FORTHE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

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AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO
THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

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Audubon Department Edited By

ALICE HALL WALTER

AND

T. GILBERT PEARSON

VOLUME XVI— 1974

D. APPLETON & COMPANY

HARRISBURG, PA., AND NEW YORK CITY

Copyright, 1914
By frank M. chapman

INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME XVI
BY AUTHORS

Abbott, Clinton G., City Nighthawks, lo.

Abel, Angle, The Bluebird, 212.

Allen, Arthur A., At Home with a Hell-
Diver, 243; Photographs by, 264, 364, 420,
450; On the Trail of the Evening Gros-
beak, 429.

Allen, Mary Pierson, Christmas Census, 36.

Anderson, Hartley K., see Burleigh, Thos. D.

Anderson, S. D., Christmas Census, 44.

Anthony, H. E., An Unsuspicious Family of
Great Horned Owls, 115.

Arnold, Clarence M., Christmas Census, 30.

Austin, Margaret, see Tramis, Sarah.

Bailey, Guy A., The Electric Current in
Bird Photography, 85; Photographs by,
104, 137, 269.

Baker, Myles P., and Henry M. Spelman,
Jr., Christmas Census, 28.

Barker, Lulu, A Colony of Baltimore Orioles,
66.

Barns, Burton, see Butler, Mrs. Jefferson.

Barry, Anna Kingman, Lidian E. Bridge and
Ruth D. Cole, Christmas Census, 28.

Baxter, Miss, see Coffin, P. B.

Baynard, O. E., Photograph by, 77; Photo-
graphing Birds' Nests, 471.

Beall, Laura F., Poem by, loi.

Bean, Prof. A. M., and O. J. Murie, Christ-
mas Census, 49.

Beck, Herbert H., and Elmer E. Kautz,
Christmas Census, 37.

Beckwith, Constance, see Tramis, Sarah.

Beckwith, Mabel, see Tramis, Sarah.

Beebe, Ralph, Evening Grosbeaks in Michi-
gan, SI.

Bell, W. B., President, Report of, 527.

Bennett, F. M., Christmas Census, 50.

Bennett, Walter W., Christmas Census, 47.

Bergtold, W. H., Christmas Census, 48.

Berlin, Mrs. C. D., A Bird-Study Class in
North Dakota, 135.

Betts, Norman de W., Christmas Census, 46;
A Rat in a Swallow's Nest, 283.

Bewley, Anna, Christmas Census, 37.

Blanchard, George G., Christmas Census, 28.

Bodmer, Helen, The Value of Birds, 378.

Bogardus, Charlotte, Christmas Census, 32.

Bourne, Thomas L., and Heath Van Duzee,
Christmas Census, 32.

Bowdish, B. S., Photographs by, 53, 69, 70;
Secretary's Report, 525.

Bowen, Joseph B., A Study of a Whip-poor-
will Family, 296.

Boyle, Howarth S., Christmas Census, 33.

Bradford, Mrs. William H., see Ross, Dr.
and Mrs. Lucretius H.

Brainerd, Barron, Christmas Census, 29.

Brewster, William, The Voice of the Tina-
mou, 119.

Bridge, Lidian E., see Barry, Anna King-
man; see Cobb, Annie W., Christmas
Census, 30.

Bridge, Lidian E., and Edmund, Christmas
Census, 29.

Brooks, Allan, colored plates by, facing 380,
facing 466.

Brown, Donald E., see Walker, Alex.

Brown, Roy M., Christmas Census, 40.

Bruen, Frank, see Ford, Royal.

Burdsall, E. Morris, see Burdsall, Richard L.

Burdsall, Richard L., see Maples, James C.

Burdsall, Richard L., Samuel N. Comly,
James C. Maples, Paul Cecil Spofford,
Bolton Cook and E. Morris Burdsall,
Christmas Census, 34.

Burleigh, Thomas D., and Hartley K. Ander-
son, Christmas Census, 38.

Bushee, Bertha, Secretary, Report of, 511.

Butler, Mrs. Jefferson, Burton Barns and Mr.
and Mrs. F. W. Robinson, Christmas
Census, 46.

Caduc, Eugene E., and Horace W. Wright,
Christmas Census, 28.

Calvert, J. F., see Watson, C. G.

Calvert, S. W., Christmas Census, 48.

Cameron, J. A., see Watson, C. G.

Carlson, Arthur, see Ekblau, George E.

Carroll, John, The Bobolink, 212.

Carson, Charles E., Christmas Census, 45;
A Turkey Buzzard's Nest, 66.

Carter, John D., Arthur S. Maris, E. Leslie
Nicholson, J. Howard Mickle, Anna A.
Mickle, William B. Evans, and George H.
Hallett, Jr., Christmas Census, 36.

Case, Clifford M., Christmas Census, 31.

Case, Winthrop, Some Wrens' Nests, 189.

Caskey, R. C, Christmas Census, 36.

Chambers, W. M. and Stella, Christmas
Census, 42.

Chapman, Frank M., Notes on the Plumage
of North American Sparrows, 24, 107, 178,
268, 352, 442. Bird-Lore's Fourteenth
Christmas Census, 26; Notes on Winter
Birds, 51. Reviews by, 54, 55, 56, 198,
199, 284, 28s, 287, 36s, 366, 451. Edi-
torials by 58, 124, 201, 288, 368, 454; A
Cooperative Study of Bird Migration,
123; The Roseate Spoonbill, 214.

Childs, Helen P., Secretary, Report of, 512.

Christie, Edward H., Christmas Census, 41.

Clarke, Belle, Christmas Census, 46.

Cleaves, Howard H., see Tucker, C. R.;
Christmas Census, 34.

Coates, Anna, Christmas Census, 37.

Cobb, Annie W., Alice O. Jump and Lidian
E. Bridge, Christmas Census, 29.

Coffin, P. B. and Mrs., Dr. Garro and Miss
Baxter, Christmas Census, 42.

Cole, Ruth D., see Barry, Anna Kingman.

Colman, B. H., A Syracuse Feeding Station,
356.

Comly, Samuel N., see Burdsall, Richard L.;
see Maples, James C.

Cook, Bolton, see Burdsall, Richard L.; see
Maples, James C.

Cook, F. W., Christmas Census, 49.

Cooke, W. W., The Migration of North
American Sparrows, 19, 105, 176, 267, 351,
438.

Cottrell, Herbert, Christmas Census, 36.

Cottrell, H. George, Observing Birds in
Winter, 464.

Cressy, Antoinette S., Christmas Census, 31.

Crosby, Maunsell S., see Goodell, Dr. and
Mrs. J. F.; Occurrence of the Acadian
Chickadee in the Hudson Valley, 448.

(iii)

Index

Culver, Del

Birds aiK

Julian K.
Custer, C. C, A Nature-Study Class, 133

K.. Christmas Census, 37;
Windows, 275; sec Potter,

Dale, M., see Watson, C. G.

Daniels, Josephus, Letter from, 157.

Davis, Edwin Russell, Christmas Census,

2g.
Dawson, William Leon and William Oberlin,

Christmas Census, 49.
Debes, Paul K. and V. A., Christmas Census,

44.
Desvernine, Edwin, and George E. Hix,

Christmas Census, ss-
Dill, Victoria M., The Chat in Minnesota,

359-
Dix, W. L., Christmas Census, 37.
I)il)lock, Cecil, Starlings and Cows, 187.
Dodge, Victor K., Secretary, Report of, 518.
Doolittle, E. A., Notes from Ohio, 112;

European Widgeon.
Downhour, Elizabeth, Secretary, Report of,

516; in Ohio, 197.
Dunbar, Lulu, see Tramis, Sarah.
Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., Reviews by, 122, igg,

452.

Edson, Wm. L. G., Christmas Census, 35;

Notes from Rochester, N. Y., 444.
Edson, Wm. L. G., Richard E. Horsey,
Brewster's Warbler Seen at Highland Park,

Rochester, N. Y., 283.
Ehinger, C. E., Christmas Census, 38-
Ekblau, George E., Harris's Sparrow at

Rantoul, Illinois, 446.
Ekblau, George E. and Eddie L., and Arthur

Carlson, Christmas Census, 45.
Ellis, Mr. and Mrs. John V., Jr., Christmas

Census, 48.
Ells, George P., see Smith, Wilbur F.
Emmich, Maurice B., Notes from the South,

301.
Erichsen, W. J., Christmas Census, 41.
Esterly, Florence L. and Ethell A., Christ-
mas Census, 47.
Evans, William B., see Carter, John D.

Fair, Wm. W., Christmas Census, 36.
Ferguson, Gertrude B., Tlie Starling at

Glens Falls, N. Y., 187.
Ferneyhough, J. Bowie, Summer Residents

Identified near the University of Virginia,

291.
Finley, William L., Field Agent, Annual

Report of, 502.
Fisher, Elizabeth Wilson, Secretary, Report

of, S30.
Fisher, G. Clyde, A Course in Bird-Study,

196.
Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. G. Clyde, see Wiley

J. C.
Fitzwater, Clarence, Home Bird-Study, 379.
Fleischer, Edward, Prospect Park Notes, 276.
Floyd, Charles B., Brookline Bird Club, 353.
Flynn, Thomas, A Walk in the Woods, 136.
Forbush, Edward Howe, The Sora Rail, 303;

Photographs by, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,

391.
Ford, Royal W., and Frank Bruen, Christ-
mas Census, 30
Fordyce, George L., Volney Rogers, Willis

H. Warner, Mrs. Warner and C. A. Leedy,

Christmas Census, 44.

Frazen, J. W., Secretary, Report of, 523.

Freer, Ruskin S. and C. A., Christmas Cen-
sus, 43.

Freye, Rev. B. H., and Henry P. Severson,
Christmas Census, 47.

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, Impressions of the
Voices of Tropical Birds, i, 96, 161, 342,
421. Colored plates by, facing i, facing
68, facing 85, facing 138, facing i6i, facing
243, facing 329, facing 409.

Fuller, Wm., The Starling in Maine, 446.

Garro, Dr., see Coffin, P. B.

Gee, Gertrude, see Perry, Edna M.

Gibson, Hamilton, Winter Notes from

Massachusetts, 118.
Gibson, Hamilton, Paul Van Dyke and

Tertius van Dyke, Christmas Census, 30.
Gideon, Ross E., A Story About a Bluebird,

67.
Gingrich, Wm. F., Young Turkey Vultures,

280.
Goodell, Dr. and Mrs. J. F., and Maunsell

S. Crosby, Christmas Census, 34.
Gormley, Liguori, and Charles Macnamara,

Christmas Census, 27.
Gowanlock, J. Nelson. The Grackle as a

Nest-robber, 187.
Graves, Frances M., Christmas Census, 31.
Griscom, Ludlow, see Lenssen, Nicholas F.;

see Hubbell, George W., Jr.; see Nichols,

John Treadwell.
Griswold, Geo. T., Evening Grosbeak and

Acadian Chickadee at Hartford, Conn.,

52; Evening Grosbeaks and Other Winter

Birds at Hartford, Conn., 113; Notes

from Hartford, Conn., 449.
Gross, Dr. and Mrs. Alfred O., Christmas

Census, 38.
Guggenheimer, Mrs. J. C, Miss Guggen-

heimer, and Joseph N. Ulman, Christmas

Census, 39.

Hagerty, Dr. and Mrs. T. P., Mr. and Mrs.

J. H. Sprague, and Dr. and Mrs. G. H.

Luedtke, Red Bird Days, no.
Hagerty, Mrs. Mary, Christmas Census, 47.
Hallett, George H., Jr., see Carter, John D.
Hall, James F., see Smith, Wilbur F.
Hall, Lewis F., The Nighthawk in Connec-

cut, 173.^
Handley, Charles O., Christmas Census, 40.
Haney, Gladys, see Turner, Violet.
Harper, Francis, An Island Home of the

American Merganser, 338; Photograph by,

349-
Hathaway, Harry S., Christmas Census, 30.
Haulenbeck, R. F., Instincts of a Parrot,

446; Little Blue Heron in New Jersey, 446.
Heaney, Anna M., Letter from, 159.
Heath, Harold, Photographs by, 74, 75.
Hersey, F. Seymour, and Charles L. Phil-
lips, Christmas Census, 29.
Hewlett, Charles A., Christmas Census, 35.
Hill, F. Blanche, Sussex County, N. J.,

Notes, 277.
Hill, J. Irving, Christmas Census, 30.
Hinds, Mary Gibbs, Food for the Birds, 355.
Hitchcock, Charles, see Ross, Dr. and Mrs.

Lucretius H.
Hitchcock, Harry D., Christmas Census, 31.
Hitchcock, Margaret S., A Winter Pensioner,

358.
Hix, George E., see Desvernine, Edwin.

Index

Honywill, Albert W., Jr., Christmas Census,

38.
Horsey, Richard E., Christmas Census, 35;

see Edson, Wm. L. G.; Photographs by,

444, 445-
Horsfall, Bruce, Colored plates by, facing

138; facing 214, facing 303.
Howe, Freeland, Jr., Christmas Census, 27.
Hubbell, George W., Jr., see Lenssen,

Nicholas F.
Hubbell, George W., Jr., and Ludlow Gris-

com, Christmas Census, 33.
Hughes, H. Y., Christmas Census, 42.
Hulsberg, Edmund, Christmas Census, 45.

Jackson, Ralph W., Christmas Census, 39.
Jackson, Thomas H., Christmas Census, 38.
Job, Herbert K., Photographs by, 315; The

Pintail, 380.
Jones, Joseph C, Christmas Census, 40.
Jump, Alice O., see Cobb, Annie W.

Kautz, Elmer E., see Beck, Herbert H.
Keitly, Edward D., Christmas Census, 30.
Kenesson, Fred W., The Hummer and His

Shower-bath, 186.
Kent, Edward G., Pileated Woodpecker in

Northern New Jersey, 116.
Kimes, Edward D., Christmas Census, 43.
Kimsey, Rolla Warren, Why the Birds Are

Decreasing, 265.
Kittredge, Joseph, Jr., Christmas Census, 48.
Kohler, Louis S., Christmas Census, 35.
Konwenhoven, Mary, Barn Swallows, 463.
Kuser, John Dryden, Christmas Census, 33.
Kutchin, Victor, Secretary, Report of, 537.
Kyle, Marion and John, Bird-Houses and

Lunch-Boxes, ig2.

La Dow, S. v., see Nichols, John Treadwell.

LaDue, H. J. and L. L., Christmas Census,
47-

Lane, James W., Jr., Christmas Census, 35.

Larson, Clara, see Turner, Violet.

Latham, Roy, Notes on the Black-crowned
Night Heron and Other Birds at Orient,
L. I., 112; Loss of the Vesper Sparrow at
Orient, L. I., 449.

Latham, Roy and Frank G., Christmas Cen-
sus, 34.

Lawless, Howard, Christmas Census, 43.

Lear, George, Christmas Census, 38.

Leedy, C. A., see Fordyce, George L.

Lenssen, Nicholas F., George W. Hubbell, Jr.,
and Ludlow Griscom, Christmas Census, 32.

Levey, Mrs. William M. and W. Charles-
worth, Christmas Census, 40.

Lewis, Harrison F., Christmas Census, 27;
A Problem in Food-Supply and Distribu-
tion, 113.

Lewis, Merriam G., Christmas Census, 40.

Lincoln, T., An EfiFort to Illustrate the
Advantages and Possibilities of Inducing
Desirable Birds to Remain within the
Boundaries of the State During the Winter
Months, 292.

Link, Henry A., Christmas Census, 42.

Lippincott, Joseph W., Photograph by, 175;
An Owl Refugee on a Battleship, 186;
The Early Woodcock, 186.

Lloyd, J. William, The Whisper Song of the
Catbird, 446.

Logue, Mrs. I. L., Christmas Census, 48.

Longstreet. Rubert J., Christmas Census, 41.

Lovell, Laura E., Christmas Census, 43.
Luedtke, Dr. and Mrs., see Hagerty, Dr.

and Mrs.
Lundwall, Nelson, Christmas Census, 48.
Lyon, Wilfred, see Mackenzie, Locke.

Mackenzie, Locke L., and Wilfred Lyon,
Christmas Census, 44; Evening Grosbeak
in Chicago, 51.

Macnamara, Charles, see Gormley, Liguori.

Madison, H. L., Secretary, Report of, 532.

Mallory, William B., Christmas Census, 48.

Manny, Kathrine, M., Notes from Seattle,
Washington, 361.

Maples, James C, see Burdsall, Richard L.

Maples, James C, Samuel N. Comley, W.
Bolton Cook, Richard L. Burdsall, Paul
C. Spofiford, Evening Grosbeaks Near
Port Chester, N. Y., 188.

Marble, Richard M., see Wright, Horace W.

Marckres, Geo. M., Pine Grosbeak at
Sharon, Conn., 53.

Maris, Arthur S., see Carter, John D.

Marrs, Mrs. Kingsmill, Chairman Execu-
tive Committee, Report of, 512.

Marshall, Pendleton, A Chipping Sparrow,
302.

Marsh, Clara E., Secretary, Report of, 537.

Martin, Helen, see Tramis, Sarah.

Mason, M. E., Christmas Census, 37.

May, George C, Letter from, 157.

McAtee, W. L., see Preble, E. A.

McCaffery, Edward, A Walk in the Woods,
136.

McConnell, Harry B., and John Worley,
Christmas Census, 43.

iNIcConnell, Thomas L., Notes on How to
Start a Colony of Purple Martins, 5;
Christmas Census, 37; The Diary of a
New Purple Martin Colony for the Sea-
son of 1913, 116.

McCreary, Otto, Christmas Census, 32.

McKay, Miss, see Roziskey, Miss.

McNeil, Chas. A., Bird-Notes from Sedalia,
Mo., 277.

Meech, Mr. and Mrs. H. P., Christmas
Census, 31.

Mellott, Samuel W., see Piatt, Hon. Ed-
mund; The Chickadee of Chevy Chase,
117; Redpoll in the District of Columbia,
188.

Mengel, Mr. and Mrs. G. Henry, Christmas
Census, 38.

Metcalf, E. I., A Nest Census, 194.

Mickle, Anna A., see Carter, John D.

Mickle, J. Howard, see Carter, John D.

Miller, Ansel B., Christmas Census, 38.

Miller, Eliza F., Christmas Census, 28; The
Song of the Philadelphia Vireo, 93; A
Robin Accident, 361.

Miller, Leo. E., Destruction of the Rhea,
Black-necked Swan, Herons, and Other
Wild Life in South America, 259.

Miller, Milo H., Wild Fowl at Sandusky Bay
in 1756, 114.

Miller, W. DeW., see Wiegmann, W. H.;
Christmas Census, 36; Reviews by, 120,
121, 122.

Mills, Herbert R., Terns Killed by Dogs and
Cannon, 316.

Miner, Mr. and Mrs. Leo D., and Raymond
W. Moore, Christmas Census, 39.

Mitchell, I. N., The Flocking of Purple
Martins, 282.

VI

Index

Moore, Margaret, The Robin's Nest, 301.
Moore, Raymond W., see Miner, Mr. and

Mrs. Leo I).
Morenz, Herbert, A Walk in the Woods, 136.
Morgan, Paul M., Christmas Census, 45.
Morse, H. G., Christmas Census, 43.
MiinsterberR, Hugo, Letter from, 263.
Munger, Edwin H., Myron T. and Paul H.,

Christmas Census, 31.
Munro, J. A., and Allan Brooks, Christmas

Census, 48.
Murie, O. J., see Bean, Prof. A. M.
Murphy, Robert Cushman, Notes on the

Autumn Migration of the Parasitic Jaeger,

278.
Myers, Harriet Williams, Secretary, Report

of, 510.

Newcomb, Clara B., see Perkins, Anne E.

Newkirk, Garrett, Poems by 67, 213, 300,
37S; The Morning Bird Chorus in Pasa-
dena, 254.

Nice, L. B., A City Kept Awake by the
Honking of Migrating Geese, iig.

Nichols, J. T., see Wiegmann, W'. H.

Nichols, John Treadwell, S. V. LaDow and
Ludlow Griscom, Christmas Census, 35.

Nicholson, E. Leslie, see Carter, John D.

Norton, Arthur H., Field Agent, Annual
Report of, 48g; Secretary's Report, 518.

Oldys, Henry, Lake Mohonk to be a Bird
Preserve, 362.

O'Neal, R. F., Wasps in Bird-Boxes, 445.

Ottemiller, Free, Christmas Census, 39.

Overton, Frank, Letter from, 157; Photo-
graph of a Hummingbird on the Wing, 360.

Pacetti, B. J., Letter from, 158.

Packard, Winthrop, The Annual Bird-List
of the Massachusetts Audubon Society,
275; Annual Reports of, 493, 520.

Packard, W. H., and James H. Sedgwick,
Christmas Census, 45.

Palmer, T. S., Reviews by, 122, 285, 366,
453-

Palmer, William M., Christmas Census, 36.

Palmer, Winifred Holway, Our Neighbor, the
Bald Eagle, 281.

Pangburn, Clifford H. and Dwight B.,
Christmas Census, 31.

Parmele, Mrs. J. O., A Bird Sanctuary for
The Sign of the Wren's Nest, 170.

Parrott, Jane, Secretary, Report of, 517.

Pattee, Bertha Traer, Secretary, Report of,
515-

Pearson, T. Gilbert, The Wood Thrush, 68
Editorials by, 72, 142, 148, 218, 307, 384
The Whip-poor-will, 138; Albert Willcox
Benefactor, 146. The Cruise of the Avocet
385; The Crow, 466; Annual Report, 481

Pennington, F. A., Christmas Census, 46.

Pepper, Dr. and Mrs. Wm., Christmas Cen-
sus, 37.

Perkins, Anne E., and Clara B. Newcomb,
Christmas Census, 32.

Perkins, Ernest R., see Plimpton, George L.

Perkins, E. H., Some Results of Bird-Lore's
Christmas Bird Census, 13; Christmas
Census, 28.

Perry, Edna M., and Gertrude Gee, Christ-
mas Census, 48.

Phillips, Charles, Christmas Census, 47.

Phillips, Charles L., see Hersey, F. Seymour.

Pierce, Nettie Bellinger, Christmas Census,

35-
Pifer, Harry C, Red-breasted Grosbeak

Singing on the Nest, 281.
Piper, S. E., see Preble, E. A.
Piatt, Hon. Edmund, and Samuel W. Mil-

lott, M.D., Christmas Census, 39.
Plimpton, George L., Ernest R. Perkins and

Edward H. Perkins, Christmas Census, 28.
Popham, Desmond, Christmas Census, 42.
Potter, Julian K., and Culver, Delos E.,

Christmas Census, 35. Snowy Owl at

Chillicothe, Missouri, 119.
Potter, L. Henry, Christmas Census, 28.
Powers, Arthur G., Christmas Census, 30.
Pratt, Lester E., Christmas Census, 29;

Acadian Chickadee at Hartford, Conn., 52.
Preble, E. A., S. E. Piper, and W. L. McAtee,

Christmas Census, 39.
Preston, Arthur W., Christmas Census, 27.
Prudden, Charley B., The Killdeer, 300.
Prudden, David, What Good Winter Birds

Are, 65; How to Study Birds, 213.
Purple, Carl E., Photograph by, 323.

Rattermann, Katherine, Secretary, Report
of, 527-

Read, A. C, Christmas Census, 50.

Reading, Gertrude, Secretary-Treasurer,
Report of, 521.

Ridgway, Robert, Bird Life in Southern
Illinois, I. Bird Haven, 409.

Ringwalt, A. A., see Stockbridge, Chas. A.

Ripley, L. W., see Sugden, A. W.; A Success-
ful Campaign Against Crackles and Star-
lings in Hartford, Connecticut, 362.

Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. F. W., see Butler,
Mrs. Jefferson.

Robinson, Mrs. F. W., Christmas Census, 46.

Robinson, R. T., A Drinking-Place for the
Birds, 193.

Robinson, William L., Christmas Census, 44.

Robry, Isabelle i\lexander, Prothonotary
Warbler in Massachusetts, 447.

Rogers, C. H., Bird-Lore's Fourteenth Christ-
mas Census, 26; Christmas Census, ss',
see Wiegmann, W. H.; A Cooperative
Study of Bird Migration, 180, 270,
Review by, 365.

Rogers, Volney, see Fordyce, George L.;
Nesting-habits of the Pied-billed Grebe,
357-

Ross, Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H., Charles
Hitchcock and Mrs. Wm. H. Bradford,
Christmas Census, 28.

Rowe, Howard K., Christmas Census, 30.

Roziskey, Misses, Miss McKay and W. T.
Shaw, Christmas Census, 49.

Ryder, R., The Chickadee, 212.

Sadler, Nettie M., see Whitford, Mary E.

Sanford, James M., Christmas Census, 41.

Saunders, Aretas A., Christmas Census, 32.

Sawyer, E. J., Poem by, 257.

Schafer, J. J., Christmas Census, 45; Harris's
Sparrow in Northwestern Illinois, 190;
Additional Observations of Harris's Spar-
row in Illinois, 283.

Schnaller, Elizabeth, A Bird Oasis, 158.

Schreimann, Dr. Ferdinand, Christmas Cen-
sus, 42.

Sedgwick, James H., see Packard, W. H.

Severson, Henry P., see Freye, Rev. B. H.;
A Successful Bird's Bath, igi.

Index

Shaw, W. T., see Roziskey, Miss.
Sherwin, H. M., see Turner, Violet.
Shove, Ellen M., Fall River Notes, 276.
Simmons, Finlay, Christmas Census, 41.
Simonds, Susie L., Christmas Census, 46.
Simpson, Mrs. Mark L., Harris's Sparrow

in Wisconsin, 282.
Skinner, W. L., Winter Feeding, g; Birds and

Windows, 275.
Sloan, Mrs. Emma J., Christmas Census,

45-
Smithey, Mrs. R. B., Secretary, Report of,

535.

Smith, E. E., Christmas Census, 43.

Smith, Evelyn, Poem by, 350.

Smith, Wilbur F., Winter Notes from Con-
necticut, 118; The Nighthawk in Connec-
ticut, 173; Herring Gulls in Connecticut,
357-

Smith, Wilbur F., James F. Hall and George
P. Ells, Christmas Census, 31.

Spalding, Katharine Moody, Secretary,
Report of, 511.

Spelman, Henry M., Jr., see Baker, Myles P.

Sprague, Mr. and Mrs. J. H., see Hagerty,
Dr. and Mrs. T. P.

Spofford, Paul Cecil, see Burdsall, Richard
L.; see Maples, James C.

Spurrell, John A., Christmas Census, 47.

Stalker, Alex., Christmas Census, 47.

Starr, Minna D., Secretary, Report of, 520

Stevens, T. C, Photograph by, 279.

Stockbridge, Charles A., and A. A. Ringwalt,
Christmas Census, 42.

Strode, W. S., Christmas Census, 45.

Stuart, Katharine H., Field Agent, Annual
Report of, 495.

Sturgis, S. Warren, Acadian Chickadee at
Groton, Mass., February, 1913, 448.

Sugden, A. W., and L. W. Ripley, Christmas
Census, 30.

Swope, Eugene, Field Agent, Annual Report
of, 499.

Thayer, A. H., Comparative Abundance of
Birds, (Letter,) 263.

Thayer, Mrs. Stephen E., Some Ways of the
Oregon Towhee, 102.

Thoma, Hilda, A Nest in a Nest, 211.

Thomas, C. Aubrey, Bird Notes from Ken-
nett Square, Pa., in.

Thomson, Harriet W., The Building of a
Robin's Nest, 360.

Thurston, Henry, and Fred Zoeller, Christ-
mas Census, 32.

Tooker, John, Gulls Preparing a Meal, 357.

Toussaint, Mrs. L. H., The Fare of a Sand-
hill Crane, 359.

Towne, Solon R., Christmas Census, 48;
Trial of Von Berlepsch Nests, 194.

Townsend, Charles H., Martins and Other
Birds at Greens Farms, Connecticut, 355.

Townsend, Rev. Manley B., Turkey Vul-
tures in Northwestern Iowa, 279; Coopera-
tive Observations, 299; Secretary's Report,
525-

Tramis, Sarah, Mabel Beckwith, Constance
Beckwith, Lulu Dunbar, Helen Martin
and Margaret Austin, Christmas Census,
46.

Trotter, William Henry, An Abnormally

Colored Scarlet Tanager, 359.
Tucker, C. R., and Howard H. Cleaves,

Christmas Census, 33.
Tullsen, H., Christmas Census, 41.
Turner, Violet, Clara Larson, Gladys Haney

and H. M. Sherwin, Christmas Census, 46.
Tyler, Mr. and Mrs. John G., Christmas

Census, 49.

Ulman, Joseph N., see Guggenheimer, Mrs.
J. C; Florida Gallinule at Baltimore, 281.

Van Duzee, Heath, see Bourne, Thomas L.
van Dyke, Paul, see Gibson, Hamilton,
van Dyke, Tertius, see Gibson, Hamilton.
Vibert, C. W., Christmas Census, 31.
Victor, K. P. and E. W., Christmas Census,

33; Some Prospect Park Notes, 194.
Vinal, William Gould, Suggestive Lessons in

Bird-Study; The Woodpecker, 370.
Visart, E. V., Letter from, 158.

Walker, Alex., and Donald E. Brown, Christ-
mas Census, 49.

Walter, Alice Hall, Editorials, 59, 62, 126,
127, 202, 204, 289, 292, 293, 369, 375, 455,

457-
Warner, Mrs., see Fordyce, George L.
Warner, Willis H., see Fordyce, George L.
Watson, C. G., J. A. Cameron, M. Dale, and

J. F. Calvert, Christmas Census, 27.
Watson, James D., Christmas Census, 44.
Welty, Emma J., Secretary, Report of, 529.
Wetmore, Alex., Christmas Census, 40.
Wharples, Nellie J., Poem by, 171.
Wharton, William P., Some Observations on

Bird Protection in Germany, 329.
Whitford, Mary E., and Nettie M. Sadler,

Christmas Census, 35.
Whitney, J. H., Mud for Nest-Builders, 447.
Wiegmann, W. H., W. DeW. Miller, J. T.

Nichols and C. H. Rogers, Christmas

Census, 34.
Wiley, J. C, and Mr. and Mrs. G. Clyde

Fisher, Christmas Census, 33.
Wilson, Burtis H., Christmas Census, 45.
Wisman, W. H., Christmas Census, 43.
Witman, Mabel Foote, A Summer V'isitor,

188.
Wolden, B. O., Christmas Census, 47.
Wood, Clarence B., Curious Actions of a

Robin, igi.
Wood, Sheridan F. and Kenneth M., Chris-
mas Census, 44.
Woodward, Magnolia, Christmas Census,

42; Secretary's Report, 532.
Woolen, William Watson, Florence A. Howe,

An Appreciation, 148.
Worley, John, see McConnell, Harry B.
Wright, Horace W., and Richard M. Marble,

Christmas Census, 28; see Caduc, Eugene

E.

Young, John P., Fall Migration at Cobourg,

Ontario, 356.
Young, John P. and Chas. V. P., Christmas

Census, 38.

Zoeller, Fred, see Thurston, Henry.

Index

INDEX TO CONTENTS

Advisory Council, Bird-Lore's, io8.
Alabama, 41.
Albino, 1 12.

Allen's 'The Red-winged Blackbird,' re-
viewed, 284.
American Bird-House Journal, The, noticed,

57-
American Ornithologists' Union, The, 124,

195-
Andigena, 342; figured, 34.
Anhinga, see Turkey, Water.
Ani, figured, 345.
Ant-Shrikes, 166.
Ant-Thrushes, 161.

Applied Ornithology, Department of, 486.
Army-Worm, 400; figured, 401.
Audubon Calendar, The, noticed, 57.
Auk, The, reviewed, 122, igg, 452.
Aulacorhamphus, 342; figured, 343.

Barbels, 346.

Barnard, Judge Job, Photograph of, 509.

Bath, Birds', see Birds' Bath.

Batten, George, Photograph of, 522.

Berlepsch, Baron Hans von. Bird Protec-
tion on Estate of, 329.

Bighorn, 479; figured, 478, 479, 480.

Bird Almanac, noticed, 57.

Bird Census, Bird-Lore's Fourteenth, 26,
Fifteenth. 437.

Bird Drinking Place, 193.

Bird Enemies, 336, 414; see Cats.

Bird Houses, 5; figured 6, 205, 206, 333, 394,
410; 57, 192, 194, 395.

Bird-Lists of Massachusetts Audubon So-
ciety, 275.

Bird Lunch-boxes, 192, 444.

Bird Photography, 85.

Bird Protection in Germany, 329.

Bird Refuges, 329, 409.

Bird-Study, A Course in, 196.

Bird's Bath, 191.

Birds, Comparative Abundance of, 263, 265,
288.

Birds-of-paradise, 160.

Bittern, Least, 483.

Blackbird, Red-winged, 118, 183.

Bluebird, 26, 67, 195, 213, 263, 277, 450.

Bobolink, figured, 91.

Brachyspiza capensis, 99.

British Columbia, 48.

Brookline Bird Club, 353.

Bryant's 'A Determination of the Economic
Status of the Western Meadowlark
(Slurnella neglecta) in California, reviewed,
120.

Bucco ruficoUis, figured, 346.

Bunting, Lark, figured, facing 243; 267, 269-

Bunting, Snow, 119.

Buzzard, Turkey, see Vulture, Turkey.

California, 49, 50, 254, 506.

Calospiza, 100.

Canvasback, figured, 349.

Capito auratus, 346.

Cardinal, no, 275, 276, 327, 444; Brazilian,

194.
Cassinia, reviewed, 198.
Catbird, 118, 400, 446.
Catharus, loi.

Cats, 93, 160, 256, 265, 355, 391, 414.

Chachalaca, 425.

Chama;za brevicauda, 164; turdina, figured,
163, 164.

Chat, Yellow-breasted, 359.

Chickadee, 8; figured, 9; 13, 88, 117, 212;
figured, 450; Acadian, 8, 26, 51, 52, 58,
275, 444, 448; figured, 448; Carolina, 117.

Chlorochrysa, 100.

Chuck-will's-widow, 416.

Colorado, 48, 507.

Compra pan, 162.

Condor, The, reviewed, 56, 122, 285, 366,

453-

Connecticut 30, 31, 52, 53, 113, 118, 173, 211,
355, 357. 362, 405, 449, 507.

Cooke's 'Distribution and Migration of
North American Herons and Their Allies,'
reviewed, 198; 'Distribution and Migra-
tion of North American Rails and Their
Allies,' reviewed, 451.

Cormorant, figured, 505.

Cotingas, Voices of, 100.

Council, Advisory, see Advisory Council.

Cowbird, 88, 118; young figured, 364.

Crane, Sandhill, 359.

Creeper, Brown, 13, 88, 276.

Crossbill, Red, 13, 26, 113, 377; White-
winged, 13.

Crow, American, 90; figured, 92; 118, 466,
468.

Cuba, 50.

Cuckoos, Tropical American, 345.

Cuming's 'The Bodley Head Natural His-
tory. Vol. II, British Birds. Passeres,'
reviewed, 121.

Cummins, J. P., Photograph of, 524.

Curassow, 424; Crested, figured, 427.

Delamare's 'The Reformation of Jimmy and
Some Others,' reviewed, 451.

Diplopterus, 345.

District of Columbia, 39, 188, 508.

Dives dives, 98.

Dodge, Victor K., Photograph of, 515.

Dove, Bourcier's Forest, figured, 424; Ground,
423; Mourning, figured, 262; White-
winged, 424.

Drinking Place for Birds, see Birds' Drinking
Place.

Duck, Black, 194; Florida Dusky, 483; Mal-
lard, 194; Scaup, figured, 143, 156, 157;
Wood, 194, 483.

Eagle, Bald, 281.

Eaton's 'Birds of New York,' reviewed, 365.

Egret, 261.

Eider, American, 388, 482.

Enemies of Birds, see Bird Enemies.

Eumomota, 349.

Eupsychortyx, 4.

Federal Migratory-Bird Law, 149, 322.

Feeding Birds, 355, 356.

Finch, California Purple, 25; 105; Cassia's
Purple, figured, facing 85; 105, 107; Guada-
lupe House, figured, facing 85; 106; House,
figured, facing 85; 106, 107, 256; McGreg-
or's House, 106; Purple, figured, facing i;
8, 21, 24.

Index

IX

Flicker, go, 195, 277; figured, 407; Red-
shafted, 256.

Florida, 41, 359, 483, 501, 508.

Flycatcher, Derby, figured, 98; Vermilion,
98.

Formicarius analis connectus, 166; rufi-
pectus carrikeri, figured, 165; 166.

Gain's 'The Penguins, of the Antarctic

Regions.' noticed, 57.
Gallinule, Florida, 281, 483.
Georgia, 41, 170.

Germany, Bird Protection in, 329.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 275.
Goldi's "Die Tier welt der Schweiz in der

Segenwart und in der Vergangenheit,'

reviewed, 365.
Goldfinch, 89.
Goose, Canada, 120; nest figured, 503; Snow,

188; Wild, 115, 119.
Crackle, 89, 90, 118, 362; Bronzed, 187.
Grallaria hypoleuca, 163; modesta, 162;

ruficapilla, 161; figured, 162; rufula, 163.
Grebe, Holbcell's, 112; Pied-billed, 243;

figured 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252,

253; nest and eggs figured, 243, 244, 249;

35 7; Western, 503.
Grinnell's 'An Account of the Mammals and

Birds of the Lower Colorado River,'

reviewed, 285.
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 255; Blue, 418;

Evening, 51, 52, 112, 113, 188, 276; 429;

figured, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436;

Pine, 13, 26, 53, 114, 188, 119, 277; Rose-
breasted, 281.
Ground-dove, 423.
Ground-pigeons, 423; figured, 424.
Guan, 424.

Guillemot, Black, 388 482.
Gull, Great Black-backed, 491; Herring,

figured 53; 357, 385; young, figured, 387;

nest and eggs, figured, 388; figured, 389,

391 ; 405, 4S6, 491. Laughing, 401, 482, 491.
Gulls, Monument to, in Salt Lake City, 148;

figured, 150, 151.
Gun, Big, figured, 145.
Gurney's 'The Gannet, A Bird With a

History,' reviewed, 55.
Gymnostinops, 96.

Hart, M. D., Photograph of, 532.
Hawthorn, Berries as winter food, 292.
Heatherly's 'The Peregrine Falcon at the

Eyrie,' noticed, 57.
Hell-Diver, see Grebe, Pied-billed.
Hen, Heath, 401; Prairie, 519.
Henshaw's 'Report of Chief of Bureau of

Biological Survey for the Year Ending

June 30, 1913,' reviewed, 54.
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 112, 118, 355,

390, 482, 483, 492; Great Blue, figured, 390;

Green, 112, 483; Little Blue, 446, 483;

Louisiana, 482, 483; Snowy, 483; Ward's

483; Yellow-crowned Night, 483.
Howe, Florence A., An Appreciation, 148.
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 186, 360.

Ibis, Glossy, 483; figured, 484; White, 483;

Wood, 483.
Icterus mesomelas, 97.
Idaho, 47, 48.
Illinois, 44, 45, 51, 1S9, 190, 193, 280, 281,

283, 446, 511.
Indiana, 42, 300, 512.

Ingersoll, Ernest, 149.
Iowa, 47, 279, 447, 513.

Jacana, figured, 425.

Jaeger, Parasitic, 278! figured, 278.

Junco, Carolina, 443; Montana, 416; Ore-
gon, 443; Point Pinos, 443; Slate-colored,
88; figured, facing 409 ; 438, 442 ; Shufeldt's,
443; Thurber's, 443; W^hite-winged, fig-
ured, facing 409; 438, 442.

Kalmbach's, 'Birds in Relation to the

Alfalfa Weevil,' reviewed, 451.
Kentucky, 514.
Killdeer, 134, 300.
Kingbird, 300; Gray, 472; nest and eggs

figured, 473.
Kingfisher, Belted, figured, 420; 355.
Kite, Everglade, nest and eggs figured, 475;

476; Mississippi, 416; Swallow-tailed, nest

and egg figured, 474; 475, 483.

Leucolepis, 4.

Limpkin, 4S3.

Linnet, see Finch, House.

Lowe's 'Our Common Sea-Birds,' noticed, 57.

Macaws, 421; figured, 422.

Madison, Harold L., Photograph of, 529.

Maine, 27, 281, 385, 446, 489, 514.

Manikins, Voices of, 100.

Manitoba, 187.

Martin, Purple, 5, 57; figured, 89; 116, 282,

355- 447-
Alaryland, 39, 117, 281, 516.
Massachusetts, 28, 29, 30, 1 18, 191, 275,

276, 353, 447, 448, 493, 5i6.
McAtee's 'Bulletin of the United States

Department of Agriculture No. 58. Five

Important Wild Duck Foods,' reviewed,

121.
McLean, George Payne, Photograph of, 392.
Meadowlark, 90; figured, 104; 119; figured,

137; 266, 400; Western, 120.
Melanotis, 100.

Merganser, American, 338; figured, 338, 339.
Michigan, 45, 46, 51, 517.
Migration, A Cooperative Study of, 180, 270.
Mimocichla bahamensis, 100; plumbea, loi.
Minnesota, 47, no, 194; 359, 519.
Missouri, 42, 119, 265, 277, 445.
Mocker, Blue, 100.
Mockingbird, 194, 255, 275, 278, 327.
Mohonk, Lake, as a Bird Preserve, 362.
Monkey, Howling, 427; figured, 428.
Montana, 48.
Moth, Brown-Tail, Winter nests, figured,

130.
Motmot, figured, 348; 349.
Mullen's 'Life of Gilbert White,' noticed,

57-
Murre, figured, 505, 506.
Myadestes, 2.

Nebraska, 48, 194.

New Hampshire, 28, 355, 521.

New Jersey, 35, 36, 37, 116, 187, 277, 358,

446, 521.
New York, 10, 32, 33, 34, 35, 85, 112, 188,

194, 243, 276, 283, 338, 356, 357, 360,

362, 444, 448, 449.
Nighthawk, 10; figured, 10, 11, 12, 172; 173.
Noddy, 200.
North Carolina, 40.

Index

North Dakota, 135, 523.

Norton, Arthur H., Photograph of, 400.

Nova Scotia, 27, 113.

Nuthatch, 8; Red-breasted, 13, 113, 449;

White-breasted, 13, 88, 89, 112; figured,

323.

Odontophorus, 4.

Ohio, 43, 44, 112, 133, 192, 197, 357, 499, 523.

Oklahoma, 119.

Ontario, 27, 356.

Oregon, 49, 115, 360, 525.

Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 255; Baltimore, 66,
171, 273; Bullock's, 25s; Hooded, 97;
The, reviewed, 366.

Oropendola, 96; figured, 97.

Osprey, 112, 276, 482, 492.

Ostinops, 96.

Owl, Barn, 112, 416; Great Horned, 115;
figured IIS, 116; Long-eared, 416; Saw-
whet, iii; Short-eared, 119; Snowy, 119.

Packard, Winthrop, Photograph of, 494.

Parrakeets, 421; figured, 422.

Parrots, 421; figured, 422; 446.

Pelican, Brown, 124; White, figured, 319, 504.

Penguin, 259.

Penguins of the Antarctic Regions, The,

noticed, 57.
Pennsylvania, 5, 37, 38, 39, m, 114, xi6,

186, 27s, 359, 526.
Petrel, Leach, 386; figured, 390; 482, 491.
Pewee, Wood, 257; figured, 269.
Phainopepla, figured, 398.
Pharomacrus antisianus, figured, 347; 348.
Pheasant, 119.
Phoebe, 415, 184.

Photography of birds, see Bird photography.
Piaya, 345.

Picolaptes lacrymiger, figured, 168.
Pigeon, Passenger, figured, 399.
Pigeons, 423.

Pintail, 380; figured, facing 380, 381.
Planesticus gigas, 100; jamaicensis, 100;

tristis, 100.
Plover, Black-bellied, 112; Wilson's, 471;

nest figured, 471'; 482.
Pteroglossus, 342; figured, 343.
Puff-bird, figured, 346.
Puffin, 388, 482.
Pyroderus, 100.

Quail, 4; Valley, 256.
Querula, 100.

Ramphastos, 342; figured, 343.

Rail, Carolina, see Sora; Clapper, 113; King,

483; Wood, 426.
Raven 390.
Redpoll, figured, facing i; 8, 13, 19, 24, 114,

119, 188, 277; Greater, 24; Greenland,

facing i; 24; Hoary, 21, 24; Holboell's, 24.
Redstart, figured, 264.
Refuges, Bird, see Bird Refuges.
Reichenow's 'Die Vogel Handbuch der

Systematischen Ornithologie,' reviewed,

121.
Rhea, 259; figured, 260; 368, 454.
Rhode Island, 30, 296, 528.
Robin, 26, 89, 112, 182 191, 192, 292, 355,

360, 361, 400, 401.

Sage and Bishop's 'The Birds of Connecti-
cut,' reviewed, 55.

Saltator, 99.

Sandpiper, Baird's, 112; Pectoral, 261; Soli-
tary, 261.

Saskatchewan, 48.

Screamer, Crested, figured, 425.

Seedeater, Sharpe's, figured, facing 243;
268.

Selborne, A Guide to, noticed, 57.

Shrike, Northern, 26, 114, 118.

Singing of birds, 293.

Siskin, Pine, 13, 26, 119.

Skimmer, Black, figured, 315; 482.

Snake, Pilot Black, 414.

Solitaire, Jamaican, 2; figured, 3.

Solitaires, 2.

Sora, 303; figured, facing 303.

South America, 259.

South Carolina, 40.

South Dakota, 48.

Sparrow, Bachman's, 112, 176; Botteri's,
figured, facing 161; 177, 179; Cassin's,
figured, facing 161; 177, 179; Chipping,
89; figured, 175; 188, 302; figured, 364;
English, see Sparrow, House; Field, 415;
Fox, 89; Harris's, 190, 282, 283, 446;
House, 89; figured, 90; 116, 187, 195, 266,
277, 355; Laguna, 178, 179; Pine-Woods,
figured, facing 161; 176, 179; Rock, 178,
179; Rufous-crowned, figured, facing 161;
177, 179; Rufous-winged, figured, facing
161; 177, 179; Scott's, 177, 179; Song, fig-
ured, 89; loi, 255; Swamp, 89; figured,
90; Texas, figured, facing 329; 351, 352;
Vesper, 449; Western Chipping, 256;
White-crowned, 89, 416; White-throated,
89; figured, 90; Worthen's, figured, 329;
351. 352.

Spoonbill, Roseate, 214, 483.

Spurwing, figured, 425.

Starling, 27, iii, 187, 362, 446.

Stone, Witmer, Photograph of, 527.

Stuart, Katharine H., Photograph of,
497-

Swallow, Barn, 379, 463; Rough-winged, 299
Tree, figured, 85; 113.

Swan, Black-necked, 259.

Swarth's 'An Account of the Birds and Mam-
mals of the San Jacinto Area of Southern
California,' reviewed, 54; 'A Study of a
Collection of Geese of the Branta canaden-
sis Group From the San Joaquin Valley,
California,' reviewed, 120; 'A Distribu-
tional List of the Birds of Arizona,'
reviewed, 285.

Swift, Chimney, 272.

Tanager, Scarlet, 89, 359; Summer, 194.

Tennessee, 42, 211, 528.

Tern, Arctic, 385, 482, 492; Cabot's, 482;
Common, 316; nest, eggs and young
figured, 317; 385, 482, 492; Forster's, 482,
503.; Least, 301, 482.; Royal, figured, 315;
482; Sooty, 200.

Texas, 41, 186.

Thamnophilus multistriatus, 166; figured,
167.

Thayer, Abbott Handerson, Photograph of,
312.

Thrasher, Blue, loi; Brown, 355; California,

255-
Thrush, Bahaman, figured, 100; Hermit, 119,

263, 350; Wood, 68; figured, facing 68, 70;

nest figured, 69; 194.
Tinamou, i; figured, 2; 119, 261.

Index

Tityra, loo.

Toucans, 342; figured, 343.

Towhee, 88, 400; Brown, 256; Green-tailed,

figured, facing 329; 351, 352; Oregon, 102;

figured, 102, 103; 361.
Townsend, Rev. Manley B., Photograph of,

520.
Trogon collaris, figured, 347.
Trogons, figured, 347; 348.
Tropical Birds, i, 96, 342.
Turkey, Florida, 476; nest and eggs figured,

477; Turnstone, 112; Water, 483.

Vermont 8, 2S, 93, 361.

Vireo, Bell's, 418; Black-whiskered, nest and

egg figured, 473; 474; Philadelphia, 93;

Red-eyed, 93; Warbling, 93.
Virginia, 40, 291, 495, 531.
Vulture, Turkey, 66,279, 2S0; nest and young,

figured, 279, 280.

Warbler, Brewster's 283; Cape May, 275,
276, 446; Hooded, 275; Kirtland's. 418;
Myrtle, 118; Prothonotary, 112, 447.

Washington, 48, 49, 102, 361.

Wasps in Bird-Boxes, 445.

West Virginia, 40, 533.

Whip-poor-will, 138; figured, facing 138,

296; 296.
White-throat, Andean, figured, 99.
Widgeon, European, 197.
Willcox, Albert, 146; photograph of, 147.
Willet, 4S2.

Wilson Bulletin, The, reviewed, 56, 287.
Windows, Birds deceived by, 275, 355, 361.
Winter, Effects of, 62.
Wisconsin, 46, 47, 191, 282, 283, 533.
Woodcock, 186.
Woodhewers, 161, 16S.
Woodpartridge, 4.
Wood-rail, 426.
Woodpecker, Downy, 13; figured, 323, 358;

37S; Hairy, figured, 88; Pileated, 116;

Red-headed, 90; figured, 91; 195, 449.
Woodward, Miss Magnolia, Photograph of,

530.
Wren, 211; House, 189; figured, 189, 190;

213. 273, 355; Winter, 89; Wood, 4.
Wright and Allen's 'Field Note-Book of

Birds', reviewed, 198.

Yellow-legs, Greater, 261; Lesser, 261.
Zimmer's 'Birds of the Thomas County
[Nebraska] Forest Reserve,' reviewed, 199.

i

1. Redpoll, Adult Male 4. Greenland Redpoll, Adult Male

2. Redpoll, Female 5. Purple Finch, Adult Male

3. Gkeenland Redi'oll, Female 6. Purple Finch, Female

(One-half Natural Size)

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI January— February, 1914 No. 1

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

By LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES
Illustrated by the author

SECOND PAPER— TINAMOUS, PARTRIDGES, AND SOLITAIRES

IN THE tropics, as in more familiar scenes, the birdsongs of the fields are
frank, pastoral, and prevalent. With us, the Meadowlark, Field Sparrow,
Vesper, and Song Sparrows pipe often and openly, and, from May to
October, their notes are almost constantly in the air. But the forest birds are
more reluctant singers, and their rare notes are all mystery, romance, and
reclusive shyness. The Field Sparrow will sit on a dock-stalk and sing, looking
you in the eyes; the Veery will quietly fade away when your presence is
discovered.

So it is, even to a more marked degree, in the tropics. In the open pastures
and on the bushy slopes of the Andes, one hears the shrill piping of the 'Four-
wing' Cuckoo (Diplopterus) , the insistent kekking of the Spurwing Plover,
the dry, phoebe-like fret of the Spine- tails (Synallaxis), the lisping insect-
songs of Grassquits, and, from the bordering forest-edge, the leisurely whist-
ling of Orioles.

But, enter the forest, and all is of another world. For a long time, perhaps,
as you make your way through the heavy hush of its darkened ways, no sound
strikes the ear but the drip of water from spongy moss-clumps on broad leaves.
You feel yourself to be the only animate thing in your universe. All at once,
perhaps for off through the forest, perhaps close behind you, you hear the
strangely moving whinny of a Tinamou. I think no sound I have ever heard
has more deeply reached into me and taken hold. Whether it is the intensity
of feeling that a deep, silent forest always imposes ; the velvet smoothness of the
wailing call; the dramatic crescendo and diminuendo that exactly parallels its
minor cadence up and down a small scale; something, perhaps the combination
of all these, makes one feel as if he had been caught with his soul naked in his
hands, when, in the midst of his subdued and chastened revery, this spirit-
voice takes the words from his tongue and expresses so perfectly all the
mystery, romance, and tragedy that the struggling, parasite-ridden forest

Bird -Lore

diffuses through its damp shade. No vocal expression could more wonderfully
convey this intangible, subduing, pervasive quality of silence; a paradox,
perhaps, but not out of place with this bird of mystery.

Only less appealing are those other chaste singers in the cloud-forest, the
Solitaires. It is, indeed, a strange sensation, in uncanny harmony with the
unexpected familiarity one always feels in a tropic forest, when, thinking

\- a g u e 1 y of Thrush
songs, the silver note of
a Solitaire crystallizes
the thought. There are
many kinds, and they
have varied song-types
beyond most similarly
unified genera. The
most typical is simply a
lovely Hermit Thrush
song, giving that effect
of a private hearing so
graciously done by our
own Thrushes. For
some elusive reason, it
seems as if these birds
always sang as the shy
perquisite of the favored
few, and thus, perhaps,
it is that their songs
never become common.
Our own Townsend's
Solitaire has a very
different melody, a
blithe. Grosbeak warble,
frequently given in lark-
like flight, quite unlike
any of the tropical spe-
cies I have heard. These are all of the chaste, contemplative type, given
from a perch part way up in the forest, and in frequent accompaniment of
splashing water in mossy and fern fringed ravines. Myadestes ralloides, of the
Andes, sings almost exactly like a Hermit Thrush, as does Myadestes unicolor,
of Mexico, while Myadestes soUtarius, of Jamaica, singing from the tree-ferns
up on Blue Mountain, reminded me strongly of the Varied Thrush heard in
the dark, cold spruce-flats of the Alaskan coast; — what a transposition! A
vibrant, steadily crescendo note, as true as a violin, fading to nothing. Then
another in a new key. A rich, descending broken scale foll6wed, after a

TINAMOU (Cryplurus)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropicall'Birds 3

pause; then an exceedingly high trill, swelling and dying. These singers
were common at about five thousand feet, and their choral chanting was
an experience to be long remembered. Myadestes obscurus, of southern
Mexico, has a song more spontaneous and overflowing than the other tropical
species; I thought of a Bobolink when I first heard it. The song began high in
the scale, and very loud; then through the rich progression of its bubbling

JAMAICAN SOLITAIRE {Myadestes solitarius)

4 Bird -Lore

cadences it gradually fell in pitch and lost volume till it died out, as with loss
of breath. This is the "Jilguero" of the natives, while unicolor is known as
"Clarin." Distinguished from these as "jilguero de la tierra" are the wrens of the
genus Leucolehis, which have a way of singing at your very feet, hidden under
the ferns and low-growing soft plants of earth. Theirs too, are violin tones, and,
though the songs are not rare, the singer is seldom seen, however patiently you
search or wait for him in the mosquito-ridden air of his dripping haunts. It has
always seemed a mystery to me how these little birds of the cloud-forest keep
dry. They are, indeed, the only dry thing you would encounter in a week's
hunt, for overhead all is oozing water, all the leaves are shiny-wet, and under
foot is soaking, rotting vegetable mold or deep muddy ooze, that frequently
lets you in over your boot-tops.

In the same forests that shelter the Tinamou and Solitaire dwell the
evasive and ventriloquistic Woodpartridges (Odontophorus). These are richly
garbed in velvety, rotten-wood colors, with all the minute moth-like pattern
of "Whip-poor-wills. But wonderful as is their coat, it is their vocal perfor-
mance that gives them real distinction, for besides the familiar Partridge
clucking and pipping, heard only at close range and therefore seldom, they
possess a loud rollicking call that may be heard a mile or more across the
forested course of a mountain river.

Once, while I was pussy-footing along a little water trail in the hope of
again seeing a Golden-headed Trogon, I was congealed for the moment by a
loud, explosive alarm, at the end of a fallen and rottening bole that lay just
before me. "Kivelry, cavalry, kivelry, cavalry, pt' , pt' , pt' , t' t' t' t, and up
popped a brown velvet bird, called once more and dropped, already running,
on the other side of the log. The call, at close range, had a rooster-like
quality not noticeable in the distance, and I was surprised to see that the
whole complicated and rapid performance was the work of one bird.

Perhaps it is a sort of statute of limitations that makes us constantly com-
pare new birdsongs with familiar ones at home ;— perhaps it is the paucity of
our language that renders description almost futile. But occasionally a resem-
blance is so striking that no alternative suggests itself. Sweltering in the heat
and glare of the Andean foothills, veins throbbing with the exertion of the
climbing hunt, exhaustion screaming for a let-up, and temper getting thin,
something turns over inside one when, of a sudden, comes the cheery, old-home
'Bob-white' of the little crested Eupsychortyx Quail. Appearances would never
suggest the close relationship, but this little fellow, three thousand miles from
home, says 'Bob-white' without a trace of accent, striking a primitive chord
that does queer things, for the moment, to the inner you, caught unawares!

Notes on How to Start a Colony of Purple Martins

By THOS. L. McCONNELL. McKeesport, Pa.
With a diagram by the author

UNDOUBTEDLY a great many interested bird-lovers would start colonies
of Purple Martins if they knew what to do and how to get about it.
An interesting elderly physician who likes to talk about birds told me
that, if he could only get a pair of Purple Martins, he would put up a bird-box
right away, and then added that there were never any around. Possibly he
needs a bird-house catalogue, with full instructions.

The Martin has a strong tendency to cling to its old home and associations,
and, imless driven out by the English Sparrow, only the immature (last year's
young) birds seek new quarters. Generally it is an easy task to start a new
colony where there are colonies in the immediate neighborhood.

They prefer the old weather-beaten box to the new one, smelling of new
lumber and paint, w^hen other things are the same. This may be tested by
putting up one bird-house of each kind. Invariably, the old storm-beaten box
will fill up, while a single pair may select the new one. New boxes, even if
erected near other Martin colonies, will be more popular after the first season.
Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. The writer has found it expedient
to age the new bird-house by smearing the inside of all the rooms with wet mud
or clay, which seems to please the birds.

When one prefers to paint the bird-house for a new Martin colony, select
inconspicuous colors, such as a pearl or stone color, and paint the pole black.
Plain white without trimmings seems to harmonize with the nature of these birds.
White, unless otherwise specified, is the standard rule for painting bird-houses
for Martins by one of the leading bird-house companies. After a colony is a
year or so old and well established, there is little objection to painting and,
moreover, it is ad\dsable to do so in order to preserve the wood and beautify
the structure.

An eight- or ten-room house is usually large enough for the first year's
experiment. The rooms should be about 8 x 8 x lo inches high, and each room
should be separate and have but one entrance. The entrances or holes into rooms
are commonly of three types: round, about 2% inches diameter; square or rect-
angular, about 2}4 inches x 2^4 inches; or a combination of the first two,
which gives a pretty opening with the arch. The last two types have the
advantage of allowing greater accessibility for cleaning out Sparrows' nests.
The regular entrance will give sufficient ventilation for each room, and no other
holes should be provided. The rooms should be draught-proof, and be covered
with a water-tight roof. Separate platforms may be provided in front of each
opening, for the Martins love to sit aroimd and rest or sun themselves.

A very important point is the location of the bird-house. Choose an open
space, if possible, away from the shade of trees and free from buildings.

(S)

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(t>)

Notes on How to Start a Colony of Purple Martins 7

The box should be placed on a high pole, at least sixteen feet above the
ground.

The box should be ready about the first day of April for new colonies, but
several weeks later will do for old colonies. Many new boxes have been taken
up by the Martins as late as the first of June, and non-breeding birds may come
during June and July.

A hinged pole, which allows the box to swing down to the ground, is a great
convenience, and has many obvious advantages. By all means make the pole
cat-proof and, still better, take the additional precaution of exterminating
locally the cat, the birds' worst enemy.

The Martins require assistance in their continuous struggle with the
English Sparrow, if you do not want to see this beautiful Swallow driven away.

There are many ways to aid these birds: One of the best is everlastingly to
rid the bird-houses of all Sparrow nests, beginning about the first of April,
and continuing even after the Martins appear to be in full possession. Every
once in a while a pair of sly Sparrows will slip into one of the rooms and fill it
full of rubbish while the Martins are away, not to say anything about how they
like to eat the eggs of the Martins. A claw-hook fastened to a long stick makes
an ideal cleaning tool.

Shooting is a first-class way to make the English Sparrow go, and this is
effective only when both male and female are killed. When only one is killed
the other one brings around a new mate the next day. Where a city or town
ordinance prohibits shooting, the fourth of July is a glorious day to make up
for lost time, and destroy a lot of pests. It is not necessary to shoot every
Sparrow, as a few judicious shots are sufiicient in most cases.

Poisoning is a very good method to thin out the hosts of English Sparrows,
but is most effective as a winter treatment. For more information, see U. S.
Department of Af^riculture Farmers' Bulletin 383, "How to Destroy English
Sparrows," which is sold by the Superintendant of Documents, Washington,
D. C, for five cents a copy.

A new enemy of the Martin is the Starling {Sturnus vulgaris), a recent
importation from England, which has gained a strong foothold in many of the
states along the Atlantic seaboard. The writer has yet to see a Starling in
western Pennsylvania, and intends to treat them like their cousins, the English
Sparrow.

Many persons who formerly have put up bird-houses for the Martin only
to see them crowded with Sparrows have given up in despair. They should
remember that to start and to hold a colony of Martins is a pleasure for the
bird-lover, requiring preseverance and patience in fighting against their enemies.
One should not become discouraged with a failure the first year. Nothing
that comes easily is worth much.

Winter Feeding

By W. L. SKINNER, ProctorsviHe, Vt.
With photograph by the author

BIRD study has in recent years undergone a great change. Formerly
the outfit of a bird student was chiefly a shot-gun and a scalpel ; today
it is the camera, feeding-table, and field-glass. One cannot read Audu-
bon without being convinced of the great appreciation and love he had for
birds; yet his love for science was even greater, and we regret that the destruc-
tion of so much bird life should have seemed necessary.

Ninety-nine out of every hundred of us interested in birds do not want a
bird's stomach cut open to find out just what he has been eating, nor do we
care what the formation of bone and muscle may be. These things about a
bird we do not love, but we do love beauty of form and color, his song, socia-
bility, and intelligence. As birds learn to trust us and feel secure with us, the
more strongly are these and other features brought out. For instance, the
peculiar squirrel-like habit of the Nuthatch and Chickadee in hiding bits of
food in winter-time for future use, searching diligently to find a nook or cranny
just to their liking and many other odd items of interest which may be learned
only when we become intimate with a bird.

Suet is used largely as a winter food, and is good so far as it goes; but, at
best, it is a substitute for other food.

The writer lives in a butternut country, and for a number of years has used
this nut in feeding birds. It is a rich, nutritious, oily, and, we might say,
natural food for winter birds; at any rate, birds will leave suet at any time for
butternuts. On account of the Chickadees' habit of storing food, it is better
to crack the nut on the side, which makes a lot of fine crumbs; otherwise
large quantities will be carried off and hidden.

A Purple Finch friend of mine would partake of hemp seed, but he was
exceedingly fond of butternut. This bird appeared with the Chickadees one
morning, and in twenty-four hours had become so tame that he would respond
to my whistle by flying into my hand for his favorite food. At times a Chickadee
would alight in the same hand. This the Finch would resent by advancing to-
ward the Chickadee with open mouth, scolding and using bad language gener-
ally. The Chickadee also, with open mouth, would hang on as long as he dared,
his body and head thrown back; and the two birds, thus facing each other,
presented a ludicrous and most interesting sight. I made one or two snaps
with the camera at them but, owing to some one of the uncertainties of photog-
raphy, the result was not satisfactory.

Redpolls would not eat butternut, but four or five of them would crowd
into the hand after millet seed. Finding an Acadian Chickadee one day, I
I advanced slowly toward him, and held out part of my lunch (a doughnut).
He showed the same confidence that his black-capped relative does, and

(8)

Winter Feeding 9

fluttered within a few inches of the outstretched hand several times, but did
not quite dare accept me on so short acquaintance. Chickadees, when fed at a
window, get into the habit of searching other windows for food and, if one
happens to be open, they are sure to fly in, and will injure themselves by flying
against the mndow-glass, or they will even fly into neighbors' houses. One
of my Chickadees was killed during my absence by the well-meaning but
awkward efforts of a young relative. To release a bird, pull down every shade
quickly, throw up one window, and lift the shade up as far as the window
opening, and the bird will make his way out without injury. Birds should not
be fed at windows at all, but entirely out-of-doors.

A BIRD IN THE HAND

Another Chickadee lit on the pipe of a man walking on the railroad nearly
a mile away. The man believing that he was about to have his eyes pecked
out by some freak bird, made several passes at the Chickadee before his com-
panion, who knew of my birds, could enlighten him.

The writer does not believe in the use of the feeding-house having glass
sides. If a feeding-table is protected from snow and rain, that is sufficient.
Finally, the question of making pets of birds should be looked at frcni all
angles, and the interests of the birds served in each case, as best we may.

The philosophy of California John, in 'The Cabin,' is delightful. On being
urged to tame a certain wild fawn he frequently met, he observed: "Oh, he'd
gentle all right, but, 'Ma'am, I don't believe in gentling no wild critter what-
ever that I can't take care of. It makes it easy for the first fellow with a gun

lO

Bird - Lore

or claws that comes along." The writer has known, and knows of a number of
tame deer, and in every case they met with a violent or premature death ; and
that, too, regardless of whether they had their liberty or were kept in an in-
closure. Is this not the end of every wild bird or animal? Do birds that we
have made pets of end their career sooner than their wilder brothers? To know
a bird individually gives us a great deal of pleasure, but are there not various
N'iew-points to be considered?

City Nighthawks

By CLINTON G. ABBOTT

Photographs by the author

T

*HAT "Charity begins at home"
is admitted by all. But that
wild-bird photography may begin
at home — without even so much as
going outside the front door — would
doubtless be questioned by many. Even
stranger would such a proposition ap-
pear when "home" is in the midst of a
great city. Yet the proof is found in
the accompanying photographs, which
were taken upon the roof of a house in
one of Brooklyn's most closely built
sections.

The bird which exhibits this strange
affinity for the city's roar and inhos-
pitable masonry is the Nighthawk,
normally a shy and retiring inhabitant
of barren fields and lonely wastes.
Whether the level monotony of city
roofs reminds it of the plains, whether
its insect food abounds in the urban
atmosphere, I cannot say; but the fact
remains that annually many of these
birds spend the summer in large cities,
where, as evening approaches, they may
be seen cavorting above the chimney-
tops and uttering their harsh cries. The
female lays her two mottled eggs, without the slightest pretense of nest-build-
ing, on a bare, flat roof — always selecting for this purpose a roof of the tar and
gravel variety.

Mosr LnN\i;MKNT COIGN
OF OBSERVATION"

City Nighthawks

11

'QUEER LITTLE GRAY FUZZY CHICKS"

Many an evening in June I

have searched the house-tops of the

block where I live in New York in

an attempt to find a Nighthawk's

nest; or have watched until dark,

hoping to follow one of the birds

to its home roof, but I have

always been unsuccessful. All I

have seen were fascinating exhibi-
tions of the Nighthawk's strange

idiosyncrasies of flight — the erratic

flaps and pauses, the bat -like

waverings, and the rushing, roaring

descents that well give the bird its

colloquial name of 'Bull-bat.' And

at night I would awake to hear,

through the open window, the

grating '^beedz," "beedz,^' carried

from the starlit sky, as though taunting me.

I was therefore delighted when, on July 20, 1906, a telephone call at my

ofl&ce informed me of the discovery of a Nighthawk's nest on a roof in Brooklyn.

With rare discrimination, the bird had selected the home of Dr. Wm. C.

Braislin, a well-known ornithologist and member of the A.O. U.! Emerging

from his front door, he

had seen the neatly
chipped half of a Night-
hawk's egg lying upon
the doorstep, which told
him quite plainly that a
pair of twins had been
born in the sky-parlor
— with the resultant
hurry call for the bird
photographer.

At the close of the
business day, I snatched
my camera and hast-
ened to Dr. Braislin's
home. It was about 6
P.M., as we mounted
the ladder leading to
the roof. Silently we
"SHE TRAILED HER WINGS PITIFULLY" raised the hatch and

12

Bird - Lore

peeped out. There was the mother Nighthawk brooding her callow young amid
the incongruous surroundings of chimneys, cornices, and tin roofs. Cautiously
creeping up on my knees (by reason of the gravel a distinctly uncomfortable
procedure!), and slowly pushing in front of me my old-fashioned tripod camera,
I took two pictures at varying distances. The Nighthawk sat motionless with
eye half closed, as though dozing. But it is evident that she was watching me
closely; for, as soon as I had approached within about ten feet, with a sudden
start she flopped to one side and, as though painfully injured, went shuffling
across the roof. She trailed her wings pitifully and gave every other evidence
of helplessness in her efforts to induce us to follow after her. But, when she
discovered that she could not decoy us away in this fashion, she abandoned
her tactics and took up her position on the most convenient coign of obser-
vation— a chimney. Motionless, she watched to see what we would do to her
babies. We noted that she stood lengthwise on the chimney, not across it, —
a habit doubtless inherited from generations of ancestors who have found this
attitude on the limbs of trees inconspicuous and protective for the diurnal sleep.
In fact, she assumed the same position wherever she chanced to perch — whether
on parapet, cornice, or coping — as, in my attempts to stalk her with my camera,
I scared her from one point to another.

We then turned our attention to the two queer little gray fuzzy chicks, so
unceremoniously uncovered, yet apparently quite unperturbed. They made

'AMID THE INCONGRUOUS SURROUNDINGS 01 CHIMNEYS, CORNICES
AND TIN ROOFS"

Some Results of Bird-Lore's Christmas Bird Censuses 13

not the slightest motion beyond that caused by their breathing, and squatted
close to the uncomfortable-looking pebbles.

However we may criticise the Nighthawk for deserting the pure air of the
country for the city's grime and smoke, we must admit, at least, that in the
tar-and-gravel roof she has selected about as admirable a background as could
be found for the concealment of herself and her offspring. The downy chicks,
especially, were practically invisible from a short distance, and they added to
the delusion by their motionless crouching. They permitted unlimited time
exposure from every angle, till the sun was gone altogether and we were obliged
to withdraw from the roof.

Some Results of Bird-Lore's Christmas Bird Censuses

By E. H. PERKINS

THE following curves and diagrams are based on the Christmas Bird
Censuses published in Berd-Lore from 1901 to 1911. In the great
accimiulation of data in these reports much can be learned on the winter
distribution of a given species over a series of years. In the figures given in
this article, I have plotted the rise and fall in numbers of ten species of winter
birds over an area including New England and New York. The species have
been selected from the two classes into which our winter birds fall. From the
regular residents I have taken the Chickadee, White-breasted Nuthatch,
Downy Woodpecker, and Brown Creeper. The irregular winter visitants are
represented by the Red-breasted Nuthatch, Pine Siskin, Redpoll, Pine Gros-
beaks, and the Red- and White-winged Crossbills. In plotting the curves, the
years are taken as the abscissas, while the ordinates are found by dividing the
total number of indixdduals seen each year by the number of reports for that
year. In figure II the scale of the ordinance is twice that in Figure I, otherwise
the curves of the birds in Figure II would be too flat to show well. The curves
start with 1901, as I was unable to obtain the census for 1900.

There seems to be some evidence that the various species of birds rise and
fall together in abundance. This is best seen between 1905 and 1907. The
year 1906 was one of abundance for almost all species. This year was
preceded and followed by years of general scarcity. About 1903 and 1904,
and again in 1908, there seems to have been a more or less general rise in
abundance.

It might be expected that the curves of the regular winter residents would
be fairly regular, and that those of the boreal species would be more or less
jagged. This expectation is, in every case but one, borne out by the
facts. The exception is the Chickadee. This bird is an abundant permanent
resident over the area under consideration, and a regular curve might be
expected. The fact is that the Chickadee shows one of the most irregular of all

^f-

'I-

ffl

I-

b:

h

not (lot nci It OH irof mi nor iio\ jqc/t fpo /9//

FIG. I. CURVES OF (I) CHICKADEE, (II) PINE GROSBEAK. (Ill) PINE SISKIN,

AND (IV) REDPOLL

(14)

h

'h

'V

/il n ij

il/l

h

y

I >itCOIit)
0 0 f 0

VI L

I'ioi mi 1993 im iioi' ifoi no7 1901 noi /f/0 iin

FIG. II. CURVES OF (I) RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH, (II) WHITE-BREASTED
NUTHATCH, (III) DOWNY WOODPECKER, (IV) BROWN CREEPER (V) WHITE-
WINGED CROSSBILL, AND (VI) RED CROSSBILL.

i6

Bird - Lore

the curves. Starting from its lowest ebb in 1901, the species rose in abundance
until it reached its maximum. Since then there have been two more waves of
abundance, reaching their cumulations in 1907 and 1910 respectively. In
neither of these years, however, was the bird so abundant as in 1903. It should
be noted that no birds except the Redpoll and Pine Siskin have ever reached
the lowest mark of the Chickadee.

In sharp contrast to the curve of the Chickadee stand the curves of the
other common winter birds — the White-breasted Nuthatch, Brown Creeper,
and Downy Woodpecker. The curves of these birds are very regular, showing.

Chickadee ^12. 2) .

Redpoll (4.22)

Pine Siskin (2.58)

White-breasled Nuthatch (i.6)

Downy Woodpecker (1.4).

Pine Grosbeak (1.22).

Brown Creeper (0.68).

White-winged Crossbill (0.48)

Red-breasted Nuthatch (0.25)

Red Crossbill (0.14)

L

FIG. III. AVERAGE ABUNDANCE
WINTER BIRDS (1901-1911)

:

Some Results of Bird-Lore's Christmas Bird Censuses 17

Chickadee (80%).

Downy Woodpecker (5Q%)- • ■ I

White-breasted Nuthatch (51%)

Brown Creeper (35%)

Redpoll (17%).

Pine Siskin (12%).

FIG. IV. PERCENTAGE OF REPORTS
CONTAINING SPECIES. (1901-1911)

Red-breasted Nuthatch (io<^).

Pine Grosbeak (6%).

Red Crossbill (4%) .

White-winged Crossbill (4%) .

as a rule, only slight changes from year to year. The Creeper, which is the
most migratory of the three, shows the smoothest curve.

The curves of the boreal birds, on the other hand, are very irregular. The
Red-breasted Nuthatch and the Crossbills for a series of winters appear and
are absent on alternate years. The Pine Grosbeak, as a rule, seems to appear
in abundance after every two years of absence. The curves of the Pine Siskin
and Redpoll are remarkable for the great waves of 1908 and 1909, respectively.
1908 was one of the 'bird winters.' Southern birds were common north of
their normal winter range, while, for some reason, boreal birds came south in
greater numbers than usual. This was the year of the Siskin wave, but it was

i8 Bird - Lore

also the first year since 1902 when there had been no Redpolls. The next
year was one of scarcity. The curves show that all the birds fell off, while the
Chickadees reached their lowest mark for eight years. Then the flocks of Red-
polls came in numbers that barely missed the highest mark of the Chickadee
in 1903. Why the Redpolls came in 1909, instead of in 1908, is one of the many
mysteries of the bird migrations. For the last two years, the Redpolls although
less abundant than in 1909, have remained far above their usual numbers.

The average abundance of the selected species for the last ten years is
shown in Figure III. The figures are obtained in the same manner as the
ordinates of the curves. The total number of individuals seen is divided by the
total number of reports for the ten years. The diagram shows the remarkable
fact that Redpolls and Pine Siskins are, on the average, more abundant than
such common regular residents as the White-breasted Nuthatch and Downy
Woodpecker. This is due to the great waves of Redpolls and Siskins mentioned
above. This is not the true state of affairs in an average winter.
Everyone knows that, while at times Redpolls and Siskins may be more
abundant than Nuthatches and Downy Woodpeckers, the latter are to be
ranked among our few everyday birds.

Figure IV indicates more nearly the relative abimdance for an average
winter. The diagram shows the percentage of the total number of reports that
contain the species under consideration. Here the regular winter residents
stand ahead of the irregular visitants, like the Siskins, Redpolls, and Crossbills.

The Migration of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-SIXTH PAPER

Compiled by Prof. W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes
(See Frontispiece)

REDPOLL

The common form of the Redpoll breeds from ocean to ocean in the northern
two-thirds of Canada, and comes south in winter into the northern half of the
United States.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
the last one seen

Latest date of the
last one seen

Beaufort, S. C

Fort Runyon, Va

Washington, D. C

Philadelphia, Pa. (near)

Norristown, N.J

Northern New Jersey

Portland, Conn

Providence, R. I. (near)

Central Massachusetts

St. Johnsbury, Vt. (near)

Southern Maine

Phillips, Me

Quebec City, Canada

Montreal, Canada

Scotch Lake, N. B

Pictou, N. S

North River, Prince Ed. Island

Brownsville, Tenn

St. Louis, Mo

Canton, 111

Northern Ohio

Northern Michigan

Ottawa, Ont

Southern Ontario

Central Iowa

Central Wisconsin

Baldwin, Kans

Long Pine, Nebr

Southeastern South Dakota. . . .

Northern North Dakota

Aweme, Manitoba

Osier, Sask

Edmonton, Alberta

Denver, Colo

Terry, Mont

Stony Plain, Alberta

Banff, Alberta

Fort Klamath, Ore

Okanagan, B. C

4

March i8

5

March i8

lO

April 8

4

March 19

12

April I

8

April 17

IS

April 13

3

April 22

3

April 23

April 29

April 8
April 12
April 9
April 21
April 8
April 13

March i{
April 4
April 16
April 19

April 14
May 4
May 9

February 23, 1901
February 19, 1875
February 12, 1899
March 24, 1888
March 28, 1888
April 18, 1888
May II, 190C
April 21, 1886
April, 21, 1907
April 29, 1887
May 5, 191 1
May 8, 1909
April 28, 1894
May 5, 1909
May 3, 1910
April 28, 1895
May 2, 1891
January 9, 1884
February 7, 1883
April 17, 1894
April 15, 1891
April 19, 1895
May 14, 1909
May 12, 1885
April 25, 1885
April 23, 1883
March 13, 1875
March 20, 1897
April 9, 1904
April 18, 1909
May 2, 1902
April 20, 1893
May 8, 1903
April 27, 1907
April 17, 1896
May 7, 1909
May 12, 1909
May 9, 1878
May 2, 1907

(19)

20

Bird - Lore

FALL MIGRATION

PLACE

Okanagan, B. C

Eagle Lake, Calif

Banff, Alberta

Columbia Falls, Mont

Terry, Mont

Boulder, Colo

Aweme, Manitoba

Sioux Falls, S. D

Gresham, Nebr

Elk River, Minn

Lanesboro, Minn

North Freedom, Wis

National, la

Southern Ontario

Northern Michigan

Camden, Ind

Chicago, 111

New Haven, Mo

Hickman, Ky

Brownsville, Tenn

North River, Prince Ed. Island

Pictou, N. S

Scotch Lake, N. B

Montreal, Que

Phillips, Me

Southern Maine

Jefferson, N. H

West Barnet, Vt

Central Massachusetts

Northern New York

Portland, Conn

Morristown, N. J

State College, Pa

Baltimore, Md

Number
of years'
record

Average date of

Earliest date of

fall arrival
October 25

fall arrival

4

October 16, 1889

November 30, 1899

September 22, 1909

4

October 24

October 7, 1895

3

October 29

October 23, 1903
October 21, 19 11

lO

October 14

September 14, 1901

2

November i

October 30, 1910
November 16, 1896

2

November i

October 31, 1883

2

November 5

October 31, 1887
October 2, 1904

2

November 10

November 8, 1908

4

October 27

October 10, 1888

3

October 26

October 14, 1894
November 5, 1878

4

November 2

October 14, 1906
November 18, 1903
December 10, 1886
January, 9, 1884
October 4, 1887
October 13, 1894

6

October 19

October 14, 1904
October 23, 1910

5

October 21

October 5, 191 1

II

November 6

October 26, 1910
October 24, 1910
October 22, 1910

6

November 7

October 29, 1889

4

November 18

November 5, 1889

4

December 8

November 27, 1889

4

December 19

December 11, 1910
December 12, 1908
January 17, 1897

The dates given above refer to the movements of the common form of the
Redpoll, linaria, but there is also another form of this bird called Holboell's
Redpoll, which breeds probably in northeastern Asia and northwestern North
America, and in migration comes southwestward into the northern United
States. It is rare, but has been taken at Koshkonong, Wis., January 22, 1867;
Meridian, Wis., January 22- April 3, 1896; near Iowa City, la., January 18-
February 22, 1896; Chicago, 111., November 2, 1878; North Bridgton, Me.,
November 25, 1878; Gorham, Me., February 3, 1903; Swampscot, Mass.,
March 26, 1883; Lexington, Mass., March 10, 1890; and Ossining, N. Y.,
February 12-13, 1883. Thus these New England birds have migrated east
about two degrees for each degree they have moved toward the south.

There is still another subspecies, the Greater Redpoll, rostrata, which breeds
in Greenland, and migrates in winter southward to the United States as far
west as the Rocky Mountains. It is more common than the Holboell's, but, as
compared with the common Redpoll, it is a rare visitant. It was taken at Erie,

The Migration of North American Sparrows 21

Pa., March 31, 1893; Princeton, N. J., February 6, 1872; New Haven, Conn.,
December 17, 1878; Providence, R. I., March 14, 1896; Boston, Mass., Decem-
ber 26, 1906, April 10, 1907, and November i, 1910; abundant at Revere Beach
and Nantasket Beach, February 19-22, 1883; Westbrook, Me., January 26-
February 27, 1896, and December 12, 1903; Houghton, Mich., November 20,
1904; near Iowa City, la., January 18-25, 1896; Meridian, Wis., January 9,
March 26, 1896, and MagnoHa, Colo., December 9, 1895. This last individual
had traveled twice as many degrees to the west as to the south.

HOARY REDPOLL

The Hoary Redpoll breeds in the high Arctic regions of North America, and
comes south in the winter as far as the northern United States. The beginning
of the fall migration was noted September 19, 1903, when flocks appeared at
Fort Franklin, Mackenzie. Some fall or early winter records in the United
States are: Cambridge, Mass., November 15, 1880; Swampscot, Mass.,
November 16, 1878; New^ Haven, Conn., November 24, 1906; Meridian, Wis.,
December 13, 1895; Sault Ste Marie, Mich., December 7, 1899, and Fairbault,
Minn., December 15, 1883. It was noted in southern Ontario at Guelph
December 8 and 26, 1903, and was fairly common at Milton the winter of
1882-3.

It has remained at Cambridge Mass., in the spring until March 20, 1888;
Hamilton, Ont., April 6, 1885; Meridian, Wis., March 26, 1896; Miles City,
Mont., March 12, 1900; Winnipeg, Monitoba, April 3, 1900; Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, April 17, 1892, and Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, April 30, i860
and May 10, 1904.

Another subspecies of this bird — the Greenland RedpoU^has only one
record in the United States, that of a single bird taken March 29, 1900. at
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.

PURPLE FINCH

The breeding range of the Purple Finch includes southern Canada east of
Alberta, and the neighboring portions of the United States south to Minnesota,
Michigan, Pennsylvania (mountains), and Long Island. The great bulk of the
individuals winter south of the breeding range, but a small percentage remain
at this season, farther north in the southern part of the breeding range, and
sometimes even to the middle part. There is therefore a broad belt, covering at
least a third of the entire range of the species, in which migration dates are
unsatisfactory, because the records of real spring migration are so mixed with
notes on birds that have wintered. The case is made more involved by the
fact that the Purple Finch is normally a late migrant, so that there are, in
reality, two sets of notes, one of birds that have wintered unnoticed in the deep
woods and are recorded when they spread to the open country during the first

22 Bird - Lore

warm days of spring, and the other of migrants from the south that arrive two
to six weeks later.

Thus at Madison, Wis., during nine years of observation, the average date
of the first seen for five of these years is April 21, probably a fair average date
of arrival for this district, while, during the other four years, the average date
is March 27, representing birds that had wintered not far distant. Even at
Ottawa, Ontario, which is well toward the nothern limit of the breeding range,
the dates of the first seen during twenty-two years are for three years in Feb-
ruary, ten in March, six in April, and three in May. The above facts show the
reason for the lack of a regular progression in the dates as given in the follow-
ing tables.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

Renovo, Pa 11

Alfred, N. Y 23

Ballston Spa., N. Y 13

Center Lisle, N. Y 22

Ithaca, N. Y 8

New York City, N. Y. (near) 15

Hartford, Conn 14

Jewett City, Conn 17

Providence, R.I 9

Beverly, Mass 13

St. Johnsbury, Vt 13

Hanover, N. H 6

Plymouth, Me 10

Quebec City, Canada 9

Scotch Lake, N. B 7

Pictou. N. S 4

North River, Prince Ed. Island

St. John, N. F

Chatham, N. B 9

Chicago, 111 7

Sedan, Ind 4

Petersburg, Mich 4

Houghton, Mich

Ottawa, Ont 12

Strathroy, Ont 9

Grinnell, la 5

La Crosse, Wis 5

Lanesboro, Minn 5

Minneapolis, Minn 8

White Earth, Minn 2

Aweme, Manitoba 10

Edmonton, Alberta (near) 7

Osier, Saskatchewan

Fort Chipewyan, Alberta

April 16
April I
April 10
April 5
March 19
April 15
April 6
April 9
April 10
April 2
April 5
April 8
April 20
April 2
April 18
April 14

May II
March 24
March 19
April 9

March 18
April 14
March 30
March 30
April 7
March 28
April 22
April 23
May 4

Earliest date of
spring arrival

March 11, 1897
March 4, 1910
March 18, 1903
March 13, 1886
March 14, 1906
Rare, winter
February 6, 1888
February 24, 1905
January i, 191 1
March 12, 1905
February 12, 1905
March 7, 1886
March 26, 1882
March 6, 1907
February 4, 1901
February 20, 1887
April I, 1 89 1
April, 18, 1883
April 28, 1897
January 9, 1896
March 11, 1887
March 17, 1889
February 23, 1905
February 20, 1909
April 5, 1897
March 28, 1889
March 19, 1910
January i, 1893
March 11, 1889
April 19, 1882
March 22, 1910
April 19, 1910
May 4, 1909
May 17, 1901

The Migration of North American Sparrows

23

PLACE

Talladega, Ala

Kirk wood, Ga

Raleigh, N. C . .

Western North Carolina

Lynchburg, Va

French Creek, \V. Va. . .

Washington, D. C

Beaver, Pa

Philadelphia, Pa. (near),

Morristown, N. J

New Orleans, La

Bay St. Louis, Miss

Gainesville, Tex

Helena, Ark

Athens, Tenn

St. Louis, Mo

Chicago, 111

Oberlin, O

Keokuk, la

Emporia, Kans

Latest date of the
last one seen

April 16, 1898
April 7, 1903
April 30, 1890
May 23, 1885
May 5, 1899
May 8, 1893
May 26, 1907
May 15, 1908
May 18, 1907
May 24, 1907
March 23, 1895
March 13, 1902
March 20, 1884
April 23, 1899
May 3, 1 904
May 19, 1907
May 19, 1907
June 6, 1908
May 7, 1893
May 23, 1885

FALL MIGRATION

PLACE

Lanesboro, Minn

Hillsboro, la

Sioux Falls, S. D

Lawrence, Kans

San Angelo, Tex

Chicago, 111

Eubank, Ky

Oberlin, O

Delight, Ark

Morristown, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa. (near)

Beaver, Pa

Washington, D. C

French Creek, W. Va.. .

Raleigh, N. C

Aiken, S. C

Chipley, Fla

Number

of years'

record

-Average date of
fall arrival

October 13

September

August 30
September 13
October 14

September 14
October 19

October 21
September 25
November 4

Earliest date of
fall arrival

October 6, 1891
September, 8, 1896
October 5, 1908
October 21, 1905
October 20, 1886
August 16, 1896
September 7, 1892
September 7, 1901
November 9, 191 1
August 30, 1910
September 18, 1890
September 10, 1890
September 7, 1908
September 4, 1892
October 28, 1890
November 12, 1887
November 21, 1902

PLACE

Aweme, Manitoba

Lanesboro, Minn

Ottawa, Ont

Chicago, 111

North River, Prince Ed. Island

Scotch Lake, N. B

Montreal, Canada

Hebron, Me

Hartford, Conn

Number
of years'
record

Average date of
the last one seen

October 6
October 25
November 11
October 31

November 30
October 21
October 6
October 13

Latest date of the
last one seen

October 22, 1899
November 12, 1887
November 24, 188.
November 9, 1906
October 6, 1888
December 7, 1905
November 8, 1908
October 11, 1908
October 29, 1887

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-FIFTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Redpoll {Acanthis linaria linaria, Figs, i and 2). In juvenal plumage the
young male Redpoll resembles the adult female in general color, but the crown
is without red and is streaked like the nape; the throat lacks a black spot
and the breast is streaked.

At the post-juvenal (first fall) molt, in which the wing-quills and tail-feathers
are retained, the bird acquires its first winter plumage, which is much like that
of the female (Fig. 2), but in some cases the breast and sides of the neck are
tinged with rosy.

As Dwight has shown, there is no spring molt, and the difference between
winter and summer plumage is due to the effects of fading and wear which make
the crown-patch seem brighter, the body plumage more sharply streaked and
less brownish.

At the post-nuptial (second fall) molt, this plumage, as usual, is completely
lost, and the rosy-breasted, advdt plumage (Fig. i) acquired. There is more or
less individual variation, which is probably also in part due to age, in the extent
of the rosy color of the breast and rump, but this color, once gained, is not lost.
As in the immature bird, the differences between winter and summer plumage
are occasioned by fading and by wear.

Holboell's Redpoll {Acanthis linaria holboelli). This is a more northern
species, which rarely reaches the United States. It differs from A . I. linaria in
being larger, while the Greater Redpoll {Acanthis linaria rostrata) of Greenland
which visits the United States more frequently, is of approximately the same
size as holbcelli, but is darker. These differences, however, while appreciable
in specimens, are too slight to render identification in life certain.

Hoary Redpoll {Acanthis hornemanni exilipes, Figs. 3 and 4). The
plumage changes in this species appear to be the same as those which take
place with Acanthis linaria, from which it may be known by its unstreaked
rump and other characters.

This species rarely comes so far south as the United States, while the Green-
land Redpoll {Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni), a larger, whiter species, has
been found in the United States but once.

Purple Finch {Carpodacus purpureus. Figs. 5 and 6). The nesting or
juvenal plumage of the male Purple Finch, both in color and pattern, is much
like its succeeding or first winter plumage. At this age the bird resembles the
adult breeding female (Fig. 6) but, like winter females, from which it cannot
be distinguished, the plumage is tinged with buff. There is no spring molt, and
the first breeding plumage is acquired by wear and fading, when the bird
resembles the female in summer (Fig. 6).

(24)

A Co-operative Study of Bird Migration

25

At the first post-nuptial (second fall) molt, the pink plumage of the adult
(Fig. 5) is gained. For the first year of its life, therefore, the male Purple
Finch resembles the female in color, but, having once assumed the pink plumage
of maturity, it is thereafter retained, and the only further change in color is
due to the wearing off of the whitish barbules of the reddish feathers, which,
as Dr. Dwight has shown ('Sequence of Molts and Plumages', Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., 1900, 173), makes the adult male appear to be brighter in summer than
at other times.

The California Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus calif ornicus) , of
the Pacific Coast Region, closely resembles the eastern bird, but the male is
duller and darker, the female more olive-green above. As is well known, caged
male Purple Finches lose their pink plumage and become and remain saffron
in color, a phenomenon which is generally ascribed to the effects of change of
food,

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

Bird-Lore asks the cooperation of its readers in -recording the migrations of
certain common birds in the belief that a joint study of their movements will add to
the interest with which their coming is awaited, and contribute something of
value to our knowledge of their travels in particular, and bird migration in general.

By restricting the plan to a small number of common and well-known birds, we
largely avoid the danger of misidentification, focus our efforts and thereby increase
the value of the records contributed.

It is proposed to take three birds which arrive during the earlier part of the
migration season, and three more which are due in the latter part. A summary
of observations on the first group will be published in Bird-Lore for June, while
those relating to the second group, the names of which will be announced later,
will appear in Bird-Lore for August.

The first three birds selected are the Redwinged Blackbird, Robin, and
Phoebe. A blank form is appended showing how the records should be scheduled
before sending them to Bird-Lore. These records should be mailed to Mr. Charles
H. Rogers, care of Bird-Lore, .American Museum of Natural History, New York
City, not later than April 10. — F. M. C.

Report from.

(Give locality)

Made by.

(Give

name and address of

observer)

^

Date
first seen

No.
seen

Date
next seen

No.
seen

Date of
becoming
common

Red-winged blackbird

Robin

Phoebe

Bird-Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census

y\^

T

HE returns for the Christmas Census
of 1913 have exceeded in number
those for any previous year; and, both
as a means of saving space and of improving
the character of the censuses, it has been
deemed advisable to publish only the lists
which seem more or less adequately to
represent the winter bird-life of the locality
to which they relate. Many lists have there-
fore been rejected under this ruling, while
others have been excluded, either because
they were received too late for publication
or because, in one way or another, they did
not conform to the plan of the Census out-
lined in Bird-Lore for December. It has, of
course, been difficult to know just where to
kJMT ' »'''Y \ /' V draw the line, and doubtless some lists have

^^ WWj I # ' > been excluded which are quite as worthy of

publication as some which have been re-
tained, but, in the absence of time to confer
with the author, the editors have been
obliged to use their own discretion.

We have again to thank Mr. Charles H.
Rogers for preparing the censuses for pub-
lication, as well as for the following introductory note. — F. M. C.

PINE GROSBEAK

Photographed by S. S. S. Stansell,

Manly, Alberta

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

This winter's extensive southward movement of Acadian Chickadees is
the most striking bit of news in the bird world as revealed by the Christmas
Census. This species breeds as far south as nothernmost or mountainous New
England and New York, but wanders ordinarily so little in winter that it very
rarely reaches even Massachusetts. This winter, however, it has appeared as
far south as southern Rhode Island and Connecticut, and Rhinebeck, New
York.

Pine Grosbeaks, Redpolls and the Crossbills have come down in small,
numbers through New England, but not farther. Pine Siskins came earlier in
much greater numbers and considerably farther south. Northern Shrikes are
unusually well distributed, although more than one is rarely seen in a day.
Robins, Bluebirds and others that are chiefly summer residents in the north
and middle East are, for the most part, scarce. This is the first Christmas when

(26)

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 27

Starlings have been really prevalent in the Philadelphia and Boston regions, and
one flock has reached Bennington, Vermont. Santa Barbara, California, with
a list of 96 species, takes the lead as in pre\dous years.

This year, it was deemed desirable to exclude a number of the lists submitted
usually because — considering the locality — the time spent aiield, or the number
of birds seen, showed the list to be not at all fairly representative of the Christ-
mas time bird-life of the region.

As usual, some observers paid so little attention to the request as to arrange-
ment that their lists had to be entirely rewritten. In the absence of a specific
date it is assumed that the census was made on Christmas Day. — C. H. R.

Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.— Dec. 23; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear; overcast in late p.m.;
ground bare; wind variable, very light; temp, at sunrise, 19°. Old-squaw, i; RufiFed
Grouse, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Northern Raven, 4; Crow,
46; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 4; Myrtle Warbler, 10; Chickadee, 15; Acadian Chickadee,
4; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5. Total, 12 species, 103 individuals. — Harrison F. Lewis
and E. Chesley Allen.

Amprior, Ont. — 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ten inches of snow; wind east, light; temp.
27° to 31°. American Goldeneye, i (female); Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, i; American Crow, i; Evening Grosbeaks, heard; Purple Finch,
i; Redpoll, 6; American Goldfinch, 18; Snow Bunting, 20; Brown Creeper, 2; Black-
capped Chickadee, 19. Total, 12 species, 72 individuals. — Liguori Gormley and
Charles Macnamara.

London, Ont. (vicinity of). — Dec. 20; 2.30 to 5.30 p.m. Sky overcast, light rather
bad; ground barely covered with snow; wind, light, southwest; temp. 34°. Herring Gull,
i; Scaup, sp. (female), i; Ruffed Grouse, i; Cooper's Hawk, i; Kingfisher, i; Blue Jay,
i; Crow, 19; Redpoll, 3; Junco, 20; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5;
Chickadee, 28; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4. Total, 13 species, 90 individuals. Other
species seen recently: Bronzed Crackle, Pine Grosbeak, American Crossbill, Snow
Bunting (1,000), Cardinal (pair). Northern Shrike, Robin. — C. G. Watson, J. A.
Cameron, M. Dale, and J. F. Calvert.

Millbrook, Ont. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. Six inches of snow on ground; wind
northeast; temp. 32°. Great Blue Heron, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker,
i; Blue Jay, 3; Chickadee, 6; Robin, 5. Total, 6 species, 17 individuals. A flock of Wild
Geese seen flying South ten days ago, many northern lakes being still open. — Sam Hunter.

Port Dover, Ont. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 12.45 P-M. Cloudy; ground covered with
three or four inches of snow; wind north to northeast, fresh; temp. 23°. Downy Wood-
pecker, i; American Crow, 7; Bronzed Grackle, i; Pine Siskin, flock of 125; Junco, 23;
Song Sparrow, i (heard); Winter Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 11;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 10 species, about 174 individuals. — Arthur W.
Preston.

Norway, Maine. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Overcast; twelve inches of snow; wind
east, light; temp. 32°. Woodpecker, i (heard); Blue Jay, 10; Evening Grosbeak, 14
(5 males, 9 females, at South Paris; this flock has been seen several times about the
sumacs just preceding the 25th); Pine Grosbeaks, 16; Hoary Redpoll, 2; Redpoll, 100;
Greater Redpoll, i; Goldfinch, i; Tree Sparrow, 6; Northern Shrike, i; Red-breasted
Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 20; Acadian Chickadee, 2. (Have seen this bird only once
before this year, and then only one; have seen these two several times this fall and can
always distinguish their note from that of the common Chickadee.) Total, 14 species,
277 individuals. — Freeland Howe, Jr.

28 Bird - Lore

Tilton, N. H. — 9.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; above five inches of snow on ground;
wind, none; temp. 36°. Goldeneye, 15; Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 3; Hairy Woodpecker,
2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, heard several; Redpoll, 6; Tree Sparrow, 13;
White-breasted Nuthatch i (heard); Chickadee, 34; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i. Total,
ID species, 75 individuals. Crows, Brown Creepers, a Song Sparrow, and an Acadian
Chickadee have been present within a few days. — George L. Plimpton, Ernest R.
Perkins and Edward H. Perkins.

Wilton, N. H. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to ii a.m. Cloudy; ground covered with two inches
of snow; no wind; temp. 38°. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Blue Jay, 3; Tree Sparrow, 15; Northern
Shrike, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 5; Robin, 1. Total, 7 species, 29
individuals. — George G. Blanchard.

Clarendon, Vt. — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to i p.m. Cloudy; eight inches of snow on ground;
wind north, light; temp. 35°. Ruffed Grouse, 4; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, 1; Pine Grosbeak, 3; Redpoll, 12; Red-breasted Nuthatch, i;
Chickadee, i. Total, 8 species, 30 individuals. Redpolls, Siskins and Pine Grosbeaks
were very numerous up to the middle of December. — L. Henry Potter.

Bethel, Vt. — Dec. 22; 9.15 a.m. to 2.15 p.m. Cloudy, but became clear; snow in thin
patches; wind north, light; temp. 31° to 5^°. Duck, sp. i; Downy Woodpecker, i;
Redpoll, i; Chickadee, 18; White-breasted Nuthatch, i. Total, 5 species, 22 individuals.
— Eliza F. Miller.

Bennington, Vt. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy, with light flurries of snow;
ground covered with from three to ten inches of snow; wind northeast, strong; temp. 36°.
Ruffed Grouse, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; Crow,
3; Starling, 30; Pine Grosbeak, i; American Goldfinch, i; Tree Sparrow, 19; Northern
Shrike, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 2. Total, 12 species, 68 individuals.—
The Starling made its first appearance in Bennington, Dec. 12, 1913, when a flock of
about 30 arrived. — Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H. Ross, Charles Hitchcock and Mrs.
Wm. H. Bradford,

Boston, Mass. (Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Jamaica Pond, Olmsted and
Riverway Parks, and Charles River Basin. — Dec. 22; 8.45 a.m. to 3.45 p.m. Cloudy a.m.,
clear p.m.; ground bare, wind northeast, light; temp. 42° to 47°. Great Black-backed
Gull, i; Herring Gull, 850; Merganser, 59; Mallard, 4; Black Duck, 413; European
Widgeon, 2 drakes; Baldpate, i; Scaup 2; Lesser Scaup, 77; Goldeneye, 4; Bufflehead, i;
Ruddy Duck, 2; Coot, 8; Ring-necked Pheasant, 15; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Northern
Flicker, 8; Blue Jay, 13; Crow, 34; Goldfinch, 12; Pine Siskin, 57; White-throated
Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow, i; Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown
Creeper, i; Chickadee, 27; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 7; Robin, 2. Total, 29 species,
1,609 individuals. — Horace W. Wright and Richard M. Marble.

Boston to Gloucester, Mass. (by boat). — Dec. 23; i to 3.45 p.m. Cloudy; sea rough
wind southeast, strong; temp. 40°. Brunnich's Murre, 3; Dovekie, 7; Kittiwake, 80
Iceland Gull, i; Great Black-backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 1,000; Bonaparte's Gull, 2
Red-breasted Merganser, 8; American Goldeneye, i. Total, 9 species, 1,106 individuals.
— Anna Kingman Barry, Lidian E. Bridge and Ruth D. Cole.

Cambridge, Mass. (Fresh Pond and adjoining grounds). — Dec. 25; 9.05 a.m. to
12.05 P-M. Overcast; ground bare; wind northeast; temp. 40°. Black-backed Gull, 3;
Herring Gull, 9; American Merganser, 54; Black Duck, 65; Redhead, 2; American
Goldeneye, 4; Ring-necked Pheasant, 5; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Flicker, 11; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 8; Starling, 75; Meadowlark, 9; Purple Finch, 4; Gold-
finch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 36; Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 5; Swamp Sparrow, i; Brown
Creeper, 2; Chickadee, 11. Total, 21 species, 315 individuals. — Eugene E. Caduc and
Horace W. Wright.

Cambridge, Mass. (Waverley, Belmont, Arlington and Fresh Pond).— Dec. 23;

Bird - Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 29

6.50 to 10.20 A.M. Overcast; ground bare; wind southeast, strong; temp. 40° to 30°.
Point of Pines to Nahant, Mass. — 11.40 a.m. to 3.40 p.m. Same conditions. Great Black-
backed Gull, 50; Herring Gull, 2,000; Red-breasted Merganser, 10; Black Duck, 80;
American Goldeneye, 25; Old-squaw, 5; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Northern Flicker, 10; Horned Lark, 30; Blue Jay,
i; Crow, 20; Tree Sparrow, 3; Goldfinch, 2; Northern Shrike, i; Black-capped
Chickadee, 2; Acadian Chickadee, i; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 9. Total, 19 species,
2,255 individuals. — Myles P. Baker and Henry M. Spelmax, Jr. (Morning trip
taken with Howard M. Forbes.)

Cohasset, Mass. (BlackRock Station to Sandy Cove). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12.15
P.M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northeast, light; temp. 40°. Loon, i; Herring Gull, 75;
Old-squaw, i; American Scoter, 7; White-winged Scoter, 5; Brant, 30; Ring-necked
Pheasant, i; Flicker, 5; Crow, 8; Purple Finch, 20; Tree Sparrow, 4; Cedar Wax-
wing 8; Myrtle Warbler, 6; Brown Creeper, i; Chickadee, 25. Total, 15 species, 197
individuals. — Edmund and Lidian E. Bridge.

Dighton, Mass. — -Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northeast.
light; temp. 40°. Black Duck, 2; a V of 17 Canada Geese honking due south; Wood-
cock, i; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 40;
Goldfinch, 25; W^hite-throated Sparrow, 18; Tree Sparrow, 8; Junco, 25; Song Sparrow,
10; Myrtle Warbler, 30; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 30; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 4. Total, 17 species, 221 individuals. The Geese were observed at Bourne,
Mass., Christmas Eve, by C. L. P. — F. Seymour Hersey and Charles L. Phillips.
(We covered nearly the same ground, keeping well together, while making above list.)

East Carver, Mass. — Dec. 25; 7 to 10 a.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northwest,
medium; temp. 45°. Canada Goose, 52; Bob-white, 6; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Screech Owl,
i; Kingfisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 15; Crow, 23; Purple
Finch, i; American Crossbill, 18; American Goldfinch, 12; Tree Sparrow, 5; Junco, 12;
Song Sparrow, i; Fox Sparrow, i; Myrtle Warbler, 45; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 50;
Chickadee, 15; Brown Creeper, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 18; Robin, 5. Total, 22
species, 289 individuals. — Lester E. Pratt.

Ipswich, Mass. (Castle Hill, beach and dunes). — Dec. 27; 9.45 a.m. to 2.30 p.m.
Clear; ground lightly covered with snow; wind northeast, strong; temp. 26°. Horned
Grebe, i; Loon, i; Dovekie, ?; Kittiwake, 5; Black-backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 30;
Red-breasted Merganser, 12; Black Duck, 1,000; American Golden-eye, 3; Old-squaw, 2;
Canada Goose, 7; Brant, 25; Pheasant, 3; Rough-legged Hawk, i; Northern Flicker, 3;
Horned Lark, 12; American Crow, 100; Meadowlark, i; American Crossbill, i; Redpoll,
i; Snow Bunting, 80; Lapland Longspur, i; Ipswich Sparrow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 24; Junco,
8; Song Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, i; Myrtle Warbler, 24; Chickadee, 18; Acadian
Chickadee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 31 species, 1,369 individuals. —
Annie W. Cobb, Alice O. Jump and Lidian E. Bridge.

Leominster, Mass. — Dec. 25; 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare, with
patches of snow; no wind; temp. 38°. Herring Gull, 2; Pigeon Hawk, 2; Blue Jay, 2;
Crow, 150; Redpoll, 25; Goldfinch, 125; Tree Sparrow, 10; Northern Shrike, i; White-
breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 5. Total, 10 species, 323 individuals. — Edwin Rus-
sell Davis.

Pittsfield, Mass. — Dec. 20; 10.25 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear; ground partly covered
with snow; ponds frozen over; wind southwest, very light; temp. 28°. Black Duck, 16;
Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 2; Starling, 11; White-winged Crossbill, i;
Redpoll, 114; Tree Sparrow, 3; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chick-
adee, 14. Total, II species, 166 individuals. On Dec. 6 before the ponds froze over I
noted Holboell's Grebe, 2; Merganser, 10; Black Duck, 16; Canvasback, 6; Scaup, 24;
Goldeneye, 5; BuflBehead, i. — Barron Brainerd.

30 Bird -Lore

Randolph, Mass. — Dec. 23; 9 a.m. to 12.15 pm- Cloudy; ground bare; wind
southeast, light; temp. 40°. Canada Goose (?), 50; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 7; Pine Gros-
beak, 8; Tree Sparrow, 8, Northern Shrike, i; Chickadee, 10. Two Myrtle Warblers
were seen later in the day. Total, 7 species, 87 individuals. — Howard K. Rowe.

Sheffield, Mass. — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Two inches of snow on the
ground and snowing steadily all morning; wind northeast shifting to northwest; temp.
32°. Ruffed Grouse, i; American Crow, i; Blue Jay, i; Pine Grosbeak, 25 (i mature
male); Tree Sparrow, 25; Chickadee, 15. Total, 6 species, about 68 individuals. — Hamil-
ton Gibson, Paul van Dyke and Tertius van Dyke.

West Medford, Mass. (through Middlesex Fells to Melrose). — Dec. 21; 8.30 to
11.45 A.M. Clear; ground bare; wind light, southwest; temp. 45°. Herring Gull, 3;
American Merganser, 75; Black Duck and Red-legged Black Duck, 500; Ring-necked
Pheasant, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Northern Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 8;
Crow, 15; American Crossbill, i; Redpoll, 8; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow, i; Song Spar-
row, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; Red-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 14; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 3. Total, 17 species, 652 individuals. — Lidian E. Bridge.

Glocester, R. I. — 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind north, light; temp. 32°.
Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, i; Chickadee, 4. Total, 5 species, 9
individuals. — J. Irving Hill.

Providence, R. I. — Dec. 21; 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare; temp. 46°.
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, i; White-throated Sparrow, i; Junco, i;
Song Sparrow, 4; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 6. Total, 10 species, 23 individuals. — Edward D. KeitlY.

Warwick, R. I. — Dec. 25; 9.20 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudj^; ground bare; wind light,
northeast; temp. 40°. Herring Gull, 19; Scaup, 356; Flicker, 17; Blue Jay, 7; American
Crow, 27; Starling, 200; Meadowlark, 9; Purple Finch, 7; Pine Siskin, 31; Tree Sparrow,
107; Song Sparrow, i; Myrtle Warbler, 295; Chickadee, 48; Acadian Chickadee, i
(second record for Rhode Island). Total, 14 species, 1,125 individuals. — Harry S.
Hathaway.

Woonsocket, R. I. — Dec. 25; 8.30 to 11 a.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind north to
east, very light; temp. 30° to 34°. Blue Jay, 15; Crow, 16; Tree Sparrow, 2; Goldfinch, 5;
Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 6 species, 46 individuals. — Clarence
M. Arnold.

Bristol, Conn. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 4.10 p.m. Overcast; hazy; later entirely clouded;
dark day; rain at 5.30; dead calm; ground bare; temp. 33°; 39° at return. Birds unusually
quiet. Black Duck, 35; Canada Goose, 3; Ruffed Grouse, 5; Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 3 ; Blue Jay, 45 ; Crow, 9; Starling, 33 ; Tree Sparrow, 18; Junco, 2 ; Song
Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, 2; Winter Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chicka-
dee, 5. Total, 15 species, 165 individuals. — Royal W. Ford and Frank Bruen.

Glastonbury, Conn. (Connecticut River and adjacent meadow). — Dec. 25. Cloudy;
ground bare; temp. 35° to 45°. Herring Gull, 11; Mallard, 12; Black Duck, 400; Ruffed
Grouse, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 1,000; Starling, 200; Goldfinch, i; Tree
Sparrow, 20; Song Sparrow, i; Junco, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 2; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 12. Total, 19 species, 1,686 individuals. — -A. W.
SuGDEN and L. W. Ripley.

Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 7 to ic a.m. Cloudy; heavy frost; ground bare; no wind;
temp. 29°. Herring Gull, 10; Goldeneye, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 1,000; Starling, 100; Purple Finch, 5; Gold-
finch, 25; Tree Sparrow, 250; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 5; Brown Creeper, 5; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 25; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i. Total, 17 species,
1,450 individuals. A pair of Acadian Chickadees and several large flocks of Pine Siskins

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 31

had been seen by me only a few days before today, but search for these two species
today was fruitless, although they have both been seen frequently for the past month.
— Arthur G. Powers.

Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 10 a.u. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground bare; no wind; temp.
32°. Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 8; Starling, 82; Redpoll, 6; Goldfinch,
21; Tree Sparrow, 51; Junco, 38; Northern Shrike, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Chickadee, 22. Total, 11 species, 241 individuals. — Clifford M. C.\se.

Hartford, Conn. (Keney and Elizabeth Parks). — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 2 p.xi
Cloudy; raw; temp. 35°. Ring-necked Pheasant, i female; Downy Woodpecker, 2
Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 4; Meadowlark, 2; Pine Siskin, 150; Junco, 50; Brown Creeper, i
White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 10. Total, 10 species, 240
individuals. — H.\rry D. Hitchcock.

West Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 9.15 a.m. to 12.15 p-M- and 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. Very
cloudy; ground bare; wind light, southeast; temp. 32° to 36°. Marsh Hawk, i female
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 3,000; Starling, 1,000
Tree Sparrow, 100; Northern Shrike, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 6
Bluebird, i. Total, 11 species, 4,119 individuals. — P^dwix H., Myron T. and P.aul H.

MUNGER. ^

New Haven, Conn. (Edgewood Park). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to i p.m. Sun behind thin
clouds; ground bare; wind light, east; temp. 36°. Barred Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 7; Starling, 7; Tree Sparrow, 82; Junco, 25;
Song Sparrow, 8; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 31; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 13 species, 170 individuals. — Clifford H. and Dwight B.
Pangburx.

New London, Conn. — Dec. 27; 10.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2 to 4.30 p.m. Clear;
ground bare; wind northwest, strong, diminishing; temp. 26°. Herring Gull, 67; Screech
Owl, i; Crow, 16; Starling, 6; Meadowlark, 16; Purple F"inch, 3; Goldfinch, i; Tree
Sparrow, 4; Junco, 14; Myrtle Warbler, 16; Chickadee, 5; Bluebird, 3. Total, 12 species,
152 individuals. — Frances M. Graves.

South Windsor, Conn. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to i p.m. Snow and sleet; temp. 34°. Her-
ring Gull, 4; .\merican Merganser, i; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i;
Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, i; Horned Lark, 25; Blue Jay,
i; Crow, 12; Starling, 3; Meadowlark, 2; Tree Sparrow, 75; Junco, 5; Song Sparrow, i;
Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 10. Total, 18 species, 204
individuals. — C. W. Vibert.

Stratford Point, Conn. — Dec. 28; 10 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. 10 miles. Fair; no snow;
temp. 20° at 8 a.m. Horned Grebe, 3; Herring Gull, 77; Black Duck, 7; Lesser Scaup,
200; Goldene^^e, 11; Old-squaw, 6; White-winged Scoter, 90; Marsh Hawk, 2; Goshawk
(?), i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Short-eared Owl, 3; Red-headed
Woodpecker, i; Horned Lark, 50; American Crow, 172; Starling, 222; Cowbird, i (posi-
tive); Meadowlark, 40; Purple Grackle, i; Red-winged Blackbird, 36; Tree Sparrow,
202; Song Sparrow, 30; Fox Sparrow, i; American Pipit or Lapland Longspur, 15;
Chickadee, 7; raft of ducks in Sound, species undetermined, probably Scaup, 1,000
(estimate low). Total, 25 species, 2,198 individuals. — Wilbur F. Smith, James F.
Hall and George P. Ells.

Unionville, Conn. — Dec. 24; 12 m. to 6 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind west, light;
temp. 60°. Black Duck, i; Ruffed Grouse, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Blue Ja3% 2; American Crow, 9; Redpoll, 6; Goldfinch, 8; Tree Sparrow, 3;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Chickadee, 12. Total, 11 species, 57 individuals. —
Antoinette S. Cressy.

West Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 7.15 to 11.15 a.m. Cloudy; ground bare;
temp. 30° to 43°. Downy Woodpecker, 4; Starling, 47; Crow, 447; Blue Jay, 4; Tree

32 Bird - Lore

Sparrow, 15; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 21. Total, 7 species, 540 indi-
viduals.— Mr. and Mrs. II. P. Meech.

Amityville, L. I. (Jones Beach and Great South Bay). — Dec. 28; 7 a.m. until dark.
Clear, becoming slightly overcast after 11 a.m.; ground, marshes and creeks mostly
frozen; wind light, northwest; temp. 21° to 34°. Holbcell's Grebe, 3; Horned Grebe, 19;
Loon, 27; Red-throated Loon, 1; Great Black-backed Gull, 5; Herring Gull, 2,000;
Red-breasted Merganser, 46; Black Duck, 148; Scaup, 21; Goldeneye, 7; Old-squaw,
42; American Scoter, 21; White-winged Scoter, 500 (estimated); Canada Goose, 183;
Brant, 636; Wilson's Snipe, i; Marsh Hawk, 3; Rough-legged Hawk, i; Short-eared
Owl, 3; Horned Lark, 68; Crow, 50; Starling, 10; Meadowlark, 23; Snow Bunting 47;
Ipswich Sparrow, g; Savannah Sparrow, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow,
38; Song Sparrow, 20; Swamp Sparrow, 7; Fox Sparrow, 4; Northern Shrike, i; Myrtle
Warbler, 176; Winter Wren, i; Short-billed Marsh Wren, i (a genuine surprise; seemed
stupefied with the cold, though able to fly well; as this is the third record for Long
Island, and the first winter record for New York State, the bird was collected); Chicka-
dee, 10. Total, 36 species, 4,135 individuals. Waterfowl abundant as result of the north-
west gale on Dec. 26. Brant in much greater numbers yesterday. Seen yesterday,
Kittiwake, 5; Surf Scoter, i; Long-eared Owl, i. — Nicholas F. Lenssen, George W.
HuBBELL, Jr., and Ludlow Griscom (all keeping together).

Collins, N. Y. (hospital grounds and Cattaraugus Indian Reservation). — Dec. 25;
9 to 10 A.M. and 12.30 to i and 3 to 3.50 p.m. Overcast; ground bare, unfrozen; no wind;
temp. 35°. Downy Woodpecker, 3; Prairie Horned Lark, 25; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 3;
Tree Sparrow, 15; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 24.
Total, 8 species, 77 individuals. — Anne E. Perkins, M.D., and Clara B. Newcomb.

Far Rockaway, L. L, N. Y. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy, with occasional
rain; ground bare; wind east, brisk; temp. 44°. Horned Grebe, 4; Loon, i; Black-backed
Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 550; (outer bar shore line covered with many thousands of Gulls,
several species unidentified); Scaup, 51; Old-squaw, 34; Canada Goose, 15; Brant, 6;
Black-crowned Night Heron, 8; Marsh Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Barred Owl,
i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Crow, 25; Starling, 350; Meadowlark,
18 (singing); Tree Sparrow, 28; Junco, 11; Song Sparrow, 2; Chickadee, 5; Robin, 2. —
Total, 22 species, 1,124 individuals. — Charlotte Bogardus.

Floral Park, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 25; 9 to 12 a.m. Cloudy; wind northeast, brisk;
temp. 40° to 58°. Herring Gull, 10; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 2; Cooper's Hawk, i; Accipiter,
sp., i; Screech Owl, i; Horned Lark, i; Crow, 500; Fish Crow, 8; Starling, 300; Tree
Sparrow, 10. Total, 9 species, 864 individuals. — Henry Thurston and Fred Zoeller.

Geneva, N. Y. — Dec. 21; 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind west, light;
temp. 35° to 40°. Horned Grebe, 13; Loon, i; Herring Gull, 5; Ring-billed Gull, 8;
Black Duck, i; Canvasback, 30; Goldeneye, 55; BufHehead, 17; Old-squaw, 16; Ring-
necked Pheasant, 3; Short-eared Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Crow,
100; Tree Sparrow, 10; Song Sparrow, 1; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 11; Chickadee, 18; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i. Total, 21 species,
300 individuals. — Otto McCreary.

Hamburg, N. Y. — Dec. 22; 1.30 to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind southwest,
light; temp. 34° Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, 4; Northern Shrike, i;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 10. Total, 6 species, 18 individuals. Flushed
3 Ruffed Grouse on Dec. 20. — Thomas L. Bourne and Heath Van Duzee.

New York City (Pelham Bay Park and vicinity). — Dec. 24; 8.10 a.m. to 1.40 i'.m.
Clear; ground bare; wind light, northwest; lemp. 38°. Herring Gull, 450; Scaup, 3;
Goldeneye, 16; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 2; Crow, 75;
Blue Jay, 7; Starling, 50; Meadowlark, 6; Goldfinch, 18; Pine Siskin, 90; Tree^Sparrow,
53; Junco, 45; Song Sparrow, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 47; Bluebird, i.

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 33

Total, iS species, 882 individuals. On Dec. 23, 3 Night Herons and a Kingfisher, and
on Dec. 21,15 Bob-whites were seen on this area. — Aretas A. Saunders.

New York City (western half of Van Cortlandt Park). — Dec. 20; 8.30 a.m. to 4.45
P.M. Partly cloudy; ground bare; no wind; heavy frost at start; temp. 54° at 2 p.m.
Bob-white, covey of at least 7; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, i
(male); Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 13; Starling, 105; Red-winged Blackbird, 5; Pine
Siskin, flock of 14; Tree Sparrow, 80; Field Sparrow, 6; Junco, flock of 26; Song Sparrow
6; Swamp Sparrow, i; Brown Thrasher, i (same spot as Nov. 30; in dense cover; lively
but will not fly); Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5;
Black-capped Chickadee, 11. Total, 19 species, about 290 individuals. — Charles H.
Rogers.

New York City (Westchester Ave., Watson's Woods, Bronx Park to Van Cort-
landt Park), — Dec. 25; 11.30 a.m. to dark. Overcast and threatening, hail after 4 p.m.
Ground free from frost; wind northeast, fairly strong; temp. 45° to 38°. Herring Gull,
109; Black-crowned Night Heron, 25; Sparrow Hawk, i, Barred Owl, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Crow, 14; Starling, 71; Goldfinch, 5; White-throated Sparrow, 17; Tree Spar-
row, 10; Field Sparrow, 7; Junco, 19; Song Sparrow, 6; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow,
41 (all in one flock — a phenomenal number so late) ; Towhee, i (female); Brown Creeper,
5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 22. Total, 19 species, 361 individuals. —
George W. Hubbell, Jr., and Ludlow Griscom.

New York City (West Farms to Clason Point). — Dec. 27; 2.15 to 4.45 p.m. Clear;
ground bare, very wet in places from recent rain; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 31°.
Herring Gull, 1,000 or more; Bonaparte's Gull, 50; Red-breasted Merganser, i (drake);
Black Duck, 20; Scaup, 200; a flock of at least 500 ducks riding upon the water, too far
out to identify; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i;
Downy Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Crow, i; Starling, 17; White-throated Sparrow, 10;
Tree Sparrow, 20; Song Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow, 30; Winter Wren, i; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 2. Total, 19 species, about 2,000 individuals. — Edwin Des-
vernine and George E. Hix.

New York City (Central Park). — Dec. 25; 9.30 to 10.30 a.m. Cloudy; ground bare;
light wind; temp. 28°. Herring Gull, 9; Starling, 4; Crackle {Q. quiscula subsp.), 2;
Rusty Blackbird, i; White-throated Sparrow, 3 (males); White-breasted Nuthatch, i;
Chickadee, 4. Total, 8 species, 24 individuals. — John Dryden Kuser.

New York City (Central Park). — Dec. 25; 7.15 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground
bare; wind northeast, brisk; temp, about 40°. Herring Gull, no; Downy Woodpecker,
3; Starling, 70; Crackle, (Q. quiscula, subsp.), 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chicka-
dee, 9; Robin, I. Total, 7 species, 200 individuals. — J. C. Wiley and Mr. and Mrs.
G. Clyde Fisher.

New York City (Prospect Park, Brooklyn). — Dec. 21; 8.30 to 10.30 a.m. Clear;
ground bare; wind southwest, light; temp. 45°. Herring Gull, 2; Black Duck, 8; Screech
Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Starling, 30; Pine Siskin, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 3;
Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, i; Carolina Wren, i; White-breasted
Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 4. Total, 13 species, 61 individuals. — K. P. and E. W. Vietor.

New York City (Flushing, L. I.). — Dec. 27; six hours. Clear and cold; temp,
about 30°. Herring Gull, 9; Wilson's Snipe, i; Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Rough-legged Hawk,
4; Crow, 16; Starling, 50; Meadowlark, 15; White-throated Sparrow, 6; Tree Sparrow,
13; Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 6; Swamp Sparrow, 10; Towhee, i; Long-billed Marsh
Wren, i; Chickadee, 5. Total, 15 species, 153 individuals. — Howarth S. Boyle.

New York City (Princes Bay to New Dorp, Staten Island). — Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Hazy to cloudy, clearing in late p.m.; ground bare and frozen; wind light northwest;
temp. 20° at start, rising several degrees during day. Great Black-backed Gull, 1;
Herring Gull, 431; Bonaparte's Gull, 5; Greater Scaup, i; Goldeneye, 18; Bufliehead, 2;

,•^4 Bird - Lore

()l(l-sciiui\v, lo; Marsli Hawk, 3; Sliarp-shinncd Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, i;
Sparrow Hawk, t; Harn Owl, i; Long-eared Owl, 3; Barred Owl, i; Saw-whet Owl, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue ]ny, 8; Crow, 45; Starling, 377; Meadowlark, 7; Ipswich
Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, ,^4; Junco, 27; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 3; Myrtle Warbler,
8; White-breasted NulhaUh, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Chickadee, 3; Robin, i. Total,
30 species, 1,008 individuals. — C. R. Tuckkr and Howard H. Cleaves.

New York City (Princes Bay to Tottenville to Great Kills, Staten Island). — Dec.
21; 8.15 A.M. lo 4.15 I'.M. Slightly hazy; ground bare; wind \'ery light, southwest; temp.
30° at start, rising. Herring Cull, 46; Greater Scaup, 5; Bufflehead, 2; Red-shouldered
Hawk, i; S])arrow Hawk, 5; Long-eared Owl, i; Barred Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; King-
fisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 34; Starling, 224; Meadowlark,
21; Goldfinch, 2; Pine Siskin, 56; Tree Sparrow, 22; Field Sparrow, 7; Junco, 5; Song
Sparrow, 13; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Tit-
mouse, 5; Chickadee, 10; Robin, 3. Total, 26 species, 485 individuals. — Howard H.
Cleaves.

Battery, New York City, to and at the Cholera Bank (about 10 miles off Long Beach,
L. I.) and back. — Dec. iq; 8.25 a.m. to 4.25 p.m. Clear; light southerly wind; temp. 45°
at Bank at 1.30 p.m. Loon, sp., 3; Kittiwake, 40; Black-backed Gull, 4 (adults);
Herring Gull, 1,500; Bonaparte's Gull, 300; Old-squaw, 5; White-winged Scoter, flock
of 23. Total, 7 species, about 1,875 individuals. — W. H. Wiegmann, W. De W. Miller,
J. T. Nichols and C. H. Rogers.

Orient, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 22; all day. Clear; ground bare and free from frost with
e.xception of a slight white frost in a.m.; wind calm; temp. 29° to 45°. Horned Grebe, 25;
Loon, 30; Black-backed Gull, i; Herring Gull, 250; Cormorant (P. carbo )i; Red-breasted
Merganser, 30; Black Duck, 8; Greater Scaup, 1,000; Goldeneye, 60; Bufflehead, 325;
Old-squaw, 600; White-winged Scoter, 400; Surf Scoter, 550; Canada Goose, 17; Bob-
white, 8; Pheasant, 2; Marsh Hawk, i; Rough-legged Hawk, i; Screech Owl, 3; King-
fisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 35; Horned Lark, 170; Crow, 300; Fish Crow,
4; Red-winged Blackbird, i; Meadowlark, 100; Purple Crackle, 2; Red Crossbill, 2;
Goldfinch, 2; Siskin, 25; White-throated Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow, 45; Junco, 4; Song
Sparrow, 40; Swamp Sparrow, 3; Northern Shrike, i; Myrtle Warbler, 300; Catbird,
i; Winter Wren, 2; Chickadee, 40; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 10; Hermit Thrush, i;
Robin, 10. Total, 44 species, 4,155 individuals. Each party covering different ground.
Roy and Frank G. Latham.

Port Chester, N. Y. — 9 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind north, high;
temp. 20°. Horned Grebe, 2; Loon, i; Herring Gull, 150; Red-breasted Merganser, 2;
American Goldeneye, r; Old-squaw, 20; White-winged Scoter, 50; Sharp-shinned
Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Long-eared Owl, i; Hairy Wood-
pecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Horned Lark, 30; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 20; Starling, 150;
Meadowlark, 20; Purple Finch, 20; Goldfinch, 20; Snow Bunting, 20; White-throated
Sparrow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 20; Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 20; Brown Creeper, 6;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 35; Golden-crowned King-
let, 4; Bluebird, i. Total, 30 species, 488 individuals. — Richard L. Burdsall, Samuel
N. CoMLY, James C. Maples, Paul Cecil Spofford, Bolton Cook and E. Morris
Burdsall.

Rhinebeck, N. Y. — 9 a.m. to i p.m.; 2 to 3 p.m.; area covered, 1,200 acres. Cloudy;
ground bare; wind south, light; temp. 33°. Herring Gull, 2; English Pheasant, 9; Red-
tailed Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Barred Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy Wood-
pecker, 12; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 10; Redpoll, 26; White-throated Sparrow, i; Tree Spar-
row, 17; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 3; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 12;
Chickadee, 38; Acadian Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Bluebird, 9. Total,
20 species, 173 individuals. — Dr. and Mrs. J. F. Goodell and Maunsell S. Crosby.

Bird - Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 35

Rochester, N. Y. (Highland Park). — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy, threatening
rain; ground bare; no wind; temp. 32° to 40°. Herring Gull, i; Screech Owl, i; Downy
Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, i; American Crow, 4; Cardinal, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
2; Chickadee, 12. Total, 8 species, 23 individuals. — Richard E. Horsky.

Rochester, N. Y. (Highland Park). — Dec. 29; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Light snow on ground;
wind southwest; temp. 22° upwards. Pheasant, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay,
i; Crow, 8; Junco, i; Cardinal i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 12. Total,
8 species, 26 individuals. — Wm. L. G. Edsox.

Rochester, N. Y. (Highland Park and Mt. Hope). — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 12 m.
Cloudy, with mist; ground bare; wind southwest, slight; temp. 35°. Downy Wood-
pecker, i; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 5.
Total, 6 species, 20 individuals. — Nettie Sellinger Pierce.

St. James, L. L, N. Y. — Dec. 21; 12.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Cloudy, foggy, sun show-
ing at intervals; ground bare; wind very light; temp. 56°. Horned Grebe, 15; Herring
Gull, 125; Greater Scaup, 20; American Goldeneye, i; Old-squaw, 10; White-winged
Scoter, 85; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Crow, 12; Junco, 25. Total, 9 species, 294 individuals. —
James W. Lane, Jr.

Syracuse, N. Y. — 9.30 .a.m. to i p.m. and 3 to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground covered with
thin coating of sleet; no wind; temp. 38°. Loon, 2; Herring Gull, 13; Screech Owl, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Crow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 12; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Chickadee, 9. Total, 8 species, 47 individuals. — Mary E. Whitford and Nettie M.
Sadler.

Woodmere, N. Y. — Dec. 27; 10.10 a.m. to i p.m. Seven-mile walk, covering woods,
fields and marshes. Clear; ground bare; wind strong, cold, northwest; temp. 273^°.
Marsh Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 24; Starling, 3; Meadow-
lark, i; Tree Sparrow, 4; Junco, 7; Song Sparrow, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 5; Black-capped
Chickadee, i; Robin, i. Total, 12 species, 53 individuals. Dec. 29, Cedar Waxwing and
American Pipit. — Charles A. Hewlett.

Camden, N. J. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Cloudy; starting to rain 1.30 p.m.
wind northeast; temp. 38°. Herring Gull, 5; Black Duck, i; Mourning Dove, 15 (flock);
Cooper's Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, 8; Sparrow Hawk, 7; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Flicker, 4; Crow, 81; Starling, 18; White-throated Sparrow, 12; Tree Sparrow, 23;
Field Sparrow, 2; Junco, 49; Song Sparrow, 16; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Fo.k Sparrow, 3;
Towhee, i; Cardinal 7; Carolina Wren, i; Winter Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
2; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 10. Total, 24 species, 273 individuals. — Julian K.
Potter and Delos E. Culver.

Clinton, Horse Neck and Lower Montville, N. J. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy;
ground bare; wind northeast, light; temp. 40°. Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Rough-
legged Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 10;
Red-headed Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 8; Crow, 88; Starling, 58; Goldfinch, 12; Pine
Siskin, i; White-throated Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow; 96; Junco, 31; Song Sparrow, 2;
Northern Shrike, i; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Chickadee, 8; Bluebird, 9. Total, 21 species, 336 individuals. — Louis S. Kohler.

Englewood, N. J. (Leonia, Overpeck Creek, Teaneck, Phelps Estate, Palisades,
Interstate Park to Alpine and Cresskill). — Dec. 21; dawn until dark. Fair; becoming
partly overcast after 11 .\.m.\ ground bare, free from frost e.xcept in early morning;
wind west, very light; temp. 30° to 45°. Herring Gull, 35; Black Duck, i; Marsh Hawk,
2; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Rough-legged Hawk, i; Duck Hawk, i (Palisades); Barred Owl,
i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy' Woodpecker, 12; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 21;
Starling, 90; Meadowlark, 15; Goldfinch, 5; European Goldfinch, 8; Pine Siskin (?), 2;
White-throated Sparrow, 14; Tree Sparrow, 70; Field Sparrow, 3; Junco, 55; Song
Sparrow, 17; Swamp Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, 7; Winter Wren, i;

36 Bird - Lore

White-hrc;isted Nulliatch, 3; Chickadee, 35; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 10; Bluebird,
4 (only the second lime \vc ha\'e seen it in winter). Total, 29 species, 430 individuals. —
John Trf.adwf.i.l Nichols, S. V. LaDow and Luni.ow Griscom.

Hackettstown, N. J. — Dec. 18; g to 11.40 a.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; temj),
31". Great Blue Heron (?),t; Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, 3; Starling, i; Purple Finch
2; Goldfinch, 2; White-throated Sjiarrow, i; Tree Sparrow, 5; Junco, 2; Song Spar-
row, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 3. Total, 12 species, 26 individuals.
— Mary Pierson Allen.

Moorestown, N. J. — Dec. 25; 6.53 a.m. to 3.50 p.m. Some of the party not in field
so long. Clear to cloudy; rain in afternoon; ground bare; wind northeast, light,
becoming fresh; temp, at start, 35°. Herring Gull, 5; Ruddy (?) Duck, i; Great Blue
Heron, 2; Killdeer, 19; Mourning Dove, 17; Turkey Vulture, 2; Marsh Hawk, 2; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, i; Cooper's Hawk, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 12; Red-shouldered Hawk,
6; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Barn Owl (recently killed; leg broken as by a trap), i; Long-eared
Owl, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 20; Flicker,
6; Horned Lark, 5; Blue Jay, 24; Crow, 762; Starling, 183; Meadowlark, 116; Purple
Grackle, i; Goldfinch, 11; White-throated Sparrow, 41; Tree Sparrow, 230; Chipping
Sparrow, i; Junco, 674; Song Sparrow, 92; Fox Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 45; Northern
(?) Shrike, 2; Carolina Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 11; Brown Creeper, 8; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 11; Tufted Titmouse, 9; Chickadee, 64; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Robin,
4; Bluebird, 3. Total, 42 species, 2,414 individuals. Observers worked in four parties
covering for the most part different ground. One Pine Siskin seen on Dec. 24. — John
D. Carter, Arthur S. Maris, E. Leslie Nicholson, J. Howard Mickle, Anna A.
MiCKLE, William B. Evans and George H. Hallett, Jr.

Morristown, N. J. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind
east, moderate; temp. 39°. Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 5; Starling, ic; Goldfinch, i; Tree Spar-
row, 23; Field Sparrow, i; Song Sparrow, 23; Junco, 25; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Tufted Titmouse, i; Chickadee, 24. Total, 11 species, 124 individuals. — R. C. Caskey.

Mountain View, N. J. — Dec. 21; 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Fair; ground bare; no wind;
temp. 45°. Black Duck, 4; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Spar-
row Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Blue Jay, 25; Crow, 25;
Starling, 20; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 100; Song Sparrow, 2; Fox Spar-
row, 2; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 25; Tufted
Titmouse, 25; Chickadee, 10. Total, 19 species, 357 individuals. — Herbert Cottrell.

Newfield, N. J. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 3.10 p.m. Cloudy in forenoon, rain in after-
noon; wind northeast, brisk; temp. 43°. Bob-white, 6; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 3; Meadow-
lark, 3; Tree Sparrow, 40; Song Sparrow, i; Junco, 75; Cardinal, i; Chickadee, 5.
Total, 9 species, 137 individuals. On Dec. 24, i Goldfinch, and flock of several hundred
Red-winged Blackbirds were seen. — Wm. W. Fair.

Plainfield, N. J. (to Ash Swamp), — Dec. 25; 7.10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Cloudy, raining
from 2.30 P.M.; ground bare (has not been snow-covered this season); wind east; temp.
41°. Canada Goose, 11 (flock, flying south); Marsh Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i;
Hawk {Buieo sp.) 2; Barred Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 7;
Blue Jay, 12; Common Crow, 160; Fish Crow, 3; Starling, about 660 (one flock of fully
600); Meadowlark, 18 (flock, at roost); Rusty Blackbird, 14 (flock); Pine Siskin, 6
(flock); White- throated Sparrow, 4 (flock); Tree Sparrow, 45; Field Sparrow, 2 (together);
Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 4; Swamp Sparrow, 2 (together); Cardinal, 3; Northern Shrike,
i; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse,
8; Black-capped Chickadee, 23; Hermit Thrush, 2 (together). Total, 27 species, about
1,025 individuals. — W. DeW. Miller.

Trenton, N. J. (and vicinity). — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear; ground bare;
wind light, west; temp. 40°. Downy Woodpecker, 3; Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 15;

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 37

Cardinal, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 6; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chicka-
dee, 20; Bluebird, 4. Total, g species, 108 individuals. — William M. Palmer.

Trenton, N. J. (Pennsylvania side of river bank). — 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloud)-;
ground bare; wind fresh, northeast; temp. 44^. Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Crow, g; White-throated Sparrow, 8; Tree Sparrow, 35;
Junco, g5; Song Sparrow, 20; Cardinal, g; Carolina Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 4; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, i; Chickadee, iS. Total, 14 species, 211 indi-
viduals.— W. L. Dix.

Cochranville, Pa. — Dec. 28; 1.30 to 4 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; light
northwest wind; temp. 31°. Turkey Vulture, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, 20;
\'esper Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow, 11; Junco, 15; Chickadee, 3. Total, 7 species, 52
individuals. Two Cardinals (a pair) and a Marsh Hawk were seen Dec. 24. — Anna
Coaxes.

Delaware Co., Pa. (Clifton Heights to West Chester Pike on Darby Creek and
return). — Dec. 24; 7 a.m. to 2 p.m.; distance about 11 miles. Clear until noon, then
becoming overcast; ground bare; very light, northwest wind; temp, at start, 37°, at
finish, 46°. Cooper's Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy
Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Crow, 45; Starling, 7; Goldfinch, 3; Savannah Sparrow, 5;
Tree Sparrow, 4; Field Sparrow, 4; Junco, 225; Song Sparrow, 13; Cardinal, 5; Carolina
Wren, 2; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Tufted
Titmouse, 4; Chickadee, 11; Bluebird, 3. Total, 21 species, about 347 individuals. —
Delos E. Culver.

Doylestown, Bucks Co., Pa. — Dec. 24; 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground
bare; east wind; temp. 40°. Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 2;
Crow, 250; Starling, i; Purple Crackle, flock of 200 to 300; Goldfinch, 3; White-throated
Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, i; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, i; Brown Creeper,
2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 4; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 16
species, 543 individuals. I consider this record unique, as the observations were made
entirely from the windows of my home on one of the principal streets of the town. —
— M. E. (Mrs. Wm. )Mason.

Forest Grove, Pa. — g a.m. to 12 m. Clear; ground bare; wind northwest; temp.
60°. Great Horned Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, several hundred; Starling,
200; Field [Tree?] Sparrow, 25; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, i; Cedar Waxwing, 4;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, i; Chickadee, 10; Robin, i; Bluebird,
4. Total, 13 species, 454 individuals. — Anna Bewley.

Lititz, Pa. (northern Lancaster Co., valley of Hammer Creek). — 8.45 a.m. to 4
P.M. Cloudy, occasional snow; ground covered; high northwest wind; temp. 34°. Bob-
white, 17 (2 coveys); Turkey Vulture, 6; Red- tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Screech
Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, i; Horned Lark, 70; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 1,500;
Meadowlark, 3; American Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 115; Junco, 145; Song Sparrow,
2; Winter Wren, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 26; Black-capped Chickadee, 24. Total,
18 species, about i,g5o individuals. — Herbert H. Beck and Elmer E. Kautz.

McKeesport, Pa. — Dec. 21; g a.m. to 4 p.m. Misty rain, a.m., and cloudy, p.m.;
ground bare; no wind; temp. 37°. Distance walked, estimated 14 miles. Hairy Wood-
pecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Crow, 5; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 40; Junco, 12;
Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 21; Carolina Wren, i; Winter Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, g; Tufted Titmouse, g; Chickadee, 31. Total, 14 species,
156 individuals. — Thos. L. McConnell.

Philadelphia, Pa. (Fairmount Park). — Dec. 21; g.45 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground
bare; no wind; temp. 40° to 45°. Merganser, 5; Red-tailed (?) Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk,
3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, i; Crow, 20; Starling, 2; Goldfinch, 3; White-throated
Sparrow, 7; Junco, 22; Song Sparrow, 13; Fox Sparrow, 3; Towhee, i; Cardinal, 35;

38 Bird - Lore

Carolina Wren, i; Winter Wren, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 30; Robin,
1. Total, 19 species, 15^) individuals. Kach bird seen l)v both observers. — Dr. and Mrs.
Wm. Pkpper.

Pittsburgh, Pa. (Fern Hollow, Homewood Cemetery). — Dec. 25; 10.45 a.m. to 12
M. Cloudy, showers; wind liKhl, south to southwest; tern]). 28°. Downy Woodpecker,
2; Cardinal, 5; Carolina Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 5. Total, 7 species, 24 individuals. — Albert W.
HONYWILL, Jr.

Pittsburgh, Pa. to Harmarville, Pa. — Dec. 21; 8.45 a.m. to 5.05 p.m. Foggy and
rainy most of the day; sunshine for a short time in the afternoon; ground bare; no wind;
temp. 37°. Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Crow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 35;
Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 16; Carolina Wren, 3 (2 singing); Winter Wren, 2; Brown
Creeper, 11; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 25; Chickadee, 35. Total,
12 species, 151 individuals. On Dec. 14, a White-throated Sparrow and a small flock of
Juncos were seen. The latter birds have been surprisingly scarce in this locality this
year.- — Thos. D. Burleigh and Hartley K. Anderson.

Reading, Pa. — Dec. 21; 9 a.m. to 12 m., and 2 to 4 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare;
light wind; temp. 40°. Hawk, sp. i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Crow, 5; Meadowlark,
2; Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 7; Cardinal i; Winter Wren, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch,
4; Chickadee, 5; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Bluebird, 2. Total, 12 species, 86 indi-
viduals.— Mr. and Mrs. G. Henry Mengel.

Reading, Pa, (River road along the Schuylkill). — Dec. 27; 6.30 to 10 a.m. Fair;
ground bare; snow in protected places; wind north, strong; temp. 5°. Distance five
miles. Cooper's Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2 (females), i (male); Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker, i (female); American Crow, 800; American Goldfinch, 12; Tree Sparrow,
65; Junco, 34; Song Sparrow, 2. Total, 8 species, 918 individuals. — Dr. and Mrs.
Alfred O. Gross, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine.

Springs, Pa. — Dec. 21; 8.15 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground bare; no wind; temp. 34°
to 45°. Downy Woodpecker, i; Pileated Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, i; Tree
Sparrow, 31; Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 2; Winter Wren, 3; Brown Creeper,
i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, i; Chickadee, 4; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 4. Total, 14 species, 66 individuals. — Ansel B. Miller.

West Chester, Pa. — 10.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind east,
moderate to brisk; temp. 38°. Red- tailed Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow
Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; American Crow, 35; Pine Siskin, 4; Tree Sparrow,
17; Junco, 116; Song Sparrow, 16; Cardinal, 3; Winter Wren, 3; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, i; Chickadee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Robin, i. Total, 15 species, 212
individuals. — C. E. Ehinger.

West Chester, Pa. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; no snow on ground; streams
clear of ice and ground free from frost; east wind; temp. 42°. Downy Woodpecker, 6
American Crow, 50; Purple Grackle, i; Starling, 19; Meadowlark, i; Purple Finch, 2
Pine Siskin, 7; Junco, 200; Tree Sparrow, 20; Song Sparrow, 2; Winter Wren, i
White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 22; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Brown Creeper,
4. Total, 15 species, about 340 individuals. — Thos. H. Jackson.

White Marsh Valley, near Chestnut Hill, Pa. — Dec. 21; 11.40 a.m. to 3.30 p.m.
Partially cloudy; ground bare; wind southwest, light; temp. 45°. Downy W'oodpecker,
2; Flicker, i; Crow, 30; Starling, 9; Junco, 61; Song Sparrow, 5; Vesper Sparrow, i;
Cardinal, i; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chicka-
dee, II. Total, 12 species, 127 individuals. — George Lear.

Williamsport, Pa. — Dec. 23; 9.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Showers all day; ground bare;
east wind; temp. 35°. Distance walked, twelve miles, the two of us walking together
over same territory. Bob-white, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Downy

Bird - Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 39

Woodpecker, 8; Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; American Crow, 24; Goldfinch, i; Tree
Sparrow, 28; Junco, 49; Song Sparrow, 2; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 11; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Chickadee, 32. Total, 14 species, 169 individuals. —
John P. Youxg and Chas. V. P. Young.

York, Pa. — Dec. 26; 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground covered with two inches
of slushy snow; wind northwest, strong; temp. 35°. Crow, 64; Meadowlark, 10; Tree
Sparrow, 24; Junco, 31; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal (male), i; Carolina Wren, 2; Winter
Wren, i. Total, 8 species, 135 individuals. — Free Ottemiller.

Baltimore, Md. (Windsor Hills, valley of Gwynn's Falls, and vicinity). — Dec. 25;
10.15 -^-^J- to 12.30 P.M. Cloudy until 11.45, then light rain; ground bare; wind north-
east; temp. 42°. Red-shouldered (?) Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 11; American Crow, 13; Fish Crow, i;
Purple Finch, 3; Goldfinch, 28; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 3; Field
Sparrow, 2; Junco, 39; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 5; Carolina Wren, 4; Brown Creeper,
i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Chickadee, 12; Bluebird, 12.
Total, 21 species, 156 individuals. — Mrs. J. C. Guggexheimer, Miss Guggenheimer
and Joseph N. Ulman.

Cambridge, Md. — 8.30 to 10.30 a.m. Cloudy at start, turning to rain; wind north-
east, light; temp. 36°. Wild duck, flying overhead, supposed species. Lesser Scaup, 4;
Turkey Vulture, 10; Cooper's Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Southern Downy
Woodpecker, 5; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Flicker, i; Crow, 5; Red- winged Black-
bird, 29; Field Sparrow, 12; Song Sparrow, 2; Junco, flock of 60; Cardinal, 4; Logger-
head Shrike, i; Tufted Titmouse, 9; Carolina Chickadee, 9; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
21; Mockingbird, i. A Great Blue Heron and several Killdeers seen on Dec. 20.
Total, 18 species, 176 individuals. — Ralph W. Jackson.

Chevy Chase, Md. — Dec. 21; 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind west,
light; temp. 40°. Mourning Dove, 21; TurkeyVulture, 11; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue
Jay, 3; Common Crow, 25; Meadowlark, i; Goldfinch, 25; White-throated Sparrow, 5;
Tree Sparrow, 66; Junco, 69; Song Sparrow, 14; Fox Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 23; Mock-
ingbird, 4; Carolina Wren, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted
Titmouse, 9; Black-capped [Carolina?] Chickadee, 6; Bluebird, 19. Total, 20 species,
313 individuals. Also saw Yellow-bellied Sapsucker almost daily in December up to
the 19th. — Hon. P:dmund Platt, M. C. and Sam'l. W. Mellott, M.D.

Kensington, Md. — Dec. 30; 9.20 to 11. 15 a.m.; 12 m. to 2.25 p.m. Clear and cloudy;
ground bare; light northwest wind; temp. 42° to 50°; distance seven miles. Mourning
Dove, 3; Turkey Vulture, 100; Cooper's Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Spar-
row Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 120;
Fish Crow, 6; Goldfinch, 20; Pine Siskin, 50; W^hite-throated Sparrow, 5; Tree Sparrow,
15; Field Sparrow, 5; Junco, 400; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 15; Migrant Shrike, i;
Mockingbird, i; Carolina Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Carolina Chickadee, 30; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 10; Bluebird, 13. Total, 28 species, 832 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs.
Leo D. Miner, and Raymond W. Moore.

Washington, D. C. (actual trip, Roslyn to Wellington, Va.). — Dec. 29; 8 a.m. to 5
p.m. Cloudy at first, sunny but hazy later; calm; temp. 29° to 48°. Herring Gull, 43;
Lesser Scaup, 18; Killdeer, 208; Bob-white, 12; Turkey Vulture, 20; Marsh Hawk, 3;
Cooper's Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 4; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Barred Owl, i; Belted
Kingfisher, i; Hair>- Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Flicker, 11; Crow, 237;
Fish Crow, 7; Meadowlark, 11; Purple Crackle, i; Purple Finch, i; Goldfinch, 23;
White-throated Sparrow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 143; Field Sparrow, 27; Junco, 64; Song
Sparrow, 29; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Fox Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 15; Loggerhead Shrike, 2;
Maryland Yellowthroat, i; Mockingbird, 4; Carolina Wren, 4; Winter Wren, 2; Brown

40 Bird - Lore

Creeper, i; White-breaslcd NuLhatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 11; Carolina Chickadee,
13; Golden-crowned Kinglet. Total, 38 species, 944 individuals. — E. A. Prebi,e, S. E.
Piper and W. L. McAtkk.

Four-Mile Run, Va. (across from Washington, D. C). — Dec. 28; g a.m. to 2 p.m.
Overcast, with (nrasional sunsliinc; wind light; temp. 29° to 38°. Herring Gull, 3;
Lesser Scaup, 25; Killdcer, 100; Turkey Vulture, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Barred
Owl, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, i; .\mcrican Crow, 35; Fish Crow,
6; Purple Finch, i; Goldfinch, 4; Pine Siskin, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 22; Tree
Sparrow, 80; Junco, 125; Song Sparrow, 8; Fo.x Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 9; Carolina
Wren, 7; Winter Wren, 5; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Tufted
Titmouse, 8; Carolina Chickadee, 8; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Bluebird, 5. Total, 28
species, 483 individuals. — Alex. Wetmore.

Lawrenceville, Va. — Dec. 20; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy, sprinkle of rain during
middle of day; ground bare; no wind; temp. 29° to 54°. Killdeer, 6; Bob-white, 15;
Wild Turkey, 3; Mourning Dove, i; Turkey Vulture, 7; Black Vulture, 11; Red-should-
ered Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Yellow-bellied, Sapsucker,
i; Pileated Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 2; Phoebe, 3; Crow, 26; Meadowlark, i; Goldfinch,
4; White-throated Sparrow, 19; Field Sparrow, 4; Junco, 400 (conservative estimate);
Song Sparrow, 10 (i singing); Swamp Sparrow, 5; Fox Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 6; Caro-
lina Wren, 8 (i singing); Winter Wren, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Red-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Carolina Chickadee, 14; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
20; Hermit Thrush, 2. Total, 31 species, 596 individuals. Pine Siskins were seen Nov.
27. — Merriam G. Lewis.

Lewisburg, W. Va. — Dec. 27; 8 to 10.45 a.m.; 1.15 to 4.45 p.m. Clear; quarter of an
inch of snow; no wind; temp. 20°. Bob-white, i; Mourning Dove, 18; Turkey Vulture,
3; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Pileated Wood-
pecker, i; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 27;
Meadowlark, 67; Purple Finch, i; Tree Sparrow, 155; Junco, 103; Song Sparrow, 2;
Cardinal, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 14; Tufted Titmouse, 13. Total, 20 species,
428 individuals. Dec. 26: i Saw-whet Owl, first one I ever saw here. — Charles O.
Handley.

Vicinity of Boone, N. C, elevation 3,000 to 4,000 feet. — Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 12 m.
Cloudy, following a clear frosty night; ground bare; wind west, light, changing to east
about noon; temp, at start, 42°. Bob-white, 12; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 4;
American Crow, 5; Meadowlark, 36; Junco, 100; Song Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow, 2;
Cardinal, i; Carolina Wren, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 30;
Chickadee, 9. Total, 17 species, 230 individuals. — ^RoY M. Brown.

Louisburg, N. C. — Dec. 25. Cloudy, misty, rain; ground bare; temp. 50°. "Buz-
zard," 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Southern Downy
Woodpecker, i; Pileated Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 2; Phoebe, i; Crow, 25; White-throated
Sparrow, 25; Field Sparrow, 6; Slate-colored Junco, 20; Song Sparrow, 15; Cardinal, 4;
Mockingbird, i; Carolina Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 5; Brown-headed Nuthatch, i;
Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Hermit Thrush, 2; Bluebird, 2. Total, 22
species, 123 individuals. — Joseph C. Jones.

Aiken, S. C. (Pine Ridge Camp to Aiken in a.m. around camp in p.m. — Dec. 24;
8.15 to 9.15 a.m. and 4 to 6 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northeast; temp. 52°.
Turkey Vulture, i; Screech Owl, i; Red-headed Woodpecker, 4; Phoebe, i; Blue Jay,
11; Crow, i; Purple Finch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 3; Chipping Sparrow, 2; Field
Sparrow, 25; Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 2; Loggerhead Shrike, 2; Myrtle
Warbler, 2; Pine Warbler, 3; Mockingbird, 3; Carolina Wren, i; Brown-headed
Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Carolina Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i.

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 41

Total, 22 species, 125 individuals. — Mrs. William IM. Levey, and W. Charles-
worth Levey.

Atlanta, Ga. (Piedmont Park, Druid Hills, South River Valley and Lakewood).—
Dec. 28; 6 A.M. to 5 P.M. Clear at start, cloudy and rainy later; temp, about 45°. Pied-
billed Grebe, 3; Wilson's Snipe, 4; Killdeer, 6; Bob-white, 10; Mourning Dove, 40;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Cooper's Hawk, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk,
i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Kingfisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 10; Phcebe, 2; Blue
Jay, 60; Crow, 20; Red-winged Blackbird, 20; ]Meadowlark, 200; Rusty Blackbird, 3;
Purple Finch, 10; Goldfinch, 100; Vesper Sparrow, 50; Savannah Sparrow, 10; White-
throated Sparrow, 100; Chipping Sparrow, 10; Field Sparrow, 20; Junco, 20; Song
Sparrow, 40; Swamp Sparrow, 20; Fo.x Sparrow, 6; Towhee, 30; Cardinal, 20; Logger-
head Shrike, 6; Pine Warbler, 6; Palm Warbler, 4; American Pipit, 4; Mockingbird,
10; Brown Thrasher, i; Carolina Wren, 20; Bewick's Wren, 2; Winter Wren, i; Brown
Creeper, 10; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Carolina Chickadee,
20; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 6; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 2; Bluebird, 20. Total, 51
species, 960 individuals. — James M. Sanford.

Savannah, Ga. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy, ground bare; wind southwest,
high; temp. 60°. Herring Gull, 500; Ring-billed Gull, 50; jSIallard, 2; Great Blue Heron,
i; Killdeer, 14; Bob-white, 6; Ground Dove, i; Turkey Vulture, 24; Black Vulture, 4;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Southern Downy Wood-
pecker, 50; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 15; Southern Flicker, 10; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 35;
Fish Crow, 50; Field Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 9; Myrtle Warbler, 29; Yellow-throated
Warbler, 8; Mockingbird, 4; Carolina Wren, 2; Robin, 16; Bluebird, 16. Total, 25 spe-
cies, 865 individuals. — W. J. Erichsen.

Coronado Beach, Fla. — Dec. 25; 3.30 to 5.00 p.m. Cloudy and rain; wind heavy,
southwest; temp. 65°; bar. 29.65. Herring Gull, 3; Caspian Tern, 8; Brown Pelican, 20;
Lesser Scaup, 12; Wood Ibis, 2; Great Blue Heron, 9; American Egret, 2; Louisiana
Heron, 6; Little Blue Heron, 5; Semipalmated Sandpiper, 75; ^larsh Hawk, 3; King-
fisher, 15; Towhee, 2; Cardinal, 3; Seaside Sparrow, 50; Carolina Wren, i. Total, 16
species, 216 individuals. The heavy wind and the rain together contributed to
make this the smallest list that I have ever prepared for the Christmas Census
from this locality. Usually, from 35 to 50 species may be found. — Rubert J. Long-
street.

Coden, twenty-five miles south of Mobile, Ala. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.
Cloud}-; wind northeast. Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Kingfisher, i;
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 8;
Phcebe, 5; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 10; Meadowlark, 10; Song Sparrow, i; Towhee, 2; Logger-
head Shrike, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 75; Palm Warbler, 5; Mockingbird, 5; Carolina Wren,
i; Winter Wren, i; Robin, 100. Total, 20 species, 245 indi\iduals. — Edward H.
Christie.

Houston, Tex. — Dec. 25; 10.45 ■^■^^- to 12.30 m. Clear; ground bare; wind north,
strong; temp. 40°. Killdeer, 2; Turkey Vulture, 3; Marsh Hawk, i; Florida Red-
shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 4; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Northern Flicker,
3; Phoebe, 4; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 2; Western Meadowlark, i; Brewer's Blackbird, 3;
Goldfinch, 2; LeConte's Sparrow, 2; Field Sparrow, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 8;
Song Sparrow, 7; Gray-tailed Cardinal, 10; Tree Swallow, 118; While-rumped Shrike,
5; Myrtle Warbler, 4; Pine Warbler, 42; Pipit, 47; Mockingbird, <i; Brown Thrasher, i;
Carolina Wren, i; House Wren, 2; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 5;
Plumbeous Chickadee, 3; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 4; Hermit Thrush, i; Robin, i;
Bluebird, 3. — Total, 34 species, 308 individuals. — Finlay Simmons.

Taylor, Tex. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Partly cloudy to clear; ground bare; wind,

42 Bird - Lore

twelve to twenty-lour miles an hour; average temp. 41°. Killdecr, 15; Red-shouldered
Hawk, i; Sparrow Ilawk, 1; Flicker, 1; Crow, 2; Meadowlark, 15; Western Meadow-
lark, 100; Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 5; Loggerhead Shrike, 2; Sprague's
Pipit, 125; House Wren, i; Bewick's Wren, i; Mockingbird, 3; Plumbeous Chickadee,
4; Texan Tufted Titmouse, 15; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 6; Bluebird, 3. Total, 19
sjK'cics, 308 in(li\iduals. — H. Tullsen.

Chillicothe, Mo. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m. and 1 to 2 p.m. Temp. 32°. Bob-white,
7; Prairie Chicken, 13; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker,
5; Red-headed Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 4; Horned Lark, 12; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 15;
(ioldfinch, 13; Tree Sparrow, 52; Junco, 60; Fox Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 2; Northern
Shrike, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, i; Chickadee, 11. Total, 19
species, about 220 individuals. — Desmond Popham.

Concordia, Lafayette Co., Mo. — Dec. 25; i to 3 p.m. Cloudy; snow; strong north-
west wind; tcmj). 34°. Red-tailed Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, i; Prairie Horned Lark, 12; Blue Jay, 9; Red-winged Blackbird, i; Goldfinch,
5; Tree Sparrow, 78; Junco, 104; Cardinal, 12; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted
Titmouse, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 2. Total, 13 species, 235 individuals. — Dr.
Ferdinand Schreimann.

Knoxville, Tenn. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; light north-
west wind; temp. 32°. Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 2; Junco, 2; Song
Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow, i; Towhee, 2; Cardinal, 5; Carolina Wren, 5; White-breasted
(?) Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 12. Total, 12 species, 56 individuals.
— Magnolia Woodward.

Tazewell, Tenn. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground slightly covered
with snow; wind northwest, brisk at times; temp. 31° at start, 32° on return. Killdeer,
4; Bob- white, 10; Mourning Dove, 6; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i;
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Southern Downy Woodpecker, 3; Northern Flicker, i; Blue Jay,
3; American Crow, 12; Meadowlark, 8; Purple Finch, i; American Goldfinch, 17;
Vesper Sparrow, 6; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Field Sparrow, 8; Slate-colored Junco,
51; Song Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 14; Cedar Waxwing, 28; Myrtle Warbler, 14; Mocking-
bird, 2; Carolina Wren, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Black-
capped Chickadee, 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; American Robin, 3; Bluebird, 22.
Total, 29 species, 273 individuals. — H. Y. Hughes.

Fort Wayne, Ind. — Dec. 21; 8 a.m. to 3.15 p.m. Cloudy, clearing by noon; ground
bare; wind north, light; temp. 26°. Belted Kingfisher, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 8; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 28; American Crow, 312; Purple Finch, 3; Tree
Sparrow, 59; Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 9; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9;
Tufted Titmouse, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, 30. Total, 14 species, 485 individuals. —
Chas. a. Stockbridce and A. A. Ringwalt.

Marco, Greene Co., Ind. — Dec. 25; 1.40 to 4 p.m. Cloudy, air filled with damp snow;
strong northeast wind; temp. 28°. Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Downy
Woodpecker, i; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 6; Meadowlark, 3;
Tree Sparrow, 11; Junco, 18; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 19; Carolina W^ren, 3;
Tufted Titmouse, 11; Chickadee, 22. Total, 14 species, 104 individuals. — W. M. and
Stella Chambers.

Richmond, Ind. — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Overcast; ground snow-covered;
wind west by north; temp. 28°. Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, i;
Crow, 350; Lapland Longspur, 100; Tree Sparrow, 12; Junco, 6; Song Sparrow, 4;
Cardinal, 6; Chickadee, 5. Total, 10 species, 487 individuals.— P. B. Coffin, Mrs.
Coffin, Dr. Garro and Miss Baxter.

"Waterloo, Ind. — Dec. 25; 7.30 to 9.30 a.m. Dark and gloomy, threatening snow;
ground covered with an inch of snow and ice; wind northeast, fairly strong, cold and

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 43

damp; temp. 30° to 38°. Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 5;
American Crow, 10; American Goldfinch, 13; Tree Sparrow, 20; Junco, 5; Song Sparrow,
i; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 12;
Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped Chickadee, 13; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5. Total, 15
species, 102 individuals. — Henry A. Link.

Cadiz, Ohio. — Dec. 21; 8.15 a.m. to 12.15 p.m. Cloudy with a light rain at noon;
ground bare; wind moderate, south; temp. 36°; distance walked, as registered by a
pedometer, six miles. Red-tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Bob-white, 10; Hairy
Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 4; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 6; Goldfinch, 6
Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 7; Carolina Wren, 5 (sings)
Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Chickadee, 13
Bluebird, 20. Total, 22 species, about 200 individuals. — Harry B. McConnell and
John Worley.

Campbellstown, Ohio. — Dec. 26; 9 to 11 a.m. and 12.30 to 2.30 p.m. Two inches of
snow; brisk northwest wind; temp. 24°. Bob-white, 8; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Mourn-
ing Dove, 4; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 3; Cooper's Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy
Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Horned
Lark, 3; Blue Jay, 2; .\merican Crow, 200; Tree Sparrow, 107; Junco, 3; Song Spar-
row, 51; Cardinal, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 27; Chickadee, 12. Total, 19 species, 434
individuals. — W. H. Wisman.

Canton, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. Cloudy and threatening, with severe
snow storm beginning at 11.30 a.m.; strong northeast wind; temp. 32°. Red-shouldered
Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 3; Tree Sparrow, 57; Song Sparrow, i;
Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Black-
capped Chickadee, 9. Total, 10 species, 88 individuals. — Edward D. Kimes.

Cincinnati, Ohio. — Dec. 28; 10 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; light covering of snow on
ground; temp, about 30°. Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 4; Bronzed
Grackle, i; American Crossbill, 15; Goldfinch, 2; Junco, 75; Song Sparrow, 8; Cardinal
6; Carolina Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Carolina Chickadee, 6.
Total, 13 species, 130 individuals. — Howard Lawless.

Columbus, Ohio. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground covered with snow;
wind northwest; temp. 28°. Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Southern
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 25; American Gold-
finch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 25; Carolina Wren, 3; Brown Creeper, 2; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 50; Black-capped Chickadee, 2. Total, 14
species, 180 individuals. — Laura E. Lovell.

East Liberty, Ohio. — Dec. 27; 10 a.m. to i p.m. Partly cloudy, but sunny most
of the time; three inches of snow; light north wind; temp. 15°; four miles. Sparrow Hawk,
i; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Horned Lark, 22; Crow, 8; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal 2;
Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 25. Total, 9 species,
75 individuals, — Ruskin S. and C. A. Freer.

Huron, Ohio. — Dec. 28; 8.30 a.m. to 12 m. Clear, then cloudy; one inch of snow
on ground; wind southwest, light; temp. 24° to 32°. Herring Gull, 7; Sparrow Hawk,
i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Northern Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 14;
Crow, 6; Meadowlark, 13; Lapland Longspur, 2; Tree Sparrow, 80; Song Sparrow, i;
Cardinal, 8; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 2;
Chickadee, 3. Total, 16 species, 148 individuals. — H. G. Morse.

Laceyville, Ohio (tenmiles west of Cadiz). — Dec. 21; 9 a.m. to 12.20 p.m., and 1.30 to
3.30 p.m. Dark and cloudy, with misty rain by spells; ground bare; wind moderate, south;
temp, morning, 38°, noon, 46°, evening, 36°. Sparrow Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Great
Horned Owl, i; Ruffed Grouse, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Red-

44 Bird - Lore

bellied Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, i; Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 60; Junco, 30; Song Sparrow,
2; Cardinal, i; Carolina Wren, 6; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 15;
Tufted Titmouse, 20; Chickadee, 25; Bluebird, i. Total, 19 species, 19c individuals.
This is the best record for number of species by one that I ever made on a winter day. —
E. E. Smith.

Mt. Vernon, Ohio. — Dec. 28; 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Partly cloudy; about four inches of
snow; wind moderate northwest; temp. 28° to 3 2°. Mourning Dove, 7; Cooper's Hawk, i;
Sparrow Hawk, 3; Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Wood-
pecker, 11; Red-headed Woodpecker, 17; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, i;
Blue Jay, 17; American Crow, 5; Meadowlark, 10; American Goldfinch, 2; Tree Spar-
row, 2; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, common; Cardinal, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11;
Tufted Titmouse, common; Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Bluebird, 5.
Total, 23 species. — William L. Robinson.

Mt. Vernon, Ohio. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; four inches snow; light west
wind; temp. 28°. Ruffed Grouse, i; Hawk (probably Red-shouldered), i; Sparrow
Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1;
Blue Jay, 8; Crow(heard); Goldfinch, 20; Tree Sparrow, 15; Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 3;
Cardinal, 5; Carolina Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Tufted
Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 12. Total, 18 species, 130 individuals. — Paul
E. Debes and V. A. Debes.

Spencerville, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 7 to 8.30 a.m. and 10.30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Heavy clouds;
sleet turning to snow; ground bare; wind northeast, strong; temp. 33°; distance walked,
nine miles. Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 16; Crow, 15;
Junco, 18; Song Sparrow, 6; Fox Sparrow (?), i; Cardinal, 10; Brown Creeper, i; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 13; Chickadee, 2. Total, 12 species, 95 indi-
viduals.— Sheridan F. Wood and Kenneth M. Wood.

Youngstown, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy; sleet and snow afternoon;
temp. 35°; miles walked, about twelve; by automobile, twenty miles. Hooded Merganser,
2; Black Duck, i; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Marsh Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Long-eared Owl,
i; Short-eared Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 11;
Goldfinch, 11; Tree Sparrow, 37; Junco, i; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 12; Cedar Wax-
wing, i; Carolina Wren, i; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Black-capped Chickadee, 53. Total, 27 species, 193
individuals. — George L. Fordyce, Volney Rogers, Willis H. Warner, Mrs.
Warner and C. A. Leedy.

Chicago, III. (Jackson Park). — Dec. 25; 2 to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground with thin cover-
ing of snow; wind northerly, heavy; temp. 38° to 40°. Herring Gull, abundant; Ring-
billed Gull, 5; Bonaparte's Gull, 7; Common Tern, 6; Black Duck, i; Kingfisher, i;
Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 4; Robin,
I. — Total, II species, 35 individuals (plus Herring Gulls). — L. L. Mackenzie and W Lyon.

Geneseo, IlL — 7.30 to 11 a.m. Cloudy; three inches of snow; light south wind;
temp. 24°. Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, i; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 13; American Crow, 3; American Crossbill, 14; Tree
Sparrow, 20; Junco, 40; Cardinal, 7; Chickadee, 25; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Golden-crowned Kinglet. Total, 13 species, 134 individuals. — S. D. Anderson.

LaGrange, III. — Dec. 22; 12.45 to 4.15 p.m. Wet; slight fall of snow; wind north-
west, light; temp. 37°. Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Horned Lark, 5; Blue
Jay, 10; Crow, 10; Red-winged Blackbird, 3; Purple Finch, i; Goldfinch, 150; Lapland
Longspur, 300; Tree Sparrow, 120; Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal 2; Brown
Creeper, 9; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 25. Total, 16 species, 65S individ-
uals.— James D. Watson.

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 45

LaGrange, 111. (seven miles along Salt Creek). — Dec. 21; 8 a.m. to 2.15 p.m. Clear;
ground bare; northwest wind; temp. 35°. Hairy Woodpecker, 10; Downy Woodpecker,
15; Red-headed Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 35; Crow, 17; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow,
no; Junco, i; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 16; Brown Creeper, 14; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 8; Chickadee, 27. Total, 13 species, 264 individuals. Dec. 20: Red- winged
Blackbird, 2; Purple Finch, i. Dec. 25: Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Horned Lark, 25;
Lapland Longspur, 300. — Edmund Hulsberg.

Lewistown, 111. — Dec. 18; 8 to 10 a.m. Partly clear; ground bare; wind northwest;
temp, at start 38°, on return 42°; five miles, mostly open woods. Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Horned Lark, i; Blue Jay, 8;
American Crow, 4; Purple Finch, 3; American Goldfinch, 16; Tree Sparrow, 4; Chip-
ping Sparrow, 7; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 6; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 12; Bluebird, 3. Total, 17 spe-
cies, 79 individuals. — W. S. Strode, M.D.

Moline, 111. — Dec. 22; 9 to 11.30 a.m. Clear; ground bare; no wind; temp. 22°.
Gull, sp., i; Duck, sp., 3; Bob- white, 40; Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jaj% 9; Crow, i; Goldfinch, i; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco,
6; Cardinal, 5; Brown Creeper, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 22; Robin, i.
Total, 16 species, 211 individuals. — Mrs. Emma J. Sloan.

Mt. Carmel, 111. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear; one inch snow; wind north, heavy;
temp. 32° Bob-white, 18; Hawk, sp., 1; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 9; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 10; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 13;
Crow, i; Meadowlark, 19; Junco (?), 40; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 3; Brown Creeper,
4; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Chickadee, 14; Bluebird, i. Total,
18 species, 138 individuals. — Chas. E. Carson.

Peoria, 111. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground covered with snow;
wind north, light; temp. 24°. Herring Gull, 18; Canada Goose, 2; Hawk, sp., i; Hairy
Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 14; Blue Jay, 15; American Crow, i; Tree Spar-
row, 150; Junco, 200; Cardinal, 18; Cedar Waxwing, 7; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 25; Robin, 3. Total, 16
species, 476 individuals. — W. H. Packard and James H. Sedgwick.

Port Byron, 111. — Dec. 21; 9.20 to 10.45 a.m., and 1.15 to 3.30 p.m. Clear; ground
bare; wind west, moderate; temp. 21° to 40°. Bob-white, 2; Rough-legged Hawk (dark
phase), i; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-headed
Woodpecker, 25; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 15; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Brown Creeper, 3; Chickadee, 4. Total, 12 species, 74 individuals. — J. J. Schafer.

Rantoul, 111. — 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy, snow flurries; ground slightly covered with
snow; wind, north to northeast, medium; temp. 30°. Cooper's Hawk, 3; Red-
tailed Hawk, i; Marsh Hawk, i; American Rough-legged Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker,
3; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3;
Flicker, 2; Horned Lark, 20; Prairie Horned Lark, 100; Blue Jay, 50; Crow, 75; Lapland
Longspur, 1,500; Chestnut-collared Longspur, 100; Vesper Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow,
25; Cardinal, 3; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Red-breasted Nut-
hatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 36; Chickadee. 10. Total, 23 species, 1,862 individuals.
— George E. Ekblau, Eddie L. Ekblau and Arthur Carlson.

Rock Island, 111. (Arsenal Island). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12.15 p.m. Partly cloudy;
three inches of snow; Mississippi River free from ice; wind northeast, light, but cold;
temp. 30°. Lesser Scaup, 8; Bob-white, 26; Ring-necked Pheasant, 4; Hairy Wood-
pecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 2; Goldfinch, 1; Song Sparrow, i;
Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 9; Rocin, i. Total, 13
species, 67 individuals. — Burtis H. Wilson.

Battle Creek, Mich. — Dec. 28; 10.30 a.m. to 1.55 p.m. Cloudy; two inches of snow;

46 Bird - Lore

wind southwest, light; temp. 29°. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Red-
headed Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 14; American Crow, 8; American Goldfinch, 8; Tree
Sparrow, 20; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 4;
Chickadee, 2. Total, 11 species, 63 individuals. Saw Towhee in wood on Dec. 26.
Juncos and Redpolls have not arrived. — Paul M. Morgan.

