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Bird- Lore

AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO
THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Official Oroan of the Audubon Societies
AUDUBON DEPARTMENT EDITED BY

MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

AND

WILLIAM DUTCHER

VOLUME VII — 1905 _

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

HARRISBURG, PA., AND NEW YORK CITY

~
,
vig
y
, =
‘
.

2. CopryRIGHT, 1905
By FRANK M. CHA

INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME VII
BY AUTHORS

Abraham, Henry W., Christmas Census,
30.

Antes, Frank T., Christmas Census, 25.

Archer, John, and Albert H. Wright,
Christmas Census, 26.

Arnold, Clarence M., Christmas Census,

24.

Bailey, Guy A., The Chimney Swift, 130.

Ball, Jennie C., Howthe Birds Come, 280.

Barker, Samuel H., Christmas Census, 28;
Starving Crows, 174.
Baxter, M., P. B. Coffin, Mrs. Coffin and
Miss Carpenter, Christmas Census, 30.
Baynes, Ernest H., Christmas Census, 23;
Our Avian Creditors, 223.

Beebe, C. William, The Motmots of our
Mexican Camp, 157.

Beebe, R. H., Photographs by, 21, 129,
164; A Goldfinch Study, 189.

Bennett, F. M., The English Sparrow as
an Evictor, 176.

Bickford, E. L., Christmas Census, 31.

Bildersee, Isaac, Christmas Census, 26.

Blake, Francis G., Christmas Census, 23,24.

Blake, Maurice C. See Wright, Horace W.

Blake, Winifred Ballard, Poem by, 132.

Blanchard, George G., Christmas Census,

ee

Bohlman. See Finley.

Bole, Marion, Christmas Census, 22; Pro-
tection for Bird Tenants, 178.

Brennan, Chas. F., Christmas Census, 30.

Brooks, Earle C., Christmas Census, 29.

Brownson, J. F., J. F. Fanning and Louis
E. Legge, Christmas Census, 22.

Bruen, Frank. See Ford, R. W.

Burns, Frank L., The Worm-eating War-
bler,. 13777

Byerly, Francis, Christmas Census, 24.

Calvert, E. Wellington, Christmas Census,
22).

Canfield, Albert B., A Boy’s Invention, 142.

Case, Bert F., Note on Winter Feeding, 242.

Caskey, R. C., Christmas Census, 27.

Caton, Wm. P., Christmas Census, 29; Balti-
more Oriole in Virginia in Winter, 282.
Chapman, F. M., Photographs by, 16, 262,
315; Reviews by; 36, 37, 145, 147, 179,
212, 246, 248, 283; Editorials by, 38, 148,
181, 214, 249, 287; The Warbler Book,
136; Note on the Migration of Warblers
from the Bahamas to Florida, 140; The
Feeding Habits ofthe Northern Phalarope,
273; An Opportunity for the Local Or-
nithologist, 286.

Codman, J. S., Christmas Census, 23.

Cofhn, P. B. See Baxter, M.

Cooke, W. W., The Migration of War-
blers, 32, 135, 169, 203, 237, 276.

Crosby, M. S. Photograph by 16, Christ-
mas Census, 26; Photograph by, 170.

Dawson, C. C., Poem by, r.

Dawson, W. Leon, Christmas Census, 31.

Dean, R. H., A Peculiar Snare, 2rr.

Dean, R. H., and V. K. Dodge, Christ-
mas Census, 29.

Dike, A. C., Photograph by, 232.

Dodge, V.K. See Dean, R. H.

Drew, Emma E. Christmas Census, 22.

Dutcher, William, Which Shall be the
National Association Bird? 35; Editorials
by, 39, 150, 182, 216, 250, 288; Report
of the National Association of Audubon
Societiesand History of the Audubon Move-
ment, 43; Educational Leaflets, 153, 185,
219, 253, 290; Guy M. Bradley, 218;
Gulls Destroy Insects and Mice, 280;
Annual Report of the National Association
of Audubon Societies for 1905, 295.

Dwight, J., Jr., Reviews by, 146, 179,
284.

. Ehinger, C. E., Christmas Census, 28.

Evans, William B., Christmas Census, 28.

Fanning, J. F. See Brownson, W. H.

Fair, William W., Christmas Census, 27.

Fairbanks, Mrs. Edward T., Christmas
Census, 22.

(iii)

iv Index

Finley and Bohlman, Photographs by, 294,
321, 323, 337) 338) 339) 340.

Fiske, Geo. W., Jr., The Olive-sided Fly-
catcher, 195.

Floyd, Charles B., Christmas Census, 24.

Forbush, Edward Howe, Nesting-Boxes, 5;
How to Attract the Winter Birds About
Our Homes, 233.

Ford, R. W., Newton Manross, E. E.
Smith and Frank Bruen, Christmas Cen-
sus, 25.

Fordyce, George L., Christmas Census, 29.

Goodrich, Juliet T., Christmas Census, 30.

Gorman, Vincent E., Christmas Census,
27.

Graham, J. M., The Story of a Tame Bob-
white, 271.

Gravis, Edward W., Christmas Census, 30.

Griffin, Delia I., and Isabel M. Paddock,
Christmas Census, 22.

Gross, Alfred O., Christmas Census, 30.

Hagar, Arthur F., Christmas Census, 28.

Hales, Henry, Swallow Notes from Northern
New Jersey, 282.

Harper, Francis, Christmas Census, 25.

Heffelfinger, C. E. See Metcalf, Zeno.

Hegner, R. W., Photograph by, 16.

Heil, Charles E., Christmas Census, 24.

Hepburn, Mrs. C. E. See
Lelia E.

Hill, J. Irving, Christmas Census, 24.

Hix, George E., Christmas Census, 26, 27.

Honsinger, Lelia E., and Mrs. C. E. Hep-
burn, Christmas Census, 22.

Hoxie, Emily N., Feeding Birds in Winter,
41.

Howland, Randolph H., Christmas Cen-
sus, 27.

Hunt, Chreswell J , Christmas Census, 28;
The Bird to the Bird-lover, 207.

Hutchins, John, A Recent Visit of the Even-
ing Grosbeak, 173.

Honsinger,

Jackson, Anne Wakely, Note oa Winter
Feeding, 243.

Jackson, W. M., Christmas Census, 29;
Note on Winter Feeding, 24.

Jacobs, J. Warren, On the Construction of
Houses for the Purple Martin, 11; Unique
Martin Boxes, 20.

Jencks, F. M., Christmas Census, 25.

Johnson, Susan M., Christmas Census, 31.

Johnson, W. S., A Shivering Chickadee,
178.

Keim, Thos. D., Christmas Census, 28 .

Keyser, Leander $., A New Wren Song,
2 HAR

King, Henrietta H. D., Nest-Box Note,

oO

King, Hervey W. See Wellman, Gordon B.

Knowles, Wilhelmina C., Christmas Cen-
sus, 25; Where the Blue Jays Find a
Breakfast, 178.

Larkin, Harry H., Christmas Census, 22.

Latham, Roy, Christmas Census, 26.

Legge Louis E. See Brownson, W. H.

Lemmon, Isabel McC., Note on Winter |
Feeding, 242.

Lewis, Elta M., Christmas Census, 22.

Luther, Ella F., Note on Winter Feeding,
240.

Manross, Newton. See Ford, R. W.
Mason, E. H., Jr., Christmas Census, 25.
McConnell, Harry B., Christmas Census,

29.

Mercer, Berton, Our ‘Pioneer .Tenants’,
174.

Metcalf, Clell. See Metcalf, Zeno.

Metcalf, Zeno, Clell Metcalf, and C. E.
Heffelfinger, Christmas Census, 30.

Miller, W. DeW., A Note on the Food of
the Bronzed Grackle 144.

Mosby, Ella, The Song of the Carolina
Wren, 211.

Paddock, Isabel M. See Griffin, Delia I.

Palmer, T. S., Reviews by, 146, 180, 246,
284.

Pearson, IT. Gilbert, Editorials by, 41, 141;
The Cormorants of Great Lake, 122; A
Bluebird and his Mates, 210; Notice of
National Association Meeting, 250.

Pennell, Elizabeth A. S., Pine Warblers
Eat Suet, 211.

Perkins, L. R., Christmas Census, 25.

Perkins, Edward H., and George L. Plimp-
ton, Christmas Census, 23.

Phillips, W. H., A Tree Swallow Home,
20.

Index Vv

Pierce, Nettie Sellinger, An Unknown Bird
Enemy, 178.

Plimpton, George L. See Perkins, Edward
Ee

Porter, E. H., and H. E., Christmas Cen-
sus, 26.

Porter, H. E. See Porter, E. H.

Praeger, William E., Chimney Swift Notes,
210.

Prentice, M. H., A Pasture Tragedy, 197.

Princehorn, A. L., Photographs by, 4, 172,
272.

Ridgway, Robert, Nest Box Note, 18.

Rogers, Charles H., Christmas Census, 28.

Rogers, Ruth, Note on Winter Feeding,
241.

Rowley, John, Sport in Italy, 143.

Schneider, William, Christmas Census, 30.

Schaller, Carleton, Christmas Census, 26.

Seeman, Ernest, Nest-Box Note, 18;
Christmas Census, 29.

Shattuck, Gertrude A., Note on Winter
Feeding, 240.

Smith, E. E. See Ford, R. W.

Smith, Harriet S., Note on Winter Feed-
ing, 240.

Smith, Wilbur F., Christmas Census, 25 ;
An Interesting Phoebe’s Nest, 144; Blue
Jays at Home, 268.

Soule, Caroline Gray, A Belated Robin,
143.

Stackpole, Rob E., and William H. Wieg-
mann, Christmas Census, 27.

Stillman, William M., An English Spar-
row as a House-Breaker and Other
Notes, 21.

Stone, Witmer, Reviews by, 37, 247; Some
Early American Ornithologists: Mark
Catesby, 126; William Bartram, 162;
Benjamin S. Barton, 193; Alexander
Wilson, 265.

Street, J. Fletcher, Nest-Box Notes, 19;
Christmas Census, 27.

Strong, Selah B., and Walter
Christmas Census, 26.

Stupp, Frederick J., Christmas Census,
25. i

Styer, K. R., Christmas Census, 28.

White,

Tabor, E. G., The American Bittern at
Home, 165.

Taylor, John W., Incidents Among Birds,
209.

Tresilan, John, Photograph by, 223.

Winter

Vredenburgh, Abbie, Note on

Feeding, 244.

Warren, E. R., The Growth of a Young
Bird, 263.

Wellman, Gordon B., Horace W. Wright,
Maurice C. Blake and Hervey W. King,
Christmas Census, 23.

Wellman, Gordon B., A Black and White
Creeper Family, 170.

Wetmore, Alick, Christmas Census, 31.

Wheeler, William Morton, The Structure
of Wings, 257.

Widmann, Otto, Nest-Box Note, 17; A
Vote for the National Association Bird,
139; ‘Opposed to Compulsory Instruction
on Birds,’ 211.

Wiegmann, William H
Rob E.

Wilson,
30.

Wright, Albert H. See Archer, John.

Wright, Horace W., Christmas Census,
23; and Maurice C. Blake, Christmas
Census, 24.

Wright, Mabel Osgood, A New Year Sug-
gestion, 16; Editorials by, 149, 215, 288;
The Winter Feeding of Birds, 228.

Wright, Walter. See Strong, Selah B.

See Stackpole,

Burtis H., Christmas. Census,

vi Index

INDEX TO

Abstract of the Proc. Linnzan Society, re-
viewed, 145.

Alabama, 74, 310.

American Ornithologists’ Union, twenty-
third Congress of, 282.

Arizona, 310.

Arkansas, 74.

Audubon Movement, History of the, 43.

Audubon, Note on Portrait of, 35.

Audubon Societies National Association,
Meeting of, report of, 288.

Auk, Great, 246.

Auk, The, reviewed, 146, 284.

Avocet, American, 337.

Bahamas, 140, 179.

Barton, Benjamin Smith, 193.

Bartram, William, 162.

Beebe’s ‘Iwo Bird-Lovers in Mexico,’
reviewed, 283.

IBMiel IONE, By Gy Wy U7, Us, Wy) 2, 2u,
141.

Bird Census, Brirp-Lore’s Christmas, 22,
279.

Bishop, L. B., mentioned, 37.

Bittern, American, 165. ?

Blackbird, Red-winged, 128.

Bluebird, 174, 176, 210.

Bobolink, 128.

Bob-white, 271, 283; figured, 206, 223.

Boraston’s ‘Birds by Land and €ea,’ re-
viewed, 37.

Bradley, Guy M., 218, 250.

Bryan, W. Alanson, papers by, mentioned,
285.

Bulletin of the Michigan Ornithological
Club, reviewed, 37.

Bunting, Snow, 280.

Bush-tit, California, 282.

California, 31, 75, 184, 273, 281, 311.
Canada, 63.

Cardinal, 21, 245.

Cassinia, reviewed, 145.

Catesby, Mark, 126.

Cat Question, The, 288.

Chickadee, 178, 233, 244.

CONTENTS

Colorado, 76, 263.

Condor, The, reviewed, 146, 284.

Connecticut, 257 Ts) L 73) Li Soue2e one Or
241, 242, 268, 280, 312.

Cooke’s ‘Distribution and Migration of
North American Warblers,’ reviewed, 36.

Cormorants, Brandt’s, figured, 104.

Cormorant, Florida, 121.

Council, BirpD-LoRF’s Advisory, 133.

Crow, American, 174, 327; figured, 242’

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed, 219.

Delaware, 77, 217, 312.

District of Columbia, 78, 211, 313.
Duck, American Eider, 322.
Duck, Black, 322.

Duck, Pintail, 337.

Eaton, E. H., mentioned, 37.

Finch, House, 263, 281.
Flamingo, figured, 201.
Flicker, 21; figured, 272.
Florida, 78, 140, 183, 314.
Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 195.

Georgia, 81, 317.

Goldfinch, American, 189, 290; figured in
color, facing 291.

Goldfinch, Arkansas, 281.

Grackle, Boat-tailed, 128.

Grackle, Bronzed, 144.

Grebe, Eared, 337.

Grebe, Western, 337; figured, 339, 340.

Grosbeak, Evening, 173.

Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 21.

Grouse, Ruffed, 326.

Guillemot, Black, 322, 324. :

Gull, California, 338; figured, 294.

Gull, Herring, 323, 325.

Gull, Laughing, 321, 327, 332, 335-

Hawaii, 82.

Hen, Heath, 329.

Heron, Black-crowned Night, 325, 326.
Heron, Great Blue, 322, 325.

Heron, Louisiana, 321.

Index vii

Hummingbird, 139.
Hummingbird, Anna’s, 282.

Illinois, 30, 82, 210, 243, 244, 317.
Indiana, 30, 83.

Iowa, 84, 319.

Italy, 143.

Jay, Blue, 128, 178, 209, 268.

Journal of the Maine Ornithological Society,
reviewed, 37.

Judd’s ‘The Bob-white and Other Quails
of the United States in their Economic
Relations,’ reviewed, 283.

Junco, 245.

Kansas, 30, 31.

Kearton’s ‘The Adventures of Cock Robin
and His Mate,’ reviewed, 37.

Kentucky, 29, 85, 211, 245.

Kingbirds, figured, 200.

Kingfisher, Belted, 197.

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 282.

Kittiwakes, figured, 65.

Lark, Horned, 280.

Lark, Prairie Horned, 280.
Longspur, Lapland, 280.
Louisiana, 86, 320.

Macoun’s ‘Catalogue of Canadian Birds,’
reviewed, 36.

Maine, 22, 90, 182, 211, 322.

Martin, Purple, 7, 11, 21.

Massachusetts, 23, 24, 88, 171, 217, 233,
240, 327.

Matthews ‘Field Book of Wild Birds and
their Music,’ reviewed, 145.

Meadowlark, 181.

Mexico, 67, 157.

Michigan, 94,176, 216, 329.

Minnesota, 95, 184, 209, 330.

Mississippi, 95.

Missouri, 31, 96, 330.

Mockingbird, 128, 129, 244.

Motmot, Mexican, 157.

Murres, California, figured, 44.

National Association, The, Its Needs and
Aims, 39.

National Association Bird, A Vote for the,
139.

Nebraska, 96, 331.

New Jersey, 27, 28, 98, 183, 242, 282
331.

New Hampshire, 23, 97, 223, 331.

New York, 25, 26, 99, 165, 178, 182, 189,
240, 331.

North Carolina, 29, 100, 209, 334.

North Dakota, 1o1, 335.

Nuthatch, White-breasted, 244.

’

Ohio, 29, 102, 143, 336.

Oklahoma, 102, 184.

Ontario, 22.

Oregon, 103, 336.

Oriole, Baltimore, 282; nest figured, 174.
Ornithologist, Work for the Local, 286.
Ostrich, 153.

Owl, Barn, 185.

Owl, Snowy, 21.

Oyster-catcher, figured, rrr.

Pacific Islands, 68.

Parakeet, Carolina, 128, 150.

Pelican, White, 341; figured, 337, 338.
Pennsylvania, 28, 108, 174, 183, 342.
Petrel, Stormy, 324.

Phalarope, Northern, 273.

Phoebe, 144.

Pigeon, Passenger, 128.

Plover, Ring-necked, figured, 66.

Redstart, 140.

Rhode Island, 24, 25, 108, 183, 342.

Ridgway’s ‘The Birds of North and Mid-
dle America,’ Part III, reviewed, 36.

Roberts, IT. S., mentioned, 37.

Robin, American, 143, 209; figured, 172:

Sage, John, mentioned, 37.
Sandpiper, Spotted, figured, 164.
Shrike, California, 282.
Skimmer, Black, 321, 335.
Snipe, Wilson’s, figured, 66.
South Carolina, 109, 343.

Sparrow, English, 21, 176, 209, 229;
Lark, 282; Tree. 245; White-crowned,
244, 281.

Starling, European, figured, 4.

Stilt, Black-necked, 337.

Swallow, Bank, 178; Barn, 282; Cliff,

28214 Maree 20. 2hHt,
Swift, Chimney, 130, 210.

Vill

Teal, Cinnamon, 337.

Tennessee, 271.

Tern, Black, 337; Cabot’s, 321; Caspian,
338; figured, 321; Common, 321, 322,
325, 327, 328, 332, 335, 343; Forster’s,
321, 337, 341; Least, 335, 343; Royal,
321, 335, 343; Sooty, figured, 262.

Texas, 111, 184, 343.

Thrush, Wood, 21.

Tit, Tufted, 21, 244.

Towhee, Brown, 281.

Utah, 280.

Vermont, 22, 113, 143, 178, 343.
Virginia, 28, 113, 282, 344.

Warbler Book, Notice of, 136.

Warbler, The, reviewed, 147.

Warblers, The Migration of, 140.

Warbler, Audubon’s, 282; Black and White,
170, 203, 211; figured, facing 189; Black-
poll, 204; figured, facing 189; Cape May,
140, 276; figured, facing 275; Connecti-
cut, 135; figured, facing 121; Kentucky,
135; figured, facing 121; Macgillivray’s,
169; figured, facing 157; Mangrove, 34;
figured, facing 1; Mourning, 169; figured,
facing 157; Nashville, 237; figured, facing
223; Orange-crowned, 238; figured, facing

Index

223; Palm, 276; figured, facing 275; Pine,
211; Prairie, 34; figured, facing 1; Ten-
nessee, 239; figured, facing 223; Worm-
eating, 137; Yellow, 32, 209; figured,
facing 1.

Washington, 31.

Waxwing, Bohemian, 247; Cedar, figured,
129,

_West Virginia, 29.

Willet, figured, rro.

Wilson, Alexander, 265.

Wilson, Bulletin, reviewed, 147.

‘Wings, Structure of, 257.

Winter Feeding, 240.

Wisconsin, 30, 115, 344.

Woodcock, American, 132.

Woodpecker, Downy, 244; figured, 234;
Hairy, 244; Ivory-billed, 128, 150; Red-
bellied, 244.

Woollens’ ‘Buzzard’s Roost: A Bird Study,’
mentioned, 37.

Wren, Carolina, 143, 211; House, 17, 177,
209; figured, 16.

Wyoming, 115.

Yellow-throat, Belding, 278; figured. facing
257.

Yellow-throat, Maryland, 277; figured, fac-
ing 257.

20c. a Copy

VOL. vil
Ber JANUARY — FEBRUARY, 1905 $1 a Year

EDITED BY y =

FRANK M. CHAPMAN /

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUDUBON SOCIEYIES
BY

The Macmillan Conipanp yy,

HARRISBURG, PA.

LONDON

COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

WHird= Lore

January-February, 1905

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES PAGE
FRONTISPIECE — YELLOW, MANGROVE AND PRAIRIE WARBLERS....... Bruce Horsfall .
ADVERTISEMENT. Verse...... apt uAl ehouncs . .C C. Dawson. I
A NEw YEAR SUGGESTION. Illustrated by the author ........ Mabel Osgood Wright . 2
A NATURAL NESTING Box. Illustrated 2 BOP AE IN content HA eae ad eet Aare A.L.Princehorn. 4
NESTING RoOxeEs. Illustrated bytheauthor.............. Edward Howe Forbush . 5
NEST=BOX ‘SUGGESTIONS # sin ns yan iat ree vtotach ade ey eget cla Re uaa oes ia en ae are F 10

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES FOR THE PURPLE MARTIN. Illustrated by the author
J. Warren Jacobs. 1

THREE WREN Homes. Photographs by 7. S. Crosby, R. W. Hegner and F. M. Chapman 16

NEST-BOX NOTES ..... SC PoMCIC anya OAs 2G oO) eo GG Orin ce DME ANou ts QrDs O8O 5 0 c 17

From St. Louis, Otto Widmann; Woop Ducx’s NEst (illustration); FRoM WASHINGTON,
Robert Ridway; AN UNWELCOME TENANT (illustration) ; From DurHaM, N. C., Ernest
Seeman; A WREN Housk (illustrated), J. Fletcher Street; A TREE SWALLOW HomMkg (illus-
trated), W. H. Phillips; FRoM THE CATSKILLS, H. H. FR. King ; UNIQUE MARTIN BOXEs,
7. Warren Jacobs; AN ENGLISH SPARROW AS A HOUSE-BREAKER, Wm. M. Stillman;
FLICKER (illustrated), R. H. Beebe.

BIRD-LORE’S FIFTH CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS ...................... 22

FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

BirRD-LORE’s ADVISORY CouNcIL. (Held over for April issue.)
THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Eighth Paper ...... ....... W. W. Cooke 34

KENTUCKY AND CONNECTICUT WARBLERS. Full-page in color ....... Bruce Horsfall .
(Publication unavoidably postponed until April.)

BOOK ‘NEWS: AND REVIEWS) isis ie) eS, nie ts) aa a eee eee ee ee Se BS

MAcoun’s BIRDS OF CANADA: COOKE’S MIGRATION OF WARBLERS; RIDGWAY’S ‘BIRDS OF
AMERICA’, Part III; KEARTON’S ‘ADVENTURES OF COCK ROBIN’; BORASTON’S BIRDS BY
LAND AND SEA; ORNITHOLOGICAL MAGAZINE: Book NEws.

EDITORIAL (ire e'. « Waltaestecus) saralive, vous osbale ay w alan ope tal com alteha ied oi (op calnee Watnt dr eS) Vel it ie aaa et 38
AUDUBON DEPARTMEN DT, oo) 2 <5 = col 's = tease soto} leet telnen, (odie vel ta site teat eee) oh fers ca eee 39

ot AP Sra, ey eae ie ea 41

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES
William Dutcher, Chairman. 43

Pi Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be

sent to the Editor, at Englewood, New Jersey.

To subscribers whose subscription
expired with the last (December,
1904) issue of BIRD-LORE, the
present number is sent with the
hope that the matter of renewal
has been overlooked.

On receipt of your renewal we
will send you the Seton Shrike
picture, which should be consid-
ered due notification of the entry
of your subscription.

CU

Reduced line cut of Ernest Thompson Seton's drawing of a Northern Shrike. Presented to every sub-
scriber to Volume VII, 1905, of BiRD-LorE. The original is nearly life-size.

Entered as second-class mai] matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg. Pa.

4. MANGROVE WARBLER, FEMALE.
5. PRAIRIE WARBLER, MALE.
6. PRAIRIE WARBLER, FEMALE.

1. YELLOW WARBLER, MALeé.
2. YELLOW WARBLER, FEMALE.
3. MANGROVE. WARBLER, MALE.

(ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE.)

PHird= Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Vol. VII

JANUARY — FEBRUARY, 1905

Advertisement

By C. C. DAWSON

I have houses newly builded,
Bright with paint and newly gilded.
They will be for rent in Spring—

Who will come a-tenanting?

They are in a choice location,
Beautiful for situation.

Sheltering branches round them play,
Turning breath of March to May.

Houses mine, just made for pleasure
Unalloyed, and without measure.
Who the homes I offer take,

Shall be blessed for Love’s sweet sake.

These alone are my conditions:
All my tenants are musicians,
And the songs they sweetly sing
Are the only pay they bring.

A New Year Suggestion

By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

\ ' JE are supposed to encircle each new year with a frame of good
resolutions all pointing progressively in the direction of new aims
and hopes.

The pessimist says: ‘There is no new year; tomorrow is as today
and all arbitrary divisions of time are purely commercial arrangements.”’
I do not agree with this person; the so-called last day of the old year and
the first of the new have a strong moral effect upon us. We clear our
desks of unanswered letters, pay our bills, and begin life anew.

If our interest in birds and their protection has waned in late autumn
and early winter, we feel a new impetus. The shortest day has passed,
spring is ahead of us. What shall we do to earn the joy of it when it comes?
There is legislation to be watched, there are laws to be enforced, people
to be persuaded, children to be taught; but in spite of these various
duties, two practical needs equal them all. As it is inevitable and desirable
that the land should be peopled and tilled, the birds’ leaseholds of their
hereditary haunts run out slowly but surely, and we must supply them
with food and shelter, even as we do the red men on the reservations
that have been allotted them.

It is not enough to say, “We will see that you are not destroyed,
we will tell the world of your good deeds, that it may pause and admire ”’—
we must, at least, place homes and a livelihood within their reach.

Our editor has wisely made this issue a Bird-house number, and
if any one expects to have bird-dwellings ready for occupancy in April,
they should be made and placed in the month of February, that they may
become a bit weathered and a part of their surroundings before the return
of the first migrants.

As to these houses themselves, they may be of many shapes and
patterns, but a few simple rules apply to them all.

In making a bird-house, try to study both box and location from the
point of view of the species of bird you hope may occupy it, not from your
own standpoint of a pretty bit of color in a picturesque location. You will
notice that bird-hotels, full of impossible and draughty rooms with openings
at both ends, are very seldom tenanted, save by squirrels and English Spar-
rows, and as we have no conspicuous or gaily colored nests, we should take
this hint of color protection in the making of bird-houses. For this work
there are no materials so suitable as weathered boards and sections of logs
and tree trunks with the natural bark securely fastened in place.

In the process of rebuilding a shed or two and replacing some old dead
hedges with new growth, I found that the haunts of my Robins had been

(2)

A New Year Suggestion 3

much disturbed and, instead of four score or so nests, each season the num-
ber was dwindling. Three years ago, therefore, I tried the experiment of
having some flat, shallow trays about six inches square, bracketed in suitable
locations so as to form attractive nesting-places for nest-building Robins,
who, as we all know, are fond of straddling a tree-crotch with their com-
pound of clay and grass or utilizing any flat beam or odd nook that will
give them a resting-place.

These boxes had a few holes in the bottom, so that they should not

+ We at 5 oh

TRAYS FOR ROBINS’ NESTS IN AN ARBOR
-hold water, and were placed so that a branch or other projection afforded
at least partial top shelter.

The first season the Robins examined but distrusted the contrivance;
the second, two were used, while last vear five were occupied by Robins
and the sixth was appropriated by a Phaebe, who has thus kindly given me
a hint for more trays to be placed in locations likely to suit this lovable
worker for garden good. Until two years ago, by dint of gun and vigilance
I kept that cheerful nuisance, the English Sparrow, at bay; but somehow
or other he has arrived, probably because I was alert only eight hours out
of the twenty-four while he was scheming for at least sixteen.

A NATURAL NESTING - BOX

European Starling, photographed by A. L. Princehorn at Glen Island, N. Y. These are the first American
photographs of these lately introduced and rapidly increasing species which we have seen

(4)

Nesting - Boxes

By EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH

Illustrated by the author

HERE is no better way to attract and protect several species of useful

ah birds than to put up nesting-boxes. Every family, rich or poor, that

lives in the country, can provide them. Old worn or waste materials

may be used if others cannot be procured: for the birds seem rather to prefer

weather-beaten lumber or rusty metal to that which is new, bright or
painted.

Among my early recollections there comes to mind an
old, unpainted, weather-beaten New England farm-house,
the home of a poor farmer with many children. It stood
in the shade of a giant elm by the roadside, and high up
the rugged trunk of the old tree another home, a_ box
made of ancient shingles weather-stained and moss- grown,
was occupied by a family of Bluebirds. I noted every
detail of their airy castle, and on returning home secured
four old shingles and a piece of board from amongst the
kindling wood, and with a hatchet and saw a rouglf box,
like the accompanying cut, was made and put up in one of
our cherry trees.

Soon a pair of Bluebirds came, and after that many
pairs nested in such boxes. The shingle box answers its
purpose fairly well if put up against the side of a building, or on a tall pole
or tree trunk, where the cat is not likely to climb. Any small box will do,
if it is nearly the right size and shape, but it will be better to have a piece
of thin board or shingle nailed flat on the top and projecting a little on
all sides to make the roof tight and shed the rain. If the board projects
well out over the entrance hole, it will keep the rain
from driving in. In Massachusetts, where my experi-
ments have been made, it is best to have the entrance
to the box face the west. “Those who cannot conve-
niently make or purchase boxes may use tomato cans, old
tinware, such as milk-cans, funnels, pails, coffee-pots
or tea-pots. The worn-out funnel nailed to a piece
of old board serves to show one way in which such
contrivances may be put up. ‘The board may be nailed
or screwed to a tree or the side of a barn.

I have seen a Barn Swallow’s nest built in a lard pail
which was used to stop a stove-pipe hole in the chim-
ney of a deserted house. If old tinware is used, it is best

THE SHINGLE BOX

A_ NEW USE FOR AN oe : i
OLD FUNNEL to have it in trees where, being shaded by the leaves, it

(5)

6

Bird- Lore

will not be heated by the sun’s rays. There should be a few small
holes in the bottom of each pot or can, so that, should the rain happen to
drive in, it may run out. There never should be an uncovered hole in the

HOLLOW LIMB BOX

and so should be placed in trees where they will be hidden
by the foliage; but the bark box is novel, useful, neat,
and also decorative in a rustic way.

The birch boxes must be made late in June, when the
bark will peel readily. A small tree can be cut down and

top. Ifa lard pail is used, it must have a cover to keep
out the rain and a hole must be cut in one side for an

‘entrance. Tree pruning is a chief cause of the scarcity

of certain birds in some localities. When hollow limbs
are cut off they may be cut up into sections and each
section roofed, bored and mounted in such a way as to
make two or more nesting-places out of one.

A handsome and durable box may be made of bark.
This style of box is one of Mr. William Brewster’s
ingenious inventions, and is yet untried; but I have
made a considerable number of them
and see no reason why they will not be
serviceable. Old tin utensils may be
useful to the farmer to put up in his
orchard, but they are not ornamental

cut into sections long enough for boxes. Each box is yp girca fal

made by peeling off both outer and inner bark, then saw- BARK BOx

ing a slice off each end of the stick for the bottom and
top, tacking the bark on the ends, nailing on the support -

ing stick, and then covering the top with the green bark from a young

OR CHICKADEES

pine, to make it water-tight.

These small boxes are suitable for the Chickadee.
The bark of the chestnut makes strong and durable
boxes, which may be covered or roofed with zinc, for
the larger birds.

The cat and the English Sparrow are the chief
enemies of the native birds about our villages and cities.
An objection to many bird-houses is that they are not
cat-proof. When my first shingle box had been up
three or four weeks the family cat was found, one day,
hanging on it and clawing out the young birds. Later
a box which seemed to be cat-proof was devised for
Bluebirds. It was very deep with an overhanging cover
or roof, no perch, and the entrance hole well up under
the eaves. This makes it difficult, if not impossible,

Nesting - Boxes 7

for the cat to hang on and reach the nest. The young birds find it
rather hard to get out of such a box at first. “They have to make many
attempts, and when they finally escape they are quite strong and less
likely to be caught by cats than they would be if reared in a box from
which they could get out before they were fully fledged.

The ordinary small bird-house that is put up for Martins or Tree
Swallows must be set on a tall, slim pole, to give the birds a degree of
immunity from the cat. These birds usually seem to prefer a house
elevated from fifteen to thirty feet from the ground on such a pole.
Ordinarily, the entrance holes are made too near the bottom or floor, and
the young birds, being nearly on a level with the
doorway, are sometimes pushed out or fall out
in their eagerness for food, and so become the
prey of the prowling cat.

In building Martin boxes this danger may be
partially guarded against by having a little plat-
form around each story, and a railing not less
than three or four inches in height around the
platform.

The shape and size of the bird-boxes must be
regulated by the size and habits of the birds for
which they are intended. It is better to have
them comfortably large than too small, for this
gives the birds more room and air. In my experience, when birds have
their choice, the long, deep boxes placed rather low are more likely to be
occupied by Bluebirds, Chickadees and Wrens, than are the square boxes
or bird-houses, especially if they are raised high in the air on poles.

While the exact size of the box is rather immaterial, the size of the

—————

|

rangsanesett

TREE SWALLOWS BOX

entrance hole is most important. This should be just large enough to
admit the desired tenant, and small enough to keep out all larger birds.
A diameter of one and seven-eighths of an inch will do for Wrens,
one and one-fourth inches for Chickadees, one and one-half inches for
Bluebirds or Swallows, two and one-half inches for Martins, and three and
one-half inches for Flickers and Screech Owls. By observing this simple rule
about the size of the doorway, it sometimes is possible to have several
species nesting amicably within a small area.

Martins, breeding as they do in large communities, are particularly sub-
ject to parasites and other adverse influences. Nearly all the Martins in
Massachusetts seem to have succumbed to the cold rain-storms of June, 1903.
They were then decimated throughout most of southern New England. It
seems probable that the only hope of their soon recovering their foothold
there lies in putting up more Martin boxes and thoroughly cleaning out
those now filled with dead Martins or with English Sparrows’ nests. Ina

8 Bird - Lore

few cases in southern Maine where this was done Martins bred during the
past season. Elsewhere in the same towns there were no Martins.

One of the most important questions asked by those who are putting up
bird-houses is, “ How shall we get rid of the English Sparrow?” The Spar-
rows are kept away from my bird-boxes by the use of a gun loaded with small
charges of powder and dust shot. They have so well learned their lesson
that there has been no necessity for shooting any for two years. Where
these birds are plenty, however, continuous shooting may be necessary. I
have never had any success in putting up boxes hung so as to swing by a
wire. The Sparrows do not nest in them, but neither do other birds; never-
theless, some of my correspondents have known both Bluebirds and Tree
Swallows to nest in these boxes. This is only one of the numerous instances
that teach one that his own experience alone is never an infallible guide.
Those who are much troubled by the Sparrow may
find the swinging boxes worth trying.

Little reliance can be placed on boxes without a
perch, for a Sparrow is likely to get into any hole that
any other bird of its size can enter. Mrs. Mary R.
Stanley suggests the use of Martin boxes without a
perch and with the entrance underneath. I have had
no experience with such houses.

Every small nesting-box should be provided with a
cover or door, by which it can be opened and the con-
BOX WITH SLIDING tents removed. This is always practicable, except perhaps

COVER with large Martin boxes, which should have entrance
holes large enough so that the rooms can be cleaned out through them. A
box which can be opened provides a way to get rid of the Sparrows. Their
eggs can be removed every week until they tire of laying and leave the
locality, or their nests can be destroyed with little trouble. There need be
no sentiment about destroying these unfortunate little pests. Squirrels and

mice often occupy these boxes, and their nests must be removed unless we
prefer them to the birds. All the boxes mentioned above provide for this,
except the shingle and bark boxes, which, however, can easily be made to
open. The box shown in the cut above is the most convenient of all,
where English Sparrows are plenty. The door extends half-way down the
front and is attached to a narrow cover which overlaps a part of the top of
the box. This arrangement needs no locking so long as it is not meddled
with by children, and can be taken out in an instant without disturbing the
nest, leaving an opening large enough to put in the hand and remove the
contents of the box at once.

For those who wish to study the habits of such birds as can be induced
to nest in boxes, the observation box shown in the cut is very nearly perfect.
More than thirty years ago I made the first one for the purpose of studying

Nesting - Boxes 9

the domestic economy of a pair of Bluebirds. It is a simple affair with one
side rabbeted for a pane of glass, and a door which shuts over the glass. ‘he
door is kept closed most of the time until the young are hatched. It can
then be kept open as much as seems desirable, to observe the habits of the
birds through the glass; but it must be arranged so that the sun will not
shine in it, as that might be fatal to the young birds. The box shown in
the cut is mounted on a short board projecting from my window-sill. The
door is hinged at the bottom by a piece of leather, and opens toward the
window. It has been occupied for three seasons by Chickadees, and any one

Se

SSS
SN SSS : .

LN

l A y

OBSERVATION BOX, CLOSED OBSERVATION BOX, OPEN

sitting at the open window can watch the young birds as they are fed, note
their growth and development, the character and amount of their food, the
nest-cleaning and all their household affairs. The old birds were first at-
tracted to the windows by feeding them there. Then they found the box
a good place for shelter, and finally nested in it. They are good neighbors,
attending to their own business and, as unpaid laborers in our fruit trees
and woodland, their work of clearing insects from the premises is of the
utmost value.

ae
Pudi’

iy My
s' ihe

TAGE COINS

A PAGE OF NEST-BOX SUGGESTIONS

From the Cornell Nature Study Bureau. Courtesy of Mrs. Anna Botsford Comstock

(10)

On the Construction of Houses for the Purple Martin

By J. WARREN JACOBS

Illustrated by the author

T is a task for me to give plans and describe the manner of constructing
houses for Purple Martins. This is not because I have lacked experience
in building these houses, but because in making a score or more of

Martin homes, I have followed no set plan or rule, except to have the
rooms a certain size, the entrances to the same of proper dimensions, and
the whole, when finished, to have the appearance of a miniature residence
or other building.

Before commencing on a bird-house, I had firmly fixed in my mind about
what I wanted to do, and could fairly well picture how the house would
look when completed. With my head for a guide, and a well-equipped kit
of wood-working tools, I went to work on a house, which, when com-
pleted, was a well-proportioned, miniature building, bearing close inspection
by architectural critics.

The first Martin house I ever built contained rooms 6 inches square
and 7 inches high, with entrances 214 inches square, 1 inch above the floor.
The birds were so well pleased with this box that I have followed this rule
in making all others. Of course, the model of some of the houses I have
made compelled me to vary in the dimensions of some of the rooms, but in
nearly all cases the capacity was about the same: —if the width of a room
was an inch less than the regular size, the depth was greater.

If you wish to build a Martin house and are fearful that you cannot
devise and carry out a plan for a neat, well proportioned, miniature resi-
dence, make a plain box of twelve rooms, paint it well and erect it 12 to 15
feet above the ground, on a stout pole or iron pipe, in a position twenty or
more feet from your buildings and where the tree branches do not reach.
To make such a box, take a board 13 inches wide and 20 inches long; this
is for the bottom or first floor, and should be at least 7 inch thick. For
sides and ends get a poplar board 16 inches wide and 34 inch thick. Cut
off two 13-inch sections for the ends, and two pieces 21% inches long for
.the sides. With a rule and pencil, divide these two side pieces off in three
equal sections each; then draw a line full length the board, through the
middle; make an opening 2% inches square, centrally in each of the six
sections, 2 inches from the bottom edge, for the first story, and 1% inches
above the middle line for the second story. This gives openings for six nest -
ing rooms in each of the two sides. Now nail the end pieces to the bottom
board, and then add the side pieces, and the house is ready to receive the
partitions, second floor and top ceiling—all of which can be made of pine
box-stuff ™% inch thick. This completes the inside up to the ‘ square.’
Now cut four triangular pieces for gables and roof supports, nailing two of

(rr)

12 Bird-Lore

them on top of the end pieces and two directly over the partitions. This
leaves a space in each gable end which can be utilized by the birds if a
round hole 2% inches in diameter is cut for an entrance. Nail on the roof

ey

Ist. & BINS Leer

Pian.

8 Rooms

ON EacH FLOoR.
O'zeE ofr Rooms,
6 iN. SQR. TIN, HIGH.

ENTRANCES QIN. sar.

JIN ABoVE FLOOR .REPRESENT~

ED ON DIAGRAM BY
Back DaAsH.

LINES RERRESENTING BOARDS ARE
LEFT OPEN TO SHOW WHERE
JOINTS ARE TOBE MADE.

=p \\
Roor PLAN
STRAIGHT DOTTED Lines snow

DOTTED OCTAGON sHows oe

FULL LENGTH BOARDS
WHERE CUPOLA IS To BE
PLACED.

aoe Cornice.

eee
(on 4, D= PARTS or CUPOLA.
C.- 2 Pieces.
D.- 8 Pieces.

F-Top ror CuPoLa
MavE. BY TINSMITH,

| besser: ---16IN.- => 5
GROUND PLAN AND DETAILS OF MARTIN HOUSE NO, 1

boards, leaving the eaves and ends to project about an inch, put a perch be-
neath each opening, or astrip 1% inches wide full length of the box beneath
each row of doors. Add ornaments on each end of roof, and a little piece
of wood representing a chimney in the middle. Paint the body of the box
white and the roof a slate color. Four short angle-irons, with holes for

On the Construction of Houses for the Purple Martin 13

screws or nails, and made of
old buggy tire at the black-
smith shop, will serve as the
safest means of fastening the
box to the top of the pole.
Wooden braces or supports
of any kind reaching from
the pole to the edge of the
box should be avoided, if
you wish to deprive your
neighbors’ cats of an occa-
sional feast on Martin flesh.
The tools necessary for con-
structing this box are ordi-
nary carpenters’ saw and
hammer, a brace and 3%4-
inch bit for starting the

openings to the rooms, and : nt a
MARTIN HOUSE NO. 1

a compass-saw for enlarging

and squaring the same. For constructing more elaborate bird-houses,
other wood-working tools will be needed and a work-bench with a strong
vise is desirable.

Two designs are selected from photographs of bird-houses I have built,
and the floor and roof plans
are given to aid those who
wish to build elaborate
houses. To go into detail
and describe these plans
would take up much valu-
able space, and be so tedious
to follow that many persons
would become confused and
discouraged at the begin-
ning; therefore, I give a brief
description here, and add
figures, measurements and
explanations to the plans as
a further help.

The principal points are
to get the rooms a suitable
size, and the openings rightly
placed and of the proper

MARTIN, HOUSE NO. 2 dimensions.

14 Bird-Lore

Fig. 1 is a four-gabled structure of twenty rooms: the height from
bottom board to cornice is 16 inches, and the width of each front is 14
inches ; the little gable pieces, in which the round openings are cut, are 8

i A.
it Ist. 40 2ND. FLOOR PLAN,
yp Ware B Ist.To 32D FLOOR Plans

Ist%2N0.FLooRS, [5 Room

EACH. — ad. FrooR 4RooMS
IN FRONT PART, £ ATTIC Rooms
IN MAIN PARY

SIZE oF Rooms VARY -

i Sq. ONES De FX Tine
ENTRANCES” TH igte SOR—
IN ENDS OF MA(N PART REP
RESENT DOUBLE WINDOWS,
DivipE® BY END OF PARTITION
WALL,

Vacanr
Room.

PLAN oF Roor.
STRAIGHT DOTTED LINES SHOW
FULL LENGTH BOARDS.
®.— CorRNIcE.
E..— Cyimney Posrrion.

F~ Roor of Round
SECTION.~ MADE
BY TINSMITH.

G-Gasre

-----/R1Nu-.. oaaasa

GROUND PLAN AND DETAILS OF MARTIN HOUSE NO. 2

inches high. The cupola is 6 inches high, exclusive of the two octagon
pieces, which are of 7-inch stuff and 6 inches in diameter ; on top of
this is the little dome-shaped roof made by a tinsmith. The size of all the
rooms on the first and second floors is 6 inches square and 7 inches high—
four rooms on each side of a hollow space 124 inches square. Little roof

On the Construction of Houses for the Purple Martin 15

ornaments for the birds to perch on are whittled out of white pine blocks,
and the corner strips and window-frames and caps are made of thin pine
strips. The window-sills are 4 to 34 inch thick, which gives the birds a
foothold in going in and out of their nesting-rooms.

The same materials used in No. 1 will answer in building No. 2, with
the addition of round wooden cylinders (I use “E Twist” tobacco crates,
which are very convenient and cost but a trifle ; they are about the size of
a half-bushel measure, and parts
of three are required in making
this house). The rooms in the
third story of this round part are
only 5 inches high. Porch col-
umns can be turned out of poplar
pieces at the planing-mill, or
square ones, made by hand, with
beveled corners, look well and
cost less.

The outside of all joints,
gutters and valleys in the roof
should have a strip of tin securely
nailed on to exclude water and
preserve the house.

The first floor of all bird-
houses weighing fifty pounds or
over should be double, one ex-
tending above (inside), and one
below the weather-boarding.
Use %-inch oak boards for the
first floor ; clean poplar, 34 inch
thick for the sides and roof, and
white pine, ™% inch thick, for
partitions and inside floors (shoe
boxes are the best for this).

I paint the body of all my
bird-houses white, and the corner strips, window-frames and other trim-

HOUSE NO. 2 IN POSITION

mings in light or dark green, red or slate; gable pieces in terra-cotta ;
roof dark slate, and chimney and roof ornaments white. Upper half of
windows are painted green, to represent shades. Bottom of box and the
pole are painted black.

The angle-irons, four in number, for fastening the box to the top end
of the pole, are made of old buggy or wagon tire, according to the weight
they have to support, and are screwed to the bottom of the box and to the
pole ; or, if an iron pipe is used, to a piece of wood which will slip down

16 Bird-Lore

into the end of the pipe. All expensive Martin houses should be erected
on a pole provided with a pair of barn-door hinges and a clasp for locking
securely in position, and for lowering the same and placing in the dry dur-
ing the winter. ‘This is done by casing 2 feet of the lower end of the
pipe in a box made of 2-inch joists, and hinging it to the top end of a
solid piece of oak or locust, 8 or 10 inches square and 3 feet long, placed in
the ground to a depth of 2™% feet.

Photographed by M.S. Crosby, at Rhinebeck, N. Y. Photographed by R. W. Hegner, at Decorah, Ia.

Photographed by F. M. Chapman, at Englewood, N. J.
THREE WREN HOMES

Pest: Bor Notes

From St. Louis, Mo.

Since Birp-Lore is to have a Bird-House
number, I think, as an old hand in the use
of bird-boxes, I should contribute a few
hints in regard to them.

1. A simple and effective way of keeping
the English Sparrow out of a Bluebird’s box
is to put it up not higher:than eight to ten
feet from the ground. Bluebirds like this
situation, prefer it even to a higher one,
but no English Sparrow cares for such a
box,—it is not nearly safe enough for him,
and though one may, exceptionally, try to
take possession of it, he is easily discouraged
when he sees that anybody can reach it
from a chair.

2. The Martins like their houses higher
up, at least sixteen to eighteen feet from the
ground. My advice is to put each box on
a separate 2x4 pine wood scantling, this
to be fastened near the ground by two
bolts to a 3 x 4 cedar post,—this cedar
post to be six feet long, half in the ground,
half out of it. Two wires reaching from
near the box down to some fixed objects
keep the box from swinging too much in
a strong wind. The great advantage of
this arrangement is that anybody can, by
simply taking out one of the two bolts,
easily lower the box to the ground in order
to remove the Sparrow’s nests which other-
wise could only be reached by the risky and
troublesome use of a long ladder. The
reason why one box is better than two or
more on the same pole, is because it is very
probable that after one pair of Martins has
begun building, Sparrows will take posses-
sion of the other boxes, and by our interfer-
ence we should seriously disturb the Martins,
already building or laying.

Martins’ boxes should be at least 8x8
inches inside and six inches high, with a
double roof, one parallel with the floor
to keep the box closed and dark, the other
slanting and projecting several inches over
the three - inch-wide porch in front of the

entrance. This second roof is important,
as without it the heat in the box becomes
so intense that the young ones suffer greatly
and are likely to leave the box, fall to the
ground and are lost, since no Martin feeds
its young on the ground. The entrance
should not be larger than 2 x 2 inches, flush
with the floor and porch. The roof should
be on hinges, to allow easy removal of the
contents of the box, if necessary.

3. I would also say to those who put up
bird -houses of any kind to keep a watchful

ARTIFICIAL HOLLOW LIMB FOR A WOOD-
DUCK’S NEST

Made by Ernest Thompson Seton, on his place at
Cos Cobs, Conn., of wire-netting covered with cement
modeled to resemble bark.

eye on the House Wren. He is as great
a nuisance as the English Sparrow. He
enters bird homes in the absence of the
owner, ruins their nests, pierces and: throws
out eggs and can do enough mischief in
one season to threaten the existence of a
whole colony of Martins. Nor are his

(17)

18 Bird -

attentions confined to bird-houses either;
open nests also suffer from his sneak-
ing visits, and much of the damage laid at
the English Sparrow’s door may be traced
to the innocent - looking Jenny Wren.—
O. WipMann,. St. Louts.

From Washington, D. C.

As to the matter of bird-boxes, there is
really very little I could say, and probably
nothing that would be new. ‘The boxes
on my place are all of the ordinary type,
the only special point (and that, of course,

AN UNWELCOME TENANT

Photographed with the aid of a mirror to reflect light,
by E. Van Altena
not original with me) being that the holes
are made too small for the English Sparrow,
My boxes are placed anywhere, almost.
One is on my veranda; one on top of
a fifteen-foot post to which a climbing rose
is trained; one is in a tree, and in other
trees are hung long-necked gourds with a
small hole in one side. ‘These nesting-
places are occupied solely by House Wrens,
for they will not allow any other bird to
use them. Each spring a pair of Carolina
Chickadees build their nest in one of them
and have begun incubation by the time the
House Wrens arrive, but that is as far as
the poor Chickadees ever get, for the Wrens
immediately oust them and destroy their

Lore

eggs. If it were not for the English
Sparrows I could easily have Bluebirds,
Tufted Titmice, Carolina Wrens and
Crested Flycatchers, for all these are numer-
ous in the vicinity of my place and
frequently come inside the grounds; but it
is simply of no use whatever to put up
-boxes with holes large enough to admit the
Sparrow, for he alone benefits thereby. I
tried putting up boxes wiihout perches, as
some one advised, but (as I really thought
would prove to be the case) it made no
difference whatever to the Sparrows, which
I have seen fly directly into a box without
stopping first to cling to the edge of the
entrance.— ROBERT RIDGWAY, Brookland,
D.C.

From Durham, N. C.

Birds have simple tastes in the selection
of nesting-sites. I have found by experi-
ence that the nesting-box on which most
time and trouble have been expended is
usually the one that goes without a tenant
(English Sparrows not counted as tenants).
After several unsuccessful attempts to in-
duce wild birds to nest in the orchard, I
abandoned the fancy-box idea and began
to pattern after nature’s bird-houses — and
with success. A hollow log, about a foot in
length and with three inches inside diameter,
was secured to the branch of one of the
orchard trees by dull-colored twine. Both
ends were plugged with old bark and a
chink in the side with gray moss. A round
hole, one and one-half inches in diameter,
had previously been bored in the side of the
log, near the top. A pair of Chickadees
were the first occupants, and a brood of
four was reared that spring. The next year
no suitable box was provided, but in the
spring of 1904 a pair of Chickadees again
built in a new log at the same place.

A hollow section of dogwood, over a
yard in length, and with an inside diameter
of five inches, was strapped to the trunk of
another orchard tree as the small log had
been placed for the Chickadees. The lower
end was simply plugged with a few old
chips and sticks, while a small board tacked
over the top served to keep out the rain and

Nest- Box Notes 19

sun. An irregular opening was cut in the
side of the log. It was, of course, larger
than the one in the small log, measuring
about 4x2™% inches. A pair of Tufted
Titmice were the first occupants. They
reared a brood of five.

This was an interesting family of birds.
By gradual advances I succeeded in taming
the parents so that they would fly in at the
entrance as I sat on a near-by branch of
the tree, —so near, in fact, that my knee was
less than a foot below the log entrance and
the parents were obliged to fly directly over
it. I often remained motionless at a yard’s
distance from the nest entrance and thus
secured considerable data on feeding habits.
A few days before the Titmouse family left
the log a pair of Crested Flycatchers began
to investigate about the log and remained
in its vicinity much of the day. It seemed
as if they had made an agreement with the
Titmice about the length of their occupancy
and had now come to see that they moved
out. Be that as it may, the Titmice left on
the afternoon of May 27, and on the
morning of June 1, the Flycatchers began
to move their furniture in the log. This
consisted of chicken feathers, green weeds
and snake-skins. An interesting brood was
reared that spring, and the next spring
(1904), a pair of Crested Flycatchers (pre-
sumably the same ones) again reared their
young in the log.

For Bluebirds I have tried another device.
I cut circular holes in the sides of two tin
coffee cans and mounted them on a pole,
only about two inches apart. That was a
mistake, for a rough-and-tumble fight
ensued when two pairs of Bluebirds tried
to build in such close proximity. One pair
was driven away by the other. This last
pair reared two broods. It is evident that
such birds as have built in my bird-houses
are of great value in the orchard. Nearly
all feeding was done in the orchard, and
the food consisted, as far as I know, of
insect diet. I observed the Titmice several
days, and during that time saw nothing but
insect food given the nestlings. I was
watching at very close range, too. Grass-
hoppers, lunar moths, green beetles, green
bugs, and dragonflies were part of the

Flycatcher’s diet.—ERNEST SEEMAN, Dur-
ham, N.C.

