinicola enucleator leuciira. 8i^ inches.
^lale rosy red: female gray and yellowish.
These pretty birds visit us every winter, coming from Canada and northern New England, where they are found in summer. They are very fearless birds and might almost be regarded as stupid: when they are feeding you can easily approach within a few feet of them, and tliey have often been caught in butterfly nets. They may, at times, be found in any kind of trees or woods, but they show a preference for small growth pines, where they feed upon the seeds and vipon seeds of weeds that project above the snow.
Song-. — A low sweet warble; call, a clear, repeated M'histle.
Nest. — In coniferous trees, of twigs, rootlets and strips of bark : eggs three to four in number, greenish blue spotted with broAvn and lilac (1.00 x .70).
Range. — Breeds in eastern British America and north- ern New England ; winters south to New York and Ohio. Several sub-species are found west of the Rockies.
PURPLE FINCH.
517. Carpodacus purpureus. Gi/i inches.
Male dull rosy red; female streaked brownish gray.
These beautiful songsters are common in the north- ern tier of states and in Canada. In spring the males are usually seen on, or heard from, tree tops in orchards or parks, giving forth their glad carols. They are especially musical in spring when the snow is just leaving the ground and the air is bracing. After fam- ily cares come upon them, they are quite silent, the male only occasionally indulging in a burst of song.
Song". — A loud, long-continued and very sweet warble ; call, a querulous whistle.
Nest. — Of strips of bark, twigs, rootlets and grasses, placed at any height in evergreens or orchard trees. The eggs resemble, somewhat, large specimens of those of the Chipping Sparrow. They are three or four in number and are greenish blue with strong blackish specks (.85 x .65) .
Range. — N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from Pennsylvania and Illinois northward; winters through- out the United States.
AMERICAN CROSSBILL. 521. Loxia curvirostra minor. 0 inches.
These curious creatures appear in flocks on the out- skirts of our cities every winter, where they will be found almost exclusively in coniferous trees. They cling to the cones, upon which they are feeding, in every conceivable attitude, and a shower of seeds and broken cones rattling through the branches below shows that they are busily working. They are very eccentric birds and the whole flock often takes flight, without ap- jjarent cause, only to circle about again to the same trees. The flute-like whistle that they utter when in flight sounds quite pleasing when coming from all the individuals in the flock.
Song". — A low twittering; call, a short, flute-like whistle.
Nest. — In coniferous trees, of spruce twigs, shreds of bark and some moss or grass. The three or four eggs are greenish white spotted with brown (.75 x .55).
Rang-e. — Breeds from northern >«ew England north- ward and westward, and south in mountains to Georgia; winters in the northern half of the U. S.
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WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
522. Loxia leucoptera. 6 inches.
Male, rosy; female, with yellowish.
This species seems to be of a more roving dispo- sition, and even more eccentric than the last. They are not nearly as common and are usually seen in smaller flocks; occasionally one or two individuals of this species will be found with a flock of the American Crossbills, but they usually keep by themselves. While they may be seen in a certain locality one season, they may be absent for several seasons after, for some rea- son or other. They feed upon the seeds of pine cones, prying the cones open with their peculiar bills.
Notes. — Do not differ appreciably from those of the last.
Nest. — The nesting habits of this species are like those of the last, but the eggs differ in being slightly larger and in having the markings of a more blotchy character ( .80 x .55 ) .
Rang'e. — Breeds from the northern parts of the northern tier of states northward. Winters in the north- ern half of the U. S.
GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE.
524. Leiicosticte tephrocotis. CV-j inches.
Female similar to, but duller colored than the male.
All the members of this genus are western and northern, this one only being found east of the Rockies and then only in ^Aunter, when it occasionally is found east of the Mississippi. They wander about in rocky mountainous regions, feeding upon seeds and berries. They are very restless and stop in a place but a short time before flying swifth' away, in a compact flock, to another feeding ground.
Note. — An alarm note of a short, quick whistle.
Nest. — Built on the ground, usually beside a rock or ill a crevice; composed of weeds and grass, lined with finer grass. They lay three or four unmarked white poos in June.
Range. — Western U. S., breeding in the higher moun- tain ranges ; in winter sometimes wandering east to the Mississippi.
BEDPOLL.
528, Acanthis linaria. 5^/4 inches.
Male with a rosy breast; female without.
In winter these northern birds may be found in flocks gathering- seeds from weeds by the roadside and stone walls. Their actions greatly resemble those of our Goldfinch, but their flight is more rapid.
Song. — Strong, sweet and canary-like.
Nest. — At low elevations in bushes or trees; eggs three to five, pale greenish blue with brown specks.
Range. — Breeds in the extreme north; winters south to northern U. 8.
Sub-species. — 528a. Holboell Redpoll (holboelli), slightly larger. 528b. Greater Redpoll (rostrata), larger and darker.
GREENLAND REDPOLL.
527. Acanthis honiemannii. 0 inches. A larger and much whiter species found in Green- land and migrating to Labrador in winter. 527b. Hoary Redpoll (exilipes), smaller and darker, but still lighter than the Redpoll; winters south to Massachusetts.
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.
529. Astragaliniis tristis. 5V4 inches.
These beautiful little creatures are often known as Thistle-birds and Wild Canaries, the former name be- cause they are often seen on thistles, from the down of which their nests are largely made, and the latter name because of the sweet canary-like song. Their flight is a peculiar series of undulations accompanied by an in- termittent twitter. They are very sociable and breed usually in communities as well as travel in flocks in the winter. Their food is chiefly of seeds and they often come to gardens in fall and winter to partake of sunflower seeds, these flowers often being raised for the sole purpose of furnishing food for the finches in the winter.
Song. — Sweet, prolonged and canary-like; call, a musical ''tcheer," and a twittering in flight.
Nest. — Of thistle down, plant fibres and grasses, in forks of bushes, most often willows or alders near water. Four or five unmarked, pale bluish eggs.
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Rockies; breeds from Vir- ginia and Missouri north to Labrador; winters in U. S.
WESTERN GOLDFINCH.
530. Astragalinus psaltria. 4i/4 inches.
Cap, wings and tail black; sides of head and back greenish. Female mvich duller and with no black in the crown. These little Goldfinches are very abundant throughout the West. Their flight is undulatory like that of the preceding, and all their habits are very sim- ilar. They spend the winter in bands, roving about the country, feeding on M^eed seeds; in summer they repair, either in small bands or by single pairs, to the edges of swamps or woodland near water, where they construct their compact homes in the forks of bushes. Their eggs are pale blue like those of the American Goldfinch, but of course are much smaller (.62 x .45). They are laid in May or June, or even earlier in the western portions of their range.
Song-. — Sweet and musical, almost like that of the last species.
Range. — Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific, being abundant west of the Rocky Moun- tains. 6
PINE FINCH OR SISKIN. 533. Spinus pinus. 5 inches.
These are also northern birds, being found in the U. 8., with the exception of the extreme northern parts, only in winter aYid early spring. Their habits are just like those of the Goldfinches, for which species they are often mistaken, as the latter are dull-colored in winter. Their song and call-notes are like those of the Gold- finch, but have a slight nasal twang that will identify them at a distance, after becoming accustomed to it. They are often seen hanging head downward from the ends of branches as they feed upon the seeds or buds, and when thus engaged they are very tame.
Song. — Quite similar to that of the Goldfinch.
Nest. — In coniferous trees at any elevation from the ^roundo They are made of rootlets and grasses, lined with pine needles and hair; the three to five eggs are greenish white, speckea with reddish brown ( .65 x .45 ) .
Range. — North America, breeding northward from the northern boundary of the U. S. and farther south in mountain ranges; winters throughout the U. S.
SNOWFLAKE.
534. PlectropJienax nivalis. 7 inches.
Adults in summer black and white; in winter, washed with brownish.
When winter storms sweep across 6ur land, these birds blow in like true snowtlakes, settling down upon hillsides and feeding upon seeds from the weed stalks that are sure to be found above the snow somewhere. They are usually found in large liocks, and are verj'^ restless, starting up, as one bird, at the slightest noise, or continually wheeling about from one hill to another, of their own accord.
Song. — A low twittering while feeding and a short whistle when in flight.
Nest. — Of grass and moss lined with feathers and sunk in the spagnum moss with which much of Arctic America is covered. Three to five eggs, pale greenish white, specked with brown. Size .90 x .65.
Range. — Breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay northward: winters in northern United States.
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LAPLAND LONGSPUR.
536. Calcarius lapponicus. G14 inches.
Male in summer with black crown and throat, and chestnut nape; female similar but duller; winter plu- mage, with feathers of head and neck tipped with grayish so as to conceal the bright markings.
As indicated by its name, this is a Northern species, which spends the cold months in northern L'. S., trav- eling in flocks and resting and feeding on side hills, often with Snowflakes, or on lower ground with Horned Larks.
Song". — A sweet trill or warble, frequently given while in flight; call, a sharp chip.
Nest. — Of mosses, grasses and feathers placed on the ground in tussocks or on grassy hummocks. In June and July they lay from four to six eggs having a gray- isli ground color, which is nearly obscured by the numerous blotches of brown and lavender (.80 x .60),
K.ang'e. — Breeds from Labrador northward and win- ters south to South Carolina and Texas. A sub-species is found in the West.
SMITH LONGSPUR.
537. Calcarius pictus. Qy^ inches.
Male in summer with the underparts buffy and sides of head marked with black ; female, and male in winter, much duller with all bright markings covered with a brownish-gray wash.
Like the last species, these are Arctic birds found, in winter, on the plains and prairies of middle U. 8. They are rarely found within our limits when in their beautiful spring plumage. They are most always found in company with the following species feeding upon seeds, buds and small berries.
Song". — A sweet warble rarely heard in the United States; a clear "cheer-up" constantly uttered while on the wing.
Nest. — Of grasses, weeds and moss, lined with feathers ; located on the ground in similar locations to those of the last species. The four or five eggs arc similar to those of the last but lighter (.80 x .GO).
Range. — Breeds about Hudson Bay and northward; winters in middle United States.
CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.
538. Calcarius ornatus. 01^4 inches.
Male in summer with a black breast and crown, and chestnut nape; female, and male in winter, much duller and with all bright markings covered with grayish.
Unlike the preceding Longspurs, these are constant residents in the greater part of the Western Plains, in some localities being classed as one of the most abun- dant birds. They have a short, sweet song that, in springtime, is frequently given as the bird mounts into the air after the fashion of the Horned Larks. They commonly feed about ploughed fields, along the edges of which they build their nests.
Song". — A short, sweet trill; alarm note a sharp chip, and call note a more musical chirp.
Nest. — Of line grasses, placed on the ground in open prairies or along the edges of cultivated fields, often being concealed beside a tussock; their four or five eggs are clay color marked with reddish brown and lavender (.75 x .55) .
Rang-e. — Breeds in the Great Plains from Kansas and Colorado north to Manitoba ; winters south to Mexico.
M'COWN LONGSPUR.
539. Rliynclwphanes mccoicnii. 6 inches.
]\Iale with a black crown and patch on breast, and cliestnut shoulders; female, and male in winter, dull colored with all bright markings obscured by brownish gray.
These are also common birds on the plains of middle U. S., but perhaps not so much so as the last species, with which species they are often found breeding. These finches show their close relationship to the famous Skylark of Europe by frequently indulging in the same practice of soaring aloft and descending on set wings, rapturously uttering their sweet song.
Song". — A shrill, twittering warble; call a musical chirp.
Nest. — A neat cup of grasses in a hollow in the ground on prairies or in fields. Their four to six eggs are dull whitish clouded with brownish, the marking not being as distinct as in those of the last species (.75 X .55).
Range, — Breeds on the Great Plains from Kansas north to Saskatchewan; winters south to Mexico.
ENGLISH SPARROW.
' **^' Passer domesticiis. G14 inches.
These street urchins were introduced into our coun- try from Europe about 1850, and have since multiplied and spread out so that they now are found in all parts of our land from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Hereto- fore they have confined themselves chiefly in the im- mediate vicinity of the larger cities and towns, but it is now noted with alarm that they are apparently spread- ing out into the surrounding country. They are very hardy creatures, able to stand our most rigorous winters. They are fighters and bullies from the time they leave the egg, and few of our native birds will attempt to live in the neighborhood with them.
Notes. — A harsh, discordant sound, which they com- mence early in the morning and continue until night.
Nest. — Of straw and rubbish piled behind blinds, in] the tops of electric lights or crevices of buildings, and' sometimes large, unsightly heaps of straw in trees. They raise three or four broods a year and in all sea- sons; five to seven whitish eggs scratched with black.
Ranffe. — Whole of U. S. and southern Canada.
VESPER SPARROW.
540. Prwcetes gi-amineus. 6 inches.
The chestnut shoulders and white outer tail feathers distinguish this from any other of our Sparrows.
The name Vesper Sparrow is given this bird because of its habit of tuning up along towards evening; it is perhaps more often known as the "Bay-winged Sparrow" or "Grass Finch."
They are found chiefly in dry pastures or along dusty roadsides, where they start from the ground in front of us, their white tail feathers showing prominently as they fly, so that there will be no mistake as to their identity.
Song, — A clear, ascending series of whistles, given from a fence post or bush top ; call, a sharp chirp.
Nest. — Of grasses in weedy fields or pastures; four or five whitish eggs marked and blotched with brownish (.80X.60).
Range. — Eastern N. A. from Virginia to sovitheni Canada; winters in southern U. S. The similar Western Vesper Sparrow (confinis) is found from the Plains to the Pacific coast ranges.
IPSWICH SPARROW.
541. rasscrculus princeps. (Ji/4 inches. This species is larger and paler colored, but very sim- ilar to the more common and better known Savanna Sparrow. Its habits are the same. It breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and winters along the Atlantic coast to Virginia.
SAVANNA SPARROW. 542a. Passerculus sandicichensis savanna. 5^2 inches.
Breast and sides streaked with brownish, and yellow before the eye and also on bend of wing.
These finches are very abundant in eastern U. S. during migrations and a few remain in the northern parts through the summer.
Song. — A weak trill or twitter; a short chip.
Nest. — Of grasses in hollows in the ground and con- cealed by grass or weeds. The four grayish eggs are spotted with brown ( .75 x .55 ) .
Rang-e. — Winters in southern U. S.; breeds from northern U. S. northward. 542b. Western Savanna Sparrow (alaudinus) is found from the Plains west to the coast ranges. It is slightly paler.
BAIRD SPARROW.
545. Coturniculus hairdii. 5% inches.
Crown and nape brownish yellow streaked with black; iinderparts white streaked on the throat, breast and sides with blackish; tail slightly forked and the feathers pointed.
In summer the western plains and prairie ring with tlie tinkling songs of these little Sparrows; they are especially abundant in Dakota and Montana.
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.
54G. Coturniculus snvannarum australis. 5i/> inches.
Crown blackish with a central buffy stripe; na])< brown and gray; sides of head, breast and flanks, buli'y without streaks.
Song. — A weak, insect-like "zee-e-e-e-e."
Nest. — A grass-lined hollow in a field, with the top arched over so as to keep off the sun and conceal the eggs. In June four or five white, brown-specked eggs are laid (.75 x .55) .
Range. — U. S. east of the Rockies; winters in south- ern U. S.
546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (floridanus), a flarkfr raop found on thfi nlains of interior Florida.
HENSLOW SPARROW.
547. Ammodrar.ms hensloicii. 5 inches.
Crown and nape greenish, streaked with black; breast and sides buffy, streaked with black; tail feathers nar- row and pointed.
This species is of a more southern distribution than the last, being rarely found in New England, but quite common in favorable localities south of Virginia.
LECONTE SPARROW.
548. Ammodramus Iccontei. 5 inches.
Hind head chestnut and gray; sides of head, throat, breast and flanks a ricli buflf color.
Song-. — A grasshopper-like squeaking.
JSTest. — Of grasses in hollows of the grouna on prairies; eggs greenish white thickly specked with brownisn ( .65 x .50 ) .
Range. — Breeds in the Great Plains from Dakota to Manitol)a. and winters southeastward to the South At- lantic and Gulf States.
SHARP-TAILED SPARROW.
549. Ammodramus caudacutus. 5% inches.
Back of head greenish; sides of head, breast and flanks buff with black streaks; tail feathers sharp.
Salt marshes along the seacoast or along streams emptying into the ocean are the dwelling places of these finches. They creep about like mice in the salt grass, now running across an open space, now threading their way through the upright stalks.
Song. — A rather weak, squeaky trill.
Nest. — Of seaweed and marsh grass, attached to the grass stalks several inches above ground and often cov- ered by a mass of dry seaweed. Eggs greenish white specked with brown ( .78 x .56) .
Range. — Atlantic coast of the U. S.
NELSON SPARROW.
549a. Ammodramus nelsoni. 5% inches. Similar to the last but brighter colored and not streaked below. In the Mississippi Valley north to Man- itoba. 549a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow (sub-vir- gatus), Atlantic coast, breeding from Maine to New Brunswick.