Detroit, Mich. — Dec. 21; 11 a.m. to 3.15 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind northerly,
brisk; temp. 30°; distance covered, about four miles along River Rouge. Bob-white,
14; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Chickadee, 9; Robin, 2. Total, 7 species, 38 individuals. — Mrs. Jefferson Butler,
Mr. Burton Barns, and Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Robinson.

Detroit, Mich. — Dec. 22; 1.15 to 3.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; wind
southwest, light; temp. 32°; distance covered, about three miles on Belle Isle. Herring
Gull, 7; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Brown Creeper, i; White -
breasted Nuthatch, 11; Chickadee, i. Total, 6 species, 29 individuals. — Mrs. F. W.
Robinson.

New Buffalo, Mich. — Dec. 26; 8 to 11.30 a.m. and i to 3.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground
lightly covered with snow; water of Lake Michigan and Galien River open; moderate
northerly wind, diminishing; temp. 29° to 32°; distance covered, twelve miles. Horned
Grebe, 3; Herring Gull, 9; Ring-billed Gull, 37; Lesser Scaup, 11; Goldeneye, 10;
Bufflehead, 2; Coot, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed
Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, 15; Crow, 7; Purple Finch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 85; Junco, i;
Towhee, i; Cardinal, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 11. Total, 19 species,
219 individuals. Many unidentified gulls and ducks out on the lake. — F. A. Pennington.

Elkhorn, Wis. (Lauderdale and Delavan Lakes and vicinity). — Dec. 21; 9 a.m. to
5 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind northwest, light at time of starting, changing to south-
west; temp. 22°. Canada Goose, 125; Wilson's Snipe, 4; Marsh Hawk, 3; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Prairie Horned Lark, 2;
Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 100; Purple Crackle, i; Tree Sparrow, 108; Junco, 4; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 8; Chickadee, 16. Total, 14 species, 391 individuals. — Sarah Tramis,
Mabel Beckwith, Constance Beckwith, Lulu Dunbar, Helen Martin and
Margaret Austin. (This census gives the combined results of three groups of census
takers working in different parts of the same general locality. The ground covered was
within a radius of eight or ten miles of Elkhorn. A large number of Red-headed Wood-
peckers with us this winter. They feed at our lunch counters.)

Hartland, Wis. — Dec. 23; 8.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind north-
east; temp. 30°. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 10;
Crow, 3; Purple Finch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 4; Junco, 16; Chickadee, 10. Total, 8 species,
55 individuals. — Susie L. Simonds.

Madison, Wis. — Dec. 22; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; ground bare; still; temp, about
20°. Red-headed Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 25; Junco, 6;
Brown Thrasher, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 6. Total, 6 species, 46
individuals. Dec. 26: Red- winged Blackbird, 2. — Belle Clarke.

Verona to Madison, Wis. — Dec. 24; 7.45 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare;
still; temp. 30°. Bob-white, 12; Mourning Dove, 10; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 7; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 23; Crow, 13; Goldfinch, 60;
Snow Bunting, 5; Tree Sparrow, 40; Junco, 13; Song Sparrow, i; Brown Creeper, i;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 18; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2.
Total, 16 species, 215 individuals. Additional species seen Dec. 21: Prairie Chicken, 2;
Marsh Hawk, 4; Rough-legged Hawk, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 9. — Norman deW. Betts.

Sparta, Wis. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare; light south wind;
temp. 17°. Bob-white, 20; Ruffed Grouse, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-headed
Woodpecker, 10; Crow, 31; Blue Jay, 75; Goldfinch, 38; Junco, 22; White-breasted

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 47

Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 73, Total, 12 species, 286 individuals. — Violet Turner,
Clara Larson, Gladys Haney and H. M. Sherwin.

Whitewater, Wis. — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; light north
wind; temp. 29°. Pied-billed Grebe, 2; Mallard, 7; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Red-headed Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 10; Red-
winged Blackbird, i; Junco, 8; Brown Creeper, i; Chickadee, 5; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 10. Total, 13 species, 58 individuals. — Florence L. and Ethell A. Esterly.

Winneconne, Wis. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to i p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; sUght north-
east wind; temp. 22°; five miles covered — meadow, marsh, woods, and lake. Herring
Gull, 2; Marsh Hawk, i; Blue Jay, 8; American Crow, 10; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-
headed Woodpecker, i; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Chickadee, 12.
Total, 9 species, 55 individuals. — Rev. B. H. Freye and Henry P. Severson.

Fairmont, Minn. — 3 to 5 p.m. Clear; ground bare; light west wind; temp. 20°.
Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Blue Jay, common;
Crow, common; American Crossbill, i; White- winged Crossbill, i; Harris's Sparrow, 2;
Tree Sparrow, 70; Fox Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 3, White-
breasted Nuthatch, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 11. Total, 14 species, 114 individuals,
plus Crows and Jays. — Mrs. Mary Hagerty.

Minnehaha Falls, Minneapolis, Minn. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy,
snowing slightly; ground lightly covered; wind northwest, moderate; temp. 11°. Downy
Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 16; Cedar Waxwing, 2; Brown
Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 5. Total, 8 species, 32 individuals.
— Charles Phillips.

St. Peter, Minn. — Dec. 28; 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Hazy; ground bare; wind south, light;
temp. 20° Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 8; Crow,
6; Red-winged Blackbird, 9; Tree Sparrow, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2. Total, 8
species, 37 individuals. — H. J. and L. L. LaDue.

High Lake Township, Emmet Co., Iowa. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy, with
snow flurries, followed by clear; ground bare; wind south; temp. 15°. Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; FKcker, i; Blue Jay, 24; Crow, 10; Rusty Blackbird, 10;
Tree Sparrow, 120; Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 38. Total, 9 species, 212 individuals. —
B. O. Wolden.

Sioux City, Iowa. — Dec. 28; 10.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare; light south-
east wind; temp, about 15°. Great Horned Owl (chased by a flock of 30 Crows), i;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Prairie Horned Lark, 2; Blue Jay, 3;
Crow, 40; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 30; Junco, 2; Winter Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 10. Total, 13 species, 104 individuals. —
Walter W. Bennett.

Wall Lake, Iowa. — Dec. 25; 1.30 to 4.45 p.m. Clear; ground bare; light north wind;
temp. 26°. Prairie Chicken, 17; Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, i, seen by my
sister; Flicker, i; Tree Sparrow, 25; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, i.
Total, 7 species, 48 individuals. Seen in week previous. Western Red-tailed Hawk, i ;
Short-eared Owl, i; Bronzed Crackle, i ; Black-capped Chickadee, 2. — John A. Spurrell.

Meridian, Idaho (irrigated farm lands). — Dec. 23; 9.05 a.m. to 2.45 p.m. Foggy;
twelve inches of loose snow; no wind; freezing all daj-; five and one-half miles. Duck,
sp., 30; Bob-white, 2 (heard); Chinese Pheasant, 9; Marsh Hawk, 6; Sharp-shinned
Hawk, i; Long-eared Owl, 4; Short-eared (?) Owl, i; Red-shafted Flicker, i; Horned
Lark, 96; American Magpie, 61; Tricolored Blackbird, 30 (number probably includes
San Diego Redwing and Brewer's Blackbird); Western Meadowlark, 17; House Finch,
21; Intermediate Sparrow, 34; Coues's Junco, 52; Merrill's Song Sparrow, in; White-
rumped Shrike, i; Long-tailed Chickadee, 2; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total, 19
species, 482 individuals. — Alex, Stalkei?.

48 Bird - Lore

Priest River, Idaho (on flat, near the river, mostly timbered). — Dec. i8. Clnudy; about
six inches of snow on the ground; calm; temp. 38°. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Northern Pileated Woodpecker, i; Black-headed Jay, 2; Rocky Mountain Jay, 3;
Crossbill, 20; Redpoll, 2; Western Winter Wren, 2; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 4.
Total, 8 species, 35 individuals. — Joseph Kitteedge, Jr.

Omaha, Nebr. — i to 4.30 p.m. Clear; ground nearly bare; wind southeast; temp.
40° to 34°; five miles. Pigeon Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6;
Prairie Horned Lark, 3; Purple Finch, 25; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 30; Junco, 28;
Chickadee, 11. Total, 9 species, 108 individuals. — Solon R. Towne.

Lennox, S. D., to Sioux Falls, to Canton by train and thence along Sioux River on
foot. — Dec. 22; 9 to 10 A.M. and 11.30 a.m. to i p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind, south,
light; temp. 25° to 38°. Prairie Chicken, 100; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, 6; White- winged Crossbill (?), 12; Pine Siskin, 27; Tree
Sparrow, 200; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 60. Total,
II species, 410 individuals. — William B. Mallory.

Aspen, Colo.— Dec. 24. Altitude, 7,500 feet. Clear and calm; eight and one-half
inches of snow; temp, 10° at 10 p.m. Downy Woodpecker, 2; Black-headed Jay, 4;
Rocky Mountain Jay, 2. Total, 3 species, 8 individuals.^MRS. I. L. Logue.

Denver, Colo. — 9 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; thirty inches of snow; south wind,
light; temp. 5° to 26° above. Prairie Falcon, i; Red-shafted Flicker, 18; Long-crested
Jay, i; Woodhouse's Jay, 3; House Finch, 5; Pink-sided Junco, i; Gray-headed Junco, 2;
Northern Shrike, i; Rocky Mountain Creeper, i. Total, 9 species, ^^ individuals. —
W. H. Bergtold.

Bozeman, Mont. — Dec. 24; 10 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear; still; three inches of snow;
temp. 15°. Magpie, 18; Western Tree Sparrow, 17; Mountain Song Sparrow, 5; Bohe-
mian Waxwing, about 90; Long-tailed Chickadee, 15. Total, 5 species, 145 individuals.
— Nelson Lundwall.

Lashbum, Saskatchewan (latitude 53°). — Dec. 18; 8.40 a.m. to 12.55 p-m. and 1.35
to 4.30 p.m. Overcast; one-half inch of snow; temp. 27°. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse,
40; Ruffed Grouse, 4; Snowy Owl, 3; Prairie Horned Lark, i; Redpoll, 40; Snow Bunting,
27; Chickadee, i. Total, 7 species, 116 individuals. — S. W^ Calvert.

Okanagan Landing, B. C. (shore of Okanagan Lake and pine covered foothills —
18 miles). — 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind northeast, light; temp. 22° at
8 a.m. Holboell's Grebe, i; Horned Grebe, 7; Herring Gull, 8; American Merganser, 2;
Greater Scaup, 9; American Coot, i; Gray Ruffed Grouse, 3; Northern Pileated Wood-
pecker, i; Red-shafted Flicker, 3; Magpie, 10; Clarke's Nutcracker, 4; Pygmy Owl
(pinicola), 2; Pine Grosbeak, 3; Pine Siskin, 150; Shufeldt's Junco, 30; Sooty Song Spar-
row, 3; Western Winter Wren, i; Rocky Mountain Nuthatch, 17; Red-breasted Nut-
hatch, 12; Pj'gmy Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 4; Mountain Chickadee, 32;
Western Golden-crowned Kinglet, i. Total, 23 species, 310 individuals. Observers in
company. Also observed in past two days: California Gull, Canvasback, Columbian
Sharp-tailed Grouse, Crow, Black-headed Jay, Western Evening Grosbeak, Western
Tree Sparrow, Slate-colored Junco, Northern W^axwing, Goshawk, Saw-whet Owl,
and Tree Creeper. — J. A. Munro and Allan Brooks.

Grandview, Wash. — Dec. 24; 10.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy; snowy; temp. 32°.
Ring-necked Pheasant, 6; Red-bellied Hawk, 2; Spotted Owl, 1; Red-shafted Flicker,
2; Desert Horned Lark, 15; American Magpie, 6; Cowbird, 10; Red-winged Blackbird,
S; Western Meadowlark, 10; Brewer's Blackbird, 35; Willow Goldfinch, 20; Gambel's
Sparrow, 35; Western Tree Sparrow, 3; Slate-colored Junco, 15; Oregon Junco, 40;
Song Sparrow, 12; Northern Shrike, i; Western Robin, i. Total, 18 species, 213
individuals. — Edna M. Perry and Gertrxtde Gee.

JfQrth Yakima, Wash. — Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 1.30 p. At. One inch of snow; no wind;

Bird -Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 49

temp. 40°. Baldpate, i; Mongolian Pheasant, 50; Bob-white, loo; Hungarian Par-
tridge, 2; Wilson's Snipe, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Short-eared Owl, 2; Magpie, 3;
Red-shafted Flicker, 15; Brewer's Blackbird, 200; Western Meadowlark, 6; White-
rumped Shrike, 2; Western Goldfinch, 12; Redpoll, 2; Pine Siskin, 12; Oregon Junco,
250; Slate-colored Junco, 3; Merrill's Song Sparrow, 250; Gambel's Sparrow, 60;
Black-capped Chickadee, 5. Total, 20 species, 978 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs. John
V. Ellis, Jr.

Pullman, Wash, (elevation, 2,536 feet). — Dec. 25; 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Snowing; light
east wind; six inches of snow on ground; temp. 27°. Short-eared Owl, i; Red-shafted
Flicker, 3; Western Meadowlark, 7; Crossbill, i; Gray-crowned Leucosticte, 4; Hep-
burn's Leucosticte, 20; Pale Goldfinch, 3; Merrill's Song Sparrow, 3. Total, 8 species,
42 individuals. — Misses Roziskey and McKay, and W. T. Shaw.

Seattle, Wash, (to head of Lake Washington, returning via west shore of lake, to
Pontiacj. — Dec. 21; 11.45 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; wind east by
south to southeast, and south, moderate breeze, falling about 4.30 p.m.; temp. 44°.
Western Grebe, i; Hoelbell's Grebe, 6; Pied-billed Grebe, i; Western Gull, 3; Shoveller,
4; Scaup, 8; Ruddy Duck, i; Coot, 306; Bob-white, 21; Harris's Woodpecker, i; West-
ern Meadowlark, 5; Oregon Junco, 5; Rusty Song Sparrow, 6. Total, 13 species, 368
individuals. — F. W. Cook.

Forest Grove, Ore. (along Gale's Creek, and in the hills to 800 feet). — Dec. 27;
Cloudy with light rain in the morning; wet snow covering the ground in the timbered
hills. Mountain Quail, i; Oregon Ruffed Grouse, 7; Chinese Pheasant, 4; Harris's
Woodpecker, i; Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Northwest Flicker, 3; Coast (?)
Jay, 3; Western Crow, 20; Northwestern Redwing, 50; Oregon Junco, 15; Rusty Song
Sparrow, i; Oregon Towhee, i; Western Winter Wren, 10; CaHfornia Creeper, i; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Oregon Chickadee, 4; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 15; Western
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 20; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 5. Total, 19 species, about 165
individuals. — Prof. A. M. Bean and O. J. Murie.

Mulino, Ore. — Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cold and rainy; ground bare; wind
north, light to brisk. Pied-billed Grebe, 3; Bob- white, 10; Mountain Quail, 21; Oregon
RufTed Grouse, 2; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Western Redtail, i; Desert Sparrow Hawk,
i; Gairdner's Woodpecker, 4; Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker, 3; Red-shafted Flicker
(including Northwestern Flicker), 53; Coast Jay, 2; Oregon Jay, i; Western Meadow-
lark, 6; Shufeldt's Junco, (including Oregon Junco), 214; Rusty Song Sparrow, 29;
Oregon Towhee, 11; Seattle Wren, 3; Western Winter Wren, 39; California Creeper, 3;
Oregon Chickadee, 32; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 17; Bush Tit, 25; Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 94; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 2; Varied Thrush, 10. Total, 25 species,
587 individuals. — Alex. Walker and Donald E. Brown.

Fresno, Gal. (along public roads).— Dec. 25; 12 m. to 1.30 p.m. and 3.30 to 4.30 p.m.
Cloudy, light showers; temp. 60°. Killdeer, 2; Valley Quail, 45; Western Mourning
Dove, 11; Western Red-tailed Hawk, i; Desert Sparrow Hawk, i; Barn Owl, i; Bur-
rowing Owl, i; Red-shafted Flicker, 17; Anna Hummingbird, i; Say Phoebe, i;
Black Phoebe, i; California Horned Lark, i; Bicolored Blackbird, 150; Western Meadow-
lark, 25; Brewer's Blackbird, 100; House Finch, 300; Western Vesper Sparrow, 12;
Western Savannah Sparrow, 7; Gambel's Sparrow, 100; Thurber's Junco, 35; Heer-
mann's Song Sparrow, i; San Diego Towhee, 5; California Towhee, 2; California Shrike,
12; Audubon's Warbler, 53; Western Mockingbird, 38; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1;
Western Gnatcatcher, i; Mountain Bluebird, 20. Total, 29 species, 948 individuals. —
Mr. and Mrs. John G. Tyler.

Santa Barbara, Calif. — Dec. 27; 6.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Hazy to heavily overcast;
temp.'44° to 59°. Mission Canyon, Estero, Beale's, Hope Ranch, La Patera; 42 miles by
automobile, but all save 5 species recorded within 3 miles of city limits. Numbers

50 Bird - Lore

necessarily eslimaled. Western Grebe, ii; Horned Grebe, i; American Eared Grebe, 6;
Pied-billed Grebe, i; California Brown Pelican, lo; Farallon Cormorant, 300; Brandt
Cormorant, 100; Great Blue Heron, 4; Green-winged Teal, 40; Cinnamon Teal, 5;
Shoveller, 1,200; Pintail, 700; Canvasback, 200; Lesser Scaup, 100; Bufflehead,
3; White-winged Scoter, 200; Surf Scoter, 75; Ruddy Duck, 150; Turkey Vulture,
3; Prairie Falcon, i; American Sparrow Hawk, 25; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Cooper's
Hawk, 2; Western Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Red-bellied Hawk, 2; Valley Quail, 10; Coot,
200; Least Sandpiper, 20; Red-backed Sandpiper, 5; Sanderling, 150; Black-bellied
Plover, 30; Killdeer, 75; Snowy Plover, 20; Glaucous- winged Gull, 10; Western Gull,
300; California Gull, 40; Ring-billed Gull, 40; Short-billed Gull, 20; Heermann Gull,
10; Bonaparte Gull, 500; Royal Tern, 4; Belted Kingfisher, 3; Barn Owl, 2; Short-
cared Owl, 2; California Screech Owl, i; Burrowing Owl, i; Anna Hummingbird, 6;
White-throated Swift, 60; California Woodpecker, 20; Red-shafted Flicker, 200; Black
Phoebe, 7; Say Phoebe, 12; California Horned Lark, 30; American Pipit, 140; Dwarf
Hermit Thrush, 10; Western Robin, 4; Western Bluebird, 6; Pasadena Thrasher, i;
Western Mockingbird, 5; Tule Wren, 6; Western House Wren, 2; Pallid Wren-tit, 20;
Ashy Kinglet, 150; Western Gnatcatcher, 2; Tree Swallow, 15; California Shrike,
20; Hutton Vireo, i; Plain Titmouse, 12; California Bush-Tit, 40; California Jay,
20; Dusky Warbler, 2; Audubon's Warbler, 300; Tule Yellowthroat, 4; Brewer's
Blackbird, 400; San Diego Redwing, 500; Western Meadowlark, 250; Willow Goldfinch,
20; Green-backed Goldfinch, 200; California Purple Finch, 2; California Linnet, 200;
Western Lark Sparrow, 60; Western Savannah Sparrow, 3; Bryant Marsh Sparrow, i;
Belding Marsh Sparrow, 2; Large-billed Marsh Sparrow, 10; Sierra Junco, 20; Golden-
crowned Sparrow, 6; Intermediate Sparrow, 400; Nuttall Sparrow, 15; San Diego Song
Sparrow, 8; Rocky Mountain (?) Song Sparrow, 20; Lincoln Sparrow, 2; Valdez Fox
Sparrow, 3; Spurred Towhee, 7; Anthony Brown Towhee, 20. Total, 95 species,
7,831 individuals. — William Leon Dawson and William Oberlin Dawson.

Vallejo, Cal. (Mare Island Navy Yard). — Dec. 25 ; i to 4.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare;
wind southwest, light; temp. 58°. Western Gull, 88; Desert Sparrow Hawk, i; Short-
eared Owl, 2; Red-shafted Flicker, 2; California Horned Lark, 22; California Jay, 2;
Western Meadowlark, 25; Brewer's Blackbird, 2; House Finch, 2; Bryant's Marsh
Sparrow, 3; Intermediate Sparrow, 5; Oregon Junco, 5; California Shrike, i; Audubon's
Warbler, i. Total, 14 species, 161 individuals. — F. M. Bennett.

Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines, Cuba. — Dec. 4. Cool; wind northeast, strong. Great
Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), i; Louisiana Heron {Hydranassa tricolor), i; Cuban Green
Heron {Bulorides hrunnescens) , 3; Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax
ntzvius), i; Least Bittern {Ixobrychus exiiis), i; Cuban Bob-white {Colinus cubanensis),
12; 'El bobo' Figeon {Columba inornala) , 5; Cuban Mourning Dove {Zenaidura macroiira
macroura), 24; Cuban Ground Dove {ChccmepcUa passerina aflavida), 150; Southern
Turkey Vulture {Cathartes aura aura), 20; Cuban Sparrow Hawk {Falco sparveroides),
10; Cuban Owl (Gytnnasio lawrencei?), i; Cuban Pigmy Owl {Glaucidium siju), 3;
Cuban Parrot {Amazona leticocephala), 25; Ani {Crotophaga ani), 18; Isle of Pines Lizard
Cuckoo {Saurothera merlini decolor), 4; Isle of Pines Trogon {Priotelus temnurus vescus),
2; Cuban Tody {Todiis multicolor), 5; Cuban Kingbird {Tyrannus cubensis), 4; Cuban
Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchiis sagra), 11; Cuban Pewee {Blacicus caribcBus), 15; Cuban
Meadowlark {SturneUa hippocrepis), 6; Cuban Oriole {Icterus hypomelas), 20; Cuban
Grackle {Holopiiiscalus gundlachi), 75; Grasshopper Sparrow {Ammodramus savannarum
australis), i; Melodious Grassquit {Tiaris canora), i; Yellow-faced Grassquit {Tiaris
olivacea olivacea), 2,0; Mangrove Warbler {Dendroica petechia gundlachi), 2; Yellow Palm
Warbler {Dendroica palmar um hypochrysea), 95; Florida Yellowthroat {Geothlypis
trichas ignota) , 2,', Red-legged Thrush {Mimocichla nibripes rubripes), 2. Total, 31 spe-
cies, 551 individuals. — A. C. Read.

Notes on Winter Birds

THE space required for the Bird Census prevents the publication of a
number of 'Notes from Field and Study,' but the timeliness of some
make it advisable to print in this issue of Bird-Lore certain records
of the occurrence of winter birds. Birds are, of course, far more likely to be
observed while migrating than after they have settled for the winter. Hence,
doubtless, the apparent scarcity of certain northern species in midwinter
which seemed common in the fall; though change of base incident to migra-
tion is of course also to be considered.

For example, Mr. Horace W. Wright, of Boston, in sending his census,
writes; "in the vicinity of Boston we have had many Redpolls, a few Cross-
bills of each species, a Pine Grosbeak or two, and not less than 50 Acadian
Chickadees have been observed, but none of these enter into the park list."

From Leominster, Mass., Mr. Edwin Russell Davis writes, under date of
December 26, 1913: "The Evening Grosbeaks have been with us for the last
two weeks, some five or six individuals, but I was unable to find them yester-
day." And this species, is also recorded from Washington, Conn., by Wil-
helmina C. Knowles, who writes that on December 13 fifteen were seen
"feeding on seeds of the sugar maple on the grgund." She states that the
birds were "extremely tame."

Below we publish a note on the occurrence of Pine Grosbeaks at Sharon,
Connecticut, on November 17, and we have also a record from Mrs. J. C.
Anderson, of the appearance of four birds of this species at Great Barrington,
Mass., on November 18, and Mrs. Caroline T. Brooks reports eight or ten
Pine Grosbeaks at Goshen, Conn., on November 29. Other notes on winter
birds foUow.— F. M. C.

Evening Grosbeaks in Michigan Here the Evening Grosbeak is observed

to feed upon the berries of sumach, moun-

On November, 26, 191 2, while walking tain ash, choke-cherry, wild red cherry,

about among a grove of choke-cherries I seeds of maples and buds of forest trees,

heard Evening Grosbeaks. I soon located particularly poplars. — Ralph Beebe,

the flock, which consisted of about fifty Newberry, Michigan.
birds. Most of them were feeding upon the

fallen cherries, large quantities of which Evening Grosbeak in Chicago
lay on the ground. A number posed for

their photograph. A flock of about a We had the pleasure to see, on Nov. 9,

dozen Redpolls accompanied the Gros- 1913, in Jackson Park, Chicago, 111., a

beaks. Presumably they had learned that pair of Evening Grosbeaks,

the Grosbeak is rather a slovenly feeder, We were w^atching a pair of Juncos and

scattering generous amounts of food upon listening to a Blue Jay calling, when we

the ground. This food is partly crushed by saw a large dull-colored bird hopping

the heavy bills of the Grosbeaks so it is about on the ground eating seeds and

well prepared for the more delicate Red- berries. When we approached it, it flew

polls. up and perched on a small bush where

(51)

52

Bird - Lore

we had a beautiful view of it. We could
not think what kind of a bird it was at
first, but it soon uttered a soft whistle
something like that of a Robin, and was
immediately answered from a nearby
bush. We soon discovered the bird thai
answered and instantly identified it as a
male Evening Grosbeak.

It was very brilliantly colored, the yel-
low almost orange, and the black on the
wings and tail shone out very conspicu-
ously. They were very tame and did not
seem to fear when we approached within
a few feet of them.

On November 22, we saw in the same
place two old males and one young male.
The birds were all tame and we man-
aged to get a photograph but the image
on the plate was very small and there was
no detail.

The bird is a very rare winter visitor,
and we know of several other people who
saw these same birds. — Locke Macken-
zie and Wilfred Lyon, Chicago, III.

Evening Grosbeak and Acadian Chick-
adee at Hartford, Conn.

The undersigned, who has been a close
observer of birds for many years and is a
member of The Hartford Bird Stud}-
Club, wishes to report a most excellent
observation on January i, 1914, of a
flock of eleven Evening Grosbeaks. These
birds were seen, with a fellow bird student,
in the outskirts of one of our city parks.
Much of this park is primeval forest with
the usual variations brought about by
the landscape gardener in parks of several
hundred acres which are oftentimes, as
in this case, extended beyond the city
limits. All the birds were in most excel-
lent plumage, but there was one full-
plumaged male whose colors exceeded in
brilliance the pictures in any of Chap-
man's books or 'Reed's Handbook' in
that the yellow was more nearly that of
the Goldfinch; but this may have been
partly because the birds were sitting
directly in the sunlight, — it being at
half after one o'clock that the observa-
tion was made. We watched this flock as

long as we cared to, observing every
detail of plumage of both species, but we
did not identify more than the one male.
The birds showed no fear, either because
I hey were too stupid or because lack of
association with man had not taught
them that he might be dangerous. This
flock has since been seen by several other
members of the club and several photo-
graphs have been taken.

On November 25,1 saw in Wethersfield
a pair of Acadian Chickadees, and two
days later, or on Thanksgiving Day, I
observed for forty minutes another pair in
West Hartford. As these towns are
several miles apart there is no doubt but
that there were two pairs of these birds.
Each pair was subsequently seen by other
members of the club.

Redpolls are at present reported to be
quite common in Windsor, a town about
six miles north of this city. — Geo. F.
Griswold, Hartford, Conn.

Acadian Chickadee at Hartford, Conn.

A rare treat has been furnished to some
of the members of The Hartford Bird
Study Club during the past week or ten
days in observing at exceedingly close
range the Acadian Chickadee. A pair of
these extremely rare visitants have been
fed at the hospitable feeding-tray of Miss
Katherine C. Robbins in Wethersfield
(about three miles from Hartford) almost
daily since about November 13, 1913. Mr.
Albert Morgan, Treasurer of our Club,
and myself, observed these interesting
creatures for nearly an hour during the
early afternoon of November 22, all of that
time within a distance of ten to twenty
feet. They are most active in their move-
ments, and it was difJ&cult to say which
species was more sprightly, the Acadian
Chickadee or the Golden-crowned King-
lets, whose company they seemed to
enjoy. The Chickadees seemed to be
particularly fond of the suet placed in the
tree for their use, and they would feed for
a time on the suet and then feed on small
bits of something gathered from the boughs
of a large spruce tree nearby. In their

Notes on Winter Birds

53

nervous and rapid change of positions,
one would believe them to have a
quantity of Warbler blood in their veins,
although, of course, they were not the
least bit timid, for Miss Robbins had
fed them within two or three feet from
her hand.

These birds differ from our native
Chickadee, in that they possess no black
cap, and the Acadian's under-parts are as
red as those of the Red-breasted Nuthatch
and very nearly the same color. The black
cap is superseded by one of a buffy brown,
which color seems to follow its nape and
back almost to the rump in a somewhat
graduated manner.

The call has a similarity to that of our
native Chickadee, but is uttered much
more briskly and is more wheezy. Often
it will contain two higher notes followed
by one low, (chick-a-dee), and again it can
be heard with two higher notes and two
low, (chick-a-dee-dee), but always more
husky and brief than our native favorite.
— Arthur G. Powers, Hartford, Conn.

Pine Grosbeak at Sharon, Conn.

You may be pleased to note in next
issue of Bird-Lore the phenomenallj^
early arrival in this latitude of the Pine
Grosbeak. My daughter saw a flock of
fifteen or twenty on November 17, 1913,
about a mile from my store and although
she knows the birds quite well I feared
she might be mistaken, as in the three or
four times I had s.'en them in Connecticut
in the past thirty years, it was never
earlier than the middle of December with
cold weather and plenty of snow, so this
noon I walked with her to the little grove
of pines, maples and shrubbery, and was
most agreeably surprised to count ten of
my old friends, the Pine Grosbeak. I
could approach within six feet when
they were in the bushes and within eight
feet when they were on the ground. As
usual, one was in the red plumage to about
eight or nine in the immature and famale
plumage of slaty gray and yellowish on
head and rump. — Geo. M. Marckres,
Sharon, Conn.

HERRING GULL ON WESTERN ISLAND, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, X. Y.
Photographed by B. S. Bowdish

iloob jBtetofi^ ant) 9^etoieto0

Report of Chief of Bureau of Bio-
logical Survey for the Year End-
ing June 30, 1913. By Henry W.
Henshaw. From Annual Reports of
the Department of Agriculture for 1913.
14 pp.

No one can read this summary of the
activities of the Biological Survey for the
period covered by this report without
being impressed by the scope and impor-
tance of its labors. The destruction of
prairie-dogs, ground-squirrels, and seed-
eating rodents in the National forests, the
economic status of the mole, fur-farming,
control of crawfish in the Mississippi,
destruction of the alfalfa weevil and cot-
ton-boll weevil by birds, the food of wild
fowl, and work in Porto Rico, are headings
which indicate some phases of the eco-
nomic investigations of the Survey.

Forty-one species of birds have been
found feeding on the alfalfa weevil, chief
among the enemies of which is Brewer's
Blackbird. No less than 542 weevils were
taken from the stomach of a single bird
of this species. The boll-weevil is now
known to be preyed on by 50 species of
birds.

An index has been made to the 131
publications relating to economic ornithol-
ogy which have been published by the
Survey, in which 401 species of native
and 59 species of foreign birds have been
reported on.

Under 'Biological Investigations' refer-
ence is made to work in progress in Ala-
bama, Arizona, California, Idaho, and
North Dakota. Migration reports have
been secured from about 200 volunteer
observers, and acknowledgement made
of the service the reports of this kind
already on file were to the Survey in
formulating the regulations of the migra-
tory bird bill.

Each year shows a slight increase in
the number of birds (chiefly Canaries)
imported into this country. In 1908
325,285 were imported, last year the num-
ber reached 392,422.

The report shows that seven new na-
tional bird reservations, including the
Aleutian Islands, were set aside during
the year ending June 30, 1913, raising
the total number now existing to sixty-
three. Comments on the new reservations
and reports from some of the old ones
are given.

The report concludes with an outline
of the Survey's increasingly important
work for game protection. — F. M. C.

An Account of the Birds and Mammals
of the San Jacinto Area of South-
ern California, with Remarks upon
the Behavior of Geographic Races on
the Margins of Their Habitats. By J.
Grinnell and H. S. Swarth. Univ.
of Cal. Pub. in Zool., Vol. 10, No. 10,
pp. 197-406, pis. 6-10, 3 text figs.
Oct. 31, 1913.

This is an important contribution to
regional and philosophic zoology. The
authors are thoroughly equipped to handle
their problem in field and study and we
are becoming increasingly indebted to
them for the growing series of papers for
which independently, or together, they
are responsible.

Following details of when, where, and
by whom the observations and collections
on which this paper is based were made,
are descriptions of the localities worked,
and this is succeeded by a discussion of
the 'Life Areas of the Region,' in which it
is shown that the ranges of species are
controlled by zonal, faunal, and associa-
tional factors. The term "Associations,"
as here defined, is said to be "allied
in meaning to the formations' of
some botanists." Associations are
classed as of major and minor rank.
Chaparral, for example, is of major
rank, chinquapin chaparral of minor
rank. Thus Stephens's Fox Sparrow is
said to belong "to the Chinquapin minor
association, of the Chaparral major asso-
ciation of the San Bernardino Faunal
division of the Transition zone," a some-
what sonorous formula which possibly

(54)

Book News and Reviews

55

might sound less formidable after one
becomes accustomed to it.

One hundred and sixty-nine species and
sub-species of birds are recorded from the
area in question, and pp. 224-319 are
devoted to a presentation of the facts
ascertained in regard to their distribution
and habits.

In discussing the behavior of geographic
races on the margins of their habitats
(pp. 393-395), the authors state their
belief that the characters on which geo-
graphic races are based are stable and not,
therefore, somatic. Their paper is illus-
trated with a colored map of the life
zones of the San Jacinto area and an
exceedingly interesting profile, along the
"divide separating desert and Pacific
drainages, in southern California, from the
high southern Sierras to the Mexican line,
showing life-zones." Like others of the
series to which it belongs, in manner of
arrangement and appearance this paper
is above criticism. — F. jNI. C.

The Gannet, A Bird With a History.
By J. H. GuRNEY. Illustrated with
numerous photographs, maps and draw-
ings, and one colored plate by Joseph
Wolf. Witherby & Co., London, 1913,
8vo. 11-567, pp., upward of 150 ills.

That a volume of over 600 pages could
be profitably devoted to the history of
but one kind of bird would probably be
doubted by most readers of books, and to
them we would commend Mr. Gurney's
work as a monograph which, in thoroughly
covering its subject, illustrates also the
need of space in which to do it. The
author writes of the names and distribu-
tion of the Gannet, of the localities in
which it breeds or has bred, and a census
of existing colonies permits him to esti-
mate the number of Gannets now living
as 101,000.

He treats at length of the Gannet's
nesting and general habits, of the develop-
ment of its young, of its food and the
manner in which it is secured, of its flight,
of mortality among Gannets, with some
discussion of the age which this bird
attains, and there are also chapters on
the Gannet's plumage, osteology, anat-

omy, its historic and prehistoric remains
and its allies.

The mere enumeration of these major
headings indicates the importance of this
work, while the exceptional definiteness
of the data presented makes it not only a
noteworthy contribution to the literature
of ornithology, but to the study of animal
life in relation to environment. — F. M. C.

The Birds of Connecticut. By John
Hall Sage and Louis Bennett
Bishop, assisted by Walter Park
Bliss. Bull. 20, State Geological and
Natural History, Hartford, 19 13. 8vo,
370 pp.

Written by men who have long been
leading authorities on the bird-life of
Connecticut, it goes without saying that
this volume both adequately and accu-
rately presents recorded knowledge and it
at once takes it place among the stand-
ard state lists. The method of treatment
adopted involves a general statement of
the manner of occurrence and status of
the species, earliest, latest, and unseason-
able records, and the situation of the nest,
number of eggs and nesting dates for the
breeding species.

The total number of species and sub-
species recorded is 334, of which 80 are
listed as Residents, 78 as Summer Resi-
dents, 38 as Winter Residents, 24 as
Transient Visitants and 89 as Accidental
Visitants. The last-mentioned figure
shows that slightly more than one-fourth
of the birds known from Connecticut are
of only casual occurrence, a fact of no
small interest in the study of distribu-
tional problems. In this connection it
may be suggested that in the light of
this winter's invasion of Acadian Chicka-
dees the record of the Hudsonian Chicka-
dee on page 174 should refer to littoralis.

A bibliography occupies pp. 202-257;
and Part II of the work 'Economic
Ornithology,' by Bishop, filling pp. 261-
360, is an important addition to the Bulle-
tin.

The authors state their belief that the
collecting of birds and eggs for scientific
purposes "can never appreciably reduce
their numbers, as long as they are pro-

56

Bird -Lore

tected from loo much slaughter in the
name of sport, and their eggs and young
arc guarded from cats," "which," they
add, "probably do as much damage to the
young of our small, useful birds near our
towns and cities as all other agencies
combined." — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Condor. — The autumn number of
The Condor,' which is usually published
about the middle of September, appears
this time under date of October 15 and
contains only three general articles. The
first paper is one of the occasional techni-
cal studies which are always welcome
contributions to our knowledge of the
systematic relationships and distribution
of some group. This paper, by H. S.
Swarth, is devoted to 'A Revision of the
California Forms of Plpilo maculalus,'
the Spotted Towhee. Six subspecies are
recognized as occurring in California, three
of which are of general distribution. One
of these, the Sacramento Towhee (P. m.
falciiielliis) is described as new, based on
a specimen from the Marysville Buttes
in Sutter County, and, as its name indi-
cates, it ranges throughout the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys. The San
Francisco Towhee {P. m. falcifer) ranges
along the coast from the northern border
of the state to San Luis Obispo County,
while the Spurred Towhee {P. m. megal-
onyx) occupies the southern coast region.
The other three forms are very limited
in distribution. The Oregon Towhee is
represented by a single specimen collected
on San Clemente Island; the Nevada
Towhee is restricted to the Warners
Mountain region in the northeastern
corner of the state, and the San Clemente
Towhee is found only on San Clemente and
Santa Catalina Islands.

'An Unusual Nesting Site of the Mal-
lard' on Columbia Slough, Oregon, is des-
cribed by O. J. Murie. The nest, built
in the crotch of an ash tree, 9 feet from
the ground, contained 10 eggs. Nine of
these eggs hatched safely and the young
birds evidently found their way to the

water nearby but the author was too late
to observe their transfer from the nest.

Under the title 'Call-notes and Man-
nerisms of the Wren-tit,' Joseph Grinnell
recognizes seven distinct kinds of notes
and comments on several inaccuracies
regarding the habits ascribed to this bird.

Among the shorter notes are several
records by Allan Brooks including those of
a Water Turkey (Anhinga anhinga) seen
on the California side of the Colorado
River, Feb. 9, 19 13; an eastern Phoebe
collected at Moss Beach March 7, 1913;
and a Bryant's Marsh Sparrow taken at
Carpinteria, Calif., Dec. 23, 191 2, the
last being the southernmost occurrence of
this bird thus far recorded.

In a timely review Grinnell criticizes
certain inaccuracies in a 'Check-List of
the Birds of the Sequoia National Park,'
mentioning five deviations from the A. O.
U. 'Check-List' and ten very question-
able records in a list of 184 species. It is
true that these should not have occurred
but we venture to say that examination
of a carefully annotated copy of the A.
O. U. 'Check-List' would show a sur-
prisingly large number of corrections of
various kinds even in this standard ref-
erence book. No paper is free from mis-
takes and when they occur they should be
corrected. Now that attention has been
called to the Sequoia Park bird-list, we
trust that the next edition will have the
errors corrected and be otherwise im-
proved. In time we should have an accu-
rate and well annotated list of the birds
of each of the National Parks. — T. S. P.

The Wilson Bulletin (No. 84, Sept. i,
1913) opens with an important contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the life-history
of the Glossy Ibis by Oscar E. Baynard
who records no less than twenty-six
nests of this rare bird from Florida; an
even more extensive study of the nesting
habits of a single species is presented by
Cordelia J. Standwood who, on pp. 118-
137, writes of the Olive-back Thrush in its
summer home in Maine. Her paper, like
that of Baynard's, is illustrated by some
excellent photographs.

Book News and Reviews

57

G. Eifrig tells of 'A Vacation in Quebec'
and Allen Cleghorn of 'The Winter Birds
of Algonquin Park, Ontario,' from which
he has recorded 35 species at that season.

Number 85 of the Bulletin (Dec, 1913)
opens with one of Miss Althea R. Sher-
man's careful, exhaustive studies of the
life of the nest entitled 'Experiments in
Feeding Hummingbirds During Seven
Summers' and another addition to the
now growing number of intensive studies
of the home-life of birds is furnished by
Ira N. Gabrielson, under the title 'Nest
Life of the Catbird.'

In 'Bird Notes from the Southwest,'
J. L. Sloanaker records with enthusiasm
and hence readable observations made
near Tucson, Arizona; T. C. Stephens
gives the data of 'An Unusual Flight of
Warblers in the Missouri Valley,' and the
number is closed with editorials, notes,
and reviews. No field student should be
without the Wilson Bulletin. — F. M. C.

Book News

'The Audubon Calendar' of the
Massachusetts Audubon Society for 19 14
resembles in style those of preceding
years. It contains life-size colored figures
of the Wood Pewee, Tree Swallow, Cres-
ted Flycatcher, Orchard Oriole, Golden-
winged Warbler, and Chipping Sparrow.
The accompanying text is from Hoffman's
excellent 'Guide to the Birds of New
England and Eastern New York.'

A 'Bird Almanac,' published bj'
the Audubon Society of Buffalo met with
such a well-deserved reception that the
edition was quickly disposed of. With a
calendar it combines quotations in verse
and prose, and a large number of attrac-
tive and seasonably suitable photographs
of birds from nature. The success of the
Buffalo Society in this venture should
stimulate other local or state bird clubs to
prepare almanacs or calendars adapted to
the bird-life of their region.

The first number of the second volume
(January, 1914) of 'The American Bird-

House Journal,' published by the Jacobs
Bird-House Co., at Waynesburg, Pa., con-
tains reports of experiences in establish-
ing Martin colonies, and much other news
of interest to those who would have bird
tenants.

Mr. Edward F. Bigelow, who for
fourteen years has so successfully edited
the department of 'Nature and Science'
in St. Nicholas, has resigned from the
staff of that magazine, and hereafter will
devote himself more exclusively to 'The
Guide to Nature,' which he proposes
greatly to improve and to enlarge. Mr.
E. J. Sawyer, the well-known bird artist,
will take charge of a new department
under the heading of 'Birds in the Bush,'
and Mr. Bigelow himself will conduct a
section to be known as 'The Fun of
Seeing Things.'

Geo. Newnes Ltd., 8-1 1 Southamp-
ton Street, Strand, London, announces
as important additions to their 'Country
Life' library 'Our Common Sea-Birds,'
by Percy R. Lowe, and 'The Peregrine
Falcon at the Eyrie,' by Francis Heath-
erly. Both are fully illustrated with photo-
graphs from nature.

The British Ornithologists' Bird Club
issues as its 190th Bulletin 'A Guide to Sel-
borne and Synopsis of the Life of Gilbert
White,' by W. H. Mullens. Wholly aside
from its distinction as the scene of Gilbert
White's intimate studies of nature, its own
attractions for the bird-lover may well
make it a Mecca for every American orni-
thologist visiting England, and we there-
fore cordiallj' recommend this Bulletin,
which can be purchased of Witherby & Co.,
320 High Holborn, London, for two shil-
lings and sixpence.

The Smithsonian Institution repub-
lishes in its report for 1912 (pp. 475-482)
Gain's 'The Penguins of the Antarctic
Regions.' As naturalist of the Charcot
Expedition, Dr. Gain had exceptional
opportunity for the study of these remark-
able birds.

5^

Bird - Lore

^irD Sore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine

Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL OEGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributingEditor.MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published February 4, 1913 No. 1
SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States. Canada and Mexico, tuenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED. 1913, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand

The southward invasion this winter of
Acadian Chickadees has brought this
species to the notice of many observers
to whom it was before a stranger, and
various notes we have received indicate
that the comparatively recent change in
the common name of this eastern form has
created more or less confusion.

In 1722 Forster described a Chickadee
from Ft. Severn, Hudson Bay, as Parus
[now Penthestes] hudsonicus, and, until
the 19 ID edition of the American Orni-
thologists' Union's 'Check-List' appeared,
this bird, commonly known as the 'Hud-
sonian Chickadee,' was the only bird of
its type recognized by the Union from
eastern North America. In 1863, however,
Bryant described an eastern race of this
Chickadee as Partis hudsonicus var.
littoralis, basing his description on a
specimen from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.
Bryant's proposed race was ignored for
many years, but it proves to be recog-
nizable, and the name littoralis is now
applied to the Chickadees of the hud-
sonicus type inhabiting northern New
England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Quebec and Newfoundland, while the
subspecific name hudsonicus is restricted
to those from farther north and west. It
is to this more northern race that the
name Hudsonian Chickadee now properly
belongs, while to littoralis, the more
southern race, the name Acadian Chicka-
dee has been given. The differences
between the two are too slight to be

obvious in nature, but an examination of
specimens proves, as might be expected,
that the birds which have visited southern
New England this winter are of the
littoralis type, and hence they should be
known as Acadian Chickadees.

Mr. W. L. Dawson's bird census from
Santa Barbara, published on another
page, came at the last moment when it
was possible to insert it. He writes:
"Just as I am closing I am reminded that
I have followed my habitual order of the
California Check-List (Grinnell's) instead
of the A. O. U., as I had intended." He
adds that he had not time to revise his
list, nor have we. It is too interest-
ing to omit, and it is published therefore
as an excellent illustration of the evil of
using other than the accepted standard
of classification for faunal lists in which
convenience of reference is of infinitely
greater importance than the expression of
one's opinion as to whether one family of
birds should precede or succeed another.

Mr. Fuertes' articles on the songs of
tropical birds seem to us to prove what we
have long believed to be true, that one
can best convey a conception of the char-
acter of certain songs by describing the
effect on the listener rather than the song
itself.

Purposes of exact analytical record may
possibly be served by musical annotation,
when the employment of this method is
possible; but miles of notes accurately
placing on the staff the trills of the Tina-
mou would not begin to convey the impres-
sion created by its song as vividly as
Fuertes does in a paragraph.

Leo E. Miller, one of the representa-
tives of the American Museum, with
Colonel Roosevelt, writes us from Buenos
Aires that he saw in a warehouse there
()o,ooo kilos of Rhea plumes taken from
killed birds. The figures are almost
incredible. That a single firm should have
60 tons of the feathers of this bird at one
time implies destruction on a scale which
surely no species can long withstand.

Cbe ^luDubon ^octette^

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL 'WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the editor, at S3 Arlington Avenue, Providence, R. L

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

In a recent bulletin entitled Animal Communities in Temperate America,
as Illustrated in the Chicago Region,"* a study in animal ecology of practical
interest to the general nature-lover as well as to the student, man's relation
to nature and his conduct toward animals are frankly discussed and criticized.

The writer makes a strong plea for "a. consideration of wild nature as it
really is," instead of a sentimental conception of the relations which bind
together all forms of life. He draws a vivid picture of the conditions of prime-
val nature w^here the struggle for existence goes on uninterrupted or unhindered
by man, and of what he styles "a man-made nature from which the con-
spicuous animals and their deadly struggles have been eliminated."

We are living to-day very largely in this man-made nature, a nature which
is constantly changing by reason of man's acti\dties and which is often unduly
influenced for better or worse by man's legislation. In advocating a broad
and thoroughly sane study of past and present natural conditions, the author
of this instructive bulletin warns against a biased or narrow field of vision.
"With some people," he says, "birds obscure all else in the animal world.
. . . Why protect birds? Is the present attempt justified? . . . All other
things being equal there are but two more reasons for special measures for
the preservation of birds than for the preservation of reptiles, amphibians
or insects. First, birds are subject to destruction by reckless gunners. Second,
they are less dependent upon natural conditions on the ground and are better
able to sur\dve after land has been put under cultivation than some other
groups. Many other animals whose diets are varied have been exterminated
or will be so by agriculture, leaving the birds at the most easy point for pro-
tective effort. The protection of birds should not be urged at the expense of
the extermination of other animals because of their alleged occasional attacks
upon birds. (Squirrels, for example.) The great danger of acting on partial
truth regarding animal interdependences makes societies for the protection
of birds alone scientifically and educationally unjustified. The protection of
all groups should be urged, in particular through the preservation of the natural

*Bulletin No. 5, Victor E. Shelford, Ph.D., of the University of Chicago, pub-
lished by the Geographic Society of Chicago.

(59)

6o Bird - Lore

features upon which they depend. . . . When one comes to love an animal
or a group of animals, he is in no position to draw scientific conclusions regard-
ing it. For this reason bird enthusiasts are not always to be trusted. (Intro-
duction of the English Sparrow into this country, for example.) Mistaken and
sentimental ideas cause the killing of many useful animals and the protec-
tion of many noxious ones." (Snakes, skunks, shrews and centipedes are
examples of useful animals which are ruthlessly killed wherever found.)

This arraignment of a sentimental conception of nature is closed by the
significant caution that with regard to the actual relations of the living world
about us, "the complexity of the problem demands careful study and con-
servative action."

This is not the place to amplify the statements quoted or to defend the
principle of bird-protection and the methods used to obtain it. It is the place,
however, to emphasize the need of a clear, unprejudiced view of nature in
general and of birds in particular, and to put forward a plea for a "back to
nature" attitude in teaching or presenting publicly the facts about the world
in which we, together with many other animals and living things, are placed.
By a "back to nature" attitude is meant studying at first-hand not only birds
but all that goes to make up their world and our world, the simple method of
natural history as exemplified by Gilbert White and John James Audubon.
We are not all scientists or even students, but we may all become careful and
broad-minded observers, who see more than birds when afield, and beyond
the present when considering measures of conservation.

The reports of the State and National Audubon Societies for 1913 show
that the time has come when nature-study will not much longer be kept out
of public or private schools through indifference or misapprehension of our
motives. Now is the time to prove the intrinsic value of this study, by helping
teachers and educators to grasp it in a broad, sane way, not as a pleasing or
entertaining form of instruction, although this it surely is, but as the basis
of natural history, and later, of biology and other sciences along specialized
lines.

Some of the encouraging signs of the times are; first, that the demand for
our work is apparent on every hand, and second, that criticisms of our aims
and methods come from quarters of scientific research, indirectly interested
in helping us deal with the subjects of birds and bird-protection in a funda-
mental way.

II

The yearly record of the work done by our State Societies and National
Association and the plans for future efi'ort therein outlined, offer so many
suggestions worthy of our careful attention that it may not be out of place to
mention a few especially encouraging points; and first, let us notice that the
quotation from Mr. Dutcher's report of 1909, made by Mr. Pearson, to the

The Audubon Societies 6i

effect that education of the public with reference to the value of birds will
result logically in their protection, is quite in line with the best ideals of con-
servation as opposed to the sentimental plea for protection, condemned by
Professor Shelford, provided that this education is put on a sufficiently
broad basis, which we think is the aim of bird-protectionists in general.

The Junior Audubon work is fast becoming a most important part of this
great educational movement. The fact that it is being extended to Alaska so
efficiently, is a fine exhibition of the energy and power controlling it.

The Massachusetts bill, authorizing the appointment of paid bird-war-
dens by city councils or town meetings, is a significant hint of what we may
expect of an aroused public sentiment as a result of such education. Hitherto,
game-wardens have been appointed with little attention to their fitness for the
ofl&ce. California and Oregon are leading the way to the selection of wardens
who shall be capable "not only of giving police service but who are fitted to
carry on research and educational work" — in other words, a civil-service
standard is now demanded in wide-awake communities in the matter of the
protection and conservation of wild life. Arizona shows how a game-warden
may be an equally capable President of the State Audubon Society.

When bird-legislation is directed, as in Oregon, toward the restriction of the
use of firearms by children under fourteen, the prevention of the pollution of
streams, the seizure and sale of the outfits of illegal hunters, and against the
shooting of game from a public highway, railroad right of way, ocean beach
or the shores of a large river, the criticism of sentimental narrow-mindedness
on the part of ornithological enthusiasts loses ground.

What Mr. Swope says about cooperation with commissioners of education,
editors of newspapers, and teachers in the matter of making this educational
work, particularly, the Junior Audubon part of it, better understood, should
be reread with care.

The transfer of Dr. C. F. Hodge from the field of specialized biological
investigation to the enlarged work of applied civic biology in connection with
the former, and the natural history campaign in New Jersey are both notable
happenings, the outcome of which is to be watched with keen interest.

Space forbids more than the mention of the following items, each one of
which might be looked up with profit. The results of supervision of nature-
study in California by a special Director; the presentation of the cat problem
in a leaflet by the Connecticut Audubon Society; spring-study classes in the
District of Columbia; the model law of Kentucky, enforcing "the wTitten con-
sent of the ow^ner" clause with reference to shooting upon farms; the new bird
chart with explanatory pamphlet, issued by the Massachusetts Society, and
also, the efforts of the Field Secretary in that state, to keep in touch with local
work; the erection of bird-boxes in cemeteries and the investigation of the com-
parative mortality of the bird-population in sections where nesting-boxes are
placed, the distribution of food for birds in winter by rural mail carriers and

62 Bird - Lore

also, cooperation with the Associated Press, in Michigan; bird- and nature-
study courses in summer schools, as suggested by the work of the President of
the Minnesota Society; New Jersey's permanent exhibit of the economic value
of birds; the extension work of the North Dakota Agricultural College and pre-
miums offered by the State Audubon Society in connection with membership;
the practical use of fees derived from hunting-licenses in North Carolina;
Pennsylvania's exhibit in Philadelphia; museum- work as enlarged by the
Audubon Society of Rhode Island; exhibits and visiting schools in East
Tennessee; the results of cooperation in West Virginia, and finally, the effort to
furnish teachers with suitable nature-study material and topics for class use
in Wisconsin.

Such a hasty survey of the manifold means now in operation for the edu-
cation of the public along fair and broad lines of thought, concerning the value,
use and conservation of nature, does scant justice to the inspiring effort of the
bird-lovers of this country. The signs of the times point to a speedy and
permanent uplift in the attitude of our people toward questions affecting wild
life.

By acting upon the suggestions of individual workers and societies, the
results of our work as a whole may be easily doubled and tripled. — A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils
Exercise XIII: Correlated Studies, Botany and Reading

THE BIRD'S LIFE IN WINTER

Having studied briefly the way in which birds get their food, we may very
profitably look about us during the winter months and see what it means for
a bird to live in cold climates from fall until spring.

And first, let us try to forget our own surroundings, and look out upon
the world as the bird does. It would certainly seem a difficult matter to any
civilized human being to find enough to eat and drink, to say nothing of suit-
able shelter even in summer or autumn, when nature is most lavish in display-
ing attractive food of many kinds and hospitable nooks protected from sun
and storm, but in winter, one cannot imagine a more desolate fate, in northern
latitudes at least, than to be cast adrift with no resource except one's hands and
wits to sustain life.

The bird's problem is more difi&cult, since it must brave not only cold,
stormy weather, a variable and greatly lessened food-supply, but also dangers
and enemies which man does not need to fear. Suppose we set down this
problem as one might a sum in arithmetic, in two columns, one showing the

The Auduben Socieries 63

advantages and the other the disadvantages which a bird has, and add up the
results to see what the actual chances are for birds to live in winter.

Advantages — Disadvantages —

Flight Scanty Food-supply

Sight Enemies

Plumage Colds

Sense of Direction Storms

Other Dangers

Looking at the disadvantages first, we find that the food-supply of birds
is decreased in many ways. Ponds, small streams and many rivers and lakes
are generally frozen over, which means that most water- and shore-birds can-
not find suitable feeding- areas in cold latitudes. A few species, like the Her-
ring Gull and others of its kind, have discovered an artificial source of food in
the garbage-scows about the harbors of our large cities and towns, but the
majority of fish-eating, water-loving birds must migrate south in order to live
through the winter. Some of the diving ducks find food on the coast or in
open water throughout cold weather, but when we consider that they may
go down as far as one hundred and fifty feet to secure a meal of small crus-
taceans, clams or other tasty morsels, we realize that existence with them
calls for far greater energy' and sense of location than we would have in simi-
lar conditions.

It is not cold weather, but the effect of cold weather which makes ice-bound
surroundings unfit for most of these birds in winter, since lack of food or
inability to break through the ice in search of food are both results of frigid
conditions.

Land-birds fare little better, with the exception of seed-eating and carnivor-
ous species and a few insect-hunters like the Woodpeckers, Nuthatches and
Chickadees, for the ground is frozen and covered with snow much of the time
in winter, cutting off the supply of worms and sundry other small creatures.

There are no winged insects flying about trees and shrubs or through the
air. There are no nectar-bearing flowers and no berries or fruits except an
occasional frozen apple, pear or the like while the supply of seeds and nuts is
scanty as compared with autumn abundance, indeed, one might hunt a long
time without discovering sufficient nourishment of any kind for a meal.

There are pine-cones in certain places, to be sure, but only the Crossbills
are fitted to pry them open. There is a great quantity of insects' eggs and
larvae, too, well hidden away in crevices or under the bark of trees, or even
rolled up in occasional dead leaves that cling and flutter in the high winds
of January and February.

There are some small animals which may be found by the far-seeing
Hawks and Owls, field-mice and squirrels, for instance, but for the most part,
the silence of the outdoor world is unmistakable — a land of plenty has become
a land of want.

64 Bird - Lore

In addition to scarcity of food, birds must face enemies, although these
are proljably fewer in winter than in summer, with the exception of the enemy
man, who appears in the form of the trapper or hunter. The Shrikes or
Butcher-birds are conspicuous in cold weather, ready to strike the unwary
Kinglet, Redpoll, or Sparrow, on their legitimate search for mice and insects,
while cats prowl at large, springing upon feathered prey with easy stealth.

Some enemies of the birds are hidden away, sleeping through the cold
months. The turtles, for example, some species of which are fond of the eggs
of wild or domesticated Ducks, hibernate in winter, and many snakes lie
in torpor too, rolled up singly or several together, in holes in the ground.

Sudden drops in temperature and sleet-storms that cover everything with
an ice-mantle are very hard upon bird-life, as the chronicles of nearly every
winter tell us. In addition to these dangers, there are unsuspected dangers
lurking in the form of electric wires and lights, high netted wire fences and
polluted streams, but these cause more destruction among birds at other sea-
sons of the year than in winter. Can you think for what reasons this is so?

The one great advantage which birds possess over all other living things
is the power of flight, a power that enables them to seek more favorable con-
ditions when the winter is too rigorous and food over-scarce. Flight alone,
however, could not save a bird from death by starvation although it might
from death by cold. A wonderful sense of sight and a more mysterious sense
of direction guide birds in their search for food, while a remarkable covering
of feathers protects them alike from cold, moisture or heat.

Look at the bark of any tree and listen carefully as you look, with your
ear against the tree if you choose, and then watch a Woodpecker, Nuthatch
or Brown Creeper do the same. Feel of the bark, running a finger slowly
along its rough surface. Which sees and hears and feels the most, you or the
birds? Try to follow a bird on its daily round of food-gathering and think
whether you could locate a second time all the places which it visits as long as
a food-suj)ply lasts. Notice how quickly a Chickadee discovers a chunk of suet
put out to attract it and with what regularity it finds its way back to the novel
ration. Try the same clothes on during the coldest day in winter and the
warmest day in summer and stand out in a drenching rain or driving snow,
if you wish to prove how far superior a bird's plumage is, as a means of
protection, to our customary coverings.

After all, it is very little that we know about life in the open in winter,
shut up as we are in heated houses, surrounded with artificial light when
darkness draws down, fed upon forced food-supplies from hothouses and
distant climes when our gardens are frozen and unproductive, and protected
in numberless ways from dangers and enemies of all kinds.

A hole in a tree may look snug and tight to a Woodpecker, Owl or squirrel,
but not to you or to me. The Ruffed Grouse keeps from freezing under a
blanket of snow and Gulls sit upon the ice, but neither of these places would

The Audubon Societies 65

be safe or comfortable for us, for our blood would soon cool below the tempera-
lure of the atmosphere and then we would be in danger of freezint^ to death.
Many other animals besides man cannot live through intense cold, and these
must do one of three things, go away (migrate), go to sleep in a protected place
(hibernate), or perish.

Of all birds which stay with us in winter, perhaps the seed-eaters are the
most attractive. The gay Redpolls come down from the north in flocks to hunt
for food; also the Crossbills and occasionally a Siskin or the rare Evening Gros-
beak. In New Hampshire the Pine Grosbeak has already appeared, while
any day a brilliant male Purple Finch in company with several dull speckled
mates may greet you, let it snow or blow as it will.

All of these birds sing, as do the Junco and Tree Sparrows, too, long before
the great song-period of the year, the mating-season in late spring and early
summer, so that they are especially welcome to us as February and March
hold winter lingering in our neighborhood.

Make friends then with the birds in winter, when they most need your
kindly care, and repay them with a generous hand for their careful surveil-
lance of trees and shrubs infested by insect pests. Be a part of nature, if you can,
instead of a careless onlooker. It is not nearly as difficult as it seems to become
intimate with birds and animals or with any living thing, but this may not
be learned in books or by the fireside. The real nature-lover follows the trail
on foot and through all kinds of weather.

SUGGESTIONS

Read selections from "Sharp Eyes," by Hamilton Gibson.

"Wild Life near Home," by Dallas Lore Sharp.

"Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers," by John Hurrou<,dis.

"Walden" (Chap. XV. Winter x\nimals), by Henry Thoreau.
What plants have seeds left on them in winter? W^hat trees bear cones?
Where do worms, frogs and toads pass the winter? What animals sleep in winter?
What would you expect to find under stones in winter? In decayed stumps or under

masses of dead leaves ?
Are the Bob-whites as hardy as the Grouse?
What becomes of the bees, ants and spiders in cold weather?
Look up Hibcnialioii in the p]ncyclop;edia Brltannica. — A. H. W'.

FROM YOUNG OBSERVERS

What Good Winter Birds Are

The winter birds eat thousands of seeds. Some of the winter birds are
the Downy Woodpecker, the Nuthatch, and the Junco. The Junco eats seeds.
He likes the best, ragweed seeds and silver-leaf seeds.

I have a bird-table. The Nuthatch, and the Downy Woodpecker visit
it every day. Once a Sparrow came to eat. Then the Nuthatch came. They

66 Bird - Lore

had a fight. The Nuthatch came down the limb, and flew under the Sparrow,
then came behind the Sparrow and drove him ofif. Then the Nuthatch ate his
dinner. I put nuts, crumbs, and ground corn on my table. — David Prudden,
(age ii), Logansville, N. J.

[Will our young observers tell us what seeds the Junco likes best in their vicinities?
Are there many seeds unfit to eat ? Each owner of a lunch-counter, food-table or even
of a tree with suet attached may watch the actions of birds toward each other when
feeding. In my bacii yard, the Blue Jay, Downy Woodpecker, White-breasted Nut-
hatch, English Sparrow and Chickadee claim the suet put out, in the order named. —
A. H. W.]

A Turkey Buzzard's Nest

Last summer, while camping in the woods near Kelly's Ripple, I noticed a
large number of Buzzards in a swampy woods and concluded from their
actions that they nested nearby. So I hunted for their nest several days and
finally did stumble upon it by accident. It was simply a depression lined
with leaves, under the overhanging edge of an old Indian mound, and con-
tained two creamy white eggs lightly blotched with brown. I found this nest
on May the fourth. It was a red-letter day for me, because I think a bird's
nest is of more beauty and attraction than the bird itself, and it is the only
Buzzard's nest I have ever found. I had to leave shortly afterwards and felt
the keenest disappointment that I was not allowed to watch the incubation
and growth of the young birds. — Chas. E. Carson (age 15).

[What other species of birds nest on or near the ground? — A. H. W.]

A Colony of Baltimore Orioles

I live at Rudkin, W. Va. We have a Barker Junior Audubon Club in our
school and I am a member. We have studied Bob-white and Cardinal, and are
going to study the Baltimore Oriole at our next meeting. We all enjoy our
meetings and our pictures so much. This fall I found four Baltimore Oriole's
hammock nests on our farm. There must have been a colony of them. I am
going to watch for them next year and see if they come back to the same
place again.

We are going to make bird-houses in January and February in order to
have them ready for the first Bluebird.

I like to feed the birds now while it is so cold for they get so tame they will
eat with the chickens. — Lulu Barker (age 12).

[Finding nests when the trees are bare is a pleasant and instructive diversion, for
one can see plainly then just how the nests are placed and how well they were built.
What other nests besides the Baltimore Oriole's may be found in winter? — A. H. W.]

The Audubon Societies 67

A Story About a Bluebird

The Bluebirds like a warmer climate, therefore there are not many Blue-
birds here in cold weather. They lay four eggs in a nest. It takes twenty-five
days for their eggs to hatch, and their eggs are also blue. They lay their
eggs in May and June. They build their nest of grass and hair.

The Bluebird sings sweet songs, which are pleasing to the eye and charming
to the ear. The Bluebird eats grasshoppers and crickets and green grass and
corn and wheat. The Bluebirds are careful not to betray the location of their
home and do not sing near their nest. A female is different than a male. The
male Bluebird's feathers are dark. The female's feathers are light blue, and
a female does not go very far from her nest.

A Bluebird does not like anybody to bother its nest. You can tame Blue-
birds to be pets. A Bluebird has a short bill and a fuzzy tail, and takes a trip
down south in the winter time. A Bluebird will not fight over her young ones.

The male Bluebird does not rely only on the charms of his plumage to win
him a mate but woos her also with voice. Bluebirds are most desirable
citizens from every point of view, and are as useful as they are beautiful. —
Ross E. Gideon, Tonganoxie, Kans.

[This little story has much information in it about one of our most attractive song-
sters. Now that the writer of it has learned so many facts about the Bluebird from
books, it will give him added pleasure to study this species out-of-doors, and see for him-
self Just what kinds of food it prefers, where its nest is located, when the young are
hatched, whether its tail is really fuzzy or not, and many other details. Perhaps he can
tell us later on whether the Bluebird is decreasing in numbers in Kansas. — ^A. H. W.)

The Bluebird

By GARRETT NEWKIRK

Fond lover of home; Clay-colored his breast,

Tho' far he may roam And white to the nest.

Over the wide, green earth, Cerulean blue to the sky;

For mating and loving and singing he He seems to be telling of peace upon

comes earth,

Back to the land of his birth. And glory of heaven on high.

First color he brings, And when in the fall

The first note sings. The last low call

When skies are gloomy and gray; Of Bluebird comes to the ear.

The hour of his choice and sound of A feeling of sorrow we have for the

his voice, morrow, —

Make a memorial day. To know he is gone for the year.

THE WOOD THRUSH

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

Cl^e Rational ^00octatton ot Sintmhon ^otietk0

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 72

Throughout the southern part of its range this bird is widely known as
the Wood Robin. Altogether, this is not a bad name. The Wood Thrush is
not far from the size of our well-known and much-beloved Redbreast, and
its movements when walking or hopping along the ground are strikingly sim-
ilar to those of this well-known species. A near approach reveals the fact that
the general marking, particularly the heavily spotted breast, is quite distinct.
At close range, therefore, there is little possibility of even the most amateur
student confusing the two birds in the adult plumage. The wonderfully melo-
dious song of this Thrush is highly characteristic. As Dr. Chapman has said,
"It is a message of hope and good cheer in the morning, a benediction at the
close of day."

In 'Useful Birds and Their Protection,' Mr. E. H. Forbush has written:
"The song of the Wood Thrush is one of the finest specimens of bird music
that America can produce. Among all the bird songs that I have heard, it is
second only in quality to that of the Hermit Thrush. It is not
The Song projected upon the still air with the effort that characterizes the

bold and vigorous lay of the Robin, or the loud and intermittent
carol of the Thrasher. Its tones are solemn and serene. They seem to harmonize
with the sounds of the forest, the whispering breeze, the purling water, or the
falling of rain-drops in the summer woods. As with most other birds, there is a
great difference in the excellence of individual performers, and, while some males
of the species can produce such notes as few birds can rival, this cannot be said
of all. At evening, the bird usually mounts to the higher branches of the taller
trees, often upon the edge of the forest, where nothing intervenes to confine
or subdue his 'heavenly music' There, sitting quite erect, he emits his wonder-
ful notes in the most leisurely fashion, and apparently with little effort.
A-olle, he sings, and rests; then, unhurried, pours forth a series of inter-
mittent strains, which seem to express in music the sentiment of nature;
powerful, rich, metallic, with the vanishing vibratory tones of the bell, they
seem like a vocal expression of the mystery of the universe, clothed in a melody
so pure and ethereal that the soul, still bound to its earthly tenement, can
neither imitate nor describe it. The song rises and falls, swells and dies away,
until dark night has fallen. The alarm note of the bird is a sharp pit, pit,
several times repeated; this alarm often rises to a long roll. A soft cluck, also
repeated, is sometimes heard. A mellow, rather liquid chirp is another common
note."

(68) .

WOOD THRUSH
Order — Passeres Family — Tukdid^

Genus — Hylocichla Species — Mustelina

National Association of Audubon Societies

The Wood Thrush

69

The Wood Thrush is not among the early feathered arrivals in spring. In
fact, we do not see it until the new leaves are well started, and warm weather

has advanced sufl&ciently to render improbable the recurrence
In Spring of One of those backward blasts of winter which so often occur

in early spring. It is during the last ten days of April that we
usually lind the first Wood Thrush in the latitude of New York. Within a few
days after his song is heard ringing through the woodlands, practically all the
Wood Thrush delegation arrives. Love-making shortly begins, and full comple-
ments of eggs may be looked for within three weeks.

NEST AND EGGS OF WOOD THRUSH IN CEDAR TREE, DEMAREST, N. J.

Photographed by B. S. Bowdish

The building of a nest to suit the taste of a pair of Wood Thrushes involves
no small amount of labor. Although the birds feed on the ground, and spend

much of their time running or hopping about in the grass or
The Nest among the fallen leaves, they do not regard this as a good place

for their eggs and young. Up in a small tree from six to ten feet
above the earth they choose their nesting-site. In the fork of an upright limb,
or where the main stem of a sapling divides, is looked upon as a choice loca-
tion. Here large dead leaves, and sometimes pieces of paper, are brought, and
these, held together with sticks and twigs, form the bottom and sides of the

70 Bird - Lore

structure. Mud is brought to make the inner cup secure and strong. This
feature of the nest follows closely the architectural plan employed by the
Robin. The similarity ends here, however, for the Wood Thrush's nest is
usually lined with fine rootlets, while the Robin seems to prefer dried grass for
this purpose.

The eggs are usually deposited one each day, until the full complement
has been reached. Four is the number most generally laid, although the bird

may sometimes be found engaged in the business of incubation
Eggs with only three, and again five may be seen. The color is a

delightful bluish green, and, by way of comparison, it may be
said that they are lighter and do not possess such a deep green as the Cowbird.
In fact, they resemble very closely those of the Robin, and if they were only
slightly darker it would be almost impossible to distinguish the two.

YOUNG WOOD THRUSH JUST AFTER LEAVING NEST
Photographed by B. S. Bowdish

In reference to its food, the Wood Thrush is classified as an insect-eating
bird, and its value as such has become so generally recognized that it is now

protected by local laws in all parts of the United States where
Its Food it is found. As an additional safeguard, a measure known as

the McLean law, which was enacted by Congress in the year
1913, absolutely prohibits the killing of these birds at all seasons in all parts
of the country. In this way, the bird now dwells beneath the combined pro-
tection of the Government and the several states. As most of this bird's life is
passed on the ground or among the shrubbery, we would naturally expect it

The Wood Thrush 71

to eat those small forms of life found in such situations; and, in fact, careful
observation has found such to be true. Practically any insect which it comes
upon in its apparently aimless travels about the groves and thickets is doomed
to speedy destruction, unless escape is instantly effected. Beetles which in-
habit the ground or the bark of trees are eaten, as well as grasshoppers, snails,
spiders, and the larvae of many moths and other succulent insects. Now and
then the bird steals into the garden to take a gooseberry or blackberry, but,
if the earth has been recently spaded, it shows a decided preference for any
cutworm, or other undergrowing form of similar character, which may have
been exposed to the light of day. Wood Thrushes eat wild fruit and berries to
some extent, but their characteristic shyness evidently prevents them from
acquiring that intimacy with mankind which would tend to make them feel
as much at home in the cherry tree as does our dear, but at times annoying,
Robin.

All wild creatures, of course, have their enemies. Snakes, weasels, hawks,
and owls are among what we may call the natural enemies of small birds.

Against these destroyers our feathered friends have for long
Enemies centuries been able to hold their own in numbers. Mankind,

however, has brought many changes in the wild-life conditions
of the country, and, while we have destroyed many of the creatures which
formerly thinned the Wood Thrush ranks, we have introduced others whose
destructive effects are vastly more potent. Here is the tragic trio which we
have let loose upon American wild bird life; the sling-shot boy, the all-eating
Italian, and the ravenous house cat.

Classification and Distribution

The Wood Thrush belongs to the Order Passeres, Suborder Oscines, Family
TurdidcB, Subfamily TurdincE. Its scientific name is Hylocichla mustelina. It breeds
from southern South Dakota and southern New Hampshire, south to eastern Texas
and northern Florida, and winters from southern Mexico to Nicaragua and Costa
Rica, occurring casually in winter as far north as New Jersey.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON. Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City

William Dutcher, President
F. A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr.. Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

.Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5.00 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
Sioo.oo paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000.00 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000.00 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000.00 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Egret Protection for 1914

Never have the officers of this Associa-
tion appealed to the members and friends
of the movement for support for our cam-
paign against the aigrette traffic with
more confidence than we do at this time.
This feeling is based on the knowledge
that the past year witnessed greater results
from Audiihon activities than has any like
period in the history of American bird
protection.

The Record for 1913

Just glance for a moment at what was
accomplished by the Association with the
$10,000 contributed to the Egret Protec-
tion Fund last year:

First. The passage of the Pennsylvania
.\nti-Plumage Law, which put an end to
the business of the great wholesale feather
dealers whose American headcjuarters
were located in Philadelphia.

Second. The passage of laws preventing
the sale of aigrettes also in the states of
Michigan and Vermont.

Third. The employment of field agents
to locate colonies of breeding Egrets in
the southern states.

Fourth. The employment of a force
of eighteen Wardens, who so successfully
guarded the 8,000 Egrets in these rook-
eries that throughout the nesting season
not over twelve of the protected birds are

believed to have been killed by plume-
hunters.

Fifth. Secured a hearing before the
Ways and Means Committee of Con-
gress, and later, with the cooperation of
the New York Zoological Society, con-
ducted a campaign of publicity and per-
sonal appeal, which finally resulted in
the passage of the Federal Plumage Law.
])rohibiting the importation of feathers of
wild birds to America.

Si.vlh. Secured evidence which led to
the prosecution of five plume-hunters in
Morida and several milliners in northern
cities.

Seventh. By means of attractive litera-
ture, magazine, and newspaper articles, a
more systematic and wide-extended propa-
ganda of public education on the cruelty
of wearing feathers was conducted than
during any previous year in our history.

With this showing of results accom-
plished during the past twelve months, we
come before the public with the utmost
confidence, believing that the good people
of the country will be even more ready
than heretofore to support this well-
organized, well-known, and productive
humane movement.

Plans for the Present Season

The Association must have at least
$10,000 at the earliest possible moment

(72)

The Audubon Societies

73

for Egret protection work the coming
year. Here are some of the things which
are urgently needed:

First. A bill has already been intro-
duced in Congress to amend the national
law which prohibits the importation of
feathers. This, and doubtless other meas-
ures of similar character, must be met.

Second. It is important to secure laws
for stopping the sale of feathers in many
states where this traffic is still permitted.

Third. The work of locating and guard-
ing nesting colonies of Egrets has proved
so remarkably successful that we feel the
utmost justification in urging the con-
tinuance and increase of this effort.

Fourth. The illegal sale of aigrettes at
Florida winter resorts and in millinery
stores in the North must be broken up
by careful detective work.

Fifth. There is much educational work
yet to be done by appealing to the press
and supplying schools and farmers'
institutes with literature on the subject.

Sixth. To hundreds of women's clubs
in the country speakers should be sent to
lecture on the needless cruelty of wearing
bird feathers for hat trimmings.

If our friends could but visit the home
office of the National Association, and
here see the number of wonderful oppor-
tunities for effective work which come
flooding in, they would certainly be pro-
foundl}' impressed with the great open-
ings presented for useful service. Wc
have the organization, and -we have the
experienced workers; all we need is the
necessary funds. The work is conducted
on lines of the most careful economy
consistent with securing good results,
and every dollar contributed to the
Association is made to reach just as far
as possible.

This work of preserving the White
Egrets is one of the most human move-
ments in the interests of wild life which
has ever been undertaken. Will you not
lend it the aid of your practical support
and speak to your friends on the subject?

As we go to press, the following con-
tributions for the Egret Protection Fund
for 1914 have been received:

Balance unexpended from 1913,

as per Annual Report S433 78

Kuser, Mr. John Drj'den. ... 20 00

Bliss, Miss Lucy B 10 00

Brown, Mr. T. Hassall 10 00

Fairbanks, Miss Maria B.. . . 2 00

Hodgman, Miss E. M 5 00

Kempton, Miss May M i 00

Kimball, Mrs. D. P 25 00

Norfolk Bird Club 2726

Phelps, Mrs. J. W 10 00

Tod, Mr. J. Kennedy 10 00

$554 04
To Amend the Plumage Law

Many women returning from abroad
who have attempted to bring in aigrettes
or other birds' feathers on their hats have
been made to feel keenly the strong arm
of the new federal law. There have been
many outcries of resentment from those
who felt it an outrage that, in their case,
the law should be enforced. Law is all
right for other people, but there are not
many of us who will praise a restrictive
legislative measure when its enforcement
interferes with our own pleasure or
convenience. So women who have lost
their plumes by the watchfulness of the
Customs officials have had no hesitancy
in voicing their indignation.

And now they have found a champion
in the person of Congressman E. Y.
Webb, of Shelby, North Carolina. He
declares that the ladies' wrongs shall be
righted. To bring this about he intro-
duced a bill (H.R. iioio) in Congress, on
December ig, 1913, to amend the new
plumage measure. The change which he
proposes is to add the following ])aragraph
to the existing law:

"Provided further, That, in the case of
residents of the L^nited States returning
from abroad, aigrettes, quills, heads,
wings, tails, skins, or parts of skins, of
wild birds lawfully in the United States
prior to October fourth, nineteen hundred
and thirteen, and taken by such residents
out of the United States to foreign coun-
tries subsequent to that date, shall be
admitted to entry, on return, upon their
identity being established under appro-
priate rules and regulations to be pre-
scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury."

FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA, GOVERNMENT BIRD RESERVATION

Over 200,000 sea-birds bred here in 1913. Photographs made by the Association's specia

agent, Mr. Harold Heath.

LOOKING SOUTH OVER FORRESTER ISLAND
Twenty-one species of land birds were here identified

(74)

HIGHLAND MEADOW-LAND, FORRESTER ISLAND

Eagle's bathing place on roots to left

^^^^.^^f^^:

ON THE GROUND IN THE WOODS, FORRESTER ISLAND
Note entrances to nesting burrows of Leach's Petrels and Cassin's Auklets under stump and tree roots

(75)

76

Bird - Lore

The Silz Case

Probably the most gigantic attempt to
defraud the state of New York in the
matter of violating the game laws was the
one for which the Franco-American
Poultry Company has just paid the State
Conservation Commission the sum of
$20,000 in settlement, rather than risk
trial and a heavier punishment. This is
the largest penalty ever paid in this
country for breaking a game-i>rotccti\-e
measure.

The Bayne Law in New York State,
which makes it illegal to sell American
game-birds, provides, however, that any
one who will secure a breeder's license from
the State Conservation Commission may
raise Mallard and Black Ducks, and cer-
tain other game, and market the same.
Late in 191 2, A. Silz, of New York City,
America's largest dealer in game, secured
such a permit for the Franco-American
Poultry farm at Goshen, New York. To
this farm he then had shipped between
3,000 and 4,000 wild Ducks, trapped for
him along the coast of Virginia. At
(ioshen they were promptly killed, and
rcshipped to the markets of New York
City, presumably as Ducks raised and
sold under the Game Breeders' permit.

Few cases of game law violations have
contained for the writer so many exciting
and interesting phases as did this one.
For several months Mr. C. E. Brewster,
game-law expert for the United States
Department of Agriculture, made this
ofl&ce his headquarters while in the city,
ferreting out the necessary evidence to
bring a prosecution. There were puzzling
turns and bewildering complications in
the trail of guilt, for the transactions of
the Franco-American Poultry Company
had been most skilfully covered.

A full story of how this case was worked
out by Mr. Brewster and the Hon. George
Van Kennen, Chairman of the State
Conservation Commission, would fill a
volume of considerable size. Long con-
ferences were held in the offices of the
National Association, in which wejwent
over with the utmost detail every point

as the case developed. The Secretary
also accompanied Mr. Brewster to the
Poultry Company's farm at Goshen,
where we secured much damaging infor-
mation.

Although kind letters have been received
from both Mr. Brewster and Mr. Van
Kennen, thanking the Association for
our assistance, in a perfectly truthful
statement of the case it must be admitted
that these energetic and resourceful
officials received no very substantial or
necessary aid from any outside source.

England's Plumage Bill

The bill now pending in the British
Parliament to prohibit the importation
of the plumage of wild birds into the
United Kingdom, the full text of which
appeared in Bird-Lore for September-
October, 1913, is being fought with great
desperation and fierceness. The millinery
wholesalers and importers, after witness-
ing the crash and devastation wrought
among their fellows of the feather-looting
fraternity in America, when our general
plumage law went into effect, are strug-
gling in a frenzied manner to stem the
rising tide of English public opinion.

On the other hand, the workers of the
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
and their associates are equally alive to
the situation, and the English press is ring-
ing with their presentations. There is no
one in England better qualified to speak
on this subject, or who has been more
active in the support of the bill, than that
resourceful, energetic, and individual
worker, Mr. James Buckland.

The following quotations are from one
of his recent vivid and forceful addresses
on the subject: "Owing to the red death
billow which the plumage trade was
rolling through India, in utter disregard
of the Wild Birds' Protection Act of 1887,
the Government, in 1902, prohibited the
export from British India of the plumage
of all wild birds. Replying to the London
Chamber of Commerce, which sought on
behalf of its plumage section to obtain a
repeal of this law, the Bombay Chamber

The Audubon Societies

77

of Commerce pointed out that the pro-
hibition was meant not only to prevent
beautiful birds being exterminated, but
also to prevent useful birds being reduced
in numbers. The Chamber also explained
that it was a recognized fact that crops
of all kinds were subjected to incalculable
damage by insect pests, and that the com-
bating of this evil had become one of the
greatest diflSculties of the Indian agri-
culturist. The principal enemies of these
pests were the insectivorous birds, yet
these were the very species that hitherto
has been relentlessly slaughtered for their
plumage. Furthermore, the Chamber
continued: As the birds that are killed

for millinery are held in reverence, their
destruction, for any purpose, is strongly
resented by Hindus throughout the coun-
try, and, with the present political unrest
in India, it would be extremely unwise in
any way to outrage such deep-rooted
feelings.

"As an object lesson on the respect
which the feather-dealer pays to the
wishes of India — or of any other country,
for the matter of that — that she may be
allowed to keep her own birds for the
benefit of her agriculture and of her people,
it may serve a useful purpose to let you
know that the plumage of all that is held
most sacred in Hindu mythology, all that

EGRET SHOT BY FLORIDA PLUME-HUNTER AND BACK "SCALPED"

FOR THE PLUME

Photographed by Audubon Warden O. E. Baynard

78

Bird - Lore

is most prized for beauty or iitilily, in
I lie wild-bird life of In<lia, is, to this
hour, smuKslcd out of that country and
sold in the London feather mart. . . .

"The injury done to domestic animals
and to man by biting and parasitic insects
is great beyond the imagination of those
who have no knowledge of tropical climes.
One of the first acts of Mr. Wilson, when
he became President of the United States,
was to issue an Executive Order pro-
hibiting, under heavy penalties for infrac-
tion, the destruction of any wild bird in
the Panama Canal Zone. A matter of
very grave concern for us all is the enor-
mous number of fly-catching and parasite-
eating birds that are being killed annually
for their plumage in Central Africa. For
instance, in warm countries Kingfishers
feed almost entirely on insects, and it is a
conservative estimate to say that in
these regions every Kingfisher eats daily
150 of these noxious pests. Wherefore the
sale of the skins of 216,660 Kingfishers at
the last six London feather sales is — if
you will pardon a somewhat free use of
the vernacular of the man in the street
— asking for trouble.

"From every part of the world comes
the same story of wholesale slaughter of
wild-bird life. Here are the totals of just
a few species whose plumage has been
sold during the past twelve months at
the London feather sales: 216,603 King-
fishers; 21,318 Crowned Pigeons, 20,715
quills of the White Crane; 17,711 Birds-of-
Paradise; 5,794 pairs of Macaw wings;
4,112 Hummingbirds; and so on, through
the whole list of brilliantly plumaged
birds. I ask you to ponder on these
figures and — since plumages used in milli-
nery are of greatest value when taken from
the slain bird during the breeding-season —
to reflect what this annual hecatomb
darkly yet plainly indicates. . . .

"The (ierman explorer, Professor Neu-
hauss, who recently returned to Berlin
from New Guinea, has sent the following
communication to the Imperial Secretary
of Slate for the Colonies. Inter alia, he

says: 'The official figures as to the yearly
shooting of the Birds-of-Paradise in Ger-
man New Guinea do not give a correct
idea of the actual state of affairs, as at
least double the number is shot every
year. Considering the sparsely populated
coast, it is impossible to properly super-
vise the export of skins. There are nu-
merous secret paths which make it possible
to get a large quantity of plumage out of
the country unnoticed. By limitation of
the shooting, or by the introduction of a
close time, practically nothing is done.
The prospect of profit is far too attrac-
tive not to find ways and means for the
evasion of the law. I frequently hear it
remarked that the extermination of the
Birds-of-Paradise on the coast is not such a
serious matter after all, as the mainland
is of such vast extent that there is ample
room in the interior to ensure the preserva-
tion of the species. It is a remarkable fact
that in nearly all branches of the animal
and vegetable life in New Guinea a strict
localization presents itself hardly known
elsewhere. For this reason the various
species of Birds-of-Paradise are found in
comparatively circumscribed areas, so
that if all members of a certain species are
shot in their restricted habitat that species
is exterminated. On some stretches of the
coast the ranks of some species have been
so wasted that the hunters have great
trouble in collecting any skins at all. It
is impossible to insist strictly on the
observance of a uniform close time, for
the breeding season varies very much in
different localities. For instance, the
.Augusta Victoria Bird-of-Paradise moults
from December to April, and during that
lime the plumes are worthless. But in
May and June — the mating time — the
plumes are in perfect condition. Every
hunter knows this, and therefore, in these
two months, the most important for propa-
gation of the species, tries to procure as
many plumes as possible. Even if the
close time were extended from December
to the end of August, when the young are
reared, the hunters would shoot the birds
during the time of reproduction, that
being the only time when the feathers are

The Audubon Societies

79

of value to trade. Of course, they would
hide their boot\- until the expiration of
the close lime.

"Special evils exist near the IJutch
border. During my somewhat prolonged
stay in this neighborhood, Malay hunters,
who had come over from the Dutch ter-
ritory, were behaving outrageously. Not
only did they shoot every bird they saw —
of course without a license — but they ter-
rorized the natives into doing the same.
It is always the hunters of the Birds-of-
Paradise who give occasion for punitive
expeditions against the natives. In forc-
ing these poor fellows to bring in skins of
the Birds-of-Paradise, they proceed
against them in the most brutal way. At
length their victims turn upon them and
kill them. Then the Government sends
out an expedition for execution of punish-
ment, and a few dozen natives are shot
down.

"The Professor concludes his com-
munication to the Imperial minister by
remarking that if these miracles of Nature
are to be saved from extermination a
speedy and general prohibition against
all shooting is absolutely necessary." . ..

"When these atrocities are brought to
the notice of the feather-dealers, they say
blandly that is something that no trade
can direct or control. This is on a par
with the shuffling excuse of the craven
Macbeth, when he cried to the spirit of
Banquo, 'Thou canst not say I did iti
Never shake thy gory locks at me.' Not
only are these revolting massacres and
sickening cruelties something that the
trade can control, but, what is more, the
trade is directly responsible for them.
Let the dealers refuse to profit by this
bloody business, and the horrifying
brutalities that have scandalized the world
will come to an end in an instant.

"The immense commercialized slaugh-
ter of valuable and beautiful birds for
the feather trade that has been going on
for years with constantly increasing
barbarity, as the wild beast temper of
the killers rises more and more to the top,
serves no defensible purpose. All the uses

of ornament and millinery can be served
as well by ostrich plumes, by the feathers
of poultry and of birds killed for food, and
by other means. The argument that
the prohibition of the importation of
feathers will throw many hands out of
employment is fallacious; on the contrary,
there will be an increased demand for
labor for the making of ornaments for
hat-trimmings as substitutes for the
excluded feathers, and for the making up
of the feathers that are not excluded.

"There was a time — a time well within
living memory — when it was thought no
shame for Englishmen to regard the
Colonies simply as a means to an end —
as something to be exploited for private
gain. But those days, happily, are past.
The Empire now is one; its interests are
one; and no one part has any legal or
moral right to profit by the theft and
illict export of one of the natural resources
of another part. Instead of attempting
to justify such nefarious practices as
these, it would be more seemly in Eng-
lish merchants — since it is manifest that
it is not within the power of our dominions
to protect themselves and secure the bene-
fit and protection to which they are justly
entitled — to come to their rescue in their
distress.

"With what is taking place in India in
my mind, I will, before I pass on to other
matters, ask the trade one question.
Does the material prosperity of the Em-
pire depend on agricultural pursuits, or
does it depend on the profits of a few
feather merchants?

"The only other serious argument
brought against the Plumage Bill is the
contention that even if it became law in
this country no other European power
would follow England's lead. True, none
of us is a seer; but I know, as well as
anyone, what is going on on the Conti-
nent, and it is my belief that if Great
Britain passes this bill it will be a writing,
not on the wall, but on the northern sky.
The people of the United States gave their
answer yesterday; Great Britain must
put the question tomorrow. The salva-
tion of the birds of the world has become

8o

Bird - Lore

the Englishman's new burden, and it is a
burden that no Englishman can any
longer ignore. The duty of the hour is for
Great Britain to lead the way in Europe
now as she had led the way in the past in
every great moral step upward toward
God. Let her do this, and the rest is
assured. She did a noble deed when
she freed the slave from his chains. She
can do a noble deed now by freeing the
bird from the clutches of greed."

New Members

From October 20, 1913, to January i,
1914, the Association enrolled the follow-
ing new members:

Life Members.
"E. S. C."

Coolidge, J. Randolph
Draper, Mrs. Henry
Fay, Dudley B.
Fenno, Mrs. L. Carteret
Grew, Mrs. H. S.
Harrah, Mrs. Charles J.
Knight, Miss A. C.
Loring, Mrs. W. Caleb
Merrill, Miss F. E.
Thorn, Mrs. Augusta C. (In mem

oriam).
Torrey, Mrs. Alice W.
Wood, Mrs. Antoinette Eno

Sustaining Members.
Alexander, Wm. H.
Allen, Dr. J. Wilford
Arkwright, P. S.
Arnold, Miss Mittie
Arrowood, Mrs. Bertha M.
Audubon, Miss M. E.
Bachman, Mrs. Julia R.
Bailey, Mrs. A. T.
Bartlett, Miss Florence
Beattie, W. E.
Beer, Mrs. J.
Bingham, Miss Madeline
Bliss, Mrs. Mildred B.
Blitch, N. H.
Block, Dr. E. Bates
Blood, Mrs. C. O.
Brabham, Idis
Breese, Mrs. Sydney S.
Brown, J. Epps
Bryan, Shepard
Burdick, Marcus M.
Burnham, E. F.
Campbell, John Boyleston
Campbell, Mrs. Thomas B.
Chan!er, Miss Alida
Chapman, Mrs. James

Sustaining Members, continued
Cheney, Jr., Frank
Charleston Fish & Oyster Co.
Chase, Mrs. W. M.
Cheever, James G.
Civic League of Mayesville
Claflin, Miss Alice H.
Clarke, Miss Cora H.
Clarke, Mrs. Prescott, O.
Coker, Major J. L.
Colton, Jr., Mrs. Sabon W.
Cooley, Miss Rossa B.
Dana, Mrs. S. F.
Davis, Hon. C. L.
Davis, Mrs. Jeffrey.
DeLoach, Prof. R. J. H.
Department of Agriculture —

Canada.
DuBose, B. M.
DuPont, Eugene
DuPont, Eugene E.
DuPont, Mrs. Eugene E.
Dyar, Miss Dorothy
Ellis, Mrs. L. E.
Emery, Mrs. Mary M.
Emmons, Mrs. A. B.
Erickson, Mrs. A. W.
Evans, Mrs. J. G.
Evins, Samuel Nesbit
Feaster, Miss Florence G.
Flint, Charles R.
Forbes, Miss Cora J.
Ford, Frank C.
Fowler, George F.
Gale, Charles H.
Gammell, Mrs. R. J.
Gardner Dr. C. H.
Goddard, Mrs. R. H. I.
Goodridge, Dr. F. G.
Haden, C. J.
Hager, Karl
Halsted, David C.
Hamlin, Miss Eva S.
Hanahan, J. Ross
Hancock, Harry J.
Hannum, W. E.
Hardenbagh, Miss Adelaide C.
Harmon, Judson
Hart, Judge John C.
Helmer, Mrs. George J.
Hewitt, Miss Eleanor G.
Hidden, Walter
Hofer, Miss Elizabeth J.
Holter, Mrs. Sarah Sage
Homans, Mrs. John
Hornaday, Miss Nina
Huger, Alfred
Inslee, Stephen D.
Jay, Mrs. August
Jay, Pierre
Jelliffe, W. R.
Jennings, Miss A. B.
Jones, Mrs. Edward P.
Kendrick, Dr. W. F.
Keppel, David

The Audubon Societies

Sustaining Members, continued
Ketchin, H. E.
King, Charles S.
Laidlaw, James L.
Lefferts, M. C.
Levor, G.

The Macmurphy Co.
Main, Frank H.
Manning, Hon. Richard I.
Marden, Miss Doris F.
Martin, L. C.
Merriman, Mrs. Daniel
Morris, Mrs. Wistar
McAllister, John
McCreary, Dr. J. P.
McMaster, K. R.
The News & Courier
Newton, Dr. E. D.
Olmsted, Dr. John C.
Paine, 2nd, Mrs. R. T.
Peacock, Prof. D. C.
Pellew, Miss Marian J.
Pendleton, Miss Ellen F.
Pennington, Mrs. A. G.
Petermann, G. H.
Planten, W. Rutger J.
Powell, Dr. John C.
Powers, Thomas H.
Prentiss, William A.
Ramsay, Major William G.
Rea, Dr. Paul M.
Reynolds, Walter S.
Rood, Miss Mary W.
Rotch, Mrs. William J.
John Rugheimers Sons
Sanford, Miss Susan S.
Scarborough, Robert B.
Seabury, Miss Caroline O.
Seabury, Miss Sarah E.
Semken, E. H.
Simons, E. A.
Smith, Mrs. L. C.
Smoak, William M.
Spooner, Miss E. O.
Stebbins, Miss Annie C.
Stone, Mrs. F. H.
Talbot, Miss Mary
Taylor, P. J.
Tilden, Mrs. Charles L.
Tucker, R. P.
Tyler, Mrs. D. T. A.
Valentine, Miss Myra
Villard, H. A.
Wadsworth, H. C.
Waite, Frank A.
Wallace, Jr., Mrs. Thomas
Wayland, Mrs. Francis
Webster, Mrs. L. Florence
Webster, G. K.
Welch, S. E.
Welch & Eason
White, Mrs. Hattie D.
Williams, Miss Belle
Williams. Mrs. D. W.
Williams, E. A.

Sustaining Members, continued
Williams, Miss Susan
Woodsome, Mrs. Clara W.
Worsham, Hon. E. L.
Young, Horace (i.
Zobel, Robert P.

New Contributors

Allen, Miss Annie E.
Anonymous

Baker, Miss M. Elizabeth
Blackinton, Mrs. Roswell
Bugbee, Miss & Miss Baker
Carson, Mrs. J. R.
Chamberlin, Miss A. H.
Christensen, Mrs. A. H.
Civic League of Beaufort
Converse, Costello C.
Crane, Mrs. H. W.
DeWoIf, Holsey
Ellis, The Misses
Ferris, Miss Ida J.
"A Friend"
May, Miss Alice
Newton, Mrs. Charles P.
Page, Miss Myrtis
Shaw, Mrs. John C.
Treat, Robert B.
Van Bosherck, Miss Lizzie
Wise, Miss Anna Ellis

Notes from the Field

Under date of January i, 19 14, Mr.
Paul Kroegel, the Association's Warden
of Pelican Island Reservation, Indian
River, Florida, reports — "We have now
as fine a batch of young birds as I can
remember for this time of year. There
are about 1,600 young at present." There
are two striking things about this Pelican
colony; first, it is the only permanent
breeding colony of Pelicans on the Atlan-
tic coast in the United States, and second,
the birds do not lay their eggs during the
spring months which almost any other
bird regards as the proper time for domes-
tic activity. These Indian River Pelicans
deposit their eggs usually in November or
December, fully five months before the
Pelicans in the Gulf colonies, less than
two hundred miles away, deem it wise to
begin nest-building.

Upon the occasion of the annual meet-
ing of the Virginia State Audubon Society
recently held in Richmond, Mr. M. D.

82

Bird -Lore

Hart, well kiiDwn in business circles in
that city, was elected President to suc-
ceed Mrs. W. K. Harris. Mr. Hart has
begun a most active campaign of publicity
in the interests of a bill which the Society
will put before the Virginia Legislature
this year for the purpose of establishing a
state game commission to be supported by
a resident hunters' license tax. In this
work he not only has the cooperation of the
Virginia (iame and Game Fish Protective
Association, but is being greatly assisted
by the Field Agent of the Association, Miss
Katharine H. Stuart. There is probably
no woman so well known in Virginia today
as Miss Stuart, her field-work and lec-
tures during the past four years having
taken her into every nook and corner of
the Old Dominion State.

Dr. Eugene Swope, Ohio Field Agent
for the Association, is working in Florida
this winter. The Florida State Audubon
Society has combined with the National
Association in financing an extensive
lecture tour for Dr. Swope. He is visit-
ing practically all the cities and towns of
importance in the state. In his addresses
and newspaper work he is laying special
stress on the importance of teaching the
children the value of bird-study by means
of Junior Audubon classes. He is also
doing much to cultivate a sentiment to
support the new game commission, which,
largely by the efforts of the Audubon
workers, was established at the session
of the Florida Legislature last spring.

Mr. Henry Oldys, Washington City's
well-known bird-lecturer, has recently
finished a course of lectures throughout
the state of Illinois, the expense having been
borne jointly by the state Society and the
National Association. So well was Mr.
Oldys received, and so much good resulted
through his efforts, that upon the conclu-
sion of his engagement, arrangements
were immediately made by Mr. Ruthven
Deane, President of the Illinois Audubon
Society, to have him return shortly and
continue the good work so auspiciously
begun.

There is undoubtedly a growing ten-
dency on the i)art of magistrates and
judges to impose heavier penalties on
l)co])le who wilfully \iolate tlic bird-
protection laws. This is but another
evidence of the tremendous force of public
sentiment once it is aroused in the inter-
est of any good cause. Justice James
Bratt, of Bergen County, New Jersey,
is one of those who belie\'e in imposing
fines of sufficient size to cause the illegal
bird-killer to realize that it is no small
matter to shoot birds wantonly. Recently
two men were brought before him charged
with shooting one Snowbird each and for
hunting without a license as required by
the state. For the first offense they were
fined $ioo each, and for the latter $20 each.
Having to pay out $240 for one afternoon's
hunt will certainly have the effect of caus-
ing these two men and all their friends to
be careful how they break the bird-laws.

On December 9 there was reported to
the New Jersey Audubon Society the
killing of a "Golden" Eagle by a man
near Daretown. Another man was said
to have had the bird mounted and taken
home. The matter was promptly reported
to the Fish and Game Warden for Salem
County, and on December 24, the war-
den reported that he had prosecuted both
parties and that fines of twenty dollars
and costs had been assessed and collected
in each case. The practice still obtains
in far too many cases of killing on sight
any large bird of unusual appearance.
Those who honestly desire to obtain
specimens for study may legally do so by
following the procedure for obtaining
permits provided for in the law. With the
spirit that would deplete the rare bird
fauna to "ornament" one's home there
can be no sympathy.

It is much pleasure to record renewed
activity in regard to local Audubon work
on the part of two New England states
where but little interest has been shown
for the past year or two. Largely through
the efforts of Mr. E. H. Forbush, our
New lingland Agent, and seconded by

The Audubon Societies

83

Mr. Winthrop Packard, our Agent for
Massachusetts, the New Hampshire Audu-
bon Society has been reorganized and gone
actively to work. New reorganization
was perfected in November with Gen.
Elbert Wheeler, of Manchester, Presi-
dent, and Rev. Manley B. Townsend, of
Nashua, Secretary. The Vermont Audu-
bon Society was revived in the same way,
Dr. Avery E. Lambert, of Middlebury
College, was elected President, and Mr.
C. J. Lyford, of Middlebury, was chosen
Secretary. These new organizations have
our most hearty goodwill and we hope
to be able to cooperate with them in
many fields of activity during the days to
come.

Mr. H.^rt, President of the Virginia
.\udubon Society reports: "I wish to
report how the Virginia Audubon Society
last year was instrumental in shortening
the hunting-season on Quail. This was
accomplished by our writing to the Board
of Supervisors in each county in the state,
calling their attention to the reported
scarcity of game and the advisability of
some action on their part which would
keep the hunters out of the fields. The
Supervisors have power to shorten sea-
sons for killing game in this state. We
followed this up in January by an inquiry,
addressed to the Clerk of each county in
the state, as to what had been done by the
Supervisors, and found that twenty-two
counties had shortened the season after
our December notice, and that twenty-
three counties had closed the season before
our warning. The late Dr. Robert L.
Blanton and I went over these inquiry
cards and estimated conservatively the
number of birds (Quail) saved to be from
20,000 to 25,000. These estimates were
arrived at by taking the area of a county
in square miles and estimating so many
birds to the mile and then taking the popu-
lation of the county and estimating that
about three men in a thousand would be
hunting each day, with an average of
about si.x birds to the man, then multiply-
ing the number of birds by days closed.
We believed our estimate to be about as

accurate as such estimates usually are.
These cards were turned over to the
Department of Agriculture, in Washing-
ton, and the Society's action in the matter
received high commendation in papers
devoted to game matters. In March I
went to Washington on two occasions
in the interest of the McLean Migra-
tory Bill, which later became the law of
the United States of America. As to
whether my services there amounted t<i
anything I have only to say that every
X'irginia member of Congress in l)()th
houses voted for the bill."

Mr. William Finley, the Association's
Field Agent for the Pacific Coast, and also
State Game Warden for Oregon, has been
very active of late in enforcing the state
law against the wearing of the forbidden
"aigrette." In referring to some of his
work in this line the "Morning Oregonian"
for December 17, 1913, says: "One of the
most beautiful aigrette plumes that any of
the deputies of State Game Warden Fin-
ley has ever secured is reposing in the
offices in the Yeon building, as a spoil of
a raid which Finley ordered on the dress-
ing-room of Miss Lillian Herlein, prima
donna at the Orpheum Theater.

"When Miss Herlein stepped from the
stage Monday afternoon, Mrs. J. C. Mur-
ray, a deputy warden, was on hand to seize
the plume. Despite the agitated protests
of the temperamental singer, they were
shorn from her head-dress.

"Since the crusade on the forbidden
plume began about six months ago, Mr.
Finley's deputies have taken in some won-
derful plumes. It is said that the piece for-
merly owned by Miss Herlein was, in num-
bers of individual feathers, almost equal
to the fruits of the entire campaign. It had
forty-six dozen distinct plumes, it is said,
and the money value was about $41 2 at the
time of the purchase, according to report.

"Her first appearance was at Monday's
matinee. In less than five minutes after
she took the stage the telephone rang, and
the voice of an irate woman, who was re-
cently relieved of a plume, informed the
Game Warden of the prize bunch of feath-

84

Bird -Lore

ers on display in the theater. Mrs. Mur-
ray was dispatched to the scene. She in-
formed the management of her purpose
and went behind the scenes to make a
closer inspection of the plumes. She said
she found they were real, and informed the
singer of the Oregon law."

Beginning this year, the Field Colum-
bia Museum of Chicago is to put into
operation a systematic plan of having some
of its collections of mounted wild birds
used in the public schools, somewhat after
the manner which has been employed for
several years by the American Museum of
Natural History in New York City. It had
long been felt that the collections were not
of so much use to the public as they might
be made. It was to supply such facilities
as these for object lessons in the public
schools that N. W. Harris, a Chicago ban-
ker, conceived the plan of extending the
Field Museum into the schoolroom, and
in December, 1911, donated $250,000 to
carry out the work. Long a friend of the
Field Museum, he had with others realized
that the museum was not in some ways
reaching the people as it should. He had
studied museum reports and saw that out
of a public school membership of 280,000
the total number that had visited the mu-
seum during the year had been about
22,000, and that of the latter number the
vast majority had poorly comprehended
what they saw; for teachers had reported
that school-day visits to the museum were
generally regarded by the pupils as holi-
days, valuable because they afforded a
variety from school routine.

Mr. Harris believed that the museum
contained splendid opportunities to aid in
the education of the young, if a different
method of seeking to reach them with the

riches were adopted. Accordingly he of-
fered to cooperate with the Field Museum
in extending the institution into the class-
rooms of certain grades of the public school
through the means of little traveling mu-
seums, or cabinets, placed in the class-
rooms of certain grades at certain intervals
accompanied by brief lectures descriptive
of the cabinets, and elaborating the labels
attached to the specimens. The result was
the foundation of $250,000 which Mr. Har-
ris decided upon, after he had advised
with leading teachers and sociologists.

Mr. Bowdish

Mr. B. S. Bowdish, who since November
1905, has been chief clerk in the home
office of the Association, left our employ on
January 17, to devote his entire time, in
future, to the position of Secretary-Treas-
urer of the New Jersey State Audubon
Society. It will be recalled that it was
largely through the efforts of Mr. Bowdish
that the New Jersey Audubon Society was
reorganized and incorporated in 1910. On
December 29 of that year, the board of
directors met, and he was elected secretary.
From that moment the New Jersey work
began to expand, and since then the So-
ciety has in every way been a wide-awake
and going institution. In addition to his
duties with the National Association, Mr.
Bowdish has been able to bring the New
Jersey work up to such a stage that the
demand for his entire time to look after its
welfare has become imperative. For the
present, his office will be at Demarest. Mr.
Bowdish takes with him the good-will of
the directors and office force, and we proph-
esy for him the great success which his
conscientious devotion to the work so
warmly merits.

1. Cassin's Purple Finch, Adult Male 4. Guadalupe House Finch, Female

2. Cassin's Purple Finch, Female 5. House Finch, Adult Male

3. Guadalupe House Finch, Adult Male 6. House Finch, Female

(One-half Natural Size)

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ or The: Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI

March — April, 1914

No. 2

The Electric Current in Bird Photography^

TREE SWALLOW

By GUY A. BAILEY, Geneseo, N. Y.
With photographs by the author

A'

iNYONE who has attempted bird photog-
raphy,- and used the uncertain thread or
the bulb with its cumbersome tubing for
releasing the shutter, must have wished for an
^^ electric shutter.

M^^ So far as I can find out, there is no such

^K^M shutter on the market. It would seem to be a

^^^fr simple contrivance if there were a large demand

^K^R^ for the product.

^^^^H^ In the absence of such a shutter, I have

#^r ^^ substituted an ordinary electric bell, made over

to serve the purpose. The only parts used are
the electro-magnets, armature, and frame. The
hammer is removed and the shaft bent at right
angle to the armature. The wiring is changed so
that the interrupter is cut out. Two pieces of
sheet-zinc, two inches by three-fourths of an
inch, are bent to form a right angle and soldered
together at the base, leaving a three-sixteenth-
inch space between the upright portions. A hole
is bored in the outer zinc, to admit the end of the
bent shaft which normally rests against the
second zinc. A piece of number eighteen copper wire, four inches long, is
bent to form a loop. One end is fastened to strong thread that leads to the
release, and the other end is fastened to rubber bands that are secured below.
This apparatus should be fastened to a board, and the whole thing nailed to

*During the past several years Bird-Lore has published a number of unusual bird
photographs by Mr. Guy A. Bailey. In this article Mr. Bailey describes some of his
unique methods in bird photography and gives additional examples of his work. — Ed.

CAMERA SHOWING Al lACHMENT OF ELECTRICAL RELEASE

A CAMERA BOX PLACED ON TOP OF AN OAK; A PHOTOGRAPHIC TRAP FOR HAWKS
AND OTHER HIGH PERCHING BIRDS OF THE OPEN

(86)

THE OBSERVATION ROOM, SHOWING TELESCOPES TRAINED ON FEEDING-STATIONS

OR PERCHING -PLACES, AND PUSH-BUTTONS CONNECTED

WITH ELECTRIC RELEASE ON CAMERA^

A VIEW OF FEEDING-STATIONS AND CAMERA-STAXI)> AT THE HEAD OF THE RAVINE

(87)

Bird - Lore

a support for the camera. The magnets should come directly under the shut-
ter, so that the pull will come straight down. The wire loop is hung over the
shaft and the rubbers drawn down tight and fastened. The thread should
just reach from the wire to the release on the shutter. When the current is
passed, the shaft will be drawn from the loop and the rubber bands will pull

the wire down, instantly releas-
ing the shutter.

With this apparatus a bird
may be snapped in any position
it assumes. It acts instantly,
and a speed of one fiftieth of a
second will be fast enough for
any that moves only at the
stroke of the armature. In
some cases a slower speed may
be used. With a lens working
at f./4.5, it is possible to get

^ «^ "^T^J.flfi'-'-^l / - 'j/i^?^ ^^^^ negatives in cloudy
hjBif '•7 ^^ r^^^jjfi «^^^ weather and without motion,

PjP' tr* 1 l^^i'k^^lfc oITt r ^y setting the shutter for a

slow-instantaneous exposure. It
will require some time to find
just the speed that is slightly
faster than the reaction period
of the bird.

At the present time, I have
seven of these electrical releases,
with all the necessary push-
buttons in one window. Four
of them are about one hundred
feet from the window near feed-
ing-stations. One is set near a
tree into which a hole was
bored and suet placed for Wood-
peckers, Nuthatches, Chickadees, and Brown Creepers. These birds have
been photographed many times, but the station is still kept up for them as
well as for some uncommon bird that may come. There is a chance that the
Red-breasted Nuthatch, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, or some other desir-
able stranger, may be the next visitor.

The second camera is placed near a horizontal limb bored out and nailed
to a post. This limb is filled with various seeds such as hemp, millet, rape,
and canary. Seed-eating birds will be attracted to this place. Among those
that come to this particular station are Juncos, Song Sparrows, Towhees, Cow-

hairy WOODPECKER

The Electric Current in Bird Photography

89

birds, White-throated Sparrows,
White-crowned Sparrows, Chip-
ping Sparrows, Swamp Spar-
rows and, most abundantly of
all, English Sparrows. Ninety
per cent of the seed put out
are eaten by these pests. Still,
I give them credit for leading
the way. It is their noisy feed-
ing that attracts any other bird
within hearing. I do not find
that they really keep the others
away; for most of the others
mentioned will eat with them
The Song Sparrow is more
belligerent than the English
Sparrow. I have seen a Song
Sparrow drive away three Eng-
lish Sparrows, attacking them
savagely. It is the usual thing
for the English Sparrow to give
way to the Song Sparrow.

A third feeding-station is a
horizontal limb like the second, but mounted on gas-pipe, which is provided
with a large funnel, to keep down the squirrels. The food used is crumbs of
fried cakes, sunflower seeds, and other foods that the squirrels eat. The
numerous gray squirrels are given plenty to eat, but we prefer that it come
from some other place than here. Robins, Crackles, Scarlet Tanagers, and

other birds, are fond of the doughnut
crumbs; Coldfinches and Nuthatches
eat the sunflower seeds.

A fourth feeding-place is near a
stump in a ravine. The stick is bored
out and a hole about two and a half
inches deep by three inches long made.
The sides are lined with copper, and the
bottom covered with plaster of paris.
In this are placed meal worms. The
smooth sides prevent them from crawl-
ing out, and the white bottom makes
them conspicuous to the birds. This is
intended for Winter Wrens, Fox Spar-
soNG SPARROW rows, and Thrushes. It is always in the

PURPLE MARTIN

90

Bird - Lore

shade. To make it possil)le to use a quick exposure, light is thrown from a
large mirror, controlled from the window where the push-buttons are located.
The fifth feeding-station is in the middle of a pasture-lot about five hundred
feet from the window. It is surrounded with a fence, to keep the cattle from
disturbing the camera. The food used is seeds, crumbs, and meal worms.

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW
HOUSE SPARROW

SWAMP SPARROW

Meadowlarks, Sparrows, Crows, and Flickers have used this station so far.
Other birds of the fields are expected in due time.

A sixth station is located about eight hundred feet away. A limb is driven
into the ground. A hole is bored in the top and two other holes are bored
in the side of the limb. The stick is three inches in diameter and extends
about sixteen inches above the ground. English walnut meats are put in the
hole in the top. Red-headed Woodpeckers are constant visitors when this
food is used. Doughnuts and seeds are placed in the holes in the sides. Crows,
Meadowlarks, Crackles, the various Sparrows, have already visited this sta-
tion. It was set up for the purpose of attracting Pheasants, Quail, and those
birds that keep away from the buildings. Of course, the other more familiar
birds were to be expected.

The seventh circuit does not run to a feeding-station. The apparatus is
placed in the top of an oak tree sixty feet from the ground. Three ladders
permanently mounted in the tree make the ascent easy and rapid. The
camera is focused on the end of the tallest limb in the tree, all others limbs
near having been cut out. This tree has for j/ears been the lookout for a great

The Electric Current in Bird Photography

91

variety of birds. Shrikes, Sparrow Hawks, Cowbirds, Bluebirds, Crackles,
Grosbeaks, and many others, have perched in this tree, but thus far have
been out of reach of a camera. This place has just been arranged, and no
pictures have yet been taken.

The tree itself is not visible from the window and, to overcome this diffi-
culty, a large fine mirror has been set up in the pasture lot. The mirror is
set at the proper angle and, by focusing a telescope on the mirror, the top of
the oak is watched. I should add that all the stations are covered with tele-
scopes permanently mounted and focused on them. These telescopes are just
over the push-buttons in the window. Even those that are one hundred feet
away have telescopes, for at that distance it is necessary positively to
identify the birds, and to be sure of their exact position before touching
the button.

FEMALE BOBOLINK

RED-HEADED WOODPECKER
Taken with a $12 camera

92 Bird -Lore

Seven years ago, I started a permanent feeding-station, using only suet
for food and a string to release the shutter. From year to year the number has
increased and the kinds of foods varied. I find it best to use certain foods
regularly in the same station. There is more chance of getting the birds you
want if you increase the number of feeding-places.

One might imagine that after two or three years few new subjects would
ofifer themselves. On the contrary, each year of the seven has brought some
new species. Earlier in the work there were more. In these seven years.
Scarlet Tanagers came but one year; Towhees, one year; Swamp Sparrows,
one year; Cowbirds, two years; Fox Sparrows, one year. Of course, there are
many that come regularly each year, and that gives a chance to improve

'"■^^

A CROW FEEDING ON A DOUGHNUT AT FEEDING-STATON NO. 6

the pictures that were made previously. Then, there is that long list of
migrants that may stop if you can get the right food, bath, or perch. These
are the ones that keep you always hoping.

These feeding-stations, with the telescopes, give you an opportunity to
study the birds when they are absolutely undisturbed by your presence. The
boxes with the cameras become part of the landscape, and birds are not at
all disturbed by them. Even the click of the release becomes, after a time,
a familiar sound.

The four feeding-stations nearest the window have a favorable location
by nature. Below them is a wooded ravine that opens out into a pasture lot.
Birds moving from the lowlands for shelter would come to the stations. The
English Sparrows are the decoys that lead them on. Above these stations
there is a spring that is open the year round, and this draws many birds.

The Song of the Philadelphia Vireo 93

This ravine is located in the village of Geneseo, N. Y., near the Normal
School building. There are residences close at hand. House cats roam through
this ravine early in the morning and late in the afternoon. They, of course,
catch many of the birds, and frighten others away. Some of them hide in the
camera-boxes, and pounce on the birds from this vantage-point.

It is most unfortunate that we have no legislation against roaming cats.
They are roaming, mostly because they are improperly cared for or insuffi-
ciently fed at home. It is common for people to own cats and let them "hunt
for a living.'' It means often that they feed on birds.

It is entirely legal now to keep a cat that lives on song-birds. A large
number of people are not keeping cats because they do feed on birds. If public
sentiment continues to increase, the cats will be less numerous and the birds
will have a better chance. Anyone who tries to feed the birds will find that
the cats are a nuisance, and will be willing to aid in securing legislation to
protect the birds from this their worst enemy.

The Song of the Philadelphia Vireo

By MRS. ELIZA F. MILLER, Bethel, Vermont

THAT is a Red-eyed Vireo singing, isn't it?" said a visiting friend?
as we walked down the street near my home.

I don't know," was my reply, "I begin to suspect that Vireo."

This was on June 16, 191 2. The bird had been singing all day for weeks,
and I too had thought it a Red-eye. But the voice w^as unusually sweet and
there was a difference in the song that was quite pronounced, when once
noticed. I listened intently many days, and at last decided to try to write
it down. At the piano, it seemed to correspond with G G C E, rest, G C E,
rest, F B ; the G highest, the other two notes the next lower ones in the scale.

Of course, the bird's pitch was "way beyond the keyboard." Over and
over, he sang these three phrases.

One might think, perhaps, that this is not very unlike the Red-eye's song;
but the highest tones were emphasized and dwelt upon, instead of slighted,
as is the way of the Red-eye, and there was the briefest of pauses between the
high G and the C, ever>' time. Sometimes, in an absent-minded way, he
uttered the high G, or tweet, alone. Sometimes he was particularly
emphatic on the second G of the first phrase.

Later, he often sang so much like a Warbling Vireo that I should have
believed it to be one, only that he tacked his own peculiar song to the end;
or else he sang his own, and finished with the Warbling Vireo song, and all
in the same sweet tone. On comparing the song of the real Warbling Vireo
with that of the new Vireo, a slight difference, difficult to describe, could
be detected.

94 Bird - Lofe

Durin}2; these weeks of listening, I was trying hard, at every opportunity,
to see the singer, but he kept in tall tree-tops usually. However, I had a few
good looks, when he was perhai)s twenty feet above me. He certainl}- might
readily be confused with the Warbling Vireo as to appearance, "as Reed's
Bird Guide states. He had a very short, notched tail, no wing-bars, light line
over eye; and the underparts usually looked white, but sometimes showed a
faint lemon tinge. He had a way of standing still and giving his mind entirely
to his music; but he was very quick in his gleaning, and sang as he gleaned.
He was not heard after the middle of July. This is all that I learned that year.

I wrote to Mr. Harry Piper about this bird, and he directed me to Mr.
William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass. I described my bird to Mr. Brew-
ster, and received this from him:

"Your description of the song fits very well that of the Philadelphia
Vireo, which is closely like that of the Red-eye, but yet slightly different,
being slower of delivery and less smoothly flowing, and having an occasional
note or phrase more or less unlike any that the Red-eye uses. The simple
'tweet, very high and sweet,' is one of these notes, and you render it admi-
rably. Another is a clear-ringing note, not unlike one that the Solitary Vireo
gives. Some Philadelphia Vireos that I have studied could be quickly and
certainly distinguished by one or another of these peculiarities of song.
Others sang exactly like Red-eyes, so far as I could discern.

"In good lights, they usually look very yellow beneath; but this is not
always the case, and I have seen some that looked no yellower than Red-eyes,
while exceptionally small birds of the latter kind occasionally appear no
larger than Philadelphias. In other words, it is not always possible to make
quite sure of a bird either by hearing or seeing him, unless he is very near
and closely scrutinized. I am not sufi&ciently familiar with the fauna of your
region to be able to judge if it is likely to include the Philadelphia Vireo as
a summer resident, but everything you say inclines me to think that the bird
you saw probably belonged to that species."

Much pleased with this encouragement to believe that what I had already
hoped was true, I was eagerly listening again when spring came. On May
II, 1913, the first Red-eye announced himself, and, soon after, a Vireo, with
the peculiarly sweet voice of my last year's bird, began to be heard on our
street, not far from his old stand, but nearer to us. His emphasis and spacing
were not like the bird's of last year, but rather more like a Red-eye's, except
that every third phrase was different from anything that the Red-eye sings,
— weecher, weecher,'' — very rapid, downward inflection, second word higher
than the first. Later in the season, this distinctive phrase came in only as
fifth or sixth. But always there was the remarkable sweetness of tone.

I had some very fair looks at the bird, and he was like the one of 191 2,
in every point.

On May 25, I was out at 5.30 a.m., looking for this Vireo, and saw him

The Song of the Philadelphia Vireo 95

high in his chosen maple. I followed him around his small circle of trees, and
saw that, as he sang, another small bird attacked him several times. At last
he flew to a lower tree, where he was attacked again. The two birds fought
and flew, falling into tall grass not far from me. They stayed so long that I
stepped to see, when up they came, still fighting, and tried to alight in a low
tree near me, but fell again, this time upon bare ground not three feet from
where I stood. They did not heed me in the least. One at once stood very
erect, and as still as though frozen. The other took a threatening attitute
before it, with outstretched head and neck, and open beak, showing the scar-
let interior of the mouth, and in a moment began to sway the head and body
to right and left rigidly, still with open beak. I watched breathlessly. The
first bird kept its upright posture, thus allo^vang me to observe the decided
yellow of the breast, which was just what was needed to complete my satis-
faction that this was a pair of Philadelphia Vireos, in a lovers' quarrel. The
underparts of the other bird were hidden, but I knew it was the white-breasted
singer of the song that was nearly like that of the Red-eye.

The birds were exactly alike above. The line over each eye was slightly
yellow, and there was no black crown border, as in the Red-eye. The birds,
always noticeably smaller than a Red-eye, looked more delicate than ever
now, as their feathers were held close to the body.

After a long moment, the one that threatened flew away, and sang as soon
as he touched the branch. The yellow-breasted one went in another direc-
tion, and silently.

The song was heard until near the end of June, almost constantly, though
at the last less frequently; and the rests between phrases were longer, and
sometimes only two phrases were repeated, one of them often having a liquid
quality. I think that I heard it a few times in August, but am not positive,
as I did not see the bird, which seemed to be at quite a distance.

On August 20, on our blackberry bushes, eating the firuit, were two tiny
birds in close company, that at first I took for Warblers, but could not recog-
nize them. It suddenly came to me that they must be Philadelphia Vireos,
perhaps the young ones. They were softly yellow all below, a pretty greenish
above, had a yellow line over each eye, and very short, notched tails. They
really resembled the picture in the Revised Edition of Reed's Bird Guide
more than either of the two seen on the ground, on May 25. Those first
ones must have had the two extremes of color of the underparts.

I have given these particulars so minutely because I have rarely seen the
Philadelphia Vireo named in Vermont bird-lists, and think that possibly some
one may benefit by my experience. Mr. Brewster, in a second letter says:
"Perhaps you will later find that this species is more commonly represented
than you are now aware."

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

By LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES
Illustrated by the author

THIRD PAPER-ORIOLES, FLYCATCHERS. FINCHES, AND THRUSHES

A COMPARATIVE study of the notes and songs of the birds of the
tropics and their familiar northern representatives is certainly not
less interesting than the study of their physical resemblances and
differences. And here it may be suggested that resemblances, which are of
greatest value as showing relationships, are even more elusive and hard to
follow out than are more physical characters. Differences are of negative
importance; resemblances alone count in tracing racial affinities.

In this respect the great family of tropical Orioles hangs together as a
unit, and ties closely to its more familiar northern offshoots. From the tiny
Mexican Orchard Oriole to the crow-sized Oropendolas, there is some subtle
quirk of tone that makes them all recognizable to anyone having a single
good acquaintance in the family.

I think no birds in tropical America have given me more pure fun with
their vocal performances than the big Yellowtails, or Oropendolas; Gymnos-
tinops in southern Mexico, and the various species of Ostinops in Colombia. I
cannot now remember any striking differences in their songs or calls, except
that Gymnostinops combines more gymnastics with his effort than mere
Ostinops. But everywhere in tropical America the loud rasps, chucks, and
gurglings of these great Orioles are as characteristic as the steady flashing of
black and gold in the burning sky, as they wing over head from bank to bank
of the great rivers.

They are all highly polygamous, and I have frequently seen them demon-
strate a most watchful and efficient warden-service in favor of the old males.
After one shot, you may stalk and stalk the big black Sultan, "quisking"
from the bare dead spike above the forest roof, only to be defeated, time after
time, by the party of six or eight silent and watchful females perching around
him at lower points. Silent, that is, until you get within about twice gunshot
of their lord, when they suddenly squawk and yell, and the old boss "yips"
loudly and, with batting wings, leaves for foreign parts.

The calls of the male, given from a high perch with a commanding view,
may be variously described: a loud, vigorous "quisk," — an equally carrying
but very liquid "churg," ending inside an empty cask, — a series of dry, ascend-
ing clicks or twig-snaps, probably done with the enormously strong and hol-
lowed bill. But his true song, to call it so, defies description or imitation with-
out all the "traps" of the triangle-man in the orchestra. Imagine a perform-
ance lasting only about two seconds, commenced by breaking off a handful of
willow sticks, then running into a rising series of "choog-choog-choogs," to
end in a loud, explosive "keow," easily audible at a quarter of a mile. This

(96)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

97

is only the vocal part of the performance, and it is accompanied by a contortion
of which the Cowbird's spring effort gives a mild idea. The bird first looks
down, ruifies the nape feathers and elevates the tail, and then, clattering the
bill and emitting the other sounds that he alone is capable of, falls forward,
clapping his wings lustily over his back, until he is under his perch, with his
bill pointing directly up. Now he delivers his last explosive yell, wings and

MEXICAN OROPENDOLA— SIXGIXG. (Gymnoslinops Montezuma)

glorious tail all outspread to their utmost, and by means of his first foothold,
not relinquished in his effort, and with wings folded, he draws himself back
to his first position, where he sits ruified for a minute or two. Then, depressing
his feathers, he repeats his acrobatic song. The males are a full half larger than
the females, and have enormously developed legs and feet, apparently for this
performance, recalling a Raven's foot; while the females have the usual slen-
der, Grackle-like feet of the family. One need never be bored when there is a
colony of these striking and virile birds in the vicinity.

Some of the typical Orioles and Troupials have exceedingly brilliant, if
monotonous, songs, and they are kept as pets in nearly every house in the
towns or along the trails in Colombia. Icterus mesomelas nearly drove us
insane with his piercing song in the hotel in Cali., repeating it incessantly
from his cage at our door. ''"^^T^^ k ^ T r

Ail Orioles are great singers of little tunes, usually going just enough off key
to get on your nerves, and this is only one of hundreds of such little phrases.
The Hooded Oriole group have a deliciously naive way of singing little "ear-
less" tunes, like a small boy on his reluctant way to school, whistling himself
along the road. This is the most companionable bird song I know, and has
frequently been real company to me, when hunting alone along the banks of
tropical rivers and in the foothills.

98

Bird - Lore

It would be impossible here to take up more than a few of the striking
types of this large family of brilliant singers, but it would certainly be doing
the whole group an injustice not to mention the wonderful silver and golden
songs of one of the black offshoots of the family, Dives dives of Yucatan. This
glossy beauty was very common at Chichen-Itza, and was a source of constant
marvel from the variety, richness, and volume of its notes. I cannot describe
them, nor even remember them concretely, but I was at once reminded of the
Pastor Bird I had once heard in the Philadelphia Zoo. It had all the deep-
throated richness of the best Oriole songs, combined with a sweetness more
Thrush-like and of infinite variation. Among all the varied and rich songs
about the place — Wrens, Orioles and Thrushes — on my first morning afield
in the continental tropics. Dives made the one deep and lasting impression
above all others, in the classic and thrilling surroundings of the ruined
Maya city.

While Orioles are always within hearing, I think that doubtless the most
pervasive and ever-present sounds in the tropics come from the even larger
family of Flycatchers. From the blue, lonesome, plaintive little "phew" of
Myiarchus I. platyrhynchus and the equally despondent sighs of some of the
Elainias, to the executive "yips" of the Big-billed and Derby Flycatchers,

these characteristic sounds are ever

in the ear. So far as I know, only
one Flycatcher can really be pro-
claimed as a singer, with a real song
different from his ordinary calls and
scolds. This one exception is no less
distinguished by his coat from the
rest of the rather somber-colored
family. The gorgeous little Ver-
milion Flycatcher has a simple but
very sweet song; lispy and thin, but
delivered with great devotion. Dart-
ing like a flame up into the flood of
sunlight, he reaches a point about a
hundred feet from earth, and then,
with scarlet crest spread out like a
hussar's hood and head thrown back,
he floats lightly down on trembling wings, lisping in ecstasy his poor, sweet
little song, Cirivi' cirivi' cirivi' . It is hardly noticeable, even among the little
Finch twitters along the roadside, but for a Flycatcher it is remarkable; and
surely no gifted Thrush or Lark ever went to his matins more devoutly. It
is a strange contrast to the usual Flycatcher utterances, which are loud,
raspy, egotistic, and highly commandeering. Our Kingbird is a fair example
of the family, with the Greatcrest as a good amplifier of the impression. It

DERBY FLYCATCHER
(Pitangus sutphuralus derbianus)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

99

is the forest Flycatchers, like the Wood Pewee and some of the Elainias,
that have the lost- soul, hollow-hearted plaints; the sun-lo\dng kinds are
very kings of earth in their noisy self-confidence.

The Finches and Sparrows in general do not add much to the tropical
melange of bird-music. They are frequently birds of great beauty, and all
have some blithe little song, "finchy," and characteristic of each species. How-
ever, to a Sparrow falls the distinction of being the most widely distributed
singer we encountered in South America. It is safe to say that anywhere in the
Andes above two thousand feet, from the Pacific to the Orinoco slope, the
little Andean White-throat, Brachyspiza, will cheer the traveler with his
brief and pleasant piping. "It is sweet cheer, here," gives the phrase and
accent. It is more like an ab-
breviated Fox Sparrow song
than anything I can recall. I
shall always feel a personal
debt to its cheery optimism,
as it sang daily in the court
of the hotel in Bogota, in the
clammy chill of the damp days,
nine thousand feet above sea,
while I was fighting through
the fever contracted in the low-
lands. He gave my scrambled
and fevered brains the one
tangible hold I had with the
wonderful world outside, and it
recalled nearly all of our asso-
ciations in South America.

Some of the roadside Finches
and Grassquits have curious and explosive little buzzy sounds. Volatinia, a
raven-black mite living along the hedge-rows, has an amusing song-habit.
Sitting on the top of a grass or weedstalk, he suddenly rises in bee-like flight
about a yard into the air: at the apex of his little spring he turns a rapid
somersault, with a volatile "Bzt," and drops back to his perch. The whole
effort takes perhaps a second!

Most of the Tanagers, which grade insensibly into the Finches, are not
much when it comes to singing. However, the larger Saltators have clear,
whistled songs that are highly charactertisic. They are leisurely soprano songs,
usually heard from thickets of soft growth on the mountain-sides. One song
heard in the Eastern Andes that I ascribed to S. atripennis, though I could
never quite satisfactorily prove the singer, was as loud, pure, and wide-ranged
a song as I have heard. Though quite complicated, it was always identically
the same in form and range. Two long descending slurs, one ascending, a long

ANDEAN WHITE-THROAT

(Crachyspiza capensis)

Bird - Lore

descending trill, then a descending run in couplets (like a Canon Wren), a
rising slur, and a final short trill on a high note. In many songs, heard in
several localities, this scheme was closely followed. The mountain forests of
the tropics furnish an endless and enchanting field for this kind of study,
which our hasty survey and limited time unavoidably rendered all too super-
ficial and fragmentary.

We found, as a rule, that the gemlike Tanagers of Calospiza, Chlorochrysa,
etc., were nearly devoid of song. Their drifting flocks, sifting along through
the tree-ferns and higher levels of the forest, were much like a flock of migra-
ting Warblers, always made up of several species, and their little lisping sounds
were further reminders of our north-
ern tree-gleaners. '

The Cotingas, as a rule, were
silent, though some of the more Fly-
catcher-like, such as Tytyra, have
loud, buzzy calls, and the big ones,
like Pyroderus and Querula, have
deep, pervasive vocal sounds hard to
describe, but fairly easy to imitate.
The tiny and gorgeous Manikins all
make loud, staccato "pips," out of
all proportion to their diminutive size.

The Thrushes, however, are quite
as satisfactory singers in the tropics
as they are in New England. The
Robin group, Planesticus, is large
and varied from Mexico south, and
we had many chances to study and
compare them in song and actions.
P. gigas, of the Andes of Colom-
bia, considerably bigger than a Blue
Jay, and solid dusky but for his corn-colored bill, feet, and eyelids, had
a disappointingly weak and squealy song. Members of the tristis group,
however, are to me the finest singers of the whole genus, trilling, piping and
warbling with the greatest abandon and purity of tone. They are shy singers,
and rarely to be heard except after long silence in one spot. P. jamaicensis,
heard with a divine accompaniment of Solitaires, lost nothing of its beauty by
the comparison. The related genus Melanotis, the "blue mockers," are accom-
plished and brilliant singers, with much of the well-known quality of all
Mockingbirds. But they rank very high, as do the members of the interesting
Antillean group, Mimocichla. I shall never forget a concert I once heard on
New Province, in the Bahamas. We were out in the "coppet," or woods, col-
lecting, in the afternoon. About four o'clock a drenching thunderstorm broke,

BAHAMAN THRUSH
(Mimocichla bakamensis)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds loi

and for an hour we were subjected to as thorough a wetting as could be desired,
and most of our efiforts went toward keeping our specimens from getting
soaked. After a time, however, it stopped almost as suddenly as it had
begun, and through the breaking sky the level rays of a declining jsun red-
dened the straight columns of the pines and glistened from the wet and
shining foliage of the broad-leaved trees. Suddenly, and so Robin-like that
I was for a moment quite moved, there commenced a chorus of delicious and
brilliant singing that I have no similar recollection of. It was from the
"Blue Thrasher," Mimocichla plumbea, and for a few breathless moments
we were carried into an enchanted realm that it is still a joy to remember.
The music was no less scintillating than its clean and glistening setting.

It is perhaps too bad, and a sign of limitation that we should hesitate to
admit, that the songs that please us most are apt to be those that perfect or
glorify songs we already know at home. It may even not be true; but I think,
nevertheless, that no birdsongs have ever given me a more welcome turn of
heart than some of these tropical Thrushes, which carry farther the lovely
qualities of intonation so richly present in our Hermit Thrush's song. The
group known as Catharus, true Thrushes, haunt the moist, ferny mountain
forests, and from the quiet fragrance of these silent places come the exquisite
silvery bell-tones of their songs. They sing from the ground or very near it,
and never have I heard them lift their voices high. But their tone is more
pure, their delivery more perfect, and their chaste cadences more prismatic
and rich, than those of any other Thrush I know, and I should find it hard
to pick the slightest rift within the lute. It is upon these tender, ineflfably
sweet flutings that I base my concept of a perfect bird-song.

THE SONG SPARROW

Before the purple crocus dares to fhng
The snow aside, and bare its golden heart,
Before the boldest bee has found a mart,

Or flecked with pollen rich his veined wing,

There comes a \^dstfvil voice, thrilled through with spring.
And joy, and hope, and quaint unconscious art,
As though an angel, doubtful of his part,

Should lift beseeching eyes, and pray, and sing.

The frost's white fret-work Hngers on the pane.
And hunger makes the startled rabbit bold;
But not scant fare, nor winter's latest sting,

Can silence this brown minstrel's dauntless strain.
Supreme in faith, as in his voice of gold,
The truest-hearted lover of the spring. — Laura F. Beai-l.

Some Ways of the Oregon Towhee

By MRS. STEPHEN E. THAYER, Everett, Wash.
With photographs by the author

THE Oregon Towhee is a permanent resident of western Washington.
It frequents the half-cleared country about the farms, and the suburbs
of the cities, where a morning's walk at any season of the year is sure
to be rewarded by the sight of two or three of these handsome birds. Their
plumage of black, cinnamon-red, and white, renders them conspicuous objects
in the landscape, even on the dullest days. They are to be seen about the
fences and brush-piles, or passing in low, graceful flight from cover to cover,
or feeding on the ground in protected places, usually singly, though sometimes
in pairs, and rarely in companies of three. When feeding, the Towhee

MALE OREGON TOWHEE FEEDING YOUNG
Note the comparative inconspicuousness of the young bird

scratches so energetically that the debris is scattered in every direction, and
he is so intent upon his work that, with care, one may approach near enough
to see with a glass the uncanny red eye. At the slightest alarm, he slips into
a thicket, and remains so completely hidden that only the tremble of a branch
betrays his presence. Only during the mating season is a favorable opportunity
afforded to observe him at leisure in the open. Then he perches on the top-
most twig of a shrub or low tree, and sings untiringly. At its best, the song is a
clear trill, introduced by a rather prolonged low note, To-whee-e-e, with
much emphasis on the trill. Often the first note is omitted, when the trill

(102)

Some Ways of the Oregon Towhee

103

begins with an explosive effect, Ch-e-e-e, and is much less musical. When
disturbed, the singer dives head foremost into the brush, and protests in an
angry Hey! or G'way! This note is capable of much modulation, being
at times quite gay and cheerful, at others harsh and querulous.

Unlike most members of the sparrow family, the Towhee is unsocial in
his habits. He lurks in the dusky shadows of the undergrowth, showing little

MALE OREGON TOWHEE

interest in others of his kind, excepting at nesting-time. Even at that time,
the male apparently tolerates rather than enjoys the presence of the female.
We have watched them for a number of years at our lunch-counter and, so
far as we have seen, he never allows her to feed with him, excepting when both
are busy carrying grain to their young. At that time, he is probably too much
occupied with his share of the domestic duties to pay much attention to her.
Though naturally shy and suspicious, the Towhees seem to appreciate
the advantages to be derived from the neighborhood of man. They soon
learn to feed about the outbuildings and chicken-yards. Our lunch-counter,
which is within a few feet of the dwelling, is freely patronized by them. The
dwelling, however, is most favorably situated on the edge of the city, with
plenty of shrubbery for cover, and no near neighbors. If food is not in evidence
on their arrival in the early morning, they remain in the neighborhood, call-
ing their insistent H-e-y! until they are fed. We so won the confidence of
one pair that we could call them to us at almost any time. In response to our
"Come on! come on!," we would hear their eager H-e-y! at first far away,
then nearer and nearer, until they appeared, more than ready for their food.

I04

Bird - Lore

At the lunch-counter, the female is composed, even dignified in manner,
feeding quietly until satisfied. The male, on the other hand, is nervous and
self-conscious, as if quite aware that his more brilliant plumage increases his
dangers. He fidgets under cover of the brush-pile provided for his benefit,
until his hunger gets the better of his caution. Then he slips out, snatches, a
hurried morsel or two, seizes a big kernel and retires with it to the friendly
shelter, where he devours it at his leisure, and gathers courage for another
sally. On very dark days he is able to feed more comfortably. The young
birds are brought to the lunch-counter and fed there until they are able to
help themselves. Often, in August, the young of two broods appear together.
Those of the first brood are easily distinguished, as by this time they have
begun to change their streaked brown plumage for that of the mature birds.
The change shows first on the lower parts, where a few black, white, or red
feathers mingle haphazard with the brown, giving the bird a peculiar mottled
appearance, quite disreputable for a Towhee. At these family gatherings the
female feeds the young of either brood indiscriminately, but the male not only
refuses to feed those of the older brood, but will not allow them to feed while
he is present. If they venture to approach, he promptly gives chase, and the
young birds retire to a safe distance, to await the departure of their
unfriendly parent.

v^

MEADOWLARK
An admirable study in pattern of coloration showing how the margins of the feathers tend to
make continuous white lines
Photographed by Guy A. Bailey

The Migration of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-SEVENTH PAPER

Compiled by Prof. V/. ^V. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

(See Frontispiece)

CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH

This bird is the western representative of the Purple Finch, treated in the
last issue of Bird-Lore. The eastern form, (purpureus) extends west to the
Plains; while the subspecies, known as the California Purple Finch (Cali-
fornicus) is confined, for the most part, to the Pacific slope, and is separated
in the United States from the range of the eastern bird by the whole chain
of the Rocky Mountains, in which neither form occurs. In Canada, however,
the range of the eastern forms bends westward and extends at least to Stuart
Lake, B. C, thus intergrading in central British Columbia with the California
Purple Finch, which is a common bird of southern British Columbia.

The latter form breeds over much of California, and moves south, in the
fall, to the extreme southern part of the state. The first arrival was seen at
Mount Whitney, October lo, 1875; Dunlap, October 26, 1890; Santa Barbara,
October 29, 1910; Pasadena, October 27, 1896; Los Angeles, October 31,
1908; and Santa Catalina Mills, Ariz., November 11, 1885.

The birds remained at this last place until February 9, 1886, and were
seen at Fort Verde, Ariz., until March 25, 1886; at Los Angeles, Calif., to
March 25, 1908, and at Pasadena to April 29, 1896.

A few winter so far north that they were noted at Fort Vancouver, Wash.,
January 18, 1854; and at Chilliwack, B. C, January 28, 1889. As with the
eastern form, the presence of these scattering winter birds makes it impossible
to tell when spring migration really begins. Some dates of the first seen are:
Fort Klamath, Ore., March i, 1887; Portland, Ore., March 10, 1897, and
February 27, 1900; Beaverton, Ore., March 6, 1884, and February 20, 1885;
Sumas, B. C, March 7, 1905, and Burrard Inlet, B. C, April 4, 1885.

CASSIN'S PURPLE FINCH

Breeding south to southern California, central Utah, and southern Col-
orado, the Cassin's Purple Finch has few migration records south of the regu-
lar breeding range, while a few birds wintering north to Colorado and north-
ern California interfere with the determination of the dates of spring migra-
tion. The first appeared at Willis, N. M., August 26, 1883; Mogollon Moun-
tains, Ariz., October 6, 1884; and Fort Whipple, Ariz., October 21, 1864. The
last was noted at Albuquerque, N. M., November 15, 1853; and near Zuni,
N. H., November 20, 1873.

The fiist spring migrant was seen at Tucson, Ariz., February 19, 1886;

(105)

io6

Bird - Lore

Camp Burgwyn, N. M., March 14, 1859; Denver, Colo., February 26, 1885;
Rathdrum, Idaho, March 24, 1906, and March 7, 1908; Columbia Falls, Mont.,
April 4, 1894, and x\pril 5, 1897 ; Carson City, Nev., March 21, 1868, and March
27, 1900; Fort Klamath, Ore., April i, 1887; Anthony, Ore., April i, 1906;
Pullman, Wash., March 31, 1910; Cheney, Wash., April 8, 1905; Okanagan
Landing, B. C, March 8, 1906, and March 13, 1910.

Migrants have been seen at Camp Burgwyn, N. M., as late as May 24,
1858; Fort Lyon, Colo., May 28, 1886; Fort Whipple, Ariz., May 12, 1865;
Fort Verde, Ariz., May 10, 1888; Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., May 11, 1903;
and Los Angeles, Calif., April 26, 1901.

HOUSE FINCH

The House Finch, or 'Linnet,' as it is best known in California, is a non-
migratory species of the western United States, ranging north to Oregon,
Idaho, and Wyoming, and south to Mexico; it is abundant east to the
eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains and less common to western Kansas
and middle Texas. It has been separated into several subspecies, and the
above is the range of the most common form frontalis. The San Lucas House
Finch, ruberrimus, occupies the southern half of Lower California, while the
San Clemente House Finch, dementis, occupies the islands off the coasts of
southern California and northern Lower California.

Two other species of House Finch occur in Lower California. The Guada-
lupe House Finch lives on the island from which it derives its name, and
McGregor's House Finch occurs on San Benito Island. All these species and
subspecies of the House Finch are non-migratory.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

TW^ENTY-SIXTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece

Cassin's Purple Finch {Carpodacus cassini, Figs, i and 2). This western
species resembles the Purple Finch, but is somewhat larger and has the bill
slightly longer and more regularly conical — that is, less bulbous at the base.
In color, the male is paler than the male of the Purple Finch, particularly on
the underparts, the back is more broadly and heavily streaked, and the red
of the crown appears as a more or less well defined cap. Between the females
of the two species the differences in plumage are less apparent, but in Cassin's
the streaks on the underparts are darker and much more distinct.

The plumage changes of Cassin's Finch appear to be the same as those of
the Purple Finch. That is, the juvenal or nestling plumage resembles in pat-
tern and color the succeeding or first winter plumage, in which the male
cannot be surely distinguished from the female.

This plumage is worn during the first breeding season, at the end of which
it is lost by post-nuptial molt, and the pink plumage of maturity is acquired.

There is no spring molt, and the differences in the appearance of summer
and winter birds are due to wear which makes females and young males look
more sharply streaked, while adult males, as was explained under the Purple
Finch in Bird-Lore for February, seem brighter.

House Finch {Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, Figs. 5 and 6). The House
Finch, or 'Linnet,' is one of the commonest birds of the western United States,
and lives even in large cities, where, in places, it is as familiai.- as the House
Sparrow. Its differences from the Purple Finch are clearly shown by Mr.
Fuertes' plates, and need not be dwelt on here. The plumage changes appear
to be the same as those of the Purple Finch, but the differences between
summer and winter plumage are more pronounced than in that species, the red
areas in the adult male being much deeper and brighter in summer than in
winter.

This member of the genus Carpodacus is responsive to the influences of its
environment, and hence shows more or less geographic variation which has
resulted in the recognition of several geographic races or subspecies. Three of
these are confined to Mexico, and five are found within the limits covered by
the 'Check-List' of the American Ornithologists' Union. They are (i) the
House Finch of the western United States, mentioned above, and figured in
the frontispiece; (2) the San Lucas House Finch {Carpodacus mexicanus ruber-
rimus), of Lower California; (3) the San Clemente House Finch {Carpodacus
mexicanus dementis), of certain islands off the coast of California from Santa
Barbara southward; (4) Guadalupe House {Carpodacus amplus. Figs, 2 and 3),
of Guadalupe Island; and (5) McGregor's House Finch, of San Benito Island.

(107)

Bird-Lore's Advisory Council

WITH some slight alterations, we reprint below the names and
addresses of the ornithologists forming Bird-Lore's 'Advi-
ory Council,' which were first published in Bird-Lore for
February, 1900.

To those of our readers who are not familiar with the objects of the Council,
we may state that it was formed for the purpose of placing students in direct
communication with an authority on the bird-life of the region in which they
live, to whom they might appeal for information and advice in the many diffi-
culties which beset the isolated worker.

The success of the plan during the fourteen years that it has been in opera-
tion fully equals our expectations; and from both students and members of
the Council we have had very gratifying assurances of the happy results
attending our efforts to bring the specialist in touch with those who appreciate
the opportunity to avail themselves of his wider experience.

It is requested that all letters of inquiry to members of the Council be
accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope for use in replying.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL

UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES

Alaska. — Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Arizona. — Harriet I. Thornber, Tucson, Ariz.

California. — Joseph Grinnell, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.

California. — Walter K. Fisher, Palo Alto, Cal.

Colorado. — Dr. W. H. Bergtold, 1460 Clayton Ave., Denver, Colo.

Connecticut. — J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn.

Delaware. — S. N. Rhoads, Haddonfield, N. J.

District of Columbia. — Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. Nat'l. Mus., Washington, D. C.

Florida. — Frank M. Chapman, American Museum Natural History, New York City.

Florida, Western. — R. W. Williams, Jr., Talahassee, Fla.

Georgia. — Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga.

Illinois, Northern. — B. T. Gault, Glen Ellyn, 111.

Illinois, Southern. — Robert Ridgway, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Indiana.^A. W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis, Ind.

Indian Territory. — Prof. W. W. Cooke, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Iowa. — C. R. Keyes, Mt. Vernon, la.

Kansas. — University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Louisiana. — Prof. George E. Beyer, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Maine. — A. H. Norton, Society of Natural History, Portland, Me.

Massachusetts. — William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Michigan. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich,

Minnesota. — Dr. T. S. Roberts, 1603 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minn.

Mississippi. — Andrew Allison, EUisville, Miss.

Missouri. — ^O. Widmann, 5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo.

Montana.^ — Prof. J. M. Elrod, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.

(108)

Bird-Lore's Advisory Council 109

Nebraska. — Dr. R. H. Walcott, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Nevada. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

New Hampshire. — Dr. G. M. Allen, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Boston.

New Jersey, Northern- — Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, N. Y. City.

New Jersey, Southern. — Witmer Stone, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

New Mexico. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

New York, Eastern. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

New York, Northern. — Egbert Bagg, 191 Genesee Street, Utica, N. Y.

New York, Western. — E. H. Eaton, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.

North Dakota. — Prof. O. G. Libby, University, N. D.

North Carolina.^ — Prof. T. G. Pearson, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

Ohio. — Prof. Lynds Jones, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

Oklahoma. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Oregon. — W. L. Finley, Milwaukee, Ore.

Pennsylvania, Eastern. — Witmer Stone, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Pennsylvania, Western. — W. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island. — H. S. Hathaway, Box 1466, Providence, R. I.

South CAROLiNA.^Dr. P. M. Rea, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C.

Texas. — H. P. Attwater, Houston, Tex.

Utah. — Prof. Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Vermont. — Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt.

Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives. 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C.

Washington. — Samuel F. Rathburn, Seattle, Wash.

West Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C.

Wisconsin. — H. L. Ward, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.

CANADA

Alberta. — G. F. Dippie, Calgary, Mta..

British Columbia, Western. — Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.

British Columbia, Eastern. — Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, B. C.

Manitoba. — Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich, Conn.

Nova Scotia. — Harry Piers, Provincial Museum, Halifax, N. S.

Ontario, Eastern. — James H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont.

Ontario, Western. — W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.

Quebec. — E. D. Wintle, 189 St. James Street, Montreal, Canada.

MEXICO
E. W. Nelson, Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

WEST INDIES
C. B. Cory, Field Museum, Chicago, 111.

GREAT BRITAIN

Clinton G. Abbott, 153 West 73d St., New York City, N. Y.

^ote0 from JTtelfi anti ^tufip

Red Bird Days

For some three years, six congenial
friends — all lovers of God's great big out-
of-doors — have spent some hours each
week in field and wood, at delightful
study and observation of bird-life in and
about our beautiful little city of Fair-
mont, located near the Iowa line, in south-
central Minnesota. Our lakes are nu-
erous, and many of them are lined with
native groves of oak, elm, basswood,
hackberry, ash, poplar, black walnut,
and a few red cedar trees. The under-
brush consists, for the most part, of wild
gooseberry, hazel, sumac, elderberry,
thorn-apple, and a few wild currant bushes
and plum trees. With water, woods, and
prairie so closely associated, and all so
generously distributed throughout the
county, birds of all the three groups,
water, woods, and prairie, find condi-
tions favorable for domestic activities.
This brings "to our very door" all the
species naturally found in this latitude,
and also occasionally a stranger from dis-
tant parts, far removed from home and
kin.

While the male members of the sextette
were out for a Christmas Census, a few
days after December 25, one of them. Dr.
T. P. Hagerty, observed a flutter of red
in some willows ten rods ahead of us.
The doctor became excited at the sight
of the unusual bird and gave vent to a
series of wild yells. His companions,
somewhat shocked at the doctor's antics,
remarked that "seeing red" was common
experience with some folk, but for a man
of his habits was rather strange. They
spoke to him soothingly and cautioned
him against the dangers of apoplexy
from such uncontrolled excitement.

All three advanced a few steps when,
suddenly, another series of yells broke
upon the stillness of the quiet afternoon.
This time it was Dr. Luedtke, who "saw
red" with the above consequences. Mr.
Sprague, who was on the other side of

(i

the hedge, saw the form of the disappear-
ing bird, but could not see the color, so
his mental poise remained unchallenged.
All sorts of derogatory accusations and
charges were hurled at the two doctors.
The very next week the three visited the
same spot, and this time John Sprague
also "saw red," and yelled as the others
had done. The word "yell" may not be
the best or most elegant English, but it is
the only word that expresses what
actually took place.

On our way home from our "Census"
walk, we deliberated at length as to what
the bird we saw might be, and finally
concluded to report him as an American
Crossbill; although we were not satisfied
with that classification, for he seemed too
large and altogether too brilliant and too
wild. The next week, about the middle
of January, 19 14, Dr. Hagerty and John
Sprague saw our new friend again, and
this time discovered a distinct crest on
his head. He was too far away to note
other markings distinctly. The two
declared it to be a Cardinal. The boys
were somewhat piqued because the rest
of the "family" did not accept their
diagnosis as final and without question,
but they hid their feelings, expecting that
time would vindicate their position. A
few days later, Dr. Luedtke received a
telephone call from Mrs. John Lowe, who
lives in the bit of wood where the red
bird had been seen. She too had "seen
red," and the echo of the characteristic
yells were still sufiiciently strong to be
detected by the doctor's listening ears,
so that he knew what had happened. In
a rather excited tone Mrs. Lowe told of
seeing "the most wonderful bird" right
near her house, from one of the upstairs'
windows. It was fiery red all over, and
had a crest and a black throat, and she
wished to know what it was. That prac-
tically settled the identity, but, being of a
conservative nature, we some of us post-
poned positive opinion until the bird
was actually observed by our own eyes.

10)

Notes from Field and Study

The next time, Mrs. Luedtke accom-
panied the trio of male members to the
red bird's haunts. It was a beautiful
afternoon during the latter part of Janu-
ary. The ground was covered with four
inches of new, white snow. The air was
still, fresh and warm, with the sun shi-
ning most of the time. We were separated
some sixty rods at the extreme, strain-
ing every nerve to locate the object of
our tramp. At last! The very thing we
hoped and wished for happened. A series
of yells from Mrs. Luedtke told more
graphically than word, pen, or picture,
to the three of us with experience (although
we were many rods away), that the red
bird had been sighted. We are not sure
whether it was the presence of the lady
or the increased confidence in us because
of former visits, but this day the red
bird let us all come to within four rods
of him. With our glasses all focused upon
him simultaneously, we looked and
looked to our heart's content, at the bril-
liant plumage, the strong pink bill, the
fiery, tall crest, and the black throat and
black circle about the bill. The aristo-
cratic Cardinal! A few times he deigned
to talk to us in sweet, low monosyl-
lables. Of course, we did not expect
him to sing at this season, but hope to
hear him next May. We have looked for
his mate, but so far have seen nothing
of her.

Mrs. Hagerty and Mrs. Sprague have
been with us a number of times, but each
time we were unable to find the red bird.
They enjoy talking to us about hallucina-
tions and delusions and all sorts of mental
disturbances, — even "brain storms." We
listen serenely, and patiently await their
turn at vocal demonstrations.

Just how or why the Cardinal came to
southern Minnesota to spend the winter is
a mystery to us. Why he should locate
where he did, after once here, is not so
hard to explain. A field of unhusked
sweet corn, adjoining the heaviest wooded
strip of land on the east shore of Hall and
Budd Lakes, is reason enough. In the
woods are many planted cedars and ever-
greens of various kinds. This makes as

good a shelter as can well be provided by
nature in this climate.

Our January was a very mild one, but
last week one night the mercury went to
1 8 degrees below zero, and we were greatly
concerned about our Cardinal. Much to
our joy, we found him last Sunday after-
noon, February 7, in one of the densest
cedars, very much alive and seemingly
very contented. — Dr. and Mrs. T. P.
H.^GERTY, Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Sprague,
and Dr. and Mrs. G. H. Luedtke,
February 11, 1914, Fairmont, Minne-
sota.

Bird Notes from Kennett Square, Pa.

Having been a regular subscriber to
Bird-Lore since 1907, and having enjoyed
reading the contributions from various
subscribers, I think it is my duty to con-
tribute a few notes and observations
from this section of Chester County, Pa.

(i) The first Starlings observed in the
vicinity of Kennett Square, in south-
eastern Chester County, were observed
by me on the afternoon of March 8, 1913.
Two of them were on the steeple of a
church, and were identified and closely
observed through bird-glasses, ^though
they were about seventy-five feet from
the ground, their notes could be heard
plainly, and consisted of various short
medleys resembling the song of the Yel-
low-breasted Chat. While the birds were
under my observation, I heard one utter
a short collection of notes which sounded
exactly like the notes of a Guinea-hen.
Another song sounded like that of a Red-
winged Blackbird, and, from what I
could hear of its various songs, I concluded
that the Starling is a mimic, like the
Mockingbird and Chat. The Starlings
are now regular inhabitants of the steeple,
although I have not seen them elsewhere.

(2) On December 11, 1913, I was given
an Acadian or Saw-whet Owl, which had
been taken from a cat that had killed it
that day. As this Owl is a rather rare
visitor to this section, this note may be
interesting to any reader of Bird-Lore
who lives in this part of Chester County.

112

Bird - Lore

(3) For several years a partially albino
Robin has nested near the public school
in this town. The wings and head of this
bird are gray, sprinkled with white, and
the tail is black, or dark gray. The breast
and back and other parts are pure white.
As it nests in the same tree every year, it
furnishes some proof that birds return
to the same place to nest every year. I
have observed this bird and its nest closely,
and find that not one of the young inherits
the albinistic character of its parent.
I think the bird is a female.

(4) On January 11 of the present year
I was watching a White-breasted Nut-
hatch eating suet which I had placed on a
maple tree in our yard. He seemed to be
enjoying himself, when suddenly two
Sparrows flew to the suet and began to
eat. The Nuthatch immediately left the
suet and flew to the ground, where it
hopped around for nearly five minutes
and kept picking at seeds in the grass.
While on the ground it hopped like a
Sparrow. As a Nuthatch alighting on
the ground was a new occurrence to me,
I observed its actions closely. Is this
habit of ground-feeding a rare habit, or
just something which I have overlooked?
— C. Aubrey Thomas, Kenneit Square,
Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Notes from Ohio

The following records on the rarer
birds noted during the year of 1913, may
be of interest to Ohio readers:

1. HolbcBll's Grebe. Jan. 30 and May 11.

2. Baird's Sandpiper. April 25, July
27, until late Sept. in small numbers.

3. Black-bellied Plover. Two, Aug. 24
on tract of Lake Erie.

4. Turnstone. One, Sept. 14. Beach of
Lake Erie. Allowed a close approach.

5. Barn Owl. A specimen was found
dead in the woods this winter. It has
been mounted by a local collector.

6. Evening Grosbeak. A single bird the
morning of Jan. 6, 1914.

7. Bachman's Sparrow. Sept. 22. First
observed in Sept., 1909, and have seen
them in same locality each year since.

8. Prolhonotary Warbler. One, May 4.

9. Sycamore Warbler. One, May 18.

— E. A. DooLiTTLE, Painesville, Lake
County, Ohio.

Notes on the Black-crowned Night

Heron and Other Birds at

Orient, L. L

On Gid's Island, a low, isolated patch
of mixed woods, entirely surrounded by
broad salt marshes and protected from
common trespassing by wide, muddy
drains, a new Black-crowned Night
Heron heronry has become established.

There are no records of these Herons
ever nesting at Orient prior to 191 2,
although they are common non-breeding
summer residents about our marshes and
shores, where they come daily and nightly
to feed from the great rookery at
Gardiner's Island, ten miles distant.

This station at Orient was visited in
191 1, and no nesting was in evidence. In
1912 it was not examined. June 1913, I
again visited the locality, and discovered
a colony of nine pairs.

In addition to the nine occupied nests
there were three nests not in use that
season that had been constructed the
previous year.

It will be observed that the heronry was
originally started in 191 2 with at least
three nests, and increased the second
season to nine.

Cedar trees appeared to be a favorite
building-site, as these were selected for
each nest.

The young at that time (June 22) were
ranging from just hatched to nearly full-
grown, and were fed on algae, identified
as Agardhiella gracilaria and similar
forms, which abound in the shallow water
near at hand.

In addition to the Night Heron's,
the small collection of trees contained in
breeding species four pairs of Green
Herons, five pairs of Ospreys, one each
of Catbird, Red-eyed Vireo, Yellow Warb-
ler, Kingbird, Spotted Sandpiper, and
Chickadee. The encircling salt meadows
were inhabited by hundreds of Sharp-

Notes from Field and Study

113

tailed Sparrows and numerous Meadow-
larks. In piles along the channel, at the
edge of the bay, Tree Swallows were
nesting in company with Flickers and
Starlings. Here the Fish Hawks erected
their nests right on the fishing-grounds,
where their offspring lie on the floor of
their home staring at the blackfish,
cunners, and snappers, swimming in the
clear water below.

In the vicinity of the interesting Island
a pair of Clapper Rails were nesting.
Although common in the western sec-
tions of Long Island, they are extremely
rare toward the eastern end, and this is
the first record of their breeding near
Orient. — Roy Latham, Orient, L. I.

A Problem in Food-Supply and
Distribution

During the winter of 191 2-13, the
spruces of Nova Scotia bore an abundant
crop of cones, well filled with seed. As a
consequence. Red-breasted Nuthatches
were very common throughout the pro-
vince during the winter, an unusual con-
dition. Crossbills were likewise abundant,
occurring often in large flocks, some of
which must have contained as many as five
or six hundred individuals. This winter,
I have but once seen Red-breasted Nut-
hatches, a pair being observed on Jan-
uary 24, and Crossbills are also com-
paratively very scarce. This condition
prevails throughout Nova Scotia, and,
when we examine the conifers, we find, as
we should expect, that the crop of seed
is very light. So far all is plain enough. I
had supposed that the majority of the
above species, depending largely on the
seeds of coniferous trees for food, had
migrated southward during the autumn,
and were now in the New England and
Middle Atlantic states. On looking over
the results of the last Christmas bird
census, as published in Bird-Lore for
February of this year, I find, however,
that this supposition is apparently only
very partially correct. In North America
east of the Alleghanies, Crossbills and
Red-breasted Nuthatches are reported

practically from the State of Massachu-
setts alone, and from the rest of the coun-
try the reports of them are very few and
far between. Presumably the conifers of
Massachusetts bore a good crop of seed
this winter. But are the great majority of
the Crossbills and Red-breasted Nut-
hatches of eastern North America crowded
within the confines of Massachusetts?
If so, we should expect to find them in
large numbers in the reports from that
state. To a slight extent this is so, for
Mr. Lester E. Pratt reports from East
Carver, Mass., fifty Red-breasted Nut-
hatches, an unusual number to be observed
in three hours. But this species is men-
tioned in only one other report from the
state, and the numbers of Crossbills
reported are not at all phenomenal.
Where, then, are the great majority of
these three species? They are not here,
in their breeding-range; they are not in
their customary winter range to the south-
ward. It would seem that either they
have perished from some cause, probably
lack of food, or else they have migrated,
in search of food, to some region from
which no reports were received. The
only considerable territory in North
America north of Mexico to come under
this head is that covered by the great
forests of northern Canada, and it is to be
regretted that no census was sent from
this extensive area. It would be most
interesting to know that these species,
or a large part of them, had migrated
northward at the approach of winter
because they found thus a more favorable
food-supply. However, that is theory.

I hope that some readers of Bird-Lore
may be able to throw light on this ques-
tion.— Harrison F. Lewis, Antigonish,
N. S.

Evening Grosbeaks and Other Winter
Birds at Hartford, Conn.

On Saturday afternoon, February 21,
following our customary habit on a half-
holiday, and nothwithstanding the nearly
three feet of snow on the level, we decided
to see what could be found in the way of

114

Bird - Lore

bird life. Providing ourselves with a
liberal supply of several kinds of bird-
food, we went to what is called Reservoir
Park, although not a park at all, but
simply the watershed for the city reser-
voirs therein located. Wading through
the snow well above our knees at every
step, and avoiding drifts that were six
or eight feet deep, we had not gone more
than an eighth of a mile from the car-
line before we heard what can best be
described as the sound produced at a dis-
tance by striking a telegraph wire several
rapid blows with another piece of wire, —
a sort of rapid and metallic chit, chit,
After listening, to get the direction, we
soon discovered in a clump of white birches
a flock of fourteen Redpolls. Practically
every bird showed the bright poll and an
an abundance of the red wash on the
breast. They all seemed to be in unusually
fine plumage; but, as the day was perfectly
clear and all underfoot an unbroken
expanse of white, their colors were per-
haps given a more conspicuous bril-
liance than usual. Later in the day we
saw another flock somewhat larger than
the first; but as it was nearly at the close
of day, the observation was not so pleas-
ing as the first one.

We then half-waded and half-crawled
through the deep snow among some small
white-pine growth, and were well repaid
for our efforts by soon finding a flock of
sixteen excellent specimens of the Pine
Grosbeak family. The birds were feed-
ing on the seeds of the pines and sumachs,
not more than ten feet from the ground,
and were very fearless; so we had an excel-
lent opportunity to see them at our
leisure. There were several males in the
full rosy plumage of this beautiful bird
of the North, and occasionally one of the
birds would give voice to a little ripple of
a song, just as though he were trying to
tell the rest of the crowd something in
an undertone.

On Monday, February 23 (Washing-
ington's Birthday), we again took to the
woods and fields to try our luck. After
considerable search in one of the large
outlying parks, and finding several of the

more common species of birds, we were
fortunate enough to happen upon a flock
of eight Evening Grosbeaks. This spe-
cies was first reported by me on the first
day of January, and the birds have been
seen in varying numbers by many of the
members of our club up to about a month
ago, when they disappeared. However,
on Lincoln's Day, with the thermometer
at eight above zero, I discovered eleven
nearly a mile from where they were seen
today. They are evidently of the same
flock seen New Year's Day, having one
very brilliant male, although all of the
birds today were very much brighter-
plumaged than when first reported several
weeks ago.

We then took a car about five miles,
to get in the same trip, if possible, the
Pine Grosbeak seen on the previous Satur-
day, and were successful in finding the
flock of sixteen, together with a flock of
some fifteen Redpolls. We have thir-
teen species for the day, which averaged
about fifteen degrees above zero, with
snow, as above stated. Has anyone else
seen the Redpolls and the Pine and Even-
ing Grosbeaks in the same trip in central
or southern Connecticut?

I have also seen within the past month
at least a half-dozen Northern Shrike.
They are reported as being more than
usually abundant in this section this
winter. — Geo. T. Griswold, 24 Imlay
Street, Hartford, Conn.

Wild Fowl at Sandusky Bay in 1756

In the November-December, 1913,
issue of Bird-Lore, there is a very inter-
esting article by E. L. Moseley entitled
'Gull Pensioners.' It describes the
feeding of thousands of Herring Gulls by
the foreman of the fish companies at
Sandusky during the unusually severe
winter of 191 2, and is illustrated with
photographs taken by Ernest Niebergall,
of that city.

At the time when Professor Moseley's
article appeared, I was making a study
of the itinerary of Col. James Smith, who
visited Sandusky Bay during the autumn

Notes from Field and Study

"5

of 1756, while a captive among the
Indians, and was surprised to learn that
Sandusky Bay, or lake, as it was then
called, was a great resort for Geese,
Swans, Ducks, and Gulls, even in those
early times. In an account of his travels
published by Smith after his escape from
captivity, he speaks of the abundance of
aquatic birds at "Sunyendeand," an
Indian town near the "little lake" — •
Sandusky Bay.

He says, "Sunj^endeand is a remarkable
place for fish, in the spring, and for fowl,
both in the fall and spring. At this sea-
son, the Indian hunters all turned out
to fowling, and in this could scarce miss
of success." He says that the wild-
fowl here feed upon a kind of wild rice
that grows spontaneously in the shallow
water, or wet places along the sides or in
the corners of the lakes; and that the
Geese, Ducks, Swans, etc., being grain-fed,
were remarkably fat, especially the
Green-necked Ducks.

Smith also speaks of the migration of
Wild Geese. He says that "the Indians
imagined the Geese as holding a great
council concerning the weather, in order
to conclude upon a day, that they might
all, at or near one time, leave the northern
lakes, and wing their way to the southern
bays. The Indians believed that at the
appointed time messengers were sent off
to let the different flocks know the result
of this council that they might all be
ready to move at the appointed time."
Smith observes that, as there is a great
commotion among the Geese at this time,
it would appear by their actions that such
a Council had been held. "Certain it is,"
says he, "that they are led by instinct to
act in concert, and to move off regularly
after their leaders." — Milo H. Miller,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

An Unsuspicious Family of Great
Horned Owls

On September 17, 191 2, a family of
Great Horned Owls was found near Iron-
side, Malheur Co., Oregon, which was
tame enough to allow splendid oppor-

tunities for photography had I been able
to avail myself of them. Under the cir-
cumstances, however, only three expo-
sures were made. *
I had driven several miles up Willow
Creek to get data on a large beaver-dam,
and, while skirting the edges of the pond,

I flushed a Great Horned Owl from a
thicket of alders. He flew but a short
distance to a nearby alder and lit upon an
upper limb. It was about one o'clock
P.M. and the sunlight was rather strong.
He sat blinking in the sunshine and seemed
to pay but little attention to me beneath.
I had my camera with me, and approached

ii6

Bird - Lore

to the foot of the tree, where I made two
exposures; then, desiring to try for an
exposure on the wing, I focused and drew
the slide of the Graflex. At first my
attempts to put the bird to flight, with-
out laying down the camera and deliber-
ately throwing at it, were unsuccessful.
At a particularly loud demonstration on
my part, he would look disapprovingly
down upon me, but showed little inclina-
tion to leave the tree. Finally, after con-
siderable shouting, he took to wing, and a
snap was taken at him as he wheeled out
over my head. He lit about seventy-five

feet distant in a similar location, but he
was not dislodged from this position until
proceedings were resorted to which left no
opportunity for photography.

Two others were found in the same
grove. The first of these was lost around
a clump of trees, but the second was seen
before he was flushed, and sat so close
that I anticipated a very near approach.
Light conditions necessitated coming up
from a brushy side, and just before I
could get an exposure, at a distance of
approximately ten feet, the bird took
alarm and disappeared on noiseless wing.
As my time was very limited, I could not
avail myself further of this rather unusual
tameness on the part of Bubo. Still

another Owl was seen later in the after-
noon, lower down the creek, and he, too,
was so tame that I came up to within
about fifteen feet; but, in the desire to
obtain better light for my last plate, I
overdid it and frightened the bird. — H.
E. Anthony, American Museum of
Natural History, New York City.

Pileated Woodpecker in Northern
New Jersey

While at Newfoundland, N. J., on
October i8, 1913, I saw a Pileated Wood-
pecker, which was of much interest to me,
as I had never before seen one in this
vicinity.

As I can find no mention of this
species having been seen in this section of
the country for some years, I thought
its occurrence might be of interest gen-
erally.

Three years ago, while in Maine dur-
ing October, I saw quite a number of
individuals of this species, and had a good
chance to observe them.

The one noted at Newfoundland, N. J.,
was evidently a male, and was for some
time busily engaged on a dead chestnut
tree, and I had a good view of him for
several minutes. — Edward G. Kent,
5 Prospect St., East Orange, N. J.

The Diary of a New Purple Martin
Colony for the Season of 1913

April 5. Martin-box put up about 5

P.M.

April 6. English Sparrows inspect and
familiarize themselves with bird-house.

April 7. One pair* of Sparrows take
possession and begin to build nest.

April II. Box lowered to ground on
hinged pole and nest with one egg re-
moved.

April 13. Sparrows rebuilding nest in
same room of bird-house.

April 14. Nest and one egg removed.

April 15. The pair of Sparrows decide

*A second pair of Sparrows may have been re-
sponsible for some of the nests and eggs. In some
instances, the entries in the diary were made a day
or two after the occurrence in question, or two en-
tries were made at the same time.

Notes from Field and Study

117

to build their next nest in another room
of bird-house.