A Wren House Which Should not
Lack a Tenant

It is made of strips of bark and sur-
rounded by twining branches of old grape-
vine, and it contains two compartments,
each with one opening. By another sum-
mer the clematis vine, which has been
planted about it, will partially conceal it,
thus affording a most’ natural setting.—
J. FLETCHER STREET, Beverly, N. J.

20 Bird - Lore

A Tree Swallow Home

The notice in December Birp-Lore that
the next issue would be largely devoted to
bird-houses tempted me to send you the
enclosed photograph of a- Tree Swallow’s
mest on a rose trellis in front of my barn.
The handsome little pair moved in May 14,

A TREE SWALLOW HOME

1904, raised a brood, and left July 6. They
were very tame and decidedly attentive to
each other during their stay. The male
spent a large part of his spare time perched
on a telephone wire a short distance from
the nest, within sight and easy call of his
mate. They had a few tilts with a pair of

Bluebirds, who occupied another similar
tenement a short distance away, and who,
for a time, seemed not to desire the Swal-
lows for neighbors but finally decided to
bury the hatchet and let them remain.

We took great pleasure in watching them
soar gracefully about, catching food and
feeding their young. The little house
stands ready for them next season, and we
shall be on the lookout, hoping they will
return.— W. H. Puiuips, Brattleboro, Vt.

From the Catskills

As Birp-Lore invites us to send notes
about bird-houses, I venture to suggest that
one side of each house be made so that it
can slide out. We have found that very
important, as they need to be emptied and
cleaned in the autumn, after the birds have
left them—so that they will be ready for
spring use. Especially is this true when
Wrens occupy them, as their building ma-
terial is so profuse ; if the sticks, etc., are
left to accumulate, the young birds may be
suffocated.

Another suggestion would be, to place
the bird-house on a post in an open space ;
out of the way of cats, and also of chip-
munks—who have been known to raise their
families in bird-houses that were placed in
trees. The posts to be painted green, and
the part that is sunk in the ground to be
tarred, for preservation.

We had discs of tin placed around some
of our bird-houses that were not near our
home ; but perhaps the mountain red
squirrels are greater athletes than squirrels
generally, for they overcame all difficulties
and perseveringly lived there.— HENRIETTA
Haines DoremMus KING.

Unique Martin Boxes

I might mention a unique Bird-House
used by a store-keeper at a little town in the
southern part of Greene County, Pennsyl-
vania. He has two or three candy-buckets
made into Bird- Houses, and hung on a wire
stretched from his store to his warehouse.
He has quite a colony of Martins nesting in
these swaying ‘castles,’ and states that the
Sparrows do not disturb them.—J. WARREN
Jacoss, Waynesburg, Pa.

Nest- Box Notes 21

An English Sparrow as a House-breaker
and Other Notes

Some years ago, at my home in Plain-
field, New Jersey, I erected a small Wren
house, placing it on top of a small tele-
graph-pole in the garden. I made the
entrance hole to the box so small that an
English Sparrow could not enter, and here,
for several years, a pair of Wrens made
their home and raised their families. Last
winter, an English Sparrow determined to
take possession, and I found it repeatedly
clinging to the side wall of the house, and
pecking at the wood and enlarging the
hole.
for a number of weeks, until it was large

This it kept up most determinedly

enough for its entrance, when it at once
took possession and went to house-keeping.
I then took the house down and destroyed
it. I found the wood-work of soft pine
badly eaten around the entrance, showing
that the Sparrow can dig into wood as well
as into grains and seeds.

One of the sights of this city is a large
Purple Martin colony on the main business
street, consisting of three bird-houses, con-
taining probably ten pairs ineach. Here they
come every April and raise their families
without apparently being in the least dis-
turbed by the noisy trafic going on around
them. Here they have come for so many
years that the oldest inhabitant cannot re-
member to the contrary. They were cer-
tainly here in 1828, and, how long before,
we have no record.

Other noteworthy bird appearances here
were a Tufted Titmouse who spent the
winter of 1902-3 whose clear
whistle was frequently heard as he fed with
the Nuthatches and Downies, on the suet,
placed on a tree in front of the house; also,
a flock of Cardinals who spent the winter
in a near-by swamp, and the visit of a flock
of Starlings, that came in one of the heavy
snows of last winter. —Ihe Wood Thrush is
plentiful here in summer, with numerous
Rose-breasted Grosbeaks, and I have one
large Snowy Owl to my credit.— Wm. M.
STILLMAN, Plainfield, N. J.

with us,

A MEMBER OF A FAMILY THAT MAKE THEIR

OWN NEST BOXES. FLICKER
Photographed by R.H. Beebe at Arcade. N. Y.

Bird-Lore’s Fifth Christmas Bird Census

HE results of BirD-Lore’s fifth Christmas Bird Census are a tribute
ay to the enthusiasm of the true bird lover. In what other branch of

nature study would we find so large a number of students who,
under similar conditions, would consider it not only a pleasure but a privi-
lege to tramp miles through the snow under threatening skies, with the
mercury below freezing?

Reports have been received from the Atlantic to the Pacific, one observer,
indeed, venturing well out on the troubled waters of the Atlantic itself;
and they represent from a part of an hour to as many as ten and a half
hours’ observation.

Reaboro, Ontario.— December 23, 1904; time, 10.05 A.M. to 12.15 P. M.; I.40 P. M.
to 3.30 P.M. Sky dull, heavy thaw; snow in patches; wind southwest; temp., from 37~
to 38°. Ruffed Grouse, 10; Pine Siskin, 58; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 1; Chickadee, 9. Total, 5 species, 79 individuals —E. WELLINGTON CALVERT.

Queenston, Ontario.—December 23; time, 8 A.M. to 11 A.M.; 12 M. to 4 P.M.
Cloudy; ground partly covered with snow; wind southwest, high; temp. 40°. Herring
Gull, about 300; Bonaparte’s Gull, 1; Golden-eye Duck, 5; Blue Jay, 4; American
Crow, about 300; Goldfinch, 4; Junco, 4; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch,
4; Chickadee, about 70; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 11. Total, 11 species, 706 individ-
uals.—Harry H. Larkin.

Cape Elizabeth, Maine.—Time, 9.30 A.M. to 12.45 P.M. Clear; three inches of
snow ; wind northwest, light; temp., zero. Herring Gull, 38; Chickadee, 25; Ameri-
can Goldfinch, 20; Myrtle Warbler, 5; Snowflake, 5; Tree Sparrow, 2; Crow, 2 ;
Hermit Thrush, 1. Total, 8 species, 98 individuals. —W. H. Brownson, J. F. FANNING
and Louis E. LEGGE.

St. Albans, Vt.—Time, 12 M. to 2 Pp. M. Clear; about eight inches of snow; no
wind; temp., 8° below zero. Ruffed Grouse, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-
capped Chickadee, approximately, 30. ‘Total, 3 species, 35 individuals.— Leia E.
HONSINGER and Mrs. C. E. HEPBURN.

St. Johnsbury, Vt.— December 20; time, 10.30 A. M. to 2.30 P. M. Clear; no wind;
ground covered with snow ; temp., 28°. Chickadee, 14 ; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3 ; Tree
Sparrow, 2. Total, 3 species, 19 individuals.— Dera I, GrirFin and IsapeEL M. PADDOCK.

St. Johnsbury, Vt.— December 21; 8 A. M. to 10 A. M; after a light snow. Birds that
visited a lunch counter; Chickadee, 52; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 17; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 9. Total, 3 species, 78 individuals.—Mrs. EDWARD T. FAIRBANKS.

West Barnet, Vt.—December, 26; time, 8 to 10 A. M. Clear; ground mostly covered
with snow; wind northwest, light; temp., 5° at 8 a. M. From windows overlooking bird
table and orchard. Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Redpoll, 15; Gold-
finch, 6; Pine Siskin, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 9. ‘Total, 7 species,
36 individuals. I have recently seen large flocks of Goldfinches and Pine Siskins; also a
few American Crossbills.—MARION BOLE.

Bethel, Vt.—Time, 2 P. M to 3.20 P. M. Sky overcast; ground mostly snow-covered,
as for six weeks past; wind northeast, light; temp., 20° to 14°. Ruffed Grouse, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 8; Redpoll, 5; Goldfinch,
23; Tree Sparrow, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadees, 7. Total, 9 species,
52 individuals. —EtTa M. Lewis. =

Burlington, Vt.— Time, 2 P.M. to 3.15 P. M. Cloudy; ground covered with snow,

(22)

Fifth Christmas Bird Census am

south wind, light; temp., 10°. Downy Woodpecker, 3; Crow, 3; Cooper’s Hawk, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 17. Total, 6
species, 30 individuals.— EMMA E. Drew.

Tilton, N. H.—December 26; time, 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. Cloudy; a little snow on
ground; wind northeast to north, light; temp., 26°. American Merganser, about 21;
Black Duck, 1; American Golden-eye, about 14; Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 1; Downy
Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chicka-
dee, 18. Total, 9 species, 62 individuals.—Epwarp H. Perkins and GeorGE L. PLIMPTON.

Wilton, N. H.—Time, 8.30 to 10.30 A. M., 1.45 to 3.30 P. M. Clear in forenoon,
cloudy in afternoon; ground lightly covered with snow in patches; wind west, light;
temp., 4° to 25°. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5;
Blue Jay, 7; American Crow, 18; Redpoll, 5; American Goldfinch, 60; White- breasted
Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 16; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 10 species, 116 indi-
viduals. —GEORGE G. BLANCHARD.

Hanover, N. H.—December 21; 8.15 A.M. to 10 A.M. Clear, about five inches of
snow covering the ground; wind northwest, fresh; temp., 18°. Canadian Ruffed
Grouse, 1; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; American Crossbill, 2; Gold-
finch, 1; Pine Siskin, 15; Brown Creeper, 3; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 2r.
Total, 9 species, 46 individuals.—Francis G. BLAKE, Brookline, Mass.

Meriden, N. H.— Time, 10 A. M.to1 P.M. Distance covered, nine miles, over rolling
and hilly country half open, half mixed-growth woodland; temp., 4° below zero; no
wind, hazy sunlight, ground about two-thirds covered with snow. Ruffed Grouse, 2;
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Pileated Wood-
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, 8; Redpoll, about roo ; Goldfinch, 40; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 25. Total, ro species, 181 individuals.—ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES.

Boston, Mass.—(From Harvard Bridge, through the Back Bay Fens and Riverway,
Olmsted and Jamaica Parks and the Arnold Arboretum; six miles of the city park system.)
December 23; 8.15 A.M. to 4.15 P.M. Cloudy, with occasional light rain and sunshine;
eight inches of snow on the ground; wind southwest, light; temp., 38° to 48°. Great
Black-backed Gull, 7; Herring Gull, 55; Black Duck, 3; Red-legged Black Duck,
115; American Golden-eye, 21; Bob-white, 16; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Flicker, 36; Blue Jay, 17; American Crow, 32; Purple Finch, 21; Goldfinch,
3; Snowflake, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 34; Junco, 20; Song
Sparrow, 19; Fox Sparrow, 3; Cedar Waxwing, 87; Mockingbird, 2; Brown Creeper,
6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 27 ; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 12; Robin, 3.
Total, 26 species, 549 individuals.—Horace W. Wricut, Francis G. and Mavrice C.
BLAKE.

Boston, Mass. (Franklin Park, Arnold Arboretum and Fenway) December 26;
time, 11 A.M. to 3 P.M. Ground well covered with snow; sky overcast; temp., about 23°.
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker,2; Crows 15; Junco, 4; Chickadee, 4 ; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 2. Total, 6 species, 28 individuals. I have also to report the appearance of a
Catbird in the Boston Public Garden December 21 and 23, 1904. This bird seemed to
be in good condition.-_J. S$. CoDMAN.

Medford (through Middlesex Fells, to Pine Banks Park, Malden, Mass.).— Time,
8.40 A.M. to 3.30 P.M. Clear, followed by snow-flurries; ground covered with snow;
wind west, brisk; temp., 25°. Ruffed Grouse, 3; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 1;
Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 1 male; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 19; American
Crossbill, rr ; American Goldfinch, 41; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 4;
Junco, 48; Song Sparrow, 1; Fox Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 9; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 105; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2.
Total, 17 species, 255 individuals —Gorpon Borr WELLMAN, Horace W. WRIGHT,
Mavrice C. Biake, and Hervey W. KING.

24 Bird - Lore

Brookline, Mass.—Snowing, ground snow-covered; temp., 10°. Black Duck, 9;
Mallard, 5; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Flicker, 14; Crow, 8; Blue Jay, 9; Tree Spar-
row, 5; Junco, 4; White-throated Sparrow, 6 ; Catbird, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 9; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. otal, 13 species, 76 individuals. I got to
within ten feet of the Catbird, which seemed very tame and hungry.—Cuar es B. FLoyD.

Cambridge (Fresh Pond Marshes), Arlington Heights, Belmont and Waverly, Mass.
— December 30; time, 9.15 A.M.to 5.10 P. M. Cloudy a.M., clear P.M.; ground mostly
snow and ice-covered; wind southwest, light; temp., 30°. Great Blue Heron, 1 (in
flight southward); Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Marsh Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy
Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 1; American Crow, 21 ;
Red-winged Blackbird, 3; Meadow-lark, 1; Purple Finch, 1; American Goldfinch, 79 ;
White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 52 ; Song Sparrow, 13; Swamp Sparrow, 5 ;
Chickadee, 37; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 44; Robin, 4. Total, 20 species, 273 individ-
uals.—Horace W. WriGuHT and Maurice C. BLAKE.

Near Boston, Mass., Lynn Beach and Nahant.——December 26; time, 11 A.M. to
4.15 P. M. Cloudy; light snow on ground, light snow-flurries; strong east wind; temp.,
20°. Horned Grebe, 1 ; Brunnich’s Murre, 2; Herring Gull, 8; American Scaup Duck,
17; American Golden-eye, 13; Old Squaw, 11; Surf Scoter, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Horned Lark, 3; American Crow, 4; Goldfinch, 1; Snowflake, 1; Song Sparrow, 1;
Brown Creeper, 2; Chickadee, 2. Total, 15 species, 72 individuals.—FRANCIS BYERLY.

West Roxbury, Mass.—December 22; time, 9 A.M. to 2 P.M. Partly cloudy;
ground snow-covered ; wind west to southwest, brisk ; temp., 19°. Downy Woodpecker,
2; Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 20; Tree Sparrow, 3; Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 1 ;
Fox Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 12°
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 12 species, 57 individuals. —CHARLES E. HEIL.

Nahant, Mass.—December 24; time, 9.20 A.M. to 2.10P.M. Cloudy, remaining
snowdrifts, some bare ground; wind northeast, brisk; temp., 30° to 24°. Holboell’s
Grebe, 2; Loon, 1; Brunnich’s Murre, or Razor-billed Auk, 4; Great Black-backed
Gull, 6; Herring Gull, 165; Red-breasted Merganser, 7; American Golden-eye, 36;
Old Squaw, 25; White-winged Scoter, 13; Horned Lark, 35; American Crow, 105;
Snowflake, 2; Song Sparrow, 2; Chickadee, 1. Revere Beach.—Time, 3 15 P.M to ~
4.15 P.M. Great Black-backed Gull, 49; Herring Gull, 750; American Crow, 12.
Total, 14 species, 1,215 individuals. Maurice C. Brake and Horace W. WricuT.

Atlantic, Squantum and Moon Island, Mass.—December 28; time, 9 A.M. to 4.15
P.M. Cloudy; wind northeast, very light; very dense fog, lifting from 12 M. to 12.30
P.M.; wind shifting to southwest and increasing to very strong; at 2 P.M. sky nearly
clear, ground mostly snow-covered; temp., 36° to 38°. Loon, 1; Great Black-backed
Gull, 12; Herring Gull, 350; Red-breasted Merganser, 5; Red-legged Black Duck, 51 ;
American Scaup Duck, 562; American Golden-eye, 136; Bufflehead, 14; Old Squaw,
2; American Scoter, 5 ; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 7;
Horned Lark, 14; American Crow, 197; Meadow-lark, 1; Snowflake, 100; Song Spar-
row, 4; Cedar Waxwing, 26; Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. ‘otal, 21
species, 1,498 individuals.—FRANcIsS G. and Maurice C. Bake.

Woonsocket, R. I.—December 24; time, 8 to 10.30 A. M. Cloudy; snow 8 inches
deep; wind north, strong ; growing cold after a two days’ thaw; temp., 42° down to 28°.
Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 2; Song Sparrow, 1; Chickadee, 3. ‘Total, 4 species, 9 individuals.
—CLARENCE M. ARNOLD.

Glocester, R. I.—Time, at intervals all day; partly to wholly cloudy, snow-squalls in
forenoon; ground covered with snow; wind northeast, light ; temp., morning 5°. Ruffed
Grouse, 2, their tracks plentiful; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 2; Junco, 1; Chickadee, 2. Total,
5 species, 11 individuals. December 21, Northern Shrike 1; December 22, flock of
12 to 15 Goldfinches, and 6 Tree Sparrows.—J. IrviNc HILL.

Fifth Christmas Bird Census EAS

Providence, R. I.—December 28; time, 9 A. M. to 12 M. Cloudy; ground covered
with snow; wind northwest, strong; temp., 22°. Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 7;
Blue Jay, 9; American Crow, 1; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 19; Field Sparrow, 7;
Junco, 7; Song Sparrow, 11; Brown Creeper, 6; Chickadee, 20; W hite-breasted
Nuthatch, 1. Total, 12 species, 90 individuals. Also December 17, Robin 1, White-
throated Sparrow, 1.—E. H. Mason, Jr.

Drownville, R. I.—Time, 9 A. M. to 12 M. Occasional snow-flurries; ground covered
with ten inches of snow ; wind northeast, light; temp., 34°. Herring Gull, 1; Red-
shouldered Hawk, 1; Crow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 15; Slate-colored Junco, 10; Song
Sparrow, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 1. otal, 7 species, 30 individuals.—F. M. JENCKs.

Bristol, Conn.—Time, 7 to 10 A. M. Cloudy; ten inches crusty snow, wind north-
east, fresh; temp., 6°. Ruffed Grouse, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 6; American.
Crow, 11; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 39; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee,
15; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 6. Total, 9 species, 87 individuals.—R. W. Foro,
NewTon Manross, E. E. SMITH and FRANK BRUEN.

Bristol, Conn.—December 26 ; time, 7.15 A. M. to 2.30 P. M. Ground snow-covered ;
wind northeast, light; temp., 16°. Bob-white, 16; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 28; American Crow, 52; Goldfinch, 6;
White-throated Sparrow, 1; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 69; Winter
Wren, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 11; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2.
Total, 15 species, 211 individuals.—E. E. SmirH and FRANK BRUuEN.

Washington, Conn.—Time, 3 P.M. to 4.30 P.M. Cloudy; ground covered with
snow; wind northeast, light; temp., 20°. Downy Woodpecker, 2; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 4. December 24.—Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Jay, 2; and flock of
Tree Sparrows were in the neighborhood. December 27, heard Goldfinch and Flicker.—
WILHELMINA C. KNOWLES.

South Norwalk, Conn.—Ther. 13° at 9 A. M.; raw north wind; 10 inches of snow in
evening ; snowing parts of all day. Herring Gull, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Snowy Owl, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 9; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 10; European Starling, 5; Purple Finch,
1; Goldfinch, 6; Snowflake, 6; Tree Sparrow, 40; Junco, 6; Song Sparrow, 6; Fox
Sparrow, 1; Carolina Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 ; Chick-
adee, 25; Robin, 1. Total, 20 species, 106 individuals. Five members of Norwalk Bird
Club, each covering a different territory.— WILBUR F. SmiTH, Pres.

Trudeau, N. Y. (In the Adirondacks).—December 26; time, 5 P.M. to 5.30 P.M.
Cloudy; snow on the ground; no wind; temp., 20°. Chickadee, 3; American Gold-
finch, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1. Total, 3 species, 8 individuals.—L. R. PEerRKINs.

Canandaigua, N. Y.—December 24; time, 8 A.M. to 12.30 P.M.; 1.15 P.M. to 3
p.M. Cloudy; wind northeast, with driving snow; temp., 14°. Herring Gull, 2;
American Scaup Duck, 3; Screech Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, 1; American Crow, about 350; Red-winged Blackbird, 1; Meadow-lark, 1; Tree
Sparrow, 38; Song Sparrow, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Chickadee, 16; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 1; Mongolian Pheasant, 2. Total, 14 species, 430 individuals.—
Frank T. ANTES.

Auburn, N. Y.—Time, 8.30 A.M. to4 P.M. Cloudy; ground covered with snow,
except in exposed portions; wind southeast, very strong, with snow after 12 noon ; temp.,
18°. Herring Gull, 25; American Merganser, 3; Red-breasted Merganser, 6 ; Hooded
Merganser, 6; American Golden-eye, 13; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1 ; Crow, 27; Goldfinch, 3; Brown Creeper,
1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1. Total, 13 species, 90 individuals. —FREDERICK J. STUPP.

Ithaca, N. Y.—December 24; time, 7.05 A. M. to 8.10 A. M.; 8.30 A.M. to 4.40 P.M.
Cloudy; light snow for a time; ground snow-covered; wind north, brisk; temp., 16°.
Herring Gull, 4; Bald Eagle, 1; "Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Crow,

26 Bird- Lore

250; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 5; Song Sparrow, 2; Brown Creeper, 3;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Chickadee, 25; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1 (heard) ;
Robin, 2. Total, 14 species, 423 individuals.—FRANCIS HARPER.

Hilton, N. Y.—December 23; time, 9.30 A. M. to 2.30 P. M. Wind southwest,
strong; ground thinly snow-covered. Marsh Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 14; Hairy
Woodpecker, 6 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Crow, 12; Redpoll, 3; Goldfinch, 8;
Purple Finch, 1; Song Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 15; Chickadee, 30; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 20; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown Creeper, 6. Total, 14 species, 129
individuals.— JoHN ARCHER and ALBERT H. WRIGHT.

New York City, Central Park.—(1roth Street Woods and Upper Reservoir). Time,
3 to 4 P. M. Snowing; wind north; temp., 28°. Herring Gull, nearly a thousand;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 8; Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, 1;
‘Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper, 4; Chickadee, 6. Total, 9 species, 27
individuals (excluding Gulls).—MaunsELtit S, Crospy.

New York City, Central Park.— December 26; time, 8.30 A. M. to 10.40 A. M. Brisk,
northeast wind; temp., 24°. Herring Gull, 23; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Crow, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 15; Cardinal, 4; Junco, 1; Chickadee, 6;
‘Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1; Robin, 1. Total, ro species, 54 individuals. —CARLETON
SCHALLER.

New York City, Central Park.—Time, 9 to 10.25 A.M. Cloudy; four inches of snow;
wind strong; temp., 21°. Herring Gull, 70; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Starling, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 13; Junco, 1; Song Sparrow, 1 ;
Cardinal, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 1; Robin,1. Total, 10 species, 93 individuals.
—-E. H. and H. E. Porrer.

New York City, Central Park—December 26; time, 8.30 to 9.40 A. M. Cloudy;
4 inches of snow; no wind; temp., 27°. Herring Gull, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 20; Junco, 1; Song Sparrow, 1;
‘Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 2; Hermit Thrush, 1;
Robin, 1. Total, rz species, 32 individuals —H. E. Porter.

New York City, Central Park.—Time, 8.45 to 10.30 A. M. North of goth Street.
12.50 to 1.30 P. M. ‘Ramble.’ Cloudy; snow at close; ground snow-covered ; wind
strong northeast; temp., 22°. Herring Gull, 70; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Downy
Woodpecker, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 27; Song Sparrow, 1; Fox Sparrow, 1;
Cardinal, 6; Brown Creeper, 1; Chickadee, 11. ‘otal, 9 species, about 118 individuals.
—GeorcE E. Hix.

New York City, Central Park.—Time, 8.15 to 9.45 a. M. Cloudy; ground coy-
ered with snow; wind north; temp., 23°. Herring Gull, 39; Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; American Crow, 1; European Starling, 2; White-throated
Sparrow, 19; Junco, 1; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; Chickadee,
4; Hermit Thrush, 1; Robin, 2. Total, 13 species, 76 individuals.—Isaac BILDERSEE.

Manhattan Beach, L. 1.—Time, 3.30 to 4.30 P.M. Heavy snow-storm ; wind violent,
northeast ; ground covered with snow; temp., 25°. Black-backed Gull, 7; Herring Gull,
innumerable (an immense flock of Herring Gulls, resting on the ocean, extended as far to
the east and south as I could see); American Scoter, 5; American Crow (est.), 800;
White-throated Sparrow, 8. ‘Total, 5 species, 820 individuals (excluding the Herring
Gulls).—Isaac BILDERSEE.

Setauket, Long Island, N. Y.—Time, 8 a.m. to4 P.M. Cloudy; ground covered
with snow; began to snow at 3.15 P.M.; wind east, fresh; temp., 17° to25°. Herring
Gull, 29; Black Duck, 200; Whistler, 21; Shell-drake, 33; Great Northern Diver,
1; Crow, 5; Junco,15; Cedarbird, 1; Chickadee, 54. Total, 9 species, 359 individuals.— -
SELAH B. STRONG and WALTER WHITE.

Orient Point, Long Island. Time, 10 A.M.to 2 P.M. Cloudy; ground covered

Fifth Christmas Bird Census 27

with deep snow; wind northeast, strong; temp., 16°. Horned Grebe, 4; Loon, 2; Great
Black-backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 200; Red-breasted Merganser, 13; Black Duck,
40; American Golden-eye, 2; Buffle-head, 20; Old Squaw, 46; White-winged Scoter, 2;
Short-eared Owl, 1; Horned Lark, 160; Crow, 80; Snowflake, 8; Tree Sparrow, 23;
Junco, 6; Song Sparrow, 14; Myrtle Warbler, 5; Meadow-lark, 33; Chickadee, 13 ;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4. Total, 21 species, 680 individuals. “T'wo Carolina Wrens
and a large flock of Snowflakes, which have been here since November 1, were not seen. —
Roy LATHAM.

Atlantic Ocean (from 10 to 25 miles east of Long Branch, N. J).—December 31; time,
8.20 A. M. to 3.45 P.M.; wind light southeast to brisk northwest; temp., 35°. Dovekie,
1; Bonaparte’s Gull, 67; Ring-billed Gull, 12; Herring Gull (estimated), 5,000; Great
Black-backed Gull, 29; Glaucous Gull, 2; Kittiwake, 74 ad., 57 im. (found only after
having almost lost sight of land); Gannet, 54 ad., 20 im.; Double-crested Cormorant, 1,
White-winged Scoter, 491; American Scoter, 33; Old Squaw, 34. ‘Total, 12 species;
about 5,800 individuals.—Ros E. STackpoLe and WILLIAM H. WIEGMANN.

Edgewater, Palisades Park, Leonia and Nordhoff, N. J.—December 26; time, 8.20
A. M. to 2.55 Pp. M. Cloudy ; about six inches of snow on the ground; wind light, north;
temp., 25°. Herring Gull, too; Marsh Hawk, 1, Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Blue Jay, 2;
American Crow, 15; American Goldfinch, 7; Tree Sparrow, 34; Song Sparrow, 7 ;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 3. Total, 10 species, about 171 individuals. —
GeorGeE E. Hix.

Montclair, N. J.—December 26; time, 8.30 A.M. to 12.45 P.M. Cloudy; snow on
ground; wind northeast, light; temp., 23°. Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker,
3; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 19; Crow, 68; European Starling, 3;
Goldfinch, 73; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 163 ; Junco, 282; Song Spar-
row, 1; Northern Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, about 150; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Robin, 1 ;
Bluebird, 2. Total, 20 species, about 792 individuals. RANDOLPH H. HOwLanp.

Montclair and Pine Brook, N. J.—Time, 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. Cloudy; ground snowy ;
occasional showers, turning to sleet; wind west, light, to northeast, strong; temp., 42°,
falling to 28°. Marsh Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 79; Crow, 47; Tree
Sparrow, 44; Junco (est.), 100; Song Sparrow, 7; Cedar Waxwing, 10; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 58; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 11 species, 355 indi-
viduals.—VINCENT E. GORMAN.

Morristown, N. J.—Time, 10 to 10.30 A. M., temp., 22°; cloudy. 2.15 to 5 P. M;
temp., 20°, snowing hard; ground snow-covered ; wind strong, northeast. Crow, 2; Jay,
1; Tree Sparrow, 22; Song Sparrow, 2; Carolina Wren, 1; Winter Wren, 1; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 6. Total, 7 species, 33 individuals. ‘This is the first time I have seen
a Carolina Wren in mid-winter, and I know of no other record for this locality.k—R. C.
CASKEY.

Beverly, N. J.— December 26; time, 6.45 to 7.30 A. M. and 8 A. M. to 5.15 P. M.
Sky clouded; ground covered with snow to depth of six to eight inches; wind northwest,
moderate ; average temp., 26°. Bob-white, 7; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker,
4; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 450; Meadow-lark, 6; Goldfinch, 58; White-throated
Sparrow, 16; Tree Sparrow, 105; Junco, 175 ; Song Sparrow, 36; Cardinal, 23; Brown
Creeper, 1; Chickadee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 16 species, 890 individ -
uals.— J. FLETCHER STREET.

Newfield, N. J.— Time 12.20 to 4 Pp. M.; light, misty snow at first, becoming heavy
later; ground covered with crusted snow; grass and trees covered with ice; temp., 29°.
Bob-white, 1; Flicker, 1; Crow, 4; Blue Jay, 6; Mourning Dove, 1; Song Sparrow, 2;
Tree Sparrow, 1; Junco, about 75 ; Chickadee, 2. Total, 9 species, 93 individuals.—
WILLIAM W. Fair.

28 Bird-Lore

Moorestown, N. J.—December 26 ; time, 6.30 to 7.30 A. M. and 8 A.M. to 5.30 P. M.
Cloudy; wind north to northeast, light, 5 inches of snow; fine precipitation from 9.30 to
II A. M., freezing to a glassy coat on the bare twigs and on the drooping evergreens; temp.,
24°. Mallard, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 1; Horned Lark, 4; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 87; Rusty
Blackbird, 1; Meadow-lark, 4; Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 11; White-throated
Sparrow, 7; Treé Sparrow, 44; Junco, 81; Song Sparrow (sings), 17; Cardinal, 7 ;
Northern Shrike, 1; Winter Wren, 3; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 ;
Chickadee, 9. Total, 23 species, 298 individuals.— WILLIAM B. Evans.

Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Paa—Time, 11 A. M to 4.30 P. M. Cloudy; a steady
snow falling ; ground covered with snow ; wind northeast, moderate; temp., 22°. Ameri-
can Herring Gull, 6; American Merganser, 25; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Crow, 34;
Goldfinch, 13; White-throated Sparrow, 12; Tree Sparrow, 10; Junco, 23; Song
Sparrow, 45; Fox Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 13; Carolina Wren, 2; Winter Wren, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Chickadee, 4; Brown Creeper, 1 ;
Robin, 1. .Total, 18 species, 204 individuals.—CHRESWELL J. HUNT.

Germantown, Pa.—Time, 8 A. M. to 11 A. M. Clear; snow on ground; wind west,
light ; temp., 20°. Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; American Crow, 9 ;
White-throated Sparrow, 4; Slate-colored Junco, 12 ; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, 8;
Winter Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 2 ; Chickadee, 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total,
II species, 51 individuals.—ARTHUR F. HAGAR.

West Chester, Pa.—Time, 2.30 to 5.00 P. M. Snowing hard, several inches on the
ground ; moderate northwest wind ; temp., 19°. Turkey Buzzard, 9; Downy Woodpecker,
5; Crow, 152; Song Sparrow, 7; Tree Sparrow, 5; Junco, 7: White-breasted Nuthatch,
3; Carolina Wren, 1. Total, 8 species, 189 individuals.—C. E. EHINGER.

Glenside, Pa.—Time, 9.45 A.M. to 1 P. M. Overcast; eight inches snow; wind
east, moderate; temp., 26°. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Crow, fully 1,000; Meadow-lark, 8 ;
Song Sparrow, 10; Junco, 17; Tree Sparrow, 2; Goldfinch, 1; Brown Creeper, 1 ;
Chickadee, 3. Total, 9 species, 1,043 individuals.—SamMuEL H. Barker.

Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pa.—Time, 9.10 A. M. to 3.25 P. M. Snowing
almost throughout ; ground well covered ; wind northeast, moderate ; temp., 20° at start,
23° at return. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Crow, 25; Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 35; Junco, 30; Song
Sparrow, 11; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, 1; Winter Wren, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 5. ‘Total, 14 species, about 123 individuals.—Cuarves H.
ROGERS.

Bristol, Pa.—December 26; time, 9.45 A. M.to1 P. M. Cloudy; about 4 inches
of snow on the level; wind east, light; temp., 24°; finish, 28°. Red-shouldered Hawk,
1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 1; Crow (common); Fish
Crow (common); Goldfinch, 7; Song Sparrow, 7; Tree Sparrow, 56; Junco, 40;
Cardinal, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 1. Total, 14 species,
122 individuals (excluding Crows).—THos.D. KEIM.

Concordville, Pa.—December 21; time, 10.30 A. M. to 1 P. M. Cloudy, and com-
mencing to snow, ground well covered with snow; wind southeast, sharp and steady;
temp., near 20°. Bob-white, 3; Turkey Vulture, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk; Sparrow
Hawk; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Meadow-lark, 3; Crows; Purple Finch, 3 ; Goldfinch,
2; Tree Sparrow, flock of 50; Junco, 50 (together); Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 1;
Carolina Wren, 1; Winter Wren, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chicka-
dee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 18 species.:—K. R. STYER.

Accotink, Va.— Time, 12.30 P.M. to 12.45 P.M. Hailing; ground nearly bare;
wind northeast, rather brisk; temp., 29°. From front and side windows of house. Bob-
white, 9; Crow, 2; Cardinal, 2; Bluebird, 2. From 3 P. M. to 3.30 P. M., in short

Fifth Christmas Bird Census 29

walk around the place, wind and temperature the same: Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 4;
Cardinal, 2; Bluebird, 7. Total, 6 species, 31 individuals.—Wwm. P. Caron, M.D.

Waverly, W. Va.—December 26; time, 9 A. M. to 2 P.M.; 4 P.M. to 5.30 P. M.
Cloudy, rain falling heavily after 3 Pp. M.; wind east, light; ground bare; temp., 45°.
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Horned Lark, 6;
American Crow, 4; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 14; Field Sparrow, 11; Slate-colored
Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 7; Cardinal, 7; Carolina Wren, 7; Brown Creeper, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 14; Carolina Chickadee, 23; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 2; Bluebird, 3. ‘Total, 18 species, 133 individuals. EARLE A. Brooks.

Durham, N. C.—December 27; time, 8.30 A.M. to 10.30 A.M. A dense fog, the
ground muddy after heavy rains; temp., 52°. Bob-white, 12; Downy Woodpecker, 1;
Turkey Vulture, 2; Flicker, 3; Crow, 5; Goldfinch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 5;
Field Sparrow, 40; Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 15; Swamp Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 8;
Myrtle Warbler, 1; Carolina Wren, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Carolina Chickadee, 5;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Bluebird, 3. Total, 18 species, 181 individuals.—ERNEST
SEEMAN. .

Lexington, Ky.—Time, 7.30 A.M. to 4.30 P.M., less one hour at noon; distance
traversed, about nine miles; temperature at starting, 55°; at return, 50°; maximum, 60°,
being abnormally high; cloudy till 8 to 9 o’clock, clear balance of the day; wind fresh,
shifting from south through west and north to east. Bufflehead, 1; Mallard, 18; Killdeer,
2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Broad-winged Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Screech Owl,
1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 6; Flicker,
12; Horned Lark, 25; American Crow (est.), 831; Meadow-lark, 23; Bronzed Grackle, 70;
American Goldfinch, 1 ; Vesper Sparrow, 2; White-crowned Sparrow, 8; Tree Sparrow,
10; Slate-colored Junco, 55; Song Sparrow, 30; Fox Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 6; Mock-
ingbird, 1; Carolina Wren, 9; Bewick’s Wren, 1, reported by Mrs. W. B. Hawkins;
Brown Creeper, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Carolina Chickadee, 10; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 3; Bluebird, 1. Total, 31 species, 1,151 individuals.—R. H. DEAN
and V. K. Dopce.

Campbellsville, Ky.—Time, 2.40 P.M. to 3.50 P.M. Clear; ground bare; wind
south, light; temp., 59°. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker,
15; Crow, 1; Meadow-lark, 60; Junco, 23; Cardinal, 2; Wren, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 4; Carolina Chickadee, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 5. Total, 12 species, 127 indi-
viduals.—W. M. Jackson.

Youngstown, Ohio.—December 26; time, 7 A.M. to 12 M.}; 1.30 P.M.to 5 P.M,
temp., 34° to4o°. Cloudy; trees and shrubbery covered with ice in the morning; about
one inch of snow, melted by noon; wind south, turning to east; drizzling rain in the
afternoon ; distance walked (as registered by pedometer), 16 miles. Tree Sparrow, 110;
Song Sparrow, 2; Blue Jay, 8; Chickadee, 24; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 7; Tufted
Titmouse, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Junco, 10; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Towhee, 1,
male; Ruffed Grouse, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 1. Total, 15 species, 192 individuals, While Crows usually
remain with us all winter, I have not seen one since early in November, although I have
been out frequently.—GeorGe L. ForDYCcE.

Cadiz, Ohio.—Time, 12.35 to 3.10 P. M Ground and trees coated with ice, follow-
ing heavy rain; foggy, and light northeast wind; temp., 36°. Bob-white, 7; Red-tailed
Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2;
Tree Sparrow, 8; Song Sparrow, 7; Junco, 1 ; Cardinal, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7;
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 14; Chickadee, 9. I also saw an immature
or female White-throated Sparrow, and on December 23d, two Robins. ‘Total,
14 species, 72 individuals.—Harry B. MCCONNELL.

McZena, Ohio.—December 24; time, 8.50 A. M. to 3.10 P. M. Cloudy; ground

30 Bird - Lore

covered with thin coating of ice and a few remaining snow-drifts ; wind north, light ;
temp., 24°. Ruffed Grouse, 3; Mourning Dove, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow
Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 11 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2;.
Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 7; American Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 35; Song
Sparrow, 12; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 9, Carolina Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 3 ;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 15 ; Chickadee, 12; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 5. Total, 21 species, 246 individuals.—ZENo METCALF, CLELL METCALF and
C. E. HEFFELFINGER.

Richmond, Ind.—Time, 2 P. M. to 4 P. M. Wind strong, northwest, heavy, cold
rain; temp., 35°. Downy Woodpecker, 1; Crow, 6; Cardinal, 2; Junco, in flocks ;
Tree Sparrow, 12; Chickadee, 2.—M. Baxter, P. B. Corrin, Mrs. Corrin and Miss
CARPENTER.

Mt. Carmel, Ill.—December 22; time, 7.30 A. M. to 11.30 A. M.; 2 to 4 P. M.
Partly cloudy; ground partly covered with snow; light south wind; temp., 32°. Gull (sp. ?),
.7; Duck sp. ?), 8; Bob-white, about 20; Mourning Dove, 4; Bald Eagle, 1; Sparrow
Hawk, 5; Kingfisher, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Red-headed
Woodpecker, about 25; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 7; Flicker, about 20; Prairie Horned
Lark, 6; Blue Jay, about 50; Crow, about 35; Meadow-lark, 22; Goldfinch, 2; White-
crowned Sparrow, 14; Tree Sparrow, about 25; Slate-colored Junco, about 200; Song
Sparrow, 17; Towhee, 2; Cardinal, about 20; Loggerhead Shrike, 2; Mockingbird, 3;
Carolina Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6 ;
Tufted Titmouse, about 35; Chickadee, 31; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 8; Robin, 1;
Bluebird, 8. Total, 34 species, about 609 individuals.—Cuas. F. BRENNAN.

Urbana, Ill.—Time, 9.30 A. M. to 1 P. M. Cloudy, foggy, ground bare; wind north-
west, moderate; temp., 35°. Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 50; Crows,
500; Tree Sparrow, 25; Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 2; Loggerhead Shrike, 1; Chicka-
dee, 5. ‘Total, 9 species, 619 individuals.— ALFRED O. Gross.

Rock Island, Ill.— Time, 10.30 to 11.30 A. M., 1.45 to 3 30 P. M. Cloudy, with
cold, damp, east wind, a little snow on the ground; both Mississippi and Rock Rivers
free from ice; temp., 33°. Lesser Scaup Duck, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay,
1; Crow, 2; Redpoll (Lesser), 6; Tree Sparrow, 3; Snowbird, 15 ; White-bellied
Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 12. Total, 9 species, 47 individuals.—Burtis H. WILSON.

Chicago, I1].—Lincoln Park, 9.20to11 a. M., Graceland Cemetery, 11.15 to 12.30 A. M°
Cloudy, flurries of misty rain and fine snow; ground glazed and sprinkled with snow ;
wind east, light; temp., 32°. Herring Gull, 6; Red-breasted Merganser, 3 ; Logger-
head Shrike, 1. Three small flocks of Ducks seen flying over the lake at a considerable
distance from shore.— JULIET IT. GoopRICH.

La Crosse, Wis.—Time, 12.15 to 12.30 P. M., 2.45 to 4.15 P.M. Cloudy, dull,
ground partly covered with snow; wind variable, northeast to southwest ; temp., 32-30°.
Cedar Waxwing, 14; Robin, 4; Chickadee, 2. Total, 3 species, 20 individuals. Robin
seen every day up to December 28 ; White-breasted Nuthatch and Brown Creeper fre-
quently seen. — WILLIAM SCHNEIDER.

Appleton, Wis.— Time, 9.30 A. M. to 12 M., 1.30 to 4.30 P. M. Cloudy, ground
covered with light fall of snow; no wind; temp., 30°. Red-headed Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 6; Snowflake, 70; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Crow, 1. Total, 6 species, 83 individuals.— Henry W. ABRAHAM.

Abilene, Kans.—Time, 8.45 A. M. to1.30 P. M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind east;
temp., 30°. Marsh Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy
Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Crow, 22; Prairie Horned Lark, 62;
Meadow-lark, 23; Goldfinch, 1; Harris’ Sparrow, 84; Tree Sparrow, 34; Slate-colored
Junco, 30; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 26; Bewick’s Wren, 1; Brown’ Creeper, 1; Chickadee,
g. Total, 17 species, 305 individuals. EDWARD W. GRAVES.

Fifth Christmas Bird Census aT

Independence, Kans.—Time, 8.40 A. M. to 12.30 P. M. Foggy in the morning, with
light, but steady northeast wind, changing to clear at noon, with wind south to southeast ;
ground bare; temp., 45° to 60°. Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy
Woodpecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 20;
Prairie Horned Lark, 58; Blue Jay, 40; American Crow, 50; Meadow-lark, 100; Western
Meadow-lark, 2; Rusty Blackbird, 6; Purple Finch, 17 ; American Goldfinch, 10; Lap-
land Longspur, 84; Harris Sparrow, 51; White-crowned Sparrow, 18; Gambel Sparrow, 1;
Field Sparrow, 1 ; Slate-colored Junco, 250; Song Sparrow, 15; Fox Sparrow, 1; Car-
dinal, 26; Cedar Waxwing, 58; Myrtle Warbler, 1; Carolina Wren, 16; Winter Wren,
1; Brown Creeper, 11; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Chickadee,
16; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1; American Robin, 60; Bluebird, 12. Total, 34 species,
956 individuals —ALICK WETMORE.

LaGrange, Mo.—December 23; time, 9 A.M. to 12.30 P.M. Ground dry; heavy
clouds; several little dashes of rain; wind soft, south, changing to cutting north; temp.,
45° to 35°. Bob-white, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 12; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 5; Crow,
2; Red-winged Blackbird, 60; Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 25; Tree Sparrow, 200;
Junco, 100; Cardinal, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Chickadee,
28; Bluebird; 1. ‘Total, 19 species, 457 individuals.—Susan M. JOHNSON.

Blaine, Wash. (Lat. 49°).—December 26; time, 7.45 A. M. to 12.30 P. M.; 1.30 P.
M. to 5.30 P. M. Slightly overcast to clear; two inches of snow on ground ; no wind;
temp., 31° at 8 A. M., 40° at noon. Western Grebe, 4; Holbcell Grebe, 100; Horned
Grebe, 23; Loon, 3; Pacific Loon, 4; Marbled Murrelet, 22; Pigeon Guillemot, 11;
California Murre, 1; California Gull, 10; Ring-billed Gull, 3; Short-billed Gull, 15;
Bonaparte Gull, 2; Mallard, 2; Pintail, 6; Scaup Duck, 1,000; Lesser Scaup, 250;
American Golden-eye, 14; Barrow’s Golden-eye, 2; Bufllehead, 500; Old Squaw, 22;
Harlequin Duck, 2; White-winged Scoter, 300; Surf Scoter, 200; Black Brant, 20;
Fannin’s Heron, 1; Harris’ Woodpecker, 1; Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 2; Northern
Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Northwestern Flicker, 2; Northwest Crow, 120; Brewer’s Black-
bird, 2; California (?) Purple Finch, 1; English Sparrow, 2; Oregon Junco, 200; Rusty
Song Sparrow, 33; Sooty Song Sparrow, 2 ; Oregon Towhee, 5; Northwest Bewick Wren,
8; Western Winter Wren, 12 ; Oregon Chickadee, 31; Western Golden-crowned King-
let, 38; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 3; Western Robin, 128; Varied Thrush, ro. Total,
44 species, about 3,000 individuals. —W. Leon Dawson.

Napa, Cal.— December 25; time, 12 noon to 12.45 P. M; 2 P. M. to 2.30 P. M. Clear,
strong north wind; temp., 46°. December 26; time, 11 A. M. to4 P.M. Clear; wind;
north, medium; temp., 49°. [The results of the two days’ observations are combined, but
owing to impossibility of securing separate lists in time for publication the MS. is printed
as received.—Ep.] Great Blue Heron, 1; Killdeer, 8; White-tailed Kite, 1; Western
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 2; Harris Woodpecker, 3; California Wood-
pecker, 6; Red-shafted Flicker, 29 ; Anna’s Hummingbird, 3; Say’s Phoebe, 1; Black
Pheebe, 2; Steller’s Jay, 1; California Jay, 19; American Crow, 3; Western Meadow-
lark, numerous, 66 counted ; Brewer’s Blackbird, very numerous, 600 estimated; Willow
Goldfinch, 39; Green-backed Goldfinch, 21; Western Savanna Sparrow, 7; Gambel’s
(White-crowned) Sparrow, 41; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 19; Thurber’s Junco, 12;
Samuel’s Song Sparrow, 4; Spurred Towhee, 2; California Towhee, 8; California
Shrike, 5; Audubon’s Warbler, 18; American Pipit, 11; Plain Titmouse, 3 ; California
Bush-tit, 1 (flock heard); Western Golden-crowned Kinglet, 9; Ruby-crowned Kinglet,
1. (Crimson Crown-patch undoubtedly seen); Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 2; Western Blue-
bird, 5; Ducks (flying too high to distinguish species) 26. Total, 35 species, 980 indi-
viduals.—E. L. Bickrorp.

For Teachers and Students
The Migration of Warblers

EIGHTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data
in the Biological Survey

;
With drawings by Louis AGASSIZ FUERTES and BRUCE HORSFALL

YELLOW WARBLER

More notes have been contributed’ by the observers on the Yellow Warbler than on
any other species of Warbler, and the following records are an epitome of about two thou-
sand observations during a period of more than twenty years. ‘The winter range of the
Yellow Warbler and its subspecies extends from Western Mexico to Dutch Guiana, a
longitudinal winter range equaled by few species. But, though occurring throughout
Central America, it is absent from the West India Islands, and reaches the eastern United
States in the spring by a roundabout course across the Gulf of Mexico, and is one of the
later Warblers to arrive in the Gulf States.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE Nog Yer Neri ee
Atlantic Coast—

Greensboro, Ala. . . : April 14, 1888
Savannah, Ga. ited ester April 16, 1894
Atlanta, Ga. (mear). . . . a Ba 3 April 17 April 10, 1900
Frogmore, S.C. .. . ae ial April 17, 1885
Raleroe hee NaC aes Gera eis) er T4 April 13 April 5, 1888
Ars nevallles IN (Ce 2 a eal 4 | April 15 April 12, 1893
New Market, weno us T4 April 22 April 17, 1896
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. 7 | April 23 April 16, 1896
Washington, D.C. ee 7 April 20 April 15, 1888
Waynesburg, Pa.... . ae | 5 April 24 April 17, 1896
Beaver !Racsriian on) eae ae : 8 | April 23 April 18, 1891
Renovo, Bass. Mamet FY 10 April 30 April 24, 1896
Englewood, N. i cone 8 May 1 April 26, 1902
Croton-on- pees N.Y. See eal 7 May 1 April 28, 1891
Shelter Island, N. so Dic II | May 4 April 18, 1891
Ballston Spa, N. Yo REE ONAN Mitt 12 May 5 April 29, 1897
Branchport, N. Y. ite dtp i An a LO) April 29 April 23, 1896
Alfred, N. Y. Ray metas eae ee ean a Tt May 2 April 26, 1897
‘Center Lisle, N.Y. . . Ae ee el ee ban May 3 April 30, 1897
Buffalo, N. Y. RCo Tos ent ek Ot Fay 5 May 1 April 26, 1889
Jewett City, Conn. en rate os ae 16 May 4 May 1, 1891
Hadlyme, Conn. aa AAD Rise 8 May 3 April 30, 1902
Hanttonds Connie see eee ree sf) May 5 May 3, 1903
Providencey, Ra lise girs 6 May 4 April 29, 1899
Framingham, Mass. Fates Waeasines 10) May 2 April 25, 1897
andolipheeVits ae: sas ae II May 9 May 4, 1887
Southern New Hampshire aay aes eet Te May 10 May 4, 1887
Orono, Me. Estee] pe omts 4 May 11 May 9g, 1896
Plymouth, Me. BRS ae eon aL Par 5 12 May 14 May ro, 1894
Miomtrealte(@amet aie eat ase a ea May ro May 7, 1887
Quebec, Can. . MOLINE Se FT| 9 May 15 May 10, 1902

The Migration of Warblers a

SPRING MIGRATION, continued

PLACE No. of years’ Average date of Earliest date of

record spring arrival spring arrival
Atlantic Coast— |
St. John, N. B. ate repre SA cars 6 May 24 May 21, 1893
ScoureiulbakeseNig bur cisterns te May 13, 1901
BICtCOUrmIN On setae soa. é cee 6 May 14 May 10, 1895
Halifax, Neve 3 May 14 May 12, 1896
North River, Prince Edward Island . 5 May 25 May 20, 1890
Hamilton River, Que... . 5 May 31
Mississippi Valley—
ew Onieamss liaise att aes | oe April 6 April 1, 1892
Helena, Ark. . Tees ee hcrceee| 5 April 18 April 14, tgor
ab anike yi eeren ea iag eric S| 6 April 16 April 12, 1889
St. Louis, Mo. sh ee tee il April 19 April 15, 1888
Browse, Indios}. 8 April 15 April 11, 1897
Waterloo, Ind. inleshaye cine It April 25 April 18, 1891
Calnmibus, Ohio) 2. te es 6 April 22 April 18, 1889
Wauseon, Ohio . . : 4 aa 10 April 26 April 20, 1889
Cleveland, Ohio ... ee ee 8 April 28 April 25, 1886
Morgan Park, Ill. ake ee 6 May 1 April 28, 1900
Rockford, III. ae ; 8 May 8 May 1, 1887
Southern Wisconsin . . . ; 10 May 6 May 2, 1890
Petersburg, Mich... . are [ex arue April 26 April 19, 1894
Strathroy, Ont. Vx at fe) May 1 April 25, 1897
MIStowel@ntior. 2 5ees 0 wl 14 May 2 April 24, 1885
Ottawa, Ont. : 17 May 7 May 3, 1895
Keokuk, Ia. Meta Savatage 13 April 30 April 25, 1897
Davenport, la. : Se aah 10 | May 1
GaMesporo,sMibAN Es: re) 28 Ay Says 9 May 7 April 28, 1888
Elk River, Minn. ee: 7 May 12 May 9g, 1888
Aweme, Manitoba Satie atin 5 May 14 May g, 1902
Corpus Christi, Tex. oe : April 22, 1891
San Antonio, Tex. Abe Spork ae April 15, 1890
Bonham, Tex. oe Cdn ; 6 April 11 April 8, 1889
na manaeans vie Gun. Fey ae: iaien ost. 9 April 25 April 22, 1900
Lincoln, Neb. Sor bie eer 6 April 28 April 25, 1891
Western United States—
Pueblo, Colo:.. . . RR eee May 6, 1894
Loveland, Colo. ; Sa en May 7, 1890
CTeyenne mV yViOus paw inen mn sien ck 3 May 11 May 9, 1889
Great Balls; Mont...) <a’ 5 May 16 May 11, 1891
Rathdnumesldalro: sy. ae May 15, 1903
Osler, Saskatchewan .....:.. May 17, 1893
Red Deer, Alberta May 16, 1893
Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca. . . May 24, 1893
Fort Resolution, Mackenzie aoe May 25, 1860
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie Nee May 26, 1861
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie ; ae May 21, 1904
Southern California aes 5 April 7 April 5, 1889
Chilliwack, B.C. 2). #*. ee April 27, 1889
Kowak, Alaska pacer uR Sea ls June 9, 1899

FALL MIGRATION

The Yellow Warbler begins its southward migration among the very
earliest of the family, and fall migrants have been noted in central Florida
July 20 and at Key West July 26. So rapid is the southward journey that

34 Bird - Lore

the arrival of the first in the fall has been noted in southeastern Nicaraugua
August 9, 1892; San José, Costa Rica, Aug. 25, 1889, and Aug. 24, 1890;
Bonda, Colombia, August 27, 1898.