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SEASIDE SPARROW.
550. Amiuodranius maritimus. 6 inches.
Vellow spot before the eje. General plumage a.ove grayish green with no black markings. All the habits of the Seaside Sparrows are precisely like those of the Sharp-tailed Sparrows. Ihe nests and eggs are indis- tinguishable and are often found in the same marshes.
Sub-species. — 550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (penin- suhe ) , slightly smaller and with the back marked w^th black and brownish green; South Atlantic coast. 550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow ( sennetti ) , greener above than No. 550; coast of Texas. 550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow (fisheri), darker above than scotti and with the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty and streaked with black; coast of Louisiana. 550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow (macgillivrayii), coast of South Carolina.
DUSKY SEASIDE SPARROW.
551. Ammodramiis nigrescens. 6 inches. Darkest of the Seaside Sparrows. Found only in marshes at head of Indian Kiver, Florida.
LARK SPARROW.
552. Chondestes grammacus. 6^ inches.
These handsome sparrows are very abundant in the Mississippi Valley : their favorite resorts are fields, pastures and prairie lands, or along dusty roadsides. Their song is one of the sweetest of Q.nj oi the Spar- rows, and is freely given throughout the summer.
Song". — A hurried gush of silvery tremulous notes.
Nest. — Sometimes in bushes but usuallj^ on the ground: of grasses arranged in a hollow to form a little cup, and usually concealed under a tuft of grass or bunch of clover. The birds usually run some distance from the nest before flying, so that they are quite hard to find. They lay three to five eggs, white, specked and scrawled sparingly with blackish (.80 x .00.), wliolly different from those of any other Sparrow.
Range. — Mississippi Valley, breeding from Texas to Manitoba : winters in southern U. S. and Mexico.
Sub-species. — 552a. Western Lark Sparrow (striga- tus) is slightly paler and less heavily marked; found from the Plains to the Pacific.
HARRIS SPARROW.
553. Zonotrichia querula. 7l^ inches.
Adults in summer with the crown, face and throat bhxck; in winter with the black areas mottled with gray.
This species is one of the largest of the Sparrows. It is found abundantly on the prairies during migrations, but about nesting time they all seem to disappear and no one has, as yet, been able to locate their exact breeding range. It is supposed to be among some of the foothills of Xorth Dakota and northward through INIanitoba and Saskatchewan, as they have been found during the summer in all these localities. Nests sup- posed to belong to this species have been found, but they lack positive identification.
Song", — A series of musical, piping w^histles.
Nest. — Supposed to be of grass and bark, a few inches above the ground in weed stalks or small shrubs; eggs whitish, thickly spotted with brown ( .95 x .65 ) .
Rang-e. — Interior U. S. from Texas (in winter) north through the Plains and Mississippi to Manitoba.
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
554. Zonotrichia leucophrys. 7 inches.
Adults with a white crown bordered by black, the black covering the lores or space before the eye (the sub-species found west of the Rockies have the lores white).
We know these birds in the U. S., except in moun- tain ranges or in the extreme northern parts, only as migrants, they then being found in brushy woodlots or along roadsides. In the north they are found in deep- ly wooded ravines and on side hills. While with us they rarely if ever sing, but in their summer home they have a clear tinkling song like that of the White- throated Sparrow, with which we see them associated here.
Song". — A clear, sweet, piping "see-dee-dee-dee-de-e ; '' call note a sharp chip.
Nest. — Usually on the ground under patches of brush or bushes. The four or five eggs are whitish profusely spotted with brown (.90 x .63).
Range. — N. A., breeding from northern U. S. north- ward and in high ranges south to Mexico. 7
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
558. Zonotrichia alhicollis. 0% inches.
In thick underbrush, we hear these birds scratching about among the leaves; occasionally one of them will hop up on a twig and give his clear peabody song, or, hearing or seeing you, give a sharp chirp and dash out ( f siglit again. They are birds of the ground, always l)usy and always happy. I think that without any ex- (■('))tion, they are the handsomest of our Sparrows, their colors are so rich and harmonize and blend together so well.
Song. — A high-pitched, very clear and sweet whistle, '•l)ea-bo-dy-bird." Call and note of alarm, a metallic chirp.
Nest. — Usually on the ground on the borders of woods or in swamps; of grass and leaves, similar to, l)ut larger, than that of the Song Sparrow. Four or live eggs, pale greenish blue, thicklv spotted with iiiown (.85 X .63).
Range. — X. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from northern U. S. to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters in the southern half of U. S.
TREE SPARROW.
559. ^pizclla monticola. 614 inches.
A blackish-brown spot in middle of breast; crown reddisli brown with no black about the head; back and Avings with considerable brown.
These Sparrows are summer residents of the Arctic region, passing the winter in the northern half of the U. S. They bear considerable resemblance to our com- mon Chipping Sparrow, but are larger and have char- acteristic markings as noted above. They appear in the U. S. in October and many of them pass the win- ter in the fields and gardens in our northern states.
Note. — A musical chirp; song, strong, sweet and musical and ending in a low warble.
Nest. — Usually on the ground, but sometimes at low elevations in bushes. Eggs pale greenish blue with brown specks over the Avhole surface, thus being very different from those of the Chipping Sparrow (.80 x .60).
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Plains, breeding in Labra- dor and about Hudson Bay; winters in northern half of the U. S. A sub-species, 559a. Western Tree Spar- row (ochracea) is paler; it is found from the Plains to the Pacific, breeding in the north.
CHIPPING SPARROW.
5G0. Spizella socialis. 5^/4 inches.
Crown chestnut; forehead black; line through the eye black.
One of the commonest and most useful of our Spar- rows, frequenting orchards, yards and bushy pastures. They are not at all timid and frequently nest in vines, covering porches or the side of the house, provided that English Sparrows are not too plenty. They eat great quantities of insects and worms, and some seeds, feeding their young wholly upon the former.
Song. — A very rapidly chanted chip, chip, chip, chip, continued for several seconds ; call, a sharp chip.
Nest. — A small cup-shaped structure of rootlets, lined with horsehair ; placed in bushes, trees or vines ; eggs three to five, bluish green, specked, chiefly around the large end, with blackish brown (.65 x .50).
Range. — N. A. east of the Plains, breeding from the Gulf of Mexico north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay; winters in the Gulf States. A sub-species is found west of the Rockies.
100
CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.
561. Spizella pallida. 5^2 inches. No reddish brown in the plumage ; crown largely black, with a whitish stripe in centre. The habits of these birds are the same as those of the Chippy ; they are abundant on the Plains north to Saskatchewan and lareed south to the northern portion of the United States. They spend the winter in Mexico. Their nests and eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the preceding, ex- cept, perhaps, by the fact that the nest has more grass than hair.
BREWER SPARROW.
562. Spizella hreiceri. 5l^ inches. Like the lest species, the general tone of plumage of this is gray. It differs, though, in having the crown finely streaked with blackish. It is a more western species thfin the last and is rarely found east of the Rockies. It ranges from British Columbia southward into Mexico.
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FIELD SPARROW.
563. Si)izella pusilla. oi/> inches.
Bill pinkisli-broAvn : crown and ear covert brown with no black markings; back reddish brown and breast and Sides washed witn brown.
You will find these birds in dry pastures, stubble fields and side hills. The hotter and dryer a place is, the better they seem to like it. They are often the only birds that will be found nesting on tracts of land recently burned over, upon which the sun beats down with stifling heat.
Song". — A series of shrill piping whistles on an as- cending scale and terminating in a little trill, "swee- see-see-se-e-e."
Nest. — A frail structure of grasses and weeds, lined with "mer grasses; placed either on the ground or in bushes, briars or weed patches; four or five whitish eggs marked with reddish brown (.08 x .50).
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf States north to south- ern Canada ; winters in southern United States.
Sub-species. — 563a. Western Field Sparrow (arena- cea), a paler race found on the Great Plains.
WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.
56G. Junco aikeni. 6^4 inches.
Sliglitly larger than the common eastern Junco, and with two white bars on the w^ing and more white on the tail.
This species cannot be regarded as common anywhere, even locally, and in most sections of its range it is rare. There are no peculiarities in its habits and I believe that its nests and eggs have not, as yet, been discovered.
Range. — Breeds in Wyoming and the Dakotas and winters in Colorado and eastward to Kansas.
SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.
5()7. Jiinco liyemalis. ()i4 inclies.
These are one of our most common winter birds, easily recognized, wliile perching or on the ground, by the white or pinkisli bill, and when flying by the white'outer tail feathers and the gray and white plumage. They are very common about houses as well as on the edges of woods and in pine groves, being very tame and coming into the dooryard to feed upon crumbs or chaff which is often thrown out for them.
Song-. — A sweet simple trill, which has a beautiful efl"ect when given by a whole flock in unison.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground, usually beside a stone, in a bunch of weeds or under a small shrub, where it is well concealed. The three or four eggs are whitish, sprinkled with reddish brown (.75x.55).
Range. — Eastern X. A., breeding from the northern parts of the northern tier of states northward; winters south to tlie Gulf.
Sub-species. — 567e. Carolina Junco (carolinensis) , found in the Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia; there are several races found west of the Rockies.
BLACK-THROATED SPARROW.
573. Ampliispiza hilincata. SVi; inches.
These little Sparrows are entirely unlike any other Xorth American species. They are found in the soutli- western deserts, wliere they are not uncommon in cev tain localities, being found in mesquite or chaparral brush.
Note. — An ordinary Sparrow chip; song, a rich me- tallic "zip-zip-zip-zee-zee-zee," the first three ascending, the second three notes descending.
Nest. — In bushes or cacti at low elevations; eggs plain bluish white (.70x.50).
Range. — From Texas north to Kansas in summer. A paler sub-species, the Desert Sparrow ( deserticola ) , is found westward to southern California.
SAGE SPARROW.
574a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis. 614 inches. These birds are found in arid regions, frequenting the sage brush that is found in the Great Basin region, from western Texas to California.
PINE-WOODS SPAFvxlOW. 575. Peucaa (cstivalis. 5% inches.
Upper parts streaked with black; back chestnut and gray; under parts butFy white; tail rounded.
These dull-colored birds are abundant on some of the southern pine barrens. Their habits are similar to those of the Henslow Sparrow; they are quite shy and it is almost impossible to make one show itself above the grass, through which it runs and dodges with great swiftness. If it is surprised into taking wing it goes but a few feet, then drops out of sight again.
Note. — A metallic chip; song, similar to that of the Field Sparrow, but reversed; that is, with the trill first.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground, under shrubs or in tufts of grass; not usually arched as those of Bachman Sparrow seem to always be; four or five pure white eggs (.72X.60).
Range. — Georgia and Florida. 575a. Bachman Spar- row (bachmannii) is brighter above but has fewer black streaks; found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and north to Indiana.
SONG SPARROW.
581. Melospiza cinerea nielodia. 6i/i inches.
This is probably the best known, most abvmdant and most widely distributed (in its numerous sub-species) of all our birds. They are quite hardy and many of them winter in the northern states, but the majority go far- ther south, returning to their summer homes about the first of ]\Iarch. They may be found anywhere where there are bushes, vines or hedges, and very often about houses, even in large cities.
Song". — Very pleasing and musical, strongly resem- bling brilliant measures from that of the Canary.
Nest. — Of grass, either on the ground or in bushes ; three to five bluish-white eggs, profusely spotted with brown (.80x.58).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Virginia and Missouri north to southern Canada. Winters from Massachusetts and Ohio southward. Many local races are found west of the Rockies, but only one east of there. 581 j. Dakota Song Sparrow (juddi) is found in the vicinity of Turtle Mountains, North Dakota; it is said to be lighter above and brighter below.
LINCOLN SPARROW.
583. Melosjnsa lincolnii. 5% inches.
Upper parts extensively brown and black; breast and sides briofht buff with fine black streaks.
These flinches are quite abundant in the West, especial- ly during migrations, but are rather uncommon in the eastern states. Their habits are similar in some respects to both those of the Song Sparrow and of the Grass- hopper Sparrow. They are very lively at all times and in tlie mating season quite pugnacious. They sit for minutes at a time upon the top of a bush pouring forth their melody, and they have one of the most brilliant songs of any of the family.
Song. — Loud, clear and gurgling, after the style of the house Wren; call, a metallic chirp.
Nest. — Of grass, on the ground, in tufts of grass or under small shrubs; eggs pale greenish white, heavily marked with chestnut ( .80 x .58 ) .
Rang"e. — X. A,, breeding from northern U. S. to Labrador and Alaska; winters in southern half of U. S.
SWAMP SPARROW.
584. Melospiza georgiana. 5% inches.
Forehead hlack; crown chestnut with a gray median stripe; whole upper parts very dark; under parts gray- ish with brown sides.
A very quiet and unobtrusive species that dwells, as its name implies, chiefly in swamps. They creep about under the rank weeds and underbrush like so many mice; they are especially fond of the soft mires where walking is so difficult for human beings; they patter around on the soft mud with evident enjoyment, occasionally walk- ing across an open space of water on what floating debris they may find available.
Song. — A feeble chant; call, a sharp metallic cheep.
Nest. — Of grasses, on the ground in damp places; four or five eggs, having a pale greenish-blue color heav- ily blotched and clouded with shades of brown ( .80 x .55) .
Range. — X. A. east of the Plains, breeding from Xew Jersey and Missouri north to Labrador and Hud- son Bay; winters in southern half of the U. S.
10.0
FOX SPARROW.
585. Passerella iliaca. 7^ inches.
Above bright reddish brown and gray; rump and tail wholly reddish brown, and spots on the breast and sides of the same color.
In winter we find these large Sparrows in quiet swamps and open woods, where they scratch about among the fallen leaves, after the manner of domestic fowls; they will scratch energetically for a few seconds, then pause to see what they have uncovered. They have a short but loud and joyful song, with which they greet you on clear frosty mornings, and the effect is very beau- tiful when a large flock of them are singing in chorus.
Song". — A loud, clear and melodious carol; call, a soft chip.
Nest. — Of grass and moss, lined with fine grass and feathers ; four or five pale bluish-green eggs, spotted with reddish brown and chestnut ( .90 x .65 ) .
Rang-e. — N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from Xew Brunswick and Manitoba northward; winters in the southern states.
nil
TOWHEE OR CHEWINK.
587. Pipilo erythfophthahnus. 8 inches. A bird of swamps, brushy pastures and open wood- lands. They are ground birds and usuall}^ found scratching among the leaves; the male, with his black, white and brown clothes, makes a conspicuous object, while the female, with her brown and white dress, harmonizes Avith the leaves so that it is difficult to see her. While his mate is sitting on her nest, the male Avill frequently sit in a tree top and persistently sing for many minutes at a time.
Song". — Loud and clear, "tow-hee-e-e" or "see-tow- hee-e-e," with the last notes tremulous; call, a sharp '"cherink."
Nest. — Usually on the ground, but rarely in bushes; of strips of bark, grass and leaves; eggs white with reddish-brown dots over the whole surface (.90 x .70).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf States to southern Canada ; winters in southern U. S.
Sub-species. — 587a. White-eyed Towhee (alleni) has Avhite eyes instead of red and less white on the tail; found on the South Atlantic coast.
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.
592.1. Oreospiza chlorura. 7 inches.
These are characteristic birds of the Western moun- tains. They are typical brush birds, satisfied in living a life of security in their own way, and rarely appear above the surface of the thick shrubbery except to mount to a conspicuous twig, pour forth their sweet melodies and then retreat again.
Notes. — A loud chip; a soft, mewing note; song, finch-like, musical but rather simple.
Nest. — Either on the ground or in bushes near the ground. Made of grasses the same as that of any of the sparrows. Eggs pale bliiish gray, thickly speckled with reddish brown. The nests are built in very thickly tangled underbrush and are difficult to locate.
Ilang-e. — Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rockies west to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas.
CARDINAL.
593. Carclinalis cardinalis. 9 inches.
Xoble in carriage, beautiful of plumage, amiable in disposition and excellent singers are some of the quali- fications of these large-billed birds. They are southern birds, rarely seen in northern U. S. unless in cages, for large numbers of them are trapped for this purpose, a practice that is being stopped as rapidly as possible by enforcing the laws which protect them. They are hardy birds, often passing, the winter in the northern parts of their range when the ground is covered with snow. They frequent gardens, plantations and open woods, where they glean their food of seeds, berries, fruit and insects.
Song. — A loud, clear and lively warble; call, a low chip.
Nest. — A frail structure of twigs, in thickets or bushes ; eggs greenish blue with reddish-brown spots (1.00 X .73).
Range. — Resident and breeding from the Gulf to New York and Iowa. 593,. Florida Cardinal (flori- danus) is supposed to be slightly smaller and brighter.
o
TEXAN CARDINAL; PYRRHULOXIA.
594a. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texensis^ 8% inches.