April 16. Nest removed (no eggs).*t.

April 19. A new nest and one egg
removed from another room. The work
of the same pair of persistent Sparrows.

April 23. Nest and two eggs removed.

April 25. Nest removed from attic
room of bird-house. t

May 2. Nest and three eggs removed.

May 6. Nest and one egg removed.

May 9. Same old story (another nest
and egg).

May 12. The original pair of Sparrows
fight and drive off a second pair that
attempt to build in box.

May 13. Nest and egg removed.

May 14. Egg found in box in a mere
shell of a nest. (Bird evidently hadn't
time to build much of a nest.)

May 16. Nest removed.*!

May 20. Large nest and two eggs
removed.

May 22. Nest removed.*!

May 23. Nest and one egg removed. •

May 25. Nest removed.*!

May 27. Flock of six to eight Purple
Martins visit box in p.m. (This news
reported by next-door neighbor.)

May 28. One pair of immature Martins
stay around box all day. At 7.25 a.m.,
before leaving for work, the writer saw
his first Martin on bird-house.

May 29. Bird-house lowered in the
absence of pair of Martins (about 5.30
P.M.) and Sparrow's nest removed.

First week of June. — The pair of Mar-
tins commence to build nest. Both birds
assisting in carrying nesting materials,
sticks, grass, leaves, etc. (The box cannot
be lowered any more, but fortunately the
Sparrows seem to have yielded to the
Martins.)

June 20. An energetic immature Mar-
tin (making three regular occupants of
box) commences to build a nest (its mate
not seen). Sex of bird probably female.

June 23. Colony now numbers two

*tVVhen the bird-house was lowered, very often
the eggs would roll from the nests and out of_the
entrance. Thus_sqme_of the eggs may have been
lost in the grass and weeds, although most of them
were found and recorded.

pairs. (The odd bird having brought
home a mate.) Transients, solitary
Martins, appear from time to time, but
seldom spend more than one or two
nights in box. Every day since May 27,
visiting Martins to the number of two to
twelve come daily to box. and fierce
encounters occur between the regular
occupants and visitors.

July 29. Both pairs of Martins desert
their nests, but visit box on July 30 and
31, and about Aug. i. Martins leave
bird-house for the last time.

Several days later the bird-house was
lowered, and one nest (of pair to build
first) was found empty, while the other
contained two eggs, which were addled.
No young birds had been seen, although,
from their actions, the first pair were
feeding young birds for a couple of days
about the time young should have been
hatched. Possibly the young were killed
by the pair of English Sparrows, which
persisted in annoying the Martins in
many ways.

This is typical of the early experience
of persons starting colonies of House
Martins, and shows how our jolly Swal-
lows suffer from depredations of the
English Sparrow. The colony, next year,
will swell in numbers from one or two
pairs (the original pairs) the first week of
April, until the bird-house is well filled
and, less trouble will be experienced from
the Sparrow pests.

Everyone should put up bird-houses
for the Purple Martins, and they will
come, provided the Sparrows are kept
out. — Thomas L. McConnell, McKees-
port, Pa.

The Chickadee of Chevy Chase

In the January-February, 1914, num-
ber of Bird-Lore (page 39), the species
of Chickadee observed in Chevy Chase
is questioned. On that day (Dec. 21) we
saw only the Northern Chickadee {Pen-
thestes atricapillus). This species has been
very common in Chevy Chase since early
in December^much more common in
fact than Parus carolinensis, and I have

ii8

Bird - Lore

had both feeding together in my
garden.

In winter I always keep a variety of
bird-food on my window-sills, as well as
on food-shelters, and whenever the snow
covers up the supply of food in the fields
the birds come into the yard by the score.
Last Sunday was no exception to the rule,
and my place was alive with birds, includ-
ing White-throated Sparrows, Purple
Finches, Juncos, Cardinals, Mocking-
birds, Blue Jays, etc., and, as I was stand-
ing at a window, there were feeding at
the same time on the window-sill a Caro-
lina Chickadee, a Black-capped (northern)
Chickadee, and a Tufted Titmouse. The
Black-capped Chickadee is readily dis-
tinguishable from its southern cousin by
its larger size and its white-edged wing-
feathers; yet, as we are near the line
separating the territory of these two
species, one has to use caution in this
section not to report the Black-capped as
the Carolina Chickadee. — S. W. Mellott,
Chevy Chase, Md.

Winter Notes from Massachusetts

Since November 7, I have observed
almost daily, in locations scattered pretty
generally over Southern Berkshire, large
flocks of Pine Grosbeaks. They are among
the more common of our birds at this
date (December 6), and have been for the
last two weeks. Not since January, 1907,
have I seen them in anything like such
numbers. Last winter, and the winter
before, there were none in this particular
neighborhood. Now it is no infrequent
thing to come upon four or five flocks
within as many miles, each flock number-
ing upward of fifteen individuals. But
in their daily appearance they are irregu-
lar. Several days may elapse with no
record, and then for several more they are
feeding in the birches within a few yards
of the house. The proportion of mature
males seems to be less than one in ten.
Wherever one finds them, they are much
less tame than in 1907, flying off when
approached more closely than twenty
or thirty feet, going first into the tree-

tops, and then away into the deeper
woods in a straggling flock. In 1907, I
succeeded in touching several while
feeding, and caught one in the air as it
flew directly into me. It would seem that
this year's birds are better acquainted
with men; their wildness, coupled with
the early date of their arrival, seems to
suggest that the individual birds we have
here now are the vanguard, living in
summer on the border of civilization.
This fancy of my own creation is strength-
ened by the report of a friend observing
in eastern Maine, who says thay are com-
mon there and very tame.

I have also recorded several Shrikes,
frequently observing them on the out-
skirts of a flock of Grosbeaks. I watched
one for many minutes, and during that
time his bearing was entirely amicable.
A little later I returned to see three Blue
Jays drive him off. The Grosbeaks, mean-
while, had disappeared into the woods. —
Hamilton Gibson, Sheffield, Mass.

Winter Notes from Connecticut

There has been a scarcity of northern
birds, but many most interesting records.

December 8, Robert McCool shot a
Snow Goose at Cedar Point, near West-
port, and it has been mounted.

December 28, there was a flock of
thirty-six Red-winged Blackbirds, one
Crackle, and one Cowbird, at Stratford
Point.

Through January, Myrtle Warblers
were numerous in suitable places, and on
February 19 I saw a Shrike chasing one
through the trees, the Warbler trying
hard to escape, and uttering its alarm
note constantly.

The same day, I found a Catbird in a
tangle of cedar, briar, and bayberry
bushes. It seemed all right, but stupid,
and with feathers much fluffed, and it
must have succumbed in the severe cold
soon after.

February 21, in a swamp where the
Night Herons nest, I found where the
Crows had feasted upon two Night
Herons, every particle of flesh having been

Notes from Field and Study

119

cleaned from the bones, and they must
have been eaten within three days, since
the last snow.

Mr. Miller, of the American Museum,
pronounced one as a two-year-old bird,
and the other is clearly a younger bird.
Sage and Bishop, in their 'Birds of Con-
necticut,' give the latest date for the
Night Heron as November 17, though
they occasionally winter near here. Three
Pine Grosbeaks were noted in January,
a few Siskins, and a few Snow Buntings.

February 27, Mr. James Hall found a
Hermit Thrush among sumacs in a swamp,
the bird being in fine condition.

March 4, I found the first flock of Red-
polls, about fifty in number, and con-
taining some fine males.

Ice and the cold have been hard on
birds, many Ducks have died, a Pheasant
a Meadowlark, and a Short-eared Owl,
all terribly emaciated, were found dead,
and their fate told that of many others,
no doubt, though more people have been
feeding birds about here this winter than
ever before. — Wilbur F. Smith.

A City Kept Awake by the Honking
of Migrating Geese

Shortly after midnight, October 6, I
was awakened from sleep by the honk-
honking of migrating geese. I arose at
once and looked out to see the birds. The
air was filled with heavy mist, and the
sky was hidden by black clouds, so that
the birds could not be seen in the darkness.
The honking was very loud at first, and
then it could hardly be heard. Soon it
would seem as if the Geese were flying
past my window again. It was evident
that the Geese were flying back and forth
over the city. The honking continued
until daybreak.

The next day, many citizens in Norman
remarked about the flock of Geese which
seemed to be flying back and forth over
the city during the latter part of the night.

These Geese were doubtless migrating
southward, under a clear sky, during the
early part of the night. Then the sudden
extreme darkness which came on between

10.30 p. M. and midnight must have
bewildered them so that they lost their
way. In their wanderings, they came
into the zone illuminated by the electric
lights of the city, and flew back and
forth over the lights until daybreak. —
L. B. Nice, Univeristy of Oklahoma,
Norman, Okla., Nov. 12, 1913.

Snowy Owl at Chillicothe, Missouri

About ten o'clock on the morning of
February 14, while passing through a
grove of small oak trees, I saw a large
white object among the leaves of one
of the trees. After observing it for a
few more minutes. I was able to identify
it as a Snowy Owl. A few days before,
we had a snowstorm followed by some
very cold weather, during which the Owl
had probably came southward. The
next day I heard another person speak
of seeing a large white Owl, which I sup-
pose was the same individual. — Desmoxd
PoPHAM, Chillicothe, Mo.

The Voice of the Tinamou

Having heard Tinamous calling at
nightfall in tropical forests on the Island
of Trinidad, I cannot help doubting if
anyone not an artist as well as an ornitholi-
gist, and no less gifted with pen than
brush, could possibly have characterized
their utterances in terms at once so true
and picturesque as those employed by
Mr. Fuertes, in a paragraph published in
the last number of Bird-Lore. Dealing
subjectively with a matter of uncommon
diflSculty, this remarkable passage is
essentially a word picture, sketched with
such rare and effective combination of
literary skill, artistic fervor, refined appre-
ciation of the spiritual in nature and
careful avoidance of all overstatement,
that it expresses precisely what every
reverent-minded naturalist must feel
when listening to the soul-stirring voice
of the Tinamou, however incapable he
may be then or afterward of rendering
his impressions into similarly worthy
language. — William Brewster, Cam-
bridge. Mass.

iloofe ^etos: anH 9^etotetD6

A Determination of the Economic
Status of the Western Meadowlark
(Sturnella neglecta) in Cali-
fornia. By Harold Child Bryant.
University of California Publications
in Zoology, Vol. ii, No. 14, pp. 377-
510, pis. 21-24, 5 text figs. Feb. 27,
1914.

This paper of 126 pages, devoted to
a study of the food of the Western
Meadowlark, at once takes its place
among the most important contribu-
tions to the subject of economic orni-
thology that have yet appeared. It is
based on the examination of nearly two
thousand stomachs of this species from
all parts of California, collected in every
month of the year.

Of the total amount of food taken
throughout the year, sixty-three per cent
was found to be animal, and thiry-seven
per cent vegetable. Beetles and Orthop-
tera (crickets and grasshoppers) each
constitute one-lifth of the total quantity.
In summer and fall, Orthoptera form a
large percentage of the food — eighty-
five per cent of the whole amount in
August. Cutworms and caterpillars also
constitute an important item. The only
non-insect animal diet comprises a few
sow-bugs, snails, earthworms, and milli-
pedes. Of the vegetable food, grain con-
constitutes seventy-five per cent, or nearly
thirty-one per cent of the total; but nearly
one-half of the entire amount of grain is
consumed in November, December, and
January, when little insect food is avail-
able.

As the author states: "Few people have
any realization of the great quantities
of insects consumed by birds," and he
computes that in the great valleys — the
Sacramento and San Joaquin — alone, the
young Meadowlarks in the nest require
343/^ tons of insect food each day!

Of the charges brought against this
species, only one of any importance is
sustained. Its depredations in fields of
young grain are sometimes serious, due
to its habit of boring down beside the

(i

sprout and pulling off the kernel. The
author believes, however, that this
damage is more than balanced by the
good done by the destruction of harmful
insects, and does not warrant wholesale
killing of the Meadowlark. He advises
certain preventive measures and frighten-
ing the birds from the fields during the
short period necessary.

Ten reasons are given why the Meadow-
lark should be a protected non-game bird,
among the number being its esthetic
value, and the author concludes that it
"has been shown to be distinctly bene-
ficial to agricultural interests as a whole,
and thus to all the people of the state."

In the introductory matter, Mr. Bryant
discusses the History of Methods in
Economic Ornithology, and a comparison of
the various methods. Supplementary sec-
tions include miscellaneous data secured in-
cidentally, to the examination of the large
series of birds, as parasitism, malforma-
tion, albinism, molt, etc., and several
pages are devoted to the important
question of whether protective adapta-
tions of insects protect them from the
attacks of birds, and of availability as a
factor in the kind and quantity of food.

A bibliography and four plates illus-
trating food and feeding habits conclude
the paper.— W. DeW. M.

A Study of a Collection of Geese of
THE Branta canadensis Group
From the San Joaquin Valley, Cali-
fornia. By Harry S. Swarth. Uni-
versity of California Publications in
Zoology, Vol. 12, No. i, pp. 1-24, pis.
1-2, 8 text. figs. Nov. 20, 1913.

As one of the earliest tokens of return-
ing spring-time, the Wild Geese are of
interest to everyone; while the ornitholo-
gist finds in their variations in size, form
and color, scarcely paralleled among birds,
fruitful material for study in evolution.

Mr. Swarth, in an endeavor to deter-
mine the exact status of the Canada Geese
of California, examined numbers of each

20)

Book News and Reviews

'121

of the currently recognized subspecies.
He concludes that all four are well founded,
but intergrade so completely that they
cannot be separated as species, notwith-
standing the differences in size and other
respects between the little Cackling Goose
of Alaska and the big Canada Goose of
the United States, which are so striking
that no one seeing only the extremes
would question their specific distinctness.

The form breeding in California is
found to be identical with the Common
Canada Goose of the eastern states. The
least known of the four races, the White-
cheeked Goose, is a large, dark non-
migratory form, occupying the humid
northwest coast region. It does not
breed in northern California, as has been
supposed; nor even reach the state in
winter, so far as can be determined.

Diagrams graphically illustrate the
variations in size and proportions; and
the diversity in the pattern of the head
and neck is shown by two plates of figures
representing twenty individuals. — W.
DeW. M.

Bulletin of the United States
Department of Agriculture No.
58. Five Important Wild Duck Foods.
By W. L. McAtee.

Owing to the interest manifested in a
previous circular of the Department of
Agriculture, giving information on cer-
tain plants of importance as food for
Wild Ducks, namely the wild rice, wild
celery, and pondweeds, the department
authorized Mr. McAtee to continue his
investigation of this subject.

The present paper summarizes the
results of Mr. McAtee's work. Five
additional plants of great value as food
for wild-fowl were found to be the delta
duck potato and the wapato (species of
Sagittaria, or arrowhead), the nut grass
or chufa {Cy penis esculentus), the wild
millet {Echinochloa crus-galli), and the
banana water-lily {Nymphcea mexicana).
While at present most of these plants are
of only local importance, the author
believes that their field of usefulness can
be greatly extended.

Maps illustrate the distribution of
each species, and the plants with their
tubers or bulbs — the principal edible por-
tion in most species — are figured. — W.
DeW. M.

The Bodley Head Natural History.
By E. D. Cuming. With illustrations
by J. A. Shepherd. Vol. II, British
Birds. Passeres. lamo. 122 pages;
numerous illustrations. New York.
John Lane Company. Price 75 cents,
net; postage, 6 cents.

The second volume of this attractive
little work contains accounts of the
British Warblers, the Dipper, the Nut-
hatch, and the Creepers. Mr. Shepherd's
quaint illustrations in color, one or more
on every page, "do not aim so much at
scientific accuracy as at giving a general
impression of the character, habits, and
appearance of the animal depicted. It is
believed that in this respect they will be
found certainly more artistic, and proba-
bly more suggestive than elaborate plates
or even photographs." — W. DeW. M.

Die Vogel. Handbuch der Systema-
TiscHEN Ornithologie. By Anton
Reichenow. Zwei Bande. I. Band.
Large 8vo. 529 pages; numerous illus-
trations. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart,

This is a handbook of ornithology for
the student, and a work of reference for
the general reader. Though written in
the German language, it treats of the
birds of the world, and hence demands
our notice. Volume I consists of 529
pages, the first 67 of which relate to the
subject in general, as internal and ex-
ternal structure, geographical distribution,
and classification.

The systematic portion includes all the
"lower groups" down to and including the
Owls and Parrots. Determination of the
genera, and in many cases the species, is
facilitated by "Keys;" every genus being
diagnosed and at least a representative
series of the species treated. Descrip-
tions of habits, nests, and eggs are limited
to brief summaries under the headings of
the orders and families. — W. DeW. M.

122

Bird - Lore

We have received from the Comstock
Publishing Company, of Ithaca, New
York, a copy of their new Bird Note
Book, designed by Anna Botsford Com-
stock, and illustrated with outline figures,
by Fuertes, of thirty common birds.

This notebook is planned to combine
schoolroom work with field observation.
Sixty pages for notes, two for each species,
are so arranged that the proper descrip-
tive term may be underlined and the
blank spaces filled in by the observer. The
outline figures are intended for careful
coloring in the schoolroom or at home. —
W. DeW. M.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — The January issue is a
bulky number, and filled with numerous
half-tone plates including one of a new
Petrel {Mstrelata chionophara), which is
described by Mr. R. C. Murphy. The
first instalment of an elaborate article by
Dr. R. M. Strong 'On the Habits and
Behavior of the Herring Gull, Lams
argentatus, Pont.,' is well illustrated. The
systematic grouping of facts follows the
lines of modern research work and the
original observations are a well marshaled
host, setting a standard for future workers
in kindred topics.

'In Memoriam: Philip Lutley Sclater,'
by Dr. D. G. Elliot, marks the passing of a
great ornithologist of the old school.
During a long and active life, Sclater con-
tributed no less than 1,500 scientific
papers, most of them on birds, in which
his interest never flagged.

Dr. C. W. Townsend enters 'A Plea for
the Conservation of the Eider' on the
coast of Newfoundland and Labrador,
where persecution by Indians, Esquimaux,
and fisherman threatens the duck with
extinction. Mr. W. M. Tyler writes
minutely 'Notes on the Nest Life of the
Brown Creeper in Massachusetts.' He
thinks that "the species will be found
breeding here as long as the [gypsy]
moths continue to kill the trees." Mr.
J. D. Figgins, writing on 'The Fallacy
of the Tendency toward Ultraminute

Distinctions,' shows that considerable
changes both in size and color have
occurred in Gambel's Quail introduced
into parts of Colorado some twenty-five
years ago.

Of local lists, we find 'Notes on the
Ornithology of Clay and Palo Alto Coun-
ties, Iowa,' by Mr. A. D. Tinker, and
'Additions to ... . Birds of ... .
Cass and Crow Wing Counties, Minn.,'
by A. W. Honeywill, Jr. Some nomen-
clatural questions are brought up afresh
by Mr. G. M. Mathews under title of
'Some Binary Generic Names,' and an
account of the thirty-first meeting of the
A. O. U. is given by our Secretary, Mr.
J. H. Sage. Notes and Reviews are
numerous and valuable, and an obituary
of Alfred Russel Wallace adds another
prominent name to the long list of deceased
members. — J. D., Jr.

The Condor. — Two recent numbers of
'The Condor' still await notice in these
columns. The number for November,
concluding Vol. XV, contains nine general
articles on a variety of topics. Joseph
Mailliard contributes a brief obituary
notice of H. B. Kaeding, one of the active
members of the Cooper Ornithological
Club. Herbert Massey, a member of the
British Ornithologists' Union, supple-
ments Dr. Shufeldt's recent paper on the
eggs of North American Limicolse with
an account of the eggs of European spe-
cies which are accidental in America.
Ray adds 'Some Further Notes on Sierran
Field-Work,' with a list of 49 species of
birds observed, in June, 1910, in Eldorado
County. Mailliard describes three 'Cu-
rious Nesting-places of the xAilen Hum-
mingbird' at San Geronimo — one on a
pulley and another on a rope under a
wagon-shed, and the third on a wire hook
in a carriage-house. Wright notes briefly
12 species of 'Birds of San Martin Island,
Lower California.' Dawson contributes
three brief but interesting articles, one on
'Identification by Camera,' showing the
differences between certain shore birds,
and two critiques of Ridgway's 'Color
Standards,' under the titles, 'A Mnemonic

Book N«ws and Reviews

123

Device for Color- Workers' and 'A Prac-
tical System of Color Designation.'

The most extended paper is a 'Prelim-
inary Report,' by T. C. Clarke, on an
extraordinarj'^ disease which has occurred
among the Ducks near Tulare Lake, Calif.,
each year since 1909. The chief species
affected were the Shoveller, Pintail, Cin-
namon Teal, and Greenwing Teal. The
dead birds found in 1913 included i,753
Ducks, and about 300 other miscellaneous
birds. It is hoped that this investigation
will be continued until the cause of the
disease, still obscure, is fully determined.

The January 'Condor' opens with an
interesting article, by Dawson, on 'Direct
Approach as a Method in Bird Photog-
raphy,' illustrated by some remarkable
pictures of Ibises, Phalaropes, Sander-
lings, and Dowitchers, taken at short
range. In a characteristic review entitled

'The People's Bread,' the same author
points out the numerous shortcomings
in the recent 'Western Bird Guide,' by
Reed, Harvey and Brasher. Van Rossem
contributes some 'Notes on the Derby
Flycatcher' in Salvador, in 191 2; and
Rust, a detailed, illustrated account of
the 'Nesting of the Sharp-shinned Hawk'
near Coeur d' Alene, Idaho, in 1913.

A 'Second List of the Birds of the
Berkeley Campus,' by Joseph Grinnell,
shows some interesting results of inten-
sive bird study of a limited area. The
campus of the University of California
includes 530 acres. The first list of its
birds published three years ago contained
76 species, while the present list enumerates
97 species, and the author estimates that
a mean population of approximately 8,000
individual birds is maintained throughout
the year within this area. — T. S. P.

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

Bird-Lore asks the cooperation of its readers in recording the migrations of
certain common birds in the belief that a joint study of their movements will add to
the interest with which their coming is awaited, and contribute something of value to
our knowledge of their travels in particular, and bird migration in general.

It is proposed to take three birds which arrive during the earlier part of the migra-
tion season, and three more which are due in the latter part. A summary of observa-
tions on the first group will be published in Bird-Lore for June, while those relating to
the second group will appear in Bird-Lore for August.

The first three birds selected were the Red-winged Blackbird, Robin, and Phoebe;
the second group of three includes the Chimney Swift, House Wren, and Baltimore
Oriole. A blank form is appended showing how the records should be scheduled before
sending them to Bird-Lore. These blanks should be mailed to Mr. Charles H. Rogers,
care of Bird-Lore, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, not later
than June i. — F. i\L C.

Report from.

(Give locality)

Made by.

(Give name and address of observer)

Date
first seen

Chimney Swift . .
House Wren ....
Baltimore Oriole

No.
seen

Date No.

next seen seen

Date of
becoming

124

Bird - Lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OrriCIAL OKGAN OP THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor.MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published April 1, 1914 No. 2

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, twenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYKIGHTED. 1913, BY PRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand

For the first time in its history of
thirty-one years, the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union will hold its annual congress
in the spring. Heretofore these always
memorable gatherings have usually
occurred in November, but the present
year it is proposed to convene on April
7-9, in Washington, D. C. This combina-
tion of date and place gives promise of an
exceptionally enjoyable meeting. The
beauties of 'spring at the Capital' have
long been sung, and visiting ornitholo-
gists may be assured an opportunity to
experience them under both sympathetic
and skilful guidance.

The hotel headquarters of the Union
will be the Ebbitt House. The daily
public sessions for the presentation and
discussion of scientific papers will be held
in the National Museum.

Anyone interested in the study of birds
is eligible for election to Associate Mem-
bership in the Union; and everyone who
realizes how much the causes of bird-
study and bird-protection owe to this
organization should welcome an oppor-
tunity to become affiliated with it. The
annual dues of Associate Members are
$3, and all members receive 'The Auk,'
the 600-page journal of the Union, with-
out charge. Candidates for Associate
Membership should apply to Dr. J.
Dwight, Jr., Treas., 134 West 71st,
Street, New York City, or, from April
6 to 9, care of the National Museum,
Washington, D. C.

The creation of reservations and
appointment of wardens may protect
birds from their human enemies, but even
government control and the services of
so faithful a guardian as Paul Kroegel
have been insufficient to protect the
Pelicans of Pelican Island from disaster
which befell their offspring during the
nesting-season just past.

In the last issue of Bird-Lore, Warden
Kroegel wrote, under date of January i,
1914: "We have now as fine a batch of
young birds as I can remember for this
time of year;" but when, with Ernest
Seton, we visited the island on February
15, we beheld the most distressing scene
of which one could well conceive. The
ground was as thickly strewn with the
bodies of dead young Pelicans as though
batteries of guns had been discharged at
close range into massed flocks of them. A
few dozen young were still alive, some of
which could fly, while others vainly tried
to do so. At the southwest and northern
ends of the island possibly a thousand
old birds were resting or bathing, and one
nest held three eggs, on which one of a
pair of adults sat while the other stood
nearby. This was the only occupied
nest on the island.

We have visited Pelican Island on many
occasions, and have before seen the heavy
fatality which may follow unfavorable
weather conditions, but never before
have we found anything approaching the
catastrophe which has befallen the colony
this year.

Its cause is by no means clear, but
there are certain facts which are beyond
dispute. Thus the cause of the young
birds' death seems beyond question to
have been starvation, but why they should
have starved is another question. Death
had occured since February i, just as
the birds were about to fly. Some birds
indeed, had escaped the fate of their less-
advanced or weaker comrades by acquir-
ing the power of flight, and with it ability
to feed themselves, and some of these
were seen about the island, as well as
some distance from it; but it was obvious,
even without an exact census, that the

Editorial

125

greater part of the 1,600 birds recorded
by Mr. Kroegel, after surviving the period
of early Pelican life had died at an age
when, with a week or so more of food and
growth, they too would have been able
to care for themselves.

That starvation was the cause of death
was evinced by the emaciated condition
of all the bodies of the birds examined,
and even more convincingly and patheti-
cally by the actions of some of the sur-
viving young which were awaiting their
fate. With open bills they came directly
to us, touching our clothing and voicing
their wants eloquently, but in tones
which bore but faint resemblance to the
vigorous food-call of the hungry but well-
nourished young Pelican.

These birds had obviously been deserted
by their parents, and it is not unreasonable
to suppose that the birds whose bodies
dotted the Island thickly about us had
starved to death, because of similar
desertion.

If this be true, one naturally seeks the
reason for this desertion. In February,
1908, on our last visit to Pelican Island,
large numbers of young were found that
had died during an exceptionally cold
spell, which had evidently prevented the
parents from fishing. These young, how-
ever, were all in the downy stage, and
hence we may believe were less hardy
than birds which had almost acquired
the power of flight. Furthermore, we
had been in eastern Florida the present
year since February 2, and can affirm
from personal experience that there had
been no storm or cold wave of sufficient
severity to prevent the parent birds from
fishing. Is it possible, then, that for a
period of several days the old birds had
had such poor fisherman's luck that they
could not find sufficient food for their
young? While this supposition might be
true of a few pairs of birds, in view of the
wide area of sea and river covered by
the parents of all the dead young it is
difficult to believe that it could be true
of them all.

Personally, therefore, we believe that
starvation followed desertion, and deser-

tion was due to a failure, or gi\ ing out,
of the feeding instinct, which had run its
course. Possibly the weather may to
some extent have induced the old birds to
abandon their young; but we are con-
vinced that, if exactly the same weather and
fishing conditions had prevailed earlier in
the season, the feeding instinct would have
then been sufficiently strong to have
induced the birds to overcome them and
to secure food enough to support their
families.

Pelicans begin to gather on their chosen
island generally in November, and the
nesting season is well under way in Decem-
ber, but on the west coast of Florida,
Brown Pelicans do not begin to nest until
x\pril.

This past season (1913-14) the birds
returned to the island in October, the
earliest date. Warden Kroegel states, on
which he has recorded their arrival. The
nesting-season was correspondingly early,
and hence abnormal, a fact which should
be taken into account when one tries to
explain the failure of the parent birds
properly to care for their offspring.

But, whatever conclusions we may
reach in regard to the factors which
brought disaster to the nesting-season of
1913-14, it is clear beyond dispute that,
under the circumstances now existing on
Pelican Island, the Pelicans are more in
need of protection than at any previous
time in their history. It is not the plume-
hunter who is so much now to be feared
as the thoughtless tourist whose landing
drives young from their ground-nests and
creates a confusion which may result in
many deaths. Fortunately, Warden
Kroegel's watchfulness prevents mishaps
of this kind. His guardianship of the
island is now so generally known that,
in most instances, application for a per-
mit to visit it under his guidance is made
in due form. But, if a strange boat is
detected in suspicious proximity to the
Pelicans' home, the National Associa-
tion's patrol boat 'Audubon' is soon under
way, and the trespassers are made aware
of the effectivenss of the warning notices
posted about the island.

Cl)e Audubon ^oeietfe«

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the editor, at 53 Arlington Avenue, Providence, R. I.

BIRD AND ARBOR DAY

Perhaps the greatest value of festival days and anniversaries of all kinds
lies in their significance, and especially in the appeal which they make to those
who observe them. The appointment of a new anniversary is a matter of far
more import than it might at first seem to be. Authority alone, even of presi-
dents, governors, or other officials of the people, cannot make a festival, or
even a fitting anniversary, out of a particular day. Upon those who take part
in the observance of the day falls the responsibility of its success
and continuance.

In the long-forgotten past, when man approached Nature with a child-
like fear and imagination, it was not difficult to people the universe with
deities whom he must propitiate, and in whose festivals he must share.
Throughout later ages, it has seemed consistent with man's maturer judgment
to pay some annual tribute to heroes and patriots, to celebrate events of national
importance, or to commemorate experiences which have had lasting influence
in shaping human environment and in molding character. The days set apart
by different peoples for such formal acknowledgment of man's indebtedness to
great lives, great events, and great ideals, ought to be true festivals and signal
anniversaries, rather than mere holidays, given up to feasting and ordinary
pleasures.

Arbor Day is a very recent anniversary, while Bird and Arbor Day combined
is as yet observed in comparatively few states. This day has been set aside
in the hope that man may be brought closer to nature in a practical, suggestive
and inspiring way. Whether the day fulfills its mission, it is the privilege of
this generation to determine.

Possibly not one of our school anniversaries carries with it such fresh-
ness and buoyancy as this festival of the trees and birds. This is because
spring is the expression of each New Year in its youth, not only budding trees
and returning birds, but also freshly coated animals, flooded streams and
lengthening days of luxurious sunshine, remind us that the transcendent mira-
cle of Nature is taking place. To appreciate this miracle, we must share in
the general transformation of our surroundings.

Who that has ever stepped on the yielding ice among the hummocks of a
marshy pasture, or picked a treacherous way along the gullies and sink-holes

(126)

The Audubon Societies 127

of a retreating brook-channel at freshet-time, can forget the feeling of the earth,
of the air, and the scent of spring which everywhere abounds? No other days
are like these days of budding leaves and drying soil. It is a glorious time, not
only to be outdoors, but to be outside self. It is a revelation of a new kind of
kinship to plant a tree and to welcome the return of the birds — a kinship
with Nature.

But the real spirit of spring must go with the planting and the welcome;
otherwise the observance of Bird and Arbor Day will become a tiresome
repetition of a once novel idea.

Viewed in this light, it becomes a large but pleasant task to instruct our
boys and girls how to meet spring with open hands and hearts. What work
more attractive or more full of joy could Audubon Societies take part in
than this one of interpreting the true meaning of Bird and Arbor Day!

Busy teachers and restless pupils would both appreciate the cooperation of
bird-students and nature-lovers in this spring-festival season. Will you not
all make some definite attempt to obser\'e Bird and Arbor Day more in the
spirit of spring? Will you not make an attempt to observe it together in the
school-grounds and public parks of our land, or better yet, in the woods
and fields of the open? Will you not strive to attach more significance to the
great idea which was the reason for the appointment of this day, the preserva-
tion and conservation of Nature? — A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XIV: Correlated Studies, Reading, Elementary Agriculture,

and Geography

"Look at this beautiful world, and read the truth
In her fair page; see every season brings
New change to her of everlasting youth —
Still the green soil with joyous living things
Swarms — the wide air is full of joyous wings." — Bryant.

As the wild winds of March tear the tree-tops and rush the melting snows
of February down the hillsides into swollen brooks and channels, we feel the
hope of springtime rising high in our breasts. There may be more storms
ahead, but they cannot last long, for the great sun stays with us more and
more each day, and neither snow nor wintry storms can brave the heat of
its life-giving power.

Jack Frost must stop playing with the temperature now, dropping it to
the nipping point for the last time. The ice will break up in the rivers, rush-
ing headlong down stream, and it will soon melt, too, from our streets and
crackling ponds.

128 Bird -Lore

But this is not life, only a preparation for life. It is perhaps not joyous
to many, only the sign of coming joyousness. Still there is far more life in late
February and March than one uninitiated in the truths of Nature might
suspect; while April brings myriads of creatures we ought to know by sight
or sound, or some kindred sense. The early bluebird, the skunk-cabbage and
honey-bee are a few of the forms of life that greet the observant eye. If a
wave of sunlight breaks the chill of the air, an occasional "mourning cloak"
butterfly may appear. In grassland, woodland, and plowed fields, hordes
of insects are about to hatch from winter eggs, crawl forth from hibernating
refuges or to emerge from snugly hidden pupse, which have survived the
coldest weather, housed in the earth, under roots or in sheltered nooks.

To check this winged army of destruction, other winged hosts are advan-
cing from the distant Southland, our migratory birds, whose coming brings the
joyous certainty of spring. How wonderful it is that just as leaves and buds
are swelling and unfolding, and insects in countless numbers are finding their
way to the open, the birds should arrive in a feathered multitude to swell the
ranks of living things. There is a reason for this, a law of nature, if we could
understand it, that governs the migratory movements of birds.

There is a special work for birds to do in nature, and, with almost clock-
like regularity, they journey north exactly at the time when this work is
ready to be done. (Cmp. Bird-Lore Vol. XIII, No. 3, p. 160.) Perhaps you
have never thought of birds as workers. Watch them, and see how much they
do in a day, or even in an hour. Their chief work is to get food for themselves
and their nestlings, and, in doing this, they eat not only seeds and small ani-
mals, but also thousands and thousands of insects, which would otherwise
spread over the earth, devouring vegetation with frightful rapidity.

If man had never tried to change the ways of Nature by cutting off for-
ests, draining and plowing up large tracts of land to plant to special crops,
if he had never brought into our country seeds and trees and insects and ani-
mals from across the ocean, it might be easier to study the natural habits of
birds, and to judge exactly what the results of these habits are. We have
already learned that birds are fitted with tools which enable them to crack
seeds of nearly all kinds, to dig beneath the bark of trees, to probe in the
earth, to scoop through the air and water, in short, to hunt for food in an
almost endless variety of ways and places. Since they are, on the whole, quick
to discover new kinds of food as well as new kinds of nesting-sites, we call
them easily adaptable to the changing conditions of wild and cultivated Nature.

An illustration of the adaptability of birds to a new food-supply which is
now found in the north-eastern United States is shown in connection with
the gipsy and brown-tail moths, introduced insects whose yearly devastations
cost us many thousands of dollars.

The Downy Woodpecker, Kingbird, Ring-necked Pheasant (introduced
into our country from the Old World), Phoebe, Least Fly-catcher, Scarlet

The Audubon Societies 129

Tanager, Red-eyed Vireo, Black and White Warbler, and other species,
attack these pests and devour them. Forbush says: "As time goes on, it is
probable that birds will become more and more efficient enemies of the gipsy-
moth and the brown-tail moth, as they learn better how to manage them. . . .
As the gipsy-moth spends more than half of the year in the egg, this is its most
^allnerable point. If Jays, Creepers, Nuthatches, Woodpeckers, and other
birds, could learn to eat these eggs, as European birds are said to do, they would
then have an increased food-supply the year round. Naturally, they would
increase in numbers, and thus an effective natural check to the gipsy-moth
in America would be established, provided these birds were protected.

"The brown- tail moth is more exposed to the attacks of birds than is the
gipsy-moth, since the larvae hibernate in their nests in curled-up leaves that
remain on the tree all winter (see illustration). Already some birds are learn-
ing to open these winter nests and to extract the larvse from them. If the birds
once learn this lesson thoroughly, the power of this pest will be greatly
lessened."

The Red-winged Blackbird and Blue Jay seem to have found out this new
food-supply, while a number of other species eat the hairy caterpillars which
have crawled out of their winter nests, and also of the moths upon their emer-
gence from the pupal stage.

The variety and number of insects are so great that, if birds had no other
kind of food-supply, there would doubtless be more than enough for all of
them, provided there were less cold weather and more warm weather.

In the remarkable economy of Nature, however, every form of life has
its place, its season, and its work. To study the intricate relations which
result from this order is a life-long task. Perhaps this is one chief reason
why nature-study is so absorbing, because there is so much to learn that is
entirely new. Surely, in no other study can teachers and pupils be discoverers
and observers together to better advantage.

But, to go back to the food of birds, numberless as the insects are, birds
find other kinds of food awaiting them when they journey northward. Let us
turn for a moment to the lists of trees, plants and animals which we studied
in connection with the distribution and migration of birds, taking the Robin
as our guide. (See Bird-Lore, Vol. XIV, No. i, p. 57; No. 5. pp. 303-306;
No. 6, pp. 364-368; Vol. XV., No. I, pp. 53-57-)

How delightful a trip it would be to fly with the Robin, from one place to
another, from one tree to another, somewhat slowly at first, then more and
more rapidly as spring hurried by us, seeking the distant North?

Through tropics and semi-tropics, great plains and deserts, pine-barren
country, by mountains and valleys, we should go; each day almost, finding
new feeding-areas and nesting-places. If we could count the different trees
which a Robin visits on its migration-trip, and the different things which it
finds to eat, what a long list it would make!

By permission of the Rhode Island Department of Agriculture
WINTER NESTS (Uibernacula) OF THE LARVAE OF THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH

These nests should be cut off in March and burned

(i3<^)

The Audubon Societies

131

Now that we are watching for the Robin, Red -winged Blackbird, and
Phoebe, suppose we learn a few facts about their food, putting our informa-
tion down as follows:

Food of the Robin, Red-winged Blackbird and Phoebe, Three of Our

Beneficial Birds

(See, Some Common Birds in their Relation to Agriculture, by F. E. L. Beal,
Farmers' Bulletin, No. 54, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and also. The Relation between
Birds and Insects, Yearbook of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for 1908.)

Robin

Red-winged Blackbird

Phoebe

January

Wild fruit.

Weed-seed.

In winter home.

February

Wild fruit.

Weed-seed.

In winter home.

March

Wild fruit, beetles and
worms.

Weed-seed and insects.

In winter home.

April

Wild-fruit, worms and
insects.

Weed-seed and insects.

In winter home.

May

Wild fruit, worms and

Mostlj' insects, a little

Insects such as

insects.

grain, a few snails and

Mav beetles

crustaceans.

Click beetles

June. .

\\'ild fruit, worms and

Weevils, 25 per cent less

Weevils

insects.

grain.

Grasshoppers

July

Wild fruit, worms and

Mostly insects, a very

Wasps. Wild fruit

insects.

little fruit, more grain.

Flies

August

Wild fruit, grasshoppers

Weed-seed 30 per cent.

Bugs. Wildfruil

30 per cent.

Considerable grain in
certain localities, in-
sects.

Spiders

September

Wild fruit, beetles.

Weed-seed and insects,
grain and rice notably
in the West and South.

October

Wild fruit, beetles.

Weed-seed and insects,
grain and rice notably
in the West and South.

Noyember

Wild fruit, a few insects.

Weed-seed.

In winter home.

December

Wild fruit.

Weed-seed.

In winter home.

Summary

Animal matter, chiefly in-

Vegetable matter about

Insects and spiders

sects, 42 per cent, large-

74 per cent.

93 per cent.

ly injurious species.

Small fruits and berries

Animal matter, mainly

Wild fruit 7 per

about 58 per cent, of

insects, 26 per cent.

cent.

which 47 per cent is

Nearly seven-eighths

wild fruit, and a little

of the food of this

over 4 per cent culti-

species is weed-seed

^'ated fruit.

and injurious insects.

In habit of nesting, manner of feeding, song, plumage, and distribution
quite different, these three species will furnish us ample work for study and
observation during the year. It will be very much worth while to find out
all that we can about them without in any way disturbing them. They have
come, and are still coming, thousands of miles, to spend the summer with us.
The Robin may even linger through late fall, or, if the winter be mild, the

132 Bird - Lore

entire year. When we stop to think how many places they have passed through
which we have never visited, how many things they have seen, heard, touched
and tasted which we know nothing about, and how many things they do
which we cannot do, we shall feel a great wonder about the beautiful world,
of which the poets never tire of singing to us, — the world of life and joy.

As we start out to greet the birds and trees and flowers, the animals, and
everything which nature has to show us, let us not forget the wise instruc-
tion of Dr. William Turner, an old English physician, chaplain, and natural-
ist who, in the dedication of his history of the principal birds noticed by
Pliny and Aristotle, published in 1544, wrote: "No one demands sight in the
feet, hearing in the legs, smell (or taste) in the hands, or smell in the arms;
but all these things are necessary in the head. Inasmuch, therefore, as so many
senses are requisite in the head, which is set over one body alone, how
many senses and what a wealth of wisdom and learning are demanded from
that head . . .?"

So let us keep our ears open as well as our eyes, our noses ready to catch
the faintest odor, our tongues quick to taste, and our hands to feel, while the
head directs all, including the heels, to paraphrase an old adage. — A. H. W.

"He filled their listening ears with wondrous things."

SUGGESTIONS

1. Address Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, asking for Circular 96,
leaflet on Arbor Day, prepared by Gifford Pinchot.

2. Plant trees and shrubs, and plant them right, as a forester would, first learning
which kinds of trees and shrubs are most needed in and best suited to your locality.

3. Are there any maple keys about your neighborhood, and, if so, what are they
doing now?

4. Did you ever see a mud- wasp make a vase of clay?

5. Where do the bees go for food at this season?

6. Look at the ragweed, to see what birds find its seeds to their liking as it matures.

7. Can you hunt for a fairy shrimp? Where? Why is it called fairy?

8. How many frogs and toads do you know by sound and by sight?

9. How does a squirrel strip a pine-cone to get at the seeds?

10. Can you name all the trees and shrubs about your home and school?

11. Learn the meaning of egg, larva, pupa, and imago, as applied to insects.

12. How many kinds of insects do you know?

References: Nature's Craftsmen, by H. C. McCook; Nature-Study and Life, by
C. F. Hodge; Our Native Trees, by H. L. Keeler; The Birds' Calendar, by H. E. Park-
hurst; The Migratory Movements of Birds in Relation to the Weather, by W. W.
Cooke (See Yearbook of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for 1910); The Legend of the Blue
Flower, by F. H. Burnett; Bird and Arbor Day Program, Bird-Lore, Vol. XIII, No. 2;
Handbook of Nature-Study, by A. B. Comstock.

The Audubon Societies 133

FROM ADULT AND YOUNG OBSERVERS

A NATURE-STUDY CLASS

Early in the spring of 191 2, the writer was given a class of twelve twelve-
year-old boys in Sunday School. Some of them had not been attending regu-
larly, and an inquiry resulted in finding that some of them preferred walking
in the woods and digging out chipmunks on Sunday to attending Sunday
School. In order to form a bond of common interest with these boys, I prom-
ised to take a stroll with them on each Sunday afternoon, and help them to
study birds, flowers, and trees in a systematic and orderly way. One of the
boys had a stub-tailed dog by the name of Spot. This Scotch terrier went
with us the first time, but after that he was tabooed, because he would now and
then scare up a rabbit, and our orderly walk was likely to degenerate into a
rout. By making the dog stay at home and making the boys promise not to
throw stones, we succeeded in keeping probably as orderly a crowd as other
Sunday-afternoon strollers were.

The boys kept lists of the birds we saw on each trip. The number seen on
each trip that we were able to identify was from twenty to twenty-five, the
total number of kinds running somewhere between eighty and ninety. The
following are some of the more interesting observations made.

Among the earlier visitants, we noted a pair of Black-capped Chickadees,
and a Tufted Titmouse and his mate. Although these birds generally nest
farther north, the above mentioned individuals stayed with us all summer.
The Tufted Titmouse supposedly nested in a hollow somewhere in a large
elm. At any rate, every morning during April and May, from 3.45 to 4 a.m.,
just at daybreak, the male bird might be heard in the top of the elm singing
his "Peeler, peeler, peeler;" but at any other time of day he was entirely
silent. The Chickadees gave their characteristic notes only when they first
appeared in the spring. During the summer they were entirely silent, but
very much in evidence, from time to time as they carefully searched our
apple trees for insects. The last seen of the Chickadees, they had a large
family of young in tow.

During the migrating season in the spring a number of Warblers were
seen, but the only ones that would remain quiet long enough to be identified
were the Black-throated Green Warblef and the Maryland Yellow-throat,
or "Witchety" bird. This latter bird has been of very common occurrence.

Almost every time we went past a certain pasture, we saw a rusty-looking
male Cowbird and his three wives walking along before the cattle.

We found two Cowbird's eggs in two different nests of Chipping Sparrows,
and removed them. One of the eggs we put in a Robin's nest. Before
going back on her nest, the female Robin held her head on one side and in-
spected the nest; then she deliberately pulled out the strange egg and

134 Bird - Lore

dumped il over the edge of the nest in just the same manner that a sitting
hen will pull eggs around with her beak. The other Cowbird's egg was put into
a Kingbird's nest, the nest being so deep that I thought it would be impos-
sible for the birds to get the egg out over the edge. Both birds set up an
uproar when they saw the strange egg in the nest, but they did not seem to
know what to do. Next day, however, the broken remains of the Cowbird's
egg were found beneath the tree, and an inspection of the nest seemed to
indicate that the birds had made a hole in the side of the nest large enough to
shove out the offending egg, and then afterward repaired the hole.

One day we saw a Sparrow building a nest in a wild rose-bush along the
road. A female Cowbird was slyly looking on from some bushes near by.
Next day the nest was completed, and contained a Cowbird's egg and a Spar-
row's egg. A third chapter to this story was added three weeks later, when
we came by and found two Sparrows feeding a large young Blackbird that
was just learning to fly.

On one stroll, we found two old Killdeers with two half-grown young.
The young were very swift of foot, and were run down after quite a chase.
One of them ran into a creek and, to our surprise was perfectly at home in
the water. It floated like a cork and, after it had paddled its way across, we
took up the chase on the other side. The two young were finally coaxed to
sit still on the hand, for inspection, while the old birds came within fifty feet
of us and pretended to be badly wounded, standing on their heads in a curious
manner and spreading out their wings. On our releasing the little ones, they
all made for a swamp.

On Decoration Day my twelve boys and one older boy started at 4 a.m.,
in a spring wagon, for a day's outing at Greenville Falls, which is a
fine resort for fishing, boating, swimming, and bird-study. On the way, we
stopped to listen to a solo from a Black bird with a white back, which sat on
a telegraph wire at the roadside, pouring forth a melody that resembled a
chime of bells. The bird was identified immediately as a Bobolink. The boys
noticed a plainer-looking bird along the fence, with yellowish stripes, and I
told them that if it flew away with the soloist it must be its mate. The pre-
diction proved correct. The Bobolink is rather rare in this locality. On this
trip we found a Phoebe's nest by a bridge, and also several Orchard Oriole's
nests, made entirely out of green grass. The black cape of these Orioles
seemed to extend far down their neck and there was more chestnut than yel-
low in their plumage. They gave a note that sounded like "Keeler, Cooler,
Cooler," which seemed to distinguish them from the Baltimore Oriole. We
observed some grayish-looking Swallows entering a small opening in the side
of a limestone cliff. The hole was so small and so dark that we could not see
anything inside. What kind of Swallows were they?

We also tried to stalk a bird that said "pe-er-e-er-e-er-r-r-rl," all in one
tone of voice ending in a rolling trill, sometimes with the ascending accent on

The Audubon Societies 135

the end. This bird has been a mystery to us all summer. Although we have
heard it very often on the hot summer days, we have never been able to get
close enough to identify it.

We found several pairs of Dickcissels that chirped their song from tall weeds
in the hay fields. They said: 'V////> chip chip chip chip.'' (do mi sol mi mi.)

We also thought that we identified the Savannah Sparrow that sat on a
weed in similar fashion, singing "tsup, tsup," ending in an explosive sort of
whistle or trill which it is impossible to indicate on paper.

The doings of the boys' club would fill a large volume, but, as indicative
of the spirit of sympathy with wild creatures, let me relate just one more cir-
cumstance.

Having found some young Redbirds (Cardinals) just learning to fly, I
asked the boys if they would like to take them home and try to raise them.
They said yes, they would like to, but did not want "to disappoint the old
birds." — C. C. Custer, Piqua, Ohio.

[This communication answers in a very practical way the inquiry of a teacher who
wishes to know how to conduct outdoor excursions of young pupils in bird- and nature-
study. The fact that the excursions described were made on Sunday afternoons has
nothing to do with the value of the method employed. The class of twelve boys evi-
dently saw things and got a great deal out of the trips besides needed exercise.

It would be useless, probably, to caution such classes against chasing birds, since it
takes a well-seasoned observer to maintain perfect patience and self-control in moments
of ornithological excitement.

However, it is well to remember that the quiet observer, who is willing to devote
plenty of time to each observation, usually gets more, in the end, than the hasty, thought-
less person. Some day this class will find out to its satisfaction the Bank or Rough-
winged Swallow, whichever species it happens to be, and the bird whose song did not
disclose its identity. The apparent failures of a bird-walk are likely to be as valuable
as the successes. — A. H. W.l

A BIRD-STUDY CLASS IN NORTH DAKOTA

About three dozen of our native birds are known to nest in the vicinity
of our town and on the shores of the two small lakes near by. Robins, Meadow-
larks, Song Sparrows, and Chestnut-collared Longspurs are some of the sweet
singers we hear almost daily during the summer months. One of the very
interesting species is the Bobolink, discovered near one of the lakes on an early
morning in June. There were two males that sang, apparently not heeding
us, and keeping only a few yards distant. That successfully hidden some-
where near were the nests and mother birds, we did not doubt. The gay sum-
mer dress and delightful song of the male Bobolink gave great pleasure to the
Junior Audubon members, who made a majority of the party. Yellow-headed
and Red-winged Blackbirds, Mourning Doves, Sandpipers, and Plovers were
also seen on the same excursion. The Baltimore Oriole, Brown Thrasher,
Wren, Yellow Warbler, and Maryland Yellow-throat are some of the inter-

136 Bird - Lore

esting residents of the other lake, during the nesting season. Barn Swallows
are rare, and the scarcity of native Sparrows was noted this year. A Wood
Duck made her nest in the cavity of a large tree in front of a summer cottage.
Every day, for some time, she flew to and from the nest, but, as more people
came to occupy the cottage, she finally left the nest. Just how many eggs she
laid is not known. Crows are becoming numerous here. — Mrs. C. D. Berlin,
Wimbledon North Dakota.

[The work of this bird-study class is exactly the right kind, and teachers elsewhere
would do well to look up one or two accessible places frequented by birds, where they
could go with their pupils in small parties, without too great fatigue or expenditure of
time. Learn what your particular part of Nature has to tell you, is an excellent rule to
follow. What someone else does in a different locality can never be precisely duplicated.'
Therefore, discover your own resources, and adopt the methods which can be most
practically used with your own jjupils. We shall be glad to hear more from North Dakota.
— .\. H. W.l

A WALK IN THE WOODS

I was hunting in the woods one day. I saw an old tree in the woods with a
hole in it. I was going to climb up the tree. As I got up a little way it fell
over with me. It was rotten. When I looked in the hole I saw three baby
owls. They all tumbled out on the ground. Then I was sorry. But I did not
know it was going to fall over with me. I set the stump up where the hole was.
I put the little owls back into the hole. I fixed the stump up so that the wind
would not blow it down. How queer they looked! I hope they grew up to be
nice big owls. Herbert Morenz (age 11), Sea Side Ave., Eltingville.

Once I was walking in the woods with a friend of mine. I saw a squirrel.
I went up the tree after it. When I got up to the top of the tree, a mother
squirrel ran out. I put my hand down into the hole of the tree. Five or six little
flying squirrels came out. They flew to one tree, and when I got up that tree
they flew to another tree. In this way they were in seven or eight trees. Two
came to the ground, and we caught them. The rest got away. I took the two
home and put them into a cage. I fed them all of the nuts that I bought at
the store, but they would not eat for me. I left the door open a little bit. One
morning I found they had gone. — Edward McCafpery (age 16), 137 Giffords
Lane, Great Kills, N. Y.

One day I went for a walk into the wood. When I had gone a little way I
saw a nest of baby rabbits. The mother ran as fast as a bullet. That was the
way I found the nest. I also found a lot of turtle's eggs. I also found a quail's
nest. It had six eggs. That winter I saw the quails. They were looking for
food. My mother sent me over with chicken corn for them. They did not fly
away when I threw them the corn. They ate it in a delicious way. A man

The Audubon Societies

137

said, "The Quails call my name." That summer I heard them call it, "Bob,
Bob, White." His name was Robert White. — Thomas Flynn (age 12).

[This exercise in composition, based on original observations, suggests another
method of making use of the time allowed for bird- and nature-study in our schools.
There is a very definite pleasure to be derived from describing what one has seen, heard,
or done himself, and the spirit of this kind of pleasure is shown in these compositions.

The boy who "fixed the stump up so that the wind would not blow it down," the
boy who "left the door open a little bit," when his caged squirrels would not eat, and the
boy who carried "chicken-corn" to the hungry quail, are all boys who can be trusted to
make friends with Nature. An experienced teacher, as I may have already told you,
once said that we should not need to preach about kindness to animals to boys and girls
if we would teach them to know outdoor life.

No Bird and Arbor Day message could be finer than the poet's call to the world of
"joyous living things." — A. H. W.]

"Welcome back to your North-land,
Birds, to our hearts so dearl
Sorrowful were the summer
Without your songs of cheer.
We long for you when absent,
We'll cherish you while here."
From the Return of the Birds, by M. C. Bolles, Grass Range, Montana.

SPRING'S HERALD
(Photograph of Meadowlark by Guy A. Bailey)

THE WHIP-POOR-WILL

Bv T. GILBERT PEARSON

%^t Rational Si&&omtion ot Audubon ^ocittit&

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 73

While walking along a country road one evening after the sun had set,
and darkness had all but fallen, I suddenly discovered some object on the
ground a few yards ahead. At almost the same moment it rose, and, on slow-
moving wings, flew over the fence and disappeared in the' gloom of the woods.
The flight was so silent, and the wings were so broad, it was difficult to believe
that it was not a great moth that had just departed from view. I knew, how-
ever, that I had disturbed a Whip-poor-will in the midst of its twilight dust-
bath. Evidently it had been trying for several minutes to find just the right
spot, for there in the soft earth were three slight but distinct hollows, such as
only a dusting bird would make.

Soon afterward I heard it calling, or perhaps it was its mate, whip-poor-will,
whip-poor-will; the shouts came ringing through the darkness, six, eight, or

perhaps twenty times repeated. Then, after a pause, the plain-
The Song tive but Stirring notes would again come up from the old apple

orchard, and fill all the space round about the farm-house.
The still summer night seemed to belong to this strange bird of the shadows,
for its rhythmical cry took possession of the silences, and filled the listener with
contented exhilaration. All attempts to approach it that night were futile,
for its big, bright eyes evidently penetrated the shadows with ease, and,
long before we could even make out its form, it would fly to another perch
several rods away. Only when it announced its presence by calling did we
know its new position. Two or three times, however, we came near enough
to hear the low note, something like chuck, which immediately precedes the
first loud whip of its song.

Ernest IngersoU, in his book "Wit of the Wild," says that a Whip poor-
will, while singing, "will often make a beginning and then seem to stop and

try it over again, like a person practising a new tune; but
ops inging |.j^ggg interruptions really mean so many leaps into the air,

with perhaps frantic dodges and a somersault or two, for the
snatching and devouring of some lusty insect that objects to the process." We
listened for this, but all the calls we heard were complete throughout each
performance. It was fully two hours after the sun had set before the last note
of this mysterious night-flyer was heard. Just before dawn it called again
several times, and the farmer's wife said she feared it was sitting on the stone
door-step. She was somewhat disturbed about this, and intimated that if
it were there the action would bring sorrow to the household. It seems odd

(138)

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The Whip -poor- will 139

that people should be superstitious about anything so harmless as a bird, but
in rural communities one often finds people who believe much ill luck may
happen to them if a Whip-poor-will sings too close to the house. If they were
better acquainted with this gentle feathered creature, they would surely know
that nothing evil could come from it.

Many more people have heard this bird call than have ever seen it; for,
like the owl, its day begins only when the sun goes down, and before the sun
comes up again it has settled to sleep on the dead leaves that cover the ground
in the thicker parts of the woods. It appears never to give its call during the
daytime. While hunting for wild flowers, you will sometimes come upon its
hiding-place. It must sleep with one ear open, for the bird seems always to
hear you before you see it, and, on silent wings it will rise and fly quickly out
of sight among the bushes.

If such an experience should happen to one in the month of May or June,
it is quite worth while to search the leaves very carefully, for you may have
stumbled upon its nest, which, in reality, is no nest at all, but
The Nest is simply a place on the leaves which the mother-bird has chosen

to be the temporary home of her little ones. The mildly
spotted, cream-colored eggs so closely resemble the faded, washed-out, last
season's leaves on which they are lying that it takes a sharp eye, indeed, to
find them. So one should proceed slowly, lest an unfortunate step might
crush the two little oblong beauties. Usually one is not quite certain of the
exact spot from which the bird flew. On such occasions I sometimes place
my hat or handkerchief on the ground near the place, and, like a dog hunting
for a lost trail, begin to walk around the spot, increasing the circle constantly
as I go. By this means, sooner or later, one will be pretty sure to find the
eggs if they are there.

If, when the bird flies, it soon comes to the earth again, and appears to be

suffering from sudden injury, you may be sure that it has a secret that it is

trying to keep from you, and, by feigning a broken wing, it

eigning hopes you will follow in an attempt to capture it. If you

approach the bird, it will fly before you a few yards at a time

until, having led you away a safe distance from the nest, it will suddenly

recover, and, rising strong on the wing, you will see it no more. Doubtless

the eggs are often saved from destruction in this way; for a hunting dog, fox,

or 'coon, will seek to catch the bird, and entirely overlook the presence of

eggs or young.

If the eggs have hatched, you will need to look even closer if you are to
be rewarded. The two little Whip-poor-wills, with their soft, downy coats,
will lie motionless on the leaves, without even so much as an eyelid moving
to betray their presence. Their coloring, too, blends so wonderfully with
their surroundings that I sometimes wonder if any enemy is ever able to
find them.

I40 Bird - Lore

In many of the southern states lives the Chuck-wiU's-widow, which also
bears the name given to its call. It is larger than the Whip-poor-will, but, like
it, is nocturnal in its habits. So closely do the two birds resemble each other,
both in physical structure and in habits, that naturalists tell us they are near
relatives, and, in fact, they classify them as belonging to the same family.
Many of the people who live in the forests where these birds are found do not
know much about the scientific study of birds, and usually believe that these
two night-prowlers are one and the same birds. They will tell you that the
Chuck-wiU's-widow is the male Whip-poor-will.

Down in the lake country of central Florida, as a boy, I used to listen to
the Chuck-wiU's-widow calling on summer nights. When the winter months
came, however, the cries that came up from the deep woods of an evening were
different; for at that season these birds were all gone, and their places taken
by Whip-poor-wills, which had arrived from the more northern states to pass
the winter where snows never fall, and frost seldom comes.

Another closely related bird is often confused in the public mind with the

Whip-poor-will. This is the Nighthawk, or "Bull-bat." Very many persons

think there is no difference in these birds, but there is a marked

s ig aw fiiffereiice both in appearance and habits. The Nighthawk's

Cousin ^ ^ 111

wings are much longer, and, when folded, reach well beyond
the end of the tail, while the Whip-poor-wiU's wings do not extend even so
far as the end of the tail. The Nighthawk flies about in the early evening, long
before sunset, and may sometimes be seen, even at noontime, hawking about
for insects. It often feeds hundreds of feet in the air, and may remain on the
wing for an hour or more at a time. On the other hand, its cousin of the shadows
only comes out of its seclusion so late in the evening that it is difficult to see it,
and it captures its food by short flights near the ground.

The Whip-poor-will, and the other two birds I have mentioned, belong to
the family of birds called Goatsuckers. They have very weak feet and legs,
and so move very slowly and feebly when on the ground. They sit lengthwise
on a limb, fence-rail, or other object on which they chance to perch, and very
rarely use the crosswise position so commonly adopted by the perching birds.
The mouth in this group is one of the wonders of the bird-world because of its
enormous size. All around the upper lip is arranged a series of long, stiff,
curving hairs, which form a sort of broad scoop-net in which the bird entangles
and seizes its insect-prey, for it always feeds while on the wing, and the agile
gnats and moths might often be able to dodge or slip out of the very small
beak possessed by these birds were it not for the wide fringe of bristles.

Few birds are more valuable to the farmer than is the Whip-
Its Food poor-will. It never does him any harm in any way, for it does

not eat his cherries and strawberries, nor does it pull up his
newly planted corn, nor eat his millet seed. It does not fill up the drainage-
pipes of his house with sticks and leaves, does not eat his chicken-feed, nor catch

The Whip-poor-will 141

his young poultry. What it does do for him is to eat the insects that lay the
eggs that hatch into caterpillars and destroy the leaves of shade and fruit
trees. May-beetles and leaf-eating beetles are destroyed by it also. In truth,
fortunate, indeed, is the grower of grain, or the raiser of fruit who, during the
spring and summer nights, has one or more pairs of these birds about his place,
for all during the hours when the farmer sleeps the Whip-poor-will is busy
ridding his place of these harmful insects.

Mr. Ingersoll says: "They never regularly sweep through the upper air, as
does the Nighthawk, but seek their food near the ground by leaping after it in
short, erratic flights. They have a way of balancing themselves near a tree-
trunk or barn- wall, picking ants and other small provender off the bark; and
even hunt for worms and beetles on the ground, turning over the leaves to root
them out. It is not until their first hunger has been assuaged that one hears
that long steady chanting for which the bird is distinguished, and which, as
a sustained effort, is perhaps unequaled elsewhere."

In the early autumn, the Whip-poor-wills simply disappear without warn-
ing. As they reappear far to the south, we know, of course, that they have
migrated, but when did they go and how? Did they journey over the hun-
dreds of miles of intervening space by short flights, or did they mount high
in air as do many small birds, and fly swiftly for long hours at a time? Did
they go singly or in flocks? These and other questions about this mysterious
bird of the night remain to be answered fully. Perhaps some younger reader
of this paper will grow up to be the naturalist who will explain these things
more fully to the less observant students of birds.

No one should ever kill one of these useful birds. Its great value to man-
kind has become generally recognized in recent years, and the laws of all the
states where the bird is found provide that any one who kills a Whip-poor-
will shall be fined or imprisoned.

CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION

The Whip-poor-will belongs to the Order Macrochircs and the Family Capy'imid-
gid(B, and its scientific name is Antrostomiis vocijerus vocifcrus. It ranges through
eastern North America, breeding from the St. Lawrence Valley and Nova Scotia south
to northern Georgia and Louisiana, as far west as the border of the Plains; it winters
from the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast to British Honduras. The only other sub-
species is macromystax, of Mexico and the adjacent border of the United States.

Note. — Additional copies of this and other educational leaflets may be obtained for 2 cents each
from the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1074 Broadway, New York City.

Cbe ^uDubon ^ocietiec

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON. Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City

William Dutcher, President
Frederick A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr. Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
. member, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Jirds and Animals:

$5.00 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100.00 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000.00 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000.00 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000.00 constitutes a person a Benefactor

MR. DUTCHER HONORED

Mr. William Dutcher, President of the
National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, was recently awarded the gold medal
of the Camp-Fire Club of America. The
presentation was made at his home in
Plainfield, New Jersey, on January 21,
1914, with a simple but most impressive
ceremony. On the medal was engraved,
"To William Dutcher, Founder of the
National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, for his work in preserving American
birds." The Committee of the Camp-Fire
Club, which journeyed to Plainfield to
perform this pleasant duty, consisted of
Mr. William E. Coflin, President; Mr.
Edmund Seymour, Treasurer; and Dr.
William T. Hornaday. By invitation, the
Secretary of the Association also accom-
panied them. Mr. Seymour read to Mr.
Dutcher and to the friends assembled
warm letters of appreciation from Mr.
Ernest Seton, Mr. Rex Beach, and Mr.
Irving Bacheller. In giving Mr. Dutcher
the medal. Dr. Hornaday, speaking for
the Camp-Fire Club, thus concluded his
address: "With this token, the Club sends
congratulations to you for the great work
you have done and the place you have
won in the hearts of your countrymen,
and its prayers for your complete restora-
tion to health." Mr. Samuel T. Carter,
WILLL\M Jr., replied with an address of thanks in

behalf of Mr. Dutcher.— T. G. P.

(142)

MEDAL

AWARDED TO MR.
DUTCHER

The Audubon Societies

143

FEEDING THE BIRDS

On February 16, two days after the great
storms of February-March, 19 14, began,
telegrams authorizing the expenditure of
funds were sent from the office of the
National Association to Audubon workers
throughout the snow-bound states, ask-
ing them to call on the public to feed the
birds. Agents were authorized to expend
sums varying from $10 to $100, to start
the work. Responses were immediate,
as the following brief statements show:

Connecticut. — Appeals for personal
service and financial aid were printed in
newspapers throughout the state, and
were followed vigorously by subsequent
articles in some papers, especially those
of Bridgeport, thanks to the energy of
Miss Spalding and her fellow-members of
the local Audubon Society. Large quan-
tities of bird-food were purchased and dis-
pensed by the Society and by private
means. Many mail-carriers in the Rural
Free Delivery service cheerfully carried
bags of buckwheat, and scattered it
along the routes with special reference to
the Quail. Another striking evidence of
public spirit was evinced by a water-
company, which provided hundreds of
pounds of grain, suet, and ground bone,
and had its workmen distribute it intelli-
gently throughout the large wooded area
surrounding its reservoirs.

Illinois. — The newspapers spread far

and near the State Society's appeal for
help for the birds, and its president sent
out 2,000 instructive post-cards.

Indiana. — Under the impulse of the
secretary of the State Society, Elizabeth
Uownhour, patrols of Boy Scouts at Fort
Wayne, the students at Teachers' College.
Indianapolis, and many other helpers,
were soon busy, proving that the people
of Indiana generally were wide awake to
their duties and privileges.

Maine. — The State Society's appeal to
the press, with instructions, was widely
published.

Massachusetts. — The press and peo-
ple responded generously to the call for
work, the Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls,
and other clubs of young people exerting
themselves everywhere, as the records
show.

New Hampshire and Vermont. —
Similar methods and kindly energy
brought excellent results.

New York. — A widespread and urgent
appeal was voiced by the press, and a
vast amount of rescue-work was done,
especially in reference to Ducks and
upland game-birds.

Vermont. — The press repeated the
warnings sent them, with good efTect.

Virginia and West Virginia. — Great
publicity was obtained and much bene-
ficial work promptly accomplished.

■

; -- V

•4s

4 *
1, -« -.

THOUSANDS OF SCAUP DUCKS WINTERING IN SAFETY AT DAYTONA, FLORIDA

144

Bird -Lore

TWO INTERESTING CASES

Mr. C. E. Brewster, Game Law Expert
of the United States Department of
Agriculture, who has been doing such
si)lendid work for a number of years in
enforcing the federal regulations in refer-
ence to the interstate shipment of game,
is continually making interesting dis-
coveries. Two of these are referred to in
the following communication recently
received from him. The big gun to which
he refers is a type of the enormous weapons
which have long been used by the pot-
hunters in certain regions along our
Atlantic coast. The value of one of these
guns to the market hunter lies in the fact
that it can throw shot to a far greater
distance than an ordinary fowling-piece
and, further, the quantity of pellets
which it hurls at a single discharge is
capable of producing enormous execution
on a flock of feeding wild-fowl. The
"duck scaffold" is an ocular demonstra-
tion of the length to which bird-butchers
will go in order to defeat the law, as long
as there is an open market for wild game-
birds. Mr. Brewster writes:

"In December, 1913, two oHQcers of
Washington, D. C, saw a man start out
from the Virginia shore in a skiff. They
intercepted him, and found in his boat a
gun 8 feet 6 inches long, of an inch and
five-eighths caliber, weighing over 100
lbs., loaded and placed ready for firing.
He had with him, too, a double-barrel
ten-gauge gun, also loaded. They drew
the load out of the big gun, and found it
consisted of a half-pound of flashing pow-
der and a pound of small buck-shot. It
would appear that the man was going
duck-hunting with this destructive wea-
pon. Since that time, the Biological Sur-
vey has been conducting a general inves-
tigation, and we now have the record of
eleven big guns owned on the Potomac
River, some of them more than 10 feet
in length. If Virginia and Maryland, fol-
lowing the example of other states, enact
laws making it unlawful to have these
guns in possession, we shall have no trou-
ble in finding them."

"yVnother matter that may interest
you is in connection with the duck-trap-
pers of Virginia. After we had made
successful prosecutions in the federal
courts, two years ago, against these Vir-
ginia parties, for shipping trapped ducks,
they hit on the plan of tying up a bunch
of dead ducks, after they had taken
them from the traps and killed them, and
shooting a load of fine shot into them at
close range. They would then claim, in
case the shipments were intercepted, that
the ducks were legally killed. (You will
remember that the Virginia law provides
that ducks legally killed may be shipped
out of the state.)

Late in 191 2 we intercepted a shipment,
going from Virginia to Maryland. We
took a number of pairs and had them
picked, and, of course, discovered the
shot marks; but the ducks had previously
been killed by piercing the head with a
sharp instrument. Eichelberger and
Bradford, the shippers, were convicted
and heavily fined, this being their second
conviction. Immediately the trappers
arranged to take the birds from their
traps, tie them up in bunches, and fire
shot into them while alive.

Last month, with two men in our
employ, I made a trip along the eastern
shore of Virginia. Off Quinby we found
the apparatus or scaffolding used for
tying up these birds to shoot. I am in-
closing you a photograph of it. You will
readily see that it has been used some."

Christmas Trees for Birds

There comes from the Audubon Society
in Buffalo a novel suggestion, to be noted
for use by bird-lovers next winter. This
is, that after the children's Christmas trees
have served their pretty purpose they be
not thrown away or burned, but planted
in some suitable place near the house,
and loaded with food for the winter birds.
This plan offers many advantages over
merely scattering the food, or placing it
on some shelf accessible to cats, etc.

I

CHARLES E. BREWSTER AND CAPTURED
'BIG GUN"

SCAFFOLD FOR EXECUTING LIVE
DUCKS IN VIRGINIA

(145)

146

Bird - Lore

ALBERT WILLCOX, BENEFACTOR

Albert Willcox, whose magniticent
bequest to this Association first placed it
on a permanent financial basis, was, in
many ways, a most interesting man. He
was born in New York City, on February
15, 1847, but spent most of his childhood
and youth on his father's farm on Staten
Island. At the age of lO he went to work
for a drygoods firm in New York City.
His father had a small insurance business,
and the two joined later in it under the
firm-name of A. W. Willco.x & Company,
and embarked in fire and marine insur-
ance brokerage. On the death of his
father, several years later, he became
associated with a younger cousin, Wil-
liam G. Willco.x, under the firm-name of
Albert Willcox & Company; a partner-
ship which terminated only upon the death
of the senior member, twenty years later.

Albert Willcox accumulated a consider-
able fortune, which he used liberally dur-
ing his lifetime and distributed generously
at his death. He was a large, strong man,
and succeeded in life by his indomitable
perseverance.

He first became interested in the Audu-
bon movement by seeing some notice of
its work in a newspaper. He at once went
to see Mr. Dutcher, then Chairman of the
National Committee of Audubon Socie-
ties, and after inquiring thoroughly into
the work of the Committee, and especially
as to just how the funds were expended,
he offered to assist financially.

I well remember when I first met him,
in the autumn of 1904. Mr. Willcox had
contributed money to the National Com-
mittee the year before, and had recently
stated to Mr. Dutcher that if some young
man should become connected with the
movement as financial agent, he would
personally pay the necessary salary and
expenses. I was living in North Carolina
at the time, and, summoned by a tele-
gram from Mr. Dutcher, came to New
York and had an interview with Mr.
Willcox. He impressed me as a very
frank, straight-forward business man, on
whose mind two things bore heavily, —

one the need of educating the Negro in
the Southern States, and the other a
desire to see better means adopted for
preserving the wild-hird and animal life
of the country.

At the termination of our interview,
we went to Mr. Dutcher's office, and Mr.
Willcox agreed to provide the Associa-
tion with $3,000 annually, in order that
I might give half of my time to advan-
cing its work. This he continued to do
until the time of his death, which occurred
on August 13, 1906, in his fifty-ninth year.

He had always been intelligently inter-
ested in the achievements of the National
Association, which had in the meantime
become incorporated, but never attempted
to take any actis'C part in the details of
the work. By his will, the Association
was made the beneficiary to the extent of
$331,072. The Board of Directors at
once made of this the beginning of a
permanent endowment-fund for the .\sso-
ciation, and provided that only the inter-
est from the same should ever be used
for current expenses. Thus Mr. Willcox
enabled the directors to place on a per-
manent basis, for all time to come, the
work of the National Association of
Audubon Societies.

Mr. Willcox was a man of great modesty,
and while he lived he would never permit
his name to be published in connection
with his contributions. Whenever he was
approached on the subject, he would
always declare most emphatically that
he did not want personal advertisement,
but that with all his heart he did desire
to see the wild life of the country pre-
served. He was interested not only in
bird-protection but in the preservation
of other wild animals as well, and it was
in response to his suggestion that the
scope of the Audubon work was broadened
to include wild animals as well as birds.
Mr. Willcox had the utmost faith in the
growth of the Audubon movement; and
he desired that his gifts be used chiefly
for securing additional support for the
Association's working-fund. — T. G. P.

MR. ALBERT WILLCOX
Benefactor of the National Association of Audubon Societies

(147)

148

Bird - Lore

FLORENCE A. HOWE: AN APPRECIATION

When, seventeen years ago, the Indiana
Audubon Society was founded, it began
to promote the organization of local
societies in various towns in the state.

A few of the friends of the birds in
Indianapolis organized such a society,
and made me its president. It was my
thought that, if we could extend our
work into the schools, we could educate
the children to know and value birds; and
also that it would be well to interest the
newspapers of the city, so that the atten-
tion of the public might be attracted to
whatever was accomplished. The scheme
worked well. The superintendent of
schools was much interested in local
ornithology, entered into the spirit of
what we sought to do, and facilitated our
efforts. Very soon, one or another of us
was constantly called upon to visit the
schools and talk to classes about birds.
The newspapers very heartily responded
to our request to give publicity to what
was being done, and these notices attracted
the attention of Miss Florence A. Howe,
a lady who had been a school-teacher, and
a lover of the birds. One day Miss Howe
introduced herself to me, and said that
she had read accounts of our work, and
would like to be one of us. Of course, I
welcomed her to our fold; and because
of her experience as a teacher, and intense
interest in the cause of bird-protection,
she became and continued a most effec-
tive worker in the schools of Indianapolis
and its vicinity.

Miss Howe soon became a member of
the State Society, was elected its secre-
tary, and for several years was the lead-
ing spirit in the work of that organiza-
tion. Her work was so effective as to
attract the attention of the United States
Department of Agriculture, and soon to
make her well known throughout the
entire country. She was one of the most
energetic and industrious women that I
have ever known — energy and industry
that were not expended for a selfish pur-
pose, but rather for the comfort of her
family and friends, and for the advance-

ment of the cause of bird-protection. One
would expect such a person to be of a
sunny and cheerful disposition, and she
exceptionally illustrated these qualities.
Her presence made happy everyone with
whom she came in contact. It was evi-
dent before the annual meeting of the
State Society, in 1912, that her health
was failing, and, at her request, she was
relieved from the duties of the office
which she had so well and conspicuously
filled. She was, however, continued as
a member of the executive committee, and
regularly attended its meetings until
within a few days of her death, which
occurred, very suddenly, on July g, 1913,
bringing to a close a life full of disinter-
estedness and Christian character. —
William Watson W^oollen.

A Thank-offering to Gulls

A monument absolutely unique in
character and purpose was unveiled in
Salt Lake City, Utah, on October i, 1913 —
a monument to the Gulls that saved the
first settlers from famine. No wonder
that it is inscribed as "Erected in Grateful
Remembrance of the Mercy of God to the
Mormon Pioneers."

The incident so strikingly commem-
orated happened in the summer of
1848, when flocks of Gulls came to the
settlers' fields from the lake, and made
successful war on the hoards of "crickets"
(grasshoppers) that were destroying the
crops. Mrs. E. B. Wells, said at the
unveiling:

"It is a poetic coincidence that our
idea of national freedom from oppression,
and our idea of state deliverance from
starvation, should be presented by birds.
The eagle, majestic monarch of the air,
is represented on shield, and coin, and
tablet of bronze, all over the broad land.
The gentle Gull, humble habitant of the
shores of our great salt sea, has found
shrine heretofore only in the grateful
memories of this valley's pioneers and de-
scendants. My heart swells with thanks-

The Audubon Societies

149

giving that we are now to preser\e in
sculptui^al art the miraculous incident we
all know so well; and I now have the
honor to unveil this beautiful monument
to the eye and admiration of grateful
thousands now living, and of untold
thousands yet to come."

President Smith, of the jNIormon
Church, said, among other things:

"I am only relating what I saw. When-
ever the Gulls had been iilled to capacity,
they would fly to the banks of the creek
and there disgorge the dead pests, which
lay along the stream in piles, manv of
which were as large as my fist. These
piles literally co\'ered the banks of the
creek. After the crickets had been so
nearly destroj-ed that they began to
shelter themselves wherever they could
from the attacks of the Gulls, the birds
became so tame that they followed under
our wagons as we drove along, into our
yards, and under every shelter where
the crickets sought protection from them.
With the help of the Lord, we were able
to reap, that fall, a fairly good harvest."

The monument is the work of Mahonri
M. Young, a grandson of the Mormon
pioneer, Brigham Young, and is said to
have cost $40,000. It consists of a granite
column more than fifteen feet high.
Upon the top of this there rests a great
ball, upon which two Gulls of gilded
bronze seem to be just alighting. The
square pedestal bears four historical
bronze plaques in high relief; and is sur-
rounded by a fountain forty feet in diame-
ter, in which water-lilies grow and gold-
fish swim, and where song-birds may
quench their thirst.

Think for a moment of the dift'erence
between the sentiment held by the Mor-
mons for the Gull and that entertained
by the Louisiana Legislature years ago,
when they passed a law taking all legal
protection away from this family of birds,
on the ground that they ate fish! What if
they do eat fish? Surely the good Creator
made enough fish for us and the birds too.
And fish is not all they eat, as any Utah
man will gratefully testify. It is a per-
fectly truthful statement that America

holds no native bird which does not have
its part to play in the great economy of
nature; and the world would be the worse
were any one of them to disappear.

Ernest Ingersoll

^Ir. Ernest Ingersoll, well known as a
writer on natural histor}^, has become
connected for a time with the home-office
of the National Association in the capac-
ity of assistant to the Secretary. The office
has become a regular clearing-house for
questions and information relating to
natural history, and the correspondence
increasingly required in this direction has
already outgrown the limited time the
Secretary is able to devote to this subject.
IMr. Ingersoll will assist him in this and
other phases of the work. It is hoped that
some of his time may also be de\oted to
giving public lectures in response to the
almost incessant calls for such service.

Among the more popular of Mr. Inger-
soll's books relating to outdoor life are,
"Wild Neighbors," "Wild Life of Orchard
and Field," "Nature's Calendar," "The
Wit of the Wild," and "Animal Competi-
tors," the last named, an account of North
American mammals in their economic
relations to agriculture and fur-growing.
In his "Life of Mammals," the public
has a standard work on the four-footed
animals of the world. Mr. Ingersoll had
charge of the zoological department in
both the New International and Nel-
son's encyclopedias; was for several years
on the editorial staff of the Standard
Dictionary; and is now editor of the
Farmers' Practical Library. His writings
have also appeared in many of the popu-
lar magazines published in this country.

Enforcing the New Federal Law

The following is from a news-letter
recently given out by the United States
Biological Survey, bearing the signature
of T. S. Palmer, Assistant Chief.

"During the past four months, work
under the migratory-bird law has been
pushed as rapidly as the limited means at

THE MONUMENT TO SEA-GULLS AT SALT LAKE CITY

(150)

BRONZE PLAQUES OF THE PEDESTAL OF THE GULL MONUMENT

Top at left; north plate, containing dedication; right, east plate, pioneers' arrival. Below left;

south plate, despair, hope, and arrival of the gulls; right, west plate, the harvest.

dsi)

152

Bird - Lore

the disposal of the Biological Survey
would permit. Unexpected obstacles have
delayed the organization of the field-
force in some of the states, and in a few-
cases it has been impracticable to act on
the recommendation for the appointments
of deputies to cooperate in this work,
which were made some time ago by cer-
tain commissions. The department now
has a force of 129 wardens in the field,
organized under the direction of eight
district inspectors and two special agents.
These wardens are distributed in twenty-
seven states, chiefly in the Middle States,
the Mississippi Valley, the Great Basin,
and on the Pacific Coast. In the East, the
department is actively cooperating with
local authorities, to prevent undue de-
struction of wild-fowl by the practice
of night-shooting and trapping. Several
arrests and convictions have been secured
for shooting at night on the upper Chesa-
peake.

"More than 125 convictions have been
thus far reported, although returns have
been received from comparatively few of
the states. Every case thus far prosecu-
ted in the Federal courts has resulted in
conviction and the imposition of a fine.
The first case in a Federal court was
reported from California, where a notori-
ous market-hunter was arrested under a
Federal warrant for shooting after sunset,
was taken to San Francisco, and convicted
and fined. As most of the oflfenses under
the Federal regulations involve a viola-
tion of state law, a majority of the cases
have been prosecuted in the state courts,
where some heavy penalties have been
imposed. The largest number of convic-
tions have been reported from New York,
New Jersey, and Oregon. The heaviest
fines reported in the state courts have
been: In New York, $50 for possession of
a Meadowlark; in Oregon, $25 with con-
fiscation of gun and boat, for shooting
after dark; and, in New Jersey, eight
fines of $100 or more, including one of
$200 and one of $300, for killing insec-
tivorous birds. Several cases involving
the killing of birds protected for five
years under the Federal regulations have

been prosecuted. Killing a Swan on the
Chesapeake cost the offender $100; kill-
ing a Killdeer Plover in New Jersey
resulted in a sentence to jail for nine
days."

New Members

From January ist to March ist, 1914,
the Association enrolled the following
new members:

Life Members.

Arnold, Benjamin Walworth
Beech, Mrs. Herbert
Bennett, Mrs. Edward B.
Borden, Miss Emma L.
Case, Miss Louise W.
Dows, Tracy

"E. D. T." (In memoriam)
Forbes, Mrs. William H.
Gladding, Mrs. John Russell
Hentz, Leonard L.
Kittredge, Miss Sarah N.
Mallery, Mrs. Jane M.
Mason, George Grant
Mershon, Hon. W. B.
McClymonds, Mrs. .\. R.
Newman, Mrs. R. A.
Peabody, George A.
Perkins, Miss Ellen G.
Pierrepont, Mrs. R. Stuyvesant
R,enw\ck, Mrs. Ilka H.
RoBtrts, Miss Frances A.
Russell, Mrs. Gordon W.
-Schley, Grant B.
Tingley, S. H.
Wallace, Mrs. x\gusta H.
Wyman, Mrs. Alfred E.

Sustaining Members.
Adler, Max A.
Andrews, Miss Kate R.
Barfield, Josiah
Barker, Miss Emeline L.
Barton, Mrs. Warner J.
Beckwith, Jr., Mr. Truman
Bird Society of the Misses Shipley

School
Bloomingdale, Miss Laura A.
Bolter, Miss Alice E.
Bonnett, Charles P.
Bradley, George J.
Brakelej^ Joseph
Brewster, Mrs. Horace C.
Briggs, I'rank H.
Brill, Dr. A. A.
Brookline (Mass.) Bird Club
Brown, J. Adams
Buchanan, R. P.
Burgess, John A.
Burrall, Mrs. Mary E.
Burritt, Mrs. C. P.
Chautauqua Bird and Tree Club

The Audubon Societies

153

Sustaming Members, conlhincd.

Civic League of Florence, S. C.

Clarke, Miss Elizabeth

Colon, George Edward

Comstock, Airs. Richard B.

Cooke, Mrs. H. P.

Cooper, Miss Theresa B.

Cowd, Mrs. Henry

Dana, Mrs. E. S.

Davol, Charles J.

Dittmann, Mrs. A. J.

Doepke, Mrs. W. F.

Drewry, L. D.

Eaton, Mrs. D. Cady

Edwards, Miss Helen C.

Ellison, Secretary

Ellison, J. Huyler

Ferguson, Mrs. Walton

Florence, S. C, Council of

Fo.x, Mrs. Joseph M.

Fray, John S.

Gardner, Mrs. George Warren

Gates, Mrs. John

Gilbert, Miss Nellie

Gilbert School, The

Gill, Mrs. K. F.

Gilman, Miss Caroline T.

Goehring, J. M.

Godfrey, Mrs. W. H. K.

Greene, Arthur D.

Griswold, Miss Florence

Hanna, Jr., Mrs. H. M.

Harris, George W.

Harrison, Harry W.
Hatch, Mrs. H. R.
Hauck, Louis J.
Heyn, Otto P.
Hopekirk, Mrs. Helen
Hoyt, N. Landon
Hubbell, Miss Helena
Hutzler, George H.
Jacobus, John S.
Johnson, Rev. Alfred E.
Johnson. Mr. and Mrs. H. H.
Jones, Miss Amelia H.
Leigh, Mrs. R. Walter
Lewis, A. N.
Lindsay, Mrs. J. W.
Lloyd, N. Ashley
Lord, Mrs. A. M.
Mathewson, E. P.
Maurer, Mrs. Oscar
Merrill, L. K.
Mildrum, Henry G.
Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth C. T.
Mitchell, Mrs. William
Morgenthau, Mrs. M. L.
McCampbell, Theron
McNiel, Miss Ruth E.
Neilson, Miss Emma C.
Nelson, Miss Helen D.
Newcomb, Jr., C. A.
New Smyrna Board of Trade
Newton, Mrs. Francis
O'Brien, David

SKstaining Members, continued.

Onondaga County .\udubon Society

Pagenstecher, Miss Friede

Paris, Mrs. F. U.

Pearl, Mrs. Frank H.

Pell, James D.

Pfeiffer, Curt G.

Piek, Mrs. W. F.

Porter, Mrs. Clarence

Potter, Alonzo

Potts, Mrs. William M.

Preston, Mrs. Walter Lane

Putnam, Miss Elizabeth

Quincy, C. F.

Rand, Mrs. Charles E.

Rebasz, Mrs. Wm. Mortimer

Research Club of Florence, S. C.

Rice, Miss E. Josephine

Riglander, Mrs. Moses M.

Roberts, Mrs. Coolidge S.

Rodewald. F. L.

Ruperti, Justus

Salisbury, Mrs. E. MacCurdy

Scribner, Mrs. Arthur

Seward, Miss A. D.
Siedenburg, Jr., Mrs. R.,
Skeel, Mrs. Frank D.
Strong, E. W.
Swann, Mrs. A. D.
Swinnerton, Mrs. J. A.
Tanenbaum, Moses
Thayer, Miss Ruth
Thompson, Raymond B.
Tompkins, Miss Elizabeth M.
Townsend, Jr., J. B.,
Troubetzkoy, Prince Pierre
Trussell, Arthur J.
Tucker, Miss Abbie
Tyler, Mr. and Mrs. W. S.
Van Name, Ralph G.
Wallis, Mrs. Hamilton
Weil, Charles S.
White, C. H.
White, Roger S.
Wiard, Mrs. F. Louise
Wilco.x, Mrs. Ella Wheeler
Wilco.x, Mrs. Frank L.
Williams, Miss Elizabeth G.
Wilson. Mrs. Henry B.

New Contributors

Adams, Charles Ouincy
Ault, L. A.

Brandegee, Miss Florence S.
Brandegee, Miss Katharine
Brookes, Mrs. Frank
Collins, Mrs. Atwood
Coxe, Mrs. Brinton
Dawes, Miss Emily M.
DeForest, Henry W.
Dennis, Arthur W.
Dickinson, Charles
Edwards, Miss Elizabeth S.

154

Bird - Lore

Edwards, Henry A.
Emerson, Mrs. G. D.
"F.O"

Greer, Austin M,
Griffin, Mrs. Solomon B.
Hall, Mrs. John H.
Harris, Miss Frances K.
Haskell, Miss Helen P.
Hopkins, James
Hussey, Wm. H.
James, Miss Ellen F.
Jamison, Charles A.
Jenks, Mrs. Wm. H
Lawrence, John B.
Mitchell, James T.
McMurray, Miss B. E.
O'Connor, Mrs. Ruth Davis
Paine, 2nd, Mrs. R. Treat
Patterson, T. H. Hoag
Perkins, Mrs. George W.
Priest, Miss Electa M.
Richardson, Mrs. Geo. F.
Rogers, Mrs. Hubert E.
Russell, James Townsend, Jr.
Schlaet, Mrs. Annette Vail
Shaw, Mrs. G. H.
Sherman, A. L.
Stanley, Mrs. Mary R.
Van Brunt, Mrs. Charles
VVakeman, Miss Frances
Wallace, Miss Harriet E.
White, Marcus
Wilbour, Mrs. Charlotte B.
Winthrop, Grenville L.

Contributors to the Egret Protection
Fund

Below is given a list of the contributors
to the Egret Protection Fund for 1914
received before March i :

Previously acknowledged. . $554 04

Abbott, Holker i 00

Abbott, Mrs. T. J 3 00

Adams, Miss Emily Belle i 00

Adams, William C i 00

Allen, Miss Mary P 15 00

Althouse, H. W 5 00

Ames, Mrs. J. B 5 00

Anonymous S 00

AsLen, Mrs. Thomas B 5 00

Babson, Mrs. Caroline W i 00

Barclay, Miss Emily 2 00

Barnes, R. Magoon 10 00

Barri, Mrs. John A 5 00

Barry, Miss Anna K 2 00

Bartol, E. F. W 10 00

Bartol, Mrs. J. W 25 00

Ba.\ter, Miss Lucy W 5 00

Beebe, C. K 2 00

Beebe, Mrs. Wm. H. H 2 00

Beck with, Mrs. L. F 5 00

Amount carried forward $664 04

Amount brought forward $664 04

Benjamin, Mrs. John 5 00

Bergfels, Mrs. Henry i 00

Bernheimer, Mrs. J. S 10 00

Bignell, Mrs. Efhe i 00

Birch, Hugh T 10 00

"Bird Lover" 5 00

Blackwelder, Eliot i 00

Boggs, Miss M. A 5 00

Bole, Ben P 10 00

Bonham, Miss Elizabeth S.. . . 5 00

Bonham, Mrs. Horace 10 00

Bowdoin, Miss Edith G 10 00

Bowdoin, Mrs. George S 20 00

Boynton, Mrs. C. H i co

Braman, Mrs. D wight 12 00

Brent, Mrs. Duncan K 2 00

Brooker, Mrs. Charles F 5 00

Brooks, Mrs. Shepherd 20 00

Brown, Mrs. C. S 10 00

Brown, D.J 2 00

Brown, T. Hassall 10 00

Burgess, E. Phillips 3 00

Burnham, William 10 00

Burpee, W. Atlee 5 00

Burt, Miss Edith B 2 00

Busk, Fred T 5 00

Butler, Miss Virginia 10 00

Button, Conyers 25 00

Caesar, H. A .' . . i 00

Cameron, E. S i 00

Carse, Miss Harriet 2 00

"L. C. L." ID GO

Chapman, Miss M 10 00

Chapman, Mrs. John W 2 00

Clarke, Mrs. E. A. S 5 00

Clarke, Mrs. L 2 00

Clerk, A. G i 00

Cleveland, Mrs. Clement i 00

Cobb, Miss Annie W 2 00

Colby, Howard A 5 00

Collord, George W 5 00

Colton, Miss Caroline West... 2 00

Conner, Miss M. A 5 00

Cristy, Mrs. H. W i 00

Crocker, Rev. W. T 2 00

Crosby, Maunsell S 5 00

Cummings, Mrs. H. K i 00

Curie. Charles 10 00

Curtis, Miss Mildred 10 00

Cutter, Dr. George W 2 00

Cutter, Ralph Ladd 10 00

Davis, Miss Lucy B 3 00

Davis, Wm. T 10 00

Day, Miss Carrie E 2 00

Day, Stephen S 5 00

Delalield, Mrs. John Ross. ... 2 00

Dennie, Miss M. H 2 00

Dodd, Miss Jean Margaret. . . 2 00

Doering, O. C 10 00

Doughty, Mrs. Alia 10 00

Douglas, Mrs. James 15 00

Duer, Mrs. Denning 10 00

Amount carried forward $1,045 04

The Audubon Societies

155

Amount brought forward. . . .$1,045 04

Dwight, Mrs. M. E 2 00

Early, Charles H 2 00

, Eastman, George 50 00

Edwards, Wm. S 5 00

Ellis, Wm. D 10 00

Ellsworth, Mrs. J. Lewis .... i 00

Essick, Wm. S 2 50

Ettorre, Mrs. F. F 2 00

Evans, Wm. B 4 00

Fergusson, Alex C 2 00

Ferry, Miss Mary B 5 00

Folsom, Miss M. G 10 00

Foot, James D 2 00

Franklin, Mrs. M. L 10 00

French, Daniel C 2 00

Friedman, Mrs. Max 2 00

Friers, Miss Emilie i 00

Frothingham, John W 35 00

Fuguet, Stephen 5 00

Gannett, Aliss C K. . i 00
Gannett, Rev. W. C. and

Friend 2 00

Gannette, IMiss ]\Iary T i 00

Garst, Julius 2 00

Gibbs, H. E. A 30 00

Gladding, John R 1 5 00

Godeffroy, Mrs. E. H 10 00

Goodwin, George R 5 00

Greene, Miss Caroline S i 00

Gwalther, Mrs. H. L 4 00

Hager, George W 2 00

Hallett, Wm. R 10 00

Hallowell, Miss Charlotte 2 00

Halsey, Mrs. Edmund D 8 00

Harkness, David W 5 00

"C. R. H." 5 00

"M. G. H." 5 00

Hathaway, Harry S 2 00

Hay, Mrs. John 25 00

Haynes, IMiss Louise deF 10 00

Hazen, Miss Emily H 3 00

Hearst, Mrs. P. A 50 00

Henderson, Alexander 2 00

Herpers, Henry 2 00

Heydt, Herman A i 00

Higbee, Harry G i 00

Higginson, Mrs. J. J 10 00

Holt, Mrs. R. S 30 00

Hooker, Miss Sarah H 2 00

Hopkins, Miss Agusta D 3 00

Horr, Miss Elizabeth 5 00

Howe, Mrs. J. S 15 00

Howe, Dr. James S 5 00

Hoyt, Miss G. L 5 00

Hunter, Mrs. W. H 2 00

Hutchinson, Mrs. Charles L... 10 00

Ireland, Miss Catharine 1 10 00

Jackson, Miss Marion C 25 00

Jackson, Jr., P. N 6 00

Jenkins, Miss L 5 00

Jennings, Dr. Geo. H 3 00

Johnson, Mrs. Eldridge R 10 00

Amount carried forward $i,547 54

Amount brought forward. . . .$1,547 54

Jones, Boyd B i 00

Jopson, Dr. and Mrs. John H. i 00

Jordon, A. H. B 20 00

Joslin, Miss Ada L 2 00

Jube, Albert B 3 00

Keim, Thomas D i 00

Kennedy, Mrs. John S 5 00

Kerr, Mrs. T. B i 00

King, Miss Ellen 25 00

Kuser, Mrs. A. R 10 00

Kuser, Anthonj' R 10 00

Lagowitz, ^liss ]\Iarriet L i 00

Laughlin, Mrs. H. M 2 00

Lawrence, Roswell B 4 00

Lewis, Mrs. August 10 00

Lewis, J. B 2 00

Lippitt, Mrs. C 5 00

Livingston, Miss A. P 15 00

Loring, Mrs. Charles G 3 00

Lov'ering, Mrs. Helen E i 00

Luttgen, Walter 5 00

Mann, J. R i 00

Marlor, Henry S 5 00

Marsh, J. A 5 00

Marsh, Spencer S i 00

Mason, G. A 5 00

Mason, Mrs. Geo. G 10 00

Mason, Jr., H. L 5 00

Mellns, J. T 2 00

Merritt, Mrs. James H i 00

Miller, Hon. Charles R 10 00

Minot, William 2 00

Montell, Mr. and Mrs. F. M. 2 00

Morgan, Jr., Mrs. J. P 5 00

Morgenthau, Mrs. M. L i 00

Moore, Henry D 100 oc

Morgan, Miss C. L 5 00

Morrill, Miss A. W 5 00

Mosle, Mrs. A. Henry 5 00

Mott, Miss Marian 5 00

Murray, Jr., J. Irwin i 00

McConnell, Mrs. Annie B 5 00

Nesmith, Miss Mary 5 00

Nice, Mrs. Margaret M 3 00

Oliver, Dr. Henry K 10 00

Osborne, Arthur A 5 00

Osterholt, E 5 00

Patton, Mrs. Margaret S 10 00

Peck, Dr. Elizabeth L i 00

Pegram, Mrs. Edward S 5 00

Pepper, Mrs. William 5 00

Petty, E. R 2 00

Phelps, Francis Von R 10 00

Phinney, C. G 3 00

Porter, Miss Elizabeth B i 00

Porter, Miss Juliet 5 00

Pott, ISIiss Emma i 00

Procter, William 5 00

Proctor, Wm. Ross 25 00

Pusey, Mrs. Howard 2 00

Putnam, Mrs. A. S 3 00

Raht, Charles 5 00

Amount carried forward $i,q66 54

15^

Bird -Lore

Amounl l;)rought forward. . . ..'if;t,Q6() 54

Kiiymond, Charles II '5 00

Reed, Mrs. Win. Howell 10 00

Rhoads, S. N 1 00

Richmond, Miss KdiUi 11 1 00

Rickctson, Walton 2 00

Robins, Miss N. P. H 2 00

Robbins, Mr. and Mrs. R. E.. 20 00

Robinson, William A i 00

Ross, Dr. Lucretius H 2 co

Sabine, Dr. George K 2 00

Sampson, Miss Lucy S i 00

Saul, Charles R 5 00

Saunders, Charles G i 00

Savage, A. L ^ S 00

Sawtelle, Mrs. E. M 2 00

Sawyer, Mrs. C. R 2 00

Schweppe, Mrs. H. M i 00

Scofield, Miss Helen 20 00

Scofield, Miss Marion 10 00

Sellers, Howard i o 00

Severance, Mrs. P. C 3 00

Shepard, Sidney C 10 00

Simpkins, Miss M. W 10 00

Sleght, Mrs. B. H. B 5 00

Small, Miss A. M 2 00

Smith, Mrs. Cornelius. B 6 00

Smith, Marshall E i 00

Spachman, Miss family S i 00

Spalter, Mrs. F. B i 00

"Sphin.x" S 00

Spong, Mrs. J. J. R 35 00

Sprague, Dr. P'rancis P 25 00

Spring, Miss Anna R 5 00

Squires, Mrs. Grace B 3 00

Stanton, Mrs. T. G 2 00

Stevens, F. E 2 00

Stevenson, Mrs. Robert H.. . . 10 00

Stimson, Wm. B 2 00

Amoimt carried forward $2,207 54

Amount brought forward. . . .$2,207 54

Struthcrs, Miss Mary S 10 00

Tapley, Miss Alice P 20 00

Thayer, Mrs. Ezra R 100 .00

'I'liomas, Miss Emily Hinds... 10 00

Thorndike, Mrs. Alice Amory i 00

Thorne, W. V. S 10 00

Timmerman, Miss Edith E. . . i 50

Topliff, Miss Anna E 5 00

Tower, Miss Ellen M 5 00

Troescher, A. F 10 00

Troup, Charles A. S 3 00

Tuckerman, Frederick 2 00

Ulmann, Mrs. Carl J 5 00

Underwood, Mrs. C. J 2 00

V'aillant, Miss Maria J 3 00

Van Wagenen, Mrs. G. A 2 00

Vermilye, Mrs. W. G 2 00

\'on Zedlitz, Mrs. Anna 2 00

Walker, Miss Mary A 2 00

W'arner, Mrs. Edward P 3 00

W'ashburn, Miss Annie M 3 00

Webster, F. G 10 00

Westover, M. F 2 00

W'heeler, Frank P i 00

W^ieeler, Wilfrid 3 00

White, Horace 10 00

Wilkins, Miss Laura i 00

Willard, Miss Helen 10 00

W'illcox, Prof. M. A 10 00

Williams, Mrs. C. Duane 75 00

Williams, Geo. F 5 00

Williams, Mrs. Sidney M 4 00

Wilson, Orme Jr 5 00

Witherbee, Miss Elizabeth W. 2 00

Woodward, Dr. S. B 5 00

Wright, Miss Mary A 2 00

Zimmerman, Dr. M. W 5 00

52,559 04

WILD DUCKS SWAk.Ml.Xt, IN GRE.\T SOUTH BAY, FEBRUARY, igi4.
rimtuyraph by Dr. Frank Overton

The Audubon Societies

15:

LETTERS FROM CORRESPONDENTS

Naval Cooperation

"I am in receipt of your letter of
inquiry. Aigrettes were undoubtedly, in
some instances, brought in by officers
and men of the navy from Central-Ameri-
can countries, where the birds are ruth-
lessly killed, and their plumes sold locally
or exported; but this was before there was
any law forbidding their importation.
Since their importation is now forbidden,

'The Irish Society for the Protection of
Birds, at their annual general meeting,
held on the 23d of January, 1914, in
Dublin, desire to place on record their
appreciation of the good work done by
the Audubon societies in the cause of
bird-protection, by bringing about the
passing of the new tariff law, which pro-
hibits the importation into the United
States of America of the feathers of wild
birds. By their action the Audubon socie-

LONG ISLAND DUCKS, LOSING FEAR OF MAN IN QUEST OF FOOD, DURING

THE BLIZZARD OF FEBRUARY, 1914

Photographed by Dr. Frank Overton

and commanding officers of ships are
required to submit lists of all articles,
acquired by purchase or otherwise, which
are to be landed, and the Treasury Depart-
ment requires its officials to act upon said
lists, it does not appear necessary to issue
any further orders on the subject. I am
in thorough accord with the spirit of the
Audubon Societies, and I do not wish to
condone in any manner violations of any
customs regulation by persons in the
naval service; and did not the whole mat-
ter appear to be now adequately covered
by Navy and Treasury Department regu-
lations, I should take steps to have fur-
ther orders issued." JosEPHUs Daniels,
Washington, D. C. Secretary of the Navy.

A Compliment from Ireland

"I have been directed by the Committee
of this Society to forward to 30U the fol-
lowing resolution:

ties have struck a heavy blow against
a most cruel and iniquitous trade.' "

George C. May.
Dublin, Ireland. Honorable Secretary.

Tamed by Hunger

"The cold weather which suddenly
developed on February 9, 1914, froze the
Great South Bay, Long Island, from
shore to shore, leaving only small patches
of open water at the mouths of the creeks.
Owing to the unseasonably mild weather
which had prevailed during December and
January, large numbers of ducks were
caught unawares, and were compelled
to seek the open places near shore. On
Sunday morning, February 15, a flock of
about 5,000 Broadbills were swimming
in the open water at the mouth of
Patchogue Creek, and when frightened
away they would immediately return.
Every inlet on the south shore also con-

158

Bird - Lore

tained vast numbers of birds, and a great
deal of illegal shooting took place, espe-
cially in the inlets away from habitations.
The Ducks that were shot were too poor
to eat, and there was absolutely no
excuse for their killing. A good game-
warden could have done an immense
work in preserving the flocks. The Ducks
are so tame that they swim unconcerned
near the vessels, and beside a large lum-
ber-yard and planing-mill in the creek
near the railroad-crossing. The accom-
panying photographs (on pages 156 and
157) will give a little idea of their num-
bers, and also how tame they have be-
come."

Frank Overton, M.D.
Patchogue, L. I.

A Victory in Arkansas

"I feel that one of the greatest victories
gained was when I succeeded in convinc-
ing the attorney general of Arkansas that
the local law for Mississippi County,
which permitted the exportation of
Ducks for market, was unconstitutional,
and secured, as you know, his opinion to
that effect. This will put a stop to the
shipping of millions of Ducks for market-
jHirposes, and absolutely put the market-
hunter out of business in Arkansas. I
am very proud of the success I have had
in knocking out the local game-laws; and
now, since I have succeeded in stopping
the shipping of game, I feel that I am very
well paid for all my work for the past
eight years."

E. V. ViSART.

Little Rock, Ark.

Law-breaking Tourists

"On January 19, 1914, the yacht
Flaneur, of New York, with Mr. John
Noething, of New York City, passed by
here and ran aground within a few hundred
yards of that big warning notice on the
Mosquito Inlet Bird Reservation. In a
few minutes I saw him get into a small
boat and drift down to a large bunch of
Pelicans that were resting on a sand-bar.
I saw the liirds fly but heard no report

from a gun, and concluded that they were
photographing them, as many persons
do; but they had a high-power small-
caliber rifle. Some men fishing near saw
them shoot and pick the birds up and
carry them across the river and hide them
in the brush, and so informed me, and
told me where to find them. I at once
went down, found one bird, and took it
over and confronted Noething with it. He
promptly denied any knowledge until I
told him it was useless, and so placed him
under arrest, and am taking him to
Daytona, where I can put a marshal
aboard the boat to take care of him until
I can get action. It was a purely wanton
and illegal act on the part of Noething."
B. J. Pacetti,
Inspector of Government Reservations.
Ponce Park, Florida.

[At a cost of $75; the National Associa-
tion assisted in prosecuting this man
Noething, who later, in the Federal Court
at Jacksonville, Fla., was fined $110 and
costs.— T. G. P.]

A Bird Oasis

"Last summer, during the extreme
heat and drought (it was unusually severe,
for we had no rain for more than two
months, and for several days the ther-
mometer registered 118 degrees in the
shade), I used to watch the birds gather-
ing daily in our yard for shelter from the
terrible heat. As the city water-supply
was very low, residents were not allowed
to use water on their lawns at any time
for a period of four or five weeks; conse-
quently our town presented a parched and
desert-like appearance, except for a few
lawns, like ours, which had a constant
supply of water from individual water-
plants. This yard, with its dense shade
and green grass, was a veritable oasis, to
which the birds flocked by the hundreds,
to bathe in the spray from the lawn-
sprinkler, and to drink from the vessels
I had provided for their use. Realizing
their needs, I placed several basins and a
large tin pail, which I kept filled to the
brim, where they might have access to

The Audubon Societies

159

Ihem, and was repaid for my trouble by
the very excellent opportunity it gave
me to study their peculiarities. There
were many human attributes manifested
by that feathered tribe, in those few days,
over their privileges and fancied rights.
The English Sparrows seemed to hold a
monopol)^ over the water-pail, and it was
a pleasing and not uncommon sight to
find an unbroken circle of trim little tails
fringing its rim. For two days, a solitary
Nighthawk selfishly appropriated one of
the basins for his exclusive use, and the
Robins and Blackbirds were almost con-
stantly disporting themselves in the spray
circling from the sprinkler. The Wood-
pecker always kept on the outskirts. I
never once saw him join the rest of the
company. The Brown Thrashers and
Mockingbirds, too, were rather timid and
never asserted themselves aggressively.
Unlike the Woodpecker, however, they
mixed quite freely with the rest of my

guests. I was struck, too, by the number
of strangers which came to this party — •
birds I had never seen before; and so I
kept a lookout for the little black-and-
white singer previously mentioned to
you, but he never appeared. One day I
made a note of the different varieties
perched within a radius of seventy-five
feet, and, as nearly as I can remember,
there were fifteen distinct varieties.
Among them were Robins, Thrushes,
Orioles, Goldfinches, Sparrows, Catbirds,
Kingbirds, Mockingbirds, and Blackbirds,
also a Woodpecker and the Nighthawk."
Elizabeth Schnaller.
Hayo, Kansas.

Lively Juniors

"When I read to the class your letter,
received previous to organization, I was
somewhat surprised at the hearty response
and enthusiasm manifested. A meeting

THE BRUSH HILL (MASS.) BIRD-CLUB EXHIBIT
Natural bird-food, and apparatus for attracting birds. Arranged by Dr. Harris Kennedy.

i6o

Bird-Lore

was called, ofticers for a Junior Audubon
Society were elected, and the require-
ments of the society more definitely
explained. To strengthen the enthusiasm,
I gave the jiresident full control of the
meeting. He proceeded to business by
ajjpointing two members to prepare
papers on some bird of their choice, to be
read at the ne.xt meeting. An additional
fee of 25 cents was assessed upon each
member, for the purpose of purchasing
books about birds. Some of the boys have
agreed to build a bird-house to be placed
on the school-grounds."

Anna M. Heaney.
Wallkill, N. Y.

NOTES OF RECENT LEGISLATION
Shall Cats Be Licensed?

The bird-lovers and agricultural econo
mists in both Massachusetts and New
Jersey have renewed this year their
efforts to get state laws licensing cats, in
order to reduce the number of strays,
which are virtually wild animals of prey,
and cause the death of innumerable birds
whose services would be of benefit to the
community. In Massachusetts, the pro-
posal, which was defeated in committee
on March 13, was that a single male cat
should be permitted unlicensed to each
family; but that all others should be safe
from capture and death only on payment
of a license ($1 for a male, and $2 for a
female), indicated by wearing a collar
and tag.

In New Jersey, a bill, originating with
the game commission, has passed the
Assembly, and is now pending in the
Senate.

In both these cases, members of the
State Audubon Societies, and of several
organizations interested in game-protec-
tion, as well as many private supporters,
have appeared to urge the passage of the
measures; and this Association has
added its influence. The opposition comes
mainly from conservative farmers, and
from women defending their pets; but
the arguments of both were sentimental
rather than substantial.

No Escape by Parcel Post

That the facilities of the parcel post
cannot be used by malefactors as a means
of breaking the law against the importa-
tion of prohibited millinery feathers has
been established by rulings of the post-
oftice authorities, .\mong the first results
of this wise decree were the seizure, in
the Chicago post-otilice, of two packages
of foreign feathers, mailed, one from
China, and one from Japan, to ladies in
Massachusetts, and in Ohio.

Progress in Great Britain

A cable message from London informs us
that the bill prohibiting the importation
into Great Britain of the plumage of
wild birds, or "bits of birds," passed its
second reading in the House of Commons
on March 9, and was forwarded by the
overwhelming majority of 297 to 15.

A Check in Virginia

The bill to establish a state warden
force, to be supported by the license-
fees of resident hunters, which has been so
strongly urged in Virginia by the State
Audubon Society, encouraged by this
Association and other kindred influences,
failed on March 13, by four voles, to pass
the Assembly, after having passed the
Senate, because, as President Hart says,
some members could not obtain objec-
tionable amendments.

Relief for Birds-of-paradise

The German government, through Dr.
Wilhelm Solf, Minister for the colonies,
has forbidden any hunting of Birds-of-
paradise in German New Guinea during
the next eighteen months, the order
issuing on March 11. In announcing this
decision in the Imperial Parliament, Dr.
Solf said he had originally intended to
make the prohibition permanent, but
had changed his view after receiving a
report from an expedition in the interior
of New Guinea, which said there were im-
mense numbers of birds there, and that
no danger existed of their extinction.

A//' -''W"i ^uf'f^!,

1. Cassin's Sparrow 3. Botteri's Sparrow

2. Pine-Woods Sparrow 4. Rufous-winged Sparrow

5. Rufous-crowned Sparrow
(One-half Natural Size)

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI May-June, 1914 No. 3

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

By LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES

Illustrated by the author

FOURTH PAPER— ANT-THRUSHES AND THEIR ALLIES, AND WOODHEWERS

TO NORTHERN perceptions and training, the ghostly, long-legged
forest ground-runners, generally known as Ant-thrushes, make an
immediate and lasting appeal. The many species of Grallaria, For-
micarius and Chamaza, finding their most congenial surroundings among
the tree-ferns and moss-filled undergrowth of the wooded slopes, at once
impress the student with their presence, but leave him, after however long
an acquaintance, with little more knowledge of their lives and doings than he
had on first hearing their invitation to the game of hide-and-seek they so
skilfully and persistently play.

They are all strictly terrestrial and, on the rare occasions when they fly,
they keep so close to the ground that their dangling feet almost touch. Indeed,
I suspect that they fly only upon some special stimulus, ordinarily going about
on foot.

The commonest and most generally distributed species in Colombia is
Grallaria ruficapilla. It is about as big as a Robin, but is almost round, stubby-
tailed, big-eyed, and comically long-legged. But while it was really a common
bird, and its whistled compra pan was almost constantly in our ears in all
three ranges of the Andes, not over six or seven were taken. Certainly nine
out of every ten efforts to see the author ended blindly, even though they
respond immediately to a whistled imitation of their notes. But so silent
is their approach, and so densely are their ground haunts veiled by ferns,
large fallen leaves, earth-plants and other visual obstructions, that they
may call almost from between your feet with impunity, while with pounding
heart and eager eyes you fail to penetrate the veil of intervening leafage.
I have usually found that, while all these ground-running birds answer eagerly
to a call, they are very easily satisfied on seeing its author, and usually the
response, now almost under foot, suddenly fails, and the little feathered
mouse that gave it swiftly and silently trots away after one quick look at the

l62

Bird - Lore

huge impostor. I think we all had certainly scores of these little ground-
ghosts within fifteen to twenty feet, and not one-tenth of them gave us so
much as a fleeting glance at them.

Grallaria's note can always be closely imitated by a whistle. The call
of the common Compra pan, whose name is the Spanish literation of his
call, has a very 'quaily' quality when heard near at hand. Three drawled
notes — A, F, G, the first and second three tones apart, and the last between.
We came to recognize this as an exact marker of the lower line of the second
life-zone, beginning at about 4,500 feet. This species goes up almost to the
upper limit of trees, and adheres closely to the cloud forest. I never heard

COMPRA PAN (GraUaria ruficapilla)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

163

THE NOON-WHISTLE {Chamaza turdina)

any variation in the song except, when the bird is near the limit of its curiosity,
the last note sometimes drops off in a throaty slur, instead of rising a tone:
A, F, E.

On the west slope of the Eastern Andes we found another species, G.
hypoleuca, whose song, though readily recognizable as a Grallaria was radi-
cally different in form. One longish note on B; a rest; then about five ascend-
ing notes a scant semitone apart, and four to the second. This bore a strik-
ing resemblance to the first half of Chamceza brevicauda's song heard on
the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes at Buena Vista, and is almost identical
with that of Grallaria rufula from the highest timbered ridges of this chain,
except that here the pause is omitted and the song is higher, beginning on E.

Little Grallaria modesta from the eastern foot of the Andes at Villavicencio,

i64 Bird - Lore

has a most characteristic little song, all on E. It has seven sharply staccato
notes, forming a perfect crescendo to the fourth, then diminishing to piano
again at the end. The middle note is strongly accented. This little hermit
lives in the sweltering weed-thickets along the sun-baked beds of the low-
land streams. I shall never forget an hour in a burr-thicket with nettle
accompaniment, at a temperature of perhaps 115°, trying to find the elusive
author of that queer little song. At least five times I had him within close
range, but never could I see more than a ghost of a movement, or the sudden
wiggle of a fern rubbed against in his approach. Nearly discouraged, with
hair, eyebrows and clothes matted thick with little burrs, almost exhausted
with the heat, I at last hit upon a very effective scheme. Deliberately
clearing out a space of ten or fifteen feet, and a tapering lane through which
I could watch the opening, by gently approaching the sound I drove it to
a point well beyond my clearing, and retreated to my station. Waiting
here a few minutes in silence, I repeated the call, in full loudness, until I
got a response. Then, as the bird approached, I did the call more softly,
to appear farther away and allay his wariness. My unfair subterfuge worked,
and little long-legged piper entered my trap unsuspecting, and I was able to
identify it. We had not encountered this species before, and never saw it
again after leaving the torrid lowlands about Villa vicencio. I was never able
to identify the song of the big slaty-blue breasted G. ruficeps, in the upper-
most forest zone above Bogota. These were all the species of the genus that
I, personally, encountered.

On the wooded slopes above Villa vicencio we found another bird conspicuous
in song, but spirit-like in actions. We at first thought it was a Grallaria, but
it proved to be a closely allied bird, Chamceza brevicauda, very similar, but
with shorter legs and more delicate bill. It had a curious song of about seven
gradually ascending 'toots,' followed by four or five queer little falling
yelps: oot, odt, hot, oot, oot, oot oat — elp, elp\ elf, ulp', ulp\ It was com-
mon, and, because the forest was much opener and almost like our woods,
it was much easier to find and see. But, even so, many more were heard than
we were ever able to discern, and we never got over a feeling of victory when
we succeeded in seeing the singer. The color gradation was so perfectly ad-
justed to the lighting in the woods that only a motion was visible, and that
scarcely.

In the dark, fog-steeped forest along the culm of the Central Andes, a
closely related species, darker in color, gave me one of the great song-sen-
sations of my life. I heard a sharp, loud, wip-wip-wip and ascribed it to one
of the Wood-quail. I hunted it unsuccessfully, until I was discouraged and
exhausted. Also, I became dully aware of a distant and long protracted whistle,
which I vaguely attributed to a steam-whistle in some neighboring village.
So does our common sense become dulled when we are confronted by un-
familiar surroundings! On my tired way back to camp, I realized that there

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

165

were neither mills, steam nor villages in these mountains, which are un-
broken virgin forest for a hundred miles or more either way. Perhaps I had
heard a cicada. I could scarcely credit a bird with such a prolonged sound
as this.

The next day I went back to solve the thing. When, after two hours
of steep ascent, I had reached the 8,000-foot level, I heard again my mysterious

.::n^

ANT-THRUSH {Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri)

whistle. Listening carefully, and imitating it as well as I could, I was able to
discern that the sound became definitely more loud and distinct. No insect,
this. Soon I could analyze it quite closely, and found it to be a very gradually
rising crescendo, beginning about on C, and a full though slightly throbbing
or tremolo whistle. I was astonished at its duration, for I could detect no time
at which a breath could be taken. Timing three successive songs, I found
them to endure forty-seven, fifty-seven, and fifty- three seconds! This was

1 66 Bird -Lore

more than twice the length of any continuous song I have ever heard, the
Winter Wren being second with twenty-eight seconds. But in this broken
song there are surely many opportunities to catch the thimbleful of breath
a Wren can hold, while the Chamaza song was one long, unbroken, and con-
stantly increasing sound.

Eventually, my singer came so near that I was afraid of scaring it away
by the imperfection of my imitation, which required a full breath out, an
in-breath to full lung-capacity, and then the last bit of breath I could expel
to accomplish even a forty-second song! So I sat silent, tense and eager,
hoping almost against hope that the mystery-bird would reveal himself.
Suddenly, almost at my heels, a song began. Very soft and throaty at first,
gradually rising and filling, the steady throbbing crescendo proceeded until
I was so thrilled that I was afraid I couldn't stand it any longer. I dared
not move, as I was in plain sight, on the edge of a scar in the earth from a
recently uprooted tree. Finally, though, the tension was relaxed; the song
ceased. Where would it be next time? In front of me? Or would the singer
see me and depart for good, still a mystery? Even as I was thinking these
things, a ghostly-silent little shadow sped dangling past me and came to a
halt about thirty feet away, half lost in the dark fog, on the far side of the
raw little clearing. In awful anxiety lest he become swallowed up in the mist
and lost to me, and with a great effort not to lose the dim impression of the
faintly-seen bird, I moved slightly for a better view. My long watch was
futile, for my spirit bird disappeared. I sat awhile and mourned, with a great
deal of invective in my heart. But soon realizing that this was futile, I decided
to practise the song I had learned. Imagine my surprise, after the first
attempt, to hear, close by, the loud wip-wip of yesterday, and to see it
followed almost immediately by another ghost-bird, which had the grace to
alight or stop running (I couldn't be positive which) within range and in sight.
This proved to be C. turdina. Although we often heard the curious pro-
tracted song later, when we went to the top of the range, we never again
caught sight of this little-known bird, and this specimen remains unique in
the whole South American collection.

The several species of true Ant-thrush, Formicarius, all have characteristic
notes, combined with the same skulking, rail-like habits of the foregoing.
The recently described Colombian form of F. rufipectus has two sharp whistles,
the last a semitone above the first. This, in our experience, was never varied.
F. analis connectens, from the lower forest zone of the eastern foot above
Villavicencio, had a song the exact reverse of that of Grallaria hypoleuca;
a loud note on G, followed, after a rest, by a close descending scale of three or
four semitones. Formicarius, like Grallaria, has a sort of clucking quality
when heard near at hand.

Few brush-birds have more distinctive notes than the Ant-shrikes or
Thamnophilus and their relatives. The commonest one we encountered,

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds 167

T. multistriatus, has the characteristic dry, woody, descending scale common
to many species. It strongly suggests in quality the spring 'rucking' of a
Nuthatch. It might be written ruk, ruk, nik, uk, uk, k, k, k beginmng
lazily, and gathering speed as it descends. All these birds put much effort

y^^^

ANT-SHRIKE {Thavmophilus multistriatus)

into their calls, and sing with head up and tail down. The latter moves
noticeably at each note and, as with the Trogons, we came to look for the
vibrating tail when hunting them.

The many species have different notes, but most are readily recognizable

i68

Bird-Lore

as Thamnophilus when any one of them becomes thoroughly familiar. Until
one has had real experience with tropical birds, it is hard to work up much
of an interest in the great mass of dull-colored brown and gray birds that

form such a large pro-
portion of the whole.
In a case of South Am-
erican birds, the eye
alights on the brilliant
Tanagers, Callistes,
Trogons, Cotingas, and
Hummingbirds, and ig-
nores all the myriad Fly-
catchers, Ant-thrushes,
Furnarian birds, and
other dullish and nega-
tive-colored things.
But, in the field, the
sense of sound enters
and combines with the
very interesting habits
of the more obscure
species. I can hardly
subscribe to the popu-
lar idea that tropical
Ijirds are as a rule
bright-colored and
devoid of song after
listening with an ap-
preciative ear to the
morning chorus in a
Mexican or South
American forest.

One of the most
extensive and typical
families is that of the
Dendrocolaptidai, or
Woodhewers. They
are> in actions, over-
grown Brown Creep-
ers. There are many
genera and almost endless species. As a family it is nearly as exten-
sive and varied as the family of Finches, though all have a single
general type of coloring that is hardly departed from. The great, Flicker-

WOODHEWER {Picolaptes lacrymiger)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds 169

sized Dendrocolapies, the tiny Xenops, and all between, are mainly wood-
brown varying from rusty to olive, and streaked or not, but never boldly
marked. They are also fairly unanimous in their songs, though of course
there is considerable variation. Most that I have heard have a harsh, raspy
note of alarm or displeasure, and many species sing a loud, ringing song that
strongly recalls our Canon Wren; tee, twee, tui, tui, tool, tool, a descending
series of whistles, which, pure and piercing in the lesser species, becomes
coarse and 'Woodpeckery' in the larger. There are really no fine singers
in this group, although several make pleasant sounds in the spicy-scented
slashings, and all are interesting. They are rather silent birds, as a rule, and,
as the family contains many rare and curious types, which are elusive and
tricky, they are a never-ending source of interest and curiosity.

The Woodpeckers may be dismissed in a sentence. Their calls and notes
are all perfectly typical of the group as we know it in this country, and I
recall no species that deviate noticeably from the well-known types of cries
and calls by which we recognize our own species.

THE UNCLE REMUS BIRD SANCTUARY. HOME OF THE LATE JOEL

CHANDLER HARRIS

The mail-box at the left was used by the Wrens for a nest, and gave the place the name of

"The Wrens' Nest"

A Bird Sanctuary for The Sign of the Wren's Nest

By MRS. J. O. PARMELE, Atlanta, Ga.

THE Sign of The Wren's Nest" is a phrase always used when people
speak of the home of the late Joel Chandler Harris, situated on one
of the most beautiful streets in Atlanta, Georgia.
The local chapter of the Burroughs' Nature Club and the Uncle Remus
Association have made The Wren's Nest a bird sanctuary. It is proposed by
the committee to make at once an effort to get rid of the English Sparrows by
the use of a Dodson sparrow-trap, and they have put in place two bird-baths
and one or more feeding-stations. Bird-houses will later be placed in the trees,
and plants and trees useful to attract birds and produce fruit will be set out,
particularly those that bear berries in the late fall that will serve as food for
the birds during the winter.

The Uncle Remus Bird Sanctuary is the first bird sanctuary in Georgia,
though there are many in other states. Years ago a little family of Wrens,
worried and persecuted by the bulldozing Sparrows of the neighborhood,

(170)

A Bird Sanctuary for The Sign of the Wren's Nest 171

sought refuge at The Wren's Nest. First, the fugitives built a nest at the gate,
in the letter-box, which thereafter was scrupulously respected by the postman,
and even by the children of the vicinity. Thus encouraged, they made them-
selves at home in many quiet nooks and corners in the vines, and, receiving
watchful care and protection from the inmates in the cottage, they organized
a little republic of their own; and in their picturesque domain they have ever
seemed to regard themselves as the rightful owners and rulers of the entire
tract. Birds, next to children and flowxrs, were the special objects of 'Uncle
Remus's' attention.

The Park Board of Atlanta is caring for the trees at The Wren's Nest and
the grounds are kept in perfect order. The Memorial Association is planning
a series of scenes for moving pictures that will show The Wren's Nest and
places of interest about the place. Everybody loves the home where "Brer
Rabbit" lived, and the tourist always wishes to go to Snap-Bean Farm, that
he may enjoy the scenes where Uncle Remus talked to the Little Boy, and the
old "Bar" and "Sis Cow," and all the other fanciful people and animals that
lived in the imagination of the author.

There is a guest-book at the Sign of the Wren's Nest that shows enrolled the
names of distinguished men and women of world-wide interest. Fifty-three
states and governments are represented, but the tourist does notlinger over the
guest-book to see the distinguished names it bears. He wishes to see the birds,
the rabbits, the trees, the flowers, and the vines, where "Brer Possum" was
caught napping.

It is the earnest desire of all Atlantians that some day there may be a child's
hospital at The Wren's Nest, that will be the greatest memorial that can be
erected to the memory of Joel Chandler Harris.

THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE

Is it a firebrand, tossed in the air.

Which the soft breeze fans to a flame?
Glowing and brilliant beyond compare.
As it darts and flashes, now here, now, there, .

Pray, can you give it a name?

Or is it a petal from some gorgeous flower.

Wind-blown from the tropics this way?
Or a meteor shooting through orchard and bower,
Till the blossoms come falling, a glorious shower,

Like the ghost of a snowstorm in May?

— Nellie J. Wharples.

The Nighthawk in Connecticut
I

By LEWIS F. HALL, Bridgeport, Conn.

I HAVE read of Nighthawks laying their eggs on the gravel roofs of build-
ings in the heart of cities, but never before this summer has it been my

good fortune to see them nesting, or to obtain a good photograph of the
female on the eggs.

On June 14, 19 13, 1 learned that a Nighthawk had laid two eggs on the tar-
and-gravel roof of the Southern New England Telephone Go's, building at 184
Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. This is a three-story building in the heart
of the business section. Being anxious to photograph the bird, I at once paid
a visit to the Telephone Office and obtained permission to go up on the roof.
This I did by means of the fire-escape, and there, beside two bricks which were
lying on the roof, sat the female Nighthawk, her color matching perfectly
that of the tar and gravel.

After flushing the bird and finding only one egg, I learned that the other
had been broken by the bird in removing it with her wing from under a peach-
basket which had been placed on edge over the eggs by employees of the
Telephone Co., in an endeavor to capture the bird.

I then set up my camera eighteen inches from the egg and, after photo-
graphing it, I concealed myself behind a skylight and waited for the return
of the bird. She soon flew from a neighboring building, alighted on the roof
about twenty feet from the egg and, after spending about fifteen minutes care-
fully scrutinizing the camera, which was covered with black cloth, returned
to the nest.

I then crept out on my hands and knees and succeeded in pressing the
bulb, which was only about one foot in back of the camera. I repeated this
operation several times, taking, in all, two pictures of the egg and four of the
bird. The last three photographs of the bird were all taken within fifteen
minutes' time, the bird, which had then become used to the camera, returning
to the nest each time almost immediately after I had hidden behind the
skylight. During the time the last three photos were taken, the bird did not
once leave the roof, but merely flew upon the coping about twenty feet from
the egg, wh e I changed the plates in preparation for the next picture.

II

By WILBUR I. SMITH, South Norwalk, Conn.

ONE of my earliest memories is of my grandfather taking me out into
one of his meadows and showing me a Nighthawk sitting on her
eggs, laid on a bare rock.
The bird allowed us to approach quite near, when grandfather told me to
^'pick her up," but the bird went fluttering off with all the manifestations of

(173)

174 Bird - Lore

distress and broken wings, I eagerly following, until safe away from her nest
the Nighthawk gracefully rose in air and sailed away, to come back and alight
on the bar way. I was puzzled at the bird's distress and quick recovery, and
would have followed it further, but grandfather led me away, for he was
fond of the birds, and had wished to show me what curious birds they were.

A pair of Nighthawks had nested on that rock for many years, and was
fairly common in that section, but I have not known of a pair nesting there-
abouts in many years. In the fall we sometimes see large flocks of Nighthawks
migrating in a westerly direction, and their numbers give us faith to believe
that somewhere they are holding their own.

At five-thirty in the afternoon of September 6, 1913, while approaching my
home station on a train, I noticed a flight of Nighthawks over the upper harbor,
and at home, two miles further, their numbers seemed undiminished, and more
were coming out of the east.

The birds were feeding, most of them flying low, and cutting all kinds of
figures in the air, as they rose and dropped, zig-zagged and crossed each
other in their search for food.

My companion of the day had left me, to go to his cottage at Fairfield
Beach, eleven miles east of my home, and he found that large numbers of the
Nighthawks were feeding over the broad meadows, and that certain of the
beach population were shooting them.

He secured three of the dead birds, while more drifted off with the tide, and
evidence that resulted in convicting two men of the shooting, but not without
some difficulty, as one of them was assistant city clerk in one of our large cities.

Making a note of this Nighthawk incursion, I find that on the evening of
September 6, 1905, there was a similar migration of Nighthawks when their
numbers seemed inexhaustible.

This time, the birds were flying high in open formation, in slow and heavy
flight, as though tired, and came out of the east and disappeared into the west.

It is an interesting coincidence that both of these flights should have
occurred on the same day of the month and the same time of the day, and that
both were following the shore of Long Island Sound.

r^-

A SUMMER VISITOR (CHIPPING SPARROW)
Photographed by Joseph W. Lippincott, Bethayres, Pa.

(175)

The Migration of North American Sparrows

rVVENTY-EIGHTH PAPER
Compiled by Prof. W. "W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes
(See Frontispiece)

BACHMAN'S SPARROW

Though technically considered a subspecies, Bachman's Sparrow {Peuccta
(tstivaUs bachmani) has a wider distribution and is better known than the type
species, the Pine- woods Sparrow (Peucaa cBstivalis astivalis). The latter is
only slightly migratory, breeding in a restricted area from southern Georgia
to central Florida, and wintering from the southern part of the breeding-grounds
to southern Florida. It is probable that the short migration journey is per-
formed in late February and early March, and by the end of this latter month
the species is settled in its summer home.

Bachman's Sparrow is an example of a bird that is apparently extending
its range. Within recent years it has become common locally in southern
Virginia, and has increased around Washington, D. C, until it is now known
in four localities. It has invaded Ohio, even to the northern part of the state,
and also western Pennsylvania. The more northern breeding individuals are
strictly migratory, while from eastern Texas to northwestern Florida the birds
are present throughout the year.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Number
of years'
record

Average date of
spring arrival

E&rliest date of
spring arrival

Greensboro, Ala

St. Mary's, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Atlanta, Ga. (near)

Charleston, S. C

Raleigh, N. C

Weaverville, N. C

Lynchburg, Va

Washington, D. C

Rockwood, Tenn. (near)

Eubank, Ky

Ink, Mo

Mt. Carmel, 111

Bicknell, Ind

Bloomington, Ind

Cincinnati, O

Cedar Point, O

Beaver, Pa

March 14
March 13
March 14
April 16
April 13

April 27
April 7
April 6

March 25
April II
April 34

Ffbruary 21, 1890
February 17, 1902
March 5, 1909
March la, 1906
February 25, 1885
March 19, 1887
March 38, 1890
April 7, 1 901
April 26, 1914
April 3, 1884
March 20, 1889
March 19, 1905
April 3, 1910
March 19, 1908
April 6, 1884
April 33, 1903
May 14, 1909
April 39, 1910

The birds that winter as far south as central Florida leave, on the average,
March 13; latest March 26, 1887. Migrants appeared at Atlanta, Ga., Sep-
tember II, 1902; Savannah, Ga., September 16, 1906; Raleigh, N. C., Sep-

(176)

The MigradoM of North American Sparrows 177

tember 20, 1901; and in northern Florida, on the average, October 7, the
earliest, September 27.

The last one noted at Eubank, Ky., was on September 26, 1889; Monteer,
Mo., September 27, 1909; near Mt. Carmel, 111., October 28, 1882; New Har-
mony, Ind., September 24, 1902; Weaverville, N. C, November i, 1890.

BOTTERI'S SPARROW

This is a Mexican species, scarcely, if at all, migratory. It has a wide
range in Mexico, but barely reaches the United States in the Rio Grande
Valley of extreme southern Texas. It has also been recorded from a few
localities in southern Arizona, north to the Santa Catalina Mountains.

CASSIN'S SPARROW

Wintering in Mexico, Cassin's Sparrow migrates early in the season into
the contiguous parts of the United States. It was noted at Brownsville, Texas,
as early as February i, 19 10; while the average date of arrival at San Antonio
is March 23, the earliest, February 18, 1897. Migrants enter southern Arizona
soon after the middle of March, and the species breeds north to southeastern
Nevada, southern Colorado, and southwestern Kansas. It was still common at
Carlsbad, N. M., September 12, 1901, and remained at Laredo, Texas, until
November 12, 1885.

RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW

Southeastern Arizona, north to the Santa Catalina Mountains, is the only
part of the United States where the Rufous-winged Sparrow occurs. The
main part of the range is in northern Mexico; but the few individuals that
occur in Arizona remain there the entire year, and the nesting season is so
extended that fresh eggs have been noted from the middle of May to the
second week in September.

RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW

This Sparrow has been separated into four forms, or subspecies. The
earliest-known form, now called the Rufous-crowned Sparrow {Aimophila
ruficeps ruficeps), occurs in California west of the Sierra Nevada, and north to
Marin and Placer Counties; it ranges south to the San Pedro Martir Mountains
of Lower California. While not strictly a non-migratory species, yet some
individuals remain through the winter at the extreme northern limit of the
summer home, and prevent the obtaining of any exact data on the movements
of the migrant birds. Apparently most of the short migratory flight occurs
in March.

Scott's Sparrow (Aimophila r. scotti) ranges from northern Mexico north to
southern Arizona, northern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. It is not

1 78 Bird -Lore

probable that the individuals breeding in northern New Mexico remain at
their summer home through the winter, but the species is found at this season
in the southern part of that state.

The Rock Sparrow (Aimophila r. eremoeca) breeds principally in Texas east
of the Pecos River, while a few birds range north to the Wichita Mountains,
Oklahoma. Though the species is partially migratory, and is found in winter
south to Puebla, several hundred miles south of the breeding-range, yet some
birds also remain at this season in northern Texas nearly to the northern limit
of the summer home.

The fourthjform, the Laguna Sparrow {A. r. sororia), is a non-migratory
sub-species inhabiting the mountains of southern Lower California.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

T-WENTY-SEVENTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Both range and habit tend to prevent the Sparrows figured in this issue of
Bird-Lore from being widely known. Confined for the greater part to our
southern border states, they do not, as a rule, enter the region where bird
students most abound, while their retiring habits and generally elusive ways
make them far from conspicuous, even in localities where they are common. I
have no personal knowledge of the more western species, but, if any of them
sing as sweetly as does our Pine-woods Sparrow (and its northern race, Bach-
man's Sparrow), it is indeed a pity that their voices should so rarely fall on
appreciative ears.

As the frontispiece shows, even those birds of this group which are ranked
as species bear a close general resemblance to one another. The 'Check-List'
of the American Ornithologists' Union places them in two genera, Peuccea and
Aimophila, but Mr. Ridgway, in his great work on the 'Birds of North and
Middle America,' includes them all in Aimophila, proof that the exact degree
of their relationships is largely a matter of opinion.

The molts of these birds have not, so far as I am aware, been minutely
studied, nor have we at this time sufficient material to go thoroughly into this
subject. It may be said, however, that in all the species the sexes are alike,
and there are no marked seasonal changes in color.

The nestling always has the underparts more or less distinctly streaked.
These streaks are lost at the post-juvenal molt, and in our eastern species
(and doubtless also others) the young birds pass into a plumage (first winter)
which cannot be distinguished from that of the adult of the same season. The
differences between winter and summer plumage are largely due to wear.

To this brief outline may be added a list of the species and races, with the

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows 179

characters by which they may be distinguished. Their ranges are given by
Professor Cooke in the preceding article.

Pine-woods Sparrow (Peuccea cBsHvalis (Bstivalis, Fig. 2). — All three species
of PeuccBa agree in having the bend of the wing yellow, a mark which is wanting
in our species of Aimophila. In addition to this feature, the heavily washed
chest, in connection with the absence of maxillary streaks, distinguishes this
species. Its northern form, Bachman's Sparrow {Peuccea a. bachmani), has
much less black on the upperparts, which are sometimes only bay and gray.

Cassin's Sparrow (Peucaa cassini, Fig. i). — The spotted or barred appear-
ance of the back is the diagnostic character of Cassin's Sparrow. Instead of
being centrally streaked, the feathers of the back have a narrow black bar
near the end. The general color of the plumage is decidedly paler than that of
the other birds ha\dng the bend of the wing yellow {Peuccea).

Botteri's Sparrow {Peuccea botteri, Fig. 3). — This species most nearly resem-
bles the Pine-woods Sparrow, but is larger, pale above, and the breast is less
heavily washed.

Rufous-winged Sparrow {Aimophila car palis, Fig. 4). — The chestnut- rufous
lesser wing-coverts, and the similarly colored, gray striped crown will serve
to identify this species, which bears a singularly close resemblance to a Western
Chipping Sparrow in winter plmnage.

Rufous-crowned Sparrow {A imophila ruficeps ruficeps, Fig. 5) . — This species
may be known by its rufous cap, well-marked maxillary streaks, and absence
of black markings (less than Fig. 5 shows) in the back, together with the lack
of yellow on the bend of the wing. This is the California form. In southern
Lower California it is represented by the Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia), a
nearly related race, somewhat brighter above and with a slightly larger bill.
In Arizona there is a third form, Scott's Sparrow {A. r. scotti), which has the
underparts decidedly paler, the back with grayer margins; and in Texas a
fourth form, the Rock Sparrow {A. r. eremmca) has the crown darker, more
chestnut than in Scott's Sparrow, and the back still grayer. These races, how-
ever, can be satisfactorily identified only on comparison of specimens, but
since, during the nesting season, one is unlikely to find any two of them at
the same place, the locality at which a bird is found will, at this season, go a
long way toward determining to which particular race it belongs.

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

IN RESPONSE to the request published in the January-February Bird-
Lore, fifty-seven reports of the arrival, etc., of the Red-winged Black-
bird, Robin and Phoebe have been received. We wish to thank our
readers for these reports, and especially — in almost every case — for copying
so carefully the form we printed.

The arrival of these early migrants is much more irregular than that of
those species due in May. It is more dependent on the weather conditions,
and this year all sections of the country report an exceptionally late mi-
gration, owing to the frequent and heavy snow-storms and unusually cold
weather in the early spring. The dates given in the following columns, there-
fore, are far from normal. The January and February dates must refer, in
most cases, to wintering birds, not to newcomers.

The Robin was at most stations the earliest species to appear and to become
common. After passing New York City, those that continued along the coast
went much faster than those that followed up the big river valleys. Robins
reached northern New Hampshire and northern Nova Scotia at about the
same time, though the former is three hundred, and the latter seven hundred
miles from New York. That makes the advance of the species along the coast
about forty-seven, and up the Connecticut Valley only twenty miles a day.
The evidence indicates that they entered Nova Scotia from the mainland,
appearing first in the central portion adjoining New Brunswick, and spreading
thence southward and northward. Several widely scattered stations report
Robins as more than usually abundant after they did come, one Chicago
observer going so far as to say, "Never saw so many Robins in the spring as
this year — at least ten to every one seen in previous springs." The Mississippi
Valley dates average several days ahead of those of the same latitude along
the Atlantic coast.

The Red-winged Blackbird dates seem more irregular as a series than
the Robin dates. This is perhaps due to the Blackbird's being more gregarious
and less scattered than the Robin; if the observer misses the two or three
flocks of Red-wings in his locality, he misses the species. Many more are
usually seen on the first day than is the case with the Robin.

The Phoebe, needing as it does plenty of gnats or other flying insects, is
naturally the last of these three species to be noted. In many places where
it is a regular summer resident it is never really common, just a pair or two
nesting here and there. — Charles H. Rogers.

Postscript. — Nine reports were received too late for tabulation. The last
reached us on May 4, long after the copy had gone to press. The Red-winged
Blackbird was recorded as not yet common at Reaboro, Ont., Apr, 18 (E. W.
Calvert), nor at Detroit, Mich., Apr. 26 (Mrs. F. W. Robinson).— C. H. R.

(180)

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration i8i

Reports were received from the following localities and persons:

Atlantic Coast District.

Kennett Square, Chester Co., southeastern Pa. — C. Aubrey Thomas.

West Chester, Chester Co., southeastern Pa. — Isaac G. Roberts.

York, York Co., southeastern Pa. — David W. Sunper.

Englewood, Bergen Co., northeastern N. J. — John Treadwell Nichols.

Central Park, New York City, southeastern N. Y. — John Treadwell Nichols.

Bay Ridge, New York City, southeastern N. Y. — Mrs. F. V. Abbott.

Port Chester, Westchester Co., southeastern N. Y. — Samuel N. Comly, Paul C.
Spoflford, James C. Maples.

New Haven, New Haven Co., central southern Conn. — Aretas A. Saunders.

Block Island, in the Ocean off R. I. — Elizabeth Dickens.

Waterbury, New Haven Co., western central Conn. — Mrs. A. A. Crank, R. E.
Piatt, Mrs. Nelson A. Pomeroy.

Bournedale, Barnstable Co., southeastern Mass. — Anna M. Starbuck, N. B. Hart-
ford, Ethel L. Walker.

Grafton, Worcester Co., eastern central Mass. — T. P. Staples.

River Hebert, Cumberland Co., western central N. S. — J. H. Fitch.

Bass River, Colchester Co., central N. S. — William A. Doane.

Truro, Colchester Co., central N. S. — L. A. DeWolfe.

Wolfville, Kings Co., central N. S.— H. G. Perry.

Milton, Queens Co., southern N. S. — R. H. Wetmore.

Yarmouth, Yarmouth Co., southern N. S. — E. Chesley Allen.

Antigonish, Antigonish Co.. eastern N. S. — Harrison F. Lewis.

Hudson and Connecticut Valleys.

Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., southeastern N. Y. — Maunsell S. Crosby.
Williamstown, Berkshire Co., northwestern Mass. — Wm. J. Cartwright.
Bennington, Bennington Co., southwestern Vt. — Lucretius H. Ross.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga Co., central eastern N. Y. — Mrs. H. M. Herrick.
St. Albans, four miles north of, Franklin Co., northwestern Vt. — Lelia E. Honsinger.
Lancaster, Cods Co., northwestern N. H. — Thomas W. Wallace.

Ohio Valley.

Urbana, Champaign Co., central eastern 111. — Frank Smith and collaborators.
Stafford Twp., Greene Co., southeastern Ind. — Mrs. Stella Chambers.
Lexington, Fayette Co., northern central Ky. — Victor K. Dodge.
Columbus, Franklin Co., central Ohio. — Laura E. Lovell.
Huron, Erie Co., central northern Ohio. — H. G. Morse.

Pittsburgh, within lo miles of, Allegheny Co., central western Pa. — Thos. D. Bur-
leigh.
Youngstown, Mahoning Co., northeastern Ohio. — Volney Rogers.
Meadville, Crawford Co., northwestern Pa. — F. Cecil First.
Little Valley, Cattaraugus Co., southwestern N. Y. — Mary M. Bedient.
Geneva, Ontario Co., southwestern N. Y. — Otto McCreary.
Lyons, Wayne Co., southwestern N. Y. — S. B. Gavitt.
Kingston, Frontenac Co., southeastern Ont. — E. Beaupre.

Mississippi Valley.

Lafayette Co., central eastern Mo. — Dr. Ferdinand Schreimann.

Wichita, Sedgwick Co., central southern Kan., Audubon Society of Fairmount College

l82

Bird - Lore

Mississippi Valley, continued.

Chillicothe, Livingston Co., central northern Mo. — Desmond Popham.

Zuma Twp., Rock Island Co., northwestern 111. — J. J. Schafer.

LaGrange, Cook Co., northeastern 111. — Edmund Hulsberg, James Watson.

Chicago, Cook Co., northeastern 111. — C. L. Cheney, Wilfred Lyon.

Rockford, Winnebago Co., central northern 111. — Norman E. Nelson.

Lauderdale Lakes, Walworth Co., southeastern Wis. — Lula Dunbar.

Viroqua, Vernon Co., southwestern Wis. — R. Spellum.

Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co., southeastern Wis. — Mrs. Mark L. Simpson.

Madison, Dane Co., central southern Wis. — A. W. Schorger, N. de W. Betts.

Sheridan, Waupaca Co., central Wis. — Katherine Johnson.

Newberry, Luce Co., northeastern Mich. — Ralph Beebe.

Lennox, Lincoln Co., southeastern S. D. — W. B. Mallory.

Fargo, Cass Co., southeastern N. D. — Miss N. S. Evans, Edna M. Stevens, O.

Stevens.
Palisades, Mesa Co., central western Colo. — -J. L. Sloanaker.
Seattle, King Co., central western Wash. — F. W. Cook.

ROBIN

Atlantic Coast District.

Kennett Square, Pa

West Chester, Pa

York, Pa

New York City and vicinity

New Haven, Conn

Block Island, R. I

Waterbury, Conn

Bournedale, Mass

Grafton, Mass

River Hebert, N. S

Bass River, N. S

Truro, N. S

Wolfville, N. S

Milton, N. S

Yarmouth, N. S

Antigonish, N. S

First seen

Number

Hudson and Connecticut Valleys

Rhinebeck, N. Y

Williamstown, Mass

Bennington, Vt

Saratoga Springs, N. Y

St. Albans, Vt

Lancaster, N. H

Ohio Valley.

Urbana, 111

Stafford Twp., Greene Co.,

Ind

Lexington, Ky

Columbus, Ohio

Youngstown, Ohio

Huron, Ohio

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vicinity
Southwestern New York.. . .
Kingston, Ont

March 12
March 15
March 16
March 15
March 15
March 21
March 15
Jan. 18
March 24
March 7
March 28
March 23
March 29
March 26
April I
March 26

March 16
March 26
March 26
March 27
March 27
March 28

March 3

Feb. 10
Feb. 20
Feb. 7
March 14
March 8
Feb. 14
March 16
March 28

I
3
4

ID

35

15

Next seen

15
5

March 14
March 16
March 17
March 16
March 17
March 28
March 21
Feb. 27
March 26
March 15
March 31
April 7
April 2
March 29
April 5
March 28

March 17
March 27
March 27
March 29
March 29
March 29

March 6

March 6
March 7
March 10
March 15
March 9
March 15
March 17
March 30

Number

24

several
many
5

hundreds
10

common
13

Becomes
common

March 15
March 17
March 21
March 25
March 27
March 29
March 28
March 31
March 28
April I
April 7
April 8
April s
April s
April s
April 9

March 28
March 27
March 27
April 5

April 10

March 14

March 13
March 12
March 14
March 15
March 14
March 16
March 17
March 30

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

Robin, continued

183

First seen Number 1 Next seen Number

Mississippi Valley.

Lafayette Co., Mo Feb. 20

Wichita, Kan March 2

Livingston Co., Mo March 3

Zuma Twp., Rock Island|

Co., Ill March 11

Chicago, 111., and vicinity. . . | March 11

Rockford, 111 March 7

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis March 14

Viroqua, Wis March 12

Milwaukee, Wis March 15

Madison, Wis March 14

Sheridan, Wis March 14

Newberry, Mich I April i

Lennox, S. D I March 15

Fargo, N. D \ April i

15

Feb. 22
March 4
March 5

March 14
March 14
March 14
March 15
March 13
March 16
March 15
March 25
April 2
IMarch 16
April 4

20

20

25
4

Becomes
common

March 8
March 4
March 15

March 15
March 15
March 16
March 17
March 15
March 21
March 25
April 7

March 25

RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD

Atlantic Coast District.

Kennett Square, Pa

West Chester, Pa

York, Pa

New York City and vicinity
' New Haven, Conn

Block Island, R. I

Waterbury, Conn

Bournedale, Mass

Grafton, Mass

Nova Scotia

First seen I Number 1 Next seen

March 15
IMarch 17
March 21
March 17
March 21
March 21
April I
March 29
March 27
None seen

Hudson and Connecticut Valleys

Rhinebeck, N. Y March 25

Williamstown, Mass March 31

Bennington, Vt April 4

Saratoga Springs, N. Y April 5

St. Albans, Vt ; April 10

Lancaster, N. H None seen

Ohio Valley.

Urbana, 111

Stafford Twp., Greene Co.,

Ind

Lexington, Ky

Columbus, Ohio

Youngstown, Ohio

Huron, Ohio

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vicinity
Southwestern New York. . . .
Kingston, Ont

March 14

March 14
Feb. 24
March 20
March 16
Feb. 22
March 26
March 18
March 28

2
12

by April

several

March 22
March 27
March 22
March 18
March 25
March 24
April 2
March 30
April I
10.

March 27
April 4
April 5
April 10

by April 13.

50

5
I

35

March 15

March 15
March 25
March 25
March 17
March 6
March 28
March 22

Number

42
I

2
2
7

several

S

25

Becomes
common

March 27
April 4
March 27
March 28
IMarch 27
March 25

April 3
April 2

March 28
April 9

March 14

March 19
March 30

March 18
March 15
April 4
March 26
March 28

x84

Bird - Lor«

Red-winged Blackbird, continued

First seen

Number

Next seen

Number

Becomes
common

Mississippi Valley*

Lafayette Co., Mo

Feb. 25
March 8
March 19

March 14
March 14
March 24
March 2
April 13
March 31
March 10
March 29
Accidental
March 15
April 5

8
7
3

12
2

3

8

200

6

3

flock

here.

12

I

March i
March 9
March 21

March 15
March 15
March 26
March 8
April 14
April 8
March 15
March 31

March 17

35

March 10

Wichita, Kan

8 March n;

Chillicothe, Mo

12

SO
no

4

8
4a

3

80

flock

IS

March 25

Zuma Twp., Rock Island
Co., Ill

March 15

Chicago, 111., and vicinity.. .
Rockford, 111

March 15
March 28

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis

Viroqua, Wis

March 2
April 13
April 13
March 22
April 5

March 20

Milwaukee, Wis

Madison, Wis

Sheridan, Wis

Newberry, Mich

Lennox, S. D

Fargo, N. D

^The records from the Great Plains are of another subspecies, the Thick-billed Red-wing.

PH(EBE

Atlantic Coast District.

Kennett Square, Pa

West Chester, Pa

York, Pa

New York City and vicinity.

New Haven, Conn

Block Island, R. I

Waterbury, Conn

Bournedale, Mass

Grafton, Mass

Nova Scotia

Hudson and Connecticut Valleys

Rhinebeck, N. Y

Williamstown, Mass

Bennington, Vt

Saratoga Springs, N. Y

St. Albans, Vt

Lancaster, N. H

Ohio Valley.

Urbana, 111

Stafford Twp., Greene Co.,

Ind

Lexington, Ky

Columbus, Ohio

Youngstown, Ohio

Huron, Ohio

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vicinity
Southwestern New York. . . .
Kingston, Ont

First seen

March 16
March 16
March 27
March 17
March 27
Occurs onl
March 27
March 6
March 27
None seen

March 28
None seen
April 5
April 5
None seen
April II

March 15

March 15
March 11
March 25
March 17
March 22
March 15
April I
March 22

Number

Next seen

y in

March 22
March 25
April 7
March 22
March 31
migr ation.

March 29
March 9
March 26
10.

by April

by April

3

I

by April

March 29
10.

April 6
April 13
10.
April 12

March 24

March 28
March 29
March 26
March 22
March 25
March 28
April 4
April 28

Number

Becomes
common

March 27
April 2
April 9
March 30

April 10
April 7
March 31

April 8
April 13

April 3

April 3
March 29
March 27

April 7

A CoSperative Study of Bird Migration

Phcebe, continued

185

Mississippi Valley.

Lafayette Co., Mo

Wichita, Kan

Chillicothe, Mo

Zuma Twp., Rock Island

Co., lU

Chicago, 111., and vicinity.. .

Rockford, 111

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis

Viroqua, Wis

Milwaukee, Wis

Madison, Wis

Sheridan, Wis

Newberry, Mich

Lennox, S. D

Fargo, N. D

First seen Number Next seen Number

March 15
March 29
March 27

March 29
March 29
March 28
March 26
March 28
April 3
March 29
March 26
Rare.
None seen
None seen

by April
by April

March 17
April 5
March 28

April 7
March 30
April 3
March 29
April 4
April s
April s
March 30

10.
10.

Becomes
common

March 25
March 30

April 4
April s

April 10
April 14

April 8

Palisades, Colo.

San Diego Red-wing, winter resident in small numbers.

Western Robin, first (one) seen Feb. 22; becomes common March 25.

Say's Phoebe, first (one) seen March 25.

Seattle, Wash.

Northwestern Red-wing, first (7) seen April 5.

Western Robin, wintered in some numbers, becomes common March 29.

:^.-

jBtote« from JTtelD anD ^tuDp

An Owl Refugee on a Battleship

When the U. S. S. New Jersey was
hurrying down to Mexico, last October,
to aid American refugees, the first pas-
senger it received was an Owl. This hap-
pened while the ship was off northern
Florida, about sixty miles from the coast.
A fresh breeze was blowing from the land,
causing a steady roll, which must have
made it difiBcult for him to alight on the
yard-arm of the mainmast, particularly
as he came about two a.m., when it was
very dark and the ship's lights were
confusing.

There he gravely sat while the masts
swept backward and forward and the
wind whistled around the wires. The
interest of the sailors did not affect him
in the least, in spite of the fact that it
kept the officers busy restraining some
of those who climbed aloft from trying to
catch him. The reports of the men on his
size, color, etc., varied greatly, although
all agreed that he had a white breast,
with no bars or stripes of any kind, and
that he was rather small, smaller than a
chicken, anyway. The man who finally
climbed up after him in the afternoon of
that day said that the top of his head was
smooth and round — but others were sure
it had horns. Mr. Owl started from the
ship with the wind, as though bound for
Africa, poor fellow. — J. W. Lippincott,
Bethayres, Pa.

The Hummer and His Shower-bath

The day was hot — too hot to remain
indoors; so, taking our chairs and moving
to the shady side of the house, we hoped
by putting to use the lawn-sprinkler to
cool the air and the surroundings.

As we were thus comfortably seated,
whom should we see but our tiny friend,
the Ruby-throat, who also wanted the
enjoyment of the water. Alighting on a
scarlet sage in blossom, where he could be

(

sprinkled, he would hang back-down-
ward by his feet, sometimes losing his
hold and falling to the ground, but always
succeeding in regaining his perch.

After watching this performance, I at
last approached him, expecting to see
him fly or, at least, attempt to do so; but
no, acting almost as if tipsy, he seemed not
to notice me. Picking the little fellow up
gently, I carried him in my open hand out
of range of the water, to show the others.
He seemed to be injured. I was thinking
that possibly he was hurt by his falls.
When, unawares, with a whirr he was off;
but, alighting in a nearby pine, he com-
menced the pruning of his feathers.

About an hour later he was again seen
at his shower, repeating the same per-
formance.— Fred W. Kenesson, Remlig,
Jasper Co., Texas.

The Early Woodcock

In New Jersey and Pennsylvania there
comes a time, each March, when the
ground suddenly gives up the hard ice it
has been holding and allows the earth-
worm once more to come to the surface.
Right after this comes the mole, and then
the Woodcock — every time.

I watch a certain patch of meadow in
south Jersey which lies behind a mill and
a great hedge in such a way as to catch all
the sun and none of the cold wind. Here
the Woodcock come first each year, and
here five appeared on March 15, in the
midst of a beautiful warm spell. That was
very fine for the birds, and boring was
easy, but five days later it blew up cold,
with four inches of soft snow, and a biting
gale to pierce the snuggest corners all
through the following night.

I wondered what had happened to the
Woodcock and, finding no tracks near the
mill in the early morning, wandered over
the pine barrens and the swamps nearby,
until I finally found where one had lit
in an opening of the woods the [night

186)

Notes from Field and Study

187

before and walked to windward through
the snow, until he came to a shelter-
ing bunch of leaves beside which he
could snuggle among the snowflakes and
avoid the wind. He had fairly plowed
his way those ten yards, often throwing
out a wing to steady his short steps as he
wound in and out among some sweet-
fern twigs. The resting-place was abso-
lutely hidden from above, and left very
snug by the bird's slipping in without
disturbing the snow more than to stamp
it down underneath.

In the early morning hours he had
walked sedately out, turned once more
into the wind and threaded his way
farther into the pines, twice making a
wing mark where he stumbled on hidden
twigs, and leaving a furrow in the snow
much like that of a weasel when walking.
In a tangle of small bushes he had taken
wing so hastily as to leave a downy
feather on a twig.

Later in the day, a small patch of grass
showed through the snow behind the mill,
and three Woodcock appeared, as if by
magic, to bore for the succulent worms.
Yes, the early Woodcock knows how to
provide for himself. — Joseph W. Lip-
PINCOTT, Bethayres, Pa.

The Starling at Glens Falls, N. Y.

It may be of interest to record that the
Starling has arrived in Glens Falls. A
small flock was found in the vicinity of
the railway station during the recent
February blizzard. One of the birds was
so exhausted that it fell down in the snow,
was captured, and is now contentedly
wintering in the D. &. H. freight station
here. — Gertrude B. Ferguson, Secy, of
the Glens Falls Bird Club.

Starlings and Cows

In answer to a request in Bird-Lore
for information regarding the Starlings'
custom of flying around cows after the
manner of Cowbirds, I should like to give
my experience. This is not a new habit. I
have seen Starlings alight on the backs of

cows and sheep, to procure insects, in the
Pevensey Marshes, Sussex, England.

To quote Wood's Popular Natural
History: "These birds have a habit of
following cows, sheep, and horses, flut-
tering about them as they move, for the
purpose of preying upon the insects which
are put to flight by their feet. The Star-
lings also perch upon the backs of the
cattle, and rid them of the parasitic
insects that infest them." — Cecil Dip-
lock, Plainfield, Ni J.

The Grackle as a Nest-robber

Being very much interested in the
study of our native birds, I thought I
would send you a short note on what
seemed to me the unusual habits of a
Bronzed Grackle.

In the latter part of June and for at
least the first half of July, 191 1, this
Bronzed Grackle regularly, every four or
five days, visited the houses on the west
side of our street, always beginning at
the south and finishing up at the north
end of the block. He would alight on the
veranda roof, enter the nests of the Eng-
lish Sparrows built in the corners, and,
after eating the eggs and young, he would
emerge, stand for a moment or two,
ignoring the throng of distracted Spar-
rows, and fly to the next house, where the
scene would be repeated. We would
alwaj'^s know when he was out visiting by
the shrieking of the Sparrows. On no
occasion did the latter attempt to attack
him, though a flock of about a score fol-
lowed him from house to house. They
would perch around on the wires, and
make as much noise as possible while he
was lunching.

About the middle of July I had to leave
the city, and on my return in early Sep-
tember the Grackle had disappeared. I
have never seen him since, nor do I know
if he robbed nests on any other streets.
Why he visited only the west side of the
street is a mystery, for Sparrows' nests
were abundant on both sides.

He was certainly the coolest, most
methodical, and heartless nest-robber I

1 88

Bird - Lore

have ever seen or heard of. — J. Nelson
GowANLOCK, Winnipeg, Man.

Evening Grosbeaks Near Port Chester,
N. Y.

There was a flock of eight Evening
Grosbeaks about this vicinity the last
two weeks in February and the first week
in March of this year. They could be
seen nearly every morning up in the box-
elder trees by the house, eating the seeds.
They were very tame, allowing us at
times to get within fifteen feet of them,
and in this way we have made their
identification positive.

We have seen these birds near here on
two other occasions, namely, January 8,
9, iQii, and November 29, 1913. — James
C. Maples, Samuel N. Comly, W.
Bolton Cook, Richard L. Buedsall,
Paul C. Spofford, Port Chester, N. Y.

Redpoll in the District of Columbia

In the January-February number of
Bird-Lore, the latest date of the Redpoll
seen in the District of Columbia is given
as February 12, 1899.

On March 9, 1914, I, together with
Raymond W. Moore, of Kensington, Md.,
saw a Redpoll (Linaria) feeding on the
seeds of a clump of alders on Chevy Chase
Drive, D. C; and on the following Wed-
nesday morning, March 11, we together
with Mr. and Mrs. Leo D. Miner, of
Washington, saw four Redpolls on the
same clump of alders, and observed them
for ten minutes or more through our
field glasses at a distance of fifteen to
twenty feet. It was snowing hard at the
time.

Prof. Wells W. Cooke, reports that this
is the third record in sixty years for the
Redpoll in D. C. — Sam'l W. Mellott,
M.D., Chevy Chase, Md.

A Summer Visitor

It was in the summer of 1906, in a small
village in northern Pennsylvania, that I
first became really acquainted with a

Chipping Sparrow. I had always noticed
how dapper and bright the little fellows
looked, but never knew what friendly
little birds they were until this one came
to us.

One morning, as we were sitting on the
porch of our summer home, a dainty little
song broke forth near us. We listened
breathlessly for a moment, and again the
happy song sounded, and a dear little
Chipping Sparrow lit on the railing of the
porch and cocked his head on one side,
as much as to say, "Well, how do you do,
folks?" We happened to have some
freshly baked caraway-seedj cakes in our
hands, just feasting on their crisp good-
ies, and purely to tempt him we scat-
tered a few crumbs on the porch floor.
Judge of our surprise when the little fel-
low, with an excited little 'chip,' hopped
down and began greedily to eat them.
After satisfying his hunger, he flew upon
the railing and sang a polite little "thank
you," and then flew away.

The next day and the next he came for
crumbs. By that time we had begun to
keep crumbs on the window-sill for him,
but the Sparrows found that out, and
quarreled and fought over them until we
had to stop leaving them there for the
little guest. Each day he would come,
light on the ridge of the roof of the house
next door and call. If we answered,
down he would come, eager for crumbs.
We talked to him as we would to a child,
and when crumbs were not on the porch
we would tell him to wait a minute while
we went in to get them. Whether he
understood or not I do not know, but at
least he stayed and hopped to meet us,
eating the crumbs from our hands.

Mornings, my father would go down
stairs early, whistle a clear, sharp call,
and down the little fellow would come,
light on the arm of father's chair, and
while father whistled the tiny bird would
throw back his head and sing with all
his might.

I used to sit on the floor, crumbs in
my lap, and the little fellow would hop
up into my lap and eat. He was very,
very partial to cooky crumbs, and

Notes from Field and Study

189

when we gave him bread would leave in
disgust.

One day a heavy thunder-storm came
up just as he called to us from the neigh-
boring roof, and then, in answer to our
whistle, he came straight to the chairs
where mother and I were sitting, hopped
onto one of the rounds of the chair under
her, and sat huddled up there during the
entire storm, as if frightened. After it
was over, out he came and sang to us his
own inimitable song.

Every night he came at dusk to sing good-
night. How we grew to watch
for him and love him! One
day he brought two tiny baby
chipping birds to the porch.
It was slow, hard work for
him to coax the little midgets
onto the porch floor, but
finally the two flufiFy,
speckled little things were in
the midst of a pile of crumbs
and seeing that they were all
safe and busy, off he flew.
He brought them every day
for a week or more, and then
one day he didn't come.
How we watched and waited
for him for nearly two weeks!
We were so lonesome with-
out him, and so afraid he
had been caught. Each eve-
ning we would call him, but
no little "cheep" would re-
ward us.

One evening, just at
dusk, when we had given
up ever seeing him again, we were
all startled by a familiar little call.
Jumping up, we ran to the porch railing
and called, and from out of an old pear
tree in the end of the yard came the
dear little fellow straight for the porch.
He lit on the railing, threw back his head,
and oh, how he did sing! For at least
fifteen minutes he stayed, holding us
entranced by his song, and then, with a
goodnight 'cheep,' he was gone, and for
the rest of the summer we waited and
watched for him in vain. — Mabel Foote
WiTMAN, Washington, D. C.

Some Wrens' Nests

The accompanying photographs of
House Wrens were taken early in July,
19 13. I had heard that there were a couple
of pairs of Wrens nesting near a certain
residence, so, taking my camera, I came
there one sunny afternoon. The first
nest was in a birdhouse, high up under
the eaves of the house, and inaccessible.

The owners of the place had a tennis-
court at one side, and there were back-
stops of chicken-wire, upheld by iron

HOUSE WREN

pipes, which were fastened together at
their upper ends with horizontal pipes
connected to the others with the regular
connections. In one of the end pipes the
second pair of Wrens had made their
nest. The entrance was from one side,
through the iron connection, and the bird,
after entering, dropped down in the verti-
cal pipe about ten inches to its nest.

Now came the photographing of the
bird. I borrowed a step-ladder from the
owner of the residence and set it up near
the entrance to the nest. Upon the steps
of this I placed and fastened the legs of

igo

Bird - Lore

my camera tripod. Then I focused my
camera, from the tripod, using the single
lens, on the hole, about three feet away,
and fastened a thread to the shutter. I
waited, holding the end of the thread, at
a distance of about twenty feet. The
female Wren (I imagine it was she, since
only one bird appeared) went right in
with food to feed her young, not minding
the click of the shutter in the least. Then
I moved the ladder and camera nearer,
and with the double lens got still better
pictures, releasing the shutter with the
bulb. In one of these the bird was so
tame that I had my hand, holding the
bulb, within a foot of it, with no attempt

HOUSE WREN

at concealment either. Thus I took seven
pictures of which two were spoiled by the
Wren moving and blurring the image. I
was unable to see the young, since they
were down inside the pipe.

Earlier in the season, I found another
Wren's nest in an exactly similar location
to that just described. I attempted to
photograph the Wren, but my plates did
not turn out satisfactorily.

Another interesting nest came to my

attention, this time in a more unusual
place. This pair had built their nest in
a home-made, wooden mail-box on the
front porch of another house. The Wren
entered through the slot, which was
about three-quarters of an inch wide. The
lady of the house was so afraid that I
would frighten the birds so that they
would desert their nest that she refused
me permission to photograph it. — Win-
THROP Case, Hubbard Woods, III.

Harris's Sparrow in Northwestern
Illinois

On March 15, 1Q14, I visited a large
hedge-fence near where we live, to look
for new bird arrivals from
the South.

Starting at the west
end, and walking east
along the south side, I
did not see anything but
a few Tree Sparrows and
two Bluebirds. When
near the east end, which
is in a slough, a flock of
about a dozen Bob-whites
was flushed, and, after
watching them disappear.
I again looked at the
fence and saw a large
Sparrow sitting on a limb
about ten yards from
where I was standing.
It had its breast toward
me and sat very quiet,
giving me an excellent
opportunity to observe it
with my field-glass.

I noticed that the
bill was pinkish, the
crown, throat, lores, and breast, glossy
black; the belly white, and the sides
streaked with black. I observed it sev-
eral minutes, and then walked east of
where it was sitting, to get a side view,
when it flew toward the other end of the
fence. I immediately followed it, to try
to get a back or side view, but did not
get near enough until it reached the west
end, where there were a Goldfinch and
some Tree Sparrows sitting. There I

Notes from Field and Study

191

again observed it from a distance of about
twenty yards, and could see that it had
white wing-bars. After observing it sev-
eral minutes, I tried to get closer, when
it again flew toward the east end of the
fence. I did not follow, but hurried home
to consult Chapman's 'Birds of Eastern
North America.' On looking over the list
of Sparrows which are not common here.
I found that the description of Harris's
Sparrow exactly suited the one which I
had observed. This is the largest and most
beautiful Sparrow I have ever seen, and
is easily identified, on account of its large
size and very different markings from
any other Sparrow. — J. J. Schafer, Port
Byron, III.

Curious Actions of a Robin

Can any reader of Bird-Lore explain
the actions of a Robin as described below?

I live at West Newton, and my house
has a covered porch, underneath which
projects a bay-window with three sashes.
Adjoining is a glass-enclosed breakfast-
room on one side, and on the other a sash
recessed about six feet from the floor of
the porch.

Upon coming down to breakfast, April
8, we found a Robin flying repeatedly at
the three windows in the bay, trying to
get in, striking the glass with its bill,
wings and feet. This it kept up all day
long, and until darkness settled down.
We tried to drive it away, fearing that it
would hurt itself. When it appeared to be
somewhat exhausted from its labors it
would fly to the recessed window, which
afforded room for it to alight on, and
would then gaze into the room. Con-
stantly throughout the day it issued its
call.

The next morning it appeared promptly,
and I pulled the shades down thinking
that it might discourage its efforts; but
when I left it was still flying toward the
sash and then back to the porch-rail.

In flying against the sash, with the
exception of the recessed window, there
was no opportunity to alight; so that,
after striking the glass with its bill, wings

and feet, it would return to the porch-
rail. These efforts occurred about every
ten seconds, and would last about one-
half to three quarters of an hour.

When under observation, the Robin
would drop to the lawn, running about a
bit and returning to its futile efforts to
get into the house. Nothing that we
could do would discourage it.

This Robin was under observation by
us for three days but it did not appear to
us to be seeking self-destruction. It was
apparently careful in striking the window
not to injure itself. But for fear that it
would exhaust itself, other means failing,
we tied cross lines in front of the window,
with many fluttering streamers. The
Robin did not appear to mind these par-
ticularly, though naturally it acted as
though it could not quite make out why
they were there, but the flutterings did
not entirely discourage it in its efforts.
The fourth day it acted more rationally,
and since then apparently has been
normal.

.\fter erecting the streamers in front of
the three windows which attracted its
first efforts, it shifted its attentions to
adjoining windows, but in a lesser degree.

Another reason which makes me feel
that it was not trying self-destruction is
that it would land on the sill of an adjoin-
ing window and call for minutes at a time.
— Clarenxe B. Wood, Boston, Mass.

A Successful Bird's Bath

Possibly a description of a birds' bath
I have found to be successful may be of
interest to Bird-Lore readers.

The stones which form the support are
laid up without mortar, so as to leave
openings between them. These are filled
with soil and ferns planted in them, and
in one large opening we planted an
umbrella plant, which grows very fast,
as the drip from the tank keeps it well
watered. The stone support is about two
feet high by three feet long and eighteen
inches wide. The open bathing-tank on
top of the stones is ten inches wide, three
feet long, and one and one-half inches

192

Bird - Lore

deep, made of galvanized iron. Back of
the stones we drove a cedar post, leaving
the post about six or eight inches above
the bathing-tank. On this post we have
a galvanized tank which holds three pails
of water. This tank has an opening on
one side near the bottom, so that the
water drips from it into the bathing-tank
below; this drip can be regulated to run
fast or slow, according to the weather, as

•^^

A SUCCESSFUL BIRD'S BATH

on hot days the birds use the tank more,
and the drip can be arranged so that the
lower tank is kept full. We usually fill
the tank in the morning and put in an
extra pail at noon, so the water is kept
fresh all day. This is all the attention
necessary. We have a cover on the larger
tank, as the water keeps cooler.