RUAGE ne ee yee Hae Bee, a
New portsOrey i) cen ttck cee tee re ? September 18, 1900
Berkeley, Cal. Site ate taut gn ena Set 2 October 5 October 9, 1888
Great HallssMonty 24 one September 13, 1889
Latitude 64°, Mackenzie . eee , August 10, 1903
Aweme, Manitoba 3 September 3
Lanesboro, Minn. . 4 August 14 September 10, 1889
Ottawa, Ontario oP ee Caen at 5 August 20 September 7, 1901
Southern Ontanioyne rs. wees aoe 9 August 23 September 5, 1902
Glen Ellyn, Ill. 2 September 5 | September 6, 1899
Wauseon, Ohio. . . : 9 September 15 ; September 26, 1891
North River, Prince Edward Island 2 August 21
St. John, New Brunswick Re Spi September 2, 1890
Montreal, Can. Sat Ciel Sigman he oe 6 August 26 September 3, 1890
Lewiston, Meee etre digs seats 4 September 1 September 5, 1898
Renovo, Pa. at 5 September 6 September 17, 1894
Beaver, Pa. 3 August 27 September 30, 1888
Washington, DE CEO neeee Mah ae | September 28, 1890
Raleigh, N. C. Ha Desa Sieh aan un Foy August 28, 1888
St, Louis, Mo. .. . eae hs September 3, 1896
Onaga Kansii on) See sos sane ee ‘ | August 24, 1894
Bonham, Tex. site Tom ATs | September 12, 1889
New Orleans, La... . . Sey October 27, 1893

MANGROVE WARBLER

The Mangrove Warbler is a non-migratory species occurring in western
Mexico and Lower California.

PRAIRIE WARBLER

From its winter home in the West Indies and Florida, the Prairie
Warbler begins to move northward early in March, though the full tide of
migration does not start until the last of the month.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE No. of years’ Average date of Earliest date of

record spring arrival Spring arrival
Raleigh, N.C. ae sient 16 April 15 April 6, 1892
Washington; Di Ca sone oa ee le 5 April 22 April 19, 1891
Southeastern New York ...... 14 May 4 May 1, 1891
Portland; Cong eae ku ete ie 4 May 6 April 27, 1888
Jewett (City, Conny | 5... >. 10 May 7 May 1, 1896
Boston, Mass. ...... Bao ¢ 8 May 8 May 4, 1891
Eubank, Ky. . : SNe 7 April 20 April 13, 1893
Toronto, Ont. ..... Ss ee May 11, 1900

The latest records of striking the southern lighthouses are in the first
half of May, and the earliest spring date is March 7. Thus the period of
spring migration in the southern United States extends over more than nine
weeks.

A Portrait of Audubon 35

FALL MIGRATION

The southward migration occupies more time than the northward, and
lasts from the middle of- August to the first week in November. Some
dates of the last ones noted are at Taunton, Mass., Sept. 15, 1887;
Shelter Island Heights, N. Y., Sept. 19, f901; Washington, D. C.,
September 4, 1887; Raleigh, N. C., September 9; Frogmore, S. C.,
September 30, 1886; Fowey Rocks Lighthouse, Florida, November 6, 1891.

The records indicate that the southern breeding birds spend about five
months in the summer home, at least as long in the winter home and the
remainder of the year in migration. Even the northern nesting birds remain
for four months at the breeding grounds.

Which Shall Be the National Association Bird?

The Committee appointed to adopt a seal for the National Association
of Audubon Societies are at a loss which bird to select; therefore, it is
thought best to defer the selection until the Audubon members have had an
opportunity to vote on the subject.

The mnembers of the Audubon Societies can vote as societies or individ -
ually for any North American Bird, and the Committee will be largely
guided in their selection by the result of the ballots.

It is suggested that a thoroughly representative bird should be the one
selected: that is, one that is found throughout North America from the
Arctic to Panama.

All votes must be sent to the undersigned prior to the first day of May.

WILLIAM DUTCHER,
Chairman National Committee of Audubon Societies
525 Manhattan Avenue, New York City

A Portrait of Audubon

At the suggestion of the Massachusetts Audubon Society, A. W. Elson
& Company, of Boston, have reproduced, in photogravure, the well-known
Inman portrait of Audubon. This reproduction is artistically attractive, and
has been pronounced, by those qualified to judge, to do full justice to the
original.

Congratulations are due the Massachusetts Society on the successful
outcome of their efforts to fill the demand for a standard portrait of Audubon.

Book Mews

‘CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN Birps. Part III.
Including the Order Passeres after the
Icteride. By JoHN Macoun. Geological
Survey of Canada, Ottawa. 1904. Pages
i-iV} 415-7333; I-xxlil.

The present volume completes this im-
portant work, though the author remarks
that “much additional information regard -
ing the birds included in the first two parts
has come to my hands; and this will, in the
near future, be published in the form of an
addendum to the complete catalogue.”

Reference to our notices of the preceding
parts of this memoir will indicate its nature
and scope. More space is allotted each
Species in the present part, with a corre-
sponding increase in the amount of informa-
tion given. This is especially true, we are
glad to say, of that portion of the annota-
tions relating to nesting habits.

The data given are carefully accredited
to their respective sources, but the place at
which certain observations were made is not
always stated. For example, Mr. J.
Hughes-Samuel’s record of the occurrence
of Kirtland’s Warbler leaves one in doubt
as to the locality where the bird was found.
Again MS. notes here published for the first
time are not distinguished from those which
have already appeared. Both these defects
could be remedied ina bibliography, which
we trust will be included in the proposed
addendum.—F. M. C.

DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF NORTH
AMERICAN WaARBLERS. By W. W.
Cooke. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Division of Biological Survey, Bull. No.
18. Washington, 1904. 8vo; pages 142.
This work is based primarily on the MS.

reports of the numerous observers, who for
years have been contributing migration
records to the Biological Survey; but Pro-
fessor Cooke has also had access to all other
available sources of information, including
the leading collections of this country. His
publication, therefore, adequately represents
the existing knowledge of the subject to
which it relates.

and IReviews

It treats of ‘ Routes of Migration,’ ‘South-
ernmost Extension of Winter Ranges of
Warblers of Eastern North America,’ and,
in a ‘Systematic Report,’ of the general dis-
tribution and migration. Particular atten-

tion has been paid to routes of migration

after the species leaves the United States,
and here Professor Cooke works in a practi-
cally untouched field and brings together
much information which tends to show that
many of our current beliefs in regard to
routes of migration have no foundation in
fact.

In determining the winter homes of our
Warblers, Professor Cooke again sheds light
where before there was comparative dark-
ness, and his tabulation of Warblers accord-
ing to their winter distribution furnishes an
interesting summary of the results obtained.

The Systematic Report gives the breed-
ing range and winter range, together with
spring and fall migration records, for the
fifty-nine species and nineteen subspecies
of North American Warblers. Professor
Cooke is to be congratulated on the thor-
ough manner in which he has completed a
work which, for an indefinite period, will
remain the standard authority on the jour-
neys of the Mniotiltide.— F. M. C.

Tue Birps or MIppDLE AND NortTH AMER-

icA. Part III. By Roperr Ripcway.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50; 8vo.
Pages xx + 801; plates xix. Washing-
ton, 1904.

The families treated in the third part of
this great work, with the number of species
and subspecies contained in each, are as
follows: Wagtails and Pipits, 8; Swal-
lows, 32; Waxwings, 2; Silky Flycatchers,
5; Palm Chats, 2; Vireos, 75; Shrikes, 8;
Crows and Jays, 81; Titmice, 36; Nut-
hatches, 10; Creepers, 6; Wrens, 135 ;
Dippers, 3; Wren-tits, 4; Warblers (Syl-
viide), 22.

Mr. Ridgway remarks that the three vol-
umes which have now been published de-
scribe about 1,250 species and subspecies,

(36)

Book News

‘or about two-fifths of the total number of
North and Middle American birds.

Part IV, which will contain the Thrushes,
Mockingbirds, Larks, Starlings, Weaver
Birds, Sharp-bills, Tyrant Flycatchers,
Manakins and Chatterers, is said to have
been about half completed in September
last. Doubtless its appearance will be de-
layed by Mr. Ridgway’s absence in Costa
Rica, but even those students to whom this
treatise proves most useful and who, conse-
quently, are most eager to see it advanced,
cannot but rejoice that its industrious author
has been induced to take a much - needed
rest). MC

THE ADVENTURES OF Cock ROBIN AND HIS
MATE. By R. KEARTON, with upwards
of 120 illustrations from photographs taken
direct from nature by CHerry and RIcu-
ARD KEARTON. Cassel] & Company, Ltd.
1904. 12mo. Pages xvi + 240.

In this book Cock Robin tells not only
the history of his own life but adds much
information concerning the ways of other
feathered folk. Designed primarily for
younger readers, no one can fail to be inter-
ested in the striking photographs from
nature with which the book is illustrated.
The Kearton brothers have the knack of
making not only good, but artistic bird
pictures, and the generous supply they have
given this, their latest work, places it far
above the usual run of children’s nature
books.— F. M. C.

Birps By Lanp anD SEA: The Record of a
Year’s Work with Field-glass and Cam-
era. By Joun Mac rair Boraston. II-
lustrated by photographs taken direct
from nature by the author. John Lane,
London and New York. 8vo. Pages
xiv + 282; half-tone ills., 72.

The author gives in this book the gist
of almost daily observation of birds in
Stretford, England, and the surrounding
districts from September, 1902, to Septem-
ber, 1903. [he area of observation has
been extended by occasional excursions over
the Cheshire border, while the account also
includes the narrative of the author’s ex-
perience during a summer holiday spent in
the Island of Anglesey. He has set down
his experiences in chapters devoted to the

-

and Reviews 37
successive months of the year. Not the least
attractive and valuable feature of this book
is the series of photographs which the author
has succeeded in taking.

The Ornithological Magazines

JOURNAL OF THE MAINE ORNITHOLOGICAL
SocieTy.— Besides the numerous notes on
the occurrence and breeding of various birds
in Maine, the July number contains the
conclusion of A. H. Norton’s careful paper
on the ‘ Finches of Maine,’ the second of
the Warbler series, by J. M. Swain, treat-
ing of Wilson’s Warbler, and an article by
F. J. Noble on the ‘ Feeding Habits of the
Turnstone.’—W. S.

BULLETIN OF THE MICHIGAN ORNITHO-
LOGICAL CLuB.—The leading articles of the
September issue are the first instalment of
Prof. W. Barrows, paper on ‘ Birds of the
Beaver Islands’ and one on ‘Nesting of
Kirtland’s Warbler in 1904.’ An editorial
announces the steps taken by the state game-
warden to protect this bird, including the
revoking of all collecting permits so far as
this species is concerned. A page is de-
voted to the Michigan Audubon Society,
and a frontispiece represents Cory’s and the
Least Bittern, from wash
Taverner.— W. S.

drawings by

Book News
The success accorded Mr. W. Leon
Dawson’s ‘ Birds of Ohio’ has induced

him to project a similar work on the birds
of Washington. Details of the proposed
publication may be obtained from Mr.
Dawson, at Blaine, Wash.

William Watson Woollen, of Indianapo-
lis, has almost ready for publication a bird
book, to be entitled ‘ Buzzard’s Roost: A
Bird Study.” Mr. Woollen has made a
special study of our common birds.

Among the official state bird lists, now in
course of prepardtion, are those on the birds
of Connecticut, by J. H. Sage and L. B.
Bishop; the birds of New York, by E. H.
Eaton, and the birds of Minnesota, by T. S.
Roberts.

38 Bird- Lore

Bird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published February 1, 19095 No. 1

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year, post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Birdin the Bush 1s Worth Two in the Hand

Tue publisher of a popular magazine,
noted for its large circulation rather than for
its literary excellence, sometimes adorns the
cover of his production with the statement
that he thinks the present number quite the
best which he has ever issued; an out-
spoken blowing of trumpets which, at least,
has the merit of frankness even if it grates
on one’s sense of the fitness of things.

While we would not, therefore, so openly
express our satisfaction with the present
number of BirRD-LoRE, we cannot wholly
conceal our pleasure in being permitted to
place in our readers’ hands a magazine con-
taining so many eminently practical, useful
and permanently valuable features as this
issue of BIRD-LorE. We have so frequently
been asked for information in regard to
bird-houses, we are assured that the fully
illustrated, authoritative article on this sub-
ject which we present will be welcomed by
bird-lovers throughout the land. Surely
there is no more delightful way in which to
establish intimate relations with birds than
to have your own particular bird tenants,
with every detail of whose home-life you may
became familiar, and who, possibly, may
accept of your bounty year after year. The
readiness with which suitable nesting houses
are occupied not only ensures a successful
outcome of a speculation in ornithological
real estate, but is an indication of what an
agent would call “ the demand for desirable
homes,” and the extent to which we supply

this demand is a measure of our aid to the
cause of practical bird protection. Let us
then prepare or erect our bird-houses for
the season now almost here, and in due time
send a brief report on our bird tenants for
publication in a later issue of BIRD-LoreE.

Our chief cause for congratulation on the

_ present number of Birp-Lore, however, is

not alone due to the generosity of those who
contributed articles on bird-boxes, or to
the success of the Christmas Bird Census,
or Professor Cooke’s migration records, or
the character of our Advisory Council, but
also to the inclusion in Brrp-Lore, for the
first time, of the annual report of the Na-
tional Association of Audubon Societies.
Annual reports are apt to be perfunctory
affairs, at the best, and their enforced peru-
sal is an almost certain means of dispelling
the interest they were designed to arouse.
We venture to assert, however, that no one
having the slightest sympathy with bird
protection can begin Mr. Dutcher’s report
without finishing it, nor can he finish it
without being surprised and impressed by
the development of the Audubon movement,
and the splendid-foundation which has been
laid for the erection of an enduring struc-
ture.

The instincts which prompt us to con—
demn and prevent cruelty and inhumanity,
to appreciate and delight in the beautiful,
to preserve man’s heritage in nature so that
those who come after us may find the world
as beautiful as we have found it, should in-
spire our enthusiastic support of the cause
which Mr. Dutcher and his associates
throughout the country are so ably ad-
vancing.

When a subscription list is headed with
a donation of $100,000, no further guarantee
of the importance of the object for which it
appeals should be necessary ; and we trust
that the close of the present year will see
the National Association of Audubon So-
cieties with an endowment of $1,000,000.
Then the one weak side—the financial—of
its work will have been so strengthened
that under the efficient management of the
interest of this sum the friends of the birds
need have no fear.

The Audubon Societies

“You cannot with a scalpel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird's song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should

be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn.

Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be

sent at least one month prior to the date of publication.

DIRECTORY OF STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

With names and addresses of their Secretaries
e

MS eR LNR ACER RPM rede atet cere ctite aisha) a7e ete sin auslas ajaiy atarbote ciel aera Geerahe Sin cr acevon cai cusersghe slerchele aeie's W. Scott Way, Pasadena,
ME CHLOE CLC Merete fe eha ni cteishitrcvetepe Sicvalet ele sists" eles Giulnleitvacalearslece starela tnlerein send’ eleGiois Mrs. MARTHA A. SHUTE, Denver.
SOMATIC CELC HE crete So rascisia cistale.olelcvsrcia alors auelcle.ein aus svelay) ees Ssseje's lara palste Mrs. WILLIAM BROWN GLOVER, Fairfield.
ROP LGR ON SANG eleate fanaa obits fens ciate tiieres 6 osbicis.a = oteisiacinyeceleisie'ese Mrs. Wm. S. HILLEs, Delamore Place, Wilmington.
District of Columbia ...................... Mrs. JOHN DEWHURST PATTEN, 2212 R street, Washington.
ROU S ENGL ER ne ate rie Pete = Ne rcfa ve crs are 2 cio oraictoteicinTorn' soins crap aioiare. aque Hers bes heldietsie ers wiee Mrs. I. VANDERPOOL, Maitland.
ROLE Area oho r eos ania 21a ass ta oa ose ces av ale oles se atnVe/ aioli overnisin\sid's mwiavercinss PROFESSOR H. N. STARNES, of Experiment.
RAMI IM MER ae eee ciclo cisjacseiesos Sedser Ore sa nee oailovices Miss MARY DRUMMOND, 208 West street, Wheaton.
MAN UMTA NE cE race cras ds Ie coe e s Sale ninrclvin aS Gdns sw gale cass FLORENCE A. Howg, Hillside Ave., Indiarapolis.
RCA MEI eee ie! FiO Re ta cidorerocteals sia sos cme daewWic be saGew sowiguelumiacs ase Mrs. W. F. PARROTT, Waterlov.
EINE MV ir oro eA a 5 (ols taya vieretsie'o oie sine hiv ay ae els ale Gino cise Riais Brerediatelsye were eiacs Miss JuL1IET O. ALves, Henderson.
RGRSMINMA BTN Re rs ict. coy Save aime sce sie alas winieriwieisie ae nents ele Miss ANITA PRING, 1682 Peters ave., New Orleans.
ON SAR ENO Reeetayo eS iat sie irae ve-a(v ake Saisie eins istere nis rataible wAeiwio is nie eames eaereeaeeleapmetebieisiele Mrs. C. B. TUTTLE, Fairfield.
LUCTE AEG AGS poe OE RE ee ee ee Miss ANNE WESTON WHITNEY, 715 St. Paul street, Baltimore.
Massachusetts ............. Miss JESSIE E. KIMBALL, care Boston Society of Natural History, Boston.
109 C7 16 IN eg Nei Re er JEFFERSON BUTLER, Suite 79, Home Bank Building, Detroit.
WM ATTIRE ao cts cin ois arcing ooo e wie alere’e Siaisivlets ciclo sieacora arpide'n.cs Miss JESSIE WHITMAN, 2356 Bayless ave., St. Paul.
Mmm OUT re snes esse tinaceattilecus seen AucusT REESE, 2516 North Fourteenth street, St. Louis.
MMe arate lay ee anaes cask oa tiern oe ot ae area ae eed aioatee Miss Joy HIGGINS, 544 South 3oth street, Omaha.

New Hampshire: 2. c..cjc0cccacecscecciccesssdecsedacs

New Jersey

wicatces teen Mrs. F. W. BATCHELDER, Manchester.
aceite tets vere laVataern obi Vein wueia aialareoleletersia’s sacerecats Miss JULIA SCRIBNER, 510 E. Front street, Plainfield.

ING WV OPe oie. 2c. 5 csaisewa cae Miss EMMA H. Lockwoop, 243 West Seventy-fifth street, New York City.
MCSE INES AL CUATN A sora) S 3/0 fa/aie aia. n: fave aan orev reiaa w-cis'nie ae ore) Sta a/0 9 we Brew ereysive hells las T. GILBERT PEARSON, Greensboro.
NENW A OLA NS c's cisinc a7 aytayse eae -cc\eie Gia. aaiaw sea CoN ere Miss ELIZABETH L. ApsoTT, Grand Forks,
CUPP Tis cs TOG Bm UR Ce a Mrs. D. Z. MCCLELLAND, 820 West Ninth street, Cincinnati.
CIE ta Oat an Gates hoe ten aes Re Hern nee EE enn aren Saree rs Mrs. ADELIA Hotcoms, Enid.
ONCE) | oo SOD OREO B EES pate One Coe acetnc rE eCner te A. W. ANTHONY (Pres’t), 900 Thurman street, Portland.
Pennsylvania. ......-..-.....c0ss0: Mrs. EDWARD ROBINS, 114 South Twenty-first street, Philadelphia.
Rhode Island............ UA ee ne ats AS ee eee ete Mrs. H. IT. GRANT, 187 Bowen street, Providence.
Sonthucaralinaes so s.cshnc ccc soon deine doves Sete er ee es Miss S. A. SMYTH, Legare street, Charleston.
pA MME OG ase ot cats ielaisicrore ai oo se rele ase orbine siatelalaceaiacpiaiee-a ajeaeute cs Beh Meee ered oe oer areicts Mrs. C. C. Conner, Ripley.
BURR URES ee raed ovale =a age ccna Tat o¥s elevate racer) aioiarats a2 < ie, Geiss 0 orev alton Sealarcl se has orate eet ins ois) Sal or alotelerelera/aleterere M. B. Davis, Waco.
BVI ENTAIL CBee a) ese S atresia Wichalete diols etnies wine RSC tine SWS a aiece ee Mrs. E. B. DAVENPORT, Brattleboro.
VANCIG ig iea ie ico Sap c Scene ce ain Onne ne taee Ieee nonee carrer naa ons Mr. E. C. Houau, Falls Church,
SV MAAMCOUELGATI Se rg re loysesra'= sats ios ark oPale elk gee cle oie ate Mrs. REUBEN G. THWAITES, 260 Langdon street, Madison.
RV VASOONNELIN £71. 0-15) Soa ats erabelaiaterareis, 6 ice lel eal Ti gieta.a/elavate sivveleveravare jeini «sin wraiaiasece Mrs. CORDELIA CHIVINGTON, Cheyenne.

The National Association— its Needs
and Aims

The National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds
and Animals completed its incorporation
January 5, 1905.

The particular objects for which said cor-
poration is formed are as follows :

a. To hold meetings, lectures and exhi-
bitions in the interest of the protection of
wild birds and animals and to use all law-
ful means for their protection.

6b. To publish and distribute documents
and other printed matter on these or other
subjects, and to acquire and maintain a
library.

c. To cooperate with the National and
State Governments and regularly organized
natural history societies in disseminating
knowledge relative to wild birds and ani-
mals.

In carrying out the purposes of the Cor-
poration, it needs a permanent endowment
of not less than one million dollars.

The aims of the Corporation are :

(39)

40 Bird =Lore

1. To organize, foster and strengthen
State and Local Audubon Societies.

2. To permanently maintain and greatly
enlarge the number of wardens now guard-
ing colonies of breeding birds.

3. To increase, in the rural districts,
circulating nature-book libraries.

Since the organization of the National
Association in rgor, the several branches of
its work have been carried on in a very
economical manner, with the contributions
of a few deeply interested patrons who have
annually given the sum of three to four
thousand dollars. The lack of a fund
commensurate with the needs of the Asso-
ciation has, in the past, very greatly ham-
pered the growth of the work

Over $62,000,000 was given by wealthy
philanthropists during 1904, for the mainte -
nance of educational institutions, hospitals,
homes,churches, missions, libraries and mis-
cellaneous charities. Of these the most no-
table and by far the largest gift was the muni-
ficent sum donated by Mr. Carnegie for the
establishment of libraries which are almost
entirely located in cities or the larger towns.
The people who most need good books are
the dwellers in the rural districts, and un-
fortunately, the Carnegie libraries do not
benefit them in the slightest degree. The
Audubon Societies, since their organization,
have, in a small way, done all they could to
give to the farmers and their families good
nature literature through the medium of
small circulating libraries. The extent of
this work has been limited only by the very
small means at the disposal of the societies.

When the National Association succeeds
in securing the desired endowment, a very
large portion of the annual income will be
devoted to the expansion of the Audubon
library system. It is also purposed to em-
ploy trained lecturers to instruct the rural
public by means of illustrated talks about
birds, animals, flowers, trees, and, in fact,
every branch of nature, especially along
economic lines. ‘The income of one million
dollars would not be too large for these pur-
poses when the magnitude of our agricultu-
ral interests is considered. The Secretary
of Agriculture, Hon. James Wilson, in his
New Year's greeting to the people of the

United States, makes this statement: ‘Alli
the gold mines of the entire world have
not produced, since Columbus discovered
America, a greater value of gold than the
farmers of this country have produced in
wealth in two years; the products of the
farms for this year alone (1904) amount to.
more than six times the capital stock of all
the National Banks.”

It is a well-established fact that insects
destroy annually agricultural products to
the value of $300,000,000, this sum includ-
ing the terrible loss *to the cotton industry _
from the boll-weevil, and, in addition to
this sum, the Bureau of Forestry reports:
“ At current stumpage values and whole-
sale prices of commercial products the an-
nual loss from forest insect depredations is-_
estimated to be about $100,000,000.”

Birds are the principal check on the
increase of insect pests; therefore, every pos-
sible means should be employed to increase
bird life. It is believed that the most effec-
tual and rapid method of reaching this end
is by educating the agricultural
about the economic value of birds through.
the use of thousands of nature libraries and
millions of educational leaflets. To carry
out this purpose the National Association.
pleads for a liberal endowment.

The National Association, during the
past four years, has employed a small
number of active and earnest men as bird
wardens to protect during the breeding
season colonies of birds that were threatened.
with extermination by plume - hunters.
There are many other colonies that need
such special protection, but it can only be
given provided a suthcient endowment fund
is secured. A few thousand dollars spent
this way annually, will preserve for the
benefit and enjoyment of future generations.
the beautiful and interesting birds that
dwell along the coast.

The National Association is fully organ-
ized, is incorporated, and has a great and
important economic work to carry on; but
it is powerless to accomplish any of the
great good that it aims to do unless a gene-
rous and appreciative public recognizes its
needs and furnishes the desired endowment
fund.

masses.

For Doung Cdservers

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON

Address all communications for this Department to the Editor, at Greensboro, N.C.

Bird Tenants
oO. young observers will find in this number of BrRD-LORE descrip -

tions and pictures of a great many different kinds of bird-houses.

We hope that they will make a practical use of the suggestions given
and, when possible, try to secure some bird tenants this coming spring by
offering them suitable homes.

It is already time to begin to prepare these dwellings, and, as Mrs.
Wright tells us, the sooner we place them out of doors the sooner will they
begin to look as though they be-
longed there. In the next issue of
BirD-LORE we will give a plan for
the study of Bird Tenants, and at
the same time make some sugges-
tions which we are sure will interest
our young observers.

The first prize for the letters on
‘ Feeding Birds in Winter’ was won
by Miss Emily N. Hoxie, whose
article is published below.

Feeding Birds in Winter

By EMILY N. HOXIE, Peace Dale, R. I.

Last winter we put out suet in
the trees for the first time, and soon
the Downy Woodpeckers, Nut-
hatches, Chickadees and Blue Jays
came and ate. The Chickadees
would take a few little pecks, then
fly away. The Blue Jays and Nut-
hatches would break off a big piece
and carry it away, but Downy would
stay for a long time and make a good
meal. Only two Downies came, and
they both had the red spots on their
heads. One we called the big . ee Bie
Downy and one the little Downy, GETTING READY FOR THE BLUEBIRDS

aM

(41)

42 Bird - Lore

because there was so much difference in their size. “hey became very tame
and I could roll my hoop under the tree and they would not fly away. We
kept a pan of crumbs out in the yard for the Sparrows and Juncos. Many
English and Tree Sparrows came, and nearly all winter we had one little
Song Sparrow for a daily visitor. He would fly at the English Sparrows and
drive them all away if they ate too near him. We heard him sing in Janu-
ary. We had Kinglets in the fall, but they did not stay here in the winter.
On sunny days we saw little birds (sometimes five at once) flying round the
windows and roofs and porches. We saw they were after flies, so we caught
a great many flies in our attic and put them in a box on the window-sill
outside. The birds were very tame, and came and ate while we stood at the
window. We found by ‘Bird-Life’ that they were Myrtle Warblers.
There were flocks of Bluebirds around all winter, and some of them came
and ate flies with the Warblers.

In May the winter birds stopped coming and the Robins and Cat-birds
began to eat the suet. It was much easier than digging worms. It was
very funny to see the birds. —TThe Robin who had a nest in one of our trees
would bring her little ones under the tree where the suet was and fly up and
bring pieces down to them. While she was on the ground feeding them,
the Cat-bird would go to the suet. As soon as the Robin saw the Cat-bird
on the suet she would go and drive him off, when he would fly down under
the tree to pick up the pieces which dropped. They would keep this up
for some time. Papa nailed a piece of suet on the table in the yard where
my sister and I mix mud-pies, and the Cat-birds would come there and eat
and carry some away while we were there playing. —The Red-winged Black-
birds came to the back part of our garden, where we kept a pile of food for
the birds, and carried off great pieces for their young ones. They made
many trips a day for some time. This winter the Downy and the Nuthatch
came the first day of December, though the Chickadees were here weeks
before that. We read in ‘ Bird-Life’ that bayberries were the Warbler’s
favorite food, so mamma and I picked some and put them out in a dish on
the window-sill for him. We put out some flies, too, and he ate those and
did not seem to care for the bayberries. We saw him eat three berries,
and he could hardly swallow them; they seemed so large for his little bill
and throat. We have had thirteen different kinds of birds in the yard this
winter, and enjoy watching them very much.

Report of the National Association
of Audubon Societies

ALSO ON THE

Results of Special Protection to Water Birds

OBTAINED THROUGH THE THAYER FUND
FOR THE YEAR 1904

TOGETHER WITH A

History of the Audubon Movement

By WILLIAM DUTCHER, CnHarrRMaAn

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY.

HIsTORY OF THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT.
Work of the American Ornithologists’ Union.
Establishment of the Biological Survey.
A. O. U. Committee on Bird Protection.
The Organization of the First Audubon Society.
The Audubon Magazine.
Decline of the First Audubon Movement.
Origin of the Second, or Present Audubon Movement.
The Thayer Fund.
Formation of the National Committee.

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR 1904.
Suggestions.
Thayer Fund.
Bird Protection Abroad, in Canada and Mexico.
Government Aid.

Live Bird Traffic.
STATE REPORTS.

REPORTS, OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

uvwyyog pue Asjurqg Aq poydersojoyg
NOSaxO dO LSVOO ‘SHOOU HOUV NO SaYUNW VINYOIIIVO

INTRODUCTORY

Admit into thy silent breast
The notes of but one bird,
And instantly thy soul will join
In jubilant accord.
—Johanna Ambrosius.

fae is defined as advancement of any kind; growth, develop-
ment, improvement; and is a high word for the promotion of
human knowledge, character and general welfare. In all these
things we feel that the great economic movement in which we are
engaged has made positive gains, not only on the material, but also on
the spiritual side. The material gains can always be seen, recognized and
enumerated, because they are tangible; for instance, there is the model
law adopted in two important states, an active Audubon Society organized
in another important state, and additional colonies of water-birds discovered
and effectively cared for by paid wardens, while many of the colonies
that have had protection for several years show a marked increase in size.
The spiritual gains are intangible, but are nevertheless positive and
recognizable in increased interest, willingness to work, inquiry about
methods, and, above all, a growing and generous response to financial
calls for support.

HISTORY OF THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT

In order that the great gains that have been made may be more easily
recognized, let us take a retrospective view.

As early as 1883 there was an evident awakening to the fact that
too many birds were being killed, for ‘ Forest and Stream,’ in comment-
ing on a communication from a correspondent, remarks: “The subject
of protecting our small birds is, we are glad to see, occupying each year
a larger share of public attention.” Later in the same year, in an editorial
on ‘Spare the Swallows,’ it says: ‘The milliners now demand the breasts
and wings of Swallows for decorating ladies’ hats. To supply the call,
thousands of these birds are killed by agents of the millinery taxidermists.”
During the following year, 1884, this awakening was more evident, from
the greater number of newspaper articles that appeared under such titles
as the following: ‘Protect the Small Birds,’ the writer of which says:
“For several years I have watched the decrease in numbers of our small
birds”; ‘ Protecting Song Birds,’ ‘ Preservation of Song Birds,’ in which
the writer says: “Let us have a law to prevent the shooting, by men

(45)

46 Bird - Lore

as well as boys, of the insect-eating and song-birds of our land”;
‘Decrease of Song Birds,’ in which the writer directs attention to the
advertisement of a Boston taxidermist who calls for “all kinds of native
birds’ and states, “I saw in the window of a large millinery store here
over one hundred and fifty stuffed skins of the Baltimore Oriole, labeled
75 cents each.” In an editorial in ‘Forest and Stream,’ entitled, “The
Sacrifice of Song Birds,’ it is stated: “The destruction of American
wild birds for millinery purposes has assumed stupendous proportions.
The unholy work gives employment to a vast army of men and women,
and this army wages its campaign of destruction with a diabolical per-
fection of system.” The editorial refers to details of the work published
in other columns of the paper which furnish evidence of the ghastly
character of the business. It was during this year that the work of
exterminating the Terns commenced and the gruesome business was carried
on from Florida to Massachusetts and hundreds of thousands of these
beautiful and graceful creatures were sacrificed on the altar of fashion.
Today the small remnant of the once countless throngs of Terns, or
Sea Swallows, are being carefully guarded by wardens in the employ of
our Society who are paid from the Thayer Fund. They now live in
peace and happiness, are permitted to breed in security, and, thanks to a
growing sentiment of kindness to all wild life, are rapidly increasing
in numbers.

Work of the American Ornithologists’ Union.—In the minutes of the
second annual meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, held
at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, September 30,
1884, may be found the following entry: “Mr. Brewster called attention
to the wholesale slaughter of birds, particularly Terns, along our coast
for millinery purposes, giving some startling statistics of this destruction,
and moved the appointment of a committee for the Protection of North
American birds and their eggs against wanton and indiscriminate destruc -
tion, the committee to consist of six, with power to increase its number,
and to cooperate with other existing protective associations having similar
objects in view. After earnest support of the motion by Messrs. Brewster,
Chamberlain, Coues, Goss, Merriam and Sennett, it was unanimously
adopted, and the following gentlemen were named as constituting the
committee: William Brewster, H. A. Purdie, George B. Grinnell,
Eugene P. Bicknell, William Dutcher and Frederic A. Ober.”

Establishment of the Biological Survey.— At this same meeting action
was taken which proved far more reaching in its results than was prob-
ably ever dreamed of or hoped for by its originators. The Union
instructed the Council to prepare and present a proper memorial to
Congress and also to the Canadian Government, in behalf of the Com-
mittee on Bird Migration, and to consider what other means could be

History of the Audubon Movement

=<

1

'

'

b
‘
4

MAP OF STATES HAVING AN AUDUBON SOCIETY WITH THE YEAR IN WHICH
IT WAS ESTABLISHED

47

MAP OF STATES WHICH HAVE PASSED THE A. O. U. MODEL LAW WITH THE YEAR
OF ITS ADOPTION :

48 Bird - Lore

devised to promote the work. As the result of the appeal to Congress, an
appropriation of $5,000 in aid of the work was secured through the United
States Department of Agriculture. In recognition of the action taken by
the American Ornithologists’ Union in securing the appropriation, the
Department of Agriculture invited the Council of the A. O. U. to select
a superintendent to carry on the work.. The Council at a meeting held
April 21, 1885, in Washington, unanimously appointed Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, who secured as his assistant Dr. A. K. Fisher, both among the
founders of the American Ornithologists’ Union. From this humble
beginning has grown the present Biological Survey, a Division of the
United States Department of Agriculture, which still has at its head
Dr. Merriam, the original superintendent, who has gathered about him
a staff of well-known ornithologists.

The great value of the work of this important division of the Govern-
ment is becoming more and more apparent every year, especially in the
great mass of educational material that is being published, and in the active
part it is taking in the work of protecting both game and non-game birds.
The Audubon Societies work in close touch with the Biological Survey, in
fact being practically auxiliary to it. All important movements and plans
of the National Association are adopted after consultation with the Biologi-
cal Survey, which furnishes a large part of the food data which is embraced
in the Educational Leaflets published by this Society.

Early Legislation. —To continue our review, early in 1885 the Legisla-
ture of New Jersey passed a bill, introduced by Senator Griggs, forbidding
the killing of any Nighthawk, Whippoorwill, Tern, Gull, or any insectivo-
rous or song bird not generally known as a game bird. This was probably
the first comprehensive bird law passed, in that it protected all the birds
that could not strictly be considered game birds.

Song Birds as Food.—During the same year Mr. Sennett, of the first
A. O. U. Protection Committee, published in ‘Forest and Stream’ an
article entitled ‘ The Lesson of a Market,’ in which he gave a list of the
non-game birds that he found exposed for sale in the Norfolk, Virginia,
market. It consisted of twenty-six species, among them the Robin, Cat-
bird, Brown Thrasher, Bluebird, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Waxwing,
Red-eyed Vireo, eight species of Sparrows, Dove, and included even the
Crow and Screech Owl. ‘Twelve or fifteen stands had the birds for sale,
some having as many as three or four hundred. Contrast that condition
with the conditions today. The markets at the present time are bare of
song birds and in some states even game birds are not sold. During the
present year even the New Orleans markets were closed for song birds,
where they: had been sold in large quantities ever since the days of the
French occupancy. This last gain was the direct result of the effective
work of the Louisiana Audubon Society.

History of the Audubon Movement 49

A. O. U. Committee on Bird Protection.—At the meeting of the Ameri-
can Ornithologists’ Union held at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, November 17-18, 1885, a report of the Committee on the
Protection of Native Birds was made by Mr. Brewster, chairman, who
stated that owing to ill health he was obliged to resign the chairmanship,
and for this and other adverse circumstances the Committee had been
unable to develop a systematic plan of work. The discussion following the
report showed that there was no lack of interest in the subject, and that
active measures would be taken to enlighten the public and to create a
proper sentiment in relation to the wholesale slaughter of birds going on for
millinery purposes. ‘‘ Dr. Merriam regarded the work of this Committee
as the most urgent now before the Union.’’ A new Committee was ap-
pointed which met at 51 Liberty Street, New York, December 12, 1885,
for organization. Mr. George B. Sennett was elected permanent Chair-
man and Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, Secretary, the other members of the
Committee being Dr. J. A. Allen, Dr. J. B. Holder, Dr. George B.
Grinnell, William Dutcher and L. S. Foster, all of New York City; Mr.
Wm. Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. Montague Chamberlain, St.
John, N. B., and Col. N. S. Goss, Topeka, Kansas. Weekly meetings
were held thereafter at the American Museum of Natural History, when a
large amount of preliminary work was done. A sub-committee was
appointed to collect statistics respecting the extent of the trade in bird
skins for millinery purposes; to another sub-committee was entrusted the
duty of procuring a full series of the legislative enactments of the different
states in behalf of bird protection, as a basis for intelligent action in respect
to this phase of the subject.

The Committee deemed it advisable that its first work should be edu-
cational in its character, in order to create sentiment against the use of
birds for decorative purposes and in general for the protection of all
native birds.

The year 1886 seemed to mark the high tide of bird protection work
during its first cycle of development, and great activity was displayed. The
A. O. U. Committee, through the cooperation of the editor and publisher
of ‘Science’ and of Mr. G. E. Gordon, President of the American Humane
Association, were able to effectively reach the public. A sixteen-page sup-
plement to No. 160 of ‘Science,’ February 26, 1886, was issued; and it was
subsequently republished as ‘Bulletin No. 1 of the A. O. U. Committee
on Bird Protection’ in an edition of over 100,000 copies. It contained the
following articles: ‘The Present Wholesale Destruction of Bird-Life in
the United States,’ by J. A. Allen; ‘Destruction of Bird-Life in the
Vicinity of New York,’ by William Dutcher; ‘Destruction of the Eggs of
Birds for Food,’ by George B. Sennett; ‘Birds and Bonnets,’ by Frank
M. Chapman, and as editorials, ‘The Relation of Birds to Agriculture,’

50 Bird - Lore

‘Bird-Laws,’ and ‘An Appeal to the Women of the Country in Behalf of
the Birds.’

In this Bulletin was presented the first completed draft of what has since
been known as the A. O. U. Model Law, ‘An Act for the Protection of
Birds and their Nests and Eggs.’ While the Model Law has been im-
proved and strengthened as the result of experience, yet it substantially
remains the same as when first drawn in January, 1886. One of the tangi-
ble gains in bird protection work is the fact that in January, 1886, the
Model Law was not in force in a single state; today it is in full force in
twenty-eight states, the territory of Alaska and the Northwest Territories,
across the border.

Organization of the First Audubon Society.—An editorial entitled “The
Audubon Society’ appeared February 11, 1886, in “Forest and Stream,’
from which is quoted some facts relating to the organization of the first
Audubon Society, the successor of which we now are: “‘Very slowly the
public are awakening to see that the fashion of wearing feathers and skins
of birds is abominable. Legislation of itself can do little against this bar-
barous practice, but if public sentiment can be aroused against it, it will die
a speedy death. While individual effort may accomplish much, it will work
but slowly, and the spread of the movement will be but gradual. Some-
thing more than this is needed.

“Tn the first half of this century there lived a man who did more to teach
Americans about birds of their own land than any other who ever lived.
His beautiful and spirited paintings and his charming and tender accounts
of the habits of his favorites have made him immortal, and have inspired his
countrymen with an ardent love for the birds. “The land which produced
the painter-naturalist, John James Audubon, will not willingly see the
beautiful forms he loved so well exterminated.

“We propose the formation of an Association for the protection of wild |
bizds and their eggs, which shall be called the Audubon Society. Its mem-
bership is to be free to every one who is willing to lend a helping hand in —
forwarding the objects for which it is formed. These objects shall be to pre-
vent, so far as possible, (1) the killing of any wild birds not used for food;
(2) the destruction of nests or eggs of any wild bird, and (3) the wearing
of feathers as ornaments or trimming for dress.

‘To bring this matter properly before the public at large, we shall em-
ploy every means in our power to diffuse information on the subject over
the whole country. Those who are willing to aid us in our labors are
urged to establish local societies for work in their own neighborhood. To
such branch societies we will send, without charge, circulars and printed
information for distribution among their neighbors. A little effort in this
direction will do much good. As soon as the association shall have a
membership and shall be in a position to organize, and shall have attained

History of the Audubon Movement 51

an existence, we will hand the books and any funds which it may have, .
over to its members, who will, thereafter, take charge of it. “The work to
be done by the Audubon Society is auxiliary to that undertaken by the
Committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union ; and will further the
efforts of the A. O. U. Committee, doing detail duties to which they can-
not attend.”

That the Audubon Society attracted the attention of the best minds of
the country is indicated by the following letters, selected from many others,
received by ‘ Forest and Stream’:

“Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1886.

I am heartily in sympathy with your purposes for the protection of
birds, and should be glad to contribute any influence that I can to that end.
If there were no purchasers there would be no demand, and no reason for
slaughtering these winged gems. But as only women create a demand, it
rests upon them to stay this wanton destruction. I am sure it is only nec-
essary to bring before American women the cruelty of this “ slaughter of the
innocents’ that fashion is carrying on to secure a renunciation of this orna-
ment and the salvation of birds. On this subject the kind feelings, the
taste, and zxsthetic sympathy of the whole community are on your side,
and if you persevere you will assuredly win. Yours,

Henry Ward Beecher.”

“Oak Knoll, Danvers, Mass., 2d mo., 20, 1886.

I heartily approve of the proposed Audubon Society. We are in a way
to destroy both our forests and our birds. A Society for the preservation of
the latter has long been needed, and I hope it is not too late for the ac-
complishment of its objects. I could almost wish that the shooters of the
birds, the taxidermists who prepare their skins, and the fashionable wearers

of their feathers might share the penalty which was visited upon the Ancient
Mariner who shot the Albatross. Thy Friend, John G. Whittier.”

Bishop Henry C. Potter wrote: ‘There is an element of savagery in the
use of birds for personal decoration, which is in grotesque contrast with
our boasts of civilization : but even the savage stops short, as a rule, with
the feathers. It is only Christian people who think it worth while to
butcher a whole bird to adorn their headgear. I am sure, however, that it
is largely from that unreflecting habit which is a leading vice in people who
follow the fashions. But it is a vice, as Hood sang, when he wrote, ;

‘For evil is wrought

By want of thought,
As well as by want of heart.’”

Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote: “I assure you of my hearty sympathy
with the members of the Audubon Society in their efforts to prevent the

52 Bird - Lore

waste of these beautiful, happy, innocent and useful lives on which we de-
pend for a large share of our natural enjoyment.”

Charles Dudley Warner sent the following message: ‘A dead bird does
not help the appearance of an ugly woman, and a pretty woman needs no
such adornment.”

In June, 1886, the Audubon Society reported that it had passed the
10,000 mark in membership and that additional names were being added at
the rate of one thousand per week. On’May 20, 1886, the Legislature of
New York State substantially passed the A. O. U. Model Law, thus being
the first commonwealth to adopt this measure.

At the end of the first six months of its existence the Audubon Society
had enrolled over 11,000 members, and it was deemed necessary to incor-
porate. Steps were taken to that end, and on August 6, 1886, the incor-
poration was completed in the city of New York, with the corporate
title of ‘ The Audubon Society for the Protection of Birds.’ The incor-
porators were George Bird Grinnell, Edward R. Wilbur, Charles B. Rey-
nolds, Joel A. Allen and William D. Page.

In November following, the A. O. U. Protection Committee published
its second Bulletin in ‘ Forest and Stream.’ .This was subsequently repub-
lished in pamphlet form. as ‘Protection of Birds by Legislation.’ This
Bulletin contained the New York Law of 1886, with detailed comments,
also a revised and simplified draft of a model law with full explanation
thereof, and suggestions how the law might be enforced, the effect of the
law on bird protection, the work of the Audubon Society and other perti-
nent matter. The report of the A. O. U. Protection Committee pre-
sented by Mr. Sennett, chairman, at the fourth annual meeting of the
Society, held November 16-18, 1886, at Washington, D. C., proved of
special interest and showed activity on the part of the members. During
the year twenty meetings were held at which a quorum was present. After
detailing the work and successes of the year, it concluded by stating that
the public press had warmly seconded its efforts, and it felt justified in
claiming that its labors had yielded most encouraging results, and that
the future was full of promise of further successes. “The public was thor-
oughly aroused to the importance of enforcing strenuous measures for the
better protection of our birds, and the sympathy and assistance received by
the Committee in its work was full of encouragement to further effort.

At the close of the year 1886 the Audubon Society had 16,000
members, with over three hundred local secretaries, scattered throughout
the United States and in various foreign countries.

The Audubon Magazine.—In January, 1887, ‘ The Audubon Magazine’
appeared as the organ of the bird protection movement. ‘Forest and
Stream’ in an editorial, January 13, 1887, states: ‘The methods of
personal letter writing and circular distribution, heretofore adopted by the

History of the Audubon Movement 53

Audubon Society, have proven inadequate to keep pace with the growth
of the movement, and now the Society is to have its own special
medium in the world of journalism. ‘The Audubon Magazine,’ devoted
to extending and building up song-bird protection, will be published in
the interest of the Society by the Forest and Stream Publishing Company.

“The special purpose of the new monthly will be to advance the
work already so well under way, give stability and permanence to
that work, and broaden the sphere of effort in such directions as may
with reason suggest themselves. Ornithology, discussed in a popular
way, will, as a matter of course, take precedence over other subjects
of natural history, to which the pages of the new magazine will be largely
devoted, but it will treat of outdoor life and animated nature in many
forms. The price has been made merely nominal, fifty cents per year.
The Audubon Society will hereafter grant admission to associate member-
ship. This step is taken out of deference to the expressed desires of a
large number of persons who are in hearty sympathy with the Society
in its aims and in all of its methods, except the pledging of members.
For one reason or another such persons do not care to sign the Audubon
pledges. They will, however, be glad to lend to the work their influence
and active aid, and it is therefore desirable that they should in some way
be recognized.”

In May the Audubon Society reported a membership of about 30,000,
and ‘Forest and Stream’ in an editorial said: ‘The expenses of this
movement, which have been very heavy, have been borne by Forest
and Stream Publishing Company without any assistance from outside
persons. Four numbers of the Audubon Magazine have appeared and
we are able to form an intelligent judgment of the character of the
periodical. It is full of matter which is both instructive and entertain-
ing. Each number contains a full-page illustration of some well-known
bird, carefully reproduced from Audubon’s plate, together with a descrip-
tion and life history of the species figured. Besides this the story of
the life of the great artist-naturalist is appearing as a serial. Economic
questions are treated in an intelligent and novel way, and there are lighter
articles and stories for the younger folks.” June 30, 1887, the Secretary
of the Audubon Society reported a membership of 36,000, and, in
August, 38,400.

At the fifth meeting of the A. O. U. held at the Museum of the
Boston Society of Natural History, October 11-13, 1887, Mr. Sennett,
chairman of Committee on Bird Protection, reported as follows: ‘The
Committee was doing all in its power to disseminate information in relation
to the subject, the chief obstacle to its work being the ignorance of
the public on all matters relating to the utility of birds and the measures
necessary for their protection. This ignorance was especially dense among

54 Bird - Lore

farmers, who were intensely prejudiced against Hawks and Owls, and
indifferent to the services rendered by these and many other useful species
which they were accustomed to regard as enemies and pests. The informa-
tion the Committee had gathered respecting the food of birds of prey showed
conclusively that, with two or three exceptions, these species were far
more beneficial than harmful, many of them subsisting chiefly on field
mice and other farm pests. In this connection quite an extended account
was given of the very excellent work of the Audubon Society.”

Decline of the First Audubon Movement.— During 1888 the tide of
bird protection was rapidly ebbing, for the subject seemed to be given
little attention in the public press. ‘Forest and Stream’ pointed to the
fact that large numbers of song birds were shot during the spring migration
in the vicinity of New York, notwithstanding the law forbidding shooting
of such birds and, in an editorial in November, said as follows: ‘Essays.
have been written to demonstrate the foolishness of small bird destruction,
laws have been passed to protect the useful species, societies have been
organized and tens of thousands of members enrolled pledged against the
fatuous fashion of wearing bird skins as dress; arguments, pleas, appeals
to reason and appeals to sentiment have been urged; and what is the
outcome of it all? Fashion decrees feathers; and feathers it is. The
headgear of women is made up in as large a degree as ever before of
the various parts of small birds. “Thousands and millions of birds are
displayed in every conceivable shape on the hats and bonnets. This
condition of affairs must be something of a shock to the leaders of the
Audubon Society, who were sanguine enough to believe that the moral
idea represented by their movement would be efficacious to influence
society at large. Meantime the reintroduction of feather millinery in
no way derogates from the value of the work done by the Audubon
Society. It has called attention to the ethical and economic aspects of
the question and has educated a very respectable minority to organized
action. In the face of this minority thoroughly convinced that indulgence
in feather millinery is wrong in itself, or conducive to consequences
inimical to human well-being, the arbiters of fashion cannot achieve that
complete success they have been accustomed to look for.” With the
end of the second volume, December, 1888, the Audubon Magazine
ceased to exist and, with it, organized effort for bird protection.

At the sixth annual meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union
a very brief statement of the work of the Protection Committee was made
by Dr. J. A. Allen, in the absence of the chairman, Mr. Sennett. “Efforts
were being made to influence legislation and the Committee was trying
to enlighten the public.”

During 1889 the subject received no attention from the press, and
at the Seventh Congress of the A. O. U., held November 12-15, Mr.

History of the Audubon Movement 55

Sennett, chairman of the Protection Committee, made a very brief verbal
report of progress, the most important statement being that the law
recently enacted by the State of Pennsylvania, in a measure through the
influence of the Committee, was commended as the best thus far adopted.

The report of the A. O. U. Protection Committee, made by
Mr. Sennett, chairman, at the Eighth Congress, November 18-20, 1890,
merely referred to the fact that no additional legislation had been obtained,
but there was a general feeling manifested to protect song birds.

At the Ninth Congress of the A. O. U., November 17-19, 1891,
the chairman, Mr. Sennett, merely reported progress, and Mr. Brewster
stated what had been done to protect the Terns on Muskeget Island
(Mass.) during the past four years. ;

The Protection Committee did not make any report to the American
Ornithologists’ Union during the years 1892 and 1893. At the Eleventh
Congress, 1894, Mr. F. M. Chapman was appointed chairman of the
Committee.

At the Twelfth Congress the chairman, Mr. Chapman, in his report,
detailed the special protection given to the Terns on Great Gull Island,
N. Y., to prevent their extermination, and also the successful efforts of
Messrs. Brewster and Mackay to prevent the repeal of the Massachusetts
law protecting the Terns of Muskeget Island. The Committee was con-
tinued and, Mr. Chapman declining the chairmanship, Mr. Gurdon Trum-
bull was made chairman.

At the Thirteenth Congress, Nov. 12-14, 1895, Mr. Brewster stated, in
behalf of the Protection Committee, that the Terns on Muskeget Island
. Showed great increase, as did the colony of Laughing Gulls; and that great
ciedit was due Mr. George H. Mackay for his continuous efforts to save
these birds from destruction. Messrs. Stone and Dutcher reported on the
protection given to the coast birds in New Jersey and New York. A new
committee was appainted, consisting of William Dutcher, chairman, Ruth-
ven Deane, Witmer Stone, Leverett M. Loomis and George H. Mackay.

At the close of the year 1895 the low tide of bird protection had come
and the end of the first cycle was at hand. The A. O. U. Protection
Committee was discouraged and hopeless, feather-wearing was as rampant
as ever, the legislatures of the states of New York and Pennsylvania, where
the model law had been enacted, had amended or repealed the same, and
bird legislation was as defective as it was before the protection movement
began; the Audubon Society had practically ceased to exist, and the
‘Audubon Magazine’ was no longer published. Truly it might be said that
the cause of bird protection seemed hopeless, for the movement that had
started so brilliantly in 1883 was seemingly dead after a short career of
twelve years. An analysis of the cause of the decline points to the follow-
ing reason: the movement was started and carried on as a single society,

56 Bird - Lore

the expenses of the same being borne by a liberal and public-spirited corpo-
ration that was organized for another purpose. “The magnitude of the
undertaking was too great for any person or corporation to carry on unaided,
the actual physical labor and the great expense were beyond the strength or
purse of anything but a cooperative movement among the several states and
the contributions of hundreds of individuals. There was also a total lack
of supporting laws, nor was the warden system adopted during the first
movement.

Origin of the Second, or Present Audubon Movement.—The second cycle
of bird protection practically commenced in January, 1896, when the sys-
tem of State Audubon Societies was started by the organization of a Society
in Massachusetts; this was followed by one in Pennsylvania, and thereafter
state organizations followed in rapid succession, until now there are societies
in thirty-five states, one territory and the -District of Columbia. Many of
these societies are large and flourishing ones, some of them being incorpo-
rated. The Society {fn North Carolina is unique in that it acts in that
state as a Game Commission with power of appointing bird- and game-
wardens who can arrest violators of the game-laws.

Uniform bird legislation was found to be absolutely necessary and has
rapidly been secured, so that at this date the model law is in force in
twenty-eight states, one territory and the Northwest Territories in the
British Provinces. In addition, the Audubon Societies, individually and
through the National Association, have exerted a vast and valuable influence
in game-bird protection, having found it impossible not to become
interested and involved in this important branch of economics. All of the
societies stand emphatically for short open seasons, no spring shooting,
non-export, no sale of game, and every known method of preserving the
rapidly diminishing game-birds of the country.