Xotice that the bill of this species is veiy stout and short, more like that of a parrot. The crest is also composed of fewer feathers than that of the Cardinal. It is only in the highest of plumages that the red on the underparts is continuous from bill to tail ; usually it is broken into patches. The female is much duller in color than the male, but always has a strong tinge of rose color. They frequent more open and exposed positions than do Cardinals and are more shy in their disposition.
Nest, — Shabby platforms of twigs and grasses placed at low elevations in thickets. The three or four eggs are wliitish, specked with dark brown, most profusely at the large end (.90 x .70).
Range.^Abundant in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas.
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ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
595. Zamelodia ludoviciana. 8 inches. Male, black and white with rose breast and under wing coverts; female resembling a large striped Spar- row in color.
The center of abundance of these beautiful creatures is in the northern half of eastern U. S. In beauty and song he fully atones for what we northerners lose be- cause of the southerly distribution of the Cardinal. We find them in swamps, small patches of woods, and, some- times, in orchards. They are rather quiet birds, that is they do not move about much, but they can easily be found by their song.
Song-. — A rich, full, whistling carol, almost without exception immediately preceded with a sharp chip. Call, a deep-toned chirp.
Nest. — A loose, frail cradle of twigs at low eleva- tions in trees or thickets; eggs bluish green spotted with brown (1.00 x .75).
Range. — U. S. east of the Rockies, breeding in the northern half and in southern Canada; winters in Cen- tral America.
lio
BLUE GROSBEAK.
597. Guiraca ccerulea. 7 inches.
Male, deep blue with chestnut shoulders; female, grayish brown above and grayish white below.
Open woods, small groves and roadsides are the lo- cations in which these birds will be apt to be found. In some places they are fairly common, but nowhere abundant. Their habits are very similar to those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Song-. — A rapid varied warble, similar to but louder ^ and stronger than that of the Indigo Bunting.
Nest. — Of twigs, weeds and grasses, lined with fine! rootlets; placed in thickets, bushes or low trees; fourl or five plain bluish-white eggs ( .85 x .62 ) .
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to] Maryland and Illinois; winters south of U. S.
Sub-species. — 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (la-| zula ) . INIale of a brighter shade of blue than the east- ern; found from the Mississippi to the Pacific, breeding north to Kansas, Colorado and northern California.
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INDIGO BUNTING.
598. Passerina cyanea. 514 inches.
Male, indigo blue; female, brownish but usually with a faint indication of blue on the wings or tail.
A jolly summer songster, dwelling with us from the latter part of May until September. You will meet with these Buntings along roadsides lined with scrubby trees or bushes, or in pastures or along the edges of swamps. The male usually has some favorite percli upon which he spends a large portion of his time sing ing; it is nearly always the top of a tall bush or tree.
Song. — A sprightly little warble with many canary- like notes. Call, a sharp chip.
Nest. — Of grasses at low elevations in shrubs or bushes ; eggs four or five in number, very pale bluish white (.75 x .52) .
Range. — U. S. east of the Rockies, and most abun- dant east of the Mississippi ; breeds north to Manitoba and New Brunswick; winters in Central America.
LAZULI BUNTING.
599. Passerina amoena. 0^2 inches.
This species replaces the preceding one west of the Plains. While the plumage of the males is entirely distinctive, that of the females is often confusing. The present species has quite a conspicuous band of rusty buff across the breast and lacks any sign of stripes on the sides, such as show faintly on the last species. Its habits are just like those of the Indigo and it frequents the same kind of territory.
Nest. — Built in a bush or on the lower branches of trees, only a few feet from the ground. The eggs are very pale bluish white ( .75 x .58 ) .
Range. — Western United States from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast; north along the coast to British Columbia; so'uth in winter to Mexico.
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VARIED BUNTING.
600. Passerina versicolor. 5i/^ inches. This beautiful species is less common than any others of the genus and has a very restricted range in the United States. The plumage of the male birds varies a great deal; that shown in the accompanying illustra- tion is from a brightly colored specimen. They will average duller than this. These birds frequent thickets or brush-studded pasture land. Their song is described as weaker than that of the Indigo Bunting, but having much of the same character.
Nest. — ^Built of grasses, bark and fine rootlets; a cup-shaped structure placed in forks of bushes, usually in tangled thickets. The three or four eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the last species.
Range. — The Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas. A sub-species (pulchra) is also found in Lower California and southern Arizona.
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PAINTED BUNTING.
601. Passerina ciris. by-> inches.
Male, vari-colored ; female, greenish gray.
Without any exception, these are the most gaudily plumaged North American birds, bvit their colors have a harshness of contrast that renders them far less pleasing to the eye than many others of our birds. They are often caged, but in confinement soon lose the natural brilliancy of their plumage. Like the Indigo Bunting, they are found in thickets and hedges; their habits seem to be precisely like those of the last species.
Song. — Similar to that of the Indigo but lacking the brilliancy of that of the latter bird.
Nest. — 'Of grasses, leaves, strips of bark and root- lets, compactly compressed and woven together, situ- ated at low elevations in thickets and low bushes; eggs whitish, specked and blotched with reddish brown (.78 x .58).
Range. — Southeastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf north to Virginia, Ohio and Kansas; winters in Cen- tral America.
MORELLET SEED-EATER.
602. Sporophila morelletl sliarpei. 4^2 inches.
The male of this interesting little species requires at least three years in which to obtain the perfect plumage as shown in our illustration. The majority of birds seen will be in intermediate stages of plumage between that of the adult female and this one. These little fel- lows are usually found in thickets or patches of briars and are quite tame.
Note. — During the breeding season the male has a sprightly song similar to that of the Indigo Bunting.
Nest. — The nests are made of fine grass and placed in bushes or young trees. The eggs are bluish green spotted rather evenly with brown (.65 x .48).
B-ang-e. — Southeastern Texas and southward into Mexico.
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DICKCISSEL.
604. Spiza americana. 6l^ inches.
Male beautifully blended with yellow, white and gray, and with a black throat patch and brown shoul- ders ; female duller.
In the middle portions of the U. S. these birds, or Black-throated Buntings, as they are commonly called, are very nvimerous, frequenting dry, bushy fields or prairies. They are very persistent songsters, although their song is weak and has little meiody. In July and August, when many birds are silent, they continue their plaintive chant even on the most sultry days.
Song. — A simple chanting "chip, chip, che-che-che."
Nest. — Either on the ground, in bushes or thistles, or in trees ; of weeds, grasses, rootlets, corn husks, etc. ; eggs four or five in number, plain bluish white and hardly distinguishable from those of the Bluebird; size .80 X .60.
Range. — N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf States north to northern U. S.; rare in the Atlantic States north to Connecticut.
LARK BUNTING.
605. Galamospiza melanocorys. 7 inches.
Male, black and white; female, brown and gray.
This species is often known as the White-winged Blackbird, not because it bears any resemblance to any of the Blackbirds, nor because any of the habits are the same, but simply because of its plumage. They are very gregarious and usually fly in flocks even in nesting time.
They seem to be very methodical and well trained; if one of a flock takes wing, the entire flock rises simultaneously and in a very compact body they fly until some leader chooses the next stopping place, when they as suddenly alight. They have the habit of Sky- larks in mounting into the air while singing and then descending on set wings.
Song. — A very lively, sweetly modulated warble.
Nest. — On the ground, usually under a tuft of grass or small bush; four or five eggs of a bluish color (.85 X .65), brighter than those of the Dickcissel.
Range. — Western U. S., most abundant from Kansas to Colorado and north to Assiniboia.
123
124
SCARLET TANAGER.
G08. Piranga erythromelas. l^i inches.
Male, scarlet and black; female, greenish yellow and blackish.
These beautiful birds are found in open woods, but they often come out in fields, jDarks, orchards and sometimes in yards when feeding; one of the prettiest sights that I ever saw was of about a dozen of these birds tripping along the furrows of a ploughed field, where they were feeding on insects. Besides berries and seeds, they live upon quantities of insects, fre- quently catching them on the wing in true Flycatcher j style.
Song". — Resembling that of ihe Robin, but harsher, less varied and higher pitched. Call, a sharp chip or "•chip-churr."
Nest. — Loosely made of twigs and rootlets, on lower branches of trees ; eggs four, pale bluish green, spotted with brown (.95 x .65).
Range. — Breeds in the northern parts of the U. S. from the Atlantic to the Plains : winters in the Tropics, from whence it arrives about ]May 15.
SUMMER TANAGER.
610. Piranga rubra. T^/o inches. •Male, rosy red; female, greenish yellow.
These Tanagers have a more southerly distribution than the Scarlet variety, but are found in the same kind of territory. In its localities it is rather more abundant and less retiring than is the latter bird in the north, and more often dwells in public parks. This bird is often called the Redbird and in localities where both the Scarlet Tanager and this species are found, they are frequently known by the same name, as their habits and notes are similar.
Song-. — Similar to that of the Scarlet Tanager but said to be sweeter and clearer, and to more nearly re- semble that of the Robin.
Nest. — On the outer horizontal limbs of trees in open Avoods or groves: nest of twigs and rootlets; eggs bluish green, s}X)tted with brown (.95 x .65).
Rang-e. — U. S. east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf to New Jersey and Kansas ; winters in Central America. A sub-species is found west of the Rockies.
125
126
PURPLE MARTIN.
611. Progne suhis. 7% inches.
Male, blue black; female, dull black and grayish.
These large, jolly Swallows are commonly seen about cities and towns within their range. Originally they dwelt in hollow trees, and some do yet, but the ma- jority have recognized the superiority of man's dwell- ing and now live in houses built especially for them or in cornices of houses or barns. It is no uncommon sight to see a handsome gabled structure of many' rooms, perched upon a twelve-foot pole, on the lawns of many wealthy residents; others less bountifully sup- plied with this world's goods use plain soap boxes for the same purpose, and the Martins seem to like the one as well as the other.
Song. — A strong, varied grating warble or twitter, more forcible than melodious.
Nest. — Of straw, paper, rags, etc., in bird houses, gables or hollow trees; eggs dull white (.98 x .72).
Range. — N. A., breeding from the Gulf to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan ; winters in northern South America.
CLIFF SWALLOW.
Petrochelidon hmifrons. d^i inches. Adults similar in plumage but the female slightly paler. Easilj^ distinguished from the Barn Swallow by the square tail and light buflfy forehead and rump.
This is what is commonly called the Eave Swallow in the East, because of its habit of plastering its nests on the outside of barns or other buildings, up under the eaves. In the West they usually resort to cliffs where, sometimes, large sections of the face will be completely covered with the little mud flasks; often colonies of several thousand will build their nests to- gether.
Song-. — A continuous twitter, uttered while on the wing or at rest.
Nest. — A flask or gourd-shaped structure of mud. lined with straw and feathers, attached under the eaves to the outside of buildings or on the faces of cliffs; five to seven eggs are laid; white dotted and spotted with reddish brown ( .80 x .55 ) .
Range. — N. A., breeding from the Gulf to Greenland and Alaska; winters in the Tropics.
BARN SWALLOW.
G13. Birundo crytlwogastra. 7% inches.
Female duller plumaged and with a less deeply forked tail than the male. Forehead and throat chestnut and entire under parts huffy; tail deeply forked and with a white spot on the inner web of each feather except the central pair.
This is the most graceful and beautiful of all our swallows, and is the most common about farm houses, the inside beams and rafters of which they appropriate for their own use. They delight in skimming over the rolling meadows or the surface of ponds, now rising with the wind, now swooping downward with the speed of an arrow.
Song. — A continuous, rapid twitter.
Nest. — A bowl-shaped structure made up of pellets of mud cemented together with the birds' saliva, and lined with feathers; attached to rafters in barns, the opening being at the top and not at the side as in the last ; eggs exactly like those of the last.
Range. — N. A., breeding north to the limit of trees; winters in northern South America.
128
TREE SWALLOW.
614. Iridoprocne hicolor. 6 inches.
Male, steely blue or greenish above ; female, duller and often plain gray above, but both sexes always en- tirely wliite below.
These Swallows are also abundant about farmyards ; except when they are skimming over ponds, they are almost always scouring the air above buildings or fields, at higher elevations than the Barn Swallow!i. When weary they roost on dead twigs or telephone wires, hundreds often being seen in rows on the latter. Like the Martins, these birds frequently nest in bird boxes, but usually not more than one or two pairs in a single house.
Notes. — A twittering like that of the other Swal- lows.
Nest. — Of grass, lined with feathers, in hollow trees on the border of water or in orchards, or in bird boxes erected for their use; eggs white (.75 x .52).
Range. — Breeds in the northern half of the U. S. and northward to Labrador and Alaska ; winters in southern U. S. and southward.
129
BANK SWALLOW.
61G. Riparia riparia. 5i/4 inches.
These are the smallest of our Swallows; this species can be distinguished, even at a distance, by the con- spicuous band across the breast, showing in bold relief against the lighter throat. They are found throughout Korth America, breeding from the middle of the U. S. north to the Arctic regions.
They nest in colonies in holes in banks, laying the four to seven white eggs on a grass nest in an enlarged chamber at the end of the tunnel.
ROUGH- WINGED SWALLOW.
617. ^telgidopieryx serripennis. oYj inches. In this species the throat is gray as well as the breast. Tlie outer vane of the outer primary is stiff and bristly, thus giving the species its name. These birds breed from the Gulf north to Massachusetts and Washington, in banks or in crevices of stone bridges. The eggs can- not with certainty be distinguished from those of the Bank Swallow. Thev measure .75 x .52.
130
^
BOHEMIAN WAXWING.
618. Bomhycilla garrula. 8 inches.
Larger and grayer than our common Cedar Waxwing and with yellow and wdiite on the wing; it is a nortli- ern species and is only casually found in eastern U. S. They nest within the Arctic Circle and only a few of theiV nests have ever been found. In winter they are found in flocks, roving restlessly about the country, often appearing where least expected and utterly desert- ing other places where they are usually found.
Nest. — 'Of small twigs and moss, lined with feathers, usually placed at low elevations in spruce or conif- erous trees ; eggs dull bluish wdiite specked sparingly with black (1.00 x .70), similar to those of the Cedar Waxwing but larger.
Range. — Xorthern parts of the northern hemisphere, breeding within the Arctic Circle and wintering cas- ually south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Kansas and California.
^sl
CEDAR WAXWING.
619. Bomhycilla cedrorum. 7 inches. Plumage very soft colored with a general brownish tone, shading to gray on the rump. The Waxwings are named from the curious wax-like appendages at- tached to the tips of the secondaries, and rarely to the tail feathers. They are very sociable and usually feed in flocks. They live chiefly upon fruit and are especially fond of cherries, for which reason they are very often known as Cherry-birds. They are very tame and allow anyone to almost touch them while they are feeding or sitting upon their nests.
Note. — An insignificant lisping hiss.
Nest. — A substantial structure of twigs, mosses, twine, etc., lined with fine grasses ; placed in cedar trees or, when near habitations, usually in orchard trees ; the four or five eggs are dull bluish white, specked with black (.85 X .60).
Range. — N. A., breeding from Virginia. ^Missouri and northern California north to Labrador and southern Alaska; winters throughout the I'nited States.
NORTHERN SHRIKE.
621. Laniiis borealis. 10 inches.
This shrike is larger than any of the species found in summer in the United States and has the breast quite distinctly barred.
Shrikes are cruel, rapacious and carnivorous birds, feeding upon insects, grasshoppers, lizards and small birds. As they have passerine feet, the same as all our small birds, they are unable to hold their prey be- tween the feet while tearing it to pieces, so they im- pale it upon thorns or the barbs of a wire fence, so they may tear it to shreds with their hooked bill.
Song. — Loud snatches consisting of various whistles and imitations suggesting that of a Catbird.
Nest. — They breed chiefly north of the U. S., placing their rude, bulky structvires of twigs and weeds in thorny trees or hedges; their four to six eggs are gray- ish white with spots of light brown and darker gray (1.08 X .80).
Rang'e. — X. A., breeding chiefly in the northern parts of Canada : winters south to Pennsylvania, Kansas and California.
LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
622. Lanius ludovicianus. 9 inches. Pure white below and with the markings above, in- tense black instead of the brownish or grayish black of the last species. Although smaller, these Shrikes have the same destructive habits of the northern species. All the Shrikes do considerable good to mankind, for they eat quantities of grasshoppers and mice, and prob- ably resort to their diet of small birds when other food is unusually scarce. It cannot be denied that they are cruel, for they often kill more than they can eat and leave it impaled on thorns to decay.
Song'. — Of harsh, discordant whistles.
Nest. — In scrubby hedges and thickets : of twigs, weeds, leaves, etc.; eggs four to seven in number, gray- ish white, spotted with shades of brown and gray.
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to southern Xew England and Manitoba ; winters in south- ern states.
Sub-species. — 622a. White-rumped Shrike (excubi- torides), paler and with a white rump; found from the Plains to the Pacific in the U. S.
134
RED-EYED VIREO.
624. Yireosylvia olivacea. 6 inches.
Crown slaty gray with a black border; white stripe above eye; eye reddish brown.