The birds certainly like the arrange-
ment, as it is used all day long. Very
often there will be four or five birds

bathing at once, and others waiting their
turn.

The tank is in a shady corner of the
lawn about thirty feet from the house.
The shrubbery near the tank is a mixture
of wild roses, elderberry, wild crab, cherry,
and hawthorn trees. On the other side
of the tank is a large bed of perennial
phlox.

It is altogether the most interesting
part of our yard, and we feel
very well paid for the work
and small expense we have
been to in building it. —
Henry P. Severson, Winne-
conne, Wise.

Bird-Houses and Lunch-
Boxes

In housing and feeding our
little feathered friends, we
have had considerable an-
noyance from other birds
which we do not care to pro-
vide for. Our Bluebird boxes
have had no lack of renters,
and several broods have been
reared successfully in the last
three or four years. We place
them on posts of our garden
fence, about eight or ten feet
high, for we have discovered
tha the English Sparrow does
not claim nests that are so
low, and we manage to pro-
tect from prowling cats by
covering the hollow limb of
the tree which forms the house
with tin sheeting for two or
three feet above the top of the
fence-post, and weaving together a num-
ber of slender osage branches around the
base of the house. The cats do not ven-
ture to climb over this thorny barrier,
and, if they should, the tin sheeting pre-
vents nearer approach to the little home.
For lunch-boxes we take the small,
square boxes which gardeners use for
berries, line them with thin cloth to pre-
vent the food from falling out, tie stout
cords to the four corners and unite them

Notes from Field and Study

193

about six inches above
the box; then make a
roof of heavy card-
board long enough to
extend about four
inches over the two ends
of the box, with little
slits cut into the edges
so that the cords
entering will hold the
roof on in spite of the
wind and weather,
and swing the box
from the limb of a
tree.

The roof should not
be more than three
inches above the box
at the 'ridge,' and
should fit closely
down to the sides of
the box.

Sparrows are very
wary birds and few of
them will venture to

enter a box with such a covering, the Jays
can not get in, but the Chickadees and
the Nuthatches fearlessly help themselves
to the cracked nuts and the seeds within.
— Marion and John Kyle, Xenia, Ohio.

A Drinking-Place for the Birds

Do you ever stop to think that in the
summer time, when it is very hot and the
water in the nearby creek has dried up,
it is very hard for the birds to find water
enough to drink? They need it not only
to drink, but would like to bathe in some
nice cool water. It is very interesting to

THE DRINKING POOL

watch the birds when they come to drink.
One should learn to know and protect
them. If they find feed and water in some
place today, they will be back to the
same place tomorrow for more.

Some people put a pan of water and a
few crumbs out, and find that many dif-
ferent kinds of birds come every day.
The writer has made a very enticing place
for the birds to drink and bathe. The

CC_

y^P-OTionAu viCLw

194

Bird - Lore

water comes from the drip of the ice-box.
Where this is convenient, it eliminates all
trouble with the ice-box overflow.

Any boy could get a few feet of old
pipe and a few elbows from a plumber
for almost nothing. This he can run from
the drip underneath the ice-bo.x and out a
distance from the house, not less than ten
feet. The size of the pipe should be about
one-half inch in diameter, although this
is immaterial. It should be laid under the
surface of the ground to the drinking-
place, or grotto, as it should be called.

The photograph shows the kind of
grotto built by the writer. It is con-
structed of concrete and stone. The base
is of concrete, with a basin left so that
the water is from one-half to about two
inches in depth. This difference in the
depth of the water is mainly to accom-
modate both large and small birds. The
rocks that are piled up and around are
securely cemented together. By looking
closely, you may see the pipe that carries
the water from the ice-box. There is also
a pipe that drains the water off when it
gets to the right height.

A very good plan is to plant flowers
around the grotto, such as ferns, hepati-
cas, violets, and nasturtium. This relieves
the bareness of it, and it takes but little
time and money to make this a very
attractive drinking-place for the birds. —
R. T. Robinson, Normal, Illinois.

Some Prospect Park Notes

In the summer of 191 2, all the Ducks
in Prospect Park Lake were sold. A male
Black Duck had mated with a female
Mallard, and they raised a brood of seven.
These seven were not caught, and
remained in the lake until November 20.
About March 26, 1913, three of these
Ducks returned to the lake. We are sure
these three belonged to the seven that
left in November, 1912, because of
their markings. A pair mated and raised
a brood of thirteen. About August 8,
seven of the Ducks disappeared. The
general coloration of the nine remaining
is that of Black Ducks. One has the

speculum and recurved tail-feathers of
the male Mallard, some have the Mallard
speculum, and some the speculum of the
Black Duck; all have reddish orange feet,
four have light greenish yellow bills, two
have orange bills mottled with greenish
black, and three have the bill of the
Black Duck. All have the under side of
the wings white. These Ducks have
become very tame.

From December 25, 191 2 to January i,
1913, a female Wood Duck was in the
open water of the lake; another was seen
July 20.

A Brazilian Cardinal {Paroaria cuciil-
lata) was in the park from May 9 to 13.

On May 13 a male Summer Tanager
was seen in the park, and on September
24 a Mockingbird.

After an absence of three years, a pair
of Wood Thrushes nested in the park;
besides these, an unmated male stayed
with us all summer. — Kate P. and E. W.
ViETOR, Brooklyn, N. Y.

A Nest Census

On January 15, 1914, 1 took a walk from
the old Round Tower at Fort Snelling,
Minn., past the soldiers' barracks and offi-
cers' quarters, a little over a quarter of a
mile. In the big elms lining the walks I
counted thirty-one birds' nests. Orioles
predominated, some Robins' nests, and
others that I did not know. These
thirty-one nests meant thirty-one pairs, or
sixty-two birds. With three young to a
nest — a low average — there were 93, or
155 birds total, in that quarter of a mile.
— E. I. Metcalf, Minneapolis, Minn.

Trial of Von Berlepsch Nests

Mr. Fred Adams, of Omaha, has a fine
home near a natural grove. That these
trees might be the better preserved from
insect attacks, he secured from the manu-
facturer twenty-five of the von Berlepsch
boxes. While the boxes are especially
fitted to European species, he is gratified
at his experience here.

He presented one to the writer. It was

Notes from Field and Study

195

attached to a black walnut at the edge of
of a grove of these trees, and placed
among the limbs some ten feet above
ground. We very much hoped that a
pair of Bluebirds, which soon examined
it, remaining several days, would settle
down to family life.

The English Sparrows were very
impudent, coming by the score, and no
doubt were the chief cause of the sud-
den departure of the Bluebirds.

There followed a pair of Red-headed
Woodpeckers, after enlarging the mouth
of the nest a bit; a home and family duly
followed. At Mr. Adams' place all the
boxes were occupied — one by a Chickadee,
one by a Wren that reared two families,
at least. Redheads and Flickers took the
rest. No Bluebirds came. Other varie-
ties of birds in the neighborhood seemed
more familiar because of the presence
of these nests and occupants, such as
Cardinals, Goldfinches, Grosbeaks, and
Thrushes. None of these, however, took
any type of the von Berlepsch boxes. — S.
R. TowNE, Omaha, Neb.

Thirty-second Annual Congress of the
American Ornithologists' Union

The Thirty-second Annual Congress of
the American Ornithologists' Union was
held in Washington, D. C, April 6-8,
1914.

At the Business Meeting of Fellows,
held at the Ebbitt House on the evening
of the 6th, the following officers were
elected: President, Dr. A. K. Fisher;
Vice-Presidents, Henry W. Henshaw and
Dr. Witmer Stone; Secretary, John H.
Sage; Treasurer, Dr. Jonathan D wight,
Jr.; Councillors, Ruthven Deane, Wil-
liam Dutcher, Joseph Grinnell, F. A.
Lucas, Wilfred H. Osgood, Dr. Charles
W. Richmond, Dr. Thomas S. Roberts.

There being no vacancies in the list of
Fellows, no election for fellowship was
held. The following were elected Members:
Egbert Bagg, Utica, N. Y.; Dr. Thomas
Barbour, Cambridge, Mass.; Robert
Thomas Moore, Haddonfield, N. J.;
Robert Cushman Murphy, Brooklyn,

N. Y.; John Treadwell Nichols, New
York City.

Twenty-five Associates were elected, the
small number being due to the short time
which has elapsed since the annual meet-
ing of 1913.

The public sessions of the Congress,
which were held at the United States
National Museum, were attended by
nearly one hundred members of the
Union, twenty-six of these being Fellows.

The Congress of November, 1913 hav-
ing afforded opportunity for reports on
recent ornithological studies, the pro-
gram was, in consequence, comparatively
limited. It contained, however, several
papers of much interest, and some which
developed considerable discussion. Par-
ticularly was this true of a paper on the
comparative numbers of our insectivorous
birds.

While the difficulty of making anything
like exact comparison of present with
past conditions was recognized, the
speakers on this subject were agreed that
insectivorous birds were far more com-
mon now than they could possibly have
been at the time of the settlement of
this country; a fact which is made evi-
dent by comparing the small numbers of
birds found in remaining areas of primeval
forests with those which exist in farming
regions, where the diversity of conditions
furnished by meadow, orchard, wood-lot,
crops of various kinds, etc., afford homes
and food for a great variety of birds.

The speakers also agreed that in their
respective experiences, extending over
from twenty to thirty years, no appre-
ciable change in the numbers of insec-
tivorous birds, as a whole, had been
observed. Local conditions, some of
which were apparent, others obscure, had
occasioned the decrease of some species,
while others had increased; and the loss
on one hand was about balanced by the
gain on the other.

The members of the Union and their
friends were entertained daily at luncheon
by the Washington members. The Annua
Subscription Dinner, which was largely
attended, was held on the evening of the 7th.

196

Bird - Lore

The next Congress of the Union will be
held in San Francisco in May, 1915. This
promises to be an event of exceptional
interest. Information in regard to details
of transportation may be obtained in due
time through the Secretary of the Union,
Mr. J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn. We are
sure that no member of the A. O. U. party
which crossed the continent, to meet in
San Francisco in May, 1903, will wil-
lingly forego an opportunity to duplicate
that memorable experience.

PROGRAM

Some Letters from Robert Kennicott. By
Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich,
Conn. (10 min.)

On the Zonary Stomach in the Euphonias.
By Alexander Wetmore, Washington,
D. C. (10 min.)

Winter Birds at Ithaca, N. Y. By Louis
Agassiz Fuertes, Ithaca, N. Y. (15 min.)

Visits of Pine and Evening Grosbeaks. By
Mrs. E. O. Marshall, New Salem, Mass.
(10 min.)

A Note on the Herring Gull. By John
Treadwell Nichols, New York City.
(15 min.)

Side Light on the Saw-whet Owl. By
Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich,
Conn. (15 min.)

Anatomical Notes on Trochalopteron and
Sicalis. By Prof. Hubert Lyman
Clark, Cambridge, Mass. (10 min.)

The Intimidation Display of the White-
breasted Nuthatch. Illustrated by lan-
tern-slides. By Dr. Arthur A. Allen,
Ithaca, N. Y. (10 min.)

Notes on the Distribution of Breeding
Egrets in the United States. Illustrated
by lantern-slides. By T. Gilbert Pear-
son, New York City. (20 min.)

Winter Feeding of Birds. Illustrated by
lantern-slides. By B. S. Bowdish, Dem-
arest, N. J. (30 min.)

Ten Minutes With Lower California
Birds. Illustrated by lantern-slides. By
Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington, D. C.
(25 min.)

The Curious Tail Molt of Rhinoplax.
With exhibition of specimens. By Alex
Wetmore. (15 min.)

Are Our Insectivorous Birds Decreasing?
Subject introduced by Dr. Frank M.
Chapman, to be discussed by William
Brewster, Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Wal-
dron DeWitt Miller, Dr. Witmer Stone,
and others.

Migration in the Mackenzie Valley. Illus-
trated by lantern-slides. By Prof. Wells
W. Cooke, Washington, D. C. (30 min.)

A Trip to Pelican Island, Florida. Illus-
trated by lantern-slides. By Ernest
Thompson Seton, Greenwich, Conn.
(20 min.)

With the Terns on Bird Key, Tortugas.
Illustrated by lantern-slides. By Dr.
Paul Bartsch, Washington, D. C.
(15 min.)

Ten Minutes with the Birds of the Dis-
trict of Columbia. Illustrated by lan-
tern-slides. By Dr. Paul Bartsch,
Washington, D. C. (10 min.).

Random Notes on Bird Preservation.
Illustrated by lantern-slides. By Ed-
ward H. Forbush, Westboro, Mass. (25
min.)

Results of the Federal Bird Migration
Regulations. By Dr. T. S. Palmer,
Washington, D. C. (30 min.)

The American Museum's Expeditions in
South America. By Dr. Frank M.
Chapman, New York City. (30 min.)

A Course in Bird-Study

A course in bird-study has been given
regularly every summer for the last eight
years at the Biological Laboratory of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
The Laboratory, which is located at Cold
Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York,
is thirty miles east of New York City, on
an arm of Long Island Sound. In the
immediate vicinity are four fresh-water
lakes, sphagnum bogs, pine barrens,
forest-clad hills, scrubby pastures, and
salt marshes, as well as the shore of the
Harbor. This variety of habitat is con-
ducive to a varied list of birds. The Green
Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, and
Spotted Sandpiper, as well as a great
many species of land birds nest in the
vicinity.

Notes from Field and Study

197

The course, which consists of some
twenty lectures and of daily excursions
for field-study, is in charge of Mrs. Alice
Hall Walter, co-author of 'Wild Birds in
City Parks,' and editor of the Audubon
School Department of Bird-Lore. The
course will be given again this coming
summer, beginning July i, and continu-
ing to August 12. Mrs. Walter will be
assisted by Dr. C. E. Ehinger, of the
State Normal School of West Chester, Pa.

Several of the lectures wiU be given by
Professor H. E. Walter, of Brown Uni-
versity.

A summary of the lectures is as follows:
Classification, with particular reference
to North American birds; ancestry;
anatomy, based upon the evolution of the
skeleton and the adaptation of structure
to environment; plumage and molts,
showing the development of the different
kinds of feathers and their uses; songs;
nesting-habits; food-habits, with especial
reference to economic ornithology; pro-
tection; theories and facts of migration;
distribution (i) in general, (2) within
limited areas; general and particular
methods of study adapted to wide or
restricted areas, together with practical
suggestions for bird-study in schools.
A collection of books, pamphlets, etc.,
dealing with birds and bird-study will
be exhibited, discussed, and placed at the
^disposal of students taking this course;
also, a collection of nests.

Excursions for the summer of 1914 are
as follows, subject to conditions of weather
and the regular schedule of work: Gardi-
ner's Island, Lake Ronkonkoma; Oak
Beach or Fire Island; the Brooklyn
Museum; American Museum of Natural
History, or Bronx Park, as the class
may choose.

During the six weeks, a beginner can get
an introduction into ornithology, and
can become more or less familiar with
some sixty species of nesting-birds. In
addition to learning to identify by eye
and ear the birds in the field, much work
is done toward obtaining accurate and
complete data, first-hand, concerning the
habits and behavior of the birds of the

vicinity. A nesting-chart is made each
season, together with a list of species
identified. Last summer, more than three
hundred and fifty nests, either in use or
abandoned, were located and identified.
Special observations have to do with
decline of song, changes in feeding-habit,
and occurrence, early fall migration
movements, late nesting records, and the
post-nuptial molt.

In addition to the field-work outlined
above, particular attention is paid to the
identification of trees and all forms of
vegetation which furnish nesting-sites,
nesting-materials, or food for the birds.

The course is especially valuable for
teachers of nature-study, and each sum-
mer a number of teachers avail themselves
of the unusual opportunity to add to
their efficiency in this very enjoyable
way. — G. Clyde Fisher, American
Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

European Widgeon in Ohio

On April 5, 1914, with Mr. Ed. Hadeler,
I discovered four Ducks upon the river,
and succeeded in reaching the thin fringe
of willows at the water's edge, where we
could watch them with our glasses at
close range.

Two were female Baldpates, the third
an adult male Baldpate, while the fourth,
being a red-headed 'Baldpate' with black-
ish chin and throat, staggered us for
awhile; but upon consulting a pocket-
guide, and later other works, we were
assured that we had seen a European
Widgeon in adult male plumage. I am
glad to say we made the most of this
opportunity until the Ducks were startled
by a boy appearing across the river.

This particular specimen had as white
a 'pate' as the Baldpate, the rest of the
head and neck being so distinctly reddish
brown as to attract notice at once. This
changed to blackish on chin and throat.
The back, sides and flanks were so finely
lined with black upon white as to appear
a French gray; the breast was a light
cinnamon, belly white, the tail black. — E.
A. DooLiTTLE, Painesville, Lake Co., Ohio.

iloob jBtetofi^ anti 3^etofetD0

Distribution and Migration of North
American Herons and Their Allies.
By Wells W. Cooke. Bulletin No.
45, Biological Survey. 70 pp., 21 maps
in text. 1913.

Through an oversight this important
publication has not before been noticed
in Bird-Lore. It treats of the Ibises,
Jabiru, Flamingo and Roseate Spoonbill,
as well as the Herons, and includes all the
species of these groups found from Panama
northward. When any of these birds are
found south of Panama their South
American as well as North American
range is given.

The ranges of all the species regularly
occurring in the limits prescribed are
given in great detail, and are graphically
illustrated by a series of most instructive
maps. The localities from which a species
is recorded are entered on the map of its
distribution, and the symbols employed
readily enable one to determine whether
the bird occurs at the point marked, as a
breeder, in summer, in winter, etc.

Comparatively few of the species
treated are strictly migratory, those which
breed from southern Florida and south-
eastern Texas and southward being found
as species, throughout the year. There
is, however, more or less wandering, and,
with some species, a curious northward
movement after the breeding season.

Professor Cooke calls due attention to
this post-breeding 'migration' and adds:
"A still more remarkable migration habit
is that of the Snowy Egret. Numbers of
these birds migrate in the spring far north
of the breeding range, and remain through-
out the summer in these northern dis-
tricts as non-breeders."

This Bulletin takes its place with similar
ones prepared by Professor Cooke for
the Biological Survey, on the shore-birds.
Ducks and Geese, Warblers, etc., and is a
mine of information for anyone who would
know where and when the birds it deals
with may be found. Let us hope that
others will soon appear. — F. M. C.

(I

Field Note-Book of Birds. By. A. H.
Wright and A. A. Allen. Department
of Zoology, Cornell University. Includ-
ing Outlines for the Recording of
Observations, and Sheets for Preserv-
ing a Check-List of Birds Seen. For
Sale by the Cornell Co-operation.
Ithaca, N. Y. Price 50 cents, postage
4 cents.

This field book is intended primarily to
receive one's observations on the color,
form, actions and notes of strange birds
as a means to their identification. Each
page of the body of the book is headed by
an outline representing a generalized
figure of a passerine bird. Woodpecker,
Gull, wading-bird, shore-bird. Duck or
Hawk. A model sheet explains how these
outlines are to be filled in, and also how
the remainder of the page may be utilized
in recording data on habits, distribution,
nest, etc. Tables giving 'The Average
Date of Spring Arrivals of Birds at
Ithaca' and 'Earliest Nesting Dates for
Ithaca,' and ruled pages for a check-list
roll-call are added. The whole makes an
attractive and practical booklet well
designed to aid the field student both in
observing and recording.^F. M. C.

Cassinia: Proceedings, Delaware Val-
ley Ornithological Club, XVII,
1913. [Issued March, 1914.] pp. 1-68;
I plate.

'Cassinia' for 1913 opens with one of
Witmer Stone's always acceptable con-
tributions to the literature of biographical
ornithology, if this term may be used in
contradistinction to ornithological biog-
raphy! He writes of Alexander Wilson,
and reminds us of the remarkable fact
that his "entire ornithological career, from
the day he announced his intention of
making a collection of 'all our finest
birds,' to his premature demise [at the
age of forty-seven], covered but ten
years!" Mr. Stone speaks especially of a
statue of Wilson by Alexander Calder,
now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and makes the admirable

98)

Book News and Reviews

199

suggestion that a life-size cast in bronze
be made of this statue and placed in the
new Parkway which will pass in front of
the Academy. A half-tone plate of the
statue illustrates Mr. Stone's article.

Henry W. Flower's paper on 'Some
Local Fish-eating Birds' contains much
interesting information concerning the
food habits of 25 species of birds.

In 'The Ovenbird's Call-Song,' Robert
Thomas Moore presents an addition to
his studies of the songs of American birds.
Annotated records of eleven songs or types
of songs are presented; but, accurate as
they doubtless are, we feel that this
method of rendering bird-notes can never
make so strong an appeal to one's imag-
ination as does such an apt bit of syllabi-
fication as Mr. Burroughs' (whose name
is consistently misspelled "Borroughs")
'Teacher, Teacher, teacher, TEACHER,
TEACHER!^ This statement, however,
is in no wise intended to detract from the
value of Mr. Moore's important studies.

Samuel N. Rhoads' discovery of 'The
Snow Hill Bird-Roost' near his own
home shows that the most observant
student never gets to the end of the pos-
sibilities of even a locally restricted area.

'A Census of the Turkey Vulture in
Delaware,' by Charles J. Pennock, a
'Report on the Spring Migration of 1913,'
compiled by Witmer Stone, an 'Abstract of
the Proceedings of the Delaware Valley
Ornithological Club, 1913', 'Club Notes'
and Bibliography for 1913, conclude the
number.

We note that the reports of attendance
at the regular meetings of the Club read,
"Thirty-five members and two visitors
present;" "one visitor and twenty-one
members present," etc., whereas one
member and twenty-one visitors present
is a condition which sometimes prevails
in allied organizations! — F. M. C.

Birds of the Thomas County [Ne-
braska] Forest Reserve. By John T.
ZiMMER, Proceedings Nebraska Ornitho-
logical Union, V, 1913, pp. 51-104.

If the efforts of the United States Forest
Reserve are successful, the region in which

these studies are made will, in due time,
be changed from one of treeless, grass-
covered prairies and sand-dunes to an
area of pine forests. It is a matter of
much importance, therefore, to make a
study of the avifauna there under existing
conditions for comparison with those
which will prevail when the hundreds of
thousands of pines planted have become
large enough to furnish food, shelter and
nesting-places for birds.

In view of the facts that the open nature
of the country makes it possible to dis-
cover, with comparative ease, the birds
inhabiting it and, furthermore, that many
of the observations herein recorded were
obtained during the nesting season, Mr.
Zimmer's paper, which lists 142 species,
appears to supply just the kind of basis
which will be useful in determining how
the character of the bird-life may be
affected by the radical change which will
occur in the locality it covers. — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — The April number opens
with an article entitled 'Among the
Birds of the Sudan,' by Mr. J. C. Phillips,
who gives us a glimpse of bird-life along
the Blue Nile, and illustrates his paper
with a color-plate of- a new Night-jar
{CaprimulgHS eleanorce). Mr. Phillips also
has notes elsewhere on the effect of cold
storage on the molt. Mr. E. S. Cameron
writes pleasantly of 'The Ferruginous
Rough-leg {Archibuleo ferrugineiis) in
Montana,' and gives us also some fine
pictures of birds and scenery. His anec-
dote of how a bird of this species picked
up a cat by mistake for a rabbit is an
excellent illustration of the present-day
phrase 'reaction to stimuli.' An impor-
tant contribution to economic ornithology
is by Mr. H. C. Bryant on 'Birds as
Destroyers of Grasshoppers in California;'
wherein tables of figures and percentages
are well worth the careful consideration
of those interested.

Dr. R. M. Strong's paper, 'On the
Habits and Behavior of the Herring Gull,'
etc., is concluded. It might be called an

200

Bird - Lore

intensive study, which brings out many
points of interest. There is a world of
significance in the following quotation:
"just how much this behavior is tied up
with instinctive activity is of course
beyond knowledge." This, however is no
reason for discouragement in the making
of minute observations. Mr. A. A.
Saunders seems to have succeeded well
in 'An Ecological Study of the Breeding
Birds of an Area near Chateau, Montana.'
An exact census is hardly ever possible,
but repeated counts are better than the
repeated guesses of many local lists. It is
pleasant, however, to find so excellent
a list as that by Messrs. L. S. Golson and
E. G. Holt, on 'Birds of Autauga and
Montgomery Counties, Alabama.' The
putting of three pictures on one plate has
not given a happy result in this case.

Mr. V. Burtch certainly got a remark-
able 'ghost' photograph of Holbcell's
Grebe, which he explains under the cap-
tion, 'Does a Grebe Spread its Wings Just
before Diving.' Mr. H. W. Wright
describes an unprecedented incursion of
Acadian Chickadees into eastern Massa-
chusetts in the fall of 1913, some seventy
having been seen at many different places.

The General Notes are filled with
unusual records too numerous to mention,
and the department of Recent Literature,
especially the reviews of items in the
ornithological journals, is fully up to its
high standard. The annual lists of mem-
bers of the A. O. U. conclude the issue. —
J. D., Jr.

Book News

The first fourteen volumes of Bird-
Lore recently sold for forty dollars,
unbound, a sum nearly three times as
large as that for which they were pub-
lished.

The Annual Report of the Director of
the Department of Marine Zoology of
the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
for 1913, contains a list of 57 species of
'Birds Observed on the Florida Keys,
April 25 to May 9, 1913,' by Paul Bartsch,

a note on the 'Homing Instinct in the
Noddy and the Sooty Tern, which Nest
upon Bird Key, Tortugas,' by John B.
Watson and K. S. Lashley, and another
upon 'Nesting Instincts of Noddy and
Sooty Terns,' by K. S. Lashley.

In continuing his important experi-
ments on the homing instinct of Noddies
and Sooty Terns of Bird Key, Dr. Wat-
son, among other tests, had six of the
former and four of the latter released
near the middle of the Gulf of Mexico,
515 miles from the Key. Of the ten,
eight returned (three Noddies and five
Sooties), the first one arriving three
days and twenty-two hours after it was
set free.

'Birds in the Bush,' the new depart-
ment of 'The Guide to Nature,' con-
ducted by Mr. E. J. Sawyer, is abun-
dantly illustrated by its editor with draw-
ings of birds, which shows them much as
they appear in Nature. The plan is an
admirable one, and so well executed
that these drawings, aside from their
attractiveness, should prove a help in
identifying the birds they represent.

The Department of Game and Fish of
the State of Alabama issues an admirable
Bird Day Book, the seventh of its series.
It is prepared by John H. Wallace, Jr.,
the Game and Fish Commissioner, con-
tains 88 pages and a number of illustra-
tions, both colored and uncolored, forming
a most attractive and useful publication.

If the manuals they issue may be
considered an index, Alabama and Wis-
consin may, we believe, claim to be far
in the lead of other states in the atten-
tion they give to Bird Day.

The Fifteenth Annual Report of the
Michigan Academy of Science contains a
paper (pp. 178-188) by N. A. Wood, on
'The Breeding Birds of the Charity
Islands with Additional Notes on the
Migrants.' From these Saginaw Bay
islets 170 species of birds have now been
recorded of which thirty-seven are known
to breed.

Editorial

20I

iStrti'itort

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THl AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributingEditor.MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published June 1, 1914 No. 3

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, twenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYRIGHTBD, 1914, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand

Never before has the interest in birds
in this country been so widespread as it
is today. Laws, both Federal and State
are, as a whole, the best we have ever
had, and they are more effectively
enforced than at any previous time.

The educational work of the National
Association of Audubon Societies, as its
report shows, has been so successful that
the Association has with difficulty met
the demands made upon it.

Many plans are on foot for the estab-
lishment, in various parts of the country,
for bird-refuges or sanctuaries, and for
the systematic placing of nesting-houses
and feeding-stations in parks and ceme-
teries. Owners of country places, small
and large, are endeavoring in various
ways to attract birds about their homes.

All that has been done in this direc-
tion we feel is only a beginning. We look
forward to the day when birds will be
considered as essential a part of country
life as flowers are now; when the com-
moner species, at any rate, will be as
generally known as are daisies and
dandelions.

Then will man begin to realize on one
of Nature's endowments, of which until
recent years only the elect have availed
themselves. Then will the potential
value of birds to man become in greater
measure actual.

That this day will come we have not
the slightest doubt. The change in our
attitude toward birds, and our gradual

awakening to the beauties of bird-life
has been a perfectly normal response to a
variety of causes all of which can be
traced primarily to the influence of the
American Ornithologists' Union, and to
the Audubon movement which originated
in the Union.

At present, in our opinion, the greatest
single factor hastening this ornithological
millenium is the formation of Junior
classes by the National Association. The
enrollment in a single season of nearly
100,000 children in definite courses of
bird-study, and supplying them with the
leaflets and colored plates of the Asso-
ciation is an accomplishment of untold
importance. Nor does this figure convey
a real idea of the far-reaching effects of
the Association's labors. Next year it
has been promised support to continue
to develop this most productive field.
At the present rate of increase, with
adequate means, not many years will pass
before one million children will have had
some instruction concerning our com-
mon birds, and will have learned where
they can get further information if they
want it.

It is not to be expected that they all
will want it. We can make bird-lovers
far easier than we can make bird-students.
Nor should we expect everyone who shows
appreciation of the charm of the living
bird to become an ornithologist. We
have all heard of the person who hated
botany and loved flowers; but that
surely is no reason for discouraging a love
of flowers.

So let us continue our work in making
bird-lovers, with a hope that now and
then we may rouse the latent spark
which fires the ambition of the true
ornithologist.

It is greatly to be hoped that Con-
gress will make a large enough appro-
priation to insure the enforcement of the
law designed to protect migratory birds.
Although this law did not go into effect
until October, 1913, the results of the
protection it has afforded wild fowl
are apparent in many places.

Cl)e Audubon ^octet{e0

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL 'WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, at 53 Arlington Avenue, Providence, R. I.

HOW TO REACH TEACHERS AND PUPILS

A considerable number of our State Audubon Societies have worked out
this problem in various practical ways ; but since, from time to time, evidences
come to this Department that the teachers and pupils of public schools are not
in touch with the Audubon Societies of their particular states, it may not be
out of place to suggest ways of promoting a closer relationship between them,
at the risk of repeating what has previously been said on this subject.

To the novice, it might seem quite an easy task for any Audubon Society to
reach all of the public as well as private schools of a single state, without undue
expenditure of time or expense. It might also seem easy to such a person for
every teacher of elementary grades to include some form of bird- or nature-
study in the curriculum without great efifort or thought. The experienced
observer, however, knows that such points of view are oversanguine, and, at
the present time, have their counterpart not in practice but in imagination.
True, this ideal is exactly the one we all hope to see come to pass, but fitting
the realities of any situation to an ideal, it goes without saying, "comes hard."

The difficulties of this particular situation are several. First: Not all
Boards of Education favor the introduction of bird- and nature-study into our
public schools or the assistance of any outside society, however worthy or
well directed its work may be.

Second: Teachers are not equally well fitted, either by training, environ-
ment or by special aptitude, to take up nature-study successfully.

Third: The resources of the different State Audubon Societies are not
uniform, and seldom are adequate to the demand made upon them.

The one really favorable and universally acknowledged condition in support
of bird- and nature-study is that the children are eager for it, and a further
argument might be added by stating a truth not always taken into consider-
ation, namely, that some pupils are reached through this study who cannot
be aroused to interest themselves in any other kind of prescribed work.

Admitting the difficulties which must be met at the start, is it not however,
more than worth while to bring teachers and pupils everywhere into touch
with a study so attractive, valuable, and full of possibilities as nature-study
has been proven to be?

Audubon Societies that are going into this matter most efficiently are
sending a paid worker or supervisor of nature-study throughout their states

(202)

The Audubon Societies 203

to visit schools and personally assist teachers. After a canvass of this kind,
public sentiment usually comes to the support of the work by favoring the
introduction of nature-study into the schools as a part of the regular curriculum.

Societies which cannot yet afford this extensive kind of work need not
wait for fortune to come their way, for the possibilities of working by post
are great.

A yearly circular to teachers, containing information about the following
points, ought not only to arouse much interest, but also to awaken confidence
in the sincerity of the Audubon Society, and enthusiasm as to the possibilities
of bird- and nature-study:

1. Traveling-libraries and traveling-pictures.

2. Instructions as to forming Junior Audubon Societies.

3. Demonstration material for loan purposes.

4. List of nature-books available in libraries of the state.

5. List of books and material available in museums of the state.

6. Lectures and lecturers, also meetings desirable to attend.

7. Exhibitions, fairs, conventions, or other general and public methods of
illustrating nature-study from the point of view of horticulture, agricul-
ture, etc.

8. List of excursions for short or long field-trips, with a definite schedule
covering all details of the itinerary.

9. List of magazines, books and other publications, with addresses of
publishers and cost stated.

10. List of national and international legislation of importance, and also
of notable gatherings in the interest of bird- and nature-study, with short
descriptions of the same.

11. Statement in brief of state game-laws and definite objects to work for,
to improve these laws.

12. Invitation to report work done in nature-study to a central committee,
with the double object of keeping in touch with the needs and accomplishment
of each school, and of forming a bureau of exchange, which shall bring different
schools in different parts of the state into friendly, competitive relations.

Other suggestions might be made, but the above are sufficient to test the
aliveness of any Audubon Society. Such an annual bulletin might be well
combined with a Bird and Arbor Day program, and should be sent to every
school in the state and to as many teachers as possible. The very fact that the
Audubon Society of any state has sufficient interest in teachers and pupils to
prepare a comprehensive and entirely useful bulletin of up-to-date information
each year would go a great way in furthering the cause of the birds and that
of nature-study.

In order to make this Department of assistance in this matter, an invita-
tion is herewith given to all Audubon Societies and to all teachers to send in
suggestions which may be printed for the benefit of others. — A. H. W.

204

Bird - Lore

[Note. — The following letter, which was received after the above suggestions were
written, is indicative of the interest that is felt by many educators in bird- and nature-
study— A. H. W.]

CONSERVATION OF OUR BIRDS

Dear Teachers: In our crowded curriculum of school subjects, I feel that we do not
give enough attention to the study of our native birds. Considerable space is devoted
to the subject of birds in our Common School Manual, viz.. paragraphs 376 and 415
to 423 inclusive. A suggestion is made that birds should be studied all the year round,
but I very seldom find any effective work done along that line.

Permit me to suggest that we devote special attention to birds this spring, teaching
the value of birds, both from an esthetic standpoint and for their economic value.

Children should be taught to love birds for their beauty and song, and should be
led to see the value of birds to farm life. The loss to the American farmer through
weeds and insects runs into millions of dollars annually, and the most effective check
on these is our birds.

Instill in the minds of our children a desire to protect, rather than destroy, the birds
and their homes. Learn the names and habits of as many birds as possible. Now is a
good time to get acquainted with our migratory birds, as they return from their win-
ter quarters.

I would suggest that every school in the county have a Bird Day program this
spring. For material, refer to the Bird Day annuals and library books on birds found
in your school library, and write for information on birds and bird-study, from the fol-
lowing sources: United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and
our College of Agriculture; National Association of Audubon Societies; State Audubon
Society, Madison, Wis.; Fish and Game Warden Department, Madison, Wis.; The
Farm Journal Liberty Bell Bird Club, Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa.; American
Humane Education Society, 45 Milk St., Boston, Mass.; State Normal Schools, and
other Colleges; Federal Inspector of Migratory Birds, Portage, Wis.

To perpetuate the work on bird-study, perhaps it might be well to organize an
Audubon Society in your school. Please send us a copy of your Bird Day program.

Yours for kindness to birds,

H. A. AuNE, County Superintendent.
Baldwin, St. Croix Co., Wis., March 31, 1914-

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK
For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XV: Correlated Studies, Manual Training, Arithmetic,
English and Reading

THE LAW OF LIFE

James Russell Lowell voices so truly and so sincerely the feelings of the
nature-lover that I am going to ask you to commence this exercise for May and
June by re-reading the familiar prelude to "The Vision of Sir Launfal." Read
it for the melody in it, the joyousness and deep-welling hope. One who loves
Nature as an interpreter, as a teacher, or, best of all, as a child, cannot help

The Audubon Societies

205

feeling that "the high tide of the year" is coining now, "flooding back with a
ripply cheer" everything which has for months been bare and chill and dead.
By means of the keen senses and delicate imagination of the poet, we may
come nearer to the heart of Nature, and may better understand why she has
been called ''Mother Nature." And let this thought of the motherhood of
Nature be very clear in our minds as we go out into the fields among butter-
cups and cowslips and daisies, with life murmuring and glistening everywhere —
"whether we look or whether we listen."

A GROUP OF BIRD-HOUSES MADE BY BOYS OF THE SIXTH, SEVENTH AND
EIGHTH GRADES OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF NORWALK, OHIO, AT THE SUGGES-
TION OF THE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS.

We have seen many times before, perhaps, grass and trees and sky; but it
is a beautiful thought and a wonderful one that "there's never a leaf or a
blade too mean to be some happy creature's palace," and that over all "the
warm ear of Heaven is softly laid!"

It is our pleasant task to find these palaces and their inmates, and to learn
how Nature is the mother of all forms of life.

In preceding exercises, much has been said about the necessity of food, not
only for birds but, also for all other living creatures. We have tried to dis-
cover some of the ways in which birds get food, as well as some of the places
where they find it. But, if food-getting alone were the chief end of life, there
would soon be no life at all upon the earth; because in a short span of years,
pionths, or even days, any single creature must live out its allotted time and

2o6

Bird - Lore

die. Some other law must go with the law of food-getting and this, we find is
the law of reproduction, — that is producing again creatures to take the place
of those which die. This law is without doubt the most wonderful law we know
of, and since reproduction is a long, cumbersome word, we may call it simply,
the law of life.

Man has endeavored by his inventive skill, to duplicate some of the laws of
Nature, as, for example, by means of the camera to reproduce a likeness of an

MANUAL TRAINING WORK
A few of the 1-13 Wren houses made by the boys in manual training classes. All of these houses were
put up and over half have occupants. — H. P. Brown, Instructor, Berwyn, 111. 1913.

object; but this is very far removed from the real law of life. A photograph,
although a perfect and exact reproduction of its kind, has no power to make
either another photograph or another object similar to the one of which it is a
copy. In Nature, the law of life demands that each living creature be endowed
with power to give life to another creature like itself.

The Audubon Societies 207

You may pick up a seed carelessly, and toss it away without thought of
what is packed so compactly and securely in its close-fitting coats; and yet
that tiny seed contains something more wonderful and more lasting than an
iron-clad warship, for it has the power to live and to grow and to leave other
seeds possessed of life-giving power when it shall have gone through its own
brief life-history. So, when you look at giant locomotives, at whirling spindles
and looms, at ocean steamships, at air-ships, or any of the creatures of man's
mechanism, remember that, powerful and remarkable as they are, they lack
this one greatest endowment — the germ of life.

In May and June, the earth is full to overflowing with life. Everywhere we
can find Nature, the great Earth-mother, offering not only food, but homes for
shelter and cradles for offspring to the myriad creatures which abound through-
out fields, streams, forests, and mountains.

We have already learned about some of the shelters and cradles of birds
(see Bird-Lore, Vol. XV, No. 4, p. 253), but without particular reference to the
law of life. Now we are to learn that only by means of this law can there be
any birds here or anywhere. People are slowly coming to understand that, in
spite of the great number of birds we seem to have, it takes only a short time
to destroy them completely, to lose them forever from this earth of ours,
through careless destruction during the mating- and nesting-season.

The greatest lesson we may learn in this exercise is that of the value of life.
I cannot tell you what life is, — no one knows that, — but it is possible to learn
something of the value of life, and the wonder of life and the joy of living.

These are the things to keep in mind as you go in search of flowers and birds
and insects, and when once you begin to realize how every single living organ-
ism has a part all its own to perform, how it is necessary for it to do this work
in Nature, then you will not need to be cautioned by your parents and teachers,
or compelled by laws, to protect living creatures, instead of destroying
them.

In order that you may gain some idea of the enormous amount of life which
is around you and of which you are scarcely aware, I am going to ask you to
work out a few sums in arithmetic about the food of nestling and adult birds,
since this is the season of nesting with most of our migratory and permanent
birds. The table below is compiled from figures which patient observers have
tabulated, and represent many hours of careful watching and waiting, as you
will believe, should you once try to discover the amount eaten by a single
brood of young birds.

Sums Taken from a Table of the Capacity of Nestling Birds

1. If a single nestling Robin eats 60 earthworms in i day, how many worms would
6 nestlings eat in 10 days?

2. A brood of Long-billed Marsh Wrens have been known to eat 30 locusts in i
hour. How many would they eat in a week, if they were fed from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.?

208

Bird - Lore

3. A brood of House Wrens eat about 1,000 insects in i day. How many would be
eaten in i hour, reckoning the feeding period from 5 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.?

4. The Purple Martin has been observed to feed its young 100 to 300 times a day.
Reckoning from 4.30 a.m. to 7 p.m., how often would the young birds be fed?

Sums Taken from a Table of the Eating Capacity of Adult Birds

1. If 6 Robins eat 265 Rocky Mountain locusts at a single feeding, how many can i
Robin eat?

2. I Nighthawk has been known to eat 500 mosquitos at a feeding. If it fed only
three times a day, how many mosquitos would it eat in a week?

3. Two Scarlet Tanagers have been observed to eat 35 small gipsy moth caterpillars
a minute, for 18 minutes. How many did they eat?

4. One Bobwhite ate 1,700 weed seeds at a feeding, while another ate 5,000 pigeon-
grass seeds. How many feedings would it take to destroy 50,000 of these weed seeds?

A section of the Junior Audubon class, taken just previous to locating bird-boxes
in April. During the summer we took many morning tramps and made the acquaint-
ance of a number of our bird friends. — Mrs. Cora D. Berlin, Wimbledon, North Dakota.

See "A Bird-Study Class in North Dakota," Bird-Lore, Vol. XVI, No. 2, p. 135.

Large as these figures seem, they show but a fraction of the ceaseless activ-
ity of life around us. There are not figures enough to denote the countless num-
bers of insects which are devouring equally countless numbers of plants and
other forms of vegetable life. Looking at the clear, still air above us, or the
ceaselessly moving ocean which is ever beyond us, we cannot even imagine the
life which is contained in them. There is no part of nature-study more delight-
ful than simply finding out living things. The kinds of life, the amazing variety

The Audubon Societies

209

of these kinds, their habits and history. No fairy-tale can equal this story
of Nature.

It has been the joy of very many people to go out and study nature each
spring, particularly when life is at its height. Bird-lovers keep lists of the
different kinds of birds which they see, and welcome each new arrival as a
returning friend. Plant-lovers hunt for the first violet, and the pure white
bloodroot, lingering long in favored nooks and dells to discover shy blossoms.
Insect-lovers need do no more than search here and there, wherever they
may happen to be, to find all kinds of treasures. The impossibility of ever
becoming acquainted with all the different kinds of insects only adds to the
charm of the study.

The following list of birds seen by a boy fifteen years old, during a single
year, in the neighborhood of his home, shows the variety of feathered life
which may be found in a very limited area, provided the observer is a real
nature-lover who knows the haunts of wild creatures and how and where to
look.

[Note. — The following list was seen during 191 2 by Charles O. Handley, at Lewis-
burg, W. Va., in a country 2,100 feet above sea-level. This boy kept a lunch-counter
for birds in winter, and put up nesting-boxes for them at the proper time.]

Lesser Scaup Duck
Least Bittern
Sandhill Crane
Wilson Snipe
Greater Yellow-Legs
Lesser Yellow-Legs
Solitary Sandpiper
Bartramian Sandpiper
Spotted Sandpiper
Killdeer
Bob-white
RuiTed Grouse
Mourning Dove
Turkey Vulture
Marsh Hawk
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Cooper's Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk
Bald Eagle
Sparrow Hawk
American Osprey
Screech Owl
Great Horned Owl
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Black-billed Cuckoo
Belted Kingfisher
Hairy Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker

Yellow-bellied Sapsuckcr
Pileated Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Flicker
Nighthawk
Chimney Swift
Ruby-throated Humming-
bird
Kingbird

Crested Flycatcher
Phoebe
Wood Pewee
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Least Flycatcher
Prairie Horned Lark
Blue Jay
Crow
Bobolink
Cowbird

Red-winged Blackbird
Meadowlark
Orchard Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
Rusty Blackbird
Purple Gracklc
Goldfinch
English Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow

Savannah Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
White-throated Sparrow
Tree Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow
Slate-colored Junco
Song Sparrow
Swamp Sparrow
Fox Sparrow
Towhee
Cardinal

Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Indigo Bunting
Scarlet Tanager
Purple Martin
Cliff Swallow
Barn Swallow
Cedar Waxwing
Red-ej^ed Vireo
Yellow-throated Vireo
Blue-headed Vireo
Black and White Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Tennessee Warbler

2IO

Bird - Lore

Parula Warbler

Cape May Warbler

Yellow Warbler

Black-throated Blue War-
bler

Myrtle Warbler

Bay-breasted Warbler

Blackburnian Warbler

Black-poll Warbler

Palm Warbler

Oven-bird

Water-Thrush

Black-throated Green War-
bler

Maryland Yellow-throat

Yellow-breasted Chat

Hooded Warbler

Wilson Warbler

Canadian Warbler

Redstart

Mockingbird

Catbird

Brown Thrasher

Carolina Wren

House Wren

Winter Wren

Brown Creeper

White-breasted Nuthatch

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Tufted Titmouse

Black-capped Chickadee

Golden-crowned Kinglet

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Wood Thrush

Olive-backed Thrush

Hermit Thrush

Robin

Bluebird

Whip-poor-will and Chest-
nut-sided Warblers heard
but not seen.

This list represents the kind of bird-work which hundreds of people are
doing, for their own pleasure and profit. It is a good kind of work to do, but
may be bettered in one way, namely, by working in connection with others.

For example, if the bird-lovers in each town, city or village would put their
lists together and combine them with the lists of other observers all over their
state, these state-lists could be put into the hands of an expert, who would be
able to gather considerable valuable data from them, which he, in turn, might
send to the head of the Bird-migration Bureau, Prof. Wells W. Cooke, at
Washington, D. C.

Our schools would do best to get information about the birds which are
now given each month in Bird-Lore; for definite data about a few well-known
species is worth far more than indefinite data about many doubtful species.
By learning how to get together a few facts each year about any single species
of bird, plant, insect, or other organism, one may become trained to look for
the essential and important facts of life, instead of groping around, in a maze,
without any clue to the meaning of what is seen and heard.

In bird-study, as in everything else, a few things well done count for
more than many things half done.

To sum up this exercise in a few lines: There are two great laws which con-
trol every organism, namely, food-getting (nutrition), and life-giving (^repro-
duction); the variety of living forms is everywhere apparent; the value of life
may be learned, but what life is no one yet knows; in studying life, have a
method, whatever the forms studied, and finally whenever possible cooperate
with others, at least in bird-study.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Why do poets use adjectives so much more truly than the averasce person? Is it
because they see things more correctly? Notice the adjectives in selection from Lowell.

2. How many kinds of flowers, birds, insects, trees, fishes and other living forms do
you know? Make a list of them.

3. In how many different ways are nests made by birds?

The AuduboD Socieries 211

4. What creatures besides birds make nests?

5. How early do you hear birds in the morning? How late in the evening?

6. Which birds sing first in the morning and last at night?

7. Do birds ever sing during the night?

8. Are soft-bodied or hard-bodied insects fed to nestling birds? Why?

9. Do nestling birds get any water to drink?

10. How are the nests of birds protected from heat, rain and wind?

11. How does the nest of the English Sparrow compare with that of other birds?

12. Do birds of a kind always build the same kind of nest?

13. How would you go to work to construct a Robin's nest? a Chipping Sparrow's?
a Woodpecker's? a Chimney Swift's?

14. Where and how would you place a nest to make it secure?

References: Nestlings of Forest and Marsh, by Irene G. Wheelock; The Home
Life of Wild Birds, by W. H. Herrick; Food of the Bob white, by Margaret M. Nice;
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1910; The Food of Nestling Birds, by
Sylvester D. Judd, Yearbook of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1900; Birds' Nests and Eggs,
by F. M. Chapman, Guide Leaflet No. 14, Supplement to American Museum Journal,
Vol. IV, No. 2; The Nature-Study Review; Field and School Bird Note-Book, No. i
by Anna B. Comstock. — A. H. W.

FROM ADULT AND YOUNG OBSERVERS

A NEST IN A NEST

A large hornets' nest, measuring about four feet in length and two feet
across its greatest width, hung as a much-admired trophy on the front porch of
a country home in Middle Tennessee. A pair of Wrens chose it as the place for
their home, and were soon busy making it to their liking.

They chose an opening in the upper side of the huge hornets' nest, and
there fashioned their own snug little nest.

The four little boys living in the country home enjoyed to the utmost
watching the busy little birds.

The nest hung within three feet of the front door of the dwelling, but the
frequent passing in and out of the door did not seem to disturb the birds in the
least. Soon seven eggs were in the nest.

How impatient the four boys became, waiting for the baby birds to break
the shell! At last the day came when the cry of seven little hungry Wrens
was heard.

Then the old birds were very busy feeding the little Wrens until they were
strong enough to fly away from their "nest in a nest." — Hilda Thoma, Tul-
lahoma, Tenn.

[An unusual observation, showing the adaptability of birds in the selection of nesting-
sites. Since Wrens raise two and three broods in a season, it would be interesting to
know whether the hornet's nest sheltered more than one brood. — A. H. W.l

212 Bird - Lore

THE BLUEBIRD

I saw a Bluebird near the sandheap in the apple tree. He had his nest in
our apple tree. He had a blue back. He had a blue side. He eats seeds. We
throw crumbs of bread out to the birds. I always watch for the birds. I watch
for the Bluebirds in the spring. The Bluebird has a red-brown breast. —
Angie Abel (Grade 11, age 8).

[The habit of watching for the birds in the spring and for the blossoming of plants
and hatching of insects is a fine habit to form. "Study Nature, not books," was the
favorite advice of one great teacher of Nature. — A. H. W.j

THE BOBOLINK

I am a member of the Junior Branch of the Audubon Society of Connecti-
cut. I live in Redding.

The Orchard Oriole is commonly called the Bobolink throughout the coun-
tries it inhabits. Its plumage varies with age and sex. It is often confounded
with other species. Its nest is a wonderful structure, woven strongly of grasses
into a purse-like shape, and it looks as though it was spun on a loom.

This bird is the true friend of the farmer, for it destroys the destructive
bugs which infest the fruit trees.

Since I have joined the bird club I have tried to find out the habits of birds,
and have fed them until they have become tame and come every morning for
food. — John Carroll, (aged 12). Redding, Conn.

THE CHICKADEE

I am a member of the Junior Audubon Society of the Connecticut branch.
I have chosen the Chickadee to WTite about.

The Chickadee's song is heard in the woodland fields. The Chickadee starts
with a human voice and calls its own name, "Chickadee," Chick-a-dee-dee-dee-
dee, then starts all over again.

The Chickadee is fond of meat scraps that some kind boy or girl has tied
to a limb of a tree where they have seen the Chickadee perch.

One day in February, when the ground was covered with snow, I took some
scraps of meat and tied them to a cherry tree. One day afterward I saw a
Chickadee on the under side of the meat. It got a good mouthful and flew
away. It became so tame that it flew in the woodhouse door and flew against
the window, but I caught it and set it free. I joined the Bird Society when I
was twelve years of age. — R. Ryder (aged 12), Redding, Conn.

[These two entertaining letters show the value of our Junior Audubon organization.
It might be well to notice that the Orchard Oriole and Bobolink are two quite differ-
ent species. Although both are fine songsters, and the male and female of each are
unlike in coloration, the nesting- and feeding- habits and flight of the two are entirely
distinct.— A. H. W.l

The Audubon Societies 213

HOW TO STUDY BIRDS

When you see a bird, watch what he is doing, and his particular markings.
Get as close as you can, to be sure how large he is; notice what he is eating.

I have a bird-house. It has five rooms. When you make a bird-house, you
must have plenty of air in it for the mother bird. When you want a House
Wren to build, he must have a little hole to fit him about an inch high. He
can drive the Sparrow and the Bluebird away. He is a saucy little fellow.
He is quick and sly. One year we put a box in a tree. The Bluebird built his
nest in it first. The eggs were about to hatch. Then the Wren came and took
possession of the house. Then the Bluebird went away. The Wren went
and brought his wife. They threw the eggs and hay out of the box. They
put in new. Then more eggs were laid. The young hatched. They were
fed spider's eggs. When they were quite large they came up to the hole to
get their meals. We put another box up. The father bird built another
nest in it. Then the mother bird laid eight white eggs. The family of birds
came out and went off to the woods, then came back. In a few weeks the birds
hatched. I could not go to school without seeing birds. — D.wid Prudden
(Grade V, age 12).

[The closing sentence of this letter has a message for everyone. When one is wide-
awake to the outside world, the trees and shrubs and roadsides are alive with birds and
life of all kinds, and going to school becomes a journey of discoverj' instead of a
tiresome compulsory walk. — A. H. W.]

THE FLYCATCHER CLASS

The Flycatcher bird is a lively bird, On seeing one, he's off like a flash,
And a way of his own hath he, For a capture quick, and then,

To perch perchance on a weed or a post With easy, dancing flight, returns
Or the outer branch of a tree. To his chosen perch again.

There, turning his head from side to side, Oh, the Flycatcher birds are lively birds,
He looks with an eager eye, And sportsmen every one,

Above, below, and all around, They always take their game on the wing,

For insects as they fly. Without the noise of a gun.

— By permission of Dr. Garrett Newkirk.

THE ROSEATE SPOONBILL

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

^t)e il^ational SLfi^ocimion of Audubon &ocutU0

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 74

In 1858, when Dr. Henry Bryant visited Pelican Island, on Indian River,
he found not only Brown Pelicans, but also Roseate Spoonbills nesting there.
But even at that early date these beautiful and interesting birds were prey
for the plumer, some of whom. Dr. Bryant writes, were killing as many as
60 Spoonbills a day, and sending their wings to St. Augustine to be sold as
fans!

From that time almost to this, 'Pink Curlews,' as the Floridan calls them,
have been a mark for every man with a gun. Only a remnant was left when
the National Association of Audubon Societies protested against the further
wanton destruction of bird-life, and through its wardens and by the estab-
lishment of reservations, attempted to do for Florida what the state had not
enough foresight to do for itself.

In consequence, the Spoonbill and other birds, have been saved, to delight
future generations of nature lovers. Warden Kroegel, of Pelican Island, tells
me that, in June, 19 13, he saw a flock of 60 on the Mosquito Inlet Reser-
vation, and the day I pen these lines word comes from President Blackman
of the Florida Audubon Society, that he had seen 50 Spoonbills on Bird Island,
on the Gulf coast. So let us hope that what I have to write here relates not
to a species approaching extinction, but to one which, under proper guardian-
ship, is increasing and will continue to increase.

The Roseate Spoonbill belongs to one of those families of birds which, like
Ibises, Parrots, Trogons, and many others, are distributed throughout the
warmer parts of the earth. Thus there are European, African, Asian, and
Australian Spoonbills, none pink like ours, but all with the singularly shaped
bill which gives them their common name. There are only six members in
this small family; and how they should have become so widely separated is
a question no one has answered satisfactorily. It is, however, known that,
at one time in the earth's history, what are now Arctic regions were very
much warmer, and it is not improbable that at this period Spoonbills may have
lived on the border of the Arctic Sea. When the climate changed and the ice
of the Glacial Periods formed. Spoonbills, with other birds, were forced
southward, and hence, although we find them today at far distant parts of
the globe, they at one time may have lived much nearer together.

Of the six known species America received but one, the Roseate Spoonbill,
whose peculiar scientific title of Ajaia ajaja is based on the name given it
by certain South American Indians. When naturalists first knew this bird

(214)

ROSEATE SPOONBILL
Order — Herodionea Family — Plataleidae

Genus — Ajaia Species — Ajaja

The Roseate Spoonbill 215

it was found throughout tropical America north to our Gulf States from
Texas to Florida. In the United States, it is now confined largely to south
Florida, where, as I have already said, it was fast approaching extinction
when the Audubon Societies came to its rescue.

Although I first went to Florida in 1887, it was not until 1908 that I saw
Spoonbills there. Doubtless always more common on the coast than in the
interior, the few survivors were to be found only in the most remote part of
the great mangrove swamps south of the Everglades. On the evening of
March 29, 1908, after traveling all day through mud and mangroves, we
reached Cuthbert Rookery, near the extreme southern part of the peninsula,
and found, to our intense satisfaction, that among the thousands of Herons
nesting on it there were about 40 Spoonbills.

The beautiful peach-bloom-like pink of the Spoonbills was noticeable at
a great distance. In manner of flight they resemble Ibises rather than Herons,
the neck being fully extended. The flock formation is also like that at times
assumed by the Ibis, each bird flying behind, but a little to one side, of the
bird before it, a number, therefore, making a diagonal file. Spoonbills, how-
ever, so far as I have observed, maintain a steady flapping of the wings,
uninterrupted by short sails, as in the case of the Ibis.

The Spoonbill's peculiarly shaped bill is adapted to an equally peculiar
method of procuring food. I have never seen one of these birds in nature
feeding nearby, but Audubon tells us that they "wade up to the tibia, and
immerse their bills in the water or soft mud, sometimes with the head and

even whole neck beneath the surface They move their partially

opened mandibles laterally to and fro with considerable degree of elegance,
munching the fry, insects or small fish which they secure, before swallowing
them."

Audubon says nothing of the voice of the Spoonbill. At Cuthbert Rookery
I heard no notes I could identify as theirs, but two years later, in Mexico,
I heard them utter a low, croaking call at their nests.

Fear in animals is so often born of pursuit by man that it is often difiicult
to say whether birds which have been much hunted are shy instinctively or
intelligently. Wild Ducks, we know, are as wary as birds can well be where
they are shot, but surprisingly tame where they are protected and fed.

I have seen White Egrets roost nightly near a hacienda in Cuba where
they had learned they were safe, but those in Cuthbert Rookery were startled
into sudden flight by the report of a gun fired at a distance of a mile and
a half.

If, therefore. Spoonbills could be made to realize that man was their
friend rather than their enemy, they, too, might learn to trust him. But,
unfortunately, their experience with the human race has developed anything
but love of it.

Although the Spoonbills in Cuthbert Rookery had nests with eggs, they

2i6 Bird - Lore

deserted them as soon as we entered the rookery. An umbrella blind was
placed in one of the larger mangrove bushes, but after hours of waiting, no
Spoonbills were seen. At sunset the birds of various species began to return
to the rookery for the night. Flock after flock of White Ibises, with bright
red feet and faces, came to roost in favorite trees. With much talking Louis-
iana Herons greeted birds that had evidently been absent during the day.
Turkey Vultures silently sailed in to perch in rows on the branches of a dead
tree, and, suddenly, six Spoonbills, with a resonant woof-woof-woof of beating
wings, lit in my foreground. One of them was within fifteen feet of me. As
it grew darker the birds became more numerous, pouring into the rookery
from every side, and as they settled for the night and disputed the possession
of some perch with their neighbors, there arose a veritable babel of voices.

Their keen sight dimmed by the gloom, the birds were now less shy. A
Louisiana Heron sought what was doubtless his regularly frequented perch
within reach of my foot, others took adjoining limbs, and, as the crowning
event of the afternoon, a Spoonbill and two Snowy Egrets roosted in the
same tree with me.

There were about a dozen Spoonbills' nests in this rookery, four or five
of which held fresh eggs. In one there were four, in the others, three eggs.
The nests were in the mangroves often near one another, and at an average
height of ten to twelve feet. They were made of larger sticks than those
used by the American Egrets which were nesting near them. As a rule the
sticks were rather loosely put together and the nests were far from care-
fully made.

Spoonbills' eggs, like their habits and structure, indicate that they are
more nearly related to the Ibises than to the Herons. Instead of being blue
like those of Herons, they are white or pale greenish blue, more or less heavily
blotched with brown at the larger end, and with spots or specks scattered
over the remaining surface. Thus, they resemble the eggs of the White Ibis.
They measure about two and a half inches in length and one and three-quarters
in breadth.

The eggs we found in Cuthbert Rookery on March 29 were freshly laid,
but we had reason to believe that the birds had been robbed and that this
was a second laying. Audubon says that the eggs are laid about the middle
of April, but there are specimens in the United States National Museum
which were secured on Marquesas Key, Florida, January 11, 1883. Un-
questionably, therefore, the birds begin to nest as early as January. Later
dates may be, as with the Cuthbert Rookery birds, second layings, or due
to the variation in nesting-time which sometimes occurs among birds breeding
in warmer climates, where the necessity for regularity is not so urgent as it
is further north where the warm season is shorter.

On April 17, 1910, I found a colony of about 200 pairs of Roseate Spoon-
bills on Pajaro Island, in Tamiahua Lagoon, on the Gulf Coast of Mexico,

The Roseate Spoonbill 217

south of Tampico. Most of the nests contained well-grown young at least a
month old, and probably older. Allowing a month for hatching, and it is
evident that these birds begin to lay about the middle of February.

Shortly after birth, Spoonbills are covered with a snowy white down,
through which one can see enough of their pink skin to give them a pinkish
appearance. The feathers, however, are not colored. While they are in the
nest, this plumage, 'natal down' as it is called, is followed by what is known
as the 'Juvenal plumage' in which they leave the nest.

In general appearance they now strongly resemble their parents; but
the head and throat are thinly covered with white feathers, and the rusty
marks at the sides of the breast and end of the tail of the adult are replaced
by pink.

In the Mexican colony, four was the usual number of young. They were
well-behaved youngsters and, in the absence of their parents, rested peace-
fully in their homes, or occasionally ventured on thrilling excursions of a
few feet to the adjoining limbs.

But, when their parents returned, they were all attention and on the
alert for food. At such times they usually stood in a row on the edge of the
nest facing the old birds, and in a most comical manner swung the head and
neck up and down. I have seen balanced mechanical toys which would make
almost exactly the same motion. The toys, however, were silent, while the
little Spoonbills all joined in a chorus of tremulous, trilling whistles, which
grew louder and more rapid as the parent approached.

What their parents brought them I could not see, nor, for that matter,
could they. But, with a confidence born of experience, the bird that had the
first opportunity pushed its bill and head far down its parent's bill to get
whatever was there. This singular operation sometimes lasted as long as
ten seconds, and it was terminated only by the parent which, much against
the will of its offspring, disengaged itself; then, after a short rest, a second
youngster was fed, and thus in due time the whole family was satisfied.

The young now sank contentedly back in the nest, and the old ones stood
quietly by, or went back to the shores and marshes for further supplies.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Dutcher, President
Frederick A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5.00 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100.00 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000.00 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000.00 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000.00 constitutes a person a Benefactor

GLORIOUS RESULTS FROM THE JUNIOR CAMPAIGN

A Junior Architect, of Plain-
field, New Jersey

lEYOND doubt,
nothing is so
great a problem,
or one wliose
solution is so im-
portant to the
future prosperity
and peace of the
country, as the
rescue of the
children of the
land from evil
influences, and
the diversion of
their r es 1 1 ess
activity and curiosity into safe and bene-
ficent channels. To do this their interest
must be excited in something which will
appeal to their minds as amusing, and at
the same time really worth while.

The pursuit of the study of natural
history offers just these attractions, and
to a large extent appeals to girls as well as
to boys. No better place to begin this
study exists than in watching the activities
of birds, which invite the interest of all
children by their pretty ways, sweet
voices, and domestic habits. In respect
to no other class of animals is sentiment
so mingled with science as here; and, when
one needs to cultivate in a young mind a
sense of the duty of consideration for

(2

animals, the bird offers the best possible
point of beginning.

These thoughts would rise first to the
mind of the moralist and social economist
as he looked at the astounding success
of the Junior Audubon movement dis-
played by the statistics published in these
pages,^and mayhap that is really the
important thing that has been accom-
plished. It may be that these tens of
thousands of children, poring over their
leaflets, memorizing the various birds
pictured while happily reproducing their
portraits with their crayons, and exer-
cising their ingenuity in pleasant rivalry
as they contrive their bird-lodges and set
them in cautiously chosen places, are
acquiring, quite unknowingly, powers
and qualities that will be of far greater
value to them in the future than will their
store of ornithology.

But for us in the National Association
such training is a by-product, very wel-
come, but not the main subject for con-
gratulation. Our wonder and joy are
excited by the fact that all over our broad
land groups of children have had their
point of view completely changed in
respect to the world of life. A bird, or a
squirrel, or a butterfly, is no longer to
their eyes merely a thing which arouses
the barbaric instinct of capture, but a

18)

The Audubon Societies

219

being with distinct and interesting char-
acteristics, qualities, and relations to us
and the rest of the world — an object
from which something may be learned,
and which must not be wantonly sacri-
ficed. With the growth of interest, there
naturally arises a sense of care; and bird-
lov^ers are inevitably bird-protectors.

That this is the real significance of
'bird-study' in the schools, is plain from
the letters printed elsewhere in this num-
ber. None of these letters was written
for publication, but each gives the simple
annals of a little club here and there, many
of whose
bright faces
smile at

pared material at half, or less than half,
the actual cost of printing and handling.
By the end of the school-year, in 191 1,
533 Junior Classes had been formed,
with a total paid membership of 10,595.
Mrs. Sage has continued to contribute
each year a sum equal to her first gift,
and the work has gone steadily forward.
In 191 2, 10,004 children were enrolled;
in 1913, 12,815; and within the present
year, up to May i, the number of Junior
members who have received systematic
instruction in bird-study Is 17,947.

At the annual meeting of the National
Association in October, 191 1, one of the
members who was present and heard of
this work became impressed with the
desirability of ex-
tending similar
benefits to the
children of the
Northern and
Western States.

from ^these pages,
and each shows that
the work that little
club is doing is a
very important if
not a conspicuous element in the educa-
tion of every member.

As a matter of fact, bird-study is every
day coming to be a more pronounced
factor in the instruction given to children
in the public and private schools of this
country.

The plan of supplying pupils with two
Educational Leaflets, colored plates, and
outline drawings of birds, and an Audu-
bon button, all for ten cents, was first
offered to children in the Southern States
in the autumn of 1910, when Mrs. Russell
Sage gave the Association $5,000 for
educational work in bird-study in that
region. Mrs. Sage was particularly inter-
ested in the protection of the Robin; and
the Association felt that in no better way
could a part of the fund be expended than
in instructing the children of the South
on the beauty of bird-study and the value
of bird-protection. Hence, it was arranged
to give the children this carefully pre-

BIRD-HOUSE

He therefort - -.^

proceeded t i -*

arrange for a ^"^^ -^

fund of $5,000,

to pay the expense of the proposed experi-
ment. The office-force of the Association
was at once increased, and the plan pre-
sented to northern and western teachers.
The results were even better than in the
South, for, when the schools closed in June,
191 2, it was found that 19,365 Juniors had
been enrolled. For the work the next
year this good patron of the children
increased his gift to $7,000, and 40,342
Juniors were added to the ranks. During
the past year this same interested friend
has provided $12,000 for this work, and
the total number of Juniors enrolled this
year, up to May i, is 79,823.

Statistics of Junior Classes and their
members, from June 15, 1913, to May i,
1914, arranged by states. North and
South, follows on page 221.

The Audubon Societies

221

Southern States (Mrs. Russell
Sage Fund)

Summary ending May i, 1914. 1913-

States Classes Members Members

Alabama 29 461 203

Arkansas 8 113 99

District of Co-
lumbia 5 91

Florida 162 3,426 2,202

Georgia 66 1,151 763

Kentucky 66 1,414 1,081

Louisiana 24 424 124

Maryland 113 2,270 344

Mississippi 37 646 269

North Carolina.. 54 889 607

Panama i 31 92

South Carolina.. 33 431 168

Tennessee 77 1,501 2,027

Texas 46 872 646

Virginia 155 2,252 1,647

West Virginia. . . 97 1,975 1,338

Totals 973 17,947 11,610

Northern States (Children's
Educational Fund)

Summary ending May i, 1914. 1913-

States Classes Members Members

Arizona i 16

California 45 915 136

Canada 154 2,586 249

Colorado 25 418 245

Connecticut.... 83 1,666 606

Idaho 10 160 28

Delaware 6 64

Carried forw'd. 324

5,825

1,264

States Classes Members Members

Brought forw'd 324 5,825 1,264

Illinois 358 6,274 2,524

Indiana no i,934 2,649

Iowa 155 2,755 905

Kansas 26 406 143

Maine 51 834 225

Massachusetts. 268 6,508 2,668

Michigan 499 8,852 2,881

Minnesota 194 3,434 1,856

Missouri 74 1,290 782

Montana 46 689 20

Nebraska 30 346 237

Nevada 27 435 132

New Hampshire 32 544 518

New Jersey. .. .406 8,566 7,695

New Mexico... 21 361 136

New York 721 12,901 957

North Dakota.. 24 514 277

Ohio 291 5,923 4,634

Oklahoma 38 573

Oregon 41 717 77

Pennsylvania. .302 5,774 1,666

Rhode Island. . 36 595 1,73°

South Dakota.. 59 813 91

Utah 6 129 20

Vermont 33 636 158

Washington.... 56 835 207

Wisconsin loi 1,019 2,172

Wyoming 19 341 91

Totals 4,348 79-823 36,715

The grand totals for the whole coun-
try are: 5,311 classes, with 97,770 members
on ]May i, 1914, as compared with 48,325

members enrolled up to May i, 1913 —
one year ago.

REACTION IN CALIFORNIA

A concerted and strenuous effort is
being made by the market-hunters and
game-dealers of California to invoke the
initiative at the election next November,
for the purpose of changing the existing
game-law so as to permit marketing of
game under "restrictions" which look
beautiful on paper but will stand little
in the way of the greed of gunners and
dealers. They are using every means
ingenuity suggests to gain votes for the
change, shouting the old argument that
the game belongs to the people, and that
preservation, and the restrictions of the
present excellent law, are made wholly in
favor of rich men and "swell sportsmen."
The fallacy in the logic of this argument
is completely ignored; as is the lesson
of experience, everywhere, that "the

people" will not take care of the game that
is alleged to be theirs, but will let it be
wasted by the few whose interest it is to
destroy it as fast as possible, regardless
of what may come after their time.

Against this onslaught upon law and
order in game-protective matters the
California Fish, Game, and Forest Pro-
tective League is making a sturdy fight.
It has something worth fighting for.
"The sale of game in this State during
the Exposition year," it is declared by
Harry Harper, the spokesman of the
League, "will put five thousand market-
hunters in the field, and will . . . place
a bounty upon virtually every living game-
object that swims, walks or flies."

The National Association trusts local
resistance will succeed.

The Audubon Societies

223

THE JUNIOR COMPETITION
A\VARD OF PRIZES TO SUCCESSFUL CLUBS

Early in the spring, the Secretary of
the National Association sent out to all
teachers and leaders of Junior Audubon
Classes the circular letter quoted below:

"Will you not send us a brief, concise
letter of just what you have been able to
do, and what you think of this plan of
work? The result of your efforts will be
interesting to other people, and will
probably encourage our friends to con-
tinue to make contributions for this
special work in future. Can you send
me a photograph of your class? You
might arrange the children to show them
tying suet and crumbs to limbs, or scat-
tering seed on the ground for the birds.
If any of the children are making bird-
boxes, let them hold these up on the pic-
ture.

"For the teacher sending in the most
interesting photograph of her class, and
a brief account of the work done, we will
give a prize of $10. The two next best
will each receive Chapman's 'Handbook
of Birds of Eastern North America,'
and to each of the seven next best, we
will give a copy of 'Reed's Guide'."

The result of this appeal was the
receipt of a large quantity of photographs
and many letters detailing methods and
accomplishments, from which a selection
of winners has been made, as follows:

List of Prize-Winners

First Prize. — Albany Junior Audubon
Class, Albany, Indiana. Miss Edna
Stafford, Teacher.

Second Prize. — Sutton Junior Audubon
Class, Sutton, West Virginia. Miss Ida
S. Gieven, Teacher.

Third Prize. — Stevenson School Junior
Audubon Class, New York City. Miss
Ida Ullrich, Teacher.

Fourth Prize. — Wm. McGuffey Audubon
Class, Oxford, Ohio. Miss Anna E.
Wilson, Teacher.

Fifth Prize. — Ashland Junior Audubon
Class, Ashland, Ohio. Ralph D. Rich-
ards, Teacher.

Sixth Prize. — Albuquerque Junior Audu-
bon Class, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Miss E. Mrytle Plant, Teacher.

Seventh Prize. — Mississippi Agricultural
Model School Junior Audubon Class.
Miss Ada Joyce Foster, Teacher.

Eighth Prize. — Fourth -Grade Junior
Audubon Class, Manchester-by-the-
Sea, Massachusetts. Miss Eliza G.
Goldsmith, Teacher.

Ninth Prize. — Second-Grade Junior Audu-
bon Class, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Miss
Marie Kugler, Teacher.
Tenth Prize. — Fifth-Grade Junior Audu-
bon Class, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.
The photographs awarded the first and
the second prizes, and some of the others
in the list, will be found reproduced in the
present number. The others have been
reserved for future publication. Of the
essays sent in, several will be found
printed in this number, in whole or in
part, and will furnish many helpful sug-
gestions to other workers in this broad
and fertile field, whose cultivation is not
yet fully understood. The letters show
that thousands of bright little minds are
busy in bird-study; but they show also
that bright minds among the teachers are
earnestly solving the problems that rise
in conducting these eager Juniors.

The National Association of Audubon
Societies offers its sincere thanks and
compliments to all who have so promptly
responded to its circular of invitation.

LOOKING UP A SUBJECT, AT SOUTH
WINDHAM, MAINE

224

Bird - Lore

THE "AUDUBON CORNER" OF A RALEIGH SCHOOL-ROOM

LETTERS FROM JUNIOR CLASSES

From the Prize-Winning Club

The first prize for a class photograph
was awarded to the Junior Class of
Albany, Indiana, and is reproduced on
page 220. The leader of this fine class is
Miss Edna Stafford, who sketches its
origin and progress in the pleasant para-
graphs quoted below:

"One day last summer a twelve-year-
old boy was out on our street with an
air-gun, thoughtlessly shooting at every
bird he could see. Recently the same boy
came to me with a bird which had been
hurt, and in the most sympathetic tones
said: 'Who do you suppose could have
been so cruel as to hurt this dear little
bird? What can we do for it?'

"Our study of birds in the Junior
Audubon Society brought about this
change in the boy. It has greatly inter-
ested the boys and girls, especially in
respect to the protection of the birds.
The boys are out very early each morning,
watching and following the birds.

"We spend one hour each week in

studying birds. Each one in the class is
making a bird note-book. Our first lesson
was a study on the life of John James
Audubon. We next made a list of the
birds that remained with us during the
winter, noting their food and what we
could do to help them. We then studied
the usefulness of birds, and made a study
of the ways by which we might attract
the most useful to our homes. Of course,
the building of bird-boxes came next.
We were getting ready to receive our
summer guests. It was requested that
our bird-boxes should be in our picture, so
I spoke of it to the class; but to my sur-
prise the boys refused, although they
had been so proud of them. But listen to
their reasons. The boxes had already
been put up, and some said, 'Oh we can-
not take our boxes down, for the birds
have begun to build in them,' while others
said, 'I am sure the birds have our boxes
placed, and it would never do to take
them down.'

"But they were willing to build more.

"So in our picture you see them at
work: and there can be no doubt that they
are enjoying it."

The Audubon Societies

22:

The second prize picture (page 222) is
that of the Junior Audubon Class at
Sutton, West Virginia, Miss Ida S.
Gieven, teacher. The picture gives a
good illustration of the pride taken in
these clubs everywhere by their youth-
ful members.

Suggestions from the South

Next comes an interesting letter from
the South, showing how teachers in
Raleigh, North Carolina, foster the
movement in their schools; the writer is
Miss Mary W. Quinn, of Thompson
School, who has charge of the fifth-grade
Juniors depicted on this page.

"The Junior Audubon Society of
Thompson School was organized in the
fifth grade in January, 1914. Since that
time we have had meetings fortnightly,
studying the literature supplied by the
National Association. At each meeting
a story or poem about birds was used.

"In our spring drawing-lessons, and in
our language-work, we have used the

Audubon leaflets and colored plates.
The children found this very interesting,
and never failed to write good stories.
It seemed to put new life and interest
into our work. We have had a most
interesting visit to the State Museum to
study the birds there, as to form, color,
etc.; and on pleasant days we have made
some delightful trips into the woods. One
boy has mounted some birds given him
at the museum, and we have added these
to the Audubon corner of our school-
room. Our collection includes birds' nests
of last 3'ear, cocoons, bird-maps and pic-
tures. The boys at present are building
houses for the Purple Martin.

"During the recent cold weather, each
member fed and cared for the birds near
his home. Quite a number are keeping
bird-diaries. We sing bird-songs at our
opening exercises. Some very interest-
ing maps showing the range of certain
species of birds in the United States have
been made.

"Our Audubon Society has been one of
the most helpful aids to school-work I
have ever had. Some boys who were
reckless and cruel to birds have become
friends and champions of them. As
future citizens, they will realize how

FIFTH -GR.\DE JUNIOR .\UDUBON SOCIETY, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA

m&j^

ia^

CLUB-WORK AT ST. JOSEPH SCHOOL, ESCANABA, MICHIGAN

A CLASS AT MURTUN PARK SCHOOL, CICERO, ILLINOIS
(227)

228

Bird - Lore

valuable birds are to man, and will pro-
tect and spare them."

Rather more formal than most, the
Junior Class at the Practice School of
the Agricultural College of Mississippi
may offer some suggestions to other clubs.
It is under the supervision of Miss Ada
Joyce Foster.

"This society," Miss Foster writes,
"grew out of the daily studies in nature-
work, and the children have become very

and in other good ways. The society,
as a whole, obligates itself to devote at
least one day in each month to the study
of bird-life, and discussions of their own
observations. Instead of this, they have
given ten or fifteen minutes each day in
the week, except Wednesday, on which
day we have an hour's lecture with the
picture-slides.

"Through the study of birds, they have
learned much of insect-life; grouping
insects, as they do the birds, into 'the
good' and 'the bad.' Prof. R. N. Lob-

much interested. They have learned to
recognize our native birds at sight; to
give the names, habits, and place and
method of nesting of those that frequent
the campus and the surrounding wood-
land. They have, from observation,
learned much of the kinds of food each
bird lives upon, and can tell the haunts
of each, and the loss per capita in dollars
and cents through failure to protect and
encourage birds. Each member of this
society pledged himself to do something
to encourage bird-life on the campus,
and upon their home premises. They
have made good this pledge by feeding
the birds through the winter months,
putting up bird-houses near their homes.

dell, of Rosedale, Miss., the director of
the Department of Entomology at the
Mississippi Agricultural College, offered
to give the children of this school one
hour, each week, of illustrated lecture.
He is one of the few men who can present
to children dry facts in a fascinating way,
awakening not only interest but enthu-
siasm in the smallest tots. Consequently
Wednesday is a day watched for in
impatience."

Hints Helpful to Teachers

The next picture and letter disclose
what the Sisters of Notre Dame, at

The Audubon Societies

229

Escanaba, Michigan, have accomplished
among their little people.

"Although our Junior Audubon classes
have been so recently organized, we have
nevertheless accomplished some work.
We are sending you two pictures of our
classes, in which several pupils are
represented with bird-boxes of their own
construction (see page 227), others have
the Audubon bird-pictures, and still
others, bird-pictures painted by them-

these ways we advanced in bird-lore
without omitting anything from the cur-
riculum. The younger pupils were encour-
aged to tell in class of birds they had
seen, and some even ventured to tell
of birds they had shot. Then came
the teachers' opportunity for emphasizing
the need of kindness and protection for
the birds, and for encouraging pupils to
scatter crumbs for them in the cold win-
ter days. Many of the pupils have bird-
boxes alread}^ placed in trees and on poles

EIGHTH PRIZE.— FOURTH-GRADE CLASS, MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA, MASSACHUSETTS

selves. We have utilized the Educational
Leaflets in the following ways: First of all,
since all our pupils are interested in water-
coloring, we encourage them to paint the
outline-copies, besides painting other birds
from the charts shown in the pictures.
All pupils, whether members of the clubs
or not, have written compositions on
birds; those who could, wrote something
of their own experience. The ninth-
grade pupils were permitted to study the
bird-lessons, and to deliver them as oral
reports during the English period. They
also used the same material to distinguish
enumerative from suggestive descrip-
tion, and for practice in condensing. In

near their homes, and thus could not
bring them for the picture."

Very helpful to teachers who find some
embarrassment in learning the method
of conducting their classes is the account,
by Miss Rebecca L. Harding, of how the
meetings of a Junior Class in Springfield,
Massachusetts, are sustained in interest.
This class was organized in Grade VII of
the Central Street School, and is wide-
awake, as the photograph on page 228
attests.

"Games, such as 'Bird-Catcher,' and

230

Bird - Lore

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THE THIRD-GRADE JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS AT RUSTON, LOUISIANA

'International Birds,' are frequently
played for a few minutes, that interest
may not lag. The latter is a game similar
to 'Authors,' naming the birds by using
the final letters of each bird named for the
initial letter of the next to be named.
Poems about birds are committed to
memory; and many of the members have
written letters representing themselves
as birds who have completed their migra-

tion, and are sending messages from their
summer homes to the friends who still
remain at the winter resort.

"The accompanying picture shows some
of the work of the past winter. Two boys
are tying suet to the tree, a third lad is
providing a home for some feathered
songster, and others are scattering crumbs,
or have built houses which they hope will
soon be rented at a reasonable price.

A LOURING- CLASS BECOMES A JUNIOR AUDUBON SOCIETY

The Audubon Societies

231

The boy with a bird-house in the center
of the front row is a prize-winner; the two
at his right discovered and carefully
guarded an Oven-bird's nest containing
four eggs, enthusiastically conducted their
teacher to the sacred spot and, later,
chose to escort the president of our city
bird-club to see their favorite resort and
introduce him to their adopted family,
rather than to attend an anticipated
party at which ice-cream and cake were
to be served."

The picture reproduced on page 229 is
also a product of New England enterprise.

"This class, which was organized last
February, and has a membership of 18,
meets twice a month. When the roll is
called each member answers with the
name of a bird he knows in plumage and
song. The president has requested every
member to make a written report of some
bird observed, to be handed in by May
and giving an account of the nest, care
of young, food and plumage. Out of the
material we have received from the
Department of Agriculture, the birds
in our locality have been selected first
from the ten; but we intend to study
others known to some of the children.

YOUNG BIRD-LOVERS AT FISHER. AMONG THE LOUISIANA PINES

representing Miss Eliza G. Goldsmith's
class, in Grade IV, of the George A. Priest
School of Manchester-by-the-Sea. It is
evident that these pupils are about to spend
a few of the most delightful moments of
the school-week.

Experiences in the Gulf States

Next we spring a thousand miles down
the coast, and get a report from the High
School at Ruston, Louisiana, where the
third-grade group pictured have formed a
wide-awake society under the leadership
of Miss Blanche Heard, who speaks of her
charge as f oUows :

Each member selects a certain point or
paragraph from the pamphlet, and adds
to it any experience of his or her own
that he or she thinks most interesting.
Several pieces of poetry have been learned,
one about the Meadowlark, and another
'The Bird's Nest.' The field-trips are
more interesting to this class, although
they do show a great deal of enthusiasm
in the reading and memorizing of the
poetry about the birds. But to see the
birds and hear the song is, to them, so
real. We have in view many more field-
trips. Several of the boys are making
bird-boxes, but only two have completed
theirs. The picture exhibits what an
eight -year -old boy and a nine-year-old
boy can do with rough materials and few
tools. It is good for the boys as well as
for the birds."

2^2

Bird -Lore

A FOURTH-GRADE CLASS AT MORRISTOWN, N. J.

The picture just below the one taken
at Ruston represents a cooking-class in
the Madison School at Richmond, Vir-
ginia, which has joined with the Junior
Audubon Class in scattering bird-food
on the roof of their school-building.
Probably the birds will come to the feast
after the pretty cooks and waitresses
have departed. The ladj' in the first line

is the reporting teacher, Miss Helen M.
Hall.

The happy group depicted on this page
represents the flourishing society in the
fourth-grade room of the Speedwell
Avenue School at Morristown, New Jersey.
It is under the care of Miss C. E. Beach.

The next illustration carries one in
thought from colonial New Jersey to

The Audubon Societies

233

modern Florida, and shows the club at
Palm Beach, in respect to which Mrs.
Flora Grice Havill, its organizer, writes
an entertaining story:

"This Audubon Class was the result of
the interest aroused by a lecture by Dr.
Eugene Swope; and, after listening to
him, it was easy to arouse enthusiasm in
the pupils. I began by reading to them a
delightful little book, 'Dickey Downy,'
by Virginia Sharpe Patterson, an auto-

program of poems and sketches. We use
our leaflets for either a reading- or a
language-lesson, or both; and so enthusi-
astic have the children become that they
want to study birds only — nothing else
seems to possess enough of life and charm.
They have brought in several deserted
nests, and some of the boys are making
bird-houses. The oflicers of the society
have ofi^ered a prize to the class for the
best essay, of not less than one hundred
and fifty words, on the Robin. They
have chosen for judges the supervisor of

THE DICKEY DOWNY AUDUBOX SOCIETY AT PALM BEACH, FLORIDA

biography of a bird. As I finished the
last chapter, my oldest, roughest, and most
trying boy laid on my desk a good like-
ness of the Meadowlark that he had cut
from a paper and nicely colored; on the
underside were these words: 'I will never
kill another bird.' Then every child
wanted to bring some story, or a clipping
from a newspaper or magazine, pertain-
ing to birds or animals; and some of the
boys consulted the sheriff as to the laws
for their protection. I then organized
an Audubon Society of twenty-six mem-
bers out of my Fifth Grade of thirty-two
pupils, and we named it Dickey Downy
Society.

"We have a meeting once in two weeks,
at which the officers are learning to con-
duct a business meeting and a literary

the primary department and the English
teacher in the high school; and the con-
test promises to be a very interesting one."

Methods in Ohio and New Jersey

Ashland, Ohio, has an important
Junior Class, composed, as its leader,
Ralph D. Richards tells us, of freshmen
and junior high-school students, who have
shown much interest in birds, and call
themselves "The Bluebirds." All are
working for new members, and the class
has grown from thirteen members to
twenty. Its officers are energetic in
getting new members, arranging for

The Audubon Societies

235

meetings, and planning for bird-study
and bird-protection. Only workers can be
in this class, and the members themselves
made a rule that three unexcused absences
from meetings cause one to lose his or
her membership.

"During the past winter we studied
habits and characteristics of birds, so
that as the spring came we might appre-
ciate and help them. Our meetings are
held once a week after school at the school-
house, and once a month in the evening
at the home of a member. Miss Eddy,

three distinct Junior Audubon classes
have been organized in School No. ii in
that city; and they now have a combined
membership of more than one hundred
pupils.

"Meetings are held regularly, in which
bird-charts are kept, recording the time
and place of birds first seen. Family
characteristics are studied; also the habits,
nests, food, etc., of individual birds, with
particular stress on their usefulness. Ways
and means of attracting bird-neighbors
are discussed. Many bird-houses have

BOYS OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS, No. 732, AT FLINT, MICHIGAN

another high-school teacher, is a member,
and helps with the work. We all plan to
take early-morning walks together soon,
and all look forward with much pleasure
to them. Some of the most enjoyable
events of my life have been with young
people out in the field, watching bird-
life and listening to bird-music."

The Class in Flint, Michigan, is so
large that it required two pictures to
carry all the portraits; the one printed
shows that the Flint boys and girls, led
by G. E. Sherman, are ingenious archi-
tects "in the small," as artists say.

Passaic, New Jersey, is evidently an
Audubonian stronghold, for we learn that

been built, with quite as much diversity
as to size and architecture as may be
seen in human habitations. Mr. Kip, of
Passaic, has given the boys and girls
permission to use a ten-acre wood-lot
for their bird-houses. The principal of
the school purposes to have each of the
twelve school-rooms put up a bird-house
in the trees on the school-grounds. The
American Museum of Natural History,
in New York City, has loaned the school
specimens of birds to be found in the
neighborhood. Altogether, much interest
has been manifested; and field-trips will
be undertaken when the weather
permits."

This school enjoys special advantages
of situation for bird-study.

READY FOR SPRING WORK AT CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA

AN ENERGETIC SOCIETY IN PASSAIC, NEW JERSEY
(236)

EXAMINING AN ORIOLE'S
NEST

THIS LAD HAS RISEN TO AN
EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY

A NEW JERSEY BIRD-LOVER

(237)

238

Bird - Lore

COLORING LEAFLETS AT KENOSHA, WISCONSIN

Facts from Western Societies

One of the most extensive reports that
have accompanied the pictures sent in
competition for the offered prizes is that
from Kenosha, Wisconsin, by Miss Lulu
C. Lampe, who has worked hard for the
success she rejoices in. Her picture (page
238) shows the Junior Audubon Class
of the Frank School (Grade IV) coloring
leaflets. Miss Lampe describes how she
utilizes the Audubon enthusiasm in school-
work:

"The work in the study of birds was so
arranged to correlate with language, read-
ing, drawing, and geography. The nature-
study period was used in studying the
bird, the drawing period for coloring the
outlines in the leaflets; the language time
for writing a composition about the
bird; and the colored plates were used for
the decoration of booklet-covers. All the
places spoken of in the leaflets were
located on the map during the geography
class. Even the music can be taken into
consideration, as I have a list of selected
songs for each bird studied. In June of
last year we took a half-holiday, and went
to the woods for a picnic, and also for the
study of birds. Each child took a heap-

ing box of lunch, and the teacher treated
all to ice-cream. The children's parents
have taken a great interest in our club-
work. Many have joined our club, and
desire to attend our meetings, and our
annual picnic. One of the mothers told
me that formerly she was bothered by
children killing the birds near her house,
but that now members of our bird-club
did the watching and punished wrong-
doers."

Another wide-awake western city, Cedar
Rapids, Iowa, is represented by the
unabashed group depicted on page 239,
which is the Audubon Class of second-
grade pupils in the Johnson School.
Their teacher is Miss Marie Kugler, who
writes:

"Last year we organized a Junior
society and enjoyed the work very much.
When we found that we could get another
set of leaflets and birds to color, my pupils
were delighted. Each of the forty-seven
pupils in my room is a member, and all
take an active interest in birds, and in
nature-lore in general. During the win-
ter many of the pupils put food in the
trees about their homes, and at Christ-
mas we placed grain and suet in a tree on
the school-grounds. Some have reported
placing drinking-cups about the yards of

The Audubon Societies

239

their houses, as well as several bird-houses.
We have taken bird-walks, and shall visit
the natural-history department of Coe
College."

The three illustrations on page 240 are
notable. The first is especially interest-
ing because it represents, as its teacher,
Miss Julia V. Goodloe, writes, children
from the mining districts near Birming-
ham, Alabama, most of whom are of
foreign parentage. It is of great impor-
tance to reach this class of our population
and get them to understand and appre-
ciate the American view of bird-saving,
and the reasons for it.

The pleasing Class-picture from Knights-
town, Indiana, is sent by its conductor,
Miss I'lora Strait; that from South Wind-
ham, Maine, (page 223) represents the
class on Forest Home Farm, led by C. A.
Nash; and the Hummingbird lesson is
being given by ISIiss Florence C. Sammon
at Castana, Iowa. This lady writes:

"My bird-class consists of thirty first-
grade and second-grade pupils. Although
the children are small, I am sure you
would smile with pleasure at the bird-
lore they know. I purchased thirty

copies of your bird-pictures, about thirty
different birds. These I mounted, and
hung about the room. Every child knows
every bird-picture I have; and many are
recognizing these birds when they see
them out-of-doors, or hear them about
town. We also keep notebooks and fasten
a leaflet in each one. Thus we can read
it at any time. All together we write a
story of the bird studied, some pupils
offering sentences, and others correcting
them until we have a good, readable
story."

Virginia's Public Bird Day

It was characteristically accommoda-
ting in the always genial Audubon to be
born at so proper a time of the year as
early May; and it is equally graceful in
Governor H. C. Stuart, of Virginia, to
proclaim the observance of May 4,
Audubon's birthday, as the time when the
State's new Bird Day should be cele-
brated. The establishment of this annual
festival of the birds is a notable event for
Virginia, and one that rewards a vast
amount of patient, persistent, and skil-
ful exertion upon the part of the Audu-
bon workers and bird-lovers of that State;

NINTH PRIZE.— A JOLLY CROWD OF JUNIORS AT CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA

THE JL'MOR SOCIETY AT WYLAM, A SUBURB OF BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

MAKING HOMES FOR BIRDS IN VIRGINIA

AN ACTIVE LITTLE CLASS AT KNIGHTSTOWN. INDIANA
(240)

The Audubon Socieries

241

A LESSON ON THE HUMMINGBIRD

and it must be particularly gratifying
to Mrs. R. B. Smithey, Secretary of the
Virginia State Society, and to Miss
Katherine B. Stuart, who have struggled
valiantly to win this boon.

The proclamation, a photographic copy
of which is reproduced herewith, is an
admirable document; and workers in
other States may well turn to it as a model
in assisting their governors to frame
similar proclamations. Other States need,
and would profit by, an annual Bird Day
quite as much as will Virginia.

The Federal Law Operates

It was reported early in April, by Edward
Rayner, deputy United States Game
Warden at Hoboken, N. J., that Sooty
Terns were on sale in New York City by a
dealer named S. Ferster, in violation of
the Federal law. Dr. Palmer, of the Bio-
logical Survey, who has charge of the
enforcement of this law, at once set the
wheels of retribution in motion, and a
State Protector of Fish and Game very
soon had seized 41 pairs of Gulls' wings
and 31 pairs of Terns' wings. The offend-
ing merchant paid $50 for his attempt to
trade in defiance of law.

A Girls' Club in Vermont

An interesting history is related by Miss
Eliza F. Miller of the Society at Bethel,
Vermont, which seems to have arisen

spontaneously and to have unusual
strength.

"About three years ago, at Bethel,
Vermont, three little girls discovered that
I was making a study of caterpillars and
cocoons. They often ran into my kitchen
to see what changes had taken place, and
soon began to hunt specimens for me,
and for themselves. Their wonder was
great when the caterpillar changed to
chrysalis or cocoon, and still greater
when the beautiful winged insect appeared.
These, if they were perfect, were allowed
to float away and be happy. In the winter
of 1911-12, notable for its abundance of
birds, the little folks saw many Chicka-
dees, Redpolls, and others, at my piazza,
and delighted to coax the Chickadees to
their hands. Some of them fed the birds
at their homes.

"Sometimes I gave them reading-

ri H out- r.tpijly atlvunclng civillt

.md uiih the growing apprtMrlatiou of

the importance of conserving Nature**

Cifls. Lomcs each year ftreater realtza-

tfonof the necewity for tile protection

iif Ijirds. The farmer recoilnlies them

more anj more ai-hls friends, and all

tile people lalue them for the heauty

isic they brinft ro the world.

Thit llii-se Ihinfs l.c .l..iibly Imprc-ssi-d. especially

l>uii the v...iiii, 1 ll.r.liy reclaim .inj desl5n;i(e

MONDAY. MAY 4, 1")14

The hirlh.lL.y

,t John J.t

nes Su.ll.h.

... \nie

id's

tre.n

natural!"! .

BIRD

DAY

For tlie Com

nonise.illh

ol \irSl.iia

1 esi»et

ially

urfte (iiitt in

tht p.il.li,

sch.x.ls of

Vlrninia

the

teachers read

his ptucl.i

dd their

ossn

words to its in

tenr. I so

'.i.sl Tll.l! tl

cv call a

tten-

tton Id the «r.

tules ..n tl

e pr.iie, t|..i

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. the

li.« aUaiiiM II

e killinfl ..

rol'itis .11

n> timt

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laws protwli

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irds .luri.ii.

llK- m

>lin«

season, tli.- li^^

s lor tilt.' |H

nisttnient .1

vv.inton

slay-

lot; ol bird iif

.1.1.1 ol d.-s

.,.li,>l...n ..1

tests. St

that

the children.

the l.iiurt

i.tiiens. 111

• iht-

rcspon«il..m>

th.it h up.)

1 them.

In wiii.ew «

litre..!, i h

ve hei,....t.

.(till.

and cau.ssd the li-»sel se

ai o( the i:

mnii.t.,.

e.ilth

to he afltied.

in Kiihniu

nd. this ih

SLith d

ly ol

.\prll. in the

y,ar .j( ...ir

Lord .)iie t

housand

nine

himdred and

foorteen. a

ad ol (he <.A

tnmonss

ealth

tile one hundf-ed and tlvi

ty-elghtb.

■^X^ ^

.-^

>i

^^

242

Bird -Lore

matter, and in March, 1913, they formed
a Nature and Culture Club. This ran a
rather irregular course, but they held
their meetings, and they earned their
first book. Reed's 'Bird Guide.' In
November, 1913, these girls learned of the
offer by the National Association of
leaflets and buttons to any class of ten
children, and at once began a canvass for
a class. On November 15, twelve girls
met in my kitchen for organization, and
since then interest has steadily increased.
Meetings are held twice a month in the
homes of the members, invitations com-
ing weeks ahead. The club is their own,
they take pride in it; the mothers are
cordial toward it, and new members join
it at nearly every meeting.

"They have studied four leaflets, have
colored their outlines, are able to answer
questions about these birds, and are wide-
awake for the spring arrivals. They
bring clippings and sketches for the roll-
call, and always repeat the Lord's prayer
and a psalm, led by their young president.
Many are keeping their leaflets for bind-
ing. Boxes and tomato cans are going up
fast, for bird-houses. The leaflets are

always eagerly received and carefully
studied, as the answers of even the little
ones show. The mothers must be learning
through helping their children. This
plan of work will do wonders for the rising
generation.

"For years, teachers in Bethel schools
have given the children some instruction
in nature-studies, though it is not in the
course. This year Miss Ellen Preston is
helping her boys to make bird-houses,
some of which are bought by the girls
in the class. The boys in the front row
of the illustration are hers. They do
not belong to the Audubon Class, but are
interested in their house-building, and are
anxious for tenants."

Lists of Members, Etc.

We greatly regret that we have not
space this month to print the customary
lists of New Members and of Contributors
to the Association. They will be given in
the next issue of Bird-Lore; and will be
found to be of encouraging length.

EAGER YOUNG BIRD-LOVERS AT BETHEL, VERMONT

1. Sharpe's Seedeater, Adult Male 3. Lark Bunting, Im. Male

2. Sharpe's Seedeater, Female 4. Lark Bunting- Female

5. Lark Bunting, Adult Male
(One-half natural sizei

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI

July— August, 1914

No. 4

At Home with a Hell-Diver
Some Observations on the Nesting of the Pied-billed Grebe

By ARTHUR A. ALLEN, Ithaca, N. Y.
With photographs by the author

FEW birds are more widely distributed than the Pied-billed Grebe.
Occurring from the region of the Great Slave Lake to Chile and Argen-
tina, it differs from most birds in breeding throughout its range. It
is, indeed, rather local
in its distribution, and
in some places almost
absent; but the pond,
lake, or stream that
has not had its 'Hell-
diver,' at least during
the period of migration,
is very exceptional. It
is common, it is well
known, if familiarity
with its name implies
knowledge of it, and
yet it has been one of
the least studied of
our familiar birds. Ob-
servations on its nest-
ing habits have been
extremely desultory ;
careful studies have as
yet not been made.

Nor is this with-
out reason. Few birds

offer greater difficul- ^jjg ^^^j ^^ ^^^ hell-diver, a floating

ties to the ornitholo- mass of debris

244

Bird - Lore

gist who would become familiar with their lives. During their migration
they are conspicuous enough, floating about on the surface of the water,
sinking from sight when intently watched, or diving with a saucy flip of the
feet at the discharge of a gun. But as soon as the breeding season has begun,
no bird is more wary or difficult to observe. Occasionally their peculiar soft
love-notes float out from the reeds to indicate their presence, or a few widen-
ing circles on the surface of the pond mark the spot from which the watchful
bird has espied us, but it is rarely indeed that we can sit and watch them as we
would other birds. I have known of three pairs nesting about a small and
much-frequented pond, with scarcely a person suspecting their presence; even

though one nest,
sheltered by only a few
rushes, was almost con-
spicuous from the path
not fifty feet away.
No one for a moment
assumed that the float-
ing pile of debris,
anchored near the outer
edge of the rushes, and
freed from all attempts
at architecture, was the
nest of a bird, much
less that of the Hell-
diver which had been
heard calling, off and
on during the spring,
and occasionally seen
floating on the open
surface of the pond.
It resembled more the
platform of a water-
rat or a' pile of drift stranded by the subsidence of the spring floods. The
eggs, moreover, were never left exposed to the hostile search of Crows or
water snakes, but were always carefully covered with material from the nest
when not actually concealed by the inconspicuous body of the Grebe.
Little wonder, then, that the nest was overlooked.

I was first directed to the spot by a friend who said that 'Coots' were
nesting there. I was not a little surprised, therefore, when, after wading for a
short distance along the edge of the pond, my attention was attracted by a
splash in the water ahead, accompanied by a startled note like the syllable
"keck," and a few seconds later a Grebe bobbed into sight. Instead of immedi-
ately sinking again, as one learns to expect of a Grebe, it rose up on its legs

THE SAME WITH THE COVERING OF THE
EGGS REMOVED

At Home with a Hell -Diver 245

and began beating upon the water with its wings. Such behavior bespoke
something very unusual happening in the nearby nest. I looked just in time
to see the last of the striped young scramble from it and disappear beneath
the water. Then ensued a series of maneuvers on the part of the bird which
were evidently intended to distract my attention. The customary silence,
ease, and grace of diving were entirely abandoned. Each appearance above
the water was announced by a shake of the body, followed by a beating of the
wings on the surface, and a flip of the feet as it again dove, which sometimes
sprayed water for more than a yard. This performance took place within
ten or fifteen feet of me, and sometimes the bird swam in even closer. At such

i
i

4

f

\

\

THE HELL-DIVER

times it rested rather high on the water, holding its fail, if we may speak of
it as 'such, erect, and nervously flashing the light areas on the flanks, as do
the Gallinules.

Meanwhile the young birds had made their way toward the center of the
pond. The largest could not have been more than a few days old, and yet,
when I tried to catch them, they showed all the ingenuity of the old birds,
diving, doubling, swimming with just the bill showing, or lying concealed in a
bunch of water-weeds, with only the nostrils above the surface. Had the
water been less clear, I probably should have been unable to catch any of
them; but, as it was, I could follow them as they escaped in various directions.
They were even conspicuous when attempting to hide. I was reminded of the
old story of the Ostrich which buried its head in the sand to escape detection;
for, in spite of the fact that only the bill was exposed above the water, the

246

Bird - Lore

entire body was nearly as conspicuous as though floating on the surface. In
diving, as in floating, the wings of the young projected nearly at right angles
from their bodies, even more so than in other precocial birds.

FLASHING ITS WHITE FLANK FEATHERS

The largest of the young had already reached the open water beyond my
depth, and when I returned to the shore the old Grebe swam toward it, chang-
ing her alarm note of 'keck,' 'keck,' to a softer 'cup,' 'cup,' as though
calling to it. Swimming beyond it, she turned her tail toward it and slightly
raised her wings. This was the signal for the young one to crawl upon her back,
which it repeatedly attempted to do until its mother, disgusted with such
clumsiness, clapped her wing on its neck and started off at a great rate for the
other end of the pond. When far enough away she checked her speed and gave
it another chance. Then with her wobbly passenger she continued to the
end of the pond, where she was joined by her mate. Here they sported about
for some time, the young bird plunging from the the back of one and swim-

At Home with a Hell -Diver

247

ming across to the other, all seemingly forgetful of the rest of the family.
Finally they disappeared into the rushes, and I continued my course around
the pond.

From the alders at the far end a strange call floated out; 'wup-pup-pup-
caow-caow-caow-cao-o-o-o-o-ow' the note sounded to me, and was sometimes
answered by its mate calling 'cuck-cuck-cuck-oo-oo-00-,' and I knew that
another pair of Grebes had chosen this secluded pond for their home. Careful
search revealed only a deserted or incompleted nest, and I continued until I
came to a weedy stretch. Examining it with binoculars, before entering, as it
was quite open, I espied another of these elusive water-witches upon its nest.
Unfortunately it saw me at the same time and rose, quickly and deftly pulling
fragments from the rim and piling them over the eggs. It was the work of

ASSISTING THE YOUNG FROM THE SHELL

248

Bird - Lore

but a moment, then the Grebe plunged from the nest and disappeared beneath
the water, not to be seen again that day. Hoping to study the home-life of
this bird, I cut a few branches and built a partial shelter about twenty feet
away; but disappointment awaited me, for when I came back at two in the
afternoon and again at five, the Grebe had not returned.

CARRYING OFF THE EGG-SHELL

Two days later found me again at the pond, bent upon studying the old
birds with their young and making another trial upon the incubating bird. I
arrived about seven a.m., but a careful survey of the whole surface failed to
reveal any of the Grebes. Neither was the second bird upon the nest, though
the warmth of the eggs attested her recent departure. Securing a boat, ^I
drifted about the pond, searching the edge of the rushes, and soon was rewarded
by a movement a hundred yards or so below the first nest. The old bird came

At Home with a Hell -Diver

249

into sight, diving and splashing as before to distract my attention, and I
barely caught a glimpse of the young before they disappeared. I realized that
it would be futile to try to observe them so long as they had the whole pond
for a hiding-place, and I therefore resolved to catch them and limit their
range. The next task was to tie threads to their legs and to fasten them near
the edge of the rushes where they could be watched conveniently after the old
birds should have found them.

After about two hours I returned, but there was no sign of either of the old
birds until five o'clock, after the whole day had been spent in fruitless waiting.
Then one of them approached, calling 'cup'-'cup,' as it had done before,

INDULGING IN A PRODIGIOUS YAWN

and the young answered with low, lisping peeps. Turning her tail to them,
she lifted her wings and waited their climbing on her back, encouraging them
to follow by moving slowly away. This they did, but usually reached the limit
of their threads before they were able to crawl up completely. I was inter-
ested to see whether, after repeated trials and failures on the part of the old
bird, she would fathom the difficulty; but it proved entirely beyond the scope
of her past experience. I secured a number of photographs of the old bird with
the young at her side but as soon as they were safely ensconced upon her
back, they snuggled down beneath her wings, hardly ruffling her feathers,
and never deigned to raise their heads. The light soon became too poor for
photographing so I freed the young and awaited the result. The old bird
backed up to them, as she had done scores of times before, raised her wings in
the approved fashion and started slowly off. The young were soon safely upon

iSo Bird - Lore

her back, and this time continued with her. I looked for some expression of
surprise or satisfaction, but not one of them blinked an eye. As though this
were the first time she had invited them to ride, she swam unconcernedly
toward the middle of the pond, where I left them in the gathering dusk.

CALLING TO ITS YOUNG

Eight days passed before another trip to the pond was possible. Neither
the old nor the young of the first nest were seen on this visit, but the eggs
in the second nest were hatching. The Grebe was incubating when I arrived
at eight in the morning, but as I approached she covered the eggs and departed.
Her further actions, however, entirely changed; for, instead of disappearing
as formerly, she came up again a few yards away, and began beating upon the
water with her wings even more frantically than had the first bird. She con-
tinued diving and splashing until the camera was ready, when she inconsider-
ately desisted.

Only one of the eggs had hatched, and the young had been covered with as
much care as the eggs. The eggshell was gone. Concealing the camera near

At Home with a Hell -Diver

251

the nest, I pulled my boat into some bushes about fifty feet away, from which
an unobstructed view could be obtained. It was evident that the instinct to
protect the nest had been greatly augumented by the hatching of the first egg,
but whether this would extend to the instinct to incubate was yet to be learned.
The Grebe soon came back to the vicinity, but was evidently alarmed. Most
of the time it swam back and forth behind the nest, flashing its white flank
feathers; occasionally it peered into the nest, but, even after hours of waiting,
when its nervousness had entirely disappeared, it showed no disposition to
ascend the nest. It certainly appeared as though incubation were unnecessary
with this bird. After about three hours, when hope had almost vanished,
something seemed to arouse its interest, and suddenly, without the slightest

THE OLD BIRD SWAM UP TO MEET IT

hesitation, it sprang upon the nest and began prodding into it with its bill.
At first I was at a loss to understand such strange actions, but, upon a closer
view, saw that another egg had hatched, and the old bird had been assisting
the young from the shell. A white substance which I had seen in the bfll of
the Grebe as she was departing must have been a fragment of eggshell, as

252

Bird - Lore

half of it had disappeared. Hardly was I back in the blind before the bird
returned, and, again without warning, sprang lightly and gracefully upon the
nest — this time to seize the remaining fragment of shell, lest by its conspicu-
ousness it should add to the manifold dangers of her newly hatched young.

She carried it but a
short distance away,
however, and dropped
it into the water.

The first - hatched
young, having now be
come quite lively, had
struggled free from
the weeds with which
it had been covered;
but the newly-hatched
bird was still very
weak, and most of the
time lay on the bot-
tom of the nest with
its neck outstretched.
Occasionally as though
not yet recovered from
its previous cramped
existence, or as though
bored with the stern
horizon of the life be-
fore it, it raised its
head and indulged in a prodigious yawn — a yawn such as Ursus might give
when aroused from his winter's sleep. A more scientific diagnosis might
have explained these yawns as physical rather than emotional; but, to my
eye untrained in Podicipian infirmities, they expressed only weariness and
acute ennui.

I next uncovered the eggs and young, thinking that the old bird might
see fit to get upon the nest and cover them. I was disappointed, however, for,
as she approached, she changed her alarm {keck) note to the call-note {cup),
and the first-hatched was strong enough and obedient enough to scramble
from the nest. The old bird swam up to meet it, backed up, lifting her wings,
and a moment later started off with her youngster upon her back, leaving me
to spend the rest of the day awaiting her return, communing with muskrats
and dragon-flies and the omnipresent mosquitos.

Sixteen days passed before my next visit to the pond, when, of course, all
the eggs had hatched and the young had left the vicinity. One hundred yards
down the pond and quite in the open at the outer edge of the rushes, I flushed

CLIMBING ABOARD

At Home with a Hell -Diver

253

the old bird and several young from a new nest that had evidently been con-
structed as a sort of roosting- or resting-place. The down of the young is evi-
dently not as impervious to water as are the feathers of the adults, and it is
necessary- for them to emerge from the water occasionally to dry off. Whether
the original nest would have been used for this purpose if it had not been dis-
turbed, cannot be said; but I am inclined to believe that these 'roost-nests'
are frequently constructed, as several more were found in other parts of the
pond, probably built by other Grebes. In construction they were similar to
the regular nests, except that the hoUow, never having been filled with debris
was always better formed. The young at this time, although but sixteen days
old, showed remarkable growth; but I was forced to cease my observations
at this point.

THE FIRST RIDE

The Morning Bird Chorus in Pasadena

By GARRETT NEWKIRK

THE full chorus begins here, as it does everyvv'here else, with the dawn —
that is, when there is just enough light in the sky to show that day
will come in a few minutes, and yet quite dark all around and beneath.
Some bird, awake and more watchful than the others, or advantaged by his
position on the sunward side of a tree, gives forth the first note.

If you are awake and listening, you may hear it. At the time of this writing,
May 15, it will be by the clock, "western time," about 4.15. Most people
never hear the bird chorus because they are asleep at that time. If they were
awake, they would hardly note the first bird- voice; they would not be listen-
ing for it.

In this world we usually see what we are looking for, and hear what we
listen for. We have in mind, as a rule, whatever we seek and find. Even if we
are startled, surprised by something, the mind has in some way been prepared
by training for its recognition.

It seems as if the first bird wakens a number of others; they add their
voices instantly to his, and in a few moments all the birds are awake. Every
one adds his note of joy. The effect is more than a song or chorus, it is a cheer.
It might remind one of a political mass-meeting, when some leader stands
upon the platform, waves his cane, and calls out "Hip, hip, hipl" and all join
in, each at the top of his voice, "Hurrahl" and again, "three times three,"
"Hurrahl"

So the birds are cheering the coming of the day, not with a hoarse and
strident "hurrah," but each with his joyful song.

The full chorus will continue, however, but a few minutes. As the light
increases, sentiment gives way, as it does in human life, to practical necessity.
One by one, the songsters are impelled by their all-night fast to seek their
breakfast where it may be found, and they know. Some know that breakfast
is not ready yet for them, and keep on singing. Some sing at intervals between
the courses of their meal; but the real "chorus" is soon over; just as the enthus-
iastic democrats or republicans may continue cheering on their way home
or at their front gates, so do the birds.

This bird chorus might be likened to a pyramid of music with the base at
dawn and the apex at six o'clock, when they are all too busy to think of sing-
ing very much.

When the chorus is in full, only the trained ear could distinguish each of
the many voices engaged, or a majority of them. Some of course are loud and
evident; others must be listened for particularly. I am sure that I cannot
segregate the half of them, for every voice, from the least to the greatest,

joins in.

Each one as if a dozen songs were chorused in his own,
And all the world were listening to him, and him alone.

(254)

The Morning Bird Chorus in Pasadena 255

In my own immediate neighborhood, in Pasadena, surrounded by consider-
able open space with trees, the leader of the chorus in May is certainly the
Black-headed Grosbeak. He gives the first, or one of the first notes, and his
voice may be heard almost continuously above all, and the sweetest, too,
unless it be the Western Meadowlark, who surpasses his brother of the East,
in the compass and clearness of his songs.

But the Grosbeak sings on all day, and up to the very dark. He seems
loath to cease for the evening shades. He is like some happy housewife sing-
ing at her work, singing to her babes, singing to herself, and to all whose ears
are attuned to hear the voice of gladness anywhere.

I may be mistaken, but it seems to me that our Mockingbird takes second
place in the chorus. He is, of course, our star performer, and knows it so well
that he likes to be a soloist. He is apparently a very self-conscious sort of bird,
an actor posing for efi"ect and special recognition. I know that no mere man is
capable of judging really the 'soul of a bird;' but Mr. Burroughs has a similar
impression as to the Mocker, even to the extent of aversion that I do not have.
He thinks the Mocker is just a cold-blooded artist, with no real feeling in his
performance. Well, the Mockingbird would not be willing to be left out of
anything going on in public, so he joins now and then our morning chorus.
But I have the feeling that he isn't exactly pleased to be outclassed by the
Grosbeak, and overborne by the volume of sound proceeding from the throats
of all those inferior birds.

The Arizona Hooded Oriole (who builds usually here on the under side of
a broad palm leaf) may be heard occasionally in the chorus by a trained ear,
but he does not specialize in music. His glorious beauty and charming manner
fully compensate. Bullock's Oriole has a voice of emphasis, easily distin-
guished, and he likes to exercise it in the morning air. It is not specially musi-
cal, and seems to have a challenge in it, "Touch me if you dare! I'll keep my
place if you'll keep yours." Bullock's is the western representative — close
brother or cousin — of the eastern Baltimore.

Easily distinguished in the chorus will be the voice of our Song Sparrows.
We have a number of varieties, or sub-species. (Some who have been winter-
visitants are not here now, but a number of others remain.) Their mingling
strain is delightfully sweet, and ever remindful of the old voice we used to hear
back east. Equal to it? Not quite, I think; but we are happy to possess the
song of second quality, as we cannot have the first. It is delightful, anyway.

Early in the season — February or March — the California Thrasher, bird
of the foothills, is quite sure to come singly or in pairs for a vacation in town.

A plain, brown bird and slender, with delicate, curving bill,
No great pretense of feather but a voice to make you thrill.

Only once or twice I have heard of a pair nesting near a house. A chief
attraction for the Thrasher is the rich ground of our gardens and orchards,

256 Bird - Lore

where worms are plentiful near the surface; and he is a wonderful scratcher.
I have seen him cultivating the flower-beds, even, and he is very fond of my
bread bits. His song is delightful and unique. It reminds me at times of the
Catbird's, though much louder, and of certain notes of the Mocker.

Along the arroyo often, elsewhere occasionally, one might distinguish in
the chorus, and hear at intervals all day, the delicate, clear strain of the
Phainopepla, that beautiful creature, iridescent bluish black with pointed
crest, wing-bars of gauzy white ; worth going far to see.

But the singers never absent from our chorus, enthusiastic, continuous,
are the Linnets, or crimson-throated House Finches, happy and unpopular.
We could ill afford to spare them from our chorus, or their cherry singing all
day long, injurious though they sometimes are to bud and fruit.

If our friends, their enemies, would take the trouble to cut in two some of
the millions of 'cull' oranges that are otherwise worthless, and scatter their
halves daily on the ground, the Linnets would find in them much of the fruit
acid they crave. They are not vicious, just dear and joyous.

Then, we have in our chorus, too, the "Warbler's minor music," faintly
heard, and the small notes of minor Sparrows. Little Chippie, near my win-
dow this morning, was 'chipping in' with the regularity almost of a clock-tick,
and something like it. He was doing his best, but, contrasted with the bell-
like tones of the Grosbeak, the effect was amusing.

And then we have the sweet little notes, that touch your heart whenever
you hear them, of our dear little Willow Goldfinches. Occasionally will sound
the strident note of our Flicker, nearby or a block away, just to let you know
he's here, and has a nest in some old tree or telephone pole half a mile off. He's
a glorious bird, with rich old-gold, instead of the lighter yellow of his east-
ern cousin.

In a lull of the chorus growing less, you may hear, if you listen closely,
a little squeak in the bushes, of the Brown Towhee, our very exclusive, usually
silent citizen. But he can sing, if he will, a solo or duet. I have heard
it just once.

Along the arroyo, where some people are protecting coveys of Valley Quail^
their entrancing notes are heard, not only in the chorus but at other times^
notably at the sunset hour.

And nearly all these birds of the chorus I may see each morning later in
my back yard, beneath the spreading branches of a great pepper tree. There
I have scattered the night before, a plentiful supply of bread and other cereal
scraps, to be in early readiness. There, too, is the dripping hydrant and basin
for their use. No meat scraps are thrown out till later; those might attract
the cats. They, however, seldom appear on my premises, having been dis-
couraged in divers ways.*

*£very center of population, and important premise should have plots of ground known

as "catacombs."

The Morning Bird Chorus in Pasadena

257

Is the morning bird chorus worth waking for? I think so. If I could not
awake otherwise, at the "first peep o' day," I'd set an alarm clock to call me
at least once.

If enthusiasm, hope and joy are contagious, surely one could not afford
to miss entirely the inspiring chorus of the birds, when they are

Calling on the world asleep to waken, and behold
The king in glory coming forth along his path of gold.

§?-

THE PEWEE'S NOTE

Tbe voice of your sadness

So sweet is, Pewee,
With voice for your gladness

A songster youd he.

— E. J. Sawyer.

Destruction of the Rhea, Black-Necked Swan, Herons^
and Other Wild Life in South America

By LEO E. MILLER

NO ONE will question that the federal law prohibiting the importatioQ
of the plumage of wild birds, has achieved results of far-reaching
importance. Perhaps in no other country has its effect been sa
immediately felt as in South America.

In the early part of November, 19 13, as a member of Colonel Roose-
velt's South American Expedition, I had occasion to spend a week in Buenos
Aires. Following my usual custom, I visited the various natural history
stores, curio shops, and exporting houses, for in this manner I have occasion-
ally succeeded in adding a rare specimen of real scientific value to the
collections.

Newly made acquaintances interested themselves in my behalf, had fur-
nished letters of introduction to Mr. Hahn, the Guatemalan Minister, who had
at some previous time been a controlling figure in the natural-products export
business. From Mr. Hahn were secured the letters that opened to us the
inmost recesses of the warehouse of M. EUi, probably the largest concern of
its kind in South America. Mr. Elli personally conducted us through his
establishment.

At first the bales and heaps of mammal skins held my attention. Promi-
nent among them were many thousands of skins of the otter, although this
animal is fast disappearing from its old haunts. Our guide explained that the
firm furnished the traps, and that a good man, upon discovering a lake or stream
inhabited by otters, could catch all the inhabitants of the colony with great
case, visiting the traps several times each day to remove the captives. I
think the government of Argentine was contemplating the adoption of some
protective measure, at the time of our visit, to prevent these animals from
being entirely exterminated.

Probably next in order of abundance were the skins of deer, those of the
great, beautiful marsh deer predominating. The smaller mammals such as
rabbits, skunks, opossums, coypu rats, and various small rodents, were well
represented by thousands of pelts. One great bale that excited my curiosity
was found to contain the breasts of Penguins, — many hundreds of them.

My attention was next directed to the ceiling. We were in a great, long,
barn-like room, the 'ceiling' of which was supported by strong rafters that
ran, close together, the length of the room. On nails and hooks driven into
both sides of these rafters, hung immense bunches of entire skins of the Black-
necked Swan. There were many, many thousands of them, and, as we looked
in speechless amazement, our host explained that at certain seasons of the
year these birds congregated on the rivers of Lower Argentine in great numbers,
and that a good gunner could usually kill several at one shot. I ventured ta

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26o

Bird - Lore

inquire for what purpose these skins were used; and was told, though not in
these same words, that the only excuse or reason for this wholesale slaughter
of the beautiful and graceful creatures was to supply the women of the civi-
lized world with powder-puffs. I wonder how many women have realized

RHEAS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN AT BUENOS AIRES
Photographed by L. E. Miller

this gruesome fact, when insisting on "genuine swan's down" when purchas-
ing the fluffy daubers! But the greatest surprise of all was still awaiting us.
I was called into the office and given the opportunity to listen to some
rather heated arguments against the laws that had recently been enacted in
my country, prohibiting the importation of wild birds' plumage. And by
degrees it dawned upon me that the concern had a large sum of money invested
in a stock of these goods, upon which it suddenly found it impossible to realize.
As proof, I was shown into a lower storeroom almost completely filled with
enormous burlap-covered bales that were stacked from floor to ceiling. These
were filled with Rhea feathers, and I was repeatedly assured that they had all
been taken from wild killed birds; and that practically the only market that
existed for these feathers was the United States of America, where they were
manufactured into dusters. No other country imported sufficient quantities
to render their collection profitable. As I vainly tried to estimate the quan-
tity that was housed within those four walls, I was relieved of all difficulty
by being told that there were exactly sixty thousand kilos — approximately

Destruction of Wild Life in South America

261

sixty tons. Next day I purchased a copy of the bulletin giving the statistics
of Argentine imports and exports. I found that 34,206 kilos, over thirty-four
tons of Rhea feathers had been exported during the first six months of the
fiscal year. Later, while strolling through the zoological gardens of Buenos
Aires, I came upon two splendid specimens of the Rhea insolently blocking
my path, and I wanted to congratulate these fortunate individuals upon
having escaped the general massacre.

The markets of Buenos TVires, at this season, were abundantly supplied
with Solitary and Pectoral Sandpipers, and Greater and Lesser Yellow-legs.
Tinamon of two species (N. maculosa and Colopersus elegansis) were offered
by the barrel and basketful. In Asuncion, Paraguay, small birds, including
Tanagers and Ovenbirds were occasionally on sale, plucked, though in small
nmnbers.

Several months later I was spending a short time among the Portuguese
planters on the Lower Madeira and Solimoens, where are found the impene-
trable swamps interspersed with shallow lagoons. It was the beginning of the
nesting season, and Herons were donning their fatal nuptial garments. An
agent had \asited the locality a short time before, offering to buy all aigrettes
collected at three contos of reis (about $1,000) per kilo (about 2 lbs.). Judg-

PORTUGUESE PLANTERS' HUT ON THE SOLIMOENS WHERE LARGE

NUMBERS OF EGRETS ARE KILLED

Photographed by L . E. Miller

ing by the numbers of the birds as I had seen them, and they were
not extremely abundant here, I was calculating how many shots would be
required to secure enough birds to produce two pounds of aigrettes, and if the
high price of ammunition in Brazil would make it a profitable occupation for
the natives. The birds seemed fairly safe. My swarthy Portuguese friend

362

Bird - Lore

for a time ventured no information beyond answering my questions. Then
decided to admit me into his confidence; and the single word "veneno" spoke
volumes.

About the time the Heron's plumage is at its best, the annual floods have
begun to recede, leaving shallow lakes and marshes teeming with myriads of
imprisoned fish. And as the drying-up process continues, the stranded fish
die in heaps. I saw tons of them — dying, dead and decaying — in the pan-
tanales on the Taquary. It was the season of harvest for the Jabiru, Heron,
Vulture and opossum, and they were enjoying their periodical feast to the full.

It is the custom of the plume-hunter, I was told, to collect quantities of
these fish, poison them, and then scatter them broadcast over the Heron's
feeding-grounds. Occasionally, poisoned shrimp are used, if the inundations
extend beyond the usual time. This method is of course cheaper than shooting:
the birds are not frightened away, and the results of such relentless persecu-
tion must be obvious. A whole colony may be exterminated in its feeding-
grounds, even if the rookery is impregnable.

I do not know to what extend this process of extermination is carried on.
I have never seen it in operation, and had never heard of it elsewhere. But
such, my informant assured me, are the methods employed on the Madeira
and Solimoens.

MOURNING DOVE
Photographed by Guya Bailer, Geneseo, N, Y.

Comparative Abundance of Birds
A Letter from Abbott H. Thayer

Editor of Bird-Lore:

I send you herewith a letter from Professor Munsterberg.

Having long believed that our common birds are not widely diminishing,
except in certain special cases where circumstances of civilization have ceased
to sustain them at an artificial abundance (as in the case of Swifts and Barn
Swallows), I asked Prof. Hugo Munsterberg, the Harvard Professor of
Psychology, to corroborate my belief that circular question-lists sent about to
gather the public opinion on this subject are dangerous and misleading,
because of the very psychological reason that he gives in the accompany-
ing letter.

His answer sent you herewith should influence all the local Audubon Socie-
ties who publish such dismal annovmcements. These Societies will swiftly
diminish their own credit by such an unscientific position.

Let me here say that I go annually over my boyhood stamping-ground
around Keene, N. H., a small city of ten thousand inhabitants, now about twice
the size it was fifty years ago when I knew every foot of its surroundings.
Every meadow has still its Meadowlarks and, close by the town, one of the
principal meadows has still its Upland Plovers; although I do not, of course,
class this species with the rest. Bobolinks are everywhere that they ever
were; hundreds of them, young and old, crowd the fences, the grass, and the
tops of the neighboring groves, when the year's generation is accomplished.
Every wet place has its Redwings; the elms their Orioles and Crackles; the
river its Spotted Sandpipers and Wood Ducks. Bluebirds are just now scarce
hereabouts, but I saw three or four pairs last week in Keene, and, to my great
joy, Nighthawks seem to be picking up. There, again, they build on the tops
of the stores about the center of the town. It is true, I saw only one individual
there, the other day, but it was the first for several years; we have seen four
in all, hereabouts, this year. In this region Hermit Thrushes still seem less
numerous than up to 191 2, and in Dublin I have seen no Bluebirds this sea-
son; but, taking the whole region together, its bird fauna is, in my belief,
unabated. Its Robins, Bobolinks, Catbirds, Kingbirds, Flickers, Orioles,
Warblers, Swallows, Flycatchers, its three kinds of Vireo, its Meadowlarks,
Spotted Sandpipers, and many other species, are all at their posts, and this,
in my belief, is all there ever were. Of course, all species fluctuate, and the
Hermits and Bluebirds will doubtless abound again. — A. H. Thayer, Monad-
nock, N. H., May 31, 1914.

Professor Miinsterberg's Letter

Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 28, 1914-
My dear Sir: You raise the interesting question of whether the testimony
of those who claim that many species of bird are today less common than

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264

Bird - Lore

formerly is reliable. I should say that such testimony underlies all the well-
known illusions which are today familiar to the psychologist through recent
experimental studies concerning the value of evidence on the witness stand.
The illusions of perception, of memory, of suggestion, of attention, play an
important role there.

In this particular case, it may be taken as probable that, looking backward^
the imagination exaggerates the pleasure received from such birds in the past
in comparison with the present experience. If the feelings were different, if
it were the question of dangerous birds, or of birds disliked for any other rea-
son, the suggestive illusion would probably be the opposite. The observers
would have the impression that there are more birds today than formerly,
because displeasures of the past are easily underestimated as compared with
present displeasures. I should not trust such impressionistic records at all.

Very sincerely yours,

Me. a. H. Thayer. Hugo Munsterberg.

Monadnock, N. H.

FEMALE REDSTART, NEST AND YOUNG
Photographed by Arthur A. Allen, Ithaca, N. Y.

Why the Birds Are Decreasing

By ROLLA 'WARREN KIMSEY, Lathrop, Mo.

BIRDS are a great deal like people. There is probably no bird, regard-
less of what its reputation for good may be, but that does some harm.
Most of our best-known insect-destroyers are also great lovers of fruit ;
devouring large quantities of cherries, strawberries and grapes. I think,
however, that, all things considered, the good done by the feathered folk is
sufficient to credit them, as a class, as the friend of man. Then, if it is a fact
that the birds are decreasing, it is time for something practical to be done for
their protection.

The first thing I desire to set forth is that the breeding-places are being
destroyed. I have in mind a certain territory where hawthorn, red thorn,
wild plum and crab trees, wild rose-bushes and other small, thick bushes
grew in profusion along the streams, fence-corners and roadside. These fur-
nished an ideal nesting-place, and also protection, for the Catbird, Brown
Thrasher and Mockingbird. Then there were miles of hedge-fence, so closely
matted that it was almost impossible for one to locate or reach a nest within
the thorns. In these places I have found dozens of nests in the course of an
afternoon stroll. Now this land has been steadily advancing in value, and as
a result, the brush and thickets have been cleared away, the hedge-fences
uprooted, and along the roadside appears the neat wire fence. The birds that
once found shelter and protection for their nest and young have been forced
to build more in the open, or to leave the neighborhood for more desirable
nesting-places. So, with less protection, a greater number of their young
are being destroyed each year. I go over the same ground, and consider myself
fortunate if I find three or four nests where in previous years I have found
many, with little eflfort.

Around almost every farmhouse there are from six to fifteen half-fed cats.
In the villages and cities there are hundreds of them, homeless, and li\dng as
it were by their wits. The birds, that love the friendship and companionship
of man, build their nests in the great trees around the house, and in the old
neglected orchard, which knows nothing about a pruning-hook or saw. In
one of these old trees I have seen the nest of a Woodpecker in a decayed stub ;
up in a substantial fork, the nest of a Robin; and on a low, flat limb, a Dove
over her eggs. But now the old orchard has given way to closely trimmed,
business-like trees, in which a nest would have no more protection than out
on the highway. I have stood in some yards and counted ten and twelve
nests, without moving. Now it is about the yard and orchard that the cat
gets in its most deadly work. It is impossible for young birds to stay in the
trees when learning to fly; in fact, one will find them on the ground nearly as
often as in the trees. And how often have I been reading in the shade, on some
summer day, to be aroused by the cry of a fledgling Oriole or Robin, as it strug-

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266

Bird - Lore

gled in the jaws of a wretched cat. This is going on constantly, for there is no
food for which a cat will seek more diligently than young birds, in nesting-time.

In the territory of which I speak, there are only two birds that seem to
hold their own: the Meadowlark and the English Sparrow. I need not go into
detail about the latter, but shall give a reason as to why the Larks have, to all
appearances, held their own, and seem to be as numerous as ever. Their
breeding-places have been increased. I mean that the timothy and clover
fields furnish ideal nesting-places for them ; for, as soon as the young leave the
nest, they are well protected by the long grass from Hawks and any Var-
mints' that would prey upon them. If one ever attempted to catch a young
Lark in the tall grass he will readily understand my position, when I refer to
the hay-fields as protection. Then the rapidity with which Quails will multi-
ply, when given a closed season, bears out the position that any bird that
builds in the grass is well protected.

What is the remedy? It must come through the states, and from the
counties within the states. Every county should have a bird park, where
rose-bushes, buck bushes, plum thickets, thorn trees, and all kinds of wild
trees, can grow in rank profusion. The park will become a sort of a recruiting
point, as the birds will soon learn to nest there; and, if the farmers are
instructed to encourage the growth of thick shrubs along their fence-rows,
the birds will scatter out over the country.

Cats in town should be taxed and required to wear a small collar. This
would cull out a large number of the prowlers. Then our farmers need some
advice along the cat line.

Finally, there are only two questions before us: Do we need the birds?
Are they decreasing? If an affirmative answer is given to the above questions,
I shall add, no expense should be withheld for their protection.

The Migration of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-NINTH PAPER

Compiled by Prof. W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

(See Frontispiece)

LARK BUNTING

Wintering in northern Mexico, and less commonly in southern Texas
and southern Arizona, the Lark Bunting begins its northward journey in early
March, but migrates so slowly that it is the first of June before it reaches
the northern limit of its breeding range. Its principal home is on the treeless
prairies just east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, whence it spreads
west in migration to southern California and has wandered east to Mount
Pleasant, S. C, April 19, 1895; Montauk Point, N. Y., September 4, 1888;
and Lynn, Mass., December 5, 1877.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Southern Arizona

Pilot Knob, Calif

Southern New Mexico. . .
Pahrump Valley, Nev. . . ,
Springfield, Colo. (near).

Beloit, Colo, (near)

Yuma, Colo

Denver, Colo. (near). . . .

Cheyenne, Wyo

Badger, Nebr

Valentine, Nebr. (near)..

Rapid City, S. D

Harrison, S. D. (near) . . .

Lanesboro, Minn

Terry, Mont

Aweme, Manitoba (near)

Indian Head, Sask

Dinsmore, Sask

Flagstaff, Alberta

Number
of years'
record

.\verage date of
spring arrival

March i
April 6

^

April 29

5

May 2

s

May 8

4

May 14

4

May 10

4

May 7

6

May 9

S

May 10

9

May 13

8

May 15

7

May 22

.S

May 26

3

May 31

Earliest date of
spring arrival

February 13, 1910
April 6, 1890
April 3, 1892
April 29, 1890
April 27, 1908
April 28, 1894
May 4, 1906
April 28, 1889
May 7, 1888
May 4, 1900
April 22, 1894
May 6, 1906
May 10, 1 89 1
May II, 1884
May 10, 1893
May 15, 1908
May 15, 1908
May 22, 1909
May 24, 1909

The last were noted at San Antonio, Tex., on the average May 6, and the
latest May 13, 1899; the last in the Huachucas, Ariz., May 16, 1902; and at
Poway, Calif., May 25, 1886.

The southward movement in the fall begins so early that by July 27, 1881,
the first appeared at Brownsville, Tex., several hundred miles south of the
breeding range. The average date of the first seen in southern New Mexico
is August 2, earliest July 31, 1901, and in southern Arizona, average August 7,
earliest August 5, 1909. An unusually early individual was noted July 20, 1905,
at Santa Barbara, Calif.

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268 Bird -Lore

The last one noted at Badger, Nebr., was on September 28, 1899; Rapid
City, S. D., average October i, latest October 2, 191 1; Yuma, Colo, (near),
average September 13, latest September 21, 1891, and Carrizozo, N. M.,
October 28, 1902.

SHARPE'S SEEDEATER

The principal home of Sharpe's Seedeater is in northeastern Mexico, but
some individuals migrate north in summer to the lower Rio Grande Valley
of Texas, and at this season the species is fairly common locally in Cameron
and Hidalgo Counties. It arrives on the average near Brownsville, March 18,
earliest February 21, 1880, and may occasionally winter, as one was taken
January 30. 1S80 at Brownsville.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-EIGHTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Sharpe's Seedeater {Sporophila morelletisharpei, Figs, i, 2). — The plumages
of this little Seedeater are still a puzzle to ornithologists. In southern Mexico
and southward, the adult male has a jet-black back and broad black breast-
band, but in northeastern Mexico and the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas,
no specimen of this kind has been taken, and our plate (Fig. i) shows as mature
a male as is known from this region. It is because of this difference in the
plumage that a northern race of the bird has been described; but whether
in this northern bird the back and breast never become black, or whether as
yet a fully adult male has not been found, is an open question. In my opinion,
the first-named condition is correct; in other words, Sharpe's Seedeater never
has the back and breast-band wholly black. Consequently, in its fully adult
plumage it resembles the southern race of this species {i.e. Morellet's Seed-
eater) in immature plumage.

The case is unusual and doubtless requires further investigation. In the
meantime, I have not the material for a satisfactory study of this Seedeater's
plumage changes. The case is complicated by the impossibility of determining
whether winter specimens from southern Mexico are residents or migrants
from the North.

Lark Bunting {Calamospiza melanocorys, Figs. 3-5). — It is difficult to
explain under any theory of protective coloration, the relation between the
plumage and the haunts of the male Lark Bunting. Conspicuous in color,
and action, it inhabits the open plains where cover is scant and where one
might well imagine it was exposed to such enemies as it may possess. The
female, however, is in a high degree protectively colored; and, indeed, it is

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows 269

only during the mating- and nesting-season that the male wears his striking
black-and-white costume.

The nestling male is buffy white, faintly streaked below; above the feathers
are blackish margined with buffy, producing a somewhat scaled appearance.
At the postjuvenal molt the tail and wing-quills are retained, the rest of the
plumage molted. The new plumage (first winter) resembles that of the female
but the wings and tail are blacker and there is more black on the underparts,
particularly on the throat.

The breeding or nuptial plumage is gained by a spring or prenuptial molt,
in which, as in the postjuvenal or first fall molt, the tail and wing-quills are
retained. The body plumage, wing-coverts and tertials are shed and replaced
by the black- and-white breeding-dress. Birds in their first nuptial plumage
may now be distinguished from fully mature birds by their browner wings and
tail and, often, less intensely black body feathers.

At the postnuptial or fall molt, which, as usual, is complete, the bird
assumes a costume somewhat like that of the first winter ; but the tail and wing-
quills are now fully black and there is more black on the underparts.

WOOD PEWEE
Photographed by Guy A. Bailey, Geneseo, N. Y.

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

^LTHOUGH we received seventy-one reports on the migration of the
/\ first group of birds — Robin, Red-winged Blackbird and Phoebe —
(including five that were held and sent with the second group), only
forty-four reports on the Chimney Swift, House Wren and Baltimore Oriole
have come in. Therefore we cannot make such comparisons nor come to such
conclusions as might have been possible from a larger number of returns. It
would have been interesting, for instance, to see whether the Swifts reached
Nova Scotia from the mainland, as the Robins apparently did, or entered
the south end directly, from over the water.

The migration of the present three species called forth few comments as
to its being unusual in any way. Pittsburgh reported all three as being uncom-
monly early, Milwaukee that the Oriole was four days ahead of its record,
and New Haven that the Swift and Wren were late. For all three species the
Mississippi Valley dates average several days earlier than those of the
Atlantic coast.

The Chimney Swift averaged the earliest species to appear and to become
common, though at some stations, particularly in the north, it was the latest.
The first individuals took just a month from southeastern Pennsylvania to the
far end of Nova Scotia. As with the Robins, after passing New York City,
those that continued along the coast went much faster than those that followed
up the big river valleys. Swifts reached northern Vermont but three or four
days before others reached northern Nova Scotia, though the former is three
hundred, and the latter seven hundred miles from New York. That makes
the advance of the species along the coast about thirty-two, and up the Hud-
son and Champlain Valleys less than seventeen miles a day. This rate is much
slower than the Robin's, which was forty-seven and twenty miles, respectively.

Although the House Wren breeds north to New Brunswick and Quebec,
it is apparently too rare north of southern New England to be counted on
regularly. In the Middle West, however, it is common much farther north —
as far as these records extend. In Norway, Maine, "In 191 1 several bird-
houses in town had one lone House Wren, who made a nest and sang and
waited for a week or two, but no mates arrived and they disappeared. We
never saw them before or since." It is remarkable that this species was noted
at Viroqua, Wis., twenty days earlier than at any other station in that state,
and thirteen days earlier than at any other station from Missouri northward,
— in fact, it became common there six days before it was first seen elsewhere
in Wisconsin.

The Baltimore Oriole seemed to become common at substantially the same
date along a line from the lower Delaware Valley to southwestern Maine
(except at Bernardsville, which is in the hilly interior of northern New Jersey),
and to reach, several days later, points farthest to either side of that line, — ■
Orient, Bournedale, Clarendon and St. Albans. — Charles H. Rogers.

(270)

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration 271

Reports were received from the following localities and persons:

Atlantic Coast District.

Benvyn, Chester Co., southeastern Pa. — Frank L. Burns.

Andover, Sussex Co., northwestern N. J.— Mrs. W. K. Harrington.

Bernardsville, Somerset Co., central northern N. J.— John Dryden Kuser.

Port Chester, Westchester Co., southeastern N. Y.— James C. Maples, Samuel

N. Comly, Paul C. Spofford, Bolton Cook.
New Haven, New Haven Co., central southern Conn. — Aretas A. Saunders.
Orient, eastern Long Island, N. Y. — Roy Latham.
Waterbury, New Haven Co., western central Conn.— R. E. Piatt, Mrs. Nelson

A. Pomeroy.
South Auburn, northeastern R. I. — Harry S. Hathaway.
Providence, northeastern R. I. — Roland Hammond, Lucy H. Upton.
Cambridge and vicinity, Middlesex Co., eastern Mass. — Myles Peirce Baker,
Bournedale, Barnstable Co., southeastern Mass. — Ethel L. Walker.
Norway, Oxford Co., southwestern Maine. — Corabelle Cummings.
Milton, Queens Co., southern N. S. — R. H. Wetmore.
Antigonish, Antigonish Co., eastern N. S.— Harrison F. Lewis.

Hudson and Champlain Valleys.

Hyde Park, Dutchess Co., southeastern N. Y.— Harry T. Briggs.
Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., southeastern N. Y.— Maunsell S. Crosby.
Clarendon, Rutland, Co., central western Vt.— L. Henry Potter.
St. Albans, four miles north of, Franklin Co., northwestern Vt.— Lelia E. Hon-
singer.

Ohio Valley.

Urbana, Champaign Co., central eastern 111. — Frank Smith and collaborators.

Marco, Greene Co., southeastern Ind. — Mrs. Stella Chambers.

Huron, Erie Co., central northern Ohio. — H. G. Morse.

Detroit, Wayne Co., southwestern Mich. — Mrs. F. W. Robinson.

Pittsburgh, within lo miles of, Allegheny Co.. central western Pa.— Thos. D.

Burleigh.
Collins, Erie Co., southwestern N. Y. — Dr. Anne E. Perkins.
Geneva, Ontario Co., southwestern N. Y. — Otto McCreary.
Aurora, Cayuga Co., southwestern N. Y. — Matilda Jacobs.
Highland Park, Rochester, Monroe Co., southwestern N. Y. — William L. G.

Edson.
Reaboro, Victoria Co., central southern Ont. — E. W. Calvert.

Mississippi Valley.

Concordia, Lafayette Co., central western Mo.— Dr. Ferdinand Schreimann.

Washington Park, Springfield, Sangamon Co., central 111.— Frances S. Davidson.

Iowa City, Johnson Co., central eastern Iowa. — R. W. Wales.

Zuma Twp., Rock Island Co., northwestern 111.— J. J. Schafer.

Rockford, Winnebago Co., central northern Ill.^Norman E. Nelson.

Atlantic, Cass Co., southwestern Iowa. — Thos. H. Whitney.

Lauderdale Lakes, Walworth Co., southeastern Wis. — Lula Dunbar.

Viroqua, Vernon Co., southwestern Wis. — Raymond Spellum.

Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co., southeastern Wis. — Mrs. Mark L. Simpson.

272

Bird - Lore

Mississippi Valley, continued.

Madison, Dane Co., central southern Wis. — A. W. Schorger.
Reedsburg, Sauk Co., central southern Wis. — Ethel A. Nott.
Newberry, Luce Co., northeastern Mich. — Ralph Beebe.
Lennox, Lincoln Co., southeastern S. D. — W. B. Mallory.
Fargo, Cass Co., southeastern N. D. — O. A. Stevens.

CHIMNEY SWIFT

Atlantic Coast District.

Berwyn, Pa

Andover, N. J

Bernardsville, N. J

Port Chester, N. Y

New Haven, Conn., and vie.

Orient, L. I., N. Y

Waterbury, Conn

Providence, R. I., and vie...
Cambridge, Mass., and vie.

Bournedale, Mass

Kittery Point, Me

Norway, Me

Milton, N. S

Antigonish, N. S

Hudson and Champlain Valleys

Hvde Park, N. Y

Rhinebeck, N. Y

Clarendon, Vt

St. Albans, Vt

Ohio Valley,

Urbana, 111

Marco, Ind

Huron, Ohio

Detroit, Mich

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vie

Southwestern New York. . . .
Reaboro, Ont

Mississippi Valley.

Concordia, Mo

Wash. Park., Springfield, 111.

Iowa City, Iowa

Zuma Twp., Rock I. Co. ,111.

Roekford, 111

Atlantic, Iowa

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis

Viroqua, Wis

Milwaukee, Wis

Madison, Wis

Reedsburg, Wis

Newberry, Mich

Lincoln Co., S. D

Fargo, N. D

First seen

April 2 2
April 26
May 4
April 27
May I*
May IS
May s
May 3
May 4
May II
An early
May 7
May 18
May 22

April 23
May 2
May 8
May 19

April 21
April 18
April 18
May 3
April 25
April 30
May 4

April 18
May 24
April 17
April 29
April 18
April 23
May 3
April 27
May 5
April 27
April 14
May 18
No record
May IS

Number

4

2
2

ndividual

25
common

3
3
3
7-8
6

Next seen

April 27
April 28
May s
April 30
May 4
May 17
May 7
May 6

May IS
April 21
May 8

May 23

April 24
May 3
May 10
May 20

April 28
April 22
April 19

April 26
May I
May s

April 19
May 26
April 23
April 30
April 26
April 26
May 4
May I
May 6
April 28
May 13
May 19

May 16

Number

Becomes
common

4-5

3
by M. P.
countless

5

3

16

7

14

6

4

April 28

April 28

May 4

May 3

May 8

n ot common

May Q

May 9

May 6

May 17

Baker.

May 7

May 18

May 2S

April 26
May 8
May 17
May 21

May 4
April 25
April 26
rare here
April 26
May 10
May 10

April 24

(?)
April 29

May 2

April 27

May I

May 3

May I

May 6

April 28

May 15

May 20

May 20

*By Dr. L. B. Bishop.

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration

HOUSE WREN

273

First seen Number Next seen

Atlantic Coast District.

Berwyn, Pa

Andover, N. J

Bernardsville, N. J

Port Chester, N. Y

New Haven, Conn., and vie.

Orient, L. I., N. Y

Waterbury, Conn

Providence, R. I., and vie...
Cambridge, Mass., and vie..

Bournedale, Mass

Norway, Me

Nova Scotia

April 22 I

April 2Q I

May 7 I 3

April 24 I

May 4 I

May 4 I

May 4 I

May 16 i 2

May 16 I

not seen

Seen only in 191 i

Accidental

April 23
April 30
May 8
April 25
May 5
very rare a
May 7

May 17

Hudson and Champlain Valleys

Hyde Park, N. Y May 4 i May 6

Rhinebeck, N. Y May 2 3 ' May 3

Clarendon, Vt None seen

St. Albans, Vt ; None; som e seasons one or two

Ohio Valley. I

Urbana, 111 I April 18

Marco, Ind ' April 21

Have seen House Wrens here but th ree times.

Huron, Ohio April 20

Detroit, Mich April 26

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vicinity April 21

Southwestern New York. . . . April 28

Reaboro, Ont 1 May 3

Mississippi Valley.

Concordia, Mo April 23

Wash. Park, Springfield, 111. April 22

Iowa City, Iowa April ig

Zuma Twp., Rock I. Co. ,111. April 25

Rockford, 111 April 26

.Atlantic, Iowa April 26

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis 1 May i

Breeds regularly but neve r common

Viroqua, Wis April 6

Milwaukee, Wis | April 27

Madison, Wis April 27

Reedsburg, Wis j April 26

Newberry, Mich 1 May 15

Lincoln Co., S. D May 4 50

Fargo, N. D May 17

April 23
April 22

April 23
April 27
April 22
April 30
May 10

April 26
April 23
April 20
April 26
April 27
April 27
May 13

April 8
April 29
April 28
May I
May 16
May 5
May 18

Number

Becomes
common

nd irregul

50

April 28
May I
May 8
May I
May 7
ar trans.
May 9
rare
May 17

May 8
May 4

April 26

April 26
May 2
April 23
May 6
May 24

April 29
April 28
April 23
April 26
April 29
May I

April 20
May 2
May 7
May 4
May 18
May 4
May 20

BALTIMORE ORIOLE

Atlantic Coast District

Berwyn, Pa

Andover, N. J

Bernardsville, N. J.
Port Chester, N. Y

First seen Number Next seen 1 Number

May 6
May 2
May 4
April 27

May 7
May 3
May 7
April 2I

Becomes
common

May 9
May 5
May 13
May 8

274

Bird - Lore

Baltimore Oriole, continued

Atlantic Coast District, continued.
New Haven, Conn., and vie.

Orient, L. I., N. Y

Waterbury, Conn

Providence, R. I., and vie.
Cambridge, Mass., and vie...

Bournedale, Mass

Norway, Me

Nova Scotia

Hudson and Champlain Vallevs

Hyde Park, N. Y '. .

Rhinebeck, N. Y

Clarendon, Vt

St. Albans, Vt

Ohio Valley.
Urbana, 111.
Marco, Ind.

Huron, Ohio

Detroit, Mich

Pittsburgh, Pa., and vicinity
Southwestern New York. . . .
Reaboro, Ont

Mississippi Valley.

Concordia, Mo

Wash. Park, Springfield, III.

Iowa City, Iowa

Zuma Twp., Rock I. Co., 111.

Rockford, 111

Atlantic, Iowa

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis

Viroqua, Wis

Milwaukee, Wis

Madison, Wis

Reedsburg, Wis

Newberry, Mich

Lincoln Co., S. D

Fargo, N. D

First seen Number Next seen

May

5

May

4

May

8

May

7

May

8

May

II

May

5

Accidei

ital

4

May

May

4

May

i.S

May

12

April

2,^

April

25

April

20

May

I

April

-7

April

,SO

May

6

April

22

April

24

May

S

April

27

May

s

(?)

April

27

May

4

May

2

May

I

May

.S

May

21

May

.s

May

16

1

3
3-4

May 6
May II
May 10
May 8
May 9
May 13
May 7

May s

May 6
May 17
May 13

April 25
May 6

May I

May 2
April 28
May I
May 7

April 28
April 26
May 4
April 28
May 4

April 28

May
May
May
May

May
May

Number

4

4

I

a pair

common

Becomes
common

several

May 8
May 14
May 10
May 10
May 10
May 16
May 10

May 6
May ID
May 18
May 18

May 5
Only two
pairs breed
May 3
May 2
April 30
May 10
May 21

May 2
April 27
May 5
May 3
May 6
May 10
May I
May 4
May 5
May 6
May 10
rare
May 15
May 17

^otes from JFtelti anti ^ttit)|>

The Annual Bird-List of the Massachu-
setts Audubon Society

Many members of the Massachusetts
Audubon Society made a careful study of
Massachusetts birds during the year 1913
and reported upon the check-lists. The
observer seeing and recording the largest
number of species was Miss Annie W.
Cobb, 30 Massachusetts Avenue, Arling-
ton, who reports 197. Nearest her, on the
list, is Anna Kingman Barry, 5 Bowdoin
Avenue, Dorchester, with 169. Royal E.
Robbins, 61 Monmouth Street, Brookline,
follows with 127; Mrs. George W. Kaan,
162 Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, in;
Helen W, Kaan of the same address, 92,
and Eleanor E. Barry, 91 Hillside Avenue,
Melrose, 87. Edwin H. Merrill, 33 Walnut
Street, Winchendon, reports 32, but it is
interesting to note that these were all
seen within the limits of Winchendon.
Quite a number of birds not common in
Massachusetts are reported by these
observers. A Hooded Warbler — a male
in full breeding plumage — was seen for a
number of days on Boston Common in
October by several observers. Acadian
Chickadees were noted by several, and
also Cape May W^arblers. The Blue-gray
Gnatcatcher and the Mockingbird were
also seen. The blanks for these lists are
supplied free by the Massachusetts
Audubon Society. — Winthrop Packard,
Secretary-Treasurer.

Birds and 'Windows
I

In the May-June Bird-Lore is an
account of the curious actions of a Robin
flying repeatedly against windows. Nearly
all questions relating to natural history
have an answer — it is merely a question of
searching out the right one.

The same thing occurred here in the
early nesting-season, and I am satisfied
as to the solution of the problem.

On numerous occasions I have seen
Tree Sparrows, Chickadees, etc., which
feed in the yard in wintertime, fly against
the windows with such force as to stun
themselves. One bird I picked up dead
beneath a plate-glass window.

This is liable to occur if birds become
suddenly alarmed for in the window there
is reflected more or less clearly, according
to the quality of the glass, sky, trees,
fields, etc., which to the bird seems an
avenue of escape. Now the Robins in
question were not trying to break into
the house or escape to Elysian fields, but
fighting their own reflections which they
supposed to be determined rivals. The
window here was fixed so that it ceased to
act as a reflector and the battle ceased.
I remember a pet Mockingbird that used
to race back and forth on the mantlepiece
and scold at his reflection in a mirror for
half an hour at a time. — W. L. Skinner,
ProctorsviUe, Vt.

II

In reply to Mr. Clarence B. Wood's
query in the May-June issue of Bird-
Lore, I would say that a very short time
ago I saw a male Cardinal act almost
exactly as did his Robin.

In a trumpet vine on the side of my
home, over three stories high, was located
a Cardinal's nest (rather an unusual site
for a Cardinal). The female had been
incubating for some time when the nest
was discovered, and the male was ob-
served in and about the vine at all hours.
One evening in the last week of May while
at work in the garden, my attention was
attracted by many excited hissing chirps,
followed by some object continually
striking the glass of a small garret window
some three or four feet from, and slightly
below, the nest.

Upon examination it proved to be the
male Cardinal who for some seemingly
unknown cause was flying continually
with considerable force against the glass

(275)

276

Bird -Lore

panes. Some of his attacks were repeated
with such force that many times he fell
panting and almost exhausted to the
narrow sill of the window, only to hop
back into the vine and renew his attacks.
The eggs must have hatched. The parent
bird was now exceedingly watchful to
guard the young from any lurking dangers,
and had seen reflected in the panes of
glass, as a result of the dark background
within, his own image. Mistaking it for a
foraging male of his own species, he had
decided to drive it from the vicinity of
the nest. After falling to the sill, as the
result of an attack, the bird would hop to
the vine directly in front of the window,
and, seeing his image again reflected in
the glass, would renew the attack.

Satisfied now that this was the cause of
the curious actions of the bird, I decided
to confirm my theory. Going directly to
the garret I opened the window, knowing
that if the above suppositions were the
case that this would be the quickest way
to end the trouble; while if the bird really
wanted to get inside for some reason or
other it would have all the chance in the
world to do so. Before leaving the spot
I reached up and felt in the nest and, just
as I had supposed, the young were
hatched. It might be here stated that
while at the window arranging things, the
male bird was nowhere to be seen.

Returning to the garden, I awaited
results, and after a short while the male
bird returned and, flying to the top of the
vine began to descend by dropping down
a few inches at a time, until he was again
directly in front of the window. Here he
stopped and peered in, seeming not a little
surprised at there being no adversary
there to meet him. After sitting in this
position for a moment or two, all the
while nervously twitching his tail and
uttering low, discontented chirps, he flew
' directly to the sill where after an instant's
pause and investigation, he flew back into
the vine, then to some nearby shrubbery,
and the incident was ended.

Could not Mr. Wood's Robin have had
a nest in the vicinity and, as in the case
of the Cardinal, desired to keep away all

straggling intruders of its own kind? —
Delos E. Culver, Addingham, Pa.

Fall River Notes

As you are getting in observations on
earliest arrivals of birds, I think the follow-
ing item which appeared in our Fall River
paper may be of interest.

As you undoubtedly know there is
quite a colony of Fish Hawks on the
shores and inlets of Narragansett Bay,
near Swansea and Touisset. An observer
in that neighborhood, who has observed
them for many years, sent word to the
paper that year after year they had ar-
rived there on the morning of March 24.
This year he sent word that they arrived
March 24, at 8.40 p.m., twenty minutes
late; their usual time being 8.20!

I should also like to add that the Evening
Grosbeaks have visited us again this year,
but instead of fourteen there were only
two, neither of them in perfect color.
They have been here to our knowledge
only three times and making very short
visits — a half hour or so. The fruit of the
box elder tree, of which they were so fond
before, was all on the ground, and they
paid no attention to it. They were here
in March. A friend saw a pair in February,
about a half mile from our home. — Ellen
M. Shove, Fall River, Mass.

Prospect Park Notes

I wish to report the presence of a male
Cardinal in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. As
far as I can learn this the first record since
1902. According to Braislin's 'Birds of
Long Island,' the Cardinal was formerly
common in this section and bred in
Prospect Park in 1884. It is now very rare
here. The bird was seen by me on May 2,
1914, on the large peninsula near the
lake. A few days later it was observed by
Miss Kumpf of the Brooklyn Bird Club.

There was a rather unusual migratory
wave on May 2, which brought many
Warblers before their usual time. A male
Cape May on that date seems to be an
early record. At the same time five Brown

Notes from Field and Study

277

Creepers were observed, a rather large
number for so late in the season. —
Edward Fleischer, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Bird-Notes from Sedalia, Mo.

Birds seem unusually plentiful in Sedalia
this spring. In a drive fourteen or fifteen
blocks from the business streets of a citj-
of twenty-five thousand one may see
Bluebirds, Robins, Mourning Doves,
Brown Thrashers, Bronzed Crackles,
Meadowlarks, Baltimore Orioles, Red-
headed Woodpeckers, perhaps a House
Wren, and Flickers.

There are many trees along the resi-
dence streets that furnish nesting-places
for all these, except the Meadowlarks that
nest in the outlying vacant prairie lots.
In the back yards, where cats are not too
plentiful, and where the copse is suffi-
ciently thick and secluded, the Brown
Thrasher has his nest.

In my own yard are several soft maples;
in one of these having a stump at the top,
a flicker has made his nesting-place and
has worked persistently for nearly two
weeks now to fashion a house for the brood
to come. The female seemed to do all
the work, commencing early in the morn-
ing and working until the warm hours of
noon. In the afternoon she was again at
work making the chips fly until about six
o'clock. From appearances the hole is
about finished. The male occasionally
visits the scene of activity but takes no
part.

About three feet from the Flicker hole
a pair of English Sparrows have piled up
one of the conglomerations they use as
nests.

These near neighbors seem to agree
fairly well and get along with some hard
language and quite a bit of scolding.

About forty feet from the Flicker tree
is another maple; on this I put up a piece
of fence-post with a hole made in it with
auger and chisel, thinking I could perhaps
have a family of Bluebirds. I was re-
warded by a pair selecting it for a nesting-
place in spite of the numerous English
Sparrows. The Bluebirds are valiant

fighters and seem always in eye-shot
ready to give battle to any intruder. The
Sparrows do not seem to care for that
particular nesting-place, and I can not
determine whether it be a case of sour
grapes or whether the hole is not suffi-
ciently large for their liking.

In the same tree with the Bluebirds,
but higher up is another Sparrow's nest;
a kind of an apartment house.

I had hoped for a Robin's nest but so
far none have built on my grounds. A
couple of House Wrens stayed a few days
and a box furnished for them was scorned.

Many interesting moments that I can
spare are spent watching the little home-
makers in a busy city. — Chas. A. McNeil.
M. D., Sedalia, Mo.

Sussex County, N. J., Notes

We notice, in your introductory notes
to the Christmas census, the statement
that Pine Grosbeaks, Redpolls, and Cross-
bills have not come farther south than
New England.

We sent no Christmas list, but it may
interest you to know that a flock of twenty-
five Pine Grosbeaks came to us on
January 9. Only one male in full red
coloring was among them. The others
were females and young males. The flock
visited our maple trees almost daily until
about the middle of February, when the
extreme cold and the big storms seemed
to break up the flock into smaller groups.
We saw them in various places throughout
the town until March 20, when the last
one disappeared.

A flock of about a dozen Redpolls fed
on a row of tamarack trees in our drive-
way from February 22 till March i.
During a heavy snowstorm one venture-
some fellow appeared at the window
where some Chickadees were feeding.

On March i, ten American Crossbills,
came to a small spruce tree about twenty-
five feet from our house, and industriously
and systematically exhausted the seeds
from a small crop of cones in the top of
the tree.

What we consider our most wonderful

278

Bird - Lore

observation for Ihc year was a Mocking-
bird which perched on a vine just beneath
our window for some little time, giving us
opportunity to make a positive identifi-
cation. This was on December 14, 19 13.
On March 3, during the big storm, it
appeared again, but we have not seen it
since. We believe this is the first record
of a Mockingbird for Sussex County, al-
though the members of our nature-study
club have kept an accurate list for a
number of years. — F. Blanche Hill,
Aiidovrr, Sussex Co., N. J.

PARASITIC JAEGER

Notes on the Autumn Migration of the
Parasitic Jaeger

During an Atlantic cruise in the New
Bedford whaling brig Daisy I made the
following notes concerning Jaegers {Stcr-
corarius parasiticus), on their autumn mi-
gration.

September 23, 191 2, latitude 12° 46' N.,
longitude 25° 05' W. (about 100 miles
south of the Cape Verde Islands). Two
Jaegers seen, of which one was collected.

The specimen is a male of the dark phase,
and in fresh plumage.

September 27, 191 2, latitude 10° 46' N.,
longitude 24° 38' W. Calm, with heavy
ground-swell. One Jaeger seen and col-
lected, a uniformly dark female, fully
adult, with slightly worn central rec-
trices.

October 3, 191 2, latitude 6° 46' N.,
longitude 24° 35' W. Two Jaegers of the
dark phase seen together.

October 20, 1912, latitude 10° 21' S.,
longitude 34° 04' W. (off the coast of south-
ern Pernambuco). Three Jaegers were
noted. A pair of them tagged after the
Daisy from nine o'clock in the morning
until four in the afternoon. One was of
the dark phase, the other white-breasted.
Both had short central rectrices, differing
in this respect from the birds noted north
of the equator a month earlier. The two
would fly up our wake with slow wing-
beats, hover for a moment over the stern
of the brig, then glide slowly to the wind-
ward side and settle on the water, where
they would tuck their long wings into
the resting position and float high and
gracefully. When the ship had left them a
few hundred yards astern, they would rise
and overtake us, and again drop down.
This was repeated monotonously for
seven hours. The white-breasted bird,
whose photograph is here reproduced,
was bolder than its mate, and regularly
flew nearer to the ship. Occasionally the
two were seen to pick up food, including
scraps of pork fat which I threw over-
board. They did not seem to molest the
Petrels {Oceanites oceanicus) which fol-
lowed us in numbers.

October 26, 1912, latitude 21° 40' S.,
longitude 34° 12' W. Two Jaegers seen
separately. One which accompanied us
for a short while appeared to chase some
of the Oceanites (Petrels), although I
could not be certain that it was trying to
rob them.

October 28, 191 2, latitude 2t,° S., longi-
tude 35° 45' W. (on the verge of the south
temperate zone). One Jaeger seen. —
Robert Cushman Murphy, Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences.

Notes from Field and Study

279

Turkey Vultures in Northwestern Iowa

A few years ago, when a resident of
Sioux City, Iowa, I had an interesting
experience with Turkey Vultures. One
day, with a companion, I was roaming
through a ravine on the outskirts of the
city, when, from the top of an enormous
elm, a large bird rose and flew upward to
a great height, where it
continued circling and
soaring, on motionless
pinions, an aviator of
marvelous skill.

It was plainly not an
Eagle. But what could
it be? Not until I got
my binoculars focused
upon it, and could dis-
tinguish the naked, red
head, did I recognize it
as a Turkey Vulture, or
'Buzzard.' The persist-
ency with which the
bird hung about caused
me to suspect a nest. I
resolved to investigate.
But how should I get
into the tree? The huge
elm must have been
fully fifteen feet in cir-
cumference. Up beyond
the lower limbs a few
decayed cleats, utterly
unsafe, showed where
someone had once made
the ascent. I solved the
difficulty by procuring
a stout rope at the
nearest farmhouse.
After a number of un-
successful throws, I
succeeded in getting the
rope over the lowest limb. Then up
I went, hand over hand. The operation
was repeated until the limbs were reached
that were near enough for climbing. At
the very top there was the hollow, dead
shell of the main trunk; and, in this, upon
the bare, decayed wood, two eggs as large
as Turkey eggs. They were of a dirty
white color, heavily blotched with brown.

amber and lilac, especially about the
larger end. One was larger than the other.
This was on May 15.

Two weeks later, in company with Prof.
T. C. Stephens, of Morningside College,
and Dr. Guy C. Rich, both ornithologists
of note in that section, I again visited the
nest and Professor Stephens photographed
the nesting-site and the eggs. Twentv-

SITE

OF A TURKEY VULTURE'S NEST
Photographed by T. C. Stephens

three days later I again visited the locality
and climbed to the nest. This time the
parent bird did not fly. I suspected the
cause. Not until I actually put my hand
upon her did she leave her post. In place
of the eggs, there were two snow-white
little fellows, fat as butter-balls, covered
with fuzzy down. They smelled atro-
ciously, however, for the parent bird

28o

Bird - Lore

feeds the young on regurgitated carrion.
A dead cow, nearby, just ripe to the
Vulture taste, indicated an inexhaustible
food-supply.

YOUNG TURKEY VULTURE IN NEST-LOG

It is rare to find a Vulture nesting so far
north, and no ornithologist in that section
had ever before observed such an occur-
ence. I have noted these birds soaring
above the forests in northern Minnesota,
but it may be that they did not nest
there, though the inference would be that
they did. Can anyone supply information
in regard to this point?

It is such adventures as this, unexpect-
edly coming into one's life, that give to
the study of ornithology in the field its
peculiar charm, and e.xplain why the

study of birds, once

entered upon, becomes an

ever-increasing delight.

— Rev. Manley B.

TowNSEND, Nashua, N.

II . (Photograph by Prof.

T. C. Stephens, Sioux

City, Iowa).

Young Turkey Vultures

I am sending you two
. pictures of young Turkey
\"ultures which I pho-
tographed under rather
novel circumstances.
After taking them on the
fallen tree, they took
fright and ran into the
hollow log, which was
Determining the location
focused my camera at ten
feet and placed it in the hollow log. I
then ignited a flashlight behind and slightly
above the camera. Thinking the unusual
way in which this picture was taken, as
well as the resulting view of the birds,
might interest you I am sending them,
hoping you may find them available for

their nest,
of the nest I

0 ■'■ .*

■^^

.4
V

TWO YOUNG TURKEY VULTURES

Notes from Field and Study

281

reproduction in your magazine. — Wm. F.
Gingrich, Chicago, III.

Florida Gallinule at Baltimore

On the morning of June 9, 1914, one of
my neighbors who knows my interest in
birds, told me that a very peculiar bird
had flown into his place of business in the
central portion of Baltimore City two
nights before and that he still had the
bird in the yard back of his place. He
described it as having a head like that of a
pigeon and being black in color. Knowing
how inaccurate are the observations of
those not particularly interested in birds,
I expected to find a Crow or something
equally commonplace.

I went with him to his store and in the
brick-paved yard saw what I knew at once
to be a wading bird, because of its long
legs and wide spreading feet. Beyond this,
however, I had to admit myself stumped.
I took a memorandum of the bird's
characteristics, and the long green legs,
with a bright red band around the tibiae,
made it very easy to identify the Florida
Gallinule. I observe in Chapman's 'Hand-
book' that this bird is reported from the
District of Columbia as a migrant only.
Its appearance in June would seem to
indicate that it is breeding in the marshes
near Baltimore. In this connection I may
say that the nearest marshy ground to the
place where this Gallinule was taken is
distant about two miles. There have been
no very high winds for the past week or
so, and it is certainly surprising that the
bird should have flown into a window in
the city.

It has frequently been remarked that
all wild animal stories have a sad ending
and this one is no exception. I suggested
to my friend that he have the bird taken
to the outskirts of the city and liberated
near the water-front, or else that he send
it to the Zoo in Druid Hill Park. He
thought both of these were good sugges-
tions and therefore adopted neither. The
next day he told me that the bird had
died, doubtless of starvation. — Joseph
N. Ulman, Baltimore, Md.

Red-breasted Grosbeak Singing on the
Nest

In many nature-study books I have
noted a discussion as to whether the
adult bird ever sings while sitting on the
nest. In 191 2 I located a Rose-breasted
Grosbeak's nest a few feet up in a tree on
a boulevard. I watched it closely and
saw the male incubating. While watching
him he voiced a few of those indescribable
notes of his exquisite song. It was not
long until he discovered me and hopped
off the nest. — Harry C.Pifer, Lovington,
III.

Our Neighbor, the Bald Eagle

One of my earliest recollections is of
the sight of a Bald Eagle scaling from the
hills behind my home to the sea before it.
My aunt, who at the age of ninety-four
has a better momory than many young
people, says that they were here in her
childhood just as now, and of course it is
impossible to tell for how many years
these birds (or their ancestors) have nested
in these wooded hills.

Some years ago the nest, a huge plat-
form of rough sticks and twigs, was located
in an old pine which has since blown down.
Another was constructed, also in an old
pine, which I think still does duty as a
home.

We usually see but one bird at a time,
never more than two, except once, when
two old birds and two young were seen
going down to the sea together. The young
with dark head and tail, are sometimes
seen alone and are commonly called
"Black Eagles."

At one time, some years ago, one of the
Eagles disappeared and for several years
the bereaved one led a solitary life in the
pine tree. Then I think that it, too, must
have met with some mishap, as later a
pair appeared and are still living here.

It seems strange that there are not
more nesting here, where they have been
undisturbed for so many years, but doubt-
less this is due to their solitary habits.

Sometimes we see them, a mere speck
on the sky, and sometimes they hang low

282

Bird -Lore

so that they may be plainly seen, tipping
slightly as the wind varies, with the
extreme tips of the wings fanning gently,
but otherwise apparently motionless.

When the magnificent birds fail to
appear for a week or two we miss them
and feel that a very important feature
is lacking in our view. Their graceful
flight, like that of our Sea Gulls, adds a
charm to the landscape impossible to
describe. — Winifred Holway Palmer,
Machias, Maine.

disappeared to the northwest. They were
reported to gather in a similar way in the
morning, though the writer did not have
the pleasure of seeing them at that time.
The accompanying photograph was taken
September 4th, at 6 p.m. A careful esti-
mate indicated that there were 13,440
Martins on the wires alone. Examination
made it clear that there were no other
Swallows in the company — all were
Purple Martins. — I. N. Mitchell, Mil-
waukee, Wis.

The Flocking of Purple Martins

On September 2d, 3rd, and 4th, and to
a less extent until the 15th, large numbers
of Martins gathered on the telephone
wires on Park Place between Farwell and
Frederick Avenues, Milwaukee. They
kept on the wing till about 5:30 and then
began to settle on the wires. Occasionally
the whole company would leave the wires,
almost together, then settle down again.
They seemed to wish to get close together,
and many gathered on the house-tops and
trees in the neighborhood of the middle of
the flock At about 6.30 they left as with
one accord. The only night that the writer
caught them in the act of leaving they

Harris's Sparrow in 'Wisconsin

In the May-June number of "Bird-
Lore, I was much interested to read the
report of Harris's Sparrow from Illinois,
since this rare visitant was also seen in
Milwaukee this year.

On May 12, while watching a flock
of fifteen or twenty White-throated Spar-
rows, the attention of Mr. Simpson and
myself was attracted by a 'black-faced,'
unfamiliar Sparrow, that seemed so much
larger than any of his companions, as
well as most unusual in appearance.

We followed and watched the bird for
a long time, getting within ten feet of
him, as he fed busily on the ground. We

St-

ABOUT 13,000 PURPLE MARTINS IN MILWAUKEE

Notes from Field and Study

283

noted every detail of its unusual, really
striking markings. On reaching home, we
readily identified our new bird by the ex-
cellent plate in the series of 'Migration of
North American Sparrows' in Bird-Lore,
as well as from the description in Chap-
man's 'Birds of Eastern North America.'

The bird was seen the following day by
Mrs. John Hill, in about the same section
of Lake Park, again with a flock of White-
throated Sparrows.

Harris's Sparrow seems to me to be, in
shape, in size and in the manner of holding
up its head, more like the White-crowned
Sparrow than any other member of the
Sparrow family. — Mrs. Mark L. Simpson,
1340 Grand Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

Additional Observations of Harris's Spar-
row in II inois

Since writing my report of the first
observation of Harris's Sparrow here,
and which was published in the last
number of Bird-Lore, I have observed
the same species at the hedge-fence where
the first one was seen, on the following
named dates:

April 26, one was seen on a willow tree
in the slough at the east end of the fence.