Another of the gains is the powerful auxiliary to Audubon work, the
very excellent illustrated magazine BIRD-LORE, now in its seventh volume,
which is the organ of the societies, and is a medium of exchange of
thought, methods and news between the several state Societies, and serves
to keep them in touch with one another; further, it is a means of com-
munication between the officers and committees of the individual societies
and their members. This magazine is of the highest character, being
scientifically correct and correctly popular; the editor having kept up to the
high standard promised in his editorial in the first number, February, 1899.
The several societies and bird lovers at large can in no surer way advance
the cause of bird protection than by extending very widely the circulation
of our official organ, BiIRD-LORE.

The Thayer Fund.—F€arly in 1900 Fashion had again attacked the Gulls
and Terns, and dealers said that the demand for these skins far exceeded the
supply. An appeal to bird lovers was made by Mr. Abbott H. Thayer, and

History of the Audubon Movement 57

through his efforts a generous fund was raised which was used for special
protection to sea-birds during the breeding season, wardens being employed
for this purpose. Mr. Thayer has diligently and patiently worked to con-
tinue the fund from year to year, with annually increasing results, so that
during the past year thirty-four wardens have been employed, as follows:
Maine, 10; Massachusetts, 1; New York, 2; New Jersey, 2; Virginia, 8;
North Carolina, 4; Florida, 4; Texas, 1; Michigan, 1; Oregon, 1; and
a contract has just been made with a warden in Louisiana.

Formation of the National Committee.—In November, 1900, an important
meeting took place in Cambridge, having as its object the discussion of
the Federation of the State Audubon Societies in order to strengthen
the bird-protection movement and more effectually place it upon a lasting
basis. A committee was appointed, which reported at a meeting held in
New York in November, 1901, as follows:

1. That the several societies retain their individuality, that is, that
they be not merged into a National Organization.

2. But in view of the increased efficiency that would always result
from some form of union, which would admit of concerted action, it is
recommended that,

3. The several societies shall each appoint one member of a Committee
to be known as the National Committee of the Audubon Societies of
America.

4. That the members of the Committee may be empowered to repre-
sent the societies whenever concerted action on the part of the societies
be deemed by the Committee expedient.

5. That an annual Conference be held.

Since 1901, the National Committee has had charge of the formation
of new Audubon Societies, the fostering and encouragement of the new
and weaker organizations, the warden system, legislation, and general
‘educational work, and it is also an additional medium of exchange between
the several state societies. In 1903 the National Committee began to
issue a series of illustrated leaflets for educational purposes.

The above résumé of the bird-protection movement, from its inception
to the end of 1903, is presented in order that the public may have
in concise form a history of the movement.

If desired, fuller details may be obtained in the published reports
from 1896 to 1903 of the work done in those years.

58 Bird - Lore

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR 1904

Suggestions. —This brings us to the present year’s activities, but, before
detailing them, it is deemed advisable to present certain important sugges-
tions for the consideration of the several state societies; the most vital
of these is legislation.

In the states of Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,
Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming, there
will be legislative sessions commencing early in 1905. In each of these
states the Model Law is now in force, and it is, therefore, extremely
important that measures shall be adopted to prevent any adverse bird
legislation. The Audubon Societies of the several states in question
should at once have their Law Committees arrange to watch closely for
any such legislation. If this is not done, it will be a very easy matter
for selfish people to have amendments passed that will very seriously weaken
the present excellent laws. In Ohio, in 1903, an amendment was passed
removing the Dove from the protected birds. This was a very serious
loss to the state itself, besides having a bad influence in other sections
of the country. The best method of watching legislation is to arrange
with some reliable person at the Capitol, preferably a bright newspaper
reporter, to furnish a copy of every bird bill that is introduced; the
Law Committee will then determine whether the bill is adverse or benefi-
cial; if the latter, it should be supported by the Society, but, if adverse,
every means should be taken to defeat the passage of the bill. This
is one of the most important activities for Audubon Societies to engage
in, and under no circumstances should it be overlooked or passed by
as a matter of no importance.

The National Committee, having large experience in such matters,
holds itself in readiness to advise and aid the Audubon Society of any
state where adverse legislation may be introduced.

A second suggestion, equally important, is the incorporation, not only
of each State Society, but of the National Committee also, for the same
reasons apply to all.

We have seen that the original Audubon movement was not permanent
chiefly because of lack of pecuniary support. Permanency for all the
societies can be obtained only by incorporation, in order that each may
be in a legal position to receive bequests from persons to whom our great
economic movement appeals. The financial support of such an under-
taking as ours is always largely in the nature of voluntary subscriptions, and
to a smaller extent from dues of members. That these latter are in no

Report of the National Committee for 1904 59

way adequate, every executive officer of an Audubon Society knows only
too well. Early in the year a large number of letters regarding the
incorporation of the National Committee were sent to contributors, and
the officers of the several societies. It was the consensus of opinion that
incorporation was desirable and important.

There are large numbers of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Children and Animals in the country, which in almost every instance are
incorporated, and some of them are endowed with large sums, and are the
owners of a considerable amount of income-producing property. None of
these societies has objects of greater economic importance than the one we
represent, for-the preservation of the birds of the country has a direct bear-
ing on the greatest of all the industries of the United States—its agriculture.
As the Committee is now constituted, it is without legal form and cannot
accept bequests, should any be offered. The popular character of bird
protection, which appeals, as it does, to all persons who, in the slightest
degree, love nature and her beautiful creatures, is sure to attract the notice
of persons who are looking for desirable channels in which to dispose of
surplus wealth. During the past year the New York Audubon Society
found it necessary to incorporate in haste. A letter was received by the
secretary in which the writer said that she was about to have a will made
and, if the Society were in a legal position to accept a bequest, that one-
half of her estate would be devised to it.

Again, the chairman of the National Committee was visited recently
by a friend of the movement, who, after listening to a detailed statement of
the plans and scope of work carried on and also seeing the evidences of
actual results obtained from the small fund annually received, stated that
just as soon as the National Committee was legally constituted he would
add a codicil to his will devising to the National Committee the sum of
one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), which, on its receipt, was to be
securely invested, the interest of the same only to be used. ‘The only con-
dition he made was that the scope of the work of the National Committee
was to be broadened enough to embrace wild animals as well as birds. He
added, on the occasion of a second visit, “if, after seeing the names on
your board of trustees, I find that they are of aclass that will faithfully
carry out the present purposes and plans of your society, I may not limit
the sum to $100,000.”

The above is only one of the many cogent reasons why the National
Committee should be incorporated at once, and the same reasons apply
equally to all of the State Societies that are not already incorporated. We
are warranted in looking forward to the time when the central body shall
have the means at its disposal from interest and rents alone, to send out
trained lecturers and organizers to all parts of the country, to publish for
gratuitous distribution necessary educational matter and to conduct earnestly

60 : Bird - Lore

and freely one of the greatest economic and esthetic movements of the
day.

» The third suggestion is regarding the Junior members, the boys and
girls. It is believed that not enough stress is laid upon enlisting the youth
of our country in this work. It has been truly said by an educator in Ken-
tucky, “It is surely with the school children, the men and women to be,
rather than the adults, we must grow.” ‘This idea is the keynote, and sug-
gests the future strength of the Audubon movement. What are we doing
for the youth at the present time? Surely not enough when we ask them
only to sign a pledge, and in return give a button or a leaflet of some kind.
Let us look back to our own youth and think how such action would have
affected us,—should we have had more than a passing interest which would
have been about as lasting as the morning dew? Children are superlatively
creatures of action, full of life and vigor and anxious to do something; they
are not satisfied to sit idly by and not be a part of any activity that is going
on. Can we not apply this very force to our own benefit? I think we
may. How?

It is well known that the individual is the unit, but stronger than the
unit is the family, stronger than the family is the hamlet, stronger than the
hamlet is the township, then the state, and finally the country. Let us
apply the institutional method to the children of villages and towns and
form them into branches or clubs, with officers and committees. Are we
not always complaining of the boy with the beanshooter or the first gun,
who we claim is killing birds or collecting eggs. This is merely misdirected
force, and at heart the boy is not bad. If the supposedly worst boy in a
hamlet were to be made the chairman of a committee of boys and girls
whose duty it was to protect birds, one could not find in all the Audubon
ranks a more earnest, consistent worker than he would be. What chil-
dren need is to have a sense of responsibility for the care or safety of some
object. They can always be trusted under such circumstances. It is a
vitally different proposition if you say to that same lad, “You must not hurt
or frighten the birds, because it is not only wrong but against the law.”
That is a proposition in which he takes little interest; but let him be per-
sonally responsible for the care of the birds, and, believe me, he will not
fail you. The stimulus of interest makes all the difference in the world in
that boy; in other words, let us judiciously steer the force and activity of
the child in the proper channel. Will it not interest the average boy or
girl to be on a Committee on nesting boxes, on feeding birds in winter,
on a nature library for the town, or school, on bringing the Audubon
traveling lecture to the town, on ushering and seating the audience; these
things will all serve to help our work and incidentally make good citizens.
Let us give this suggestion a fair trial during the coming year.

The fourth suggestion is that most of the-Societies are not growing fast

Report of the National Committee for 1904 61

enough in membership, and consequently are hampered for workers and
financial support. How can this be remedied?

1. By preparing a concise and effective appeal, stating the objects of the
Society and asking all persons who are interested in birds or nature to join.

2. Asking for persons who will act as local secretaries.

3. Getting every paper in your state to publish your appeal once or
twice. The Audubon Societies do not avail themselves enough of the sup-
port, aid and influence of the public press. The columns of the news-
papers are always open to any great popular movement.

4. Getting the boys and girls to act on committees for addressing
envelopes and folding circulars, and thus distributing them by the thousands,
when a single overworked secretary could prepare only a few hundreds.

5. By making special efforts to secure bird and nature libraries and illus-
trated bird lectures to be loaned free to all applicants.

6. By trying to secure the influence and cooperation of women’s clubs
and especially trying to get them to refrain from using aigrettes.

The fifth suggestion is for every Society to have a law committee who
should prepare a circular giving the names of the state officials charged with
the duty of bird and game protection, with the names and addresses of the
special or local officers. [he information should also embrace the law and
how it is enforced. This circular should be distributed broadcast through-
out the state, and the press should be asked to publish the same. Warning
notices should be prepared for tacking on trees and public places, and if there
is a large foreign element in the population some warning notices should be
printed in the foreign language most used. ‘The principal foreign offenders
are Italians, Poles and Germans, who congregate in or about the large cen-
ters of population.

Further suggestions will be made by the National Committee from
time to time through our organ, BrRD-LORE.

Thayer Fund.—It is gratifying to be able to report that contributions
to the Thayer Fund, the financial support of the National Committee,
are growing more liberal each year. In 1900 this fund was $1,400; 1901,
$1,680; 1902, $1,945; 1903, $3,054; and during the present year, $3,731.

The following table shows where the citizens are most interested in the
preservation of birds, as indicated by the amount of funds contributed:
Massachusetts, $2,027; New York, $1,212; Michigan, $130; Connecti-
cut, $93; Rhode Island, $65; Pennsylvania, $63; Switzerland, $25; New
Jersey, $23; Illinois, $16; Vermont, $15; Canada, $14; District of Colum-
bia, $11; Maine, $10; Ohio, $11; Wisconsin, $5.

Bird Protection Abroad.—The Sub-Committee on Foreign Relations has
not been idle during the past year, and it is pleased to be able to report the
following: The very pleasant relations existing between the English and
American Societies for the Protection of Birds is every day becoming more

62 Bird - Lore

close and intimate. A large number of educational leaflet No. 7 on the
Snowy Heron were distributed by the English Society. Mrs. Edward
Phillips, one of the vice-presidents, writes: “I was intending to write to
you to tell how immediate the appreciation of your admirable article on the
‘Snowy Heron’ has been, and to add an assurance of my earnest desire that
it may please the Creator of every living thing to direct and strengthen your
efforts and those of your co-workers and sympathizers, among whom please
count me.” Mrs. Praeger, of Holywood, Ireland, says, ‘Your Society
makes a very touching and powerful plea for the Herons; it is quite the
best leaflet I have seen on the subject, and I was glad to have it to dis-
tribute at our last meeting.”

Early during the present year large numbers of Swallow skins were
offered in the millinery shops in New York. On examination they were
found to be Hirundo rustica, acommon European bird. Some were pur-
chased and sent to the British Society in order to keep them informed of
the situation in the United States. “The Secretary replied, ‘s Your enclo-
sure is of melancholy interest—the poor little bodies of these young Swallows,
killed when just out of babyhood and making, probably, their first flight to
a new and unknown home—Swallows that ought to have come and twit-
tered about our English homes, but instead are ghastly little corpses for the
‘decoration’ of American women’s hats.

“T think I may say that in England the Swallows are everywhere pro-
tected and valued. I doubt whether one is ever intentionally killed. On
the contrary, the decrease in their numbers has of recent years been a subject
of serious concern. It is on the Mediterranean, in France and Italy, that
the slaughter of these birds takes place, during the migration season; and
this I fear we shall have no power to stop until some international law of
bird protection is agreed upon.

‘May I again express our indebtedness to you for the ‘Snowy Heron’
leaflets, which are, I believe, doing good work.”

An inquiry was received early in the year from Dr. Heuss, of Berlin,
asking for information regarding the plan and scope of the Audubon work.
This was furnished, and the National Committee stated that it would be
very glad to codperate with the German Society in any international move-
ment to protect the birds of the whole world. Attention was also called to
large numbers of wild birds that annually were shipped alive from Europe
to America for sale by the cage-bird dealers. A letter from Louisa,
Countess V. I. Groben, will be of interest to the members of the Ameri-
can Societies. ‘Having read your letter to Dr. Heuss, I must say how
happy I am that we have come into connection. When I founded our
Frauen-bund, only last March, I had no idea that a society with nearly the
same aims and plans was existing in America! I admire all I read in the
Audubon papers immensely, and only hope that in years to come our society

Report of the National Committee for 1904 63

will reach up to your standing. As we are going to have a new law about
bird protection brought before the Reichstag next winter, it was of great
value for us to read what you mentioned about the export of our birds
via Bremen.”

From Switzerland comes the following good news from Mr. Herbert
Edward Gans, of Geneva: “I am actively occupied with the vital question
of the protection of useful birds, especially migratory birds, and as I have
heard through the British Society that the laws in the United States have
become very stringent, and that the efforts of your Union are being
rewarded, I should feel very much obliged if you could send to me the best
of the United States laws, or decrees, on the protection of birds, and
especially of insectivorous and migratory birds, and of those unfortunate
creatures which are exterminated for ornaments for ladies’ hats.

“T should feel obliged if you could also add a short summary or notice on
the question, in general, and the way in which your Union has gone to
work to accomplish its purpose. If you could answer me as soon as possi-
ble, it might be of use to me, in the course of December next.

“In Germany they are introducing, in many cities, a progressive law
on cats (in proportion to the number owned by each person), and this
measure renders valuable services; for cats are one of the great causes of
destruction of useful birds, especially those, like the Nightingale and
Black-cap, which nest near the ground.” A detailed reply was sent, together
with the fullest sympathy of the Audubon Societies in the movement to
tax cats. A complete set of reports and other Audubon publications was
forwarded.

Bird Protection for Canada.— Strange to say, it has been impossible to
establish any close relations with our neighbors on the north, nor is it
evident that Audubon work has taken much hold there. The Toronto
‘Sun’ seems to be most alive to the situation, for from time to time it
publishes excellent editorials, one—‘Don’t Shoot Hawks,’—being especially
commendable. It closes as follows: ‘The newspapers throughout Ontario
should keep this subject constantly before their readers, until some day
the foolish prejudice against the Hawk and Owl families will have been
dispelled.” As the British Provinces are the summer homes of manv of
our birds, it is extremely desirable that the bird-protection movement
should be extended to cover the whole of North America, both by the
passage of the Model Law and the formation of Audubon Societies for
educational work. The warden system is very much needed in the Marine
Provinces, as is indicated by the accompanying statement of Mr. Herbert
K. Job, the well-known ornithologist and explorer:

“The last half of June and the early part of July I spent at the
Magdalen Islands and off the southern coast of Nova Scotia, at Seal
Island. Bird life on the Magdalens is holding its own very well. The

64 Bird - Lore

Common Terns are robbed in certain localities by the fishermen, but the
region is so wild that it would be hard to stop it. I examined a fine breed-
ing colony of Ring-necked Plovers. Various ducks are breeding numerously,
notably the Red-breasted Merganser and the Black Duck.

“At Bird Rock the colony has decidedly increased. The keeper thinks
there are ten thousand birds there. Certainly there are more than when
I was there in 1900. The greatest increase is with the Kittiwakes, and
the Gannets are also doing finely. The usual ledges are crowded with the
latter, and North Bird Rock is white with them. Only the Puffins have
not quite held their own, though they have not been disturbed. Not
a soul had molested the birds this season at the time of our visit,—
June 23 to 25. [he keeper has been ordered by the British Government
to let no one trouble the birds, yet he hesitates to enforce this absolutely,
as he is left largely dependent upon the courtesy of the crews of vessels who
land. Previous to our arrival he had seen no one — with one exception,
in May—since the previous November, when the government supply
steamer had called.

“Tt is remarkable that the birds have so increased, since during the
summer of 1903 a gang of workmen were engaged in blasting out
a cut into the west side of the Rock, where is being built a stairway, a
landing-jetty and a track up which boats are to be drawn by a steam
winch to the top. “These improvements were to have been completed
this season. Henceforth it will be easier to ascend the Rock, yet, until
the Gulf of St. Lawrence meets with ‘a change of heart,’ reaching the
Rock and landing will still be uncertain and dangerous. The vessel
we engaged failed to appear, and our party, rather than give up, after
having come so far, made the trip from Grosse Isle in an open boat,
at the risk of our lives. am

“On Seal Island, Nova Scotia, the once fine colony of the Herring
Gulls is in a very bad way. Keeper Crowell and his talented daughter,
Bernice, do all they can to protect the birds, but the island is too
large for them to watch, being some three miles in length. Fishermen
land and rob them, and as late as early July, when I was there, very
few nests had eggs, and only one young Gull had been seen. The
old Gulls are as wild as hawks. ‘The colony has decreased 75 per cent,
I think, since my visit there eight years ago. The Common or Arctic
Tern colonies are also suffering, but the Black Guillemots are still
numerous because, being mostly near the light-house, they are guarded by
the Crowells. It is too bad to leave this good family unaided to carry
on this unequal struggle to save these beautiful birds from ignorant, sense-
less vandalism. "The Nova Scotians are fine people, and they ought
not to allow themselves to lag behind New Brunswick in the matter
of bird protection.”

KITTIWAKES ON BIRD ROCK, GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE
Photographed by H. K. Job

ae Be *

Vertical height of cliff, 195 feet; distance by ladder, about 150 feet
Photographed by H. K, Job

r
t ra * =

: Cates ee Oe
me a ee : —

RING-NECK PLOVER BROODING YOUNG, MAGDALEN ISLANDS
Photographed by H. K. Job

‘ve re ek

WILSON’S SNIPE ON NEST, MAGDALEN ISLANDS
Photographed by H. K. Job

Report of the National Committee for 1904 67

Bird Protection in Mexico.—On the other hand, the work of bird protec-
tion is being carried on admirably in Mexico, through the “Comision de
Parasitologia Agricola.” Prof. A. Meraz, of this Committee, furnishes the
following outline of the work :

‘t, As the protection of birds is a matter which relates directly to the
subjects of the Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Prof. Alfonso L.
Herrera, Chief of that Department, submitted to the Second National
Mexican Scientific Congress a proposed law for the protection of birds use-
ful to agriculture.

‘2. Diverse studies relative to the useful birds have appeared in the
Publications of the Commission.

“3. Circulars have been distributed among the farmers with the object
of forming Ornithology Leagues.

‘4. They are being established in Zacatlan, State of Puebla, Orizaba,
State of Vera Cruz, and Celaya, State of Guanajuato.

“5. The Governors of some states have promulgated special laws regu-
lating hunting, and especially prohibiting the hunting of useful birds.

"6. The undersigned, under the direction of Prof. A. L .Herrera, and
with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, gave a hearing on
‘The Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture.’ (On the 5th of May,
last. )

“7. The Commission of Parasitology will regularly issue engravings of
each one of the useful birds. Said engravings will be distributed preferably
among the farmers, colleges and societies for the protection of animals.
The press will be asked to reproduce these engravings.

“8. It is proposed that in the National Primary Schools, and if possible
in their private capacity, the directors and professors will treat of the birds
useful to agriculture in their lectures on zoology, and will teach this subject
to the boys and girls.

“g. It is proposed to construct large aviaries in the parks and public
gardens of the Federal District for the purpose of procreating the useful
species, and then setting them free.

“10. In every way possible it will be arranged to diffuse knowledge rela-
tive to the useful birds.

“rr. In due time the National Government will be asked to elevate the
present laws to the category of laws for the entire Republic.

“To conclude, it remains for me to express to the National Committee
of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Birds, my fullest thanks in the
name of this Commission for the interesting publications which the Com-
mittee has sent me on such an interesting subject.

“Separately, I am sending today tothat honorable group, the publica-
tions of this Department. I hope that from this date our interchange of
pamphlets will be regularly established.

68 Bird - Lore

The report of the Conference of the 5th of May is now in the press,
and [ will send it at first opportunity.

“T would be much obliged to you, Mr. Dutcher, if you would kindly
send me the electrotypes which illustrate the pages of the ‘ Educational
Leaflets,’ so that we may reproduce them in the publications of this office.”

Later an appeal was made to Professor Meraz that some steps be taken
to prevent the slaughter of White Herons in Mexico, to which he replied
as follows :

“This society has given an account to the secretary of same that some
Mexican hunters do business in your market with the Snowy Heron’s
feathers. The hunting in Mexico of aforesaid birds is very limited at pres-
ent, and Prof. A. L. Herrera, Chief of this Department, together with a
Mr. Manuel Ortega y Espinose, who is the Assessor of the Improvement
Secretaryship, are now making a very minute study so as to reform the laws
relative to the hunting of the benefited species. As soon as these studies
are published I will send you some without delay.

“T have also the pleasure to announce the receipt of your last leaflets,
Nos. 9 and 10. My intention is to translate all of the series, and will take
notice particularly of the Mexican species. ° :

“T have associated myself with an inspector of the official primary schools
so as to see if it is possible for us to organize a society for the protection of
birds, the results of which I will advise you of later.

“Finally, several editors of the pedagogic agricultural publications have
solicited your electros which you have so kindly loaned to this commission,
and I would be very much obliged if you will allow me to loan them to
them.”

The National Committee furnished to the Mexican Commission elec-
tros of all of the illustrations of its educational leaflets.

Bird Protection in Pacific Islands.—Dr. Richmond, of this Committee,
writing in behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, says, “We have recently
received from the Treasury Department several specimens of birds from the
island of Lisiansky, one of the outlying Hawaiian islets, with the following
history: Capt. O. C. Hamlet, of the Revenue Cutter Service, command -
ing the U. S. S. ‘Thetis’ was sent to this island for the purpose of taking
away certain Japanese who were unlawfully engaged in the killing of birds.
No doubt these fellows were collecting plume-birds. “The skins were made
by the Japanese and have no data or labels attached. The species repre-
sented one Albatross, one Tropic Bird and three Terns.”

The newspaper account of this slaughter is correct and is given here-
with:

“*Special Correspondence of the ‘Chronicle.’

HonoLuLu, June 23.—Captain Hamlet, of the Thetis, states that the

destruction wrought by the party of Japanese poachers on Lisiansky island

Report of the National Committee for 1904 69

to bird life was something appalling. He estimates that they killed at least
300,000 birds, to judge from the number of cases of plumage and the
amount of meat they secured. All of their spoil had to be abandoned, but
it is properly preserved and will keep for a long time. There are 335 of
these cases, the plumage in them being of the highest quality.

‘The Japanese who were brought here by the Thetis are the remains of
a party of bird poachers whose presence on an American island was reported
by Captain Niblack, of the United States steamer Iroquois, some weeks ago,
and the Thetis was sent to stop their operations, but she arrived to find
them only too anxious to leave their hunting-ground and to abandon spoil
which is worth at least $20,000.

"The Japanese were employed by a Tokio firm, and they fitted out im
the schooner Yeiju Maru in Yohohama last December. ‘Their destination
was Lisiansky Island, a wonderful center of ocean-bird life in mid- Pacific
not far from Midway Island. The island is the property of the United
States.

“According to their story, they arrived at Lisiansky Island on January
8, and commenced at once to kill birds. They had a staff not only of
hunters, but also of skilled taxidermists and skinners, for the birds’ plumage
was intended for the millinery markets of Paris. “The men collected skins
and wings by the thousand, the birds being very tame.

On January 18 a fierce gale struck the island and the Yeiju Maru,
dragging her anchor, struck a coral reef and was totally lost, ten of the men
who happened to be aboard being drowned. Seventy-seven men were left
helpless on the island.”

Our member, Mr. W. A. Bryan, of Honolulu, while in the States dur-
ing the past summer, was asked to prepare a statement and appeal to
present to the General Government, asking that some steps be taken at
once to prevent the destruction of the wonderful and highly interesting
bird colonies in the Pacific Ocean. The following letter was sent to the
Chief Executive:

Bishop Museum, Hono.utu, H. I., October 31, 1904.

To the HONORABLE THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
President of the United States,
Washington, D.C.

Sir :— While in New York and Washington during the latter part of July, Mr.
Wm. Dutcher, President of the National Committee of the Audubon Societies for the
Protection of Birds, made an attempt to arrange a meeting with you at which I might
have the honor to bring before you in person the urgent need of our Government taking
active steps to prevent the extermination of the bird-colonies on the outlying islands of
the North Pacific Ocean, knowing it to be a matter in which you take an active
interest. :

It was impossible to arrange an audience at that time, and, in accordance with

70 Bird - Lore

the suggestion of your secretary, I submit herewith a sketch of the wanton destruction of
bird life on these islands, in the belief that it can and will be stopped in the near
future.

During the past few years I have visited practically all of the low coral islands in
the North Pacific, and have been appalled at the destruction of the birds on these islands
by Japanese ‘ plume-hunters ’ who make a business of visiting not only the bird islands of
their own possessions, but those of the United: States as well, and killing birds by the
hundreds of thousands.

On Marcus Island, a colony had been at work for six years. In that short time they
had wiped out of existence one of the largest Albatross colonies in these waters. So com-
plete was their work of destruction that during the year of my visit (1902) they had only
secured thirteen specimens of the Albatross! While there I estimated that they had
40,000 Tern skins ready for shipment, which was the second boat-load to be shipped
that year.

Most of the sea-birds rear but a single young, a fact which makes their extermination
certain if this slaughter is allowed to continue.

Midway Island at the time of my visit in 1902 was covered with great heaps of
Albatross carcasses, which a crew of poachers had left to rot on the ground after the quill
feathers had been pulled out of each bird. This mischief was done notwithstanding the
fact that the previous year a similar party had been warned off by the United States
Steamer ‘ Iroquois’ which visited the island by chance.

Laysan Island, which fortunately is at present worked for guano, is inhabited by a
company of laborers. So far this large and interesting colony has not been molested,
although ‘ bird-skin pirates’ have more than once called there in the hope of finding the
island uninhabited.

The enclosed clipping gives a reliable account of recent depredations on the neigh-
boring island of Lisiansky, which is not fifty miles from Laysan.

I am informed that the other low islands in the chain are similarly scourged.

The necessity of visiting these islands from time to time has been brought to the
attention of various departments of the Government by Mr. E. R. Stackable, Collector of
Customs for the Port, in the hope that a much-needed revenue cutter might be perma-
nently stationed in these waters. I would not presume here to go over the ground which
he has so ably covered in his reports, further than to summarize and say, that such a vessel
is needed here —

1st. To enforce the immigration laws—to prevent aliens from visiting these un-
inhabited and unvisited islands as temporary landing places, on the way to the larger
islands. |
2d. To enforce the customs laws— prevent smuggling, etc.

3d. To assist distressed vessels. As life-saving stations, the value of this chain of
islands— stretching, as they do, for hundreds of miles. along the track of trans-Pacific °
travel,— cannot be over-estimated when it is known that they will be regularly visited
by a relief vessel.

4th. For the protection of property. Such a vessel would effectually break up the
wholesale slaughter of sea-birds which inhabit these islands; a step which must be taken
now if it is to be at all effective.

In conclusion, I would therefore again respectfully urge upon your attention the im-
portance of the Federal Government maintaining in these waters a revenue cutter which
would be regularly stationed at Honolulu under the direction of the Treasury Department
and the local Collector of Customs in the usual manner, with its duties so arranged that
the vessel would make at least two trips a year to the outlying islands of the region, to
enforce the immigration and customs laws; to relieve shipwrecked and marooned seamen,

Report of the National Committee for 1904 _ 71

and prevent the destruction of bird life on the several islands, and in various other ways
make it possible to protect and utilize our possessions in these waters.
Trusting the subject may receive your favorable consideration, I remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
WILLIAM ALANSON BRYAN,
United States Special Inspector Birds and Animals,
Curator Ornithology.

The Committee regrets that it is unable to make any report regarding
the passage of bird-laws in the Philippine Islands. (See Report 1903,
p. 106).

Government Aid.—It is with the greatest pleasure that the National
Committee acknowledges the cordial and hearty cooperation of all depart -
ments of the General Government in its efforts to preserve the birds of
the country.

The Post-office Department, as shown by the following letter, willingly
accorded the very great privilege of displaying our warning notices, giving
the Federal and State Laws relating to birds, in any post-ffice in the United
States.

OFFICE OF THE POSTMASTER GENERAL,

WASHINGTON, D. C., July 28, 1904.
NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES,

525 Manhattan Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Gentlemen:—In reply to your letter of July 26, I have to state that the Depart-
ment has no objection to postmasters’ posting a warning against the killing of birds and
game in violation of the State laws and in violation of the Federal laws governing such
matters.

You are at liberty to forward a copy of this communication to any Postmaster to
whom you send the warning notice for posting in his office.

Very respectfully,
R. J. WYNNE,
Acting Postmaster General.
aes

A photographic reproduction of this letter has been prepared for dis-
tribution, with a warning notice to postmasters, the following note being
appended:

PosTMASTER.— Please post the attached Warning Notice in a conspicuous place in
your office, in accordance with permission of Post Office Department.
NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES.

A report,” after a personal visit of investigation regarding certain islands
in the Gulf of Mexico off the east coast of Louisiana, was made to the
National Committee by Mr. F. M. Miller, President of the Louisiana
Audubon Society. This showed the conditions relative to the bird life there
to be so deplorable that it was formulated and was sent to Mr. Frank Bond,

*For details of this bird destruction see beyond, under ‘ Louisiana.’

72 Bird - Lore

of the Department of the Interior, with the request that Government
action be taken at once in order to prevent the total extermination of cer-
tain sea-birds in that district. “The matter was presented to President
Roosevelt through the Departments of Interior and of Agriculture, October
3, and the next day the President, with his usual admirable promptness and
intelligent appreciation of the needs of bird protection, set aside a number
of large islands belonging to the General Government as a reservation by
the following order: :

EXECUTIVE ORDER

It is hereby ordered that Breton Island, as shown by the General Land Office map
of the State of Louisiana, of date 1896, in Township 13 South, Range 20 East St. Helena
Meridian, when same shall be surveyed; and Old Harbor and Freemason Islands, in
Townships 14 and r5 South, Ranges 21 and 22 East, same Meridian, when surveyed, be,
and they are hereby reserved and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture,
as a preserve and breeding-ground for native birds. This reservation to be known as
‘Breton Island Reservation.’

(Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
White House, October 4, 1904.

Adjacent to and just east of the Breton Island Reservation is a large
group of islands known as the Chandeleur and Errol Islands Light-House
Reservation. In order to carry out effectually the plan of bird protection
in that portion of the Gulf of Mexico, Mr. Bond was requested by the
National Committee to present the subject to the proper authorities in
Washington, which he did, with most happy results as indicated by the fol-
lowing correspondence:

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GENERAL LAND OFFICE,
WasHincton, D. C., October 7, 1904.

REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN J. REED, Chairman of the Light-House Board,
Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. C.

Dear Sir:— The Audubon Societies of the United States, through their National
Executive Committee, are now arranging to employ a warden to patrol the islands within
the ‘ Breton Island Reservation,’ created by Executive Order of October 4, 1904, for the
preservation of native birds. In connection with this patrol and protective work, such
cooperation by the employees of the adjacent islands contained within the Chandeleur and
Errol Islands Light-house Reservations, as may be proper, is greatly desired, and will
materially aid us in the work of protecting the birds. The Chairman of the National
Committee of Audubon Societies has authorized me to bring the matter formally before
you, in the hope that we may secure the issuance of an order forbidding egging and

shooting of all kinds within these omg such order to be accompanied by instruc-

tions to the employees to warn ers and otherwise prevent trespass, whenever
possible. “is
In view of the fact that the pot-hunting season will open with the arrival of the

migrating water-fowl, early action will be necessary to save the birds this year. The

Report of the National Committee for 1904 73

Audubon Societies of the United States will be greatly obliged for your advice and
assistance in accomplishing the end sought. Very respectfully,
(Signed) Frank Bonn,
Member of the National Committee of Audubon Societies.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, LiGHT-House Boarp,

WasHINGTON, D. C., October 14, 1904.
COMMANDER WILLIAM W. KIMBALL, U. S.N.,

Inspector Eighth L. H, District, New Orleans, La.

Sir:— The Board incloses herewith a copy of a letter dated October 7, 1904, from
Mr. Frank Bond, member of the National Committee of Audubon Societies, recommend-
ing that action be taken to suppress the destruction of native birds within the Chandeleur
and Errol Islands Light-house Reservations.

The Board authorizes you, in accordance with this request, to post notices on these
two light-house reservations, forbidding the shooting of birds thereon, and also to issue
instructions to proper light-house employees to prevent trespassing on these reservations.

Respectfully,
(Signed) C. IT. Hurcuins,
Captain, U. S. N., Naval Secretary.

OrFIcE oF INSPECTOR, 8TH DIsTRICT,

New ORLEANS, LA., October 21, 1904.
Mr. THORWALD HANSEN,

Keeper Chandeleur Light-House, Biloxi, Miss.

Sir: — A copy of a letter of the Light-House Board, with its enclosure, is hereby for-
warded for your information and compliance.

The Magnolia will post the reservations with sign-boards early in November; mean-
time put up such notices as you can arrange.

Once a week, weather permitting, you or the Assistant Keeper will proceed by boat
to the southward as far as Freemason Island, and will take the names of all persons found
trespassing afloat or ashore, and the names of all vessels trespassing. You will warn off
trespassers and inform them that they and their vessels, sail-boats, schooners, power
boats or other craft will be reported to the U. S. District Attorney for prosecution or libel,
or both, as the case may be.

You will report to this office all cases of trespassing observed, with such details as to
date, time and character of offense, as will give sufficient data for basing actions of pros-
ecution or of libel, or of both.

It may be difficult to obtain a knowledge of the names and places of abode of tres-
passers, but the name of the vessel used by the trespassers can be readily obtained.

You will note as far as possible the names of all light-draft vessels passing into
Chandeleur Sound, and will make it your duty to acquaint yourself with the trade and
character of such vessels, so as to know which are and which are not to be suspected of
intention to trespass.

You will understand that shooting ashore or from vessels along the beaches of the
reservation, egging, landing on the islands without permission, and the taking of shells,
are all trespasses that render the doers liable to prosecution, and their vessels to libel in
the United States Courts.

You will render to Captain Sprinkle, the Warden of the Breton Island Bird Pre-
serve, such aid in his duties as does not interf it your own as Keeper of the Light,
and the Chandeleur and Errol Islands Reser ‘ Respectfully,

(Signed) W. W. KimBatt,
Commander, U.S. Navy, Inspector 8th L. H. District.

74 Bird - Lore

Live Bird Traffic.— There are still a few bird trappers and netters in the
vicinity of the large cities, notably New York, who ply their trade with
the greatest caution. [he National Committee during the past autumn
has exercised special vigilance in order to stop this trade. As none of the
captured birds could be sold in this country, they were trapped for ship-
ment abroad. With the aid of a detective, some of the trappers were
located in the vicinity of New York City, and the channel through which
they shipped the birds was discovered. "The men have been warned in
such a pointed way that it is hoped that this practice has been broken up.

STATE REPORTS

The following details of Audubon work in the several states and terri-
tories give the activities in the respective commonwealths during the past
vear.

As legislation has been considered in detail, no further mention of it
will be made. Warden work will be mentioned only in the states where
the system was employed.

Alabama.— This is the only Gulf Coast State that has not adopted the
Model Law. Considerable work has been done in this Commonwealth
during the past year by the } ational Committee, but seemingly without any
visible result. “There are a few people who seem to take a slight interest,
but it has been impossible to find any citizens who will start an Audubon
organization or lead in the movement for a comprehensive bird law. With
over 20,000,000 acres of farm lands in the State, valued at $100,000,000, it
seems strange that the agricultural public are so dead to their own interests.
It would seem as though the boll-weevil scourge, which is an imminent danger
to the cotton-growing interests of the state, would arouse the planters and
lead them to demand the protection of birds. Alabama stands almost alone
in this indifference to a great danger.
An excellent paper, “The Civic Value of Birds,’ was written and circu-
lated freely by Hon. John H. Wallace, of Huntsville, but even this voice
from one of her own citizens has not seemed to arouse the people.

Arkansas.—Arkansas has no Audubon Society yet, but Mrs. Stephen-
son, a member of the National Committee, still keeps the subject of bird
protection and the enforcement of the game laws before the people. It will —
be strange if her great civic work does not soon attract the notice of her
fellow citizens, and cause many of them to flock to her aid in this important
matter. Mrs. Stephenson says in a letter:

State Reports 75

“The work in Arkansas for the past year has been effective, though, be-
ing confined to the distribution of protective literature and appeals through
letters, it has not attracted the attention of the public. Numerous requests
for information regarding Audubon work have been referred to the National
Committee. Some copies of Educational Leaflet No. 7 have been sent to
newspapers of the state with a request that they be published; and the
interest of Senator Clark, member of the Committee on Territories, has
been assured to the side of those who oppose the repeal of the Alaska
Game Law.

“While friends for the birds have been won among men and boys, the
magic words that shall win pity and forbearance from the gentler sex are still
to be spoken.”

California.—Sooner or later, it is always the case that the proper per-
sons are found to head a great philanthropic movement; it is only a matter
of seeking until they are found. The State of California certainly has rea-
son to be proud of some of her public-spirited citizens. While the Audu-
bon movement only crystallized into the first local organization in May of the
present year, yet before the close of the first six months it has gained such
momentum that nothing can now stop its onward progress. The report of
Secretary W. Scott Way is given in full:

“The California Audubon Society had its beginning at Pasadena, on
March 25, 1904. Local societies were soon afterwards formed at Garvanza
and E] Monte, each with senior and junior sections, and under the. direction
of the senior societies a number of junior sections were formed in city and
country schools.

“The Ladies’ Song-bird Protective Association, of Santa Cruz county,
voted to affiliate with the Audubon societies, and has already given active
and efficient assistance. A fourth local society, under the leadership of Miss
Anna Head, is just organized at Berkeley with a large membership, and
gives promise of entering upon the work with much activity and enthusiasm.

“At the end of six months from the organization of the first society, the
combined membership, senior and junior, exceeds one thousand, which we
shall more than double before the day of our annual meeting in May.

“A great deal of effective work has already been done, including the se-
curing of local protection in Los Angeles county for thirty species of birds,
ordinances prohibiting shooting on the public roads, in both Los Angeles
and Santa Cruz counties, and, in the last-named county, the closing of the
open season for Doves for a period of five years.

“The society has also entered actively into the work of game protection
during the closed seasons, and by the aid of deputy wardens, who are serv-
ing without pay on account of their interest in game preservation, violations
in places where the society has a footing have almost ceased.

76 Bird - Lore

‘Since its organization the society at Pasadena has held eight public meet-
ings, all of which have been well attended and productive of much good.
Each meeting has resulted in a considerable increase in membership.

‘tA great amount of literature has been distributed, including the Edu-
cational Leaflets of the National Committee, and special leaflets on the
Mourning Dove and in the interest of the Audubon movement. Cards
calling attention to the closed seasons for game and giving lists of protected
birds have been posted throughout Les Angeles county, and educational
leaflets are now being put into the hands of teachers throughout the state.

‘At this writing our chief efforts are being directed toward securing the
enactment of the Model Law at the approaching session of the Legislature,
and in persuading the sportsmen to lend their cooperation in gaining better
protection for the Mourning Dove. Under the existing state law, this bird
is exposed to the hunters during more than half its nesting season, a condi-
tion which has caused the Audubon Society to place the cruel results before
farmers and land-owners throughout the state and thus, by arousing public
sentiment against the inhumanity of summer Dove shooting, has caused the
posting of ‘No Shooting’ signs on more than 100,000 acres of land in Los
Angeles county alone. About half this acreage was posted by one man, E.
J. Baldwin, a sportsman himself, but one whose humane instincts are deeper
than his love of sport.

‘Included in our plans for the near future are federation of the local or-
ganizations into a state society, and active Audubon work in the public
schools.

“The society is receiving much assistance and encouragement from va-
rious organizations of farmers, and also of women’s clubs. For example,
the California Club, of San Francisco, numbering nearly 500 members, has
entered actively into the spirit of the Audubon movement, and has placed
Mrs. Alice L. Park, an enthusiastic friend of the birds, in charge of this
work.

“The present outlook for the Audubon movement, and the gaining of
state protection for non-game birds; and better laws relating to nearly all
species of game, is at this writing certainly very encouraging.”

Colorado.—The active spirit and leader in the Audubon work in this
state has been so much occupied with her duties as Secretary of the State
Board of Horticulture and the added duties of World’s Fair work that she
has not been able to give much time to Audubon work. Mrs. Shute
writes: “It is very hard to get people interested who are capable of realiz-
ing the need for a strong society in our state. At the annual Horticultural
Convention in January next, Prof. George L. Cannon will give an illus-
trated talk on the plumage of birds, which it is hoped will create some
additional interest.”

State Reports 77

Connecticut.—The Connecticut Audubon Society is without a doubt
one of the best organized societies in the National Association, and has
carrted its educational work far beyond the point reached by any other
society. Mrs. Glover, the secretary, reports: “We have not increased
largely in membership this year, but we feel that the school children are
being well taught about birds and are encouraged to notice and study them.
We will shortly have a small text-book of Connecticut birds gotten up by
Mrs. Wright ready for distribution among the teachers of the state. The
State Board of Education prints and distributes it. We published our usual
Bird Day program. We have purchased 14 new libraries of ten books each
for circulation in the schools. We sent a library of 22 books to the St. Louis
Exhibition in a case provided by the Board of Education, and these books
will make two libraries for use in schools on their return to Connecticut.”

The above report is terse, but it gives to other societies a text of the
greatest value in “we feel that the school children are being well taught
about birds.” A single generation has not yet passed since the Audubon
movement started (1883), and we are now reaping the benefit of the early
work; how much easier will be the work in two or three decades hence
when the school children of today are the men and women who will be
conducting Audubon affairs!

The National Committee earnestly hopes that many more secretaries
will be able to report before the end of 1905 that “the school children are
being well taught about birds.”

Delaware.—This is a small state, but there is a great deal of good
Audubon work done within its borders. Prof. A. R. Spaid, Superin-
tendent of Free Schools in New Castle County, gave a series of fifty-six
illustrated nature lectures to over 5,000 people, free to all school children;
twenty-one of these talks were on bird subjects.

Prof. Spaid thinks that, in time, illustrated lectures will become a part of
a school course, and he suggests to persons of wealth that the public schools
should no longer remain below their dignity. “These generous people have
showered upon our colleges and universities millions of gold, and have to a
very large extent ignored the public schools. While we do not want these
schools made charity institutions, we do need gifts of money for special
purposes for which Legislatures do not usually appropriate. The interest
created by the bird lectures was so great that about 600 new members were
added to the Audubon Society.

The State Ornithologist, Mr. Pennock, has been giving bird lectures to
agriculturists, and also preparing and sending out Bulletins under the
auspices of the State Board of Agriculture, in the general line of bird
protection, by showing the value of some species frequently destroyed
wantonly or through ignorance of their value.

78 Bird - Lore

Mrs. Hilles, secretary of the Audubon Society, reports: “We are
hampered for want of money, but have gone on extending our membership,
and have made arrests for the killing of Robins, etc. We are now con-
templating a system of small dues, in order to keep up our treasury, which
has only voluntary support. We have succeeded in awakening a public
sentiment, which I hope will stimulate the good work and win us many
workers.”

The foreign bird-shooting element is being looked after sharply; an
Italian was arrested for killing nineteen birds—Robins, Flickers, hrushes,
etc.,—was held by magistrate for Court of General Sessions, was found
guilty and fined ninety-five dollars, the full statutory limit. Not being able
to pay, he was sent to the work-house for ten days. Such prompt and
vigorous enforcement of the law has a very decided and wholesome
influence.

District of Columbia.—The report of the secretary, Mrs. Patten, is
given in full. The only suggestion that the National Committee has to
offer is that some of the enthusiastic workers in the District of Columbia
Society be sent across the borders into Maryland and Virginia in order to
increase enthusiasm in those rather dormant state societies. ‘Work has
been carried on through indoor meetings; lectures each month, classes for
the instruction of teachers, popular classes to promote the interests of bird
students and bird lovers of all ages and both sexes, a successful reception of
a social nature to increase membership, primarily in order that those already
enrolled might have opportunity to become further acquainted. Field meet-
ings in April and May were productive of a large attendance and great
enthusiasm. Laws have been well observed. Millinery stores, markets and
bird stores have been visited. "The work in the schools now holds equal
place with other branches in the ‘Nature work.’

‘“About 800 leaflets have been distributed, consisting mostly of the pub-
lications of the National Committee. Circulars to increase subscriptions to
Brrp-LoreE have been sent out upon every opportunity. The Society has
increased largely in membership. Its annual meeting was crowded to the
doors. Practically the same program will be repeated this year. New bird-
skins will be purchased for the use of lecturers and schools. We now have
an illustrated lecture of our own also available in this way. The Society
increases annually along the lines most desirable—increased membership,
broadening fields of work and widely reaching interests of many kinds sug-
gested by its enthusiastic and hard-working Board of Directors, who are
ably equipped for the work.”

Florida.—Warden work has been very successful during the past year;
a short résumé of the results, extracted from a great mass of letters and

State Reports 79

formal reports from the men employed, will be of interest and will give
some idea of the extent and value of the system. Warden Paul Kroegel,
who has charge of the Pelican Island Reservation, reports: During the
breeding season of 1903-4 the Pelicans deserted the large island of the
reservation where they had bred for many years past, and occupied some
small adjoining islands during the nesting season. Why they deserted their
ancestral home the warden could not determine. Mr. Chapman, who has
had a long acquaintance with this colony of Pelicans, having visited and
studied it several seasons, was of the opinion that the gradual killing of the
trees had caused the birds to abandon the island. The Pelicans usually
commence to gather about the Reservation early in November, and this
year the date was anxiously awaited in order to determine whether the
abandonment of the large island was permanent or not. A most interesting
fact in natural history developed as follows: The National Committee, in
its anxiety to prevent trespass on the reservation, had a very large sign
painted and set up on the big island. This was evidently the reason why
the Pelicans went to the adjoining islands. When the birds returned in
November, 1904, some four to five thousand in number, Warden Kroegel
watched their actions carefully, to learn, if possible, why the large island was
not Occupied. He reported that the birds seemed restless and disturbed
about something on the island which prevented their occupancy. Thinking
that possibly the large sign was the trouble, it was taken down, and two
days after all of the birds were back on the island. On November 15,
about one hundred nests had been started, and the indications were that
laying will commence about the usual date, December first.

Warden Guy M. Bradley is employed by the year and is continually
cruising in the launch ‘Audubon’ among the keys and islands at the
extreme southerly point of the state, or else is patrolling on foot the
swamps and everglades in that wild section. He covers some hundreds of
square miles. Frequent reports are made of his travels, with notes about
bird conditions. It is impossible to give the details in a published report,
but the Committee are satisfied that the results achieved are most excellent.
The warden writes that there are no less than nine nesting-places,—
rookeries,— within ten miles of his home. With the exception of the
Cuthbert rookery, these have not been disturbed. Formerly they were ‘shot
out’ and robbed of eggs quite often by pleasure parties, pot-hunters and
plume-hunters. This section is a most interesting one and will well repay
a visit by any bird student or nature photographer.

Warden Charles G. Johnson, of the Sand Key Light-House Station,
reports a very favorable year for the Gulls and Terns that breed near his
station. He and his assistant keeper prevent any landing on the breeding-
grounds during the nesting season, nor will they permit shooting thereafter.
Mr. Johnson reports also that the Key West markets do not now offer sea-

80 Bird - Lore

birds’ eggs for sale, as was the custom formerly. On August 3, all the
birds, young and old, from the other keys and sand spits in the immediate
neighborhood were gathered on Sand Key and were estimated to number
about four thousand. ‘They remained until the 7th, when they left about
4 o'clock in the afternoon.

A new warden, Benjamin Peacon, who was recommended to the Com-
mittee by Capt. Geo. A. Bicknell, U. 5S. Navy, Commandant Key West
Naval Station, was employed during ‘the breeding season on the Dry
Tortugas. The warden resided on Bird Key from May 10 to July 23, and
reports that the Terns had an undisturbed season and made a normal
increase. It is his opinion, however, that, unless a warden is stationed on
Bird Key every year, the colony will be systematically robbed of their
eggs, as the sentiment in that locality is decidedly against prevention of
egging. ;

The following interesting and important report by Mrs. Marrs, Chair-
man of the Executive Committee of the Florida Audubon Society, gives a
very clear idea of the excellent work that is being done in Florida, and it
also contains a most pertinent suggestion regarding the prohibition of
Pigeon shooting at traps. This is a cruel and debasing practice, and the
Florida Audubon Society will only be doing its duty when it takes up the
matter with the legislature and press of the state. ‘An increasing mem-
bership shows a more general interest in the state for bird protection.
Membership, including all grades, 750. Leaflets and pamphlets distributed,
10,000. Warning notices sent out for posting, 2,000. Some 800 letters
have been written. Original leaflets published during year, 6, making the
total number of Florida leaflets 14. A large card has been printed giving a
summary of the ‘ Bird Laws of the State’ (arranged by Mr. R. W. Wil-
liams, Jr.) ; 600 have been sent for posting in merchandise stores, express
offices, stations, hotels, etc. Sixty-seven teachers are enrolled as members.
There are 8 local secretaries, who have in charge for use of schools 30
Massachusetts Audubon charts. Prizes were offered at close of the school
year for Bird Chart compositions. Ten prizes and several rewards of merit
were given. Of these prizes 4 were books, 5 were subsctiptions to BIRD-
Lore, 1 to ‘American Birds.’ The average age of children 11 years.
BirpD-LorE is also offered gratuituously, on application, to the principal of
any Florida college, institute or school. ‘Ten prizes of $2 each were
given for articles written on Florida birds at the ‘Student Help Fair’ held in
Jacksonville in May. ‘The Palmetto Club’ at Daytona, and ‘The Rosa-
lind Club’ of Orlando, have each paid a ‘Sustaining Membership.’ The
Florida State Federation of Women’s Clubs have a sub-committee on the
‘Preservation of Birds.’ The Sunshine Society of Florida lends us a
helping hand. All such organizations are urged to become members, to
more widely establish an interest.

State Reports | 81

‘‘ Again we have paid for six months the salary of Warden Guy M. Brad-
ley at Cape Sable, in response to a call from the National Committee; real-
izing, if our means are limited, the importance of guarding the rookeries,
but while doing this we look forward with the hope that the time may
come when our Florida legislators will realize that money spent to estab-
lish our own bird wardens would be money well invested for the benefit
of our state. For the hazardous work our wardens carry on so well, our
public thanks are due them.

“In February, 1904, Mr. Geo. N. Chamberlin (a vice-president) made
a two-hundred-and-fifty-mile trip, down Indian River, from Daytona to
Lake Worth; a letter to the Society gives an account ‘of the feeding or
breeding-grounds of Cranes, Herons, Ducks, White and Brown Pelicans.’
With Warden Kroegel he visited the Pelican Island Reservation and its
vicinity, where he saw thousands of Brown Pelicans nesting; they were
found to be quite tame on approaching them to view the nests, which were
built of sticks and grass and contained eggs or young. Mr. Chamberlin
urges that a small steam motor-boat be provided the warden, as Pelican
Island is three miles from Sebastian, where Kroegel lives.

‘As the attention of all humane persons has been directed to the inhuman
practice of the slaughter of live Pigeons by ‘trap shooting,’ which is per-
mitted in certain localities in Florida for the entertainment and amusement
of both women and men ‘pleasure-seekers,’ we would here make our pro-
test against this brutal so-called ‘sport,’ with the hope that public-spirited
Floridians will cause it to be forbidden in the near future, by seconding the
efforts of this Society.”

Georgia.— Unfortunately Audubon matters are not in a very encourag-
ing condition in this great agricultural state. Prof. Starnes, the secretary,
reports as follows: “I have hoped I would be able to make a report of
something definite accomplished by the Georgia Audubon Society, but I
am forced to admit that it is impossible. I have not been able to induce
any one to take hold and push things, and I have personally, at this season
of the year, an overwhelming amount of routine work which consumes all
of my time. I yet hope to enlist the active sympathies of one or two par-
ties. It is dificult to arouse effort in this matter, since our state law
covers all points except extending protection to the Dove andthe Lark. Yet
it is sadly defective in the provision made for wardens. This is of really
more moment than the omission of protection to the Dove and the Lark.

“T am sorry that so disappointing a report must be made of our organi-
zation in this state; success cannot be achieved until some one is found
with sufficient time to devote to the cause.”

The National Committee will make earnest efforts during the coming
year to find such a person.