Throughout the United States this is one of the most abundant of the family. All through the spring and summer months their warble is heard from woodland and roadside, often becoming so monotonous as to be irritating. Oftentimes during the spring migrations of Warblers, Vireos are so numerous and singing so lustily that it is impossible to hear or distinguish the songs of any of the smaller birds.
Song. — Delivered in parts with intermission of a few seconds between, from morning until night; a short varied warble; call, a petulant mew.
Nest. — A basket woven of strips of bark and fibres, and often with pieces of newspaper worked in, lined with fine grass; eggs white with a few blackish-brown specks on the large end ( .85 x .55 ) .
Range. — U. S. east of the Rockies, breeding from the Gulf to Labrador and Manitoba; winters in Central America.
135,
PHILADELPHIA VIREO.
626. Vireosylvia philadelphica. 5 inches. This is one of the least common of the eastern Vireos, although it is more common than most people know: its song is not distinctive and it keeps high up in trees. so it is not usually noticed. Their nests are swung from branches at high altitudes and are seldom found.
WARBLING VIREO.
627. Vireosylvia gilva. 5 inches. Above olive-green; crown grayer but with no black border. These are among the most common of the Yireos and may be found even in the hearts of large cities, swinging their pretty little nests high up in shade trees. Their song is after the style of that of the Purple Finch, very different from that of the Eed-eye. The eggs are white with a few brown specks on the large end. These birds breed throughout the U. S. and southern Canada.
136
YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.
628. Lanivireo flavifrons. 5% inches.
Upper parts greenish; throat, breast and line ovoi eye yellow ; two prominent whitish wing bars.
A handsome Vireo found in localities such as are frequented by the Red-eyed species. Nowhere do they appear to be as abundant as that species, however; they are more abundant than many suppose, but the difficulty of clearly seeing the yellow breast when they are feeding in the tree tops, combined with the similarity of their songs, usually caused them to be passed by without in- spection.
Song'. — Similar to that of the Red-eye, but louder and more nasal, less varied and not uttered as often.
Nest. — A pensile structure of strips of bark, grasses, etc., with the outside often ornamented with lichens : three to five eggs with a creamy or rosy-white tint, specked, more profusely than those of the Red-eye, with reddish brown (.82 x .60).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to southern Canada; winters in Central America.
BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
629. Lanivireo solitarius. 5% inches.
Crown and sides of head bluish slate ; lores, eye-ring and imderparts white; back and flanks greenish yellow; two whitish wing bars.
This species, to my eye, is the prettiest of the Vireos, all the colors being in just the right proportion and blending and harmonizing perfectly. They are solitary, in that they are usually found in deep woods, glens or ravines, and seldom is more than one pair found in a single woods.
Song'. — Similar to that of the Yellow-throated Vireo but longer and more varied.
Nest. — A handsome, finely w^oven basket, with the outside covered with spider webs and often with lichens; eggs pale creamy white with chestnut specks.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf to Xew Brunswick and Manitoba; winters south of the United States.
Sub-species. — C)'29c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (alti- cola), head darker and back less greenish; Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia.
BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.
630. Vireo atricapillus. 4i/^ inches.
Male, with crown and sides of head glossy black, lores and eye-ring white; female, duller colored.
This strange and comparatively rare Vireo frequents brushwood on the prairies of Kansas, Indian Territory and central and western Texas. Their habits in all respects resemble those of the more common Vireos or Greenlets as they are otherwise called.
Notes. — Similar to those of the White-eyed Vireo.
Nest. — Suspended as usual from forked branches at low elevations; made of fibres and bark strips closely woven together with spider webs. The four eggs are pure white, unmarked ( .70 x .52 ) .
Range. — Breeds from central and western Texas north to southern Kansas; winters in Mexico.
139
140
WHITE-EYED VIREO.
631. Vireo grisews. 5 inches.
This species shows a partiality for low, swampy places, covered with briars or tangled thickets of black- berry vines. Iheir habits are entirely different from any of the preceding Vireos. They do not seem to sing as they eat, but feed in silence, then, the task ended, mount to the tops of the brush and indulge in an end- less variety of calls and whistles.
Song. — A great variety of clear whistles and squeaky notes.
NesL. — A bulky structure of strips of bark, leaves, paper, etc., either placed in the branches or partially suspended in a fork; eggs white with minute brown specks (.75 x .55) .
Range. — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters in Mexico.
Sub-species. — OSla. Key West Vireo (maynardi), southern Florida. 631b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (bermudianus), resident in the Bermudas. 631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (micrus) ; southeastern Texas.
BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.
636. Mniotilta varia. 514 inches.
Male, heavily streaked with black below; female, with only a few stieaks on the sides.
These Warblers are usually known as Black and White Creepers because of their habit of creeping along the limbs and branches of trees. They are abundant in northern United States, being found in open woods, swamps and often in parks, gleaning insects and grubs from crevices in the bark.
Song. — A weak, thin, .wiry "tsee, tsee, tsee."
Nest. — Of grasses and strips of bark on the ground at the foot of a stump or tree trunk or beside a rock; they lay four or five eggs, white with a wreath of red- dish brown around the large end ( .65 x .55 ) .
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Virginia and Louisiana north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; win- ters in northern South America.
142
PBOTHONOTARY WARBLER.
637. Protonotaria citrea. 51^4 inches.
Whole head and underparts intense yellow, almost orange on the head of the male; tail with white spots near the tip; female, duller.
A common species in the interior, found in bushy swamps and the willows around the borders of pools and lakes; they are found in the latter localities with Tree Swallows and often Chickadees all nesting in holes in hollow stvibs along the bank, they being one of the few members of this family to make use of such locations for their nests.
Song. — A loud, ringing "tweet, tweet, tweet."
Nest. — In hollow stubs near or over water, the cav- ity of the stump being partially filled with moss, leaves and grasses hollowed on the top to receive the four to six creamy-white eggs which are heavily spotted over the entire surface with reddish brown (.72 x .55).
Rang'e. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf north to Virginia, Illinois and Minnesota; winters in Central America.
SWAINSON WARBLER.
G38. Helinaia sicainsonii. 5 inches.
Upper parts brownish; underparts whitish; a white superciliary stripe and a brown stripe through the eye.
Some of the habits of this species are similar to those of the last but they are even more aquatic; they like swamps or stagnant pools thickly grown with rushes and tangled underbrush ; unless cognizant of their habits, one would never look for a Warbler in the places frequented by these birds in company with Least Bit- terns and ^Marsh Wrens. Until within a few years these were regarded as rare birds but are now found to be not uncommon in certain of the South Atlantic states, notably Georgia,
Song-. — A series of descending, loud, clear wdiistles with a ventriloquial effect.
Nest. — Quite large structures consisting mostly of leaves with strips of bark, roots and pine needles. " The four or five eggs are plain white, being the only eggs of American Warblers that are unmarked.
Range. — Southeastern U. S. from Georgia to Louis iana and north to North Carolina and Missouri.
143
^Sm-wA
WORM- EATING WARBLER. 639. Helmitheros vermivorus. 5l^ inches.
Crown buffy with two black stripes; back, wings and tail olive green with no white markings; below buffy white.
These birds are very unsuspicious and easy to ap- proach; they spend the greater portion of their time on or near the ground; they are very fond of spiders and» find quantities by overturning bits of bark and leaves. They also glean part of their living from the under side of the foliage much as do the Vireos. They are met with in open woods and brush-grown pastures.
Song. — A weak, rapid chipping.
Nest. — On the ground in depressions under logs, stones or bushes ; of leaves and grass, lined with fine grass or hair ; eggs four or five in number, white, spot- ted principally around the large end Avith brownish (.70 X .55).
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf north to Connecticut, Ohio and Iowa; winters in Central America.
144
BACHMAN WARBLER.
640. Uelminthophila hachmanii. 4^ inches.
Male, Avith a yellow forehead, shoulders and under- parts; black cap and breast patch; female, duller and with less black.
This species was first discovered by Dr. John Bach- man near Charleston, S. C, in which state and Georgia most of the specimens have been secured since. It is a comparatively rare bird and is known to breed only in Missouri, where a nest was found several years ago.
Song". — An insignificant warble or twitter.
Nest. — ^Of grasses and shreds of bark, on tlj^e ground as is usual with this genus. Eggs white with wreaths of chestnut around the large end (.65 x .50).
Rang-e. — Southeastern U. S^^orth_ to^North Carolina and west to Missouri. >;;?^^^\LIjK
10
BLUE- WINGED WARBLER.
641. Helminthophila pinus. 4% inches.
Crown and underparts yellow; a narrow black line through the eyes; two broad whitish wing bars.
A common bird of the southeastern states and north to Connecticut, frequenting open woods, thickets and gardens. They are ground birds, spending most of their time on the ground or in low bushes which they clean of the insects which are destructive.
Song. — A loud, rapid chirrup, similar to that of the Grasshopper Sparrow but loud and distinct.
Nest. — Of leaves and strips of bark, lined with fine grasses; on the ground in clumps of weeds or black- berry vines : eggs white, sparingly spotted around the large end with rufous (.65 x .50).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to southern Connecticut and Wisconsin; winters in the tropics.
Hybrids. — Lawrence Warbler, which is a hybrid be- tween this species and the next; it has the general ])lumage of this species with the black ear patches and throat of the Golden-winged Warbler. It is found chiefly in southwestern Connecticut and New York.
GOLDEN- WINGED WARBLER.
642. Helminthophila chrysoptera. 5 inches.
Crown and two large wing bars yellow; throat and ear patches black ; rest of plumage gray and white ; female with less black.
The distribution of this beautiful Warbler is about the same as that of the last, with which it seems to have many habits in common. They seem to prefer low ridges and side hills covered with small bushes.
Song-. — A slowly chanted "chee, chee."
Nest. — Of leaves, rootlets, strips of bark and grass ; located near the ground in small bushes after the style of the Chestnut-sided Warbler, but the nest does not resemble that of the latter bird ; eggs white with brown specks (.62 x .48).
Range. — ^Eastern U. S., breeding north to Connecti- cut and ^lichigan ; winters in Central America.
Hybrid. — Brewster Warbler is a hybrid between this species and the last. It resembles the Golden-winged Warbler without the black, but with a yellow patch on the breast and the black line of the Blue-wing through the eye.
NASHVILLE WARBLER.
645, Hehninthophila ruhricapilla. 4% inches. Male with a brown crown patch ; female duller colored and with no crown patch. Dry side hills covered with young trees are favorite resorts for the \Yarblers. They conceal their nests on the ground under tufts of dead grass or overhanging stones. They are often rather shy and hard to sight, but you can usually hear their song, a lazy sounding "ker-chip-chip-chip-cherr-wee-e-e." ending in a short trill. These birds breed in the northern half of the U. S. and southern Canada, wintering in Central America. A sub-species is found on the Pacific coast.
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.
640. Helminthophila cehita. 5 inches. This species is fairly common in the Mississippi Valley but is rare in New England. Its habits are much like those of the last species and it is often mistaken for that bird. These birds breed only north of the U. S. and winter in Mexico. A sub-species, the Lutescent Warblers, nests from California to Alaska.
TENNESSEE WARBLER. 647. Helminthophila j)eregrina. 5 inches.
Male, with a gray head and greenish back; female, with the top of the head the same color as the back.
A dull-colored bird that, with the exception of the bill, bears a strong resemblance to some of the Vireos. Like many others of our birds, this one has received an inappropriate name, because the first specimen was shot on the banks of the Cumberland River, while the bird is no more abundant in Tennessee than in other states during migration.
Song-. — A simple ditty similar to that of the Chip- ping Sparrow.
Nest. — Either on the ground or at low elevations in bushes; of grasses and fibres lined with hair; eggs white, sparsel}' specked with reddish brown ( .62 x .45 ) .
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern parts of the northern tier of states northward to the limit of trees; winters in Central and South America.
14D
PARULA WARBLER.
648. Compsothlypis americana. 4i/^ inches.
In the summer Parulas are found in wet swamps where the ground is covered with a carpeting of mos» which only partially keeps your feet from the watei below; the dead trees are covered with a growth of long, drooping moss ; the ends of this moss are turned up and formed into a neat cradle within which the eggi are laid.
Song. — A little lisping trill.
Range. — Breeds in the southern half of the U. S» The Northern Parula ( usnea ) , No. 648a, breeds in th( northern half of the U. S. and southern Canada; it is brighter colored than the southern form. Both varie- ties winter from the Gulf States southward.
SENNETT WARBLER.
649. Compsothlypis nigrilora. 4i/^ inches.
150
A smaller similar bird from southern Texas, the black ear patches and lack of black on breast.
No
CAPE MAY WARBLER.
650. Dendroica tigrina. 5 inches.
Male, with a chestnut wash on the ears and throat; female, duller and with little or no chestnut.
In the greater part of eastern North America, Cape May Warblers are regarded as rare birds; they appear to migrate in compact bodies, not spreading out ovei the country as do most of the others; consequentl\ they may be very common in restricted areas while lacking entirely in others. I have never met with but two specimens in ^Massachusetts. While passing througli the United States you may meet with them in open woods, parks or in shade trees along the streets of cities.
Song'. — ^A thin, high-pitched whistle repeated several times.
Nest. — Of small cedar twigs lined with horse hair, placed within a few feet of the ground in small cedar trees: eggs white spotted with brown (.68 x .50).
Range. — Eastern X. A,, breeding in eastern Canada and, rarely, northern New England; winters south of the U. S.
YELLOW WARBLER.
652. Dendroica cestiva. 5 inches.
Male, with chestnut streaks on the sides; female, duller and without the streaks.
An abundant bird everywhere in woodland, park, orchard or garden and one of the most vivacious of the family. Arrives in the north soon after May first and is seen flitting about like a gleam of sunshine snatch- ing insects from the foliage or darting after them in the air. Often known as the Summer Yellowbird. It frequently nests in garden or orchard trees, where it is a most welcome tenant.
Song". — A sharp, vigorous "che-wee, che-wee, che-wee."
Nest. — ^A beautiful and compact structure of vege- table or plant fibres firmly quilted together, and fast- ened to upright forks of bushes or trees at low eleva- tions. Willows along creeks, ponds or rivers are favorite resorts.
Range. — N. A., breeding from the Gulf to Labrador and Alaska ; winters in Central America.
152
BLACK-THBOATED BLUE WARBLER.
654. Dcndroica cwrulescens. 5i/4 inches.
jNIale, grayish blue above and with a black face, throat, breast and sides; female, grayish olive above. Mhitish below. Both sexes always have a white patch or speck at the base of the primaries.
You will find these birds in damp woods or swamps, or less often in parks or open woods. They are usually seen at low elevations in scrubby underbrush. Their notes are very peculiar and will draw attention to them anywhere.
Song-. — A deep grating whistle with a sharply rising inflection, "zee-zee-zwee."
Nest. — In deep, swampy woods, especially common in laurel ; of grape vine bark and rootlets lined witli fine black roots and hair; the four eggs are white or buff'y white with reddish-brown spots and blotches.
Range. — Eastern X. A., breeding from Connecticut (sparingly) and Michigan north to Labrador and Hud- son Bay; winters in Central America. 654a. Cairns Warbler (cairnsi) is said to be darker on the back; found in the southern Alleghanies.
MYRTLE WARBLER.
655. Dendroica coronata. 5I/2 inches. Yellow patches on crown, sides and rump; outer tail feathers with large white spots; female duller and browner.
During migrations these pretty birds are very abun- dant in the United States. They usually travel in large flocks so that a small piece of woodland is liter- ally flooded with them when they pause in the flight to feed upon insects or small berries. They are often known as Yellow-rumped Warblers.
Song. — A clear, broken trill or warble.
Nest. — ^Usually in coniferous trees, though sometimes in others, and at low elevations; of plant fibres and grasses ; the four or five eggs are white, spotted and blotched with reddish brown (.70 x .54).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern New England and Minnesota northward; winters south of the U. S.
154
MAGNOLIA WARBLER.
657. Dendroica magnolia. 5 inches.
Male, with black ear patch, back, and necklace; fe- male, with the black replaced with grayish ; both sexes have a yellow rump and white spots midway of tlu' tail feathers.
One of the prettiest of the Warblers and one of tlu; least timid. I have often had one or more of these birds follow me the whole length of a piece of woods apparently out of curiosity, coming down to the near- est twigs within arms' reach of me. Birch woods are their favorites during migrations, although a few of them will be found almost anywhere.
Song. — A short, rapidly uttered warble.
Nest. — Usually in coniferous trees, far out on the longer branches, where they are often difficult to get at; of rootlets lined with fine black rootlets and hair: four or five white eggs with small spots of ehestnui around the large end (.60 x .48).
Rang-e. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Massachusetts and Michigan northward; winters south of the U. S.
155
CERULEAN WARBLER.
658. Dendroica carula. 5 inches.
AboA^e grayish blue with black streaks, below white with a bluish breast band and streaks on the sides ; female washed with greenish above and yellowish be- low; both have white patches, near the ends of the tail feathers.