May 3, two were seen at the east end of
the fence.

May 5, one was seen at the west end of
the fence, and May 7, the last one was
seen at the same place.

The first and last ones observed had the
most brilliant plumage, and were evidently
adult birds. In the slough near the hedge
there is always water during the spring,
and this is probably the reason they came
there. — J. J. Schafer, Port Byron, III.

A Rat in a Swallow's Nest

In deepening the channel in the stream
that connects Lakes Monona and Wau-
besa, near Madison, Wisconsin, the dredges
have formed many sandbanks from one to
ten feet in height. Many Bank Swallows
and a few Rough-wings have been quick
to take advantage of the opportunity, and
several colonies have located their burrows
along the water-course, some within a few

feet of the water. W^hile canoeing between
the lakes with Mr. A. W. Schorger, on
May 29, we stopped to examine some of
the burrows. The first hole inspected
proved to be straight enough to allow a
ray of reflected light to reach the end,
which was about two or two and a half
feet from the entrance. Instead of the
expected Swallow or eggs, we discovered
a rat curled up very comfortably for an
afternoon siesta — very probably an after-
dinner nap! He managed to escape from
the first attempt on his life and swam
under water for about twenty feet. He
was finally overtaken and consigned to a
watery grave. From the rat's point of
view, it was an ideal summer resort; a
good meal (presumably) and a comfortable
room available every few feet along the
water-front. — Norman DeW. Betts,
Madison, Wis.

Brewster's Warbler Seen at Highland
Park, Rochester, N. Y.

On May 2, 1914, a Warbler was observed
in Warner's Woods about 9.30 a.m.; again
between 11.20 and 12 m.

The bird was closely studied, and the
following notes taken: a Warbler about
five inches long; had a large, almost
square patch of bright yellow on the wing
near the shoulder, a black line through
the eye, and a black bill. The tail grayish
slate, grading to grayish yellow-green on
the back and slightly darker on the head.
Underparts light gray tinged with yellow.
The bird was approached within twenty
feet in open woods and shrubs with the
bright sun of a clear day shining over our
shoulders on the bird. Mr. Edson carries
a Bausch & Lomb Zeiss prism stereo six
power glass and Mr. Horsey a good field-
glass. We are, therefore, very positive of
the above points.

Brewster's Warbler is the nearest bird
described in 'Warblers of North America'
by Chapman, and it is said to show yellow
on the underparts intergrading with the
Blue- winged Warbler. — Wm. L. G. Edson,
Richard E. Horsey, 12 Fairview Ave.,
Rochester, N. V.

2^oofe ji^etDg mh Ctebietosi

The Red-winged Blackbird. A Study
in the Ecology of a Cat-tail Marsh. By
Arthur A. Allen, Zoological Labora-
tory, Cornell University. Abstract
Proc. Linn. See. N. Y. [care of Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist.] Nos. 24, 25, 1914, pp.
43-128; pis. 20; figs. 2.

In this admirable monograph Dr. Allen
has not only given us much new informa-
tion concerning the habits of the Red-
winged Blackbird, but also a demonstra-
tion of methods in the study of birds
in nature which forms an object lesson
we cannot too strongly commend to the
field student.

Bird-Lore has long advocated spe-
cialization as a means of extending the
boundaries of the known and of deepening
one's interests. Here then, is a model
which, we gladly confess, represents a
distinct advance over anything we had
in mind.

Ornithologists have been too prone to
flock by themse'ves. Their studies have
been apt to consider the bird apart from
its environment — as that term implies
not alone climatic and physiographic
factors, but all the other forms of life
with which directly or indirectly it may
come in contact. While such studies
may be above criticism by ornithologists,
they are far from filling the demands of
the ecologist. That is, of one who studies
the relationships of organisms to one
another and to their surroundings.

Dr. Allen's paper is a contribution to
this newer, broader type of ornithology.
It opens with a study of environment.
The "plant associations" with their char-
acteristic animals are outlined, and the
changes due to seasonal or other causes
mentioned.

This generalized survey of a particular
area lays the foundation for the more
specialized study of any of the forms of
life which inhabit it, whether plant, fish,
reptile, bird, or mammal. From its fauna
Dr. Allen selects as his subject the Red-
winged Blackbird, and Part II of his

(2

paper (pp. 74-128) is devoted to an eco-
logical study of this bird as it was
observed in and near Renwick Marsh at
the head of Cayuga Lake, New York.

Beginning with the Redwing's migra-
tion, some conception of the intensiveness
of Dr. Allen's studies may be gained by
the following table. Doubtless few birds
have been more generally recorded in
migration than this conspicuous species,
but where else will we find such detailed,
intimate information in regard to its
movements?

I. Vagrants. Feb. 25, March 4.

II. Migrant adult males. March 13-
April 21.

III. Resident adult males. March 25-
April 10.

IV. Migrant females and immature
males. March 29-April 24.

V. Resident adult females. April 10-
May I.

VI. Resident immature males. May
6-June I (1910).

VII. Resident immature females. May
lo-June II (1910).

With these dates is presented much
correlative matter in regard to the develop-
ment of vegetation, changes in food-sup-
ply, variations in actions, sexual growth,
etc., all of which is designed to show the
relation of cause and effect. Consequently,
we have a contribution not alone to
ornithology but to general biology — or
better, to bionomics.

'Mating and Song,' 'Nesting,' 'The
Young,' 'Fall Migration,' 'Enemies,' 'Molt
and Plumage,' 'Food and Food-supply,'
'Correlations Between Changes of Food
and Changes in Structure of Stomach,'
'Correlations in the Changes Occurring in
the Reproductive Organs,' are the further
headings under which Dr. Allen presents
the results of his studies of the Redwing.
Each contains something more or less
original in matter and in method; and
each contributes to what, in our opinion,
is the best, most significant biography

84)

Book News and Reviews

285

which has thus far been prepared of any
American bird.

Bird-Lore's readers do not have to be
assured of Dr. Allen's success as a bird
photographer, and the thirty-odd photo-
graphs illustrating this article bear witness
both to his skill with a camera and good
judgment in the selection of subjects. —
F. M. C.

An Account of the Mammals and
Birds of the Lower Colorado
River, with Especial Reference to
THE Distributional Problems Pre-
sented. By Joseph Grinnell, Univ.
of Calif. Pub. in Zool. Vol. 12, No. 4,
pp. 51-294; pis. 13; figs. 9.

The observations and specimens on
which this paper is based were gathered
by its author, Frank Stephens, Joseph
Dixon, and L. Hollister Jones. Working
with funds provided by Miss Annie M.
Alexander, founder of the California
Museum of Vertibrate Zoology, they
began operations at the Needles on the
Colorado River, on February 15, and
reached Yuma May 3, and concluded
their work a few miles farther south on
May 15, 1910. Transportation was pro-
vided by a scow and a skiff, while the
current supplied the motive power.
Twenty-nine camps were made, some on
the Arizona, some on the California side
of the river. These served as bases from
which the immediately surrounding coun-
try was explored.

Collections were made of birds, mam-
mals, reptiles, amphibians, a few fishes,
and the more conspicuous plants. No less
important than the specimens themselves,
and greatly increasing their value, are
the observations made on the country
traversed by the trained naturalists com-
posing the party.

The results, as contained in this report
on the birds and mammals secured, is
therefore not merely a systematic treatise,
but an important contribution to our
knowledge of the manner of occurrence
and habits of the species concerned, and
particularly, as the title of the paper
states, to the distributional problems
presented.

It is this portion of the paper which
makes it of value to the student of
faunistics, whatever be the group of
animals to which he devotes himself. We
cannot at this time give to this paper the
attention it deserves,'"but wemay at least
present Mr. Grintiell's

Classification of Barriers to Species as Regards

Birds and^Mammals
Barriers

A. Tangible (mechanical).

(a) Land to aquatic species.

(b) Bodies or streams of water to ter-
restrial species.

B. Intangible (non-mechanical).

(a) Zonal (by temperature).

(b) Faunal (by atmospheric humidity).

(c) Associational.

(i) By food-supply.

(2) By breeding-places.

(3) By temporary refuges.

(Each of these three with regard to the
inherent structural characters of each
species concerned). — F. M. C.

A Distributional List of the Birds
OF Arizona By Harry S. Swarth.
Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 10; Cooper
Orn. Club, Hollywood, Calif. May 25,
1914. 133 pp., map. Price $1.50.

To its noteworthy series of special
publications on western birds the Cooper
Club now adds this authoritative list of
Arizona birds. It includes 362 species and
subspecies which are classed as follows:

Resident 152

Summer Visitant 72

Winter Visitant 57

Transient 30

Of Casual Occurrence 51

In addition to the main annotated list
(pp. 9-81), nominal lists of species are
given under these seasonal headings, and
there are also similar lists under faunal
headings. A colored faunal map and a
bibliography add to the valiJ- ->( this
paper. — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Condor. — The March 'Condor'
is an unusually large number with its

286

Bird - Lore

fifty-four pages and seventeen illustra-
tions. It contains five main articles,
eighteen short notes, and five pages of
editorials, reviews, and minutes of Cooper
Club meetings.

The opening article of B. Dixon on a
'History of a Pair of Pacific Horned Owls'
is well illustrated, and is based on a series
of observations in the Escondido Valley,
San Diego County, extending over a
period of thirteen years. During this time
the Owls nested three times in old Hawk's
nests in trees, twice in a Hawk's or
Raven's nest in a cliff, and at other times
made their home on a rocky ledge. Five
sets of three eggs were laid, but all the
others contained but two eggs each. The
dates of laying (completed sets) varied
from Jan. 29, 1911, to Feb. 14, 1907.

Another Owl article appears under the
title of 'An Asionine Ruse,' in which
Dawson recounts briefly an experience in
Washington with a Long-eared Owl that
went through all the motions and cries
attendant on capturing a Flicker or a
mouse, apparently merely to decoy the
intruder away from her nest.

In a short but very interesting article
on 'Destruction of Birds in California by
Fumigation of Trees,' A. B. Howell
reports finding ninety-two dead birds,
representing nine species, under two hun-
dred trees, the morning after his orange
grove at Covina had been fumigated. He
suggests that a law imposing a fine of
five cents for each bird killed might make
fumigators more careful.

Among 'Some Discoveries in the Forest
at Fyffe,' in El Dorado County, made
during a ten days' stay in May, 1913, Ray
describes and gives some very clear photo-
graphs of a nest of the rare Hermit Warbler
and a family of young Saw-whet Owls, the
latter constituting the first definite breed-
ing record for this Owl in California.

A contribution on the 'Birds of Sitka
and Vicinity, Southeastern Alaska.' by
George Willets, contains careful notes on
152 species observed during the summers
of 191 2 and 1913 on Kruzof, St. Lazaria,
Biorka, and other islands in or near
Sitka Sound.

In a review of Grinnell's report on the
'Birds of the San Jacinto Area,' Dawson
takes exception to the substitution of the
term 'summer visitant' for 'summer resi-
dent.' "Am I," he asks, "only a 'winter
visitant' at Santa Barbara, because I
spend four months at home and eight, or
thereabouts, afield. The state holds
otherwise, and so does common sense."

The May number of 'The Condor' con-
tains an unusually varied and interesting
series of eight papers. The opening
article is the presidential address of Harold
C. Bryant on 'The Cooper Club Member
and Scientific Work' delivered before the
Northern Division of the Club on March
19. After briefly sketching the history of
the Cooper Club, he divides the general
work of the organization into eight
groups: Collecting specimens; prepara-
tion of local lists, recording field observa-
tions, description of new species, photog-
raphy, distribution, economic investiga-
tions and conservation of wild life, and
adds the comment, "If there is anything
in our work that we have possibly over-
done, it is the plain faunal list."

Jewett's 'Bird Notes from Netarts
Bay, Oregon,' including observations on
fifty-seven species of water-birds and
shore-birds, made in 1912 and 1913, and
Saunders' 'Birds of Teton and Northern
Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana'
(182 species), are the only local lists in
this number. Allan Brooks contributes
two papers, one on 'The Races of Branla
canadensis' and the other entitled 'A
Sadly Neglected Matter.' In the latter,
he calls attention to the importance of
noting the color of the bill, feet, and iris
on the labels of all bird skins, and men-
tions several cases in which failure to
record these facts has given rise to error
in descriptions, or failure to differentiate
properly forms which are closely related.

Thayer's account of the 'Nesting of the
Kittlitz Murrelet' high up on the slopes
of Pavloff Volcano, on the Alaskan
Peninsula, is one of the most important
facts recorded for some time. The eggs
of this species, previously unknown, were
discovered by Captain F. E. Klein-

Book News and Reviews

287

Schmidt, who secured three specimens
(one broken) in May and June, 1913, and
incidentally substantiated the Eskimo
reports that the birds nested in the moun-
tains. Possibly the closely related Mar-
bled Murrelet may have similar habits,
which will explain in part the failure thus
far to discover its nesting-place.

Fayre Kenagy describes the 'Change in
Fauna' on the Minidoka Project in South
Central Idaho, and gives a table showing
the fluctuation in numbers, during the
last seven years, of nineteen species of
birds, due to irrigation.

Under the caption 'Resident versus
Visitant,' Dawson takes issue with the
recent attempt to restrict the term 'resi-
dent' to species which remain in a locality
throughout the year, declaring that "it
is grossly inappropriate to call any breed-
ing bird a 'visitant' in its breeding-home."
Grinnell, in an editorial note, is equally
positive that "Birds are either resident
or migratory; if they migrate they can 7iot
be resident; hence such an incongruity as
winter resident is impossible!"

In referring to the Annual Directory,
which closes the number, it is interesting
to remember that the Cooper Club was
organized twenty-one years ago. Begin-
ning with a membership of four, in June
1893, it has steadily increased until it now
has six honorary and four hundred and
thirty-three active members. — T. S. P.

Wilson Bulletin. — -The March num-
ber of this Quarterly (Vol. XXVI, No. i)
opens with an illustrated study of the
Woodcock, by Gerard Alan Abbott; R.
W. Shufeldt writes a somewhat rambling
dissertation on Owls, accompanying it
with two photographs and a reproduction
of a painting of Snowy Owls by Gerhard
Heilmann. Ira N. Gabrielson gives some
interesting 'Pied-billed Grebe Notes,' in
which he records seeing, on August 19,
1913, a flock containing about two hun-
dred of these Grebes, which is twice as
large a flock as the reviewer has noted.
Ernest W. Vickers writes a graphic
description of the roll or drumming of
the Pileated Woodpecker, and Lynds

Jones discusses the bird-life of northern
Ohio during the winter of 1913-14.
Professor Jones also contributes 'A Brief
History of the Wilson Ornithological
Club,' which was organized on December
3, 1888. Elsewhere in this number of the
Bulletin appear the minutes of the meet-
ing of the Club held in Chicago on Feb-
ruary 5 and 6, 1914. Heretofore the work
of the Club and communication between
its members has been conducted by cor-
respondence. Henceforth it is proposed
to hold regular meetings, and the evident
success of the meeting seems fully to
warrant the adoption of this plan.

Further articles in this number are by
Geo. L. Fordyce, who writes on 'Changes
in the Avifauna of Youngstown, Ohio,'
incident to the building of reservoirs,
which have added some 60 species to
those observed by him in the preceding
ten years, and a detailed review of Reiche-
now's 'Handbuch der Systematischen
Ornithilogie,' by W. F. Henninger. There
are also editorials, field-notes, and reviews.
— F. M. C.

Book News

The National Geographic Magazine
for May, 1914, makes a notable contribu-
tion to popular ornithology in an article by
Henry W. Henshaw on 'Birds of Town and
Country,' with 64 illustrations in color by
Louis Agassiz Fuertes. This article, with
a similar one by Mr. Henshaw in the issue
of the same magazine for June, 1913, with
50 colored illustrations by Fuertes, a
paper by F. H. Kennard on 'Encouraging
Birds around the Home' and a study of
certain phases of bird migration by Wells
W. Cooke, has been bound in one volume.
Copies may be obtained from the National
Geographic Society, Washington, D. C,
at one dollar each.

The fourth part of Mr. Fuertes' 'Im-
pressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds'
will appear in the next issue of Bird-Lore.
This magazine has published few articles
which have been more warmly commended
than these graphic descriptions by Mr.
Fuertes.

288

Bird - Lore

2^irti=lLore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributine Editor. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published August 1, 1914 No. 4

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States. Canada and Mexico, twenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1914, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Band

On a preceding page of this issue of
Bird-Lore, Abbott H. Thayer discusses
the question of the comparative number
of our birds. This subject was brought
before the last meeting of the American
Ornithologists' Union, and it is interesting
to observe that Mr. Thayer independently
reaches the conclusions which were ex-
pressed by the members of the Union who
took part in the discussion.

The lack of proper evidence and the
worthlessness of opinions based on memory
alone were admitted. Professor Munster-
berg's letter to Mr. Thayer gives a psy-
chologist's reasons why such testimony
lacks value. To them may be added
several which are more physiological.
Three or four decades is apt to make a
decided, if unacknowledged, difference in
one's power to see and to hear birds, as
well as to dull the keenness with which
one searches for them. When neighbors
tell us that Robins, or Orioles, or 'Chippies'
are not so common as they were thirty
years ago, we know that it is human-life
rather than bird-life which is failing.

One, however, should avoid generalizing
on observations covering only one locality.
Following Mr. Thayer's statement that,
on the whole, birds are as numerous about
Keene, H. N., as they have been at any
time in his experience, covering fifty
years, we have the claim of Mr. Rolla
Warren Kimsey that at Lathrop, Mo.,
birds are decreasing; and he gives evi-
dently valid reasons for this decrease.

But, on a succeeding page (p. 277) of this
number, another Missouri correspondent
writes that birds "seem unusually plentiful
in Sedalia this spring." From Saginaw,
Michigan, Mr. W. B. Mershon reports
that he has never seen more Baltimore
Orioles than are present there this year,
but that there are fewer Bluebirds than
usual.

With this variety of statement about
existing conditions, how can we hope to
know exactly the conditions which existed
say, thirty or forty years ago, in order
that we may compare them with those of
today. Few men are qualified by personal
experience to make such comparison, but,
so far as we are aware, those in a position
to speak with authority detect, all in all,
no marked change in the numbers of our
song and insectivorous birds.

Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the
University of California, writes us that,
in view of the proposal to legalize the
marketing of all game in California, Dr.
Walter P. Taylor has been detailed from
the Museum's staff to conduct the cam-
paign against this undesirable legislation.
Mr. Grinnell so clearly expresses the duty
to the state of professional zoologists in
crises of this kind that we take the liberty
of quoting from his letter:

"In thus announcing our participation
in active conservation, which of course
means putting aside, for the time being,
such other interests as field and museum
research, I would urge that it is the duty
of zoologists to make their special knowl-
edge available for the common good when-
ever the opportunity offers. By reason of
our work in field and museum we have
been privileged to acquaint ourselves inti-
mately with the animal life of the state.
This knowledge is now of economic impor-
tance. In the present instance, there is the
threatened danger that many of our game-
birds and mammals will be nearly or quite
exterminated through the excessive hunt-
ing which free marketing will undoubtedly
bring. This impending calamity is worth
fighting against."

^\)t Bububon Societies;

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the editor, at S3 Arlington Avenue, Providence, R. I.

PROGRAM - MAKING

Not only Audubon Societies, but Bird Clubs and various organizations
interested in the study and conservation of birds, are considering the annual
problem of what to do next which will best stimulate their members and
appeal to the public. The very fact that this problem must be considered
from such a point of view is, at once, a confession and a concession ; inasmuch
as the general average of members, on the one hand, not only need but demand
an attractive program mapped out to whet their interest, while, on the other,
cooperation with the public is an essential of growth, without which any
isolated, individual group of bird-lovers must eventually dwindle and
disintegrate.

Schedules of work should be recognized as a vital part of any organization,
and the effort put into their making valued at its true worth. Unfortunately,
too many people are willing to shift the burden of program-making on to the
shoulders of a few efficient, self-sacrificing workers, without taking the trouble
to discuss conditions or to make helpful suggestions. An undue amount of
responsibility is consequently thrust upon the program-maker.

The measure of success to which any society attains may be readily esti-
mated by the kind of program it carries out. With this fact in mind, a yearly
program of work becomes a test of strength and activity on the part of mem-
bers, as well as an index of growth.

The question each member should ask himself is. Am I doing my part of
the work?

A program ought not to be a formidable affair, overambitious, complicated,
and involving an undue amount of work from those who carry it out. Like a
house, or a library, or a musevmi, it should fit those who are to use it, other-
wise it will fall far short of the mark.

For this very reason, it is impossible to offer a set schedule which shall
meet the requirements of all Audubon Societies and Bird Clubs. Suggestions
may help to some extent, but the wisest course is to investigate thoroughly
the needs and possibilities of your own particular community. The difficult
part of arranging a program is not in the formulation of a printed schedule,
but rather in establishing a direct relation between that schedule and the pub-
lic for which it was made.

(289)

290 Bird - Lore

Suppose your Society covers a locality which is becoming overrun with
Starlings. It is of great importance for everyone to know about the habits
and distribution of this species, in order to gather reliable data upon which
to base laws regarding this intruder from the Old World.

Or, suppose you are confronted with the gypsy and browntail moth pest,
or the chestnut-disease fungus, your duty is plainly to investigate conditions
and to inform people of the community how to control these menaces to veg-
etation. The adaptability of birds is a matter for careful study with regard
to such pests, and in this connection, the feeding-habits of tree-loving species
might well be studied with minute care.

Other problems which belong to local societies as well as to state or federal
commissions, to solve, are changes in bird-population, decade by decade, or
year by year, correlated with changes in habitat and distribution; oppor-
tunities and need of bird-protection ; propagation of wild birds under domestica-
tion; nature-study in the schools and home, and a systematic survey of the
arrival and departure of migratory species.

Each of these topics may be subdivided in different ways, and other topics
may be added to those given above, but any one of them, if thoroughly taken
up, would furnish work for many observers. Perhaps the criticism might be
fairly made that the schedules of work undertaken by most Audubon Socie-
ties are too fragmentary or, in frequent instances, too desultory. Why not
commence this year and take one objective point of attack, a single problem,
and devote more time and thought to that?

The following communications from quite different sources show the value
of doing one thing well. The first gives the result of observations during mid-
summer in a limited area by a class sufficiently large to be compared with the
average local Audubon Society, or Bird Club. The second deals with the
problem of providing a suitable food-supply for birds which ordinarily migrate
farther south.

BIRD-STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
SUMMER SCHOOL

During the sessions of the University of Virginia Summer School, for several years
a group of teachers numbering from fifty to seventy-five has given a good deal of time
to careful and accurate bird-study. This work has been entirely voluntary, for the
University does not allow credit for bird-study in the nature-study course.

These early morning walks at five or at five-thirty o'clock, while testing the
earnestness of the bird-lover, did not interrupt the regular work of the school,
beginning at 8:30 a.m., but encouraged the formation of friendships, and the
exchange of information regarding birds, between teachers from all sections of the
United States.

Real bird-study at the University of Virginia Summer School was started by Dr.
K. C. Davis, of the Peabody College for Teachers (Nashville), who conducted it most
successfully from igio to 1912. Other work kept Doctor Davis in New Jersey for the

The Audubon Societies

291

session of 19 13, and the bird-study class fell to the writer, who had enjoyed many
bird-walks with Doctor Davis.

A large class cannot do very close work in identifying shy birds, but our identifi-
cation was successful, as will be seen from a list of summer residents made between
June 25 and August 5. These bird-walks covered territory within two miles of the
University, with the exception of two week-end trips to Humpback Mountain in the
Blue Ridge, where the additional species noted in the list were found.

Summer Residents Identified near the University of Virginia

A.O.U.

A.O.U.

190 — American Bittern

529— (

191 — Least Bittern

540—^

200 — Little Blue Heron (immature)

546-(

201 — Green Heron

547-1

263 — Spotted Sandpiper

560— (

273 — Killdeer

563-1

289 — Bob-white

567^—

300 — Ruffed Grouse (on Humpback)

581-5

310a — ^Wild Turkey (on Humpback)

587-^

316 — Mourning Dove

593— <

325 — Turkey Vulture

598-]

360 — Sparrow Hawk

608—5

373 — Screech Owl

610— J

387 — Yellow-billed Cuckoo

611—]

388— Black-billed Cuckoo

614 — '

390 — Belted Kingfisher

616—]

3936 — Hairy Woodpecker

619— (

394c — Downy Woodpecker

622 — ]

406 — Red-headed Woodpecker

624—]

412a — Flicker

627—^

41 7 — Whip-poor-will

628—^

420 — Nighthawk

631-^

423 — Chimney Swift

636—]

428 — Ruby-throated Hummingbird

638—5

444 — Kingbird

639-^

452 — Crested Flycatcher

641—]

456 — Phoebe

652—'

461 — Wood Pewee

654—]

463 — Yellow - bellied Flycatcher (on

Humpback)

671—]

465 — Acadian Flycatcher

674— (

467 — Least Flycatcher (on Humpback)

676—]

477— Blue Jay

677-J

488— Crow

681—:

495 — Cowbird (on Humpback)

683—^

498 — Red-winged Blackbird

684—]

501 — Meadowlark

686— (

506 — Orchard Oriole

687—:

507 — Baltimore Oriole

703—;

511 — Purple Grackle

704—1

House (English) Sparrow

70s—:

Goldfinch
Vesper Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow

Carolina Junco (on Humpback)
Song Sparrow
Towhee
Cardinal
Indigo Bunting
Scarlet Tanager
Summer Tanager
Purple Martin
Tree Swallow
Bank Swallow
Cedar Waxwing
Loggerhead Shrike
Red-eyed Vireo
Warbling Vireo
Yellow-throated Vireo
White-eyed Vireo
Black and White Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Blue-winged Warbler
Yellow Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler (on

Humpback)
Pine Warbler
Oven-bird

Louisiana Water-Thrush
Kentucky Warbler
Maryland Yellow-throat
Yellow-breasted Chat
Hooded Warbler

Canadian Warbler (on Humpback)
Redstart
Mockingbird
Catbird
Brown Thrasher

292 Bird - Lore

Summer Residents Identified near the University of Virginia, continued

A.O.U. A.O.U.

718 — Carolina Wren 75 1 — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

721 — House Wren 755 — Wood Thrush

724 — Short-billed Marsh Wren 756 — Veery (on Humpback)

727 — White-breasted Nuthatch 761 — Robin

731 — Tufted Titmouse 766 — Bluebird

736 — Carolina Chickadee

— J. Bowie Ferneyhough, Richmond, Va. (P. O. Box 1458).

An Effort to Illustrate the Advantages and Possibilities of Inducing

Desirable Birds to Remain within the Boundaries of

the State During the Winter Months

There seems no reason to doubt that the fall migration of several species is
due primarily to the absence of an adequate food-supply, and that heavy snows and
low extremes of temperature, while of some importance, are not vital factors in causing
this phenomenon. Proof of this is afforded when we find large flocks of Robins here
during some of our severest winters, detained by the various wild fruits, chief of which
is the hawthorn or thornapple (Crataegus).

This beautiful shrub grows commonly throughout the foothill and adjacent plain
region from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, bearing fruit liked by many birds, such as Robins,
Jays, and numerous Finches. As it yields readily to cultivation and is in itself a beau-
tiful?ornamental shrub, its introduction and propagation in city parks and residence
districts is much to be desired.

To illustrate its value to the avian world, a group containing a small clump of the
bushes has recently been finished, and is now on exhibition in the Bird Hall, showing
Robins, Solitaires, Jays, Juncos, Towhees, Song, Tree, and Gambel's Sparrows, feeding
on the seeds and berry pulp.

Near by an insect-killed pine has been placed, with Rocky Mountain and Pygmy
Nuthatches, Rocky Mountain Creepers, and Long-tailed Chickadees, searching out
each crevice for eggs and larvae, while a large Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker is
sounding for borers.

This group is the first of a series of four, now planned, each exhibiting a season with
the characteristic birds at their work as man's most important ally. — T. Lincoln,
Acting Curator of Ornithology, Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, Col.

Both of these communications offer practical suggestions, which have been
tested in at least one locaUty with success. By comparing the summer list of
birds identified at the University of Virginia by a class of seventy-five with the
list of a year obtained by a single boy, with hardly any assistance, in West
Virginia (see Bird-Lore, May- June, 1914), some idea may be had of the great
value of the "limited area" study as opposed to hit-or-miss observations in
various localities.

These lists are in themselves of considerable interest, since they contain
the record of Carolinian, AUeghenian, and Canadian faunal differences within
specific areas. Compare them with lists which you may make in other places,
and note the differences of distribution.

The Audubon Societies 293

The suggestion of discovering a suitable winter food-supply for desirable
species is one that many societies might follow up with good results. Such an
investigation would naturally lead to experiments with a variety of trees and
shrubs, and, incidentally, add much to a general knowledge of arboriculture.

Other methods of work will be welcomed and discussed in this department.
—A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK
For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XVI : Correlated Studies, Reading, Observation and Recreation

THE PERIOD OF SONG

Touch your lips with gladness, and go singing on your way,

Smiles will strangely lighten every duty;

Just a little word of cheer may span a sky of gray

With hope's own heaven-tinted bow of beauty.

Wear a pleasant face wherein shall shine a joyful heart,

As shines the sun, the happy fields adorning;

To every care-beclouded life some ray of light impart.

And touch your lips with gladness every morning. — Nixon Waterman

Vacation-time has come again, books and lessons are laid aside, examina-
tions and rank forgotten. Why have an exercise for the Junior Audubon
members in midsummer, even in the School Department of Bird-Lore? Why,
indeed, except to add to the interest of the long, hot days when body and mind
relax and sag, and precious time is wasted for lack of energy to fix upon any-
thing which seems worth while?

The following exercise is correlated with some things which you may never
have thought of as studies, namely, observation and recreation. It is rather a
curious fact that most people have to be taught to observe and to play, unless
they have grown up under very favorable conditions for cultivating these gifts.

It is well to read as much as one can, for the right kind of books and papers
and magazines contain a vast amount of observation presented in attractive
form. It is better, however, to be able to observe for one's self, to cultivate the
habit of observing, and of mentally crystallizing into memory what has been
observed.

Add to the habit of reading and observation the gift of knowing how to
play, and the combination is still better. One philosopher — and, by the way, a
philosopher who practises what he teaches — has called attention to the
advantage of learning to play as one works. The reason that work of any kind
is likely to become first a tiresome task and then dull drudgery is because no
element of recreation enters into it. The spirit which makes one feel like play-
ing also makes one contented and cheerful. The haymaker who starts to his

294 Bird -Lore

work singing "Happy as the day is long," is a man who finds something in
that work besides a hard task, and who gets something out of it besides fatigue
and discouragement. He works and plays at the same time.

This same beautiful lesson is taught us by the birds. With them, song is
an expression of health and energy, and of a natural instinct linked with the
great law of life which we touched upon in the last exercise. The period of
song is at its best when mates are chosen and nesting is begun, but song is
also an accompaniment to food-getting, with many species. Watch the Vireos
feeding and singing, throughout the long, sultry summer, or listen for the
Nighthawk sweeping the twilight-gloom, calling its strange, rasping note.

Hear the frequent repetitions of the Maryland Yellowthroat's song, as the
busy singer slips about shrubbery by roadside or brook; the bubbling phrases
of the Bobolink, as it rises for a moment from the grassy meadows, or the
faint tzee of the secretive Savannah Sparrow from the mow-fields. If you
are so fortunate as to be in the North at this season, you cannot fail to hear the
silvery pipe of the White-throated Sparrow, now here, now there, all the day,
or a strain from the harp of the Hermit Thrush in the evergreen woodland;
although these occasional snatches are but a suggestion of the wonderful
matin and vesper choruses of these famous singers.

The 'flycatcher clan' sing often as they feed, some more than others, and
notably the indefatigable Chebec, while the dancing, flashing Goldfinch wings
its way on a path of song. From every side comes some sound of cheer, some
reminder of the jubilance of life. Train not only your eyes but your ears to
observe, for strange to say, we hear ordinarily only a fraction of the songs of
birds, insects, frogs, leaves, winds, and ocean, while we see oh! so little of the
shifting symphonies of color and form on Nature's canvas. We live in a world
of sound, of vibrant life, and we should be attuned to it.

The period of song with birds is different with different species, but we
may distinguish some points of resemblance which hold good for all with
regard to the exercise of the gift of song. But, first, we should notice that all
birds cannot sing equally well. The song-mechanism of a bird is in the lower
part of the throat or larynx and is called the syrinx. This mechanism is com-
plicated and difficult to explain, but it consists in part of a membrane held
tautly in place and delicately adjusted by various sets of muscles.

In certain birds the song-mechanism is very simple, almost rudimentary,
and such an instrument can produce only hoarse or raucous call-notes, capable
of hardly, if any, modulation. The Ostrich, Emu and Cassowary are exam-
ples of species that lack much of the mechanism of song. All water and shore-
birds, gallinaceous birds. Doves and Pigeons, birds of prey, the Woodpeckers,
Cuckoos, Kingfishers and Whip-poor-wills, Swifts, and Hummingbirds have
poorly developed singing instruments, and so we find that of our birds, true
song belongs only to the perching species, and even among these there is a great
diversity in the development of the syrinx.

The Audubon Societies 295

All birds have call-notes, which are varied more or less to express sociabil-
ity, fear, the mating instinct, solicitude for offspring and natural exuberance.
Usually both male and female birds possess call-notes in equal variety and
intensity, but this is not true of song. In a few species the female sings some,
for example the Purple Finch, but in the majority of perchers, the males
alone possess the full power of song. The reason for this is not hard to discover,
when we study the part which song plays in the daily life of birds. The female
birds, as mothers, must stay quietly hidden on the nest, to incubate their
eggs and shelter their nestlings, while the males are much freer to leave the
nesting-site and keep watch for dangers and enemies; so to them is given the
joyful task of singing. Just how much the beautiful songs which they sing
mean to their mates, we do not know, but we may be sure that song is a wise
provision of Nature, and that it is an indispensable part of the bird's life.

It is a delightful accomplishment to be familiar with bird-songs, and a
difficult one, too. It is perhaps quite as delightful, but far more difficult, to
acquire familiarity with the call-notes of even the most common species, so
great is their variety and similarity.

No part of bird-study can give you more pleasure at this season than the
study of song. Those who have 'an ear for music' will gain a hold on bird-
music much more readily than those who are duller of hearing, but no one
need despair who has patience and enthusiasm. You can hear birds far oftener
than you can see them at this time of the year.

And as you awaken to the strains of the morning-chorus of the feathered
choirs about you, remember this little midsummer sermonette on song, and

"Touch your lips with gladness, and go singing on your way."

SUGGESTIONS

1. How many phrases do the different species of Vireos sing per minute? Time the
Red-eyed, Yellow-throated, and White-eyed Vireos.

2. What kind of call-note does the Robin give in times of excessive heat?

3. What birds have been named from their call-notes and songs?

4. What are the best singers among birds that you know?

5. Can you tell the call-notes of nestling birds from those of their 'parents?

6. What birds sing at night? How late have you heard birds sing?

7. Are the evening and morning songs of birds different.

8. Study one common species and see how many different kinds of songs and call-
notes it gives. Take the Robin, for example.

9. Do individuals of the same species of birds sing differently? Study the Song
Sparrow, for example.

10. Do individuals of the same species sing in different keys in different localities?
Study the Baltimore Oriole, for example.

11. Can you recognize any single bird by some peculiarity in its song?

12. What birds are mimics in song? What birds lure their prey by means of mim-
icry?

13. What other creatures besides birds have the gift of song?— A. H. W.

296

Bird - Lore

FROM ADULT AND YOUNG OBSERVERS

A STUDY OF A WHIP-POOR-WILL FAMILY

This Whip-poor-will was discovered May 25 by my father and mother. They were
walking in the woods on a side hill, and went to the crest to obtain the view. It was a
bare granite ledge, that at one time had been worked, and large blocks of stone lay
strewn about. As they stepped back into the woods, which at that place consisted of a
young growth of walnut and chestnut, with more or less underbrush and huckleberry
bushes, a large brown bird flew from the ground at their feet and alighted on a fallen
tree close by. Instead of resting crosswise on the [limb, [the|[bird^sat lengthwise, so
father thought it must be a Whip-poor-will, as they are quite numerous in this locality

•^^.■.>.idrr,\^yiii«»

WHIP-POOR-WILL ON NEST
"Her brown, blotched plumage so closely matched the leaves that 1 did not see her"

after sundown. On looking for the spot from which it flew, they saw two conspicuous
eggs, pale blue mottled with small dark brown spots. There was no visible nest, the
eggs resting on the dead leaves, which were pressed down smoothly by the bird's body.
The next morning I went with father and set up my camera about four feet from the
nest. My kodak has a plate attachment, and with the help of the ground glass I care-
fully focused on the eggs. After taking a time exposure, for they were in the shade, I
attached a long rubber tube, with a bulb, to the camera, and dropped the end over a
stone wall about thirty feet away. Covering the camera with a black cloth and partly
hiding it with leafy twigs, I sat down behind the wall to wait for the old bird to come
back to her nest. I had taken a book with me, thinking the bird would be afraid of the
camera and might not return very soon. In about half an hour I looked through the
chinks of the wall, but could not see anything of the bird. After waiting another hour,
I started for home to get some lunch. Passing by the camera, I saw that the eggs had
disappeared. Going closer, to look more carefully, I was startled by the bird suddenly
flying up from the ground at my feet. She had been sitting over the eggs, and her brown,
blotched plumage so closely matched the leaves that I did not see her. Then I thought

The Audubon Societies

297

to myself that, if she would keep as quiet as that again, I could take a time exposure,
because a snap-shot would not be very good in so shady a place. Setting the camera
for a time picture, I went home for lunch.

When I returned, I approached the nest very cautiously and came within fifteen
feet of the exact spot where I knew she would be crouched on the leaves, before I could
make out whether she was there or not. When the camera snapped, she did not move,
but remained quiet, with her eyes half closed. I had a field-glass and examined her
through it. The glass made her stand out more distinctly from the leaves, but even
then, if it had not been for her bright black eyes, I could scarcely have known that I
was looking at a live bird, so closely did her dark brown feathers, mottled with gray and
black, resemble patches of lichens, moss, and dead leaves. Even her short curved bill

WHIP-POOR-WILL'S NEST AND EGGS

was half hidden by a thin tuft of feathers. She squatted low on the ground, with her
large head drawn close to the body, looking like a half-decayed stump. It seemed a
pity to disturb her, but I wanted more pictures, so it had to be done. When she flew as
I approached, she seemed merely to spread her broad wings and rise without an effort.
With a few slow, silent wing-strokes she sailed off from twenty to thirty feet and dropped
to the leaves, instantly becoming invisible although in plain sight. As long as she
remained quiet I could not pick her out except with the aid of the glass, but every few
minutes she would give a low, hollow, subdued, cluck, and move one step nearer. Fit-
ting a fresh plate in the camera, I retired behind one of the rocks on the ledge not more
than twenty feet away, holding the bulb in my hand. In less than ten minutes I saw her
silently drop out of the air on to the eggs. Letting her remain quiet for half an hour
I secured another picture. After taking three views of the old bird in this way, I went
home and left her in peace.

A week later I visited her again, but the eggs had not hatched. On the following
weekly visit, when she flew, there was nothing in sight but a few broken bits of egg-

298

Bird - Lore

shells. Very carefully I made my way to the spot which the old bird had just left, and
minutely examined the leaves for the young, but without success. The mother was a
short distance away with half-spread wings. She slowly moved about, uttering soft
'chucks' and taking a single step at each sound. As she seemed so worried, I thought
her babies must be in the neighborhood, so I went to the ledge and sat down behind a

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Stone, to see if she would call them. In a few minutes she alighted on the former nesting-
place and uttered a few gentle, almost inaudible 'coos,' like a Dove, only very much
softer. Then, only two feet away from the old bird, I saw two fluffy yellow-gray chicks
come hopping and running over the leaves to their mother. They nestled down out of
sight under their mother's breast, and the old bird closed her eyes in contented sleep.
Some time later I stood up, and at the first movement the mother slightly opened her
eyes. As I approached, she did not move until I could almost touch her, and when
she did fly she gave a warning 'chuck,' and both birdlets ran a few steps and squatted
on the leaves. If I had not seen them as they ran and stopped, I should never have been
able to find them, for they looked exactly like the dried leaves on which they sat. Both
were covered with yellow down, tipped with gray or white, and their immense mouths
were hidden in downy feathers, only the tips of their bills protruding from the soft
sheath. One of them kept his eyes fast -closed, while the other watched me between his
half-opened lids. Moving one nearer the other, I placed it so as to get a side view (the
other had its back to the camera) and took their pictures.

The next week, as it was dark and threatening rain, I did not take my camera with
me when I visited the Whip-poor-wills. The mother bird was not in her old place, so I
walked around in the neighborhood and soon started her up, but again I could not find
the young birds. Going back among the rocks, I waited until she had called them
together. When I came near, the mother flew and her babies squatted on the leaves.
They had grown to twice their former size and were well feathered, being almost ready
to fly away. The plumage was light gray, with dark brown spots on the back and along
each wing, giving them the appearance of moss-covered stones. While admiring the
delicate blending of their somber colors, it seemed to me that I could just see traces of

The Audubon Societies 299

the beginnings of fear in their sparkling black eyes. This I knew was a sign of approach-
ing maturity and I left them with but a faint hope of ever seeing them again. On the
next visit they were nowhere to be found, and I knew that they no longer belonged to
me, but to the wide, wide world.

I forgot to say that I saw the Whip-poor-will's mate only once. It flew from a tree
where it was roosting, as soon as I came in sight, and disappeared over the crest of the
hill. — Joseph B. Bowen, Grants Mills, R. I.

[Aside from the general interest of this description, the writer's method of observa-
tion is worthy of notice. Those who care to look up the topics of protective coloration
and the development of fear in birds and other animals will be repaid for the time spent
in such study. — A. W. H.]

COOPERATIVE OBSERVATIONS

In the March-April number of Bird-Lore there is a communication from
C. C. Custer, Piqua, Ohio, in which he tells of observing "some grayish-look-
ing Swallows entering a small opening in the side of a limestone cliff." The
hole proved too small and dark to be explored. ]Mr. Custer asks: "What kind
of Swallows were they?"

Undoubtedly these were Rough-wiiiged Swallows. The writer lived in the
Middle West four years and had frequent opportunities to observe this species
at close range, in Iowa, South Dakota, and JMinnesota. Mr. Custer well
describes it as a "grayish-looking" bird. It is almost the counterpart of the
common Bank Swallow, except that, instead of the white underparts, with a
dark band across the breast, the throat and breast are a uniform soft gray,
shading into white on the belly. The Bank Swallows nest in tunnels in banks,
while the Rough- winged Swallows nest more commonly in crevices of masonry
or holes in ledges, though often in banks, in company with the Bank Swallows.
Moreover, the latter nest in colonies, while the former prefer a more solitary
life, seldom more than one pair nesting together. If one sees what looks like
a Bank Swallow entering a crevice in a ledge or masonry, he may be reasonably
sure he has seen a Rough-winged Swallow.

The WTiter once watched, for some fifteen minutes, one of these birds in
Cherokee, Iowa, as it perched on a dry twig close at hand, and had a splendid
opportunity to observe the roughness on the wings caused by the fluting of
the ends of the outer primary feathers. Hence the name, 'Rough-winged'
Swallow. One must be very close to the bird to note this, however.

I have never seen the Rough-winged Swallow in New England, though it
is said to be found in southwestern Connecticut, and a pair has been reported
as breeding for many years in a limestone quarry at North Adams, Mass. —
Manley B, Townsend, Nashua, N. H.

[For the occurrence of the Rough-winged Swallow in Connecticut, consult Sage and
Bishop's 'Birds of Connecticut'. — A. H. W.]

300 Bird - Lore

THE KILLDEER

One year a Killdeer lived in our pasture. When we were driving our cows
down to get a drink one day, we were walking along and all at once a bird
flew up and my brother started to chase it, because it went fluttering along as
if it was hurt. I said: "Go and look for the nest. It isn't hurt." Then he went
back to look for it and found four eggs lying in a little cow track, with their
pointed ends pointing down. Their color is a delicate creamy white tint and
they are thickly spotted or lined with chocolate-brown. Like the eggs of all
Plovers, their size is out of all proportion to the size of the bird. As soon as
the little ones are hatched, they leave the nest. When you go to look for them,
the old one will start up and act as if it cannot fly, and the young will run and
hide. The young are brown on the back, and have a white breast with a black
streak under the neck. They have long legs something like an Ostrich's legs.
The Killdeer builds in the swamps the most. Its call is kildee, kildee, dee, dee,
dee. — Charley B. Prudden (age 14, seventh grade), Bashing Ridge, Indiana.

[The Killdeer, like the Whip-poor-will, builds little or no nest, and yet it succeeds
in making itself quite inconspicuous while incubating its eggs and brooding its young.
With the Bartramian Sandpiper ('Upland Plover') and certain others of its kind, this
beautiful species has become scarce in sections of its range, by reason of changing con-
ditions and inadequate protection. Let us study the habits of ground-nesting species
more closely, in order to better conserve them. — A. H. W.j

THE KING BIRD

Knight defender of every nest,

Foe of every shade-tree killer;
Hunter of many a common pest,

Gad-fly, moth, and caterpillar.

Policeman over the fields of green,

Chasing every crow from the farm;
Watchman keen when a hawk is seen,

Giving the poultry wild alarm.

Beautiful bird is he in flight,

Sporting a fan of brilliant feather;
Black with a border of perfect white,

Useful in every kind of weather.

Bird King indeed of the catcher clan.

And Queen of the clan his mate,
Proud as a prince of Hindostan,

Or Alexander the Great.

— By permission of Dr. Garrett Newkirk.

The Audubon Societies 301

NOTES FROM THE SOUTH

On Sunday, July 13, 1913, I was fishing in Lake Centennial, part of the
Mississippi River. When the fish stopped biting, I persuaded my uncle to
row me over to De Soto island, which extends along the whole water front of
Vicksburg.

This island is a bird paradise. We got off on a large raft, and back in the
Willows we could see Purple Crackles, Red-winged Blackbirds, Swainson's
Warblers, and could hear Prothonotary and Parula Warblers. On the mud-
flats and in shallow ponds. White Ibises, Reddish Egrets, Creen Herons, and
Little Blue Herons without number were walking about in search of frogs and
fishes.

I would have walked inland, but as the high water had just gone down, the
ground was too soft. I also saw a few Black-necked Stilts, Willets and Kill-
deer. Over the water, at least fifty pairs of Least Terns were seen flying about.

Coing back, I had my back to the island, but my uncle, who was rowing,
was facing it. Suddenly, he told me to look around, and there was a Least
Tern, flying straight after the boat. When about six feet away, it turned,
flying so close by the boat that I could see that a fish it carried was a roach
minnow. — Maurice B. Emmich (aged 12), Vicksburg, Miss.

[Another example of the treasures in store for the bird-lover in a 'limited area'
excursion. It may be possible that the Crackles seen were Boat-tailed rather than
Purple Crackles, and the Willets some other species of the large family of shore-birds,
but this does not make the observations of less value or interest. It takes sharp eyes
and long field-experience to know birds, and this boy's enthusiasm promises well for
an intimate acquaintance with nature. — A. H. W.]

The Robin's Nest

About two weeks ago, I saw a Robin building a nest made of mud and
dead grasses. It made its nest near my house in a sugar maple tree. It sat
there for two or three weeks on the bluish green eggs, until the baby Robins
came out of the little eggs. They looked like the mother and father birds,
with brown spots on their breasts. When they are learning to fly, the father
bird flies under them; so, when they fall, they fall, not on the ground, but
on the father's back. — Margaret Moore (aged 8, Third grade), St. Clair,
Mich.

[This brief letter contains personal observations in every sentence and is especially
commendable for the variety of these observations. The material from which the nest
was made, the location, approximate time of incubation, plumage of the nestling young,
and initial flight of the nestlings are mentioned. What near relatives of the Robin
always have spotted breasts? How does a nesthng Bluebird look? Is the statement
about the flight of the young strictly correct? — A. H. W.]

302

Bird - Lore

A CHIPPING SPARROW

Last summer in New Hampshire, while I was playing, I climbed a tree and
heard a noise. I had often climbed the tree before and knew that there was a
Chipping Sparrow's nest, but never heard so queer a noise before. When I
got up a little higher and got a good view of the nest, I saw a young Chipping
Sparrow hanging by one leg. He had evidently fallen out of the nest and got
his leg caught in one of the pieces of string the nest was made out of. Another
boy and I got a long stick. Some people under the tree held a rug, and we got
the young bird safely on the ground. All this time the mother and father were
wild. I do not know if the young bird lived or not, but I hope so. — Pendle-
ton Marshall (aged ii). New York City.

[It might interest this correspondent and other readers to make a catalogue of
accidents with which birds have been known to meet. The writer saw a nestling Phoebe,
a few summers ago, that had been strangled by swallowing one end of a hair, which
had evidently been wound around the food given it. The hair was so long that the
free end may have caught on some object outside the nest, thus resisting every effort
of the young bird to swallow the food attached in this accidental way.— A. H. W.]

CORRECTION

In the preceding issue, page 213, read clan for class.

SORA
Order — Paludicote Family

Genus — Porzana

RallidaE
Species — Carolina

THE SORA RAIL

By EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH

Cfie jl^ational association of Studubon Societies

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 75

In the marsh the wilderness makes its last stand. Civilization sweeps away
the forest, dams and diverts the streams, cultivates prairie, hill, and meadow,
traverses the pond in boats, and destroys the native birds and mammals,
but the marsh remains unconquered to the last. Along the Atlantic seaboard,
where agriculture and civilization have held sway for hundreds of years,
stretches of marshland yet extend even within the corporate limits of large
cities; and many of the shy creatures that inhabited them when Columbus
discovered America still maintain their homes among the reeds. Here the
great snapping-turtle drags its slow length along, here the Bittern may be
heard "driving its stake," and here the Rail peers from its age-old fastness —
the cover of reeds, flags, and sedges. Man dislikes the quaking bog and the
miry ooze, and so it remains a refuge for the light-footed and defenseless ones
that can run over its shuddering expanse or crawl in its mud and water.

Rushes, sedges, and wa\dng cat-tails, and lush w^ater-plants in wild pro-
fusion, form a curtain screening the private life of the Rails from human view.
We hear sounds from behind this screen, and now and then a
^ ,, , "Mud-hen" peeps out; and so we have come to associate them

the Marsh f f ^

with the steaming summer morass, the pond-weeds, pickerel-
weed, and the lily-pads over which, light of weight and splay-footed, they can
run at will. Some of their notes are such as might be expected to come from
a frog-breeding morass; others are as sweet and wild as those of the Whip-
poor-will or the Solitary Vireo. Rails have some notes that resemble and

harmonize with the frog-chorus, such as krek, krek, kuk, kuk,
Its Notes kuk, and others more subdued and varied. I may venture to

assert that no man yet has fully identified all the notes of all
the species of American Rails, and probably no one man ever will. I have
heard many notes in the marshes that I could not identify. In 1889, William
Brewster devoted most of his time for two weeks to an attempt to see a sup-
posed Rail that was heard calling in the Cambridge marshes. He never saw
it, and the voice is still a mystery, although it has been heard many times
since and in other places. This bird may have been a Yellow Rail, but I have
twice heard a wonderful solo from the marshes, partly original, and partly

in seeming imitation of other birds, which, from its quality, I
Sings like a . ; > n ^ ?

Pj.Qg can attribute only to the Sora. TJiis "song" was kept up

intermittently for several hours, and showed great versatility;

some of the notes were frog-like, but most of them were like those of a bird.

(303)

304 Bird - Lore

A common call, or song, has been rendered ker wee; and the Sora has a
high 'whinny;' also notes like peeping chickens.

The Rail is a bird of mystery. I always feel like putting an interrogation
point after the name. About the habits of no other common birds do we
know so little. The Sora Rail is one of the most abundant and widely spread
birds of North America. It has been slaughtered and sold in the markets by
the hundreds of thousands for more than a century. It breeds commonly,
even abundantly, over a great part of the United States and Canada; yet
most of its habits, and perhaps many of its notes, are still largely its own
secret. While floating in a light canoe down the sluggish current of some marsh-
bordered river in September, you may watch the Sora silently stealing along
the muddy margin, poking things with its short yellow bill, and gently jetting
its tail; or, in tramping along the edge of the marsh, you may see one flutter
up, just above the grass and reeds, and fly awkwardly with dangling legs
across some slimy pool, to drop clumsily out of sight again, as in the accom-
panying picture. This is about all the observant traveler ever sees of the
bird. Rails are timid, skulking fowls, and pass the greater part
of their lives wading under cover of water-plants or squeezing
between the grass-stems. They have done this so much that
their little bodies have become compressed from side to side, and they can
voluntarily shrink in width so as to push their way between stems apparently
only half an inch apart. Hence the phrase 'thin as a rail.' Rails make for
themselves dark and winding passages among the reeds, grasses, and rushes,
along which they may run swiftly to escape four-footed enemies, and at the
same time remain concealed from winged foes. They come out into the open
when they believe that the coast is clear, with no enemy in sight, or at night,
when Hawks are absent. The Black Rail has kept its secrets so well that,
although a century has elapsed since Americans began to study ornithology,
Arthur T. Wayne, in 1904, was the first person to see the mother-bird on her
nest; this was in South Carolina. Perhaps some investigator of the future may
build a watch-tower in a marsh and study the habits of the marsh- folk with
spy-glasses; but, until something of this sort is undertaken, we are likely
to know little of Rails' habits. The curiosity of these birds, however, may
become of advantage to the observer, as they have been known to approach
a hunter lying in wait for ducks, and peck his clothing, boots, or gun-barrel.
A quiet man is to them a wonder, for they are accustomed to associate much
noise and movement with aU humankind.

The Sora nests about the borders of prairie sloughs, in the soft dense

grasses, or sometimes on a tussock. In the marshes of the East, the nest is

often placed in a bunch of coarse grass, or among the cattail-

_ , ^ flags or other rushes. It is sometimes a bulky, arched structure.

Bulrushes ° - . . , ,

made of weeds, grasses, rushes, etc., sometimes a slight plat-
form or a mere shallow basket. It is often set in tall cattails several inches

The Sora Rail 30S

clear of the water, with a pathway of trampled blades leading to it, while nest
and all are screened by the overarching flags; and occasionally one is found in
a tussock on the bank of a brook. The eggs vary from six to fifteen in number,
are buffy white, but deeper in shade than those of the Virginia Rail, and are
heavily spotted with brown and purple.

Nelson says that the parents desert their nests and break their eggs when
floods submerge their homes. The young Rails just from the egg are fascina-
ting and supremely comical mites. Little balls of down, black as
omica j^^^ ^^^j^ j^^g ^ bright red protuberance at the base of the bill,

and an air of pert defiance — is a very clown! So says Dawson
who came upon a brood just hatching. All took to their heels except two
luckless wights not yet out of the egg. At his approach, one more egg flew
open, and a little black rascal rolled out, shook its natal coat, tumbled off the
nest, and started to swim off to safety.

The young of this bird have often been mistaken for those of the little
Black Rail. They are certainly both small and sable. When they once leave
the nest, they are constantly in danger. Most of the larger animals and birds
of the marshes, from the Sandhill Crane down to the mink, devour the eggs
and young of Rails wherever they find them. In the water, snakes, frogs, fish,
and turtles lie constantly in wait to swallow them. They soon become experts
in climbing and hiding. They can clamber up and down the water-plants, or
run through them over the water by clinging to the upright stems. They
swim more like a chicken than like a duck, nodding their little heads comically
as they advance. Necessity soon teaches them to drop into the water and
dive like a stone to safety.

As the autumn nights grow cooler, migration begins. The ancients believed
that the Rails passed the winter in the mud at the bottom of ponds, changing
into frogs. Their frog-like notes and the chug with which they
Migration sometimes dive favored this delusion; also the sudden disap-

pearance of all the Soras on a frosty night seemed suspicious.
Some still moonlit night, after a north wind, the Rails disappeared; on the
next morning, ice covered the marshes; so the explanation that they had
dived to escape the ice gained credence. Now we know that they fly southward
after dark. They often dash themselves against lighthouses, poles, wires,
and buildings, and one has even been known to impale itself on a barbed-wire
fence. The little wings which erstwhile would hardly raise the birds above
the grass-tops now carry them high and far. Some cross the seas to distant
Bermuda, and they occasionally alight on vessels hundreds of miles at sea.
They have been taken on the western mountains even as high as 12,500 feet,

in the sage-brush of the desert, and on the cliffs of Panama.
Its Food The food of Rails never has been carefully studied. We

know that they are fond of many kinds of insects and worms,
and that they eat snails and other kinds of aquatic life; also the seeds

3o6 Bird - Lore

and other parts of water-plants. The Sora, like many other swamp-birds
and water-fowls, feeds largely in autumn on the seeds of wild rice. This
makes them so fat that they become a dainty morsel for the epicure, and
are pursued without mercy by market-hunters and "sportsmen" of all colors,
ages, and classes. In the fresh-water meadows, they are sometimes driven
from cover by dogs, and many are shot in this manner.

Shooting them in their slow fluttering flight in the daytime is about as
difficult as hitting a tin can floating down a brook, and a good marksman
rarely misses one. The greatest slaughter is perpetrated on the tide-water
marshes of the Middle Atlantic States, where gunners shoot almost anything
that flies, from Eagles to Blackbirds, Bobolinks, and Swallows, There, when
the tide rises high enough to allow small boats to float over the marshes, boats
are poled into every refuge of the poor birds, and as they seek safety in flight
they are shot down without mercy. Hundreds of thousands are thus killed
by daylight when the tide is high. The negroes of the South pursue a similar
sport at night, blinding the birds with torches, and striking them down with
sticks. This wholesale killing has greatly decreased the Sora Rail in New
England, but the species is very prolific, and is still numerous in many marshes
in the West and Northwest.

The draining of lakes and marshes for farming purposes, which breaks up
their breeding-grounds, will inevitably reduce their numbers still more, year
by year, so that stringent protection will be necessary to maintain the species.

Classification and Distribution

The Sora belongs to the Order Paludicolce, or marsh birds, Suborder Raili, Family
Rallida, and Subfamily Rallina, which includes the Rails and Crakes. It ranges over
most of North America, breeds from central British Columbia, and the valleys of the
North Saskatchewan and St. Lawrence rivers, south to southern California, Utah,
Colorado, Kansas, Illinois, and New Jersey; and it winters from northern California,
Illinois, and South Carolina, to Venezuela and Peru.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Butcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dvvight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5.00 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100.00 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000.00 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000.00 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000.00 constitutes a person a Benefactor

$20,000 FOR BIRD-STUDY

The growth of the Junior Audubon
Class movement in the schools through-
out the northern states and Canada has
encouraged the patron of this work to
increase still further the extent of his sup-
port. Note how this phase of the Audubon
movement has developed, as the result
of the growing support this great friend
of the birds and the children has provided
in the northern and western states and
Canada! During the school-year ending
June 15, 191 2, 19,365 children joined the
classes. In 1913 the number was 40,342;
while the year which closed on June 10,
1914, saw 95,918 pupils in this territory
wearing Audubon buttons and obtaining
instruction in bird-study and bird-pro-
tection.

As every member receives in return for
a ten-cent fee ten expensive colored bird-
pictures, each with its accompanying
leaflet, an outline drawing, and an Audu-
bon button, and as the teacher forming
the group receives much valuable printed
information and instruction, it will
readily be seen that the ten-cent fees by
no means cover the cost of the material;
not to mention the clerical work, office-
rent, postage and expressage bills, which
must be paid. To meet the deficit, there-
fore, our good patron, who still insists on
withholding his name from public men-

tion, contributed in 191 2, $5,000; in 1913,
$7,000; for the school-year just past, the
magnificent sum of $14,000; and now, for
1915, he has subscribed $20,000!

Final Reports

The Junior Class enrollment in the
southern states has also been larger during
the past year than ever before. This is a
splendid indication of increasing appre-
ciation of this work, which Mrs. Russell
Sage enabled us to establish and continue
up to the present time.

Although Junior clubs are formed in
small numbers during all the summer
months, the greater amount of the activity
comes to an end with the conclusion of
the school year. This naturally follows
from the fact that the greater number of
clubs consist of pupils in schools, who are
naturally grouped in their work, and are
easily organized. Yet many classes exist
outside of schools, and are likely to con-
tinue active throughout the summer.

On the next following page is given a
full report by states of the number of
Junior Classes formed, and number of
Junior members enrolled, in the various
states of the Union. For the South, the
accounts closed on June i; and for the
northern states and Canada, on June 10.

(307)

3o8

Bird - Lore

Southern States

States Classes

Alabama 30

Arkansas 9

District of Columbia 6

Florida 177

Georgia 69

Kentucky 89

Louisiana 30

Maryland 119

Mississippi 38

North Carolina 57

Panama (Canal Zone) i

South Carolina 37

Tennessee 91

Texas 47

Virginia 160

West Virginia 97

Totals 1,057

Northern States

States Classes

Arizona i

California 55

Canada 221

Colorado 26

Connecticut 137

Delaware 6

Idaho 10

Illinois 439

Mem-
bers

471
123
129

3.701
1,222

1,465
503

2,401
660
962

31

SCO

1,716

910

2,336

1,991

19,121

Mem-
bers
16

1,119

3,655
447

2,451

64

180

8,065

Northern States, continued

Mem-
States Classes berg

Indiana 128 2,200

Iowa 169 3,220

Kansas 31 498

Maine 58 947

Massachusetts 359 8,463

Michigan 576 10,414

Minnesota 243 4,509

Missouri 80 1,427

Montana 50 770

Nebraska 34 422

Nevada 28 471

New Hampshire 34 597

New Jersey 436 9,273

New Mexico 22 376

New York 779 14,174

North Dakota 28 604

Ohio 386 7,934

Oklahoma 41 608

Oregon 42 780

Pennsylvania 354 6,790

Rhode Island 63 1,096

South Dakota 65 901

Utah 7 142

Vermont 35 674

Washington 67 982

Wisconsin 115 1,253

Wyoming 20 396

Totals 5,14s 95,918

COOPERATIVE WORK IN OREGON

The Oregon Fish and Game Commission
has been carrying on an active educational
campaign during the past few months
under the direction of our Western Field
Agent, William L. Finley. Prof. Charles F.
Hodge, formerly of Worcester, Mass., has
been employed jointly by the University
of Oregon and the Commission to devote
his entire time to lecturing among the
schools of the state. Professor Hodge has
not only been giving stereopticon lectures
upon the economic value of song-birds
and insect-eating birds, but also has been
lecturing in the schools upon the protec-
tion and propagation of game. The idea
has been to encourage children in the
country toward rearing quail, grouse, and
other game-birds, to stock the fields and
supply the demand for propagating pur-
poses.

In order to create greater interest from
an educational point of view, moving-
picture films have been exhibited, illus-

trating the State Game Farm, fish-hatch-
eries, angling, and other features of out-
door life. An excellent educational film
has been secured of school-children making
and putting up bird-houses. Others will
be taken illustrating wild birds and other
animals in various parts of the state,
especially on some of the larger wild-bird
refuges.

As a result of educational work in the
schools, boys in some of the country school
districts, who were formerly accustomed
to kill birds at every opportunity, have
now become their greatest protectors, by
supplying food in the winter when the
snow is on the ground, and by furnishing
bird-homes in the spring.

From the office of the National Audubon
Association in New York, 780 Oregon
school-children have also been enrolled in
Junior Audubon classes, and by this means
provided with careful instruction in study
and bird-protection.

The Audubon Societies

309

SOME MEMBERS OF THE COUCH SCHOOL JUNIOR CLASS IN PORTLAND, OREGON

The right kind of bird-boxes

Plans are now being carried out to make
a thorough biological survey of the state
in conjunction with the United States
Department of Agriculture, the University
of Oregon, and other state institutions.
One of the objects of this work is to collect
and publish educational leaflets and other
material on the natural history of the
state. Mr. Bruce Horsfall, of Princeton,
New Jersey, who is well known for his
drawings of birds, has been employed to
make sketches and illustrations for this
work in addition to photographic repro-
ductions, and has taken up his residence
in Oregon.

Enthusiasm on Long Island

An Audubon Society has been organized
at Forest Hills Gardens, a suburb of New
York City, on Long Island, with a large
and enthusiastic membership. The presi-
dent is E. A. Quarles, and the secretary is
Miss Mary E. Knevels; and the Junior
work, to which particular attention is to
be given, is in charge of Mrs. Patience B.
Cole and a committee. The society

immediately affiliated itself with the
National Association, and further showed
its wisdom by seeking the guidance of
competent ornithologists and field-agents
in planning its local work. President
Quarles has sketched for us progress
made thus far:

Our first activity was to place fifty
Berlepsch nest-boxes about the place.
This was done under the direction of Mrs.
I. A. Washburne. We then planted Rus-
sian sunflower and other seeds that furn-
ish good bird-food, on vacant plots here
and there. Special committees on the
European Sparrow, and on cats, are hard
at work in an endeavor to diminish the
menace that comes from these enemies of
bird-life. Two lectures have been given,
one in the afternoon for the children, and
one in the evening for adults. They were
enthusiastically received by all present.

We expect to place the Audubon course
in our public school when it is opened
next fall, and we are much indebted to
Mr. Pearson and the National Associa-
tion for their help in getting organized.
It is hoped that this is only a beginning of
bird-organization on Long Island, and
that not many years may pass before we
have a Long Island league of Audubon
Societies.

LAUREL JUNIOR AUDL'BOX CLASS, WALLSBURG, WEST
MISS S. ELMA SCOTT, TEACHER

SECOXD-GRADE JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS, FORSYTH, GEORGIA,
MRS. T. C. PORCH, TEACHER

(311)

ABBOTT HANDERSON THAYER

(312)

The Audubon Societies

313

HONOR TO ABBOTT H. THAYER

It is not generally known that the sys- New York 2

tern of protecting by wardens such of our ir-^^- J.^'^^^y ^

,., ^ . ,.,. .. , Virginia 8

birds as breed in colonies was originated North Carolina 4

by the artist, Abbott H. Thayer. Florida 4

In speaking of Mr. Thayer's efforts in Texas i

this matter, Mr. Dutcher wrote in The Auk Michigan i

(1901, page 76) : "The thought of this

special [warden] protection was his alone, Mr. Thayer's efforts ceased only in
and his unflagging and unaided energy and 1905, when the National Association was
tact secured the sinews of war, a fund of incorporated, and its officers were able to
over $1,400, with which wardens were raise funds in other directions, and thus
paid; without this fund, nothing could relieve him of what was a loving, though
have been accomplished. Where he burdensome, service. Mr. Thayer's in-
should have received encouragement (i. c, terest in this phase of bird-protection has
among the ornithologists) he met with always been intense. I recall that one
discouragement, for he was told that it year, when it appeared that the amount
was impossible to raise any funds for the of money subscribed was not sufficient to
work. By his personal courage and faith meet the needs of the Committee, Mr.
he accomplished what others said could Thayer, although in no sense a wealthy
not be done." man, promptly sent his personal check for
The moment, however, that Mr. Thayer $1,000, upon receipt of a letter from Mr.
brought his plans to Mr. Dutcher, he Dutcher telling him of the financial situ-
found he had come to the right man. Mr. ation.

Dutcher kindled at once, saying: "If you To Dr. George Bird Grinnell will ever

will raise the money, I will see to getting belong the credit of having created the

the wardens," and he soon began doing his term "Audubon Society'" and for starting

full share of the money-raising, also. A the first Audubon movement, in 1886;

good deal of it came through advertising while the name of William Dutcher will

in the newspapers. be held in memory by the bird-lovers of

This was the beginning of the warden this country as the man who later founded

system to protect colonies of water-birds, the National Association of Audubon

which has had so many interesting de- Societies, gave it form and purpose, shaped

velopments. For five years Mr. Dutcher its policies, and directed it into many of the

and Mr. Thayer continued to gather sub- lines of activity still pursued. The extent

scriptions annually for this purpose, and of a man's usefulness to a cause often

the funds increased in amount each year. depends upon his ability to instill enthusi-

In the spring and summer of 1904 the asm into the minds of others, and, by

Protection Committee was enabled by drawing additional workers into the field,

means of the "Thayer Fund," to employ multiply the activity of his own hands,

thirty-four wardens, that were distributed Such a leader was William Dutcher, and

as follows: one of his earliest and most useful co-

jj^jg^ij^g jQ workers was Abbott H. Thayer, naturalist

Massachusetts i and artist.

Bird - Lore

From Life

WHY WARDEN WORK IS NECESS.wm
The Remote Cause The Immediate Cause

AUDUBON WARDEN WORK

From the time when Abbott H. Thayer,
back in 1901, first directed public atten-
tion to the value of guarding and pro-
tecting breeding colonies of water-birds,
the Audubon Society's effort in this line
has increased annually. At the present
time, our wardens guard almost every
colony of importance on the islands and
beaches of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of
the United States. Many nesting colonies
in the interior of the country likewise
receive this protection.

During the summer of 1913, about
2,000,000 water-birds, embracing many
species, are believed to have been gathered
in the rookeries, made safe from human
intrusion by the National Association's
agents. The most hazardous positions in
connection with this work are held by

those wardens who in the Southern States
stand guard over the colonies of White
Egrets.

Thanks to the very liberal support
which the members and friends of the
Association have provided during the
past few years, we have been able to seek
out these colonies, which are usually
hidden deep in the cypress swamps, and
safeguard them during the season when
the birds bear plumes. Some killing, of
course, still goes on, especially at the
feeding-grounds, miles away from the
rookeries, but the great slaughter in the
United States has been checked. Already
the birds are showing a marked increase
in several important regions of the South.
We may yet be able to bring these birds
back in great numbers.

ROYAL TERNS NESTING ON BATTLEDORE ISLAND, LOUISIANA

Protected by Warden Sprinkle in the Audubon patrol-boat Royal Tern

Photographed by Herbert K. Job

BLACK SKIMMERS PROTECTED ON GRAND COCHERE ISLAND, LOUISIANA
Photographed by Herbert K. Job

(31S)

3i6

Bird - Lore

TERNS KILLED BY DOGS AND CANNON

Illustrated from photographs by Herbert R. Mills, M.D.

Haddock Rock is a small island, about
an acre in area, lying in ihe outer portion
of Casco Bay, about seventeen miles
northeast of Portland, Maine. It is com-
posed of rock, and is cleft and broken at
the base, but rising about thirty feet into
a fairly level table-land. There is no vege-
tation on this storm-swept eminence except
the slippery rock-weed clinging to the
tide-washed base, and a stunted growth of
sea-plantain (Plant ago decipiens) occupy-
ing the scanty soil in the crevices above
the breakers. Until the summer of 1913,

the residents of Casco Bay took his dogs
over to Mark Island and turned them
loose. At this time many hundred young
birds were on the nesting-grounds, unable
to fly, and the dogs devoured them to the
last bird.

The following season (1912) the much-
depleted colony returned to the same
breeding-grounds, but only to have the
same pack of dogs destroy their eggs and
young; and, reduced to two hundred pairs
of birds, the colony returned to Casco
Bay, in 1913, to try their luck on Haddock

HADDOCK ROCK, CASCO BAY, MAINE

birds were not known to breed on this
little island, but during the past season
two hundred pairs of the common Tern
attempted to raise their young on Haddock
Rock. This was an overflow colony from
one of the islands protected by wardens
employed by the National Association.

Casco Bay is dotted with islands, and
many of them were formerly occupied by
sea-birds, but the encroachments of
civilization had gradually crowded the
wild birds back until the only breeding
colony left was a few hundred Terns on
Mark Island, not far from Haddock Rock.
For several seasons the birds held their
own on Mark Island, and it seemed as if
they had at last found a safe refuge, since
this island is unoccupied government land;
but, during the summer of 1911, one of

Rock, there to meet another tragedy,
which I will now relate: —

On July 30, 1913, I landed with much
difficulty on the treacherous base of
Haddock Rock. Climbing to the level
summit-plateau I found hidden in the
crevices five young Terns about seven
inches long, feathered out on the back and
wings, although they still had down on
the head and underparts. Among the
sea-plantain I found twenty-five nests
built upon thin soil with a few stems of
dried vegetable fiber, and containing sets
of one and two eggs each (one with four).
I was at once impressed with the dull
appearance of the eggs and, upon examin-
ation, found them to be very light in
weight. I then opened every egg in the
rookery (with the exception of the set of

The Audubon Societies

317

four) and found about half of them to
contain the dried bones of embryonic
birds, which I calculated must have been
killed six weeks before. The rest of the

times, and their state of preservation
showed this to be six weeks and one week
previous to July 30. I then recalled that
the Naval Station at Diamond Island,

NEST AND EGGS OF COMMOX TERN OX HADDOCK ROCK

eggs contained embryos, which were still
in an only slightly decomposed condition,
and appeared as though they had been
dead about a week. Many of the eggs were
just ready to hatch at the time they were
killed — in fact, some of them were pipped.
The set of four which I did not open
appeared so bright, and the nest was in

twelve miles nearer Portland, had engaged
in target-practice on July 23, and I later
learned that target-practice was held at
this station during the first week in June.
The correspondence of these dates with
the time the eggs were killed on Haddock
Rock is itself significant; and, when I
recall the fact that the atmospheric shock

YOUNG COMMON TERN HIDING ON HADDOCK ROCK, JULY 30, 1913

so good repair, that I was encouraged to
believe that they had been recently laid.
The point I wish to emphasize is that
all the eggs showed conclusive evidence
that they were killed at only two different

from this cannonading jarred the windows
of the houses on Baily Island, near
Haddock Rock, I am satisfied that it was
this aerial vibration from the cannonading
on Diamond Island that killed the eggs on

3i8

Bird - Lore

Haddock Rock. Moreover, I was told by
fishermen on Baily Island that they were
unable to raise chickens on their island if
cannonading occurred during the incu-
bating period. In both these cases, the
islands affected were almost directly in
front of the guns, where the shock is
greatest.

Since target-practice is held only at
comparatively long intervals, the time
could easily be arranged so as not to
conflict with the incubation-period of the
Terns, which require only about six weeks
from the time the first egg is laid until the
last one is hatched. Arthur H. Norton,
the field-agent for Maine of the National

Association of Audubon Societies, informs
me that the Common Tern deposits its
eggs from June 15 to 30, a few a little
earlier, perhaps, and many later. Accord-
ing to this, the last eggs would undoubt-
edly be hatched by the end of July. If,
therefore, the District Commander would
set the time for target-practice in accord-
ance with the above dates, there would
be no further trouble from this source.
Such action would practically complete
the effectiveness of the work of the
National Association's string of eighteen
wardens guarding the seaboard colonies
on the coast of Maine. — Herbert R.
Mills, M.D., Tampa, Florida.

A WOMAN GAME-^VARDEN

No one is surprised in these days at a
woman's attempting any sort of a task in
a field heretofore regarded as belonging
exclusively to man, nor is there doubt of
her ability to succeed — simply a momen-
tary surprise at the novelty of some of her
undertakings. This pleased wonder yields
to admiration as one reads of the very
valuable service Mrs. L. H. Bath is doing
as a protector of wildfowl, and as a terror
to lawbreakers, at Klamath Lake. This
great body of fresh water and marsh, on
the boundary between California and
Oregon, is one of the most extensive and
populous feeding-places and breeding-
resorts for wildfowl in the whole country,
and it is especially important to bird-life
in that region, where a great part of the
surrounding area is arid. The traditions
of the abundance of bird-life thronging
there half a century ago are almost in-
credible; but latterly reckless slaughter by
market-gunners, and by careless farmers
and sportsmen, had so depleted these
numbers that, in 1908, it was necessary
to include the lake in a federal game
preserve in order to save the remnant of
the wild life. The regions of the lake where
water-birds chiefly breed have since been
patrolled by a warden in the National
Association's patrol-boat Grebe. This
made little difference, however, to the

market-gunners in the neighborhood of
Klamath Falls, who often came as before,
or to some local men and boys who had
been accustomed to kill Ducks and rob
nests, regardless of law or gospel. Such
local guardianship as was attempted was
often defied, therefore, until Mrs. Bath be-
came game-warden in the autumn of 191 2.

Soon she made everyone, neighbor or
stranger, understand that illegal shooting
must stop. She went at the work, woman-
fashion, to explain its need and work up a
favorable sentiment. She made her rounds
of lake-shore and stream, and sometimes
had to interfere with shooters, but her
firmness and persuasiveness and grit
carried her through without making an
arrest. That real trouble would follow
otherwise was plainly felt, however; and
now, as an eye-witness writes, "Birds are
as safe in Mrs. Bath's district as they are
in her back yard."

One of her channels of influence has
been through the children, whose regular
amusement it has been to throw stones at
the birds, which, to their uninstructed
minds, were swimming there as heaven-
sent targets. Mrs. Bath uprooted that
error and planted a better idea in their
thoughts, so that soon the children were
feeding the birds instead of stoning them,
and were watching against trespassers.

The Audubon Societies

319

Mrs. Bath has also exhibited what
influence may be gained over wild water-
fowl by a quiet and habitual kindness that
displaces their suspicious fears. She has
tamed Grebes, Gulls, and certain wild
Ducks, so that they recognize her and do
not flee upon her approach. Coots hasten
to flock about her when she calls, and she
has taught some of them — wild birds — to
take food from her fingers. She has so
impressed the people of the town of

held them up for the inspection of the
Pelicans, and they at once became very
much interested. By careful coaxing, they
came a little nearer each day. Finally I
coaxed them to eat from my hands, and
after days of patient working with them
I was delighted to have one of them fly
on the dock and stand and look at me.
Fortunately, I had a fish in my hands,
and I held it so the Pelican could see it.
He seemed determined to get that fish.

MRS. BATH AND HER FRIENDLY PELICANS

Klamath Falls with the propriety of safety
for wildfowl in the close season that last
year more than fifty wild Ducks were
hatched on the river-banks within the
limits of the city. This friendly public
influence was strongly tested when six
White Pelicans came to town, and seemed
inclined to settle there. Mrs. Bath relates
what followed:

"I immediately cautioned everyone to
be extremely careful not to frighten them
in any way. They seemed to be full-
grown, and, as near as I could tell, were
probably early spring birds and parents,
as it was about the first of August when
they came. I got some live chubs and

and followed after me the distance of a
block. I finally gave him the fish, and
stood perfectly still, and so gave him
plenty of time to walk to the edge of the
dock and get back into the water. I knew
then that he would come back.

"He came every day about the same
time, and I always was there with a"^fish
for him. After ten days of patient working
with him, I was rewarded by having the
rest of the band come on the dock, and
now they follow me anywhere."

We extend to Mrs. Bath hearty compli-
ments and congratulations upon the pluck
and the success with which she has man-
aged her diflScult role.

The Audubon Societies

321

Indiana's Good Example

The perennial vigor of the Indiana
State Audubon Society was shown in its
May meeting, this year, at Evansville.
This society profits by the policy of hold-
ing its annual meetings in difTerent cities,
thus stimulating interest throughout the
state. Evansville was a fortunate choice,
since Audubon himself lived and studied
in that neighborhood for several years
previous to 1824.

The visiting state society was publicly
welcomed in Evans\-ille at the e\'ening
meeting on April 30, and the retiring
president, William Watson Woollen, made
a historical address. This was followed
by an illustrated lecture on local birds by
Amos W. Butler; and this and the other
meetings were enlivened by music. On
the morning of May i, "bird-talks" were
given in every school, public or private,
in the city, and much enthusiasm was
aroused among the children.

This is a feature of the program which
might well be imitated elsewhere.

The afternoon of this pleasant day was
devoted to an .excursion to Henderson,
where the house in which Audubon lived,
and the foundation of the mill that em-
barrassed him during many troublous
years, may still be seen.

The presence of Miss Harriet Audubon,
granddaughter of the ornithologist, among
the guests, added peculiar interest to this
excursion. In the evening, addresses were
given by Dr. D. W. Dennis, of Earlham
College, and by Prof. Stanley Coulter, of
Purdue University, the latter discussing
methods of bird-work in the schools. All
of the sessions were largely attended.
Professor Coulter was elected president of
the state society, and Miss Elizabeth
Downhour reelected secretary. The Evans-
ville society has as president George S.
ClifTord, and as secretary, Miss Lida Ed-
wards. Dr. Eugene Swope, the National
Association's field-agent for Ohio, attended
the meetings, and sent to the home office
the photograph of some of the prominent
members present, which is reproduced in
this issue.

Bobolinks May Be Slaughtered

It is with profound regret we learn that
those responsible for making the regula-
tions under the McLean Migratory-Bird
Law have been forced by pressure from
the killers of song-birds to open wide the
door permitting the killing of Bobolinks
in certain states where they were protected
last year.

It will be recalled that, under present
state laws. Bobolinks could still be killed
in several eastern and southern states.
Under the Federal regulations, which
went into operation last year, the slaugh-
ter was made illegal in much of this ter-
ritory.

Gunners in certain parts of Delaware,
eastern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey,
who represented oily seven counties, have
had all this upset, and on September i,
1Q14, the old system of butchering Bobo-
links will go on as before, if President
Wilson signs this new order. Below is a
"news-letter" recently sent to the daily
papers by the government officials who
have authorized this backward step, as we
strongly feel it to be:

Washington, D. C. — Notices have been
issued by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture calling attention to a proposed
amendment in the federal regulations for
the protection of migratory, insectivorous
birds. Under the new rule, reed- or rice-
birds can be shot in September and
October in the states of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland,
the District of Columbia, Virginia and
South Carolina. The law requires three
months' notice of this change. If it is
decided to adopt it, the rule will be
officially promulgated at the end of that
time, and will go into effect on September
I, 1914.

The effect of this change will be to
extend to sportsmen in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Delaware the privilege
of shooting the birds during a period of
two months. This they may now do in
Maryland, the District of Columbia, Vir-
ginia, and South Carolina. As the sea-
son is so short, it is not believed that the
birds will suffer appreciably in numbers.
In the late summer and early fall they
migrate to the far south, where they are
known as reed- or rice-birds. They are
regarded in the states where they can
now be shot as offering good sport.

322

Bird - Lore

THE FEDERAL MIGRATORY- BIRD LAW IN THE COURTS

Two prosecutions for violation of the
McLean Migratory-Bird Law, which
have come into the federal courts of late,
have attracted much attention because of
their bearing on the much-mooted ques-
tion, whether the law is constitutional.
In one of these cases, the presiding judge
declared in favor of the law, while the
other held the act to be unconstitutional,
and, therefore, not binding on the people.
The facts of these cases briefly are as
follows:

On April i8, 1914, Alfred M. Shaw, a
banker and prominent resident of Del-
mont, South Dakota, was arraigned before
Judge J. D. Elliott in the federal court,
and pleaded guilty to an indictment
charging him with violation of the United
States laws regarding the shooting of
migratory game-birds. He was fined $100.
The fine is the first obtained for violations
of the law in that state. A lawyer ques-
tioned the constitutionality of the law,
but the court held that there was little
doubt of its validity.

The other case occurred in Arkansas.
On May 28, 1914, Judge Jacob Trieber,
in the United States District Court for
the Jonesboro Division of the Eastern
District of Arkansas, rendered an opinion
adverse to the law. The case is recorded
as United States vs. Harvey C. Shauver.
Shauver killed birds in violation of the
McLean law, and was indicted for the
offense. The Government was represented
by W. H. Martin, United States District
Attorney, and by Col. Joseph H. Acklen,
of Tennessee, a member of the Advisory
Board of Directors of the National Asso-
ciation.

The defendant demurred to the indict-
ment, and this was sustained by the
Judge. His decision was written at con-
siderable length, in which he cited many
previous court-decisions. In summing up,
he states, in part:

The claim that the migratory birds are
the -property of the United States must
be held untenable. It is also argued that
Congress has frequently exercised the

power to regulate matters which could
only have been done under the general
police power, and the validity of these
acts, when attacked, as beyond the power
of Congress, has been upheld. Counsel
refers to the lottery acts, the anti-trust
acts, the national railway legislation, the
safety-appliance act, the quarantine laws,
the pure food and drug act, the act regu-
lating mailable articles, and other acts
of similar nature. But every one of these
acts was upheld under some provision of
the constitution, either that of the Post-
ofl&ce Department, the commerce clause,
the taxing power, or some other grant.
Whenever Congress or the head of a
department went beyond that power, as
by including intrastate carriage with
interstate, the acts were declared uncon-
stitutional.

It may be, as contended on behalf of
the Government, that only by national
legislation can migratory wild game and
fish be preserved to the people, but that
is not a matter for the court. It is for the
people, who alone can amend the consti-
tution, to grant Congress the power to
enact such legislation as they deem
necessary. All the courts are authorized
to do, when the constitutionality of legis-
lative acts is questioned, is to determine
whether Congress, under the constitu-
tion as it is, possesses the power to enact
the legislation in controversy; their
power does not extend to the matter of
expediency. If Congress has not the
power, the duty of the court is to declare
the act void. The court is unable to find
any provision in the constitution authoriz-
ing Congress, either expressly or by
necessary implication, to protect or regu-
late the shooting of migratory wild game
when in a state, and is, therefore, forced
to the conclusion that the act is uncon-
stitutional. The demurrer to the indict-
ment will be sustained.

About three weeks after rendering the
above opinion, Judge Trieber, yielding to
the plea of counsel, agreed to re-open the
case, so there is a possibility that in the
end he may be led to reverse his own
former decision.

Now what will be the practical effect of
these two decisions? In the North Dakota
case, a precedent has been established,
which all bird-protectionists will applaud,
and which will have a tendency to
strengthen the law. In the other case,
it will mean that probably no further

The Audubon Societies

323

efforts will be made to enforce the federal
migratory-bird law in the Eastern District
of Arkansas until Judge Trieber's decision
has been reversed by a higher court. It will
take a year, or perhaps two years, to carry
a case up through the courts and get a
final decision from the United States
Supreme Court. In the meantime, how-
ever, the bird-protection treaty now
pending between this country and Canada
may be signed. According to the reported
opinions of Elihu Root and other con-
stitutional lawyers this would then take
the subject entirely out of the courts, and
the treaty agreements would prevail. It
is clear, therefore, that the very important
task of impressing the United States
Senators with the wish of the American
people that the treaty be ratified now
devolves upon bird-lovers.

Legal Struggles in Maryland

In reference to recent wild-life legis-
lation in Maryland, W. Scott Way,
reports:

The new general law appears to have
repealed all local laws conflicting with it,
in which case the state will have a uni-
form season for the more important spe-
cies. Another measure, repealing and
reenacting the non-game-bird law, shows
some improvements over the old act, but
is not as it should be. I see no reason why
the Legislature could not have been
induced to pass the Model Audubon Law,
while it was about its tinkering, but the
state game-warden, with whom I took the
matter up early in the legislative session,
persuaded me that there was no hope for
success along that line; and, as there
seemed to be a general indifference on the
part of everybody concerned, save Miss
Starr and myself, I let the matter drop.

I regret that the effort to put through
a hunting-license law failed because of
strong opposition from many counties.
The politicians seem to be afraid of it,
but, at the next session, with the right
kind of force behind it, I believe it can be
put through. My observation has been
that at the past three sessions of the
Maryland Legislature failure has been
mainly due, in the matter of up-to-date
game and bird laws, to the lack of the
right sort of man at Annapolis. An effort
was made to remove protection from the
Turkey Buzzard, but by active work, in

which I was aided much by Dr. Henry
Oldys, I succeeded in having this measure
confined to the town of Easton, where
the proposition originated. This will,
therefore, do little harm.

Mutually Satisfactory

The accompanying capital photograph
illustrates admirably the Audubonian
way of "killing two birds with one stone,"

TWO DELIGHTFUL GUESTS
Photographed by Carl E. Purple

— a shot from a camera. The parallel,
indeed, is double. The photographer fed
two birds at once, and took their pictures
for his pay, using but a single plate. This
was as economical as the result is pretty.
Both parties to this amiable arrangement
were perfectly satisfied. The photographer
gets his credit; the Woodpecker is living
on the fat of the land; and the Nuthatch
may be said to be in clover. The lesson
of the picture is as obvious as is its beauty.

324

Bird - Lore

NEW MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

KnroUed from Miirch i lo July i, 1914.

Life Members:

Andrews, Mrs. E. B.
Austen, Mrs. Isabel Valle
Barbey, Henry G.
Brown, Miss Annie H.
Camden, Mrs. J. N.
Goodwin, Walter L., Jr.
Harral, Mrs. Edward W.
Jamison, Miss Margaret A.
Loyd, Miss Sarah A. C.
Rogers, Dudley P.
Stone, Miss Ellen J.
Wade, Mrs. J. H.
Woodman, Miss Mary

Sustaining Members:
A Friend
Aichel, Oskar G.
Angstman, Mrs. Charlotte S.
Archer, George A.
Audubon Society, Sewickley
Back Bay Audubon Society
Bacon, Miss Helen R.
Balch, Joseph
Baldwin, Mrs. S. T.
Barr, Miss Caroline F.
Beck, Charles W.
Biddle, Mrs. George
Billerica Girls' Club
Blanchard, John A.
Bliss, E. J.
Borne, Mrs. John E.
Bradford, Miss Daisy Smith
Bradley, E. R.
Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.
Braun, John F.
Brewer, Miss Rosamond
Brockway, Mrs. Charles T.
Bull, M.

Campbell, Miss Clara D.
Carpenter, Ralph G.
Chandler, William E.
Chapman, B. G.
Chase, A. C.
Chipman, Miss Grace E.
Cousens, John A.
Crawford, William
Dana, Mrs. Harold W.
Davidson, Miss Clara
Diman, Miss Louise
Dutton, Harry
Edgerton, Dr. J. Ines
Eisemann, Alex.
Eliot, Charles W.
Enggass, Mrs. Barbara
Fahy, Mrs. John
Farrell, Mrs. C. P.
Fa.xon, Henry M.
Fearon, Mrs. Charles
Fenenden, R. G.
Fitchburg Out-of-Doors Club

Fitzroy, Mrs. H. A.
Fordyce, George L.
Ford, Mrs. John B.
Forest Hills Gardens Audubon

Society
Fowle, Seth A.
Fuller, C. W.
Gallogly, E. E.
Gifford, Mrs. James M.
Gilchrist, Miss Annie T.
Ginn, Frank H.
Grant, Henry T.
Grasselli, Miss Josephine
Grat, Russell,
Gridley, Mrs. Mary T.
Guild, E. L.
Gunn, Elisha

Harbeck, Mrs. Emma Grey
Hartford Bird Study Club
Hartline, D. S.
Hedge, Henry R.
Hibbard, Thomas
Hill, Donald M.
Hill, Mrs. Lysander
Hoppin, Charles A.
Horner, Charles S.
Hovey, Burton M.
Howes, F. L.

Hubbard, Herman M., Jr.
Miss Mary C. Hubbard
Hunter, Arthur M., Jr.
Hurlburt, Miss Annie M.
Jaques, H. P.
Jenkins, Mrs. A. C.
Jenness, Charles G.
Juran, Mrs. K. M.
Keith, Mrs. D. M.
King, Miss Mabel D.
Kingsbury, Miss Alice E.
Livermore, Robert
Low, Miss Nathalie, F.
Lyman, Joseph
McCord, Miss Belle
McQuesten, Mrs. G. E.
Magner, Thomas
May, George H.
Melbourne Women's Club
Merrill, Mrs. Payson
Mills, Rev. John N.
Morley, Mrs. W. G.
Murphy, Miss Anne D.
North, Mrs. R. H.
Osborn, Mrs. William C.
Ossberg, Miss Olga W.
Oswald, Edward
Paine, Cyrus F.
Parker, Mrs. Horace J.
Payne, Mrs. Frederick W.
Peabody, George Foster
Pease, Miss Harriet R.
Penhallow, Charles T.
Perihelwin Club
Perkins, G. Howard, Jr.

The Audubon Societies

325

New Members and Contributors, continued

Poor, George H.

Pratt, Bela L.

Prentiss, F. F.

Putnam, Wm. Lowell

Randolph, Mrs. E.

Rice, William North

Richardson, Mrs. C. F.

Robinson, Edward P.

Rogan, Mrs. M. K.

Rosenbaum, S. G.

Rosentwist, B. G. A.

Russell, B. F. W.

Rust, David W.

Sackett, Mrs. F. M.

Sackett, Mrs. F. M., Jr.

Saltonstall, Philip L.

Schaefer, Miss Ella A.

Schwarzenbach, R. J. F.

Scott, Albert L.

Scudder, C. R.

Scudder, Heyward

Severance, J. L.

Shaw, Miss Eleanor

Shaw, Henry S., Jr.

Shaw, S. P., Jr.

Sheridan, J. J.

Sibley, Mrs. Rufus A.

Simpson, G. Fred.

Sisler, L. E.

Smith, Frank .\.

Smith, Mrs. Fred. W.

Smith, George A.

Spafford, Joseph H.

Spalding, Philip L.

Storm, George L., Jr.

Sturgis, J. H.

Swenson, John

Tillinghast, Miss H.

Tooke, Mrs. C. \V.

Townsend, Henry H.

Travelli, Mrs. C. R.

Tucker, Mrs. Stanley

Turner, Miss Elsie II.

Turner, Miss Mary E.

Van Dusen, Eugene F.

Van Gerbig, Mrs. B.

Vanlentwerp, F. J. (Our Lady of the

Rosary Church)
Villard, Vincent S.
Wade, F. C.

Wadham. Mr. and Mrs. H., Jr.
Wakeman, Stephen H.
Walker, Grant
Walker, Dr. John B.
Walker, Mrs. Thaddeus
Walker, William H.
Waterman, Miss Mary E.
Watson, Mrs. W. W.
West, Albert S.
White, Miss Hannah A.
White, Miss Henrietta
White, Miss K. L.
Whitehouse, Mrs. C. A.
Whittaker, Miss M.

Winn, Herbert J.
Winship, C. F.
Winship, C. N.
Wood, Mrs. Anna L.
Wood, Miss Sarah L.
Woods, Edward F.
Woods, Joseph W.
Wright, Mrs. M. A.
Wright, Mrs. Wm. L.
Zapp, George C.
Zell, George L.
Zimmerman, ]Mrs. J. E.

New Contributors

A Game Protector

Anonymous.

Anthony, D. M.

Baldwin, S. P.

Brackett, Dr. C. A.

Carruthers, Mr. and Mrs. T. H.

Case, IVIrs. F. C.

Chapin, Miss Maud H.

Cross, Miss Grace L. R.

Crusselle, W. F.

Danziger, Max.

Davis, David D.

Drummond, James J.

Dutton, B. F.

Fitch, Mr. and Mrs. W.

Goldman, Mrs. Louis J.

Harrington, George W.

Holman, Miss C. B.

Kellogg, Stephen W.

Lord, Sliss Elinor L.

Lowell, ^liss Georgina

Robertson, W. N.

Sawj'er, Mrs. C. A.

Smith, J. S.

Taber, Miss M.

Wander, Edward

W^illiam, Master

Yates, Dr. S. Anna

Contributors to the Egret Protection
Fund

Previousl}' acknowledged. .§2,559 04

A Friend 100 00

Agar, Mrs. John G 5 00

Albright, Mr. J. J 5 00

Allen County Audubon So-

cietj' 2 00

.Allen, Miss Gertrude 15 00

Allen, Miss Mary P. and

friends 15 00

A Sympathizer 5 00

Auchincloss, ]\Irs. H. D 5 00

Ayres, Miss Mary A 2 00

Baldwin, Mrs. John D i co

Baldwin, William H 2 00

Barron, George D 2 00

Carriedjorward $2,718 04

326

Bird - Lore

Brought forward $2,718 04

Berlin, Mrs. D. B i 00

Best, Mrs. Clermont 5 00

Biddle, E. C. and C. B 1000

Birdlovers' Club of Brooklyn. 5 00

Brewer, Edward M 10 00

Bridge, Edmund S 00

Bridge, Mrs. Lidian E 10 00

Burden, James A 5 00

Byington, Mrs. Louisa J 2 00

Casey, Edward P 10 00

Chambers, Miss Katherine... 10 00

Chittenden, Mrs. S. B 2 00

Christian, Miss Elizabeth.. . . 3 00

Christian, Mrs. M. H 2 00

Christian, Miss Susan 6 00

Church, C. T 5 00

Cimmins, Mrs. Thomas 5 00

Clinch, Judge E. S 10 00

Colon, George E 4 00

Coney, Miss Kate E 2 00

Convers, Miss C. B 2 00

Coolidge, Prof. A. Cary 5 00

Crittenden, Miss Viola E... . i 00

Cummings, Miss B.J 2 00

Cummins, Miss Anne M 5 00

Cummins, Miss E. 1 5 00

Cushing, Miss M. W i 00

Dana, Mrs. E. S 4 00

Davidson, Mrs. F. S 5 00

Davidson, Gaylord 5 00

, Davis, E. F 5 00

Davis, Dr. Gwilym 5 00

Dawes, Miss E. B 10 00

De Beaufort, W. H 5 00

De la Rive, Miss Rachel 4 00

Detroit Bird Prot. Club 5 00

Dickerman, W. B 25 00

Dryden, Mrs. Cynthia P 25 00

Dudley, Miss Fannie G 10 00

DuPont, F. A 10 00

Emerson, Elliot S 3 00

Emmons, Mrs. R. W., 2nd... 5 00

Enders, John 0 5 00

Faulkner, Miss Fannie M.. . . 10 00

E. B. F 5 00

Foote, Mrs. F. W 2 00

Freeman, Miss H. E 10 00

Freeman, Dr. W. J i 00

Gilman, Miss Clarabel 4 00

Goehring, J. M 5 00

Gray, Miss Isa E 10 00

Greer. Miss Almira 5 00

Hage, Daniel S i 00

Hager, George W 2 00

Hale, Thomas, Jr i 00

Hering, W. E 5 00

Hills, Mrs. J. M 3 00

Hodenpyl, Anton G 25 00

Holbrook, Mrs. Edward 5 00

Holt, Mrs. Frank 2 00

Horton, Miss F. E 2 00

Carried forward $3,080 04

Brought forward $3,080 04

Hungerford, R. S 10 00

Hupfel, J. C. S 5 00

Hurd, Elizabeth 5 00

James, Mrs. Walter B 10 00

Jennings, Miss A. B 5 00

Jewett, George L 5 00

Jones, Mrs. Cadwalader S 00

Junior Audubon Society i 00

Keep, Mrs. Albert 3 00

Kleinschmidt, Miss H i 00

Kuser, John Dryden 5 00

Lang, Henry 5 00

Lasell, Miss Louisa W i 00

Livermore, A. E i 00

Mann, Miss J. Ardelle 3 00

Manning, Leonard J 3 00

Mansfield, Helen 6 00

Massachusetts, S. P. C. A.... 5 00

Mellen, George M i 00

Merriman, Mrs. Daniel 10 08

Metzger, William T 2 00

Mitchell, Mrs. E 2 50

Mitchell, James T 5 00

Moore, Mrs. E. C i 00

Moore, Henry D 100 00

Moore, Robert T 50 00

Motley, James M 10 00

McPheeters, Miss C 23 00

O'Connor, Thomas H 15 00

Olmsted, F. L., Jr i 00

Osborn, Carl H 4 00

Parsons, Miss K. L 3 00

Peoples, W. T 2 00

Peters, Mrs. E. McC 3 00

Puffer, L. W i 00

Putnam, George P 3 00

Putnam, Dr. James J 3 00

Randolph, Coleman 15 00

Reynolds, Miss Mabel D 2 00

Richard, Miss Elvine 15 00

Robbins, Royal 20 00

Shannon, W. Purdy 7 00

Sibley, Hiram 25 00

Small, Miss Cora 2 00

Smith, Adelbert J 4 00

Smith, Mrs. Mary P. W 2 00

Snyder, Warren 5 00

Somers, L. H 3 00

Steiner, G. A 10 00

Stern, Benjamin 10 00

Stick, H. Louis 8 00

Thaw, J. C 10 00

Thomson, William H i 00

Towne, Mrs. William E i 00

Tucker, William F 5 00

Van Name, Willard 15 00

Von Arnin, Miss A 3 00

Wadsworth, Clarence S 10 00

White, Mrs. A. Ludlow 5 00

Winslow, Miss M. L. C 6 00

Woman's Study Club 3 00

Grand.total $3,585 62

The Audubon Societies

327

REPORTS FROM WORKERS IN THE FIELD

Progress in Florida

One of our most active workers in
Florida is Dr. Herbert R. Mills, of Tampa.
He is constantly on the alert, and is always
doing useful and interesting things for
the birds, as is indicated by the follow-
ing communication:

"l have been noting the results of the
Junior Audubon work here in Tampa, and
I am greatly impressed with the immense

that might not be reached in any other
way. For example, I was on one of the
Favorite Line excursions a few weeks
ago, and I overheard a lady remark to a
friend: 'Since Margaret joined the Audu-
bon Society, she simply can not wear her
aigrettes any more.' These things are so
encouraging that I have decided to
devote a large share of my spare time next
fall to organizing Junior Audubon Classes
in Tampa.

THE CARDINAL DETAINED AS EVIDENCE

value of this work. I organized a few
classes here this winter, with a total
membership of over three hundred, and
every day I see some example of the good
results obtained. Recently I saw a couple
of boys fighting, and later learned that
one was a sixth-grade Junior Audubon
boy who was beating a fellow for killing a
Warbler of some kind. And not only is
our game-warden service being thus
increased by this work, but our campaign
of education is being carried into homes

"Some time ago, I sent you an account
of the arrest of the Italian, Frank Alfino,
for selling Cardinals and Mockingbirds.
I am enclosing you a print of the Cardinal
which I bought from this man for evidence.
This picture was taken just before the
bird was given its liberty under the orange
tree from which the cage is suspended. I
later learned that the bird found a mate
soon after gaining his liberty, and is now
raising a brood of little ones. This Cardinal
has no toes on his right foot."

328

Bird - Lore

Good Sentiment in Rhode Island

The Association's field-agent for Massa-
chusetts, Winthrop Packard, has been
able to do much work outside his state
of late. A practical report of his efforts
in behalf of helpful legislation in Rhode
Island is here given:

"The Rhode Island law, making the
state law agree with the federal law on
migratory birds in the matter of seasons
for shooting, passed without an amend-
ment. There was some opposition at the
last moment, but it was all swept aside.
The law forbidding the shooting of Ducks
from motor-boats, which the Newport
Gun and Game Protective Association
originated, was passed, and the bill mak-
ing Warwick Neck a bird-reservation for
five years, also went through. There
seems to have been, this year, a great
change in sentiment in favor of bird-pro-
tection in Rhode Island. Much of the
good work has been done by Dr. Horace
L. Beck."

Views of Teachers

A group of Ohio teachers who have
tested bird-study, as promoted by the
Junior Audubon classes, have favored us
with the result of their experience. All
approve of it, and speak of the real enjoy-
ment taken in it by themselves as well as
by the pupils. "It is surprising," Miss
Wolff, of Norwood, exclaims," how much
the children find out for themselves. In a
great many instances I learned from them
fully as much as they learned from me."

"I found bird-study fascinating both
for myself and the children," a Sharon-
ville teacher, Miss Doepka, writes. "The
mental training received was greater
than from any other study, especially in
developing their powers of observation.
The information received was useful, as
it showed them that birds are of great
benefit and all should join in protecting
them. As the information your leaflets
give is not abstract, but such as children
can observe for themselves, it is retained
as well, if not better than any other."

This last point is emphasized by a prin-
cipal, who says that his experience shows
that children retain useful information
.onger than other. "An excellent test of

the retention of this information," Miss
Aler, of Mt. Vernon, thinks, "may be
shown by unexpectedly asking children
to write ten minute' compositions on
'The Robin' or the 'Baltimore Oreole'
without having an opportunity to look
up anything in connection with the topic,
and then reading the splendid composi-
tions turned in." The value of the study
in training the children in English com-
position is remarked upon by many teach-
ers, who find good models and great help
in the leaflets. The keeping of notes of
observations is recommended from experi-
ence by several correspondents. One of
these. Miss Cameron, of Salem, says:

"I am glad to express myself as more
than satisfied with results of bird-
study in the school. It was taken up in
connection with the English lesson once
a week, and in no period of the week's pro-
gram was the interest of the pupils more
deeply centered. I was a student with
the children when it came to this lesson,
and I know that all were in love with the
study. It has been the means of creating
a very desirable spirit in the school. The
children are more attentive, more thought-
ful of the feelings of others, more kind-
hearted to all living creatures, and are
eager to do something that will count for
happiness or betterment in the bird-world,
and hence, in our own."

The two succeeding letters come from
teachers more advanced than are most of
them in a knowledge of zoology.

"I have always been interested in
birds," writes Ruth Buckingham, of Love-
land, and have a picture-collection of over
fifty different species found in this part of
Ohio. I keep this collection where the
children can have access to it, so that
when they have a few spare moments
they may get a bird and try to draw it
with the colored crayons I give them for
that purpose. I do not try to stuff the
children with information. I try to get
them to find out things for themselves."

This last one is from a principal, W. N.
Thayer, of Norwood: "I have been giving
incidental instruction in bird-study in
connection with our work in biological
nature-study, for some years past, and
I have found the Audubon leaflets and
pictures valuable supplements."

1. Worthen's Sparrow 3. Green-tailed Towhee. Im.

2. Texas Sparrow 4. Green-tailed Towhee, Adult

(One-half natural size)

2^irlr=1tore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI September— October, 1914 No. 5

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany

By WILLIAM P. WHARTON

With photographs by the Author

IN August, 1913, the writer had the good fortune to make a brief visit to
the estate of Baron Hans von Berlepsch, at Seebach, district of Langen-
salza, Germany, and to observe something of the methods for attracting
and protecting wild birds employed with such wonderful success there. For a
full description of these methods, the reader is referred to the book entitled
'Methods of Attracting and Protecting Wild Birds,' which, in its English trans-
lation, is for sale by the National Association of Audubon Societies.

Those familiar with that book are aware that the Baron's success rests
upon three cornerstones: (i) Large numbers of suitable nesting-sites both for
birds nesting in cavities and for those nesting in trees or shrubs; (2) an abun-
dant food- and water-supply; (3) protection from their enemies. To supply the
first, Baron von Berlepsch devised the nesting-box made by hollowing out
sections of tree limbs or trunks in as nearly as possible exact imitation of the
cavities excavated by Woodpeckers; boxes of this kind are now being manu-
factured by two or three different persons in the United States. The Baron
also devised, after much study and experimentation, a method of pruning
undergrowth and special plantations of shrubbery in such a manner as to pro-
duce 'whorls' of side branches at a given point, which, by subsequent pruning,
form a natural platform or crotch particularly suited for birds' nests to be
placed in. Food in the form of suet and various seeds is provided, in winter, at
various points on the estate, and is often placed in the shelter of the Hessian
food-house, very similar to the Audubon food-house now being sold in this
country. In summer, besides the natural supply of insects, which must be
large in the dense undergrowth and about the pond and brook, groups of shrubs
and trees, planted for that purpose, supply a rotation of berries and seeds
especially liked by birds. Owing to the presence of the pond, and the brook
running through the estate, artificial bird-baths are not much required. Pro-
tection from enemies requires constant vigilance in destroying the predatory
quadrupeds, such as weasels, squirrels, polecats and house cats, and such pred-

THE CASTLE FROM THE PARK; ESTATE OF BARON VON BERLEPSCH

The trees and shrubs on each side of the vista are filled with birds' nests

(330)

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany 331

atory birds as have been found to prey especially on their own kind. The
methods used in carrying out the purposes above stated are given in some detail
in the book.

In visiting Seebach, the WTiter had in mind, by seeing for himself the results
of this remarkable experiment, to supplement and make more practical such
knowledge as he had already acquired from reading the book. Unfortunately,

VIEW OF THE HOME PARK FROM THE TOP OF THE CASTLE.
OF BARON VON BERLEPSCH

ESTATE

there was not sufficient time to make any careful study, and the weather was
such as to render the taking of satisfactory photographs difl&cult or impossible.
Notes were made more especially on practices, or modifications of practices,
which have either been developed since the book was written, or weie not
fully described therein.

The nesting-boxes are probably the most conspicuous and interesting devices
to the average visitor, especially to the American who has already become
familiar with them in his own country. These are scattered everywhere through
the home park and adjacent woods, and also in the forest, which is situated at

332

Bird - Lore

a distance of some six miles from the castle. They are, as a rule, of the regula-
tion sizes and shapes as described in the book, being imitations of the cavities
excavated l)y Woodpeckers, and about 90 per cent are said to be occupied each

year. A modifica-
tion, however, has
been made in the
covers to these boxes,
which should be of
special interest to
New Englanders liv-
ing within the region
infested by the gipsy
moths. In order to
make the interior
easily accessible,
both for cleaning it
out and for purposes
of observation, the
regular wooden
cover, held in place
with lag screws, has
been discarded, and
one of cement is now
used. This has a
projection or flange
below, which fits
loosely into the top
of the box, and pre-
vents the cover slid-
ing off; the weight
of the cement is
sufficient to prevent
its being blown off.
The nesting-holes in the walls of the castle are made wholly of cement, being in
the form of blocks, which fit into spaces from which the stone blocks have
been removed. These cement block boxes are in two
parts, one being three-fourths and the other one-fourth
of the whole. The larger contains the whole of the
lower portion of the cavity and the rear half of the
upper portion, and is set permanently into the gap in
the wall. The other quarter contains the front half of
the upper portion of the nesting cavity together with
the entrance hole, and may be easily removed by

ONE OF THE CEMEXT-BLOCK NEST-BOXES IN THE
WALLS OF THE CASTLE; HERR FRIEDERICH SCHWABE, IN
CHARGE OF THE SCHOOL OF BIRD PROTECTION, STAND-
ING NEAR IT.

0

r

V

1
1

^4

FRONT
VIEW

SI
VI

DE
EW

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany 333

inserting the finger in the latter, and the contents of the interior be thus
exposed to \-iew. In the upper stories of the castle, where the walls consist
of a single thickness only of wood, entrance-holes of the proper size have been
bored in the walls, and the ordinar>^ type of nest-box hung on a nail inside,
after the upper front of the box has been sawed off
diagonally, thus:

FRONT MEW

SIDE VIEW

SIDE VIEW IX
POSITION ON
WALL OF CASTLE

A narrow iron band, with a notch in the middle of the lower edge to receive
a nail, is fastened horizontally across the upper part of the saw-cut, and the box
is then hung on the nail driven into the side of the castle just above the entrance-
hole. These boxes are said to be more favored by birds than those conspicuously
placed on the outside of the castle wall, and have the great advantage that they
are easy to inspect and clean out. Baron von Berlepsch plans to insert a pane
of glass in the rear of some of these boxes opposite the nest, surround them with
a dark closet, and study by this means the feeding of the young. These boxes
in the walls of the castle are used almost entirely by Starlings.

In the Hainich forest, where the birds, attracted by Baron ^'on Berlepsch's
methods, saved his trees from defoliation by caterpillars in 1905, when the
surrounding forests were stripped, there are several thousand nest-boxes.
These are chiefly in the deciduous woods, which are composed largely of beech
and oak. Here they are hung not less than thirty paces apart, and approxi-
mately 90 per cent are said to be occupied annually. In the dense spruce woods
it has been found impracticable to place boxes, except on the edges of small
clearings or partial openings. In such places, an experiment has been tried of
placing four different kinds of boxes close together, in order to ascertain which
kind is preferred by the smaller Tits. A box of ear thern ware has been found to
be useless. The other three boxes are of the usual pattern, and two of them of
stock sizes — A and B. The third is a B box with an A entrance-hole — that is,
a good-sized box with a small hole, — and for this the Tits have sho\^^l a decided
preference. Evidently they like roomy quarters better than cramped ones,
provided the entrance is small enough to keep out larger birds. In an old apple
orchard here behind the forester's house, two and sometimes three boxes of

334

Bird - Lore

different sizes hang on the same tree, and two are often occupied at the same
time, according to Herr Schwabe, the head of the von Berlepsch School of Bird
Protection.

Because of their novelty as well as their remarkable success, the shelterwood
plantations, with the special pruning of stock bushes for nests, was of particular
interest to the writer. The form of these plantations, and the species of plants
used in them, are carefully described in the book already referred to ; but sub-
sequent experiments have somewhat extended the list there given of plants
suitable for pruning. Baron von Berlepsch still prefers Cratcegus oxyacantha to
any other thorns for this purpose, but he finds that the common privet {Ligus-
trum vulgare) is of value as a stock bush in poor soil under considerable shade,

THE ANCESTRAL CASTLE FROM THE PARK; ESTATE OF BARON \i(\ liERLEPSCH

One or more pairs of Moorhens nest about the pond and many other birds in the trees and shrubbery,

and cavities made in the walls of the castle.

and that horse-chestnut {Msculus hippocastanum) also does well under larger
trees. The yew {Taxus baccata) is also used in similar situations. As a general
rule, however, the thorn {Cratcegus oxyacantha) is used for this purpose. After
the shelterwood is planted, it is allowed to stand three or four, or even five
years, and is then cut down, as described in the book. The effect of this is to
make the thorns send up straight shoots from the ground. After two or three
years, strong shoots here and there in the plantation are cut off just above
several dormant eyes, which, so far as the writer could understand, are to be
found in greatest abundance at the point where the growth of about two years
previous began. The effect of this pruning is to force out a whorl of new shoots,
starting in a generally horizontal direction. The following year, these shoots
are cut back to within perhaps a couple of inches of the parent stem, and each

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany 335

year thereafter the new shoots are again cut back to within an inch or less of
their starting points. The effect of this pruning is to form a very secure founda-
tion, or support, on which to place a nest, surrounded during the spring and
summer by a dense screen of foliage from the new shoots. That the provison
thus made for them is appreciated by the birds was evidenced by the very great
number of nests of the year which were found in these w^horls. In a double-row
thorn hedge along the edge of a wood, w^hich has been pruned in this fashion,
the WTiter counted thirty-one nests in a distance which could not have much
exceeded 300 feet, — an average of one nest to every ten feet. The lateness of
the hour unfortunately prevented further exploration of this hedge, which

A GENERAL VIEW OF ONE OE THE SPECIAL 'SHELTERWOOD' BIRD-NESTING PLAN-
TATIONS OF SHRUBBERY ON THE BORDER OF A WOOD

extended for perhaps twice the distance beyond, and was said to be fully as
thickly populated throughout.

With one exception, all these shelterwoods are connected by lines or blocks
of trees or shrubs. The line of poplars bordering the brook, and the method
of pruning these trees, are described in the book; suffice it to say here that at
least one nest was to be found in almost every tree, and in some there were
two. On the opposite side of this brook is a row of lindens {Tilia parvifolia),
and these trees had been pruned by cutting the branches one foot or more
from the trunk, in order to make whorls for nests. Baron von Berlepsch
stated that any of the lindens are adapted to this purpose, as well as Ulnius
campestris, and that they are particularly suitable for planting in rows to
connect shelterwood plantations, and along brooks, roads, etc. Another tree
suitable for making connections between the plantations is the Norway

33^

Bird - Lore

spruce (Picea excelsa), which is there planted in three rows one yard apart,
the middle row being removed after about six years. This removal leaves a

small opening, which is soon
arched over, and forms a
covered passageway for birds,
and an excellent winter feed-
ing-place. The remaining trees
should be topped regularly, to
maintain this densely covered
archway. Mountain ash trees
are planted along the row with
the spruces, to provide food
with their berries. The excep-
tional shelterwood, uncon-
nected with others, stands in
the midst of cultivated fields.
This is largely an experiment,
and is as yet too young to show
results. Most of the others are
either under partial or entire
shade, or else along the edges
between woods and fields, such
as that shown in the picture.
It should be noted that all
nests are thrown down each
autumn from the whorls, as
well as from the boxes.

The matters of feeding and
of control of enemies were given
less attention by the writer
than they deserved, chiefly. be-
cause of lack of time. The
winter feeding arrangements
at Seebach have already been
briefly referred to, and are fully
set forth in the book describ-
ing Baron von Berlepsch's
methods. Control of natural
enemies is effected largely by
trapping, and to some extent by shooting. An ingenious trap baited with live
English Sparrows is used successfully for Sparrow Hawks, — said to be similar
in size and habits to our Sharp-shinned Hawks, — which are considered the
only distinctly harmful birds of this family. The larger Hawks are not

THREE NESTING-BOXES IN POSITION ON
THE EDGE OF A SPRUCE STAND IN THE
WOODS OF BARON VON BERLEPSCH.
These are for experiments with the smaller Tits, as described
herein.

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany 337

troubled, and are commonly seen about the grain-fields. Some of the shelter-
wood plantations in the home parks are protected by a wire box- trap, with
long extending wings of wire mesh approximately at right angles to each other,
and only a few feet high. Any prowling creature coming upon one of these
wings follows it up to the central trap, and, upon entering, closes the door
and is held fast until the arrival of the bird-keeper, who disposes of his
captive as may be thought best for the interests of the birds. Great vigilance
in this work of ^•ermin control is necessary.

A VIEW OF POPLARS WHOSE BRANCHES ARE CUT BACK TO THE TRUNK
EVERY FIVE OR SIX YEARS TO FORM NESTING-SITES. ONE OR TWO NESTS OF
THE YEAR WERE TO BE FOUND IN PRACTICALLY EVERY TREE.

In conclusion, it may be of interest to refer briefly to the imitation of Baron
von Berlepsch's methods in the forests of Hess and Baden. The writer visited
those in the vicinity of Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Heidelberg, Baden-Baden, and
Forbach, and, in all except the last, found that active measures were being
taken to protect and increase birds because of their economic value in the
forest. The von Berlepsch nesting-boxes and feeding-stations and baths were
in evidence, especially. It is noteworthy that in the most intensively culti-
vated forests 80 per cent to 90 per cent of these boxes were occupied; whereas,
in the forest at Baden-Baden, where there are a good many old and unsound
trees, which doubtless offer natural nesting cavities, not more than 25 per cent
or 30 per cent were said to be occupied. At Heidelberg, the Von Berlepsch
pruning idea is carried out on single or small groups of shrubs, the object
being the protection of these young plantations from insect pests.

An Island Home of the American Merganser

By FRANCIS HARPER. Ithaca, N. Y.
With photographs by the Author

IN THE widest waters of Lake Champlain, between two and three miles off
Willsboro Point, on the New York side, lies a cluster of islets, which are
known as the Four Brothers. On the east, beyond the Vermont shore,
looms the huge mass of Camel's Hump, and the high summits of the Adiron-
dacks mark an irregular western horizon. All of the islets are tree-grown, and
several bear also a thick cover of grass. Their shores are strewn with large and
small fragments of shale from the precipitous banks, which, in places, rise to a
height of thirty or forty feet. The comparative security afforded by an island
home attracts to the Four Brothers, in the breeding season, several species of
water- or shore-loving birds; and they also receive protection from a warden,
whom the owner of the islands employs during the summer months to guard
the birds and their nests from human disturbers and thieving Crows.

In early July, 1910, when Mr. Clinton G. Abbott and I spent several days
at this delightful spot, the scores of Herring Gulls had nearly finished their
nesting; and both old and young Spotted Sandpipers fairly swarmed over the
rocky shores and on the higher, grassy portions of the islands. But a far more
elusive and more imperfectly known species very soon engaged our attention.
The zealous guardian of the birds, William E. Ward, told us of an unknown
sort of 'Duck' that was nesting within a stone's-throw of his cabin on House

AMERICAN MERGANSER ON NEST, HOUSE ISLAND. LAKE CHAMPLAIN, N. Y.

JULY 10, 1910

(338)

An Island Home of the American Merganser

339

Island (the westernmost of the group) ; and we followed him with eager interest
toward a cluster of arborvitae growing at the edge of the ten- or twelve-foot
bank. There, in a little nook, which was overhung by the low-spreading
branches of arborvitae
and surrounded by
projecting roots, we
rejoiced to see a female
Merganser on her nest.

So accustomed had
the bird become to the
warden's daily visits
that she now remained
for a time and very
quietly met our admir-
ing gaze. The sharp
line across her neck,
setting off the rich
brown of the head from
the ashy gray of the
rest of the body, at
once determined the
species as Merganser
americanus. From
where we stood, we
could even note the
position of the nostrils
well forward on her
bill — another specific
character, which, how-
ever, one very seldom
has an opportunity to
observe in the field. Some long feathers stuck out from the back of her head
to form a sparse yet fairly conspicuous crest.

When presently the Merganser departed from her nest, she disclosed five
eggs, which were resting on a mass of down in the midst of a loose collection
of sticks and leaves. At less than a yard's distance, the bank dropped abruptly
down to the beach, which was a couple of rods in width at that point. This
nesting-site on the fairly open ground differs considerably from those described
in most of the published accounts, and it very likely represents a modification
brought about by the security of its environment on an isolated group of islets.
The complement of five eggs was smaller, of course, than the typical number.
Another Merganser's nest, which the warden showed us on Middle Island, was
situated far under a stump cast up on the rock-strewn beach, and contained
nine or ten eggs.

FEMALE AMERICAN MERGANSER FLYING FROM NEST

340

Bird -Lore

Late in the followinpj afternoon, I began to approach cautiously toward the
nest on House Ishmd, going inch l)y inch with increasingly deliberate move-
ments. In this manner I was enabled to set up a tripod only fifteen feet from
the nest, focus the camera on the sitting bird, and secure a 20-second exposure.
Now and then a pugnacious Gull, whose young were probably somewhere near,
created a diversion by swooping past my head with a hair-raising swish of
stiffly set wings, and uttering its angry cry, a-ka-ka-kak; but the Merganser
appeared little concerned. It was not until I had moved still closer, and was

AMERICAN MERGANSER'S NEST AND EGGS, HOUSE ISLAND, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, N. Y.

JULY 10, iQio

about to make another exposure, that the bird decided to seek safer quarters.
She scurried swiftly to the edge of the bank and launched into the air, dropping
down close to the water at first, but not settling on its surface until a consider-
able distance otifshore.

The warden told us of a somewhat different manner in which he had seen
the bird take her departure from the nest. She would start, he said, in a rather
steeply inclined course from the top of the bank, strike the water just beyond
the shore-line, and rise up at once (doubtless with a vigorous use of feet as well
as of wings) to fiy ofif farther over the lake. This interesting performance on

An Island Home of the American Merganser 341

the Merganser's part may be the more readily comprehended by one who has
observed how a Cofmorant, when it takes wing from a harbor stake in calm
weather, is obliged to 'wet its tail,' as the fishermen say, before it can get fairly
under way.

Several times we tried the experiment of leaving the camera set closeto
the nest, with a covering of green branches, and with a long thread attached to
the shutter. Upon one such occasion, I was drifting in a rowboat out on the lake,
in order to observe the bird's return. Presently I saw her come flying in straight
toward the bank, and rise to a level with its top ; but, at the last instant before
alighting, she stopped in mid-air and hovered for a moment or two almost in
the manner of a Kingfisher. As if not satisfied with the appearances about the
nest, she turned and came to rest offshore. It was not long, however, before
she winged her way in again, and this time alighted on the bank beside the
nest. I felt safe in concluding that she had no land-trail leading to her home
under the arborvitae.

We were dismayed, one morning, to discover that both bird and eggs had
disappeared from sight; but a little closer investigation of the apparently
empty nest revealed that she had merely arranged a neat covering of down over
the eggs, before setting out for a fishing-trip on the lake. One would hardly
expect an instinct for concealing the eggs in such a way to have been developed
in a species that typically nests in holes; in the present case, however, the device
both served what was probably its original purpose in pre\-enting the eggs
from becoming chilled during the bird's absence, and also kept them safe from
the greedy eyes of Crows and Gulls.

The male not only failed to share in the incubation, but did not even come
into sight during our stay; and, as appeared later, he probably manifested no
interest in the welfare of the young.

I am much indebted to the warden for the use of the careful notes which he
made on this Merganser at various times during a period of more than seven
weeks. The following extracts (which have been freely paraphrased) make evi-
dent the very long period of incubation, and also touch upon one or two points
of interest in regard to the development of the young and the mother's care of
them. "On June 16, a nest with five eggs was discovered on House Island. Tour
of the five eggs had hatched by July 14. No further observations were made on
the Merganser until July 18, when she was seen with the four young on the
south shore of House Island. The mother was very timid, and swam rapidly
out into the lake, diving often, while the young seemed to run over the water.
They were noticed on several different dates thereafter, being finally seen on
August 5 near High Island; the young then dove with the mother."

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

By LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES

Illustrated by the Author

FIFTH PAPER.— TOUCANS, CUCKOOS, TROGONS. MOTMOTS, AND THEIR ALLIES

THE principal sensation one gets in the tropical forest is the mystery of
the unknown voices. Many of these remain forever mysteries unless
one stays long and seeks diligently. I am very sure that many sounds I
now tentatively attribute to certain birds really belong to others, though several
are among the striking sounds.

The Toucans are all noisy birds, and for the most part they are all very
boldly marked with strongly contrasting colors, all but the small green members
of the genus Aulacorhamphus being brightly dashed with black, yellow, red,
white or blue, with bills as bizarre as they are huge. Andigena is commonly
called the "Siete-color" — seven color — from his Joseph's coat of black, blue,
red, yellow, chestnut, green, and white. Pteroglossus, as an entire group, is
garbed in the most strikingly contrasting patterns of black, yellow, red, and
green, with bills of enormous relative size and painted like a barber's pole.
Rhamphastos, containing the biggest of all Toucans, with beaks like elongated
lobster-claws, of all imaginable and many unimaginable designs in black and
yellow, white, red, blue, green, or orange, are themselves principally black,
trimmed with a yellow or white throat and breast, and lesser patches of
red and white or yellow at the base of the tail. One would naturally suppose
that with these flashy colors and their noisy habits and large size. Toucans
would be among the easiest of birds to find; but this is far from the case. I
think we all found them to be as hard to locate, after their calls had given us
their general whereabouts, as any of the birds we encountered. The little
green snarlers of the genus Aulacorhamphus, whose harsh voice seemed to me to
sound like the slow tearing of a yard of oil-cloth, were in many places quite
common; but only those whose movements disclosed them ever fell into our
hands, for it was about hopeless to discover them when they were sitting quiet
among the leafage. The blue-breasted group, Andigena, we encountered only
once or twice. The only one I saw I got from the steep trail in the Central
Andes, and it was to the rattling accompaniment of horns of some fifty pack-
oxen we were passing on the narrow road. The excitement the shot caused
among the startled beasts gave me other things to think of, at the moment,
and I do not now remember whether my "siete-color" had a voice or not. When
I finally retrieved him, he was some forty yards or more down the steep and
tangled mountain-side. In this connection, it may not be out of place to offer
one suggestion in explanation of the great difficulty of locating these large and
apparently gaudily colored birds in the tropical woods, and in retrieving them
when shot.

To our northern eyes, used only to green leaves seldom larger than our hand,

(342)

^

(f ^,lc^;«|f'^'rO

/; .^ C«^ 'i/^UA;^

TOUCANS
Sketched from Nature

(343)

344 Bird - Lore

the extravagant wealth of size, form and color in tropical vegetation offers
quite as much wonderment and occupation as do the birds themselves; and
here we have a diversion of the attention, however unconscious it may be, that
certainly has its effect. Added to this, there are actual variations in the accus-
tomed color of the foliage that repeat with greatest suggestiveness any red,
yellow, blue, green, orange, or other color, that may be present on a bird.
No Toucan's throat is yellower than the light shining through a thin leaf, and
when leaf-forms are further complicated like those of the Dendrophilum
creepers, by having great holes that let through patches of the dark back-
ground or the blue sky, no black-patched Toucan in the foreground looks more
velvety than do these leaf-interstices. As for the bizarre bills, they only serve
to make it harder; for they bear no resemblance to bill or bird, and simply
merge their brilliancy with that of the whole picture they sit in. I don't know
how many times I have searched and searched and scrutinized, to find the
author of some raucous carping, only to see one of the large Toucans burst
away from a perch in plain sight, where he had been all the time. This has
happened to me so frequently that I am sure other students must have had the
same experience. Perched on a dead stub above the sky line. Toucans, like
everything else, are conspicuous in the extreme; sitting quietly within the
shade of the forest cover, however varied their patchwork coat, they melt
tantalizingly into their setting.

The big, black Toucans of Rhamphastos are generatly called by the natives
Dios te de or Dios te ve — meaning God will give to you, or God sees you. This
is not a confession of faith on the part of the simple native, but a free and lilting
transcription of the bird's call. It gives the rhythm and general shape of the
sound fairly well. I could analyze it a little more closely by calling it a loud,
hoarse whistle, with the words Tios-to-to or Tios, to, to, to. It has something of
the queer quality of a Yellow-billed Cuckoo's song, only, of course, it is much
larger and louder. R. tocard is the ''Dios te de;'' but the name fairly well fits,
and is generally applied, to the whole group of heavy-billed Toucans.

The only other group we encountered was Pteroglossus, the Aracari Tou-
cans. These are small Toucans, all joints and angles, much given to going
around in noisy troops, like Jays, Skilful and jerky acrobats, they are the
very extreme of bow-legged angularity. Curious as Jays, they jerk and perk
their way up into the branches of some dead tree, their great clumsy beaks
and thin pointed tails complementing each other at odd angles. Toucans are
all great tail-jerkers, and the Aracaris the most switchy of all. Their harsh
mobbing-cries recall some similar sounds made by Jays, but are even louder
and much more prolonged. Both are a great nuisance to the hunter, as they
follow endlessly, their curious prying screeches and squawks effectually chas-
ing out all the birds requiring more finesse in their approach. I should call their
most characteristic noise a rattling, throaty squawk. In any case, it will not
take a green hunter long to identify these birds, as they are restless and their

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

345

motion will soon catch the eye. I strongly suspect all the Toucans of the habit
and ability to slip noiselessly and rapidly away, in case their curiosity is satis-
fied or their fear aroused. They are capable of making long leaps from branch
to branch with their wings closed, like Jays and Cuckoos, only more so. What
with their looks, their noises, and their actions, no group of birds has more
amusing and interesting new sensations to offer than the Toucans.

The family of Cuckoos has some very interesting developments in the
American Tropics. The little Four-wing — Diplopterus — heard in the sunny
river-bottoms and lower brushy slopes — such places as a Brown Thrasher

ANI

would affect — has perhaps the most insistent voice in his habitat. The com-
monest is an ascending couplet of notes a semitone apart: £, F. This is a sharp,
piercing whistle, that gets to be as much a part of the shimmering landscape
as a Hyla's notes do of a northern meadow-bog in March. Indeed, the Four-
wing's fuller song, which is a long, piercing note, followed after a short pause
by an ascending series of shorter notes, awoke a strangely familiar chord, which
I afterward attached to the very similar pond-toad call at home. The name
Four-wing arises from the curious over-development of the false-wing, or
thumb plumes, which in this queer little bird form a sharply defined and
separately distensible fan of black, which the bird displays with a curious
ducking motion.

The larger brown Cuckoos of the genus Piaya, which the natives rather
aptly call 'squirrel birds,' from their color and the slippery way they glide

346

Bird - Lore

..'.^ip

through the branches, I have never heard call but once, though they are fairly
common throughout most of tropical America. This one sat in a bare cecropia
tree, and did a loud, rough kek, kek, kek, repeated twenty times or more, and
I at first took it for a big Woodpecker.

It is the little black, witch-like Ani, that is really the common Cuckoo of the
open savannas, and abounds over the cattle-ranges and around the villages.

There are a great
many common native
names for these con-
spicuous little black
whiners, the common-
est being Garrapatero,
or tick-eater. This is
almost universal,
though in Cuba and
Porto Rico it bears,
from its obsequious
manner and its great
thin curved beak, the
apt title of Judio — or
Jew. They are almost
always in molt, and
look shoddy and worn,
and their peevishly
whined "ooo-eek" gets
to be a mildly annoy-
ing accompaniment to
the day's work.

The Barbets and
Puff-birds {Capita and
Bucco) fall naturally
into this group, though
they did not give us much to work on as to their notes. Bucco was usually
found perching quietly on some twig halfway up in the trees along the road-
side or pasture edges. All I remember of him is that he had a buzzing sort
of scold, and could bite a piece out of my finger when caught in the hand.

The little spotted Barbet, however (C. auratus), at Buena Vista, on the
eastern foot of the Andes, had a curious little toot that was the despair of all
of us till Mr. Chapman associated it with Capito. Hoot-oot . . . Hoot-oot in
perfect time — Hoot-oot (blank) Hoot-oot (blank), almost indefinitely. It was
a pervasive sound, about as loud as and very like the indi\ddual toots of a
Screech Owl, and was given to the invariable accompaniment of the twitching
tail, and with the neck humped up and the bill directed downward.

J'Ul'l'-BlRD {Bucco ruficallis)

/(,"/.' yuit^i't

TROGONS (Trogon collaris and Pkaromacrus aniisianus)

(347)

348

Bird - Lore

Every student in the tropics hopes he may soon meet with Trogons, at
once the most beautiful and the most mysterious of all the varied tropical birds.
Nothing could exceed the richness of their contrasting blood-red underparts,

white and black tails,
and resplendent
emera Id - green heads
and backs. The large
Pharomacrus Trogons,
of which the famed
Quetzal is a type,
with their delicate yet
richly gorgeous and
pendulous mantle of
feathers, are, for
sheer beauty, among
Nature's truly great
triumphs, and cannot
fail to force deep ap-
preciation from the
most calloused or
mercenary collector.
P. antisianus has a
loud, rolling call, which
I put in my notes as
Whee 00, corre o, done
in a round, velvety
whistle. When, after
quite a long time spent
in imitating the un-
known note, in the
soggy tree-fern forest
at the ridge of the
coast Andes, this
magnificent ruby and
emerald creature came
swinging toward me in
deeply undulating waves and perched alertly in full sight not far away, I found
it hard to breathe, so great was my excitement and joy. We never found it a
common bird and only three were seen in all our travel in Columbia.

A close congener of antisianus, the Golden-headed Trogon, fails in elegance
before this distinguished beauty, though a marvel, nevertheless. Its notes are
more commonplace, too, being merely booming hoots, not very loud but quite
pervasive. The little banded Trogons, with pink breasts, as well as the yellow-

^^ #*^''^-

MOTMOT

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds 349

breasted ones, have very characteristic calls, so like each other that I never
learned to distinguish the various species. They all sit quietly on some slender
perch or vine-stem, and do their rolling call ruk, ruk, uk, uk, uk, k, k, k, k, all
on the same note. Here again the tail seems to be indispensable to the per-
formance, and jerks sharply forward under the perch with each syllable.
More than once this motion became the index to the authorship of the strangely
pervasive and ventriloquistic sound.

One other group of birds has this quiet fashion of softly hooting from some
low perch in the thicker and more watered parts of the forest. The curious
racket-tailed Motmots have what I call the most velvety of all bird notes. It
is usually a single short oot, pitched about five tones below where one can whistle.
This note is very gentle, though fairly loud, and I think that some persons who
do not hear low vibrations ver>' well would often fail to notice it at a short
distance. Most of the natives have sound-names for Motmots, and the Maya
Indians of Yucatan call the brilliant little Eumomota "Toh," and, as an appre-
ciation of the interest, he has come to nest and roost familiarly in the age-long
deserted ruins of their former glory.

Indeed, these mysterious, gentle, shy, little birds came to me, at least, to be
the living symbol of this great lost magnificence; for the present-day Mayas
know naught of the art and history of their great forefathers, whose temples
and beautiful buildings are now in utter oblivion and disuse, except as the
shelters and dwellings of little "Toh," the Motmot, and his soft hoot is the
only sound that ever issues from their carved portals.

CANVASBACKS, CAYUGA LAKE, N. Y., FEB. i6, igia
Photographed by Francis Harper

The Hermit Thrush

Here, on the river, a shining reach,
My love'd canoe and the sunset glow;
Gray rocks inverted in the tide,
Two silver birches that lean below.

Sudden, as twilight gathers round.
And the ripples stir as I drift along,
Close to the bank, where the branches bend,
The Hermit Thrush bursts into song.

Joyous and clear on the quiet air
Peals forth that wonderful silver strain,
Like the sunset bells from the ivied tower
Of some gray convent in far-off Spain.

In the streets I left an hour ago,
News of battle across the foam —
Strife and carnage in lands afar —
Grief and mourning with us at home;

War's red hand over land and sea,
Ruin that smites the field and hearth;
Thunder of guns on the Northern main, —
Tramp of armies that fill the earth.

Yet here on the river, a shining reach,

Golden ripples that stir and cease.

And clear and sweet through the gathering gloom

The silver voice that sings of Peace!

— Evelyn Smith.

(350)

The Migration of North American Sparrows

THIRTIETH PAPER

Compiled by Prof. W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

(See Frontispiece)

WORTHEN'S SPARROW

Little is known of the distribution of Worthen's Sparrow. So far, it has been
taken at only three places: Silver City, N. M., June i6, 1884; Chalchicomula,
Puebla, April 28, 1893, and Miquihana, Tamaulipas, June 8, 9, 1898.

TEXAS SPARROW

The lower part of the Rio Grande Valley is the home of the Texas Sparrow,
and it ranges here northwest to Fort Clark, and along the Gulf Coast to Cor-
pus Christi, and San Patricio County. It is non-migratory. It also occurs in
northeastern Mexico, in the States of San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leon, and
Tamaulipas.

GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE

From its winter home in northern Mexico and along the border of the
United States, the Green-tailed Towhee moves slowly northward, occupying
more than tw^o months — late February to early May — in passing across the
less than a thousand miles from the northern limit of the winter home to the
northern boundary' of the breeding range. Some dates of spring arrival are:
San Antonio, Tex., February 25, 1885; Carlisle, N. M., March 21, 1890;
Camp Grant, Ariz., March 6, 1867; Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., March
18, 1902; near Fort Lewis, Colo., average April 29, earliest April 27, 1906;
Fort Lyon, Colo., April 30, 1885; Beulah, Colo., average May 6, earliest.
May 4, 1904; Yimia, Colo., May 3, 1906; Cheyenne, Wyo., May 10, 1889;
Pasadena, Calif., April 4, 1896; Murphy's, Calif., April 17, 1877; Carson City,
April 25, 1868; Fort Crook, Calif., May i, 1859; Fort Klamath, Ore., May
17, 1887.

The last one seen in the fall at Fort Lyon, Colo., was on September 26, 1885 ;
Yvuna, Colo., average September 26, latest September 30, 1908; Beulah, Colo.,
average September 22, latest October 23, 1907; Piney Divide, Colo., October
8, 1906.

(3SI)

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

TWENTY-NINTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Worthen's Sparrow (Spizella wortheni, Fig. i). — Few of our birds have
a briefer history than this Sparrow. Discovered in 1884, near Silver City,
New Mexico, it is still known from very few specimens taken chiefly in Mexico.
Doubtless Worthen's Sparrow is a representative of the Field Sparrow, the
western form of which it resembles but, as Ridgway remarks, its tail is shorter,
the wing-bands less distinct, the sides of the head are gray, and there is no
brown postocular streak. There are no specimens of this bird in the Ameri-
can Museum, and I can say nothing about its changes of plumage.

Texas Sparrow (Arremenops rufivirgata, Fig. 2). — Few birds show less
change of plumage than does this bush-haunting Sparrow. The male resembles
the female; there is practically no difference between the winter and the sum-
mer dress, and after the post-juvenal molt the bird of the year cannot be dis-
tinguished from its parents.

The Juvenal, or nestling plumage, however, is strongly streaked with fuscous
both above and below. At the post-juvenal molt apparently only the wing-
quills and tail-feathers of this plumage are retained, and the bird passes into
its first winter plumage, which, as just remarked, resembles that of the adult.

There appears to be no spring molt, and summer birds differ from winter
ones only in being more worn.

Green-tailed Towhee {Oreospiza chlorura, Figs. 3 and 4). — In this so-
called Towhee, the adult male and female are alike in color, and there is
essentially no difference between their summer and winter plumages. The
young male, also, after the post-juvenal molt, resembles its parents; but the
young female (Fig. 3) in corresponding (first winter) plumage has the chestnut
crown-cap largely concealed by the grayish tips of the feathers, and the back
is grayer than in the adult.

The Juvenal or nestling plumage is streaked with dusky blackish both
above and below. At the post-juvenal molt, only the wing-quills, primary
coverts and tail-feathers of this plumage are retained, when the young male, as
said above, acquires a plumage resembling that of the adults, while in the young
female the crown-cap is absent.

The prenuptial or spring molt appears to be confined to the throat and
anterior parts of the head. Probably the immature female acquires fresh
chestnut feathers in the crown, and with the wearing away of the grayish tips
of the winter plumage her crown-cap becomes like that of the adult. Aside
from this, the summer plumage differs from winter plumage only through the
effects of wear and fading, the upper parts being grayer, the flanks paler.

(35?)

^otes from Jftelti anti ^tutip

Brookline Bird Club

The Brookline, Massachusetts, Bird
Club was organized in June, 1913, at a
meeting of a handful of people held in the
Public Library. It was found, upon in-
quiry, that there were many residents of
the town, both adults and minors, who
were interested in the study and preserva-
tion of birds, and others who only needed
an incentive to become thoroughly fasci-
nated by the subject.

It was further discovered that, while
nature-study is taught in the elementary
grades of the public schools, the study of
birds is almost optional with the teachers,
and it remains with them whether or not
their efforts are more than superficial.
Instructors who are not interested in a
subject do not interest their pupils.
Brookline has grown with such rapidity
during the last ten years that it is no
longer a small town of fine residences and
large estates. The ornithologist, aside
from the fine park system, must now go
further into the country to find the rarer
birds, and few people know where to go.
It was thus necessary, not only to arouse
and enthuse, but to lead them to the
proper parts of the surrounding country,
where the opportunities for becoming
acquainted with many species are excep-
tionally good. The forestry department
of the town, than which there is none more
efficient in the state, has done fine work
under Supt. Daniel Lacey in exterminating
many varieties of insect pests. This de-
partment also feeds the birds in winter,
has put up some four hundred nesting-
boxes in different parts of the town, and,
after studying the subject carefully, has
came to the very logical conclusion that the
birds must be protected and encouraged
to live in the town if the fight against the
insects is to be successful.

The cooperation of this department
with the Bird Club has become of much

mutual benefit. At the organization meet-
ing, a tentative plan was agreed upon,
and the drawing up of a constitution was
intrusted to a small committee. A second
meeting was held, the constitution adopted,
ofiicers elected, and the club launched.
Permission was granted by the trustees of
the Public Library for the use of a large
room by the new association, bulletin
space was given, books on ornithology
were bought and set aside for special use,
and the privilege of having mail sent there
was agreed upon. Publicity was given
freely in both of the local papers and the
Boston press, so that many applications
for membership came from unexpected
quarters. At the close of the first year,
500 names are on the membership book.
The ofiicers are five in number, president,
vice-president, secretary, corresponding
secretarj^, and treasurer. There are seven-
teen directors, including the ofiicers. The
Club has four classes of membership: Life,
Sustaining, Senior, and Junior. Life mem-
bership is obtained by the payment of ten
dollars, and this exempts the payer from
further dues. Sustaining membership
requires a subscription of five dollars, and
the subscriber is not called upon for the
yearly fee. Senior members must be over
fourteen years of age, and contribute 50
cents per year. Those under 14 years of
age are juniors and are charged 25 cents
per annum.

The membership dues were placed as
low as possible, in order that no one should
find the amount burdensome, and that
all should receive as much as could be
given for the lowest fee.

Walks for senior members were arranged
Saturday afternoons, and bulletins giving
the date, place, leader, carfare, and
and general information, were mailed to
each member. These walks were so success-
ful that, another year, two separate
walks will^be*scheduled each Saturday,
to accommodate the large numbers that

(353)

354

Bird -Lore

enjoy them. In the morning of the days
on which the senior walks are held the
junior walks are listed. Mr. Horace
Taylor, who conducts the junior depart-
ment, gives the children a short illustrated
talk about the birds that are expected to
be seen on the walk. This talk is given
on the afternoon before the walk is taken.
The children keep notebooks and their
lists of birds, make colored pictures and
nesting-boxes, and compete in many ways
for small prizes. Where the distance re-
quires the use of the electric cars, a special
car is hired. The children average from
fifty to seventy-five in number on these
little excursions.

One of the most encouraging features
of the work is the interest and enthusiasm
of the Junior department. The meetings
of the Club are held once a month in the
club-room at the Library, and consist of
a short business meeting, preceding an
informal talk or lecture on some phase of
bird-study. Mr. Edward Howe Forbush,
Mr. Winthrop Packard, and Mr. Ernest
Harold Baynes are among those who have
addressed the organization during this
last year.

The activity of the club was marked
with such success from the start that the
directors decided to undertake an educa-
tional movement oh a larger scale. Acting
in cooperation with the Forestry Depart-
ment of the town upon an idea originating
with the Milton (Mass.) Bird Club, an
exhibition was planned of everything
pertaining to the study, conservation, and
attracting of wild birds. This exhibition
was held in the Public Library.

Through the large room ran an arbor-
way, constructed of the limbs of trees with
the bark on. To the arbor were attached
all kinds of nesting-, feeding-, and shelter-
boxes, and wire racks for holding grain
and suet. On long tables on the right of
the room were baths of varied construction
and size, and large feeding-boxes. Hang-
ing on the wall were samples of the bird-
work done by the children in the schools.
On the left of the arborway were stuffed
specimens of native birds. Some were
borrowed from the Fish and Game Com-

mission, and others were loaned from
private collections of the president, Mr.
Edward W. Baker. A number of his
specimens were mounted on the nesting-
boxes and limbs of the trees through the
arbor, which was particularly pleasing
and well represented real bird-life. An-
other table held a complete exhibit of
seeds and berries that our local winter
birds feed upon. These were placed in
glass jars, giving the name of each, where
they could be purchased, and the price.
At the rear was a display of the Forestry
Department, showing the work of de-
structive insects, particularly the leopard
moth and elm-tree beetle, and illustrating
most vividly the necessity of attracting
the birds to destroy them. Cases were
set up containing specimens of the birds
that eat the gypsy and brown-tail moths;
others showed the- moths in various
stages of growth. Pictures of all kinds
including a number of originals of Louis
Agassiz Fuertes, books, pamphlets, eggs,
nests, photographs, charts, and in fact
everything bearing on the subject could
be found in the room. The exhibition was
open for one month from 2 to q o'clock
r. M., and 3,800 visitors signed the regis-
tration book; many others, particularly
children, attended. In the morning, the
room was open to classes of school children
with their teachers.

At the close, the exhibition was loaned
to the Lynn and Nahant Bird Clubs, and
when it is returned will be made into a
permanent exhibit. Each day, a member
of the Forestry Department and two mem-
bers of the Bird Club were in attendance,
to answer questions and explain. By a
recent act of the state legislature, each
town or city is entitled to a bird warden.
At the last annual town meeting. Superin-
tendent Lacey, of the Forestry Depart-
ment, was appointed warden for the town
of Brookline. The Bird Club has its own
bird warden. We look forward to a more
successful and busier year. Walks, lec-
tures, and another exhibit are all planned
already, and we intend to keep Brookline
foremost in the list of those towns and
cities that are working for the interest of

Notes from Field and Study

355

the birds. — Charles B. Floyd, Vice-
president, Brookline, Mass.

Martins and Other Birds at Greens
Farms, Connecticut

We banished the cat and the English
Sparrows, and had more birds nesting
about the home grounds than we had last
year.

Wrens occupied four of the five boxes
put up, and their music encircled the
house. There were three nests of Robins,
one on the lintel of the front door, close
against the glass transom. The Kingbird
nested for the third season in the same
pear tree, and the Brown Thrasher in the
syringa in the garden. When I looked into
the Thrashers' nest after the eggs hatched,
the mother bird dived ofif a tree branch
overhead and struck me fairly in the back
of the neck. The young Thrashers spent a
good deal of time on the lawn close to the
house, and there was no cat to alarm
them.

One of the old Robins got the habit of
pecking early and late at its reflection
in the glass of the cellar window, which is
on a level with the lawn. We finally tilted
the window to stop the continual pecking.

Many Night Herons passed morning and
evening between their roost in the woods
across the road to the salt marsh opposite.
Their flight-calls were usually answered
in chorus by our Canada Geese.

One morning, two Kingfishers came fly-
ing up the road with such noisy cries that
I rushed to the window. One of them
darted around the house and fell exhausted
on the lawn, while the pursuing bird
passed over the house and disappeared.
The fugitive remained on the lawn while
I finished dressing, and did not leave until
I tried to get close enough to see whether
it was a male or a female. I suspect that
it was a male, being chased by another
male.

Barn Swallows occupied the barn, and
Chimney Swifts the chimney. Keeping
one of the barn doors propped open all
day encourages the Swallows. The Blue-
birds used only one of the two boxes put

up; the first pair was discouraged by
Sparrows.

Best of all, we had half-a-dozen pairs
of Martins. Last year, they left without
nesting, as the Sparrows held the Martin
house against all comers. By diligent use
of the long-barreled, dust-shot pistol, in
April, I banished the Sparrows for the sum-
mer and the pleasant gurglings of the
Martins paid many times for the trouble
of fighting the Sparrows.

In this region, the holes of Martin
houses must be large enough to let Mart-
ins in and keep Starlings out; but the
Martins will not enter a one-and-seven-
eighths-inch hole unless there is a half-
inch hole just above it, to let in light.
The Martin's body in the small entrance
makes the compartment dark, and the
bird seems afraid to enter. After the half-
inch windows were bored, they entered
freely. I expected the Kingbirds close by
to make trouble for the Martins, but was
happily disappointed.

Next spring, we will have another and
larger Martin house, and keep the dust-
shot pistol handy for Sparrow invaders.
It makes little noise, does not seem to
frighten Wrens, Bluebirds, or Swallows,
and the Martins pay no attention to it.
The shotgun makes too much noise and
alarms all birds. I know of nothing that
will banish Sparrows as effectively as
the shot-pistol.

Get rid of the home-cat! One bottle of
Pasteur Rat Virus every four months will
clear out rats and mice better than a dozen
cats. We have demonstrated that to the
satisfaction of the neighbors, which is
more than was expected. — Charles H.
TowNSEND, Greens Farms, Conn.

Food for the Birds

Here is an example of what can be
accomplished by throwing out food to
the birds.

In the storm of April i6, 1914, when it
snowed in central New Hampshire to the
depth of four inches, we swept a spot of
ground about twelve feet square, every
little while, and strewed cracked corn, or

356

Bird - Lore

what is known at the store as chicken-
feed. This had been a feeding-station for
some time, but heretofore only Jays, a few
Song Sparrows, or a Junco or two, had
patronized it.

On the day of the storm, the average
number of birds seen at a time was 40.
As night approached, we counted 125
feeding together. Of the species, the Junco
predominated and in order according to
numbers: Song-Sparrow 12, Blue-Jay 5,
Tree Sparrow 3, Fox Sparrow 3, Vesper
Sparrow 2, Pine Siskins 2. On the sur-
rounding trees and bushes, attracted by
the other birds, we saw Robins, a flock of
Crackles, Red-polls, and one Phoebe, mak-
ing eleven species in all. — Mary Gibes
Hinds. Grafton, N. H.

A Syracuse Feeding-Station

My home is only iifteen minutes' walk
from the center of a busy city. There are
three lines of cars passing the house, but
we have large yards at the rear. Last
winter, I fastened pieces of suet to one of
the trees and the grape-arbor in the yard.
I called them my bird restaurants — At
The Sign of the Suet. I had five patrons —
not counting English Sparrows — two
pairs of Downies, and at least one Nut-
hatch. This year, I have greatly increased
the scope of the restaurant privilege, and
have crocheted six bags with large meshes,
in which the suet can be much better pro-
tected from the elements. The bags deco-
rate the various trees in the yard and the
grape-arbor. This morning, January 14,
I counted ten patrons — the same two
pairs of Downies, undoubtedly, which
came last year, also the Nuthatch. In
addition to these are a Hairy Woodpecker
and four Chickadees. I had read in Bird-
Lore how Chickadees might be induced
to eat out of one's hand; but I confess I
was somewhat skeptical. However, I
thought I should try. For several days I
was unsuccessful, but one morning a
Chickadee actually flew on my hand and
pecked at some suet. I held my breath
from sheer delight. Every day since then I
go out, and two of the four Chickadees

come with perfect fearlessness. This morn-
ing, all four of them were much in evidence.
They fairly fought each other to get the
suet from my hand. As fast as one flew
away, another would come. They even
perched on the top of my head, shoulder,
and arm, to wait their chance. I have tried
walnut meats ground up fine, also peanuts
in small pieces. The walnuts they toss to
the ground in scorn; the peanuts meet with
more favor, but they prefer the suet to
either. They will take a few dainty nibbles
then brace themselves with their claws
and detach a much larger piece from the
suet chunk. This they fly away with, and
wedge in between some twig and branch,
or even in the wire-fencing — for future
need, I suppose.

One morning when I went out, I saw a
Downy feeding from one bag, a Nuthatch
from another, a Chickadee from a third,
and, I regret to say, an English Sparrow
from a fourth bag. The Sparrows are the
most numerous patrons. During the year
just passed, I have seen forty different
varieties of birds in my own yard. — B. H.
CoLMAN, Syracuse, N. Y.

Fall Migration at Cobourg, Ontario

While in Cobourg, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 4, 1913, it was noticed that many
birds were migrating. An incomplete list
of all the birds seen showed the following
species:

Pied-billed Grebe, Herring Gull, Yellow-
legs, Spotted Sandpiper, Kildeer, Mourn-
ing Dove, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Sparrow
Hawk, Kingfisher, Downy Woodpecker,
Flicker, Hummingbird, Kingbird, Crested
Flycatcher, Phoebe, Least Flycatcher,
Blue Jay, Crow, Goldfinch, Vesper Spar-
row, Savannah Sparrow, White-throated
Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Slate-colored
Junco, Song Sparrow, Rose-breasted Gros-
beak, Scarlet Tanager, Barn Swallow, Red-
eyed Vireo, Black-and-white Warbler,
Nashville Warbler, Northern Parula Warb-
ler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Myrtle
Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Bay-breasted
Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler,
Ovenbird, Water-Thrush, Redstart, Cat-

Notes from Field and Study

357

bird, Brown Thrasher, Winter Wren,
Long-billed Marsh Wren, White-breasted
Nuthatch, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Chick-
adee, Rubj^-crown Kinglet, Wood Thrush,
Olive-black Thrush and Bluebird.

The large numbers of Flycatchers and
Warblers were particularly noticeable.

On the night of September 5, the migra-
ting birds left; for, on the sixth, it was hard
to find a Warbler or Flycatcher, and very
few birds of any kind were in sight.

Cobourg is on the north shore of Lake
Ontario, and the question presents itself
whether the migrating birds regularly
bank up on the lake shore, and leave at
one time, thus sending a cloud of birds
over into the states. — John P. Young,
Yottngstown, Ohio.

Nesting-habits of the Pied-billed Grebe

I may be able to add a few further facts
to those given by Arthur A. Allen, in the
July-August number of Bird-Lore, on
the nesting-habits of the Pied-billed Grebe.
Finding a pair of these birds in a lily-pond
in Mill Creek Park at Youngstown, Ohio,
in June, I procured a boat and with a
friend searched for a nest, with success.
It was found anchored to and concealed
by cat-tails near the center of the pond,
which covered about three acres. The nest
was composed principally of leaves and
stems of dead cat-tails, and contained six
eggs. The mother bird was not on the nest
and the eggs were covered; the platform
upon which they rested was floating upon
the water and very moist. Later, reliable
observers reported to me that they saw the
male birds feeding the female while on the
nest. I walked to the pond usually every
day during incubation. The male at first
would come to meet me, and wovdd stop
from fifteen to twenty feet from me, if I
stood at the shore. (I observed that he
would not do this with strangers.) Then,
if I walked along the shore, he swam along
near the shore, keeping between me and
the nest. If I turned to leave the pond, he
usually indulged in gyrations with his
wings, cutting circles on the surface of the
water, and diving.

One day, I found the female dead on the
edge of the pond, and the male still on
guard. I saw him there for two days, when
he disappeared. About two weeks after
the disappearance of the male, I heard a
faint call in the cat-tails, like a (irebe, and
upon investigation found the male still on
the pond, and that he was accompanied
by six little Pied-billed Grebes, apparently
just off the nest.

The valiant little fellow remained with
his charge in the lily-pond, to the delight
of many visitors, until the fall- migration
period, when all disappeared. — Volney
Rogers.

Gulls Preparing a Meal

Where I am staying among the islands
in the Great South Bay, watching the birds
is a pastime that never tires, and occasion-
ally develops something new. Last Feb-
ruary and March, when for weeks the
ice-covered waters caused much suffering
among the water-fowl, especially those
kinds which are not divers, and were
thereby debarred from deep-water feed-
ing, various expedients were restored to
in acquiring a meal.

It was amusing to watch the Herring
Gulls obtain the flesh of mussels that lived
along the bank. They would take one and
fly up about a hundred feet or more in the
air, and then let it drop down upon the ice.
Sudden contact with the hard surface
after such a fall would crack the shell
apart, and their feast was ready.

Sometimes dozens of them might be
observed rising up, holding themselves
suspended a moment at a certain eleva-
tion, dropping their mussels, then swoop-
ing down after them. As it often took
several ascents to accomplish their pur-
pose, their evolutions of rising and falling
made a beautiful and animated sight. —
John Tooker, Babylon, Long Island, N. Y .

Herring Gulls in Connecticut

In 'The Birds of Connecticut,' by Messrs
Bishop and Sage, the Herring Gull {Lams
argentatus) is called "an abundant winter

358

Bird - Lore

visitor," with the earliest record from New
Haven, August 14, 1883, and the latest
from New Haven, May 24, 1900. The
authors of the book say: "That the list is
unsatisfactory and incomplete in many
ways the authors realize all too well, and
they hope that it will be a stimulus to
others to fill up the gaps by conscientious
collecting."

I wish to fill in one of the "gaps,"
not by "collecting," but by careful obser-
vation, backed by many witnesses, and a
photograph taken in mid-July.

My work takes me up and down the
sound along some fifty miles of shore and,
throughout June, 1914, I saw Gulls in
varying numbers between Norwalk and
Greenwich. The largest number stayed
about Goose Island bar, in the Norwalk
Islands; and Smith's Ledge, near Stam-
ford, was also a favorite place. On an
average, two-thirds of the birds seen were
in immature plumage; the rest fine adults,
and not one showed signs of injury.

Throughout July, the Gulls were to be
found at low water on the bars and reefs,
and a man living so as to overlook Goose
Island bar tells me that "There was seldom
a day when there were not between forty
and one hundred Gulls seen."

July 18 and 19, 1914, I counted sixty-
four Gulls at one time, and the next day
there were twenty-eight in the same place.
They were also seen in varying numbers
on the 22d, 23d, and 28th; and, on the
31st, I counted forty on Goose Island
bar.

Knight, in 'The Birds of Maine,' says
that "westward of their breeding range it
[the Herring Gull] occurs as a non-breed-
ing summer coast bird to beyond our
border."

It is evident, then, that the Herring
Gull is a summer bird at this end of the
state, and has occured this summer in
larger numbers than formerly, and seems
akin to the "non-breeding" birds of Maine,
for, as the author of that work says:
"Breeding birds have other things to do
than to sit on a sand-bar and sleep and
preen their feathers." — Wilbur F. Smith,
South Norwalk, Conn.

A Winter Pensioner

The Downy Woodpecker in the picture
has been a winter pensioner; I fully be-
lieve the same one for about ten years.
This last winter, a dead chestnut tree, with
limbs cut within two or three feet from
the trunk, was placed on the ground, and
suet fastened to the limbs in several
places. This spring, on account of repairs
to the porch, it was greatly in the way, and,
being the last of March, and the weather
mild, it was decided to take it up. After
this was done, it was cut in two about five
feet from the top, the bottom to be uti-

;

m

' 1

I

■^

1

DOWNY WOODPECKKR AT SUET

lized as a post; but when Mrs. Downy
came and found the tree which she and
her mate had fed in every day all winter
had gone, her anxiety was very pro-
nounced. She viewed the wreck, as it lay
on the ground, from every available perch,
with loud exclamations, and directed them
particularly at my brother who was work-
ing on the piazza roof, coming not more
than ten feet away on the eaves of the
house just above his head. Finally, the
top section, which had a piece of suet
fastened where they had pecked out the
inside, making what remained look like
a nest or basket, was placed on the hitch-
ing post, as in the picture, and Mrs. Downy

Notes from Field and Study

359

came down and was quite satisfied. She
even took no exceptions whatever at hav-
ing a black camera only three feet from
her head, not even turning when the
shutter clicked. The strong confidence
shown, I dare say, is born of long
acquaintance, and is most gratifying to us.
— Margaret S. Hitchcock, New Ver-
non, N. J.

The Fare of a Sandhill Crane

While 'Jack,' my Sandhill Crane, and
I were out in the grove this morning, he
ate 148 grasshoppers, 2 moths, i roach,
I 'swift' (a species of lizard), 2 grubs
thicker than a lead-pencil, about two and
one-half inches long, and n spiders.

After we returned to the house, he
added 17 'grapenut' pellets, the size of
common marbles. Breakfast was finished
about 9 o'clock. Between that time and
three o'clock, he had 'scratch-feed,' cracked
corn, Kafir corn, and wheat. At three
o'clock he had a good-sized piece of porter-
house steak cut into small pieces, and
would have eaten more insects, but the
rain drove us home. — Mrs. L. H. Tous-
SAiNT, Rio, St. Lucie Co., Florida.

An Abnormally Colored Scarlet Tanager

In all bird-lovers, the sight of a Scarlet
Tanager makes the pulse quicken! So,
when one day in late May I discovered a
female Tanager building her nest in a
hickory tree within a few yards of my
house, I considered myself peculiarly
blessed by nature, and was prepared to
take full advantag( of the good fortune.

Lack of leisure • 1, first curtailed obser-
vation, and a weeV passed before T saw the
male; although I frequently heard a Tana-
ger song and the typical chip-churr call of
the species. My surprise, therefore, was
intense to see the female returning one
morning accompanied to the nest by a
bird in brilliant orange plumage of a Balti-
more Oriole. Careful watching soon con-
vinced me that he was entirely at home,
and undoubtedly the father of the estab-
lishment. I fear, a few years ago, I would

ruthlessly have slain the two birds, ex-
cusing my conscience on the weak plea of
adding something to science. It was soon
quite evident that my Tanager was un-
doubtedly a true Tanager, masquerading
in strange plumage. A close and very care-
ful investigation showed him to have the
typical black wings and tail of all male
Scarlet Tanagers, while his body and head
were brilliant orange, paling to yellow on
the belly, very similar but slightly darker
than the coloring of the Baltimore Oriole.
At present writing, mother Tanager is
faithfully incubating, while the head of
the house continues to delight both our
eyes and ears.^WiLLiAM Henry Trotter,
Chestnut Hill, Pa.

The Chat in Minnesota

For a number of years I have searched
the woods diligently during the migration
of the Warblers for a sight of the Chat.
Finally I came to the conclusion that I
lived too far north.

On the evening of October 2, 191 2, just
at dusk, my attention was called to a loud
chuck. What attracted me at once was
the loud and forceful call — a call that I
knew I had never heard before. It came
from a large syringa bush not more than
four feet from our back porch. The bird
seemed to be in great distress and was
flying back and forth in the bush, so that
at first I could not get a good view; but
knew it was larger than any Warbler I
had ever seen.

Finally it flew out into view, and I had
no difficulty in recognizing it at once as
the Chat. I could hardly make it seem
true. Several days after, a small boy
brought me a paper bag containing a
dead bird. To my surprise it was a Chat.
It had been killed, but he claimed to
have found it in an alley near a large tree.
I sent it to a taxidermist to be mounted.
He has lived near La Crosse, Wisconsin,
for thirty years, and he wrote me that
during that time he had never seen a
Chat. In "The Warblers of North Amer-
ica" no record is given of the Chats' migra-
tion in Minnesota, excepting that few

36o

Bird - Lore

are left after September i, north of the
39th parallel. We are near the 44th. —
Victoria M. Dill, Wabasha, Minn.

Photograph of a Hummingbird on
the Wing

On June 5, 1914, I photographed a
Hummingbird on her nest with a Grafiex
camera, by standing on a step-ladder.
The incubation period was about at an
end, and the mother bird persistently re-
turned to the nest. The photograph of the
bird sitting still was readily obtained. I
then arranged a mirror to reflect an excess
of direct sunlight upon the nest, set the
shutter at its fastest speed, and snapped
the bird about twenty times as she flitted
to and fro behind the nest. I tried to photo-
graph her while she was at a distance from
the nest, but, by the time the shutter would
snap, she would be behind the nest. If I
had tried to snap her while she was behind
the nest, I should probably have obtained
a photograph of her a foot or so away from
the nest. I obtained five pictures, show-
ing the wings clearly and distinctly.

The bird on the wing appears to be
alighting on the nest, for the camera was
pointed upward at an angle of about 30

degrees. She is really behind the nest, and
flying upward with great speed.

The photograph was taken with an
eight-inch Zeiss protar lens, at its full

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD ON

NEST

HUMMINGBIRD APPROACHING NEST

opening, in about one fifteen-hundredth
of a second. — Frank Overtow, Patch-
ogiie, N. V.

The Building of a Robin's Nest

I read with much interest the article in
the September-October, 1913, issue of
Bird-Lore on "The Building of a Robin's
Nest" and bethought me of my own obser-
vations at Port Sanilac Michigan, April
28, 1907.

To quote from my notes, "I have just
been watching a lady Robin building her
nest over the front door. I stood on a step-
ladder next to the door, on the inside of
the house, with my face at the frosted-
pattern glass not ten inches from the bird.
Last year's foundation was in place, but
she has replastered it and is now carrying
soft, dead, lawn grass. She alights on the
edge of the nest with a mouthful, drops it
in, hops on top of it, and sq.uats down
with the ends sticking up all around her.
At once she lowers her tail over the nest's
edge for a support, braces her wings
against the inside of the nest, and throws
her weight onto her breast. Then she
begins a perfect tattoo with her feet
against the sides and the bottom. After
ten to fourteen kicks, she rests a moment,
turns a little, tucks down a few grasses
with her bill, and repeats the performance.

Notes from Field and Study

361

She keeps this up until all the grass ends
are tucked in. This operation shapes the
nest and presses the grass into the soft
mud, which I was not fortunate enough to
see her do. At no time was she conscious
of being watched.

I am writing these notes at my desk in
the library, about seventy feet away from
the nest, and can hear the patter of her
feet every time she kicks.

Later! She worked an hour after I
discovered her, about noon, and then
began feeding. T did not have a chance to
observe her again. — Miss Harriet W.
Thomson, Women's Gymnasium, Uni-
versity of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

A Robin Accident

The story of the accident to the Chip-
ping Sparrow, told by Pendleton Marshall
in the July-August Bird-Lore, reminds
me of a similar accident to a Robin.

On May 6, 1914, a girl came running to
me, saying that she wanted a ladder, as a
Robin was hung in one of their maples.
We took a long ladder and went to the
tree, where we found several women and
children watching the Robin as it fluttered
head downward, hung by a long string
that was twisted about the branch and the
bird's leg and wing. A boy speedily climbed
up and brought it down. We found the
leg broken off half way of its length, just
holding by the skin, which was stripped
from the bone.

We thought it useless to try to mend the
leg, so we cut the string of skin. We put
the bird in a cage, but after resting some
hours, it fought desperately to get out,
and it would not eat, so we released it. It
flew strongly across the yard to the fence.
For some time the Robin was seen to have
difficulty in perching, especially if there
was a wind; but it learned to balance, and
was able to find food. It seemed not long
before it wholly recovered from the shock,
and was as well as any bird. The neighbor-
children saw it in different places, and it
was often in our yard, hopping about on
its one foot, or using the bath. Sometimes
it scratched its head with the stump of

the leg, but seemed not to use it other-
wise.

I do not recall seeing this bird since
July 30, when it was bathing in our bird-
bath, with an English Sparrow. We think,
but are not sure, that it had a nest of
young in July. — Eliza F. Miller, Bethel,
Vermont.

Notes from Seattle, Washington

In the May-June number of Bird-
Lore, in "Notes from Field and Study,"
I was greatly interested in the "Curious
Actions of a Robin." Our country home
is on Lake Washington, and last year we
had a Robin experience identical with that
related by Mr. Wood. We had re-papered
the house, painted and cleaned windows,
after the months spent in the city. It was
in April that the Robin, for four or five
days, seemed bent on self-destruction at
a corner bay window on a covered porch.
We tried leaving windows and doors open,
but to no effect. The only solution to this
puzzling problem was the fact that the
wall-paper was of a robin's-egg blue! I
decided it must be a case of color attrac-
tion, but a few days later my decision was
weakened by a neighbor having a like
experience, who was finally obliged to
barricade the windows. It would be inter-
esting to know the meaning of such queer
actions.

I should also like to say, in reference to
the picture of a "Summer Visitor," in
May-June Bird-Lore, that for four years
we had an Oregon Towhee as one of our
family, each year bringing his brood to
be fed, but never allowing his families to
take the privileges of house and porch,
that he seemed to feel belonged to himself
alone. He knew my call, as I knew his,
and would come to me in the house or in
the woods, regardless of how many people
were about us, feeding from my hand, or
perching on my shoulder, and taking
bread from my teeth.

Last year he seemed to have an infection
of the eye, and this year did not come
to us. — Kathrine M. Manny, Seattle,
Wash.

362

Bird - Lore

Lake Mohonk to be a Bird Preserve

Lake Mohonk lies a few miles west of
the Hudson River, a little north of the
latitude of Poughkeepsie. It is twelve
hundred feet above sea-level, and is held
up, like a giant dewdrop, by one of the
peaks of the Shawangunk range of moun-
tains, almost at its very crest. Here,
standing on one of the crags which rise
precipitously from the shore-line of the
lake, one may look across the Wallkill
Valley to old Storm King, at whose foot
nestles the quiet little town of Cornwall-
on-the-Hudson, and, farther to the north-
ward, the Berkshires in Connecticut and
Massachusetts. To the westward the
gaze travels over the Rondout Valley, and
rests, at the horizon, on Slide Mountain,
Plateau Mountain, and other well-known
peaks of the Catskills.

It was here, immediately at the western
edge of the lake, that the late Mr. Albert
K. Smiley built, in 1869, the Lake Mohonk
Mountain House, which has since become
so famous a resort, and which is noted
particularly as the scene of several impor-
ant yearly conferences, notably the
gathering in the interest of international
arbitration, which, every May, holds a
three-day session at this delightful spot.
More than fifty miles of driveway have
been constructed to bring all the most
interesting points of the estate within
easy access, rustic covered seats have
been placed wherever attractive views are
to be found, and a garden of twenty-five
acres stretches eastward to a wall of pre-
cipitous rock a quarter of a mile from the
hotel. Immediately surrounding the hotel,
besides the garden, are an athletic field,
open groves, tennis-courts, cottages, sta-
bles, and the other usual appurtenances of
a summer hotel.

Bird life is about normal at Mohonk.
In the garden are numerous Robins, Gold-
finches, Chipping and Song Sparrows, and
Hummingbirds; in the open groves nearby
are Wood Thrushes and Towhees; along
the craggy shores of the lake are Phoebes,
Blue-headed Vireos, and an occasional
Winter Wren; Nuthatches, Chickadees,

Scarlet Tanagers, Wood Pewees, Red-
eyed Vireos, Woodpeckers, and Warblers
of various kinds may be seen or heard in
the woods; and Juncos, Indigo Buntings,
and Hermit Thrushes nest along the sides
of the cliffs. In the valley below Bobo-
links, Meadowlarks, and Barn Swallows
may be observed, and even Yellow-
breasted Chats. There are many other
species of birds inhabiting Lake Mohonk
and its immediate environs, but these are
the most conspicuous.

But it can support many more. With
its expanse of water, its rocky cliffs, its
wooded streams, its variety of woods, its
large garden, and its numerous build-
ings, and with its facilities for protection,
Mohonk could be made a veritable bird
paradise. With this end in view, measures
have been undertaken to attract birds to
the place. Permission has been secured
of the present proprietor, Mr. Daniel
Smiley, brother of Mr. Albert K. Smiley,
to conduct such an enterprise, funds have
been supplied by interested bird-lovers,
and the work has been begun. Fifty nest-
ing-boxes of the Berlepsch pattern have
already been placed in suitable localities,
and a hundred more have been ordered.

This is the modest beginning of what,
it is hoped, may be the establishment of
an unusually fine bird preserve. As the
estate embraces the whole mountain and
extends for several miles in every direc-
tion from the hotel, it can be readily
understood that the possibilities it offers
are very great. I may add that, as full
charge of the work is in my hands, I will
gladly welcome any suggestions that may
tend toward making the Lake Mohonk
bird preserve a notable example of what
can be accomplished in the way of in-
creasing birds on large estates. — Henry
Oldys, Washington, D. C.