82 Bird - Lore

Hawaii.—The following is the report of Mr. Bryan, a member of our
Committee:

‘As yet no effort has been made to organize an Audubon Society in the
Hawaiian Islands, although the matter is under consideration and we hope
to be able to effect an organization within the coming year.

“The annexation of Hawaii by the United States has necessitated the
recasting of many of the fundamental laws of the country, and, in conse-
quence of the unusual amount of urgent legislation before the local
assembly, the modification of the game laws has been deferred; although
the subject has been thoroughly discussed and a model bill is at hand which
will be presented as soon as it is possible to secure its consideration by the
legislature. ;

“When compared with any other state in the Union, it will be observed
that an unusually large proportion of the native land-birds of Hawaii are
now considered as being extinct. Fortunately their extermination has been
brought about by causes which it would have been impossible to cover
by legislation. |

“The subject of the introduction of desirable birds has received atten-
tion in years past. Asa result, all of the larger islands have more or less
thriving colonies of introduced game-birds of several species. The people
are aroused to the importance of the introduction of beneficial insectivorous
and song-birds, and indications point to the subject receiving substantial
encouragement at no distant date.

“The leaflets and circulars distributed by the Audubon Society have
little bearing on our local conditions, as none of the birds treated are found
here. However, the matter contained in them is of general interest and
stimulates observation and inquiry.”

Illinois.—Audubon work in this state is progressing steadily and surely,
especially among the juniors. Miss Drummond, the secretary, makes the
following encouraging report: “The work of the year has been carried on
along the usual lines. “The number of persons joining since our organiza-
tion, April 1, 1897, now totals 16,094,—1,035 adults and 15,059 juniors.
Of these 60 adults and 1,573 juniors were added during the past year.

* The first Arbor and Bird Day, under the law passed in 1903, was kept
in April, 1904 (Arbor Day alone having been kept before). We have dis-
tributed during the year 7,060 leaflets, the greater portion being the publi-
cations of the National Committee. Since our annual meeting in April, a
leaflet by Mrs. H. E. Walter, one of our Directors, ‘Helps for Bird Study,’
has been published for the use of teachers and others. It is also being
issued in monthly instalments in “By-the-Wayside.’ A letter from the
secretary to the teachers of the state was published in the Arbor and Bird
Day Annual, issued by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

State Reports 83

“At the annual meeting in April a new committee was suggested, which
has since come into being with some fifty members, a committee on mem-
bership, whose duty it is to bring as many new members as possible into
our flock.

“Our illustrated lecture has done good work; the two libraries have
been little used. The junior work, under Mrs. Wm. M. Scudder, has
been encouraging and the teachers are proving themselves good helpers.

“We have spent during the year $225.61 and have received $232.76, but,
thanks to a balance on hand from last year, we closed our year with a
balance of $64.31.

“Out of 102 counties in the state the secretary had letters from 47,
but we have very few local branches.

“We hold two general meetings in Chicago, and a goodly number of
other meetings have been held in the state.”

Indiana.— The Audubon movement in this state is on a solid and pro-
gressive basis and is doing a great work in the schools. The report of
Miss Howe, the secretary, gives some of the interesting details.

“The Indiana Audubon Society has continued its activities, especially
emphasizing the work among the children and through the press.

“During the spring months bird-talks were widely given in the schools
of the cities. /

“The Indianapolis News Audubon Society, an auxiliary of the State
Society, furnished somewhere about seventeen thousand bird buttons to the
school children of the city and state; the ‘News’ bought the buttons and
distributed them through the sub-stations or by mail. The payment for a
button consisted of a signed pledge to protect the birds.

“The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, in the last Arbor and
Bird Day Annual, devoted over forty pages to the Audubon work in one
way or another, and to the birds. [hese annuals are now being sent to
the 16,000 teachers in the state, and will be used by nearly 500,000 pupils,
at the annual Bird Day of the schools of this state. The members of the
Audubon Society very gladly helped in getting the matter for the annual
which serves as the bird text-book for many teachers. Again and again has
the state society had reason for congratulation in the fact that the State
Superintendent is a man alive to the great value of bird study by the pupils.

“Audubon societies, as a rule, are not overburdened with money, and
the Indiana Society is no exception to the rule. Hence, when we have
found friends of the birds who were in a position to do for them what
we could not, we have helped these friends in their larger work, — for
instance, few societies could have afforded the large outlay for bird buttons
or could have put into general circulation the bird pledge which was pub-
lished in every issue of the ‘ News’ for the latter part of the spring. All

84 Bird - Lore

this the ‘ News’ did, and then distributed the buttons, reaching much
further than could an individual or a society. Yet, who can estimate the
value, from an educational point of view, of the daily publishing of the
Bird pledge, for weeks at a time, in the leading daily paper of the state?

“ Again, in no other way could the society do so much for the birds and
the children, both, as to help the Superintendent of Public Instruction
(himself a member of our executive board) to fill the pages of the Bird
Day Annual.

“The annual meeting of the society was one that received the enthusi-
astic recognition of the city in which it was held. The schools furnished
the music, and they were closed for the afternoon session.

* Always, one of the papers of the session is furnished by a pupil of the
High School in which the meeting is held; at this meeting the paper was
illustrated by tabulations on the blackboard showing the economic value of
the bird studied, at different seasons of the year. The work was represen-
tative of what is done in the schools of that city along these lines, and shows
what an exceptionally practical as well as pleasurable subject bird study is.

‘As far as the plans for the coming year are made, we shall continue
work already begun, and develop and extend it as we have means and
opportunity. Our only new work for next year will be to establish local
secretaries, according to suggestions from the National Committee.”

Iowa.—The effort of the National Committee to secure the adoption
of the Model Law by the legislature of 1904 met with failure, although a
large amount of work was done. Miss Hamand, the secretary of the
Schaller Society, spent some weeks at the Capitol at the request, and par-
tially at the expense, of the National Committee, in the interest of proper
bird legislation, and also to help the passage of a bill to abolish live-bird trap-
shooting. The latter bill was successful, and the cruel practice of trap-
shooting at animate targets is now illegal. Mrs. Parrott, corresponding
secretary, furnishes the following summary of work done in 1904:

“In Iowa there are many societies and organizations for the protection
of birds. Very few of these have united with the state organization, how-
ever; better results could be obtained in the way of enforcing the laws and
educating the public if all would unite with one central organization.

“The State Audubon Society was founded and incorporated at Keokuk
in 1898, although the Schaller Society is the oldest in the state. Both so-
cieties have done considerable work distributing National Committee leaflets
and along other educational lines.

“Much has been done to improve legislation in our state. It was largely
through the efforts of Miss Jane Hamand, of Schaller, that our Iowa legis-
lature passed a law prohibiting the use of live Pigeons and Turkeys in trap-
shooting.

State Reports 85

“The various bird and outdoor clubs in our cities and towns are doing
excellent work in an educational way, actual observation in field and woods
taking the place of the printed page.

“Rev. Rett E. Olmstead, of Decorah, has delivered many entertaining
lectures and awakened great interest in the study and protection of birds.

“Howard Burrell, of Washington, lowa, has written numerous good
articles for the Iowa press, and is now and then prevailed upon to deliver a
lecture, which is always enthusiastically received.

“One of the good results of the work this year is the organization of a
strong and enthusiastic society at Humboldt, among whose members are
some of the best-read and posted bird and nature students in the state. A
committee of three has been appointed to outline work for the public schools
in that place. Good results are expected. Since the issuing of the circular
by the United States Department of Agriculture, suggesting that a Bird Day
be added to the school calendar, the study of birds in lowa has been given
quite a little attention.

“In some schools we have Bird Day in connection with Arbor Day,
which is usually devoted to the study of trees and birds. There are others,
however, which devote some time each week of the year to the study of
birds.

“Charts are made out showing which species are with us in the different
months, and the birds are studied in their proper season. In this way the
children learn to love them, know their value and are more thoughtful for
their safety.

“In Waterloo the teachers have taken up the work. Some field work has
been done, one teacher identifying about a hundred different species of birds.

“For the coming year the local societies and state organizations are pre-
paring an outline of work to be presented at the Biennial of the Federation
of Women’s Clubs, which will meet in Waterloo next May, and by which
it is hoped to bring about some uniform and concerted action in the various
clubs throughout the state.

‘We are deeply interested and anxious to assist in the passing of the
Model Law at the next session of the legislature.”

Kentucky.—There is a small amount of Audubon work being done in
the state in some five or six stations. ‘This takes the form of bird talks on
the lecture platform, and work in grade and kindergarten schools. Mr. C.
W. Wilson, of Mayfield, writes: ‘The Model Law is still in force, and is
highly commended by all who are familiar with its provisions, also that the
new series of readers for public schools devote more space than heretofore
to birds and their beauty and value. I think this tends to educate children
in the right direction.” Mr. R. H. Dean, of Lexington, mentions that the
principles of bird protection are inculcated in the kindergarten work in the

86 Bird - Lore

local public schools, as well as at the summer playground work. Prof. W.
M. Jackson, of Campbellsville, writes: “I know the National Committee
has other matters than state affairs to see to, and that this work ought to be
done by the state; but, if the state won’t do it, and the National organiza-
tion can take the lead and start the work, then probably the state will take
up the responsibility. Of course the trouble with the National, as with the
state organizations, is that it takes money to do these things. For a Na-
tional Emblem, our society suggests a Cardinal,—or, as we in Kentucky say,
a Kentucky Cardinal.”

Louisiana.— The results of the Audubon work in this state are simply
marvelous, and show forcibly what the efforts of a few active spirits can
accomplish, led by a man who, besides being a splendid organizer, is a pleasing
and persuasive speaker and an untiring worker. With such a combination
an Audubon Society cannot help succeed. Two years since (see report for
1902) Audubon work was unknown in Louisiana, the bird laws were worse
than none, for they permitted trapping and shipping live birds from the state.
A little less than two years’ arduous labor directed toward the education of
the public to the needs of bird protection, aided by the boll-weevil scare, has
completely changed the condition of bird and game affairs, and now the
citizens of Louisiana can congratulate themselves on having the most perfect
non-game bird law in the country. It became effective August 9, 1904,
and at the same time a new and very excellent game law became operative.
‘These laws prevent the trapping, caging and exporting of all birds; conse-
quently the traffic in Cardinals, Mockingbirds, Nonpareils and Indigo Birds
is prevented, not only in Louisiana, but also in all parts of the country, since,
as soon as the citizens of Louisiana made the trade illegal in their own state,
the Federal Law, known as the Lacey Act, made it illegal to trade in Lou-
isiana birds in other portions of the country. As Louisiana heretofore sup-
plied all of the above trade, the influence of her new law reaches far beyond
the borders of her own state. In August last the president of the society,
Mr. Frank M. Miller, made a cruise among the islands in the Gulf of
Mexico to the eastward of the state coast line; he found the eggs of the
Royal and Least Terns, Laughing Gulls and Black Skimmers being used
by glue manufacturers,— assuredly one of the most flagrant and vicious
forms of bird destruction. It was impossible to determine exactly the ex-
tent that this nefarious trafic was carried on; but, making due allowance
for the exaggerations of fishermen and others who gave the evidence,
it is possible that a conservative estimate would be 50,000 eggs destroyed,
and probably the number was far greater. One well-authenticated case
was that 600 dozen eggs of the Royal Tern were taken in one day by a
single vessel from Old Harbor Island. It was ascertained that there were
about thirty-five islands which were occupied as breeding-grounds. Some

State Reports 87

of these islands were small sand-bars or shell heaps, others were of consid -
erable size, with areas of marsh grass. Among other distressing conditions
discovered on the trip, was the fact that the market hunters of wild-fowl,
principally in the employment of cold storage houses, contemplated visiting
the outlying islands, beyond the jurisdiction of the Louisiana laws, in order
to kill Ducks. This meant the destruction of some two or three hundred
thousand birds, which were to be shipped via Mobile, as the new non-export
law of Louisiana prevented the shipment of these game birds out of the
state, as had heretofore been done.

The conditions were so appalling that President Miller visited New
York in order to lay the matter in detail before the National Committee,
hoping that some means could be devised to stop both the egging in summer
. and shooting water-fowl in winter. ‘The larger of the islands visited is the
most outlying, and is a natural refuge for wild-fowl in the cold season prior
to the spring migration. ‘The island referred to is some twelve miles long,
and contains many thousand acres, with ponds and natural feeding-grounds.
An examination of the records in the Land Office in Washington by Mr.
Bond, of the National Committee, revealed the fact that several of the is-
lands, including Breton Island referred to above, were still the property of
the General Government. ‘The details furnished by President Miller were
then presented by Mr. Bond to the Departments of the Interior and Agri-
culture, which referred the matter to the Chief Executive, with the result
that seven of the islands were set aside by President Roosevelt as a Public
Reservation (see page 72).

The balance of the bird islands on examination were found to have been
ceded to the State of Louisiana, or were within the jurisdiction of the state,
so that the bird laws can be enforced. A large number of these islands be-
long to the Lake Borgne Levee Association, and can be purchased for a
nominal sum per acre, as they are entirely valueless for any purpose except
breeding-places for birds. The several islands in question, some thirty in
number, aggregate some thousands of acres, and should be_ he property of
the Louisiana Audubon Society.

It is hoped that some rich and public-spirited citizen of Louisiana will
furnish the Audubon Society with the means to buy these islands, that they
may be dedicated forever as breeding-places and winter homes for water
birds. Louisiana was the birthplace of John James Audubon, the great
artist-naturalist, and within her borders he passed a considerable portion of
his life. The citizens of Louisiana can in no more fitting way show honor
to one of the greatest of her sons, one whose name will always shed luster
on the state, than to make these bird islands a refuge and name them the
Audubon Reservation. It is what the great Audubon would have chosen,
and will be a far more fitting and enduring monument than a shaft of marble
or granite.

88 Bird - Lore

To complete the chain of protection in this part of the Gulf, the Light
House Department was appealed to for aid, which was promptly given (see
details, page 73). On the recommendation of President Miller, a warden
has been employed by the National Association to patrol among the islands,
to post warning notices on them, and to warn masters of vessels that for any
violation of the bird or game laws by themselves or their crews, they will be
held to the strictest accountability, even to the libeling of the vessel. Capt.
Wm. M. Sprinkle, the warden, furnishes his own schooner and a helper,
and as he is thoroughly acquainted with all of the breeding-grounds and the
islands resorted to by the birds, it is believed that in the future they will be
safe and will be permitted to breed undisturbed. President Miller, in a re-
cent letter to the National Committee, gives this guarantee of future effort:
“This state has made a splendid beginning, and, with the Audubon Society -
still engaged in educating the people to the value of bird life as a great pub-
lic asset, we hope to carry on the work until our state laws and a wise sen-
timent make us abreast of the most advanced commonwealth.”

Massachusetts.—The only paid warden employed has charge of the
Weepecket Islands. His report is very satisfactory, as it shows that the
Terns breeding on that island were unmolested during the entire season
and that they made a normal increase. Mr. George H. Mackay, who has
for so long a period given such watchful care to the birds breeding on
Muskeget, writes, “I have nothing new regarding this island; conditions
there were long ago settled satisfactorily to me, and it runs itself without _
care nowadays. So far as I know, there is nothing to complain of in that
quarter.” Mr. Mackay adds, regarding game legislation, that he has
watched and guarded the interests of the public most earnestly and closely. .
““No obnoxious bills were passed, but a most important and valuable bill
was championed and was successfully passed. [his was the prohibition of
sale of spring shore, marsh and beach birds. I regard it as a most impor-
tant factor in bird protection.” The National Committee agree most
heartily with Mr. Mackay in his opinion, and consider that the citizens of
Massachusetts owe a great deal to his persistent and indefatigable work.
The influence of this excellent legislation reaches far beyond the limits of
the commonwealth where it was enacted.

Mr. Mackay intends to make an effort to secure similar legislation for
Ducks, and he should be supported most earnestly by every sportsman in
the state, as the killing of any species of game birds during the northward
migration is wrong both in principle and practice, and is indefensible from
any standpoint. Mr. Frederick A. Homer gives the following interesting
account of the Terns breeding on that historical island, Penikese: ‘The
Terns are increasing very rapidly from year to year, and the past year seems
to have been an exceptional one. In all my experience | have never seen

State Reports 89

so many here. The Roseate Terns are also increasing wonderfully, and
while a few years ago they seemed quite rare, this year I saw great bodies
of them, with not a Common Tern among them, and I judge the colony is
divided about equally between the Common and the Roseate. This fact is
very pleasing to me, as it evidences the care we have taken to see that pro-
tection is afforded them. ‘There have also been but few fishermen in our
harbor of late, and it has thus been easy to control the taking of eggs, and
having but few sheep on the island very few of the young Terns have been
crippled. My notes give but twelve as having been found in a crippled
state, and I can say with confidence that this has been an exceptional year
for the constantly increasing Tern colony at the island of Penikese. Grad-
ually they are nesting nearer the outbuildings than ever before, and all my
fear is that they will finally overrun the island; but this matter will regulate
itself, I suppose.

“Below are some extracts from my note-book: May 5, 1904. The
Terns arrived early this A.M. in small detached squads, the weather being
fine and the wind strong from the S.W.

“May 6. The Terns are arriving in greatly increased numbers and by
evening had all arrived. Weather fine, wind N.E.

“May 26. Saw the first egg.

“June 21. Saw the first young Tern, just hatched.

‘July 17. The young are beginning to fly.

“August 3. Terns commenced to leave with some young.

“Sept. 15. Terns have all left.”

Unfortunately, the Common and Least Terns breeding on Katoma
Beach, Martha’s Vineyard, did not fare so well, for some lawless party
robbed the birds of all their first laying of eggs. As the Least Terns are
less prone to breed in colonies than the other members of the family, it may
be possible that they did not suffer so much from the raid as did the Com-
mon Terns. A reward of twenty-five dollars was offered by the National
Committee for evidence that would convict the eggers, but it was without
result and the person who committed the crime is still unpunished. Mr.
John E. Howland, of Vineyard Haven, who has aided the National Com-
mittee in many ways, writes that he is of the opinion that the Least Terns
breed sparingly all along the south shore of Martha’s Vineyard. He adds,
“The severe winter, even on this favorably located island, was more than
our game birds could stand and the Quail were nearly exterminated; it is to
be regretted that our Legislature did not make a close season on these
beautiful little game birds. In May I saw quite a number of Heath Hens,
but at this writing I cannot give you any information as to how they
nested. Local shooters are respecting the laws protecting Gulls, Terns
and Night Herons in a way they have never done before.”

Miss Kimball, secretary of the Audubon Society, sends the following
report of growth and good results:

90 .Bird- Lore

“Since the last report sent you (Nov., 1903), our society has gained
431 new members, giving a total membership of 6,016 persons, of which
1,505 are Juniors. We have 118 local secretaries working in 117
districts through the state.

‘A good number of Educational Leaflets, and other circulars, have
been distributed. New warning posters, or copies of the law, printed on
cloth, have been sent out freely. There has been a good demand for the
two bird charts published by the Society. The calendar for the last year
has been republished for 1905, and plates taken from it without dates,
to sell in sets. A number of 1904 calendars were given to teachers of
vacation schools, to help them in their nature-work.

“A new traveling lecture, written for children, illustrated by colored
plates, was added to our two lectures, with lantern and slides, and all
three were used a good deal, especially during the spring.

“Our four traveling libraries have been loaned continuously, and new
books are now being added. ;

“The very few complaints of violations of the law which have been
made, have been reported to the Fish and Game Commission.

‘‘An appropriation for this year was made to help the Biological
Farm which Dr. Field has started at Sharon.

“The following meetings have been held, in addition to the regular
monthly meetings of the Board of Directors: A course of three lectures
by Rev. Herbert K. Job; a free lecture or public meeting, addressed by
Mr. Ralph Hoffmann, and Mr. William Duteher: and a field- mete or
bird-walk, open only to Associate members.’

Maine.—A session of the legislature will be held early in 1905, and
the Committee hopes to be able to carry out some of the recommen-
dations suggested in the last report, for the improvement of the game and
bird statutes. Whether public opinion is strong enough at the present
time to secure the passage of a law preventing spring shooting of Ducks,
Geese and shore birds, is not definitely known; however, such a law is
much needed, especially in the case of the American Eider. Fishermen
still take the eggs of this fast-disappearing bird, notwithstanding all the
efforts to prevent this wasteful practice. Each year lessens the number
of these Ducks breeding on the Maine coast, and, unless some radical
measure can be devised to protect the Eiders, they will shortly have-to
be classed among the birds that formerly bred in the state. A close
season for ten years would not be too radical a law to meet the exigen-
cies of the case.

Eleven wardens were employed during the breeding season of 1904,
and it gives the Committee great pleasure to state that all of these men
gave faithful, interested and excellent service. All of the bird colonies on

State Reports 91

the Maine coast are in particularly favorable localities for effective pro-
tection. [hat most of the colonies are in fine condition, and are increas-
ing rapidly in size, is very clearly stated in an interesting report made by
Mr. A. H. Norton, after a personal inspection, his trip lasting from July
12 to August 16. A summary of Mr. Norton’s report is appended.

The Puffins at Matinicus Rock numbered six, a gain of two since
last year.

Black Guillemots still maintain the full extent of their range in Maine.

Herring Gulls show a general increase in number. While the birds are
found in considerable numbers as far west as Scarborough, No Mans Land
marks their western breeding limit on this coast. At no point are the birds
as abundant in the same area as at No Mans Land, which contains but
twelve acres.

At the Duck Islands the conditions still continue to be excellent. In
fact, nowhere is protection extended and conducted with more zeal and
better results than at Great Duck Island and No Mans Land. At Little
Duck the birds are rather less accustomed to the presence of man than at
Great Duck, and are a little wilder than the birds at the latter place. The
colony has increased extensively since protection became established. No
evidences of molestation were visible.

Laughing Gulls have left Metinic Green Island this year and returned
to Western Egg Rock in Muscaugus Bay. This is a less desirable place
from our point of view, and it is to be hoped that they may return to the
island first named. The reason for this change is not entirely clear, as they
returned to Metinic Green Island in the spring. It is possible that the
erection of a small shed for the shelter of the three sheep pastured here,
near the resort of the Gulls, may have had the effect of changing their place.

Common and Arctic Terns of Maine sometimes breed separately but
more often together, so that they may be conveniently treated under the
general term, Terns. On the whole, there has been a decided increase in
the numbers of these birds.

No mortality was noted among them at any point, and it is said that
food seems to have been more abundant than it was last year. Mr. Ruth-
ven Deane, one of the directors of the National Association, while on the
Maine coast the past summer, visited the Tern colony in Saco Bay and con-
firms Mr. Norton’s favorable report. He says, “During July and August
large numbers of Terns were seen daily fishing in Saco Bay and off Scar-
boro Beach.”

Leach’s Petrels, so far as observed, have not suffered molestation. The
introduction of dogs and cats on the islands where they breed, by
fishermen who camp or live there, is a practice that may be seriovs and
should be prohibited, as both of these animals are very destructive to
Petrels.

92 Bird - Lore

It is doubtful if any Cormorants now breed in Maine; yet they continue
to remain throughout the summer in some numbers.

I succeeded in getting ashore on Old Man Island, after making three
attempts; this was on August 1, a rough, foggy day. I saw only one
Eider Duck, a female which started from the shore or close to it at the
northeast part of the island, and flew entirely away, not returning while I
was there. Though I searched, I could find no nest or young. While the
number there last year was considerably more, observations at other points
makes it seem to me probable that only a small number were actually breed -
ing, perhaps only the four which Captain Small, the warden, has observed
to remain this year.

The shooting about Old Man Island, last spring, no doubt had the
result of driving away all but the birds most strongly attached to the place.
With law and enforcement there seems a fair chance to save this colony.

A single Female Eider was seen at Pulpit Rock, August 3, and on July
30, about Jordan’s Delight Ledges, off Naraguagus Bay, sixteen or more
of both sexes were started from the water, all being strong of wing. They
were not seen here on our return.

At Jericho Bay I failed to see any of the birds about their resorts,
though it may be hoped that some had bred and departed from Spirit Ledge.
With the extended extirpation of the little Terns at the old resorts of this
Duck further up the bay, it seems nearly certain that none could have
escaped nest-robbing there.

An Eider Duck was seen for some time around Matinicus by Mr.
Merton Tolman this spring. While the outlook is not bright, another
effort should be made to protect these grounds, with the hope of saving this
noble bird to the breeding fauna of the United States. A law for the pro-
tection of this Duck must be required of the legislature at the coming
session.

While a few of the birds spend the summer on this coast, thousands, and
perhaps tens of thousands, winter or migrate along the outer islands, reefs,
and ledges of Maine. They form an item of some importance in the
economy of a class who depend to a great extent upon the “abundance of
the sea’ for a livelihood. A pair of dressed Eiders, or Ducks and Drakes,
command about 50 cents, while five yield a pound of feathers.

The migrants begin to arrive late in October, and depart the last of
April. As the birds inhabit the most exposed places at the most inhos-
pitable seasons, they are taken only by the hardier gunners, and, as they
are held in much esteem, all of these taken are put to use.

With these conditions, it would be nearly impossible to prevent the
taking of all of the birds for even a short term of years, should such a
law be passed.

A law prohibiting the taking of Eiders between March first and

State Reports 93

November first would probably meet with little opposition, and would be
observed. Its enforcement would give security to the birds which return
in April or May to breed. Means must be taken to enforce the pro-
tection of the breeding-grounds, or the species must cease to breed on
our shores.

Great Blue Herons are protected at Bradbury’s Island and Great
Wass Island. At both of these places the young were on the wing late
in July; they were abundant at Deer Isle, where they feed about the
long, shallow coves at low tide. They were considered more numerous
this year than at any previous year. About Great Wass Island many
were also seen, indicating successful breeding.

Black-crowned Night Herons have been protected at Falmouth and
at Little Duck Island; both of these colonies are quite large, and have
passed a successful breeding season. Three pairs of these birds bred this
year on No Mans Land, this being the first instance known. The
young which were succcssfully reared were leaving their nests July 21.

Spotted Sandpipers breed, to some extent, on nearly every protected
island, and receive the attention of the wardens. They have bred well,
and have not been molested so far as known.

The Secretary of the State Audubon Society reports “progress in the
work of bird protection in Maine. The objects of the Audubon Society
are becoming better known, and meet the approval of the thoughtful
everywhere. The reports from the local secretaries are encouraging.”

One writes: “The interest in bird-study is gratifying. The school
children take an active interest in birds, and are learning the lessons
taught by the society for their protection.” Another writes: ‘The

teachers are delightfully enthusiastic over the Audubon work.”

One teacher who presides over a large school composed of younger
pupils has accomplished a great work among the children under her
care. Every morning she gives them a bird-talk of a few minutes, and
she has inspired them with a wonderful degree of enthusiasm. They
surprise even herself, by the closeness and accuracy of their personal
observation of bird-ways, and also by the amount of information which
they have acquired through such observation. They have taken under
their especial protection all the birds in their respective neighborhoods,
and woe is sure to betide any would-be plunderer who dares to disturb
the nests. One small pupil discovered some New Hampshire boys climb-
ing to one of the Robins’ nests near his home (South Berwick is a
border town), and endeavored to drive them away. Not succeeding in
this, the plucky little one went promptly for a policeman, who gave the
intruders convincing proof that it is not safe to violate our Maine laws
for the protection of birds. I am sure that those boys will raid no more
nests on this side of the state line.

94 Bird - Lore

It is a matter of common remark that the birds in this vicinity are
remarkably tame this season. They have been so faithfully defended
against their enemies, and so liberally supplied with food and with nest-
ing materials by their little friends who wear the Audubon button, that
it is not strange that the timid creatures should respond to these friendly
advances. :

Reports from other branches are equally interesting. We have con-
tinued to distribute literature, pledge cards, buttons and certificates as
formerly. We have two bird-charts with descriptive matter to be loaned
to local secretaries, teachers or other bird-lovers upon application.

Our society now numbers 1,261, of which 315 are members and
juniors, and 946 are associates. However, it is not a show of numbers
that we seek, but the education of the masses to the economic value

of birds.

Michigan.—T his is one of the few states that has not as yet adopted the
Model Law. One of the chief activities of the Audubon Society and other
public-spirited citizens should be to try to secure its passage at the session
of the legislature commencing in January, 1905. The large colony of
Herring Gulls breeding near the Passage Island Lighthouse, Lake Superior,
were protected by a paid warden, and they made a normal increase. Pro-
fessor Barrows, of the Agricultural College, reports that some small colonies
of Herring Gulls, Common Terns and Caspian Terns which occupy several
small islands and rocky ledges in the northern part of Lake Michigan were
very much disturbed and were robbed of their eggs. “This was not discov-
ered until too late to take action this season, but attention will be given to
them during the coming breeding season. It is especially important that
the colony of Caspian Terns should be rigidly protected, as comparatively
few of them breed in the United States.

Secretary Butler, of the Audubon Society, reports as follows: “Our
work has consisted mainly in distributing literature and in endeavoring to
organize branch societies. Some success was achieved in protection at
various points and the state was aroused for a time over the report of the
Fruit-Growers’ Association recommending the next legislature to provide an
open season for Robins. A colony of Great Blue Herons was being rapidly
destroyed at Clarkson during the nesting season. The women of the
community said the wings made good dusters, and thus encouraged the
killing. The killing of Gulls and Terns for the milliners has been common
in Michigan, but this has been somewhat checked.

‘At Chesaning a man was killing Hummingbirds for the millinery trade.
On promising to give up the unlawful work, no further action was taken.
Complaints have come from several parts of the state, but no action could
be taken because the deputy game wardens refuse to act on information

State Reports 95

supplied by the Audubon Society. The State Game Warden requires that
all complaints shall be made to him.

“The best results obtained were from the posting of printed notices
giving a résumé of the law relating to the destruction of birds. Many of
these signs were destroyed by vicious persons, but threats of prosecution are
doing some good.

“Plans for the coming year will be an effort to pass the Model Law;
a series of lectures for the public; talks by the secretary to boys’ clubs and
church societies, especially those meeting during the summer season; plans
to get bird study before the educational bodies of the state, and especially
those that hold meetings during the summer months; funds to be secured
to carry on successfully all of the above work.”

Minnesota.— This was one of the first states to organize an Audubon
Society (1897) ; the Model Law has been adopted, but the bird protection
movement is not yet under full headway. This commonwealth has an
area of over 83,000 square miles in which the birds must be protected, and
a population of over one and one-half millions of people who should be
willing to do some bird study and bird protection work. There should be
at least one or more local secretaries in every county in the state; Massa-
chusetts, with only one-tenth of the area to cover, already has one hundred
and sixteen secretaries at work. President Taylor makes a specially inter-
esting report of educational work done: ‘The work of the year has been
more than satisfactory. We have, in connection with the bird branch of
the State Horticultural Society, issued and largely distributed a circular on
bird protection which has done much good. We have secured one hun-
dred lantern-slides, through different sources, and these have been used by
Prof. D. Lange in his lectures to the High School and to school teachers
and scholars. Four more lectures are still to be delivered before the
children in this city. He has published under the auspices of this Society
a book, ‘How to Know One Hundred Birds of Minnesota and the North-
west,’ which is the best primary lesson book I have seen, and it has been
very successful. A number of convictions have been secured and a general
tone of better security for our birds has been established. The public is
talking about us, which is always a favorable sign that we are doing some-
thing.

“While we get somewhat discouraged for need of money, we peg along
and slowly win our way, I am sure. We, however, need help from the
richer sections of the country.”

Mississippi.— During the present year the Model Law was adopted
which is a decided gain, as it helps to close up the gap in the coastwise
states and permits the use of the warden system. As there is no Audubon

96 Bird - Lore

organization in this commonwealth, the necessary work of securing the
passage of new legislation was entrusted to Mr. Miller, president of the
Louisiana Audubon Society. His success in a state where no previous
educational work along Audubon lines had been done is another evidence
of what a great personal interest, added to force and determination, can
achieve. The National Committee have distributed some educational
matter and warning notices, but there is great need for a State Audubon
organization. ;

Missouri.— In a few words Secretary August Reese tells the conditions
in this great commonwealth: “The Missouri Audubon Society, since its
incorporation June, 1901, has been highly successful in creating a healthy
sentiment for the better protection of birds, both from a utilitarian and from
a humanitarian point of view. In its effort to obtain practical legislation,
it has fought a gallant but unsuccessful battle. Supported by the press and
thousands of prominent citizens, the questionable influence of those who
trafic in birds and game triumphed over the wishes of the masses. Not
discouraged by defeat, we will renew our labors to obtain our cherished
object, the enactment and enforcement of effective bird laws.”

With the election of a man of the character of Joseph W. Folk as the
Governor of the State, boodle will hereafter have no power to defeat good
bird and game legislation. The cold storage magnates will soon discover
that it is impossible to find any state to which they may send their paid
emissaries to slaughter game birds, both in and out of season. Gradually
the lines are closing about them, as one state after another enacts laws
which limits the bag, and especially prohibits sale and export. The legis-
lature of 1905 should wipe out the disgrace of the past and place the state
in the front rank of bird and game protection.

Nebraska.— There are two organizations in the state working for bird
protection, both of them sending messages of good accomplished. Miss
Higgins, secretary of the Audubon Society, says: “This society has kept
alive during the past year the bird interest among the 15,000 or more junior
members. The vigilant protection of birds and their nests last spring by
thousands of little bird-lovers was gratifying indeed, and productive of
wonderful results. In all the parks and wooded spots in the city and the
country round about were posted warnings. Omaha has forty special
police officers, all members of the Humane Society and nearly all members
of the Audubon Society; these officers have been of inestimable value to
the society. We have circulated what literature it was possible for us to
procure.

“IT send this superficial account of our year’s work, and hope that next
year, when we have become a state organization, we may not only have a

State Reports 97

report to send to the convention, but a delegate as well. We are to have a
meeting soon for the purpose of incorporating into a State Association.”

Dr. Wolcott of the Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union, writes: ‘The
Union has reprinted a leaflet of Professor Bruner’s ‘A Plea for the Pro-
tection of our Birds.’ Of these about four thousand have been circulated.
Many newspapers, and some prominent ones, in the state, have reprinted
the leaflet; probably a total circulation of 50,000 has been reached in
this way.

“Representatives of the society have spoken in favor of bird protection
at farmers’ institutes, at teachers’ institutes, at meetings of patrons of schools,
to school children, etc. Probably fifty audiences have been addressed dur-
ing the year. The officers of the society have cooperated with and advised
the State Game Warden, especially in reference to warning of individuals
and prosecution of a few, for destruction of game and song birds.

“Much work has been done by members privately in securing the post -
ing of land, in warning and watching boys and men known to be violating
game laws, and in other ways keeping the cause of bird protection before
the people.”

New Hampshire.—Work in this state is carried on effectively along
most of the best lines of real progress; an outline of the same is furnished
by Mrs. Batchelder, the secretary: ‘The work of the society for the past
year has been a continuation and enlargement of that of previous years.
The circulation of the National Association’s educational leaflets has been
increased by the addition of those recently published.

“The colored bird-charts and BrrD-LORE’s uncolored chart have been
introduced in many more schools, and donated to such schools as could not
purchase them. A circulating library of bird literature has been made avail-
able for use in rural schools. The traveling lecture and stereopticon con-
tinue to be in demand, and are reported to be very useful.

“At the suggestion of the National Association, feeding grounds for the
birds were established during the latter part of the severe winter. It is the
intention to repeat the experiment, and to make systematic observations
thereon.

“At the request of the State Federation of Women’s Clubs, literature,
charts and other materials were furnished to the Arts and Crafts Department
for circulation among women’s clubs in rural districts.

‘Contributions in money have been made to the society for the protec-
tion of New Hampshire forests, and to the National Association of Audubon
Societies.

“The junior societies thus far organized have been very successful in
arousing an interest in bird life among the young people.

‘The work of the coming year will be practically a continuation of that

98 Bird - Lore

of the past. Steps have been taken toward encouraging the improvement
of school-house grounds in rural districts. This is undertaken with a
view of bringing children and youth into closer sympathy with nature, of
attracting bird life to the immediate vicinity of the schools, and thus
indirectly but surely to accomplish the more effectual protection of the
birds themselves.”

New Jersey.— Two wardens were employed to watch and guard the
few remaining Laughing Gulls and Terns on this coast. Both of them re-
port an exceptionally favorable season, and an unusually large increase. Even
nature was kind in that she sent no heavy storm-tides to sweep away the
eggs and young during the breeding season. The summer boarder with a
gun, who must kill something, still gives some trouble; but the resident pub-
lic are beginning to acknowledge that a strict enforcement of the bird and
game laws is a benefit to all. Miss Scribner, the secretary of the Audubon
Society, narrates in a few clear words the important and rather strenuous
activities of the present year. Very few of the Audubon Societies have ever
been called upon to pass through such an ordeal as was presented to New
Jersey during the last session of the legislature. That the Society was not
caught napping, is a cause for congratulation and an example to other so-
cieties who may at any moment have to face the same situation. ‘The
most important result reached during the past year on the part of the New
Jersey Audubon Society was that relating to the ‘ Robin Bill.’ It was ru-
mored in the preceding summer that the fruit- growers and others had planned
to enter a bill in the legislature authorizing the shooting of Robins, Catbirds,
Flickers and Doves, thus removing protection from some of our most valu-
able insectivorous birds. An educational crusade among the children was
deemed advisable, and, accordingly, several thousand leaflets on the Robin
were sent to the superintendents and principals of public schools, who had
kindly agreed to distribute them.

“In consequence of active work on the part of the friends of the society,
and as a result of thousands of petitions sent all over the state, the mem-
bers of the legislature and the Governor were deluged with thousands of
names, and public opinion was sufficiently aroused to prevent the passage
of bills in the Senate and House which proposed to make an open season
on Robins and other important birds.

“’The next work in which the Society took a hand was that of helping
to pass a law forbidding the shooting of Pigeons at traps. In conjunction
with the Hudson County Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
petitions and letters were sent all over the state and public opinion, which
had been kept agitated for the previous two years, was thoroughly aroused.
The sporting element made a desperate fight, and succeeded in keeping the
bill in Committee till the close of the session, but public indignation was

State Reports 99:

so strong that Governor Murphy called an extra session to reconsider the
‘Pigeon Bill.’ At this session the bill was passed in a few minutes.

“ About a hundred new members have been received in the New Jersey
Society during the past year, but this inadequately represents the interest
aroused by the work of the society. This interest is contagious, and many
are devoting time and thought to the study and protection of birds, and in
the schools especially much attention is given to this work.”

New York.—A determined effort was made by the baymen and hotel
keepers of Long Island to have the law prohibiting spring shooting of Ducks
and Geese repealed, but, owing to the strong fight made by the sportsmen of
the other parts of the state, aided by the entire Audubon influence, the at-
tempt was unsuccessful. The stopping of spring shooting for two years has
increased the numbers of the above-named game birds very materially, and it
is reported by reliable observers that more Wood Ducks and Black Ducks
were hatched and successfully reared in New York State than for many
years past. Iwo wardens were employed to care for the Terns breeding at
the north and south end of Gardiner’s Island, and each of them report a
very large increase in the numbers of these Sea Swallows. The two colo-
nies now number some thousands of birds which are not molested, as the
people residing in the vicinity of the breeding grounds are fully acquainted
with the law and generally observe it.

Miss Lockwood, secretary of the Audubon Society, makes an extremely
encouraging report, which is added: ‘The same methods have been fol-
lowed during the past year by the New York Audubon Society as hereto-
fore. The wall charts, the traveling lantern and slide outfit, the educa-
tional and other leaflets, have done effective work.

“Over 17,000 leaflets have been distributed; of these, 2,700 were sent
to the State Fair at Syracuse. The law posters have been circulated in
both English and Italian.

The lecture ‘ Travels of a Bird Student,’ given by Mr. Chapman for
the benefit of the society at Sherry’s, added over $400 to the funds.
$125 was contributed toward the expenses of the National Committee.

‘In October, Mr. Dutcher spoke in behalf of the society at the Con-
vention of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Animals, at
Syracuse.

“From all parts of the state reports are received showing increased pop-
ular interest. One local secretary writes: “I am delighted with the
progress being made with the work of the Audubon Society: in the general
information and awakened intelligence of the people whom I meet, greatly
in contrast with that of a few years ago.’ Another secretary was told by a
leading clergyman of her town, after reading ‘An Open Letter to Clergy-
men’ by Mr. Dutcher: ‘I will aid you all I can, and will take the cause

100 Bird - Lore

right into the pulpit, and later on will distribute the leaflets in my
- congregation.’

“ Never before has the New York Society begun the winter with better
prospects. There are now enthusiastic workers all over the state and
many new fields to be conquered. As unstinted a distribution as possible
must therefore be made of the many excellent leaflets now available.

‘Steps have been taken for the incorporation of the society.

‘The pressing need of the society, to. meet which all energies must be
bent, is to gain two or three hundred sustaining members. Each town and
city in the state should contribute its quota according to its wealth and size,
and with persistent effort this ought to be possible. Such an income as
this would mean would do much to insure the permanency of the society,
whatever (inevitable) changes in the Executive Board the future may bring.

“The present membership is 5,217.”

North Carolina.—The report of the year’s work detailed by Secretary
Pearson shows so clearly how much a well-managed and aggressive society
can accomplish that it becomes an excellent object-lesson for the Executive
Officers of all other societies.

‘The Audubon Society of North Carolina is an unique organization,
in that it is not only a society for the study of bird life and the pro-
mulgation of the ideas of bird protection, but it has, in addition, the
power of appointing bird and game wardens, and in other ways repre-
sents the state as a Game Commission might do. ‘The measure of
success with which its affairs have been attended demonstrates clearly
the advisability of a non-political organization, conducting the affairs of
the bird and game protection work of a commonwealth.

‘This Society has been adding to its warden force until, at the
present time, forty men are employed, six of these giving their entire
time to the work. The enforcement of the bird and game laws in the
state is a new experience to most of the population, and when such con-
ditions exist it is reasonable that the people should be made acquainted
with the law, and substantial reasons given them why the insect-eating
birds should be protected and the game preserved. “Io accomplish this
end the wardens travel through the country visiting the towns, country
stores and farmhouses, handing out literature and talking with the
people. In this way there has been distributed during the past year in
round numbers the following literature:

Cloth warnin's MOlieesy a... acy ai cl eee ce ae
Leaflets of National Committee ......,...-..- +. ++ 21,000
Government publications) 3°30 2 so. 2 cee ee eee OOe

Publications of the Stat: Society . ........... +... - 110,000

State Reports Iol

“Making a total of 180,000 different articles of printed information
regarding bird protection, which has been given the people of the state.
These do not take into consideration 600 books purchased for the use
of the local secretaries, rural school teachers and game _ wardens.
Each warden is supplied not only with copies of the State and Federal
laws, but with certain literature which he is obliged to read and become
familiar with. For example, every warden has a copy of Neltje Blanchan’s
‘Bird Neighbors,’ Pearson’s ‘Stories of Bird Life,’ Hornaday’s splendid
new ' Natural History of North America,’ and the magazine, ‘ BiRD-LoRE.’

“After the warden has thoroughly acquainted the people of his terri-
tory with the bird and game laws, he proceeds to prosecute any violations
of the law which may be reported to him. Fifty-five prosecutions have
been successfully conducted by the Audubon Society for the past year.

“Aided by support from the Thayer Fund, the society has been able
to extend absolute protection to the breeding sea birds along the coast.
About 2,700 young are known to have been raised the past summer.
The secretary has delivered a number of talks and public lectures in
various parts of the state, with the view of arousing further interest in
the subject of bird study and bird protection. The work of. the society
is well received in the state, and the officers feel that they have grounds
for much encouragement.”

North Dakota.— During the present year the local society has developed
into a state organization which bids fair to become one of the important
factors in bird preservation. Its field of usefulness is large, for within the
borders of the commonwealth many large colonies of water birds find their
breeding homes.

The first report of the society is presented by Miss Abbott, the secre-
tary: “As our State Society was not organized until May of this year, we
have accomplished nothing other than the outdoor Saturday morning Bird
classes, which were carried on during the spring and early summer. ‘These
classes were largely attended both by adults and children. Also, through the
summer a number of bibliographies on nature and birds were distributed, as
well as Audubon literature.

“We are planning to have stereopticon lectures given in this city and
throughout the state by members of the society who will volunteer to do
this work. The society owns fifty bird slides. We shall issue a printed
bulletin in which we will include Audubon news and literature and bibli-
ographies on nature.

“We are making great efforts toward the establishing of branch societies.
We are also sending out the Audubon pledge, to which we hope to get the
signatures of all the teachers and pupils throughout the state; to those
signing this pledge we shall send a bird button.

102 Bird - Lore

‘Perhaps the work that will be the most important will be that of lend-
ing libraries, containing books and mounted pictures on nature and birds;
these libraries are to have between ten and fifteen books in them, and, to-
gether with the case, will cost $20. If our funds hold out we shall send a
copy or copies of BiRD-LoRE with each library. Of course these libraries
are to be loaned through the branch societies. At present the society is
preparing a list of the “Flowers and Plants of North Dakota, and Where
Found.’ This will be published and distributed by the society in the spring.”

Ohio.—The progress made by the Ohio Audubon Society is best shown
by the report of the corresponding secretary, Mrs. Charlotte Miller Temple:

‘We report a considerable increase in enrolment of members, and a
continued interest and effort in bird protection.

‘Monthly meetings are held, the time being divided between reports of
officers, committees, etc., and a program which usually includes an address
on some subject bearing upon the work of the society, with brief field dis-
cussions. During the year numerous talks have been given in the schools
by members of the society. School children are welcomed at the meetings.
A corps of speakers assisted at the school celebrations of Arbor and Bird Day.

‘Every possible effort was made by our committee to prevent the removal
of the Carolina Dove from the protected list, but these efforts were futile,
and Doves are being slaughtered this fall.

“The treasurer, assisted by other members, sold Audubon calendars dur-
ing the holiday season, netting a substantial amount for the treasury. No
admission fee was charged at the annual public lecture; Mr. William Hub-
bell Fisher, the speaker, gave a bird talk, illustrated by lantern-slides. Other
talks were given at various meetings by Mr. Chas. Dury (The Humming-
bird), Mr. Benn Pitman (Birds in Art), Mr. Osburn (Bird Calls), Mrs.
Hermine Hansen (The Scarlet Tanager), Miss Gertrude Harvey (The
Tern Islands of Lake Erie). Dr. T. S. Palmer, of Washington, D. C.,
and State Game Warden Mr. J. T. Porterfield, of Columbus, gave inspir-
ing talks at one meeting. A new feature, which may become a part of our
program, was ‘ Field Day’ in June.

“ Branch secretaries are being appointed throughout the state, and from
this we hope to gain much. The corresponding secretary's work has kept
the society in touch with other state societies, the A. O. U., the Biological
Survey at Washington, and with the Society for Protection of Birds in
England.

‘Inquiries in regard to Audubon work are frequently coming in from
new quarters, evidencing the growth of interest in bird protection.”

Oklahoma.— While the Audubon Society of this territory is in a dor-
mant condition, yet the subject of bird protection and the allied subject of

State Reports 103

humane education are attracting considerable attention. Mrs. Henrietta
E. Foster, of Tecumseh, who has been urging the passage of a humane
education law, quotes a letter from the State Superintendent of Public
Education in South Dakota, where humane education is taught in the
schools: “It has a tendency to create a desire for nature study, not only
with the small children, but with those of the higher grades. It has also
tended to increase the birds. [The boys who were in the habit of climbing
trees and destroying nests now see a study in this subject. I believe that
great good will come from it in many ways. It will make more careful
boys and girls, as well as better educated men and women.” Mrs. Foster
adds: “You will notice that the effects on increase of birds and protection
of them accords with my claim that such would be the result of a humane
education law. Iam glad to know that it has been proven to be a fact.
I believe in a stringent law to protect the birds, but that alone is not
sufficient; the humane education of the children should go with it. The
little it has been taught in the public schools in this territory has entirely
changed the nature of the boys who have been given the instruction, as to
their manner of treatment of birds; like the boys of Dakota, they have
changed the killing of birds and robbing of nests to the protection and
study of them.”

The press are not silent on the subject of bird protection, as is shown by
the following excellent editorial from the New Kirk ‘Democrat Herald’:
“Tt is likely at the sessions of the territorial legislature an effort will be
made to have more stringent game laws passed. A small per cent of the
larger kinds of game is left in Oklahoma, but what there is, the sportsmen
would like to protect as much as possible. The chief aim now, however,
will be to afford better protection for birds such as Quail and Prairie
Chickens, both of which are still quite abundant in several sections. The
Quails are said to be especially beneficial on farms, as they are one of the
best pest-killers known, and on that account the farmers will be glad of the
‘passage of a law which will insure their feathered friends more protection.”

Oregon.— At the request of this Committee, State Game Warden
Baker sent two deputy wardens to the southeastern portion of the state to
give special protection to the birds breeding in the extensive and numerous
shallow lakes in that region. The sum of one hundred and fifty dollars
was paid from the Thayer Fund on account of the salary of the wardens,
the balance being paid by the state.

Very few attempts at violation of the law were reported, the worst
offenders being hunters from California who cross the line, hunt and
return before they can be captured. Chief Warden Baker states: “The
wardens arrived at the breeding grounds at least two months too early, as
owing to late snows and high water the breeding season was late.”

104 Bird - Lore

Early in the year the Committee requested Messrs. Finley and Bohl-
man, the well-known bird photographers and nature writers, to furnish a
report of the conditions of the bird colonies on the Oregon coast. The
report is so interesting that it is given in full:

“We have visited the majority of rocks which are scattered along the
coast from the mouth of the Columbia south to the California line, and we
find that by far the most important rookeries are to be found on the ‘Three
Arch Rocks,’ which are situated near the entrance of Netarts Bay, practi-
cally two miles north of the same, and probably ten or fifteen miles south
of the entrance of Tillamock Bay. The rocks consist of a group of three

BRANDT’S CORMORANTS ON THE ARCH ROCKS, COAST OF OREGON
Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

large rocks, and a few unimportant smaller ones, and are a mile off shore.
The one to the right is three hundred and four feet high and about eight
hundred feet long, while the one to the left is of about the same area, the
center one being somewhat smaller and more precipitous. These rocks are
densely populated, principally by California Murres, of which there are ten
or twelve large rookeries and a large number of smaller ones; the large
rookeries, it is estimated, contain between five and ten thousand individuals
each, which gives a Murre population, at a conservative estimate, of
seventy-five thousand individuals.

“There are three large rookeries of Cormorants, probably four or five
hundred birds in each; the rock to the left is inhabited almost entirely by
Brandt’s Cormorants, while on the middle rock are found the Farallone

State Reports 105

Cormorants. Baird’s Cormorant is found on all three rocks in isolated and
more inaccessible spots, and is the least common; there is a fourth species
of Cormorant found here, but it was not positively identified. There are
two Tufted Puffin rookeries on the rock to the right and the north slope
of the middle one, and also a few on the northern slope of the third rock.
There are two species of Petrels found, the Forked-tail and Leach’s, but
it was impossible to estimate their numbers or that of the Puffins;
however, the guano was honey-combed with their burrows. The Western
Gull is quite numerous, between three and five thousand individuals; they
breed on all of the rocks. Pigeon Guillemots, not over fifteen or twenty
pairs, and a few Black Oyster-catchers, were found.

'’ These rocks were visited in 1901 and 1903, and both times considerable
difficulty was experienced in getting out to them, as it was necessary to
launch a boat through the surf. We waited two weeks each time before a
sufficiently calm day arrived to attempt the breakers, although a little later in
the year, the storekeeper at Netarts P.O. assured us that the breakers often
subsided entirely, and people camping along the beach (summer resort
people from Tillamook and neighboring small cities) went out in small
boats to see the birds and sea-lions, a large rookery of the latter inhabiting
the smaller rocks. These people no doubt do some damage to the birds, as
firearms are common, and they make a practice of shooting at the sea-lions
from the bluffs on the shore; yet at this season, which is in the latter part
of July and August, the birds have finished their breeding, and the young
are fully grown. In the earlier part of the season, from June 1 to July 10,
there are but few outside people on the beach, and the breakers are too
heavy to allow any but the most determined and well-equipped to reach
the rocks from the shore, so not a great deal of danger is to be appre-
hended from this source.

“There is, however, one great menace to the bird life present, which
ought to be checked. The seagoing tug ‘Vosberg,’ of Tillamook, has been
in the habit, in the past two years, of running Sunday excursion parties out
to the rocks. ‘These parties comprise most of the able-bodied male citizens
of the town, and they go armed to the teeth, the ostensible and advertised
object of the excursion being a sea-lion hunt, or to capture one alive. We
witnessed the arrival of such an excursion, while waiting on the shore for
an opportunity to get out; the tug steamed very slowly in and out among
the rocks, while the passengers practiced marksmanship on the birds sitting
on the cliffs. That they did great damage was attested the following day
when, along the beach, the surf line was strewn with the dead bodies of
Cormorants and Murres, mainly the former. This is a practice that it will
probably be difficult to check, as the town is isolated, being reached only by
weekly steamboat and stage lines, and this is doubtless one of their most
popular and exciting diversions in the summer.

106 Bird - Lore

‘At the south end of the Oregon coast, there are a number of bird
rocks, but not very large in size. Several years ago we were told that parties
were gathering eggs from these rocks and were sending them to the San
Francisco markets. Subsequent investigations proved this to be a fact.

“The summers of 1892 and 1894 were spent about twenty miles north
of Cape Blanco, at the mouth of the Coquille River, where there are a
number of bird rocks. They are not very large, but they are well populated
‘with Cormorants, principally Brandt’s, Tufted Puffins, Western Gulls and
Murres. At present these rocks do not need protection, as they are not
likely to be reached by anybody except the life-saving crew at Bandon, a
‘small town at the mouth of the Coquille, only a short distance from the
rocks.

“From the Coquille up past Coos Bay, and clear up to Yaquina Bay, the
rocks are small and scattering and do not need any protection. —The same
condition obtains near Cape Foulweather, north of Yaquina.

“The balance of the rocks along the coast to the Columbia River are
a couple opposite Cape Mears Light-house, another near the mouth of the
Nehalem River, a few more further north opposite Cannon Beach; but
these have comparatively small colonies of birds and need no protection at
present.”