These dainty little Warblers are not abundant any- where, but seem to be most so in the central states. Ihey are birds of the tree tops, rarely coming down so that they can be distinctly seen. They may be more common than supposed, for so small a body at such heights can readily be overlooked.
Song. — A little warbling trill, "zee-zee-ze-ee-eep."
Nest. — In the higher outer branches of large trees usually in deep woods; compactly made of dry grasses and cobwebs, adorned with a few lichens ; eggs white specked at the large end with brownish ( .65 x .50 ) .
Range. — Interior portions of the U. S., breeding north to Michigan and Minnesota; east to western Xew York and, rarely, southern Xew England; winters in northern South America.
CHESTNUT-SIDED WABBLER.
659. Dendroica pensylvanica. 5 inches. Yellow crown, black line through eye and on side of throat, and broad chestnut stripe on sides; female, paler and with less chestnut; young greenish yellow above and with no chestnut.
Nearly every swamp or bush-covered pasture within their range shelters one or more pairs of these Warb- lers, While they sometimes feed in the tree tops, they are birds of the lower foliage and are usually seen in low bushes.
Song". — Similar to that of the Yellow Warbler but more choppy.
Nest. — In low bushes or weeds, and often in sweet fern or briars ; similar to that of the Yellow Warbler but coarser, being made more with grasses than witli fibres, situated in upright forks or attached to several weed stalks; eggs white, specked around the large end with reddish brown (.68 x .50).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Xew Jersey and Ohio north to Manitoba and New Brunswick; win- ters south of U. S.
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.
660. Dendroica castanea. 5Vi inches.
Male, with crown, throat and sides rich chestnut; female, paler; young and adults in winter, greenish above, streaked with black and with a trace of chest- nut on the flanks.
These Warblers are only locally abundant during mi- grations, while in eastern New England they are rare. They are active insect hunters, darting rapidly about the tree tops or, less often, in brush; their habits most nearly resemble those of the Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Song. — A low, liquid warble.
Nest. — At low elevations in trees in swampy woods; compact, cup-shaped structures made of fine shreds of bark, rootlets and grass; eggs bluish white, finely specked around the large end with reddish brown (.70 x .50).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern edire of the U. S. northward; winters south of the U. S.
158
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
662. Dendroica hlackbumice. 514 inches.
Male, black above with large white patch on wing, and bases of outer tail feathers white; throat and breast intense orange; female, duller and with the orange replaced by dull yellow.
Without exception, this is the most exquisite of the whole family; it is the most eagerly sought bird by bird lovers, in the spring. Some years they are very abundant, while others few are seen, their routes of migration evidently varying. They arrive about the time that apple trees are in bloom, and are frequently seen among the blossoms, dashing after insects.
Song". — A high-pitched lisping "zwe-zwe-zwe-see-ee-ee," ending in a thin, wiry tone, almost a hiss; it is very distinct from the song of any other bird.
Nest. — In coniferous trees at any height from the ground; of shreds of bark, fine cedar twigs, rootlets, etc. ; eggs greenish white blotched with brown.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Massachusetts (rarely) and Minnesota northward; winters in Central America.
160
BLACK-POLL WARBLER.
661. Dendroica striata. 0^2 inches.
Whole crown black; female, without black cap, green- ish gray above streaked with black; young paler than tlie female.
These birds are one of the latest of the migrants to arrive, reaching northern United States about the last ( f May, but coming in such numbers that they are found everywhere. While their plumage somewhat re- sembles that of the Black and White Warbler, their habits are entirely different.
Song. — A high-pitched, hissing whistle similar to that of the Black and White W^arbler but uttered more deliberately and with an instant's pause between each note.
Nest. — ^At low elevations in thick coniferous trees; made of slender twigs, rootlets and lichens, lined with liair or feathers; eggs wdiitish, thickly spotted with brown (.75 x .52).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern Xcav l^ugland, Minnesota and Wyoming north to the Arctic regions; winters south of the United States.
YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER.
G63. Dendroica dominica. 51/1 inches.
Throat, breast and line from eye to bill yellow.
This species has habits very similar to those of the Black and White Creeper, being often seen creeping around the trunks or over the branches of trees with almost as much facility as the Nuthatches. They are southern birds and are only rarely or accidentally found in the northern half of the U. S., and they are one of the few members of the family that winter in the southern parts of our country.
Song. — Loud and similar to that of the Indigo Bunt- ing, but shorter.
Nest. — Usually high up in pines and often concealed in tufts of moss; made of fine twigs and strips of bark, held together with cobwebs and Spanish moss; eggs greenish \vhite, spotted with various shades of brown.
Rang-e. — Southeastern U. S., breeding north to Vir- ginia; winters in the West Indies. 663a. Sycamore Warbler (albilora) is like the Yellow-throated, but is white before the eye; found in the Mississippi Valley north to Illinois and Iowa; winters in Mexico. 11
IGl
GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER.
666. Dendroica chrysoparia. 4% inches.
In some plumages these birds may be confused with the Black-throated Green. Notice that the adult male has a short median line of yellow on the crown, other- wise the top of head and entire back are intense black. Young birds, which bear the closest resemblance to the next species, can be distinguished because their under- parts are white, those of the Black-throated Green being tinged with yellow.
These rare Warblers have a very restricted distribu- tion, but are said to be not uncommon within their range.
Notes. — Song with the usual Warbler quality, but en- tirely distinctive : "sweah-sweah-swee-e-e."
Nest. — Of strips of bark, usually located in juniper trees six to twenty feet above ground. Eggs white, splashed about the large end with reddish brown (.65X.50).
Range. — Central Texas southward into Mexico.
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
GG7. Dendroica virens. 5 inches.
Throat black; two wing bars and outer tail feathers white: female with little black on the throat.
A common bird in pine groves in northern United States, or during migrations in birch woods. I have found them most abundant on side hills covered with low-growth pines. They seem to be very nervous and are greatly excited if you appear near their nests. They often have the habit of building several nests, whether with the deliberate intent to deceive or whether because the first was not satisfactory as to location is not known.
Song". — Entirely difl'erent from that of any other bird ; a rather harsh "zee" repeated six times, with the fourth and fifth syllables lower.
Nest. — Of rootlets and fine grasses, lined with hair; placed high up in pine trees; eggs white with fine brown specks around the large end (.G0x.50).
Range. — Eastern North America, breeding from southern Xew England and Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay; winters in Central America.
KIRTLAND WARBLER.
G70. Dendroica kirtlandi. 514 inches.
Above bluish gray streaked with black; imderparts pale yellow streaked on the side with black.
This is one of the rarest of American Warblers, and until 1903 but little was known of their habits or range; in that year they were discovered nesting in Oscoda County, ]\Iichigan. They were found near the banks of a river in Jack pines, building on the ground and remain- ing in the underbrush near it.
Song. — Loud and clear and said to resemble that of the Maryland Yellow-throat.
Nest. — In depressions in the ground at the foot of pine trees and probably also under bushes; made of strips of bark and vegetable fibres; eggs white, wreathed about the large end with brown ( .72 x .50 ) .
Range. — Breeds in Michigan and migrates southeast through Ohio, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia, the Caro- linas and Florida to the Bahamas.
164
PINE WARBLER.
671. Dendroica vigorsii. S^^. inches.
Greenish yellow above, brighter below; two white wing bars and white spots on outer tail feathers ; female, duller and grayer.
Found only in tracts of coniferous trees, except during migrations, when they are often in company with other kinds of Warblers. They like dry hillsides covered with scrub pines and are often quite abundant in such locali- ties. They are rather quiet in their manners, creepiii;^ about among the tree tops like Black and White Warblers and occasionally giving their clear little trill.
Song-. — Xearest like that of the Chipping Sparrow, but easily distinguishable; a long, clear trill.
Nest. — A small, compact structure of black rootlets lined with hair; placed in the extreme tops of scrub pines, where it is very difficult to see them; eggs white specked with reddish brown ( .62 x .50 ) .
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf north to southern Canada; winters in southern U. S.
IGG
PALM WARBLER.
672. Dendroica palmarum. 5^/4 inches.
No wing bars, but white spots on the outer tail feathers; crown, cheeks and streaks on the sides chest- nut.
During migrations you will find these Warblers along roadsides, in open woods and scrubby pastures. They are of a very nervous temperament and, when at rest or when walking, are continually flirting their tail, a habit which none of the Warblers, except the Water-thrush, seem to have. They are one of the earliest of the family to appear in the spring, reaching northern United States in April.
Song. — A short trill; an ordinary Warbler chirp.
Nest. — On the ground under shrubs, or sunken in moss ; made of fine grasses, bark and moss ; the four eggs are creamy white with reddish-brown spots.
Range. — Interior of N. A., breeding in the interior of British America; winters in southern U. S. 672a. Yel- low Palm Warbler ( hypochrysea ) is brighter yellow be- low; it is found in eastern N. A., breeding north of Nova Scotia; winters along the Gulf.
PRAIRIE WARBLER.
073. Dendroica discolor. 4% inches.
Above greenish with chestnut spots on the back; below yellow with black markings; female paler.
These are very locally distributed birds and will often be found breeding abundantly in a small patch of brush- covered pasture, while many others apparently just as well suited for their purposes will be shunned by them. They are very active, flitting rapidly from one bush to another, the male occasionally movmting to a bush top to hurriedly deliver his song, then diving out of sight below the foliage.
Song-. — An energetic, rather harsh "zee-zee-zee-ee" on an ascending scale.
Nest. — A neat cup of grasses and vegetable fibres, lined with black rootlets or horsehair; located in low shrubs or bushes from one to two feet above ground; eggs whitish with blackish-brown specks about the large end ( .05 x .48 ) .
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to Massachusetts and southern Michigan; winters in the West Indies.
167
OVEN-BIRD.
674. Seiurus aurocapillus. G inches.
Crown orange brown bordered by black; no white in wings or tail.
This bird is found in open woods, where it builds its arched nest on the ground among the leaves or pine needles. It is the peculiar oven-like construction of their nests that gives them their name. They are essentially ground birds, only mounting to the lower branches of trees to sing or when- scolding an intruder.
Song'. — A peculiar ascending song resembling the word teacher, repeated five or six times and gathering strength and volume with each sjilable; call, a sharp chip.
Nest. — Of leaves, strips of bark and grass arched over the top so as to leave a very small opening; placed on the ground in woods; four to six white eggs spotted with reddish brown ( .78 x .58 ) .
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding in the northern half of the U. S. and north to Labrador ; winters chiefly south of U. S.
168
WATER-THRUSH.
675. Seiurus novehoracensis. 6 inches. This species always has a yellowisli tinge to the iinder- parts and the stripes beneath are narrow, but prominent. 'Jliese Warblers are found in tangled underbrush near water. They have a habit of continually flirting their tails, thus giving them the local name of Water-Wagtail. Their call is a sharp metallic '"chink"; their song a loud, liquid '"quit-quit-quit-que-quewe-u." Breeds from the northern edge of the U. S. northwards; winters south of U. S.
LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH.
676. Seiurus motacilla. *614 inches. Larger, grayer above and whiter below than the pre- ceding; stripes fewer and broader. This is a more south- ern species and breeds from the Gulf to Connecticut and southern Minnesota. Its notes are wild and ringing, like those of the last. They build their nests under the roots of trees or under the edges of overhanging banks. The eggs are creamy white, boldly blotched with brown.
KENTUCKY WARBLER.
677. Opornornis fonnosa. oY-y inches.
Crown and ear coverts black, underparts and line over eye yellow; no white in the plumage.
These birds are found in about such localities as are frequented by Ovenbirds, but with a preference for woods which are low and damp. They are locally common in some of the southern and central states. They are active gleaners of the underbrush, keeping well within the depths of tangled thickets. Like the Maryland Yel- low-throat, which has similar habits to those of this bird, they are quite inquisitive and frequently come close to you to investigate or to scold.
Song. — A loud, musical. Wren-like warble.
Nest. — A bulky structure of leaves, bark and grasses, lined with black rootlets or horsehair; placed on the ground in bunches of weeds or at the foot of a small bush; the four or five eggs are quite heavily speckled, chiefly at the large end, with reddish brown.
Range.— Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf north to New York and southern Michigan; winters in north- ( rn South America.
i:u
CONNECTICUT WARBLER.
678. Opornornis agilis. 5% inches.
Male with a bluish slate-colored head; eye ring white and completely encircling the eye; female with a saffron- colored head.
In the United States we find this Warbler only in sjjring and fall migrations. They appear to be much more rare in the spring than in the fall ; while I have seen perhaps a hundred in the fall I have never seen but one in spring. They frequent wild tangled thicket- such as you often find Maryland Yellow-throats in. A- they do most of their feeding upon the ground and re main in the depths of the thickets, they are rarely seen unless attention is drawn to them.
Song. — Somewhat like that of the Maryland Yellow- throat; call, a sharp, metallic "peenk."
Nest. — In thickets or clumps of briars, either on the ground or just above it; made of strips of bark and skeletons of leaves, lined with hair; eggs whitish spar- ingly specked at the large end with brown (.75x.56).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding north of the U. S.; winters in northern South America.
MOURNING WARBLER.
C79. Opornornis Philadelphia. 5% inches.
Similar to the last, but with no eye ring and with a black patch on the breast.
These birds are found in swamps and thickets, as well as among the bushes and weeds along walls, fences and the edges of woods. Their habits are like those of the Maryland Yellow-throats, they being found on or near the ground, scratching about among the leaves or gleaning insects from the foliage of the low shrubbery.^ 'Ihey appear to be the most abundant in the middle" States and northward.
Song. — Similar to the liquid song of the Water- Thrush; call, a sharp "peenk," like that of the last.
West. — On or near the ground in thickets or tangled vines; made of fine bark strips and fibres, lined with hair; eggs white specked with reddish brown (.71x.54).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding from northern New England, Ohio and Michigan north to southern Canada; winters south of the U. S.
172
MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT.
681. Geothhjpis trichas. 5i/4 inches.
One of our most common birds in swamps and also in shrubbery along roadsides or walls. They are very in- quisitive, and their bright eyes will peek at you from behind some leaf or shrub as long as you are in sight.
Song. — A lively '"vvitchity-witchity -witch"; call, a deep chip ; also a rattling note of alarm.
Nest. — Of grapevine and grasses, located in clumps of weeds on or nearly touching the ground; eggs white with brown specks (.70x.50).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf to New Jersey.
Sub-species. — 681a. Western Yellow-throat (occiden- talis), said to be brighter; found chiefly west of the Rockies, but east to the Plains. 681b. Florida Yellow- throat (ignota), South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 681d. Xorthern Yellow-throat (brachidactyla) , slightly larger and deeper colored; found in northeastern U. S. and southeastern Canada, west to Dakota and south through the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf.
173
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.
683. Icteria virens. 7% inches.
Breast yellow, lores black, line over the eye and under- parts white; no white on wings or tail.
Dry side hills and ravines covered with thick under brush are the places to look for Chats. Usually if they are present they will make themselves heard long before you see them. They are one of the most odd birds both in action and song. They are mimics of the highest order and can make any kind of whistle or squawk, but all their vocal efforts seem to require a great deal of flirting of the tail and twisting of the head. They even jerk their tail up and down while flying, this making them appear extremely ludicrous.
Song's. — A varied medley of whistles and calls.
Nest. — Near the ground in tangled thickets; of grass, weeds, etc. ; eggs whitish plentifully specked with reddish brown (.90x.70).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to Massachu- setts and southern Minnesota; winters in Central Amer- ica. (383a. Long-tailed Chat (longicauda) is found in the XT. S. from the Plains to the Pacific.
174
HOODED WARBLER.
684. Wilsonia citrina. 5^2 inches.
Male, with yellow forehead and cheeks, the rest of the head and throat being black; female, much duller with little or no black; both sexes have white spots on the outer tail feathers, but no bars on the wings.
This is one of the liveliest of the family, being very active in catching insects on the Aving like a trvie Fly- catcher; because of this habit all the members of this genus are often called Fly-catching Warblers. They also have a habit of often spreading and folding their tail as they flit through the underbrush that they frequent.
Song. — A clear, liquid series of whistles ; call, a sharp chip.
Nest. — Within a few inches of the ground in low underbrush or vines; made of leaves, bark, etc., held firmly together with cobwebs; the four or five eggs are white, profusely spotted with reddish brown.
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to southern Connecticut and Michigan; winters south of the U. S.
175
WILSON WARBLER.
685. Wilsouia pusilla. 5 inches. Male, with black crown patch ; female, with the crown greenish like the back.
Tliese little liy-catching Warblers are abundant in tlie United States during migrations, being found in woods or swamps, and very often in apple trees when they are in bloom. They Hy about among the outer branches snatching insects from the foliage or blos- soms, and often dashing out to catch one that is flying by. Their natural pertness is intensified by their very attractive plumage which harmonizes perfectly with ureen leaves.
Song. — A simple and rather weak trill.