A Successful Campaign Against Grackles
and Starlings in Hartford, Connecticut

For more than twenty-five years, the
residents of a certain section of Washing-
ton Street in Hartford have suffered great
annoyance by reason of a large flock of

Notes from Field and Study

363

Grackles, which have been accustomed to
gather during the summer in large trees
on the lawns and bordering the highway.

Washington Street is perhaps the finest
residential street in the city, running
along the top of a ridge well above the
Connecticut River. It is bordered by solid
rows of beautiful elms and maples, inter-
spersed here and there with trees of other
varieties, notably horse-chestnuts. These
trees form an arch extending in many
places entirely across the wide street. The
elms probably average eighty feet in height,
the maples somewhat less, and the horse-
chestnuts from fifty to sixty feet. In
these trees, particularly the horse-chest-
nuts and maples, in the block between
Ward and Park Streets, a distance of six
hundred feet, the birds have gathered for
the night, coming in small flocks from all
directions, but principally from the mead-
ows bordering the river, a mile or two
away.

Within the last three or four years, the
flock has been greatly augmented by the
addition of large numbers of Starlings.
This year, the Starlings seem to be in the
majority. The birds, numbering probably
several thousand, began to come in just
before dark, and by seven o'clock all had
arrived, and from this time until about six
in the morning constituted a first-class
nuisance, whistling and chattering until
about 8 P.M., and beginning about 4 a.m.,
making a tremenduous racket so that it
was difi&cult to sleep. Not less annoying
was the filthy condition of the walks and
lawns, and the damage to the clothing of
those passing along the street was not
inconsiderable.

On several occasions during the last
ten or fifteen years, attempts have been
made to get rid of them. 'Scarecrows'
have been erected in the trees. Rockets
were used at one time and small roman
candles at another time. Once, the experi-
ment was tried of fastening a pulley high
up in a tree and drawing up a pail con-
taining a pack of fire crackers which were
set off with a fuse. None of these plans
was successful.

The annoyance became so great this

year that early in August one of the resi-
dents brought the matter to the attention
of the City Board of Health. This board,
having some doubt as to its jurisdiction
in the matter, suggested that application
be made to the police department for per-
mission to shoot the birds, there being a
city ordinance against the use of fire-
arms within the city limits. The trouble
with this suggestion was, that anyone
attempting to carry it out would encounter
the Connecticut statute prohibiting the
killing of any wild bird other than a
game-bird.

At this juncture, the Board of Health
applied to the President of the Hartford
Bird Study Club for advice, receiving the
suggestion that an attempt be made to dis-
perse the birds by the use of roman can-
dles. In the meantime, the person making
the complaint had applied directly to the
mayor of the city for relief. The mayor
thought that the matter might come under
the duties of the Park Department and
so turned it over to the Superintendent of
Parks, whose name very appropriately is
Parker. Mr. Parker thought it would
more properly be a subject for the con-
sideration of the Street Department, and,
after consultation with them, the decision
was finally reached to turn the job over
to the City Forester.

In the meantime, the Bird Study Club
had offered to make an effort to drive the
birds away. Their offer was very gladly
accepted and a plan suggested by them
was carried out. Twelve men provided
with roman candles were stationed at
intervals along the street, six on each side.
At a pre-arranged signal, each man was to
light a candle and discharge it into the
adjacent trees. The first night, an experi-
ment showed that candles of a very much
higher power must be used. A supply of
such candles was telegraphed for and the
following evening the plan outlined above
was carried out. The candles used were
ten-ball, weighing 56 lbs. to the gross.
The first volley, fired just as the birds
were well quieted down, drove the entire
flock out immediately. They soon began
to return in detachments and within

364

Bird - Lore

15 minutes most of them were back at
the old stand. A second volley was then
poured into them resulting in a very notice-
able diminution of the returning birds.
This second volley was fired just before
the street lights were turned on, at 7.45.

The next evening the same tactics were
used and in addition to the firing of the
big candles from the ground, the Forester
placed three of his climbers high up in the
worst trees where they used some of the
weaker candles. This second night the
birds w^ere scattered over an area more
than twice that originally occupied. The
first volley was fired a little earlier, about
7.15. while the birds were still fluttering
about from tree to tree. The second volley
was fired ten or fifteen minutes later.

An investigation the next morning
showed that the birds had been still more
widely scattered, covering about 1,500
feet on Washington Street and 300 feet on
Ward Street. The third and last evening,
15 men were used, placed about 100 feet

apart in the middle of the street. The first
volley cleared out the whole flock and
only a few scattering birds returned, so
that only a few candles were needed in the
second volley.

As a net final result, about eight dozen
candles were used at a total expense of
about fio and, at the end of a week, only
a couple of dozen birds are to be found
where there were thousands. Some idea
of the number of the birds, and the
annoyance caused, may be gathered from
the fact that people living near one of the
worst spots on the street were unable to
keep their windows open on account of
the filthy condition of the lawn and trees.
On another lawn, the grass for several
years, soon after the coming of the birds,
looked as if a fire had passed over it. One
resident says that for the first time in
years he had been saved the trouble of
hiring a man to wash off the walks in the
morning. — Lewis W. Ripley, Hartford,
Conn.

A 'Call-note'

The 'Call-note' Paid

CHIPPING SPARROW AND COWBIRD
Photographed by Arthur A. Allen

2^oofe ji^etMJ^ anb lltetiietos;

Birds of New York. By Elon Howard
Eaton. New York State Museum,
Memoir 12, Part II. Introductory
Chapters: Birds of Prey to Thrushes.
Albany, University of the State of New
York, 1914. 4to text, pages 1-543;
plates. 43-106.

With the appearance of the second and
concluding volume of Mr. Eaton's mono-
graph, the state of New York may justly
claim to have produced the best and most
elaborate memoir of its kind which has
thus far been published. In a word, this
volume is a worthy successor of the one
which preceded it (see a review in Bird-
Lore, 1910, p. 118). Higher praise than
that cannot be asked.

The biographical section begins with
the Birds of Prey, on page 61, and, fol-
lowing the order of the American Ornithol-
ogists' Union's 'Check-List,' ends with
the Thrushes, on page 541. The method
of treatments conforms with that of
Volume I and includes some synonyms, the
derivations of the scientific name, descrip-
tions of plumage, and detailed considera-
tion of 'Distribution' and 'Haunts and
Habits.' This authoritative matter is
prefaced by a thoughtful and suggestive
section on 'Bird Ecology,' which has a
practical bearing on current questions of
bird conservation. The causes governing
the comparative numbers of birds under
natural conditions, and the factors which
tend toward their increase or decrease,
are here presented at some length. The
opinions advanced are the mature views
of a trained biologist, as well as experi-
enced bird student, and this introduction
of some 50 pages forms an original and
valuable contribution to a subject which,
as our population grows, will become
increasingly important.

The 64 plates, figuring all the species
of regular occurrence in the groups treated,
are wholly admirable bird portraits by
an artist whose sympathy with his sub-
ject is equaled only by his rare ability to

give form to his impressions. It is most
gratifying to know that the originals of
the 106 plates which form Mr. Fuertes'
share of this great work have been pur-
chased by Mrs. Russell Sage, and pre-
sented by her to the State of New York. —
F. M. C.

Die Tierwelt der Schweiz in der
Gegenwart und in der Vergan-
GENHEiT. Von Dr. Emil August
Goldi, Professor der Zoologie an der
Universitat Bern. Band I: Wirbeltiere.
Mit 2 Karten und 5 farbigen Tafeln.
Bern-Verlag von A. Francke-1914.
Pages, 654-XVI.

This first volume of 'The Animal World
of Switzerland' deals with the Verte-
brates. The first part (171 pp.) treats
of the fossil fauna, and has long tables
showing the different periods of the earth's
history and the forms of life occurring in
each, with especial reference to Switzer-
land. In the second part, the Swiss mam-
mals, birds, reptiles, batrachians and
fishes are taken up in turn, with a final
chapter on the hunting and fishing.

There are a few rather statistical pages
on the number and composition of the
Swiss avifauna, which consists of about
360 forms (out of the 660 known from
Europe), of which 75 are permanent
residents, 107 summer residents, 70
transients, 36 winter visitors, 18 summer
visitors, and 55 irregular. A tabular list
(following, unfortunately, the archaic
Raptores-Natatores classification) shows
at a glance to which of these groups any
species belongs, and gives the German
names, British Museum Catalogue and
Sharpe's 'Handlist' names, and synonomy
in the works of Fatio and Studer. Nearly
a hundred pages are then devoted to a
cursorial treatment of the Swiss birds,
still following this classiiication. The bird
chapter ends with a twenty-page article on
the migration in Switzerland, with a map
showing the major and minor routes.

(365)

366

Bird - Lore

The book is intended for the general
reader in natural history, not for the
amateur who wishes to identify and learn
about the birds he sees on a trip to Switz-
erland.—C. H. R.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Condor. — The July number of
'The Condor' is essentially an oological
number, as two of the three main articles
are devoted to the subject of eggs. In
one, Dr. T. W. Richards, U. S. N., pre-
sents 'A Plea for Comparative Oology,'
and in the other, Dr. R. W. Shufeldt,
U. S. A., writes 'On the Oology of the
North American Pygopodes.' Dr. Rich-
ards calls attention to the tendency to
form 'faunal' rather than 'group' collec-
tions of eggs, and shows that more valua-
ble information can be acquired from a
study of the eggs of a certain group of
birds than from the eggs of those which
breed in a certain area. But the main
weakness of oology is touched on only
incidentally, namely, that, although it
is the means by which many students
become interested in birds, its chief result
seems to be acquisition rather than serious
study. Oologists are apt to be more con-
cerned with making collections than with
carefully studying their specimens. Most
collectors of eggs, at least in this country,
have unfortunately published little, and
aside from notes on color, size, and num-
ber of eggs in a set, the larger private col-
lections have thus far yielded only a
meager contribution to our knowledge of
the life histories of birds. Dr. Shufeldt
describes the eggs of the North American
Grebes and Loons from specimens in the
U. S. National Museum and the E. J.
Court collections. Excellent figures are
given of selected eggs of the Western,
Holbcell, Mexican, Eared, and Pied-billed
Grebes, and of the Common, Black-
throated, and Red-throated Loons.

In a brief but interesting illustrated
article, Willett gives an acount of the
'Peculiar Death of a California Bush-Tit'
which became entangled in the wool used
in the construction of its nest. This nest

was found March 28. 19 14, near Live
Oak, Sutter Co., Calif.

Among the shorter articles, A. B. Howell
makes 'A Plea for More Lasting Field
Notes,' and urges that provision should be
made by field collectors to turn over their
notes (after they are through with them)
to some central agency, such as the Cooper
Ornithological Club, where they will be
preserved and utilized. If this suggestion
could be carried out, the club would soon
have a unique collection of manuscripts,
and would be able to preserve much
valuable material, now lost. How much
could be added to our knowledge of cer-
tain phases of bird-life in the last century
if the notebooks of some of the older
ornithologists were now available! How
much light could be thrown on Pacific-
coast ornithology if the field-notes of
Bryant, Cooper, Gambel, Grayson, Suck-
ley, and others, were preserved and
accessible. But who knows whether any
of these notes are still extant or where
they are?— T. S. P.

The Oriole. — The first number of the
second volume of 'The Oriole' (June, 1914)
organ of the Somerset Hills Bird Club
(Bernardsville, N. J.), opens with an
article, by William S. Post, on the oppor-
tunities for bird students afforded by the
region about Bernardsville. They are
obviously so promising that we hope the
members of the Somerset Hills Bird Club
will take advantage of them. Meredith
H. Pyne, however, in 'The Destruction
of Bird Life in Bernardsville,' tells us that
"savage cats," "tree-climbing children,"
and the encroachments of civilization,
have left "very few" of the birds which
ten years ago abounded there.

Evidently not sharing Burroughs'
estimate of alliteration, Lilian Gillette
Cook writes of meeting some of the com-
mon European birds in their haunts, under
the title 'A Few Friendly Foreigners in
Feathers.'

The Editor, John Dryden Kuser, pre-
sents a series of thoughtful replies to the
question 'Why Study Birds?' and in a
second article, William S. Post makes an

Book News and Reviews

367

important contribution to our knowledge
of the nesting habits of the Merganser
(Merganser americaitiis). On June 18,
1910, and on June 12, 1913, on the
Tobique River, N. B., Mr. Post saw most
of the individuals of broods of eleven and
seven, respectively, downy Mergansers
jump from their nest in the limb of a
live elm, about forty feet from the ground.
The tree stood some fifteen feet from the
bank of the river. Several of the young
were seen to fall on the ground, and Mr.
Post believes that none fell into the water.
On landing, they immediately went to
the water, where their mother was wait-
ing for them.

Under the title 'Intensive Field Obser-
vation,' C. William Beebe gives an out-
line for the study of birds in nature, based
largely on one prepared for Bird-Lore by
Ernest Thompson Seton some ten years
ago (Vol. VI, 1904, p. 182).

Beecher S. Bowdish, Secretary of the
New Jersey Audubon Society, writes of
the work of that society which, it appears,
now has a membership of more than
twenty thousand. In an editorial on bird
destruction, the Editor would grant the
scientist permission to collect specimens
and the sporstman permission to kill game
birds, provided such collecting or killing
did not result in decreasing the numbers
of the species concerned. In this country,
at any rate, the taking of specimens for
scientific purposes is now so controlled by
law that the result of scientific collecting
is wholly negligible. Indeed, in our
opinion, it has never been otherwise. It is
now very difficult for a student to secure
a permit to collect even a limited number
of specimens for scientific purposes. Some
states refuse entirely to honor applica-
tions for permits to collect specimens, but
will give to the same applicant a license
to shoot birds for sport.

Other states limit the number of scien-
tific permits to six or eight, and in a single
year issue over one hundred thousand
permits to kill for pleasure! Evidently
there is room in the treatment of this
subject for a little of the reasonableness
the Editor of 'The Oriole' advocates.

The August number of 'The Oriole,'
forming the second and concluding issue
of Volume II, opens with a short article
on the nesting of the Blue- winged Warbler
at Little Falls, N. J., by Louis S. Kohler;
who also describes the experiences of an
ornithologist on 'a June Day at Green-
wood Lake'; Lee S. Crandall writes of
'Some Costa Rican Orioles;' T. Gilbert
Pearson tells of the successful efforts of
the National Association of Audubon
Societies in protecting plume-bearing
Herons; George D. Cross gives 'Some
Hints for Better Game Protection;' Helen
Bull, Sally Sage, and Cornelia Sage con-
tribute brief notes on 'The Orioles,' 'The
Swallows,' and 'The Cowbird' respectively,
while the Editor discusses terms which
will definitely describe the manner of
occurrence and relative abundance of a
given species in a certain area.

Book News

The Universit}' of Iowa issues a booklet
of ten plates illustrating its cyclorama of
Laysan Island bird-life, doubtless the
most elaborate museum exhibition of its
kind in the world. The cyclorama was
composed and executed by Prof. Homer
R. Dill, of the University of Iowa, and the
background, which is 138 feet long and 12
feet high, was painted from studies made
in Laysan by Charles A. Corwin, dis-
tinguished for his success in painting back-
grounds for the bird and mammal groups
of the Field Museum.

'Our Feather Monitors,' a booklet
of poems by J. H. A. B. Williams, of Glen-
mont, Ohio, is published with the object
of 'stimulating an interest in bird-life,' an
end it seems well-designed to accomplish.

The Royal Society for the Protection of
Birds issues in attractive leaflet form an
account of its Bird Reserve 'Brean Dawn,'
which describes a locality apparently well
designed to promote the ends in view.
This publication, which is sold by the So-
ciety of 23 Queen Anne's Gate, London, S.
W., for two cents, suggests the desirability
of issuing similar pamphlets in connection
with Bird Reserves in this country.

368

Bird - Lore

2^irbHore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributingEditor.MABELOSGOOD ■WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published October 1. 1914 No. 5

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico, twenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1914, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand

When we published, in the last issue of
Bird-Lore, Mr. Leo E. Miller's surpris-
ing figures concerning the destruction of
the Rhea in temperate South America,
we were under the impression that, owing
to the closing of the American market to
the feathers of wild birds, this interesting
species would be spared the annihilation,
with which, in the light of Mr. Miller's
figures, it appeared to be threatened.

It will be recalled that Mr. Miller saw
bales containing sixty tons of feathers
taken from killed Rheas stored in the
wareroom of but one firm in Buenos
Aires, while an official trade bulletin
showed that during the first six months of
the year 1913, 34,206 kilos (about 34 tons)
of Rhea plumes were exported from
Buenos Aires alone. Doubtless additional
shipments were made from other southern
South American ports.

It seems that these feathers are sold
almost wholly in the United States, where
they are manufactured into feather
dusters! The sixty tons of which Mr.
Miller writes had accumulated in the
hands of but one importer because of
the prohibition at that time (November,
1913) of the importation of Rhea feathers,
as well as the feathers of other wild birds
into the United States. Knowing this, we
felt there was especial cause for congratu-
lation that a law of the United States
should extend its protection to this bird
of a foreign land.

Now, however, we learn that on Jan-

uary 13, 1914, the Treasury Depart-
ment of the United States, acting on what
it believed to be adequate authority,
declared the Rhea to be an Ostrich, and
since the Federal law permits the importa-
tion into this country of 'Ostrich' plumes
those of the Rhea, under the guise of being
Ostrich plumes, are also admitted.

The correctness of the decision of the
Treasury Department evidently depends
upon whether a Rhea, even in the broad-
est sense, can be properly called an Ostrich.
That it has been popularly so called is
true; but it is equally true that from the
standpoint of actual relationships, it is not
an Ostrich. Newton believed that the fun-
damental structural differences between
the Ostrich and Rhea were important
enough to warrant their being classed in
separate orders. No one has ever ventured
to placed them in the same family.

Obviously then, they cannot rightly
share the same common name. To call
a Rhea an Ostrich because it is a large,
long-legged, flightless bird does not, of
course, make it an Ostrich, any more than
calling a Goatsucker a Nighthawk makes it
a Hawk, or calling an Ovenbird a Golden-
crowned Thrush makes it a Thrush.

Popular zoological nomenclature abounds
in misnomers based on superficial
resemblances, but we cannot believe
that the government will accept these
'nicknames,' rather than those based on
actual relationships, in determining a
bird's legal status.

The growing interest in this country in
the establishment of priv^ate bird-reserves
is one of the most gratifying results of
the long-continued effort to arouse in the
public an appreciation of the beauty and
value of bird-life. The surprising success
of Baron von Berlepsch in increasing the
bird population of his estate at Seebach,
Germany, has supplied an object lesson
in wild-bird propagation which has rightly
led others to adopt the methods which he
has developed. We publish, therefore,
with much satisfaction the article by Mr.
William P. Wharton, based on his own
observations at Seebach.

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the editor, at 53 Arlington Avenue, Providence, R. I.

THE VALUE OF A DEFINITE PURPOSE

It is a truism to state that a definite purpose has value, but since very
many people overlook or misconstrue value, it may serve a good end to once
more emphasize this point in connection with the work of our State Audubon
Societies.

That the Audubon Society as a whole has always had a definite purpose,
no one can gainsay. This purpose was, and still is, the protection of our native
birds, and, in this day and generation, we are reaping the benefits of the cumu-
lative efforts of the pioneers in what is now understood to be a movement in
the interests of conservation.

As the work of the Society has become more far-reaching, its purpose has
become broader until, today, the word protection does not adequately express
all that is meant by the organization.

Along with the idea of protection has grown up the conception of the value
of protection, and in order to bring this value before the public in definite form,
a particular kind of education has been, and still is, necessary.

The importance of having a definite purpose in strengthening measures for
the protection of our birds has been shown over and over again in legislation.
What we seem to lack most now, is making clear and definite to the public our
purpose in education along the line of nature-study. As soon as a definite
value is attached to nature-study, its success will be assured. The general
uncertainty still surrounding this delightful study in the minds of many people,
educators among the rest, lays a special task upon the Audubon Society. The
National Association is taking up this task nobly in its Junior Audubon work,
but state societies are not keeping pace in this great educational movement.

Again the plea is made, not only for a definite program of work but, also,
for some definite piece of work aside from the program, which shall be of value
to the entire community.

Perhaps the example of the Audubon Society of Rhode Island may help
other states to see their way clear to more practical undertakings.

This society, on a venture, has raised a fund something short of five hun-
dred dollars, with which it is training a field-worker at the Roger Williams
Park Museum, for a position which, though not as yet recognized as a legitimate
part of the grade-school, is felt as a latent demand in many places.

(369)

37°

Bird - Lore

This field-worker will go out to schools, lecturing, suggesting methods, carry-
ing material for nature-study, and in general, opening up avenues of approach
to outdoor life and outdoor observation. The fact that so many teachers are
in need of a special adviser is one strong argument in favor of keeping such a
worker in the field. One trained worker with a definite purpose can work more
effectively than twenty untrained teachers with no particular purpose, or a
hazy one.

If each State Audubon Society would raise funds to keep one or more
trained workers in the field, nature-study would soon come to its own. Strive
to get at definite values in plans for the year's work and values which shall
be general rather than restricted in scope. Convince your community and your
school-board that nature-study is an essential; that to omit it from the
curriculum is a backward step; that, to teach it properly, teachers must first
be taught themselves. How teachers shall be taught and where they shall be
taught is another question. Suggestions from teachers and field-workers or
from educators will be welcome. — A. H. W.

SUGGESTIVE LESSONS IN BIRD-STUDY:
THE WOODPECKER

WILLIAM GOULD VINAL, Instructor in Nature-Study, The Rhode Island Normal School

The following lessons are suggestive for an introduction to bird-study in the grades.
The Flicker is taken as a type, since it is a permanent resident, at least as far north as
Massachusetts, and may become an acquaintance before the arrival of other species.

Fig. I. WORK OF WOOD-BORING GRUBS AND OF THEIR WOODPECKER ENEMIES

The Audubon Societies

371

Moreover, the Flicker is a good bird to know. This woodland drummer is venturing
into cities where it is adapting itself to civilization. One has taken up its abode in a
telephone pole, within sight of my home, and its reveille on tin roofs may be heard
nearly every morning. It seems as pleased with this new invention as a boy with a new
drum. An old barn at home has been a
Flicker hotel for years. These facts may
be an indication of how other birds might
fall into civilized habits if we should
meet them half way. If we can develop
an appreciative interest in these things
in our boys and girls, we will have taken
a long step toward gaining this end.

Lesson I. Field Observations. — The
teacher should become acquainted with
a Flicker rendezvous, or retreat, as the
species is usually solitary, and take the
class to visit the place. The pupils must
approach on the alert, "all eyes and
ears,'' for any secrets which the birds

may divulge. Suddenly one flies up

from the ground. What color did it

show when it flew? (White rump.)

What was the path of its flight? (A

wavy, up-and-down motion. When the

wings went down the bird went up, and

vice versa.) Someone should make a

drawing on the ground, to show the

manner of flight. If the pupils do not

observe these points, they must sharpen

their eyes for another trial. What was the

Flicker probably doing on the ground?

(Feeding.) All birds do not eat the

same food. If we would like to know

what the Flicker was eating when we

disturbed its feast, let us walk to the

place where it was feeding and investi-
gate. What do we find that might be

eaten by the Flicker? (Weed seeds, bay-
berries, black alder, poison sumac, and

poison ivy berries. An ant's hill might be present, as this is a favorite morsel of the

Flicker.) The Flicker eats all of these things that we have found. We might think

that it is a good thing for the Flicker to eat the seeds of these poisonous plants, but

it has been found that after the waxy substance on the outside of the berry has been

digested the seed is thrown out from the mouth. These seeds will germinate and, since

the scattering of poisonous plants is not desirable, this cannot be placed on the credit

side of our account with Mr. Flicker.

Who saw where our friend went? (To an old apple tree across the field.) Let us visit

the home of the Flicker family. On our way we may hear the Flicker call to its mates.

If we do, let us try to tell what it says. After interpretations by the class, tell them how

other listeners have read the call.

"If-if-if-if-if-if-if," Burroughs; "Up, up, up, up, up, up, up," Thoreau; "Wick,

wick, wick, wick," Mrs. Wright; "Wake-up, wake-up, wake-up, wake-up," Dr. Charles

Fig. 2. MATERI.^L EXCHANGED WITH
DISTANT SCHOOLS. THIS SHOWS THE
WORK OF THE CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER
IN STORING ACORNS.

372

Bird - Lore

Conrad Abbott; "Kee-yer, kee-yer, kee-yer, kee-yer," Chapman; "Yarup! yarup!
yarup-up-up-up-up!" Dallas Lore Sharp. Does anyone think that this Woodpecker sings?
In which does it excel, instrumental or vocal music? What kind of a musician might we
call it? (Drummer.) Investigate and describe its drum. (A hollow dead limb.) Some-
times it telegraphs a wireless message to its mate; at other times it is a sort of an anvil
solo, and quite frequently a duller beat in the search for food. Try to learn these sounds
in the Flicker's signal code. As we get nearer, let us make an effort to see some of the
Flicker's colors. (Black crescent on breast, golden shaft of quill feathers, and spotted
underparts.) In what position is the bird resting on the tree? (Perched on a limb or
clinging to the trunk.) Remember this is a Woodpecker, and most of its kind cling to
trees instead of perching. The class should observe the position of the tail (outer end

braced against the trunk) and,
if possible, note character of
tail-feathers. (Sharp, pointed
ends). Of what use is such a
tail? (Acts as a prop.) Since
Mr. and Mrs. Flicker have not
set up housekeeping, we may
look in at the door. In what
kind of limb are they build-
ing? (Dead limb. Knock on
the limb with a stone.) Why?
(Because it is easier to dig out
the decaying particles of wood.)
Fathom the hole, to find how
far it extends. (One to three
feet.) What is the advantage of
so deep a hole? (To escape
enemies and better protect
inmates from the weather.) Let
the class look for places on the
tree where a Woodpecker has
been drilling. What was it after?
(Grubs.) We may call the
Flicker a tree surgeon. Why?
(The tree is the landlord and
Dr. Flicker pays rent to his
Treeship by removing undesir-
able insect visitors. These insect
lodgers do not pay rent and are
injurious to the health of the tree.) We have found that Dr. Flicker sometimes eats
things which reflect upon his good character, and at other times he eats things which
make him very useful.

Lesson II. Indoor Observation. — Use stuffed specimens and pictures. The class
should collect illustrative material such as that shown in Figure i. The teacher may
exchange material with distant schools. The portion of a tree, for instance, illustrated
in Figure 2 came from the Pacific Coast. It shows the work of the California Wood-
pecker, a red-headed Woodpecker on the western edge of our continent, which drills
holes and stores acorns in them for future use.

Review the field-trip, asking about the Flicker's flight, colors, home, call and food.
The class is now ready to make close observations, and to study some of the detailed
structures which fit the Woodpecker for its life, which has been observed in the field.

Fig. 3. WORK OF SAPSUCKER AND OF DOWNY
WOODPECKER. AS FAR AS POSSIBLE MATERIAL
SHOULD BE COLLECTED BY PUPILS.

The Audubon Societies

373

Lead the class to discover the difference between the male and the female. Mr.
Flicker has a moustache. Madame Flicker, of course, has not. If all of the colors of
the plumage were not seen on the trip, they should be noted now.

Compare the arrangement of the toes with that of the Robin. The Flicker has two
toes in front and two behind, the Robin has three in front and one behind. Who remem-
bers something the Woodpecker was doing that it could not have done as well if its
toes had been arranged like the Robin's? (Clinging to the side of the tree.) What was
the position of its tail when it was clinging to the trunk? (It was bent under against the
tree.) Look closely at the tail and tell how it differs from the Robin's tail. (It has sharp-
pointed, stiff feathers.) What use does the Flicker make of such a tail? (Helps hold
itself on the trunk.) We call this kind of tail a prop. Tell the different ways in which the
Woodpecker is fitted to cling to tree trunks. (The toes are arranged like ice-tongs for
nipping, and the bird braces itself with its tail.) Why does the Flicker want to cling to
the side of the tree? (To excavate for grubs, or to build a home.) What tool does the

Fig.

FEMALE FLICKER, REDHEADED AND HAIRY WOODPECKERS MALE FLICKER

Flicker use for this work? (The bill.) In what way is its bill a good instrument for this
work? (Sharp-pointed, stout and hard.)

The teacher may now tell the class the following story, using material such as is
shown in Fig. i to illustrate the point. Yesterday, we found places in the apple tree
where Dr. Woodpecker had performed a surgical operation. (Open the sticks, which
have been split.) Inside of this tree were 'worm tracks' such as are seen here. Worms
did not make these borings, but young beetles called grubs. They correspond to the
<:aterpillar stage of the butterfly. Dr. Woodpecker came along and saw where Mr.
Grub had broken entrance and decided that here was a good meal. Now he did not
start to get baby beetle by boring in at the place where the grub entered, as perhaps you
and I would do. He held his head close to the trunk and listened. The hard, dry wood
is a good telephone, and he heard the grub clicking away as he was digging his tunnel.
Dr. Woodpecker, after his diagnosis, determined the nearest way to the worm and
began to drill. How could he get the worm out after drilling the hole? He has just the
right kind of an instrument for such work, his tongue. He thrust his tongue through the
white grub, drew him out and ate him. His tongue is covered with a sticky substance
which enables him to catch ants. Three thousand ants have been found in the stomach
of one Flicker.

The Flicker is a carpenter, as well as a doctor. I am going to tell you how he builds

374 Bird -Lore

his home. First he outlines his doorway like this. (Make a circle with dots.) He gets
it just the right size. It is not so large that cats can come in, and not so small that he
cannot get in himself. Could we draw a doorway just the right size for our house? He
then uses his bill as a pick and begins to chip away the wood, to make a hole. He enjoys
the work in the same way that we do when we build a house. Fig. 3.

Lesson III. Comparisons. — Use stuffed specimens, pictures of other kinds of Wood-
peckers, and e.xchange material. Have the class discover points in which all Wood-
peckers are alike. How may we distinguish them? The Downy and the Hairy Wood-
peckers may often be attracted near schoolhouses and homes by hanging pieces of beef
fat in the trees. Fig. 4.

SUGGESTIONS FOR CORRELATIONS

Lesson IV. Language. — Let the class suppose that they are Flickers, and tell about
themselves. Ask each pupil to write a story on what one Woodpecker did as he watched
it for fifteen minutes. In schools where children dramatize, it might be profitable and
interesting to write a drama with the Flicker, an apple tree, and a fat baby beetle
as characters.

The Flicker affords an unusual opportunity for word study. Mr. Colburn gave 36
common names of this species in the Audubon Magazine for June, 1887. The Country
Life in America, July, 1913, says that there are 126 names. These names are nicknames,
each of which gives a hint of some characteristic of the bird. Have the class determine
which indicates the color, song, flight, and habits of the bird: Yellow-hammer, Pique-
bois Jaune, Yellow-shafted Woodpecker, Yellow-winged Woodpecker, Crescent-bird,
Clape, Cave-due, Fiddler, Hittock, Hick-wall, Piute or Perrit, Wake-up, Yaffle, Yarrup,
Yucker, Tapping-bird, High-hold, High-holder, and the High-hole.

The Woodpeckers have not attained the literary rank of the Bluebird, the Oriole,
and some others. Walt Whitman speaks of "The High-hole flashing his golden wings."

Lesson V. Drawing. — Fill in outline drawings with colored pencils or water-colors.
These outlines may be made on a hectograph. It is worth while to make diflferent view^, as
a front view of the Flicker to show polka-dots and locket; side view, to show the mous-
tache of Father Flicker or its absence in Madame Flicker, and the golden wing shafts;
back view in flight, to show the white field mark, barred color scheme on the back, and
the red patch on the back of the head. Simple drawings, to illustrate the story of the
Flicker's activities, bring out skill and interest. Such a series of sketches might include
the bird flying up from the ground; position on the trunk; head bent back for hammering;
outline of a doorway; the completed mansion; the eggs in the nest; bringing food; the
babies, with mouths wide-opened to receive the food, and the young on a limb receiving
a lesson in flying. The food for the young, it should be explained, is invisible as it is
partly digested in the alimentary canal. The process of feeding is peculiar since the
food is literally pumped into the mouth of the young.

Lesson VI. Manual Training. — The construction of a home for the Flicker. Hollow
out a small block of wood leaving the bark on the outside. The opening from the out-
side should have a diameter of two and a half inches. Modeling the home and eggs in
clay is fascinating work for the younger grades. The Flicker does not build a nest. The
eggs rest upon small chips, which probably fall to the bottom of the hole during the
construction of the house.

Lesson VII. Music. — There are not many opportunities to correlate the study of
the Flicker with music. The cry is rather difficult to imitate. The drumming is worthy
of imitation in the elementary grades. Try to differentiate between the Flicker's drum-
ming as a pastime and its picking for food. The noisiness of the Flicker may be con-
trasted with the music of some of our more accomplished feathered singers.

The Audubon Societies 375

[The "suggestive lessons" given above show admirably the possibilities of bird-
study in the ordinary grade school, and are the result of a trained instructor's fruitful
experience. The average teacher possesses very little field experience, and it is this lack
which a visiting nature-study instructor might help to supply in the way of outlining
methods of observation and presentation. Too much has been expected of teachers, and,
until they receive adequate assistance, nature-study will not make the progress that it
should. Audubon Societies in every state might well embrace the opportunity to take
the initial step in defining the most desirable methods for teaching bird-study as a part
of nature-study. — A. H. W.]

THE DOWNY WOODPECKER

By GARRETT NEWKIRK

The Downy is a drummer-boy, his drum a hollow limb;

If people listen or do not, it's all the same to him.
He plays a Chinese melody, and plays it with a will,

Without another drumstick but just his little bill;
And he isn't playing all for fun, nor just to have a lark.

He's after every kind of bug or worm within the bark;
Or, if there is a coddling-moth, he'll get him without fail.

While holding firmly to the tree with all his toes, and tail.
He is fond of every insect, and every insect egg;

He works for everything he gets, and never has to beg.
From weather either cold or hot he never runs away;

So, when you find him present, you may hope that he will stay.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK
For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XVII : Correlated with Elementary Agriculture,
Botany and Entomology

THE BIRDS IN HARVEST-TIME

Among all northern peoples of whatever race, harvest-time is a welcome
season, if sun and shower have done their work and untimely frosts have not
occurred. The more civilized races attach great significance to the garnering
of grain and crops, and no festival days are more genuinely observed than
those that are set aside in gratitude for ample supplies against the long-con-
tinued need of winter and spring and early summer, in the sluggish latitudes
of the north temperate zone.

Throughout the tropics, there is a more general distribution of the harvest-
season, for lack of frost or sudden extremes of temperature, together with a
periodical rainy season, combine to produce favorable conditions for wild and
cultivated fruits and crops during most months of the year.

This one fact of even temperature and fairly uniform moisture explains the
surprising negligence of tropical races in the matter of cultivating and storing

376 Bird -Lore

food-supplies. In the North, man must make some kind of provision for sub-
sistence during the cold season, or face starvation. When we hear of wide-
spread failure of crops, and consequent famines among peoples who place their
main dependence on a single crop, as, for example, the failure of the potato-
crop in Ireland, we get a new conception of what disappointment and misery
the harvest-time may bring in certain parts of the world.

When, on the contrary, we read that millions of bushels of corn and wheat
are safely harvested on our vast western farms, then we know that business
will be more secure, as well as that numberless homes will have peace and
plenty for the ensuing year.

There is much yet to be learned about growing crops and fruit successfully
in different climates, so much, indeed, that all progressive governments employ
men to study the soil, conditions of moisture, temperature, frost, and all
else that has to do with successful agriculture in the interests of the people at
large. Our own government publishes many bulletins each year about crop-
culture, for the benefit of all who till the land.

One investigator is actually comparing the climates of different localities,
in order to see how certain crops or fruits may be grown at any point on the
earth's surface where suitable conditions prevail.

Birds need information about the location of food-supplies and their time
of maturing, as much as man does; but how differently the bird must work out
for itself its problem of subsistence! In the first place, a bird has the power of
liight, which enables it to visit many different localities during the course of
the year, and consequently, to avail itself of food-supplies in great variety. It
is not surprising to learn that nearly every species of bird has a varied diet, and
is capable of adapting itself to a changing food-supply readily.

Probably water-birds are more restricted than land-birds in diet, for what
reason you can easily guess. How quickly water-birds may adapt themselves
to new food-supplies has been demonstrated in zoological parks, where many
different species are often successfully kept under artificial conditions. The
Bob-white is an unusually good example of a species which varies its diet
widely. It is not only insectivorous, but also strongly vegetarian in its feeding-
habit. Experiments show that it will eat at least 149 different kinds of insects, as
well as 129 different kinds of vegetable food. Comparatively very few species
are strictly insectivorous or strictly vegetarian. Perhaps we should discover,
if we studied the birds about us closely enough, that the most inveterate
vegetarians now and then try a toothsome insect, or that most of the so-called
insect-eaters do not occasionally disdain a berry.

It is well at this season to scrutinize our home neighborhoods very
closely, in order to discover what sort of harvest awaits the birds. Many
a weed passes our eyes unnoticed that offers a feast to seed-eating birds. It is
not unusual to see a flock of Sparrows or Juncos apparently searching for food
where nothing but a few sparse stocks or thin fringe of roadside weeds appear.

The Audubon Societies 377

Quickly and thoroughly the tiny feathered gleaners take the unnoticed harvest,
at the same time, ridding the land perhaps of some dreaded pest. The reason
we so seldom notice the birds in the harvest-season is because they are scat-
tered here and there in small groups, usually most of them ha\ang donned the
inconspicuous post-nuptial plumage before the journey south.

Some of the permanent residents have a wide range of diet, as one may dis-
cover by following the movements of the Blue Jay. Not infrequently at this
time of year, the Crow, in small or large numbers, may be seen hunting grass-
hoppers in pastures or mow-fields, a fact which every farmer should take into
account. The vigilant Chickadee keeps an eye on its favorite insect prey, and
locates the eggs of the numerous family of plant-lice, particularly of those
which oviposit on apple, birch and willow trees. The eggs of the fall canker-
worm, too, and cocoons of tiny moths, are greedily sought and much relished
by this useful bird.

WhUe the woodchuck is taking its last nap in the open, and the muskrat is
beginning its preparations for winter, migratory birds are passing south daily,
some in scattered groups, others in large flocks. Shrill crickets and rasping
katydids or piping tree-frogs keep up an uninterrupted evening chorus, other-
wise one might more frequently hear the calls of the flying travelers, especially
on clear nights. Now is the time when bears are fattening for their winter
sleep, and squirrels and raccoons — the one by day, the other by night — are
visiting cornfields in search of the cultivated delicacy they so much prize.

It is a season of change and provisioning against the needs of winter. We
recall the stores of nuts, the snugly-lined holes and lodges, the curiously-formed
hibernacula, and the long, leisurely flights of the various mammals, insects and
birds of which we have read in books ; and who does not wish to see these things
for himself instead of looking at them on a pictured page!

No better fall study can be made than exploring the harvest-fields of the
birds; for, with their discovery, will come a knowledge of many plants, insects,
mammals and invertebrate creatures along the shores, the river-valleys, in
meadows, fields and forest, throughout the country, and even within the limits
of large city parks.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Where do toads go during September?

2. What animals are mating? Which are living unmated? Do the young follow the
mother or the father after the family separates?

3. What snakes are born now? Do any snakes lay eggs, and if so, when?

4. Observe ants. What kind of winter home do they make?

5. Do fishes change their habitat in the fall?

6. What kind of food is the deer likely to find now, and where?

7. Study the habits of wasps, bees and hornets.

8. What is the difference between a chrysalid, a pupa, and a cocoon?

9. What are Cecropia moths doing? Locusts and grasshoppers?

10. How many generations do plant-lice have during a year?

37^ Lore - Bird

11. What becomes of the butterflies?

12. Study goldenrods and asters. What insects do you find on them? Do birds
visit them?

13. Count the number of times a cricket sings per minute.

14. Does a change in weather affect the singing of crickets, and, if so, how?

15. Make a collection of weed-seeds, studying the distribution of weeds and the
birds which feed upon them.

REFERENCES

Weed: Life Histories of American Insects.

Cragin: Our Insect Friends and Foes.

Comstock: Insect Life.

Comstock: Handbook of Nature-Study.

Ingersoll: Nature's Calendar.

Gibson: Sharp Eyes.

Sharp: Wild Life near Home. — A. H. W.

FROM YOUNG OBSERVERS

THE VALUE OF BIRDS

For the last two or three years I have been making a study of birds, and I
am very much interested in them. We have an Audubon Society which meets
every two weeks. There are thirty-six members.

The Mockingbird is one of the best singers of the United States. The
Nightingale of Europe and the Mockingbird of the United States are valued the
same for singing. The Mockingbird is one of the first to sing in the spring. In
the states that border on the Gulf of Mexico the Mockingbird sings all the
winter, and sometimes up to the northern border of the Southern States. He
sings on a bright, clear February morning, when ice is on the trees.

The Cardinals are beautiful song-birds. They have for a long time been
cage-birds. They have beautiful plumage and a beautiful song; that is why so
many people have them for cage-birds. They are sometimes called the 'Vir-
ginia Nightingales.'

The Carolina Wren calls, 'Tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, sweet-william,
sweet-william, sweet-william, come-to-me, come-to-me, come-to-me.' It has
such a sweet tone!

The Robins are the most helpful birds. They kill a large number of insects
in one day. They save the farmers' dollars by eating the insects that kill their
crops. The people of Virginia passed a law that the Robins should not be killed.
They go down South to stay through the winter where it is warm. The people
down there go out at night with torches and kill them when they cannot get
away. Down South the Robins eat some kind of berries most of the time. The
berries make them drunk and they cannot fly.

The Bob- white or Partridge, which it is sometimes called, helps the farmers

The Audubon Societies 379

by eating the worms oflF of the crops. The Bob-whites get in a circle, with their
heads on the outside. When they see anyone coming, they fly away.

The Flickers and Woodpeckers save a lot of trees by picking the worms out
of them. The people down South do not like the Woodpeckers because they
pick holes through the oranges. — ^Helen Bodmer (age lo years), Aldie Graded
School, Virginia.

[Compare the observation that the Mockingbird down South "Sings on a bright, clear
morning when ice is on the trees," with the fairly frequent records of its appearance in
the North during cold weather. If a favorite food-supply should tempt this species
farther north, it would probably adapt itself to the colder climate quickly.

The Cardinal formerly was found regularly on Long Island, and is at present a
familiar resident of Central Park, New York City. The practice of caging this beauti-
ful songster used to be quite common, even among kind and intelligent people. In
Indiana, for example, the writer remembers meeting a good Christian woman who
counted it no wrong to go out in the woods with a cage and capture Cardinals, a prac-
tice from which she derived some small gain. The familiar Robin offers many points of
interest for study, among which are its feeding-habits during the year as it travels
North and South. Will the observer describe the berries on which Robins get "drunk?"
—A. H. W.]

HOME BIRD-STUDY

I am a boy twelve years old in the fifth grade, and I am very much interested
in bird-study and belong to the Junior Audubon class. I am looking at the
different kinds of birds every day. I have put up one bird-house, and my
brother has put up two. I have seen just one Robin go into my bird-house, and
that was on a rainy day. A mother and father bird make a nest in our thorn
tree every year. I watch them build their nest every time, and there are two
Barn Swallows that make their nest in our barn. They renew their nest a little
every year. It is made like a little brick house, and sometimes they both go
out together and sometimes the father bird will stay on the nest and let the
mother go out. There is a Woodpecker's nest in our apple tree. I was looking
at it this morning. It looked like a new nest. I think I have told you enough
about birds. I have joined the Boy Scouts and we have a meeting every week.
— Clarence Fitzwater, Branchport, N. Y.

[It is a daily pleasure to feel acquainted with the bird neighbors in one's own grounds,
as this observer shows in his description of nesting birds. Barn Swallows are particu-
larly attractive to watch during the nesting-season, and, although not as neat builders
as some species, no nest is more snug and secure than that of these Swallows. A second
brood is reared sometimes in the same nest as the first, after a few repairs in the way of a
layer of mud and fresh lining have been added. — A. H. W.]

THE PINTAIL

By HERBERT K. JOB

%^t /(National SLfiQocieition of SLuhnhon ^otittitfi

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 76

Along the wild shores of Lake Winnipegosis, in northern Manitoba, in a
region known as the Waterhen River Country, extends a wide belt of bog and
meadow, back of which lies the unbroken, primeval, poplar forest. This forest
abounds in moose and deer, and there covies of Ruffed Grouse whir up
before one into the low trees with surprising frequency, and gaze curiously
at their first sight of man. The interminable strip of marsh by the lake har-
bors throngs of waterfowl of many sorts. Much of it is overgrown with a
bewildering maze of reed, rush, and cane, dissected by narrow, winding, water-
ways, here and there uniting in open ponds. This is the home of such birds
as the various Grebes, the Loon, Black Tern, Bittern, and the Canvasback,
Redhead, and Ruddy Ducks. Other parts are more open and meadow-like.
In one part this meadow is alkaline, and a series of shallow, brackish ponds
and pools with muddy margins extends for many miles. Although the clouds
of mosquitos bred in these pools are dreadful, compensations are present.
Along these shores, late in May, feed tribes of migratory shore-birds in elegant
nuptial plumage — Sandpipers, Plovers, the Lesser Yellowlegs, some Marbled
Godwits, an occasional Hudsonian Godwit, an American Avocet, or a pretty
party of Northern Phalaropes, swimming like tiny geese.

Out in the middle of the pools flocks of ducks disport themselves — all
breeding in the vicinity. They are not very wild, and I can readily approach
them behind tall grass or bushes, and, with my field-glass, see each one as
clearly as though it were actually in hand. They are of the kind which pre-
fers the shallow, open pools of the prairie sloughs. The males are in gaudy
spring livery, and all swim in mated pairs, each of which has its nest hidden
not far away in the old grass of the past season. Some are still laying eggs,
and the partial sets are cleverly covered with a blanket of down plucked by
the female from the under surface of her body. Others have covered their
brooded eggs, and are out for a restful swim and luncheon with the lordly
head of the house, who is too aristocratic to take his turn on the eggs, and will
soon forsake his spouse to moult off his finery in remote recesses of the tangled
bog. Conspicuous by large size among this company are some Mallards, con-
trasting sharply with the small Blue- winged and Green- winged Teals. That
gaudy drake of moderate size, and his plain spouse, both with enormous bills,
are Spoonbills or Shovelers. A few Gadwalls and American Widgeons also
are to be seen. Yonder white-backed Lesser Scaups seemingly should be with

(380)

PINTAIL

Order — Anseres
Genus — Dafila

Family — Anati dm
Species — Acuta

National Association of Audubon Societies

The Pintail

381

their deep-diving relatives, the Canvasbacks, but they nest in the grass at the
edge of these shallow sloughs.

But what are those slender, elegant ducks, long of neck, agile of movement,
the male an exquisite gray and white, with a long spike of tail held up care-
fully out of the water? At last I have found the Pintail ; and it is well worth
a journey of over two thousand miles to visit it in its summer home. It is a
duck of distinction, clad with grace and beauty, with sprightliness of disposition,
and a rakishness of form which together prove it of distinguished lineage. It
is the greyhound of the anatine world, rather than the mastiff or collie. One

PINTAILS FLYIXG NEAR MARSH ISLAND REFUGE, LOUISIAXA
Photographed by H. K. Job, New Year's Morning, igi-i

might even venture to term it the "sportiest" of the ducks — active, alert,
possessed of real "style;" and, although moderate in weight, of sufficiently
good food-quality. Though fairly shy and watchful, it is not hard to surprise
it in the small reedy pools which it often frequents. The flock is likely to bunch
when alarmed, and travels with ranks compact.

In one of these small alkaline ponds, on a small grassy island, where grew
also a few low bushes and clumps of weeds, I found a nest, probably of one
of those pairs I had watched through my glass. It was the fifth of June, a
cold, stormy day. I had waded to the island, sinking to the tops of long boots,
and had begun to beat about, hoping to start some duck from her nest. Sud-
denly there was a flutter and a spring, and a grayish duck with sharp tail-
feathers shot into the air, and hurtled off, on her own wings and on those

382 Bird - Lore

of the keen northeast wind. What other duck of these marshes than the Green-
winged Teal or the Pintail could quite hit that pace! She had protected her
eight eggs from the rain till the last possible instant, and then made up well
for lost time.

The nest was typical, a rather frail affair, about the size of the crown of
a hat, situated in a slight hollow amid not very tall grass and weeds, quite
near some low bushes — a mere little rim of dry grass, lined with a moderate
amount of grayish down. The eggs were rather small and narrow for the appar-
ent size of the bird, and were light buff, with a decided greenish or olive hue.
This greenish tinge distinguishes them from the white and creamy eggs of the
Gadwall or Widgeon, and from the brown eggs of the Scaup, all of similar
size; while their size differentiates them from the eggs of the other ducks of
that region. Hence an experienced person may pretty surely identify a Pin-
tail's eggs even without seeing the owner.

The number of eggs in a set is likely to be fewer than in the case of the other
ducks mentioned, nor is the maximum as large as with some. I have found
probably about thirty nests of the Pintail. In records of twenty-one of these
which were accessible, two had five incubated eggs, three had six, six had
seven and eight, three had nine, and only one had ten. Its other neighbors very
seldom have less than eight, nine to eleven being common. Of large sets, I
have found a Golden-eye with sixteen, a Ruddy Duck, Redhead, and Canvas-
back each with fifteen, and a Redhead with the surprising number of twenty-
two, every one fertile.

No duck is less particular about nesting near water than this species.
Though we may see the pair swimming in the sloughs during the nesting-season,
the nest may be almost anywhere — perhaps on a dry island or elevation in
a marsh, but, as likely as not, far back on the sun-parched prairie, where I
have found nests a mile from the nearest water.

The Pintail and the Mallard are the earliest of the ducks to lay eggs. The
ice does not disappear from those big lakes of the far Northwest till about
the middle of May, but by the 25th of June I have caught young PintaUs
two months or more old, showing that the eggs were laid as early as the first
week in April, when the country was still in the grip of winter. Most sets,
however, seem to be laid early in May, though some are not forthcoming
till late in the month, very possibly after an early set had been frozen or flooded.

The downy young are very different in appearance from the young of other
river-ducks. Instead of being yellow and brown, they are brownish black,
m.ottled with whitish above, and with grayish white on the underparts.

These earliest broods are able to fly by the middle of July, whereas the
late-breeding Scaups and Scoters do not mature their young before the first
week of October. By early August there are considerable flocks in the prairie
sloughs of young Pintails and Mallards. Having had as yet no experience of
man they are then quite tame, and it is great fun to creep close up to them

The Pintail 383

with the reflecting camera as they feed in the small ponds in the marsh. Away
they go with a thunder of wings when one steps out from the rushes on the
edge, and one may get splendid "shots" just as they spring into the air. Even
thus early they are well practised in the long standing jump.

Maturing so soon, they begin to migrate rather early, so that flocks appear
south of their breeding-range in the northern states early in September. Yet
they are hardy, for some winter as far north as Long Island Sound, and in
various localities they linger until ice forms. They winter on our southern
coasts, and down through Mexico to Panama. Early March sees them mov-
ing back through the United States again, and by the last of the month
some are on their more southerly breeding-grounds. They breed mostly in
the interior and western districts, especially in the prairie states, northward
from Iowa and Nebraska, commonly in North Dakota, and north to the Arctic
coast. Cosmopolitans, they are well known in Europe also.

Though not given much to quacking, like the Mallard and Black Duck,
they utter now and then a subdued quack, but more often express themselves
in a soft chattering or low whistle. For the most part I have heard little sound
from them, but they are said at times to be noisy.

Like most ducks in fresh water, the Pintail devours all sorts of insects and
small aquatic creatures, snapping eagerly at flies and mosquitos on the wing.
It is fond of succulent water-plants, such as wild cherry, eating both roots
and seeds, and even of nuts, where these grow not far from the water. Ponds
are preferred to streams, and in winter grain-fields, meadows, and even the
prairies, have attractions.

In the West, where there are prairies and marshes, this is one of the most
abundant ducks, but in the East it is rather scarce. There, fearful of ever-
present persecution, the few that do come to us slip so furtively at night into
ponds and meadows that few besides the keenest of gunners detect their pre-
sence. How difiicult seems the harried fowl in the hunting-season from the
beautiful "greyhound of the air" on its breeding-grounds, so gentle when it
has less to fear. Would that the new era of Federal protection might make
more abundant everywhere this beautiful, graceful wildfowl!

Cije Huijubon Societies;

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

S5.00 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
Sioo.oo paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
Si,ooo.oo constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000.00 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000.00 constitutes a person a Benefactor

A DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

A Department of Applied Ornithology,
created by the National Association of
Audubon Societies in response to a new
trend of interest, as revealed in a notable
public demand, is the latest up-to-the-
minute fact in wild-bird conservation.

The public, having been educated to
appreciate bird-protection, and aroused
to great interest in wild life, not only
frowns upon the slaughter of birds, but
is becoming eager to do something
definite and practical to increase them.
This is especially true of those who own
estates, where the owner may see and
enjoy the fruits of his effort to attract
and preserve birds.

More and more people are feeding wild
birds, and providing them with nest-
boxes and nest-building materials. Many
tracts of land are being employed as
preserves and refuges. Park commission-
ers, clubs, and real-estate companies are
seeking expert advice to increase wild
bird-life, as a means of enhancing the
attractiveness of public parks or of private
propyerty. Many persons are finding in
the breeding of game-birds and water-
fowl on their estates an absorbing recrea-
tion. Surprising numbers of wealthy men
have gone into this. ' Farmers and others
are attracting birds to protect their har-
vests, and are beginning to breed edible
species for profit. Positions are opening

for trained men as game-breeders, skilled
wardens, or managers of estates where
birds are to be bred.

So many requests for help and informa-
tion along these lines have come to the
National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties that the Directors have felt for some
time that it would be wise to establish a
Department of Applied Ornithology.
Herbert K. Job, lately State Ornitholo-
gist of Connecticut, has been appointed
Economic Ornithologist in Charge. He
has been experimenting and studying
along these practical lines for many years.

Mr. Job will be in position to give per-
sonal assistance to commissioners of city
parks, to owners of estates, and to any
others needing instruction in the best
methods of increasing wild bird-life by
artificial means. It is the purpose of the
Association to use his services in such a
way as to be of the greatest good to the
cause, and it expects to accomplish this
end by means of lectures, bulletins, cor-
respondence, and personal visits.

Special funds have been subscribed by
members and friends of the Association,
to open and develop this important and
tremendously useful field of effort. Mem-
bers and others who may be interested
in taking advantage of this new line of
the Association's work are invited to
correspond with the home ofl&ce.

(384)

The Audubon Societies

385

THE CRUISE OF THE AVOCET

Illustrated from Photographs by Edward H. Forbush

^LL along the coast of
Maine are numerous
rocky islands, which
afford ideal summer
homes for various
kinds of seabirds that
swarm over the
waters of our North
Atlantic. In fact, this
interesting region
is the greatest nursery of sea-fowl on our
entire coast. On the thirty-five rookery-
islands known to have been occupied the
past summer, more sea-birds gathered to
rear their young than were to be found
in the entire stretch of coast between
Maine and the extremity of Florida.

On July 12, the writer, in company
with Mr. Edward H. Forbush, boarded
at Bar Harbor the commodious yacht
Avocet, owned and commanded by our
matchless host, Mr. William P. Wharton.
For eight daj's we cruised, visiting in
turn one after another of the sea-bird
colonies, inspecting the work of the Asso-
ciation's fifteen wardens, and making
notes on the bird-life that was found. For
thirteen years most of these islands have
been guarded in summer, and the increase
of the sea-bird population has been
enormous.

Hosts of Herring Gulls

Without doubt, the most numerous
water-bird of the region is the Herring
Gull — that splendid, long- winged flyer so
common about our eastern harbors dur-
ing the winter and early spring months.
Thirteen islands are now used by them as
breeding-places. On the island of No-
Man's-Land not less than 30,000 are
believed to assemble in summer. The
large, handsome eggs are laid in nests on
the ground, sometimes among vegetation
and often on the bare rocks. On a few of
the islands individual Gulls construct
bulky nests in the evergreen trees.

After hatching, the young quickly

leave the nest and run about among the
bushes and rocks at will. When ap-
proached, they show a wonderful ability
to hide, and we often found them wedged
in under boulders, or squatting flat among
the thick growths of raspberry bushes.
We found it difficult to induce them to
stand still to have their photographs
taken. It took the three of us about
twenty minutes to get the picture of the
two downy young shown standing on a
rock in one of the accompanying illustra-
tions. We discovered, however, that by
placing a young Gull on its back and hold-
ing it there for a minute or two it would
become very docile, and would submit
without further resistance to the ordeal of
having its picture taken.

The young suffer much from the attacks
of old Gulls. Many dozens were found
which had been killed by picking on the
head; in fact, on more than one occasion
we witnessed a heartless attack of this
kind.

It was rather difficult to approach
close enough to the adult birds to get
good photographs. Mr. Forbush, how-
ever, erected an umbrella-blind in the
colony on Great Duck Island, and by
means of fish-head bait secured several
photographs of hungry Gulls at the very
satisfactory distance of six feet.

Terns and Their Troubles

Arctic and Common Terns abound in
these waters. There are not less than
twenty islands where they breed, and small
colonies of a few pairs each are scattered
about on many isolated ledges of rock.
They appear to nest later than the gulls,
for we found numbers of eggs unhatched,
although some young were sufficiently
advanced to fly with ease. Like the Gulls,
they often lay their eggs on the bare
rocks, with no suggestion of nesting
material. From these insecure positions
the eggs are often rolled away by the wind.
On Eastern Egg Rock several hundred

386

Bird - Lore

THE YACHT AVOCET

abandoned eggs were found. They had
been washed off the rocks by a recent
storm. This is an illustration of the
natural vicissitudes to which these birds
are subject, and which make human pro-
tection so necessary under present con-
ditions. The lobstermen of the region do
not, as a rule, distinguish between the
two species of Terns, but call both
"Mettrix."

Elusive Petrels

No casual observer walking over one
of these colony islands would dream that
any specimen of the "Mother Gary's
Chicken" was near; but under the edges
of logs, stumps, and boulders, openings
to underground passages may be dis-
covered. Run your hand into one of
these, and you are pretty sure to find a

MR. FORBUSH ERECTING A BLIND ON GREAT DUCK ISLAND.
JOSEPH M. GREY ON THE LEFT

AUDUBON WARDEN

YOUNG GULLb, PHOTOGRAPHED UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS

(387)

388

Bird - Lore

NEST AND EGGS OF HERRING GULL

Leach's Petrel. If this be in the midst of
a Tern colony, toss the bird in the air,
and immediately every one of the hun-
dreds of Screaming Terns that are flying
about overhead will cease their cries and
fly like mad toward the open sea. They
act as though they had seen a ghost.
Petrels begin to lay their eggs here about
July 15, and the warden on Great Duck
Island says they continue to breed until
so late in the autumn that often the old
and young are frozen in their nests.

One night we lay for a time on a bed of
evergreen boughs among the rocks of
Little Duck Island. By half-past eight
o'clock the cries of the last belated home-
coming Gulls had ceased. For a time all
was quiet. Then suddenly, in the still
night air, peculiar un-bird-like sounds
began to come out of the darkness all
about us. The great army of Petrels,
which had been feeding at sea all day,

had begun to arrive, and from the mouths
of their nesting-burrows they were calling
to their mates, which since early morning
had been guarding the subterranean nests.

Other Birds

Most of the sea-bird islands are inhab-
ited by small colonies of Black Guille-
mots, and as they fly up before the boat,
or wheel past you as you clamber along
the rocky shore, their red feet and white
wing-patches give them a most charac-
teristic and interesting appearance. Their
eggs and young are well hidden under the
immense windrows of gigantic boulders
against which the waves continually beat.

Pufiiins are found nesting on Machias
Seal Island in the mouth of the Bay of
Fundy, but ordinarily they do not breed
south of that point at this time. Proba-
bly fifty or sixty pairs of Eiders hatch

HERRING GULLS PHOTOGRAPHED AT A DISTANCE OF SIX FEET

(3^9)

39°

Bird - Lore

LEACH'S PETREL AT THE MOUTH OF A NESTING-BURROW

their eggs every summer on the guarded
islands of the Maine coast.

Ravens are not uncommon on these
islands, and we found them on at least
two occasions. Apparently their nests
are usually built in evergreen trees. Just
what damage they do in the bird-com-
munities is not known with certainty, but
we strongly suspected that the remains of
a dozen young Night Herons found in one
colony bore mute testimony to the powers
of this magnificent representative of the
family Corvida. It is well known that
elsewhere Ravens are a pest to breeding-
colonies of Sea-birds. — T. G. P.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING

Notice to Members

The Tenth Annual Meeting of the
National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties will convene at ten o'clock, a. m., on
Tuesday, October 27, 1914, at the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, West
Sfeve^ty-seventh Street and Central Park
West, New York City.
■ ;- A prograrn of more than usual interest
i^ being prepared, and it is hoped that
th^efinay be a large attendance of mem-
bers^'and •jtheir friends. — T. Gilbert
PEARSoNj'^.ecr^O^y.

^^h;J#^'^'' '^ ^^i

YOUNG GREAT BLUE HERONS AXU lliiaR \hbi, ON BRADBURY ISLAND

The Audubon Societies

391

A CAT WITH A ROBIN

A TRAP FOR CATS

WHAT ABOUT THE CAT?

Wilbur Smith, of South Norwalk,
Connecticut, has sent the accompanying
photograph of a cat, with remarks:

"My neighbor's cat came into our yard
and pounced upon a Robin. The delighted
neighbor said, 'She is a fine hunter,' while
another remarked, 'It is the cat's nature.'
Most of the winter birds in one neighbor-
hood in which I am acquainted were
killed and eaten because the suet was
placed where the cats could catch the birds
while feeding.

"I saw seven- cats tied in a dooryard
to keep them from catching birds; but
some young Robins came out of a nest

and the tied cats caught three of them
Surely, any observant person can see that
the cat is a great menace to our wild birds.
When shall we grapple with the cat evil?"

At Hempstead, on Long Island, New
York, lives G. W. Pewksbury, who is a
lover of birds and an enemy to stray cats.

He has sent a photograph of the trap
he uses in capturing cats, which is built
after the manner of the old-fashioned
"rabbit gun." This trap is nine inches
square and twenty-nine inches long.

"I bait it with fishheads," writes Mr.
Pewksbury, "and with it I have made a
record of fourteen cats in one month."

HERRING GULLS FEEDING IX TURNCOAT HARBOR MAINE

GEORGE PAYNE McLEAN
United States Senator from Connecticut

(392)

The Audubon Societies

393

SENATOR GEORGE P. McLEAN

The one big outstanding figure for bird-
protection in the Congress of the United
States is George Payne McLean, Senator
from Connecticut. There are, of course,
many men in Congress who may be depen-
ded on to always stand for the conserva-
tion of wild-life, but Senator McLean is
the one ever on the alert, who rounds up the
friends of the birds when times of stress
arise. If they are slow in mobolizing, he
is the redoubtable Belgian who throws
himself into the path of the invaders of
the rights of the birds, and holds them in
check until the forces of the country can
come to his assistance. He has done this
sort of thing over and over again. This is
the gentleman who is the father of the
Federal Migratory-Bird Law, which is so
often referred to affectionately as the
"McLean Law." It was his speech, de-
livered on the floor of the Senate last year,
in favor of the Plumage Law, that carried
the day, and won for America the distinc-
tion of being the leading nation on earth
in the matter of bird-protective legislation.
He is known as "the bird man" of
Congress.

Here is an instance that will serve to
show his influence with his colleagues:

Last spring, the Finance Committee of
the Senate decided to starve the Federal
Migratory-Bird Law to death by cutting
off all financial support for its enforcement.
This action was taken after the House had
passed the Agricultural Bill, in which an
appropriation of $50,000 had been pro-
vided for the enforcement of this measure.
The committee was determined that no
money should be made available for this
purpose. Many of us had made appeals,
but all in vain. Senator McLean went
before the committee, stated the case forc-
ibly, and asked them to reconsider and vote
an appropriation of $10,000. He felt sure
that if they would do this he could get the
original amount put back when the com-
mittee made its final report and the matter
came up on the floor of the Senate. Mr.
McLean, remember, is a pronounced Re-

publican, and the control of the commit tec
was in the hands of dyed-in-the-wool
Democrats. What happened? Just what
those who know Senator McLean and his
influence expected would happen. The
committee ga\-e him the $10,000, and later
the Senate made the appropriation
$50,000.

The Audubon Association and other
organizations may labor with all their
might for federal legislation, and do much
good in stirring up the country to demand
protection for the birds; but Senator Mc-
Lean, more than all others combined, must
be given the credit for actually steering our
two most important federal laws through
the machinery of Congress.

Few persons not members of Congress,
or among those who know him intimately,
are aware of his great work for the birds.
He is modest to a most unusual degree.
Perhaps that is one reason why his col-
leagues esteem so highly his opinion; they
know he is not trying to make political
capital of his achievements. After he has
won a great battle for the birds in Wash-
ington, he does not boast of his accomplish-
ments, but straightway gives the credit
for his work to others. Here is a typical
example: After the Government appro-
priation above referred to was secured, he
sat down and wrote the Secretary of the
National Association as follows:

"Too much praise cannot be given to
your Association for its assistance in the
fight for the appropriation. We carried
the Senate by more than two-thirds on
both votes. This could not have been done
but for the intelligent and timely appeals
to senators emanating from the Audubon
Societies and friends of the birds through-
out the country."

Everybody loves a generous man, and
Senator McLean is generous, as well as
strong, influential, and powerful. He first
entered the Senate in 1911, and, for the
good of the birds and the benefit of man-
kind, let us pray that he may remain there
for very many years to come.

394

Bird - Lore

LANDLORDS OFFERING BIRD-HOUSES FOR RENT

MAKING PORTLAND A BIRD CITY

Mr. William Finley, the National Asso-
ciation's Field Agent for the Pacific Coast,
has been greatly interested in fostering
the work of the Audubon movement in
the schools of the far West. In a recent
report to the home office he said:

"During the past season, the children
of the Portland, Oregon, schools have

built eight thousand . bird-houses, and
placed them in various parks and about
different sections of the city. The greater
number of the houses have been built by
the pupils of the manual-training depart-
ment of the different schools. The work
has been encouraged by the Board of Edu-
cation, and is under the direction of

PORTLAND SCHOOL-BOYS MAKING BIRD-HOUSES

The Audubon Societies

395

L. R. Alderman, City Superintendent of
Schools.

"Reports from the children show that a
large number of the bird-houses have been
rented to native songsters, the greater
part to Violet-green Swallows, then Park-
man Wrens, Bluebirds, and Chickadees.
Of course, many of the houses, especially
about the more thickly settled part of the
city, were seized and held by English
Sparrows. Some of the boys outwitted
the Englishers by making the doorways
too small for a Sparrow, but large enough
for a Wren or a Swallow. Others have been
very successful by placing about their
homes one or two houses for the English
Sparrows, within ten or fifteen feet of the
ground, and then putting attractive homes
for the Swallows and Bluebirds higher up,
or near the third story.

"The remark is often made by parents
and teachers that the attitude of boys

toward birds and animals has greatly im-
proved throughout Oregon during the
past few years. The making of bird-homes
and renting them, and the feeding of the
hungry birds in winter, have created a
comradship much needed between wild
birds and children. The value of the Junior
Audubon Society work cannot well be
overestimated."

Recently a teacher in one of the Port-
land schools said:

"The interest of my pupils in their wild-
bird friends is shown remarkably in their
school-room work. They are more wide
awake and sympathetic. The experiences
with the birds which they relate form the
most interesting lessons of the day. Play
is closely related to work. Three of the
boys who were the most difficult to manage
are now the easiest to handle, since they
have begun to build and rent their bird-
houses."

THE FIRST BIRD FIELD-DAY

What is believed to be the first Bird
Field-Day ever held anywhere was enjoyed
at Worcester, Massachusetts, in Green
Hill Park, July 22, 1914, under the com-
bined auspices of the State Grange, the
State Board of Agriculture, and the State
Audubon Society; and this department
of Bird-Lore has been furnished with
an admirable report of the proceedings
by one of our members, Mrs. O. E. Mar-
shall, to whom we return our thanks and
compliments.

"The idea of such a field-day," Mrs.
Marshall writes, "first occurred to Mrs.
George S. Ladd, of Sturbridge, Lecturer
of the State Grange. She proposed it to
our State Grange committee on bird-
protection, and was referred to Edward
H. Forbush, to whose efforts, and to the
enlistment of Winthrop Packard, Secre-
tary of the State Audubon Society, and
Wilfred Wheeler, Secretary of the Board
of Agriculture, we owe a splendid success,
and the presence of a thousand people at
the park. The occasion was advertised
by the State Grange Master as one of his

field-days; by the Board of Agriculture
in a beautiful colored poster send to all
post-offices; and by Mr. Packard, who
sent post-cards to members of the Audu-
bon Society. Mrs. Ladd also did fine
advertising in the Worcester papers,
giving pictures of the speakers to the press.
"The morning was passed in looking
over the Audubon exhibit of bird-boxes,
including a set recently invented and
manufactured by Mr. Forbush, and called
the "Pindale;" in examining the Reed
collection of stuffed birds at the museum
on the grounds; and in a bird-game,
which consisted in identifying birds bj'
their pictures, of which seventy-one were
displayed. Eighteen prizes were given,
consisting of bird-boxes, the book "Land
Birds," packs of bird post-cards, suet-bags
and the Reed bird-game, C. K. Reed
having contributed twenty-five of these
games for the- purpose. Fifty-two persons
took part, and it is interesting to note
that three persons made sixty-eight cor-
rect indentifications out of the possible
seventy-one.

30

Bird - Lore

"Mr. Raymontl J. Gregory, of Prince-
ton, chairman of the State Grange's com-
mittee on protection of wild birds, pre-
sided at the afternoon meeting, and the
speakers were E. E. Chapman, of Ludlow,
the State Grange Master; Wilfred Whee-
ler, who promised the cooperation of the
State Board of Agriculture in future work;
Winthrop Packard; E. H. Forbush; and
Mrs. Ladd, who announced that the
State Grange would hold ten Bird Field-
Days next year, and would present fifty
bird-boxes to school-children for meritor-
ious work in the places where these field-
days should be held. At the close of the
speaking, bird-walks about the grounds
were taken with several leaders, and
despite the unfavorable hour for seeing
or hearing birds, one party found twenty-
three, another twenty, different kinds.

"On the next day, the same program
was repeated so far as possible in Pitts-
field, with the addition of a pageant under
the supervision of Mrs. John Noble; but,
as the weather was very unfavorable,
much of the field-work was omitted."

A conference of New England grange
lecturers at the College of Agriculture at
Amherst during the following week, called
by Mrs. Ladd, had a bird period, on July
30, at which Mr. Gregory presided and
made an address, and Messrs. Packard
and Forbush and Mrs. O. E. Marshall
spoke. It was declared to be the most
interesting period of the two-days' con-
ference. The principal address was that
on "Special Bird Work," delivered by
Mr. Raymond J. Gregory.

"The subject presents to my mind,"
said Mr. Gregory, "two sides for develop-
ment— the esthetic and the economic.
Because we, as Patrons of Husbandry,
are intensely interested in agriculture, we
should realize that birds are of as great
value to life esthetically as they are from
an economic standpoint. Each may work
independently of the other, but the best
results are to be obtained when both are
considered. Therefore, note the flight,
Tiong, and plumage of a bird, as well as
study its economic relations to its sur-
roundings. A true bird-student should

be as eager to try to understand one class
of facts as the other.

"It is highly important that every
state should have its ornithologist. If I
am not misinformed, but one of the six
New England states has such a salaried
officer today, and a comparison of the
laws in the statue-book of that state with
the laws of the others reveals a surprising
difference in the development of that
live question, which is always before the
bird-lover, namely bird-protection. Now
let me urge you to begin, when you return
to your homes, to work through your
grange to create a public demand for
such a state officer and for his appoint-
ment. Plead your case before your State
Board of Agriculture, under whose juris-
diction an ornithologist would be placed.
Impress on your state master the exceed-
ingly close and extremely important
relation of birds to agriculture. Let him
be informed of the wishes of the people
of the grange by a little publicity cam-
paign, and there isn't a state grange
master in our land but would rise to the
occasion and create a bird-protection
committee.

"If you haven't within your grange
membership noted students, do not let
the subject pass without action. It is
almost impossible today to find a section
of our state where there is not at least
one bird-protectionist. Just make your
best selection and get into touch with
your master, and in a short time your bird-
committee will have become a live wire.

"What will be its duties? To watch
the state legislature to see that the exist-
ing laws are not changed to lower the
bars of protection; to seek to enact laws
for the establishment of close seasons for
those species that are in danger of extinc-
tion; to make possible the establishment
of state preserves, where all kinds of life
may find a haven of rest and security.
In Massachuetts many town-sanctuaries
are being established under the super-
vision of the Fish and Game Commission.
The land-owners simply waive their
rights to hunt or fish on these lands for
a certain period of years; then the state

The Audubon Societies

397

steps in, posts the area, and during the
hunting-season has the land patrolled by
a warden.

"Work for the enactment of a law which
grants to each town the privilege to
appoint its own town bird-warden. A
law of this sort went into operation in
Massachuetts in 1913 for the first time,
and already two towns have availed
themselves of it. The duties of the warden
would be to arouse interest in birds in his
locality; to visit the schools of the town
and talk on che subject to the children;
to patrol the public lands and preserves
within the limits of the township; to put
up bird-boxes and shelter-housas, and in
winter, when the ground is covered with
deep snow, to feed the birds. I tell you
the idea is grand, and you will be amazed
how quickly benefits will develop when
once you have aroused the public to the
importance of bird-life in its community.
"Many subordinate grange lecturers
are at sea as to what to plan for their bird-
night, and every subordinate grange
should have its bird-night. If a speaker
is desired, this bird-committee will be the
proper bureau to secure one, and also to
prepare a program. These are a few of the
duties which befall a state grange bird-
protection committee.

"Now, addressing those of you whose
homes are in other states than Massa-
chusetts, if you haven't such a committee
begin at once to work for it. It has im-
pressed me as just as important a function
to perform in our grange life as any other,
and the state grange which fails to include
this committee within its organization
is not alive to its opportunities, and fails
to recognize a very important branch of
our agticultural life. Much effective work
can be accomplished by the organization
of a grange bird-club. Let this club be
the local bird-committee, and to it refer
all matters of ornithology. Carry the
message also to the school-children. You
will be swept off your feet by the interest
and ardor of these little people, who
always prove to be keen students. It is
through these same children that the
parents at home most frequently receive

this light. So interest the children. Then,
as a club, take bird-walks. I have yet to
take a bird-walk upon which I did not
gain added knowledge of bird-life, or
from which something out of the usual
did not take place.

"Finally, I wish to encourage you to
plan for state grange bird field-days.
This idea is entirely new in this country.
Not until the recent meetings in Worces-
ter and Pittsfield had there ever been
Bird Field-Days. I regret all of you could
not have been present to have received
some of the enthusiasm with which every
one seemed imbued. The attendance
was very gratifying, more than 1,000 at
Worcester and 300 at Pittsfield, the
inclement weather at the latter place
undoubtedly keeping many away. It is
the purpose of the Massachusetts State
Grange, through its bird-committee, to
make the Bird Field-Days an annual
affair, and already an invitation has been
received to hold the next one in Franklin
Park, Boston.

"We propose to leave in every place a
memorial to the birds in the way of fifty
bird-houses, which, under proper super-
vision, will be distributed among those
school-children that by their interest in
bird-lore have merited a reward.

"Do all in your power to attract birds
to your town and premises; establish sanc-
tuaries, and put up every year bird-houses,
which now may be obtained cheaply, or
which may be made at home. Insert on
your lawn, or on public grounds, bathing-
places for birds (make them not more than
two inches deep, with sloping sides); plant
shrubbery about your house and grounds,
the kinds that bear the berries birds feed
on; and when winter comes, and with it
the deep snow, don't forget the birds in
the village as well as in the woods. Feed
them often, and you will be surprised at
the results your efforts will bring vou.
If you only strive to accomplish these
results, even if you may fail in man\'
cases, I know that you will find yourselves
because of your association with out-of-
door life, better men and women, stronger
to carry on life's work."

398

Bird - Lore

MRS. HARRIET MYERS AND THE CONVALESCENT
PHAINOPEPLA

In the garden of her beautiful home in Los Angeles, Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, Secre-
tary of the California Audubon Society, erected a few years ago a comfortable and com-
modious "bird-hospital." Here, sick or injured birds are safely kept until they can be
restored to freedom. A photograph of this unique institution was reproduced in Bird-
Lore, Volume XV, page 73. Many birds are treated in the course of a year, and Mrs.
Myers believes that her experiments have demonstrated the perfect feasibility of such
an undertaking. The^bird shown is one of the Silky Flycatchers, allied to the Waxwings,
of our Mexican border.

The Audubon Societies

399

-^^^^»:^>

\

THE LAST PASSENGER PIGEON

"Martha," believed to be the last Passenger Pigeon on earth, died in the Zoological
Garden at Cincinnati, at two o'clock p. m., September i, 1914. She was hatched in cap-
tivity twenty-nine years ago. This marks the passing of the last survivor of a species
whose vast flocks, up to a generation ago, were the ornithological wonder of the world.
The National Association, realizing the widespread interest in this deplorable
incident, announced that it would give to anyone, on request, its Leaflet No. 6, with a
portrait of this Pigeon in colors. The response was immediate, and from all over the
country, so that about 2,500 copies were sent out, many of them to persons of great
influence and social prominence. This is an admirable indication of the widely diffused
and highly intelligent interest in birds and their preservation.

40O

Bird - Lore

BIRDS AND THE ARMY-WORM

The past summer has witnessed an
unusual invasion of the eastern states
by the army-worm. In many sections its
raids on vegetation have occasioned much
concern and actual loss. How to meet its
advances and check its onslaught has
claimed the attention of many gardeners
and farmers, and by the advice of ento-
mologists poison has been resorted to.
Testimony received at this office from
several places tends to show that there is
grave doubt as to whether this is the
wisest course to pursue in dealing with
the army-worm scourge. Frederic L.
Thompson, an artist, writing from Chil-
mark, on the island of Martha's Vineyard,
Massachusetts, says:

"There has been an invasion of the
army-worm here, and I notice th? Govern-
ment issues pamphlets on the subject of
its destruction; among other things it
advises the use of bran mixed with paris
green. This mixture kills thousands of
song-birds, as I have found here. As this
is being done all over the country, the
loss of song-birds must be great. I also
noticed Chewinks and Catbirds eating
the worms, and I think this fact should
be brought to the attention of farmers."

The observations of Edward A. Gill
Wylie, a lawyer at No. 149 Broadway,
New York, are well worthy of careful
reading. He writes: "The present plague
of army-worms, which this summer
was so prevalent in New Jersey,
New York, and New England States,
provides a severe example to us
of one of the many reasons why the
number of insectivorous birds should
not only be conserved but materially
increased. A horde of these pests suddenly
came to light on a small place about four
acres large, within one hundred yards of
where I am this summer living, on the
Rumson Road, New Jersey. Immedi-
ately the birds of the neighborhood de-
serted their usual haunts and assembled
on these four acres. I personally counted
sixty-three Robins, Thrushes, Catbirds,
and Meadowlarks at one time on a little

square of lawn about 120 by 60 feet, and
feel confident that, as this was at high
noon, it was not their busy time of day.
I was informed by the gardener that they
ate so many that often a bird would dis-
gorge and proceed to make a fresh start,
and that at least one-half of the worms
were consumed by them in the two days
which elapsed before the spraying by
experts commenced to destroy what was
left — and their number was legion. Inci-
dentally, this spraying of four acres cost
the owner of the property $60 a day.
"Under the eaves of my porch is a little
family of House Wrens, the four younger
members of which were hatched about
two days before the army-worms appeared.
Several times during the course of the
plague I counted twelve trips in ten min-
utes to the nest of the parent-birds, with
food, always army-worms. How the
young ones could stand the quantity they
ate was a marvel. The old ones would fly
direct to the source of supply, and would
return almost immediately with a whole
worm, stop under a near-by hedge, chop
off from the whole a suitable morsel of
swallowable size for the little ones, fly
up to the nest, and then away for a fresh
one; never returning to get the remainder
of the old worm, but seemingly preferring
a fresh one. Their diet consisted, so far
as I could ascertain, of the army-worm,
until the final destruction of the army
was accomplished by man and his feath-
ered friends. Even moths were ignored,
and several fat little spiders built a web
within ten inches of the nest and were
entirely undisturbed."

Testimony of Mr. Forbush

Edward Howe Forbush, the foremost
economic ornithologist of New England,
reports, under date of August 10, 1914:

"I have been looking over the destruc-
tive work of the army-worm in this state.
While the worms have been quite de-
structive in Wareham, Massachusetts,
they have done no harm at all on my farm.

The Audubon Societies

401

In fact, you would never know from the
appearance of vegetation that there was
a worm on the place. I have taken extra
pains this year to attract the birds, and
they have eaten a great many of the
worms. Thirty or forty rods away from
my place the worms are beginning to be
destructive, and in other parts of the
town they have done a good deal of harm.
They have done no appreciable injury
on other farms where I have put up nest-

this year, birds were very plentiful, as the
boxes were nearly all occupied, and they
were feeding on the army-worm in large
numbers. Recently I saw here quite a
number of Heath Hens apparently feeding
on the army-worm. Where poisoned bran
was used in trenches to kill the worms on
a large estate formerly owned by Professor
Shaler, very few birds were seen, and we
had several reports that dead birds had
been found along the trenches, but I got

-z

THE ARMY-WORM

I. Caterpillar; 2. Chrysalis; 3. Adult Moth {Leucania unipunctala)

ing-boxes in quantities. In Martha's
Vineyard, the army-worms have cut corn-
crops to the ground. It is rather signifi-
cant that the worms have done the most
harm where poisons have been used to
check them. Where no poison has been
used, and where the birds have been
attracted, the worms (although very
numerous) have not done very much harm.
"On the state reservation, where the
Heath Hen has been protected, and where
a great many nesting-boxes were put up

there about a week too late and did not
see any personally. I hear that a good
many Blackbirds and Robins have been
poisoned, and that Quail have disappeared
where the poison has been used."

In another letter Mr. Forbush adds:
"I am under the impression that if
fresh grass were sprayed at night for the
worms, it would be just as effective as
the bran, and there would not be so much
risk of the poisoning of birds. Some of the
entomologists recommend this."

402

Bird - Lore

So alarming were these and other com-
plaints received that the Association at
once sent out warnings, urging the public
to desist from the practice of scattering
poisoned bran. There seems little reason
to doubt that even scourges of worms can
be kept well in check, especially in the
thickly settled parts of our country, if
people only will take the precaution of
increasing the wild-bird population by
simple methods of attracting birds in
greater numbers. The association's recent
Bulletin No. i, entitled "Attracting Birds
About the Home," contains many useful
hints on this subject, and a copy will be
sent without charge to any reader of
Bird-Lore on receipt of two cents to
cover cost of transportation.

Another Suggestion

Mr. Archibald C. Weeks of Brooklyn,
New York, comes forward with the follow-
ing suggestions in the Brooklyn Eagle:

"Its development expedited by the
recent warm, humid weather, most favor-
able for insect generation, the moth of the
army-worm {Leucania uni punctata) is just
beginning to emerge from its pupal case.
The first one noticed by me in the center
of Long Island was on August 15. The
moths conceal themselves among dried
grass and other withered vegetation, their
light, ash-colored upper wings almost
exactly matching their environment, and
rendering them discoverable only when
the wings are expanded in flight. Close
scrutiny is required to detect the moths
after they alight. These moths will shortly
lay their eggs in abandoned fields of grass
and weeds, and one more brood at least
will be perfected before frost comes.

"All fields of this kind should be plowed

at once, or burned over when possible, for
thus further generations will be fore-
stalled. As my man and myself were
raking along the border of a large field on
August 15, preparatory to plowing, I was
pleased to witness the excellent work of
one of the Flycatchers. As the insects dis-
turbed by us took flight and skimmed
over the herbage, the bird, on the alert
in the neighboring tree-branches, would
swoop down so swiftly that the eye could
scarcely note its flight, and with unerring
skill snap up its prey. It circled about
fearlessly within a few feet of us, and
followed us as we moved along, never
permitting a moth to escape. As every
victim, if a female, represented at least
250 possible larvffi, the benefit conferred
by the activities of this bird cannot be
over-estimated."

Is Insect Poison Dangerous?

Dr. L. O. Howard, entomologist of
the United States Department of Agri-
culture, when asked, on August 30, 1914,
his opinion of danger to birds from the
use of insect-killing poisons, said that the
Department had no evidence of a single
bird having lost its life from this cause.
Dr. Henry W. Henshaw wrote to this
Association some time ago that the Bio-
logical Survey had no authentic record
of the death of any bird by poisoning.

It would seem from this that Mr.
Thompson's statement in the early part
of this article involved some error or
exaggeration. Is it not possible that the
"thousands of song-birds" mentioned
were killed by some other agency?

Nevertheless, the Department of Agri-
culture informs us that it is striving to
find a safer substitute for arsenical sprays.

STATUS OF THE TREATY WITH CANADA

John B. Burnham, President of the
American Game Protective Association,
who has been active in advancing the
cause of international bird-protection,
has furnished, in a private letter to the
secretary of the National Association,
a statement of the progress of this im-
portant matter which we are privileged
to print. Mr. Burnham says:

"A few weeks ago, it seemed probable
that conclusive and favorable action would
be taken during the early fall. Now it is
certain that no definite action will be
taken by the British Government until
after the European war is over, or at any
rate until more favorable conditions arise.

" While we are marking time, however,
there is no reason why we should be in-
active. There is still a great deal of mis-
apprehension in parts of Canada as to the

The Audubon Societies

403

good to be accomplished by the passage
of the treaty; and I trust that the
opportunity will not be allowed to pass
by members of Audubon Societies to
impress upon their friends the great
necessity for the earliest possible action
by Canada in this matter. A summary of
what has been accomplished may be of
interest:

"On July 2, 1913, the United States
Senate adopted the McLean resolution,
authorizing the President to propose to
other countries the negotiation of a con-
vention for the protection and preserva-
tion of birds. The treaty was drawn in
tentative form and submitted by the United
States Department of State to the British
Ambassador in March, 1914. With the
approval of the British Foreign Office, the
Ambassador forwarded the documents to
the Dominion Government, which con-
sulted the various Provincial Govern-
ments with regard to their attitude to-
ward the proposed treaty.

"The matter was favorably received in
most of the provinces, but not all had
acted at the time that war was declared.
If favorable action is taken by the pro-
vinces, it is assumed that the treaty will, in
due course, be returned to the United
States Secretary of State, with or without
modifications, and that it will be ratified
by the United States Senate, because
at that time Senator McLean made the
proposed treaty an issue, and the Senate
was distinctly favorable toward it.

"Leading men in Canada, who under-

stand the situation, are heartily in favor
of the proposed treaty. The North Ameri-
can Fish and Game Protective Associa-
tion, at its meeting in Ottawa last winter,
passed unanimously a very strong resolu-
tion in favor of the treaty. A little later
the ofiicial Commission of Conservation
of Canada also passed unanimously a
strong resolution indorsing the treaty, and
many of the strongest statesmen of Canada
have approved of it.

"The treaty will put upon both countries
a more vital obligation to see that their
laws for the protection of migratory birds
are effectually enforced. It will establish
regulations prohibiting the illegal trans-
portation of game from either country to
the other. It will stop the shooting of
wildfowl in the breeding-season. It will
give a tremendous impetus to the protec-
tion of migratory insectivorous birds from
the Arctic Ocean to the Rio Grande. The
seasons, so far as most of the provinces of
Canada are concerned, will not be ma-
terially changed. The United States,
under the migratory-bird law, has been
required to curtail seasons to a very much
greater extent than is asked of Canada.
The passage of the treaty will do more
than anything else to assure the perman-
ency of the principle of federal protection
to migratory birds. Canada breeds most
of the wildfowl which are shot in the United
States, and should have the right to an
equal voice in their protection against
possible extermination by her southern
neighbor."

NEW MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Enrolled from July i to September i,
1914.

Life Members.

Comstock, Miss Clara E.
Harrison, Alfred C.
Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G.
Vanderbilt, Mrs. French

Sustaining Members.
Adams, Mrs. John D.
Ahruke, Carl J. R.
Ashley, Miss Ellen M.
Atwater, Mrs. Wm. C.
Barker, F. E.
Barr, James H.
Benson, Miss Mary
Betts, Mrs. E. K.
Bowditch, Charles P.
Brinckerhoff, Mrs. E. A.
Brown, Clarence D.
Bunker, William
Burr, Roy C.

Sustaining Members, continued.
Butler, Rev. E. E.
Caldwell, Mrs. J. H.
Childs, William, Jr.
Chisolm, B. Ogden
Coghlin, Peter A.
Curry, William L.
Dahlstrom, Mrs. A.
Daniel, Charles A.
Davis, Henry J.
Day, Stephen S.
Delano, Mrs. Frederic A.
Dobie, Richard L.
Don, John
Dyer, Mrs. Ruth C.
Eustis, Mrs. Herbert H.
Fry, Henry J.
Fuller, Miss M. W.
Graves, Mrs. Henry S.
Haggin, Mrs. M. V.
Hannah, Charles G.
Harbison, Wm. .Albert
Harrison, Mrs. M. J.

404

Bird - Lore

Sustaining Members, continued.
No. 2 Wall Street
HofTman, F. B.
Hope, J. L.
Humi>hrey, A. L.
Kennedy, Dr. Harris
Kennedy, Mrs. Harris
Keuffel, W. G.
Kremer, Mrs. Wm. N.
Lindabury, Mrs. Richard V.
Mitchell, J. Kearsley
Myers, Mrs. G. C.
McCague, Mrs. Geo. E.
McClure, Mrs. C. B. J.
McCrea, Charles C.
McKelvy, Mrs. Robert
McOwen, Frederick
Oliver, Mrs. James B.
Olney, Elam Ward
Overton, Dr. Frank
Parsons, Mrs. J. D., Jr.
Parsons, William H.
Peirson, Walter, Jr.
Perot, T. Morris, Jr.
Perry, Dr. Henry J.
Pierce, William L.
Pilling, William S.
Poole, Mrs. G. S.
Porter, H. K.
Pratt, B.

Pratt, Mrs. C. M.
Randerson, J. P.
Rebmann, G. R., Jr.
Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. C. L.
Sayre, Mrs. Charles D.
Small, Mrs. Carrandra M.
Sparks, Thomas W.
Steady, Wilson R.
Steward, Campbell
Stoddard, John L.
Tower, Mrs. Richard G.
Turnbull, Mrs. Ramsay
Tyson, Carroll S.
Ulmann, Ludwig
Van Sinderen, Mrs. A. J.
Wadsworth, Samuel
Weston, Edward
Weston, Mrs. S. Burns
Young, Miss Emily W.

New Contributors

A Friend of the Song-bird

A P'riend

Chapman, Mrs. Mary D.

Crafts, J. M.

Elliott, Mrs. Wm. T.

Fawell, Joseph

Flint, Mrs. Alonzo
Moses, Wallace R.
Phillips, Dr. Walter
Worcester, William L.

Contributors to the Egret
Protection Fund

Previously acknowledged $3,585 62

Anderson, F. A 2 00

Anderson, Brig. -Gen. George J. 2 00

Averill, Miss F. M i 00

Baird, Thomas E., Jr 5 00

Bonham, Miss Eleanor M. ... 25 00

Brewer, Miss Lucy S 5 00

Brooks, S 5 00

Cammann, K. L 10 00

Carroll, Elbert H 10 00

Clemenston, Mrs. Sidney 10 00

Eddison, Charles 10 00

Edwards, Miss L. M 5 00

limery, Miss Georgia Hill 25 00

Evarts, Miss Mary 5 00

Foster, Mrs. Cora D i 00

Gilbert, Mrs. Frederick M.. . . b 00

Heide, Henry 10 00

James, Mrs. D. Willis 25 00

Keen, Miss Florence 5 00

Miller, E. L 2 00

Moore. Alfred 5 00

Redfield, Miss Julia W i 00

Richardson, Mrs. M. G 5 00

Smith, C. E i 00

Watrous, Miss Elizabeth i 00

Weld, Rev. George F 2 co

$3,769 62

Contributors to the Fund for the Depart-
ment of Applied Ornithology

Clyde, William P $ 250 00

Converse, Edward C 1,000 00

Dallett, Frederic A 100 00

i'^astman, George 500 00

Eldridge, Miss Isabella 50 00

Fairchild, Benjamin T 150 00

Hemenway, Augustus 500 00

Lanier, Charles D 100 00

Pierrepont, John J 100 00

Piatt, Mrs. Orville H 25 00

Schermerhorn, F. Augustus... 500 00

Schwab, Gustav 100 00

Shepard, Sidney C 50 00

Thayer, Mrs. Ezra R 100 00

Thorne, Samuel i,oco 00

Total $4,525 00

The Audubon Societies

4<:>S

GENERAL NOTES

Watchfulness in Pennsylvania

The Audubon Plumage Law in Penn-
sylvania, enacted April 13, 19 13, after a
a memorable campaign, forbade offering
for sale, or having in possession for that
purpose, after July i, 19 14, any feathers
of wild birds belonging to any family of
birds represented in the bird-life of the
state. As the time approached when this
prohibition was to go into effect. Dr.
Joseph H. Kalbfus, Secretary of the State
Board of Game Commissioners, sent to
all dealers a circular explaining the law,
and warning them against its violation.
The effect of this kindly act, together
with the vigilance of the officers concerned
in its enforcement, has been most satis-
factory. Dr. Kalbfus informs us that with
few exceptions the law has been obeyed.
"We have had some few prosecutions
here and there," he says. "We are work-
ing up cases at this time against men who,
we are informed, are determined to violate
the law. I believe we are in position to
say that but few egret plumes will be sold
in Pennsylvania after this date."

Success to Blue Bird

The beautiful and artistic magazine
Blue Bird, which is edited and published
by our Ohio Field Agent, Dr. Eugene
Swope, of Cincinnati, continues to grow
rapidly in attractiveness and usefulness.
While it covers, more or less particularly,
all of the more engaging fields of natural
history, it deals especially with the wild
bird-life of the gardens and fields. The
magazine is devoted more especially to the
interests of the Junior Audubon Society
members, yet adults, as well as children,
take a keen interest in its pages. Dr.
Swope is to be congratulated on a new
acquisition to his editorial staff in the
person of that entertaining and pictur-
esque field ornithologist, Oscar E. Bay-
nard, of Clearwater, Florida.

More power and success to the Blue
Bird!

Connecticut Regaining Sea-birds

The marked increase this year of water-
birds along the Connecticut shore of Long
Island Sound can be accounted for in no
other way than as a result of the protec-
tion afforded them in recent years by the
National Association cf Audubon Socie-
ties. Off Norwalk, Connecticut, for years
an occasional Common Tern would be
found in midsummer sitting on the oyster-
stakes. This year Terns have appeared
in great numbers, more than fifty in a
flock being common; and Wilbur F. Smith
reports that a large and prosperous new
colony has bred on Goose Island, off
Madison. Herring Gulls also were com-
mon off Norwalk during all the past sum-
mer. A flock of more than a hundred
Laughing Gulls clustered about Smith's
Ledge, near Stamford, Connecticut, on
August 10 and 11, and among them were
many immature birds. Petrels occurred
in considerable numbers on Long Island
Sound, twenty being counted in two
hours, and one of them was Wilson's
Petrel.

A Splendid Work

Many wonderfully interesting develop-
ments in the field of bird-study and bird-
protection have occurred lately. One
which gives promise of resulting in an
immense amount of good is that originated
by H. Rief, game warden at Seattle,
Washington. Mr. Rief has begun the
organization of the boys of that part of
the state into "Junior Game Wardens."
Company A now consists of one hundred
bright, ambitious boys, varying in age
from eight to twenty years. Each member
of the company wears a badge, and is
pledged to learn the names and habits of
the wild birds, to serve as a scout to detect
violators of the game-law, and see that
they are brought to justice. The boys
have been having some splendid field-
trips of late, and each one carries a note-
book for recording observations. "All
have given their word that they will be

4o6

Bird - Lore

faithful workers in the Audubon Society
cause," writes Mr. Rief. He says further:

"I am going to extend the organization
over the entire city and take in every
school. I shall try to organize a company
in each school, so that action can be made
quickly. The idea of these organizations
is to work with the principals and teach-
ers. If a boy in a school violates the law,
that is, disturbs a nest or disturbs a bird,
or interferes with a bird, the case is re-
ported to me. I, in turn, hand the com-
plaint to the captain in charge of that
school. He lays the matter before his

Pierre Loti's Rebuke

In Paris, France, on March 9, 1914,
the woman's paper, La Vie Feminine,
gave its inauguration reception at the
Galerie d'Excelsior, 88 Champs Elysees.
The lecturer was the novelist Pierre Loti
(Lieut. L. M. J. Viaud), who was asked
to speak about women in Turkey. His
opening remarks may be of interest to
the Audubon Society:

"Before beginning my lecture," said

MR. KIF.I- ANT) HIS JUXIOR WARDENS ON A PATROL-BOAT

principal; the principal will call the delin-
quent before him. If the matter is grave,
he will refer the delinquent to me. When
he does, he places the delinquent in the
custody of one or more of the junior ward-
ens, and they bring him to my office. You
can readily see that the humiliation con-
nected with this will soon break the most
ardent delinquent — at least, I have found
it so. Some of the boys who were on the
wrong side of the fence have mended their
ways, and are now working with us."

The officers of Company A are E. R.
Nelson, Captain; Erwin Brown, First
Lieutenant; Charles Hoyt, Second Lieu-
tenant; and Joseph R. Harris, Adjutant.

Dignities and responsibilities like these
have an excellent influence on character.

the speaker, "will you, ladies, pardon a
short digression, which has nothing to do
with the subject in hand, but which is
suggested to me, as I look down upon my
feminine audience. If this reunion in front
of me were composed of Orientals, an im-
pression of quiet and charming mystery
would reach me, a veritable rest to my
eyes; the monotony of their sober cos-
tumes would be relieved, here and there,
by brilliant reds, blues, and greens; but
each costume would be draped in a uni-
form material, without the many small
ornaments which I see you wear, and which
make my eyes blink. The heads of the
Eastern women would all be enveloped in
veils, with archaic folds, showing only
large eyes. The impression given by such
an audience would be that of peace and
harmony, whereas, looking at you from

The Audubon Societies

407

this platform, I see a surging mass of
feathers, which your hat-makers insist
upon placing — some straight in front,
others over one ear, then again a plume
trails over the back of the head, in a weep-
ing-willow style, giving the impression of
unrest, I will end my digression by tell-
ing you something profoundly sad. Among
the plumes on your hats I distinguish
innumerable aigrettes, quantities of Birds-
of-Paradise, and, as I turn my eyes away,
I think of the ruthless massacres which
bird-hunters are carrying on for your
pleasure and vanity. Poor little winged
world, inoffensive and charming, which in
half a century, thanks to you, will be found
nowhere! I recall some specimens, the
most wonderful, which have already dis-
appeared, with no possible return. What
a sacrilege! What a crime! To have sent
into oblivion a species of bird-life which
no mortal can re-create in this world!

Ladies, I ask mercy for the birds of fair
plumage. Believe me, all of you will be
just as lovely, and appear less cruel, when
you have discarded the covering of these
little bodies, which you now wear on your
hats."

On Guard in Central Texas

A report from H. TuUsen, President of
the Central Texas Audubon Society, at
Taylor, Texas, shows that the friends of
birds are active there, not only in educa-
tional and other worthy directions, but
in enforcing the law against the wanton
destruction of bird-life. The especial
villany in that region is the shooting of
Nighthawks, one of the most innocent
and useful of all our migratory birds.

A FLICKER AT ITS BATH
Scene in the garden of F. E. Barker, at Hamilton, Ohio

4o8

Bird- Lore

Several persons have been arrested and
warned; and the society is spreading a
Icnowledge of the federal and local laws,
and announces that hereafter convictions
will be followed by adequate punishment.
Similar vigorous efforts should be made
by local Audubon societies in all parts of
of the country.

Good Work at Bedford, New York

The Audubon Society of Bedford, New
York, has printed and issued its first
annual report, an admirable pamphlet
showing a vigorous and intelligent activity.
President Henry M. Howe is the writer;
and he places first among the society's
accomplishments the results obtained
by the Committee on Nesling-boxes. A
total of 704 nesting-boxes and 970 gourds
(brought from the South by the chairman,
William G. Borland) were made and sold
to more than forty local buyers. In many
cases, the same person has set out both
shingle- boxes and gourds side by side,
so that evidence will soon be obtained
as to which class is the more attractive
and useful.

Of fundamental importance is the work
of the Membership Committee, under the
chairmanship of Mrs. Marshall P. Slade,
to which the society owes its having a
membership of 175, and 63 junior mem-
bers, total 238. The Committee on Illegal
Shooting, Hall B. Waring chairman, has
taken active and efficient steps to prevent
illegal shooting, and the carrying of fire-
arms, and it has been well supported
by the police. Thanks to the Lecture
Committee, under the guidance of Mrs.
James S. Day, and to Mr. Borland, three
formal lectures on birds have been given,
one by T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary of

the National Association; one by Dr.
Arthur P. Allen, of Cornell University;
and one by Edward H. Forbush; all very
well attended. L. C. Remsen, of Mount
Kisco, gave an informal talk at his house,
illustrated by his valuable collection of
native birds; the late Dr. Campbell spoke
to the school children at Mount Kisco;
and Mrs. Henry Marion Howe gave two
informal talks on bird-protection. The
Library Committee, Mrs. J. S. Penman,
chairman, has stimulated the local libraries
toward buying books on birds, and bring-
ing them to the attention of the read-
ing public; has placed in the libraries
posters urging the putting up of bird-homes,
and has distributed leaflets on the winter-
feeding of birds. Charles Haines, represent-
ing this society, has visited Albany, and
there urged on the legislature improvements
needed in the statutes in the interest of
birds. He has also given two well-attended
lectures on birds, one at Bedford Hills
and one at Mount Kisco. Miss Marion P.
Cuyler has continued her valuable work
on birds with the children of Mount
Kisco. An effective cat-trap has been
devised, which catches cats without
injuring them, thus avoiding natural
objections to the use of traps. Wild cats,
when caught, have been shot.

It is believed that in these and other
ways, effective steps tending to increase
the bird-population have been taken.
The suppression of illegal shooting, the
wide use of gourds and nesting-boxes,
feeding-boxes, and baths, and the efforts
to avoid frightening the birds away, have
certainly not only increased the number
of Bedford-hatched birds that survive,
but also made Bedford a much more
attractive place for birds, and a far less
attractive one for insect pests.

1. White-winged JuNco 3. Slate-colored Junco. Adult female

2. Slate-colored Junco, Adult male 4. Slate-colored Junco, Im. female, winter

5. Oregon Junco
(One-half Natural Size)

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XVI

November— December, 1914

No. 6

Bird Life in Southern Illinois
I. Bird Haven*

By ROBERT RIDGWAY
With photographs by the Author

I

N October, 1906, the property which Mrs.
Ridgway and I have named 'Bird Haven'
w^as purchased in fulfilment of a long-
cherished desire to possess a home in the coun-
try, where the pleasures of country life could be
enjoyed to the fullest extent and opportunities
afforded, close at hand, for the study of out-of-
doors natural history, in a region not only afford-
ing rich material but also endeared to the writer
by memories of a happy boyhood.

The site finally chosen was selected only after
careful examination of practically the entire
county. The greater part of a month was spent
by us in our search and many likely spots ex-
amined; but, while other places were preferable
in one respect or another, none of them com-
bined so many of the essential requirements, as
nearness to town, convenience of access, diversity
of surface, and variety of tree-growth — for it was our purpose to establish, on
a small scale, a preserve for our native trees and other flora. Other spots
possessing all these advantages were, necessarily, passed by; some were of too
large an acreage for our means, while others were, for one reason or another,
unpurchasable. The chosen spot, while small in area, seemed specially adapted
to our needs, because on this limited space grew a far larger number of native-
trees than I have ever^found on an equal acreage; there was water linj abun-
dance, there were both hills and lowlands, and birds seemed plentiful. The
*Tbe firit of three articles.

THE MISTRESS OF BIRD
HAVEN

4IO

Bird- Lore

only disadvantage apparent at the time was the circumstance that our eight
acres were separated from the main road by a ten-acre tract of woodland; but
this was minimized by the generosity of the owner, who gave us the right of
way for a road across his land. Two years later this ten-acre tract was added,
by purchase, to Bird Haven; so that now eighteen acres are included within
its boundaries.

As stated before, only one disadvantage in the site was apparent at first;
but, with better knowledge gained from experience, two additional ones
developed. One of them was so serious that, as told later on, we have been
obliged to give up all hope of residing there. The other pertains to the larger
stream which flows through the property. This at first seemed truly "a thing of
beauty and a joy forever," an illusion effectually dispelled when the heavy
rains came, and we were amazed at the volume of water which came down the
valley, spreading over the whole extent of the lowlands, and bringing with it
drift in the form of logs, stumps, and everything floatable. Flood-gates at

NESTIM,- I.DXJ.,-, lul^ I.IRI.),-.: \\(..,,., ._. ,.,, ,i(3LES IN DEAD LIMBS OF OLD

TRUIT TREES, CUT OFE IN TRIMMING TREES

(After photograph was made, these were wired fast to trees and all have been occupied each year by

Chickadees, Tufted Titmice, Great Crested Flycatchers, Downy Woodpeckers Bluebirds, etc.)

both places where the boundary fence crosses the creek became a necessity,
and the maintaining of these in effective condition is a serious problem. How-
ever, we have passed many happy and profitable days on Bird Haven, and,
while we no longer live there, all the improvements remain, and we make
occasional visits there.

Bird Life in Southern Illinois

411

A PORTION OF THE CREEK OX BIRD
HAVEX— THE LOWER FLOOD-GATES

As previously stated, the topography of Bird Haven is varied. The only
really level land is comprised in the 'bottoms' of the two streams which inter-
sect it. The larger of these is known as the East Fork, a tributary' of Fox River.
This is a stream haxang, on our property, an average width of about twenty-
two feet, and, except during the drier
parts of the year, when portions become
dried up, permanently supplied with
water, especially our part, in the greater
extent of which a depth of at least three
feet is maintained even during periods
of severe drought, being fed by springs
which open beneath the surface. The
other stream flows across the western
part of Bird Haven, at right angles with
the larger one, into which it flows when
in flood; but, except in winter and during
rains at other times, it is for the most
part dry, though, owing to its narrow-
ness and the deeply cut channel, this
'run' (as such streams are caUed locally)
remains moist, with here and there a little pool, in which birds can bathe
and drink.

From the level bottoms of these streams rise low hills, those fronting the
main stream rising steeply, vriih a broad, and for the greater part, cleared
bottom (now converted into meadow) intervening between the hills and the creek.
But on the west side, where the bottoms of the 'rim' are densely covered with the
most liLxuriant growth possible of blue-grass, they slope more gently, both
sides having the continuity of their slopes broken by occasional shallow, but not
rocky, ravines, which drain the uplands, the general level of which is about
thirty-six feet above the mean level of the creek.

Approximately half the area of Bird Haven is wooded, mostly with second-
growth trees (the land having all been cultivated some forty to fifty years
ago), though a very few trees of the original forest, which was very heavy, con-
sisting largely of splendid white oaks and hickories* remain. Owing to diver-
sity of surface and central geographic position, the flora of Bird Haven is very
rich. This is especiaUy true of the tree-growth, which comprises more than
fifty species, nearly all of which grew on the original eight acres. There are
eleven species of oaks (exactly as many as grow in the whole of New England!),
seven hickories, three ashes, two maples, two elms, two crab-apples, two
plums, two walnuts (the black walnut and the butternut), and at least two
hawthorns; while of genera represented by a single species each there are per-

*This information I got from the man who sawed the timber and the one who culti-
vated the ground; also from the size of the few old stumps that remain.

412 Bird -Lore

simmon, luHp tree, wild cherry, red-bud, flowering dogwood, black gum
(tupelo), honey locust, red cedar, cotton wood, river birch, hackberry {Celtis
crassifolia), mulberry, pawpaw, sassafras, buttonwood (sycamore), wahoo
or burning bush, wafer-ash or hop-tree, black willow, black haw, and prickly
ash. Besides these native trees, all growing indigenously on the place, three
naturalized species have, unaided by man, established themselves, these being
the osage orange, the southern catalpa*, and the white or Chinese mulberry.
The shrubs of Bird Haven include false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), bladder-
nut, button-bush, New Jersey tea, hazel, wild hydrangea, two hypericums
(H. prolificum and H. densiflorum) , elder, smooth sumac, spice-bush, pasture
rose, glossy rose, sweetbrier (which in this part of the country is so common
and widespread that one would never suspect it is not a native), prairie rose
(in great abundance, many having been taken up and planted along the fence-
lines, where they make a magnificent flowering hedge in season), blackberries,
dewberries, black raspberry, and coral-berry or Indian currant, the last in
dense masses along the creek banks and in other places. Of woody climbers
there are trumpet-flower (too abundant and a great nuisance — ours are all
the scarlet- or red-flowered form), moonseed, Virginia creeper, at least three
grapes {Vitis cinerea, V. vulpina, and V. cestivalis), at least two greenbriers
{Smilax hispida and S. pseudo-china), poison ivy, and a new clematis (related
to C. viorna) recently described by Mr. Paul C. Standley, of the U. S. National
Museum, from Bird Haven specimens. Herbaceous climbers include the
ground-nut (Apios tuber osa), yellow passion-flower, wild yam, herbaceous
smilax of two species, two scandent polygonums, several morning-glories
{Ipomcea pandurata, I. hederacea, and Convolvulus, species) , and several climb-
ing plants of the pea or bean family.

For many years before its purchase by us, the land had been constantly
pastured, and consequently there was little chance for terrestrial plants to
grow; only blue-grass, and this cropped short, interspersed with clumps of
boneset, ironweed, milkweed, and other kinds of weeds. Since the exclusion of
stock, however, the native herbaceous flora has reestablished itself, and the
rapidity with which this occurred was truly amazing. The list of herbaceous
plants which have sprung into existence, as if by magic, is far too great to be
presented in full, but a few of the more attractive or striking species may be
mentioned. The spring beauty (here called 'daisy'!) is perhaps the most
abundant plant, and our first glimpse of Bird Haven, on April 17, 1909, when,

*The native catalpa (C. speciosa) has been practically exterminated, in the wild state,
in the vicinity of Olney. Even in cultivation, the southern species (C. catalpa), although in
every respect distinctly inferior, is much more common, and has become thoroughly natural-
ized. The single catalpa found growing on Bird Haven when the place was purchased is a
C. catalpa, the seed having blown to the spot where it germinated, many years ago, from
some cultivated or roadside tree. At the present time, there are many fine examples of
C. speciosa on Bird Haven, planted by me in 1907, and already larger than trees in a grove
of C. catalpa on the adjoining farm, which were planted more than twenty years ago.

Bird Life in Southern Illinois

413

from a distance, the hills seemed covered with a light snowfall, is yet fresh in
our memories. On the lower grounds grow, very thickly in places, blue and
white violets, purplish white and yellow erythroniums, Dutchman's breeches,
bloodroot, and dwarf larkspur, with two wild 'flags' {Iris hexagona and /.
versicolor), the fragrant lizard's tail, and many other semi-aquatic species in
the wetter spots. On the hills, the most abimdant spring flowers (next to the
spring beauty) are the blue phlox {P. divaricata), short-stemmed spiderwort
(Tradescantia brevicaulis, decidedly a finer plant than T. virginica, its relatively
large flower var>ang from intense \aolet to pale mauve, rose-pink, magenta,

THE MEADOW JUST AFTER MOWING
(The creek hidden by trees and shrubs extending across middle distance)

rhodamine purple or, occasionally, almost tyrian purple — a range of color
very unusual among wild plants but a characteristic feature of this) ; other
plants of more or less striking appearance being the May apple {Podophyllum)
Trillium recurvatum, Indian turnip or Jack-in-the-pulpit, and its more con-
spicuous (as well as more abundant) relative, the dragon-root {Ariscema dra-
contium), and the stately columbo {Eraser a carollnensis) . In summer there are
black-eyed Susans {Rudbeckia), monardas, and other flowers, and in autumn a
considerable variety of goldenrods, asters, sunflowers, and other compositae,
and, in moister or more shaded spots, the blue lobelia, the cardinal flower, as
the purple-flowered turtle head {Chelone ohliqua).

The native flora has, since our ownership of the place, been greatly aug-
mented by the planting of many trees, shrubs, and vines, chiefly those of a

414

Bird -Lore

specially ornamental character or else affording, in their fruit, food for the
birds. Of this, however, there is little need, the place being already sup-
plied with really more than can be used, in the pokeberries, wild grapes, poison-
ivy berries, and seeds of numerous compositse (especially the horseweed,
Ambrosia trijida, the favorite winter food of purple finches).

With all these manifest attractions, abundance of bird-life would, naturally,
be expected; but, for reasons at present beyond my control, such unfortunately,
is not the case. Birds are fairly well represented, it is true, but they have
too many enemies to contend with, to increase as they should. Chief among

THE COTTAGE ON BIRD HAVEN
(From West side)

these are house cats which have run wild, and the pilot black snake {Coluber
obsoletus), here called 'chicken-snake.' I am not sure which of these pests
should take first rank as a bird-destroyer, but am inclined to give the latter
that distinction, for it is without question an inveterate enemy of bird-life,
swallowing old, young, and eggs alike, and in its search for feathered victims
displaying a craftiness and persistence certainly not excelled by the cat itself.
Many times have I watched this snake, unfortunately our most abundant
reptile, crawling about in large trees, making a systematic search for birds'
nests, taking one branch at a time and exploring every hole and likely place.
The most expert climber among all our serpents, it is essentially an aboreal
species, and ascends to the very tops of the largest trees with the greatest ease.
An illustration of the craftiness of this serpent is afforded in the following case:

Bird Life in Southern Illinois

415

A pair of Phoebes built their nest underneath the projecting eaves of the cot-
tage at Bird Haven. The young were almost ready to leave the nest, when one
of these snakes, having observed them, crawled out along a projecting hori-
zontal limb of a nearby oak tree, dropped to the roof of the cottage, crawled
to the edge, and, reaching over seized and devoured all the young birds.
Needless to say the culprit was dispatched forthwith. On another occasion,
when some \dsitors came to Bird Haven, they were shown a Field Sparrow's
nest containing young, within fifty feet of the cottage ; returning, not ten min-

A BIT OF BIRD HAVEN.

-THE THRASHER AND CARDINAL THICKET
(Prickly Ash J

utes later, for another inspection, the nest was found empty. A brief search
of the immediate vicinity revealed the robber in the person of one of these snakes.
Many a nest, indeed, have I watched with interest that was at last found
empty, and, although the direct e\'idence was wanting, there can be little
doubt that in most cases at least a 'chicken snake' was the cause. This
reptile grows to a large size, often exceeding six feet in length, and unfortu-
nately is perhaps the most abundant of all our snakes.

Third in importance among the causes destructive to bird-life on Bird
Haven, are trespassing hunters and boys. 'Unclimbable' fences and locked gates
are no protection, and numerous signs forbidding trespass, displayed in the
most conspicuous positions, are, apparently, looked upon as merely put up for
ornament! For example, it is ordinarily supposed that school teachers are

4i6 Bird -Lore

able to read; nevertheless, some of them either cannot, or else their moral
sense is so low that they are unable to possess any conception of that essential
element of civilization — respect for the rights of ownership. One teacher, a
young man who at least looked to be intelligent and honest, deliberately
entered and shot a gray squirrel within fifty feet of one of the signs forbid-
ding trespass; another (a young woman, I am sorry to say) took her entire
school, in se\Tral automobiles, and with her scholars, climbed over the locked
(and barb-wire protected) gate, and had a picnic on the grounds. Surely
a fine example for her pupils!

Under such circumstances, it is not strange that birds should be less nu-
merous than would be expected from the natural advantages of the place. That
birds are by no means really scarce, however, on Bird Haven, may be seen
by the list of species that have been positively ascertained to breed there, and
by the fact that during a little over one month in spring (April 17 to May 21,
igog) Mrs. Ridgway and I counted one hundred and seventeen species* on
the eight acres then representing the area of the property, a considerable num-
ber seen just outside the boundaries not being included. We have been so little
on Bird Haven, especially within the last three years, that our knowledge of
the bird-life of the place is, necessarily,_ imperfect. Indeed, while living there,
my time was so fully occupied with the planning and superintendence of
improvements, planting, and other work, that there was practically no time
for anything else, and what knowledge was gained as to birds was mainly
obtained by more or less casual observation. The species observed were,
however, noted, and such memoranda made as time could be spared for.

Altogether, the number of species observed on Bird Haven (including a
few that were seen flying over and others positively identified by voice or other
means) is one hundred and thirty-four, of which the more notable are the
following :

Mississippi Kite. One pair seen soaring overhead, during the summer
of igio. (Exact date apparently not recorded, but it must have been prior
to August, as we left there July 28. These were the very last individuals of the
species, formerly common and at times very numerous in this portion of the
country, that I have seen.)

Barn Owl. Not seen, but its peculiar cry frequently heard at night.

Long-eared Owl. Not seen, but its feathers found.

Chuck-wiir s-widow. Not seen, but the easily recognized call-notes of one
individual heard regularly nearly every evening.

White-crowned Sparrow. Very abundant and tuneful during the spring
migration, early in May.

Montana Junco. A common winter resident, in the proportion of at least
one to ten of the Slate-colored Junco. The two are very easily distinguished
in life, the pinkish sides and lighter gray head of Junco montanus being con-

*May 14-16, 1908, seventy-eight species were noted during the two days.

4i8

Bird - Lore

spicuous at a considerable distance, and were often seen feeding together from
the cottage windows.

Blue Grosbeak. Nested once only on Bird Haven, and not seen there (or
elsewhere) since. A family of full-grown young, with their parents, were seen
in the dense growth of tall blackberries and horseweeds in the creek bottom,
but I have mislaid the memorandum showing date. I think, however, it was
some time toward the end of July, 19 lo.

Bell's Vireo. Its peculiar song occasionally heard in the thickets along the
creek.

Kirtland's Warbler. A beautiful adult male, positively identified at close
quarters, on the morning of May 3, 1908. I was on my way to work, and had
just entered the woods when the bird attracted my attention. After making
the identification certain, I returned to the cottage for my gun; but in the
meantime he departed, and could not be found again.

The list of birds ascertained to breed within the limits of Bird Haven is
also incomplete. I had no time to hunt for birds' nests, except on very rare
occasions, and some species undoubtedly breed there that are not included in
the following list:

I. Green Heron.

28.

Field Sparrow.

2. Bob-white.

29.

Bachman's Sparrow.

3. Mourning Dove.

SC-

Towhee.

4. Red-shouldered Hawk.

SI-

Cardinal.

5. Sparrow Hawk.

32.

Blue Grosbeak.

6. Barred Owl.

33-

Indigo Bird.

7. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

34-

Scarlet Tanager.

8. Black-billed Cuckoo.

35-

Summer Tanager.

9. Southern Hairy Woodpecker.

36.

Red-eyed Vireo.

10. Southern Downy Woodpecker.

37-

Yellow-throated Vireo.

II. Red-headed Woodpecker.

38.

White-' yed Vireo.

12. Red-bellied Woodpecker.

39-

Louisiana Water-Thrush.

13. Flicker.

40.

Kentucky Warbler.

14. Whip-poor-will.

41.

Maryland Yellow-throat.

15. Kingbird.

42.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

16. Crested Flycatcher.

43-

Redstart.

17. Phoebe.

44-

Catbird.

18. Wood Pewee.

45-

Brown Thrasher.

19. Acadian Flycatcher.

46.

Carolina Wren.

20. Blue Jay.

47-

Western House Wren.

21. Crow.

48.

White-breasted Nuthatch.

22. Cowbird.

49

Tufted Titmouse.

23. Red-winged Blackbird.

50-

Carolina Chickadee.

24. Southern Meadowlark.

51-

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

25. Orchard Oriole.

52.

Southern Robin.

26. Baltimore Oriole.

53-

Bluebird.

27. Chipping Sparrow.

The following additional species breed

in the immediate vicinity, most of

them on the farm of which Bird Haven was

formerly a part, and therefore there

Bird Life in Southern Illinois

419

is reason for supposing that some of them should be included in the preced-
ing list:

13

1. Woodcock.

2. Spotted Sandpiper.

3. Killdeer.

4. Cooper's Hawk.

5. Red-tailed Hawk.

6. Great Horned Owl.

7. Screech Owl.

8. Chimney Swift.

9. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

0. Alder Flycatcher.

1. Bronzed Crackle.

2. Goldfinch.
Grasshopper Sparrow.

14. Lark Sparrow.

15. Dickcissel.

16. Purple Martin.

17. Barn Swallow.

18. Cedar Waxwing.

19. Warbling Vireo.

20. Bell's Vireo.

21. Black-and-white Warbler.

22. Yellow Warbler.

23. Cerulean Warbler.

24. Mockingbird.

25. Bewick's Wren.

26. Wood Thrush.

The four species distinguished by an asterisk breed in the sixty-acre tract
of woodland bordering Bird Haven along the south side, and these, together
with all the rest, excepting only the Chimney Swift, Purple Martin, and Barn
Swallow, are among the 'possibilities.'

The great preponderance of land birds in the Bird Haven list is the natural
result of absence of any considerable body of water or marshy tracts. The
only swimmer seen there in all the time that observations were made was a
solitary duck, probably a Blue-winged Teal, though it could not be positively
identified. Of waders only the following have been noted:

I. Great Blue Heron. Only seen

4-

Woodcock.

flying over, but its tracks fre-

5-

Solitary Sandpiper.

quently found in the mud

6.

Spotted Sandpiper.

along margin of the creek.

7-

Upland Plover. (Flyini

2. Green Heron.

only.)

3. Black-crowned Night Heron.

8.

Killdeer.

During the summer of 1910* we remained in the vicinity late enough
(until July 28) to discover, for the first time, that Bird Haven would be impos-
sible as a place of residence during the hot season. A sixty-acre tract of wood-
land stretching along the entire length of the south side, and much beyond,
intercepted every bit of the cooling breeze which, in summer, here blows only
(with rare exceptions) from the south. We could see the tree-tops swaying
from the force of the wind, but beneath not a breath of air stirred, and it was
often impossible to remain inside the cottage during the hotter hours of the
day. The trouble being irremediable (the land causing the trouble being
held at a prohibitive price), it became necessary to look about for a more
suitable place for our residence during the warmer months. The new place

♦During the occasion referred to, we did not live on Bird Haven, the cottage there
being too small for our family, which, for the time being, was considerably augmented by
guests, our place of residence being the dwelling on the adjoining faroit

420

Bird- Lore

was purchased in October, 1910, since which time Bird Haven has been prac-
tically neglected; though as a bird refuge it exists in intention, if not in fact.
The place is still 'taboo' to trespassers, at least it is so plainly stated on the
the warning signs still posted in conspicuous places; the barbed wires strung
on horizontal cleats spiked to the tops of the posts and projecting inside are
still in ])lace, and the gate locked. Only an occasional school-teacher with her
scholars, a picnic party, gunners, nut-hunters, bird-nesting boys, and other
odds and ends of humanity* have access (surreptitiously, of course) to its
sacred precincts.

The story of Larchmound, the new place, will be told in the next chapter.
The third, and concluding article in the series will treat of the changes which
have occurred in southern Illinois bird-life during the past half century.

*The boy who wants to cut a nice young cedar for a Christmas tree was nearly forgotten.

KINGFISHER WITH SMALL SUCKER
Photographed by Arthur A. Allen, Ithaca, N. Y.

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

By LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES

Illustrated by the Author

SIXTH PAPER— PARROTS, GUANS, AND PIGEONS; THE VOICES OF A TROPICAL MARSH

WHEN one meets with wild Parrots for the first time, he gets, undi-
luted, the pure breath of the tropics. And when, after an acquaint-
ance with the Parrakeets and Parrotlets, the larger and more
thrilling kinds appear, the sensations are even richer. About Cali, and indeed
most of the other Southern American towns and \-illages, the little green and
sky-blue Parrotlets fill the place House Sparrows occupy with us, nesting in
the bamboo ridgepoles of the houses, and adopting a familiar attitude toward
man and his works. The native children almost universally tame them, and
in the patio of the Cali hotel seventeen of them lived in perfect familiarity
among the roses and flowering vines. Their chirping and twittering reminded
me of nothing more than the noises made by Sparrows; though the fact that
they were indigenous, coupled with their confiding friendliness and beautiful
colors, removed the prejudice that the reminder might otherwise have
engendered.

Wild Parrots make the same raucous noises that tame ones do, and a feed-
ing flock, unsuspicious of man's proximity, is constantly in low, chuckling
conversation. But many and many a time I have heard them up the trail, and,
cautiously approaching, have become aware that I was observed, when all
sound and motion ceased while I was still some distance from their feeding-
tree. With all their scarlet and safifron trimmings, the Amazona Parrots, in
my experience, take an easy palm over all others in the gentle art of ceasing
to be where you know they are! I think we all had the experience of search-
ing till our eyes ached, where we knew Parrots were working, without being
able to discern a single bird, even in the comparatively open leafage along
the trails. Suddenly, without the slightest warning, as the entire flock took
simultaneous alarm, the innocent air would be rent with the hellish screeching
of two hundred fiendish birds, and gorgeous with the flashing scarlet and blue
and gold of noisy wings, as these capricious and thrilling birds would leave
for another part of the forest. The tree would literally explode Parrots!

After some experience mth them, we came to distinguish the three Mexican
Amazonas by their cries, when they were too far away to tell by sight. .1.
oratrix, the 'Double Yellow-head' of fanciers, cried quite plainly "Cut it out,
cut it out," while .4. viridiginalis called "Poll-Poll-Parrot, Poll-Poll-Par-
rot," and A. autumnalis, from southern Vera Cruz, had a sufliciently distinct
screech to immediately stamp it as something new, although I made no trans-
scription of its yell.

Conures all make regular Parrot noises, though shriller and 'lighter' than
those of the larger kinds. But the 'real noise' in Parrotdom is the great, gor-

(421)

MACAWS, PARROTS, AND PARRAKEETS
(422)

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds 423

geous and ear-splitting Macaw. Along the lower Magdalena River, the red-
and-blue, and the blue-and-yellow Macaws were both quite common, and it
is hard to say whether their greatest attack was on our eyes or our ears! Their
heavy, rasping yell was clearly audible above the churning racket of the
engines, even when the birds were some distance away in the forest. We were
frequently apprised of their flights, high, high over the valley, as they passed
from one great Andean chain to another, perhaps three thousand feet above
us, by the penetrating, though distance-mellowed cries that filtered down to
us from the scarcely discernible line. When heard near at hand, there is a
heavy, hammering quality in a Macaw's scream that makes it the most deaf-
ening noise that I have ever heard from a bird, while their fiery beauty affords
the greatest sensation a naturalist gets in their country. Not only are their
exposed surfaces brilliant, but their wing- and tail-linings are as gorgeous. I
shall never forget a flock of blue-and-yellow Macaws we passed one evening
just before sunset, as we were descending the Magdalena. We were between
them and the low sun. They were near, and about level with our eyes, reliev-
ing against the velvety green of the forest wall directly where our shadows
fell. The astonishing glory of their turquoise upper surfaces, alternating, as
they flew, with intense cadmium yellow as the sun got under their wings,
kindled a flashing riot of color that made us gasp.

So far as I know. Parrots all pair for life, and every large flock we saw,
whether of Macaws, Parrots or Parrakeets, was made up of pairs, each bird of
which bore the same relation to the other all through the flock. They looked
as if made with a paired stencil, or seen through a double-refracting glass.
Invariably, if one bird was lost out of a passing flock, another would soon drop
out, circle and come back to see what had happened to its mate. If, rarely,
there were unpaired birds in a flock, they were usually apart from the main
body, and conspicuously 'out of it.' In flight. Parrots present a singular
resemblance to Ducks, particularly from ahead or behind. Flying 'across the
quarter,' their heavy blunt heads are of course unmistakable.

We were kept constantly interested in the varied voices of the Doves and
Pigeons. The gentle little Ground-doves, hardly bigger than Sparrows, give a
single, soft, questioning 'coo,' invariably with a rising inflection. I could dis-
tinguish no material variation in their calls in Florida, Yucatan, or South
America, and even the Rufous species presented no differences appreciable to
my ear. The Ground-pigeons of the genus Geotrygon all have gentle, velvety
voices which, heard in the damp gloom of the cloud-forest, impart something
of the mystery and romance of the Tinamou's tremulous plaint. They have
the same uncanny way of gliding silently into view and melting away, and
when, rarely, they fall into our hands, their subdued but rich beauty com-
pels an admiration that does not dim with repetition.

But not all Pigeons have these soft owl-like voices. Columba speciosa has a
harsh, raw- voiced single 'toot/ audible at a considerable distance. (C.

424

Bird - Lore

bogotensis) in the eastern Andes, in addition to the regular Pigeon clucks
and cooing, has a loud, rough call, with a strong roll or 'burr' in it, sug-
geting a 'Klaxon' automobile horn. The White-winged Doves of Melopelia
are among the noisiest of the Pigeons. Indeed, a flock calling from a feeding-
tree, with their loud rollicking 'Hoo-too-coo-roooo, — Hoo-too-coo-roooo,'
reiterated interminably, recalls a group of victory-crazed undergraduates
'rooting' for their football team. I found that I could quite closely imitate
this and several other Pigeon-calls by whistling through my hands.

'"^/f^^'

BOUCIER'S FOREST DOVE

I heard only one of the big Guans, of the genus Crax. What I took to be
the fine black Curassow, at Buena Vista, sat one evening for half an
hour before sunset in the dense top of a great forest tree, and gave his
exciting cry, at intervals of half a minute, until the sun was well down and
the hurrying dusk began to deepen. I cautiously crept nearer and nearer, and
finally gazed up from directly below. Here I searched until my neck ached,
but though the cries came regularly and I constantly changed my position,
the bird was so well hidden that I never saw him, and at last I left him there, to
hurry out of the deepening gloom of the forest before it should get fully dark,

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

425

As it was, I had to 'foot-feel' my way for the last part of the trail, as night
caught me before I reached the clearing. This call is hard to describe. It was
not at all 'gobbly,' like a Turkey's voice, but was a loud siren call, which the
natives interpret by their name for the bird, 'Burria,' — with the r's strongly
trilled. It rolls up a full octave, sustains a second, and rolls down again. I
think it would carry across the shadowed valleys in the still sunset forests for
a mile at least, and is fully as loud as any answer a strong-lunged boy could
yell back.

The little Guans of the genus Ortalis, the Chachalacas, have also a line
sensation saved up for the eager naturalist who has not heard them before.

SPURWIXGS, JACANAS, AND CRESTED SCREAMER

The male, with his elongated and convoluted windpipe, has the louder and
rougher cry, which, by virtue of the longer instrument to trumpet through
is an exact octave lower than that of his normally equipped mate. 0. vetula,
from Mexico, says quite plainly 'Cha-cha-lac'-ca. Cha-cha-lac'-ca,' or, as the
Mexicans more phonetically spell it, 'Guacharra'ca.' It has a very human
quality of voice, and sounds nearly as loud at a quarter of a mile as it does
at a hundred yards. The Colombian species heard in the Magdalena Valley
seemed, to my ear, to screech 'aqua-dock.' The various members of a calling
flock keep time, roughly, according to sex. They are apt to call from up on
the mountain-sides or in ravines, when the rebounding echoes complicate and
augment the chorus immensely.

426 Bird -Lore

Another noteworthy voice is the rolling cry of Ar amides, the big rusty-
colored Wood-rail. As dusk was falling around me on a forested mountain-
side, while working my way out to the trail, I was suddenly congealed by a
loud, rolling cry, hastily repeated three or four times. It sounded in front of
me, behind me, over me, and under me! I began to think it was all around me.
A loud hoot, then a rising, rolling trill — 'Oot- roo-ee-e-e-e- oot- roo-ee-e-e-.'
I found I could do it by 'pigeon- tooting' through my hands, so that the bird
came quite near, and thrilled me deeply. But it was too dark, and I knew not
where to look for it. After a few responses it slipped away, still a mystery;
but when I reached camp and imitated it for Mr. Cherrie, he at once recog-
nized it as Ar amides; and this diagnosis is his, not mine, for I never
had another opportunity to identify it.

Among the lasting impressions that I have brought out of the tropics, cer-
tainly one of the most vivid is of the great, sultry, odorous and soundful
marshes of the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys. These treacherous reaches have
a fascination, and exert a call upon the novice-naturalist that is indeed likely
to get him into trouble. Everything that charms the senses in a northern
water-field is here multiplied. ,.- Plant-life is riot, insects accordingly swarm,
and many species of birds avail themselves of the easy food they furnish. The
allurements of a fragrant, shimmering sheet of placid water, with beds of
floating plants made gay with the delicately lovely Jacanas, fighting their
innocent battles, and displaying their lemon butterfly wings; the dignified
Spur-winged Plover that trot on the margins, or fly in noisy flocks, like Dutch
Lapwings, low over the surrounding pasture-lands; perhaps a bare snag, far
out in the deep marsh, all in glowing blossom with Roseate Spoonbills and
Snowy Herons; the loud clatter of the giant Kingfisher and the dry rasping
of his tiny 'Texas' cousin; statuesque Screamers, posing on an exposed bar;
the squealing whistles of the Tree-ducks dabbling and sunning themselves at
the edge of the hyacinths beds; — all these and a hundred other charms lure him
deeper and deeper into the marsh or into the lush reeds and papyrus beds that
form some of their margins. I shall not soon forget an hour spent in retriev-
ing an Everglade Kite in the great marsh at Calamar. Here the one pervasive
sound was the constant, irritating hum of the myriads of ravenous mosquitos.
Things were not helped by the discovery that I was soon on a false bottom,
made only of the suspended roots of the vegetation that rose ten feet above
me, so that I went through, and had to go the rest of the way on my knees,
up to my armpits in tepid water. As I had a gun and a glass to keep dry, this
was no joke, and I think that was the most miserable hour I ever went through.
At the end I was absolutely spent, and could only crawl out and lie down —
easy meat for the mosquitos — for another hour. But it had its recompenses.
Into the willow-like shrubbery over me came the beautiful little Yellow-
headed Blackbird of the tropics and sang his orchard-oriole song. Nearby,
Great-tailed Crackles squealed, piped and pointed their bills aloft in their

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds

427

nuptial attitudinizing. The red-breasted 'Meadowlark,' Leistes, also came to
close quarters, though it did not sing, and I watched the lovely and delicate
little black-and-white marsh Flycatchers almost at arm's length.

There is a creature in the South American forests which, though not a
bird, ranks easily first as a maker of weird noises. I have read many descrip-
tions of his performance, but was not in the least prepared for the reality when
I actually heard it, nor did I even recognize it. This is the roaring of the
so-called howling monkey. To my mind, howling is a sort of eerie, rising-and
falling noise, far different from the deep-voiced, business-like, bellowing
roar that is the predominant feature of this little animal's performance. It is
at least a hundred times more thunderous and terrible than would seem pos-
sible from a creature somewhat larger than a big tom-cat. I had heard them
in the distance a number of times, but it was at Rio Frio, on the Cauca River,
where our little stern-wheeler was taking wood, that I first got close to them

CRESTED CURASSOW

428

Bird- Lore

in 'action.' As I left the boat for a short walk in the virgin bottom-forest I
heard howlers a little distance in. I knew they were small animals (our big-
gest male weighed seventeen pounds), and could do me no harm. Yet here
I confess to a greater triumph of mind over matter than I have elsewhere
ever been called on to effect, in order to overcome the fierce desire to be some-
where else. In spite of the intellectual certainty that it was perfectly safe, it
took all my nerve, that first time, to move up under the tree whence came that
courage-killing, menacing bellow. There were only four of them; an old male,
a female and two half-grown young; probably a family. Yet the terrible noise,

that issued principally from
the bearded and swollen
throat of the old male,
seemed, really, to make the
atmosphere quake. As I
stood below, he would rush
down toward me, bellowing
outrageously, and I thought
' / /^viSsf i r "'.Wj^^^m ^B u it took some fortitude, at first,

/-" jt /" y\^^im lot,. ^ T/ Js^m.^^ « to stand by till he retreated

again. Thenoise, as I analyzed
it at the time, was a deep,
throaty, bass roar, with some-
thing of the quality of grunt-
ing pigs, or the barking
bellow of a bull alligator, or
an Ostrich. Accompanying
this major sound was a weird,
crooning sort of wail, prob-
ably the contribution of the
female or young, or both.
The noise was fully as loud
as the full-throated roaring of lions, and that it has marvelous carrying power
was frequently attested when we heard it from the far side of some of the great
Andean valleys as we wound our tortuous way across the Central Cordillera.
This is of course in no sense a bird- voice, yet it is by far the most striking
sound in the American tropics, and I should feel that I had done the subject
slight justice if I did not at least try to make it recognizable to those who may
read these papers, and some day hear for themselves this astonishing sound.

In bringing to a close this series of impressions, it must not be thought
that they cover the field of tropical bird music. They form, indeed, the
merest nucleus on which to build.

RED HOWLER

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeak

By ARTHUR A. ALLEN, Ithaca, N. Y.
With photographs by the Author

THIS is not a tale of the 'treacherous muskeg' and the 'long traverse.'
No perilous adventures or rare discoveries in the nesting haunts of
this fascinating bird will be recounted. We will not even penetrate into
its breeding range. Instead, follow me along the highways of Ithaca, through
its parks and cemeteries and into its thickets. Track with me these birds from
feeding-ground to feeding-ground, learn their food, decoy them to feeding-sta-
tions, bring them to our own back door, and transform them from fleeting
guests to daily companions.

The story begins February 17, 1914; at least for our purposes it does,
though, personally, I believe it began many, many Grosbeak generations ago,
when the first of the species wandered from the beaten paths of their migra-
tion in the west and started the habit of coming east. For they are creatures
of habit, these Evening Grosbeaks, stolid, indifferent, lazy, almost stupid, and,
as this story will show, having once discovered a satisfactory course of action
Or a good route to travel, they can never perceive another. And so every year,
I believe, certain of these birds start on their easterly thoroughfares, traveling
by easy stages, delaying where food is plentiful, and only during unusual years
of starvation in the west reaching their highways in the east.

On this day, February 17, a flock of eleven birds was seen by Miss Bates
in the trees behind her residence at the south side of the city and promptly
reported. Somehow, an Evening Grosbeak always creates a furor among bird-
lovers in the East; the news of their arrival was announced in the local papers,
and early-morning bird trips were quite in vogue. A strange coincidence and
a significant one it seemed, that on their last appearance in Ithaca they were
first recorded at this same place, as though it were a way-station along their
route of travel.

The next day they returned, and for several days thereafter were seen
between eleven and one o'clock, sometimes staying for half an hour or more
in the group of chokecherry trees back of the house. It was noticed that
they were feeding on the seeds of the dried cherries which still clung to the
branches, cracking them with their heavy bills; and it was then that the
thought of finding a suitable food and thus encouraging them to remain,
occurred to me. So I hastened to the spot with small pans and bags of feed —
sorghum, millet, wheat, buckwheat, kaffir corn, cracked corn, and sunflower
seed. The pans were wired in the trees where the Grosbeaks had been seen
feeding, and filled with a mixture of the different seeds; for, as yet, I knew not
their preference. The supply of dried cherries having become exhausted,
other fruit-bearing branches were brought in and fastened near the pans.
Everything promised well. Chickadees and Nuthatches found the pans

(429)

43° Bird -Lore

almost immediately and helped themselves to the corn and sunflower seeds,
and House Sparrows flocked to the spot and scratched and fought. The Gros-
beaks were still coming daily, so it was with great anticipation that I tele-
phoned Miss Bates the following day to learn if they had found the pans. No,
I was informed, for the first time, they had not been there. The next day
the same answer, and thus it was for a week. I began to think I had started
operations too late. Still a few more days passed before they returned, and
by this time the Sparrows had devoured all the seed. This happened again
and again before the Grosbeaks finally arrived ahead of the Sparrows, and
then, to our dismay, they spurned the proffered food. They merely picked
off the few remaining cherry seeds and disappeared. Obviously their tastes
were too fastidious for this bill-of-fare.

It was several days before they favored us again, and this time, while
they did not touch the seed in the pans, they discovered that on the ground
which had been scratched out by the Sparrows and, without looking twice,
dropped to the banquet with true avian appreciation. Tin pans invitingly
suspended in trees, evidently do not spell food to Evening Grosbeaks. A hint
to the wise is sufficient — meals were thereafter served on the ground. The
Grosbeaks returned, stayed around for a couple of hours, and came back
again the following morning at their accustomed hour, which, for the last few
days, had been 6.30 a.m. Now for some photographs.

The next morning, gray dawn found me at the feeding-station with a
camera. I arrived at thirty- two minutes after six, but the Grosbeaks, with
their usual promptness, passed me on the way and arrived two minutes earlier.
I concealed the camera near the spot and, in so doing, of necessity frightened
them away; but expecting that they would soon return, I stretched a thread
from the lens-shutter to one of the windows of the house and prepared to
await their coming. Breakfast time came and went and office hours began,
but still no Grosbeaks. I explained the mechanism of the string to an efficient
proxy and went about less romantic labors; but I might have spared us both
the trouble, for the Grosbeaks did not come back.

The following morning everything was in readiness before half after the
hour, and I had not long to wait. I took out my watch — twenty-nine min-
utes and thirty seconds after six. If they were to be on time, they would have
to arrive within thirty seconds. The words were scarcely spoken before a
chorus of loud, strident notes announced them. Three males and eight females
alighted in the trees over the camera. They discussed matters for a while
like a steepleful of Sparrows, before deciding that it was time for breakfast.
Two females flew down and arranged themselves before the camera; two more,
and then the remaining females. More wary or less greedy, the males delayed;
but I determined to wait, before pulling the thread, until at least one of them
should get in front of the lens. StiU they hesitated, and [when they finally
did drop to the ground, they were not in the plane of focus; only provokingly

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeak

431

near. Very slowly they edged toward the females. The thread tightened —
it is a tense moment just before you snap the picture, like the suspense when
the fish is nibbling and you are waiting for just the right response before jerk-
ing the line. In a moment I would have the coveted picture. The thread was

EVENING GROSBEAKS IN SUMACH

432

Bird- Lore

almost taut when, with excited chirping, all of the Grosbeaks flew into the
trees, and a huge black cat bounded from behind a bush. Words fail me now,
as then, to express my feelings. Imagine then, if you can, my state of mind
the following morning, when exactly the same performance was repeated,
except that this time it was a yellow cat. Black cats, yellow cats, and Mal-

THE EVENING GROSBEAKS AND THE FEEDING LOG

tese cats were all the same to me then, and I gave up hope of ever photograph-
ing the Grosbeaks.

But it is an ill wind that blows no good. If the Grosbeaks had been
driven from their first-chosen feeding-ground, they must find another, and
fortune smiled upon me once. The very next morning at dawn, the thicket
below my own residence resounded with their notes, and within an hour two
of the brids had found one of the several feeding-stations which, with fond
hopes, I had established in the thicket when the birds were first reported.
This station, while rather inaccessible, was within sight of the house. We put
out enough sunflower seed to feed an army of Grosbeaks, having discovered
by this time that they preferred these seeds to the others, and the next morning
we were rewarded by having the whole flock feeding within sight of our own
windows. There were no cats here, and as soon as the Grosbeaks had once
formed the habit of coming to be fed it proved irresistible, and regularly as
the clock struck they arrived every morning at half past six.

With them so close at hand, it was easy to study them and watch their
changes with the progress of the season. At first they were wild and never
remained after eight in the morning, but later, as other food became scarce,
they grew tamer and remained all the morning and even into the afternoon.

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeal;

433

A camera was concealed in a box near the feeding-log and several photographs
of them taken; but it was a long distance from the house and the light was
unsatisfactory. We wanted them nearer, if possible at the feeding-station in
the yard, which though less than three hundred feet up the hill, and though
always well supplied with seed, they had not found. Hoping to bring them up
by gradual stages, we removed the food from the lower station and started
another about fifty feet up the hill. The next morning they returned to the
accustomed place, but there was no food for them. We thought they surely
would scout around and find the new station; but not so, they simply deserted
us. Thoroughly dismayed by our experiment, we quickly replaced the food at
the lower station and were rewarded by having them back again the next
morning. We now scattered seed all the way up the hill, making small piles
at intervals of about fifty feet. This afforded a glorious time for the Spar-
rows, and they rejoiced at the tops of their shrill voices. We feared lest they
would devour all the seed before the Grosbeaks could find the upper stations,
but it worked another way. The Grosbeaks came to the lower station where
there was but little seed, heard the Sparrows at the one above, and quickly
joined them. From that they moved up to the next, and so on until, almost
before we realized it, they were at the uppermost station, not twenty-five feet

UNTIL THE FIRST OF APRIL THEY FREQUENTLY FED TOGETHER ON THE LOG

from the house. Here was all the food they could eat, and they were never
allowed to go hungry during the rest of their stay. From that time on we
could watch them with the greatest facility, for they often perched in a maple
tree within fifteen feet of the porch.

Between the first and the middle of April, the Juncos and Tree Sparrows
left the feeding-station and the company of the Grosbeaks for their more

434

Bird -Lore

northern homes, and the Robins and Song Sparrows filled the vacant places
On the twenty-sixth of March, a lonely Cardinal, the first of his kind to visit
Ithaca, wandered through the thicket. He came back many other days at
intervals, and for a long time our highest ambition was to secure a photograph
of the Grosbeaks and Cardinal together, and thus unite on one film opposite
corners of the continent. Weeks passed before the opportunity came, with
the Cardinal on the log and the Grosbeaks in the branches overhead. But the
Cardinal was a nervous bird, and we knew that he would remain but a few
seconds. The Grosbeaks still lingered in the trees. It seemed an endless moment
until one male Grosbeak dropped to the point. The thread tightened, the

ONE OF THE MALES

shutter clicked. But as it did so, there was a blur of red and yellow on the
log. The Cardinal, with crest and tail erect, wings raised and bill open, had
darted at the Grosbeak and knocked him off with such speed and determina-
tion that the exposure of a fiftieth of a second recorded only confused outlines.

But other birds were more peace-loving. Flocks of House Sparrows with
insolent curiosity surrounded the Grosbeaks, or mingled with them as they
had from the very first. Song Sparrows and Whitethroats neither feared
them nor attacked them, and Cowbirds seemed to enjoy their company.

Less can be said for the Grosbeaks; for after the first of April, they became
very irritable and quarrelsome among themselves. No bird except the House
Sparrow seems willing to feed without 'elbow-room,' and I suppose the
cramped quarters due to our desire to have all the action take place in front

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeak

435

of our camera finally got on their nerves. At any rate, about this time they
began to bill and clinch in quite a ferocious manner. At times they bounded
up, clinching in mid-air and beating one another with their wings; but usually a
more sedate grappling and tugging was sufficient to determine precedence. To
all appearances, however, none of the birds were ever the worse for these brawls,
and, away from the feeding-station they bore no malice toward each other.

The Sparrows likewise suffered from their irritability. Once, while we were
watching them, one became too officious, and a Grosbeak with quiet precision
reached over and pinched him viciously in the middle of the back. We thought

DODGING A VICIOUS THRUST

it would be the last of the Sparrow; but evidently the powerful bill did not
close with murderous intent, for after giving vent to his feelings in a few
indignant chirps, the Sparrow hopped back to his place beside the Grosbeak.
After that, it was usually sufficient for any of the Grosbeaks merely to point
its bill in the direction of the offender, to make him quite desirous of being
elsewhere.

Their fighting, however, was the least of our concerns. Beginning about
the last of March, they seemed to delight in sunning themselves on the leafless
branches, now and then venting their feelings in silent yawns and stretching
their wings and tails. At first we laid this entirely to their lazy natures; but
as the season advanced their stretching became more noticeable, and they
sought out the shady side of the larger branches or kept entirely to the ever-

436 Bird -Lore

greens. The blacks and yellows of the males became more intense; they
began to show some interest in the females, chasing them up and down the
thicket, until we feared that they were getting ready to leave. On the 17th of
April, however, we were surprised to see one of the females breaking dead

Al' IKR THE FIRST OF APRIL THEY CEASED TO BE FRIENDLY TOWARD EACH OTHER

twigs from a nearby elm. We watched her closely to see where she would
carry them, but unfortunately a male, arriving on the scene, so disconcerted
her that she quickly dropped them. But this was not the only time that we
saw females gathering nesting material, so we began to hope that we were
inducing these distinguished visitors to nest here, an accomplishment well
worth all our time and effort.

Three days later one of the males tried to sing, the first and only attempt
that we heard and by no means a brilliant success, consisting of five or six
low notes like the chirping of a gigantic English Sparrow. But it increased
our hope that they had decided to stay. Nor were our expectations dimin-
ished when, toward the last of April, the flock began to break up. They no
longer came in a body; single birds, pairs, or small groups fed together, and
some of the females seemed to have moved on. But this did not alarm us, for
we realized that if the males had selected their mates, the chances for about
five of the females would be better further north. Moreover, they had ceased
their stretching; they were tamer and would come to the log when we were
only a few feet away. But by this time, the first of May, the numerous elms

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeak 437

had ripened their seed and the Grosbeaks were no longer so dependent on our
supplies. Our first shock came on May 5, when one of the three remaining
females failed to appear during the entire day. The next day all three males
departed, and by the tenth of the month there was but one female left. She,
faithful bird, staid until the fourteenth, when lonesomeness overcame her and
she too winged her way to the north.

It was nearly three months from the time of their arrival. We were sorry
they had not reconciled our little city, its parks and thickets, and logs covered
with sunflower seed, with the great Northwest, its swamps, its spruces and
aspens; but we rejoiced in the opportunities they had brought us and the
memories which they left.

Bird-Lore's Fifteenth Christmas Bird Census

BIRD-LORE'S annual bird census will be taken as usual on Christmas
Day, or as near that date as circumstances will permit. Without wish-
ing to appear ungrateful to those contributors who have assisted in
making the census so remarkably successful, lack of space compels us to ask
each census-taker to send only one census. Furthermore, much as we should
like to print all the records sent, the number received has grown so large that
we shall have to exclude those which do not appear to give a fair representation
of the winter bird-life of the locality in which they were made.

Reference to the February, 1901-1914, numbers of Bird-Lore will acquaint
one with the nature of the report of the day's hunt which we desire; but to
those to whom none of these issues is available, we may explain that such
reports should be headed by a brief statement of the character of the
weather, whether clear, cloudy, rainy, etc. ; whether the ground is bare or snow-
covered, the direction and force of the wind, the temperature at the time of
starting, the hour of starting and of returning. Then should be given, in the
order of the A. O. U. 'Check-List' (which is followed by most standard bird-
books), a list of the species seen, with exactly, or approximately, the number of
individuals of each species recorded. A record should read, therefore, some-
what as follows:

Yonkers, N. Y., 8 a.m. to 12 m. Clear, ground bare; wind west, light; temp., 38°
Herring Gull, 75. Total, — species, — individuals. — James Gates.

These records will be published in the February issue of Bird-Lore, and
it is particularly requested that they be sent the editor (at the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City) not later than December 28.
It will save the editor much clerical labor if the model here given and the order oj
the A. 0. U, 'Check-List' be closely followed.

The Migration of North American Sparrows

THIRTY-FIRST PAPER

Compiled by Prof. W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

With Drawings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

(See Frontispiece)

WHITE-WINGED JUNCO

The migrations of the White-winged Junco are quite restricted, since the
larger part of the birds breed in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the
neighboring parts of Wyoming and Nebraska, and winter in the southern half
of eastern Colorado. Thus the average distance traveled in migration is rather
less than 500 miles. The first arrive in fall migration at Boulder, Colo., on the
average, October 20, earliest October 17, 1909; Colorado Springs, Colo.,
average October 23, earliest October 19, 1892. They remain common all
winter, and the larger part leave for their summer home in March. The last was
seen in Mesa County, Colo., April 2, 1902, and the last at Colorado Springs,
Colo., April II, 1874.

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO

The Slate-colored Junco is one of the most abundant and well-known
birds of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. From the eastern
foothills of these mountains to the Pacific this species is broken up into several
subspecies, but, very strangely, these forms extend north only to southern or
central Alaska, and the Juncos of northern and northwestern Alaska are birds
that winter in the eastern United States, and in spring migration pass up the
Mississippi Valley, cross the Saskatchewan to the Mackenzie Valley, and thence
turn almost due west and cross the Rocky Mountains to northern Alaska. A
subspecies, the Carolina Junco, breeds in the higher parts of the southern
Alleghanies from Georgia to Maryland; and it may be that some of the records
from the southeastern United States given beyond for the Slate-colored Junco
belong to the Carolina Junco. It is interesting to note how long the Junco
remains close to the breeding-grounds before beginning the fall migration. No
Juncos were seen at Weaverville, N. C, before October 18, though they nested
upon the neighboring mountains, within five minutes' flight. In the spring,
the last one left for the mountains April 19, though the nest-building coidd
not occur until several weeks later.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Alfred, N. Y

Boonville, N. Y... .
Ballston Spa, N. Y,

Number
of years'
record

15

7
7

Average date of
spring arrival

March 19
March 24
April I

Earliest date of
spring arrival

March 5, 1910
March 14, 1903
March 22, 1910

(438)

The Migration of North American Sparrows

439

SPRING MIGRATION, Continued

PLACE

Number
of years'
record

Jay, N. Y

Hartford, Conn

Springfield, Mass

Fitchburg, Mass

Southern New Hampshire. . .

Wells River, Vt

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Portland, Me

Phillips, Me

East Sherbrooke, Quebec. . .

Montreal, Canada

Quebec City, Canada

Scotch Lake, N. B

St. John, N. B

Chatham, N. B

Pictou, N. S

Halifax, N. S

North River, P. E. I

Charlottestown, P. E. I

Chicago, 111

Oberlin, O

Plymouth, Mich

Plover Mills, Ont

Ottawa, Ont

Kearney, Ont. (near)

Palmer, Mich, (near)

Indianola, la

Wall Lake, la

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn

Minneapolis, Minn

Elk River, Minn

White Earth, Minn

Southeastern Nebraska

Southeastern South Dakota.

Larimore, N. D

Pilot Mound, Manitoba

Aweme, Manitoba

Indian Head, Sask

Osier, Sask

Edmonton, Alberta

Hay River, Mack

Fort Simpson, Mack

Forty-mile, Yukon

Nulato, Alaska

Kowak River, Alaska

Point Barrow, Alaska. . . . . .

3

ID

s

8

19

5

20

9

24

II

5
6

3

7
5
9
9

2

7
7

13
9

i6

Average date of
spring arrival

April 9
March 21
March 20
March 22
March 16
March 26
March 21
March 21
March 23
April 2
April 4
April 17
March 22
March 30
April 12
April 4
April 8
April 6
April 8
March 12
March 6
March 23
March 20
April I
April 3
April 9
March 6
March 17
March 9
March 19
March 25
March 25
April 9
March 9
March 24
April 3
April I
April 2
April I

April 15

May 3

Earliest date of
spring arrival

April 8, 1906
rare, winter
March 7, 1894
March 11, 1898
March 8, 1890
March 23, 1907
March 2, 1905
March 14, 1902
March 8, 1906
March 29, 1905
March 29, 1889
April 10, 1904
March 2, 1902
March 18, 1898
March 23, 1902
March 16, 1889
April 4, 1890
April 4, 1890
March 30, 1904
rare, winter
rare, winter.
February 22, 1905
March 9, 1887
March 22, 1908
March 19, 1903
March 19, 1894
February 16, 1890
March 5, 19 11
rare, winter.
January 23, 1894
January 22, 1906
March 11, 1887
February 2, 1882
rare, winter.
March 18, 1889
March 26, 1904
March 23, 1905
March 17, 1910
March 25, 1910
April 14, 1893
April 3, 19 10
April 23, 1908
April 28
May 3, 1898
May 17, 1868
May 23, 1899
May 24, 1882

PLACE

Number
of years'
record

Average date of
the last one seen

Latest date of the
last one seen

Long Island, Ala

Northern Georgia

2

5

2

10

April 5
April 7

April 8, 191 2
April 12, 1902

Mt. Pleasant, S. C

Raleigh, N. C

March 26
April II

March 29, 1909
April 24, 1907

440

Bird - Lore

SPRING MIGRATION, Continued

PLACE

Weaverville, N. C

Variety Mills, Va

French Creek, W. Va

Waverly, W. Va

Washington, D. C

Berwyn, Pa

Philadelphia, Pa. (near) . . . .

Morristown, N.J

New Providence, N.J

New York City, N. Y. (near)

Hartford, Conn

Providence, R. I

Boston, Mass

New Orleans, La

Biloxi, Miss

Vicksburg, Miss

Helena, Ark

Athens, Tenn

Eubank, Ky

Versailles, Ky

Monteer, Mo

St. Louis, Mo "

Chicago, 111

Waterloo, Ind. (near)

Oberlin, O

Wauseon, O

Plymouth, Mich

Detroit, Mich

Central Texas

Bonham, Tex. (near)

Onaga, Kans

Southeastern Nebraska

Southeastern South Dakota

Keokuk, la

Grinnell, la

Indianola, la

Madison, Wis

La Crosse, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn

Minneapolis, Minn

Elk River, Minn

Number
of years'
record

3

lO

3
4

13
9

7
13

13

7
7

5

7

13

15

i6

13

II

i6

6

4

Average date of
the last one seen

April IS
April 19
April 23
April 22
April 30
April 20
April 26
May 2
April 24
April 28
May 5
May I
April 30

April II
April 8
April 13

April 15
April 16
May 3
April 21
April 27
April 23
April 23
April 24
March iS
April 6
April 16
April 23
May 6
April 22
April 26
April 29
May I
May 3
May 4
May 3
May 2

Latest date of the
last one seen

April 19, 1 89 1
April 25, 1895
May 3, 1891
April 28, 1904
May 17, 1908
May II, 1899
May 18, 1906
May 5, 1909
May 2, 1887
May 23, 1907
May 12, 1911
May 18, 1900
May 10, 1897
March 29, 1896
April 9, 1903
April 19, 1900
April 22, 1910
April 18, 1907
April 21, 1888
May 12, 1909
April 28, 1907
May 29, 1882
May 28, 1906
May I, 1904
May 20, 1907
May 8, 1892
May I, 1906
May 4, 1904
March 29, 1894
April 23, 1884
April 22, 1892
May 20, 1907
May 17, 1891
April 27, 1902
May 19, 1890
May 6, 1900
May 14, 1910
May 13, 1907
May 14, 1893
May 24, 1907
May 12, 1883

FALL MIGRATION

Number
PLACE of years'
I record

Average date of
fall arrival

Earliest date of
fall arrival

Berkshire, Mass 3

Providence, R. I. (near) 16

Hartford, Conn ' 12

New York City, N. Y | 13

Orient, Long Island, N. Y \ 5

New Providence, N.J 9

Morristown, N. J 8

Englewood, N. J 9

October 2
October 8
October 2
September 28
September 27
October 11
September 30
October i

September 28, 1911
September 17, 191 1
September 22, 1895
September 14, 1908
September 21, 1907
September 27, 1887
September 18, 1908
Septemberi7, 1887

The Migration of North American Sparrows

441

FALL MIGRATION, Continued

PLACE

Number
of years'
record

Average date ot
fall arrival

Earliest date of
fall arrival

Philadelphia, Pa. (near) 11

Beaver, Pa 6

Berwyn, Pa 9

Washington, D.C 12

French Creek, W. Va 5

Weaverville, X. C 3

Raleigh, N. C 15

Greensboro, Ala

Charleston, S. C. (near) 3

Kirkwood, Ga 5

De Funiak Springs, Fla

Chicago, III 16

Detroit, Mich 8

Waterloo, Ind. (near) 5

Oberlin, 0 10

Wauseon, O 6

Independence, Mo 3

Monteer, Mo 6

Lexington, Ky

Eubank, Ky 4

Sewee, Tenn 3

Athens, Tenn 8

^Nlonticello, Ark 3

Vicksburg, Miss 2

Covington, La

Lanesboro, Minn 6

North Freedom, Wis 4

Madison, Wis 5

Grinnell, la 5

Hillsboro, la 4

Keokuk, la 12

Aweme, Manitoba

Margaret, Manitoba 3

Southeastern South Dakota 6

Southeastern Nebraska 5

Onaga, Kans 16

Gainesville, Tex

October 4
October 6
October 1 1
October 8
October 7
October 23
October 31

November 13
November 15

September 18
September 23
September 27
October i
October 10
October 10
October 17

October 11
October 31
November 4
November 2
November i

September 25
September 22
October i
September 27
September 30
October 6

September 13
September 21
October 9
October 20

September 23, 1884
October 3, 1908
October 4, 1897
September 22, 1913
September 30, 1890
October 18, 1890
October 23, 1886
October 25, 1893
November 4, 1897
November 4, 189S
January i, 1908
August 30, 1896
September 11, 1894
September 23, 1889
September 24, 1906
October i, 1889
October 5, 1889
October 8, 1908
September 30, 1904
October 5, 1889
October 27, 1898
October 21, 1908
October 31, 1911
October 28, 1899
November 28, 1899
September 20, 1889
September 14, 1904
September 19, 191 1
September 15, 1889
September 24, 1896
September 11, 1894
September 4, 1898
September 10, 1910
September 3, 1889
October 2, 1889
October 12, 1898
October 7, 1885

PLACE

Kovvak River, Alaska
Fort Simpson, Mack.
Indian Head, Sask. . .

Aweme, Man

Madison, Wis

Ottawa, Ont

Plover Mills, Ont ....
Palmer, Mich, (near)

Pictou, N. S

Scotch Lake, N. B.. .
Montreal, Canada. . .

Hebron, Me

Phillips, Me

Number
of years'
record

13

7

Average date of
the last one seen

November 2
November 16
November 3
October 31
October 28

November 15
November 5
November 21
November 27

Latest date of the
last one seen

September 12, 1898
November 18, 1905
November 24, 1904
November 17, 1905
rare, winter.
November 16, 1892
December 24, 1890
November 21, 1894
November 10, 1894
December 4, 1902
November 15, 1908
December 8, 1906
December 26, 1904

442 Bird - Lore

OREGON JUNCO

The Oregon Junco is a subspecies of the eastern Slate-colored Junco, and
occurs on the Pacific coast, breeding in southern Alaska and northern British
Columbia, and wintering south to southern California. Here, in winter, it
joins company with several other Juncos so similar in looks and habits that it
is diflficult to distinguish them. The only sure migration records available for
this form are of its arrival April 12, 1882, at Portage Bay, Alaska, and April
19, 1909, at Kupreanof Island, Alaska.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows

THIRTIETH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Slate-colored Junco {Junco hyemalis hyemalis, Figs. 2-4). A Junco in
nestling or juvenal plumage looks more like a Song Sparrow than its gray-and-
white parents. Both above and below it is heavily streaked with blackish, the
back feathers being margined with rusty, those of the underparts with buffy or
whitish. The two, or more rarely, three, pairs of white, or largely white, outer
tail-feathers, however, suggest its relationships, which are fully revealed as
it passes through the postjuvenal molt into first winter plumage. At this
molt only the tail and wing-feathers are retained; the rest being shed. The
young male now resembles the adult female (Fig. 3), but may be somewhat
browner, while the young female (Fig. 4) is often decidedly browner, with
pinkish brown flanks, when it suggests certain of the pink-sided western Juncos.

There is no spring molt, and the siunmer plumage, with its more sharply
contrasted areas of slate-color and white, is the result of the wearing away of
the brownish tips of the winter plumage.

So far as I am aware, this simple order of molt is followed by all Juncos,
and it will, therefore, be necessary only to enumerate the remaining North
American species and subspecies, giving with each an outline of its range and
characters. This, however, cannot be done satisfactorily. The Juncos respond
so readily to the influences of their environment, and the ranges of the moun-
tain-inhabiting forms are so difficult to determine, that few ornithologists are
agreed on the status of the forms of this group. I merely follow, therefore,
the arrangement of the 'Check-List' of the American Ornithologists' Union.

I. White-winged Junco {Junco aikeni, Fig. i). A distinct species, known
by its large size and white wing-bars.

Range. "Central Rocky Mountain region. Breeds in the Bear Lodge
Mountains, Wyoming, the Black Hills, South Dakota, and in northwestern
Nebraska; winters from the Black Hills to southern Colorado and western
Kansas, and casually to Oklahoma and New Mexico," (A, O. U,)

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows 443

2. Slate-colored Junco {J unco hyemalis hyemalis, Figs. 2-4). The gray-
color and comparative absence of brownish or pinkish wash, particularly on
the sides, are the distinguishing characters of this race.

Range. "Eastern and northern North America. Breeds in Hudsonian and
Canadian zones in northwestern Alaska (tree limit) , northern Mackenzie (tree
limit), central Keewatin, and central Ungava south to base of Alaska
Peninsula, southern Yukon, central Alberta, northern Minnesota, central
Michigan, Ontario, and mountains of New York, Pennsylvania, and Massa-
chusetts; winters throughout the eastern United States and southern Ontario
south to the Gulf coast; casual in California, Arizona, and New Mexico;
straggles to Siberia." (A. O. U.)

3. Carolina Junco (Junco hyemalis carolinensis). Slightly larger than the
last, the upperparts and breast uniform slaty gray without a brownish wash.

Range. "Southern AUeghanies. Breeds in the Canadian zone (overlapping
into the upper Transition) of moimtains from western Maryland, Virginia
and West Virginia south to northern Georgia; winters in adjacent lowlands."
(A. O. U.)

4. Oregon Junco {Junco hyemalis oreganus, Fig. 5). A member of the
black-headed group which is confined chiefly to the Pacific coast. The black
head, sharply defined from the mahogany brown back, pinkish brown sides,
and absence of white on the third from outer tail-feather distinguish this form.

Range. "North Pacific coast. Breeds from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; winters southward along the coast to
Santa Cruz and San Mateo Counties, California; casually to eastern Oregon
and Nevada." (A. O. U.)

5. Shufeldt's Junco {Junco hyemalis connectens). Resembles the Oregon
Junco, but the colors are less intense.

Range. — "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern
British Columbia east to west-central Alberta and south to northern Oregon;
winters over entire Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona,
New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora ; casual in northern Lower
California." (A. O. U.)

6. Thurber's Junco {Junco hyemalis thurberi). Similar to the Oregon
Junco, but the back is much paler, being a bright pinkish brown, the head
and breast still remaining black.

Range. — "Mountains of California. Breeds from southern Oregon south
through the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges of California to Laguna Hansen
Mountains, Lower California; winters at lower altitudes, straying to Arizona."
(A. O. U.)

7. Point Pinos Junco {Junco hyemalis pinosus). Resembles Thurber's
Junco but has the throat and breast gray.

Range. — "Coast strip of San Mateo and northern Monterey Counties,
California." (A. 0. U.)

^otes from Jftelti ant) ^tutp

Notes from Rochester, N. Y.

Please find enclosed pictures from one
of the Park bird-feeding stations, taken
by R. E. Horsey, Foreman of Highland
Park. Sunflower seed is put in the
hopper, which is patronized quite exten-
sively by the Chickadees, Nuthatches,
and Cardinals.

The Bird 'Tepee' is made of three
rather small arborvitas trees wired
together at the top and suet and fat pork are
tied to the branches. It is well patron-
ized by Downy Woodpeckers, Nut-
hatches, Chickadees, Cardinals, and Blue
Jays. A box is placed underneath
to keep the snow off the small seeds and

bread crumbs for the seed-eating birds,
and this is well patronized by the Juncos, in
addition to the birds before mentioned.
I think it will be of interest to you and
your readers to know that on December 1 1 ,
1Q13, Mr. Horsey and myself were work-

ClIICKADEE ON 'FOOD-HOPPER'
R. E. Horsey

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH ON
'FOOD-HOPPER.' R. E. Horsey

(444)

Notes from Field and Study

445

ing in the barberry collection in High-
land Park when we heard bird-notes
which were new to us, and, upon investiga-
tion, we discovered the author of them
clinging to a bush, and were able to
approach so close to him as to reach out
our hands to within one foot of the bird.

Of course, under those conditions, we
were able to see all the markings very
distinctly, the rufous crown, the black
throat, the distinctly brownish coloring
on the sides (this being a great deal
stronger thar on the Black-capped
Chickadee), the whitish underparts, and
the rather dark or ash-colored back,
which tallies with descriptions of the
Acadian Chickadee.

After telephoning to authorities on
birds, who seemed to doubt us, we went
back in about a half-hour, and again
looked him over under about the same
conditions.

On January 2, 1914, while putting out
bird-feed, I saw two more at close range,
this time in the evergreens.

Remembering the trouble of the pre-
vious occasion, I hunted up Mr. Horsey,

A BIRD 'TEPEE'
R. E. Horsey

FOOD-SHELF AT WINDOW
R. E. Horsey

and we went back and looked them over.

By good luck, a few minutes later, we
were able to get one of the leading bird
students of this locality to take a look at
them.

Although he was very much of a 'doubt-
ing Thomas' when we told him what we
had seen, after he had thoroughly studied
the birds, he was obliged to admit that
they were Acadian Chickadees.

I have seen them successively January
5, ic and 16.

We hope that they will remain undis-
turbed and will come again next winter.

I have taken up bird study, feeding,
and protection for the Local Park Board,
and Mr. Horsey, who is much interested
in birds, is assisting me in every possible
way. — Wm. L. G. Edson, '12 Fairview
Ave., Rochester, N. Y.

Wasps in Bird-Boxes

We usually think of birds as being in
clover when plenty of insects and such
other small creatures are about; but it
seems that some of these are a menace to
the birds, and sometimes in an unex-
pected quarter.

446

Bird - Lore

A neighbor made careful preparations
for Purple Martins. The birds. came, and
there was every indication that they
would stay; but, after a little while,
though, they inspected the boxes fre-
quently, they went away. Later it was
found that the box was infested with
wasps.

Twice during the season have I found
wasps in boxes, the last inspection being
on September 20. Along with the efforts
to give the birds ventilated and otherwise
comfortable quarters, protect them
against vermin, etc., it is also well to be
on the lookout for these troublesome
pests. — R. F. O'Neal, St. Louis, Mo.

Harris's Sparrow at Rantoul, Illinois

Observing in the recent issues of Bird-
Lore notes on the occurrences of the
Harris's Sparrow in northern Illinois and
Wisconsin during last spring, I wish to
add another record in connection with
them.

On April 26, an even dozen of individ-
uals of that rarity, the Harris's Sparrow,
were observed and correctly identified.
They were in a scrubby hedgerow, near a
small creek, in conjunction with other
species of Sparrows, Towhees, and birds
which ordinarily are found in such a loca-
tion. As this place was not visited for
several days, no further record was
obtained. — George E. Ekblau, Rantoul,
Illinois.

The Starling in Maine

On August 16, 1914, I saw on the island
of Monhegan, Maine, a flock of 25 to 30
European Starlings, certain of which
were obliging enough to alight and give
an opportunity for positive identification.

It may be of interest to record also
that from August 17 to August 28 Cape
May Warblers were common on the
island, from five or six to a score being
repeatedly seen on a single outing.

I could not learn that Starlings had been
seen before at Monhegan. — Wm. Fuller,
Auburndale, Mass.

Instincts of a Parrot

The following actions of a Parrot belong-
ing to an acquaintance of mine may be of
interest as an illustration of bird intelli-
gence.

The Parrot laid three eggs upon which
it sat for three weeks. Though the eggs
failed to hatch, at the end of the three
weeks the bird attempted to feed the eggs.
Three weeks later they were removed.
After an interval of four years, the Parrot
laid one egg, but made no attempt to
incubate it. merely rolling it about as a
toy. — R. F. Haulenbeck, Newark, N. J.

Little Blue Heron in New Jersey

I have the pleasure of reporting an
uncommon bird for this latitude. July
18 (or perhaps 25) I saw on the shore of
Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey, an imma-
ture Little Blue Heron. It was pure
white in plumage except for a little tinge
of slate-blue on the head and neck; the
legs were greenish yellow. It permitted
me to come within a few yards in my canoe,
allowing an easy, naked eye identification.
— R. F. Haulenbeck, Newark, N. J.

The Whisper Song of the Catbird

I wonder if any of the readers of Bird-
Lore have noticed what I have called
the 'whisper-song' of the Catbird, occur-
ring in the fall, a little before the time of
autumn migration.