The flagrant violation of Section 1 of the Act of 1903 (Model Law)
iby the owners of the tug Vosberg was brought to the attention of State
‘Game Warden Baker, who notified the captain of the tug that any future
‘violations of the statute would be prosecuted. It is proposed by the com-
‘mittee to give special attention to the Oregon coast during the coming
breeding season, in order that egging and shooting shall be prevented.

The acting secretary of the Audubon Society, Miss Metcalfe, presents
the following report: “During the past year our work has been divided
between education and bird protection, or enforcement of the new bird law
that went into effect at the close of the last session of the state legislature.
‘The educative work has included free stereopticon lectures, informal bird
talks, Saturday afternoon outings during the nesting season, and sunrise
meets, the latter arousing the greatest enthusiasm, bringing us a number of
new club members that we would not have obtained otherwise; many of
those attending walked miles in the early dawn, carrying lunch baskets,
note-book and opera glasses, to a commanding height overlooking the city
of Portland, where we viewed the glorious panorama of snow-clad moun-
tains and winding river under the reddening sky, while enjoying hot coffee
and sandwiches as we listened to the sunrise chorus of the birds.

“The usual annual award of cash prizes was made by the John Bur-
roughs Club of Portland to the school children of Oregon for the greatest
knowledge of our native birds, as shown both by field tests and composi-
tions. A visit from our valued friend, Rev. W. R. Lord, author of ‘The

State Reports 107

First Book of the Birds of Oregon and Washington,’ to whose enthusiasm
and unselfish. devotion to the cause the bird-lovers of this region owe so
much, was a noteworthy event in the early part of the year; his interest in
the work led him to make the long journey across the continent from his
home in Rockland, Mass., in compliance with the wishes of the bird -clubs
of the Pacific northwest. His stereopticon lecture, illustrated by the mar-
velous and beautiful colored studies of birds by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, was
a source of intense enjoyment to all who had the privilege of listening to it.

“Bird protection has not been neglected, although there is urgent need
of greater facilities for guarding that vast uninhabited territory in southern

ARCH ROCKS, COAST OF OREGON
Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

Oregon, the lake-lands, where thousands of beautiful Grebes and other
water birds breed. Through the efforts of our local bird men the interest of
the state was aroused, to the extent of contributing the services of a game
warden, making two altogether, for the enforcement of our new law in
southern Oregon. The National Association furnished printed notices
warning the public of the penalties attached to infringement of our law.
These have been distributed throughout the state.

“Our State Audubon Society has met with a sad loss in the sudden
death, by drowning, of our corresponding secretary, Mr. Brugger. Our
president, A. W. Anthony, has been in Alaska for several months past, and
will probably remain there this winter. For this reason the report now

108 Bird - Lore

offered is not as complete as it should be in its showing of the work that is
being done in the state outside of Portland.”

Pennsylvania.— The very brief report of the secretary, Mrs. Robins,
tells of progress in that most important line of work, new local branches
with consequent increased membership. and support.

“Work has been cazried on as usual. There has been a steady increase
in membership and a most gratifying increase in local societies and clubs for
the purpose of bird study and bird protection. As our state is such a large
one, it is almost impossible for us to keep in touch with the members ex-
cepting where these branches exist and our energies for the coming year
are to be largely devoted to encouraging the forming of these clubs and
branches, under the care of our local secretaries or some other competent
person.

“The traveling libraries continue to do good work.

‘A new bird and game bill is to be introduced in the state legislature at
its next session, and the society will take steps to ensure such improvements
as are needed for the preservation of wild birds, and use its best efforts to
aid the passage of the bill.”

Rhode Island.— Notwithstanding the protest of the Audubon Society,
the National Committee, and the intelligence of the commonwealth, the
legislature passed a law providing for the payment of a bounty of twenty-five
cents each for the scalps of Hawks, Owls and Crows. This statute is such
a monument to ignorance and prejudice and is so far behind the times that
it is published in full, in order that the public may have an opportunity of
reading the very worst bird statute in force in any part of the United States.
It is unfortunate when a commonwealth lacks laws for the protection of its
birds, but it is much worse to have a bounty law for birds that scientific
investigation has proved to be beneficial as a class. Bounty laws for birds
or animals are wrong, both in principle and in practice.

CHAPTER 1160.

An Act Entitled an Act for the Protection of Song Birds and Game.
(Passed April 13, 1904.)

It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows:

Section 1. Every person who shall kill any wild hawk, except fish
hawks, wild crow, or wild owl within the limits of this state shall, upon
presentation of the proof hereinafter designated, receive for every such ani-
mal so killed the sum of twenty-five cents, to be paid by the general
treasurer.

Sec. 2. Before such person shall be entitled to receive the aforesaid
reward he shall exhibit to any town clerk or state senator of any town, the

State Reports 109

head of any animal killed, mentioned in Section one, and shall make afh-
davit of the time and place of such killing. Such town clerk or senator
shall thereupon destroy the head of such animal, and shall, in addition to
his official attestation of said affidavit, certify that the person making the
same exhibited to him the head of the animal alleged to have been killed;
and the state auditor shall, upon presentation of such affidavit and certifi-
cate, draw his order upon the general treasurer in favor of the person sign -
ing such afhdavit.

Sec. 3. The sum of five hundred dollars or so much thereof as may be
necessary is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not
otherwise appropriated, for-the purposes of this act.

Sec. 4. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.

Mrs. Grant, secretary of the Audubon Society, furnishes the following
interesting report: “Our work has been prosecuted with some vigor during
the past year, chiefly in establishing new branches in the rural districts and
in schools. —Ten new branches have heen founded, and fifty of the Massa-
chusetts Audubon bird-charts have been placed in schoolrooms. Our two
traveling libraries have been in constant demand, and the stereopticon and
accompanying lecture have been used many times. We have also assisted in
the printing and distributing of a valuable poster, “ Feed the Birds.’

‘“‘We have increased our membership substantially, and, on the whole,
feel that we have accomplished some good. In the future we mean to pros-
ecute even a more vigorous and aggressive work.”’

South Carolina.—This is the only state on the Atlantic coast that has
not as yet adopted the Model Law for the protection of its non-game birds.
Why the citizens of this commonwealth have not yet awakened to the
importance of bird protection is difficult to understand, in view of all of the
agitation on the subject during the past few years. Early in the spring of
1904 Mr. Herbert K. Job made an extended bird photographing trip
through the south, and among the other localities visited was South Caro-
lina. The following brief, but interesting report shows the importance of
improved legal bird protection: ‘During the second and third weeks of
May I explored the Sea Islands of South Carolina. The coastwise trip was
notably interesting from opportunities to study the shore birds, breeding
and migrating. Oyster-catchers, Wilson’s Plovers and Willets were scat -
tered about in fair numbers and were breeding, apparently unmolested. In
one place I was shown a fine nesting colony of Willets, and saw in one day
as many as fifty nests with eggs.

“Migratory shore birds were very abundant, the various small sandpipers,
— notably the Red-backed,—Turnstones, Ring-necked and Black-bellied

Plovers and Hudsonian Curlews. The latter were seen by thousands, feed -

110 Bird- Lore

ing in scattered flocks in the great marshes by day, and at sundown resorting
to small, low islands to roost. I saw as many, I should judge, as ten thou-
sand in one great flock. I did not observe much shooting, but there is some,
and the southern coastwise states certainly should have laws prohibiting
spring shooting of shore birds, thus prevents disturbing them while breed-
ing or migrating northward.

‘It was too early to witness the breeding of the Black Skimmers and
Terns. At several points there were large flocks of Skimmers and fair
numbers of Royal Terns, apparently about to breed. The Royal Tern was
the only species at all common; no Least Terns were seen.

“Several low sandy islands were visited where Brown Pelicans are accus-
tomed to breed. High tides and gales seemed to have drowned them all out
this year. On only one island were there eggs, and these were washed
from the nests and scattered about the sand or in windrows. Nature is more
unkind even than man to the Pelicans, neither shielding them nor endow-
ing them with brains.”

Job adds regarding another part of the south: “I was fortunate
enough to ferret out a rookery of the American Egret which is probably the
largest in North America, the existence of which does not seem to be
known away from its immediate locality. Several hundred pairs of Egrets
were breeding undisturbed, most of them with young, besides large numbers

WILLET ON NEST, SEA ISLANDS, SOUTH CAROLINA
Photographed by H. K. Job

State Reports j II

of Little Blue and Louisiana Herons, many Great Blue, and numbers of
Yellow-crowned and Black-crowned Night Herons. Probably this rookery
is quite safe, for the owners of the land watch it and will kill any man at

OYSTER CATCHER ON NEST, COAST, SOUTH CAROLINA
Photographed by H. K. Job

-sight found there with a gun. Still, I think it is best that I should not
publicly divulge the locality, nor even the state.”

Audubon work in South Carolina is not in a satisfactory condition,
but it is hoped that, during the year 1905, the National Association will
be in a position materially to aid the nucleus of a society that now exists.

Texas.— Late in the year Audubon interests developed in such a
satisfactory manner that there is no doubt that in a very short time a
large and flourishing society will be organized, with earnest and active
workers in charge of its affairs. The National Association, aided by its
resident member, Mr. Attwater, have been for a long time working to
accomplish the above happy result. The following résumé of conditions
in Texas is furnished by Mr. Attwater, who has exceptional opportunities
for securing reliable information:

“Satisfactory progress has been made in bird protection work in
Texas during the past year.

“The search for a remedy for the cotton-boll weevil has been the
chief cause of attracting attention to the value of certain birds as insect -
destroyers. Numerous newspaper articles and letters on this subject, and

112 Bird - Lore

the distribution of Audubon Educational Leaflets and other bird literature
have been the means of affording reliable information in regard to the life
histories of some of the birds and their food habits.

‘The public is becoming interested, the use of birds more appreciated,
and the importance of protecting them more greatly recognized than
formerly.

‘By the newspaper clippings I have sent from time to time you will
notice that the subject of bird protection is being taken up by our
Farmers’ Institutes, Truck Growers’ Associations and Humane Societies.
Until the alarming increase of insect pests of late years, very few people
paid any attention to the relation of birds to agricultural and horticultural
pursuits. Now there is a demand for information and a desire to form
bird protective associations. Unfortunately, the great majotity of people
in Texas know very little about bird life, habits, etc.

“Tf the Audubon Society were able to send a bird man to Texas he
would find conditions favorable, and many willing to assist in organizing
bird protective associations, which would result in formation of a State
Audubon Society, with branches and active workers all over the common-
wealth.

“The new bird law has undoubtedly resulted in stopping the indis-
criminate slaughter of many useful birds, and if those classed as game
were not included, it might be said that the present law gives general
satisfaction. On account of some of its provisions which relate to certain
game birds, there are some who do not favor the law as it now stands.
I understand that several amendments will be offered at the next session
of the legislature. Objections to the law in its present form come
principally from the following classes:

‘Professional market hunters and shippers of game, restaurant and
hotel keepers and from a great many of the general public, who do not
themselves shoot, but who like game in season, and are now prevented
from buying it. The chief objection from the latter class is that some
of the so-called gentleman sportsmen return from hunting trips with
quantities of Ducks, etc., above the limit allowed (viz., twenty-five to
each man), having taken negroes and others with them for the purpose
of carrying and standing responsible for the birds illegally killed.

“Tn a state like Texas, with such an immense area, and so many diverse
interests, it would have been remarkable had a law been passed including
both game and non-game birds that would have suited all parties; however,
there seems to be an opinion among certain people that changes of a minor
character will strengthen and improve the law. On the other hand, there
are those who think that it will be for the welfare of the state at large
to let the law stand as it is; it is said that many of those who desire
changes are actuated by individual interests.

State Reports 113

“The keeper of the Matagorda Lighthouse was employed as a warden
during the breeding season. He protected all the birds in his locality, and
reports a larger increase in 1904 than at any period for some years past.
The birds protected were Royal and other Terns, Laughing Gulls, Black
Skimmers, etc.”

Vermont.— The report of the secretary, Mrs. Barrows, shows very
satisfactory progress, especially along educational lines:

“During the past year the Audubon Society has endeavored to form
branch societies in various parts of the state, with notable success in several
towns. Societies have been organized in Castleton, Proctor, Essex
Junction and Springfield. We had previously organized societies in Wil-
liamsville and Putney. Our three traveling libraries have been in circulation
in several towns during the year, and we have received appreciative letters
from the teachers who have had the use of them in their schools. One
teacher writes, ‘Before these books were placed in the hands of teachers
and pupils, there was practically no interest in the subject of birds on the
part of either. Now there is no lack of interest in the community. It
scarcely seems possible that so much could have been learned in so short a
time.’ In our own town, while there has been little organized work done,
there has been much individual work, and a stimulus given to bird study
and protection. Many of our citizens are interested in feeding the birds
through the winter months; and it is pleasant to record that several of the
teachers in our public schools have placed shelves outside the school win-
dows for the benefit of the birds who come there for daily lunch, thus
pleasing and interesting the children who watch them. ‘The Educational
Leaflets published by the National Committee have been bought and dis-
tributed. A copy of BIRD-LoRE has been placed on the reading table in
our public library. Our society has contributed twenty-five dollars to the
National Committee to aid in its work of bird protection. We have pur-
chased a lantern, and hope to secure the slides necessary for a traveling
lecture the coming year.

“To Rev. Wm. R. Lord, of Rockland, Massachusetts, we are much
indebted, for work in summer schools held for teachers. His illustrated
lectures were received with great appreciation and enthusiasm.’’

Virginia.—Eight wardens were employed during the past breeding sea-
son, this being the fifth consecutive year that special protection has been
given at the extensive breeding grounds in Accomac and Northampton
counties. The chairman, early in July, explored this territory quite
thoroughly and made the acquaintance of nearly all of the wardens. No
one can realize the vast extent of the beaches and marshes that stretch from
Chincoteague on the north to Cape Charles on the south. At intervals of

114 Bird - Lore

a few miles the beaches are cut by inlets from the ocean; some of these are
narrow and choked with sand-bars, while others are wide and deep enough
to admit coasting vessels of some size. From the inlets radiate channels in
every direction through the marshes which lie back of the sandy barrier
beaches. The beaches are not usually wide, never more than a few hun-
dred yards, but the green marshes extend for miles back to the uplands.
Both the beaches and marshes are used as breeding homes by birds. “The
trip was made in a small gasolene launch of light draught, but the channels
were so tortuous and at low water were so shallow that progress was
exceedingly slow, for hours were lost every day while waiting for flood-tides
in order to cross shallow bays and bars.

During the six days spent in exploring this territory, Laughing Gulls
were never out of sight and the cackling note of the Clapper Rail was
a common sound. These two species of birds were by far the most
common, and were breeding in large numbers. Young Laughing Gulls, seen
on July 4, were as strong on the wing as the parent birds; this shows that
the first laying of eggs had not been disturbed. Least Terns were seen in
considerable numbers fishing in the channels near Chincoteague Inlet. The
wardens, on acquaintance, proved exceptionally intelligent men, and all of
them expressed an earnest désire to give the best of care to the breeding
birds. The vast extent of the territory under the care of each warden
makes it physically impossible for him to do more than exert a moral in-
fluence and thus create a public sentiment among the baymen, and other
residents, in behalf of bird protection. It was found that egging was still
carried on to some extent, but it is believed that it is not nearly as preva-
lent as it was in former years. The provisions of the new law are generally
known, and it is thought they are respected by the citizens. The chairman
was very much encouraged by the outlook and considers the wardens’
salaries money well expended.

Audubon matters in Virginia are not as flourishing as they should be.
The secretary, Mr. E. C. Hough, briefly reports as follows:

“We have tried to interest people in our efforts to establish our state
society upon a firm basis, but have met with but little success. I have
written letters to the parties whose names you sent. me, but none of them
have rendered any assistance. I have also sent copies of our Digest of the
Laws of Virginia relating to bird protection to a number of other parties.
We can count but few persons who have paid membership dues, and the
money received has not been sufficient to cover expenses of printing, etc.
We propose to continue to distribute warning notices and literature, and
hope that we can find friends of the movement who will become active
members of the state society.” ie

State Reports is

Wisconsin.— This is one of the oldest of the Audubon Societies, and
the state was one of the earliest to adopt the Model Law. Bird protection
in this commonwealth has intelligent recognition by the citizens. The
president of the Audubon Society, Mr. Zimmerman, makes the following
report of progress:

“We send greetings and well wishes to you and our sister organizations,
with the following report of work accomplished and proposed: ‘The society
has continued its policy of improving its collection of slides this year. The
slides were divided into groups, for each of which groups a suitable lecture
has been written. These slides and lectures have been sent to the various
local organizations, where they have been much enjoyed.

‘We have assisted in maintaining our organ ‘By the Wayside,’ pub-
lished under the able editorship of Miss Ruth Marshall, of Appleton. Our
secretary, Mrs. R. G. Thwaites, has been active, as in former years, in
interesting people in our cause and in distributing bird literature.

“We feel that much has been gained in the closer relation between the
society and State Game Warden Overbeck and his assistants, particularly
Mr. Gratz, by whose kindness we have had five of our energetic members
made volunteer deputy game wardens, thus effectually assisting in their as
well as our work.

“Our plans for the coming year consist mainly in continuing with the
above named policies, but include also a determination to especially influence
the milliners of the state to desist in all sale of bird pieces under threat of
prosecution. One of our wealthy adherents having said he hoped to carry
one case through the courts for us. We sincerely hope it may be accom-
plished this year.

“Tt is also our desire to further our unity with sister organizations in
the various states. From our own standpoint the president feels that much
good would come to us by such a unity.”

Wyoming.— The report of this society submitted by Mrs. Chivington,
the secretary, should be read and its methods followed by many of the other
State Societies:

“The Audubon Society of the State of Wyoming is actively engaged in
promoting sentiment in favor of the protection of birds.

“To this end, letters have been addressed to those in charge of the
schools in every town and county in the state, asking for the organization of
all school children into Audubon Societies.

‘Appeals for the lives of our song birds have been printed in every
newspaper in the state, and during the early summer months of the present
year, the state secretary visited every part of the state and talked to club
ladies about the work. A general interest is manifested, but written
reports of work done are slow coming in.

ice

116. Bird - Lore

“The branch associations who have found time to report are as follows:
Buffalo, J. A. McNaught, secretary, 450 members; Saratoga, 50 mem-
bers; Manville, Miss Florence Christian, secretary, 50 members; Parkman,
Miss Amelia Mumm, secretary, 15 members; Chigwater, Louis C. Tid-
ball, secretary, 6 members; Sheridan, C. R. Atkinson, membership not
sent; Macfarland, Miss Macfarlane, membership not sent; Cheyenne,
Mrs. Cordelia Chivington, secretary, 1,200 members. |

“Early in the spring the children of the Cheyenne schools gave an
Audubon entertainment which was largely attended.

“Qur society is not incorporated, as we could derive no particular
benefit from incorporation.

“We prefer to keep the financial side of our problem in the background.
Sale of buttons and contributions in small amounts from those interested
will pay postage when the officers feel unable to meet this item.

‘The ‘fad’ for collecting the eggs of birds seems to have no followers in
the state who are willing to exhibit their collections, as they did so insist -
ently three years ago.

“For two years the use of birds for millinery purposes has been obsolete
in this state, the milliners taking great pains to show that the few bandeaux
offered for sale have been made from chicken feathers.

“The law protecting birds and their nests in Wyoming can be found in
Sec. 1, Chap. 37, Revised Statutes of Wyoming ; and public opinion is such
that the law is pretty well enforced.

“At the present writing I am not able to report very many local societies
for the protection of our birds; but public opinion is right, the hearts of the
children are right, and I venture to assert that in no state in the Union are
the Robins, Bobolinks and Larks as happy as in our Wyoming.”

From the following states and territories the National Committee have
nothing to report: Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington and West
Virginia. The Audubon Societies in Maryland and Tennessee are such
merely in name, while in most of the other localities Audubon work has
never been started, owing to the small population.

In Kansas and Washington, considerable preliminary work has been
done by the committee, but so far without much result.

The Thayer Fund rp |

THE THAYER FUND

The Chairman submits the following statement of subscriptions and disbursements for
the fiscal year ending November 1, 1904, to the correctness of which he certifies.

WILLIAM DUTCHER, Chairman,
In account with Thayer Fund—

New York, November 7, 7904.

RECEIPTS
SUBSCRIPTIONS

Brn ayiel evoke ers Mn2 eo ao ks se a PFOOTOO Brought forward ... . . $2,835 00
SEN efactOly fa) so sue en Con oes cea 400-00'+® Wreatrens Miss CoS iets haan 2. SR OO
ROMMONGe errr = sects ae eee GOO": i akeed, Mrs. 'W.. Hic 5 cas 6.20.00
Rlemenway, A. 2 so. a Ys eos OOP COR mr AGITIEN Ay yi hrece sais ouster cen a eZOROO
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LA afore TOA Cire tes ie ae ae Ne TS eee LOO! COmr Crane ~Miss) C..10 sey, tet ies eZ OROO
Eiekinaa Vitesse ly eehe «oy saesatooroo. Holt. Mrs: Hi} ce nt 2 es 20506
Beate eget hs oo ge ees s POO.CO Smith, Mr.-and' Mrs..W.M2-... 15 00
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PME SE NARS A), S22 Sco) a. oa 25 OO. Dich wen, "Cir, G18 Ga 2 OOG
aropd, Wiss B se as le 2 25 0002 Gelpcke; Miss A; C... 3 462 5.» « “O00
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Pane nOL ONES |W hyo 4 ho. oy we 25°00”. “Robbins, Ie. Bx a 8. dd -. 0.00
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etiseer a ivi Gre ruts os er ok SeOOr —AOSELYy P's g0ie- jt oeecte a Sai e weet ns EO CO
RAMIMIEWVS LS MEL tS: ta0F ess, ae aos we st, 2h Gs Setymiser, MaryoCs 55.4 so:% Gi ee IO 00
Riatken, oamuel ss o5 0 cts om a1 sere eg Oo . Greene Migs: MM, AG eo 22a, 1000
Mewbold, tian.’ 1 hos ».0.\. ..!.°.".25. 00. Derby Peabody Clabs"..%*..°7> y-s. {10 00
Braonewell, Woo. os 28> 2 25.00. Lawrence, Mrs, RiavMe o 2-3. 30.2 10. va
ElunnewellppAGr jos. wens eee ENC SOO) © Wald, (SsaGa scuhiesas ae a 1O,CO
PB DOMIS GRE 5 os)\s, on caine), sta ROO. boulton,? W 2B. so. 1. 2 kane TO? OO
DIC ON risen ee Xe” Sno 25 OM amstord, REV. Wie osc A sas FO) GO
Corning, Mrs: MDa. 3-3 6s: 25 00). Graham, WVisseiVi gD) 2 eceekee ac) 9 TOLOO
WONT S Gea Wa ee Pigs tick ak heh SOO.) mball, “Nhisa Te Be yt so. sy. TO%O0
FACE KELS Ha ereecom aia cat denies re oes OO. Maya. (Miss: Amy. ats 4 ce cs con v1 BOO

Carried forward ... . . $2,835 00 Carried forward .. . . . $3,290 08

118 Bird - Lore
Brought forward oe 290 08 Brought forward . $3,431 08
Mayo, Lawrence. .... 5 00 ©6©.Smith, C. B. : 5 90
Thomas, Mrs. Theo... . 5 00 6©Skeel, Mrs. R., Jr. . 5 co
Hunt Dr. G. 5 00 ©6©.- Hinton, Miss S. McV. . a4 oe
Sand) Missile las ees ene 5 co ©Students, Miss Baldwin’s School . 5 00
Winterbotham, Mrs. J... . 5 00 6Norton, C. E.. 5 00
Glessner, F. M. . 5 00 Saunders, W.E... . 5 00
Cox, Jno. L. j 5 co ©6©. Baldwin, Mrs. G. . . 5 00
Donaldson. J. J. . 5 00 Miscellaneous .. . 65 09
Van Orden, Miss M. Ge 5 00 §©6Sale of Leaflets—
Chafee, Mrs. Z.. . 5 00 National Committee, No.2 .. 3 00
Day, Frank M. . 5 00 os os No: <3. s).GniCo
Brooks, S. .... 5 00 nf oH No. 7 40
Clark, The Misses . 6 00 Educational Leaflets—
Fairbanks Museum 5 00 No.1. 30 60
Ricketts, MissJ... . 5 00 No.2. 26 45
Duncan, A. B. 5 00 No. 3. 32 65
Wheeler, S. H. 5 00 No.4. 52 70
Reters; hip Aces... 5 00 No. 5. 27 99
Richards, Miss A. A. 5 00 No. 6. 22 10
Appleton, F.H...... 5 00 No.7. 41 92
Trine, Ralph Waldo. . 5 00 No.8. 12 60
Lord, Miss C.. . 5 00 “No.9 - 3070
Nicoll, Benj. Him Sarl aye 5 00 No. 10 3 70
Torrey, Miss J. M... . 5 00 INOS roe PRE rm 833/16)
Howland, Miss I. . . 5 00 Protection Committee ‘Reporae 56 20
White, Miss H. H. 5 00 Florida Aububon Society for pay-
Brown, H.W. .. 5 00 ment of warden. . oR Ree RO
Clarke, Miss H. E. 5 00 ee
Meee $4,069 58
Carr‘ed forward. . . . $3,431 08
EXPENDITURES
Deficit brought: forward from-1gaq>> Ss. se ee ee ee $158 go
California—General expenses, Audubon work $20 00
Express . 2 15
22s
Delaware—Legal evidence . TO8
Florida— Legal evidence. . . 25 61
Express. . wie 4 10
Repairs and supplies for * Audubon ” 27 70
Telegrams. . 1 28
Painted sign 20 67
W ardens—four 591 oO
670 36
Georgia — Legal work .. . SUAS co Aibsharech ie Ucn es gene aneores 10 0O
Traveling expenses of T. G. Pearson. . . 27 60
Express . Sac eka I 90
39. 5°
Iowa—Printing . IO 75
Express . apeer I 30
Legal expenses .. . 25 00
$37 05
Carried forward . $928 99

The Thayer

Brought forward. .

Louisiana—Telegrams . .
Express .
Map . se
Legal evidence... .
Warning notices. . .
Printing...

Massachusetts—Telegram
Express... Ps We
J. E. Howland—traveling expenses “ee
Warden—one . aaa

Maine—W ardens—thirteen .

A. H. Norton—traveling expenses . ;
Warning notices. . mae
Express .

Charts

Advertising . ;

Michigan—Express .. .
Bird charts
Printings. 2. .= 5
W arden—one

Mississippi—Express . .
Certified copy law

Ohio—Printing
Express .

Oregon —Warden
Certified copy law
Warning notices. .

New Jersey—Express
Telegrams... .
Wardens—two .
Printing . ;
Certified copy law awe
Chairman—traveling expenses nae

New meee pee.
Express .
Postage . .
Printing
Advertising .
Detective . .
Wardens—two

North ee re
Telegrams. . .
Slides .

Printing .
Map...
Wardens—two

North Dakota—Express

Carried forward .. .

Fund

11g

$928

47

33

475

33

14

170

68

64

247
2

$2,089

99

45

25

46

92

43

35

25

33

58

40
fore)

41

120 Bird- Lore

Brought forward .

Pennsylvania—Express. . .

South Caroina—Telegrams < %), £0. ai ven ate eed ee coe
EXPress aye a 5 OPE et kee. Se hn a tee ne Ns ey
gel) |) eee ne Ly Nnn Bogue aie ce l\sits) Td Fe

Virginta—T elesraims se 0) 7if cis eae ase argent cee ce a Ta
Certified: copy laws...) 2 a0. fy cae ae een ee TI
Chant re oe. ed Si scl ia sobs eh Ue ee ene hee ae ee My}
W ardens=Seven <j 25's, og tea Me Ae ents ee oS
Warning, notices. 4 553) 3 oe ie to wernt ooo eee ee eR

Texas =Warden i.) alas ann ast ore eet ae dee OT
Warning notices. - 5). 'b. elu cee Pen ies eect oe eet a
Be Xpresec-y6 <4 3h Tes hel ae tare) eae anced Mens tad Ie ana See lV CT

General Expenses— Printing, (..) 2) oe .e 24 ee eee ee eS
PX dvertisim gy. Toi 20 re Malla el tah es oy Unk they a Bp eee aE a
Better se ase ics.) chi sie iis) te> elue Mia ee oy sahicay fa ne eae li etre
Cabinetiand ‘cards (i i)3.\y 22) Bila ur tne Mae eateries Dot cae ie Rea Be
Postage. . . PEC eer Cok FR eae licen in! 5 7/57. 15)
Protection Committee reports ee ech erent etc AAI mdr et ty, AG: 7O
Shades i aFer ds Rise h eae salen ogre sree) Camels Aya ae Meiete a ee OAT
Clasp.envelopes; 255 62 Gute o hae ee ae OT
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Balance forward to 1905 . .
Contributions for North Carolina Launch
John Be visayer:¢ sts) 0. Yo 2 eek eens cise e atte te a ee SOOM OLS
John L. Cox... . Mir eras eve rloaces malian rim iney arwrian Ya teee gt 4 1S)
Swan Island Club, ‘Boston, Mass. Beds ei eau ella gen ra ON eet ean eS OOO)

Audubon Society Subscriptions to Funds for Clerk Hire

Wiermont . 20-0 222s een i 20000. |Connecticute a:
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MULIMOIS Seip eke) a) ee Or OLE Ohiones a
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BIRDS IN THEIR RELATIONS TO MAN

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etd MARCH — APRIL, 1905 $1 a Year

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

-
PUBLISHED FOR THE AUDUBON SOCIEWE
BY

The Macmillan Co

HARRISBURC, PA.

HTT
Nia t bs
=

Pains qm
KIA:
RANA

itt

COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Wird=- Lore

March - April, 1905

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES Y PAGE
FRONTISPIECE — KENTUCKY AND CONNECTICUT WARRLERS ..... Louis Agassiz Fuertes .
THE CORMORANTS OF GREAT LAKE. Illustrated by theauthor..... . T. Gilbert Pearson . 121
SoME EarRLy AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS, I. MARK CATESBY....... . . Witmer Stone. 126
THE CHIMNEY SwIFT. Illustrated by the author. ............... Guy A. Bailey . 130
IES \WWOoncoeros: WWOOUNGS UNIROSS 65 662 oS S54 54565 2 = IVinifred Ballard Blake . 132

FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
BIRD-LORKS PAD VISOR GOUNGIE vi. je lesilomcneen omen lassie myele only ect areca toate eto take eo 133

THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Ninth Paper. Illustrated by Lou7s eae Fuertes and
BGG CE MEL OPS (11 ia rome pes PASE) eh Cetera Rely ey EAN Mere 8 W. W. Cooke. %35
THE WARBLER Book

Pee ern aera s NS acu EN CLSN SRNR iach Ce an ... FM. Chapman. 136
ABD WOR CIATION \ AUS UIM ee ee Brig bid “Homose: colon eto ble 'o1010 Guo Frank L. Burns . 137
A VOTE FOR THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BIRD ...........4+4+4+2-s O. Widmann. 139

NOTE ON THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS FROM THE BAHAMAS TO FLORIDA.......+-.-:
Frank M. Chapman . 140

FOR YOUNG OBSERVERS. .-

To Strupy BirD TENANTS

: pte a Pte Sea OME ROIS ner Mia 5 3 WAL
A Boy’s INVENTION Beis ick 8 EEN AS eATG: Sy Ae SAO are x Rel IS TS Albrrt B. Canjielan 142
NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY....... eer Cae eee eiere ceo. G8 143

A NEw WREN Sone, Leander S. Keyser; Sport IN IrAry, /. Rowley; A BELATED ROBIN,
Caroline Gray Soule ; THE MaSSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY’S CHECK-LiIST; AN IN-
TERESTING PHG:BE’S “NEST, Wilbur F. Smith; A NOTE ON THE FOOD OF THE BRONZED
GRACKLE, W. De W. Miller.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS ........

Say Oemfa ai ep) et DearS eel aa Ce REE 145
MATTHEWS’ ‘FIELD BooK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR Music’; CassINIA, Proc. DELA-
WARE VALLEY ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB; ABSTRACT OF THE PROC. LINNAZAN SOCIETY OF
NEw YORK FOR THE YEARS ENDING MARCH 10, 1903, AND MARCH 5, 1904; THE ORNi-
THOLCGICAL MAGAZINES.
EDITORIAL . . ER lensing Geen eG SN Gres stn eclemesmasee dA) nse temgeher (ogc ae a 148
AUDUBON: DEPARTMENT. io 00 fio Gh ets eesy els a ee rh typ ie St ea anther) Shea a Mae 149
EDITORIAL; NoTES AND NEws 150
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 13. . 153

a*% Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be
sent to the Editor, at Englewood, New Jersey.

Subscribers whose subscription
has expired will find a renewal
blank enclosed in the present num-
ber of the magazine.

On receipt of your renewal we
will send you the Seton Shrike
picture, which should be consid-
ered due notification of the entry
of your subscription.

Reduced line cut of Ernest T thomecon Seton's drawing of a Northern Shrike. Presented to every sub-
seriber to Volume VII, 1905, of BIRD-LoRE. The original is nearly life-size.

3

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg. Pa.

1. Kentucky WARBLER, MALE. 3. ConneEcTICUT WARBLER, MALE.
2. KENTUCKY WARBLER, FEMALE. 4. ConnecTicuT WARBLER, FEMALE.

PHird- Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Vol. VII MARCH — APRIL, 1905 No. 2

The Cormorants of Great Lake

By T, GILBERT PEARSON

With photographs from nature by the author

IDDEN among the cypress swamps of eastern North Carolina there
H lies a beautiful sheet of water known as Great Lake. Roughly esti-
mated, it is about five by seven miles in extent, and is the largest of
an irregular chain of lakes extending across the counties of Jones and
Craven. A heavy forest surrounds it, which for two-thirds the distance is a
dense cypress swamp reaching away for miles in its unbroken, primitive
condition. ‘here are few human habitations in this territory, and many of
the wild tenants of the forest are still found in their original abundance.
This sequestered lake is never disturbed by the passing of a boat, except at
intervals of a year or more, when some adventurous hunter carries his canoe
a long distance through the tangles of the swamps and camps for a brief
time upon its shores.

Great Lake is the summer abode of the only colony of Florida Cormo-
rants known to breed in North Carolina. A strong desire to become more
familiar with the habits and activities of these wary birds led me to journey
to this region last summer during the early days of June. As our canoe
emerged from the heavy growth of cypress trees fringing the lake, we saw,
about a mile distant, the whitened trees which compose the rookery. These
were adorned with numerous black spots which, upon a closer approach,
proved to be Cormorants. The colony at that time was found to be in the
height of the breeding season. The heavy nests of sticks and twigs occu-
pied low-spreading cypress trees standing solitary here and there in the
water, usually from fifty to one hundred yards from shore. A number of
the trees were occupied by the domicile of a single pair of birds; others
contained two, three, five, seven or eight nests; one tree held sixteen and
another thirty-six cradles of these great birds. One hundred and twenty-
one homes of the Cormorants were counted, twenty-eight trees in all being
used for their accommodation.

122 Bird - Lore

So seldom are the birds disturbed that here they show far less fear of
man than they usually manifest when found feeding about the harbors, or
in the shallow salt water sounds. In an open canoe we approached within
sixty feet of some of the mother birds brooding their eggs, and photographed
them as they sat on their nests, with their long necks stretched and their
sharply hooked beaks pointing inquiringly in our direction. Many, however,
left the trees when our boat arrived within a hundred yards of their breed -
ing territory. They fly heavily, and in many instances strike the water

YOUNG CORMORANTS

within one hundred yards of their perch, but ricochetting quickly they are
soon strong upon the wing, and, like departing bombshells, their black figures
rush hurtling across the lake. In striking the water, it is only the posterior
portion of the body which splashes, and this doubtless gives variety to the
belief, entertained by my guide, that the “nigger goose” can not fly “until
it wets its tail.” The old birds, frightened away by our approach, soon
returned in a body, but after flying about in circles for a short time settled
out on the lake several hundred yards distant.

Anxious to secure photographs of the nests and young, I climbed into
one of the trees containing a number of nests, and was interested to find
not only eggs but young in various stages of development. The parents
evidently furnish their offspring with an abundance of food; for many of the
nests, and in places the limbs, also, were strewn with fragments of eels and

CORMORANTS’ NESTS IN CYPRESS

CORMORANTS’ NESTS

(123)

. HELD THIRTY-SIX CRADLES OF THESE GREAT BIRDS”

“ONE TREE . .

The Cormorants of Great Lake 125

fish, and the young birds, excited at our approach, showered upon us and
our boat generous quantities of half-digested fish.

Many of the young were old enough to leave their nests and clamber
awkwardly along the limbs. Although apparently much annoyed at first by
our presence, the young soon became accustomed to the unusual appear-
ance in the tree, and many of them eagerly sought to swallow the fingers
of my extended hand.

Alligators gather about the colony, probably to feed, in part, upon the

YOUNG CORMORANTS

fragments of food which fall from the nests above. Six were counted at
one time within easy rifle range of the boat. One of the young, while
climbing along a slender limb, lost its balance and fell with a splash into the
water. It immediately dived, and, coming to the surface about twenty feet
away, began swimming up the lake with long and rapid strokes. By the
time I had descended to the boat with my cameras, the bird was fully fifty
yards away. To our horror, 2 a large alligator had given chase, and was
rapidly approaching the swimmét. We immediately started in pursuit, and,
after an exciting chase, rescued the young Cormorant; but not until the alli-
gator had made two unsuccessful snaps at his intended victim, which
escaped only by diving with marvelous quickness just at the proper instant.

Six years ago one hundred and fifty pairs of birds were breeding here.
For some reason the colony has decreased in the number of mated birds.

126 Bird - Lore

This falling off in numbers, however, may be only temporary in character,
as Cormorants are known to have but few natural enemies, with the
exception of Fish Crows. These black marauders were seen continually
dodging about the colony. We saw one flying away with an egg stuck on
the end of its beak, and, in another case, one was observed devouring a nest
of young birds newly hatched. Many Fish Hawks breed along the shore
of the lake, and a few pairs of Great Blue Herons and Black-crowned Night
Herons had made their nests in the same trees occupied by the Cormorants.
In one Blue Heron’s nest a young Cormorant was found crouching between
two frightened young Herons, apparently quite at home.

The Cormorants breeding here on Great Lake probably retire to the
South upon the approach of winter; and the Cormorants observed along
the North Carolina coast during the colder months will doubtless prove to
be the Double-crested, whose summer home is in the far north.

Some Early American Ornithologists

I. MARK CATESBY

By WITMER STONE

HE: history of bird study in America dates back some three hundred

years, but the contributions of the first century are little more than

publications of myths and names of birds derived from the Indians,

with attempts on the part of the author to correlate them with well-known
birds of the Old World.

Many of the early narratives of voyages to America or reports on the
early colonies devote a page or a chapter, as the case may be, to such
sketches of the bird life. The authors were not ornithologists, and their
productions have little value except as literary curiosities.

In 1712, however, there came across the water a young man thirty-two
years of age—Mark Catesby by name—who was destined to produce the
first reliable work upon North American birds. Catesby was a true
naturalist, and, though we may smile at his crude pictures and his antiquated
style of composition, we appreciate the spirit which prompted his work and
recognize in him a brother ornithologist, well qualified for membership in
the American Ornithologists’ Union, had that body been in existence in
his day. : |

Catesby was born in England in 1679 or 1680, and, though he had “an
early inclination to search after plants and other productions of nature,” it
was “much suppressed by his residing too far from London, the center of
all science”; just where he did live, however, he does not tell us. His

: Some Early American Ornithologists 127

desire to broaden his knowledge of natural history caused him to contem-
plate a visit to America, and, having relatives in Virginia, he made that
colony his objective point. He arrived April 23, 1712, and remained five
years, familiarizing himself with the strange plants and animals that every-
where confronted him. Upon his return to England, he seems to have ex-
perienced much regret at not having obtained more substantial results and
he soon determined to visit again the New World and prepare an account
of its natural history suitable for publication.

A number of prominent men lent him financial assistance, and on the
23d of May, 1722, he arrived at Charleston, S. C. To quote from the
introduction of his work, he explored the “low country” during the first
year, “searching after, collecting and describing the animals and plants”; he
then went “to the upper uninhabited parts of the country, and continued at
and about Fort Moore, a small fortress on the banks of the river Savanna.”
He found the life in the upland quite different from that of the lowland,
thus giving us one of the first intimations of the effect of altitude upon geo-
graphic distribution. “This,” he says, “encouraged me to take several
journeys with the Indians higher up the rivers, toward the mountains,
which afforded me not only a succession of new vegetable appearances, but
the diversion of hunting Buffaloes, Bears, Panthers, and other beasts.”

He took with him a box in which he placed his dried plants and his
painting materials; for, though he admits that he “was not bred a painter,”
he boldly attempted to portray the birds and plants that he discovered, with
the result that, though “violent both in drawing and color,” * his plates are
almost all easily recognizable.

Catesby spent three years in Carolina and Georgia and then visited the
Bahamas—“ Providence, Ilathera, Andros and Abbacco.” Reaching London
in 1726, he set about publishing his book, but was deterred by the great
expense involved in such an undertaking. However, he began learning the
art of etching on copper, and, having acquired sufficient skill for his pur-
pose, he, himself, prepared the 220 folio copper plates which illustrate this
remarkable work; and, with pecuniary assistance from his friends, the work
appeared in two large volumes, entitled, ‘ The Natural History of Carolina,
Florida, and the Bahama Islands,’ the text printed in English and French,
in parallel columns. The first volume was published in 1731, and the sec-
ond, 1743, and an appendix in 1748. “Two other editions appeared later.

Regarding the preponderance of birds in his work, Catesby says: “As
there is a greater variety of the feathered kind than of other animals, and as
they excel in the beauty of their colors * * * I was induced chiefly to com-
pleat an account of them, rather than to describe promiscuously insects and
other animals, by which method I believe very few birds have escaped my
knowledge, except some Water Fowl, and some of those which frequent

the sea.”
* Coues.

128 Bird - Lore

In all, he described and figured upward of one hundred species, and in
his plates seems to have been the first to group together birds and plants in
the manner later followed by Audubon, Gould and others. His descrip-
tions are recognizable and his brief accounts of the habits of the birds
interesting, though they frequently contain amusing myths obtained from the
settlers or the natives.

Of the Wild Pigeon, or Pigeon of Passage, as he calls it, he says: “The
people of New York and Philadelphia shoot many of them as they fly, from
their balconies and the tops of their houses.” The Mockbird of Catesby
upheld its reputation as a vocalist then as now, and imitated “all bird notes
from the Hummingbird to the Eagle”; while this latter bird, whose head he
tells us, notwithstanding its name of bald, is as well feathered as any other
part of its body, pursued the ‘Fishing Hawk’ across Catesby’s pages, just as
it has done in the works of his successors.

The Purple Jackdaws—our Grackles—he tells us, “have a rank smell and
their flesh is coarse and black and is seldom eat,” while their relative, the
Red-winged Starling, he was informed, can be taught to talk and sing in
captivity. The seasonal change in plumage of the Bobolink was noted by
this observant naturalist, but he sagely remarks, “When they return south
in the fall they are all hens,” a mistake shared by later writers also.

Our Blue Jay recalled the old-world Jay, having the same “jetting
motion,” but it struck him as more tuneful.

Two of our finest birds, now on the verge of extinction, Catesby de-
scribes with care, and includes some notes of much interest—these are the
Ivory-billed Woodpecker and the Carolina Parakeet. The large white beak
of the former, he tells, us is in great demand among the northern Indians, in
whose country the bird does not occur, and they trade for it with the more
southern tribes, giving two or three buckskins for each bill. After a good
account of the Parakeet, he adds the highly useful information, “ Their guts
is certain and speedy poison to cats,”— probably one of the first contributions
to economic ornithology in America.

Catesby was the first describer, if not the actual discoverer, of most of
our familiar birds but, owing to no fault of his, this credit usually goes to
another. After the Latin names of these birds in our check-lists we usually
find the authority Linngus, and by many the great Swedish botanist is
looked upon as their discoverer. As a matter of fact, Linnzus was simply
the discoverer or rather the inventor of the ‘Binomial System’ of names,
which has been in use among naturalists ever since. Catesby and his con-
temporaries, in giving a Latin name to a bird, used as many words as they
deemed desirable; but Linnzus recognized the utility of a system of two
words only, one for the genus and one for the species. Having applied
this successfully in his favorite study—botany,—he extended it to zodlogy, and
named all the described species on this plan, basing his names largely upon

Some Early American Ornithologists 129

the published works of others, as he was himself familiar with but a small
portion of the animal kingdom. So far as North America was concerned, he
relied almost entirely upon Catesby’s ‘Natural History’ and gave a binomial
name to each of the birds described and figured in that great work. So that
the Mockbird, Turdus minor cinereo-albus non maculatus of Catesby be-
came the Turdus polyglottos of Linnzus, and in our present nomenclature
we have nothing to perpetuate the name of this worthy man.

In the history of North American ornithology, however, Catesby will
always stand out prominently as the pioneer, and our only regret is that he
has not left us more details of his life and character; for a man with the
enthusiasm and energy necessary for the production of such a work, in the
face of such difficulties as must necessarily have confronted him, was a man
whom we should like to know better and whose character must have been
one well worthy of study.

iP
Ye

7

CEDAR WAXWING ON NEST
Photographed from nature by R. H. Beebe, Arcade, N. Y., July, 1903

The Chimney Swift

By GUY A. BAILEY

With photographs from nature by the author

T has not been many years since Chimney Swifts gave up nesting in hollow
trees and began building in chimneys. At the present time, however,
it is no uncommon occurrence to find their basket-like nests in barns

and other outbuildings.

During the season of 1904 I had the good fortune to find three such nests,
—two in barns, and one ina granary. Just how general this practice is among
our Swifts, I am not aware; but I suspect it must be common. My obser-
vations have been made in the valley of the Onondaga Creek, near Syracuse,
N. Y. The views herein contained are flash-light photographs, taken in a
large barn on two consecutive afternoons; daylight being so dim that arti-
ficial light was necessary.

The nest was built of sticks in the usual way, near the ridge, on the south
gable. A large circular hole near the top allowed the birds ready passage to
and from their nests. With the aid of a ladder, to which I fastened the

camera, I was able to
work at close range
without visibly disturb-
ing their regular labors.

The flash-light gun
was used to explode the
powder, and was most
convenient. The parent
birds were not usually
frightened away by the
explosion, although the
powder was not more
than two feet distant
from the dusky family.
Each flash was an-
swered, however, by a
chorus of creaking
voices, in which both
the young and old birds
took a part. Although
the heat was stifling,
and the gases from the
powder suffocating, the birds seemed to endure the siege better than I.

By reference to the photographs, it will be seen that the nest is by far too
small to hold the brood comfortably. One photograph shows one of the adults

A WELL-FILLED NEST. YOUNG SWIFTS

(130)

The Chimney Swift 131

actually crowding out the young birds. This practice was brought to my
attention early in my observations, and was often repeated. In my opinion,
it was a deliberate act on the part of the adults. By being thus forced out,
the young birds are
taught to cling to
the side of the barn
and to make proper
use of the claws,
wings and tail. The
young thus become
accustomed to this
mode of perching,
and retain it through
their life-time.

The action of
the adult birds was,
at all times, of a
mild, suggestive na-
ture. Generally,
after feeding the
young, the old bird
crawled over to one
side of the nest and

cautiously insinuated
- . CHIMNEY SWIFT CROWDING YOUNG FROM NEST
its body behind the

young birds. The adult bird kept crowding until all but one or two of the
brood of five were forced out of the nest and took up positions on the verti-
cal roost. The remaining birds would sometimes leave the nest of their own
accord and follow their mates. This was noticed especially after those
clinging to the boards had been fed.

It often happened that the adult birds would remain away from the
young as long as twenty minutes, during which time the little ones would
return to the nest. Usually, however, one parent would remain with the
brood until relieved by the mate. On such occasions there was a period of
several minutes when both parents were present.

One of the adults is shown spreading its wings over the young as if to
protect them from falling, or to allow them to shift about. This was a
common occurrence and seemed to contrast with their rather ruthless cus-
tom of crowding them out of the nest.

It will be noticed that the birds are seen usually to the left of the nest.
This position was farther from the camera and the large opening in the
gable, and hence more desirable for the more or less suspicious birds. I
was about four feet from the birds and in plain view from the light of the

132 Bird - Lore

opening. The birds seemed to be aware of my presence, but regarded me
with indifference. There was no increased creaking except at the instant

CHIMNEY SWIFT BROODING YOUNG

of the explosion, and
this was brief. Sub-
sequent casual obser-
vations were taken
for nearly two weeks
and the birds were
found still clinging to
the boards. They
sometimes came down
the side, nearly two
feet to a girder, but
I did not see them
rest in this conveni-
ent place.

Not far away, in
the same end of the
barn, two broods of
Barn Swallows were
being reared. The
relations between the
Swifts and the Swal-
lows were harmoni-

ous, all using the same entrance. The Barn Swallows did not enter during
my stay, but kept a constant vigil at the opening, wailing bitterly as they
flew up to the opening and caught a glimpse of me so near their nests.

If Chimney Swifts will continue to build in such accessible places, it is
possible that we may learn many things concerning their interesting life-

history.

The Woodcock’s Wooing

By WINIFRED BALLARD BLAKE

Peent, -peent, -peent, -peent, -

From the thick grass on the hill;

Peent, -peent, -peent, -peent,-

At eve when the world ig still.

Then a sudden whistle of whirring wings,—

A rush to the upper air,—

And a rain of maddening music falls
From the whole sky,— everywhere!

For Teachers and Students

Bird-Lore’s Advisory Council

\ X TITH some slight alterations and additions, we reprint below the
names and addresses of the ornithologists forming BIRD-LORE’S
‘Advisory Council,’ which were first published in BirRD-LORE

for February, 1900.

To those of our readers who are not familiar with the objects of the
Council, we may state that it was formed for the purpose of placing
students in direct communication with an authority on the bird-life of
the region in which they live, to whom they might appeal for informa-
tion and advice in the many difficulties which beset the isolated worker.

The success of the plan during the four years which it has been in
operation fully equals our expectations; and from both students and
members of the Council we have had very gratifying assurances of the
happy results attending our efforts to bring the specialist in touch with
those who appreciate the opportunity to avail themselves of his wider
experience.

It is requested that all letters of inquiry sent to members of the Council
be accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope for use in replying.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL

UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES

AaskA.—Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.
ARIzONA.—Herbert Brown, Yuma, Ariz.

CALIFORNIA.—Charles A. Keeler, Calif. Acad. Sciences, San Francisco, Calif.
CoLorapo.—Dr. W. H. Bergtold, 1460 Clayton Ave., Denver, Col.

ConneEcticuT.—J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn.

DELAWARE.—C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa.

District oF CoLuMBIA.—Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. Nat’! Mus., Washington, D. C.
FLoripa.—Frank M. Chapman, American Museum Natural History, New York City.
FLoripa, Western.—R. W. Williams, Jr., Tallanassee, Fla.

Georcia—Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga.

ItittNois, Northern.—B. T. Gault, Glen Ellyn, IIl.

Ivuinots, Southern.—Robert Ridgway, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
InpDIANA.—A. W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis, Ind.

INDIAN TeRRITORY.—Prof, W. W. Cooke, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Wash-
Iowa.—C. R. Keyes, Mt. Veénon, Ia. [ington, D. C.
Kansas.—Prof. D. E. Lantz, Manhattan, Kan.

Louistana.—Prof. George E. Beyer, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Maine.—O. W. Knight, Bangor, Me.

Mary.LanD.—F. C. Kirkwood, Box 364, Baltimore, Md.

MassaCHuseTTs.— William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

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134 Bird - Lore

Micuican.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich.

Minnesota.—Dr. T. S. Roberts, 1603 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Missour1.—O. Widmann, Old Orchard, Mo.

Montana.—Prof. J. M. Elrod, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.
Nepraska.—Prof. E. H. Barbour, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

NevapA.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.
New HAmMpsHIRE.—Prof. C. M. Weed, State Agricultural College, Durham, N. H.

New Jersey, Northern.—Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City.
New JersEY, Southern.—Witmer Stone, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
New Mexico.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.
New York, Eastern —Dr. A. K, Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washing-
New York, Northern.—Egbert Bagg, 191 Genesee Street, Utica, N. Y. [ton, D.C.
New York, Western.—E. H. Eaton, Canandaigua, N. Y.

New York, Long Island. —William Dutcher, 525 Manhattan Ave., New York City.
NortH Dakora.—Prof. O. G. Libby, University, N. D.

NorTH CaRrouina.—Prof. IT. G. Pearson, Greensboro, N. C.

Ox10.—Prof. Lynds Jones, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

OxLtaHoma.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept., of Agr., Washington, D.C.
Orecon.—A. W. Anthony, 76132 Savier St., Portland, Ore.

PENNSYLVANIA, Eastern.—Witmer Stone, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
PENNSYLVANIA, Western.—W. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa.

RuopE IsLanD.—C. Abbott Davis, Museum Natural History, Roger Williams Park,
SouTH CaROLINA.—Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga. [Providence, R. I.
Texas.—Prof. Thomas A. Montgomery, Jr., University of Texas, Austin, Tex.
Texas.—H. P. Attwater, Houston, Tex.

Uran.—Prof. Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah.

VERMONT.—Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt.

VirGInIA.—Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D.C.

W ASHINGTON.—Samuel F. Rathbun, Seattle, Wash.

West VirGINIA.—Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D.C.

Wisconsin.—H. L. Ward, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.

Wyominc.—Dr. Mortimer Jesurun, Douglas, Wyo.

CANADA

British CoLuMBIA.—Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.
Manirosa.—Ernest Thompson Seton, Cos Cob, Conn.
New Brunswick.—Montague, Chamberlain, 45 Milk St., Boston, Mass.
Nova ScotTiA.—Harry Piers, Provincial Museum, Halifax, N. S.
Ontario, Eastern.—James H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont.
ONTARIO, Western—E. W. Saunders, London, Ont.
QueBEc.—E. D. Wintle, 189 St. James Street, Montreal, Can.