Nest. — Of leaves and bark, imbedded in the ground under bushes on the edges of swamps or woods; eggs wliite, sj^ecked with reddish brown (.60 x .48).
Range. — Eastern X. A., breeding from the northern edge of the U. S. northward; winters in Central America. Two sub-species are found west of the Rockies.
176
CANADIAN WARBLER.
Wilsonia canadensis. 5% inches.
a necklace of black spots, white eye ring
68G.
Male, with and lores; female, and young, with only a slight in dication of the necklace.
These Warblers travel northward in company with many other kinds, always keeping in the underbrush near the ground, except when they come out into orchards and panes. Like the two last, they are very lively, rarely remaining still for more than a few seconds, before they must dash after some tempting- morsel that is flying by.
Song". — A loud liquid warble, most nearly resembling that of the Water-Thrush ; call, a sharp, querulous chip.
Nest. — Of rootlets and strips of bark, under roots of trees or shrubs or at the foot of stumps in the moss; the four eggs are white with a wreath of chestnut spots around the large end (.68 x .50).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Massachusetts and ^Michigan northward; winters in northern South America. 12
ITS
AMERICAN REDSTART.
f)87. i^efophaga ruticilla. 5^2 inches.
Male, black, orange and white; female, grayish, yel- low and white; it requires two or three years to attain the black plumage of the male, in the intermediate stages they are sometimes strangely mottled.
In the northeastern half of the United States, these are one of the commonest and most active of the species. Both the males and females seem to be proud of their handsome plumage and are continually spreading and closing their tails. They are equally happy whether in the tree tops or near the ground, and are as often found in the one place as the other.
Song. — ^''Che-wee, che-wee, che-wee," very similar to that of the Yellow Warbler and also the Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Nest. — Of plant fibres and grasses in forks of bushes or trees, usually at greater heights than those of the Yellow Warbler; eggs whitish specked with brown.
Range. — N". A., rare west of the Rockies, breeding from North Carolina and Missouri northward ; winters south of the U. S.
AMERICAN PIPIT; TITLARK.
697. Anthus ruhescens. 614 inches. These are Arctic birds that spend the winter months in the United States. We find them in flocks along roadsides or in fields, feeding upon weed seeds. They are shy and take wing readily, uttering sharp whistles as they wheel about in the air. They are always rest- less and stay in a place but a short time. They nest on the ground in northern Canada. Eggs grayish, pro- fusely specked with brown.
SPRAGUE PIPIT.
700. Anthus spraguei. 6^ inches. Upper parts streaked with buff and blackish; below pale buffy with black markings. These birds are found on the Plains from the Dakotas to Hudson Bay in sum- mer, migrating to Mexico in winter. They resemble the European Skylark in their habit of soaring to a great height Avhile singing. Their song is very melodious, resembling that of the Bobolink. Their nests are de- pressions in the ground, lined with grasses. Eggs gray- ish, finely specked with purplish gray (.87 x .67).
179
SAGE THRASHER.
702. Oroscoptes montanus. 8% inches.
This species is often known as the Mountain Mocking- bird because of the brilliance of its song, a very varied performance, long continued and mocking that of many other species. They inhabit sage-brush regions and are partial to the lower portions of the country, although frequently met in open mountains. They are not shy and can readily be located by their voices.
Nest. — ^In bushes, especially the sage and cactus; a loose structure made of bark-strips, small twigs and coarse grasses, lined with fine rootlets. The three or four eggs have a rich greenish-blue ground, spotted with bright reddish brown (.95 x .70).
Range, — Sage-brush regions of western United States from the Plains to the Pacific j winters in Mexico and Lower California.
180
Mockingbird.
703. Mimus polyglottos. l^Vi inches.
General colors, gray and white; bases of primaries and outer tail feathers with white.
This is the great vocalist of the south, and by many is considered to be the most versatile singer in America. It is found in gardens, pastures and open woods. All its habits are similar to our Catbird, and like that species, it is given to imitating the notes of other birds.
Song. — An indescribable medley, sometimes very sweet and pleasing, at others, harsh and unmusical.
Nest. — Usually built in impenetrable thickets or hedges, or again in more open situation in the garden ; made of twigs and rootlets, lined with black rootlets; the four or five eggs are bluish green with blotches of reddish brown (.95 x .70).
Range. — Southern U. S., breeding north to New Jer- sey (and casually farther) and Ohio; winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. 703a. Western Mock- ingbird (leucopterus) is found in southwestern U. S., north to Indian Territory and California.
181
CATBIRD.
704. Dumetella carolinensis. 9 inches.
General color dark gray with a black cap and chest- nut under tail coverts.
This is one of the most common birds throughout the United States, being found equally abundantly in gardens, swamps and scrubby pastures. They are very persistent songsters and have a large repertoire of notes, as well as being able to imitate those of many other birds. They delight in spending an hour or more at a time, perched in a bush or tree top, singing, and apparently making their song up as they go along, for it is an indescribable medley interspersed with various mews and cat calls.
Song. — A medley like that of the Mockingbird; some- times pleasing, sometimes not.
Nest. — In hedges or thickets; made of twigs, root- lets and grass, lined with fine black root^s; the four eggs are plain greenish blue (.95 x .70).
Range. — N. A., breeding from the Gulf to New Brunswick and Hudson Bay; rare west of the Rockies; winters from the Gulf States southward.
182
BROWN THRASHER.
705. Toxostoma rufum. lli^ inches.
Above bright reddish brown; below white with black spots.
Taken as a whole, I think that the song of this Thrasher is the most musical and pleasing of any that I have ever heard. It has a similarity to that of the Catbird, but is rounder, fuller and has none of the grating qualities of the song of that species. They ap- parently have a song of their own and do not deign to copy that of others. They are one of the most useful and desirable birds that we have.
Song-. — A bright and cheerful carol, often long con- tinued, but always clear and sweet; call, a clear whistled "wlieuu,"
Nest. — Of twigs and rootlets, in hedges, thickets or thorn bushes; the four or five eggs are bluish white with numerous fine dots of reddish brown over the entire sur- face ( 1.08 X. 80).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf to southern Canada; winters in the southern half of the U. S.
CACTUS WREN.
713. Beleodytes hrunneicapillus. 8% inches.
Cactus groves are the favorite resorts of these large Wrens. Often a bed of cactus not more than thirty feet square will contain the homes of half a dozen pairs of them. Like all the members of the family, they are very sprightly and have violent tempers, scolding anyone or anything that incurs their displeasure.
Nest. — Iheir nests are placed in cactus or other thorny shrubs; they are very large, purse-shaped affairs with an entrance on the side; they are made of little thorny twigs and grasses woven together, and the in- terior is warmly lined with feathers. The four or five eggs are creamy wiiite, finely sprinkled with reddish brown ( .95 x .65 ) . Two or three broods are often raised in a season.
Range. — Southwestern border of the United States, ranging from southern Texas to California.
184
ROCK WREN.
715. Saljnnctes ohsoletus. 5% inches.
Upper parts stone color, specked with black; rump brownish ; underparts whitish with indistinct streaks on the throat.
A common bird on the dry, rocky foothills of the Rockies and westward. They are well named, for their favorite places are among the rocks, where they are always busily engaged in hunting insects or spiders in the crevices. Owing to their colors and their habits of slinking away behind the rocks they are quite difficult to see, but their sweet song is always heard if any of the birds are in the vicinity.
Song". — Very sweet and varied, almost canary-like, but impossible to describe; call, a harsh grating note.
Nest. — Of sticks, weeds, grasses, etc., concealed in crevices among the rocks; the five or six eggs are white, sparingly specked with reddish brown {.72x.54).
Range. — Western U. S. from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters from southwestern U. S. southward.
CAROLINA WREN.
718. Thryothorus ludovicianus. 5^ inches.
Above rusty brown and below washed with the same, the throat and line over the eye being white.
Like all the Wrens, this one commonly sits or flits about in the brvish, with the tail erect over the body; only when singing is it held downward. Their flight is usually only for a short distance, accomplished by rapid wing beats and with a jerking motion of the tail.
Song. — Loud and tinkling, and utterly impossible to describe.
Nest, — In brush heaps, holes in trees, bird boxes or bushes: made of weeds, grass and any trash that they may pick up; eggs, five to seven in number, white, specked with reddish brown (.74x.60).
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf north to Connecticut and Illinois; resident. 718a. Florida Wren (miamensis) is found in southern Florida. 718b. Lomita Wren ( lomitensis ) , found in southern Texas.
186
BEWICK WREN.
719. Thryomanes heivickii. 5 inches.
Above dark brown; below and line over eye whitish; tail blackish with the outer feathers barred with white.
Like all the Wrens, these seem to be very restless and are continually creeping about in brush heaps or along stone walls, fences or over fallen trees or stumps. They are locally abundant in interior United States, in some sections entirely replacing the House Wren.
Song. — A sweet chant of liquid melodious notes.
Nest. — In any location that happens to take the bird's fancy, such as holes in trees, bird boxes, in barns, sheds, etc. ; made of straw, grass and trash ; eggs white profuse- ly specked with reddish brown.
Range. — Mississippi Valley and the Plains north to South Dakota; east to the Alleghanies and casually to the South Atlantic States. 719c. Texas Bewick Wren ( cryptus ) is found f roni Texas north to Indian Territory.
188
HOUSE WREN.
721. Troglodytes wdon. 4% inches.
Above brownish with tail and wings barred; below dull grayish, barred on the flanks with brown.
These are bold, sociable and confiding birds, seeming to prefer men's society, building their nests in bird boxes that are erected for them, or in the most unex- pected situations about buildings. They are one of the most beneficial birds that can be attracted to one's yard, feeding wholly upon insects.
Song. — Loud, clear and bubbling over with enthusi- asm.
Nest. — Of grass or weeds, stuffed into any crevice that
akes their fancy, frequently in bird boxes and holes in
orchard trees; eggs white, so minutely and thickly dotted
with pinkish brown as to nearly conceal the ground
color (.64X.52).
Rang-e. — Eastern N. A., breeding north to Maine and Manitoba; winters along the Gulf coast. 721b. Western House Wren (aztecus) is found from the Plains to the Pacific coast ranges.
WINTER WREN.
722. Nannus hiemalis. 4 inches.
Above bright cinnamon, below paler; sides, wings and tail heavily barred with black.
This is the shortest and most stoutly built Wren that we have. They look very pert with their little stubby tail erect over their back. In most of the United States we only see them in the winter, and they are associated, in my mind, with brush heaps in woods and gardens. They will hide in a small pile of brush, running from side to side, so that it is almost impossible to make them leave it.
Song-. — A rippling flow of melody, not as loud, but more musical than that of the House Wren.
Nest. — In brush heaps, tin cans, hollow stumps or crevices in unoccupied buildings; made of piles of grass, weeds, etc., lined with feathers ; eggs white, sparingly specked with reddish brown (.65x.50).
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern edge of the U. S. northward; winters from its breeding range to the Gulf.
189
SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN.
724. Cistothorus stellaris. 514 inches. This species can readily be distinguished from the next, as the whole crown is streaked with black and white, whereas that of the Long-bill is uniformly col- ored. Both species are marsh birds, at home among the reeds, to which they attach their globular woven nests, with the little entrance in the side. The eggs of this species are pure white. It is found in eastern N. A., from the Gulf to southern Canada.
LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN.
725. Telmatodytes palustris. 5M= inches. The bill of this species is ,5 inch or more in length; that of the last is .4 inch or less. This species is by far the most abundant. Its eggs are so profusely dotted with dark brown as to appear a chocolate color. Breeds from the Gulf to Massachusetts and ^Manitoba.
190
BROWN CREEPER.
726. Certhia familiaris americana. 5^2 inches.
Tail feathers stiffened and pointed; rump rusty.
These odd birds are fairly common throughout the United States in winter. They will be found in woods always climbing up tree trunks, carefully investigating every crevice in the bark for larvae or gruLs. When they reach the top of one tree, they drop to the foot of the next and continue the operation. They are very tame, not seeming to comprehend that danger can befall them, for they will allow anyone to approach very closely, so that they have been caught under a hat.
Song. — A very faint trill; call, a weak "tseep," hardly noticeable unless very near them.
Nest. — Of twigs, moss and bark, behind loose bark on dead trees or stumps, usually not high above the ground ; eggs white, specked with reddish brown.
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern New England and Minnesota northward; winters throughout the U. S.
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
727. Sitta carolinensis. 0 inches.
Male with the crown bluish black: female with the crown gray; both sexes with chestnut under tail coverts.
These birds seem to be the very opposite of the Brown Creepers. Their tails are short and square, and nearly always pointed toward the zenith, for Nuthatches usually clamber among the branches and down the tree trunks, head first.
Note. — A nasal "yank-yank," and a repeated '"ya-ya," all on the same tone.
Nest. — In cavities of hollow limbs and trunks of trees at any elevation from the ground; the cavity is filled with leaves and usually lined with feathers; eggs white, spotted with reddish brown ( .75 x .55 ) .
Rang'e. — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to southern Canada; resident in most of its range. 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (atkinsi) is slightly smaller; other races are found west of the Rockies.
192
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
728, ISitta canadensis. Ay^ inches.
These birds have the same habits as the hirger Nut- hatch, but are often found in flocks, while the White- breasted are usually in pairs and in the fall accompanied by their young. In the winter we usually find them in coniferous trees, where we can locate them by their nasal calls or by the shower of bark that they pry from the tree in their quest for grubs.
Song. — A nasal '"yank-yank," like that of the last, but not so loud, and usually repeated more times.
Nest. — In hollow stumps and limbs, the area about the opening nearly always being coated with fir bal- sam, for what purpose is not known ; the cavity is lined with grasses and feathers; they lay from four to seven white eggs, which are very thickly spotted with reddish brown (.00 x .50).
Range. — N. A., breeding from the northern parts of the northern tier of states, northward; winters south nearly to the Gulf and southern California. 13
193
BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH.
729. Sitta pusilla. 4^4 inches. Crown brownish with a white pat<?h on the nape. These diminutive Nuthatches are found in the south- ern states. Their general habits do not appear to differ from those of other members of the family. They nest very early, commencing to excavate their holes in Janu- ary and having complete sets of eggs as early as the middle of February.
They usually are found in small flocks and at night iliey will often be seen flying to the top of a pine \\ liere they sleep, all huddled together.
Notes. — A continued twittering ''nya-nya." Nest. — In cavities of dead limbs or stumps, some- Limes only a few inches from the ground, and again as high as fifty feet; thej" lay five or six eggs, white with numerous spots of reddish brown ( .62 x .49 ) .
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, breeding north to Virginia.
194
i
TUFTED TITMOUSE.
731. Bceolophus hicolor. 6 inches. Head crested, forehead black, flanks brownish. The habits of this large Titmouse are almost identical with those of Chickadees. They swing from the ends of twigs in all manner of positions and creep about trunks, peer- ing in crevices of the bark for insects. They are com- mon in the southern states, breeding from the Gulf to New York and Illinois ; they are resident in the southern portion of their range. Their eggs are laid in soft nests of down and feathers in hollow stumps. Their notes are loud, clear whistles.
BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.
732. Bceolophus atricrisfatiis. 6 inches. Crest black, forehead white, flanks rusty. The habits of this species are just like those of the very similar preceding one. The birds are very tame, especially so during the nesting season, when they will allow them- selves to be lifted from the nest by hand. They are found in southern and western Texas.
195
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE.
735. Penthestes atricapillus. o\i inches.
The Chickadees are one of the most popuhir birds tliat we have, owing to their uniform good nature even in the coldest weather, and their confiding disposition. They are common about farms and even on the outskirts of large cities they will come to feasts prepared for them on the window sill.
Notes. — A clear "phe-be"; a "chick-a-dee-dee-dee" or '"dee-dee-dee," and several scolding or chuckling notes.
Nest. — In hollow stumps at any elevation from the ground but usually near the ground, and most often in birch stubs; eggs white, sparingly specked with reddish brown.
Range. — Eastern X. A., breeding in the northern half of the I'. S. and northward; resident.
736. Carolina Chickadee (Parus carolinensis) is sim- ilar to the last but smaller and with no white edges to the wing feathers; length 4% inches; found in south- eastern U. S., breeding north to Virginia and Ohio.
196
HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.
740. Penthestes hudsonicus. 5 inches. Crown and back brownish.
The habits of this little nortlierner are like those of tlie bird that we know so well; if anything they are even more tame than our bird, especially in the vicinity of lumbermen's camps. They are only met with along our northern border or casually farther south; I have seen one individual in company with other Chickadees in Massachusetts.
Song'. — Xot distinguishable from that of ovir Chick- adee, but uttered more incessantly.
Nest. — In cavities of stumps, trees, posts or telephone poles, the cavity being lined with grass, feathers and fur ; the six or seven eggs are white sprinkled with brown ( .(50 X .4(5 ) .
Range. — Resident in Canada and the northern border of the U. S.
VERDIN; YELLOW-HEADED TIT.