I first observed this fact in 1908, and
I have this record in my journal:

"September 14, 1908.— Yesterday,
while a visitor was mending his automo-
bile down near the woodpile, I noticed the,
low singing of a bird, apparently very
close and behind me, in some tall weeds
between the grape-vines and the woodpile.
Today I heard it again, and thought it a
Catbird's voice. After repeated trials, I
at last located the singer. He was a Cat-
bird, not over four or five feet from me,
sitting trustfully on a stick among the
weeds, quite unconcerned, and singing in
such a low, fine voice that I could only

Notes from Field and Study

447

just hear him. The performance was like
that of a bird in a reverie — like the ghost
of a thought of a song. His throat merely
trembled, and occasionally the bill parted
just a trifle. Yet his song seemed the full
repertoire of the Catbird, including, dur-
ing the time I listened, two faint mews. I
listened some five minutes, and it kept
up \'ery steadily. He seemed no more
disturbed by my presence than he had
been the day before, when an automobile
and six or eight people, talking and laugh-
ing, were within ten feet of him. I sus-
pect this bird was one of my favorite
singers of the summer. Altogether, this
was a rich experience."

On September 17, 1910, I made this
record: "The Catbird sings again his
dreamy, ghost-like song among the weeds
of the old woodpile, back of the grape-
vines."

I have no further records in my journal,
but almost every autumn I have heard
the whispering song, and this September
(1914) a Catbird, perhaps the same, per-
haps another, has been singing in some
sumach and hazel bushes back of my son's
sleeping-porch; possibly because the for-
mer haunt of weeds and woodpile has
been cleared away. This time the singer
seems more nervous and suspicious, mews
oftener, does not so placidly permit obser-
vation, and sings slightly louder; but, on
the whole, the performance is the same.

What I should like to ask the editors
and readers of Bird-Lore is this question:
Have other observers noticed this trait
in the Catbird, or am I to suppose this a
trick of my own particular bird? I sus-
pect that all Catbirds do it and, not only
that, but that many other birds also
indulge, at this season of the year, in
whisper or reverie songs, in memory, as it
were, of departed summer joys. At any
rate, a Chewink has been singing, in much
the same voice and mood, lately, in the
same hazel and sumach clump, and my
daughter-in-law reports hearing a Wren
in our lane whispering a song.

I should be grateful to learn what others
may know on this point. — J. William
Lloyd, Westfield, N. J.

Prothonotary Warbler in Massachusetts

At Hopkinton, Mass., on May 24, we
saw a Prothonotary Warbler which, at
the suggestion of an official of the local
Audubon Society, I am reporting owing
to its rarity in this vicinity. The bird was
not at all shy, spending the entire day
within a radius of about two hundred yards
of the house, often coming into an apple
tree so near that we were able to distin-
guish his markings with ease. He sang
almost without interruption from 6:30 .am.
until late in the afternoon. The song
slightly suggests that of the Yellow
Warbler, but is fuller and more penetrat-
ing, and different in rhythm. In Chap-
man's book on Warblers, he mentions only
five records for this species in Massa-
chusetts, the last in 1894. — Isabelle
Alexander Robry, Boston, Mass.

Mud for Nest-Builders

An incident of the past few days in
connection with our Martin colony may
be of interest to other lovers of these
sociable birds.

A quantity of thoroughly softened
earth was dipped from a sunken barrel
intended for a lily, and left to dry before
removal. Almost immediately it was
visited by the female Martins, who had
already begun their nests, and they were
very active all the morning filling their
beaks with mud and packing it away in
the nearby house. Often five or six
birds would be on the ground at the same
time. Every morning following, the mud
has been watered, and the slight trouble
well repaid by the evident pleasure of the
birds in finding it so near at hand. A
small heap of river-sand near the same
barrel is visited occasionally; but whether
it is eaten, or used in the nests, cannot be
determined at present.

Anyone will be convinced, after a little
reflection, that Martins (and other mud-
using birds) must often be compelled to
go long distances for this material, or
dispense with it entirely in towns with
paved streets, and nearly everywhere in

448

Bird- Lore

drj- seasons. Yet only accidentally was
this need brought to our notice, notwith-
standing we endeavor to give the Martins
every encouragement and protection.

A mud-pile will be provided each year,
in future, for our Martins and for the
Robins, who have also begun to use it. —
T. H. Whitney, Atlantic, Iowa.

Acadian Chickadee at Groton, Mass.,
February, 1913

When the February, 1913, issue of
Bird-Lore reached me, I read with much
interest the various reports of Acadian
Chickadees in New Eng-
land. The very ne.xt morn-
ing (Feb. 4) I looked out
of my window, and there
was a little Brown-cap
on my spruce hedge.
Since then, he has been
my guest nearly every
day, u<i!h but not quite
of a group of Black-caps.
For he has a marked in-
dividuality, less ner-
vously alert and less
assertiv'e than his com-
moner cousins. I enclose-
a photograph of him in
the saucer; which, though
small, shows the brown
shading off on the back, in
contrast to the black of the
Chickadee on the railing.
— S. Warren Sturgis,
Grolon, Mass., Feb. 21,
1913-

Occurrence of the Aca-
dian Chickadee in the
Hudson Valley

last

who had hung up suet which these Chick-
adees had discovered. I promptly went
down to see them and found them with a
flock of Black-capped Chickadees. I
made repeated visits and always found
them in the same locality, and soon
noticed that there were three, but could
not tell if the third was a fresh arrival or
not. I saw them throughout December,
but the subsequent storms prevented my
keeping track of them thereafter.

On December 21, an Acadian Chickadee
came to the suet hung by Mrs. James F.
Goodell outside her window in Rhinebeck
village. It was \ery tame and independent

In Bird -Lore's
Christmas Census, my
Rhinebeck record of the Acadian
Chickadee seemed to be its 'farthest
south' for New York State. On Thanks-
giving Day, November 27, 1913, a friend
telephoned to me that he had seen two in
some cedar woods about four miles south
of the village, on the estate of a neighbor

liLALK CAPPED (AT THE LEFT) AND ACADIAN (AT THE

RIGHT) CHICKADEES AT GROTON, MASS., FEB. 1913

Photographed by S. Warren Sturgis

and did not pay much attention to the
other Chickadees, although it tolerated
their presence. It remained throughout
the winter, probably roosting in some
neighboring spruces, and came daily to
feed until March 12, when it was last
seen. It seldom ate anything but suet.

Notes from Field and Study

449

although it had a variety to choose from,
and those seen south of the village were
often on the ground or on weed-tops, eat-
ing seeds. The Black-capped Chickadees
showed a decided preference for sunflower
seeds.

On one or two occasions, a second Aca-
dian Chickadee was seen at Mrs. Goodell's
feeding-shelf, but it seemed to be shyer
and soon disappeared. It may be inter-
esting to note here that the following
visited this food-station: Hairy Wood-
pecker, 4 or 5; Downy Woodpecker, 6 or 7;
Blue Jay, 6; Crow, i; House Sparrow,
many; Redpoll, 4 or 5; Tree Sparrow, 6;
Junco, 6 to 8; Brown Creeper, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 4 or 5; Chickadee,
about 20; Acadian Chickadee, 2. Starlings
and Golden-crowned Kinglets were about,
but were not seen to visit the food that
had been scattered.

Meanwhile I learned from Professor
E. M. Freeman, of Vassar College,
Poughkeepsie, that there were two or
three Acadian Chickadees at her feeding-
shelf and in the evergreens on the college
campus quite regularly from January 22
to March 28, and these were again seen
on April 13 and 21. From November
20, 1912, till March 29, 1913, she often
saw three that were with a flock of Black
caps.

Mr. Allen Frost of Poughkeepsie like-
wise told me that on February 11, 1906,
he saw three Acadian Chickadees with a
flock of Black-caps and Red-breasted
Nuthatches at New Paltz, Ulster County.

The above data give the Acadian Chick-
adee a more southern limit in New York
State than does the Christmas Census,
and also indicates that, although in the
season of 1913-14 their migration was
unusually widespread and pronounced,
they nevertheless come down thus far
more often than published records show. —
Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Loss of the Vesper Sparrow, at
Orient, L. 1.

The failure of the Vesper Sparrows to
return to their usual haunts, at Orient,

L. I., summer of 1914, caused keen regret.
The reason of their absence is somewhat
of a question.

This Sparrow has always been a regular
and not uncommon summer resident. It
lingers late in autumn and early winter;
midwinter records are plentiful, and the
birds frequently brave the entire winter,
evidently being influenced in their stay by
the temperature.

The preceding winter was warm and
open, and found these birds tarrying
late, as usual, or induced them to advance
only slightly southward. Then the sud-
den burst of winter, with clinging snow
and sleet, hurled itself into the bird-
world, taking the Sparrows unawares,
and I believe that it wiped out absolutely
the long-established Vesper Sparrows of
Orient.

Though it is the popular opinion that
the summer residents observed at the
North in winter are individuals of the
species from farther north taking the
places of those that nested in the vicinity,
my study of the Vesper Sparrow leads me
to believe that these Sparrows observed
in winter are the identical ones that bred
here.

This is my reason for thinking that the
exceptional winter of last year is the
principal factor in the absolute disappear-
ance of the Vesper Sparrows from Orient
this summer.

There has previously been no variation
in their numbers for a score of years.

The various pairs were scattered,
returning each season to breed in their
long-chosen localities. So attached do
they become to certain fields or tracts
that, covering a period of fourteen years,
they have clung to them adapting them-
selves to the various changes from pas-
tures to potato-fields, strawberry-beds,
etc. — Roy Latham, Orient, L. I.

Notes from Hartford, Conn.

It would be quite interesting to know
rf other bird students in this state have
noticed an unusually large number of
Red-headed Woodpeckers this fall. Only

450

Bird- Lore

three \cars ago next Fel)riiary, a friend
and I walked nearly eight miles in slush
several inches deep, and in the face of a
blinding snowstorm, to see the only sjjcci-
men of this bird seen hereabouts for many
years. Gratification upon finding I lie
object of our search after such effort does
not express how we felt. The next year
one specimen only was reported, while
the following season a pair and nest were
observed all summer. This same pair has
raised another lot of young in the same
tree this summer; but the most interesting
of all is the fact that within five miles of city
hall there have been seen, in at least six
different localities, during the past three
weeks, some thirty-five to forty Red-
heads, and most of them immature birds.
This might indicate that they were breed-
ing in this locality this season, or perhaps
it is the question of food supply that
brings them here now. However, several
have been observed very carefully by
members of the Hartford Bird Study
Club, with the result that they are con-

fident llic birds are breeding in tliis sec-
lion. I am interested to know whether
other students in Connecticut ha\-e
noticed an increase in the number of Red-
heads seen in the state within the last
year or two.

Several years ago, so many Bluebirds
were killed by the severe winter that the
following spring almost none were seen,
and many northerners who look anxiously
forward to the first sweet whistle of this
bird were utterly discouraged by the
appalling mortality among the Bluebirds.
Evidently they have 'come back,' since
within the past month I have seen more of
them than previously observed in many
years all taken together. Have seen sev-
eral large flocks of them, and on every
walk, this past month, have seen from ten
to fifty or more. Good luck to this faith-
ful harbinger of spring, and may his kind
multiply and fill the land with their sweet
warble as the sap begins to flow in the
sugar orchards. — -Geo. T. Griswold
Harlford, Conn..

liLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE
Photographed by Arthur A. Allen, Ithaca, N. Y.

2^oafe ji^etosi anb aebiehjs;

Distribution and Migratiox of North
American Rails and Their Allies.
By Wells W. Cooke. Assistant
Biologist, Bull. No. 12S. U. S. Dept.
of .Agric. Cont. from the Bureau of
Biological Survey. 50 pages, 19 maps
in text.

To his valuable bulletins on the Ducks
and Geese, Shore-birds, Herons, and other
groups. Professor Cooke now adds a
study of the distribution and migration
of our Rails, Cranes, Coots and Gallinules.
The information he presents is designed
"to serve as a basis for protective legis-
lation for the species by states in which
they are found." (Footnote, p. i.)

The species which particularly require
this protection are, as might be expected,
those that are pursued by the sportsman
and market-hunter. Chief among these
is the Sora or Carolina Rail. Professor
Cooke tells us that on September 15 and
16, 1881, two men killed 1,235 oi these
birds at the mouth of the James River,
'while as many as 3,000 ha\-e been shot in a
single day on a marsh of' hardly 500 acres."

As Professor Cooke well says the Sora at
all times of the year occupies ground not
suitable for agriculture, and until the
pressure of increasing population calls
for the draining of its haunts, especially
those in which it breeds, it may with a
proper protection "survive in abundance
as a game bird long after many other
species have succumbed before the advance
of intensive agriculture."

Such i)rotection could no doubt be
most practically aj)plied by establishing a
reasonable bag limit, and thereby pre-
vent the slaughter which, under certain
conditions of tide and migration, gunners
apparently cannot resist inflicting on the
Sora.

This paper is also welcome as a con-
tribution to our knowledge of the dis-
tribution and migration of the group to
which it relates; and the maps by which
it is accompanied add in no small measure
to its value. — F. M. C.

(45

Birds in Relation to the Alfalfa
Weevil. By E. R. Kalmbach, Assist-
ant Biologist. Bull. No. 107, U. S.
Dept. of Agric, Cont. from the Bureau
of Biological Surve,v. 64 pages, 5
plates, 3 figures.

"The alfalfa weevil {Phytonomus posti-
cus GyJl.), a pest introduced into the
United States," Mr. Kalmbach writes,
"has for several years been doing enor-
mous damage to alfalfa crops in Utah."
He was therefore sent to the infested area
by the Biological Survey, to determine
what i)art birds played in destroying this
comparatively new enemy of the agri-
culturist.

The results of field studies made from
^lay 8 to July 25, 191 1, and April i to
.\ugust 15, 191 2, are presented at length
in this paper.

]\Ir. Kalmbach concludes that, "with
the possible exception of a fungous dis-
ease, which, in some localities, destroyed
large numbers of the pupae, there probably
was, at the close of 191 2, no other natural
agency which had done more in holding
the alfalfa weevil in check than the
native birds." — F. M. C.

The Reformation of Jimmy and Some
Others. By Henriette Eugenie
Delamare. Illustrated by F. Lilly
Young. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.,
Boston. i2mo., 352 pages, 8 plates.

The wa>'s and means by which Jimmy's
reformation was wrought arc in themselves
so interesting that, in spite of her frank
didacticism the author has succeeded in
making a readable story which holds
even a 'giown-up's' attention from
start to finish.

A thoroughly consistent humanitarian
who can be nothing short of a \egetarian —
might object to having a terrier kill
trapped rats, for example. But if a
vegetarian, he would also object to raising
chickens for market, and the raising of
chickens plajed no small part in the
reformation of Jimmy. Jimmy, indeed,

i)

452

Bird- Lore

was reformed on practical lines, which
therefore no doubt appealed to Jimmy
much as thej' do to the reader of his
history.

Incidentally, Jimmy's brother and sis-
ter and father and mother shared in the
reformation, and the story of how this
was done may be read by parents to their
children with possible benefit to them all.
— F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk.— The July issue of 'The
.'Vuk' opens with a paper on 'The Moults
and Plumages of the Scoters, — Genus
Oidemia' by Dr. J. Dwight, Jr. It is
illustrated with a color plate showing
the heads ot the six species belonging to
this group of Ducks, with photographs of
the different stages of plumage and with
silhouettes of feather tips showing how the
distal primary varies according to species,
se.x and age. Sportsmen as well as other
readers should find much of interest in
the facts presented.

A careful piece of work is 'A List of
Birds from the Vicinity of Golden, Col-
orado' by R. B. Rockwell and A. Wetmore
the article being well illustrated. A pains-
taking study of a dift'erent order is 'Pearly
Records of the Wild Turkey" by A. H.
Wright who has delved into many an old
volume in order to gather the material
from which he quotes so freely. Dr. R.
W. Shufeldt discusses the 'Osteology of
the Passenger Pigeon {Ectopistes migra-
torius),' the photograph of a skeleton
being shown. G. L. Simmons in 'Notes
on the Louisiana Clapper Rail {Rallus
crepitans saturatiis) in Texas' is of the
opinion that this is the only form of the
Clapper Rail found along the Texas coast.

A new Dusky Grouse {Dendragapus
ohscurus flemingi) from the Yukon, Can-
ada, is described by P. A. Taverner, and
a new Hawaiian Petrel {Oceanodroma
castru baiigsi) from Lat. i° N. Long. 93°
W. is named by J. T. Nichols. The many
reviews in the department of Recent
Literature indicate that most of the newly
described birds of the present day are

merely races; — the subspecies mill grinds
very fine!

The October issue completes the thirty-
first year of publication of 'The Auk' with
no serious competitor in sight. This is
largely a South Atlantic number, for R. C.
Murphy contributes 'Observations on
Birds of the South Atlantic,' while J. T.
Nichols and R. C. Murphy add 'A Review
of the Genus Phoebetrin.' Both papers
are illustrated by numerous photographs
taken by Mr. Murphy, many of them
being snapshots from on board shij).
The abundance of bird-life on the ocean is
strikingly portrayed, and fishing for
Tubinares with trailing bait and landing
them out of the air seems to be an excit-
ing sport. A new Albatross {Phcebetria
palpebrata audiiboni) is described from a
series of two specimens, but the several
races seem to rest on rather slender dif-
ferences at best.

.\. H. Wright continues his paper on
'Early Records of the Wild Turkey, II,'
R. W. Williams, supplements his earlier
lists with 'Notes on the Birds of Leon Co.,
Florida — Third Supplement,' and W. W.
Cooke presents an annotated list of 'Some
Winter Birds of Oklahoma,' no species in
all, which is a large number to be recorded
in a seven-months residence. It is pleas-
ant to find a list prefaced by remarks on
the weather, an important factor that is
too often omitted.

A somewhat exhaustive paper on 'The
California Forms of the Genus Psaltri-
pariis,' by H. S. Swarth, leads to no satis-
factory conclusions. The Bush-tits, some
four hundred specimens of them, are
brought to the bar and left there, for in
Mr. Swarth's own words 'The whole
problem of the inter-relationships of the
three species of Psaltriparus is one of
decided interest, the facts so far accumu-
lated being of a suggestive though tan-
talizingly inclusive nature.' Then why
publish them to tantalize everybody?
There is certainly something uncanny
about a series of four hundred specimens,
nowadays, that does not show a new
subspecies. The reviews of the ornithologi-
cal journals is an extremely valuable

Book News and Reviews

453

feature of this and other issues of 'The
Auk.'

The death of the last surviving Wild
Pigeon {Ectopisles migratorius), a bird
twenty-nine years in the Cincinnati
Zoological Garden, is recorded. This
marks the extinction of a species once so
abundant that the flocks darkened the
sky for hours as they passed swiftly on
their way. Here is a worthy te.xt for
every preacher of bird protection.—
J. D., Jr.

The Condor. — The contents of the
September number of 'The Condor' are
more varied than usual and contain two
or three articles of special interest.
Dickey's 'Nesting of the Spotted Owl'
in Ventura County, in 1913, is a well-
illustrated and valuable addition to our
knowledge of the life history of this little-
known bird.

In an obituary notice of Henry W.
Marsden, Bishop details with skilful and
sympathetic touch the difficulties encoun-
tered by an earnest and conscientious
field-collector who seems to have been too
little known to the majority of ornitholo-
gists. For the last twelve years Marsden
has made California his home, usually
spending the winters at Redlands or
Witch Creek. He collected extensively
in southern Arizona, and while there in
1905 added Salvin's Hummingbird to the
list of birds found in the United States.
He also added to the list of California
birds the Chestnut-sided Warbler and the
Horned Puffin, the latter only nine days
before his death, which occurred at
Pacific Grove, on Feb. 26, 1914.

Mailliard contributes 'Notes on a
Colony of Tricolored Redwings' which
bred this year on the Rancho Dos Rios
in Stanislaus County, and compares the
habits of the birds with those in a breed-
ing colony in Madera County which he
described some years ago.

In 'Bird Notes from the Sierra Madre,'
Edwards gives a list of 47 species observed
during a trip, in June, 1914, in the Big
Tujunga Range in the Angeles National
Forest. In a bare fir stub about 80 feet

high and 6 feet in diameter at the base, he
found no less than six different kinds of
birds nesting and rearing their young.
The list included the White-throated
Swift ("which seemed to have a nest in a
large crack about 20 feet up" — a most
unusual nesting-site), the Western House
Wren, Cabanis' Woodpecker, Mountain
Chickadee, Western Bluebird, and West-
ern Martin, all of which, apparently,
found congenial homes in this avian
apartment-house.

Critical notes based on 'A Study of
Certain Island Forms of the Genus
Salpinctes' are given by Swarth, who
describes a new subspecies {Salpinctes
giiadeloupensis proximus) based on a
single specimen from San Martin Island,
Lower California.

The most important article is Bryant's
20-page 'Survey of the Breeding-Grounds
of Ducks in California, in 1914,' con-
taining the results of an investigation
made possible by a fund contributed by
certain public-spirited friends of game
protection. In this most interesting
report, the breeding-grounds at Los
Banos, Gridley, and the Klamath Lake
region are described, and full notes given
on the seven species of Ducks, the Canada
Goose, Coot and several wadeis which
were found nesting in these localities.
Many nests were found destroyed by
predaceous animals — in some cases,
especially at Los Banos, due to lowering
of the water, thus giving raccoons,
weasels, and coyotes access to nests built
on islets or tussocks of grass which at
first were protected by the surrounding
water. It is also probable that mere
examination of some nests served to
locate them for predatory animals which
followed the observer's tracks, and in
this way the ratio of nests destroyed was
inadvertently increased.

Those interested in osteology will find
much of value in the final article, in
which Holden describeds a new 'Method
of Cleaning Skulls' by means of two
solutions, one of phenol or carbolic
acid, and the other of peroxide of
hydrogen.

454

Bird - Lore

25irtiHore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine

Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFilCIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributineEditor.MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XVI Published December 1, 1914 No. 6

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States. Canada and Mexico, twenty cents
a number, one dollar a year, postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED. 1914, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Band

Three of the leading bird artists of the
world — Allan Brooks, George Lodge, and
John Millais — are serving their country
in the English army. The possibility of
death coming to any one of these men,
whose special talents may not appear
again in generations, gives us a faint con-
ception of what this war is costing the
world in the loss of men who by their
gifts and attainments were benefitting,
not a race, but mankind. As bird-lovers
let us at least be thankful that Louis
Fuertes is an American!

The appalling destruction of Rheas,
recorded by Mr. Leo E. Miller, in Bird-
Lore for July-August last (p. 260), having
been brought to the attention of the
Treasury Department, it affords us un-
bounded satisfaction to state that on
November 9, 1914, the Department pro-
hibited the further importation of Rhea
feathers into the United States, thereby,
we believe, assuring the continued exist-
tence of ore of the most interesting of
American birds.

The year just passed has been marked by
an ever-growing interest in various meas-
ures designed to increase our bird popula-
tion, and the birds' trust in man.

The desire to bring birds about our
homes and establish friendly relations
with them, which finds its first expression
in a feeding-table or lunch-counter dur-
ing the winter, now exerts itself through-

out the year. To the feeding-station,
we add drinking-fountains, baths and
nesting-boxes, and to all these an environ-
ment from which, so far as lies within our
power, all bird enemies shall be excluded.

The economic value of these bird
refuges calls for no comment, but pos-
sibly only those who have had the experi-
ence realize how much pleasure is to be
derived from them. The person who makes
four birds nest where only two nested
before cannot but have that personal,
intimate interest in their welfare which
we have for the flowers in our garden.
Both owe their existence to us, and to
both we are, therefore, responsible. They
are 'our' flowers and, in a measure at
least, 'our' birds. Each will repay us
after its kind, and from both we derive
that type of satisfaction which comes
from a successful attempt to be the pre-
siding genius of that particular bit of the
earth's surface we can call our own.

Bird-Lore has published, from time to
time, accounts of bird-refuges, both large
and small.* In this number Mr. Robert
Ridgway gives the first of three articles
on his efforts to provide a refuge for birds
in southern Illinois, and in our April
number we plan to publish an account of
what, in many ways, we believe will be
the most productive bird-refuge which has
been formed in this country. We shall not
anticipate Mrs. Wright's story, but
merely say that in the 'Birdcraft Sanc-
tuary' there will be certain features which
promise to be as valuable as they are novel.

Why is it that America has not as yet
produced a woman bird-photographer of
the first-class, while in England there
are several whose work ranks with the
best? We shall not now attempt to answer
this question, but during the coming year
we are promised a fully illustrated article
by Miss E. L. Turner, possibly the most
successful woman bird-photographer in
England, whose achievements, we trust,
will stir the ambition of American women.

*See especially William P. Wharton's descrip-
tion of a visit to Baron von Ber!epsch's estate at
Seebach, Germany, which appeared in Bird-Lore
for September-October, igi4, pp. 329-337-

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the editor, at 53 Arlington Avenue. Providence, R. I.

A CHRISTMAS MESSAGE TO AUDUBON
SOCIETIES

THE COMING GENERATION

In view of the fact that so much interest is being shown in Junior Audubon
Societies, and various clubs for young people devoted to the study of outdoor
life, it seems fitting that at least once each year we should devote the space
of the School Department to the boys and girls in whom we have so much
hope, and for whom we are chiefly working.

We sometimes speak of "the coming generation" as though it was not
already with us, projecting our thoughts into the future instead of focusing
them upon the young folk around us. Perhaps this is one of the underlying
reasons why there is often an apparent lack of sympathy between the grown-
ups and children of a community, the one class being absorbed in and anxious
to solve the problem of an ideal generation to come, while the other, marked
by the eager impulsiveness of youth, grows up in reality without the atten-
tion and actual contact it deserves. This may seem a strange statement to make
in view of the numberless agencies at work to raise the standard of teaching
children, to better their condition at home and elsewhere, to provide suitable
and adequate amusements for them, to supply all of their needs from the
purely physical to the esthetic and spiritual, — in short, to make the material
world and the moral, ideal for their use and upbringing in conformity with
the most advanced theories of the age.

It is not, however, a mistaken point of view or a prejudiced one, for, if we
will only stop to consider how few adults are able to see things as a child does,
how very few are able to enjoy life as a child does, and how rare are those who
are children in spirit all through the years entrusted to them, we must confess
that much of our professed interest in youth is theoretical, and that the ordi-
nary attitude of the mature person is one of aloofness to the coming generation.

One of the effective agencies in bringing the elders and children of to-day
together is the inexhaustible world of Nature. In most matters we discrim-
inate between what is suitable for the child and w^hat for his seniors, but in
nature-study, there is no necessity for classing things as ju^'enile or adult.
From the starry heavens above to the depths of ocean and canon there is

(455)

45^ Bird -Lore

nothing whicli the child may not gaze upon unabashed, except for wonder at
the multitude of objects and variety of motion he sees.

If we are fair in our estimate of the value of youthful attributes, we must
concede that the normal boy or girl, given a normal opportunity, sees more and
enjoys more than the average adult when turned loose in natural surround-
ings. Buoyant spirit, keen imagination, and a love of discovery are all char-
acteristic of youth, and in perfect harmony with Nature. We of an older
generation may well turn our attention to the methods that boys and girls
employ out-of-doors, romping on the chilly days when we hover over a fire,
book in hand, or look wistfully at more courageous pedestrians than ourselves.

Winter, snow, Jack Frost and all his icy accoutrements are the delight of
healthy boys and girls; Spring is a wondertime; Summer a long holiday, and
Autumn a season of storing up treasures for less fortunate days to come.
Who that has ever trod the crust or felt the glareness of an ice-bound pond,
that has strung wild strawberries on a long and slender grass or has fashioned
melodious pipes out of the yielding poplar, who that has hunted for the first
bloodroot of the season along some bush-edged meadow or scuffed through the
crackling carpet of withered leaves in a sugar-grove, upturning the fragile spring
beauty, the delicate Dutchman's breeches or more rarely, about some mossy
stump, a hidden clumj) of hepatica, who that has experienced these and a
hundred other joys can fail to respond to the elation of youth in the open!
Fortunate indeed are those who have such memories of childhood, to whom
an apartment-house is unknown, to whom the sweet-scented byways and
hedges of the country are familiar haunts for recreation, to whose nostrils the
stale air of city streets has never penetrated!

We owe a duty to ourselves in becoming better acquainted with the child-
life about us. We owe a greater duty to those children who are born and reared
outside the pale of Nature. We owe perhaps the greatest duty to the coming
generation in making nature-study a reality. It will cost us something to do
this. We must slough oft" some conservatism, some prejudice, some disin-
clination to get out of the beaten routine. When once we awaken to the oppor-
tunity and grasp the meaning of this subject, when we gain confidence in
Nature herself, then we shall be ready to meet our children halfway and,
dropping cares and staid demeanor, to go gaily hand-in-hand with them on
their venturesome journeys of discovery.

The birds will be our guides, for they know the points of the compass,
the seasons, the woodland, marsh, and sea. What more beautiful bond of kin-
ship could there be than for expectant youth and alert age to make the wanged
feathered folk their comrades in a search for Nature's treasures!

This is not a pretty fancy or a mere ramble of words. Many times the
greatest Teacher of wisdom and joy referred to the trees, the flowers, and birds,
emphasizing our need of acquaintance and sympathy with nature ; and are call-
ing to the mature the prophecy: "A little child shall lead them." — A. H. W.

The Audubon Societies 457

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK
For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XVIII: Correlated with Reading, Story-Telling and

Literature.

BIRDS IN PROSE AND POETRY

November and December are here, ushering in the holiday season and New
Year, with their sno^^y tokens of the Ice-King and Snow-Queen who rule
Nature during the winter. Suddenly the leaves have deserted the trees, the
grass has withered and browned, many birds and insects and most of the wood-
land folk ha\'e disappeared. The change has come so quietly, so irresistibly,
that no one can tell exactly when it happened. Stillness, and austere serenity
have settled down upon Mother Earth.

The outlines of hill and mountain are etched firmly and clearly in relief
against the sky, and, as the Snow-Queen drops over all her white covering,
they will stand out against the blue canopy above them in a beauty unknown
at other seasons. By day or by night the eye is delighted with form and
radiance, rather than with verdure and color.

In the cold, still air, sounds are carried through the leafless forests with
startling clearness. Everything in Nature stands out distinct and isolated in
the vibrant atmosphere. A change has come over all the world. We, alone
among created things, seem to be spectators of this mysterious transition,
instead of sharers in it.

Time was, hundreds of years ago, when primitive man was quite as much
a part of nature as the animals and plants around him. To him, as to the child-
like savage of modern times, all things had a personality in some measure like
his own. Thus it came about, that he imagined much that was not really true,
although he believed it at the time, and handed down by word of mouth many
strange stories. These stories were mainly about things in Nature which are
quite as familiar today as in those far-off ages, if we would only look about and
discover them. We may call the stories of primitive man, earth stories and beast
stories. When these stories distinctly teach some lesson of good or evil, we call
them fables. Most of the oldest beast-fables, however, are merely stories with-
out any moral. A myth is an earth story, too, but it is not told to point a
moral. Moreover, it is often the combined story-telling eft'ort of several genera-
tions, while a fable, like a parable and the briefer proverb, is short, concise, and
invariably to the point.

There are so many of these ancient earth stories and beast fables which
have come down to us in one form or another, that we may be surprised to find
how old they are, and to how many different races of men they have furnished
amusement and instruction. Since the fable without a moral, that is the simple

458 Bird -Lore

earth story or beast fable, is common to nearly all races in their early his-
tory, we may think of it as the A, B, C of literature.

No one knows what the earliest fable was, but if we turn to Judges g: 7-16
we find a very old and famous fable, or parable, about the trees choosing a
king, which gives a very clear idea of this kind of story. An interesting point
about the fable of the trees is that it was told, not for the sake of the story,
but to suggest something which the story-teller, Jotham, did not dare to say
outright for fear of offending the jealous law-breakers about him. This story,
then, really has a moral, and we shall find that all ages and generations of men
have made much use of nature in writing or telling fables with a similar purpose.

Not only trees, but animals, birds, insects, and even inanimate things, figure
as human beings in fables. Since everyone knows the sly fox, the cruel, crafty
wolf, the gentle dove, the sagacious crow, the slow tortoise, the thrifty, indus-
trious ant, and many of their natural associates, it is easy for a story-teller to
use these creatures to point a moral, without making enemies of those whom he
wishes to instruct and to criticise.

One of the most famous writers of fables was ^Esop, a man who probably
rose from the condition of a slave, to freedom and a position of considerable
influence. He may have lived between five or six hundred or more years
before Christ, but where he lived is not certain, or just how or why he suffered
a violent death. We know him best by his fables; and, although he may never
have written these down himself, they were told and retold and put into book-
form by others, so that, for all time to come, every boy and girl may read his
clever stories.

He was evidently familiar with all the common animals, birds, and insects
of his neighborhood, for we find a long list of them in the index to his fables.

Of all the stories about intelligent Crows, none is better than ^sop's fable
of 'The Crow and the Pitcher.' In the fable of 'The Fox and the Crow,' Ji^sop
shows that sly flattery may bring the most intelligent to grief. An even keener
rebuke to those who are brilliant but over-ambitious is given the guise of a
fable about 'The Eagle and the Crow.'

Perhaps more widely-known, and possibly as old or older than ^Esop's
Fables, is a collection of moral stories which had their origin in India, and are
today known as Pilpay's Fables. Pilpay is not the name of any particular
man, but a corru])tion of an Arabic word bid-bah, meaning 'court-scholar, or
master of sciences,' a title apphed to the chief pandit of an Indian prince. You
may sometimes find this title spelled Bidpai, and, since the fables attributed
to Pilpay or Bidpai have been translated into so many different languages and
have influenced so many later writers and readers, you would do well to spend a
half-hour reading the history of these stories, which some Brahman philosopher
probably collected from still older stories based upon the ancient folk-lore of
the common j^eople, and retold for the benefit of a wicked king whom he
wished to reform.

The Audubon Societies 45q

'Tlic Talkati^'e Tortoise' is an ingenious tale about two wild geese who
tried to help their friend the tortoise to fly to their beautiful home in the
Himalayas.

By placing a stick in the tortoise's mouth and each taking an end, the trio
flew up into the air the fable relates, much to the astonishment of the village
children, who exclaimed: "There are two geese carrying a tortoise by a stick!"
Unluckily, the tortoise had a short temper and forgot the admonition of his
friends to keep his mouth shut, with the consequence that he fell into a court-
yard and "split in two," which caused a tremendous uproar. Even the King
came out to inquire what was the matter, accompanied by the Future Buddha,
who had long wished to rebuke the King for talking indiscreetly and too much.

In the manner of a timely observation, the Future Buddha remarked that
"They that have too much tongue, that set no limit to their speaking, ever come
to such misfortune as this," adding:

"The tortoise needs must speak aloud,
.Although between his teeth
A stick he bit; yet, spite of it.
He spoke — and fell beneath!

And now, O mighty master, mark it well.

See thou speak wisely, see thou speak in season.

To death the tortoise fell:

He talked too much, that was the reason."

Of course, the King could hardly fail to take so pointed a moral to himself;
but, when he asked the Future Buddha if the rebuke was meant for him, the
latter adroitly replied: "Be it you, O great King, or be it another, whosoever
talks beyond measure comes by some misery of this kind." The fable closes by
saying that so the Future Buddha "made the thing manifest," and thereafter
the king "became a man of few words."

There are many beast fables in the old Indian collections of tales, and it
would be diflficult to select from the five hundred and fifty stories of the Bud-
dhist Jataka, or from the equally entertaining Brahmanical collection known
as 'Panchatantra,' both of which are used in Pilpay's fables, just those stories
that might appeal most to you. 'The Buddhist Duty of Courtesy to Animals,'
'The Antelope, the Woodpecker, and the Tortoise,' 'The King and the Hawk,'
'The Transformed Mouse,' 'The Hare-mark in the Moon,' and 'The Ass in
the Lion's Skin' are all excellent examples of the keen observation, ready pen,
and simple skill of the fabulist.

Perhaps no writer of fables of later times was and still is better known than
Jean de La Fontaine, who lived from 162 1 to 1695. Born in the country, the
son of a well-to-do gentleman, who held the responsible government office of
"master of forests and stream's" — an office not exactly comparable with any
position in this country, but one which probably combined that of chief

460 Bird -Lore

forester, sui)er\'isi)r of highways and water pri\'ileges, and game-warden — La
Fontaine grew up in easy circumstances and amid agreeable surroundings. It
may ha\'e been his love of thinking and dreaming about everything he saw which
caused him to idle away his time, or it may be that his lack of practical applica-
tion was due to too much ease at home and want of regular employment. He
w^as so interested in Nature that it is said he would forget his dinner and ever}'-
thing else, in order to watch the manoeuvers of a colony of ants burying a dead
fly. The most ordinary creatures and their habits became a profound study
to him, and he grew up to young manhood, well versed in the lore of wood and
wild. When he visited the Court, with its lords and ladies of elegant manners
and fashion, and w^andered through the lovely but artilicial pleasure-grounds
of Versailles, he was but little impressed, and failed to please the King, who was
accustomed to stately demeanor and flattering tongue. Nevertheless he gained
friends, who, throughout his life, helped him from time to time, and who dis-
covered his simple, childlike spirit beneath his somew'hat sarcastic manner,
and gladly forgave his many shortcomings.

La Fontaine wTote many poems and tales, not of the best, which contributed
nothing to his reputation or fame, and these are seldom read except by critics
and scholars. It is likely that he would not have been remembered had he not
found himself at last, when he wrote his remarkable series of fables; and these
he could never have written had he not been so familiar with the living
creatures around him. Of all his fables, his own life contained perhaps the
saddest and gladdest moral, for, while he had to pay the cost of many follies,
he had the great joy of learning truth from Nature herself.

There is not space to quote more than a few random lines from his works,
to show how keen and sure his observation was. To express the adage that
those who do not seize opportunity when it comes, lose it, he told a fable
in verse about the Heron, which let good fish go by for lack of appetite, but,
w^hen hungry, disdained the "mean little fishes" that chanced his w^ay, and
was finally glad to stay his empty stomach with a single snail, found on the
river-bank.

This fable begins:

"One day — no matter v\hen or where, —
A long-legged Heron chanced to fare
Bj' a certain's river's brink,
With his long, sharp beak
Helved on his slender neck : —
Twas a fish-spear, you might think.
The water was clear and still;
The carp and the pike there at will
Pursued their silent fun,
Turning up, ever and anon,
A golden side to the sun.
With ease might the Heron have made
Great profits in this fishing trade.

The Audubon Societies 461

So near came the scaly fry

They might be caught by the passer-by.

But he thought he better might

Wait for better appetite,

For he lived by rule, and could not eat,

Except at his hours, the best of meat."

La Fontaine's lyric style suffers so much in translation that those of you
who read French will enjoy his fables far more in the original.

'The Lark and the Farmer,' 'The Cat, the Weasel, and the Young Rabbit,'
'The Oak and the Reed,' 'The Grasshopper and the Ant,' are suggestive of
his insight into the ways of wild creatures, the aspect of Nature in every mood,
and the contrast between the real world and the artificial.

In the 'Two Doves,' he preaches a little sermon on contentment to those
who are subject to "restless curiosity,'' and tire of home. The story is simple,
a Dove who loved its companion like a brother, desired to see the world, and
so set forth to fly about three days' time among enchanting new scenes and
wonders. Hardly had it made its first flight, when a drenching thunder-storm
came on, with no good shelter at hand. Next, attracted by some choice morsels
of grain scattered here and there, it ventured to alight to feed, seeing another
Dove on the ground; but scarcely had it snapped up one grain when it felt
itself entangled in a snare. Luckily, the snare was much worn and loose, so
the Dove succeeded in struggling itself free, bearing a dangling string from the
snare, which attracted a Hawk, who would have caught the helpless Dove had
not an Eagle ''from the clouds" made the Hawk his prey.

"The Dove for safety plied the wing.
And, lighting on a ruined wall.
Believed his dangers ended all,

A roguish boy had there a sling,
(Age pitiless,

We must confess).
And bj' a most unlucky fling.

Half-killed our hapless Dove;
Who now, no more in love
With foreign traveling,
And lame in leg and wing.
Straight homeward urged his crippled flight;
Fatigued, but glad, arrived at night.
In truly sad and piteous plight."

The moral of this fable is ^•e^y appropriate to all friends and mates, and is
exquisitely worded :

"To each the other ought to be

A world of beauty ever new;
In each the other ought to see

The whole of what is good and true."

462 Bird - Lore

We may Ihiiik of these Hues as La Fontaine's message to us; and, truly,
it is in the spirit of the Christmastide, which ushers in not only "a world of
beauty" outside, but "peace and good will" within.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Look up myth, pandit, folk-lore, admonition, Buddha. Brahman, snare, respon-
sible, artificial, maneuver, primitive, and ingenious.

2. Do you think it would be easy to write a fable?

3. Why is Jotham's fable about the trees such a perfect fable?

4. Who among your acquaintance can best tell a story?

5. Why is the Crow so good a bird to use in a fable?

6. How much of the description of the Heron in La Fontaine's fable is true, and how
much is imaginative?

7. What sort of picture of a Heron do the lines 'with his long, sharp beak helved
on his slender neck' give you?

8. What was La Fontaine's mood when he wrote about the "silent fun" of the
carp and the pike?

9. What do you know about the feeding-habits of Herons? Do they "live by rule"
and eat only at certain hours?

10. Why is the Lark associated with the Farmer? What is its nesting-habit?

11. What is the earliest reference to snaring birds that you can find? What races of
men use the snare?

12. What is the origin of the sling? Has it ever been used as an implement of war?

13. Do you like true stories of animals and birds better than made-up ones?

14. How many true things do you know about birds which you have seen with your
own eyes?

REFERENCES

Encyclopsedia Britannica, see fable, /Esop, sling.

The Warner Library, see Vol. XX, under Pilpay and Vol. XV, under La Fontaine.
Also look up .-Esop.

Uncle Remus' Tales, by Joel Chandler Harris.

Jungle Book, by Rudyard Kipling.

American Ornithology, by Wilson and Bonaparte, Vol. I, see description of the Crow.

The Swallow Book, by Guiseppe Pitre, translated from the Italian by Ada Camehl
in the form of a reading book.

The Happy Prince and Other Tales, by Oscar Wilde. — A. H. W.

Two Quatrains from Thomas Bailey Aldrich

MAPLE LEAVES

October turned my maple's leaves to gold;
The most are gone now; here and there one lingers;
Soon these will slip from out the twigs' weak hold,
Like coins between a dying miser's fingers.

DAY AND NIGHT

Day is a snow-white Dov'e of heaven
That from the East glad message brings;
Night is a stealthJ^ evil Raven,
Wrapped to the eyes in his black wings.

The Audubon Societies

463

FROM YOUNG OBSERVERS

BARN SWALLOWS

For the past few years our barn has become the dwelling-place of the beau-
tiful Barn Swallows, and we certainly have had much pleasure watching them
at their household duties. They are a little larger than the English Sparrow,
but appear much larger on account of their wide wing-spread.

The male is a beautiful shade of steel-blue, shading to black above. Its
breast and underparts are a bright chestnut-brown and brilliant buff, that is
most exquisite when the sun shines on it. Its tail is forked and slender. The
female is smaller and paler and with her tail less forked. To me this is one of
our most beautiful birds.

VOUXG BARX SWALLOW

It builds its nest up in the rafters of the barn, and it is built of clay or mud
mixed with straw, held together by the glutinous saliva of the bird and lined
with fine grass and feathers.

While the female is on the nest the male treats her very kindly and tenderly,
feeding her and even relieving her of her task for a short time, so that she
may fly abroad for exercise and refreshments.

The young hatch from the white eggs spotted with brown in about eleven
days, and in about two weeks are able to leave the nest, and in about another
week take very good care of themselves. Even then the parents, when they
meet the young on the wing, will sometimes give them food.

The flight of these birds is beyond description. When they wheel about the
barn, and skim over the fields, or even when they are sitting on the telephone
wires, they are most graceful.

The one fault I can find with these birds is that they are not very tidy about
their homes. Most birds clean every scrap of refuse away, but the Barn

464

Bird - Lore

Swallows are so busy flitting back and forth that they have no time to bother
about housekeeping; and we can hardly blame them when with every click of
their bills we know some insect is destroyed. They always eat on the wing.
They all live together, and I have never heard of a Swallow living alone. They
have no song, but are just as much beloved by everybody as if they did have
one as beautiful as the Robin's. — Mary Kouwenhoven, 3 Kouwenhoven
Place, Brooklyn, New York.

[One of the familiar birds of the country, the Barn Swallow ought to be known by
every boy and girl who is so fortunate as to live in the country. Even city children may
see the Bam Swallow in the parks or elsewhere during migration. Especially to be com-
mended is the observation of the "exquisite" effect of the sun shining on the Swallow's
breast. Nowhere in Nature can more beautiful color eiifects be seen than in the plumage
of birds. As to song, the Barn Swallow during the mating and nesting season gives a
most pleasing twitter, which may be called a simple song. One may easily recognize the
bird by it. The illustration accompanying this contribution was made at Cold Spring
Harbor, Long Island, where Barn Swallows nest regularly and in some numbers. — A.
H. W.]

OBSERVING BIRDS IN WINTER

I thought I would have to wait imtil next spring, when we move back to
the country before I would see any birds but Sparrows, for my home is in a
crowded town. But at different times during this winter I have seen a Shrike
which we boys have watched kill Sparrows. I have also seen White-breasted

Nuthatches, which feed in the trees in
the street where I live. One day from
the front window of my house I saw
a little brown bird on a tree trunk on
the other side of the street. I ran
over, and was so busy following him
around the tree, that I didn't notice
the ash-box, and of course fell into it.
But it didn't frighten the brave little
Brown Creeper, who kept going up
around the tree. When I got up, he
flew to the bottom of another tree and
began going around up that. On the
morning of No\'ember 2, which was
foggy, I saw on one of our clothes-
posts a Downy Woodpecker which
. ,_ .^^ , seemed to be very busy at something.

i^P ^B '■'W7 i^- ^ went out to see what he was doing,

^ . ^^Sltttgg/lgg^^Httlg^ and found that he had started to drill

DOWNY WOODPECKER'S NEST- HOLE a holc. I thought that he would give

IN POST
Photographed by H. George Cottrell it Up, the pOSt WaS SO hard. But the

1-^^^

The Audubon Societies 465

next day he had drilled in, so I could see that the post was hollow all the way
to the top. So I nailed a tin on the top to keep out the rain. I knew it was Mr.
Downy that drilled the hole by the red on his head. In a few days I saw that
the nest was occupied by Mrs. Downy. One day at 4 p.ir. I went out and tapped
on the post, and Mrs. Downy came out and flew into a cherry tree next door.
After I went in the house she came over to the fence, then she flew over on the
the post and went up to the hole and put her head in, then pulled it out quick.
After repeating this several times, she went in. My mother told me that the
hole was made to roost in on cold winter nights. Mrs. Downy seemed to be
the boss, and chased Mr. Downy away and went to roost herself, because I
always saw Mrs. Downy go in, but never ]Mr. Downy. I don't like to get up
early these cold mornings, and I guess Mrs. Downy doesn't either, because one
morning I saw her fly out after eight o'clock. One day a neighbor's cat came
over the fence and was snifEng around the post, and my mother chased him
away. The cat came around several times after that. I haven't seen Mrs.
Downy since January 10. I think the cat climbed the post and got the bird.
H. George Cottrell (age 8), 14 Sharon Avenue, Irvington, N. J.

[Bird-study in winter is always rewarding if one has sufficient interest to discover
what the birds which spend the cold season with us, are doing. The subject of the roost-
ing holes of birds in winter would be admirable for a composition, provided some original
observations were made first. Another excellent subject is the habits of birds with refer-
ence to rising and retiring at different seasons of the year. Since keen, reliable observa-
tion is the basis of good bird-study, teachers and pupils both should cultivate it, rather
than depend too much on books. — A. H. W.]

THE CROW

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

%^t jl^ational SiHfiotiation ot jSutiubon ^ocietie^

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 77

With the approach of winter, the country loses its charm for many persons.
The green of the fields and the riotous verdure of the woods are gone, and the
brown expanses of dead grass and weeds are relieved only by the naked black-
ness of the forest trees. This, however, is a splendid time to go a-field to look
for birds. If the wild life is less abundant now, even more sparse is the human
life, and so you will have the country more to yourself.

One of the birds very sure to be seen and heard in a walk is the Crow, for
many of his race spurn the popular bird-movement southward in the autumn
when the North begins to freeze. I like him best at this time of
In Winter the year. There is no young corn for him to pull now, no birds'

nests to pilfer, and no young chickens to steal. He has few
places where he can hide, and his black shape looms sharp against the snow-
clad hills. I see him sometimes in January as we come down the Hudson
together — I in a puUman and he on an ice-floe.

Now and then I see him strike into the water with his beak, or fly a short
distance to a rock or exposed gravel-bar, where things that die and float in the
river become stranded. Once I surprised him in the woods, where he had
attacked an old, rotten pine-stump. He had torn half of it to pieces and the
fragments lay scattered on the snow. Perhaps he was seeking certain insects
taking their long winter sleep, or he may have been after beetles. To fathom
the mind of a Crow takes not only persistent effort but considerable imagination.

At this season Crows are highly gregarious creatures; especially at night,
when they sometimes collect by hundreds or thousands in some favorite grove.
Some years ago there was such a roost near the town of Greens-
Great Roosts boro, North Carolina. It was resorted to for several years in
succession, and was a source of no end of wonder to the people
of the surrounding country. The roost occupied several acres in a grove of
second-growth, yellow-pine trees. By four o'clock in the afternoon the birds
would begin to arrive, and from then until dark thousands would come from
all directions. Singly, by twos and threes, in companies of ten, twenty, or a
hundred, they would appear, flying high over the forest trees, driving straight
across the country, pointing their line of flight as direct as only a crow can fly
to their nightly rendezvous. Early in the morning they were astir, and if the
day was bright it would not be long until all had departed, winging their way
over the fields and woodlands to widely scattered feeding-grounds.

Often I watched them come and go, and one night walked beneath the

(466)

CROW

Order — Passe res
Genus— CoRvus

Family — Corvid,^

Species — Brachyrhynchos

National Association of Audubon Societies

The Crow 467

sleeping hosts and shouted aloud to them ; but they did not heed my presence,
nor was I ever able to arrive at any reasonable explanation for their nightly
assemblies. Surely they did not gather thus, as some writers have suggested,
purely because of an impulse for sociability and for love of their kind, for I
saw them quarreling among themselves on many occasions.

Especially do I recall one evening when, as I watched them coming to
roost, I became conscious of an unusual commotion among a flock of eight.
One evidently was in great disfavor with the others, for, with

, . , . .1 . 1 • • Killing a

angry and excited cawmgs, they were strikmg at hmi m a most ^ .

unfriendly manner. The strength of the persecuted bird was
all but spent when I first sighted them, and when, perhaps two minutes later,
the fleeing one sustained a particularly vicious onslaught, it began to fall.
It did not descend gradually, like a bird injured while on the wing, but plunged
downward like a falling rock a hundred feet or more into the top of a large
pine-tree, and, bounding from limb to limb, struck the ground but a few yards
from me. When I picked it up I found it to be quite dead.

When the pursuers saw their victim fall their caws abruptly ceased, as
if the birds were shocked at what they had done; and, turning, they departed
silently and swiftly, all in difi"erent directions. I wonder if they were execu-
tioners performing a duty for the good of the clan? Perhaps they were only
thugs, sandbagging a quiet and respectable citizen on his way home!

Birds are particularly subject to disease in winter, and many })erish from
affections of the throat and lungs. Crows are attacked at times by a malady
called roup, and hundreds of the bodies of those that have died from it may
sometimes be found on the ground beneath a roost. Wild birds have no doctor,
who can come at the first signs of an epidemic and \'accinate them against
its ravages.

Crows are among the earliest birds in spring to build their nests, and
usually freshly laid eggs may be found during the first half of April. These
eggs are bluish green, thickly marked with various shades of
brown, so that they blend admirably with the canopy of green „

pine-needles among which the nest is so often placed. To climb
to a Crow's nest is often quite an undertaking. Sometimes, it is true, the situa-
tion may be only thirty or forty feet from the ground, but I recall once climb-
ing to a Crow's nest in Florida, which, by actual measurement with a cord, was
ninety-one feet in air. The nests are heavy, comjjact structures, made of sticks
and twigs, and lined with grapevine-bark, grass, and sometimes with moss.
The old birds are usually very quiet when in the immediate neighborhood of
their nest, and frequently the only evidence one will have of the fact that they
are near him is seeing a* Crow fly swiftly and noiselessly away among the
tree-tops.

For hundreds of years farmers have regarded the Crow as one of their
most annoying enemies. This is chiefly because the Crows dearly love to

468

Bird -Lore

pull up corn shortly after it has sprouted. They do this to get the grain of
seed-corn, which has become softened by contact with the soft
His Foes earth. Then, too, as the grain begins to germinate, the starch it

contains turns to sugar, and thus there is made a dainty tidbit
which is quite to the liking of a hungry Crow. Very naturally, therefore, the
farmer seeks to rid the neighborhood of these black-feathered visitors. Time
and again he takes his gun and sallies forth; but no sooner does he enter the
field where the birds are feeding than an old Crow, which has established him-
self as a sentinel on some tree or fence-stake, gives a warning ^caw^ that all

A CROW BROODING UPON ITS NEST

of his friends understand, and in a moment the entire flock takes flight to the
nearest woods, where they calmly await the departure of their disturber.

Now and then the farmer or his boy, by hiding among the trees or along a
fence, succeeds in shooting a Crow\ When this is accomplished, the bird's
body is often tied to a pole, which is then set up in the field as a warning to
the bird's fellows of the fate that awaits them if they persist in returning. A
chorus of jeering caws is often the only answer the farmer gets for his
trouble, for let no one ever forget that the Crow^ is about the smartest bird
of which we have any knowledge. If he were not a bird of most unusual
wisdom, his race would long since have passed away. Think of the hundreds
of thousands of farmers who, through the centuries, have tried every possible
means of destroying these birds! No law in any state protects them, and many

The Crow 469

times bounties have been paid for their heads, thus offering a special induce-
ment to men to kill them. Guns, traps, poison, and destruction of their nests
have all alike been in vain, for the Crows live on in apparently undiminished
numbers.

As a matter of fact, the Crow is not altogether a bad bird, and if he were
understood better I have little doubt that he would have far more friends than
foes. He eats a great many harmful insects, and in this way
makes amends for his sins in the cornfield. Many beetles, Insect Food
June-bugs, and other insects of a similar character, are eaten by
Crows in great numbers during the spring and early summer. Some observers
state that baby Crows are fed, to a very large degree, on this kind of diet.
Crows like grasshoppers, especially in the spring, and annually consume large
quantities of them. They eat also, among other objects, such queer foods as
frogs, toads, and young turtles, and even small snakes find favor in their eyes.
The wild fruit they take is mostly such as that of the dogwood and the sour
gum. Sumac-berries of different kinds are eaten. In fact, the Crow will sample
almost anything that looks as if it might be good to consume, such as frozen
apples, pumpkins, turnips, potatoes, or any other fruit or vegetable that may
be discarded and left to lie in the orchard or field. In cold, snowy weather, food
sometimes becomes very scarce. On such occasions Crows will feast on any dead
animal to be found, such as a horse or a cat. They sometimes go down to the
shore and hunt for clams, crayfish, and the bodies of dead fish that have
washed ashore. This practice, however, may more often be observed in the
Fish Crow, a bird slightly smaller than our common Crow, and found chiefly
along the sea-coast, and about the larger lakes and water-courses.

The Crow, in its various forms, has a wide distribution throughout North
America; and there is hardly a boy or girl who does not know its cry, or who is
not familiar with the sight of the big, black fellow flying over the fields or rest-
ing for a moment on the top of a tree by the roadside. It is undoubtedly the
most common and best-known bird in the United States.

Clje ^ububon .Societies;

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City

William Dutcher President
Frederick A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school, or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association, may become
a member of it and all are welcome. , . , , „ . . , . „ . , ,„.,j

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
BirH'; and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

THE ANNUAL MEETING

The first session of the Tenth Annual
Meeting of the National Association of
Audubon Societies was held in the main
lecture-hall of the American Museum of
Natural History, in New York City, on
the evening of October 26, 1914. An audi-
ence of several hundred persons was pres-
ent.

The Secretary gave a brief summary of
the Association's work the past year, and
presented the speakers of the evening.
Charles C. Gorst rendered a most unusual
entertainment, which he called "The Musi-
cal Genius of Birds." His imitations of the
calls, whistles, and songs of birds were very
pleasing, and brought forth repeated ap-
plause. It is conservative to declare that
Mr. Gorst is one of the most entertaining
and accomplished imitators of bird-music
that this country has produced.

Following this treat, William L. Finley,
of Oregon, who for many years has been
engaged as Field Agent for the Association
on the Pacific Coast, gave an address,
which was illustrated with moving-pic-
tures of more than usual interest. These
pictures showed life-studies of Wilson's
Snipe, the Western Grebe, and other water-
birds, which delighted the audience. One
reel was illustrative of the work of Junior
Audubon Classes; showing children at work

making and erecting bird-houses, and feed-
ing wild birds. The lesson it taught was
strikingly impressive.

The business meeting, held at ten o'clock
on the following morning, was well at-
tended. In addition to the reports of the
Secretary and Treasurer, the following
Field Agents of the Association were pres-
ent, and reported on work done in their
respective fields of activity: Winthrop
Packard, of Massachusetts; William L.
Finley, of Oregon; Dr. Eugene Swope, of
Ohio; Arthur H. Norton, of Maine; and
Herbert K. Job, in charge of the new
Department of Applied Ornithology.
Through the instrumentality of Dr. Swope,
there was brought to the attention of the
meeting an offer by the Order of Moose to
make an Audubon Sanctuary of the thou-
sand-acre tract of land owned by that order
in northern Illinois. This offer was ac-
cepted. Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, and
Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Jr., whose terms of
office as members of the Board of Direc-
tors expired in October, were unanimously
reelected. The thirty members of the
Advisory Board were also reelected.

The most enjoyable and gratifying in-
cident connected with the Annual Meet-
ing was the presence of William Dutcher,
President of the Association. Since the

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The Audubon Societies

471

beginning of his illness, more than four
years ago, he has been confined almost con-
stantly to his home in Plainfield, New
Jersey. It was therefore a great delight to
all to see that he had so far recovered as
to be able to meet with us on this occasion.
Mr. Dutcher attended both sessions, and
also a subsequent meeting of the Board of

Directors, .\lthough as yet he is unable to
speak, it was perfectly apparent to those
present that he thoroughly understood all
that was going on. The brightness of his
face, and the animation of his frequent
gestures, indicated clearly his great happi-
ness at being once more among his Audu-
bon Society friends.

PHOTOGRAPHING BIRDS' NESTS

By OSCAR E. BAYNARD

Illustrated from photographs by the writer

One of the phases of bird-study which
the Audubon Society encourages, and which
has long appealed to me, is that of photo-
graphing the nests of wild birds. When this
is done with care there need be no evil

Wilson's Plover

The Wilson's Plover, or Stuttering-Bird,
as it is sometimes called locally, is the
most common of our summer beach-birds

A NEST OF WILSON'S PLOVER

results to the birds, and the pictures
obtained are often very interesting.

With this article I present photographs
which I have secured of some of the more
unusual species of florida birds, that I
have had the good fortune to find.

in southern Florida. A few remain here
all winter, but become most numerous on
the beaches in the latter part of March.
I have found fresh eggs as early as April
2, and as late as July 10. These plovers
build no nests — just hollow out a place

472

Bird- Lore

in the beach a few j'ardt; above high- water
mark, and lay three, rarely four, beautiful
greenish-gray eggs, spotted, blotched, and
lined with blackish brown and light laven-
der. Early in June of this year I was camp-
ing on a small sandy key, about a hundred
yards wide, between the Gulf of Mexico
and a bay. The plovers were nesting on a
bank of white sand that had been thrown
up by steam dredges a few years before on
the bay side, jjrobably half a mile long, and
barely a foot above the high-water line.
I estimated that at least fifty pairs nested
there.

In walking along the beach, I found
about thirty nests in two days, photo-
graphed several of them, and took one set
of eggs under the scientific permit issued
by the state. The next morning I found
that one egg had hatched out and another
pipped. I immediately took the young
bird, the two remaining eggs, and my
camera, and rowed back to the sand-spit,
to try to locate the depression in the sand
from which I had taken them; but after
an hour's work I had to gi\-e it up — all
places looked alike. I noted, however, one
nest, placed in the broken end of a plank,
that on the previous day had had two eggs
and now had three, so that I knew it was
a fresh set. I took these eggs and placed
the young bird and my two eggs in their
place, and them moved off and sat down
to watch developments. In a few minutes
the mother-bird ran up to the nest, looked
hard at the young bird, which had run off
about two feet from the eggs, circled the
nest several times, and then squatted down
on the two eggs and begun calling softly to
the young bird. In a few minutes he crept
up to the old bird. She looked him over for
fully two minutes, then decided to adopt
him, raked him under her out of the sun,
and settled down as contentedly as if the
family were really her own. I sat there for
a full hqur, and went back to camp a very
surprised and happy fellow. This appeared
to me to be a \ery unusual proceeding, but
if ^ she was satisfied, certainly I was.

Two days later, on my way back, I
ran the boat close to the beach opposite
this nest. They old bird ran off, and up

jumped three young and took off up the
beach after her. The explanation of fresh
eggs so late in the season is the fact that
many eggs are washed away by high tides.
I once found twenty eggs along the beach
at the edge of the drift that had been
washed away. This plover is an adept at
tolling one from its eggs, playing the
broken-wing act to a finish. But really
get near the nest, and the bird's actions are
very different; then it will run under your
feet and beg so pitifully that it is hard to
touch the eggs.

Gray Kingbird

This tyrant flycatcher appears in
southern Florida about the first week in
April, but to find it one must go through
the mangrove thickets that border the
salt-water bays and inlets. Here, perched
on some dead snag, the Gray Kingbird
salutes one with his harsh note, closely
resembling the note of the northern King-
bird. I usually hunt this bird from a canoe,
as the nests are invariably in the man-
groves that overhang the water. Paddling
along the edge of these bushes, one will
presently see an old bird perched on some
dead snag, or on the topmost branch of
some mangrove-bush, calling in his highest
note. He will stay there and direct you to
his nest, as he never perches very far from
it. This is placed from four to fifteen feet
above the water. The nest is woven of fine
rootlets, and is lined with finer fibrous roots,
and sometimes with horse-hair. It is frail,
so that usually one can see the outlines of
the eggs from beneath; yet it is stronger
than it looks at a distance . The eggs have a
deep creamy ground-color, beautifully spot-
ted and wreathed with several shades of
brown and lilac, and when fresh have a pink-
ish cast similar to a fresh Flicker's egg.

When camped on the key mentioned in
the Wilson's Plover article, I spent a part
of each day paddling along the mangroves
on the bay side, and within a distance of
four miles located twelve nests of the Gray
Kingbird. These contained everything in
the way of eggs and birds, from fresh eggs
to fledglings nearly ready to fly. This was

NEST OF THE GRAY KTN'GBIRD IN A ^rAXGROVE

NEST OF THE BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO IN A MANGROVE

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474

Bird -Lore

the first week in June. I took notes on one
nest that had fresh eggs, and found it took
fifteen days for them to hatch. I have
found the old birds wandering off into the
pine-woods after the nesting season, but
never more than a mile or two from ihr
salt water.

Black-Whiskered Vireo

I have looked for the nest of this bird
for several years. Early last June, while
on a hunt for Gray Kingbirds, I was pad-
dling along the edge of the mangroves
when I heard the note of a Vireo. At first
it sounded like the Red-eyed, but on listen-
ing closer I placed it as the Black-whisk-
ered. I stopped the boat, waited a few
minutes, and presently located the author
in the top of a mangrove ten feet ahead of
me. I paddled on softly until I was directly
under it, and there before my eyes, about
five feet above the water, was the nest,
with the female sitting on it and looking

at me. It was not over two feet from my
face, yet she stayed on the nest until I
put forth my hand to touch her. The nest
was empty, but evidently completed. T
was happy, as it does one good to find some-
thing as uncommon as the nest of this bird,
and for the first time. On my way back
from the two-hours' paddle, I again looked
in the nest, and found one egg, pinkish
white, and speckled sparsely at the larger
end with reddish brown. I visited this
nest every day, but the bird laid an egg
only every other day until she had three,
then waited two whole days before begin-
ning incubation. The nest was pensile,
like all Vireos' nests, but not nearly so
deep as most, and made entirely of dry-
seaweed, with a few pieces of palmetto
fiber and one small feather woven in the
side; it was lined nicely with fine, dry
grass, and one or two pine-needles. I
could stay there only a few days after the
full set was laid. This nest was about
twenty miles south of the bird's most

NEST AND EGGS OF THE SWALLOW-TAILED KITE

The Audubon Societies

475

NEST AND EGGS OF THE EVERGLADE KITE

northern recorded breeding-range, for this
Vireo is a West Indian species.

Swallow-tailed Kite

In Florida one must now go to the region
of South Florida called the Big Cypress,
to see much of this bird, ll was once com-
mon all over the state, I believe, and I
have seen it in north-central Florida, but
only as an isolated pair. These beautiful
bird's are called by the natives Forked-
tailed Fish Hawks, I suppose because they
are often found flying over the water.
They will drink while on the wing, just
like a Swallow. They catch their food on
the wing also, and it is a treat to watch
them feeding. I was out with a guide once,
and expressed the wish to see the Kites at
closer range. He said that was easy, and
set fire to a cabbage-palmetto that had on
it an abundance of dead vines and many
dead fans. It was a quiet day and the
smoke rose very high. In less than ten
minutes six Kites were circling over the
tree, catching wasps that had been routed

out by the fire; it made one nearly dizzy
to watch the antics of the Kites in catch-
ing these insects. Unscrupulous hunters
set fire to a palm so as to get a chance to
shoot the Kites, as then they will swoop
to within thirty feet of one after their prey.
All the time they keep up a chattering that
is very pleasant to hear.

Where you find one nest or pair of birds,
there are likely to be two or three more in
the same locality. One only has to climb
to a nest to know within a few minutes the
Kite-population of that "neck of woods,"
and the birds will fly in circles over the
tree, ceaselessly chattering. They nest in
pine trees nearly always, and usually pick
out the slenderest one to be found, saddling
their nests out near the end of a limb. The
nest is built of dry sticks, strands of long
moss (Tillandsia) , and of a dry, silky moss
from the dead cypresses. The eggs are
usually two, rarely three, white or some-
times buffy, spotted and blotched with
brown and chestnut-brown markings,
chiefly around the larger end. From March
25 to April IS is the time in Florida to find

476

Bird- Lore

fresh eggs; hut, in iqi,^, Mr. IMu-lps fouml
eggs on Manh 17. '["liis Kile lii<es 1 lie
liroad open spaces adjacent to the cypress
swamps, and in the breeding-season one
will hardly hnd them anywhere else. This
bird is decreasing in Florida.

Everglade Kite

As its name signilies, this Kite is a bird
of the everglade region of southern Florida,
and in northern Florida is a migrant only.
It is known to the Indians and to local
hunters as Snail Hawk, referring to its
habit of feeding on a species of fresh-water
snail. The Everglade Kite will sail over
the water like a Gull, suddenly dive down,
seize a snail, carry it to the nearest perch,
and extract the snail without breaking the
shell. I have found piles of these shells at
the base of some old post at the edge of
the water — in some instances as many
as would fill a bushel-basket. The Kites
arrive in southern Florida early in Feb-
ruary, and eggs have been found from
March i until May. Usually two, three,
or four pairs breed close together, that is,
within a radius of a mile. I have discovered
most of my nests in the saw-grass region
in small willow-bushes, and they are
somewhat hard to find.

I once spent more than eight hours in
looking for a nest. I climbed a tree at the
edge of the saw-grass, and located the
bird at her nest in a small willow-bush in
the grass, probably a quarter of a mile
away. I noted the direction with my
compass and getting in my canoe started
by the compass to find the spot. The grass
was five feet or more higher than my head
as I sat in the canoe, and the water was too
deep to wade. It is a difficult feat to go in
any certain direction in this saw-grass, as
it closes up Immediately behind the canoe,
and one seems to be lost all the time. I
paddled as far as I thought was necessary,
then stood up and tried to look around, but
was hardly able to see fifteen feet from the
canoe. So I went back along my trail to
the tree and took new bearings, then into
the saw-grass again, with the same result.
I kept this up for eight long weary hours,

and when I reull}' did lind the nest, it was
right over my head before I saw it.

The finding of the beautiftil set of four
eggs pictured here was ample reward for
my strenuous efforts. I have heard of
other nests on the edge of lakes, where
they could be reached from a boat easily,
but I never found them so easy to get at.
The late date of this set was owing prob-
ably to its being the second laying, the
first having been broken up; and the bird
decided to go so far back that nothing
could find her. This species is undoubtedly
becoming very rare in Florida, and it is
only a question of a few years when the
Everglade Kite will be no more here.
This will not mean an extermination of the
species, as they nest in large colonies in
South America.

Florida Turkey

There is usually more luck than good
management in finding a Wild Turkey's
nest. One must have a good idea of the
Turkey-range, the kind of places the birds
like to nest in, and an unlimited amount
of patience; and even then, if he is not
lucky, he will fail. The Wild Turkey is
still fairly abundant in certain parts of
Florida, and if our new game-laws are
thoroughly enforced there is no reason
why the bird should not hold its own,
even with the great amount of hunting
that is done each year. The Turkey is
essentially a bird of the wild places, and
is without doubt the slyest of all wild
birds. I have seen them in close proximity
to farms in a fairly populated section, but
this is the exception.

My records show that I have found
thirty Turkey's nests in the last ten years,
and they have been in all kinds of situa-
tions. The Turkeys in the northern and
central parts of Florida usually use a
thicket of greenbriers that has a thick
layer of dry leaves underneath it, in which
they will hollow out a slight depression in
the ground, line it with dry grass and
leaves, and sometimes add a few feathers.
When they are incubating, they depend
to a great extent on their protective color-

The Audubon Societies

477

ation, and will not flush easily. 1 once
stood for fully five minutes within twenty
inches of a Turkey-hen on her nest while
I was watching a Pileated Woodpecker.
Happening to glance down into a thicket
of greenbriers, I spied the beady eye of the
hen; and away she slid as quietly as a
snake, disclosing twelve beautiful eggs. I

Turkey hens together in the Big Cypress
countr\^ a few daj's after the hunting
season closed. They were feeding along
a cypress head in a "burn," and were
strung out one behind the other; and the
bright morning sun glistening on their
plumage made a picture I shall long re-
member. On the same daj' I saw a drove

NEST AND EGGS OF THE FLORIDA WILD TURKEY

have found sets of sixteen eggs, but nine
or ten is the usual number, and, for a young
hen, six and seven is the size of the set.
Down in the Everglade region the Turkey
usually builds in a thick clump of saw-
palmetto bushes, and makes her nest of
dry grass and leaves; and I found them on
the ground under the top of a fallen pine
when there was a good thicket of grass
around it. I once saw twentj'-three

of nine Turkey-gobblers feeding in a sim-
ilar place further along. Such flocks as
this are not unusual when the Turkey is
plentiful. I camped at a man's homestead
down on the edge of the Okaloacoochee
Slough for a few days once in late March;
and ever}- morning and evening nine hens
came into his cultivated field to feed, and
did not seem to mind us if we did not go
too close to them.

The Audubon Societies

479

TAMING ^VILD BIGHORNS

A very delightful example of how the
shyest wild animals may be taught to
trust mankind, and will yield their fears
under the influences of continuous kind-
ness and a sense of security, is afforded by
the bighorn sheep that every winter come
down into the town of Ouray to get
food.

Mountain sheep have become so rare
that it has become necessarj^ to prohibit

fifteen or twenty in all, and were again fed
as long as they cared to remain. The third
year they came in larger numbers and
earlier, seeming to prefer the easily obtained
alfalfa hay to the harder fare of the hills.
Last winter (1913-14) they first appeared
in December, and others during January
and February, until about seventy-five
were fed daily, the state providing the
feed under the supervision of the local

A FLOCK OF MOUNTAIN SHEEP OX THE HILLSIDE NEAR OURAY
Copyrighted photograph by F. A. Rice

by law all killing in Colorado. They seem
to know this, and of late years have been
venturing nearer to Ouray every winter.
In 1910 eight old bucks came down to the
edge of the town in March, and the towns-
people tried the experiment of placing hay
where the sheep could get it. Thej^ stayed
there until the middle of April, when the
snow began to melt in the hills, and they
returned to their range. In February of
the next year some of these bucks came
again, and brought with them a few does.

game warden. A few stayed in town until
early June, but the majority moved up the
hillside as fast as the snow melted. Our
forest ranger says there are about 250
sheep in this vicinity, so that only a small
proportion of the flock visits Ouray.

The sheep range in the mountains
(Sneffels Range) west of Ouray. During
the summer they are to be found high
above timber-line, which has an altitude
of about 11,500 feet in this range. There
they are very shy and difficult to approach,

48o

Bird- Lore

which contrasts sharply with their con-
duct in midwinter.

The tracks of the Denver & Rio Grande
Railroad enter Ouray along the base of
these western hills, and, as the easiest
way for the sheep to come down the
mountain is in that neighborhood, they
are fed within loo feet of the station; and
they soon cease to be disturbed by the
trains. Last spring was the first time

they ever crossed the tracks; but, having
once made the venture, it was not long
until they began to make short excursions
up the streets, and by the time spring
came they were daily going half-way to the
center of town. Our people are very proud
of these visitors; and, even were they not
protected by law, public sentiment would
make it very unpleasant for anyone who
molested them.

A TAME FAMILY OF BIGHORNS ON THEIR FEEDING-GROUND AT OURAY

Copyrighted photograph by F. A. Rice

A SUGGESTION FOR CHRISTMAS

Instead of sending to your young friends
more or less meaningless Christmas or
Easter cards, why not, as good bird-lovers,
use as your tokens of remembrance one
or more of the beautiful colored portraits
of birds issued bj^ the National Associa-
tion in their Educational Leaflets. Every
child loves pictures of real animals — will
treasure such a mark of attention far
more than an ordinar}^ "card," because it
will mean something to him. One might
imagine a generous person giving himself

the joy of distributing dozens of these
among the eager youngsters of his neigh-
borhood.

They will not only please a young child
by their beauty, and by the fun of color-
ing the accompanying outlines, but will
enable the older ones to learn the names of
the birds seen daily about the house. As
a more substantial present the bound
volume of the first fifty-nine Leaflets is
available, containing more than sixty
pictures.

Annual Report of the National Association of
Audubon Societies for 1914

CONTENTS

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Introduction. — Audubon Warden Work. — Egret Protection.— Junior Aud-
ubon Classes. — Legislation. — Field Agents. — A New Department. — -
State Societies. — Publications. — Financial.

REPORTS OF FIELD AGENTS.

Arthur H. Norton, Maine. — Winthrop Packard, Massachusetts. — Miss
Katharine H. Stuart, Virginia. — Dr. Eugene Swope, Ohio. — William
L. Finley, Pacific-Coast States.

REPORTS OF STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES.

California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, New Hampshir£, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee (East), West Virginia.

REPORT OF TREASURER.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

INTRODUCTION

Never have I undertaken the preparation of an Annual Report of the
National Association of Audubon Societies without realizing the great difficulty
of adequately conveying in words a correct idea of the true scope of its activi-
ties, or a proper appreciation of the zeal and sympathy of the hundreds of
volimteer Audubon workers throughout the country. Brief statements and
figures may serve to show the extent of its present business organization, but
can convey only a scant indication of the tremendous amount of human feel-
ing with which the entire organization throbs.

The influence of the Audubon movement throughout the United States
today is astounding, especially when one considers the comparatively limited
expenditure of funds in the course of a year. It is a work of the people, includ-
ing bird-lovers and wild-animal conservationists of every type, and new fields
of opportunity are continually opening before us. The past year has been
marked by a steady maintenance of our more important fields of effort, by
distinct gains in many directions, and with loss nowhere along the line.

AUDUBON WARDEN WORK

The chief nursery of the sea-birds of the Atlantic Coast of the United
States is among the islands off the coast of Maine. During the past summer,

(481)

482 Bird -Lore

thirty-live of these islands have been occupied by breeding colonies, not
including several small ledges, where scattering paiis overflowing from near-by
colonies gather to nest. The Association has continued to exercise a guardian-
ship, as usual, over these birds, to protect them as far as possible from eggers,
and from possible raids of Indians, who annually sell Gulls' wings in the towns
of Nova Scotia.

In addition to those watching the Maine colonies, the Association's line
of wardens extends southward along the coast, stationed at various places in
Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. Three others are stationed in
Florida, and two in Louisiana. These latter are employed jointly with the
Government to guard some of the Federal bird-reservations of that southern
territory. Colonies of birds at various points inland, notably on Moosehead
Lake, Maine, and in Lake Michigan, are protected in like manner.

The wardens make many reports of their work, and, in addition, we fre-
quently receive special reports from ornithologists who visit these regions.
It is, of course, highly interesting to note the extent of bird-life found in these
great bird-communities, and to observe how far the Association is successful
in protecting the feathered inhabitants from their human enemies, in order
that they may have normal increase from year to year.

When the colonies are small, it is possible to determine with accuracy the
extent of the bird-population. Where, however, many thousands of birds
assemble on one of these rookery islands, any account given of their numbers
must be more or less in the form of an estimate. For several years the Secre-
tary has made it a point each season to visit a few, at least, of the guarded
colonies. From observations made on these occasions, he feels justified in
saying that the report showing the numbers of breeding-birds here submitted
is very conservative.

In the fourteen colonies of Herring Gulls protected during the past sum-
mer, it is estimated that there were 59,420 adult birds inhabiting the islands;
in the eleven colonies of Common and Arctic Terns, 50,240; and in five colonies
of Black Guillemots, 1,540. Among the other more numerous species, we may
mention Least Terns, 9,550; Forster's Terns, 5,225; Royal Terns, 17,500;
Cabot's Terns, 3,800; Clapper Rails, 5,000; Puffins, 600; Eider Ducks, 100;
Leach's Petrels, 5,000; Laughing Gulls, 118,400; Mergansers, 200; Pelicans,
4,500; Ospreys, 200; Louisiana Herons, 25,700; Black-crowned Night Herons,
3,000; and Black Skimmers, 15,500, in addition to large numbers of Willets,
Caspian Terns, Spotted Sandpipers, and Wilson's Plovers.

The enumeration above does not include, of course, many thousands of
land-birds, which, in these isolated spots, are apparently in no special danger
of human disturbance; nor does it include the tens of thousands of Wild Ducks
that in certain seasons of the year are found on some of the guarded
reservations.

The income from the Mary Dutcher Memorial Fund has been expended

Report of the Secretary 483

the past year in protecting these birds, in which President Dutcher has long
taken so warm and personal an interest.

EGRET PROTECTION

Quite aside from this general warden work, is our special effort for the pro-
tection of Egrets, on behalf of which sixteen guards were employed during the
past spring and summer. These colonies are situated in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida. Egrets, today, are not sufficiently abundant to cause
much embarrassment in determining the numbers that inhabit any particular
colony; especially has this been the case with those rookeries in Florida which
have been personally visited by Oscar E. Baynard, our Supervising Warden
for that state. During the past summer, Mr. Baynard spent many days
struggling through these rookeries to count the occupied nests, and in doing
so he was often forced to wade waist-deep in water infested with moccasins,
alligators, and innumerable unpleasant insects, as the Secretary can testify,
after having accompanied him on one of these expeditions.

In the eleven colonies of large Egrets protected, and carefully counted,
we believe there were about 5,100 birds; while the count of SnoA\y Egrets, in
thirteen colonies, was 2,375. With few exceptions. Egrets were found in rook-
eries inhabited by numerous other wading-birds. Counts and estimates of
these show Black-crowned Night Herons, 1,055; Louisiana Herons, 6,200 (in
addition to those being cared for by the general warden force, above referred
to); Ward's Herons, i,oco; Green Herons, 800; Least Bitterns, 700; Water
Turkeys, 2,922; Purple Gallinules, 1,500; Florida Gallinules, 2,000; Little
Blue Herons, 7,076; White Ibis, 26,800; and Wood Ibis, 60,500.

It is with special pleasure that we record the presence, in our protected
colonies, of 160 Limpkins and 147 Roseate Spoonbills, scattered through five
rookeries; also three pairs of the now extremely rare Glossy Ibis. Other inter-
esting birds that have had protection in these guarded nesting-groups are
Wood Ducks, Great Blue Herons, Swallow-tailed Kites, King Rails, Boat-
tailed Crackles, Florida Redwings, Yellow-crowned Night Herons, and Florida
Dusky Ducks.

Many of the estimates given above, particularly those in reference to the
Wood Ibis, the Little Blue, and the Louisiana Herons, are far beneath the
true figures. I believe it very conservative to state that about 550,000 water-
birds of various kinds received admirable protection from their human enemies
during the nesting season of 19 14, as a result of the watchful efforts of this
Association.

JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASSES

The greatest reward of the conscientious teacher is to watch the minds of
her pupils unfold and develop under her guidance. Some suggestion of this is

484

Bird- Lore

the sensation which those of us feel who have been instrumental in preparing
for the rapid growth of the Junior Audubon Movement.

Last year it was reported in these pages that 52,000 children were enrolled
in these classes. The school-year which closed July i, 19 14, revealed the fact
that the growth this year had shown an increase of over one hundred per cent.
In the Southern States, 19,121 children joined as Junior Members, and in the
North, 95,918; making a grand total for the year of 115,039 enrolled. Think

THE RARE GLOSSY IBIS, IN THE AUDUBON SANCTUARY AT ORANGE

LAKE, FLORIDA

Photographed by Oscar E. Baynard

what an army of young bird-students is recruited each year; for every one
of these thousands has systematically studied the habits and activities of at
least ten birds, has made colored drawings of them, and has worn the Audu-
bon Button, as well as receiving instruction in the building of bird-nesting
boxes and the feeding of birds in winter.

Two persons are responsible for all this, and without their support prac-
tically nothing in this line would be accomplished. One is Mrs. Russell Sage,
whose generous gift of $5,000 a year makes possible the work in the South;
and the other is a good friend of the birds and of the children, who last year
provided $14,000 for extending this effort in the other states of the Union. I
regret that we are forbidden to mention the name of this benefactor. This

Report of the Secretary 485

work will go steadily forward the coming yearj for Mrs. Sage has renewed her
subscription, and our generous, unnamed patron has already subscribed $20,000
for the Junior work in the North,

The amount of labor devolving upon the ofi&ce force in placing this subject
before the teachers of the country, and later in supplying the teachers and
pupils wath leaflets, pictures, and buttons, can be guessed only by those who
have visited the ofl&ces of the Association. In this Junior endeavor, we have,
during the past year, enjoyed, as heretofore, the hearty cooperation of many of
the State Societies, especially those of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec-
ticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida.

LEGISLATION

Few states held legislative sessions during the year of 1914. In Massachu-
setts, the usual attempts were made to modify adversely the laws protecting
birds and game. The Audubon workers of that state, assisted by others simi-
larly interested, successfully withstood these onslaughts, and took the initia-
tive in endeavoring to secure certain additional restrictions much needed.

In Virginia, we aided the State Society in its renewed efiforts to secure the
establishment of a State Game Commission. A very heavy campaign for the
support of the proposed measure was waged throughout the state, but once
more the legislature went on record, by a narrow margin, as being opposed to
a modern state game- warden system.

A wide campaign of more than usual intensity has been waged in Cali-
fornia during the past summer and autumn to defeat the efforts of the market-
men, who were seeking to secure the repeal of the law which prohibits the
sale of wild-fowl. It has been a great pleasure to your Board to be able to con-
tribute to the expenses of our associates in this work.

We have also contributed financially to the strenuous efforts being made by
our English friends to secure an act of Parliament prohibiting the importation
of feathers. The unfortunate war now raging put this work at an end for the
present, when victory was almost in sight.

We were particularly engrossed, for some weeks early in the year, in help-
ing to bring before Congress the necessity of appropriating not less than
$50,000 for the use of the Department of Agriculture, in enforcing the regu-
lations established under the Federal Migratory-Bird Law. Our joy at the
successful outcome of these efforts on our part, and on the part of others, was
much dampened later, when, as a result of political pressure, those represen-
tatives of the Department of Agriculture empowered to make restrictive
regulations regarding the killing of birds deemed it necessary to recede in
many points from the stand previously taken. Especially do we deplore the
action by which all Federal protection was removed from Bobolinks in the
states of Delaw^are, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, thus giving the Govern-

486 Bird -Lore

ment's stamp of approval to the slaughter of these beautiful song-birds dur-
ing an open season in these states. This Association protested most earnestly
against what we regard as an unwarranted and unnecessary concession to the
destroyers of bird-life; and we shall not rest content until Bobolinks are
accorded the complete Federal protection they so justly deserve.

FIELD AGENTS

The Board employed five field agents and lecturers during the past year
for a part or all of their time. Miss Katherine H. Stuart, of Virginia, has
continued her active and resourceful efforts, and the cause of the birds has been
championed by her in every nook and corner of the Old Dominion. Winthrop
Packard has divided his time between his duties as field agent and lecturer
for the National Association and his duties as Secretary of the Massachusetts
Audubon Society.

Dr. Eugene Swope has done yeoman service not only in his home state,
Ohio, but traveled for four months in Florida, where he lectured in every
town and city of any importance.

William L. Finley, of Oregon, and Arthur H. Norton, of Maine, have
been as active in the interests of the Association as their other duties
would admit.

Edward H. Forbush, although he resigned last year as an active agent of
the Association, has nevertheless continued in the capacity of an honorary
supervising Audubon agent for New England.

Details of the work of these representatives of the Association will be
presented more fully by them in their reports, printed elsewhere in these pages.

A NEW DEPARTMENT

Of late there has been growing rapidly a demand for exact information
regarding the best methods of attracting birds about the home and on the
farm, as well as incessant calls for information as to proper means to be
employed in rearing Ducks, Geese, Pheasants, and other wild game-birds by
artificial means. The Directors felt that it would be well for the Association
to meet the needs called for by this new demand by employing someone to
give all his time to collecting such information, and to carrying it to the
public by means of lectures and bulletins. Mr. Herbert K. Job, well known as
a lecturer and author, who has for some time occupied the office of State Orni-
thologist of Connecticut, was chosen for this undertaking, and began his
duties on August i, 1914.

The Department of Applied Ornithology we expect to develop rapidly,
and shall hope from time to time to be able to report marked progress.

Report of the Secretary 487

STATE SOCIETIES

We would especially commend the reports of the various State Audubon
Societies throughout the Union, which will be found on subsequent pages of
this Report. The earnest, self-sacrificing labor of the officers and members
of many of these bodies deserves the highest praise, and the reports will be
found to contain much of interest and stimulus. One of the many advances
recently made in State Audubon Society work was in New Jersey, when last
January it was decided to employ the Secretary, Beecher S. Bowdish, for his
entire time. Mr. Bowdish thereupon left the office of the National Associa-
tion, where he had been for several years, and assumed the duties of the
enlarged New Jersey work.

The Birdcraft Sanctuary of the Connecticut Audubon Society, established
the past year at Fairfield, is not only a splendid undertaking for the birds, but
is a most delicate and worthy compliment to the President of the Audubon
Society of that state, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright.

PUBLICATIONS

During the year, the Association has published, first in Bird-Lore, and
later as separates, six Educational Leaflets, accompanied by colored plates of
the birds treated. These were Leaflets No. 71, Tufted Titmouse, by Florence
Merriam Bailey; No. 72, Wood Thrush, and No. 73, Whip-poor-will, by
T. Gilbert Pearson; No. 74, Roseate Spoonbill, by Dr. Frank M. Chapman; No.
75, Sora Rail, by Edward H. Forbush; and No. 76, Pintailed Duck, by
Herbert K. Job.

We have also brought out Bulletin No. i, entitled Attracting Birds about
the Home. This is illustrated with forty-one half-tone pictures and line-draw-
ings. One edition of 10,000 has been printed. An illustrated book on Alaskan
Bird Life, for free distribution to the eight thousand school-children of Alaska,
has been completed, and will probably be ready for distribution by Decem-
ber I. The entire cost of this undertaking has been borne by one of our most
public-spirited members, whose name we are not permitted to give at this time.

Within the year we have issued, for the various uses of the Association,
the following: Printed and mimeographed letters, 123,000; letterheads, 60,000;
record-blanks and labels, 99,000; four-paged announcements to teachers,
93,000; Bulletin No. i, 10,000; circulars and printed notices of various kinds,
251,000; outline drawings of birds, 1,619,000; colored pictures of birds,
2,078,000; and Educational Leaflets, 2,358,000.

The volume of correspondence has continued to grow steadily. The office
is, today, a general clearing-house for all imaginable kinds of knowledge. We
are called upon to give detailed information on a wide variety of subjects, from
the best method of starting a bird-reservation, or the drafting of a state game-

488 Bird -Lore

law, to the easiest way of dyeing an old ostrich feather or the most humane
manner of disposing of a bird-eating cat.

During the year more than 70,000 letters were received at the ofl&ce. In
the handling of this voluminous correspondence, the Secretary would especially
mention the very great assistance he receives from Ernest IngersoU, writer,
critic, and experienced office-manager, who now has the direct oversight of
our office force.

^ FINANCIAL

Fifty-seven new Life Members were enrolled during the year. The $5,700
received from this source, together with the bequest of $3,000 from the estate
of our lamented member, Elizabeth Drummond, were added to the General
Endowment Fund of the Association. The sustaining membership has been
increased from 2,336 to 2,462. The income for current expenses for the year
exceeded $81,000 which, together with the additions made to the endowment
fund, shows the total of money actually received by the Association during the
year to be more than $89,000, or about $8,000 more than the total of last year.

Satisfying as these figures might possibly appear to some, the fact remains
that our income is woefully inadequate to meet the enormous demands made
upon the Association for support in many useful fields. A large amount of the
Secretary's energy and thought is necessarily directed to devising ways and
means of keeping up and increasing the financial support, upon which founda-
tion, of course, our whole work must rest.

In conclusion, the officers and directors would take this opportunity to
express their appreciation to all the thousands of good people of our country
who, either by personal effort or by the giving of funds, in any way have aided
in achieving the success of this great Audubon movement for the study and
preservation of our wild birds and animals. The continually increasing growth
of the united Audubon Societies of America bears splendid testimony to the
wisdom and foresight of our great and good founder, William Dutcher.

T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary.

Reports of Field Agents 489

REPORTS OF FIELD AGENTS

REPORT OF ARTHUR H. NORTON, FIELD AGENT
FOR MAINE

The demand for lectures on birds, particularly illustrated ones, by granges,
schools, clubs, and other organizations has been extensive, and has been met,
so far as possible, by the National Field Agent for the state, and by local
Audubon secretaries. To facilitate illustration, numerous lantern-slides have
been made, chiefly from local photographs of birds and their haimts, and addi-
tional negatives are in process of collection,

A small selection of skins of birds from the agent's private collection is
loaned to local clubs, with the request that, whenever exhibited, a plea be
made that members of the audience feed the birds in winter. Suggestions as
to methods are furnished, and instructions given for planting fruit-bearing
trees and shrubs, with a \dew to attracting birds and providing them with
food. Reports from several private estates show that means for attracting
birds, both in summer and winter, have met with most gratifying results.

Early in the season, a circular on feeding birds in winter w^as prepared, and
later, upon telegraphic instructions from National Secretary T. Gilbert Pear-
son an abstract was distributed to every newspaper in the state, with a letter
requesting its publication. The response was most gratifying. The press in
Maine, indeed, has given hearty support to every attempt to give better
protection to our birds.

The alarming increase and spread, in Maine, during recent years, of two
imported insect-pests, the gypsy and brown-tailed moths, have resulted in
the cutting of much oak and wild cherry along highways and hedge-rows, thus
removing a source of food for many birds. This, of itself, is not serious in so
well- wooded a state; but the alarm has resulted in cleaner orcharding, which
has been carried out so vigorously that birds in the habit of nesting in cax'ities
have been deprived of summer homes in many instances. It is to be regretted
that many "progressive farmers" are so imbued with the so-called "Yankee
spirit of thrift" that, in their efforts to make their properties yield an immediate
income, they have failed to think of, or have lost sight of, or never have heard
of, the great factor of the bird-population of the farm. Every tree and shrub
whose use is not visible at the moment goes to the furnace, the naked barbed-
wire fence takes the place of the old hedge- row, and a host of birds are deprived
of cover, food, and attractive nesting-places.

The past year witnessed the growth of an effort to set aside a large part of
the island of Mt. Desert as a natural preserve for native wild animals and
plants. Citizens of the town of Scarborough petitioned the State Commis-
sioners of Island Fisheries and Game to set apart Front's Neck, comprising
an area of 112 acres, in which shooting and hunting shall be prohibited. After

ARTHUR H. ^ORTON

Field Agent for^ Maine

(490)

Reports of Field Agents 491

a public hearing, the Commissioners issued regulations on September 3, 1914,
closing the area for four years. This is especially noteworthy as marking a
new action in this state, and beginning a movement which undoubtedly will
increase in popularity.

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS

Following instructions, inspections were made by the writer at Bald Rock
and at Bald Porcupine Island, near Bar Harbor. On August 24 visits were
made to numerous small islands and ledges in upper Penobscot Bay, on August
26 in Muscongus Bay and at Monhegan. The general results are here given,
arranged according to species of birds inspected. The colonies in Penobscot
Bay, though small, are important in the aggregate, and are so situated that one
or two wardens could have oversight of them all. Besides the Gulls, Terns, and
Fish Hawks reported, colonies of Night Herons and of Great Blue Herons
exist in the same vicinity, not included in this report.

Leach's Petrel. — Petrels were found at Eastern Egg Rock, Muscongus
Bay, but none was detected on Western Rock, where Petrels were formerly
common. At Eastern Rock a few burrows had been opened by curious persons.
The indications were those of a good-sized colony.

Great Black-backed Gull. — ^Though no Black-backed Gulls are known
to breed in Maine at present, they have responded to the protection afforded
all birds, and many spend the summer at the outermost islands. Flocks of
considerable size were seen on the upper parts of Brimstone and Otter Islands.

Herring Gulls. — So far as Penobscot Bay proper is concerned, formerly
the Gulls bred only at Brimstone and Otter Islands, southeast of Fox Island;
but all left these islands prior to 1904, and, it was believed, went to No-Man's-
Land. The inspection, this year, showed none breeding at Brimstone or Otter
Islands, although both Herring and Black-backed Gulls used both of the
Islands as resting-places. They have, however, begun nesting farther up the
bay, northeast of Fox Island, and in the Islesboro region, where neither has
been known to breed before. The following colonies were found: Mouse
Island, one pair; Spoon Ledge, 150 birds; Compass Island, 50 birds; Sloop
Island, 200 birds; Bald Island, 500 birds. Excepting Mouse Island, all these
islands are near each other and northeast of Fox Island. Young Gulls had
been raised at all of the places named, and were just beginning (Aug. 26) to
take short flights over the water. The breeding-season seems to have been
rather later than usual, and some young were still in the downy stages. None
of these birds was found breeding west of this bay, although everywhere along
the coast many adult Gulls pass the summer, and spend their abundant
leisure on rocky shores and ledges. At the summer-resorts and fishing-ports
they are entirely fearless.

Laughing Gulls. — A small colony of Laughing Gulls persists in Muscon-
gus Bay. They have been driven from Western to Eastern Egg Rock, where

492 Bird -Lore

they succeeded in raising a number of young this year. On August 26 I saw
no less than a dozen young, all on the wing and strong, and saw one as far
away as Monhegan. This season seems to have been successful.

Terns. — No distinction is made between Common and Arctic Terns, as
in many places they are hopelessly mingled in the gyrating masses, yet in the
region inspected they were chiefly of the Common species. In Penobscot Bay,
colonies were found at the following places: Robinson Rock (Islesboro Group),
outer 150, and inner 50 birds; Mouse Island, 150 birds; Egg Rock (Fox Island
Group) 100 birds. At Sloop Island, many Terns were resting and fljang about
the island as if breeding, but no nests or young were found, and it should be
noted that the place was occupied by Herring Gulls. Young Terns were on
the wing at sea; yet at nearly all of the places visited young in all stages of
growth were found. No mortality was detected in Penobscot Bay. The birds
at most of the places were wild.

In Muscongus Bay, Terns were found only on Eastern Egg Rock, where a
considerable mortality of young was found, but the cause could not be deter-
mined. The dead young were fledged, yet many seemed too small to have
flown, and apparently were not shot. They were scattered over the island, in
open spots, on rocks and on chickweed beds, as if seeking the sun. In Casco
Bay a house had been built on Outer Green Island and occupied by a fisherman;
as a result, most of the Terns left the island, and an unusual number appeared
on Lower Mark Island. The Bluff Island colony continued throughout the
season, apparently as large as usual.

Black-crowned Night Heron. — Two visits were made to a large" colony
of Herons in Scarborough, and the conditions were most gratifying; no signs
of molestation were detected. On the first visit (May 15), the birds were in
the midst of laying, from one to three eggs being found in every nest. On the
second visit (June 19), the young were abundant and noisy.

Osprey. — Formerly Fish Hawks bred not uncommonly from Portland
Harbor eastward; but their great nests have been robbed and tumbled to
earth, and some of the birds have been shot. They have gradually been
restricted in this range, few, if any, breeding between Portland and the Kennebec
River. They were formerly niunerous throughout Penobscot Bay, and it is
gratifying to be able to state that they are not rare there at present. More
Fish Hawks are clustered about the Fox and Deer Island groups than elsewhere
in Maine. On several of the islets and ledges northeast of North Haven, they
place their nests on the ground, or on rocks, as well as in trees.

Reports of Field Agents 493

REPORT OF WINTHROP PACKARD, FIELD AGENT
FOR MASSACHUSETTS

The work of your Field Agent during the past year has been varied and
interesting, and has overflowed the borders of the state. In Massachusetts,
the usual vigorous attempt was made to extend the open season on wildfowl,
giving back to the gunners a part of their old-time spring shooting. This bill
was killed by \agilant efforts and the aid of many afl&liated societies. Another
bill, which purported to make the state's open season conform with that of
the Federal regulations, was killed, as it contained a "joker" — a Httle phrase
which would have completely broken down the state laws for preserving game,
had it passed. A bill for a codification of the game-laws of the state was
earnestly supported, but failed of passage. The most picturesque attempt at
legislation was that which provided that only licensed cats should be kept
alive in the state. This biU was taken seriously by the House for the first time,
and would undoubtedly have gone to the Senate had not a self-seeking legis-
lator offered an amendment giving farmers the right to keep a certain number
of cats without a license-fee. This fooUsh amendment killed the bill.

During the intense cold and deep snow of last winter, a general request
was sent out through the State Society, urging the people to feed wild birds,
and gi\ing careful directions how to do so. The response was immediate
and generous.

Two very important bird-days were held during the summer by the State
Grange. Large audiences were addressed by your agents at these gatherings,
and there was an exhibition of bird-protection appliances. The convention of
Grange Lecturers at Amherst was attended and addressed; also the annual
meeting of the Laurel HiU Association, at Stockbridge, where an exhibition
of bird-protection literature and appliances was made.

Your Field Agent has maintained, during October, in connection with
the Massachusetts State Society, a large exhibition at the annual food fair in
Mechanics' Building, Boston. It is reckoned that the attendance at this fair
will be half a million persons. On Columbus Day, October 12, 61,000 persons
visited the building, and apparently everyone of them asked questions at the
Audubon Society's booth.

During the year, your Field Agent has delivered over forty lectures to
audiences aggregating 7,800, an average attendance of 190,

An important part of the work has been that of raising funds for the
National Association, and adding new members. Your agent feels that he has
been especially fortunate this year in getting life-members for the Association,
his total number to date being twenty-five, while his sustaining membership
list shows no. Your agent has also given every assistance possible to the
State Society's Jvmior Class work.

In New Hampshire and Vermont, largely through the tact and energ}' of

^aaaXIvv<^ (?a^<iVcJo«-cJs

WINTHROP PACKARD
Field Agent for Massachusetts, and Secretary-Treasurer of the Massachusetts Society

(494)

Reports of Field Agents 495

Mr. Forbush, the State Societies have been revived and assisted in getting
upon a strong basis, as the reports of their secretaries show. The New Hamp-
shire Society has been particularly successful. In Rhode Island splendid work
has been done by the friends of bird-protection under the leadership of Harry S.
Hathaway of Providence, as reported by Secretary Madison. Notable changes
for the betterment of conditions in Rhode Island were the change in the state
law to conform to the Federal regulations; the sale of Wild Ducks, Swans,
Geese, and Rails, was prohibited; also snaring of any kind. A provision allow-
ing the propagation and sale of Hungarian Partridges was repealed, thus pre-
venting the sale of Rufifed Grouse picked. The bounty on Hawks, Crows, and
Owls was repealed; protection was removed from the English Starling to the
extent that a person may shoot the birds on his own land; and the Crow
Blackbird was put upon the protected list. In this and other improvements
your Field Agent has given such aid as he could.

It is good to be able to report an ever-increasing sentiment in favor of bird-
protection. Restrictive laws come more easily now than ever before, and the
sentiment in favor of their strict enforcement grows rapidly. Massachusetts
is now in the throes of an open season on Pheasants, for the first time in many
years. These birds have been fed everywhere, and in suburban communities
have become as tame as chickens. On the first day of the open season
3,000 were slaughtered, to the dismay and distress of the people. As a
result, the sentiment against an open season for these birds is very strong,
and it is certain that more restrictions will be loudly called for throughout
the state.

REPORT OF KATHARINE H. STUART, FIELD AGENTJ

FOR VIRGINIA

As the years go by, there can be but little variation in the reports of your
Field Agent. "Precept upon precept, line upon line, here a little and there
a little," must characterize the most earnest efforts one can make in this
educational work, especially in the South. Hence, results cannot be measured
by these annual reports, nor can the vast and varied amount of work done
be told in a small space.

The plan formulated by the National Association, under the Mrs. Russell
Sage fund, to train the young through organized classes in the schools, and by
giving instruction by leaflets, has been a great boon to Virginia, and the state-
wide awakening in bird-protection is traceable to it. Hundreds of parents,
all over the state, have told me that the joy of their boys and girls in the
Junior Audubon Classes, and their bringing into the home the Educational
Leaflets, had first aroused them to a sense of the importance of bird-
conservation.

The month of September is given to planning my year's work, and the

496 Bird -Lore

amount of writing to school-superintendents, teachers, and others, asking for
assistance in our efforts, is very great.

I find that very few Junior Classes are formed until after the Teachers'
Conference, held late in November, and the larger part are organized in the
spring, when nature-study is especially emphasized in the Virginia schools.
I was invited to Williamsburg in the first week of October, and spoke for two
days before a joint session of the Teachers' and Farmers' Conference of three
districts in that part of the state. Superintendent Jones obtained the use of a
moving-picture hall, and I gave afternoon and evening talks to farmers, school-
children, college students, and the general public. I exhibited, on these occa-
sions, the beautiful colored lantern-slides of birds issued by the National
Association ; slides loaned me by Chief Forester Graves, and those illustrating
the life-history of several insects, made by Mrs. Slingerland and loaned to me
by Dr. L. O. Howard, of the Department of Agriculture. These slides added a
great deal of interest to my lectures, and I thank these gentlemen for their
assistance. The hall was crowded.

As Chairman of the Bird Department of the Virginia Federation of
Woman's Clubs, I attended the general conference, and offered a resolution
that we send in a petition to the General Assembly of Virginia for the crea-
tion of a State Game Commissioner. This was unanimously agreed to, and
circulars were printed and sent at once to our fifty-three clubs, to secure signa-
tures, and to be returned by January i. The committee was composed of
Mrs. G. G. Temple, Danville; Mrs. William Engles, Radford; Miss Annie
White, Lexington; Mrs. J. R. Pretty, Keysville; and Miss Katharine H.
Stuart, Chairman. The club-women endorsed it, and worked hard throughout
the state for the White-Hart bill. At the Teachers' Conference, held at the
same time in Lynchburg, I spoke before the rural department, urging the
teachers to organize Junior Clubs. On my return, I attended the conference of
teachers, principals and superintendents, at Round Hill and Winchester.
After my address, strong appeals were made by several of the principals
present, urging the teachers to aid in this important work. I visited three of
the state normal schools, and gave talks. In my trips through the state, at
hotels and boarding-houses, I generally had a good chance to put in the hand
of someone a leaflet, often to change the attitude of a chance acquaintance,
who will carry the message to some distant state.

The annual meeting of the Virginia Audubon Society, held in Richmond
in November, found many changes. The women of this state started this
movement, and have conducted it up to the present time, under their Presi-
dents, Mrs. Moses D. Hoge, and Mrs. William Harris, both prominent in social
and literary circles in Richmond. M. D. Hart, of Ashland, who had been
Treasurer since the organization of the society, was unanimously elected
President, and Mrs. R. B. Smithey, also of Ashland, was chosen Secretary.
We feel sure, therefore, that the future for Audubon work in Virginia, is

Reports of Field Agents

497

secure. I wrote at once for instructions and found that the work had been
divided into departments, which will make it much easier. I attended the
National Educational Congress and did some work of a national character,
meeting many educators from all parts of the Union.

In January I went to southwestern Virginia to spend four weeks giving
illustrated talks before schools, clubs, normal schools, and the general public.
This is a growing and prosperous section of the state, and a new field for our
Audubon work. In East Radford, Mr. Witt, Superintendent of Schools,

MISS KATHARINE H. STUART, FIELD AGENT FOR VIRGINIA, WITH COMPANIONS,
PREPARING TO PRESENT A PETITION TO THE VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE

obtained the use of a moving-picture hall, and I gave a course of daily talks.
The Teachers' Conference of the Ninth and Tenth Districts was also in ses-
sion, and I spoke on the importance of bird-protection and the need of a State
Game Commissioner. In the morning, I gave an illustrated talk to the four
or five hundred teachers present, using bird-skins, nests and eggs, insects,
cocoons, etc. I carry these specimens in a case, which I call my "wonder box,"
and it is astonishing to see what pleasure these simple things give, not only
to the children, but to the teachers as well, as they may be readily collected
by any teacher, and used in her school-room to assist in quickening the minds
of dull pupils, and to awaken an interest in nature-study. On this trip I visited
East Radford, Radford, Christiansburg, Roanoke, Lynchburg, Charlottes-

498 Bird -Lore

ville, Culpeper, and many other places. A large number of Junior Classes
were formed, and there was great enthusiasm among the children.

I was invited by Dr. Chandler, Superintendent of Schools, to visit the
schools of Richmond in February, when I spoke to about 20,000 children.
These meetings usually opened with a bird-song and a short address by the
superintendent, followed by my talk of fifteen or twenty minutes. I find the
General Assembly a good time to reach all the children, and it is not so labo-
rious as visiting twelve to fifteen rooms in a day. I enjoyed the little lunches
with the teachers, when we could discuss our work. Many teachers in
Virginia are doing splendid work for the birds, but often cannot get the required
number — ten — to pay the fee, so that the strength of bird-study cannot be
gauged by the number of Junior Classes. This session we had 165 classes,
with a membership of 3,000. From Richmond I went to Petersburg and was
there the 22nd of February. It was not "blue-bird weather," for a heavy
snow-storm raged, yet the children came in, marching and singing, and waving
their flags. After being seated, I gave them a talk on our birds, emphasizing
the remarkable history of the Eagle and the Dove as national emblems.

On my return to Richmond, I found that our committee had sent in the
petitions of the Virginia Woman's Clubs, signed by prominent men and women
all over the state, hundreds of business firms, banks, civic and patriotic organi-
zations, farmers, and private individuals giving their signatures. The petitions
were tied in packages with the club colors, blue and gold, and presented by
the committee to Senator Blackburn Smith, of Berryville, who did such splen-
did work for the Robin petition. Just before we took it to the Senate, I had a
picture taken of the two children who carried in the Robin petition. Norma
Dietz and Merrywether Fry, as a sou^'enir of these two occasions. We were
present when Senator Smith presented the petitions to the Legislature. One
senator asked Mr, Smith how many farmers had signed that petition; he
replied that he had not counted, them, but they were many. Our clubs extend
all through the rural districts, and there was no difficulty in getting signatures
from farmers, as all felt the need of the passage of tht game bill, and it was a
great blow to fail by so small a vote (only four votes more were needed to carry
it) ; but we are hoping for better things in 1916. I went with Mr. Hart and Mrs.
Smithey to call on the Governor, about Bird Day. He received us most gra-
ciously, asked for our literature, and, after a study of our work, he gave us a
splendid proclamation for May 4, which we regard as a model for all states.
Bird Day should be a national day, and I suggest that we urge the choice of
the 4th of May, Audubon's Birthday. Such an anniversary would bring all
bird-workers closer together. Governor Stuart's proclamation was empha-
sized in all summer schools, and we are hoping great results from these addresses.
Bird Day was generally celebrated in the schools, and there is a growing inter-
est in nature-study. The last Legislature gave the state a Forester, with head-
quarters at the University of Virginia, and an Arbor Day. This will give a

Reports of Field Agents 4Q9

great chance for the boys to study bird-life and tree-life at the same time. I
have given many talks on forestry before our schools, aided by lantern-
slides; and our club-women have worked hard for this goal. Our children have
put up hundreds of bird-boxes and feeding-tables all over the state, and the
increase of our song and insectivorous birds is perceptible.

I close with two very interesting discoveries. That the founders of this
great republic knew the value of birds and loved them, is shown from the fact
that one finds at Monticello, the home of Jefferson, at Stratford, the home of
the Lees, at Brandon, the home of the Harrisons, and in Williamsburg, and many
other places, bird-boxes that in many instances are two hundred years old.
Their shapes vary, and also their colors. I hope, in time, to get pictures and
data that will reveal more of their history. It would be interesting to hear
whether there are such ancient bird-homes anywhere north or south of Vir-
ginia, and I should like to get pictures of them.

The other discovery is that the first monument to birds was erected in
Alexandria. It is not so lordly as the one recently erected to the Gulls in Salt
Lake City, but is very simple, representing the last penny the Blytle family
had to show their devotion to their "feathered brothers." The stone is about
one yard square, and lies directly under a box-bush. On one side a place is
left open, to put in all the birds found dead or that died in the home or yard
of this family. The inscription reads thus: "In memory of the dear little
loved ones; for here we have no continuing city, but seek one to come, whose
builder and maker is God. — Hebrews 13-14." On the tomb of the head of
the family was a marble bowl, kept full of water, and daily visits were made
to the cemetery where food was placed for the birds. All of this family have
passed away, but those who recall them tell of the number of wild birds they
fed in their old garden, and how tenderly they cared for them all the time; and
so we find that this humane work is quite old in historic Alexandria, and that
the first bird-protective society was founded by the Blytle family many years
before the National Association came into existence.

REPORT OF EUGENE SWOPE, FIELD AGENT FOR OHIO

All of the bright prospects foreseen at the time your Agent reported last
year have been realized in Ohio, and much more besides. The progressive
Audubon idea is permeating the state with a surprising rapidity. The number
of Junior Audubon Classes was increased notwithstanding your Agent's
absence of four months from the state, just at the time when this work needed
his special attention. An increasing readiness appears on the part of Ohio
newspapers to publish material relative to Audubon interests. A new branch
of the Audubon Society has been formed at Columbus, which is taking up all
progressive methods, and it bids fair to be one of the leading influences in bird-
conservation in the Middle West. A Bird Protective Association is now being

500 Bird - Lore

formed at Cleveland, under the guidance of Elizabeth C. T. Miller. This
organization is heart and soul in the new movement, and will influence northern
Ohio most beneficially. The State Audubon Society at Cincinnati has a new
President, Dr. Robert C. Jones, who is thoroughly in sympathy with educa-
tional work, and had arranged with the Superintendent of Public Schools in
Cincinnati that every child shall hear 'bird-talks' and have an invitation to
join a Junior Class during the school year. Nothing of this kind has ever before
been undertaken by the Ohio Society.

Probably one of the most significant facts of all, and giving proof of the
spread of the Audubon idea in education, is that now your Agent rarely meets
with rebuff at the hands of superintendents and principals, as was formerly
the case. He is now welcomed and invited to return. This means that the
school authorities have considered the work soberly, and find it not a "diverting
amusement," as once dubbed, but a matter of real worth. Besides all of these
good things, it must be remembered that a greatly increased number of Ohio
people made donations to this work within the year in the form of member-
ship-fees to the National Association. The formation of Junior Audubon
Classes this fall began automatically, and almost daily some evidence appears
of a renewed interest in wild birds.

Please permit your Agent to take credit unto himself for one thing. He
has succeeded in developing what is virtually a state-wide sentiment against
the stray cat — a sentiment that expresses itself in action, with the result that
in numberless back yards a cat-cemetery has been formed. Deserted kittens
at back doors are rarer. Only three years ago, it was a common occurrence to
hear their pathetic calls, and find yourself confronted with the necessity of
taking them in or killing them. In this move I have been humane to the cats
as well as merciful to the birds. Whenever I give a bird-talk — and I have given
hundreds — I never fail to tell the truth about the stray cat's relation to wild
birds.

May, June, and July of this year were unusually dry months in Ohio, and
free from wind-storms, with the result that a remarkable number of birds
were hatched and reared to maturity. This has been a banner-year in Ohio
for the wild birds.

My report would hardly be complete without some mention of the Melon
Seed-Saving Contest. This method of keei)ing kindly intentions toward wild
birds in the minds of the children daily, and of a multitude of adults also dur-
ing vacation, provoked only an amused smile from ''those who know." They
didn't believe the birds would eat melon-seeds— they don't believe it yet. It is
true also that they never tried the experiment, and I have. It was a difficult
matter to secure $25 with which to offer prizes and pay for some printing, and
the cash prizes I could afford to offer were too small. After the conditions of
the contest and the prizes had been announced, and notice had been given
in more than a hundred Ohio papers, the National Association of .Audubon

Reports of Field Agents 501

Societies very kindly donated $25, but too late to announce new prizes and
give the contest that element of excitement that the larger prizes would have
aliforded. It is sufficient to say that results have proved the contest a highly
valuable means of directing public attention toward Audubon work, and that
at this early date teachers are requesting that a similar contest be arranged
next year. The Columbus boy who saved forty pounds of seeds had the prize
in mind, of course, but he never got away from that undercurrent of thought
that he was saving the seeds to feed to the wild birds this winter. A complete
report of the contest may be found in the October issue of Blue-Bird.

SPECIAL WORK IN FLORIDA

Knowing that Florida has ten National Bird-Reserves and is the home of
one of the most active State Audubon Societies, I was under the impression,
when engaged last winter to do Audubon work there, that the people of the
state were familiar with the aims and purposes of the Society, and needed
only to be reminded and urged a little to become active in the interests of their
own wuld birds. At the close of the first week of my engagement there, I had
to reconstruct this notion. Again and again I found it necessary to explain
the purposes of the Audubon Society. In four-fifths of the places visited I
turned entirely new soil, and, I hope, sowed seed some of which escaped the
barren places. This is in no sense a criticism of the previous efforts of the officers
and other workers in the Audubon Society, for Florida is a big state, and much
remains to be done.

During the early part of December, I met with some success; but after
the i8th of the month Santa Claus side-tracked my efforts completely. With
the coming of New Year came the flood of tourists, the concert-singers, and
the Chatauquans, and my lecture-appointments, arranged by the Florida
Audubon Society, often conflicted with other entertainments.

In nearly every town or city visited, I succeeded in getting into the news-
papers not only announcements and reports of meetings, but short articles of
an educational nature. The editors were uniformally courteous and generous
of space. At all the public meetings my talks were received with interest;
but my appeal for financial assistance, to support either the Florida Society or
the National Association, met with disappointment.

Nearly all the schools received me cordially and made promises to form
Junior Classes; but had I not followed up these visits with urgent letters,
often three and four letters to each teacher, my efforts to have Junior Classes
organized would have fallen far short of the actual resvdt.

To give an idea of what I attempted and the methods used, I will relate
the proceedings of an ordinary day. As soon as the public school had assem-
bled, I presented myself to the superintendent, explained my work, and asked
permission to talk to the classes separately. Almost invariably this was

S02 Bird - Lore

granted, and I began forthwith. While I never cared to talk to kindergartners
or the first grades, I often had to finish up with these, at the request of the
superintendent. Permission was given me to go from one room to another, and
the teachers were instructed to have the classes give me immediate attention.
This resulted in my giving from eight to twelve fifteen-minute talks in the
morning. In some of the larger cities I had to work in the schools in the
afternoon, and have given as many as eighteen talks in one day. Usually after-
noons were given to meeting a committee of the local woman's club, seeing edit-
ors of newspapers, visiting the Board of Trade, calling upon leading citizens, and
writing letters. At 6.30 p.m. I often gave a half-hour talk in one of the moving-
picture theaters, as a part of the regular program. This always meant a
crowded house. From there I went to the place of my evening meeting, as
arranged by those who had it in charge, and gave an hour's talk. Thence to
my hotel, where the screen was again stretched and the lantern placed, and
again I talked, often for an hour and a half. At these hotel talks I invited
questions, and made a special effort to engage the attention of the tourists. I
carried 150 lantern-slides, and can truthfully say that never did I show the
same combination of slides or give the same talk twice in succession. After
consulting with such people in a community as were in position to know, and
keeping the figures they gave, I found in the end that at least two-thirds of
my total number of adult hearers were tourists. I met them from every state
of the Union. Hence the influence of my work was scattered abroad, and not
concentrated in Florida.

Every railroad conductor who took up my ticket had to wear an Audubon
button as long as I was on his train. I never missed an opportunity to saturate
drummers from all points of the compass with the Audubon educational idea.
I talked with all sorts and conditions of men, at all times of the day and night,
and was always well received.

At many places I was met and assisted, but at some had to make all the
preparations for meetings unaided. My audiences ranged from eight hundred,
at a meeting in St. Augustine, to four at a meeting in Palatka. There was a
card-party at Palatka that night. Some of my largest and most enthusiastic
meetings were held on Sundays. Women's clubs were uniformly ready to
give attention to the Audubon idea, and agreed to appoint bird-committees.
Boards of trade wanted to know more of the work, and some took member-
ships with either the National Association or the Florida Society.

REPORT OF ^VILLIAM L. FINLEY, FIELD AGENT FOR
THE PACIFIC-COAST STATES

Conditions have improved steadily on the Pacific Coast during the past
year in favor of wild-bird and animal protection and propagation. The most
important fight is now in progress in California, as is related in the report of

Reports of Field Agents

WESTERN GREBES AND FORSTER'S TERNS NESTING AT CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA
Photographed by William L. Finley

the California State Society. This fight is the culmination of a struggle begun
by the National Association of Audubon Societies in 1905, when they sent
field agents to the lake-region of southern Oregon and northern California to
investigate the killing of Ducks, Geese, and other game-birds, and the slaugh-
ter of non-game birds by plume-hunters. One hundred and twenty tons of
Ducks and Geese were shipped from Lower Klamath Lake to the San Fran-
cisco markets during one season. Enormous numbers of Grebes, Terns, Herons,
and other birds, were slaughtered during the nesting-season in that region.

XEST OF THF: CANADA GOOSE, ON AN ISLAND IX CLEAR LAKE
Photographed by William L. Finley

S04

Bird -Lore

WIIIIK I'KLICA^S AMONG THE SAGE-BRUSH NEAR CLEAR LAKE
Photographed by William L. Finley

and the plumage shipped to wholesale milliners. This investigation of the
National Association led to the first important step in saving birds in that
region, by the establishment of three great wild-bird reservations, embracing
Lower Klamath, Clear, Malheur, and Harney Lakes. The market-men and
plume-hunters have resisted from the beginning, and are now making a big
effort to get back what they have lost, so that they can finish their work of
extermination. Lovers of wild birds on the Pacific Coast, and especially in
California, feel that they never can repay the National Association for its
generous contributions toward the establishment and maintenance of these
great wild-bird nurseries, and in aid of the campaign to sustain the
non-sale law.

Since the model bird-law was passed by the Oregon legislature in 1903,
the sale of aigrettes, and of the plumage of other native birds, has been stopped
almost entirely. A few years ago, a mail-order business sprang up on the
Pacific Coast, and aigrettes and other forbidden plumage could thus be
obtained from New York and Philadelphia, when they could not be purchased
on this coast. This cut into the trade of both wholesale and retail milliners
here, and they asked for a law prohibiting the wearing of such plumage. This
law was passed by the Oregon legislature in 1913. When it went into effect,
public notice was given that it was to be enforced. A woman was employed
as warden, persons wearing aigrettes were told that they were violating
the law, and in each case the plumes were confiscated by the state. Where
pliunes were given up without resistance, and a promise made to obey the law,
no arrest was made; in fact, it has not been necessary to take a single case
into court. This was the result of the newspapers of the state backing up this

Reports of Field Agents

50s

law, and a strong public sentiment in favor of its enforcement, both resulting
from years of Audubon educational work.

About a hundred lectures have been given in various parts of Oregon
during the past year, covering various phases of protection and propagation
of wild birds and animals. These were given by Dr. C. F. Hodge and John F.
Bovard, both of the University of Oregon, and also by your Agent. The work
of the Oregon Fish and Game Commission during the past two years has been
of great importance educationally. The commission has spent much money
in making mo\dng pictures of the game-resources of the state, and of various
phases of animal protection, to be used in educational work.

During the past summer, your Agent made a careful survey of Clear Lake,
Klamath Lake, Three Arch Rocks, and Cold Springs Reservations. The last-
named one is typical of seventeen wild-bird reservations in the West. It is a
large lake formed by the building of a big dam by the United States Reclama-
tion Service. It is in the midst of a sage-bush region entirely unimdting to
water-fowl before the artificial lake was formed; but since the area was set
aside as a Federal reservation, large numbers of Ducks, Geese, and other water-
birds have been attracted there during every fall and winter, and many remain
to breed. By cooperation of the state and Federal governments, bird-life on
the various reservations has been well protected by wardens, and the birds
have increased in numbers.

CORMORANTS

1' \iLKRES NESTING ON THREE ARCH ROCKS
Photographed by William L. Finley

5o6

Bird - Lore

A MURRE BROODING AT THREE ARCH ROCKS, OREGON
Photographed by William L. Finley

REPORTS OF STATE SOCIETIES

California. — Much of the energy of our Audubon Society during the past
year has been expended to prevent the annulment of the FHnt-Cary Non-
Sale-of-Game Bill, which will come before the voters of California on Novem-
ber 3, 1914. This bill, prohibiting the sale of wild Ducks and wild Pigeons,
in addition to other game, the sale of which had been forbidden in California
for many years, was passed by large majorities in 1913, after a strenuous
fight in which the conservationists won. Certain unscrupulous game-dealers,
market-hunters, and hotel-men, in San Francisco, wishing to sell our game
during the Panama Exposition, in 1915, organized under the misleading name
of The People's Fish and Game Protective Association of California, invoked
the referendum and succeeded— often by fraudulent means, it is rumored—
in gaining the requisite number of names to place the measure on the ballot
at the general election; and those who would save our game must vote "Yes,"
to sustain the action of the Legislature. That the people may know how to
vote, the California Associated Societies for the Conservation of Wild Life,
the newly organized Wild Life Protective League of America, the California
Audubon Society, and the California State Fish, Game, and Forest Protective
League, have been flooding the state with sample non-sale-of-game ballots,
properly marked. The Associated Societies also issued a fourth "wild-life
call," which we are helping them to distribute. The same men who invoked
the referendum on the Flint-Cary bill circulated an initiative petition which,

State Audubon Reports 507

if carried, would have denuded our state of wild life. Because of the fight put
up by the organizations named above, and by the State, Fish and Game Com-
mission, this petition was withdrawn.

In our share of the work we have been greatly aided by Mrs. Foster Elliot,
State Chairman of Forestry in the Federation of Woman's Clubs, who has
placed one of our sample ballots before every club in the state, and in recog-
nition of our work our State Secretary has been made a commissioner on the
forestry committee, and more than ever the two organizations will work
together.

Besides this work, the usual number of leaflets have been distributed, and
more lectures than ever have been given under the auspices of the Society.
Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Dr. Harold Bryant, and Dr. Walter P. Taylor, of the
staff of the University Museum, gave illustrated lectures; and Mrs. C. Robin-
son has used bird-slides with her forestry-slides, in her lecturing, thus
extending the work to our advantage.

Two deputy game-wardens have been appointed in Los Angeles County
to represent our Society, both of whom have done effective work. Miss Daisy
S. Ritterband is Deputy No. 8, and Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, No. 18.— Harriet
Williams Myers, Secretary.

Colorado. — The Colorado Audubon Society published its first leaflet last
spring. It was written by the President, Edward R. Warren, and was entitled
"Birds of Prey." It was largely distributed in connection with an exhibition
of Owls and Hawks that the Audubon Society had at the Denver Stock Show,
with the intention of showing the farmers which Owls and Hawks were inju-
rious and which were really helpful. The collection of lantern-slides of birds
begun by the Society in 19x2 has been much enlarged, and has been much used
by high-school principals. Several lectures have been prepared by members
of the Society, to be used in connection with the slides. Lectures and talks
illustrated by slides or skins have also been given by the President, by the
Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Bushee, and by Dr. Arnold and Miss Robbins, of
Colorado Springs, before schools and women's clubs. — Bertha Bushee,
Secretary.

Connecticut. — This Society, organized in 1898, was reorganized as a
corporation empowered to hold real estate in June, 19 14. The first annual
meeting under the new constitution was held in the Memorial Library, in
Fairfield, on Saturday, October 17. A large and representative attendance was
present, and the president, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, presided. The reports
showed a marked increase in the interest in bird-protection, and that 1,395
Junior members were added during the year in Fairfield County alone.

An illustrated lecture was given by Ernest Harold Baynes, to the delight
of all. After a lunch, served informally in the lecture-room, Birdcraft Sane-

5o8 Bird - Lore

tuary was visited. This is a bird-reservation of ten acres, near the center of
Fairfield, presented to the Society by a friend whose name is not made public.
It is surrounded by a wire, cat-proof fence. A small pond of fresh water adds
to its attractions for the birds, and a bungalow has been built for the resident
caretaker. On the gate-posts are suitable inscriptions. This is to be a per-
petual refuge for birds, and will grow more beautiful as it is developed. It is
open to the public under certain restrictions on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Satur-
days, and Sundays. — Katherine Moody Spalding, Secretary.

District of Columbia. — Judge Barnard is still our President, and we have
three new honorary Vice-presidents — President Woodrow Wilson, Mrs.
Josephine Daniels, and Prof. Ernest Thurston, our new Superintendent of
Schools. At our annual meeting we had the pleasure of hearing Howard H.
Cleaves, who gave us an illustrated lecture. On another evening Prof. Paul
Bartsch told us about "Some Birds of the Pacific Coast."

Our spring bird-classes are held in one of the large public schools, thus
helping the civic plan for using school-buildings as social centers. Our classes
in the spring of 1914 had a total membership of 132, of whom 31 were teachers,
13 Camp Fire Girls, and 14 Boy Scouts. These classes were followed by six
splendid field-meetings, during which a total of 127 different species of birds
were seen and recorded by the 97 persons who joined in the walks. — Helen
P. Childs, Secretary.

Florida. — During the past year the interest in bird-protection has steadily
advanced in Florida. The thirteenth annual meeting was held at the resi-
dence of President William F. Blackman, in Winter Park, March 3, 1914. In
addition to the reports of the officers, addresses were made, letters read, and
officers elected. It was shown that the volume of work is steadily increasing.
More than 30,000 leaflets have been sent out by the Secretary, besides notices
and literature. Early in the year an active part was taken in support of the
"feather proviso'' pending in the tariff bill.

Cooperating with the National Association, 162 Junior Classes, with a mem-
liership of 3,426, were organized, which placed Florida first on the list of
Southern States. The prize of $10, offered to high-school pupils in the state
for essays on birds, was awarded to Miss Effie Rolfs, of Gainesville. A second
prize. Chapman's "Birds of Eastern North America," was given to Miss
Jeanette Hopson, of the Duval High School, Jacksonville. Similar prizes were
offered to Clearwater schools by Oscar E. Baynard. At the state fair in
Orlando an attractive Audubon booth was arranged by Mrs. Haden and Mrs.
Vanderpool, where information as to the work of the Society was circulated by
means of leaflets and pictures. Many copies of the new booklet of the Florida
game-laws also were distributed.

Dr. Eugene Swope, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was employed as field agent for

JUDGE JOB BARNARD
Pkesideni of the District of Columbia Society

(509)

Sio Bird -Lore

four months by the executive committee and the National Association jointly.
He obtained forty new members for the Society, and an account of his experi-
ences may be found elsewhere in this report.

Branches of the Society are now established at St. Petersburg, Kissimmee,
Tampa, Winter Haven and Plant City. It is hoped that many others will be
formed during this autumn and winter. Each branch lends its financial aid to
the State Society by becoming a sustaining member (payment $5), and reports
quarterly to the Secretary. The St. Petersburg branch, of which Mrs. Kath-
erine Tippets is the President, has had a successful winter. Mrs. Barton, the
Secretary, reports that never has there been such universal interest — the
attendance of the bi-monthly meetings was never so large. A prize of $5,
open to any boy in the manual training school who made and put up a bird-
house in which a family of birds was hatched and raised, was won by Gregg
Cooper for raising three families of Martins. Orders were taken at the school
to furnish bird-houses built on the Von Berlepsch plan, and many were sold
and put up. A mock trial by jury of the English Sparrow before Judge Wilson
brought together many keen-witted men and women arguing for and against
its claim for life. •

The branch of the Society at Kissimmee, Mrs. M. J. M. Willson, President,
is well organized and efficient. The branch at Plant City, Mrs. Taylor, Presi-
dent, has twenty-three members. A society at Winter Haven was formed
last spring. Dr. H. R. Mills has been tireless in his efforts for bird-protection
in Tampa, where, on Jmie 29, 1914, a branch was organized, with a membership
of forty. A determined, but unsuccessful, attempt was made to induce the
city council to pass an ordinance licensing cats, similar to that which exists
at St. Petersburg.

Mrs. Kirk Munroe, whose interest and influence for bird-protection is
appreciably felt in southern Florida, has been very active the past year, having
spoken twice before the Woman's Club at Miami, and given much attention
to encouraging bird- work in the schools of Cocoanut Grove. Prizes were given,
essays were written, and at their "Garden Exhibit" one little girl's table was
charmingly arranged with various birds made from crepe paper. This exhibit
was carried out under the guidance of Mrs. McCormick.

It is hoped some decisive measures will be taken by our recently formed
branches to prohibit in their towns the selling of caged wild birds. Dr. H. R.
Mills, acting for the Society, procured the arrest and fine of two men doing
this in the vicinity of Tampa. Mrs. Tippets discovered a woman at St. Peters-
burg buying several of these cages of birds to carry North, but the woman
escaped in the night with her booty.

The Hungerford School, at Eatonsville, has continued its study of bird-
life. Two prizes of $2 each were given for essays.

Our President, Dr. William F. Blackman, has given much efficient service
to the Society by addresses, correspondence, and detail-work. In April he

State Audubon Reports 511

visited Indian Key Bird Reservation, in Tampa Bay, where he saw Roseate
Spoonbills, White Ibises, Man-of-war-birds, Cormorants, Great Blue Herons,
and Terns. In May he made a most interesting trip to the Big Cypress Swamp,
forty miles south and east of Fort Myers, where he xdsited both the Okaloa-
coochee and Corkscrew rookeries, which are guarded by paid wardens of the
National Association. Here the large cypress trees are nesting-places for many
thousands of birds. Doctor Blackman identified fifty-seven species of birds
whUe on this trip. On returning to Fort Myers he addressed a meeting of
citizens, and as a result of his appeal, and of the cooperation of Mrs. Hanson,
our local Secretary, it is hoped a Lee County branch wUl be formed. Accoimts
of his visit were printed in many newspapers, both in Florida and elsewhere.
Our thanks should be extended to the press of Florida for its continued
support; and to the Daytona Board of Trade, the Humane Society, the Pal-
metto Club, the Housekeepers' Club, and the Sunshine Society, for their
cooperation. — Mrs. Kjngsmill Marrs, Chairman Executive Committee.

Illinois. — Although the Society has been so unfortunate as to lose by
resignation its President and Secretary during the year, and has felt keenly
the loss, the usual activities have moved along, and new enterprises have been
accomplished. In January, Miss Alma Hardman, our efficient Secretary for a
year and a half, felt obliged to resign. Mrs. Frederic H. Pattee, a Director,
was elected to fill the vacancy. In April, Ruthven Deane, our honored Presi-
dent for sixteen years, presented his resignation to the board, and wuth the
greatest reluctance the Directors finally acceded to his wishes; but Mr. Deane's
invaluable experience and wide acquaintance with ornithological people will
still be available to us, as he continues his connection with the Society as a
Director. 0. M. Schantz, an enthusiastic student of birds, was chosen his
successor.

At the annual meeting, held in Fullerton Hall on May 2, the officers men-
tioned above were reelected. Miss Amalie Hanning was also reelected Treas-
urer, and A. L. Stevenson, a member of the board was elected Vice-President.
At the annual meeting the Society and its friends had the good fortune to
hear Edwin H. Forbush, whose interesting lecture and fascinating pictures
were greatly appreciated by the audience.

Our membership-list shows an increase of sixty, including two life-members.
The usual wide distribution of Audubon literature has been made, and a
special appeal for interest and support was distributed at the convention of
the State Teachers' Association, in Springfield, in December. In February,
with the cooperation of the National Association, a large niunber of "Winter
Feeding" cards were sent out, largely to farmers' institutes and rural teachers.
Arrangements have been made with the Illinois farmers' institutes to furnish
speakers gratis to all institutes that will give places on their programs.

The most effective piece of work that the Society has to report this year is

512 Bird -Lore

the successful culmination of our plan to send a lecturer into the field. Mr.
Henry Oldys, of Maryland, was selected for this task, and the choice proved
a most happy one. Through the generous financial cooperation of the National
Association, Mr. Oldys made a tour of the state covering four weeks in October
and November, 19 13. This trip was so successful that he was engaged for a
similar lecture-tour in May of this year. He spoke to colleges, schools, women's
clubs and various societies. Mr. Oldys covered a wide territory, reaching sixty-
four towns, and addressing audiences aggregating about 30,000 persons. —
Bertha Traer Pattee, Secretary.

Indiana. — The work during the past year has been along educational
lines. More than 100 Junior Audubon Classes have been organized, contain-
ing 1,914 members. Reading- matter and lectures about birds are much called
for by schools and clubs. Several stereopticon lectures on the subject have
been given by members of the state and local societies, to schools, churches,
conventions, women's clubs and farmers' institutes. The Extension Secretary,
Mrs. Etta S. Wilson, has worked faithfully, but since last April has been sadly
missed because of a serious illness.

The Allen Coimty Audubon Society, at Fort Wayne, is doing valuable work
under the leadership of Charles A. Stockbridge. It has a room in the public
library, which contains the Stockbridge collection of birds, and which serves
as a meeting-place, once a month.

Articles in the newspapers, especially the agricultural ones, on feeding
birds in winter, have carried instruction on this subject to many homes. In
February, acting on a message received from the ofiice of the National Asso-
ciation in New York, telegrams were sent over the state to bird-lovers, request-
ing that the birds be cared for at once. The club-women of the state are help-
ing nobly in bird-protection; one of the articles to appear soon in the General
Federation's magazine will be a history of the Indiana Audubon Society and
what it is doing. The Nature-Study Club of Indiana, with more than 100
members, is cooperating with us in doing work for the birds.

The Annual Meeting at Evansville was a great success. The teachers, the
ladies of the Woman's Club, and the members of the Evansville Audubon
Society, did much to make it so. Harriet B. Audubon, of Louisville, grand-
daughter of the great naturalist, was invited to be the guest of honor. All the
schools gave evidence of great preparation for the coming of the State Society.
Bird-boxes, bird-calendars, bird-stories, and many good paintings of birds
made by the pupils were shown. The little folks also contributed their share
by cutting, pasting, and stringing pictures of birds, to decorate the many
boughs that lined the entrance-halls. Bird-talks were given in the public and
parochial schools. Evansville has the largest Junior Clas§ in the state. At
the Thursday and Friday evening meetings the following addresses were
given; "The Audubon Movement," by the President; "Some Birds of Indiana,"

State Audubon Reports 513

by Amos W. Butler; "The Adaptation of Birds to Flight," by Prof. D. W.
Dennis; and "How to Have Better Bird-work in the Schools," by Prof. Stanley
Coulter. Dr. Eugene Swope was present as the representative of the National
Association.

A boat-trip on the Ohio River to Henderson, Kentucky, was taken. Boy
Scouts met the boat and acted as guides. This town was at one time the home
of John James Audubon. The foimdation of his old mill is still to be seen. A
public address was given in the town, and the citizens presented to Presi-
dent Woollen a gavel made from the water-wheel of the old mill. The sugges-
tion was made that Henderson be made a park reservation, and that a monu-
ment to Audubon be erected, the expense to be borne jointly by Kentucky
and Indiana.

The following oflScers were elected: Prof. Stanley Coulter, President;
George S. Clifford, and William Watson Woollen, Vice-Presidents; Mrs. Etta
S. Wilson, Extension Secretary; Elizabeth Downhour, Secretary; and Carrie
Carpenter, Treasurer. — Elizabeth Downhour, Secretary.

Iowa. — Since the spring of 1904, the office of the State Audubon Society
has been in Waterloo. Feeling, however, that other headquarters and new
officers would add new life and enthusiasm, we are endeavoring to arrange the
desired changes. In the meantime we shall carry on the work. Our President,
Mrs. W. B. Small, has answered many calls, and has given lectures and talks
to clubs and schools. The Rev. George Bennett, Field Agent of the National
Association, has taken charge of the lantern-slides owned by the State Society,
and generously responds to requests for illustrated lectures. Having been
granted the privilege of using a beautiful tract of land near Waterloo as a
local bird-preserve, we are preparing posters to warn hunters against shoot-
ing, and small boys with air-guns against trespassing. The Iowa Park and
Forestry Association, being interested in the conservation of forests and lakes
of Iowa, should, we believe, include also the conservation of bird-life, and we
expect to get its cooperation.

The newspapers of Iowa in recent years have been of great service to the
Society. In Waterloo, Edgar W. Cooley, of The Times-Tribune, has organ-
ized a Bird-Lovers Club which now has seventy members — boys and girls
between five and sixteen years of age. The members pledge themselves to
protect birds and their nests from destruction, to build nesting-houses, and to
provide food and water for birds in the winter. A large number of bird-houses
were erected by the members during the spring and summer.

The officers of the Iowa Audubon Society are: President, Mrs. W. B. Small,
Waterloo; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. James B. Diver, Keokuk, and Miss Frances
Grout, Waterloo; Chairman of Executive Committee, Dr. Margaret V. Clark,
Waterloo; Secretary, Mrs. William F. Parrott, Waterloo. The society has no
annual dues, but every year bird-lovers in the state send a new list of names,

514 Bird -Lore

with the accompanying fee of twenty-five cents for adults and ten cents for
Junior members. All fees and other moneys are devoted to the circulation of
the Educational Leaflets of the National Association and other good literature.
— ^Jane Pakrott, Secretary.

Kentucky. — I have never sent you a yearly report with as much pleasure
as I send this one, because there is much evidence that the cause of bird-pro-
tection is bearing fruit. Birds are becoming more numerous about our homes,
especially the larger birds, such as Robins and Woodpeckers. Bird-boxes are
to be seen everywhere; and the drought of last summer reminded bird-lovers
that drinking-fountains would be appreciated. One may see many of these
founts in this state, some of stone or concrete. Our Society has held about
fifteen public walks during the year for the purpose of studying birds. We
have sent nearly a thousand clippings and tracts to newspapers for publica-
tion. We have supplied at actual cost a great number of field-glasses and
bird-books to students of bird- life; and our members have set a good example
to others by putting up bird-boxes and drinking-founts. One member has
planted and left standing a large patch of hemp for a winter-ref uge ; another
has left a thick growth of sunflowers ; and many of us insist on keeping uncut a
patch of briars or horseweeds for the same purpose.

Our former President, Dr. James H. Gardner, has moved to Oklahoma,
and our new President is Judge Charles Kerr. Another valued member of
our society is J. Quincy Ward, Executive Agent of the State, Fish and Game
Commission. — Victor K. Dodge, Secretary.

Maine. — The year has been one of activity, and the growth of the senti-
ment for the increase and protection of birds has been marked. The demand
for popular bird-books has continued, while a wide range of local organiza-
tions, granges, and literary clubs, have continued to ask for lectures and
papers on birds. In Washington County, Clarence H. Clark, Chairman of
the Board of County Commissioners, has performed a most valuable work in
giving talks on birds and their value, urging their protection on teachers,
schools, and clubs; and in impressing on the public need of attention to this
matter. He has distributed pamphlets; has had the federal regulations relat-
ing to game-birds widely published in the newspapers of eastern Maine; and
has taken part in the organization of Junior Audubon Societies. In Hancock
County, Miss Cordelia J. Stanwood has continued her activity by publish-
ing many attractive articles in the journals of the day, and by distributing
leaflets, and laboring for bird-protection. In Penobscot County, Mrs. Fanny
Hardy Eckstorm has been vigilant, rendering most efficient service. In Cum-
berland County, the State Secretary has endeavored to meet calls relating to
birds, their increase and protection; and it is most gratifying to acknowledge
the support and encouragement he has received from many persons and

VICTOR K. DODGE
Secretary of the Kentucky Society

(51S)

5i6 Bird - Lore

organizations. In York County, Mrs. Fred P. Abbott, President of the Maine
Federation of Woman's Clubs, did a large amount of work in addressing church
organizations, and various other gatherings. She made fifty-six visits to
women's clubs, and nearly everywhere said a word for the birds. On several
occasions her talks were illustrated by lantern-slides obtained from the National
Association. — Arthur H. Norton, Secretary.

Maryland. — A most active interest in bird-welfare, and in the legisla-
ti\'e work of the Audubon Society, is manifest throughout Maryland. A
large club was organized last spring in Roland Park, Baltimore's most attrac-
tive and best-known suburb. This village, with its hedge-bordered lanes,
fine old trees, and gardens rich in shrubbery, furnishes an ideal sanctuary;
and the residents of Roland Park are now studying the conditions most fav-
orable to local protection and propagation of birds. In the beautiful Green
Spring Valley similar hospitality is extended to bird-visitors. There the mem-
bers of the Garden Club are as zealous in encouraging the presence of birds
as in the culture of flowers.

At the March meeting of the Maryland Audubon Society, one of its mem-
bers, Mrs. Fleming, of Gambrill's, brought to our attention the purchase by
the United States Government of a large tract of land to be used as a dairy-
farm for the Naval Academy at Annapolis. This piece of land has long been
the favorite resort of many varieties of bird-life. Hence it occurred to Mrs.
Fleming that, in addition to its service to the Academy, it might also become
a game-preserve. Of the same mind with her was Paymaster Bryan, U. S. N.
of Annapolis, and they solicited the cooperation of the Maryland Audubon
Society to carry out this plan. An appeal from the Society to the Secretary of
the Navy brought a sympathetic response from Mr. Daniels, and orders to
make ample provision for the protection of the game on the farm.

The offer by the National Association of the series of instructive pictures
to the children joining Junior Audubon Classes in the public schools is stimu-
lating juvenile interest. Audubon Societies can do no work which will pro-
duce finer results than to cooperate with the National Association in this
plan to enlighten the children, and plant in their mind ideas that will bear
fruit when they become men and women. Special attention should be given
the children of our foreign-born citizens, for it is with such citizens that our
game-wardens meet their greatest difficulties in enforcing the laws. — Minna
D. Starr, Secretary.

Massachusetts. — The activities of the Massachusetts Audubon Society
have been greatly extended during the past year, and its growth in member-
ship and usefulness has been marked. Its sustaining-membership has been
increased from 1,500 to 2,200, and its life-membership from 150 to 295, vir-
tually a doubling. It now occupies large offices with the New England Agency

State Audubon Reports 517

of the National Association of Audubon Societies in the rooms of the Boston
Society of Natural History, at 234 Berkeley Street, Boston, where it has a
large exhibition of bird-protective appliances, bird-houses, feeding-stations,
baths, etc., and a quantity of literature of the bird-protection movement,
including charts, calendars, and the Educational Leaflets of the National
Association. This exhibition is free to all ^dsitors and makes the Society the
headquarters of the steadily increasing interest in the protection movement
throughout New England. The Society, as usual, has taken an active part in
recent legislation, having successfully opposed bills inimical to bird-life in
the state legislature, and aided those in its favor.

During the deep snows and cold of the past winter, acting with the National
Association, it placarded the state with requests that people feed the birds,
giving full directions how to do it. It also wrote to about 5,000 persons, and
to newspapers throughout the state, making the same request. The work was
very generally taken up, and without doubt thousands of useful birds were
saved from starvation. During the year the Society's traveling lectures and
traveling libraries have been in constant use all over the state; and the Secre-
tary lectured fifty times before various organizations, reaching audiences of
from fifty to a thousand persons.

Cooperating with the National Association's work of establishing Junior
Classes, an appeal was made to every school-teacher in the state, and 359
classes, containing 8,463 Juniors, were added to the roll.

A new Bird Calendar has been published — six large plates of bird in colors,
hand-printed on blocks in Japan — forming a series of singular beauty and value.
The Calendar, like the Society's three unique and beautiful Bird Charts, finds
eager purchasers in distant states as well as in Massachusetts.

The annual meeting of the Society, held in March, packed Huntington
Hall to the doors, more than a thousand people being in attendance. In Jan-
uary, WiUiam Brewster, the distinguished Cambridge ornithologist, founder
of the Society, and its President since 1892, resigned because of pressure of
other duties, greatly to the regret of all. Edward Howe Forbush, State Orni-
thologist, known the world over for his books on the economic side of bird-
life, and by his work for bird-protection, was elected to the vacancy. The
Society is head-quarters for information, and instructs in the formation of
local bird-clubs, which are steadily increasing in number throughout the
state. — WiNTKROP Packard, Secretary-Treasurer.

Michigan. — ^The Michigan Audubon Society held its annual meeting at
the Public Library, in Grand Rapids, September 8 and 9, 1914. It seemed
strange to assemble without the familiar presence of Jefferson Butler, until
lately our faithful worker and leader, who, from the inception of the organiza-
tion until his death, never failed to be present at its meetings and to take an
active part in all the proceedings. The Grand Rapids Society, gave the visit-

5i8 Bird -Lore

ing delegates a very profitable and delightful two days. We were taken for a
tour through the city's parks, and were shown the new bird-reserve, Hoden-
tyle Park. This is a beautiful, rolling tract of forty acres of original timber,
in which has been constructed a lagoon two miles in length. It contains many
islands which are admirable nesting-sites for water-birds. The whole park is
rapidly being planted with wild flowers, shrubs, and vines, making a veritable
bird-paradise, to be forever conserved.

On Tuesday evening. Judge Harry Creswell, President of the Grand Rapids
Society, gave a pleasing address on the Audubon work in the city; one of the
teachers reported on Junior Audubon work, and Joseph Dodson, of Chicago,
spoke on methods of attracting wild birds about the home. The annual busi-
ness was disposed of on Wednesday. Mrs. Munger, Acting President, reported
that she had represented the Society at the National Conservation Congress
at Washington, D. C, in November, 1913; and had spoken on bird-protec-
tion at many schools, granges, farmers' clubs, horticultural societies, boys'
clubs, women's clubs, teachers' institutes, and other places, on several occa-
sions giving illustrated lectures. At her request the State Department of
Public Instruction had agreed to recognize Arbor Day as equally Arbor and
Bird Day; and she had compiled much material for the first Arbor and Bird
Day Bulletin, which was sent out to all the teachers in the state. Mrs. Munger
reported cooperating with the State Library, the Public Commission, the State
Game Warden, the Forest Scouts, and the State Humane Society, and of
finding them all interested in the cause of bird-protection. She had sent out
53 packages of literature, besides personally distributing about 1,000 of the
Educational Leaflets issued by the National Association; had written about
600 letters and cards, and 20 newspaper articles, and had furnished several
bird-programs for clubs and granges.

Favorable action was taken on the following subjects:
(i). The licensing of cats. (2) The removal of the Bob-white from the
list of game-birds. (3) Repeal of the law offering a two-cent bounty on
English Sparrows. (4) That since the enforcement of the weed law, which
requires the destruction of all roadside weeds and shrubs, would deprive the
birds of food and nesting-sites, that law ought to be amended. (5) That the
Society hold an exhibit of bird-houses, breeding-devices and bird-literature at
county fairs, state fairs, and other large public gatherings. (6) That the
Society provide for giving systematic advice and instruction regarding the
feeding of wild birds in winter. Much lively discussion was heard over the
cat-licensing problem, but the President's report with its recommendations
was adopted.

The election of officers resulted in choice of Mrs. Edith C. Mungei;, of Hart,
for President; Charles K. Hoyt, of Lansing, for Vice-President ; Miss Gertrude
Reading, of Hart, for Secretary-Treasurer; and an Executive Committee con-
sisting of the President; the Vice-President; W. B. Mershon, of Saginaw;

State Audubon Reports 519

Charles M. Greenway, of Flint; and H. E. Sargent, of Grand Rapids. The
Society has 258 members, and $143.11 in the treasury.

Mrs. Munger, by her constructive work for better citizenship, has become
one of the assets of Michigan. She is one of the nation's forward-looking
women, the champion and defender of suffering hiunanity. Mr. Hoyt, the
oldest man in point of service in the game-warden department, will be of great
help in practical enforcement of the laws. Mr. Mershon, who is president of
the State Game and Protective Association, will continue to be, as he always
has been, the financial backbone of the organization. Mr. Greenway, editor
of the Flint Daily Journal, is one of the most prominent newspaper men in
the state. Mr. Sargent is director of the Kent Scientific Museum, and will help
the educational work tremendously, as he is always collecting material for
work in the schools and in other organizations.

Much disappointment was expressed when a telegram was received on
Wednesday afternoon from the National Secretary, T. Gilbert Pearson, of
New York, stating that an unavoidable accident had prevented his reach-
ing Grand Rapids in time to give his anticipated lecture that evening. Mr
Mershon and Mr. Sargent gave enthusiastic talks on our common birds and
their characteristics and uses, showing Mr. Sargent's beautiful bird-slides.
Mr. Mershon dw^elt especially on the now extinct Passenger Pigeon. Mr.
Hoyt was requested to give a talk on the game-warden department, and
responded with an excellent address, full of practical suggestions as to how the
Society might make good use of the department in furthering the cause of
bird-protection. — Gertrude Re.a.ding, Secretary-Treasurer.

Minnesota. — The work of the Society in this state has been along educa-
tional lines. The Secretary- has given several lectures on birds during the year,
two before the Minnesota Game and Fish Protective League. Our Public
Library has added to its collection a set of the bird-slides made by the
National Association of Audubon Societies, and these slides have been in great
demand by the teachers in both the grammar and the high schools.

The winter of 1913-14 was favorable to winter birds, being mild, except
a few days of sub-zero weather, and with but little snow. The Minneapolis
Park Board has established bird-feeding stations in seven of the larger parks,
where a generous quantity of suet, seeds, and grain is distributed daily. The
smaller insectivorous birds have been very numerous during the summer, but
the shore-birds are getting scarcer every season. The Pinnated Grouse (Prairie
Hen) is holding its own in some districts, while in others it is getting rare.
Many of their nests were destroyed in the spring and early summer by heavy
rains which flooded the lowlands over great areas. At Heron Lake, in the
southwestern part of the state, a large nmnber of nests of the Black-crowned
Night Heron, and of Teals and other Ducks, were destroyed in the same way.

The Minnesota Legislature will convene early in 1915, and a strong effort

TPIE REV. MANLEY B. TOWNSEND
Secretary of the New Hampshire Society

(S20)

State Audubon Reports 521

will be made to secure changes in the present game-laws, and to get the game
and fish department removed from politics. A imiversal licensing system, and
a law to prohibit boys under eighteen to hunt or to carry firearms for the
purpose of hunting, are also to be sought. — J. W. Frazen, Secretary.

New Hampshire. — Our Society was not organized until February 26,
1 9 14, but enough has been accomplished in this first eight months to indicate
a future full of success and usefulness. A membership of 307 has been secured.
The receipts from life-memberships, now amounting to $425, have been set
aside as a permanent fund, the interest only to be used for the work. There is
a balance in the treasury on the right side. We are fortunate in having secured
a strong set of oflficers, from the President, Gen. Elbert Wheeler, down our
list of Honorary Presidents and Vice-Presidents, including many of the most
prominent and influential men and women in the state.

As soon as its income warranted the step, the Society engaged the Secre-
tary to act as a salaried field agent. That work has been pushed ^\dth energy.
A voluminous correspondence has been maintained, articles on feeding birds
in winter, and on bird-protection, have been written for publication in the
newspapers, the National Association's valuable "Bulletin No. i" has been
distributed, and lectures on "Our Native Birds, and Why We Should Pro-
tect Them," have been given before various societies, clubs, institutes, at
summer hotels and elsewhere. One lecture given in Concord, at the meeting
of the State Fish and Game Association, resulted in an arrangement whereby
the field agent is to give this lecture widely throughout the state before
local bodies of sportsmen.

E. C. Hirst, State Forester, has offered to co5perate with us to make all
the forest-reservations in the state into bird-sanctuaries — a matter of great
importance.

A busy winter's program has been planned. It is purposed to push vig-
orously the work of organizing Junior Audubon Clubs in the schools, as planned
by the National Association. The Secretary intends to watch the Legislature
to prevent hostile legislation, and to attempt to secure better laws. Our
Treasurer, Herbert E. Kendall, is sure of election to the coming Legislature,
and will be a valuable man for us there. The Society wishes to express its
grateful appreciation for the kindness shown us by Messrs. Edward H. For-
bush and Winthrop Packard, of Massachusetts, and for the advice and assist-
ance of the National Association. — Manley B. Townsend, Secretary.

New Jersey. — The New Jersey Audubon Society has increased its mem-
bership during the past year by one patron, five life members, 75 sustaining
members, 325 members and 9,398 junior members, making the present mem-
bership seven patrons, 18 fife members, 180 sustaining members, 718 members,
217 associate members, and 25,966 jimior members — total 27,106. The Society

GEORGE BATTEN
President of the New Jersey Society

(522)

State Audubon Reports 523

has arranged to employ the entire time of a salaried Secretary-Treasurer.
Legislative activity has been confined to the usual influence on legislation
afifecting bird-life. The Society now publishes independently, The New
Jersey Audubon Bulletin, issued bi-monthly, and illustrated with halftones.
Various press articles have also been issued and widely published by the news-
papers of the state. Junior Audubon Class work has been continued, in coop-
eration with the National Association, and 436 classes were organized. The
fourth annual meeting was held in Newark, on October 6, when the Trustees
were reelected, with the exception of Mr. W. W. Grant, resigned, who was
succeeded by Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads. The officers were reelected. At the
public session in the evening, William L. Finley, of Portland, Oregon, showed
a wonderfully fine series of wild-life motion-pictures, and spoke of protection
work in his state. — Beecher S. Bowdish, Secretary.

North Dakota. — -The North Dakota Audubon Society has continued its
work with steady and substantial progress. Interest in the study of bird-life,
and in the protection of our birds, has been continuously developed, and the
most cordial relations and hearty cooperation exist between the society and
the State Board of Control of Game. The list of members has been increased.
The finances of the Society are in excellent condition. Much advancement
has also been made in the Junior work of the state. Many addresses have
been given by members of the Society during the past year, before meetings of
federated clubs, educational associations, and college students. It is planned
to hold the annual meeting in the near future at the Agricultural College,
when those in attendance will have an opportunity to inspect the series of
birds in the zoological collection. This collection of mounted birds is now one
of the most complete in the state, and enables persons to identify species with
whose appearance they have become familiar in the field, but of whose proper
names they are ignorant.

Owing to the work of the Audubon Society more and more attention is
being given to bird-study in the schools, as the teachers are learning how much
interest may be awakened in the pupils through the study of the habits of
birds. The literature and the pictures issued by the National Association are
now available in this state, and are proving welcome and effective. The matter
of establishing bird-reservations in suitable places is receiving thought, and
will probably come up for consideration at the next meeting of the Legis-
lature.— W. B. Bell, President.

Ohio. — We sustained a great loss during the past year in the death of our
President, John P. Cummins. For four years Mr. Cummins had dignified
the office of president, and under his leadership the work had progressed and
the membership increased fourfold. His was not the type of scientific mind
that dissects and demolishes, but the appreciative and enthusiastic type that

J. p. CUMMINS
President, until his Death in 1913, of the Ohio Society

(5*4)

State Audubon Reports 525

sees the beauty and feels the lesson that nature is teaching, and leads a man to
go out as a missionary to spread this lesson broadcast. It would be treason to
his memory to permit that work to suffer for which he gave so much time and
effort. The Society has since held another election, at which Dr. Robert C.
Jones was chosen President.

Owing to the death of Mr. Cummins, the Society abandoned the series of
lectures in the libraries, which had been given so regularly, and in which Mr.
Cimimins had always played so prominent a part. Nevertheless, the Society
has not been inactive. Dr. Eugene Swope, Field- Agent, in Ohio, of the National
Association, gave fifty lectures last year in Cincinnati and vicinity, with an
average attendance of 125 (and this was accomplished despite the fact that he
spent the winter in Florida), has organized large Audubon Societies in Colum-
bus and Cleveland, and has been instrumental in bringing the work of the
Society before the public in every part of Ohio.

Our new President has already given lectures in eight of the public
schools, and has interested the Superintendent of Schools in the educational
plan for the coming year. Mr. Cramer has, as usual, given numerous lectures
to clubs and schools, and for many years has been the personal conductor of
the field-excursions which the 'Ramblers' have enjoyed weekly. Because of
his knowledge of birds, and because of the knowledge of general zoology and
botany of Mrs. Hansen, another active member of the Society, these walks are
the quintessence of cultural enjoyment.

Other women, too, have done much to disseminate a knowledge of birds,
notably Mrs. Lewis Hopkins, who has been very active in Georgia in the win-
ter and in the North in the summer. She works with true missionary spirit,
and spreads the news of both the esthetic and economic value of birds in the
charitable clubs as well as in the prominent women's clubs of which she is a
member, yet she finds time to write instructive papers on "Wing Construc-
tion and Flight," on the "Analysis of Bird Music," and on other themes, to
the entertainment and advantage of the Society. Nevertheless, the plans for
the coming year are more ambitious than ever, and where there is ambition
and zeal, there must surely follow worthy results. — Katherine Ratter-
MANN, Secretary.

Oregon. — The Audubon work in Oregon for the year has been devoted
largely to education. The sentiment among the people regarding the protec-
tion of insectivorous birds is favorable, and in some places strong. We have
the boy with the gun, the immature man with the gun, and the alien with the
gun, and have to deal with them, each after its kind. The law forbidding wear-
ing of millinery plumage has been enforced with scant mercy, so that the sight
of a Grebe-breast or a Heron's plume is rare on our streets, and then usually
the feathers are worn by a tourist from some eastern state. Our warden — a
woman — ^politely gives the culprit warning as to the law and the con-

526 Bird -Lore

sequences, whereupon, as a rule, the plume is cheerfully and sometimes
apologetically removed.

Reports from bird- reservations are satisfactory. The small remaining
colony of White Herons, which is being so carefully watched, is reported as
holding its own.

The state was gone over fairly well last season by bird-lecturers with lan-
tern-slide accompaniments — a method of entertainment insuring good audi-
ences. We find that plain bird-lovers, who know the local birds and their
habits, and can talk with interest and enthusiasm, especially if they can tell
a bird-story and whistle a few of the notes and calls of the birds, arouse much
intelligent interest and get a following among children. This kind of appeal
is better, therefore, for every-day use, than more elaborate lectures would be.
We are about to add some moving pictures of birds to our winter lectures, and
hope to get much benefit and stimulation from hearing eastern talkers who are
skilled in these matters.

All of us have taken to making nesting-houses for birds with zeal and suc-
cess. Bathing-pools, lunch-counters, feeding-devices and such matters are
common. The mild winters of western Oregon make winter-feeding not so
much of a problem as in the East, but we give it much consideration, knowing
its value to both the guests and the caterers. — Emma J. Welty, Secretary.

Pennsylvania. — Since the close of its year of legislative work for the pro-
tection of the Herons, the Pennsylvania Audubon Society has been prin-
cipally occupied with different forms of Junior work. In cooperation with the
National Association a large success was made in this direction, no less than
354 Junior Classes, containing 6,790 members, having been formed in the
schools of this state since the last report. A satisfactory membership has been
arranged for the Boy Scouts, by which they become "Protectors of the Birds,"
and which entitles all members in good standing to receive a special Audu-
bon button designed for them by the society of that name. A medal is also
offered to the Scout who can show the best work done for bird-protection dur-
ing the year. This interesting work with the Scouts was begun only last
spring, but promises happy relations between boys and birds.

The usual activities have been continued during the year. The traveling
libraries have been renewed, and, with the generous assistance of the National
Association, the Pennsylvania Society has planned for this autumn a tour of
the state by Henry Oldys, of Washington, the well-known lecturer on birds,
whose rendering of bird-songs has delighted so many Audubon audiences.
This tour, which will begin in the middle of October, will, it is hoped, not only
be of use to the Junior AudubOn Classes, but will increase the interest in the
work of the National Association and the State Society. With these plans on
foot the Pennsylvania Society feels that it has a busy year ahead. — Eliza-
beth Wilson Fisher, Secretary.

WITHER STONE

('resident of the Pennsylvania Society

(527)

52S Bird -Lore

Rhode Island. — Our State Audubon Society has had a prosperous year.
In addition to the regular work of forming Junior Classes, holding field-trips
and lectures, and keeping its circulating and traveling libraries at work, the
Society has taken a quiet but exceedingly active interest in bird-legislation.
Every Congressman from Rhode Island supported the migratory-bird law, and
the plumage bill. The Society is also responsible in a large measure for the
change in the personnel of the State Bird Commission, which consists of five
men, representing every county of the State, and all appointed at one time
by the Governor for a term of three years. The membership of this
Commission has always consisted wholly of sportsmen, interested primarily
in the killing of birds. The new Commission, for 1914-1917, has three members
who are particularly concerned in the protection of birds, one of them a Direc-
tor of our Society.

Through the indefatigable efforts of two of our most earnest Directors,
George C. Phillips and Harry S. Hathaway, and the assistance of experienced
friends elsewhere, a new bird-law was drawn to conform with the Federal regu-
lations for migratory birds, and was enacted by the legislature. Rhode
Island now has, therefore, almost an ideal bird-law, by which bounties on
Hawks and Owls are banished, and spring shooting is abolished, also shooting
from motor-boats in the waters of the state, which had been particularly
destructive to ducks.

From the Rhode Island Woman's Club the Society received a gift of $50
for the purchase of books for its library, and from the state $60 allowed for
the expenses of the traveling libraries. With these funds it has been possible
to increase the size of the library and extend its benefits.

Early in the year a fund was raised by subscription to be used for the
employment of a regular worker, as it is absolutely necessary that more time
be given to the Society's campaign than the regular officials have at their dis-
posal. We are therefore endeavoring to organize our work by employing a
woman who shall first devote her time to the Junior department, and gradually
extend the influence of the Society to adults. The problem of interesting
the high-school boy who has arrived at the gunning age has been forcibly brought
to our attention by the many opportunities for game-shooting along the shores
of the state. As an offset to this attraction the Society is to offer a first prize
of a $22 camera, and a second prize of a $10 camera, to any boy, resident in
the state and not over eighteen years of age, who shall take and exhibit the
best set of bird-photographs. The prizes are given by The Hall & Lyon Com-
pany, of Providence, and will be awarded by competent judges at an exhibit
to be held some time in June, 191 5. — H, L. Madison, Secretary.

Tennessee (East). — Owing to the illness and absence of our President,
and the serious illness of Mrs. T. J. Hinton, our militant Vice-President, not
many regular meetings have been held during the past year. The committee

■'.^

i

t

^ [AM^KAA^r-lA^

HAROLD L. MADISON
Skcrztary-Treasubks of the Rhode Island Society

(529)

MISS MACiXOLIA WOODWARD
Secretary ui ihe East) Tennessee Society

(530)

State Audubon Reports 531

appointed to organize Junior Audubon Societies has talked to eighteen dilTerent
schools, and, with the help of some bird-skins loaned by the Rev. Dr. George
R. Stuart, has easily aroused the interest of adults and children. At the sug-
gestion of Frank Flenniken and Miss Margaret Ambrose, we have furnished
Educational Leaflets to various tomato clubs for their monthly meetings. We
have cooperated with our Field Agent, O'C. Woodward, and have sent our
literature to places where he had aroused interest. An important innovation
has been the Society's request to have several deputy game-wardens — most of
them ladies — appointed in East Tennessee. W. D. Houser, State Warden,
having complied with our petition, the following persons have been appointed :
Mrs. Walter Barton, Mrs. J. H. Renfoer, Mrs. Rosa Hall Ryno, S. R. Rambo,
and J. S. Monday. By this means we hope to check the wanton destruction
of bird-life in our state. We now have 125 members and many subscribers to
Bird-Lore. — Magnolia Woodward, Corresponding Secretary.

Viiginia. — The report of this Society for the past year shows activities
gratifying to all lovers of the cause of bird-protection. During the last hunting-
season the Society distributed hundreds of copies of the game-laws, and
instructed many persons how they could obtain such relief as our laws pro-
vide. During the severe weather of last February, our Society, following
the example of the National Association, telegraphed the newspapers of the
state to rcn-ind their readers of the dire straits the birds were in. The news-
papers responded promptly, and by their aid thousands of birds were undoubt-
edly saved from starvation. To those who wrote that they would see that the
birds were fed, we sent money for the purchase of bird- food. The National
Association contributed to the fund that was used for this purpose.

Beginning early in the winter, and continuing till the close of the session
of the Legislature, a committee, of which Col. Jennings C. Wise, of Lexington,
was chairman, and our President, M. D. Hart, waged an aggressive campaign
to give Virginia a game-law fashioned after that of Alabama. Thousands of
printed appeals and arguments were distributed o^•er the state. The bill passed
the Senate by a big majority, and lacked only two votes of passing the
House. When the federal appropriation of $50,000 for the enforcement of the
Weeks-McLean migratory-bird law was being fought by Senator Reed and
others, our Society used every influence in its power, such as having its prom-
inent members write to Senators, or make a personal appeal to the members of
the Senate committee. By this course we helped to save the appropriation.

In the Junior Audubon work, 165 classes have been organized with more
than 3,000 pupils doing active work by aid of the material for study so liberally
supplied by the National Association. Governor Stuart graciously con-
sented to issue a proclamation, at the- request of the Society, appointing May
4 to be obser\^ed as Bird Day; and its celebration aroused much public interest
in the protection of bird-life throughout the state.

"%

\

' :-j^^?^itgx»ife?ti^aiy

~n%

^-^5^9^^^

M. D. HART
President of the Virginia Society

(SSa)

State Audubon Reports 533

Early in June, I wrote to the presidents of our four normal schools, sending
them sample leaflets and announcements, and asking them personally to see
that each of their graduates received copies. I also requested that a short
talk be given to the graduates, advising them to organize Junior Audubon
Classes in their schools. I made an address before one Normal School, and
sent literature to others. Arrangements have been made for an Audubon
exhibit at the Educational Conference to be held at Richmond in November,
when the officers of the Society and speakers from a distance will be on hand
every day to represent the Audubon cause.

An energetic plan of campaign among the schools is now in progress, which,
together with much valuable work done by Miss Katharine H. Stuart, employed
as Field agent in Virginia by the National Association, aided by our Presi-
dent, gives us reason to hope that the next fiscal year may be a banner one for
Audubon work in the Old Dominion. — Mrs. R. B. Smithey, Secretary.

West Virginia. — This Society has devoted itself during the past twelve
months largely to the attempt to develop a stronger sentiment for the pro-
tection and preservation of bird-life. We think we see evidence of success in
the widening interest in the study and protection of birds manifest throughout
our state, indications of which reach us from many sources. We see great
cause for encouragement in the fact that the Society has received during the
year inquiries from teachers in many parts of the state in regard to the forma-
tion of Junior Audubon Classes, and to all these words of encouragement and
supplies of the leaflets of the National Association have been sent, with the
gratifying result that many Junior Classes have been organized. One school in
Parkersburg had 300 Junior members, under the competent leadership of Miss
Kerr and Miss Mallory. From Brooke County comes a report, by an energetic
and enthusiastic member. Miss Cora Reed, of eleven Junior Classes, with an
aggregate membership of about 200.

The Audubon Society of the West Liberty State Normal School was organ-
ized during the year, and at once associated itself with us as a branch. The
President, Miss Sanders, reports a membership of 30, and an interest that
extended to the townspeople, as indicated by the very general feeding of birds
and the erection of bird-houses and nesting-boxes. Several feeding-stations
were established and cared for by school-boys in Parkersburg during the
past winter. Last May our Society was fortunate in having a lecture from one
of its members, the Rev. Earl A. Brooks, of Weston, to which the public was
made welcome, and which was greatly enjoyed. Mr. Brooks is preparing a
check-list of the birds of West Virginia. Our monthly meetings have been
held as usual, and those in the spring and summer were devoted to field-work.
— Clara E. Marsh, Secretary.

Wisconsin. — The lust to kill, inherited from some cave-dwelling ances-
tor, is still rampant in Wisconsin, for the commandment "Thou shalt not kill"

5,S4 Bird -Lore

seems re;^arded as uttered in a purely Pickwicivian sense. Alas! until very
recently education has been away from nature instead of in the direction of
the world about us, w^hich is the only actual house of life. In this state the
Secretary of the Society is also the Treasurer, and in my case, at least, Field-
Agent as well. About my first work was to appear before the State Federa-
tion of Woman's Clubs, when resolutions were adopted to the effect that each
should appoint a committee to act with the Audubon Society in establishing
Junior Classes in the public schools, and that each club should hold one public
meeting annually in the interest of bird-protection. The next move was in
the direction of getting new members for the State Society. An appeal was
published in our official organ, By the Wayside, for 50,000 new members,
which was subsequently sent to all the newspapers in the state with a request
that they republish it and send their bill to the birds. A special appeal to the
teachers of Wisconsin was made through The Journal of Education.

This gave the Society healthy publicity, but comparatively few new mem-
bers. One of the principal handicaps in Audubon work throughout the year
has been the uncertainty and irregularity in the publication of By the Way-
side. Ex-editor Roland B. Kremers found himself unable to give the time to
its duties that the position demanded. The genial new editor, Prof. A. R. Cahn,
will find that the Directors have a rod in pickle for him, unless in the matter
of regularity he becomes a good second to Old Faithful! Memberships were
solicited also by letter, which resulted in so voluminous a correspondence
that the Secretary's daughter was appointed as his efificient assistant, and the
Society gradually doubled its membership. It has become generally known
as the only organization in Wisconsin having for its sole aim bird-protection

Making no special mention of what has been done in establishing Junior
Classes in the schools (although, by the exertions of the National Associa-
tion 115 classes, containing 1,253 members, were formed within the state),
I wish to call attention to two very important things actually accomplished in
Wisconsin. First, the creation of Audubon bird-refuges to the extent of 21,868
acres, Madison, Ripon, and Portage becoming cities of refuge. In fact, more
land has been offered than could be properly posted this year. Prof. A. C. Bur-
rell, of the State University, deserves special mention for invaluable services
rendered in this direction. The idea of setting apart private lands as bird-
sanctuaries is a popular one, and is bound to accomplish a vast amount of
good. When the proposition was made to C. E. Blodgett, of Marshfield, to
post his 5,000 acres of land as a bird-refuge, he not only acceded to it at once,
but also gave the Audubon Society $100, thus becoming its first patron.
The second important thing accomplished was at the Game-Warden's Con-
vention, when two-thirds of the deputy wardens became members of the
Audubon Society.— \'^ictor Kutchin, Secretary and Treasurer.

Report of the Treasurer 535

JOHN H. KOCH & COMPANY, Certified Public Accountants
Liberty Tower, 55 Liberty Street, New York

New York, October 24, 1914.
Messrs. J. A. Allen and T. Gilbert Pearson,
Audit Committee,

National Association of Audubon Societies,
1974 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sirs: — In accordance with your instructions, we have made an exami-
nation of the books, accounts and records of the National Association of
Audubon Societies for the year ended October 19, 1914, and present for your
scrutiny the following statements, — viz:

Exhibit "A" — Balance Sheet October 19, 1914.
Exhibit "B" — Income and Expense Account, General Fund.
Exhibit "C" — Income and Expense, Sage Fund.
Exhibit "D" — Income and Expense, Egret Fund.
Exhibit "E" — Income and Expense, Alaska Fund.
Exhibit "F" — Income and Expense, Children's Fund.
Exhibit "G" — Income and Expense Department of Applied Ornithol-
ogy Fund.
Exhibit "H" — Receipts and Disbursements.