MEXICO

E. W. Nelson, Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

WEST INDIES

C. B. Cory, 160 Boylston street, Boston, Mass.

GREAT BRITAIN
Clinton G. Abbott, 153 West 73d St., New York City, N. Y.

The Migration of Warblers

NINTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data
in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Lours AGASSIZ FUERTES and BRUCE HORSFALL

KENTUCKY WARBLER

Ranging in the winter from southern Mexico to Colombia, the Ken-
tucky Warbler starts northward in time to reach the United States the first
week in April.

SPRING MIGRATION

|No. of years’) Average date of Earliest date of

PLACE record spring arrival spring arrival
faepon. Sbrings, Fla, 2). 5-2 0 S| April 6, 1886
patediitas Ga (MEAK) coo ie kp sas -e, | 6 April 7 April 1, 1896
prameville. NoC. (near)... . . = «| 3 April 21 April 18, 1894
1 SELIGTES NaS RE GS le a ay 7 May 1
Peashinptom Des i ok beck May 3
erential Re Snare dae 5? ge 2 May 1 April 30, 1902
Ryaynespurey Pass... of. SP | May 1, 1892
EIDE Re a ai 6 | May 7 May 3, 1900
REM mOneANS. Taso P 5 ah wk ots ee) al 4 April 1 March 30, 1895
ERCMeHanONERS. 3° 6 56 <) foclbl “a cae es ae | 8 April 20 April 15, 1896
Eubank, Ky.. . Seth Rare SE 9 April 21 April 15, 1893
St) Louis, Mo: 5 ; 4 April 24 April 21, 1886
Brookville, Ind... . . 4 May 6 April 20, 1896
ieokuk Way 4: 3's 4 4 May 7 April 26, 1898
San Antonio, Texas. 5 April 14 April 8, 1890
Northern Texas. . 7 April 15
Onaga, Kan. . 9 May 5 April 26, 1896

FALL MIGRATION

The southward movement begins the last of July, and on October 7 the
species has been taken at the extreme southern limit of its known range in
Colombia, South America. Some records of the latest observations are at
Berwyn, Pa., September 4, 1896; Beaver, Pa., September 13, 1888; Cadiz,
Ohio, September 23, 1900; Eubank, Ky., September 6, 1888; Raleigh,
N. C., September 12, 1894; New Orleans, La., October 19, 1895.

CONNECTICUT WARBLER*®

This is one of the few species that seem to travel different routes during
the two yearly migrations. The spring migration is through Florida to the
Mississippi Valley and thence north to the breeding grounds. The few
records of spring migration note the arrival of this species in southern
Florida, May 4-19; northern Florida, May 10-11; Chester county, S.C. ;

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136 Bird - Lore

May 10; St. Louis, Mo., May 14-22; English Lake, Ind., May 4, 1891;
Glen Ellyn, Ill., May 12, 1896; southern Michigan, May 17, 1894;
southern Ontario, May 16, 1892.

FALL MIGRATION

The vicinity of Chicago is one of the few places in the United States
visited by the Connecticut Warbler during both spring and fall migration.
Here the average period of fall occurrence is from August 31 to September
IO, with extremes of August 30 and September 17. The path of fall
migration passes principally east of the Allegheny Mountains and some dates
of occurrence along the Atlantic slope are at Saco, Me., September 8-15;
Shelburne, N. H., September 14; Pittsford, Vt., September 20; Portland,
Conn., September 17 to October 1; southeastern New York, August 26 to
October 12; Englewood, N. J., September 3 to October 11; Washington,
D. C., August 28 to October 12; Raleigh, N. C., October 14-24; south-
ern Florida, October 9. So far as known, the Connecticut Warbler has
not been recorded anywhere during the half of the year from October 22
to April 9.

The Warbler Book

As the season approaches for the return of the Warblers, I again ask the
cooperation of bird students in the preparation of a volume devoted to these
attractive birds.

Since the announcement in BiRD-LoRE for April, 1904, of plans for this
book, many contributions to it have been received. For the greater part,
however, they relate to the migration of Warblers; while material of this
kind is always valuable, it is less desirable, in the present connection, than
information concerning the life histories of these birds.

The appended study of the Worm-eating Warbler closely approaches the
character of manuscript needed. It is plainly based on continued field study
with an evident end in view. If you would sound the depths of your knowl-
edge of your commonest Warbler, attempt to write a sketch of it similar to
that by Mr. Burns. Doubtless you will discover room for further field work,
and this we sincerely trust you will find time for during the present season.

F. M. C.

The Worm-eating Warbler

By FRANK L. BURNS, Berwyn, Pa,

The Worm-eating Warbler is here a common summer resident. First
arrivals: May 3-14. Common: May 7-22. Departs: August 29—Septem-
ber 5.

Song.—I can distinguish no difference between the notes of this species
and the Chipping Sparrow; the first may be a trifle weaker perhaps. The
series of notes may be uttered while perched, or creeping about the lower
branches of the trees, sapling tops, bushes or fallen brush, or while on the
ground. With slightly drooping tail and wings, puffing out of body plu-
mage, throwing its head back until the beak is perpendicular, it trills with
swelling throat an unvarying Che-e-e-e-e-e-e, which does not sound half so
monotonous in the woods as does the Chippy’s lay in the open. The first
song period is from the time of arrival until June 24 to July 5, but during
the last two weeks, when housekeeping is a thing of the past and the hot
days have come, it is seldom heard except in the early morning, beginning
about four o’clock, and in the cool of the evening. The second song period
is very brief and follows the molt. I have no dates.

Courtship is brief if, indeed, the birds are not mated upon arrival.

Haunts.—The bird is extremely local, inhabiting the wooded hill slopes.
I do not remember having ever met with it in the open or in the small groves
of the bottom-lands. It is at home in the second-growth timber of the hills,
and is very deliberate in its movements, seeming never in a hurry and yet
never idle. Stepping out with dainty tread and bobbing head, it is a really
graceful little walker on ground or tree.

Nesting -site.—The nesting-site is seldom in the denser candeearoneult but
preferably the more open woods, and the nest is usually at the foot of a
small stub, laurel sprout, or spray of wild huckleberry, against which there
has been a lodgment or drift of dead leaves; and, as the bird always removes
the leaves from the exact site, sometimes scratching out a slight hollow in
the mold, the finished nest, sunk to the rim and protected by the leaf drift
above and on the sides, has the appearance of being placed in a miniature
cave. The bird exhibits a remarkable love for its chosen nesting haunts,
building the second and third nest within a radius of a few hundred feet
when disturbed, and returning year after year to the same _ place
if successful in raising a brood. I have not observed a single pair building
on the exact site of former years, but on several occasions within a few
feet of it. While the female takes the leading part, the male is always pres-
ent and seems busy, a by no means silent partner in the selection of site and
construction of nest.

Composition of Nest.—Dead chestnut, beech and oak leaves, sometimes,
also, a few dogwood, cherry or maple leaves, almost always well rotted and

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138 Bird - Lore

partly skeletonized; an occasional strip of grape-vine bark, stem of the
walking-grass, oak or hickory blossom finds its way in the rim of the nest.
It is noteworthy that the bird seems to prefer leaves of more than a single
season’s decay, probably on account of the lessened bulk and better binding
quality, as the nest is an exceedingly flat. and compact structure for a
ground-building Warbler. It is invariably lined with the flower-stems of the
hair-moss, with only an occasional black horse-hair in a series of nests.
The bright, reddish lining is about all there is to catch the eye, and that
can seldom be seen from more than one point. When the bird is covering
it, the blending is perfect at ashort distance. The nest averages about three
days in construction; the second and third buildings are frailer, showing
haste. The nest is commenced May 15 to 20; the eggs are deposited and
incubation is usually begun about May 28.

Eggs.—The eggs number four or five, usually the latter, rarely
three, unless imposed upon by the Cowbird. Second sets—the first having
been destroyed—seldom consist of more than four, and sometimes of only
three eggs. There can be no set rule as to time when the first egg is depos-
ited. If it is ready it is deposited immediately upon completion of nest,
usually one or two days elapse. Deposition occurs daily, in most instances
before 10 A. M., one instance every other day, when four eggs were in the set.

Incubation.— Incubation does not always commence immediately after
completion of set, particularly if the season be young. It is probable that
the second night witnesses the beginning of that period and, as far as my
experience goes, I believe it is performed by the female alone. The male
feeds her when covering newly hatched young. The home-coming of a
brooding bird, after a brief airing and feeding, is heralded several hundred
yards distant by frequent chips and short flights from branch to branch near
the’ ground, in leisurely fashion and circuitous route, until at length, arriv-
ing above the nest, she runs down a sapling and is silent. ‘The bird isa
close sitter and if approached from the open front will often allow a few
minutes’ silent inspection, eye to eye, at arm’s length, sometimes not vacat -
ing until touched, then she runs off in a sinuous trail, not always feigning
lameness before the young are out. When disturbed with young in the nest
she will flutter off with open wings and tail, and, failing to lead one off, will
return with her mate, who is seldom far off at this period, circling about the
nest or intruder, and, if the young are well feathered, she will dash at them,
forcing them from the nest and to shelter. Once this brave little bird dashed
at me and ran up to my knee, scratching with her sharp little claws at every
step. On the return the birds always make the vicinity ring with their pro-
tests—a quickly repeated chip. The period of incubation in one instance
was thirteen days.

Young.— Young fear man soon after their eyes are open, and a menacing
finger will cause them to scamper out and away, repeated replacing in the

The Worm-eating Warbler 139

nest proving of no avail after they became panic-stricken. At three days of
age they made no outcry but opened their mouths for food, which consisted
of aspecies of white moth, or ‘miller,’ and soft white grubs, supplied by either
of the parent birds. At that period they were naked except a fluff on head
and wing quills, just showing feathers at tips. In the presence of an intruder
and absence of the parents, they will sit motionless if not threatened, and,
but for the blinking, beady eyes, one might mistake them when well fledged,
at very close range, for dead leaves. The head stripes became visible under
the nestling down on the seventh day, and they left the nest ten days after
leaving the shell, in the one case I have kept record of. The parents keep
the young together for several days at least, just how long is impossible to
say. One brood is all that is reared in the season, I think.

Enemies. —This Warbler’s enemies are wood-mice, red squirrels and
hunting dogs; the latter will sometimes push up and overturn the nest; an
occasional weasel or blacksnake may destroy a few young. The percentage
of loss while in the nest cannot be high.

A Vote for the National Association Bird

St. Louis, Mo., February 10, 1905.
Dear Mr. DutrcHer:—

You want a thoroughly representative bird, suitable for a seal of the N. A. A. S.,
a bird found throughout North America from the Arctic to Panama.

There is really not much material to choose from. It should be a truly American
bird, identifiable by its contour alone,—one in which no color is needed to distinguish
it from other birds of similar outline, as would be the case with the Bluebird, Robin,
Swallow and others, all of which have resemblance in outline to Old World relatives. It
shall not be a commonplace bird, like a Hawk or an Owl, though they need our attention
as much as anything else; even more so, because misunderstood and maligned. Neither
would it do to take a game-bird for an Audubon Society, which has no sympathy with the
hunter and is unwilling to recognize any of its protegees as game. I know of no bird
which would fill the place on the seal better than a Hummingbird. North American
Hummingbirds are found from Alaska to Panama and from Labrader to Alberta. The
outline of a Hummer is unmistakable in any position in which it may be pictured; it is the
exponent of elegance and grace in form and action, and of brilliancy in plumage. It is
one that needs protection more than any other bird, because so much sought after by taxi-
dermists, milliners and makers of artificial flowers. The destruction has been such that
certain species with a restricted habitation are said to be already exterminated or at the
point of extinction. I therefore ask, could anything be more appropriate than a Hum-
mingbird? Universally known, popular throughout, unmistakable, truly admired for beauty
and behavior, exclusively American, a fit subject for protection wherever it occurs, a living
incentive to immediate extension of Audubon work over the entire Western Hemisphere.

Yours truly,
O. WIDMANN.

Note on the Migration of Warblers from the
Bahamas to Florida

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN.

\ ‘ THILE sailing from Miami, Florida, directly east across the Gulf

Stream to the Bahamas, in May, 1904, I observed three small

bodies of migrating Warblers flying toward Florida. The birds

were not so high in the air as we might have expected them to be, but
were flying low, within a few feet of the water.

The first group of six or seven birds, among them a Redstart, was seen
about 6 A. M., May 10, when we were some six miles from land, which
was still, of course, plainly visible. Later in the day, when we were about
midway between the Florida coast and the Biminis, the nearest Bahaman
land, a compact flock of seventy-five to one hundred Warblers passed us,
flying slightly north of west. The birds were not more than ten feet above
the water and were evidently not guided by sight in their choice of direction.

On the morning of May 11, as we approached the Bahaman banks,
between the Biminis and Great Isaacs, a third group of Warblers was seen,
and they, like the two preceding, were. flying toward Florida within a few
feet of the water.

April 28, 1904, a migratory ‘ wave’ of Warblers passed over Sebastian on
the east coast of Florida, Cape May Warblers being among the common
species. Nine miles further north, on the east shore of the Indian river at’
Oak Lodge, the home of Mrs. F. E. B. Latham, which visiting naturalists
always recall with pleasure, Mrs. Latham supplies the birds with water,
which, as the accompanying photograph shows, is eagerly accepted.

THIRSTY TRAVELERS
Migrating Warblers at Mrs, F. E. B. Lathams, Oak Lodge. Florida. Photographed by Miss H. B. Wood.

(140)

For Doung Cbdservers

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON

Address all communications for this Department to the Editor, at Greensboro, N. C.

To Study Bird Tenants

F those Young Observers who put out bird-boxes this spring will watch
I closely, they may see many new and delightful things happen when the
birds come to make their nests inthem. Let me suggest that each of
you have a note-book and keep a diary of what takes place about the bird-
box. When you once begin this, there will be so many things to write
down that you may find it hard to know just what to include in your notes.
In order to guide those who may be interested in keeping a note-book, I
am going to ask some questions, which if you can answer correctly at the
end of the summer will show that you have made a good study of the birds
you have been watching. With this information all carefully preserved in
your note-book, you will be able to write an article for the ‘ Young Obsery-
ers’ department, and thus let us all share something of the pleasure which
has been yours during the days when you so carefully watched the pair of
bright birds flying daily about your home.

POINTS TO BE NOTED

1. What date did the birds first appear to take notice of the box ?

2. What kind of birds chose the box as their home, and did any other
species attempt to drive them away ? |

3. When did they first begin to bring material for the nest, and how
many days before they ceased to perform their work ?

4. What time of day did the birds work most at their task, and how
early in the morning and late in the evening did you see them thus engaged ?

5. Did the male and female both build their home; if not, which one
appeared to be the most active in the work ?

6. On what date was the first egg laid, and when did the last
one appear?

7. Which bird sat on the eggs to incubate them, or did both birds take
turns attending to this duty ?

8. How many days passed before the eggs hatched ?

9. How often were the young fed between eight and nine o’clock in
the morning and between four and five o’clock in the afternoon on two dif-
ferent days? Did both birds feed the young, and could you tell what they-
fed them ?

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142 Bird - Lore

10. How many days after the eggs hatched before the young left the
nest ?

11. Did the young know how to fly at once upon leaving the box, and
do you think the old ones taught them to fly ?

12. When the birds have left the nest not to return again, take out the
nesting material and see of what it is composed. How many feathers, twigs,
strings, pieces of grass or other articles did it’contain ?

PRIZES FOR THE BEST REPORTS

Brrp-Lore offers three prizes for the best studies of bird tenants on the
lines laid down above. The prize will be a bird book or books to the value
of $2.50 for the first prize, $2 for the second prize, and $1.50 for the third
prize.

A Boy’s Invention

By ALBERT B. CANFIELD (aged 12 years), Curran, Ill.

One day I felt like hammering nails, and I wondered what to make. I
thought about a bird-food shelf. I got a board one foot wide and two feet
long. I tacked a strip around the four sides to keep the food from blowing
off; then I bored four holes, two at either end, and ran wire through to hang
it up by. If it is hung with wire, the English Sparrows will not alight on
the shelf; I mean they will not get on anything that swings.

We have a bird-pole twenty-five feet high; it has a fine Martin house
on top, and about four feet down is a Bluebird house. I nailed a board on
the bird-pole about twelve feet from the ground and put walnuts on it;
and we have had, in one day, forty Juncos, ten Chickadees, eight Tufted
Titmice, three Hairy Woodpeckers, two Downy Woodpeckers, seven Blue
Jays and one Cardinal. ‘The pole is ten feet from our kitchen window, so
we watched them all day, as we were home from school. I wish every farm
had a bird-food shelf. If they loved birds as well as I do, they would; it is
so interesting to watch them eat, and a comfort to know the English Spar-
rows will not get on a shelf that swings.

Potes from Field and Study

A New Wren Song

At the village of Shanesville, Tuscarawas
county, Ohio, I heard a Carolina Wren sing
a new song on the morning of December 3.
The bird was perched in plain view on a
peach tree, in a friend’s rear yard, and sang
precisely like a Song Sparrow, except that the
tones were stronger and fuller. The tune,
pitch and phrasing of the song were just like
one of the Sparrow’s favorite runs. Neither
the quality of tone nor the technique was
that of the Wren I was greatly surprised to
hear this song, for I have been studying the
Carolina’s minstrelsy for many years and in
many parts of the country. A young man
of the town told me afterward that he had
been hearing the bird sing for some time,
and thought, too, it was a Song Sparrow
until he saw the bird plainly, and noted that
it was a Carolina Wren. I am interested in
knowing whether any one else has ever heard
this Wren borrow the Song Sparrow’s trills,
or whether our little musician was an ‘ orig-
inal.’—LEANDER S. Keyser, Canal Dover,
Ohio.

Sport in Italy

A portion of a letter by Mr. J Rowley,
formerly of the American Museum of Natural
History, dated from Rome, will interest Birp-
Lore’s readers. Mr. Rowley writes that
‘“the Italian ‘ sportsman’ uses a live Owl-—
a little gray fellow, without horns. These
little Owls may be seen at this season exposed
for sale all over the town. A good lively
Owl sells for one dollar. The ‘ sportsman’
sticks up his Owl, as shown in the enclosed
photograph, and takes his stand some dis-
tance away. When the small birds gather
around to mob the Owl, the sportsman gets
in his work on them. In Italy, no bird is
too small forthe sportsman. They kill any-
thing with feathers upon it. A small gray
Lark is the bird that is most highly prized,
and these sell for 4 cents each in the markets.
It is a common thing to see men roaming
about the streets, hawking small birds for

sale — pecks of them, all strung by the nos-
trils. The chief ones are: Starlings, Gold-
finches, Sparrows (not English), small Larks,
Thrushes. Quail and Lapwings. I always
thought of Mr. Dutcher when I saw these

AN ITALIAN ‘SPORTSMAN’

strings of poor little things offered for sale
for food purposes. The Italians are brought
up to this here, so we can’t wonder at their
carrying the custom to America with them.”

A Belated Robin

On October 29, 1903, in Brandon, Vt., a
Robin was seen sitting on a nest in a leafless
tree, near a house. The person who saw
it went to the house and obtained permission
to look into the nest from an upstairs win-
dow. There were seven or eight eggs seen
when the Robin left the nest. It was not
possible to learn how long the Robin had
been brooding, for the occupant of the house
had “something else to do besides watch
birds,” and knew nothing about it.—Car-
OLINE GRAY SOULE.

(143)

144

The Massachusetts Audubon Society’s
Check-Lists

In order to encourage an active interest
in field work on the part of its members, the
Massachusetts Audubon Society supplies
them blank bird-lists on which to
record the species they have identified in
Massachusetts during the year.

The names of the authors of the best nine
lists for the year ending December 31, 1904,
with the number of birds recorded by each,
are as follows: Lilian E. Bridge, 181 ;
Elizabeth S. Hill, 144; James Lee Peters,
139; Lilian Cleveland, 137; Samuel D.
Robbins, 113; Sarah K. Swift, 103 .
Louise Howe, 96; Bertha Langmaid, 86;
Georgie M. Wheelock, 72.

with

A FIVE-STORIED PHC@BE’S NEST
Photographed by Redington Dayton

An Interesting Phoebe’s Nest

Back in the country, on a road now little
used, stands one of the original ‘little red
schoolhouses.” I had long wished to visit
it and was enabled to do so for the first
time in the summer of 1904.

Bird - Lore

The door was fastened, but the bottom
sash of a west window was missing, and
through this I climbed into the schoolroom
where the desks and benches were still in
place, carved and*cut full of initials, mute
testimony of the boys’ jack-knives, and in
the corner still stood the teacher’s desk,
above which, on the projecting edge of the
window-frame,’a”pair of Phcebes had built
their nest.

The nest measured nine inches, and
was so near the ceiling as barely to admit
the old birds upon it; and, the young having
flown and it being in perfect condition and
well built, I took it for my collection, not
noticing any further peculiarities until show-
ing it to some bird students, when we found
that the birds had repaired and
built upon the original nest, each
time adding more moss and _ less
mud. Upon separating it we found
.five nests built into one, each divi-
sion showing plainly that young
birds had been raised in each nest.

I have often known Pheebes build-
ing on the ruins of their old nest,
but never have seen any to equal
this one, and send the photo show-
ing the divisions, thinking it may
interest readers of BrirD-LORE.—
Witeur F. SmitTH, So. Norwalk,
Conn.

A Note on the Food of the
Bronzed Grackle

Last fall I made an interesting
observation on the food of the
Bronzed Grackle. This bird occurs
here only in the migrations, our
summer resident bird being its near
relative, the Purple Grackle.

On November 8 I came upon a
large flock of Bronzed Grackles in
the woods. They were constantly
in motion, actively engaged in
hunting for food among the dead leaves cov-
ering the ground. Several times I saw a
bird fly up with a curious object in its bill.
Finally one alighted near me and I saw that
the object was a wood frog, a small brown
frog very common in our damp woodlands.

—W. DEW. Miter, Plainfield, N. J.

Book Pews and Reviews

FIELD Book oF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR

Music. By F. ScHUYLER MATTHEWS.
G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 1904.
16mo. Pages xxxv + 262; pll. mostly

colored), 55.

This is the most interesting and success-
ful attempt to treat the subject of bird song
with which we are familiar.
acknowledge that in most instances no
description, notation or graphic representa-
tion will give one an adequate idea of a
bird’s song one has never heard, there is
still much the describer of bird music may
do to aid the bird student in identifying
This Mr.
Matthews proceeds to do by a variety of
means — notation, diagrams,

If we frankly

the voices of unseen singers.

ingenious
syllabification, description, etc.

Mr. Matthews is evidently well qualified
to handle his subject, both from the
ornithologist’s and musician’s point of view.
He avoids the mistake, common to most
writers who render bird song by musical
notation, of assuming that every bird student
reads music, and furnishes a special chapter
for those whose education in this direction
has been neglected, which should go far
toward making his book intelligible to them.
He does well, we think, to emphasize the
importance of rhythm over tone, not only
because rhythm is less variable than tone
but because it can be more readily and
clearly expressed.

Mr. Matthews’ illustrations are by no
means the least interesting part of his book.
Most of them are colored, from a commercial
standpoint successfully colored, that is, they
are easily recognizable, and all are the
work of an artist rather than a bird artist.
Some of them are decidedly attractive, but
since Mr. Matthews calls the scientist to order
for using the term “ purple ” for “crimson” (a
mistake, by the way, for which the scientist
is no more responsible than he is for the mis-
application of the name Robin), we cannot
forbear asking Mr. Matthews why he so
often refuses to give nine- or ten-primaried
oscines only four primaries!—F. M. C.

CassINIA; Proc. DELAWARE VALLEY ORNI-
THOLOGICAL CLUB, Viil. 1904. 8vo.
Pages, 80.

The annual publication of that successful
and progressive organization, the Delaware
Valley Ornithological Club, contains, as
usual, evidences of the continued activity of
the club and its members. Without further
comment than a suggestion that those inter-
ested secure tis excellent publication, we
append a list of its contents: “Samuel W.
Woodhouse’ (portraits), Witmer Stone; ‘A
Chimney Swift’s Day,’ Cornelius Wey-
gandt; ‘The Long-billed Marsh Wren,’
Chreswell J. Hunt; ‘The Short-billed
Marsh Wren in Eastern Pennsylvania and
New Jersey,’ LaRue K. Holmes; ‘The Barn
Owl in Chester Co., Pa.’ (ills.), Thomas
H. Jackson; ‘Summer Birds of Pocono
Lake, Monroe Co., Pa.,’ John D. Carter;
‘Summer Birds of Port Alleghany, McKean
Co., Pa.,” Thomas D. Klim; ‘A Glimpse
of Winter Bird Life in Delaware,’ Charles
J. Pennock; ‘Report on the Spring Migra-
tion of 1904,’ Witmer Stone; City Orni-
thology, Abstract of Proceedings; Club
Notes, list of ofhcers and members, the for-
mer being: President, Spencer Trotter; vice-
president, William A. Shryock; secretary,
William B. Evans (56 N. Front St., Phila-
delphia); treasurer, Stewardson Brown.—
BoM? ©.

ABSTRACT OF THE Proc. LINN AN SOCIETY
or New YORK FOR THE YEARS ENDING
MARCH 10, 1903, AND MARCH 5, 1904.
8vo. Pages 69.

In addition to the customary ‘Abstract of
Proceedings,’ this publication contains ‘Field
Notes on the Birds and Mammals of the
Cook’s Inlet Region of Alaska’ (ills.), J. D.
Figgins; ‘Some Notes on the Psychology of
Birds,’ by C. William Beebe; ‘Some Appar-
ently Undescribed Eggs of North American
Birds’, by Louis B. Bishop.

The Linnzan Society is, or should be, to
New York what the Delaware Valley Club
is to Philadelphia, or the Nuttall Club to

(145)

146

Cambridge; but when we compare its ‘Ab-
stract’ with ‘ Cassinia,’ the publication of
the Delaware Valley Club, above reviewed,
we are led to believe that the comparative
degree of interest in ornithology in and about
both cities is fairly well expressed in the
respective organs of these societies. The
Linnzan Society does not appear to have
had presented before it a single paper on
local ornithology worthy of publication; its
meetings were often suspended or were
abandoned for lack of a quorum, and the
highest attendance of members at any meet-
ing—one of exceptional interest—was eleven,
the average being about eight.

The Delaware Club, on the other hand,
seems not to have missed a single meeting;
its average attendance of members was 23;
the highest, 37.

Ornithologists about New York may well
consider the significance of these figures. —
over C:

The Ornithological Magazines

THE Conpor.—With the close of 1904,
“The Condor’ completed its sixth year.
This volume is larger than any previous
one and contains nearly twice as many
illustrations as that for 1903. The Novem-
ber- December alone contains two full-page
plates and eighteen half-tones in the text,
most of them accompanying a paper on the
habits of the ‘The Black-headed Gros-
beak,’ by Wm. L. Finley, and an article
on ‘ Albatross Pictures,’ by Walter K.
Fisher.

In ‘ Extracts fram Some Montana Note-
books, 1904,’ Silloway gives the results of
collecting near Lewistown, Mont., written
ostensibly from the standpoint of the birds
which have suffered from the raids of the
egg-collector. In ‘An Early Notice of
Philippine Birds,’ McGregor republishes
from a collection of voyages and travels,
issued in 1704, some notes made by Dr.
John Careri, who visited the Philippines
in 1696—97. These notes are interesting
historically and are sufficiently definite to
make it possible to identify seven species
specifically and to recognize allusions to
several groups such as the Quail and Par-
rots, which are represented in the archipel-

Bird-Lore

ago by a number of species. Bowles con-
tributes an interesting account of two sets of
eggs of the Western Golden-crowned
Kinglets, found in Washington in 1904,
and Sharp describes ‘A Set of Abnormally
Large Eggs of the Golden Eagle,’ collected
a few miles west of the Escondido Valley,
Cal., March 12, 1904.

In making a comparison between the
bird-life of the Pajaro Valley, Cal., and
that of Sioux county, Neb., Hunter records
106 species from the former locality and 103
from the latter. Of these, 45 species are
common to both regions, but, in the opinion
of the author, gallinaceous birds and the
best. songsters are better represented in
Sioux county. Among the short notes,
Schutz’s account of ‘The Destruction of
Bird-Life by Light Towers’ in Austin,
Texas, deserves special mention. The
series of portraits is continued by an ex-
cellent picture of Dr. Leonhard Stejneger,
of the U. S. National Museum.— T. S. P.

Tue Aux.—The January number of this
journal is up to its usual standard, containing,
as it does, several important articles and a
large number of valuable notes and reviews.
A particularly noteworthy paper is by Irene
G. Wheelock on ‘Regurgitative Feeding of
Nestlings,’ the claim being urged that
among many broods carefully watched,
chiefly of Passerine species, “every brood
hatched in a naked or semi-naked condition
was fed by regurgitation a period varying
from one day to four weeks.” The accuracy
of the observations seems beyond question,
and the novelty of the facts forms a valuable
contribution to our knowledge of the home
affairs of birds. The temporary storage in
the crop of food for the young has previously
been detected in only a few species, and we
are here still left in doubt as to how much
of the disgorgement is from the pharynx and
how much from the cesophagus itself. As
practically no digestion takes place in the
crop of any bird, the assumption is unwar-
ranted that a mass of the soft parts of insects
and seeds mixed with the saliva of the crop
is “ partly digested ”; still, the mere fact that
any sort of regurgitation takes place is one
that is novel and of some importance as
showing to what extent birds employ the

Book News

natural storage capacity of their throats in
the transportation of food to their young.

Dr. L. B. Bishop, writing on the ‘ Status
of Helminthophila leucobronchialis and H.
lawrencei’ furnishes strong evidence in
favor of the view that Lawrence’s Warbler
is a hybrid between the Golden-winged and
Blue-winged, while Brewster’s is merely a
leucochroic phase of the Blue-winged, still,
if this be so, how is it that the song of
Brewster’s Warbler is said to be sometimes
indistinguishable from that of the Golden-
wing? W. W. Cook in ‘Routes of Bird
Migration’ indicates that a large number of
species fly directly across the Gulf of Mex-
ico, a much smaller percentage following
around its shores, contrary to what has
generally been supposed; Dr. J. Dwight,
Jr., discusses ‘Plumage Wear in its Rela-
tion to Pallid Subspecies’; and R.
Deane presents a letter from Swainson to
Audubon.

Two local lists are in evidence, one by
T. H. Montgomery, Jr., on the birds of
Brewster county, l’exas, and one by N. A.
Wood and E. H. Frothingham on those of
the Ausable valley in Michigan. Interest
centers in the latter locality because of its
being the long-sought breeding ground of
Kirtland’s Warbler. The annotated part of
the Michigan list is as dry as a table of
logarithms, and the reader is left to flounder
through a mass of details as best he may.
A Sparrow of California is still without a
breeding range, according to J. Grinnell,
who writes under the title ‘ Where Does the
Large-billed Sparrow Spend the Summer? ’
but the number of like mysteries is reduced
nearly to the vanishing point. So, too, are
a number of species of birds, and E. H.
Forbush’s ‘ Decrease of Certain Birds in
New England’ is a melancholy commentary,
from the birds’ standpoint, on the benefits
of civilization!—J. D., Jr.’

THE WaRBLER.—‘ The Warbler’ for the
‘first quarter’ of 1905 appears as the first
number of a new series greatly improved in
character and contents.

The present number contains colored
illustrations of the eggs of Kirtland’s and
Olive Warblers, the first with descriptive
text by Edward Arnold; a note ona special

and Reviews 147
copy of the elephant folio edition of Audu-
bon, lately acquired by the editor of ‘ The
Warbler’; ‘Notes on Some Adirondack
Birds,’ by George Chahoon, with a half-
tone illustration of a Loon, whether from
life or not is not stated; ‘ Feeding a Baby
Hummingbird,’ by Ira Lord McDavitt ;
‘The Alameda Song Sparrow,’ by H. R.
Taylor, with an attractive illustration of the
haunts of this bird; ‘The Starling,’ by R.
W. Shufeldt, who has a great deal to say
about Starlings abroad and very little to say
about their history in this country; ‘A
Mammoth Hawk’s Nest,’ by W. A. Hart,
and ‘Birds Found Breeding Within the
Limits of the City of New York,’ by John
Lewis Childs.

The list of New York City breeding birds
should closely approach a hundred species,
we imagine, and if all are annotated as
fully as those grown in the first instalment
of this paper we shall have quite a contribu-
tion to the study of urban bird life. Surely
we do not understand Mr. Childs aright
when we read, “I know of but one place in
Greater New York where the Wood Thrush
breeds.”—F. M. C.

Witson BuLietTin.—‘Wilson Bulletin”
for December, 1904, completing Volume
XVI of this excellent publication, contains
‘Kearsarge Birds,’ by E. H. and H. E.
Porter; a July to September list of 69
species observed at Kearsarge, N. H.; ‘An
October All-Day at Blaine, Washington,”
by William Leon Dawson; ‘A Summer
Porch List’ of 49 species recorded near
Chicago by Esther Craigmile; ‘Some Ob-
servations on a Captive Red-tailed Hawk,”
by W. F. Henninger; A call for a New
Year Bird Census by the Editor, which we
trust met with hearty response; ‘Brewster’s
Warbler in Pennsylvania,’ by Frank L.
Burns and in Ohio by W. F. Henninger,
editorial and other notes, reviews, and the
announcement of election returns, from which
we observe that the officers of the Wilson
Ornithological Club for 1905 are : President,
Lynds Jones; vice-president, W. L. Daw-
son; secretary, John W. Daniel, Jr.;
treasurer, Frank L. Burns; executive
council, H. C. Oberholser, John H. Sage
and A. W. Blain, Jr.—F. M. C.

Bird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published April 1, 1905 No. 2

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, Canadaand Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year, post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Bird in the Bush is Worth Two in the Hand

BirD-Lore’s editorial office is at present
temporarily established in a photographic
observation blind on Pelican Island, Florida,
whence the editor, on behalf of the wards
of the government and of the Audubon So-
cieties, by which he is surrounded, sends
greetings to all bird lovers who, directly or
indirectly, have made their life one of com-
parative security.

Pelican Island today differs from Peli-
can Island prior to the establishment of the
warden system chiefly in the greater tame-
ness of the adult birds and in the scarcity of
dead young birds. In 1898, on our first
visit to the island, the old birds arose before
one was within gunshot and usually alighted
in the water some distance off shore, there to
swim about until one had departed or con-
cealed oneself. Today one may walk to
within thirty feet of sitting birds before they
leave the nest, and if one remains still they
will soon return. This change is chiefly
attributable to the fact that for years not a
gun has been fired on Pelican Island, as
well, also, to the further circumstance that
even unarmed visitors to this natural orni-
thological park have not been permitted to
wander about at will for an unlimited time,
but have been warned by ever-vigilant War-
den Kroegel that the birds were not to be
unduly disturbed.

As a result, fewer unfeathered young have
succumbed to the sun’s rays through the
enforced absence of the brooding parent,
while birds which had left the nest are not

Bird -

Lore.

driven about until they become lost or
exhausted.

Nevertheless, the colony does not appear
to be much larger than it was seven years
ago; high water incident to northers having
caused great mortality on several occasions
since’ the birds were protected from human
enemies. Wardén Kroegel believes that
the greater part of the island would now be
covered with nesting birds if all but its
eastern rim had not been flooded in the
latter part of December. Hundreds of
young were then drowned, and the lower
portion of the island is still thickly dotted
with eggs which were washed from the
nests.

Ninety per cent of the birds now nesting
on the island occupy the high land of the
eastern border. Without knowing of the
fate of the birds that nested on the lower
ground, one might be led to infer that the
birds now nesting had selected their nesting
site because of its elevation, whereas they
evidently are merely survivors who by good
fortune escaped the disaster which befell
their neighbors.

Experience apparently does not teach, and
year after year birds nest where they are
certain to be swamped when the water
rises.

The possibility of planting the island
with red mangroves, which might make land
as well as furnish nesting sites for the birds,
is worthy of consideration.

The Pelicans take kindly to the observa-
tion blind, and from its shelter one can
study them at short range. Birds of all
ages and voices are within a radius of a few
yards, from the grunting, naked, squirming
new-born chick, or the screaming, pugna-
cious, downy youngster, to the silent, dig-
nified, white-headed parent.

At a glance one may see all the activities
of Pelican home- life, nest-building, laying,
incubating, feeding and brooding young,
bathing, preening, yawning—and the Peli-
can yawn is indeed a yawn—sleeping, all
may be readily observed from the blind,
whence, in truth, one may learn more about
Pelican ways in a morning than in days of
watching from a distance.—Pelican Island,
Florida, March 12, 1905.

The Audubon Societies

“You cannot with a scalpel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird’s song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should

be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn.

Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be

sent at least one month prior to the date of publication.

Wild Hedges

Much of the work on behalf of bird-pro-~

tection today is not so much the conceiving
of new ideas as of repeating and insisting
upon certain fundamental needs. For every
time we say hands off we should say food
and shelter at least ten times.

Shelter of bird-houses and lunch-counter
viands belong either with our mid-winter
thoughts or early spring preparations; but,
when the season is fairly on us and the sap
begins to ascend in the veins of both plants
and men, and we wait for the first willow
wand, food and shelter mean trees, then we
cry anew, Plant trees, vines, bushes, wild
hedges,—anything that has sheltering leaf
and edible berry!

If the plan is to be well conceived and
carried out, it implies much thinking, as in a
region of fruit farms or gardens it is not
enough to plant at random; a wild counter-
attraction must be supplied the entire fruit
season from the ripening of the earliest
strawberries to the grape picking. While
certain berry-bearers are valuable for their
winter food, supply such as the red cedar,
juniper, bittersweet, black alder, Virginia
creeper, catbrier, the sumachs and _ frost
grapes. The “protective” summer berries,
those that if planted in accessible seciusion
may reasonably be expected to at least
partly deter Robins, Catbirds, Thrashers,
etc., from the fruit garden, must have spe-
cial consideration. With people owning
large tracts of land, tree- and bush-plant-
ing is comparatively easy, and everything
may be done on a large scale; but it is the
small home-garden, often over-neat and
prim, that needs to offer hospitable shelter ;
so let us consider how this can be done
as cheaply and expeditiously as possible.

If the boundary be a wire or picket-fence,

first secure the codperation—or at least con-
sent—of your next-door neighbor, so that
you may not injure some favorite flower-
bed that needs sun; then make the list of
trees, shrubs and vines needed, the quantity
of course, to depend upon the space. Keep
one thing in mind from the beginning: you
must let this wild hedge grow into a veri-
table jungle if you wish to get the best
results, and all ideas of neatness and prim,
set form must be cast to the winds. Dead
wood may be occasionally removed, but be
wary of doing that too often.

As for vines, give them something on
which to drape themselves and let them
alone to grow upside down if they will,
thereby increasing in beauty and offering
more nesting nooks. One of the most zwk-
ward spectacles I ever saw was a giant vine
of the waxwork, or bittersweet, one of the
most persistent of spiral climbers, fastened
tight and flat to a green latticed trellis.
Every tendril seemed bound to squirm itself
free, and the whole effect was as awkward
as that of a man with his head turned over
one shoulder and trying to walk backward.

For the taller shrubs and trees to be
placed next the fence (or, if fence there is
none, for the backbone of the hedge), choose
early sweet cherries, flowering dogwoods,
staghorn sumach, mountain-ash, Russian
mulberry, sheepberry, wild black cherry,
spicebush and shadbush (or service- berry) ,—
this last being valuable because of the early
ripening of the fruit in June. Next elder-
berries, wild plums, flowering raspberry,
barberries, currants, both black and red.
For vines, the smaller fruited varieties of
wild grapes (or Concords will do very well)
that may be easily grown in pots from seed
and set out when six months old, Virginia
ecreper, waxwork and the yellow Chinese

(149)

150

honeysuckle, which, as well as the bush
honeysuckle, has edible berries.

Surround this hedge by a border of rich
earth a foot wide, in which plant either wild
strawberries, transplanted from the fields, or
the castaways from the home bed, and
every six feet stick in a plant of the Lucretia
dewberry. Then, when this is once started,
hands off; don’t peek and pry and intrude,
—simply let Nature take her course and the
fittest will survive.

If, in due time, a tree or shrub is blown
over or dies, still keep your hands in your
pockets; the charitable vines will soon hide
its downfall and prepare a retreat from
which a Carolina Wren may send forth his
delicious notes. Let the leaves lie where
they fall; who knows but what a quail
may take a notion to nest among them! If
strong canes of wild blackberries and barbs
of greenbrier make a fence about the
shrubbery, so much the better; the prowling
cat must stay outside, the snake finds
climbing uncomfortable, and for all else,
wild bird and wild rabbit alike, the wild
hedge should be Sanctuary.

M. O. W.

Notes and News

The Directors of the National Associa-
tion held a meeting for organization and
election of officers January 30, 1905.

The officers elected were as follows: Presi-
dent, William Dutcher; vice-president,
John E. Thayer; second vice-president,
Theodore S. Palmer ; secretary, T. Gilbert
Pearson ; treasurer, Frank M. Chapman.

This being a year when legislative ses-
sions are held in forty-three states and ter-
ritories, law-making is active; and neces-
sarily the officers of Audubon Societies have
had to be alert and watchful to defend good
bird- and game-laws now in force and to
work aggressively for new legislation.

MissourI.—A new law in this state was
greatly needed for several reasons: it is a
great cold-storage center; the present law
is absolutely worthless ; the state is a great
game country, and, finally, because the
Audubon bill introduced at the 1903 session
of the legislature was killed by boodle.
The Audubon Society, while discouraged

Bird -

Lore

at that time, was not disheartened, but re-
newed the fight at this session. Fortunately,
the chairman of the House Fish and Game
Committee was the Hon. Harry R. Walms-
ley, one of the vice-presidents of the Mis-
souri Audubon Society. He made a splendid
fight for House Bill No. 15, and was sup-
ported by all real sportsmen, the Audubon
Society and the press of the state. The bill
is practically the same as the one defeated
in 1903 and is the A. O. U. model law,
and, in addition, a complete game- and
fish-law, providing very short open seasons,
no sale, and a bag limit. The bill success-
fully passed both branches of the legislature
and has been approved by Governor Folk.
It is hoped that the Audubon Society will
in some measure become legally responsible
for the enforcement of the new law.

SouTH CARoLINA.—A bill copied almost
verbatim from the Louisiana model law has
passed both branches of the legislature and
has been approved by the Governor. The
A.O.U. model law is now in force in every
coast-wise state in the union, with the ex-
ception of Alabama.

FLoripa.—Early in 1904, it was discov-
ered that a commercial bird-skin collector,
J. R. Jack, of Punta Gorda, was sending
to so-called scientific dealers in the New
England states and Canada, skins of the
rare and almost extinct Ivory-billed Wood-
pecker which were collected in direct viola-
tion of the Florida law, inasmuch as Jack
did not have a permit from the Secretary of
Agriculture of Florida to collect for scien-
tific study.

In a letter Jack stated: “I have no more
Ivory-bills to sell at $15. I offered you
what I had at your own price, and, if you
can’t pay that, all good and well; I will
keep my birds. I also note what you say
regarding the birds in small doses. As for
my part, I prefer them in as large doses as
I can get. I now have orders for quite a
lot, and expect to get them if they are in
the state, and I think they are. As soon as
I can get off, I expect to go and get all the
birds I left. I am also counting on getting
some Everglade Kites and a few Paraquets.”

So far as known, this species of Wood-
pecker is now to be found only in a very

The Audubon Societies

restricted area in Florida and a still smaller
one in Texas. Every bird of this species
that is now killed hastens the day when the
race will become extinct. These facts ren-
dered the act of Jack and the spirit which
prompted him the more despicable; and
the northern dealers who received his ille-
gally secured goods were in no wise excu-
sable. To verify the facts and get evidence
for a prosecution, a letter was written to
Jack asking whether he could furnish two
skins. These were promptly forwarded,
and subsequently he sent two skins of the
Florida Cardinal and two of the Florida
Bob-white, the latter being game - birds
which were killed during the close season.
The chain of evidence being complete, it
was forwarded to the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, which has charge
of the enforcement of the Lacey Act that
prohibits interstate commerce in illegally
killed birds and game. Jack, in addition
to killing non-game birds illegally and
game-birds out of season, also violated the
Federal Act by delivering them to a com-
mon carrier for transportation beyond the
state, without having the nature and con-
tents of the package distinctly endorsed
upon the same. The Department of Agri-
culture placed the matter in the hands of
the United States Department of Justice,
and the latter caused the arrest of Jack. On
furnishing bail he was released, to stand
trial at Tampa, at the February term of the
United States Court for the Southern Dis-
trict of Florida. Jack, having no defense
to offer, plead guilty and was fined. It is
hoped that the drastic lesson given in this
case will serve as a warning to all persons
who do not yet seem to realize that the
National and State Audubon Societies are
determined to see that the state and federal
jaws for the protection of birds and game
must be respected and observed.
Texas.—The Audubon Society of this
state, although but recently organized, has
been precipitated into a strenuous fight to
prevent the amendment of the present ex-
cellent game-law in respect to wild fowl.
The bag limit is now twenty-five birds per
day, none of which can be shipped out of
the state, nor can they be transported in the

I5I

state, except when accompanied by the
sportsman

A combination of market shooters, pot-
hunters and other selfishly interested parties,
are making a determined effort to remove
all restrictions to their trade. ‘Io get game
for market, disreputable means are some-
times employed by dealers. The following
extract from a letter written by a St. Louis
commission house to a prominent citizen of
Texas shows the importance of good laws
well enforced.

‘I was advised if I, or others, were able
to obtain game, to ship the birds under a
fictitious name, giving a fictitious name for
myself and billing to a fictitious firm in St.
Louis. Further instructions were to notify
the commission house of the shipment and
the name to which the package was sent.
They could then manage to obtain it with-
out risk to themselves or to the party at
this end.”

Secretary Davis, of the Audubon Society,
aided by hosts of others who have the best
interests of the state at heart, are doing
everything possible to prevent any change
in the law. The press, with one voice, is
opposing change and is giving very valua-
ble aid by editorial comment, and is also
freely printing many long and valuable ar-
ticles from the pen of Mr. Davis, whose
activity and earnestness, together with that
of his Audubon associates, is in the highest
degree commendable. In this connection,
it is a pleasure to mention the high civic
stand taken by General Passenger Agent
Anderson, of the Southern Pacific Railway
Company, who is very earnestly working
to prevent any change in the law.

The legislature will remain in session for
some time, and it is impossible to determine
at this writing what the outcome will be;
but it is hoped that the law will remain as
it now is.

New York.—The Audubon Society is
having its annual fight to prevent the repeal
of that section of the game-law which pro-
hibits wild-fowl shooting after January 1.
The society is not working alone, by any
means, for sportsmen and naturalists from
all parts of the state are arrayed against
a small but determined band of baymen,

152 Bird - Lore

hotel-keepers and a few sportsmen from
Long Island, who, without regard to the
fact that it is morally, scientifically and
economically wrong to kill a bird, be it
game-bird or other, while it is on the north-
ward migration to its breeding grounds, de-
mand the repeal of the law without regard
to the wishes of the citizens of the balance
of the state. The advocates of repeal say
that Ducks were never so numerous on the
Long Island waters as they are at the pres-
ent time; but they refuse to acknowledge,
what is an indisputable fact, that the in-
crease is due to the stopping of spring shoot-
ing in many parts of the United States and
the Canadian provinces.

At the last election, the repeal of the
Duck law became a political issue on Long
Island. The question is not a political one,
but an economic one, and is, whether the
remainder of the wild Ducks shall be con-
served or shall be recklessly slaughtered in
the spring simply because a few interested
persons wish a special privilege given them
at the expense of the balance of the state.
The law in question was enacted in 1903,
was successfully defended from repeal in
1904, and the Audubon Society is putting
forth its greatest strength to defend it again.

The society is also working for the Arm-
strong Bill, which aims to prevent unnatu-
ralized persons from carrying firearms.
Should this become a law,—it has passed
both Houses,—it will save the lives ot thou-
sands of song-birds in the state. The un-
educated foreign laboring element, es-
pecially if from the south of Europe, knows
no law and regards everything with feathers
or fur as legitimate prey for the kettle.

The aigrette question is one of the most
important now before all the Audubon
Societies. The use of these plumes seems
to be increasing rather than otherwise, not-
withstanding the milliners’ agreement that
their sale should cease January 1, 1904.
The Millinery Merchants’ Association is
disbanded, largely owing to the question of
the sale of aigrettes, and therefore the Au-
dubon Societies are relieved from any obli-
gation regarding laws that were entered
into under the terms of the agreement.

In view of this fact, the New York
Society has had introduced in the legisla-
ture, through the courtesy of Senator Arm-
strong, the following amendment to Section:
No. 33 of the present law.

“Feathers or plumage commonly known
as aigrettes, or the feathers or plumage of
any species of the Heron family, whether
obtained within or without the state, shall
not be bought, sold, offered or exposed for
sale at any time.” If this passes, it will
materially reduce the sale of aigrettes.
Many of the retail dealers will be glad of
an excuse for not keeping these plumes for
sale, as they are compelled to do now be-
cause competing stores sell them. The few
wholesale dealers who control the trade in
aigrettes, and ure actively opposing the bill,
claim that all of the plumes now offered for
sale are imported and are taken from Old
World or South American Herons. This
is not a fact, for the National Association
has positive evidence, in the shape of letters
and circulars, showing that there is a con-
traband trade in these plumes going on in
this country. To save the remnant of
White Herons yet remaining in the United
States, it is necessary to stop the sale
of aigrettes in this country. It is ab-
solutely impossible to distinguish the
plumes of an American White Heron from
those taken from an African or Asiatic
bird. Dr. Richmond, of the Smithsonian
Institution, an ornithologist of international
reputation, states that he has been unable to
distinguish them even with the aid of a
magnifying glass. Under these circum-
stances, the only possible way to save our
own birds is to prevent the sale of all ai-
grettes. The New York public who are
interested in this important matter can ma-
terially aid in the passage of the Aigrette Bill
(Senate No. 110), now before the Legislature,
by writing to their senators and -assembly-
men urging favorable consideration for the
bill.

Space will not permit presenting other
‘Notes and News’ of great interest, which
will have to be deferred until the next issue.

WILLIAM DUTCHER.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON
SOCIETIES

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 13

THE OSTRICH
Order — Struthioniformes Family — Struthionide

Genus — Struthio Species — Camelus

(153)

The Ostrich

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies

A technical description of this exotic bird is omitted, as the public is
already well acquainted with the strange creature that, feathered like a bird,
is unable to fly, but can run with a speed like that of a horse.

Linnezus recognized only one species, but later naturalists have divided
the genus into four or five races. The ancestral home of the Ostrich is the
whole of Africa, together with Arabia and southeastern Persia, in Asia.

The importance of this bird as a commercial asset is so great that in
portions of Africa it is protected by law. Cape Colony has a duty of 45 on
each egg and a much larger sum on each bird exported. Ostrich-farming is
an important and rapidly growing industry in Africa, and within the last
twenty years has been successfully introduced in the United States, where
it will soon occupy a very important place in the commercial enterprises of
the country. The Audubon Societies are not opposed to the use of feather orna-
ments which can be obtained without cruelty or the sacrifice of the lives of birds.
The feathers of wild birds cannot be obtained unless birds are killed, and there-
fore should never be worn, on the other hand, Ostrich feathers are legitimate as
well as beautiful decorations and are approved by the Audubon Societies. Their
use does not entail the sacrifice of life, nor does it cause the slightest suffering to
the Ostrich, taking plumes from an Ostrich is no more painful to the bird than
shearing is to a sheep. Further, the Audubon Societies do not approve of the
use of Ostrich feathers in combination with aigrettes as is so often done; they
are the antithesis of each other, one plume being obtained without loss of life or
pain to the Ostrich while the other is only secured by killing White Herons
during the breeding season and thus causing suffering and death not only to the
parent birds but also to the helpless nestlings. Furthermore, the use of Ostrich
plumes encourages an important industry which gives employment, in this
country, to an annually increasing number of people. +

The following interesting information regarding the Ostrich industry in
America is furnished by Mr. Edwin Barbour, secretary of the Phcenix-
American Ostrich Company, Phoenix, Ariz., and Mr. Edwin Cawston,
owner of the South Pasadena, California, farm; the latter also furnished
the photograph of the method of plume-cutting which illustrates this
article:

In 1882, Ostriches were first introduced into the United States for
breeding purposes by a Dr. Protheroe. A number were shipped from Cape
Town, Africa, some of which survived to reach New York, where they
were shipped overland to California, only twenty-two birds arriving, which
were the nucleus of the farm started at Anaheim, the corporation being
known as the California Ostrich Company. During the next four years
three other parties ventured in the field of Ostrich-farming, the most suc-

(154)

The Ostrich 155

cessful of these persons being Mr. Edwin Cawston, who went to South
Africa and returned with forty-four selected birds. “hese were later divided,
some going to South Pasadena, Cal., where the original importer owns at
the present time the finest show farm in the United States. The remainder
were taken to Whittier, Cal., where a breeding farm was established, at
present containing over three hundred birds; from this shipment fully eighty
per cent of the Ostriches in America have descended, besides those con-
tained in Mr. Cawston’s farm at Nice, France. During the Pan-American
Exposition at Buffalo (1go1), the last lot of Ostriches were brought to the
United States. These were twelve Nubians, the most gigantic and mag-
nificent of all the species. After the fair, six of these birds went to Mr.
Cawston, who arranged the importation, the remainder going to the Pearson
ranch in Arizona. ‘The first appearance of the Ostrich in Arizona was in
1888, when Clanton & Co. purchased of Mr. Cawston one pair of breed-
ing birds and eleven chicks. During transportation ten of the chicks met
with accidental death and the following year the hen was killed. From the
survivors, the male bird and one chick, ninety-seven full-grown birds were
sold to the Arizona Ostrich Company in 1898. Inthe same year, Mr. A. Y.
Pearson and Mr. J. Taylor established the Florida Ostrich Farm at Jackson-
ville, with thirty birds purchased from Mr. Cawston, and the original Dr.
Protheroe shipment. In the spring of 1899 this frm dissolved, Mr. Taylor
retaining the Florida farm, which is one of the finest exhibition places in
the country. Mr. Pearson took the California interests of the firm, and in
November, 1899, he purchased a large tract of land ten miles west of
Phoenix, Ariz., to which he removed his California stock and also pur-
chased two hundred more birds from the Arizona Ostrich Company. The
Pearson Farm is now known as the Phoenix-American Ostrich Company,
the corporation owning over one thousand birds, making it the largest
Ostrich ranch in America. There is also the National Ostrich Company
near Phoenix and the Tempe Ostrich Company, of Tempe, which together
own several hundred birds. A new farm has lately been established near
Phoenix, by J. M. Harmon, which is known as the Big Five Ostrich Farm.
Besides the above there are about three hundred birds owned by the Bentley
farm at San Diego, and the Leach farm at San José, Cal., the Coburn farm,
Hot Springs, Ark., and a few at Asheville, N. C. There are today some-
thing less than three thousand Ostriches in America. Until recently most
of the farms were maintained for exhibition purposes, and it is only within
the last few years that serious attention has been directed to the commer-
cial possibilities of Ostrich-farming. It is not a wild hazard to believe that
in five years Arizona alone will contain ten thousand Ostriches, valued at
$3,000,000, with an annual output of feathers valued at $350,000.