746. Auriparus fiaviceps. -41/4 inches.
Adult male with the head and throat yellow, usually with some concealed orange-brown on the forehead ; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown. The female is colored very similarly, but is much duller. These are among the smallest of N. A. birds; they are even smaller than their length would indicate, for their bodies are slender. The birds are usually found in high dry portions of the country where cacti and thorny bushes predominate.
Nest. — Their nests are remarkable structures for so diminutive birds; flask-shaped, the outside being a mass of thorny twigs and stems interwoven; this is lined with feathers and the entrance is a small circular hole near the top. The eggs are bluish white specked around the large end with reddish brown.
Range. — Mexican border of the United States from southern Texas to Arizona and Lower California.
198
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
748. Kegulus satrapa. 4 inches.
^lale with crown orange and yellow, bordered with black; female with yellow crown.
Although very small, these birds are very rugged and endure the severe storm and low temperatures of our northern states apparently with little concern, for they always seem to be happy. They are always busily en- gaged among the underbrush of side hills and along the banks of brooks, hunting for the scanty fare that awaits them.
Song. — A few weak cliips, chirps and trills.
Nest. — A large ball of soft green mosses and feathers, suspended from the small twigs in the tops of coniferous trees; it is neatly hollowed out for the reception of the six to nine eggs that are laid; eggs creamy white, mi- nutely but profusely specked with brown (.56 x .44).
Range. — N. A., breeding from northern U. S. north- ward and farther south in mountain ranges; winters throughout the U. S.
100
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.
749. Regulus calendula. 4"i/i inches.
Male with a concealed patch of red on the crown; fe- male with no red.
Like the last, these are chiefly winter visitants in the United States and they do not remain with us in the coldest weather, but pass on to the southern half of our country. They are nearly always met with in pine or other coniferous trees, being very abundant in spring in open pine woods and parks.
Song. — A clear warble, surprisingly loud and varied for so small a bird; call, a grating chatter.
Nest. — A ball of moss, grass and feathers, deeply cupped, like that of the last; partially suspended among the small twigs in the tops of coniferous trees; eggs white, more sparingly marked than those of the last (.55 X .43).
Rang-e. — jST. A., breeding northward from the north- ern boundary of the U. S. and farther south in moun- tains; winters in the southern half of the U. S.
BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER.
751. PoUoptila cccrulea. 414 inches.
Forehead black; tail black with white edges and tips to the outer ones.
Their food is chiefly insects, which they are very ex- pert in catching, taking them on the wing with great celerity. Their movements are all very rapid, flitting from one part of a tree to another, but usually among the upper branches. Their nests are among the most beautiful of bird architecture, even surpassing that of the Hummingbird.
Song'. — Sweet, but very faint.
Nest, — Situated on horizontal limbs of trees at me- dium lieights; made of plant flbres, woolly substances and cobwebs, adorned with handsome lichens; the walls are very high and thick, the bird sitting so low inside that only her tail is visible; the four or five eggs are bluish white specked with reddish brown (.56 x .44).
Range. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to New Jersey and Illinois.
til
m
^■^
WOOD THRUSH.
755. Hylocichla mustelina. 8 inches.
Reddish brown above, brightest on the head; below white lieavily spotted with black.
These large 1 brushes are locally abundant in swamps and moist woodland. They are one of our best songsters, their tones being very rich and flute-like, and, like most of the Thrushes, their songs are most often heard along toward night.
Song". — Very clear and flute-like, containing many notes of the scale; often two or more birds answer back and fortli from different parts of the woods; calls, a sharp "quit, quit" and a liquid "quirt."
Nest. — Either in forks or on horizontal boughs of bushes or trees, usually not more than ten feet from the ground ; made of grass, weeds, leaves and some mud ; the three or four eggs are bluish green (1.02 x .75).
Rang-e. — Eastern U. S., breeding from Virginia and Missouri north to Maine, Ontario and Minnesota; win- ters south of the U. S-
202
WILSON THRUSH OR VEERY.
756. EylocicJila fuscescens. 7^2 inches.
Entire upper parts a uniform reddish brown; below soiled white with a few faint marks on the breast.
This species is more abundant than the last. It is found in swamps and also in dry open woods, they being especially numerous where ferns grow luxuriantly.
Song. — Very peculiar and not nearly as melodious as that of the Wood Thrush, but still attractive; a slightly descending "too-whe-u-whe-u-whe-u" ; call, a clear "wliee- you."
Hest. — On the ground among the leaves, on hum- mocks, or in tangled masses of briars; made of strips of bark and leaves; eggs greenish blue, darker and smaller than those of the Wood Thrush ( .88 x .65 ) .
Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding in the northern half of the United States and southern Canada; winters in Central America. 756a. Willow Thrush (salicicola) is more olive above; it is found in the Rockies and east- ward to the Mississippi River.
203
204
GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.
757. Hylocichia alicice. ly^ inches.
Quite similar to the following but with the eye ring white and the sides of head and breast much paler.
Breeds in northern Canada and migrates througli the eastern states to Central America. 757a. Bicknell Thrush (bicknelli) is similar to the Gray-cheeked but smaller. It breeds in Xova Scotia.
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.
758a. Hylocichia iislulata sicainsonii. 7^4 inches.
Upper parts wholly olive gray, with no brownish tinge; eye ring, sides of head and breast distinctly buff; breast spotted with blackish.
Song. — Quite similar to that of the Veery.
Nest. — Composed of leaves, grass and strips of bark, located in bushes or small trees near the ground: the four eggs are greenish blue spotted with reddish brown (.90 X .65).
Range. — Eastern X. A., breeding from northern U. 8. to Xew Brunswick and Manitoba.
HERMIT THRUSH.
759b. Hylocichla guttata pallasii. 6% inches.
Tail reddish brown, much brighter than the back and head; breast quite heavily spotted with black.
During its migrations it rarely sings but in its sum- mer home it is regarded as a remarkable musician. Its song has the sweetness and purity of tone of that of the Wood Thrush, and is, perhaps, more varied, bul it is not nearly as powerful, and has a ventriloquial effect. I watched one that was perched on a dead stump, about twenty feet from me, for several minvites with a pair of glasses before I could make sure that he was the author of the song I heard, for it sounded as though coming from across the next field.
Nest. — Similar to that of the Wilson Thrush and like that, placed on the ground or very near it; the eggs are plain greenish blue (.85 x .65).
Range. — Breeds from northern U. S. northwards, and farther south in mountains; winters in the Gulf States.
205
AMERICAN ROBIN. 761. Planesticus migmiorius. 10 inches.
^lale with a bhick head and brijrht reddish-brown breast: female with a gray head and niiu'h ^viU^r breast: younjr intermeiiiate between the two and with a reddish- bixiwn breast spotted with black.
These well-known birds are very abundant in the northern half of the I'nited States. IxMnjr found nuvst commonly about farms and dwellintrs in the country, and also* in cities if they are not i>ersecute<l too severely by English Sparrows.
Son^. — A loud cheerr carol, "cheerily-cheerup, cheer- ily-cheerup." often long continued.
* Nest. — A warse but substantial structure of mud and grass, placeil on horizontal boughs or in forks at any height, or in any o<ld place alniut dwellings: the four or five eggs are bluish green (l.lo x .80).
Rangfe. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the middle of the I'. S. northward: winters throughout the U. S. 1 61b. Southern Robin (achrustera) is a paler form found in the Cai*olinas and Georgia.
GREElfLAND WHEATEAIL
The \Vho;;TO;u- i> a Kuro]H;\n lnr«u bui ihis sub-sjHvies i* found in itixvuland and ivcasionally in I-al>rador,
ThtMr l^abits aiv about the sjime as those of the Rlue-
hini, Thoy ftxxi upon insects Ian-*, fruits, berries and
<.^iiio seoiis. They lire essentially jrround birds and are
~ illy finind in n>cky country.
Xest, — Their nest* are made of grasses, hair or any
ish obtainable, and are hidden in the innermost
<ses of crevices amonsr rodcs, in deserted Bank
- llovr nests or e\-en in rabbit burrows,
le four to six e;ggs are pale greenish blue, a littlo filler in shaiie than those of the Bluebird, Tliey measure ,94 x .©Ol
BLUEBIRD.
766. Sialia sialis. 7 inches.
These beautiful, gentle and well-known birds spend the winter in the southern parts of the United States and north to the snow line; some more hardy than the rest are found throughout the winter in southern New England.
Call. — A short sweet warble ; song, a continued warbling.
Nest. — In holes in trees, particularly in orchards, in bird boxes or crannies about the buildings. The bot- tom of the cavity is lined with grasses for the reception of the four or five pale bluish eggs, which measure .84 X .62.
Range. — Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters chiefly in the southern parts of the United States. 766a. Azure Bluebird (azvirea) is found in the mountains of eastern Mexico and north casually to southern Arizona. It is paler both above and below than our eastern bird.
208
FIELD KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF EASTERN LAND BIRDS BY CONSPICUOUS MARKINGS.
We have added this key at the request of many of our readers for a color scheme for identification. It includes all the birds that have markings of suffi- cient prominence to be readily noticed in the field.
1. BIRDS WITH RED OR ORANGE MARKINGS.
Scarlet body; black wings and tail; IVz in.— SCARLET TANAGER.
Red; darker above; crested; black face; 9 in. — CARDINAL.
Rosy-red; wings and tail slightly darker; IVz in. — SUMMER TANAGER .
Rosy-red; white wing bars; crossed bill; 6 in. — WHITE- WINGED CROSSBILL.
Rosy-red; Gray back, wings and tail; stout bill; 8V2 in.— PINE GROSBEAK.
Brick-red; wings and tail darker; crossed bill; 6 in. — CROSSBILL.
Purplish-red, streaked with! darker; dark wings and tail. — PURPLE FINCH.
Red below; blue head; yellow back; 51/2 in.— PAINTED BUNTING.
Red patch on crown (concealed); greenish back; 4^/4 in. — KINGLET.
Red cap; black chin; rasy breast; streaked; 514 in. — REDPOLL.
Pink breast and und^ wings; black head and back; 8 in. — ROSE-BREASTED
GROSBEAK. Ruby throat; metallic green back; tiny birds — HUMMINGBIRD.
209
Orange-red under wings and patch on crown; long forked tail. — SCISSOR- TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Orange; black head, wings and tail (marked with yellow) — BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
Orange breast, crown patch and above eye; black and white back, wings and tail— BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
Orange crown patch, edged with black; green back; 4 in. — KINGLET.
Orange on sides, wings and tail; black above; 5i^ in. — REDSTART.
Orange-brown crown edged with black; green back; spotted breast — OVEN- BIRD.
2. BIRDS PROMINENTLY MARKED WITH BLUE.
Blue, shading to purplish on head; 5i^ in.— INDIGO BUNTING.
Blue; chestnut shoulders; black face; 7 in. — BLUE GROSBEAK.
Blue above; brownish breast; 7 in. — BLUEBIRD.
Blue above; black collar, bars on wings and tail (also white) — BLUE JAY.
Pale Blue above and streaks below; white on wings and tail — CERULEAN
WARBLER. Dark blue above; black throat and sides; white on wing — BLACK-THROATED
BLUE WARBLER. Light blue head and back; brown breast; 5V2 in. — LAZULI BUNTING.
210
3. BIRDS WITH YELLOW AS PROMINENT COLOR.
Yellow below; green back; black mask— MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT.
Yellow below; gray head and breast; 5i^ in.— MOURNING WARBLER.
Yellow below; gray head and breast; white eye ring — CONNECTICUT WAR- BLER.
Yellow below; black crown and ears; yellow over eye — KENTUCKY WAR- BLER.
Yellow below; green back; brown spots on back; black stripes on side — PRAI- RIE WARBLER.
Yellow below; green back; brown crown and streaks on side; white on tail — PALM WARBLER.
Yellow below; green back; yellow crown; brown stripes on sides — YELLOW WARBLER.
Yellow below; green back; brown ear patch and streaks on sides — CAPE MAY WARBLER.
Yellow below; green back; brown patch on crown; head gray above — NASH- VILLE WARBLER.
Yellow below; green back; orange-yellow head; white on tail — PROTHONO- TARY WARBLER.
Yellow below and on forehead; green back; black cap — WILSON WARBLER.
211
Yellow forehead, ears and below: greeaback; cap and throat black — HOODED WARBLER.
Yellow breast; gray back; black spotted necklace — CANADIAN WARBLER.
Yellow breast; green back; gray head; white over eye — YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.
Yellow breast; gray back; black through eye and down sides — YELLOW- THROATED WARBLER.
Yellow breast; yellowish patch on back; brown on throat — PARULA WARBLER.
Yellow breast; green above; black throat and down sides — BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
Yellow breast with black crescent; streaked above; 11 in. — MEADOWLARK.
Yellow above and below; black cap, wings and tail — GOLDFINCH.
Yellow head; black body; white patch on wing— YELLOW-HEADED BLACK- BIRD.
Yellow head; gray body; brown on shoulders; 4'^ in. — VERDIN.
Yellow crown; chestnut on sides; streaked above— CHESTNUT-SIDED WAR- BLER.
Yellow below and on rump; black back and spots on breast — MAGNOLA WAR- BLER.
Yellow patch on crown, rump and side; streaked with gray above — MYRTLE WARBLER.
212
4. BIRDS WITH BROWN MARKINGS MOST PROMINENT.
Small brown birds (4 to 6 in.) with barred wings and tail — WRENS.
Uniform brown above, gray below; long broad tails — CUCKOOS.
Bright reddish brown above; spotted breast; 11 1^ in.— BROWN THRASHER.
Brown body; black head, wings and tail— 7 1^ in.— ORCHARD ORIOLE.
Reddish brown breast; slate back; dark head; 10 in. — ROBIN.
Dull brown back; grayish, more or less spotted breasts — THRUSHES.
Brown belly; black crown and stripe through eye; gray back — NUTHATCH.
Streaked brown and white; curved bill; climbs up trees — BROWN CREEPER.
Brownish gray; crested; yellow tip to tail; black through eye — WAXWING.
Brown crown, throat and streaks on sides; black mask — BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.
Brown sides; black head, throat and back; white on wings and tail — TOWHBB.
Brown rump and tail; gray back; streaked above and below — FOX SPARROW.
Brown shoulder, yellow breast patch; black on throat — DICKCISSEL.
Brown shoulder; streaked above; white outer tail feather — VESPER SPAR- ROW.
Brown shoulder; black cap and patch on breast — McCOWN LONGSPUR.
Brown nape; black breast and cap; light throat— CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.
213
5. SHARPLY DEFINED BLACK AND WHITE MARKINGS.
Black crown and throat; gray back; 5 in. — CHICKADEE.
Black and white streaked bird; black crown; 5 in.— BLACK POLL WARBLER.
Black and white streaked bird; striped crown— BLACK AND WHITE WAR- BLER.
Slate head, breast and back; white below and outer tail feathers — .lUNCO.
White throat; gray breast; crown striped black and white— WHITE-THROAT- ED SPARROW.
Large white crown patch edged with black; light below — White-CROWNED SPARROW.
Black body; yellowish nape; white rump and on wings — BOBOLINK.
Black crown; gray back; climbs down trees— WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
Dull gray birds with no markings may be FLYCATCHERS.
Dull brownish, streaked birds are lorobably species of SPARROWS.
Plain greenish backs and dull white underparts denote VIREOS.
Glossy blackbirds are CRACKLES or CROWS; if with red shoulders. RED- WINGED BLACKBIRD; with dull brown head. COWBIRD.
214
CLASSIFIED TABLE OF EASTERN LAND BIRDS. Showing Divisions Into Orders, Families and Genera, as Adopted by the Ameri
can Ornithologists' Union. ORDER PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, etc. Family PSITTACID^. Genus
CONUROPSI6. ORDER COCCYGES. Cuckoos, Kingfishers, etc Family CUCULID^. Genus
CROTOPHAGA. GEOCOCCYX. COCCYZUS. Family ALCEDINID^. Genus CERYLB. ORDER PICI. Woodpeckers. Family PICID^. Genus
CAMPEPHILUS.
DRYOBATES.
PICOIDES.
SPHYRAPICUS.
PHLCEOTOMUS.
MELANERPES.
Carolina Paroquet.
Anis.
Road-runner.
Cuckoos.
Kingfishers.
Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
Hairy to Texan Woodpecker
Three-toed Woodpeckers.
Sapsuckers.
Pileated Woodpeckers.
Red-headed Woodpeckers.
216
Family PICID^. Genus
CENTURUS.
COLAPTES. ORDER MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, Family CAPRIMULGID^. Genus
ANTROSTOMUS.
PHAL^NOPTILUS.
NYCTIDROMUS.
CHORDEILES. Family MICROPODID^. Genus
CH.^TURA.
^RONAUTES. Family TROCHILID^. Genus
TROCHILUS. ORDER PASSERES. Perching Birds. Family TYRANNID^. Genus
MUSCIVORA.
TYRANNUS.
PITANGUS.
MYIARCHUS.
SAYORNIS.