An examination of all disbursements for the year was made, which we found
were duly verified with approved receipted vouchers and cancelled endorsed
checks.

We attended at the Safe Deposit Company's vaults and examined all
investment securities, which we found in order.
Submitting the foregoing, we are

Very truly yours,

JOHN H. KOCH & CO.

Certified Public Accountants.

536 Bird -Lore

The Report of the Treasurer of the National Association
of Audubon Societies, for Year Ending October 19, 1914

Exhibit "A"

ASSETS

Cash in Banks and Office $13,608 78

Furniture and Fixtures —

Balance October 20, 1913 $1,079 o4

Purchased this year 658 76

$1,737 80
Less: Depreciation 173 78

1,564 02

Inventory of Plates, etc. {Nominal Value) 500 00

Bird Island Purchase, Orange Lake, Fla 250 20

Buzzards Island, S. C 300 00

Audubon Boats —

Balance October 20, 1913 ■ ' $1,891 76

Additions this year

$1,891 76

Less: Depreciation 189 18

— ^ 1,702 58

Investments, Endowment Fund —

Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate $358,900 00

U. S. Mortgage & Trust Co. Bonds 3,000 00

Manhattan Beach Securities Co 2,000 00

363,900 00

Investments, Mary Dutcher Memorial Fund —

Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate 7, 100 00

Total $388,925 58

Report of the Treasurer 537

LIABILITIES

Endowment Fund — •

Balance October 20, 1913 $359i530 41

Received bequest Miss Elizabeth Drummond 3,000 00

Received Gift Miss H. Rhoades 10 00

Received from life members 5,700 00

,240 41

Mary Dulcher Memorial Fund —

Balance October 20, 1913 . . . 7 737 70

Special Funds —

Mrs. Russell Sage Fund Exhibit C $2,877 49

Egret Protection Fund, Exhibit D. . .<, 447 57

Alaska Fund, Exhibit E 1,889 7°

Children Educational Fund, Northern States, Exhibit F. 565 18

Department of Applied Ornithology, Exhibit G 5,325 59

11,105 53

Surplus —

Surplus beginning of year $599 34

Balance from Income Account 1,242 60

■ 1,841 94

.925 58

538 Bird -Lore

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT— General Fund

„ .... ..-,,, EXPENSES

Exhibit B

Wdidrii S<i-vi(C and h'c.scrvnliDHs —

Salaries $9X7 50

l';.\i)enscs 10 00

Reservation Expenses 61 71

Launcli Exi)ense 392 76

, . , ,. $1,451 97

Legislation — •

Virginia $200 00

lOnglish Feather 100 00

Massachusetts 591 23

Federal 537 79

California 400 00

• 1,829 O'

Educational Effort —

Secretary, Salary and Expenses $6,511 95

E. H. Forbush, Salary and Expenses 436 06

Winthrop Packard, Salary and Expenses 2,496 63

W. L. Finley, Salary and Expenses 600 00

James Henry Rice, Salary and Expenses 200 00

Arthur H. Norton, Salary and Expenses 306 02

Press Information 59 06

News Correspondence 325 00

Bird Lore, Extra pages 2,328 39

Printing, Office and Field-Agents 1,003 49

Traveling, local workers 30 85

Electros and half-tones 1,163 92

Library 1 74 63

Slides and drawings 695 06

Educational Leaflets 267 19

Bird Lore to Members 2,686 95

Von Berlespch Books loi 46

Color Plates 1,352 75

Outlines 95 30

Field Glasses 43 20

Wild Bird Life and Flowers 197 48

Prints, charts, etc 141 74

Contribution to Central Texas Audubon Society 17 00

Contribution to New Hampshire Audubon Societ}- 50 00

Contribution to Florida Audubon Society 375 25

Contribution to Illinois Audubon Society 250 00

Drawings, artist 105 00

22,014 38

General Expenses — - $25,295 37

Salary, Chief Clerk $1,365 00

Salaries, Cashier and Bookkeeper 1,563 17

Salary, Stenographers (four) 2,001 24

$4,929 41

Amount brought forward $25,295 37

Report of the Treasurer 539

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT— Genera! Account, contitmed

Amount brought forward $2.t;.2g5 .57

Kxpenses brought forward $4,929 41

General Expenses, continued —

Junior Clerks (two) 620 88

Postage 1,110 68

Telegraph and telephone 22;^ 66

Office and storeroom rents i,43- 5°

Legal services 532 03

Auditing books 125 00

Envelopes and supplies 459 15

Miscellaneous 357 84

Stenographic work. 260 14

Cartage and expressage 93 12

Insurance 86 7 2

Electric Light " 30 10

Returned Sales Expense 16 03

Sales Department Expense 120 62

Depreciation on boats 189 18

Depreciation on office furniture 173 78

Exchange on checks 27 76

Office repairs and furnishings 175 26

Annual Meeting expense 11 00

Feeding birds during winter 130 43

Stencils, Addressograph Machine 61 33

New Members' Expenses 2,463 88

$13-630 50

Contributed to Sage Fund by the National Association of Audubon

Societies 604 98

Total Expenses $39;530 85

Balance, Surplus for the year 1,242 60

Total .' . . $40,773 45

INCOME

Members' Dues $12,307 50

Contributions 4,481 85

Interest from Investments 20,659 7^

Rent of Willow Island 32 10

Sales —

Educational Leaflets Sales $1,723 94

Field Glasses 126 90

Sale and Rental of Lantern-Slides 590 02

Von Berlepsch Book Sales 1 78 90

Bird-Lore Sales 316 87

Sundry Sales 93 44

Grants' Book Sales 85 96

Sales of Book 176 19

$3,292 22

Total $40,773 45

540 Bird -Lore

MRS. RUSSELL SAGE FUND

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Exhibit "C"

Income —

Balance unexpended October 20, 1913 $2,562 58

Contribution of Mrs. Russell Sage 5,000 00

Contribution of National Association 604 98

Junior Members' fees 1,768 70

Returned from Express Co 10 88

$9,947 14

Expenses —

Printing Leaflets for Junior Members $i,3Si 66

Colored bird pictures for Junior Members 1,460 00

Outline bird pictures for Junior Members 223 41

Expressage 265 80

Printing circulars 279 40

Printing envelopes 83 02

Postage on circulars and literature 589 50

Bird Lore subscriptions for Junior Secretaries 599 50

Stenographic and clerical work 577 63

Office rent 150 00

Office supplies 27 92

Salary and expenses Field Agent, Miss Stuart 1,262 48

Miscellaneous 13 28

Artist Drawings 25 00

Stencils for Secretaries 30 60

Buttons for Junior Members 130 45

$7,069 65

Balance unexpended October 19, 1914 2,877 49

$9,947 14

Report of the Treasurer 541

EGRET PROTECTION AND TARIFF REVISION FUND

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Exhibit "D"

Income and Expense Account
Income —

Balance unexpended October 20, 1913 $433 78

Contributions as published in Bird Lore, Vol. XVI, Nos. i,

2, 3, 4, s, and 6 3,365 84

$3,7y9 62

Expenses —

Postage, printing, envelopes and circularizing $411 80

Clerical Work 66 00

Legal Services ^6 00

Telegrams 8 7.2

Inspecting Florida Rookeries, T. G. Pearson 129 08

Purchase and repairs South Carolina Bird Islands 115 50

Egret Wardens' expenses 2,258 35

News correspondence 150 00

Half-tones j 2 00

British Plumage Legislation 100 oc

Miscellaneous c qo

$3,352 OS

Balance unexpended, October 19, 1914 447 57

$3,799 62

Exhibit "E"
Income —

ALASKAN FUND

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT

Balance unexpended October 20, 1913 $1,190 90

Contributed I'ooo 00

$2,190 90

Expense —

Alaska book $30j 2^

Balance unexpended October 19, 1914 $1,889 7©

$2,190 90

542 Bird -Lore

Exhibit "F"

CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL FUND
INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT

Income —

Balance unexpended October 20, 19 13 S5w^'5 1°

Contributions 14,000 00

Returns from Express Company 10 00

Junior Members' Fees 8,480 50

Expenses —

Stenographic and Clerical Help !i!;2,o64 32

Expressage on Literature 1,198 10

Artists' Drawing of Birds 75 00

Colored Bird Pictures 9, 591 15

Report and Publicity 308 70

Buttons for Junior Members 570 25

Stencils for Addressograph Machine 131 73

Office Rent 420 00

Special Lecturer 287 15

Printing Envelopes 134 76

Leaflets for Junior Members 5,841 18

Offlce Supplies 1 26 99

Bird Lore for Junior Secretaries 3,089 35

Printed Circulars 458 74

Postage on Circulars and Literature '.576 15

Electros and Half-tones 319 50

Outline Bird Pictures 1 ,428 74

Miscellaneous 69 21

5528,256 2C

$27,691

Balance unexpended October 19, 1914 565

$28,256 2C

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Exhibit "G"

Income $5,932 50

Expenses —

Salaries $416 00

Traveling Expenses 190 91 $606 91

Balance unexpended October 19, 1914 5,325 59

$5,932 50

Report of the Treasurer 543

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS,
YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 19, 1914

RECEIPTS

Exhibit "H"

Receipts —

Income on General Fund $40>773 45

Endowment Fund 8,710 00

Sage Fund $7,384 S6

ifii^— Contribution by National Association... 604 98

6,779 58

Income on Egret Fund 3f3(>5 84

Alaskan Fund i ,000 00

Children Educational Fund, Northern 22,490 50

Department of Applied Ornithology 5,932 50

Total Receipts year ending, October 19, 1914 $89,051 87

Cash Balance October 20, 1913 13,265 57

$102,317 44

Disbursements —

Expense on General Fund $39,53° 85

Less — Contribution to Sage Fund 604 98

$38,925 87

Investment on Endowment Fund 10,000 00

Expenses on Sage Fund 7,069 65

Egret Fund 3,352 05

Alaskan Fund 301 20

Children Educational Fund, Northern 27,691 02

Department of Applied Ornithology 606 91

Bradley Fund 1 23 00

Furniture Account 658 76

Unpaid bills of October 20, 1913 343 16

$89,071 62
Less — Depreciation charges on boats and furniture $362 96

Total Disbursements for the year $88,708 66

Cash Balance October 19, 1914 13,608 78

$102,317 44

544 Bird - Lore

New York City, October 26, 1914.
Dr. F. a. Lucas,

Acting President,

National Association of Audubon Societies,
New York City.

Dear Sirs' — We have examined reports submitted by John H. Koch &
Company, certified public accountants, on the accounts of the National
Association of Audubon Societies for the year ending October 20, 1914. The
account shows balance sheet of October 20, 1914, and income and expense
account for the year ending the same date.

Vouchers and paid checks have been examined by them in connection with
all disbursements, and also the securities in the Safe Deposit Company.

Yours very truly,

J. A. ALLEN,

T. GILBERT PEARSON,

Auditing Committee

List of Members

545

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES

BENEFACTOR
*Albert Wilcox 1906

FOUNDER
Mrs. Russell Sage 1910

PATRONS

William P. Wharton 1909

Miss Heloise Meyer 191 2

LIFE MEMBERS

Abbott, Clinton G 1910

Adams, Mrs. George E 191 2

Alms, Mrs. Eleanora C 1913

Andrews, Mrs. E. B 1914

Armstrong, Dr. S. T 1913

Arnold, Benjamin Walworth 19 14

Ash, Mrs. Charles G 1913

Auchmuty, Mrs. R. T 1913

Austen, Mrs. Isabel Valle 1914

Babcock, Mrs. Perry H 191 2

Bacon, Mrs. Robert 191 2

Bancroft, William P 1906

Barbey, Henry G 1914

Barnes, Miss Cora F 1908

*Bates, Isaac C 1910

Batten, George 191 1

Baylies, Mrs. N. E 191 2

Beebe, Mrs. J. Arthur 1907

Beech, Mrs. Herbert 19 14

Bennett, Mrs. Alice H 1914

Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis 1912

Bingham, Miss Harriet 1907

Bliss, Miss Catherine A 191 1

Bliss, Mrs. William H 191 2

Boiling, Mrs. Raynal C 1909

Borden, Miss Emma L 1914

Bowdoin, Miss Edith G 191 1

Bowdoin, Mrs. Temple 191 1

*Bowman, Miss Sarah R 1905

Brewster, William 1905

Bridge, Mrs. Lydia E 1907

Brooks, A. L 1906

Brooks, Mrs. Everett W 1907

Brooks, Miss Fanny 1913

Brooks, Gorman 191 1

Brooks, Peter C 191 1

Brooks, Shepherd 1907

Brooks, Mrs. Shepherd 1906

Brown, Miss Annie H 1914

Brown, T. Hassall 191 1

Browning, J. Hull 1905

Cabot, Mrs. A. T 1913

Camden, Mrs. J. N 1914

Campbell, Helen Gordon 1909

Carr, Gen. Julian S 1907

Case, Miss Louise W 1914

Chapin, Chester W 1910

Chapman, Clarence E 1908

Chase, Mrs. Philip A 1913

Childs, John Lewis 1905

Clarke, Mrs. W. N 1912

Clyde, W. P 1905

Comstock, Miss Clara E 1914

Coolidge, J. Randolph 1913

Coolidge, Oliver H 191 2

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, 3d 1907

Crocker, Mrs. Emmons 1912

Crosby, MaunseU S 1905

Crozier, Mrs. J. Lewis 1908

Cudworth, Mrs. F. B 1911

Cutting, Mrs. W. Bayard 1913

Dane, Edward 1912

Dane, Ernest Blaney 1913

Dane, Ernest Blaney, Jr 191 2

Dane, Mrs. E. B 1913

Davis, David D 19 11

Davis, William T 1910

Deering, Charles 1913

Dows, Tracy 1914

Draper, Mrs. Henry 1913

E. D. T. In Memoriam 1914

Earle, Carlos Y. Poitevent 1905

Earle, Miss E. Poitevent 1905

Eastman, George 1906

Edgar, Daniel 1908

Elliot, Mrs. J. W 191 2

Emmons, Mrs. R. W., 2d 1908

Endicott, H. B 1908

E. S. C 1913

Farrel, Mrs. Franklin 1913

*Farwell, Mrs. John V., Jr 1909

Fay, Dudley B 1913

♦Deceased

546

Bird- Lore

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Fay, !Mrs. Flora Ward 1905

Fenno, Mrs. L. Carteret tqm

Fleischmann, Julius 1913

Flint, iMiss Jessie S. 1' 1913

Foot, James D 1907

Forbes, Mrs. William H 1914

Forbush, Fdward Howe 1910

Ford, James B 1913

French, Miss Caroline L. W 1911

*Frothingham, Howard P 1905

• Frothingham, John W 1913

Gallatin, F., Jr 1908

Garneau, Joseph 1913

Gazzam, Mrs. Antoinette E. 1908

Gifford, Mrs. Robert L 1908

Gladding, Mrs. John Russell 1914

Goodwin, Walter L., Jr 1914

Grant, W. W 1910

Graydon, Mrs. Clendeny 1913

Greenway, Mrs. James C '. 1912

Grew, Mrs. H. S 1913

Haehnle, Reinhold 1912

Harrah, Mrs. Charles J 1913

Harral, Mrs. Ellen W 1914

Harrison, Alfred C 1914

Havemeyer, Mrs. H. O., Jr 1907

Hawkins, Rush C 1913

Hearst, Mrs. Phoebe A 1909

Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus 1905

Hentz, Leonard L 1914

Hoffman, Samuel V 1907

Hopewell, Frank 191 1

Hornbrooke, Mrs. Frances B 1913

Hostetter, L). Herbert. 1907

Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G 1914

Hunnewell, H. S 1905

Huntington, Archer M 1905

Jackson, Mrs. James 1908

Jamison, Margaret A 1914

Kettle, Mrs. L. N 1913

Kidder, Nathaniel T 190S

Kilmer, Willis Sharpe 1907

Kinney, Morris 1913

Kittredge, Miss Sarah N 1914

Knight, Miss A. C 1913

Kuser, John Dryden 191 1

Lane, Benjamin C 1909

Lawrence. Samuel C 1905

Loring, Mrs. W. Caleb 1913

Loyd, Miss Sarah A. C 1914

McClymonds, Mrs. A. R 1914

McConnell, Mrs. Annie B 1908

McGraw, Mrs. Thomas S 1908

Mackey, Clarence H 1908

Mallery, Mrs. Jane M 1914

Marshall, Louise 1906

Mason, Miss Ellen F 1913

Mason, Miss Fannj' P 191 2

Mason, George Grant 1914

Meloy, Andrew D 1910

Merrill, Miss F. E 1913

Mershon, W. B 1914

Meyer, Miss Heloise 1910

Moore, Clarence B 1909

Morton, Miss Mar}' 1906

Murphy, Franklin 1909

New Jersey Audubon Society 1913

Newman, Mrs. R. A 1914

North Carolina Audubon Society. . . . 1905

*Osborn, Mrs. Eliza W 1906

Palmer, Mrs. William H 191 2

*Palmer, William J 1906

Parker, A. H 1908

Parker, Edward L 1909

Parsons, Miss Mary W 1913

Peabody, George A 1914

Pearson, T. Gilbert 1905

Peck, Mrs. Walter L 1909

Perkins, Miss Ellen G 1914

Perkins, Mrs. George C 1913

Phillips, Mrs. Eleanor H 1908

Phillips, Mrs. John C 1905

Phillips, John C 1905

Pickman, Mrs. Dudley L 1907

Pierrepont, Miss Anna J 1905

Pierrepont, John J 1905

Pierrepont, Mrs. R. Stuyvesant 1914

*Pinchot, Mrs. J. W 1906

Poland, James P 1909

Potts, Thomas 190S

Pratt, George D 1911

Prime, Miss Cornelia 1909

Rainsford, Dr. W. S 1913

Reed, Mrs. William Howell 190S

Renwick, Mrs. Ilka H 1914

Reynolds, R.J 1908

Roberts, Miss Frances A 1914

Rockefeller, William G 191 2

Rogers, Charles H 191 2

Rogers, Dudley P 1914

Ropes, Mrs. Mary G 1913

Russell, Mrs. Gordon W 1914

Sage, Mrs. Russell 190S

Saltonstall, John L 1908

Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L 1906

Schley, Grant B 1914

Schroeder, Miss Lizzie H 191 1

Seaman, L. W 191 2

Shattuck, Mrs. F. C 1906

Sherman, Miss Althea R 1909

*Smith, Miss Alice Weston 191 1

Spalding, Mrs. Amanda M 191 2

Stewart, Mrs. Edith A 1913

Stickney, Charles D 1910

*Stokes, Miss Caroline Phelps 1908

Stone, Miss Ellen J 1914

Taft, Elihu B 1911

Taylor, Charles H., Jr 1908

Thayer, Mrs. Ezra R 1909

Thayer, John E 1909

Thompson, Mrs. Frederick F 1908

*Thorn, Mrs. Augusta C 1913

Tingley, S. H 1914

Torrey, Mrs. Alice W 1913

^Deceased

List of Members

547

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Tufts, Leonard 1907

Van Brunt, Mrs. Charles 191 2

Vanderbilt, Mrs. French 1914

Van Name, Willard G 1905

Vaux, George, Jr 1905

Wade, Mrs. J. H 1914

Wadsworth, Clarence S 191 1

Wallace, Mrs. Augusta H 1914

Ward, Marcus L 1908

Watson, Mrs. James S 191 1

Webb, J. Griswold 1913

Webster, F. G 1905

Webster, Mrs. Sidney 1913

Weeks, Henry de Forest 1909

WeUs, Mrs. Frederick L 191 1

Westcott, Miss Margery D 1912

Wetmore, George Peabody 1914

White, Mrs. Charles T 1909

Williams, John D 1909

Wood, Mrs. Antoinette Eno 1913

Woodman, Miss Mary 1914

Woodward, Mrs. George 1908

Wyman, Mrs. Alfred E 1914

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GENERAL
FUND FOR 1914

Abbe, Miss H. C...

$5

00

Abbey, Mrs. F. R...

.^

00

Abbott, Mrs. G.St. L.

5

00

Abbott, Miss M. S..

5

DO

Abbott, Mrs. T.J...

5

00

Abraham, Miss E.R.

5

00

Achelis, Fritz

5

DO

Achilles, Mrs. G. S.

5

GO

Ackley, Miss A. E.. .

.s

00

Acton, Miss AgnesA.

5

00

Adams, Brooks

5

00

* Adams, Mrs. B.. . .

Adams, C. Q

10

GO

Adams, E. B

=;

00

Adams, H. W

5

OG

Adams, Mrs. J. D.. .

5

OG

Adams, Miss P. S. . .

5

00

Adler, Max A

5

GO

Adt, Albert A

I

GG

A Friend

5

25
5

00
GG
OG

A Friend

A Friend

A Friend of the

Song-bird

I

GG

A Game Protector. .

5oo

GG

Agassiz, R. L

.S

GG

Ahl, Mrs. Leonard. .

5

GG

Ahruke. Carl J. R. . .

5

GG

Aichel, Oskar G

5

GG

Aiken, John A

5

00

Aldrich, Frank W. . .

S

GO

Aldrich, Mrs. L. B...

10

GG

Aldrich, Spencer. . . .

5

GG

Alexander, W. H

5

GG

Alexandre, Mrs. J. J.

S

GO

Allen, Miss Annie E.

I

GG

Allen, C. L

5

GG

Allen, Dr. J. W

10

GG

Allen, Miss Mary P.

and Friends

8

00

Allen, Mrs. N. T i 00

Allison, Mrs. M. D.. 2 00
Alsop, Mrs. F. J. O.. 5 oo

Brought forw'd f
Althouse, H. W. . . .
Alvord, George B.. .
Ames, Miss H. S. . . .
Ames, Miss Mary S.
Ames, Mrs. W. H. . .

Amory, John S

Amory, Miss S. C .

Anderson, J. C

Anderson, Mrs. J. C.
Andrews, Mrs. H. E.
Andrews, Miss K. R.
Angstman, Mrs. C. S.

Anonymous

Anthony, D. M

Anthony, Mrs. S. R.
Appleton, Miss !M.E.

Appleton, W. T

Archbold, John D.. .
Archer, Mrs. G. A. . .

Arkwright, P. S

Arnold, Miss Mittie.
Arnold, Mrs. W. R..
Arrison, Mrs. J. M..
.\rrowood, Mrs.B.M.
Ashley, Miss E. M..
Atkins, Mrs. E. F.. .
Atwater, Charles B..
Atwater, !Mrs. W. C.
Auchincloss, JohnW.
Audubon, Miss M.E.
Audubon Society of

Evansville, Ind. . .
Audubon Society of

Sewickley Valley.

.Auerbach, J. S

Ault, L. A

Austin, Francis B.. .
Avery, Samuel P. . . .

Avis, Edward

Ayer, C. F

Ayer, Mrs. Edward.
Ayres, Miss Mary A.

814 GO

5 OG

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 GO

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

7 GO

2 GG

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 OG

2 GG

5 00

5 OG

5 OG

5 00

S 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 OG

5 OG

5 00

5 OG

5 GG

5 OG

5 OG

5 OG

5 OG

5 OG

Carried forw'd.

S14 00

Carried forw'd^$i,oiG oo
*Pa'id in advance.

Brought forw'd $1,

Babcock, W. I

Bachman, Mrs. J. R.
Back Bay Audubon

Society

Bacon, Miss E. S... .
Bacon, Mrs. F. E.. .
Bacon, Miss H. R. . .
Bacon, Miss M. P.. .
Bailev, Mrs. A. T. . .

Bailey, H. T

Bailey, S. I

Baird, Charles

Baker, Miss C. S.. . .
Baker, George L. . . .
Baker, Miss M. E.. .
Baker, Miss M. K. . .

Baker, W. E

Balch, Mrs. G. R....

Balch, Joseph

Baldwin, Charles L. .
Baldwin, George J. . .

Baldwin, S. P

Baldwin, Mrs. S. T..
Balkan, Mrs. W. F..

Ball, Miss H. A

Bancroft, Mrs. W.

P

Bangs, F. R

Bangs, Dr. L. B

Banks, The Misses. .
Barbour, Irene T.. . .

Barfield, Josiah

Barker, Miss E. L. . .

Barker, F. E

Barlow, Mrs. F. C. . .
Barnard, Judge Job .
Barnes, Mrs. H. S. . .
Barnes, Prof. H. T..
Barnes, J. Sanford. .
Barney, Mrs. C. T...

Barnum, W. M

Barnum, Mrs. W. M.

010 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 OG

iG 00
5 00
I 00

10 00
5 00
5 00

I GO
00
00
OG
00
GO
00
SO
00
00
00

10 GO

S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
S SO
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00

5 OG

5 00
S 00

Carried forw'd. $1,220 oo

548

Bird - Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $1,2

Barr, Miss C. F

Barr, James H

Harr, T. F

Barrere, Claude and

Gabriel

Barrett, Mrs. R. R..

Barrett, W. H

Barrie, Mrs. E. S.. . .
Barron, George D.. .
Barrows, Charles H.
Barrows, Mrs. F. K.

Barrows, Mrs. M

Barry, Miss Anna K.
Barstow, Mrs. F. Q. .
Barstow, Mrs. W. A.
Bartlctt, Mrs. C. T..
Bartlett, Miss Fanny

Bartlett, Miss F

Bartlett, Mrs. H

Bartol, Miss E. H.. .
Barton, Mrs. F. O.. .
Barton, Mrs. W.J. . .
Bass, Mrs. Perkins. .
Bates, Miss Ella M..
Bates, Miss K. L... .
Beach, Mrs. H. H.A.
Beadleston, A. N... .
Beal, Mrs. James H.

Beattie, W. E

Beck, Charles W....
Beckwith, Mrs. D.. .
Beckwith, T., Jr.. . .
Bedford Audubon

Society

Beer, Mrs. Edwin. . .

Beer, Mrs. J

Behr, Edward A. . . .
Bell, Mrs. Gordon. .

Bellard, Miss K

Bement, Mrs. G. F..

Bemis, Albert F

Bemis, Mrs. Frank. .
Bemish, Mrs. W. H..

Benedict, T. H

Benet, Miss L

Benjamin, Mrs. A. B.
Benjamin, Mrs. John

Benkard, J. P

Benson, E. N., Jr.. .
Benson, Mrs. L. F. . .
Benson, Miss Mary.

Bent, Arthur C

Bentley, Mrs. S. M..
Berger, Mrs. W. H. .
Berrien, Mrs. F. D..

Bertschmann, J

Best, Mrs. C. L

Betts, Mrs. E. K... .
Betts, Samuel R. . . .
Beveridge, Mrs. A. J.

20

00

s

00

5

00

.S

00

I

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

3

00

5

00

5

00

S

00

5

00

5

00

S

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

00

2.-;

00

5

GO

5

GG

5

OG

5

00

5

00

5

OG

10

OG

S

GO

5

GG

5

GG

s

5

5

5

5

S

5

5

5
15 GO

5 OG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
00
GG
GO
GG
GG
GG

Carried forw'd. $1,5 28 00

Brought forw'd $1,5

Bevier, Miss K

Bickmore, Prof. A. S.

(In Memoriam) . .
Biddle, MissE. W...
Biddle, Mrs. George
Bigelow, Miss E.. . .
Biggs, Dr. H. M....
Biglow, Mrs. L. H. . .

Bill, Nathan D

Billerica Girls' Club.

Billings, Miss E

Bingham, Miss M.. .
Binney, Rev. John

(In Memoriam).. .

Birch, Hugh T

Birdlovers' Club of

Brooklyn

Bird Society, Misses

Shipley School.. . .

Bishop, J. G

Black, R. C

Blackinton, Mrs. R.
Blair, C. Ledyard.. .

Blake, Arthur

F. E. L. B

Blake, Mrs. S. P....
Blakeley, Mrs. F. E.
Blakiston, Miss E.. .
Blanchard, John A..

Blanchard, W

Blashfield, Mrs. E. H

Bliss, E. C

Bliss, E. J

Bliss, Miss Ida E.. . .
Bliss, Mrs. M. B....
Bliss, Mrs. W. P... .

Blitch, N. H

Block, Dr. E. Bates.
Blood, Mrs. C. O....
Bloomfield,Mrs.C.C.
Bloomingdale Miss

Laura A

Blue, Mrs. C. E

Blunt, Miss Eliza S. .
Boardman, MissE. D.
Boardman, Mrs. L..
Boardman, MissR.C.
Boardman, Miss S..
Boardman, Mrs. W.

D

Boardman, W. J. . . .
Bogert, Miss Anna. .
Bogert, Miss A. M..
Bogert, Prof. M. T. .
Boland, Miss Mary.
BoUes, MissD.F....

Boiling, R. C

Boiling, Stanhope . . .
Bolter, Miss A. E.. .
Bond, Henry

28 00
I 00

iG 00
5 00

GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GO
GO
GG

5 00
5 00

S 00

s

GG

5

GG

5

GO

S

00

5

GG

5

GG

5

00

S

GG

5

GG

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

GG

5

GG

5

GG

5

GO

5

GG

5

GO

5

GG

5

GG

5

GO

5

OG

5

GO

S

00

S

GG

S

GG

5

GO

I

GO

5

OG

S

GG

5

GO

25

GO

5

OG

5

GO

5

GO

5

OG

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

Brought forw'd $1,8

Bond, S. N

Bond-Foote, Mrs. E.
Bonnett, Charles P.
Borden, Mrs. E. L.. .
Borden, Miss E. L.. .
Borden, Mrs. W. . . .
Borg, Mrs. Sidney C.

Borland, W. G

Borne, Mrs. John E.
Bosworth,Mrs.W.W.

Bourne, F. G

Bowden, J. G

Bowdish, B. S

Bowditch, C. P

Bowditch, Edward. .

Bowdish, J. H

Bowdoin, Mrs. G. S.
Bowen, Miss Jane. .

Bowles, Mrs. S

Box 534

Boyd, A. R

Boyle, E.J

Brabham, Idis

Brackett, Dr. C. A. .
Bradford, Miss D. S.
Bradford, Miss E. F.
Bradford, Mrs. G. G.
Bradley, Miss A. A..

Bradley, A. C

Bradley, Mrs. D. R. .

Bradley, E. R

Bradley, George J. . .
Bradley, Peter B. . . .

Bragdon, J. W

Brakeley, Joseph. . . .
Brandegee,Mrs.E.D.
Brandegee, MissE. S.
Brandegee, Miss F.S.
Brandegee, Miss K. .

Braun, John F

Brazier, Mrs. J. H. . .
Breese, Mrs. S. S.. . .
Brenchand, Mrs. J..
Brennecke, George . .
Brewer, Edward M. .

Brewer, Miss R

Brewster, Mrs. H. C.
Brewster, Miss J. E.

Brewster, W. T

Bridge, Edmund,. . .

Bridge, F. W

Bridges, Miss F

Briggs, Frank H. . . .
Brigham, Mrs. C... .

BriU, Dr. A. A

Brinckerhoff, Mrs.

E. A

Bristol, John I. D.. .

Brock Brothers

Brock, Mrs. R. C. H.

IS 00
5 00

10 GO

5 00

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

GO
00
OG
GO
GO
GG
GO
00
GO
GO
GO
OG
GO
00
GO
GG
I OG

5 00
5 00
5 00

I 00
GG
GO
GO
OG
GO
GO
GO
GO
00
00
00
00
OG

5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

IG GO
IG 00

5 00

GO
GO
GO
GO

5
5
5
5

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

Carried forw'd. $1,815 00 | Carried forw'd. $2, 123 00

List of Members

549

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $2,
Brockway, Mrs.C.T.
Bromley, Joseph H. .
Brookes, Mrs. Frank
Brookline Bird Club
Brooks, Frank M..
Brooks, Miss M. W.
Brooks, Mrs. P. C. .
Brooks, Walter D..
Brooks, Mrs. W. T.
Brower, Miss L. S..

Brown, Mrs. A

Brown, Miss A. M.
Brown, Miss Bergh.
Brown, Mrs. Carter

Brown, C. D

Brown, C. H

Brown, Davenport.
Brown, Elisha R.. .
Brown, Miss Ella. .
Brown, Mrs. F. G..
Brown, Mrs. F. F..

Brown, F. Q

Brown, Mrs. F. Q. .
Brown, Mrs. H.T..
Brown, Harry W. . .
Brown, J. Adams. .
Brown, J. Epps., . .

Brown, Dr. L

Brown, Miss M. E.
Brown, Nathan C
Brown, Miss O. D..
Brown, Philip G. . .
Brown, Ronald K..
Brown, Mrs. T. M.
Browning, W. H. . .
Brownson, Mrs. I.K

Bruen, Frank

Bryan, Shepard.. . .
Bryant, Mrs. E. B..
Buchanan, R. P... .
Buckley, Henry H
Budd Lake Nature

Study Club . . .
Buel, Miss K. L..
Buffalo Audubon

Society

Buffington,Mrs.E.D
Buffum, Mrs.Wm.P
Bugbee and Baker

Misses

Bulkey, Mrs. E. M.

Bull, M

Bullard, Mrs. W. S.
Bunker, William.. .

Bunn, C. W

Burdick, Marcus M
Burgess, John A. . .
Burgess, John K.. .
Burgess, Miss S. K
Burke, Mrs. A

23

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

S

00

10

00

.s

00

5

00

5

00

2

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

S

00

5

00

S

00

2

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

3

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

I

00

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

OG

5

GG

5

GO

10

GO

5

GG

5

GO

S

00

5

GO

2

00

5

GG

.SO

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

10

00

5

GO

10

00

5

00

S

00

5

GG

2

00

Brought forw'd $2,460 00

Carried forw'd. $2,460 00

Burleigh, George W

• 5

00

Carter, S. T., Jr

5

00

Burnham, Mrs. E. F

IG

GO

Gary, Miss Kate.. . .

5

GO

Burnham, Mrs. G.Jr

• S

GO

Case, Mrs. Ermine. .

5

GO

Burnham, Mrs. J. A

5

GO

Case, Mrs. F. C

2

GO

Burnham, J. B

5

00

Case, Mrs. George B.

s

GO

Burnham, Mrs. J.W

5

GG

Case, Miss M. R....

10

GG

Burnham, Mrs. L. T

5

GO

Chace, Miss ElizaM.

I

00

Burnham, W

5

GO

Chadwick, E. J

5

GG

Burr, Mrs. I. T... .

IG

00

Chafee, Mrs. Z

5

OG

Burr, I. Tucker.. . .

5

GG

Chamberlain, C. W.

5

00

Burr, Roy C

5

GO

Chamberlain, Mrs.

Burr, WiUiam H...

5

00

J. P

5

00

Burr, Winthrop. . . .

10

00

Chamberlain, W. L. .

5

00

Burrall, Mrs. M E.

5

GO

Chamberlain, Miss

Burritt, Mrs. C. P..

5

GO

A. H

2

00

Burroughs, George.

S

GO

Chamberlain, Mrs.

Burt, Mrs. John H.

E. F. P

5

OG

and Mrs. Mabe

i

Chamberlain, G. X. .

5

00

Clark

2
5

00
GO

Chambers, F. R

Chandler, WilliamE.

5
5

00

Burt, Miss M. T. . .

00

Burton, Mrs. E. F. .

I

00

Chanler, Aliss A. . . .

10

00

Burton, Robert M.

5

OG

Chapin, Miss M. H. .

I

00

Bush, H. D

5

GO

Chapman, B. G

5

GG

Bush, W. T

5

GO

Chapman, Frank M.

5

00

Butler, Rev. E. E..

5

GG

Chapman, Mrs. J. . .

5

GO

Butler, Miss E. 0..

5

00

Chapman, Mrs. M.D.

4

GG

Butler, Mrs. Paul. .

10

GG

Charles, John B

5

00

Butler, WiUard P. .

5

00

Charleston Fish &

Butterworth,Mrs.W

IS

GG

Oyster Co

5

GO

Buttrick, Helen B..

5

GG

Chase, Mrs. Alice B.

5

GO

Cabot, Mrs. E. R..

5

OG

Chase, A. C

5

GO

Cabot, George E.. .

5

OG

Chase, Mrs. C. S... .

5

00

Cabot, Mrs. H. B..

s

00

Chase, F. S

5

GG

Cabot, Powell M...

5

OG

Chase, Sidney

5

GG

Caduc, E. E

S

00

Chase, Mrs. T

5

GO

Cady, WiUiam H...

5

OG

Chase, Mrs. W. M..

5

OG

Caldwell, Mrs. J. H

5

GG

Chautauqua Bird

Calkins, Mrs. W. . .

I

GO

and Tree Club. . . .

5

00

Callaway, W. T... .

5

OG

Cheever, Dr. D. M.

10

OG

Cameron, E. S

5

00

Cheever, James G. . .

5

GG

Camp, Edward G..

5

GG

Cheney, Mrs. A

5

GO

Campbell, Miss CD

5

OG

E. S. C

5

GO

Campbell, Donald.

5

00

Cheney, Frank, Jr. . .

5

00

Campbell, John B..

S

GG

Cheney, Louis R

5

00

Campbell, Mrs. T.B

5

OG

Cheney, Miss Mary

5

GG

Carey, Arthur A. . .

5

GG

Child, Mrs. A. D....

I

GO

Carne, Mrs. C. E..

2

GG

Child, Rev. D. R....

5

GO

Carnegie, Morris T.

IG

GO

Child, John H

10

GO

Carola and hei

Childs, Dr. A. H....

5

00

Brothers

20

00

Childs, Eversley. . . .
Childs, W., Jr

5

s

00

Carpenter, C. L. . . .

IG

GO

OG

Carpenter, R. G.. .

5

GO

Chilton, H. P

10

GG

Carr, R. H

5

I

GG

Chipman, Miss G. E.
Chrisolm, B. 0

S
5

00

Carruthers, Mr. anc

GO

Mrs. T. H

2

00

Choate, Miss Mabel

5

00

Carson, Mrs. J. R..

2

00

Christ Memorial

Carson, Robert D..

5

GO

Church School. . . .

2

OG

Carter, Mrs. E. A..

5

GO

Christensen, Mrs.

Carter, John E

5

00

A. H

2

GO

Carter, Richard B..

5

GO

Christian, Miss E. . .

5

GO

Carried forw'd. $2

,775

00

Carried forw'd. $3,040

00

Brought forw'd $2,775 00

550

Bird - Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $3,040 co
Christian, Miss S. . . 5 00
Christy, Bayard H.. 5 00

Church, E. D 10 00

Church, Fred C, Jr. 5 00
Church, Mrs. George 5 00
Church, Henry E.. . 5 00
Church, Morton L.. . 5 00
Churchill, Miss A. P. ^ 00
Civic League

Beaufort, S. C.
Civic League

Florence, S. C.
Civic League

Mayesville, S.

of

of

of
C.

5 00

Claflin, Miss A. H.

Clapp, Mrs. C 5 00

Clapp, Miss Helen. . 5

Clark, Miss A. B... . 5

Clark, Mrs. C. E... . 5

Clark, Col. C. H. . . . 5

Clark, Miss E. L.... 5

Clark, Miss E. v.... 5

Clark, E. W i

Clark, George H.. . .
Clark, Howard L.,. .

Clark, J. H,

Clark, Mrs. J. T.. . .
Clark, Miss S. E....
Clarke, Mrs. C. D...
Clarke, Miss Cora H.

Clarke, Miss E 5 00

Clarke, Miss Ella M. 10 00
Clarke, Miss H. E..
Clarke, Mrs. P. O..
Clarke, Miss R. A..
Clarke, Thomas S. .
Clarke, Dr. Wm. C.

Clarke, W. R 5 00

Clarkson, David A. . 5 00
Clary, Miss Ellen T.
Cleaves, Howard H.
Clemson, George N. .
Clinch, Judge E. S.. .
Clinch, Howard T. . .

Closson H. B 25 00

Cochran, Mrs. G. F. 5 00
Cochrane, Mrs. A.G. 5 00

Cochrane, A S 00

Codman, Miss C. A. 5 00

Codman, Julian 5 00

Coe, Miss Ella S.. . . 10 00

Coffin, C. P 5 00

Coffin, W. E 5 00

Coghlin, Peter A.. . . 5 00
Cogswell, Edward R. 5 00
Coker, Major J. L. . . s 00
Colburn, Miss N. E. 10 00
Colby, Mrs. F. C. . . 5 00
Cole, Mrs. Adelina

A. (In Memoriam) 5 00

Carried forw'd. $3, 344 00

00
00
00
00

Brought forw'd $3,344 00

Cole, Mrs. C. J 5 00

Cole, Mr. and Mrs.

F. A 5 00

Cole, Robert C s 00

Colgate, R. R 10 00

CoUier, Robert J. . . . 5 00

Collins, Mrs. A i 00

Collins, Mrs. C.H... 5 00

Collins, Miss G 5 00

Colon, George E.. . . 5 00

Colt, James B 5 00

Colton, Miss C. W.. . 500

Colton, Mrs.S.W.,Jr. 5 00

Comfort, Annie 5 00

Comstock, Miss E.C. 5 00

Comstock, J. F 5 00

Comstock, Mrs. R.B. 5

Comstock, Mrs.R.H. 5

Comstock, W. J 5

Conant, Miss C. H. . 5

Concord School 5 00

Cone, Caesar 5 00

Coney, Mrs. G. H. . . 5 00
Congdon, Mrs. H. L. 5 00
Connecticut Audu-
bon Society 5 00

Converse, C. C 5 00

Converse, Mrs. C. C. 5 00
Cook, Miss L. G. . . .
Cooke, Mrs. H. P...
Cooley, Miss R. B...
Coolidge, Prof. A. C.

Coolidge, T. J 25 00

Cooper, J. C 5 00

Cooper, Rev. J. F... 2 00

Cooper, Howard M.. 5 00
Cooper, Theodore..
Cooper, Miss T. B. .

Cope, F. R., Jr 5 00

Cope, Mrs. Walter. . 5 00
Corlies, Miss M. L.
Corning, Miss M. I.

Cornwall, E. L 5 00

Cotting, Charles E.. 5 00
Cotton, Miss E. A.. .
Courtney, Rt.Rev.F.
Cousens, John A.. . .
Covell, Mrs. A. J....
Covell, Dr. H. H... .
Cowd, Mrs. Henry. .

Cowl, Mrs. C 5 00

Cowperthwait, J. H. 5 00

Cox, John L 5 00

Cox, Mrs. M. F 5 00

Coxe, Mrs. Brinton. 10 00

Crabbe, Miss M. G.. 5 00

Crafts, Clarence. ... 5 00

Crafts, J. M 5 00

Crafts, John W 5 00

Craig, W. R 5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00

5 00
50 00

25 00
S 00
5 00
2 00

10 00
5 00

00
00
00
00

Carried forw'd. $3, 7 29 00

Brought forw'd $3,729 00

Cram, Miss L. C 5 00

Cramer, Mrs. A 5 00

Crane, Miss Clara L. 20 00
Crane, Mrs. E. J. . . . 5 00
Crane, Mrs. H. W. . . 2 00

Crane, I. S 10 00

Crane, R. T., Jr 5 00

Crans, Miss L. C...

Cranz, F

Crapo, Mrs. J. T... .

Crawford, G. E

Crawford, R. L

Crawford, William . .

Crehore, E. T

Crehore, F. M

Creighton, Miss E.S.
Crenshaw, Mrs. W.

G.,Jr

Crocker, Miss D.. . .

Crocker, David

Crocker, Mrs. D.. . .

Crocker, W

Crockett, Dr. M. A..
Cromie, Mrs. G. H..
Crompton, George. .
Crompton, Miss M. .
Crosby, G. N.......

Crosby, Mrs. S.V.R.

Crosby, W. S

Cross, Miss G. L. R.
Cross, Whitman. . . .
Crossett, Mrs. L. A. .

Crouse, J. R

Crowell, Mrs. G. E. .

Crusselle, W. F

Culbertson, Dr. E.B.
Cummings,Mrs.C.K.
Cummins, MissA.M.
Cummins, Miss E. I.

Currier, B. H

Currier, G. O

Currier, R. M

Curry, Mrs. J. B... .

Curry, W. L

Curtis, Miss A

Curtis, Mrs. C. B.. .
Curtis, Mrs. E. A.. .
Curtis, Mrs. Louis. .
Curtis, The Misses. .

Curtiss, Miss S

Gushing, Milton L. .
Cutler, Mrs. R. W. . .
Cutler, Miss S. B.. .

Cutting, A. W

Cutting, R. F

Dabney, Herbert. . . 10 00
Dahlstrom, Mrs. A. . 5 00
Dahlstrom,Mrs.C.A. 5 00

Daland, Mrs. T 5 00

Dale, Mrs. C. H 5 00

5
5
5
S

10 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
20 00

ID DO

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

I 00

5 00
q 00

Carried forw'd. $4,0 79 00

List of Members

SSt

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, coatinued

Brought forw'd $4,079 00

Dalton, Mrs. J 5 00

Dana, Miss Ada.. . . 5 00

Dana, Miss E. A... . 5 00

Dana, Mrs. E. S.. . . 5 00

Dana, Mrs. H. W. . . 5 00

Dana, Miss M. T. . . 5 00

Dana, R. W 5 00

Dana, Mrs. S. F. . . . 5 00

Dane, Mrs. F 5 00

Danenhover, Mrs.H. 5 00

Danforth, Mrs. H.G. 5 00

Daniel, Charles A. . . 5 00

Daniels, Mrs. E. A., i 00

Danziger, Max 2 00

Darlington, Mrs. H.S. 5 00

Davenport, Mrs. E.B. 5 00

Davidson, Miss C... 5 00

Davidson, Mrs. F. S. 5 00
Davies, Edward H.

(In Memoriamj . . . 5 00

Davies, Mrs. J. C. . . 5 00

Davis, Hon. C. L.. . 5 00

Davis, David D 9 00

Davis, F. W 5 00

Davis, Mrs. G. P.... 5 00

Davis, Henry J 5 00

Davis, Mrs. J 10 00

Davis, Mrs. J. E.. . . 5 00

Davol, Charles J. . . . 5 00

Davol, Miss F. W. . . 5 00

Davol, Mrs. Joseph. 5 00

Dawes, Miss E. M.. . 10 00

Day, Mrs. Albert. . . 5 00

Day, Mrs. F. A 5 00

Day, Mrs. G. H 5 00

Day, Miss K. S 5 00

Day, Miss M. F.. . . 5 00

Day, Miss S. J 5 00

Day, S. S 5 00

Dean, C. A 5 00

Deane, Ruthven. ... 5 00

Dearborn, Miss S. . . i 00

De Coppet, E. J. . . . 5 00

De Forest, H. W. . . . 15 00

Degener, I. F 10 00

de Graffenried, Bar-
oness R

Delano, Mrs. F. A...
De Loach, Prof. R

J.H

Dennen, Rev. E. J. .
Dennen, Mrs. E. J. .

Dennis, A. W

Denny, Miss E. I.. .
De Xormandie, Mrs

R. L

Department of Agri
culture, Canada. .

Despard, C. L

Despard, W. D

00
00

00

GO

00
00
00

GO

5

GO

5

GO

G

GO

I

GO

5

GO

5

OG

5

OG

5 00

10 GO

5 00

Brought forw'd$4,377 go
Detroit Bird Protect-
ing Club

Devlin, Mrs. J. E..
Dewey, Dr. C. A...
De Wolf, Holsey...
Dexter, Mrs. F. K.
Dexter, Mrs. M. P
Dibble, Mrs. R. W.

Dickey, D. R lo go

Dicliinson, Charles. lo go
Dickinson, Mrs.C.P. 5 oo

Dickson, J. B 5 00

Dickson, Mrs. J. B.. 5 oo

Dickson, W. C 5 00

Dietz, Mrs. C. N.... 5 oo

Dill, Mrs. J. B

Dillingham, Mrs. T

M 5 GO

Diman, Louise 5 go

Dimock, G. E 5 oo

Dimock, Ira

Ditson, Mrs. C. H...
Dittmann, Mrs. A. J.
Dobie, Richard L. . .
Dod, Miss H. M...

Dodge, C. H 4

Dodge, Miss G. H...
Dodge, Mrs. J. M...
Doepke, Mrs. W. F.

Dolge, Mrs. C. B

Dominick,Mrs.M.W.

Don, John 5 oo

Dorchester Woman's

Club S 00

Doremus, Mrs. R. P. 25 oo

Dorrance, S. M 5 oo

Doubleday,Mrs.F.N. 5 oo

Doughty, Mrs. A... . 5 oo

Douglass, Mrs. C. . . 5 oo

Dows, Mrs. Tracy. . 5 00
Doylestown Nature

Club 5 GO

Draper, G. A 5 oo

Draper, W. S 5 00

Drayton, J. C 5 00

Dresel, Miss L. L. . . 5 oo

Drew, Miss E. E. . . . 5 oo

Drew, H. J. W 5 00

Drew, John 5 oo

Drewry, L. D 5 oo

Drummond, J. J. . . .237 50

Dryden, Mrs. C. F.. lo go

Dryer, Miss L. M.. . 8 oo

Du Bois, Mrs. J 5 00

Du Bois, Dr. M. B.. 5 oo

Du Bose, B. M 5 00

Duer, Denning 5 oo

Duer, Mrs. Denning 5 oo

Dumaine, F. C 5 00

Dumbell, Rev.H. M. i oo

S 00

0

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

00

5

OG

.S

GO

Brought forw'd $4,964 50
Duncan, A. Butler. . 5 go
Dunham, Arthur L.. 5 oo

Dunham, E. K 5 00

Dunham, Horace C.
Du Pont, Eugene. .
Du Pont, Eugene E.
Du Pont, Mrs. E. E.

Du Pont, H. F

Duryee, Miss A. B.. 5 00

Dutton, B. F 10 00

Dutton, Harry 5 00

Du Villard, H. A... .
Dwight, Dr. J., Jr...

Dyar, Miss D

Dyer, Edward T.

(In Memoriam). . .

Dyer, Mrs. G. R. . . .

Dyer, Mrs. Ruth C. .

Earle, Samuel L 5 00

Eaton, Mrs. D. C... 25 00

Eaton, Howard 5 go

Eaton, Miss M. L. . . 5
Eaton, Miss M. S.. .
Eddy, Miss B. M...
Eddy, Miss Sarah J
Eddy, William H...,
Edgerton, Dr. J. I. . .
Edwards, Miss E. S. .
Edwards, Miss H. C
Edwards, Henry A. ,
Edwards, Mrs. L. S.
Eimer, Mrs. M. L..

Eisemann, A 5 00

Eisen, Charles 5 00

Elgin Audubon So-
ciety 5 00

Eliot, Charles W. . .
EUiott, Mrs. W. T
Ellis, Mrs. A. V. H
Ellis, Mrs. L. E....
Ellis, The Misses. .

Ellison, Mr 5 oo

Ellison, J. H 5 GO

Ells, G. P 5 00

Ellsworth, J. M 5 oo

Embury, Miss E. C 5 oo
Emerson, Mrs. E. W. 5 00
Emerson, Mrs. G. D. 8 go

Emerson, Julia T 5 go

Emery, Miss G. H. . . 5 go

Emery, Miss G 30 00

Emery, Miss L.J... 30 00
Emerjs Mrs. M. M. . 55 oo
Emmel, Miss L. F. . . 5 00
Emmons, Mrs. A. B. 10 oo
Endicott, William. . . lo oo
Enggass, Mrs. B.. . . 5 00
Ennis, General W.. . 5 oo
Eno, Dr. Henry C... 5 oo
Erbsloh, jNI 5 oo

00

lO GO

5 00
5 00
5 oo
5 00
lo 00
5 00

10 GO
I OG

10 00

Carried forw'd.$4,377 °o i Carried forw'd.$4,964 50 [ Carried forw'd. $5,409 50

552

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

OO
OO
OO
OO
OO
OO

5 OO
5 OO
5 OO

lO OO

5 OO

Brought forw'd $5,409 50

Erickson, Mrs. A. W. 5 00

Erie Audubon So-
ciety

Ernst, Mrs. H. C...

Ettorre, Mrs. F. F..

Eustis, F. A

Eustis, Mrs. H. H...

Eustis, The Misses..

Evans, Dr. Edward.

Evans, Mrs. G

Evans, Mrs. J. G... .

Evans, Mrs. R. D...

Everett, Miss L. L. .

Evers, Rev. S. J

Evins, Samuel N.. . .

Ewart, William I —

Ewell, Mrs. John N.

Ewing, Mrs. F. G.. .

Fackler, David P....

Fahnestock, W

Fahy, Mrs. John

Fairbanks, Mrs. E.G.

Fairchild, B. T

Fairchild, Mrs. C. S.

Falk, H. A

Farnam, Henry W..

Farnham, Wallace S.

Farquhar, Mrs. W..

Farrar, Miss E. W.. .

Farrel, Miss Estelle.

Farrell, Mrs. C. P...

Fassett, J. S..

Faulkner, Miss F.M.

Fawell, Joseph

Faxon, Henry M

Fay, Mrs. H. H

Fay, S. P

Fearhake, Mrs. E. R.

Fearing, Mrs. M. P..

Fearon, Mrs. C

Feaster, Miss F. G..

Fenenden, R. G

Fenner, H. N

Fenno, Mrs. J. A... .

Ferguson, Miss E. D.

Ferguson, Miss F... .

Ferguson, Mrs. M.
V. E

Ferguson, Mrs. W...

Ferris, Miss Ida J.. .

Ferry, Miss M. B.. .

Fessenden, Judge F.

G 5 00

Field, Charles H. . . . 5 00

Field, C. de P 5 00

Field, E. B 5 00

Field, Mrs. S. A 5 00

Finegan, Mrs. T. E. . 5 00

Finley, William L. . . 5 00

Fish, A. R 5 00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

I 00

5 00

S 00

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

So 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

lo 00

S 00

5 00

I 00

10 00

Carried forw'd. $5,745 50

Brought forw'd $5,

Fish, Mrs. F. P

Fisher, Miss E. W...

Fisher, F. A

Fisher, H. J

Fisher, William P. . .

Fiske, E. W

Fiske, Mrs. H. G....
Fitch, Mr. and Mrs.

Winchester

Fitchburg Out-of

Doors Club

Fitz, Mrs. W. S

Fitzhugh, Genl. C.L.
Fitzhugh, John D.. .
Fitzpatrick, T. B....
Fitzroy, Mrs. H. A. .
Flagg, Dr. Elisha. . .
Flagg, Miss H. V....
Flagg, Herbert H... .
Flagg, Mrs. S. G., Jr.

Fleek, Henry S

Fleischer, Edward.. .
Fleitmann, H. C . .
Fletcher, Mrs. J. L..

Flint, Mrs. A

Flint, Mrs. Charles.

Flint, Charles R

Floyd, Mrs. W. T...
Follett, Richard E..
Folsom, Mrs. G. W..
Folsom, Miss J. D. . .
Foot, Sanford D.. . .

Foote, George L

Forbes, Mrs. A

Forbes, Miss C.J...
Forbes, Mrs. D. D..
Forbes, Mrs. J. M. . .
Forbes, Mrs. M. J.. .
Forbes, Ralph E. . . .
Forbes, Waldo E.. . .

Ford, Frank C

Ford, Mrs. John B..
Ford, Miss Lesta. . .
Ford, Miss Stella D.

Fordyce, G. L

Forest Hills Gardens

Audubon Society.

Foss, Mrs. E. N

Foster, Mrs. A. S.. .
Foster, Miss Fanny.
Foster, Macomb G. .
Foulke, Willing B.. .

Fowle, Seth A

Fowler, George F —

Fox, Henry

Fox, Mrs. J. M

Fraser, Miss J. K. . .
Eraser, Miss L. E. . .

Fray, John S

Freeman, Miss H. E.

745 SO
S 00

2 25

S 00
25 00

5 00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5

5

5

5

5

S
10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00
10 00

I 00

5 00
10 00

S 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

75 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

25 00

5 00

Carried forw'd. $6, 143 75

Brought forw'd $6,
Freeman, Mrs. J. G.
Freer, Charles L.. . .

French, Allen

French, Miss C. A..
French, Miss E. A..

Frey, CD

Fricks, Dr. L. D.. ..

Frissell, A. S

*Frissell Master M..

*Frissell, M. V

Frothingham,Mrs.L.

Fry, Henry J

Fuller, Mrs. A. O.. .

Fuller, C. W

Fuller, Mrs. Eugene.
Fuller, Mrs. G. A...
Fuller, Miss M. W. .

Furness, C. K

Gage, Miss M. C... .
Gaillard, Mrs. W. D.

Gale, Charles H

Gallogly, E. E

Galium, Mrs. A. F...
Galway, Mrs. James
Gammell, Mrs. R. J.
Gardner, Mrs. A. S. .
Gardner, Mrs. A. P. .
Gardner, Dr. C. H. . .
Gardner, Mrs. G. W.
Garitt, Miss E. W. . .
Garrett, Mrs. E. W..
Garrett, Mrs. M. S..
Garrett, Mrs. T. H. .
Garrettson, Mrs.F.P.

Garver, John A

Gates, Mrs. John. . .
Gatter, Miss E. A...
Gatter, Miss G. A.. .
Gavitt, William S...
*Gay, Mrs. F. L.. ..
Geer, Mrs. Walter. .

Gellatly, John

Gelpcke, Miss A. C.
George, Edwin S.. . .

Gerdtzen, G. A

Gerry, Mrs. M. J. H.

Gibbs, George

Gibbs, H. E. A

Gibson, Mrs. J. H.. .

Gifford, Dr. H

Gifford, Mrs. J. M...
Gifford, Mrs. O. P.. .
Gilbert, Miss A. H..

Gilbert, Mrs. C

Gilbert, Edward H..

Gilbert, Miss M

Gilbert, Miss Nellie.
Gilbert School, The.
Gilbert, William A...
Gilchrist, Miss A. T.

143 75

10 00

5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

I 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5
6

5
5
5
5

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Carried forw'd. $6^441 75

List of Members

553

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $6,441 75

Gildersleeve, F

5 00

Gill, Mrs. K. F

5 00

Gillett, Lucy D

ID 00

Gillette, Mrs. C

5 00

Gillingham, Mrs. T.

E

5 00

Gillmore, Frank. . . .

5 00

Gilman, Miss C. T..

5 00

Gilman, Miss C

5 00

Gilmore, C. G

5 00

Gimson, L. K

5 00

Ginn, Frank H

5 00

Glazier, W. E

I 00

Glessner, Mrs. J. J..

S 00

Goadby, x\rthur ....

5 00

Goddard, Mrs. F. N.

5 00

Goddard, George A. .

5 00

Goddard, Mrs. R.

H.I

5 00

Godfrey, Mrs. W.

H. K

5 00

Goehring, J. M

5 00

Goff, F. H

5 00

Goldfrank, Mrs. M..

5 00

Goldman, Mrs. L. J.

2 00

Goldsmith, Miss E.E.

5 00

Goler, Mrs. F. H... .

5 00

Goodell, Mrs. H. E..

5 00

Goodell, Mrs. J

5 00

Goodrich, Miss J. T.

5 00

Goodridge, Dr. F. G.

5 00

Good Willie, Mrs.M.B.

5 00

Goodwin, Dr. A. H. .

5 00

Goodwin, A. M

5 00

Goodwin, Mrs. H.M.

5 00

Goodwin, J. L

5 00

Goodwin, Mrs.M.W.

5 00

Goodyear, Mrs C.W.

5 00

Gordon, Mrs. D

5 00

Gotthold, A. F

5 00

Graham, Miss M. D.

5 00

Grant, Henry T

5 00

Grasselli, C. A

5 00

Grasselli, Miss J.. . .

5 00

Grat, Russell

5 00

Graves, Mrs. E. A. . .

S 00

Graves, Mrs. H. S. . .

5 00

Gray, Miss E. W....

10 00

Gray, Miss Emily. . .

5 00

Gray, Miss Isa E... .

5 00

Gray, Mrs. Morris. .

5 00

Gray, Roland

S 00

Greeff, Donald C...

5 00

Greeff, Ernest F

5 00

Greene, Arthur D.. .

5 00

Greene, A. E

5 00

Greene, Miss C. C.

5 00

Greene, Margaret

(In Memoriam).. .

5 00

Greene, Miss M. A..

5 00

Carried forw'd. $6,724 75

Brought forw'd $6,7
Greenfield Audubon

Society

Greenway, J. C., Jr..
Greer, Austin M.. . .
Gregory, Mrs. A. K.

Gregory, C. F

Gregory, Mrs. R. B..

Gregory, R. J

Grew, Mrs. E. W. . .
Gridley, Mrs. M.T..
Griffin, Mrs. E. C...
Griffin, Mrs. S. B.. .

Griffith, Mrs. B

Griscom, Ludlow. . .
Griswold, Miss F... .
Grosvenor, G. H.. . .

Guild, E. L

GuHck, Mrs. C. V. . .

Gunn, Elisha

Gyger, Edgar G

Haass, Mrs. L. H.. .
Hackney, Walter S..

Haden, C. J

Hadley, Mrs. A. P...
Hagar, Eugene B... .

Hager, Karl

Haggin, Mrs. M. V..

Haines, Reuben

Haldane, E. P

Hall, Miss CM....

Hall, E. K

*Hall, George A

Hall, Mrs. John H. . .
Hall, Miss Sarah C. .
Hallett, William R..
Hallock, Rev. L. H..
Halsted, David C .
Hamilton, Miss E. S.

Hamlin, Mrs. E

Hamlin, Miss Eva S.

Hamlin, T. O

Hammond, Mrs.E.P.
Hammond, Mrs. J.H.
Hammond, W. W. . .
Hanahan, J. Ross.. .

Hancock, H. J

Hanna, Mrs. H. M.,

Jr.,

Hannah, Charles G. .

Hannum, W. E

Hansen, Miss E. L..
Harbeck, Mrs. E. G.

Harbison, W. A

Hardenbagh, Miss

Adelaide C

Harding, Emor H. . .

Hardy, Mrs. R

Harmer, Thomas H.
Harmon, Judson. . . .
Harn, O. C

24 75

S 00

5 00

10 00

1 GO

5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
7 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 GO

5 00

2G GO

5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

IG 00

5 00

1 GO
5 OG

5 00

5 00

10 00

2 GO
GO
GO
GO
00
GO

5 00

5 OG

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

Carried forw'd. $7,023 75

Brought forw'd $7,023 75

Harral, Mrs. E. W.. . 5 oo

Harriman, Mrs. J. L. 5 oo

Harrington, Mrs. F.B. 5 go

Harrington, G. W. . . 2 og

Harris, Miss F. K... 3 gg

Harris, George W. . . lo 00

Harris, Harry 5 00

Harris, Mrs. W. H. . . 5 gg

Harrison, G. L., Jr.. 5 00

Harrison, H. W S oo

Harrison, Mrs. M. J. 5 00

Harrison, Mrs. P.... 5 oo

Harroun, Mrs. A. K. 5 oo

Harroun, Elliot K. . . 5 oo

Hart, A. W 5 00

Hart, Judge John C. 5 oo

Hart, Miss M. T. . . 5 oo

Hart, W. 0 5 go

Hartford Bird Study

Club 5 OG

Hartline, D. S 5 oo

Hartness, Mrs. J. . . . 500

Hartwell, Mrs. C. S. 5 go

Hartwell, Dr. J. A. . . 5 oo

Haskell, Miss H. P. . 7 go

Hastings, Miss Alice 5 oo

Hastings, Mrs. M. J. 5 oo

Hastings, W. R 5 oo

Hatch, Miss G. E.. . 5 oo

Hatch, Mrs. H. R.. . 5 oo

Hathaway, Mrs. H. . 5 oo

Hathaway, H. B.. . . 5 00

Hauck, Louis J 5 00

Havemeyer, John C. 5 00

Hawkes, Mrs. McD. 5 go

Hawkins, Mrs. E. D. 5 go

Hayden, Miss A. R. . 5 00

Hayes, Mrs. O. H. . . lo go

Haynes, Miss L. deF. 5 oo

Hayward, Mrs. M.S. 5 go

Hayward, Miss P. L. 4 00

Hazard, Mrs. J. N. . . 5 00

Heard, Dr. M. A. . . 5 00

Heath, J. A S 00

Hecker, Frank J. . . . 25 00

Hedge, Henry R. . . . 5 oo

Helm, Louis 5 00

Helmer, Mrs. G. J.. 5 oo

Henbeck, Mrs. G.... 5 oo

Henderson, J. B 5 00

Hendrick, E. P 5 00

Hendrickson, J. H... 5 00

Hendrickson, W. F. . 5 00

Henry, W. G 5 00

Henshaw, Henry W. 5 oo

Hentz, Henry s go

Heroy, Miss A. P. . . 5 00

Herrick, Harold. ... 10 00

Hessenbruch,Mrs.H. 10 gg

Hewitt, Miss E. G.. . 5 oo

Carried forw'd. $7,354 75

554

Bird - Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $7,

Heyman, Mrs. M.. .

Heyn, Otto P

Heywood, Mrs. G. A.

Hibbard, Mrs. A

Hibbard, Thomas.. .

Hidden, Walter

Higgens, J. L

Hildreth, Miss E. E.

Hill, Donald M

Hill, Mrs. Oilman C.

Hill, Mrs. L. C

Hill, Mrs. L

Hill, Miss S. E

Hill, William P

Hillard, Mrs. M. R..

Hillard, H. R

Hills, Mrs. E. A

Hills, William S

Hinckley, Mrs. M.V.

Hinson, W. G

Hittinger, Jacob. . . .

Hoadley, Frank E. . .

Hoague, Theodore. .

Hodenpye, Mrs.A.O.

Hodge, C. F

Hodge, D. W

Hodges, H. B

Hodges, Miss M. O..

Hodgman, Mrs.A.K.

Hodgeman, Mrs. W.
L

Hodgson, Mrs. H. P.

Hoe, Richard M.. . .

Hoe, Mrs. R. M....

Hoe, William J

Hofer, Miss E. J. . . .

Hoffman, Conrad. . .

Hoffman, F. B

Hoge, Miss F

Holbrook, Mrs. F. . .

Holden, E. F

Hollenback, Miss A.
B

Hollingsworth, Mrs.
Oeorge

Hollister, Mrs. O. A.

Holman, Miss C. B..

Holmes, Mrs. C. B..

Holt, Mrs. Henry.. .

Holter, Mrs. S. S....

Holway, Miss H. S..

Homans, Mrs. John.

Hood, Mrs. C. H....

Hood, Mrs. J. IM... .

Hooper, Miss I. R. . .

Hooper, Mrs. J. R..

Hoover, IM. H

Hope, J. L

Hopedale Park Com-
mission

354

75

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

S

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

00

2

50

5

CO

5

00

5

00

.=;

00

6

00

5

00

10

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

OG

5

OG

5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

S

OG

I

GO

I

GO

,S

GO

S

GO

5

GO

5

OG

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

.S

OG

5

GO

5

GO

5 00

Carried forw'd. $7, 635 25

Brought forw'd $7,635 25
Hopekirk, Mrs. H. . . 5 00

Hopewell, John 5

Hopkins, James.. .
Hopkins, Mrs. J. C
Hoppin, Charles A.
Hoppin, Mrs.S.C.W
Hornaday, Miss N

Hornblower, H

Horner, Charles S.

Horsky, L. O

Hosmer, Mrs. E. de P
Houghton, C. S.
Houghton, Mrs. F.O
Houghton, Miss M.
Hovey, Burton M..
Howard, Miss E. M
Howe, Miss Edith.
Howe, Mrs. O. D..
Howe, Prof. H. M..
Howe, Mrs. J. S.. .

Howe, Mrs. L

Howe, Mrs. S. P...

Howes, F. L

Howland Circulating

Library

Howland, Miss E..
Howland, Miss I.. .
Howland, Mrs. J.. .
Hoyt, Mrs. E. C...
Hoyt, George S.. . .
Hoyt, Gerald L. . . .
Hoyt, Mrs. John S.

Hoyt, N. L

Hoyt, Theodore R..
Hoyt, Walter S.. . .
Hubbard, H. M., Jr
Hubbard, Mrs. J. M

Hubbard, L. L

Hubbard, Miss M

0

Hubbard, Walter C
Hubbard, W. P... .
Hubbell, Miss H...
Hudson, Mrs. J. E..

Hudson, P. K

Huger, Alfred

Hughes, Miss A. F.
Hull, Miss Beatrice
Hull, Mrs. G. W...
Humphrey, A. L.. .
Hunneman, W. C
Hunnewell, Mrs. A.
Hunnewell, Walter.
Hunt, Dr. E. W....
Hunt, Dr. E. G....
Hunter, A. M., Jr..
Hunting, Miss C. C
Huntington, F. J.. .
Huntington, Mrs. R

P

Carried forw'd. i

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
S
5
I

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00

2G 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

q GO

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

10 00
■? 00

5 00

Brought forw'd $7,931 25
Huntington, R. W.,

Jr 5 00

Hupfel, Adolph lo go

Hurlburt,Miss A. M. 5 og

Husey, The Misses. 5 oo

Hussey, William H.. 10 go

Hutchins, Mrs. E.W. 5 00

Hutzler, George H. . 5 00

Huxley, J. S 5 00

Hyde, Mrs. A. S.. . . 10 oo

Hyde, Mrs. E. F.. . . 5 00

Hyde, Mrs. M. CM. i 00

Hyde, Mrs. T. W.. . 5 oo

lasige, Mrs. Oscar. . 5 oo
Indiana Audubon

Society 5 00

Ingalls, A. S S 00

Ingersoll, Ernest. . .

Inslee, S. D

Iselin, Mrs. CO...
Iselin, Mrs. W. E..

Isham, C B

Issenhuth, E. C. . .

Jack, Dr. F. L

Jackson, Miss A. P.

Jackson, B. M

Jackson, Mrs. C 5 00

Jackson, Mrs. E. E.. 5 go

Jackson, M. F 5 oo

Jackson, Mrs. T. G.. 5 00

Jacobs, J. W 5 00

Jacobs, Miss M 2 00

Jacobs, Samuel K... S 00
Jacobus, John S... .
James, Miss E. F. .
James, George A.. .
*James, Henry, Jr. . .

Jamison, C A 10 00

Janney, T. B 5 00

Janssen, Mrs. H. W. 5 00

Jaques, H. P 5 oo

Jay, Mrs. August... 5 00

Jay, Pierre 5 00

Jelliffe, W. R 5 00

Jenckes, John lo go

Jenkins, Mrs. A. C. 5 oo

Jenkins, Mrs. J. W.. 5 go

Jenkins, Miss L 5 oo

Jenkins, R. H 5 oo

Jenks, Miss C E... . 5 oo

Jenks, Williams 5 oo

Jenks, Mrs. W. F.. . 5 oo
Jenks, Mrs. W. H. . .
Jenness, Charles G. .
Jennings, Miss A. B.
Jesup, Mrs. M. K.. .
Jesup, Richard I\I...

Jewett, E. H 5 go

Jewett, H. M 5 oo

Job, Herbert K 5 go

15 00
5 00

5 00

10

GO

5

GO

5

GO

25

OG

10

GO

931 25 I Carried forw'd. $8, 279 25

List of Members

555

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $8,:

70

2,S

Johnson, Rev. A. E.

5

oo

Johnson, Mrs. A. S..

5

oo

Johnson, Edward C.

S

oo

Johnson, ]\Irs. F. S..

.S

oo

Johnson, Miss H. E.

5

oo

Johnson, Mr. and

Mrs. H. H

lO

oo

Johnson, J. M

.T

oo

Johnson, L. J

,S

oo

Johnson, IMiss M. W.

5

oo

Johnston, John \V. . .

S

oo

Jolliffe, Mrs. T. H...

5

oo

Jones, A. W

.S

oo

Jones, Miss A. H... .

5

oo

Jones, Boyd B

5

oo

Jones, C.H. (Boston)

5

oo

Jones, Charles H.. . .

lO

oo

Jones, Mrs. C. \V....

S

oo

Jones, Mrs. E. P....

5

oo

Jones, Miss E. C

.s

oo

Jones, Miss Grace A.

s

oo

Jones, Jerome

i.S

oo

Jones, Joseph A

.s

oo

Jones, Dr. J. W. L..

,s

oo

Joslyn, Mrs. G. A. . .

5

oo

Jungbluth, Karl. . . .

S

oo

Juran, Mrs. K. M.. .

.s

oo

Justice, Henry

•■^

oo

Kahn, Otto H

s

oo

Kahn, Dr. R. J

s

oo

Kanouse, Miss M. F.

s

oo

Kean, Mrs. H. F....

s

oo

Keck, Miss M. W. . .

s

oo

Keeler, Mrs. C. B...

=;

oo

Keen, Miss F

lO

oo

Keep, Mrs. Albert. .

,S

oo

Keep, Charles M... .

2

oo

Keep, Mrs. C

5

oo

Keith, Mrs. D. M...

S

oo

Keith, MissH. P....

S

oo

Kellogg, F.J

.s

oo

Kellogg, S. W

s

oo

Kelly, William

5

oo

Kemeys, Walter S...

.s

oo

Kempster, James. . .

.s

oo

Kendall, Miss G.. . .

s

oo

Kendrick, Dr. W. F.

s

oo

Kennard, F. H

s

oo

Kennedy, Dr. H... .

s

oo

Kennedy, Mrs. H.. .

5

oo

Kennedy, W. M

5

oo

Kennerly,Miss M.M.

s

oo

Kent, Edward G.. . .

s

oo

Keppel, David

5

oo

Kerr, Mrs. J. C

lO

oo

Kerr, Miss Lois

■^

oo

Ketchin, H. E

S

oo

Keuflfel, W. G

s

oo

Keyser, L. S

5

oo

Kibbe, Mrs. H. C...

5

oo

Carried forw'd.$8,6oi 25

Brought forw'd $8,601 25

Kimball, Mrs. C. O. 5 00

Kimball, Miss H. F. 10 00

Kimball, Mrs. L. C. 5 00

Kimball, Lulu S 5 00

Kimball, The Misses 10 00

Kimball, W. I*^ 5 00

Kimball, W. H 5 00

King, Miss C. W... . 5 00

King, Charles S 5 00

King, Elizabeth 5 00

King, Mabel D 5 00

King, M. K 5 00

King's Daughters.. 5 00

Kingsbury, Miss A. E. 5 00

Kingsbur)^, Mrs.H.O. 5 00

Kingsford, D. P 5 00

Kirby-Smith, Dr. R.

M 5 00

Kirkbride, Mrs. F. B. 5 00

Kite, Miss A. E 2 00

Kittredge, S. D 5 00

Kletzsch, Dr. G. A. . 5 00

Kneeland, Frances. 5 00

Knight, Mrs. A. S.. 5 00

Knowlton, Mrs.M.R. 5 00

Kohler, Miss M. E.. 10 00

Kolbe, L. A 5 00

Kremer, Mrs. W. N. 5 00

Krohn, Irwin M.... 5 00

Kuehn, Otto L 5 00

Kuhn, Mrs. F i 00

Kuser, A. R 5 00

Kuser, Mrs. A. R.. . 5 00

Kuser, Miss C. G.. . 5 00

Kyle, William S 5 00

Lacey, Milton S 5 00

La Farge, Mrs. C. G. 5 00

Lagowitz, Mrs. H. L. 5 00

Laidlaw, James L. . . 5 00

Laird, Mrs. W. H. . . 5 00
Lancashire, Mrs.

J. H 5 00

Land, J. S 5 00

Lane, Mrs. J. A 10 00

Lane, Miss M. L 5 00

Langdon, W. G 10 00

Langelotla, Jacob.. . . 5 00

Langmann, Dr. G... 5 00

Lanier, Mrs. J. F. D. 5 00
Latham, Mrs. Mary

A. (In Memoriamj 10 00

Law, Mrs. B. M.. . . 5 00

Law, Rev. Marion.. 5 oo

Lawrence, Mrs. A. W. 5 00

Lawrence, Mrs. J. . . 5 00

Lawrence, John B.. . 10 00

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M. 5 00

Lawrence, John S. . . 5 00

Lawrence, Robert B. 5 00

Lawrence, Rosewell. 5 00

Carried forw'd. $8,914 25

s

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

Brought forw'd $8,914 25

Lawrence, Mrs. S.. . 5 00

Lawrence, T 5 00

Lawton, F. A 5 00

Lee, Prof. F. S 5 00

Lee, Mrs. George B.. 10 00

Lee, Mrs. John C . 5 00

Lee, Joseph 5 00

Lee, Miss M. T 5 00

Leeds, Mrs. John G. 5 00

Lefferts, M. C 5 00

Leidy, Carter R

Leigh, B. Watkins. .
Leigh, Mrs. R. W...
Leland, Wilfred C...
Leman, J. Howard. .
Lemmon, Miss Isa-

belle McC... . . . . . 5 00

Lester, Mrs. J. W.. .
Lester, Miss M. E...
Lester, W. C. & A.E.

L.J.F

Leverett, George V..

Levey, W. C 2 00

Levey, Mrs. W. M.. 5 00

Levor, G 5 00

Levy, Miss F. E. . . . 5 00

Levy, Mrs. J 10 00

Lewis, A. N 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. F. E... . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. H. D.. . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. H. J 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. John. . . 2 00

Lewis, Mrs. J. F.. . . 5 00
Lewisohn Importing

and Trading Co... 5 00

Lichtenstein, Paul. . 5 00

Lincoln, Alexander.. 5 00
Lindabury, Mrs. R.

V S 00

Linder, Mrs. G 5 00

Lindsay, Mrs. J. W. 5

Little, Miss A. A.... 5
Littlefield, Miss M.

H 5

Livermore, Robert. . 5

Livingston, Miss A.. 5

Livingston, A. R.. . . 5

Livingston, Goodhue 5 00

Livingston, J. H.. . . 5 00

Lloyd, N. Ashley. . . 5 00
Lobenstine, Mrs. W.

C 5 00

Lecher, Mrs. M.

McClure 5 0°

Lockwood, Henry S. 5 00
*Lodge, H. Ellerton.

Logan, Mrs. A. S.... 2 00

Logue, Mrs. Ida L.. 5 00

Loines, Mrs. M. H.. 5 00

Loma Securities Co. 5 00

00
00

00
00

Carried forw'd. $9, 185 25

SS6

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forvv'd $9,1
Lombard/riicMisscs

Lombardi, C

Long, Harry V

Longfellow, Miss A.

M

Lord, Mrs. A. M

Lord, Miss Couper. .
Lord, Miss D. M....

Lord, Miss E. L

Lord, Mrs. Samuel. .
Lord, Mrs. W. W. . .
Loring, Mrs. C. M..
Loring, Miss Helen.
Loring, J. Alden. . . .
Loring, The Misses.
Lovell, Mrs. F.H.,Jr.

Low, Miss N. F

Low, Hon. Seth. . . .

Lowell, C. R

Lowell, Mrs. G. G...

Lowell, Miss G

Lowell, James A.. . .
Lowell, Miss Lucy. .
Lowell, Sidney V.. . .
Lowndes, James. . . .

Lucas, Dr. F. A

Luce, Matthew

Lundy, Miss E. L.. .
Lusk, Mrs. Graham.
Lyle, Mrs. John S.. .

Lyman, Arthur

Lyman, Arthur T. . .
Lyman, Miss Mabel

Lyman, F. W

Lyman, Joseph

Lyman, Theodore.. .
Lyon, Mrs. Cecil. . .
Lyon, Charles O.. . .

Lyon, George L

McAlister, John.. . .
McAlpin, Charles W.
McAlpin, Dr. D. H.

Jr

McAlpin, Mrs. D.

H., Jr

McCague, Mrs. G.E.

McCampbell, T

McClure,Mrs.C.B.J.
McCord, Miss Belle.
McCrea, Charles C
McCreary, Dr. J. P..
McCuUock, Albert. .
McCulloch, Miss M.

G. B

Macdonald, Mrs. C.

B

Mac Dougall, G. R..
McDougall, Mrs. W.
McGaw, Mrs. G. K.
McGowan, Mrs. J.E.

s.^

25 !

.=5

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

2

00

5

00

5

CO

5

00

5

00

5

GO

10

GO

5

GO

5

OG

5

00

5

00

3

00

3

GG

5

GG

5

00

3

GO

5

GG

5

OG

5

OG

5

OG

5

GG

5

00

5

GO

10

00

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

GG

5

GG

5

GO

5

00

5

GG

5

GG

6

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

OG

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

S

OG

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

10

00

172

as

472 25
5 00
00
00
00

Brought forw'd !
McGregor, T. W.

McHatton, Dr. H... 5

Mcllhenny, E. A... . 5

Mclntire, Mrs. H. B. 5

Mackay, Ellin 5 oo

McKee, Mrs. J. R... 5 00

McKelvy, Mrs. R... 5 oo

McKim, Le Roy.. . . 5 00
McKittrick, Mrs.

Thomas H 10 go

McLanahan Duer. . . 5 00

MacLean, Mrs. C. F. 5 00
*McLean, George P.

McLean, J. E 5 oo

McMaster, K. R 5 oo

McMinn, Miss A... . 5 oo

Macmurphy Co. The 5 00
McMurray, Miss B.

E 2 00

Macnamara, Charles 5 00

McNiel, Miss R. E.. 5 00

MacNutt, Mrs. A. D. 5 oo

McOwen, Frederick. 5 oo

McQuesten, G. E... 5 go
McQuesten, Mrs. G.

E 5 00

McVay, Mrs. J. C. . 5 go

Mabie, Mrs. H. W. . 5 go

Macy, Mrs. V. E.... 5 go

Maddock, Miss E... 5 go

Mager, Mrs. F. R... 5 go

Maghee, John H.. . . 5 oo

Magner, Thomas. . . 5 00

Mahl, William 5 00

Main, Frank H 5 oo

Maitland, Robert L. 5 go

Malcom, Mrs. A. V. 5 gg

Mallock, Mrs. M. S. 5 00

Mann, F. P 5 00

Mann, F. W 2 oo

Manning, R. 1 5 00

Manvel, Mrs. H. R.. 5 00

Marden, Miss D. F.. 5 00

Markham, Mrs.G.D. 5 gg

Markoe, Mrs. John. lo oo

Marling, A. E 5 oo

Marrs, Mrs. K 5 oo

Marsh, Miss Ruth. . 5 go

Marshall, Charles C. 5 go

Marshall, Mrs. E. O. 5 00

Marshall, W. A 5 00

A Friend 152 60

Marston, Howard. . . 5 00

Martin, Mrs. E 10 00

Martin, Mrs. E. H.. 5 go

Martin, Mrs. J. W. . 5 oo

Martin, L. C 10 00

Marvin, C. D 5 00

Maryland Branch

Nat. Association. . 5 00

Carried forw'd. $9,472 25 Carried forw'd. $9,908 85

Brought forvv'd $9,908 SS

Mason, Mrs. C. N... 5 oo

Mason, Mrs. F. T... 5 00

Mastick, Mrs. S. C. 5 oo

Mather, Miss K. L.. 5 00

Mather, Samuel. ... 5 00

Matheson, W. J 5 oo

Mathews, Mrs. J. R. 5 00

Mathewson, E. P... 6 go

Matz, Mrs. R 5 go

Maund, Miss M. E.. 5 go

Mauran, Mrs. J. L.. 5 00

Maurer, Mrs. 0 500

Maury, Miss A. C.

deP. P iG GO

Maxwell, Miss M.. . 5 go

May, Miss Alice. ... i go

May, George H 5 oo

Mayhon, Mrs. J. J.. 5 00

Mayor, Miss A. L. . . 5 00
Mayor and Council,

Florence, S. C . . 5 oo

Mead, Mrs. C. M... 4 oo

Mead, L. R 5 oo

Means, Charles J... . 5 00

Meech, H. P 5 00

Meier, W. H. D i go

Melborne Woman's

Club 5 OG

Merck, George 5 00

Merriam, F 5 oo

Merrill, Edwin G 5 oo

Merrill, L. K 5 00

Merrill, Mrs. P 5 00

Merriman, Mrs. D.. 5 00

Merriman, Miss H.. 5 oo

Merritt, Mrs. D. F. . 5 go

Metcalf, M. B 5 go

Metcalf, S. 0 500

Meyer, Miss H 125 go

Mildrum, Henry G. . 5 00

Miles, Mrs. H. A.... 5 go

Miles, Mrs. H. E.... 15 00

Miller, Mrs. C. R... s go
Miller, Mr. and Mrs.

C. T 5 00

Miller, Carl W 5 go

Miller, Mrs. E. C. T. lo go

Miller, Miss P. C. . 5 oo

Miller, Mrs. R. F... 5 oo

Mills, Enos A 5 00

Mills, Miss F 5 00

Mills, Dr. H. R 5 00

Mills, John N.,D.D. 5 00

Minshall, Miss H... . 5 00

Mitchell, Mrs. E. E. 5 go

Mitchell, Mrs. J. G.. 5 gg

Mitchell, J. K 5 00

Mitchell, James T... lo 00

Mitchell, Miss M... . 5 go

Mitchell, Mrs. M. B. 5 00

Carried forw'd. $10,325 85

List of Members

551

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND -CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $10,325 85

Mitchell, Mrs. W... . 5 00
Montgomery, Miss

M. A 5 00

Moon, E. B 10 GO

Moore, Alfred 5 00

Moore, C. de R 20 00

Moore, Miss F. M... 5 00

Moore, Mrs. R. W.. 5 00

Moore, Mrs. W. H. . 5 00

Moos, Mrs. J. B.. . . 5 00

Morgan, Mrs. E 5 00

Morgenthau, Mrs.

M. L S 00

Morison, George B.. 5 00

Morison, Mrs. J. H.. 5 00

Morison, Robert S.. 5 00

Morley, Mrs. W. G.. 5 00

Morrell, Edward.. . . 5 00

Morrill, Miss A 5 00

Morrill, Miss F. E.. 10 00

Morris, Miss C. W.. 6 00

Morris, Mrs. D. H.. 5 00

Morris, Mrs. J. B.. . 5 00

Morris, Dr. L. R 5 00

Morris, Robert O. . . s 00

Morris, Dr. R. T.. . . 5 00

Morris, Mrs. Wistar 10 00

Morse, Miss F. R. . . 5 00

Morse, Henry Lee. . 5 00

Morse, Mrs. J. T.,Tr. 5 00

Morse, W. F 5 00

Moschcowitz, Mrs.

A. V 5 00

Moseley, Miss E. F. 10 00

Moseley, F. S 5 00

Moses, Wallace R. . . i 00

Mosle, Mrs. A. H.. . 5 00

Motley, Thomas. ... 5 00

Muhlfield, F. J 5 00

Mulligan, Mrs. E. W. 5 00

Munro, Miss A. B. . . 5 00

Munro, Miss M. H.. 5 00

Murphy, Miss A. D. 5 00

Murphy, W. H 5 00

Myers, Mrs. G. C... 5 00

Myers, Mrs. H. W.. 5 00

Myrick, Dr. H. G. . . 5 00

Nazro, Mrs. A. P. . . 5 00

Neilson, Miss E. C 5 00

Neilson, James 10 00

Nelson, Miss H. D... 5 00

Nettleton, C. H 5 00

Neustadt, Mrs. S.... 5 00

Newberry, W. F. . . . 5 00

Newcomb, C. A., Jr. 5 00

Newell, Mrs. J. E. . . 5 00

Newman, Mrs. R. A. 5 00

News and Courier 5 00
New Smyrna Board

of Trade 5 00

Carried forw'd. $10,642 85

Brought forw'd $10,642 85

Newton, Mrs. C. P.. 3 00

Newton, Dr. E. D... 5 00

Newton, Mrs. F 5 00

Newton, J. H 5 00

Nichols, J. T 5 00

Nichols, J. W. T. . . . 5 00

Nichols, Mrs. J.W.T. 5 00

Nichols, Mrs. W. W. i 00
Nicholson, Rebecca

and Sarah 5 00

NicoU, Mrs. B 5 00

Noeth, George E — 5 00

Norcross, G. H 5 00

Norman, Mrs. B.. . . 5 00
Norristown Audu-
bon Club 5 00

Norrie, Mrs. E. L. B. 5 00

North, Mrs. R. H. . . 5 00

Norton, Mrs. J. C. . 5 00

Norton, Miss M. F.. 5 00

Oakley, Thornton. . . 5 00

Oakley, Mrs. T 5 00

O'Brien, David 5 00

O'Brien, Mary E... . 5 00

O'Connor, Mrs.R.D. i 00

Oettinger, Dr. P. J.. 5 00

Olcott, Dudley 5 00

Oldberg, Mrs. 0 5 00

Olin, S. H 5 00

Oliver, Mrs. J. B... . 5 00

Olmsted, F. L 5 00

Olmsted, Dr. J. C... 5 00

Olney, Elam Ward.. 5 00
Onondaga County

Audubon Society. 5 00

Opdycke, Mrs. E.... 10 00

Opdycke, L. E 5 00

O. F. B I 00

Ormond 200 00

Osborn, Mrs. H. F. . 5 00

Osborn, Mrs. J. B.. . 5 00

Osborn, Mrs. W. C 30 00

Ossberg, Miss O. W. 5 00

Ostrom, Mrs. H. I... 5 00

Oswald, Edward. ... 5 00

Overton, Dr. Frank. 5 00

Ovington, Elizabeth, i 00

Pack, Mrs. C. L 5 00

Packard, Horace. ... s 00

Paddock, Royce. ... 5 00

Page, Mrs. H. W... . 5 00

Page, Miss Myrtis. . i 00

Pagenstecher, Miss F 5 00

Paine, Mrs. A. G... . 10 00

Paine, Cyrus 5 00

Paine, Miss E. L S 00

Paine, Mrs. F. W. . . 5 00

Paine, G. M 5 00

Paine, Mrs. R. T. 2d. 10 00

Painter, K. V 5 00

Carried forw'd. $11, 140 85

Brought forw'd $11,140 85

Palmer, Mrs. E. C 5 00

Palmer, Mrs. L 5 00

Palmer, Miss M. T.. 5 00

Palmer, Dr. T. S 5 00

Paris, Mrs. F. U. . . . 5 00

Park, Mrs. H. J 5 00

Parke, Louis H 5 00

Parker, E. L 25 00

Parker, Miss E 5 00

Parker, Mrs. G 5 00

Parker, Mrs. H. J.. . 5 00

Parker, Mrs. W. R.. s 00

Parmelee, R. M 10 00

Parsons, E. H 5 00

Parsons, Mrs. J. D.,

Jr 5 00

Parsons, Robert L.. . 5 00

Parsons, W. H 5 00

Pasadena Audubon

Society 5 00

Patterson, Miss E.C. 5 00

Patterson, T. H. H.. 10 00

Patterson, W. F 5 00

Payne, Mrs. F. W... 5 00

Peabody, Rev. E... . 5 00

Peabody, G. F 5 00

Peabody, Mrs. H.... 5 00

Peacock, Prof. D, C. 5 00

Peake, Elmore E.. . . 5 00

Pearce, Rev. W. P. . 2 50

Pearl, Mrs. F. H 5 00

Pease, Harriet R 5 00

Peck, Staunton B — 5 00

Peet, Mrs. W. C s 00

Pegram, Mrs. E. S. . 5 00

Peirson, Charles L... 5 00

Peirson, Walter, Jr.. 5 00

Pell, Mrs. James D.. 5 00

Pell, R. and J 10 00

Pellew, Miss M. J.... 5 00

Pendleton, Miss E.F. 5 00

Penhallow, C. T 5 00

Pennington, Mrs. A.

G 5 00'

Perihelwin Club of

Rock Hill 5 00

Perin, Mrs. F. L.. . . 5 00

Perkins, Mrs. G. W.. 10 00

Perkins, G. H., Jr. . . 5 00

Perkins, Mrs. G. H.. 5 00

Perkins, Russell 5 00

Perot, T. M., Jr 5 00

Perry, Dr. Henry J.. 5 00

Petermann, G. H — 5 00

Peters, Mrs. F. A.... 5 00

Peters, Ralph 5 00

Peters, Wm. R 5 00

Pfarre, Mrs. A. E.. . 10 00

Pfeiffer, Curt G s 00

Phelps, Mrs. A. B.... 500

Carried forw'd. $11,463 35

558

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $11,463 35

riielps, Frank INl.. . . 5 00

Phillipp, P. B 25 00

Phillips, Anna G.. . . i

Phillips, A. V 2

Phillips, Dr. C. E. PI. 5

PhiUips.Mrs. C.E.H 5

Phillips, Hon. J. M.. 5

Phillips, Dr. Walter. 5

Phipps, Henry 5 00

Pick, Mrs. W. F 5 00

Pierce, Henry Clay.. 5 00

Pierce, Wm. L 5 00

Piez, Charles 5 00

Pilling, Wm. S 5 00

Pillsbury, Asa N. J. . 5 00

Pilsbury, Frank O... 5 00

Planten, W.R.J...,. 5 00

Piatt, Mrs. D. F 5 00

Piatt, F. G 5 00

Piatt, Miss Laura N. 5 00

Poe, MissM 5 00

Pollock, Geo. E 5 00

Pollock, Mrs. Wm... 5 00

Pomeroy, Mrs. N... . 5 00

Poole, Mrs. G. S.. . . 5 00

Poole, Ralph H 5 00

Poor, Geo. H 5 00

Pope, Mrs. A. S 5 00

Pope, G. D 5 00

Pope, Willard 5 00

Porter, Miss Alice.. . 5 00

Porter, Mrs. C 5 00

Porter, H. K 5 00

Post, Abner 5 00

Post, A. S 6 00

Post, Mrs. C. J., Jr. 5 00

Post, Sylvester 5 00

Post, Wm. S 5 00

Potter, Alonzo 5 00

Potter, Julian K. . . . 5 00

Potter, MissM. L.. . i 00

Potts, Mrs. F. M. . . 5 00

Potts, Jesse Walker. 5 00

•Potts, Miss S. B 5 00

Potts, Mrs. W. M.... 5 00

Powell, Dr. John C. 5 00

Powers, Thomas H. 5 00

Pratt, Albert H 5 00

Pratt, B 5 00

Pratt, Bela L 5 00

Pratt, Mrs. CM 5 00

Pratt, Miss Harriet. 10 00

Pratt, Joseph M 5 00

Pratt, Leban 5 00

Pratt, Miss S. E 5 00

Prentiss, F. F 5 00

Prentiss, W. A 10 00

Preston, Mrs. W. L. 5 00

Preston, Mrs. W. . . . 5 00

Price, J. S., Jr 5 00

Carried forw'd. $11, 783 35

Brought forw'd $11,783 35

Priest, Miss E. M... i 00

Prime, Mrs. M. D... 5 00

Prince, F. M 500

Proctor, Henry H... 5 00

Prouty, C. N., Jr. . . 5 00

Provost, Mrs. C. W. 3 00

Pruyn, R. C 5 00

Pryer, Charles 5 00

Putnam, Mrs. A. S... 5 00

Putnam, Miss E 5 00

Putnam, G. P 5 00

Putnam, J. B 5 00

Putnam, Miss L. W. 5 00

Putnam, W. L 5 00

Putney, Mrs. W. B.. 5 00

Pyle, J. McA 5 00

Pyne, Mrs. M. T... . 5 00

Quinby, W. H S 00

Quincy, C. F S 00

Quint, Mrs. W. D.... 5 00

Rackemann, C. S 5 00

Ralph, Mrs. G. F.... 5 00

Ramsay, Maj. W. G. 5 00
Rand, Mrs. C. F.. . ,

Randerson, J. P

Randolph, Coleman
Randolph, Fanny F.
Randolph, Mrs. E.. ,
Rankine, Mrs. W. B
Rathborne, R. C .
Rawlinson, Miss E.

Rawitser, Fred S 00

Ray, Miss Marie v..
Raymond, Mrs. J.. .
Rea, Dr. Paul M... .
Rebasz, Mrs. W. M..
Rebmann, G. R., Jr..
Redwood, Mrs. F. J..
Remick, Mrs. E. W..

Renwick, E. B

Renwick, Mrs. W. C.
Research Club of

Florence, S. C

Reynal, Master E. S.

Reynal, N. C s 00

Reynolds, D 5 00

Reynolds, W. S 10 00

Rhein, John, Jr 5 00

Rhoades, Mrs. B. M. 5 00

Rhoades, Miss H.... 5 00

Rhoades, Mrs. S. W. 5 00

Rhoads, J. S 5 00

Rhoads, MissL. W... 5 00

Rice, Mrs. E. F 5 00

Rice, Miss E. J 5 00

Rice, W. N 5 00

Rich, William L S 00 !

Richards, Miss A. A. 5 00

Richards, Miss H. E. 5 00

Richards, Henry 5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

Carried forw'd. $12,078 35

Brought forw'd $1 2,0
Richards, Gen. J. T..
Richardson, Mrs. C.F.
Richardson, Dr. E. P.
Richardson,Mrs.(J.F.
Richardson, 11. H.. .
Richardson, W. K...
Richie, Miss Sarah. .

Ricketson, W

Ricketts, Miss Jean
Riggs, Austen Fox . .

Riggs, G. C

Riglander,Mrs.M.M.

Ring, C. L

Ripley, Ebed L

Rives, Dr. W. C

Robb, Mrs. A

Robbins, Miss. I. E..
Robbins, The Misses

Robbins, R.C

Robert, Samuel

Roberts, Mr. and

Mrs. C. L

Roberts, Mrs. C. S...
Roberts, Miss E. C.
Roberts, Miss F. A..
Roberts, James O. . .
Roberts, Thomas S...
Robertson, Miss J.. .
Robertson, R. H.. . .
Robertson,Mrs.W.A.
Robertson, W. N... .

Robey, A. A

Robinson, Miss A. H.

Robinson, C. A

Robinson, Mrs. C. L.

F

Robinson, E. P

Robinson, E. S

Robinson, Miss H. B

Robinson, J

Robinson, Dr. A. A..
Robotham, Cheslar..
Rochester, Emily N.
Rockefeller, John D.,

Jr

Rockefeller, Mrs. J.

D.,Jr

Rockwood, Mrs. G. I.

Rodewald, F. L

Rodman, Miss E.. . .
Rogan, Mrs. M. K....
Rogers, George J.. . .
Rogers, Mrs. H. E...
Rogers, The Misses..
Rogers, Mrs. T. W.. .
Rood, Miss Mary W.

Roof, Mrs. CM

Roosevelt School

Rosenbaum, S. G

Rosentwist, B. G. A.

78 35

5 00

5 00

5 00
10 00

5 00

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

2

5
5
5
5

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

GO
00
GO
OG
GO

5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5

5

5

5

2

5
5
5
5

GO
GG
GO
OG
00
GO
OG
GG
00

GO
OG
00
00
OG
00
OG
GG

5 00
5 00

8 GG

5 00
5 00
5 00

5 OG
25 OG

5 00

OG
OG
OG
OG
OG
OG

Carried forw'd. $12,382 35

List of Members

5S9

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $12,382 35

Rotch, Mrs. W. J.. . 5 00

Roth, J. E S 00

Rothermel, J. J 5 00

Rothwell, J. E 5 00

Rowley, John 5 00

Ruggles, Mrs. T. E.. 5 00
Rugheimer, John,

Sons 5 00

Rumsey, Mrs. C. C. 5 00

Ruperti, Justus 5 00

Rusch, H. A 5 00

Rusher, C. J 5 00

Rushmore, S. W 5 00

Russ, Mrs. E. C...
Russell, B.F.W... .
Russell, ]\Irs. E. L.,
Russell, Mrs. G. W.
Russell, J. T., Jr... .
Russell, Mrs. W. A.

Russell, Mrs. W. D... 5 00

Rust, David W 5 00

Ryan, John Barry... 5 00

Ryman, J. J 5 00

Sabine, Dr. G. K 5 00

Sackett, Mrs. F. M. . 5 00
Sackett, Mrs. F. M.

Jr 5 00

Sage, Mrs. Dean. ... 5 00

Sage, Mrs. Homer.. . 5 00

Sage, John H 5 00

St. John, Charles E.. 5 00

St. John, E. P 5 00

Salisbury, Mrs. E.

MacCurdy 5 00

Saltonstall, John L.. 50 00

Saltonstall, P. L 5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

10 00

20 00

s 00

Saltonstall, Robert..

5 00

Saltonstall, Mrs. R.

M

5 00
10 00

Sampson, Alden ....

Sanborn, Mrs. C. F..

5 00

Sanderson, Miss M...

5 00

Sands, Mrs. P. J

10 00

Sanford, Miss S. S.. .

5 00

Sargent, Mrs. F. W. .

5 00

Saunders, Miss M....

5 00

Saunders, W. E

5 00

Sauter, Fred

5 00

Savin, Wm. M

25 00

Sawyer, Mrs. C. A.. .

I 00

Sawyer, Mrs. H. E...

5 00

Sayles, Mrs. R. W.. .

5 00

Sayre, Mrs. C. D.. . .

5 00

Sayre&Co.,R

5 00

Scarborough, J. V.

B

5 00

Scarborough, R. B....

5 00

Schaefer, Miss E. L..

5 00

Schieffelin, Mrs. H.

M

S 00

Brought forw'd $12,743 35 >
Schiff, Miss Dorothy

and Master J. M.. 5 00

Schlaet, Mrs. A. V. . . 5 00

Schreiter, Henry. ... 5 00 i

Schroeder, Arthur. . . 5 00

Schurz, Miss M 5 00

Schwarz, Miss E. E.. 5 00

Schwarz, G. F 5 00

Schwarz, H. F 5 00

Schwarz, Mrs. H. F. 5 00
Schwarzenbach, R.

J. F 5 00

Scott, Albert L 5 00

Scott, Donald 5 00

Scott, W. G 5 00

Scranton, Miss M. E. 5 00

Scribner, Mrs. A. H.. 10 00

Scrymser, J. A 5 00

Scrymser, Mrs. J. .A... 30 00

Scudder, C. R 5 00

Scudder, Heyward. .. 5 00

Scudder, Miss S. J.... 5 00

Scully, Henry R 5 00

Seabrook, Mrs. H. H. 5 00

Seabury, Miss C. O. . 5 00

Seabury, Miss S. E.. 5 00

Seamans, C. W 10 00

Searle, Mrs. S. F 5 00

Sears, Francis B 5 00

Sears, George 0 5 00

Sears, Horace S 5 00

Sears, J. M. (Mrs.) . . 5 00

Sears, Mary P 5 00

Seaver, Benjamin F..
Seccomb, Mrs. E. .\..
Seeler, Mrs. Edgar V.
Seeley, Mrs. W. G. . .

Seelye, L. Clark 5 00

Seitz, C 5 00

Selfridge, Mrs. G. S.
Seligman, George W.
Seligman, Mrs. G. W
Seligman, I. N., Mrs.
Seligman, Jefferson. .

Semken, E. H

Seton, E. T

Seuff, Mrs. C.H

Severance, J. L

Sewall, MissH. D....
Seward, Miss A. D..

Seward, W. R 5 00

Sexton, Mrs. E. B.. . 5 00

Shannon, W. P 5 00

1 Sharpe, M. P 5 00

1 Sharpe, Miss E. D.. . 105 00

Shattuck, A. R 5 00

Shattuck, G. C 5 00

*Shattuck, G. A

Shaw, Miss Eleanor. 5 00

Shaw, Francis 5 00

00
00
00
00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
10 00
q 00

Brought forw'd $13,1

Shaw, Mrs. G.H

Shaw, Mr. and Mrs.

G. R

Shaw, Henry S., Jr. . .
Shaw, Mrs. J. C.

and Mrs. W. F.

Winsor

Shaw, Louis A

Shaw, Quincy A., Jr.

Shaw, Mrs. R.G

Shaw, S. P.,Jr

Shearer, Mrs. W. L....
Sheffield, G. St. John
Sheldon, Mrs. E. B..
Shepard, Miss E. B..
Shepard, Mrs. E. E..
Shepard, Mrs. W. S.
Sheppard, Miss M. . .

Sheridan, J. J

Sherman, A. L

Sherman, Mrs. E. J..
Sherman, J. P. R. . ..
Sherman, Mrs. J. P.

R

Shiras, George, 3rd. .
Shoemaker, Mrs. H.

P

Shoemaker, H. W. . . .
Shortall, Mrs. J. L...

Shumway, E. M

Sibley. Mrs. R. A....
Siedenburg, ]Mrs. R.

Jr.,

Sill, Miss Annie ]M...
Silsbee, Miss. K. E..
Silsbee, Thomas. . . .

Simons, E. A

Simons, W. C

Simons, Mrs. W. C. .
Simpson, G. Fred... .

Simpson, John B

Sinclair, H. R

Sisler, L. E

Sitgreaves, Miss M. J.
Skeel, Mrs. Frank D.
Skeel, Mrs. R. Jr.,...
Skidmore, Samuel T.

Skinner, Francis. . . .

Slade, MissE. A...._.

Slade, Francis Louis

Sleght, Mrs. B. H. B.

Slingluffs, Mrs. K....

Sloan, Dr. Earl S. . . .

Sloane, Mrs. W

Slocum, Anna D.. . .

Slocum, W. H

Slosson, Mrs. A. T...
! Small, Miss C.M

Smiley, Daniel

I Smith, Mrs. A. J. . . .

70 35
7 00

00
00

2 00
20 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
; 00
00
00

5
5
10 00

5 00
I 00

5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
S 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Carried forw'd. $12, 743 35 Carried forw'd. $13, 170 35 Carried forw'd. $13,457 35

S6o

Bird -Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $13,
Smith, Mrs. C. F.. . .
Smith, Mrs. C. C...
Smith, Miss C. L....
Smith, Edward C...
Smith, MissE. N....
Smith, MissE. C. . .

Smith, Frank A

Smith, Mrs. F. W....

Smith, George A

Smith, H. A. H

Smith, H.M

Smith, Henry P

Smith, Mrs. J.N. . ..

Smith, J. S

Smith, L. C. (Mrs.).
Smith, Miss Laura I.
Smith, Miss Lilian ...
Smith, Miss M. J....
Smith, Mrs. M. E... .
Smith, Mrs. R. D... .

Smith, Theo. H

Smith, Walter E.. . .
Smith, Mrs. W. M...

Smith, W.H

Smith, Wilbur F.. . .
Smoak, William M...
Smyth, Ellison A.. ..
Smythe, Mrs. Hugh.
Snyder, Mrs. M.S...

Snyder, Watson

Solley, Dr. JohnB...

Sommerville, R

Sonnedecker, T. H...
Souther, Tristam B.
Southworth, Miss R.

M

Spafford, J. H

Sparks, Thomas W.
Spalding, Philip L. . .
Sparrow, Mrs. E. W.
Speare, Mrs. L. R.. ..
Spencer, Mrs. A. W.

Sperry, Lewis

Sparry, Mrs. L

Speyer, Mrs. James.
Spooner, Miss E. O...
Sprague, Dr. F. P.. ..
Sprague, Howard B.
Sprague. Mrs. Isaac.

Spring, Edward

Spurlock, Frank. . . .

Spurrell, John A

Stanley, Mrs. M. R..
Staples, Frank T. . . .
Staten Island Bird

Lovers

Stearly, Wilson R...

Stearns, C. H

Stearns, G. H

Stebbins, Miss A. C.

457

35

5

00

I

00

S

00

5

00

5

CO

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

GO

10

00

10

00

5

OG

5

OG

5

GG

I

00

5

00

5

GO

5

OG

5

GG

5

GG

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

00

5

GG

5

OG

5

OG

5

GG

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

GG

5

OG

I

OG

.=;

GG

5 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
5 00

Carried forw'd. $13,753 35

Brought forw'd $13

Sterling, Mrs. E

Sterling, E. C

Stetson, F. L

Stevenson, Mrs.R.H

Steward, Campbell..

Stewart, A. M

Stick, H. Louis

Stillman, Mrs. J. F..

Still well, Mrs. L.B..

Stillwell, Miss M.S..

Stimson, Mrs. C. E...

Stimson, MissM. A..

Stinchfield, Mrs. C.

Stoddard, Prof. F. H.

Stoddard, John L....

Stokes, Anson P., Jr.

Stokes,J. G. P

Stone, C. A

Stone, Ellen J

Stone, Mrs. F. H....

Stone, Herbert F. . . .

Stone, Mrs. H. F

Stone, Mrs. Lucy B.

Storer, Mrs. J. H

Storey, R. C

Storm, G. L., Jr. . . .

Storrow, Mrs. J. J... .

Storrs, Mrs. A. H. . .

Stout, Andrew V

Stout, Mrs. C. H

Stratem, M. and D..

Stratton, Charles E.

Straus, Mrs. Jesse I.

Strauss, Charles. . . .

Street, Mrs. K. A....

Strong, E. W

Strong, Selah B

Strong, Theron G.. .

Sturgis, MissE. M...

Sturgis, J. H

Sturgis, Miss L. C... .

Sugden, Arthur W.. .

Sullivan, Mrs. E. S. .

Sussex County Na-
ture Club 5 00

Suter, Mrs. C. R 5 00

Swan, James A S 00

Swan, Mrs. J. A 10 oo

Swan, Mrs. R. T.. . . 5 go

Swann, Mrs. A. D.... 5 go

Swasey, E. R 200 oo

Swenson, John 5 oo

Swezey, Mrs. I. T. . .. 5 00

Swinnerton, Miss L.

D 2 00

Swinnerton, Mrs. J.

A 5 GO

Swope, Dr. Eugene... 5 go

Swope, Mrs. M. M... 5 oo

Sylvester, Mrs. H. F. i oo

75^ 35
5 00
5 00

IG GO

5 00

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

S

5

5

5

5

S

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Carried forw'd. $14,236 35

Brought forw'd $14,
Symmes, Amelia M.

Taber, Miss M

Taber, Sydney R . . .

Taber, Mrs. S. R

Tailer, E. W

Taintor, C. W

Talbot, Fritz B

Talbot, Miss Mary. .
Talbot, Rev.Micah J.
Talbot, Richmond. .

Talcott, James

Tananbaum, Leon. .
Tanenbaum, Moses.
Tapley, Miss A. P....
Tappan, Miss M. A.
Tappan, Mrs. W. H.

Taylor, B. F

Taylor, Miss K.L....

Taylor, P. J

Taylor, Mrs. W.R...

Tefft, Erastus T

Temple, J. S

Tewksberry, G. W. . .

Thaw, J. C

Thayer, Ezra R

Thayer, Mr. and

Mrs. Franks

Thayer, Mrs. G. A.,

Jr

Thayer, Mrs. J. E. . .
Thayer, Miss Ruth...
Thayer, Mrs. S.E....
Thomas, Mrs. G. C.
Thomas, Miss G. I...
Thomas, Mrs. H. W.
Thomas, Marion P. ..

Thomas, Mrs. T

Thompson, C. D.. . .

Thompson, R. B

Thomson, Ernest A.
Thorndike, Albert....
Thorne, Jonathan . .

Thome, Samuel

Thornton, M. C

Tiffany, Mrs. C. L...
Tilden, Mrs. C. L... .
Till, Miss Elizabeth.
Tillinghast, Miss H. .

Tilt, Albert

Tinkham, J. R

Titus, E., Jr

Todd, Thomas

Tompkins, Miss E.

M

Tooke, Mrs. C. W....
Tower, Mrs. Kate D.
Tower, Mrs. R. D...

Towner, R.R

Townley, J. M

Townsend, H. H... .

236

35

5

GG

2

GG

5

GG

5

GG

10

00

5

OG

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

00

.S

00

6

OG

5

GG

5

GO

10

GO

5

00

5

OG

5

OG

S

00

25

GO

2

OG

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

OG

5

00

5

GO

5

GO

5

00

5

00

■ 5

00

5

00

5

GO

5

GG

5

GO

5

GG

5

00

10

OG

I

GO

5

GG

5

00

15

OG

5

00

5

00

00
00

GG
OG
00
00
OG

Carried forw'd. $14,557 35

List of Members

S6i

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $14,557 35

Townsend, J. B., Jr.. 5 00

Townsend, W. S 5 00

Tracy, C i 00

Trainer, C. W 5 00

Travelli, Mrs.C.R.. 5 00

Treat, Robert B . . . . 2 00

Troubetzkoy, P. P.. 5 00

Trowbridge, W 5 00

Trussell, Arthur J. . . 5 00

Tucker, Miss Abbie. 5 00

Tucker, R. P 5 00

Tucker, Mrs. S 5 00

Tuckerman, Alfred.. 5 00
Tuckerman, Mrs. L.

S I 00

Tuckerman, L. C... 5 00

Tufts, Mrs. J. A 5 00

Tullsen, H 5 00

Turle, Mrs. W 5 00

TurnbuU, Mrs. R... 5 00

Turner, Miss E. E.. . 5 00

Turner, Miss M. E. . . 5 00

Turner, Mrs. W. J.. . 25 00

Tuveson, Nels A. . . . 5 00

Tweedy, Edgar 5 00

Tyler, Mrs. D. T. A.. 5 00
Tyler, Mr. and Mrs.

W. S 10 00

Tyson, Carroll S. . . 5 00

Tyson, Miss E. R.. . 10 00

Tyson, Mrs. G 25 00

Ulmann, Ludwig ... 5 00

Underwood, H. O. . . 5 00

Upham, Miss E. A... 5 00

Upson, Mrs. H. S... . 25 00

Utley, Mrs. Samuel. 5 00

Vaillant, Miss M. J.. 5 00

Valentine, Miss M.... 5 00
Van Bosherck, Aliss

Lizzie 2 00

Van Brunt, Mrs. C 100 00

Van Brunt, J. R 5 00

Vanderbilt, Mrs. J... 5 00

Vanderbilt, Miss L. . 5 00

Vandergrift, S. H 5 00

Vanderhoof, \V. M... 5 00

Vanderlip, Mrs. F. A 10 00

Van Dusen, E. F 5 00

Van Gerbig, Mrs. B.. 5 00

Van Huyck, J. M.. . 5 00

Vanlngen, Mrs. E.H. 5 00

Vanlentwerp, F. J.... 5 00

Van Name, R. G 5 00

Van Norden, O. H. . . 5 00
Van Sinderen, Mrs.

A. J 5 00

Van Vleck, W. C... 5 00

Van Wagenen, H. W 5 00
Van Winkle, Miss

Mary D 5 00

Carried forw'd. $14,988 35

Brought forw'd $14,988 35

Velie, Charles D 5 00

Vibert, C. W 5 00

Vietor, E. W 5 00

Villard, Vincent S.. . 5 00

Von Arnin, A 5 00

Wade, F. C 5 00

Wadham, Mr. and

Mrs. Harry, Jr.... 5 00
Wadleigh Students'

Association 5 00

Wadsworth, H. C. . . 5 00
Wadsworth, R. C. W.

(In Memoriam).. . 10 00

Wadsworth, Samuel. 5 00
Wadsworth, Mrs. W.

Austin 20 00

Waite, Frank A 5 00

Waite, Mrs. J. G 5 00

Wakely, Dr. W. A. . . 5 00

Wakeman, Miss F.. . 10 00

Wakeman, S. H 5 00

Walcott, F. C S 00

Waldo, Charles S.... 5 00

Wales, E. H 5 00

Walker, C. C 5 00

Walker, Mrs. G. A.... 5 00

Walker, Grant 5 00

Walker, Dr. J. B 5 00

Walker, Miss L. M... 5 00

Walker, Dr. R.L... . 5 00

Walker, Mrs. T 5 00

Walker, W. B 5 00

Walker, W. F 5 00

Walker, W. H 5 00

Wallace, Miss H. E. . 3 00

Wallace, James S. . . . 5 00

Wallace, Mrs. T., Jr. 5 00

Wallis, Mrs. H 5 00

Wall Street, No. 2,. . 5 00

Walser, C 5 00

Walser, Guy O 5 00

Walter, Mrs. C.T.... 5 00

Wander, E 5 00

Ward, Mrs. Cabot. . 5 00

Ward, Charles WiUis 5 00

Ward, E. L 5 00

Ward, Sidney F 5 00

Warner, F. W 5 00

Warner, Mrs. G. M.. 5 00

Warner, Mrs. I. DeV 5 00

Warner, Mrs. L. C... 5 00

Warner, Percy 5 00

Warren, Miss C 25 00

Warren, Mrs. E. W.. 5 00

Warren, G. C 5 00

Warren, Mrs. H. M.. 5 00

Warren, Mrs. S. D... 5 00

Warren, Walter P... 5 00

Waterhouse, Mrs. A. 5 00

Waterhouse, Mrs. F. 2 00

Carried forw'd. $15,308 35

Brought forw'd $15,308 35
Waterman, Miss M.

E 5 00

Waters, Mrs. F. H. . . i 00

Watson, Miss J. S.. . S 00

Watson, Mrs. W. W. 5 00

Watt, Mrs. H. C 5 00

Wayland, Mrs. F 5 00

Wead, Miss C. E 5 00

Wearne, Henry 5 00

Weaver, Mrs. B. P.. . 5 00

Weaver, Dr. W. B. . . 5 00

Webb, Gerald B 5 00

Webber, R. H 5 00

Webber, Mrs. W. G.. i 00

Webster, Mrs. E. H.. 5 00

Webster, Edwin S.... 5 00

Webster, G. K 10 00

Webster, Mrs. L. F. . 5 00

Webster, L. F 5 00

Weeks, A. G 5 00

Weeks, W. B.P 5 00

Wehrhane, C 5 00

Weil, C. S 5 00

Weitling. W. W 5 00

Welch, C. W 5 00

Welch & Eason 5 00

Welch, George T.. . . 3 00

Welch, Mrs. P.N... . 5 00

Welch, S. E 5 00

Weld, Mrs. CM.... 5 00

Weld, Miss E. F 5 00

Weld, Rev. G.F 5 00

Weld, Samuel M. .. . 5 00

Weld, Gen. S.M 5 00

Wells, Mrs. E. L 5 00

Wells, W. S 2 GO

Wemple, W. Y 5 00

West, A. S 5 00

West, Mrs. J. E 5 00

West, Helen (Miss).. 5 00

Weston, Edward... . 5 00

Weston, Mrs. S. B.. . 5 00

Wetherill, W. H 5 00

Wetmore, Edmund. 10 00

Wharton, W. P 500 00

Wheeler, C.W.B.... 5 00

Wheeler, Miss E. O.. 5 00

Wheeler, J. D 5 00

Wheeler, Miss L 5 00

Wheeler, S. H 5 00

Wheelock, W. E 5 00

Wheelwright, Mrs.

Andrew C 10 00

Wheelwright, Miss

M. C 5 00

Whipple, Mrs. H. B.. 5 00

Whitcomb, P. R 5 00

White, Alfred T 5 00

White, Benj. v., Jr... 5 00

White, C. E 5 00

Carried forw'd. $16,090 35

562

Bird - Lore

liroughl forw'd $16,090

White, Mrs. C. K 5

White, Mrs. C. G 10

White, C. H 5

White, Miss H. A... . 5

White, Mrs. H. D... 5

W^iite, MissH 5

White, Miss H. H.. . 10

White, Dr. James C. 5

White, Miss K. L 5

White, Leonard D . . 5

White, Marcus 5

White, Roger S 5

White, Mrs. W. C. . 10

White, Mrs. W, M... 5

White, Windsor, T.. . 5
Whitehouse, Mrs. C.

A 5

Whiting, Miss G 5

Whiting, Mrs. J. K.. 5

Whiting, Mrs. S. B.. 5

Whitney, Miss A.. . . 5

Whitney, David C. . 5

Whitney, Frank. ... 5

Whitney, Frederick. 5

Whitney, M. B 5

Whitney, T.H 5

Whiton, MissM. B.. 5

Whiton, Mrs. S. G... 5

Whittaker, Miss M. . 5

Whittaker, W 5

W^hittemore, Miss G.

B 5 00

Whittemore, Mrs. J.

H s

Whittemore, J. Q. A. 5

Wiard, Mrs. F. L.... 5

Widmann, Otto 5

Wigglesworth, G. . . . 10
Wigglesworth, Mrs.

G 5

Wilbour, Mrs. C. B.. 10

Wilbour, Miss T 5

Wilbur, Mrs. F.M... 5

Wilcox, Miss A. E.... 5

Wilcox, Mrs. E.W... 5

Wilcox, Mrs. F. L. . . 5

Wilcox, T. F 5

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forw'd $16,558 35
Wood, Arnold 5 00

35

CO

00
00

CO

00
00
00
00

CO

00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

GO
CO
GO
GO

330 35

16 OG

GG
00
00
GG
GG

GG
OG
00
GO
00
00
GO
GO

Carried forw'd. $16, 330 35

Brought forw'd $16,
Willard, Miss Helen

Willenbrock, Mrs. F. 5 oo

Willets, Mrs. A 5 00

William, Master. ... i 00

Williams, Miss Belle. 5 00

Williams, Mrs. C. D. 5 00
W^illiams, Mrs. D.

W 5 00

Williams, Miss E. A. 5 00

Williams, E. A 5 00

Williams, Miss E. G. 5 go

Williams, Mrs. F.H.. 5 00

Williams, Miss E. F. 5 go

Williams, Dr. E. R. . 5 go

Williams, Miss M. T. 5 go

Williams, Moses, Jr. 5 og
Williams, Richard

A., 2nd iG GO

Williams, Miss S. . .. 5 gg

Williams, Mrs. T. S. 5 go

Willis, Miss Adeline. 5 go

Willis, Mrs. Sarah L. 10 oo

Wills, Charles T 5 go

Willson, Mrs. C. H... 5 go

Willson, Miss L. B . . 5 00

Wilson, Miss A. E.... 5 00

Wilson, Miss A. M... 5 gg

Wilson, Mrs. H. B. . . 5 go

Wilson, Mrs. H 5 go

Wilson, Orme H., Jr. 5 00

Wing, Asa S 5 00

Winn, H. J 5 00

Winship, C. F 5 00

Winship, C. N 5 00

Winslow, Miss I.

(In Memoriam).. .
Winslow, Miss. M.

L. C

Winston, G. Owen. .
Winterbotham, J. . . .

Winthrop, G. L

Winthrop, H. R

Wise, Miss A. E

Wolfe, Mrs. John. . .

Wolff, Mrs. L. S

Woman's Club, of

Seymour, Conn. . . 5 00

5 00

5 GO

5 00

IG 00

5 00

5 00

I GO

5 GG

5 00

Carried forw'd. $16, 558 35

Wood, Mrs. A. B.... 5 gg

Wood, Mrs. A. L 5 go

Wood, Mrs. J. D 5 go

Wood, Mrs. M. C. . . 5 og

Wood, Miss S. L.. . . 5 oo

Wood, Mrs. W. D.. . 2 oo

Woodcock, John. .. . 5 00

WoodhuU, J. C 5 00

Woodruff, Dr. A. J... 5 oo

Woods, E. F 5 GG

Woods, J. W 5 OG

Woodsome, Mrs. C.

W 5 OG

Woodward, L. F.. . . 5 oo

Woolman, E. W 5 00

Worcester, Mrs. A. . . 5 oo

Worcester, W. L. . . . 2 oo
Worsham, Hon. E.

L 5 GG

Wright, Mrs. E. K.... 5 go

Wright, Glen 5 00

GO
GG

5

s

IG GG

5
5
5
5
5

Wright, Miss H. H
Wright, Horace W . .
Wright, Mrs. J. G...
Wright, Mrs. J. O....
Wright, Mrs. M. A..
Wright, Minturn....
Wright, Mrs. T. F. . .
Wright, Mrs. W'.L...

Wyatt, W. S 5 GO

Wylie, E. A. Gill. ... 10 00
Yardley, Miss E. W^. 5 go
Yarrow, Miss M. C 5 00
Yates, Dr. S. Anna. 2 go

Young, Benj. L 5 oo

Young, Miss E. M. . 5 gg
Young Folks' Library 5 00

Young, H. G 15 OG

Young, W. H 5 00

Zabriskie, Mrs. A. C. 5 oo

Zapp, G. C 5 00

Zell, G. Leeds 5 oo

Zimmerman, Mrs. J.

E 5 GO

Zobel, Robert P 5 oo

ZoUikoffer, Mrs. O. F. 5 00

516,789 35

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

Clyde, William P..

.$250

00

Converse, E. C .

I, GOO

GO

Curtis, Mrs. C. B.

• 50

GO

Dallett, F. A

. 100

00

Eastman, George..

. 500

00

Eldridge, Miss I. .

• 5°

00

Fairchild, B. T....

• 150

00

Hemenway, A

. 500

00

Caried forw'd. .$2,600 00

Brought forw'd $2,600 oo

Lanier, CD 100 go

Pierrepont, J. J.. . . 100 go
Piatt, Mrs. O. H.... 25 00
Rockefeller, W. . . . 1,000 00
Shermerhorn, F. A. 500 00
Shoemaker, H. W.. 100 go
Schwab, Gustav. . . 100 00

Brought forw'd $4,5 25 00

Shepard, S. C 50 00

Thayer, Mrs. E. R.. 100 00
Thompson, Mrs. F.

F 250 GG

Thorne, Samuel. . . 1,000 go
Woman's Club of

Harvard, Mass. . 7 50

Carried forw'd. $4, 525 00

$5,932 50

Contributors to the Egret Fund

563

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND

Balance unexpended
from 1913 as per
Annual Report. .$433 78

Abbott, Holker i 00

Abbott, Mrs. T. J.. . 3 00

Adams, Miss E. B... i 00

Adams, William C i 00

A Friend 100 00

Agar, Mrs. John G.. 5 00

Albright, J. J 5 00

Allen County Audu-
bon Society 2 00

Allen, Miss Gertrude 15 00
Allen, Miss Mary P.

and Friends 30 00

Althouse, H. W 5 00

Ames, Mrs. J. B.. . . 5 00

Anderson, F. A 2 00

Anderson, Brig-Gen.

George J 2 00

Anonymous 5 00

Anthony, Miss E. J., i 00

Asten, Mrs. T. B.... 5 00

A Sympathizer 5 00

Auchincloss, Mrs. H.

D 5 00

Averill, Miss F. M.. i 00

Ayres, Miss Mary A. 2 00

Babson, Mrs. C. W.. i 00

Baird, T. E., Jr 5 00

Baldwin, Mrs. J. D.. i 00

Baldwin, William H. 2 00

Barclay, Miss E 2 00

Barnes, R. M 10 00

Barri, Mrs. J. A 5 00

Barron, George D... 2 00

Barry, Miss A. K. . . 2 00

Bartol, E. F. W 10 00

Bartol, Mrs. J. W. . . 25 00

Baxter, Miss L. W. . 5 00

Beebe, C. K 2 00

Beebe, Mrs. W.H.H. 2 00

Beckwith, Mrs. L. F. 5 00

Benjamin, Mrs. J. . . 5 00

Bergfels, Mrs. H.. . . i 00

Berlin, Mrs. D. B... i 00

Bernheimer,Mrs.J.S. 10 00

Best, Mrs. C 5 00

Biddle, E. C. and C.

B 10 00

Bignell, Mrs. Effie. . i 00

Birch, Hugh T 10 00

A Bird-Lover 5 00

Bird Lovers' Club

of Brooklyn 5 00

Blackwelder, Eliot. . i 00

Bliss, Miss L. B 10 00

Boggs, Miss M. A. . . 5 00

Bole, B. P 10 00

Bonham, Miss E. M. 25 00

Carried forw'd. $817 78

Brought forw'd $817 78

Bohnam, Miss E. S.. 5 00

Bonham, Mrs. H... . 10 00

Bowdoin, Miss E. G. 10 00

Bowdoin, Mrs. G. S. 20 00
Boynton, Mrs. C.

H I 00

Braman, Mrs. D.. . . 12 00

Brent, Mrs. D. K.. . 2 00

Brewer, E. M 10 00

Brewer, Miss L. S.. . 5 00

Bridge, Edmund.. . . 5 00

Bridge, Mrs. L. E... 10 00

Brooker, Mrs. C. F.. 5 00

Brooks, S 5 00

Brooks, Mrs. S 20 00

Brown, Mrs. C. S.. . 10 00

Brown, D. J 2 00

Brown, T. H 20 00

Burden, James A... . 5 00

Burgess, E. P 3 00

Burnham, William.. 10 00

Burpee, W. Atlee. . . 5 00

Burt, Miss E. B 2 00

Busk, Fred. T 5 00

Butler, Miss V 10 00

Button, Conyers.. . . 25 00

Byington, Mrs. L. J. 2 00

Caesar, H. A i 00

Cameron, E. S i 00

Cammann, K. L.. . . 10 00

Carroll, Elbert H — 10 00

Carse, Miss H 2 00

Casey, Edward P... . 10 00

Chambers, Miss K.. 10 00

Chapman, Miss M.. 10 00

Chapman, Mrs. J.W. 2 00
Chittenden, Mrs. S.

B 2 00

Christian, Miss E. . . 3 00

Christian, Mrs.M.H. 2 00

Christian, Miss S... . 6 00

Church, C. T 5 00

Cimmins, Mrs. T — 5 00

Clarke, E. A. S 5 00

Clarke, Mrs. L 2 00

Clemenston, Mrs. S. 10 00

Clerk, A. G i 00

Cleveland, Mrs. C... i 00

Clinch, Judge E. S.. 10 00

Cobb, Miss A. W... . 2 00

Colby, Howard A. . . 5 00

Collord, George W.. 5 00

Colon, George E.. . . 4 00

Colton, Miss C. W.. 2 00

Coney, Miss K. E... 2 00
Conner, Miss M. A.. 5 00
Convers, Miss C. B. 2 00
Coolidge, Prof. A. C. 5 00

Cristy, Mrs. H. W. . i 00

Brought forw'd $1,177 78
Crittenden, Miss V.

E I 00

Crocker, Rev. W. T. 2 00

Crosby, M. S 5 00

Cummings, Miss B.J. 2 00
Cummings, Mrs. H.

K I 00

Cummins, Miss A.

M 5 00

Cummins, Miss E. I. 5 00

Curie, Charles 10 00

Curtis, Miss M 10 00

Gushing, Miss M.W. i 00

Cutter, Dr. G. W.. . 2 00

Cutter, Ralph Ladd. 10 00

Dana, Mrs. E. S.. . . 4 00

Daniels, Mrs. E. O.. i 00

Davidson, Mrs. F. S. s 00

Davidson, Gaylord. 5 00

Davis, E. F 5 00

Davis, Dr. G 5 00

Davis, Miss L. B.... 3 00

Davis, William T... . 10 00

Dawes, Miss E. B.. . 10 00

Day, Miss Carrie E. 2 00

Day, Stephen S 5 00

De Beaufort, W. H.. 5 00
De Forest, Mrs. R.W. 5 00
Delafield, Mrs. J. R. 2 00
De La Rive, Miss R. 4 00
Dennie, Miss M. H. 2 00
Detroit Bird Protect-
ive Club 5 00

Dickerman, W. B.. . 25 00

Dodd, Miss J. M.... 2 00

Doering, O. C 10 00

Doughty, Mrs. Alia. 10 00

Douglas, Mrs. J 15 00

Dryden, ^Irs. C. P.. 25 00

Dudley, Miss F. G.. 10 00

Duer, Mrs. D 10 00

DuPoint, F. A 10 00

Dwight, Mrs. M. E. 2 00

Early, Charles H... . 2 00

Eastman, George. . . 50 00

Eddison, Charles.... 10 00

Edwards, Miss L. M. 5 00

Edwards, William S. 5 00

Ellis, William D 10 00

Ellsworth, Mrs. J. L. i 00

Emerson, Elliot S.. . 3 00

Emery,Miss G. H... 25 00
Emmons, Mrs. R.

W., 2d 5 00

Enders, John 0 5 00

Essick, William S.. . 2 50

Ettorre, Mrs. F. F... 2 00

Evans, William B.. . 4 00

Evarts, Miss Mary.. 5 00

Carried forw'd. $1,177 78 I Carried forw'd. $1,563 28

5^4

Bird- Lore

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND, continued

IJroughl forvv'd $i,
Fairbanks, Miss M.

B ..,...,

Faulkner, Miss F.M.

E. B. F

Fergusson, A. C

Ferry, Miss M. B.. .
Folsom, Miss M. G.

Fool, James D

Foote, Mrs. F. W. . .
I'^oster, Mrs. C. D.. .
Franklin, Mrs. M. L.
Freeman, Miss H. E.
Freeman, Dr. W. J..
French, Daniel C...
Friedman, Mrs. M..

Friers, Miss E

Frothingham, J. W..
Fuguet, Stephen. . . .
Gannett, Miss C. K.
Gannett, Rev. W. C.

and Friend

Gannette, Miss M. T.

Garst, Julius

Gibbs, H. E. A

Gilbert, Mrs. F. M..

Gilman, Miss C

Gladding, John R.. .
Godeffroy, Mrs.E.H.

Goehring, J. M

Goodwin, George R.
Gray, Miss Isa E... .
Greene, Miss C. S.. .
Greer, Miss Almira..
Gwalther, Mrs. H. L.

Hage, Daniel S

Hager, George W... .
Hale, Thomas, Jr... .

Hallett, W. R

Hallowell, Miss C.. .
Halsey, Mrs. E. D..
Harkness, David W.

C. R. H

M. G. H

Hathaway, Harry S.
Hay, Mrs. John. . . .
Haynes, Miss Louise

de F

Hazen, Miss E. H.. .
Hearst, Mrs. P. A.. .

Heide, Henry

Henderson, A

Hering, W. E

Herpers, Henry

Heydt, Herman A.. .
Higbee, Harry G.. . .
Higginson, Mrs. J. J.
Hills, Mrs. J. M....
Hodenpyl, Anton G.
Hodgman, Miss E.

M

563

28

2

00

10

00

5

00

2

00

5

00

10

00

2

00

2

00

I

00

10

00

10

00

I

GO

2

GO

2

OG

I

00

35

00

5

00

I

GO

2

00

I

OG

2

GO

30

OG

6

GO

4

GO

15

GO

10

OG

5

GG

5

GO

10

OG

I

GO

5

GG

4

OG

I

GO

4

OG

I

GG

10

GG

2

GG

8

OG

5

GO

5

OG

5

GG

2

GG

25

GO

10

OG

3

OG

50

GG

10

GO

2

OG

5

00

2

00

I

OG

I

OG

10

GG

3

GO

25

GG

5

GO

964

28

5 00

15 00

5 00

lO GO

2 OG

5 00

5 OG

IG GO

25 GO

6 OG

25 OG

IG GG

Brought forw'd $1,964 28

Holbrook, Mrs. E... 5 00

Holt, Mrs. Frank. . . 2 oo

Holt, Mrs. R. S 30 00

Hooker, Miss S. H.. 2 oo

Hopkins, Miss A. D. 3 go

Horr, Miss Elizabeth 5 go

Horton, Miss F. E.. 2 go
Howe, Dr. James S.

Howe, Mrs. J. S

Hoyt, Miss G. L

Hungerford, R. S... .
Hunter, Mrs. W. H.

Hupfel, J. C. S

Hurd, Elizabeth. . . .
Hutchinson, Mrs.

Charles L lo go

Ireland, Miss C. I.. .
Jackson, Miss M. C.
Jackson, P. N., Jr.. .
James, Mrs. D. W...
James, Mrs. W. B...

Jenkins, Miss L 5 oo

Jennings, Miss A. B. 5 oo

Jennings, Dr. G. H.. 3 go

Jewett, George L... . 5 go

Johnson, Mrs. E. R. 10 oo

Jones, Boyd B i oo

Jones, Mrs. C 5 oo

Jopson, Dr. and Mrs.

John H I GO

Jordon, A. H. B 20 00

Joslin, Miss Ada L. . 2 go

Jube, Albert B 3 00

Junior Audubon So-
ciety I 00

Keen, Miss F 5 oo

Keep, Mrs. Albert. . 3 00

Keim, Thomas D... . i oo
Kempton, Miss M.

M I GO

Kennedy, Mrs. J. S.. 5 00

Kerr, Mrs. T. B i 00

Kimball, Mrs. D. P.. 25 oo

King, Miss Ellen. ... 25 oo
Kleinschmidt, Miss

H I GO

Kuser, Mrs. A. R.. . lo 00

Kuser, Anthony R.. 10 oo

Kuser, John D 25 oo

Lagowitz, Miss H. L. i oo

Lang, Henry 5 oo

Lasell, Miss L. W. . . i oo
Laughlin, Mrs. H.

M 2 GO

Lawrence, R. B 4 oo

"L. C. L." IG GO

Lewis, Mrs. A 10 oo

Lewis, J. B 2 GO

Lippitt, Mrs. C 5 go

Livermore, A. E i 00

Carried forw'd. $2,360 28

Brought forw'd $2,360 28
Livingston, Miss A.

P IS 00

Loring, Mrs. C. G... 3 oo

Lovering, Mrs. H.E. 1 oo

Luttgen, Walter. ... 5 00

Mackey, Oscar T... . 5 00

Mann, Miss J. A 3 00

Mann, J. R i 00

Manning, L. J 3 00

Mansfield, Helen. ... 6 00

Marlor, Henry S.. . . S 00

Marsh, J. A 5 oo

Marsh, S. S i oo

Mason, G. A 5 oo

Mason, Mrs. G. G... 10 oo

Mason, H. L., Jr 5 oo

Massachusetts S. P.

C. A 5 GO

McConnell, Mrs. A.

B 5 oo

McPheeters, Miss C. 23 oo

Mellen, George M... i oo

Mellens, J. T 2 go

Merriman, Mrs. D.. lo oS

Merritt, Mrs. J. H. . i 00

Metzger, W. T 2 go

Miller, C. R 10 oo

Miller, E. L 2 oo

Minot, William 2- 00

Mitchell, Mrs. E 2 50

Mitchell, James T... 5 oo
Montell, Mr. and

Mrs. F. M 2 GO

Moore, Alfred 5 oo

Moore, Mrs. E. C
Moore, Henry D.. .
Moore, Robert T...
Morgan, Miss C. L.
Morgan, Mrs. J. P.,

Jr

Morgenthau, Mrs.

M. L

Morrill, Miss A. W..
Mosle, Mrs. A. H. . .
Motley, James M.. .
Mott, Miss Marian.
Murray, J. L, Jr.. . .
Nesmith, Miss M. . .
Nice, Mrs. M. M... .
Norfolk Bird Club..

O'Conner, T. H 15 go

Oliver, Dr. H. K 10 go

Olmsted, F. L., Jr.. . i oo

Osborn, Carl H 4 00

Osborne, Arthur A. . 5 00

Osterholt, E 500

Parsons, Miss K. L. 3 oo

Patton, Mrs. M. S.. 10 00

Peck, Dr. E. L i 00

Pegram, Mrs. E. S.. 5 oo

Carried forw'd. $2,893 12

I

OG

2GO

OG

.SO

00

5

GO

5

OG

I

GG

5

OG

5

GO

IG

OG

5

OG

I

00

5

OG

3

00

27

26

Contributors to the Egret Fund

S6S

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND, continued

Brought fonv'd $2,
Penfold, Edmund. . .

Peoples, W. T

Pepper, Mrs. W

Peters, Mrs. E. McC.

Petty, E. R

Phelps, F.von R.Mrs.
Phelps, Mrs. J. W...

Phinney, C. G

Porter, Miss E. B.. .
Porter, Miss Juliet. .
Pott, Miss Emma. . .
Proctor, William. . . .

Proctor, W. R

Puffer, L. W

Pusey, Mrs. H

Putnam, Mrs. A. S..
Putnam, George P..
Putnam, Dr. J. J....

Raht, Charles

Randolph, Coleman.

Raymond, C. H

Redfield, Miss J. W.
Reed, Mrs. W. H. . .
Reynolds, Miss M.D.

Rhoads, S. N

Richard, Miss E... .
Richardson, Mrs. M.

G

Richmond, MissE.H.
Ricketson, Walton..

Robbins, Royal

Robbins, Mr. and

Mrs. R. E

Robins, Miss N. P. H.

Robinson, W. A

Ross, Dr. L. H

Sabine, Dr. G. K... .
Sampson, Miss L. S.

Saul, Charles R

Saunders, Charles G.

Savage, A. L

SaviUe, Mrs. A. H...
Sawtelle, Mrs. E. M.
Sawyer, Mrs. C. R..
Schweppe, Mrs. H.

M

Scofield, Miss H

Scofield, Miss M.. . .
Sellers, Howard

893

12

ID

00

2

00

5

00

• 3

00

2

GO

10

00

10

00

3

00

I

GO

5

00

I

00

5

00

2$

00

I

GO

2

GO

3

GG

3

GO

3

00

5

00

i.S

GG

i.S

GG

I

GO

10

GO

2

GO

I

GG

15

OG

s

GO

I

GO

2

GG

20

GG

20

GG

2

GO

I

GG

2

GO

2

00

I

GO

s

GG

I

GO

5

00

2

00

2

GO

2

GO

I

00

20

GO

10

GO

10

00

Carried forw'd.$3,i6s 12

Brought forw'd $3,165 12

Severance, Mrs. P.C. 3 00

Shannon, W. P 7 oo

Shepard, Sidney C 10 oo

Sibley, Hiram 25 oo

Simpkins, MissM.W. lo oo

Sleght, Mrs. B. H.B. 5 oo

Small, Miss A. ;M.. . 2 00

Small, Miss Cora. . . 2 00

Smith, A. J 4 GO

Smith, Mrs. C. B.. . 6 oo

Smith, C. E i 0,0

Smith, M. E i 00

Smith, Mrs. Mary

P. W 2 GO

Snyder, Warren 5 go

Somers, L. H 3 oo

Spachman, Miss E.

S I GO

Spalter, Mrs. F. B... i oo

Sphinx 5 00

Spong, Mrs. J. J. R. ss 00

Sprague, Dr. F. P... 25 oo

Spring, Miss A. R.. . 5 go

Squires, Mrs. G. B.. 3 00

Stanton, Mrs. T. G.. 2 oo

Steiner, G. A lo 00

Stern, Benjamin. ... lo oo

Stevens, F. E 2 00

Stevenson, Mrs. R.

H lO OG

Stick, H. Louis 8 00

Stimson, W. B 2 00

Struthers, Miss M.S. 10 oo

Tapley, Miss A. P... 20 oo

Thaw, J. C iG GO

Thayer, Mrs. E. R..1G0 oo

Thomas, Miss E. H.. lo go

Thomson, W. H i oo

Thorndike, Mrs. A.

Amory i go

Thorne, W. V. S.. . . lo oo
Timmerman, Miss

Edith E I 50

Tod, J. Kennedy. . . 10 oo

Topliff, Miss A. E... 5 00

Tower, Miss E. M... 5 oo

Towne, Mrs. W. E.. i oo

Troescher, A. F lo oo

Troup, C. A. S 3 GO

Brought forw'd $3,567 72

Tucker, W. F 5 00

Tuckerman, F 2 oo

Ulmann, Mrs. C. J.. 5 00
Underwood, Airs.

C. J 2 GO

Vaillant, Miss M. J.. 3 oo
Van Dyke, Tertius.. 5 oo
Van Name, Willard. 15 go
Van Wagenen, Mrs.

G. A

\'ermilye, Mrs. W.G.
Von Arnin, Miss .\..
Von Zedlitz, Airs. A.
Wadsworth, C. S.. . .
Walker, Miss M. A..
Warner, Mrs. E. P..
Washburn, Miss A.

M

Watrous, Miss E.. . .

Webster, F. G

Weld, Rev. G. F...

Westover, M. F

Wheeler, Frank P.. .
Wheeler, Wilfrid... .
White, Mrs. A. L. . .

White, Horace

Whitney, Miss E. F.
Wilkins, Miss Laura
Willard, Miss Helen
Willcox, Prof. M. A.
Williams, Mrs. CD.

Williams, G. F

Williams, Mrs. S. M.
Wilson, Orme, Jr.. . .
Winslow, Miss M.

L. C

Witherbee, Miss E.

W 2

Woman's Study Club 3
Woodward, Dr. S.B. 5
Wright, Miss M. A.. 2
Zimmerman, Dr. M.

W 5 00

I

2 00

2 00

3 00

2 GO

10 OG

2 OG

3 GO

3 00

1 00
IG GO

2 OG

2 00
I GO

3 00
5 00

10 00

I GO

I 00

IG OG

10 GG

75 00
5 00

4 GO

5 00

6 00

GO
00

00

GG

Income to Octo-
ber 19, I9I4-- $3)799 62

Expenses as per

Annual Report 3,352 05

Carried forw'd. $3, 567 62

Bal. unexpended $447 57

X

i^-

The Educational Leaflets

OF THE

National Association of
Audubon Societies

^ The best means of learning the birds of your
neighborhood, and of teaching your children.
^ Each Leaflet describes the habits and utility of
one bird, and contains a detached colored plate and
an outline sketch of its subject.
^ The Colored Plates are faithful portraits of the
birds, yet treated artistically, as is shown by the ex-
amples in the border. No better pictures of their
kind exist.

fl The outlines are unshaded copies of the plates,
intended to be colored — the best method of fixing
facts in a young mind.

^ These leaflets, 75 in number, are sold singly at 2
cents each, or in a bound volume (Nos. 1 to 59) at
$1.75. A list will be sent on request to the

National Association of Audubon Societies

1974 Broadway, New York City

^ /

-n

/ /,

•^'

f

S '.

FOURTEENTH CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS

COPYRIGHT, tei4, BY FRANK M. CKAP

ISirli lore

January - February, 1914

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

Frontispiece in Color— Redpolls and Purple Finches

Louis Agassis Fucrtes. .
Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds. Second Paper. Tinamous,

Quails and Solitaires. Illustrated Louis Agassiz Fuerles. . i

Notes on How to Start a Colony of Purple Martins. Illustrated

Thos. L. McConnell. . s

Winter Feeding. Illustrated W. L. Skinner . . 8

City Nighthawks. Illustrated Clinton G. Abbott. . lo

Some Results of Bird-Lore's Christmas Census. Illustrated

E. E . Perkins . . 15
The Migration OF North American Sparrows. Twenty-sixth Paper. Illustrated

Wells W. Cooke. . ig
Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Twenty-fifth Paper

Frank M. Chapman . . 24

A Co-operative Study of Bird Migration Frank M. Chapman . . 25

Bird-Lore's Fourteenth Christmas Census 26

NOTES ON "WINTER BIRDS 51

Evening Grosbeaks in Michigan, Ralph Beebe; Evening Grosbeaks in Chicago,
Locke Mackenzie and Wilfred Lyon; Evening Grosbeak and Acadian Chicka-
dee AT Hartford, Conn.. George F. Griswold; Acadi.an Chickadee at Hart-
ford, Conn., Arthur G. Powers; Herring Gull on Western Island, Lake
Champlain, N. Y., Illustration. B. S. Bowdish.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 54

Report of Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey for the Year Ending June
30, 1913, by Henry W. Henshaw: Grinnell and Swarth's 'An Account of the
Birds and Mammals of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California;'
Gurney's 'The Gannet;' Sage and Bishop's 'The Birds of Connecticut;'
Ornithological Magazines; Book News.

EDITORIAL S8

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 59

Signs of the Times; For Teachers and Pupils; From Young Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 72. The Wood Thrush. With colored plate by Louis

.[gassiz Fucrtes T. Gilbert Pearson.. 6S

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 72

Egret Protection for 1914; To Amend the Plumage Law; The Silz Case;
England's Plumage Bill; New Members; Notes from the Field; Mr.
Bowdish.

*** Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the A merican Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LORE, HARRISBURG, PA.

IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL BIRD-LORE

SUBSCRIBERS

TDIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June,

August. October and December. Failure to receive the copy due you should

be reported not later than the 18th of the months above mentioned. We cannot

undertake to supp'y missing numbers after the month in which they were issued.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

MARCH— APRIL, 1914

COPYRIGHT, 1814, BV FRANK M CHAPMA

l&irli lore

March -April, 1914

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

I'"k()ntispiece in Color — House Finches Lotus Agassiz Fuerles . .

The Electric Current in Bird-Photography. Illustrated. .. .Guy A. Bailey . . 85

The Song of the Philadelphia Vireo Mr.i. Eliza F. Miller. . 03

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds. Third Paper. Orioles, Fly-
catchers, Finches, and Thrushes. Illustrated Louis Agassiz Fuerles. . 96

The Song Sparrow. Verse Laura F. Beall . . loi

Some Ways of the Oregon Towhee. Illustrated Mrs. Stephen E. Thayer.. 102

The Migration of North American Sparrows. Twenty-seventh Paper. Illus-
trated Wells W. Cooke . . 105

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Twenty-sixth Paper . . .

Frank M. Chapman . . 107

Bird-Lore's .\dvisory Council 108

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY no

Red Bird Days, Dr. and Mrs. T. P. Hagerty, Mrs. and Mr. J. 11. Sprague, and
Dr. and Mrs. G. H. Luedlke; Bird Notes from Kennett Square, Pa., C
Aubrey Thomas; Notes from Ohio, E. A. Doolittle; Notes on the Black-
crowned Night Heron and other Birds at Orient, L. I., Roy Latham;
Problem in Food Supply and Distribution, Harrison F. Lewis; Evening
Grosbeaks and Other Winter Birds at Hartford, Conn., Geo. T. Gris-
wold; Wild Fowl at Sandusky Bay in 1756, Milo H. Miller; An Unsus-
picious Family of Great Horned Owls (Ills.), H. E. Anthony; Pileated
Woodpecker in Northern New Jersey, Edward G. Kent; The Diary of
a New Purple Martin Colony for the Season of 1913, Thomas L. Mc-
Connell; The Chickadee of Chevy Chase, 5. W. Mcllott; Winter Notes
FROM Connecticut, Wilbur F. Smith; A City Kept Awake by the Honking
OF Migrating Geese, L. B. Nice; Snowy Owl at Chillicothe, Missouri, Des-
mond Fopham; The Voice of the Tinamou, William Brewster.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 120

Bryant's 'A Determination of the Economic Status of the Western Meadow-
lark (Sturnella neglecta) IN California;' Swarth's 'A Study of a Col-
lection OF Geese of the Branta canadensis Group from the San Joaquin
Valley, California;' Bulletin of the United States Department of
Agriculture No. 58; Five Important Wild Duck Foods, By W. L. McAtee;
Cuming's 'The Bodley Head Natural History;' Reichenow's 'Die Vogel
Handbuch der Systematischen Ornithologie; ' Comstock's 'Bird Note
Book;' Ornithological Magazines.

A Cooperative Study of Bird Migration 123

EDITORIAL 124

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 126

Bird and Arbor Day; For Teachers and Pupils; from Adult and Yoltng
Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 73. The Whip-poor-will. With colored Plate by

Brute Ilorsjall T. Gilbert Pearson . . 138

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 142

Mr. Dutciier Honored; Feeding the Birds; Two Interesting Cases; Mr.
C. E. Brewster and Captured "Big Gun" (lllus.); Scaffold for Exe-
cuting Live Ducks in Virginia (lllus.); .'\lbert Willcox, Benefactor;
Mr. .\lbert Willcox (lllus.); F'lorence A. Howe: An Appreciation; A
Thank-Offering to Gulls; Mr. Ingersoll; Enforcing the New Federal
Law; Sea Gull Monument, Salt Lake City (lllus.); Plates of the Pedes-
tal, Gull Monument (lllus.): New Members; Letters from Correspond-
ents; Long Island Ducks Losing Fear of Man in Quest of Food, Dur-
ing Blizzard of February, 1914 (lllus.); Brush Hill (Mass.) Bird Club
Exhibit (lllus.).
**;(: Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for revieiv and exchanges, should be sent

to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LORE, HARRISBURG, PA.

IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL BIRD-LORE SUBSCRIBERS

BIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June, August, October and
December. Failure to receive the copy due you should be reported not later than the i8th of the
months above mentioned. We cannot undertake to supply missing numbers after the month in virhich
they were issued.

Entered as second-clas

matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

VOL. XVI
No. 3

MAY— JUNE, 1914

Edited by
FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Published fob the Audttbon' Societibs

BT

2D. ::appleton & Company

HARRISBURG, PA.

NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT. t014, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

I&irli lore

May -June, 1914

i6i

170
171

i7,S
176

178
180

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES

Frontispiece in Color — Pine-Woods Sparrow, Botteri's Sparrow, Cassin's

Sparrow, Rufous-winged Sparrow, Rufous-crowned Sparrow

Louis Agassiz Fuertes. .
Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds. Fourth Paper. Ant-thrushes

and Their Allies, and Woodhewers. Illustrated

Louis Agassiz Fuerles . .

A Bird Sanctuary for The Sign of the Wren's Nest. Illustrated

Mrs. J. O. Pannele. .

The Baltimore Oriole. Verse Nellie J. IVharples . .

The Nighthawk in Connecticut. Illustrated

Lewis F. Hall and Wilbur I. Smith. .

The Migration of North American Sparrows. Twenty-Eighth Paper

Wells W. Cooke . .
Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Twenty-Seventh

Paper Frank M. Chapman . .

.\ Co-operative Study of Bird Migration

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY

An Owl Refugee on a Battleship, /. W. Lippincott; The Hummer and His
Shower-bath, Fred W. Kenesson; The Early Woodcock, /. W . Lippincott;
The Starling at Glens Falls, N. Y., Gertrude B. Ferguson; Starlings and
Cows, Cecil Diplock; The Grackle as a Nest-robber, /. Nelson Gowanlock;
Evening Grosbeaks Near Port Chester, '^.Y ..James C. Maples, Samuel N.
Comly, W. Bolton Cook, Richard L. Burdsall, Paul C. Spojford: Redpoll in the
District of Columbia, H'. Mellott, M.D.; .\ Summer Visitor, Mabel Foote
Witman; Some Wrens' Nests (lilus.), Winthrop Case; Harris's Sparrow
in Northwestern Illinois, J. J. Shafer; Curious Actions of a Robin,
Clarence B. Wood; A Successful Bird's Bath (lllus.), Henry P. Severson;
Bird-Houses and Lunch-Boxes, Marion and John Kyle; A Drinking-
Place for the Birds (lllus.), R. T. Robinson; Some Prospect Park
Notes, Kate P. and E. W. Victor; A Nest Census, E. I. Metcalf; Trial
of Von Berlepsch Nests in Nebraska, 5. R. Towne; Thirty-Second
Annual Congress of the American Ornithologists' L^nion,- .\ Course
IN Bird-Study, G. Clyde Fisher.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS

Cooke on the Distribution and Migration of Herons and their Allies;
Wright and Allen's Field-Note Book; Cassinia; Zimmer's Birds of
Thomas County; The Ornithological Magazines; Book News.

EDITORIAL

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

How to Reach Teachers and Pupils; Junior Audubon Work (lllus.) ; Sums

Taken from a Table of the Capacity of Nesting Birds; Sums Taken

from a Table of the Eating Capacity of .\dult Birds; From Adult and

Young Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 74. The Roseate Spoonbill. With Colored Plate

by Bruce Horsjall Frank M . Chapman . .

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Glorious Results from the Junior Campaign (lllus.); The Junior Competition
Award of Prizes to Successful Clubs; List of Prize-winners; Letters
from Junior Classes; Suggestions from the South; Hints Helpful to
Teachers; Experience in the Gulf States; jNIethods in Ohio and New
Jersey; Facts from Western Societies; Virginia's Public Bird Day;
The Federal Law Operates; .\ Girls' Club in \'ermont.

*** Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the American .Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City

Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LOKE, HAkRISBURG, PA.

201
202

214
218

IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL BIRD-LORE SUBSCRIBERS
IRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June, August, October and
December. Failure to receive the copy due you should be reported not later than the i8th of the
months above mentioned. We cannot undertake to supply missing numbers after the month in which
they were issued.

B

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added ; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
loo pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

S6i J'ages. Cloth, $3.50 net. Flexible Morocco, $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

J. Horace McFarland Company, Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa.

NEW REVISED EDITION OF

THE WARBLERS of
NORTH AMERICA

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History

■With the cooperation of other Ornithologists

ff^ith 2^ full-page, colored plales, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and

Bruce Horsfall, illustrating the male, female and young

plumages of every species, and eight full-page

plates of nests and eggs.

THE INTRODUCTION

treats of the General Characters, Plumages, Distribu-
tion, Migration, Songs, Nesting Habits, Food and
Mortality of Warblers.

THE BIOGRAPHIES

average about five pages for each species, and contain
sections on distinguishing characters, plumages, range,
migration, haunts and general habits, songs, nesting-
site, nest, eggs, nesting dates, together with references
to pertinent literature.

The contribution by many ornithologists through-
out the country of much before unpublished material,
and the inclusion of all the more important informa-
tion relating to North American Warblers which
has heretofore appeared, make this book a compre-
hensive monograph, useful alike for identification
and for the study of habits.

Large 8vo., 320 pages. Cloth, $3 net.

Postage, 20 cents additional

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers
NEW YORK CITY

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added ; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
lOO pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student,

jdi tages. Cloth, $^.$0 net. Tlexible Morocco. $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29^5 West 32d Street. New York

J. Horace McFarland Company, Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa.

NEW REVISED EDITION OF

THE WARBLERS of
NORTH AMERICA

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History

With the cooperation of other Ornithologists

ff^ith 2^ full-page^ colored plates^ by Louis Agdssiz Fuertes and

Bruce Horsfall, illustrating the male, female and young

plumages of every species, and eight full-page

plate of nests and eggs.

THE INTRODUCTION

treats of the General Characters, Plumages, Distribu-
tion, Migration, Songs, Nesting Habits, Food and
Mortality of Warblers.

THE BIOGRAPHIES

average about five pages for each species, and contain
sections on distinguishing characters, plumages, range,
migration, haunts and general habits, songs, nesting-
site, nest, eggs, nesting dates, together with references
to pertinent literature.

The contribution by many ornithologists through-
out the country of much before unpublished material,
and the inclusion of all the more important informa-
tion relating to North American Warblers which
has heretofore appeared, make this book a compre-
hensive monograph, useful alike for identification
and for the study of habits.

Large 8vo., 320 pages. Cloth, $3 net.

Postage, 20 cents additional

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers
NEW YORK CITY

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio. Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous'nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
lOO pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leadmg works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

561 fages. Cloth, $3.30 net. Tlexible Morocco. $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

J. Horace McFarland Company. Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa.

A New, Revised Edition of the

Color Key to
North American Birds

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

With 800 drawings by C. A. Reed

This work with its concise descriptions of
specific characters, range and notes, and col-
ored figure of each species, may be well de-
scribed as an illustrated dictionary of North
American birds.

The introductory chapter and Systematic
Table of North American Birds have been re-
set and brought up to date, and two appendices
have been added. The first contains descrip-
tions of species, which have been published
since the first edition of the Color Key appeared.
The second is a Faunal Bibliography contain-
ing references to all the more important faunal
papers on North American birds. The titles
are so arranged that one can readily tell what
are the principal publications relating to the
birds of any given region.

The book therefore makes an admirable
introduction to the study of birds and the
literature of ornithology, and at the same time
is an authoritative work of reference.

344 Pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. Postage 22 cents

D. APPLETON & CO.

29-35 West 32d Street NEW YORK

JULY— AUGUST, 1914

COPYRIGHT, tei4. BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

l&irli lore

July -August, 1914

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

Frontispiece in Color — Sharpe's Seedeater, Lark Bunting

Louis Agassiz Fuerles . .

At Home with a Hell-Diver. Illustrated Arthur A. Allen. . 243

The Morning Bird Chorus in Pasadena Garrett Newkirk. . 254

The Pewee's Note. Verse E. J . Sawyer . . 257

Destruction of the Rhea, Black-necked Swan, Herons and other Wild

Life in South America. Illustrated Leo E. Miller. . 250

Comparative Abundance of Birds Abbott H. Thayer. . 263

Why the Birds are Decreasing Rolla Warren Kimsey . . 265

The Migration of North American Sparrows. Twenty-ninth Paper

Wells W. Cooke.. 267
Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Twenty-eighth Paper. .

Frank M. Chapman... 268

A Co operative Study of Bird Migration 270

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 275

The .Annual Bird-List of the Massachusetts Audubon Society, Winthrop
Packard; Birds and Windows, I, W. L. Skinner; II, Delos E. Culver; Fall
River Notes, Ellen M. Shove; Prospect Park Notes, Edward Fleischer; Bird-
Notes from Sedalia, Mo., Chas. A. McNeil; Sussex County, N. J., Notes,
F. Blanche Hill; Notes on the Autumn Migration of the Parasitic Jae-
ger, Robert Cushman Murphy; Turkey Vulture in Northwestern Iowa,
Rev. Manley B. Towiisend; Young Turkey Vultures, Wm. F. Gingrich;
Florida Gallinule at Baltimore, Joseph N . Ulman; Red-breasted Gros-
beak Singing on the Nest, Harry C. Pifer; Our Neighbor, The Bald
Eagle, Winifred Holway Palmer; The Flocking of Purple Martins, /. A^.
Mitchell; Harris's Sparrow in Wisconsin, Mrs. Mark L. Simpson; Addi-
tional Observations of Harris's Sparrow in Illinois, /. /. Schafer; A
Rat in a Swallow's Nest, Norman DeW . Belts; Brewster's Warbler
Seen at Highland Park, Rochester, N. Y., Wm. Edson; R. Horsey.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 284

Allen's The Red-Winged Blackbird. A Study in the Ecology of a Cat-tail
Marsh; Grinnell's An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower
Colorado River, with Especial Reference to the Distributional Prob-
lems Presented; Swarth's A Distributional List of the Birds of
Arizona; The Ornithological Magazines; Book News.

EDITORIAL 2S8

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 289

Program-Making; Bird-Study at the University of Virginia Summer School;
An Effort to Illustrate the Advantages and Possibilities of Inducing
Desirable Birds to Remain Within the Boundaries of the State During
THE Winter Months; For Teachers and Pupils; From Adult and Young
Observers (Illus.).

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 75. The Sora Rail. With Colored Plate by Bruce

Horsjall Edward Howe Forbush . . 303

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 307

$20,000 for Bird-Study; Final Reports; Co-operative Work in Oregon (Illus.);
Enthusiasm on Long Island (Illus.); Honor to Abbott H.Thayer; Audu-
bon Warden Work (Illus.); Terns Killed by Dogs and Cannon (Illus.);
A Women Game-Warden (Illus.) ; Indiana's Good Example; Bobolinks May
BE Slaughtered; Legal Struggles in Maryland; Mutually Satisfactory;
New Members; Reports From Workers in the Field.

*** Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City

Notices of changes of addresses, renevA^als and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LORE, HARRISBURG, PA.

IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL BIRD-LORE SUBSCRIBERS
TDIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June, August, October and
^ December. Failure to receive the copy due you should be reported not later than the i8th of the
months above mentioned. We cannot undertake to supply missing numbers after the month in which
they were issued.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

VOL. XVI
No. 5

SEPTEMBER— OCTOBER, 1914

20c. a Copy
$1 a Year

Edited bx
FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Published fob the Audubon Societies

BY

20. iappleton & Companp

COPYRIGHT. 1914. BY FRANK M CHAPMAN

Mvo - lore

September -October, 1914

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES Page
Frontispiece in Color — Worthen's Sparrow, Texas Sparrow, Green-
tailed TowHEE Louis Agassiz Fuertes . .

Some Observations on Bird Protection in Germany. Illustrated

William P. Wharton. . 330
An Island Home of the American Merganser. Illustrated.. .Francis Harper. . 338
Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds. Fifth Paper. — Toucans

Cuckoos, Trogons, Motmots, and Their Allies. Illustrated

Louis Agassiz Fuertes. . 342

The Hermit Thrush. Verse Evelyn Smith. . 350

The Migration of North American Sparrows. Thirtieth Paper

Wells W. Cooke.. 351
Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Twenty-Ninth Paper

Frank M. Chapman. . 352

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 353

Brookline Bird Club, Charles B. Floyd; Martins and Other Birds at Greens
Farms, Connecticut, Charles H . Townsend; Food for the Birds, Mary Gibbs
Hinds; A Syracuse Feeding-Station, B. H. Coleman; Fall Migration at
Cobourg, Ontario, John P. Young; Nesting-habits of the Pied-billed
Grebe, Volney Rogers; Gulls Preparing a Meal, John Tooker; Herring
Gulls in Connecticut, Wilbur F. Smith; A Winter Pensioner, Margaret
S. Hitchcock; The Fare of a Sandhill Crane, Mrs. L. H . Toussainl; An
Abnormally Colored Scarlet Tanager, William Henry Trotter; The '
Chat in Minnesota, Victoria M. Dill; Photograph of a Hummingbird
ON THE Wing, Frank Overton; The Building of a Robin's Nest, Miss Harriet
W. Thompson; A Robin Accident, Eliza F. Miller; Notes from Seattle,
Washington, Katharine M. Manny; Lake Mohonk to be a Bird Preserve,
Henry Oldys; A Successful Campaign Against Crackles and Starlings
IN Hartford, Connecticut, Lewis W. Ripley; Sparrow and Cowbird,
Illustration, Arthur A. Allen.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 365

Eaton's 'Birds of New York;' Goldi on 'The Animal World of Switzer-
land;' Ornithological Magazines; Book News.

EDITORIAL 368

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 369

The Value of a Definite Purpose; Suggestive Lessons in Bird Study; For
Teachers and Pupils; From Young Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 75. The Pintail. With Colored Plate by Allan

Brooks Herbert K. Job . . 380

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 384

A Department of Applied Ornithology; The Cruise of the Avocet (IIIus.);
Hosts of Herring Gulls; Terns and Their Troubles; Elusive Petrels;
Other Birds; What About the Cat (lllus.); Senator George P. McLean
(Illus.); Making Portland a Bird City (lllus.); First Bird Field-day;
Mrs. Harriet Myers and the Convalescent Phainopepla (lllus.); The
Last Passenger Pigeon (lllus.); Birds and the Army-worm; Status
of the Treaty With Canada; New Members and Contributors;
General Notes.

*** Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LORE, HARRISBURG. PA.

IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL BIRD-LORE SUBSCRIBERS
OIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June, August, October and
■'-' December. Failure to receive the copy due you should be reported not later than the i8th of the
months above mentioned. We cannot undertake to supply missing numbers after the month in which
they were issued.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

VOL. XVI
No. 6

NOVEMBER— DECEMBER, 1914

^bc a Copy
$ 1 a Year

COPYRIGHT. 1914. BY FRANK M CMAPMAW

Mx^ - lore

November - December, 1914

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

Frontispiece in Color — White-winged Junco, Slate-colored Junco and

Oregon Junco Louis Agasxiz Fuertes. .

Bird Life in Southern Illinois. Illustrated by the author. /?o6fr/ Ridgway.. 40Q

Kingfisher with Small Sucker. Illustration Arthur A. Allen.. 420

Impressions of the Voices of Tropical Birds. Illustrated by the author. .. .

Louis Agassiz Fuertes. . 421

On the Trail of the Evening Grosbeak. Illustrated by the author

Arthur A. Allen. . 420

Bird-Lore's Fifteenth Christmas Bird Census 437

The Migration of North American Sparrows. Thirty-first Paper. Illustrated

by Louis Agassiz Fuertes W . W . Cooke. . 438

Notes on the Plumage of North American Sparrows. Thirtieth Paper. .. .

Frank M. Chapman. . 442

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 444

Notes from Rochester, N. Y., Wm. L. G. Edson; Wasps in Bird-Boxes, R. F.
O'Neal; Harris's Sparrow at Rantoul, Illinois, George E. Ekblaw; The
Starling in Maine, Wm. Fuller; Instincts of a Parrot, R. F. Ilauknbeck;
Little Blue Heron in New Jersey, R. F. Haulenbeck; The Whisper Song of
the Catbird, /. William Lloyd; Prothonotary Warbler in Massachusetts,
Isabclle Alexander Robry; Mud for Nest-B jilders, T. H. Whitney; Acadian
Chickadee at Groton, Mass., .S. Warren Sturgis; Occurrence of the Acadian
Chickadee in the Hudson Valley, Maunsell S. Crosby; Loss of the Vesper
Sparrow, at Orient, L. I., Roy Latham; Notes from Hartford, Conn.,
Geo. T. Grisu'old.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 451

Cooke's 'Distribution and Migration of North American Rails and Their
Allies;' Kalmbach's 'Birds in Relation to the Alfalfa Weevil;' Dela-
mare's 'The Reformation of Jimmy and Some Others;' The Ornithologi-
cal magazines.

EDITORIAL 454

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 455

A Christmas Message to Audubon Societies; For Teachers and Pupils;
From Young Observers (Illus.).

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 77. The Crow. With colored plate by Allan

Brooks T. Gilbert Pearson. . 466

AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 470

The Annual Meeting; Photographing Birds' Nests (Illus.); Training Wild
Bighorns (Illus.).

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIE-
TIES FOR 1914 481

*** Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Important Notice to All Bird -Lore Subscribers Whose
Subscriptions Expire with This Issue

BIRD-LORE regrets that it cannot send its next issue to subscribers whose sub-
scription expires with this number, until they have renewed their subscription.
The size of the edition of each issue is determined by the number of actual subscribers
at the time of publication, and if you would have your set complete we would advise
an early renewal. Should you decide not to renew will you not kindly notify us?

Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to
BIRD-LORE, HARRISBURG, PA.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added ; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
ICO pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

5S1 Tages. Cloth, $3.50 net, Tlexible Morocco, $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

J. Horace McFarland Company, Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa.

CAMPS AND CRUISES

OF AN

ORNITHOLOGIST

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

A CAPITAL GIFT FOR A
BIRD - LOVER

"One of the most instructive and most delightfully interesting
books of the kind that has ever been written." — Theodore Roosevelt.

CONTENTS
PART I — Travels About Home
The Ways of Jays. Bird-Nesting with Burroughs.

A Morning with .Meadowlarks. A Nighthawk Incident.

PART II — The Bird-Life of Two Atlantic Coast Islands
Gardiner's Island. Cobb's Island.

PART III— Florida Bird-Life
Pelican Island. The American Egret.

The Florida Great Blue Heron Cuthbert Rookery,

and the Water Turkey.

PART IV— Bahama Bird-Life
The Flamingo. The Booby and the Man-o'-War Birds.

The Egg Birds.

PART V — The Story of Three Western Bird Groups
The Prairie Hen. Cactus Desert Bird-Life.

A Golden Eagle's Nest.

PART VI — Bird Studies in California
The Mountains at Piru. The San Joaquin Valley at Los Banos.

The Coast at Monterey. Lower Klamath Lake.

The Farallones. The Sierras.

PART VII — Bird-Life in Western Canada
The Prairies. The Mountains.

The Plains. The White Pelican.

PART VIII
Impressions of English Bird-Life.

With 250 Remarkable Photographs

8vo., 448 pages, decorated cover, giit top, in a box. Price, $3.

D. APPLETON & CO.

29 West Thirty-Second Street NEW YORK CITY

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
lOO pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

SSi Tages. Cloth, $3.^0 net. Flexible Morocco. $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street. New York

J. Horace McFarland Company, Mi. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa.

A New, Revised Edition of the

Color Key to
North American Birds

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

With 800 drawings by C. A. Reed

This work with its concise descriptions of
specific characters, range and notes, and col-
ored figure of each species, may be well de-
scribed as an illustrated dictionary of North
American birds.

The introductory chapter and Systematic
Table of North American Birds have been re-
set and brought up to date, and two appendices
have been added. The first contains descrip-
tions of species, which have been published
since the first edition of the Color Key appeared.
The second is a Faunal Bibliography contain-
ing references to all the more important faunal
papers on North American birds. The titles
are so arranged that one can readily tell what
are the principal publications relating to the
birds of any given region.

The book therefore makes an admirable
introduction to the study of birds and the
literature of ornithology, and at the same time
is an authoritative work of reference.

344 Pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. Postage 22 cents

D. APPLETON & CO.

29-35 West 32d Street NEW YORK

New, Revised Edition of the

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added ; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
lOO pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

$61 l-ages. Cloth, $3.50 net. flexible Morocco, $4.00 net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

J. Horace McFarland Company, Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisbubg, Pa.

NEW REVISED EDITION OF

THE WARBLERS of
NORTH AMERICA

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History

With the cooperation of other Ornithologists

fi^ith 2^ full-page^ colored plales, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and

Bruce Horsfall, illustrating the male^ female and young

plumages of every species, and eight full-page

plates of nests and eggs.

THE INTRODUCTION

treats of the General Characters, Plumages, Distribu-
tion, Migration, Songs, Nesting Habits, Food and
Mortality of Warblers.

THE BIOGRAPHIES

average about five pages for each species, and contain
sections on distinguishing characters, plumages, range,
migration, haunts and general habits, songs, nesting-
site, nest, eggs, nesting dates, together with references
to pertinent literature.

The contribution by many ornithologists through-
out the country of much before unpublished material,
and the inclusion of all the more important informa-
tion relating to North American Warblers which
has heretofore appeared, make this book a compre-
hensive monograph, useful alike for identification
and for the study of habits.

Large 8vo., 320 pages. Cloth, $3 net.

Postage, 20 cents additional

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers
NEW YORK CITY

AMNH LIBRARY

100102101

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