Red-bellied Woodpeckers. Flickers. Hummingbirds, etc.
Whip-poor-will. Poorwill. Paraque. Nighahawks.
Chimney Swift. White-throated Swift.
Ruby-thr. Hummer.
Scissor-tail Flycatcher.
Kingbirds.
Derby Flycatchers.
Crested Flycatchers.
Phoebes.
217
Family TYRANNID^. Genus.
NUTTALLORXIS.
MYIOCHANES.
EMPIDONAX.
PYROCEPHALUS. Family ALAUDID^. Genus
OTOCORig. Family CORVID^. Genus
PICA.
CYANOCITTA.
APHLECOMA. ■ XANTHOURA.
PERISOREUS.
C0RVTT?5
NUCIFRAGA. Family STURNID^. Genus
STURNUS. Family ICTERID^. Genus
rOLICHONYX.
MOLOTHRUS.
XANTHOCEPHALUS.
Olive-sided Flycatchers.
Pewees.
Least Flycatchers.
Vermilion Flycatchers.
Horned Larks.
Magpie. Blue Jays. Non-crested Jays. Green Jay. Canada Jay. Crows and Ravens. Clarke Nutcracker.
Starling.
Bobolink. Cowbirds. Yellow-head
Blackbird.
218
Family ICTERID^. Genus
AGELAIUS.
STURNELLA.
ICTERUS.
SCOLECOPHAGUS.
QUISCALUS. Family FRINGILLID^. Genus
HESPERIPHONA.
PINICOLA.
CARPODACUS.
LOXIA.
LEUCOSTICTB.
ACANTHIS.
ASTRAGALINUS.
SPINUS.
PLECTROPHENAX.
CALCARIUS.
RHYNCOPHANES.
POCECETES.
PASSER.
PASSERCULUS.
Red-winged Blackbirds.
Meadowlarks.
Orioles.
Rusty Blackbirds.
Grackles.
Evening Grosbeak. Pine Grosbeaks. Purple Finches. Crossbills. Leucostictes. Redpolls. Goldfinches. Pine Siskin. Snowflakes. Longspurs. McCown Longspurs. Vesper Sparrow. English Sparrow, r^iswich Sparrow.
Family FRINGILLID^. Genus
COTURNICULUS.
AMMODRAMUS.
CHONDESTES.
ZONOTRICHIA.
SPIZELLA.
JUNCO.
AMPHISPIZA.
PEUC^A.
MELOSPIZA.
PASSERELLA.
PIPILO.
OREOSPIZA.
CARDINALIS.
PYRRHULOXIA.
ZAMELODIA.
GUIRACA.
PASSERINA.
SPOROPHILA.
SPIZA.
CALAMOSPIZA.
Grasshopper, Leconte.
Sfearp-tail, Seaside.
Lark Sparrow.
Harris and Crowned Spar.
Chippy, Tree, Field.
Juncos.
Black-throated, Bell.
Pine-wood Sparrow.
Song, Swamp Sparrow.
Fox Sparrow.
Towhees.
Green-tailed Towhee.
Cardinal,
Pyrrhuloxia.
Rose-breast Grosbeak.
Blue Grosbeak.
Buntings.
Seed-eater.
Dickcissel.
Lark Bunting.
220
Family TANAGRID^. Genus
PIRANGA. Family HIRUNDINID^. Genus
PROGXB.
PETROCHELIDON.
HIRUNDO.
IRIDOPROCNH.
RIPARIA.
STELGIUOPTERYX. Family BOMBYCILLID^. Genus
BOMBYCILLA. Family LANIID^. Genus
LANIUS. Family VIREONID^. Genus
VIREOSYLVA.
LANIVIREO.
VIREO. Family MNIOTILTID^. Genus
MNIOTILTA.
PROTONOTARIA.
HELINAIA.
Tanagers,
Purple Martin. Clife Swallow. Barn Swallow. Tree Swallow. Bank Swallow. Rough-wing. Swallow.
Waxwings.
Shrikea.
Red-eye., Warbling Vireo. Yell.-thr., Blue-head. White-eye Vireo.
Black and White Warbler.
Prothonotary.
Swainson Warbler.
221
Faniily MNIOTILTID^. Genus
HELMITHEROS.
HELMINTHOPHILA.
COMPSOTHLYPIS.
DENDROICA.
SEIURUS.
OPORORNIS.
GEOTHLYPIS.
ICTERIA.
WILSONIA.
SETOPHAGA. Faraily MOTACILLID^. Genus
ANTHUS. Family TROGLODYTID^. Genus
OROSCOPTES.
MIMUS.
DUMATELLA.
TOXOSTOMA.
HELEODYTES.
SALPINCTES.
THRYOTHORUS.
Worm-eating Warbler.
Bachman to Tennessee.
Parula Warbler.
Cape May to Palm Warbler.
Oven-bird, Water-Thrush.
Ky., Conn., and Mourning.
Yellow-throats.
Chat.
Hooded to Canadian.
Redstarts.
Pipits.
Sage Thrasher. Mockingbird. Catbird. Thrashers. Cactus Wren. Rock Wren. Carolina Wren.
222
|
Family TROGLODYTID^. Genus |
|
|
THRYOMANES. |
Bewick Wren. |
|
TROGLODYTES. |
House Wren. |
|
NANNUS. |
Winter Wren. |
|
CISTOTHORUS. |
Short-bill Marsh Wren.. |
|
TELMATODYTES. |
Long-bill Marsh Wren. |
|
Family CERTHID^. Genus |
|
|
CERTHIA. |
Brown Creeper. |
|
Family PARID^. Genus |
|
|
SITTA. |
' Nuthatches. |
|
B^OLOPHUS. |
Titmice. |
|
PENTHESTES |
Chickadees. |
|
AURIPARUS. |
Verdin. |
|
Family SYLLVIID^. Genus |
|
|
REGULUS. |
Kinglets. |
|
POLIOPTILA. |
Gnatcatchers. |
|
Family TURDID^. Genus |
|
|
HYLOCICHLA. |
Thrushes. |
|
PLANESTICUS. |
Robins. |
|
SAXICOLA. |
Wheatear. |
|
SIALIA. |
Bluebird. |
223
INDEX
Ani, Groove- billed 18
Blackbird, Brewer 71
Blackbird, Red-winged 65
Blackbird, Florida 65
Blackbird, Rusty 71
Blackbird, Yellow-headed 64
Bluebird 208
Bluebird, Azure 208
Bunting, Black-throated 122
Bunting, Indigo 117
Bunting, Lark 123
Bunting, Lazuli 118
Bunting, Varied 119
Bunting, Painted 120
Bobolink 62
Cardinal 113
Catbird 182
Chat, Yellow-breasted 174
Chebec 51
Chewink Ill
Chickadee, Black-capped 196
Chickadee, Carolina 196
Chickadee, Hudsonian 197
Chuckwfll's Widow 34
Cowbird 63
Creeper, Brown 191
Crossbill, American 71
Crossbill, Whitewinged 76
Crow, American 59
Crow, Clarke 60
Crow, Fish 69
Crow, Florida 59
Cuckoo, Black-billed 20
Cuckoo, Mangrove 19
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed 19
Dickcissel 122
Finch, Purple 76
Flicker 32
Flicker, Red-shafted 33
Flycatcher, Acadian 50
Flycatcher, Crested 46
Flycatcher, Derby 45
Flycatcher, Green-crested 50
Flycatcher, Least 51
Flycatcher, Olive-sided 48
Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed 41
Flycatcher, Vermilion 52
Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied 50
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray 201
Goldfinch, American 80
Goldfinch, Arkansas 81
Grackle. Boat-tailed 72
Grackle, Bronzed 72
Grackle, Florida 72
Grackle, Great-tailed 72
Grackle, Purple 72
Grosbeak, Blue 116
Grosbeak, Western 116
Grosbeak, Evening 73
Grosbeak, Pine 74
Grosbeak, Rose-breasted 115
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated .... 40
Jay, Blue 55
Jay, Blue Florida 55
Jay, Canada 58
Jay, Florida 56
Jay, Green 57
Jay, Labrador 58
Junco. Carolina 104
Junco, ."^late-colored 104
Junco, White-winged 103
Kingbird 42
Kingbird, Arkansas 44
Kingbird, Gray 43
Kingfisher, Belted 21
Kingfisher. Texan 22
Kinglet, Golde>i-crowned 199
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned 200
Lark, Horned 53
Lark, Horned r^ss^rt 53
Lark, Horned Hoyt 53
Lark, Horned Prairie 53
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned 78
Longspur, Chestnut-collared 86
Longspur, Lapland 84
Longspur, McCown 87
Longspur, Smith 85
Magpie, American 54
Martin, Purple 126
Meadowlark 66
Meadowlark, Florida 66
Meadowlark, Western . 66
Mockingbird 181
Nighthawk 37
Nighthawk, Florida 37
Nighthawk, Texan 37
Nighthawk, Western 37
Nonpareil 120
Nuthatch, Brown-headed 194
Nuthatch, Red-breasted 193
Nuthatch, White-breasted 192
Nuthatch, Florida White 192
Oriole, Audubon 67
Oriole, Baltimore 70
Oriole, Hooded 68
Oriole, Orchard 69
Ovenbird 168
Paraque, Merrill 36
Pyrrhuloxia 114 Sparrow,
Paroquet, Carolina 17 Sparrow,
Pewee, "Wood 49 Sparrow,
Phoebe 47 Sparrow,
Pipit, American 179 Sparrow,
Pipit, Sprague 179 Sparrow,
Poor-will 36 Sparrow,
Raven, Northern 59 Sparrow,
Raven, White-necked 59 Sparrow,
Redpoll 79 Sparrow,
Redpoll, Greater 79 Sparrow,
Redpoll, Greenland 79 Sparrow,
Redpoll, Hoary 79 Sparrow,
Redpoll, Holboell 79 Sparrow,
Redstart, American 178 Sparrow,
Road-runner 18 Sparrow,
Robin 206 Sparrow,
Robin, Southern 206 Sparrow,
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied 28 Sparrow,
Seedeater, Sharp 121 Sparrow,
Shrike, Loggerhead 134 Sparrow,
Shrike, Northern 133 Sparrow,
Shrike, White-rumped 184 Sparrow,
Siskin, Pine 82 Sparrow,
Snowflake 83 Sparrow,
Sparrow, Bachman 106 Sparrow,
Sparrow, Baird .*•. 91 Sparrow, '
Sparrow, Black-throated ...-. 105 Sparrow^,
Chipping 100
Clay-colored 101
English 88
Field 10*
Field Western 102
Fox 110
Grasshopper 91
Harris 9«
Henslow 92
Henslow Western 92
Ipswich 90
Lark 96
Lark Western 96
Leconte 92
Lincoln 108
Pine-w^oods 106
Savanna 90
Seaside 94
Seaside Dusky 94
Sharp-tailed 93
Sharp-tailed Acadian ... 98
Sharp-tailed Nelson 9t
Song 107
Song Dakota 107
Swamp 109
Tree 99
Tree Western 99
Vesper 89
T
Sparrow, White-crowned 97
Sparrow, White-throated 98
Starling 61
Swallow, Bank 130
Swallow, Barn 128
Swallow, Cliff 127
Swallow, Rough-winged 130
Swallow, Tree 129
Swift, Chimney 38
Swift, White-throated 39
Tanager, Scarlet 124
Tanager, Summer 125
Thrasher, Brown 183
Thrasher, Sage 180
Thrush, Bicknell 205
Thrush, Gray-cheeked 204
Thrush, Hermit 205
Thrush, Olive-backed 204
Thrush, Wilson 203
Thrush, Wood 202
Titlark, American 179
Titmouse, Tufted 195
Titmouse, Black-crested 195
Towhee Ill
Towhee, Green-tailed 112
Veery .> 203
Verdin 198
Vireo, Blue-headed 138
Vireo, Black-capped 139
Vireo, Philadelphia 136
Vireo, Red-eyed 135
Vireo, Solitary 138
Vireo, Solitary Mountain 138
Vireo, Warbling 136
Vireo, White-eyed 140
Vireo, Yellow-throated 137
Warbler, Bachman 145
Warbler, Bay-breasted 158
Warbler, Black and White 141
Warbler, Blackburnian 160
Warbler, Black-poll 159
Warbler, Black-throated Blue 163
Warbler, Black-throated Green... 163
Warbler, Blue-winged 146
Warbler, Brewster 146
Warbler, Cairns 153
Warbler, Canadian 177
Warbler, Cape May 151
Warbler, Cerulean 156
Warbler, Chestnut-sided 157
Connecticut 171
Warbler, Connecticut 171
Warbler, Golden-cheeked 162
Warbler, Golden-winged 147
Warbler, Hooded 176
Warbler. Kentucky 170
Warbler, Kirtland 164
Warbler, Lawrence 147
Warbler, Magnolia 155
Warbler, Mourning 172
Warbler, Myrtle 154
Warbler, Nashville 148
Warbler, Orange-crowned 148
Warbler, Palm 166
Warbler, Palm Yellow 166
Warbler, Parula 150
Warbler, Parula Northern 150
Warbler, Pine 165
^^"■arbler, Prairie 167
Warbler, Prothonotary 142
Warbler, Sennett 160
Warbler, Swainson 143
Warbler, Sycamore 161
Warbler, Tennesee 149
Warbler, Wilson 176
Warbler, Worm-ealting 144
Warbler, Yellow 162
Warbler, Yellow-throated 161
Water Thrush 169
T^^ater Thrush, Louisiana 169
Waxwing, Bohemian 131
Waxwing, Cedar 132
Wheatear, Greenland 207
Whip-poor-will 35
Woodpecker, American Three-toed 27
Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed ... 27
Woodpecker, Downy 2v.
Woodpecker, Downy Northern.... 25
Woodpecker, DowHy Southern 25
Woodpecker, Golden-winge* 32
Woodpecker, Hairy 24
Woodpecker, Hairy Northern 24
Woodpecker, Hairy Southern 24
Woodpecker, Ivory-billed 23
Woodpecker, Pileated 29
Woodpecker, Pileated Northern ... 29
XN'oodpecker, Red-bellied 31
Woodpecker, Red-cockaded 26
Woodpecker, Red-headed 30
Woodpecker, Texan 26
Wren, Bewick 187
Wren, Cactus 184
Wren, Carolina 186
Wren, House 188
Wren, House Western 188
Wren, Long-bil-led Marsh 190
Wren, Rock 185
Wren, Short-billed Marsh 190
Wren, Wirnter 189
Yellow- throat, Florida 173
Yellow-throat, Maryland 173
Yellowthroat, Northern 173
Yellowthroat. Western 173
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS' EGGS.
By Chester A. Reed, B. S.
This is the only book on the market that gives illustrations of the eggs of North American birds. Bach egg is shown full size, photographed directly from an authentic and well marked specimen.
In addition to the illustrations of eggs, there are a great many full-page plates of nests and eggs in their natural situations.
In preparing this work, the author had access to the largest and best private and public museums. It is very complete and reliable in every re- spect. The habitat, breeding range and nesting habits of each bird are given, together with the marginal sketches that em- bellish the pages; this gives the reader an accurate idea of each bird.
It is finely printed on the best of paper and handsomely bound in cloth. 350 pages — 6 x 9 inches. $2.50, postage 20c.
a^iiL ijuff)
^J^
GUIDE TO TAXIDERMY
310 Pages; Cloth Bound $1.50; Postage 15c. Extra.
We do not advocate nor believe in the killing of song birds, but we do believe that those killed accidentally and the game birds shot by sportsmen should be saved and scientifically prepared.
Guide to Taxidermy teaches this art thoroughly. The courses have been enlarged, revised and Completely llljst rated.
You can easily learn to mount birds, animals, iieads, fish, reptiles, etc. at lit- tle expense. Ycu can save specimens that would otherwise be lost to the world, and you can make money by doing work for sportsmen. If you are interested in this, or wish to be, send at once for our free prospectus.
►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦ M ♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦»
Field Glasses for Bird Study -
or equally good for the mountain, sea shore or theatre, or wherever a large, clear image of an object is desired.
We carefully examined more than a hundred makes of field glasses, to se- lect the ones best adapted for bird study.
We found one make that was super- ior to any other of the same price and equal optically, and nearly as well made as those costing three times as much.
They magnify about three diameters, and have an unusually large field of vision or angle of view, making it easy to find a bird or keep him in sight. With carrying case and strap. Price only $5.00 postpaid. CHAS. K. REED, Worcester, Mass. |4 »♦»♦♦»♦♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 4»»»»»»»»»»» 4»»»» ♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦
GOLDFISH
AQUARIA
AND
FERNERIES
By Chester A. Eeed, B. S.
FINELY ILLUSTRATED
200 pages flexible cloth.
50 cents net. Postage 5 cents.
This hand book describes the aquarium thoroighly; the fish suitable aquatic plants, breeding goldfish, everything that one might wish to know a| these attractive ornaMients.
It also gives complete instructions for making and maintaining ferneries.