South Africa exports annually Ostrich feathers to the value of about
$6,000,000, of which nearly one-third finally reach the United States. A

156 Bird - Lore

breeding pair of Ostriches will produce from ten to twenty chicks per year,
which are worth, when six months old, $100 each; at one year, $150; at
two years, $200; at three years, $300 to $350. They commence to breed
when four years old, but do not breed satisfactorily until they are six or
seven years of age, when, if prolific, they are valued at from $700 to $1,000
per pair. Exceptionally fine birds sometimes bring as much as $1,000 each.
Good birds will produce from $35 to $50 worth of feathers each year, and
exceptional ones from $75 to $90 annually. Probably there are no wild
Ostriches now killed for plumage. The feathers of the domesticated bird
are very much finer and better than those of the wild Ostrich.

Plucking is done by putting the Ostrich in a V-shaped corral just large
enough to admit its body, with room for the workman. A hood, shaped
like a long stocking, is placed over the head of the Ostrich, when it be-
comes perfectly docile. —The workman then raises the wings and clips the
feathers that are fully ripe. Great care is exercised at this time, as a pre-
mature cutting of the feathers deteriorates the succeeding feather growth.

There is no possibility of inflicting pain in plucking an Ostrich; not a
drop of blood is drawn, nor a nerve touched. The large feathers are cut
off, and in two months’ time, when the quill is dried up, it is pulled out.
By taking the feathers in this way it causes the bird absolutely no pain at
all. An Ostrich is first plucked when it is nine months old; then it is about
six feet high. This crop of feathers is of little value; succeeding crops are
taken every nine months, the third plucking being the full crop, which will
weigh about one pound. Ostriches mate at four years of age and remain
paired for life. Ihe nest, which is simply a hole in the ground scooped out
by the breastbone of the bird, is about one foot deep by three or four feet
in diameter. Eggs are laid every other day until twelve or fourteen are de-
posited, each of which weighs from three to four pounds. The eggs are
turned daily in the nest by the birds, and are incubated forty-two days, the
male taking the nest at five in the afternoon, where he remains on duty
until nine the following morning, when the female goes on duty. The
chicks, when hatched, are about the size of a domestic hen and present a
mottled appearance. They grow about one foot in height every month
until they attain full growth, about seven to eight feet, when they will
weigh from three to four hundred pounds. When fourteen months old the
plumage gradually changes, the female taking on a dull gray and the male
a glossy black, both growing long white wing-feathers.

For a history of the Ostrich, read Vogel Ost-Afrikas of Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub.

New Popular Edition of the Great American Anthority

A HISTORY OF
NORTH AMERICAN LAND BIRDS

By SPENCER F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER and R. RIDGWAY

With more than 1,900 illustrations, including colored frontispieces, 64 large plates
containing 545 heads of the birds printed in colors, and 593 wood-engravings.
3 vols. Large 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, in box, $10.00, postpaid.

HIS important work on American ornithology, giving a larger amount of in-
formation than any other work upon the subject, has hitherto been published
at a high price, which necessarily restricted its being owned by a limited

number. Now issued in volumes which are much handier in size, and at a price
which is extremely low, taking into consideration its wealth of illustration and im-
mense amount of information, it should be in the hands of every lover of birds and
student of ornithology. An especially important feature of the work is the portion
written by Dr. Brewer, containing the most graphic and accurate accounts of the
habits of the birds which have been penned since Audubon.

Other valuable features are the statements given of the exact rank of each bird,
the analytical and synoptical tables simplifying identification, accounts of the geo-
graphical distribution in America and other parts of the world, descriptions of varie-
ties not in other works, etc.

“There is no other work in the English language.” said Harper's Weekly. “to which the reader can
turn with equal certainty of finding full and exact information respecting the birds of America.”

Little, Brown & Co., Publishers, Boston, Mass.

$4.70 for $2.35 feces That
ee )6=—6hMeans Something

TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS ONLY

BIRDS AND NATURE, one year . - - - - $1.50
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The total amount of value - : = - - $4.70
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I have been for years taking books and papers pertaining to out-door life, and have
discontinued them all because tney were not true to nature in coloring and drawing. I
have hunted and fished all my life. A year ago I saw a copy of Birps AND NATURE.
After examining it and comparing drawings and coloring with government reports, I can
say that yours are absolutely perfect. I would not be without Birps AND NATURE if it cost
$10 a year.—F. W. Baker, Dentist, Ogden, Utah, Aug. 27, 1904.

Your magazine has certainly had a phenomenal! success and is entirely worthy of its
cordial reception.—J A. Allen, Editor “ The Auk.”

When one considers the low price at which you sell Birps the number and excellence
of the plates are surprising, and I trust that your effort to popularize the study of Orni-
thology may meet with the success it so well deserves.- Frank M. Chapman, Editor
“ Bird-Lore ”

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher
378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

THE CONDOR A Magazine of

Western Ornithology
Edited by WALTER K. FISHER

HE CONDOR is now in its seventh volume. Special features for 1905 will include,

for each issue striking photographs of wild birds by H. T. Bohlman and W. L.

Finley. Of historical value will be an extensive series of portraits and sketches of

eminent European ornithologists, and, in an early issue, a facsimile page of MS. by Prince

Charles Lucien Bonaparte. Contributors to THE CONDOR in the past have included

such well-known ornithologists as Robert Ridgway, E. W. Nelson, A. K. Fisher,

L. Belding, C. W. Richmond, Witmer Stone, Florence Merriam Bailey, L. A. Fuertes,

E. A. Mearns, W. W. Cooke, J. Grinnell, P. M. Silloway, A. W. Anthony, Herbert
Brown and others. Subscription, $1.00. Sample copy, 20 cents.

JOSEPH GRINNELL, Business Manager, PASADENA, CAL.

J. A. ALLEN .» THE AUK... =" 328

A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. —

S the official organ of the Union, “The Auk’ is the leading ornitholog-
ical publication of this country. Each number contains about 100
pages of text, a handsomely colored plate or other illustrations. The prin-
cipal articles are by recognized authorities and are of both a scientific and
a popular nature. The department of ‘General Notes’ gives brief records.
of new and interesting facts concerning birds, contributed by observers from
throughout the United States and Canada. Recent ornithological literature
is reviewed at length, and news items are commented on by the editors.
‘The Auk’ is thus indispensable to those who would be kept informed of
the advance made in the study of birds, either in the museum or in the field.

PRICE OF CURRENT VOLUME, $3. SINGLE NUMBERS, 75 CTS.

Address JONATHAN DWIGHT, JR., Treas.,

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Af
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MAY — JUNE, 1905 Fo gagstie ia

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snl are iieeereer ect

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

The Macmillan Company _

HARRISBURG, PA.

"

NEW YORK LONDON

COPYRIGHT. 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird= Lore

May-June, 1905

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES PAGE
FRONTISPIECE— MOURNING AND MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLERS ....... Bruce Horsfaill.
THE MoTMoTs OF OUR MEXICAN CAMP. Illustrated .....-...... C. William Beebe. 157
SoME EARLY AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS. II. WILLIAM BARTRAM ..... Witmer Stone. 162
SPOTTED: SANDPIPER) ON “NES#F-.. | Illustrated tao 20250 feos Sy Fo ee R. H. Beebe. 164
THE AMERICAN BITTERN AT Home, Illustrated -..........45s-:.- £E. G. Tabor . 165
POURTH- INTERNATIONAL ORNITHOLOGICAL, CONGRESS: oe Soi a csi ae en se ee 168

THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Tenth Paper. Illustrated by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and

Bruce Horsfall ty Stes a On ed SUR oe rans mince cyt Wate etarerre W. W. Cooke. 169
SUMMER -WaARBLER-ON: Nesa. Illustrated: ou) ie nee os anes ee ee M.S. Crosby . 170

A BLACK AND WHITE CREEPER FAMILY. Illustrated ....... Gordon Boit Wellman . 170
JUNE 'EXPEGFATIONS. > Illustrated Sone Sac eA Se ee oe ee oe .A.L. Princehorn . 172
NOTES FROM. FIEED -ANDSS BUR We 20s ae ecle)~ bee) oo tie) tay = ok au tome) eee 2 eon te 173

A RECENT VISIT OF THE EVENING GROSBEAK, John Hutchins ; STARVING CROWS, Samuel H.
Barker; OUR ‘*‘ PIONEER TENANTS,” Berton Mercer; THE ENGLISH SPARROW AS AN
Evictor, Ff. M. Bennett; PROTECTION FoR BIRD TENANTS, Marion Bole; AN UNKNOWN
RBirD ENEmy, eftte S. Pierce; WHERE THE BLUE JayS FIND A BREAKFAST, W. C.
Knowles; A SHIVERING CHICKADEF, WS. Johnson.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS (2 5s pe coe aoe a a wae hes ne encanta = ets oe ene 179

ALLEN AND BARBER’S ‘NARRATIVE OF A TRIP TO THRE BAHAMAS’; Lyon's ‘BIRDS OF THE
BaHAMAS’; COMSTOCK'S ‘ BIRD STUDY’; THE ORNITHOI OGICAL MAGAZINES.

DET ORFAR ee Oa eieiice soda aire RR ows = fly pesos pe. Pepin war delice teen Slr Sou oe Re neato a ao 181
AUDUBON: DEPAMMMIINGE 60! [22 205. diy- aed SRS ol eee eee eh azarae ele en Sere eee 12
NOTES#PRD (NEWS 50 he a oS, ae PS aw Sale ree Soto le RIS tal DIST OU ar ene cia ie 182

x*« Manuscripts intended for publication. books, etc.. for review and exchanges should be
sent to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History. 177th Street and &Sth Avenue,
New York City, N. ¥.

Subscribers whose subscription
has expired will find a renewal
blank enclosed in the present num-
ber of the magazine.

On receipt of your renewal we
will send you the Seton Shrike
picture, which should be consid-
ered due notification of the entry
of your subscription.

If you do not care to renew will
you please notify us.

Reduced line cut of Ernest Thompson Seton's drawing of a Northern Shrike. Presented to every sub-
scriber to Volume VII, 1905, of BinD-LorE. The original is nearly life-size.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

<5

‘

ier
as

siigeh : - :
haha ta has sy apsaset

eee Sy heir ke. wae es
te

|

itt 9 3ix-G- ne es is
7 ea ae rie
ore yh nen

1. MAcGILLIVRAY’s WARBLER, MALE. 3. MourNING WARBLER, MALE.
2. MACGILLIVRAY'’S WARBLER, FEMALE. 4. MourninGc WARBLER, FEMALE.
5. MourninG WARBLER, YOUNG MALE.

PBird= Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Wot. Vil: May — Jung, 1905 No. 3

The Motmots of our Mexican Camp

By C. WILLIAM BEEBE
Curator of Ornithology, New York Zodlogical Park

With photographs by the author

history, comes the pleasure of verifying one of which we have read;

and our first meeting with the Mexican Motmot (Momotus mexi-
canus), and the observing of his peculiar habits, brought as sincere a thrill of
delight as if we had been the first to report them.

It was a sultry day in late January in the mountains of west-central
Mexico when we first saw a live Motmot. Our camp was pitched near a
grove of magnificent wild fig trees bordering a stream in one of the great
gorges or barrancas which radiate from the majestic sister peaks ever loom-
ing over us,—one dead and hoary with snow, the other vital with earth-
fire, pouring forth smoke and ashes.

Following the wise custom of most of the creatures of this tierra caliente,
we were taking a midday siesta in the shade of a flowering acacia. A
Black-throated Gray and a Pileolated Warbler were feeding fearlessly within
a few feet, snatching tiny insects from the sweet-pea-like blossoms. Every
green and golden feather on the body of the little Pileolated was unruffled,
and his tiny monk’s cap shone in the sunlight like burnished jet. My
glance slipped past him and there, sitting motionless, was a Motmot.

I had often wondered when I saw mounted specimens in museums with
what special immunity from danger these birds are blessed; their beautiful
coloring would seem to be such a startling advertisement of their where-
abouts. But in reality the very diversity in tint is their protection, and they
merge perfectly into the green foliage and bright sunlit spots. One’s first
impression of a Motmot, as seen at a distance, is of a large-headed, brown
and greenish bird, with a broad bar of black on the head; but we were
fortunate enough to be able to study one of these birds in our very camp.

A slightly injured bird soon recovered, and remained about the camp for
more than a week, retaining its full liberty, feeding upon scraps of meat or

INS to actually discovering a new and interesting fact of natural

158 Bird- Lore

occasionally catching insects for itself. Its favorite perch was a branch of
flowering Clavillina, to which one end of the ridge-pole rope of our tent
was attached. Here, day after day, it unconsciously posed before the
camera, leaving nothing for regret except that its exquisite coloring, which
showed so beautifully on the ground glass, must be lost in the negative. It

MEXICAN MOTMOT

left this perch only when hungry or when the great heat of midday drove it
to the shade of the tent or a neighboring tree.

I will quote some notes which I made in my journal. The bill of this
Motmot is large and deeply serrated or toothed on each edge, and when
angry, after being teased with a piece of meat, the bird darts at and takes
firm hold of one’s finger and suffers itself to be carried, dangling, several
yards before flying off. The crown of the head and the neck are bright
cinnamon, shading into a beautiful grass-green on the back and wings.

The Motmots of our Mexican Camp 159

The large, soft brown eyes are surrounded by a ring of feathers, very small,
circular, and black in color. Back of the eye is a broad tuft of black,
banded above and below with beautiful blue. The breast is a most delicate
emerald green, shot with pale blue, while exactly in the center is a twin
black feathery pendant or tuft, similar to the eye-tufts.

MOTMOT, SHOWING THE PENDULUM- LIKE WAGGING OF THE TAIL

The most remarkable character about the bird is its tail, which is long
and greenish blue in color, while the two central feathers, still longer than
the others, are bare of barbs for about an inch of their length, each feather
ending in a full-vaned racket. The strange thing about this ornament is
the fact that it is produced by the bird itself. When the young birds attain
their full plumage, the elongated pair of feathers in the tail are perfect from
base to tip. Guided apparently by pure instinct, each Motmot begins to

160 Bird - Lore

pick and pick at these feathers, tearing off a few barbs at atime with its bill.
This is kept up until the tail is in the condition which is shown in the
photograph, and at each succeeding moult the process is again repeated.

This symmetrical denudation of the tail feathers might be instanced as a
remarkable attempt at esthetic self-ornamentation on the part of the male
bird to make himself more beautiful in the eyes of the female. But, unfor-
tunately for this theory, the habit is as strongly pronounced in one sex as in
the other!

When the feathers grow out anew, although the barbs are all present,
the vane at this point is narrower than elsewhere, showing perhaps that
the long-continued exercise of the habit for generation after generation is
in some way having an hereditary effect. But we cannot be at all sure
about this. The inheritance of acquired characters is too unproved a theory
as yet. The real cause of the habit would be a most interesting one to
solve. In some of the individuals which we see, the process has just begun,
only a few barbs having been torn away.

Although a Mexican Motmot measures over a foot in length, yet its
voice, more often than its color, betrays it. This is a most startling
utterance: several harsh churrs followed by three distinct, beautifully liquid
notes. But even when this is heard near at hand, little clew is given as to
the bird’s exact whereabouts, for the tones are so startlingly loud and have
such ventriloquial power that they seem to come from all directions at once.
No sound that I hear them utter can possibly be construed into the
syllables mot-mot.

These birds are not shy, but will permit one to approach quite closely
before taking a short flight to a neighboring tree or bush. Just before they
fly they usually give utterance to a low chuck! chuck/ evidently an alarm note. °
This is always the most common sound of my tame bird when | attempt
to approach it. What betrays a Motmot more surely than its color, or
even its voice, is the curious pendulum motion of the tail, from side to side
and more rarely up and down. When the bird blends so perfectly with its
surroundings that the eye fails to locate it, the horizontal swing of its tail
reveals it. his is not a true pendulum motion, as the tail snaps to the
highest point of the swing, and is held there for a moment before being
jerked to the opposite side.

Although the feet of the Motmot are weak and adapted only for perch-
ing, and its usual method of feeding is to catch insects upon the wing, yet
more than once, while watching these birds I see them fly to the ground
and scratch awkwardly, picking up food after each disturbance of the leaves.
Another habit I should dismiss as an individual freak, except for the fact
that it is observed in three different birds. “These particular Motmots are
not aware of my presence and, after feeding for a time, they fly to a sunny
open spot, fling themselves flat upon their backs and spreading wide their

The Motmots of our Mexican Camp 161

wings, enjoy a bath in the early morning sun. ‘The only other birds which
I have ever known thus voluntarily to invert themselves are a Parrakeet, a
Caracara and a Condor, all in captivity.

Like their distant cousins the Kingfishers, these birds bore a tunnel into
a vertical bank and make their nest at the end, six or eight feet deep in the
earth. The pure beauty of the water-lily is conceived in the filthy, noisome
muck at the pond bottom, and the delicate hues of the Motmot are acquired
in a black, ill-smelling, underground hole.

We will ever regret not seeing these birds during the period of courtship
and nesting, but, as with most of the other birds of this country, that occurs
later in the year. One must visit Mexico in the early summer to study the
birds at the most interesting of all times — the breeding season.

MOTMOT’S TAIL- FEATHERS FROM WHICH THE BIRD WAS JUST BEGINNING TO PICK THE
VANE, AND FEATHERS IN WHICH THE TRIMMING WAS COMPLETED

Some Early American Ornithologists

II. WILLIAM BARTRAM

By WITMER STONE

()* the thirtieth of September, 1728, a thrifty Quaker farmer by the
name of John Bartram purchased a tract of land on the banks of the

Schuylkill river at Kingsessing, near Gray’s Ferry, now within the
limits of the city of Philadelphia, erected with his own hands a substantial
stone dwelling, and laid out a garden.

Here he indulged his interest in botany, planting trees and shrubs from
all parts of the world, and in this attractive retreat, surrounded by birds and
flowers, he passed his years in the enjoyment of nature, while he corre-
sponded with botanical friends abroad, especially with Peter Collinson. Here
the famous Swedish naturalist Peter Kalm stopped on his travels and enjoyed
the hospitality of a host with kindred tastes.

‘And here, on February 9, 1739, was born a son, William Bartram, who
was destined not only to continue the care of the botanic garden but to give,
both directly and indirectly, a great impetus to the study of American birds,
in which he became deeply interested.

Young Bartram’s surroundings were well calculated to make a natu-
ralist of him, in addition to which his father took much interest in his educa-
tion, fostering his love of nature and encouraging his efforts at drawing.

When the boy was sixteen years of age, the father writes of him, “ I
design to set Billy to draw all our turtles,” and later he sent samples of his
drawings to his friends abroad.

The question of an occupation for young Bartram troubled the father
not alittle; he wished him to make his own living, but did not desire to
interfere with his drawing or his studies. Benjamin Franklin, who was a
friend of the family, offered to teach him printing, and other suggestions were
made, but William finally entered a business house, and, after a few years,
removed to Cape Fear, North Carolina, where his uncle had previously set -
tled, and here established himself as a trader.

The elder Bartram had at various times made explorations in different
parts of the country in search of curious plants and seeds, which he sent
abroad along with garden and vegetable seeds. In 1765, through the efforts
of his English friends, he was appointed by King George III Botanist of the
Floridas, at a small salary. He at once prepared for an excursion into this
little-known territory, and took his son William with him. The latter
was delighted with the country and its strange plants and birds, and deter-
mined to revisit it if possible. Accordingly, in 1772, at the expense of Dr.
Fothergill, of England, he began a much more extended tour of Florida,
Carolina and Georgia, which lasted for some five years. His collections,

(162)

Some Early American Ornithologists 163

drawings, etc., were sent abroad to his patron, and in 1791 he published an
account of his travels. In this volume, besides much botanical lore, he pre-
sented important accounts of the birds that he observed and, what is of more
interest, a complete list, or ‘Nomenclature,’ of the birds known to him as
occurring from Pennsylvania to Florida east of the Alleghanies.

This was a landmark in the progress of American ornithology, the next
in importance to the work of Catesby, and the first ornithological contribution
worthy of the name written by a native American. Unfortunately, Bartram
neither adhered to the Linnzan system of nomenclature nor did he describe
the birds which are here for the first time mentioned; and, although we can
identify all the species of his list, we cannot use his names. Bartram was
very modest; he had no intention of writing an ornithology, and merely gave
his list, as such, for the interest of his readers; and so, perchance, we are
compelled to take it, only regretting that we cannot bestow more credit
where credit is due.

But Bartram’s claims to consideration as one of the pillars of American
ornithology do not rest wholly upon his ‘ Travels’ or his ‘Nomenclature.’
It was his profound knowledge and the assistance that it enabled him to
offer to others that have done more for ornithology than his own publica-
tion, and most generously and cheerfully did he share his store with those
who came to him for aid.

In the year 1800, at the age of sixty-one, after his father’s death, he lived
with his brother at the Botanic Garden, happy in his congenial surroundings
and sufficiently removed from the smoke and bustle of the neighboring city.
Here, as was customary with men of his day, he kept a diary, in which the
daily phases of nature were faithfully recorded; and this little volume, with
its time-stained pages and faded writing, now lies before me. Here are rec-
ords of the “ Mock-bird” at various dates:in the winter, the arrival from the
south of the Blackbird, the Pewit and other harbingers of spring, as well as
the blooming of the various spring flowers and the first piping of the frogs.

Alas! the Mock-bird no longer comes so far north as Philadelphia at
any season, except as the rarest straggler, and so closely have the railroads
and the oil-works encroached upon the historic garden that the wild birds
do not visit it as frequently as they once did. But things are not all changed:
one evening the diary tells us of the presence of the “Little Horned Owls”
in the bushes before the door, and on my last walk through the shaded
paths of the garden I came suddenly upon a pair of these same “Little
Horned Owls” hiding in the ancient box-bushes. Were they the lineal
descendants of those that Bartram heard hooting a hundred years ago?
Who can say? At all events, it is pleasant. to think that they were.

In the retirement of his garden the venerable naturalist lived his peace -
ful life, and there he ended it suddenly on the 22d of July, 1823, in his
eighty-fifth year. But during this time many a friend was entertained,

164 Bird -. Lore

many a word of advice and encouragement was given, and many a question
was answered.

In that year of 1800 there lived close by, on the cliffs overlooking Gray’s
Ferry, Dr. Benjamin Say, whose little son Thomas, then a boy of thirteen,
and later a naturalist of note, carried to Bartram all the curious specimens
that he chanced to find on his rambles. Dr. B. 5S. Barton, the young pro-
fessor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania, also came to him for
assistance; while up at Milestown, a short distance north of the city, lived
a young Scotch schoolmaster, Alexander Wilson by name, who was then
about to take the school at Gray’s Ferry, and to make the acquaintance of
Bartram, under whose guidance he was soon to become one of the most
famous ornithologists that our country has ever produced.

In the development of all these men, and in others as well, much is to
be attributed to the influence of William Bartram; and, when we form our
judgment of his worth, we must look, as in the case of other modest men,
beyond the work which he accomplished himself and consider also that
which he inspired in others.

SPOTTED SANDPIPER ON NEST
Photographed from nature by R. H. Beebe, Arcade, N. Y.

The American Bittern at Home

By E. G. TABOR, Meridian, N. Y.

With photographs from nature by the author

HE American Bittern is a summer resident throughout central New
a & York, and wherever there are favorable marshes to furnish feeding

and breeding grounds, ‘plum pud’n’ notes are common sounds as
the sun sinks in the west and twilight begins to gather At this time it has
always been the delight of the writer to be at one of the numerous marshes
that border our lakes and creeks in this locality and listen to the ‘ booming’
of the Bittern, the clatter of the Rails, and the chatter of Blackbirds,
Marsh Wrens and other small birds as they go to their accustomed roosts
to pass the night. Nighthawks come forth from their hiding-places and
dart down through space in their plunges; Wilson’s Snipes mount into the
air and soar and drum until lost from sight in the darkness and nothing but
the whir of their wings is
heard as they pass and re-
pass within a few feet of
your head. Finally they,
too, are still, but the frogs
and mosquitos have taken
up the chorus, and many
nights have I gone home
wondering how anything
could sleep in such a place.

One might imagine that
it would be an easy task
to locate a Bittern’s nest.
However, if you consider
that a marsh may contain
from ten to one hundred
acres, and that the female
may be out feeding instead
of incubating, you will
realize that a nest repre-
sents avery minute spot in
that area.

Usually it requires sev -
eral days of persistent
search to reveal the nest
on the opposite side of that
vast mixture of water, mud,
rushes and bogs. But, de-

he E A

No. 1. AMERICAN BITTERN’S NEST WITH FOUR EGGS
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166 Bird - Lore

pend upon it, on one of these many bogs, but a few inches above the level
of the water, on a mere handful of dry marsh grass, are the four to six
brownish-drab colored eggs.

About ten years ago, before I was interested in photography, I found a
nest whose mistress was so persistent that only after I had pushed her from
the nest with my gun did she deem it expedient to leave her home at my

. mercy. During the seven years
that I have used a camera, I
have searched the Bittern’s
breeding-grounds in vain for a
like opportunity to make pho-
tographs of this odd yet very
interesting inhabitant of our
marshes. Each year I have
found several nests, all being
in places, however, where
approach in anything like a
noiseless manner was an im-
possibility, and I have failed to
get a single exposure at an
adult bird, until last year.

One day, when I was re-
turning from a trip with my
camera, I met a farmer who,
knowing I was a bird photog-
rapher, imparted the news
that he could show me a Mud-
hen’s nest. I gladly promised
to be on the spot early next
day. Upon my arrival, he con-
ducted me to the nest, which
he had accidentally found in
going for a drink to a spring
near by. The nest was situated
in a swampy spot in a small

piece of woods adjoining his cornfield. There were only four eggs in it at

that time. I made photograph number one“of it, and arranged with my
farmer friend to keep watch and let me know when the eggs commenced
hatching.

One evening, several weeks later, his son came to me with this infor-
mation: “ Dad says she’s hatchin’.” Next morning I was again on the
ground, and approached the nest very cautiously; sure enough she was at
home, and I hastily made photograph number two. While preparing to take

No. 2. AMERICAN BITTERN BROODING YOUNG

No. 3. AMERICAN BITTERN AND YOUNG

168 Bird - Lore

another, two of the young crept
out from under her, and I made
photograph number three and
others varying but slightly.

The young at this time
showed no signs of fear, but
when I returned, a week later,
and made photograph number
four, they were evidently much
frightened.

The following week I could
find neither parent nor young,
and: as the young are unable to
fly at the age of two weeks, I
concluded that the parent must
have led them away on foot.

While I much regret that I
did not get a larger: series of

» pictures of these birds, experi-
ence teaches me to be thankful
for those I did secure, which,
‘with these few words of ex-
planation, I submit to the readers
of Birp-LorgE as a contribution
to the life history of one of our

No. 4. YOUNG BITTERNS ABOUT ONE WEEK OLD most interesting birds.

The Fourth International Ornithological Congress will Convene at
the Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, June 12, 1905

The Committee of Arrangements has issued this preliminary programme.

Monday, June 12—9 P. M., informal reception at the Imperial Institute. “Tuesday,
June 13—10 A. M., general meeting; 3 P. M., meetings of the Sections; evening, social
gathering at some place of entertainment. Wednesday, June 14—10 A. M. and 3 P.M.,
meetings of the Sections; evening, conversazione: at the Natural History Museum.
Thursday, June 15—Excursion to Tring; there will-be lectures, and the members of the
Congress will be the guests of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. Friday, June 16—10 A. M.,
general meeting; afternoon, reception by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London at
the Mansion House; evening, dinner given by the British Ornithologists’ Union. Satur-
day, June 17—10 A. M., meetings of the Sections; 2.30 P. M., general meeting, conclusion
of the Congress. Sunday, June 18—the Natural History Museum, the Zoological Gardens,
and the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, will be open to‘members of the Congress. Mon-
day, June 19—excursion to the Duke of Bedford’s Park at Woburn. Tuesday, June 20—
excursion to Cambridge; Professor Newton will welcome the members of the Congress, and
luncheon will be served at Magdalene College. Wednesday, June 21—Excursion to Flam-
borough Head in Yorkshire (breeding place of many sea-birds). The Zoological Gardens
at Regent’s Park and the Library of the Zoological Society at 3 Hanover Square will be
open free to all members of the Congress throughout the week.

The Migration of Warblers

TENTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data
in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louis AGASSIZ FUERTES and BRUCE HORSFALL
MOURNING WARBLER

The Mourning Warbler is one of the latest of the family to reach the
United States from its winter home in Central and South America. It is
not known in the Gulf States at ocean level east of Louisiana, nor in
Georgia and South Carolina outside of the mountains, and there are only a
few records south of Pennsylvania. It probably reaches the United States
late in April or the first week in May.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE eae) seca tee | Pinan
Beaver, Pa. 2 May rr May 6, 1902
Renova, Pa. ‘ ; PM eth fe 8 May 11 May 4, 1896
Beampotor Ine Ys iets | 2 May 10 May 9g, 1897
SieajGhnsoury Vite sy. 9 yr Pek [27.3 May 20, 1900
Montreal, Can. vo ed Od) or May 30, 1888
St. John, N. B. ee Shes May 24, 1891
North River, Prince Edward Island. . June 15, 1888
San Antonio, Texas oe oe | April 24, 1890
Victoria @ounty;’ Texas... (ce May 3, 1887
Drnakviller wind: 2) totem tae eee es May 7, 1881
St. Louis, Mo. aie Serle 6 May 15 May 10, 1886
Chicago, Ill. . 7 May 19 May 17, 1902
Southern Mich. . 4 May 17 May 14, 1892
Ristawelo Ont: eos a 12 May 17 May 8, 1900
Parry Sound District, Ont. 7 May 22 May 17, 1895
Ottawa, Ont. ; 8 May 24 May 10, 1891
Lanesboro, Minn. . aor 8 May 18 May 13, 1886
White Earth Nae GA 2 ee | May 18, 1885
Aweme, Man. | May 23, 1900

FALL MIGRATION

An unusually early migrant was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., July 1, 1888.
The species mores south in July and August, and reaches Costa Rica the
first of September. The last has been noted at Ottawa, Ont., August 28,
1896; North River, Prince Edward Island, September 3, 1890; Cleveland,
Ohio, September 26, 1896; Renovo, Pa., September 26, 1899; Cambridge,
Mass., September 30; New Orleans, La., October 7, 1896.

MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER :

This is one of the common and characteristic Warblers of the western
United States. It breeds from the foothills to the Pacific Ocean and

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170 Bird - Lore

winters from Lower California to northern Southern America. It appears
in southern California the last of March; southern Arizona early in April;
northern Colorado the middle of May; northern Montana the last of May;
at Beaverton, Oregon, May 18, 1885; Chelan, Wash., May 21, 1896;
Burrard Inlet, B. C., June 2, 1885; Chilliwack, B. C., June 8, 1888.

SUMMER WARBLER ON NEST

Photographed by Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

A Black and White Creeper Family

By GORDON BOIT WELLMAN, Malden, Mass.

With photographs from nature by the author

MONG tthe large number of nests I found last spring, the most inter-
esting of all was that of a Black and White Warbler. I was passing
through the oak grove where her nest was finally built, one after-

noon in late May, when I first saw her. She was carrying a straw from
place to place, trying to find a good foundation on which to start her
home.

After about fifteen minutes’ waiting, I made up my mind she had found

the right place; for she had spent some time under the edge of a projecting
ledge, picking up the leaves with her feet and bill, and had finally gone,

A Black and White Creeper Family 171

after laying her straw across the desired place. I did not wait longer that
day, lest I drive her away by my presence.

Not many afternoons passed before I visited her again, and found every-
thing running smoothly and made the acquaintance of the male. He was
a finely marked fellow; but he was always very shy and never gave me a

chance to know him
very well. I could
generally find him
running about the
boughs of some near-
by oaks, always sing-
ing between every
mouthful. The fe-
male soon became
accustomed to my
frequent visits, and
busied herself about
her work in the usual

BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER, NEST AND EGGS

manner.

The male did not take any active part in the building, although I saw
him drop three or four straws on the nest.

When she had begun to lay I visited her every day, lying nearer her each
time as I watched her. By the fifth of June five eggs were laid. The first
week after she was done laying she did not seem to be so careful about stay-
ing on the nest, for twice I found her off feeding with the male. But
toward the last of the incubation time one of the birds was constantly on
the nest. I found the male sitting usually at about dusk, but I think the
female sat on the eggs over night. She would not leave even if I touched
‘her, nor would she move if the camera was set close beside her. | think I
never heard an alarm note from her when I was there alone, but if I
brought a friend she would grow very nervous and snap at my finger, drag-

172 Bird - Lore

ging her wings on my hand. At those times even the male would come
swooping by our heads.

The young birds were all born within three days of each other. They
were little, naked, squirming fellows, all mouths and stomachs. The
mother seemed very proud of them, for she would walk back and forth
around the edge of the nest with her little head cocked on one side, that
she might watch me and the young at the same time. She would never
condescend to let me feed them.

When they were a week and a half grown they filled the nest to the
brim. She was very careful then not to leave them, and I think the father
fed both her and the young birds those last two days. She would stand up,
but would keep trotting around on their heads lest one get out, which she
well knew would mean to have them all hopping about in the leaves before
she was quite ready.

At last.the day came when I found the nest empty, and located three of
the young birds in the grass. Both mother and father must then have had
a busy week.

JUNE EXPECTATIONS

From nature by A. L. Princehorn

Hotes from Sield and Stuayp

A Recent Visit of the Evening Grosbeak

Somewhere about February 1, 1905, a
flock of black and white birds flew over in
rapid flight. They were rather high up, and
I took them for White-winged Crossbills.
Their course was undulating, with a suc-
cession of rapid strokes and then a break,
as so many of the Fringillide practice. I
was struck with the somewhat bizarre effect
of the black and white colors, even in the
rapid flight of the flock past me. This fact
I recall on looking back.» But I kept watch
of the tamarack and other coniferous trees,
even going out on snowshoes to visit them.
But I found no Crossbills. During several
seasons, in other years, these birds have been
very abundant here. On February 11, 1905,
directly in front of my house in the broad
street of Litchfield, I saw a number of black
and white birds, running about in a nervous
way in the middle of the road, and flying
one over the other. [I still thought them to
be the White - winged Crossbill, only I
wondered at several things:

First, they were picking up the undi-
gested grains from the horse droppings in
the middle of the road. This I had never
seen the Crossbills do. Second, the birds
looked too large. And, third, the black
and white were so pronounced. When the
flock took wing, the bizarre effect of their
flight was so striking as to suggest the blur-
ring of one’s eyes in vertigo, or extreme
dizziness.

The birds took to the elms bordering the
street, but were very soon down in the road
again. I reckoned that the flock numbered
about thirty. In a moment I[ had the glass
in hand, and then the revelation came that I
was looking at the Evening Grosbeak.

There was no pink tinge about the birds,
but there was a very decided suggestion of
yellow. This color was most prominent on
the forehead and nape. The breast and
throat were lightish. The wings, back and
head were black, and the tail black and
rather short than otherwise. There was the

white on the different parts which it would
be hard to locate unless one had the bird in
his hand, and I am describing only the im-
pressions made upon one standing at a dis-
tance. But the feature that impressed me
was the vividness of both the black and
the white.

A passing vehicle put up the birds again.
This time they simply circled round and
pitched again into the road behind the sleigh.
Its two male occupants, I made note, were
so blind to the rare wonders of bird life that
they did not even look up at the beauties.

Drawing quite near again, for the birds
were very tame, I could discover that the
strikingly black and white ones made up
only a part of the flock. On these the yel-
low of the forehead was also more decided
and clearly defined. These may have been
the older and more matured males.

Although very tame on approach, the
birds were as actively nervous as any which
I have ever seen. They ran about up and
down and across the road, picking the seeds
from their snowbed; and then, too, the rear
guard, as they were all moving forward,
would take wing and fly over the heads of
those in advance, in order to get better
picking, just as I have often seen the Wild
Pigeon do, forty-five years ago.

On February 12 and 13 the birds were
still hanging about the village, and I had a
report of them on the r4th.

I had hoped that they would do as their
cousins the Pine Grosbeaks have often done,
and stay about during the whole winter. A
report only yesterday, February 21, from the
neighboring village of Bantam, said they
were there, feeding near the grist-mill.
And this may have been true. But as all of
our own bird-loving contingent, when they
saw the Evening Grosbeak, at first thought
they were looking at the Sncw Bunting ;
so some one, seeing the Snow Bunting,
may have thought that he was having a
sight of the Grosbeak which I had described
in the local paper.

The books report this Grosbeak as hav-

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174

ing been recorded in New England only
once, in the winter of 1889-90, when there
were a number of records.

But now, from his home in the far North-
west, he has come again all the way to our
North Atlantic states. Should he make
himself seen again, BirD-Lore shall have
further intelligence. —JOHN HUTCHINS,
Litchfield, Conn., February 22, 1905.

A WELL-GUYED BALTIMORE ORIOLE’S NEST

A brood was raised in this nest in June, 1904.

placed in a eottonwood tree twenty-five feet from the ground
at the end of.a branch six to eight feet from the trunk.

tographed by George P. Perry, Sterling, Ill.
Starving Crows

Crows have had a hard time this past
winter, more so than for several years.
Deep snow which for weeks has covered
their ordinary food supplies has driven the
Crows to the verge of starvation. Many
have actually succumbed, usually first going
blind and then dying of starvation and cald

Bird -

_ have died.

It was

Lore

combined. But for the improvidence of one
farmer near here, who neglected to husk and
take in his corn, many more Crows must
Several thousand found in this
cornfield food for a week. About ten acres
in extent, it had yielded a good crop. The
Crows ate virtually all the corn, even tear-
ing their way into the shocks to get at the
ears inside. In and about this cornfield
there were fifteen dead Crows. One
had been- eaten, but, as the others
had not been touched, it argues that
even when almost starved the Crow
does not become a cannibal. Pos-
sibly the one Crow had been the prey
of a Hawk.—SaAmMuEL H. BARKER,
Glenside, Pa., February 26, 1905.

Our ‘Pioneer Tenants’

Having completed a new home dur-
ing the latter part of autumn, 1902,
and it then being too late to do any-
thing in the way of inducing bird
neighbors to settle around us, I be-
gan forming plans of action for the
coming year, and the following story
narrates the arrival and sojourn of
the first and only birds to remain on
the new property the next summer,—
hence my terming them ‘ pioneer
tenants’.

With the earliest indications of re-
turning spring, in accordance with
my usual custom, I daily watched
and waited for signs of the return of
the more hardy members of the
feathered fraternity, and during the
latter part of February (1903) my vigil
was rewarded by seeing and hear-
ing Bluebirds on several occasions.
Sometimes there would be two or
three together; at other times a small
flock would be observed. They gen-
erally flew high, but the unmistakable sweet
call-note came down to eager, listening ears.
Throughout the month of March I saw
three or four of them around our house and
garden at different times. ‘They would sit
on the fence or a clothes-line pole in the
yard, and often I saw them perched on the
comb of the roof and even on the chimney.

Pho-

Notes From Field and Study

Being extremely anxious to have them
settle near by, and realizing that they were
probably looking out for a location to be
made use of later on, I lost no time in pre-
paring and putting up a wooden box for
their benefit. This box was _ fastened
against the house near a second-story win-
dow, and was not in position many days
before a pair of Bluebirds began to inspect
it. We were quite interested in watching
them; first one would go inside and remain
for a time and come out, then the other in
like manner would take a turn at interior
inspection. ‘They were all the while ‘ talk-
ing’ to each other in animated tones,
especially when some - particularly good
point was noted. They would fly around
the box, look in at the door and sit on the
top. This continued for a day or two, and
the box seemed to meet with approval, as on
the 4th day of April both birds began col-
lecting and carrying nesting materials into
it. They worked faithfully for about one
week, the mother-bird sometimes remaining
inside to adjust the materials brought by her
mate. We were delighted very much and
watched their proceedings with increasing
interest. Misfortune was in store for the

little workers, however, for on the 13th there
came a severe wind- and rain-storm which
raged with unabated fury for three days,
and which literally tore their box to pieces
and scattered it over an adjoining field. An
* examination of the remains revealed the fact
that the nest had been completed but fortu-
nately no eggs were deposited. We found
some consolation in this fact, as had there
been young birds in the nest—even had the
box remained firm in position—they would
surely have perished, as did thousands of
little broods of different species throughout
the country. During the three days of
storm we saw nothing of our birds, but on
the fourth day (the 16th) when the ele-
ments were getting back into normal con-
dition, we observed them in the vicinity.
They were evidently viewing the destruction
of their intended home and considering what
action to take next. We fully expected that,
after this accident, they would depart to some
other locality, but being determined to do
all we could to help them, a new and much

175

stronger box was hastily made with a neat
little front door and cozy porch with a roof,
and fastened up in the same place as
occupied by the original one. We were
delighted to note that both birds were
sitting on the fence near by, watching the
operation and conversing in pleasant tones
—evidently of satisfaction with the prospect
of a new home.

I had no sooner completed my task and
descended from the roof, when both birds
flew straight to the new box, made a hasty
examination, and within a half hour had
commenced to rebuild with renewed courage
and doubled energy. Another week’s steady
labor completed the second nest, and then
for a considerable time (during the deposit-
ing of eggs and incubation) we saw very lit-
tle of them. This set of eggs hatched about
the 15th of May; then we saw both birds
constantly from early morning until dark,
flying to and from the box. A few days
gave the young sufficient voice to be plainly
heard when we stood by the window above
mentioned. This window afforded us an
excellent opportunity of watching all that
was going on, and the parent birds soon be-
came accustomed to seeing us there—al-
though so close—and would remain on their
little porch and look at us without the
slightest fear; in fact, we could almost de-
tect the blinking of their bright little eyes.
The young birds (four in number) first
made their appearance on the porch of the
box on May 30, and left it finally a few
days afterwards. They did not desert us,
however, but took up their abode in a
row of poplars bordering our street, and

_ here they remained for about two weeks,

the mother feeding them and looking after
their general welfare and education in the
ways of the world.

Dur'ng these two weeks we noticed an
occurrence of special interest; namely, the
careful guarding of the home box against
the Sparrows by the male Bluebird. He
would daily sit on his favorite clothes-line
post or on the fence and keep a sharp watch
over his summer home, and should a Spar-
row dare to light on it, he would immedi-
ately give chase and fight him off. We all
looked upon this as an excellent example of

176

bird diplomacy and foresight, as, while the
mother attended to the wants of the little
family, the male remained in the rear of the
house, keeping away all] intruders, thereby
holding their domicile for future use. The
wise little bird well knew that if he did not
keep this watch, the Sparrows would avail
themselves of his temporary absence and
take possession. Could human reasoning
have done better?

The young were now almost as large as
the parents, and we daily saw the united
family flitting around the house and yard,
even alighting on the rails of our back
porch. About the middle of June the old
ones began repairs to the original nest and
in the course of time began depositing the
second set of eggs, and now a repetition of
the above story began; they were evasive
for some time; later a second little brood
was hatched, fed and left the home nest
like their older brothers and sisters. They,
too, remained in the poplars for a period of
a week or ten days, when suddenly, the
latter part of July, all of them—parents and
eight little ones—entirely disappeared and
we saw and heard no more of them until
the first week in September, when we again
heard their call and noticed a few among
he trees at different times. They evidently
came back to bid us adieu prior to their
autumn journey southward.

Thus ends the story of our ‘ Pioneer Ten-
ants’; in return for a few hours’ work and
trouble, we were rewarded throughout the
season with the presence of a pair of loving,
confiding little birds, and had _the satisfac-
tion of seeing eight baby nestlings raised to
maturity on our premises; a little encourage-
ment will work wonders with the birds.—
Berton Mercer, Lansdowne, Pa.

The English Sparrow as an Evicter

is certainly to be congrat-
ulated for the quantity and quality of
the contents of the January-February
number. The articles are all interesting,
and those relating to nest-boxes are especially
so, and so timely that we may hope they will
result in making it possible for many
feathered infants to reach maturity that

BirD-LORE

Bird- Lore

otherwise would have fallen prey to their
natural enemies.

The English Sparrow as the natural enemy
of respectable birds is a good subject for
discussion in your pages, as the experience
of any of your readers who have really
discouraged these pests would be of much
interest and value to all of us not so suc-
cessful. Your correspondent from St. Louis,
Mo., gives (on page 17) a “simple and
effective way of keeping the English
Sparrow out of a Bluebird’s box” that does
not agree at all with a recent experience of
my own.

Last spring at my home in Cassopolis,
Michigan, two or more pairs of Bluebirds
were about the grounds for many days seek-
ing a place to nest, and engagingin unequal
warfare with the English Sparrows. I put
up three or four nesting-boxes in the trees,
and had the satisfaction of seeing the Blue-
birds explore them almost as soon as I had
left them; but, as soon as they made a move
toward building nests, the Sparrows would
get after them and drive them away, repeat-
ing the attack every time the Bluebirds came
back. I never saw more than a pair of
Sparrows actually engage in the fight, but
there were always several others present
uttering their impudent yelps and plainly
giving moral support that the poor Bluebirds
could not withstand. Except in one case,
the Sparrows did not nest in the boxes after
they had won possession of them.

I made one bird-house according to
descriptions in the books and set it up on a
pole about seven feet from the ground, or a¢
just the height that your St. Louis corre-
pondent says would be preferred by Blue-
birds and unsatisfactory to English Sparrows.
It was by accident that I did so, as the height
was determined by the length of a scantling
I found available for use as a pole, and not
because I had ever heard that an English
Sparrow would avoid a nesting-place so
easily reached from the ground. Sparrows
and Bluebirds at once began a struggle for
its possession, the Sparrows winning of
course, and they immediately began build-
ing a nest init. Each day for several days
thereafter, I raked out of that box a mass of
grass, leaves, twigs, etc.—almost enough to

Notes From Field and Study

feed a horse (if not very hungry ‘— and
each day the Sparrows renewed it. My
standing on a chair, which brought my face
to the level of the box, and destroying the
nest daily did not discourage them in the
least.

Finally, for some reason, I did not destroy
the nest for perhaps four or five days.
When I did so I found in the long roll of
débris that I pulled out of the hole two or
three broken eggs and one egg intact, which I
emptied and kept, in order that I may know
an English Sparrow’s egg the next time I see
one. After I had pulled everything, as I
supposed, out of the box, the female bird
darted out of the hole within six inches of
my face and made off. She had made no
attempt to escape before, and I had no
suspicion that there was a bird inside.
Within twenty minutes of that incident
these birds (I suppose the same pair) had
begun building another nest in the box.

About this time, I think probably the
next day. the first alarm-clock trill of the
season was uttered by the House Wren, and,
I quickly located a pair of them ina plum
tree only a few feet from the bird-house, as
though they had flown straight to it from
their winter resort in the South. It was
then the tenth of May and the plum trees
were in beautiful bloom, making a perfect
stage setting for the song of birds. Real-
izing that I could have no Bluebirds in my
box, I concluded that I would have Wrens.
Some bird-book or magazine that I had
said that a hole one and one-eighth inches
in diameter would admit Wrens and ex-
clude English Sparrows. Accordingly, I
made such.a hole with much care in a thin
piece of board and, after once more pulling
out the Sparrows’ nest, tacked it over the
larger hole in the box About five minutes
later I had the chagrin of seeing the cock
Sparrow pass through it with seeming ease,
and he looked like a large specimen of his
kind.

I then made another hole just one inch in
diameter in another strip of board and
tacked that over the hole. This time I had
the reward of the successful inventor, for I
witnessed with joy that the violent efforts of
the Sparrows to get into the box were

177

thwarted by the reduced aperture. All this
time the Wrens had remained near by and
had on several occasions that I witnessed
been inside the box, but the Sparrows
always drove them away. They returned,
however, with more persistence than the
Bluebirds had shown, and from the man-
ner in which they addressed the Sparrows,
between sweet songs, it was evident that
they intended to oust them if such a thing
were possible

Only a few minutes after the smaller hole
had proved its ability to exclude the Spar-
rows, the Wrens had apparently compre-
hended the situation, and they entered the
box and threw out the few remnants of the
nest that my hook had not extracted.
These they brought to the hole and dropped
to the ground, to the great annoyance of the
Sparrows, outside and unable to prevent it.
The Wrens came out frequently for a short
brush with the enemy and always got the
worst of it, but they easily got back in the
box and continued pitching out the wreck-
age of the nest. The hen Sparrow seemed
to give up the game after a few hours, but
the cock stayed there two or three days
looking very hostile and unhappy and try-
ing in vain to keep the Wrens from going
in and out of the hole I drove him away
many times, and the Wrens were, as a little
girl would say, “just as mean as they could
be” to him, but it was about three days
before the completeness of his eviction fully
dawned upon him Other Sparrows did not
take as much interest in this case as they
had shown in the earlier troubles with the
Bluebirds, perhaps because the season was
farther advanced and they were mostly
engaged in rearing families; or, possibly,
they knew by experience that it would
please the Wrens too much to quarrel with
them.

When this malevolent bird exhibited such
a vindictive spirit by standing guard over
the box that he knew he could not use I
decided that the best thing to do to him
would be to shoot him. Tothatend I went
to a hardware store in the village, where I
had seen some 22-caliber guns suitable for
both shot and ball cartridges, and began
buying one. In the course of the proceed-

178

ing I mentioned the use I had for it, when
the clerk said that he had known other
people to shoot English Sparrows, with the
result that all other birds were effectually
frightened away from the premises. I there-
fore changed my mind, and the young man
lost a chance to sell a gun. One of your
correspondents in the January-February
number (page 8) writes Of keeping these
Sparrows away from his bird-boxes by the
use of a gun, but it would be interesting to
hear further trom him as to whether or not
the shooting scared away any other birds.—
F. M. Bennett, Lieut. Comdr. U. S.
Navy.

Protection for Bird Tenants

If it is not too late, I should like to offer
a suggestion as to the protection of bird-
houses from. cats.

A strip of zinc tacked around the pole on
which a bird-house.is placed will make it
impossible for a cat to reach the nest. Of
course, the strip must be wide enough so
that a cat can not reach over it and far
enough from the ground so that it cannot
jump beyond it. If painted the same color as
the pole it does not disfigure it in any way.

I have often tacked such a strip around
the trunk of a tree where a nest seemed in
danger. A length of old stove-pipe some-
times answers the same purpose and is prob-
ably less objectionable from the bird’s
standpoint than unpainted zinc. Another
device which has proved equally effective
is simply a bunch of thorn twigs tied around
the trunk or branch of a tree. If properly
placed, this forms a most effective barrier.—
Marion Bote, West Barnet, Vt.

An Unknown Bird Enemy

At Forest Lawn, June 19, 1904, on the
edge of the bluff over a colony of Bank
Swallows, I discovered six freshly dug holes
about three inches in diameter. Up through
several of them were brought the contents
of the nests, which consisted of some rather
large white feathers and dry grass, together
with the wing and downy feathers of a
Swallow. ;

June 25, there were twelve holes. On
that date we moved into our cottage near

Bird - Lore

the colony, bringing an Irish setter dog.
After that no more holes were made in the
bank. Did the dog drive the enemy away,
and what was the enemy ?—NeTTIE SEL-
LINGER PIERCE, Rochester, N. Y.

Where the Blue Jays Find a Breakfast

I have been greatly surprised to find
where the Blue Jays hunt for a breakfast on
cold winter mornings, when the snow lies
deep in the woods. They fly to one and
another of the old squirrels’ nests made of
leaves in the crotches of tall chestnut trees
and scratch away in search of nuts. Fre-
quently they find chestnuts buried in these
leafy squirrel homes, and they open the
nuts by hammering them against a limb
with their bill.

If it were not for the providence of a
chance gray, winter would go hard with
these birds. Living almost in the shadow
of the woods, two pair of Jays have been
feeding at my window-sill since the bliz-
zard, and they greedily eat bread - crusts,
pumpkin seeds, dry chestnuts, corn and
suet. They come each day at the same
hour and take turns at the feast. The
scream of the Jay is the signal for all the
smaller birds to finish their meal.—W. C.
Know es, Washington, Conn.

A Shivering Chickadee

Early one morning in January, 1904, I
looked out to see if I could get a glimpse
of any of the birds which pay daily visits
to a birds’ table that I keep well supplied
with delicacies. As the registering ther-
mometer indicated a temperature of 38%
degrees below zero the night before, and
had by that time succeeded in getting up to
29 degrees below, I felt rather anxious
for our feathered ‘friends, and little thought
that I would see one such a frigid morning;
but there sat a Chickadee on the vines of
the veranda, its head under its wing, and
with every feather on end. Every few
seconds its little body would tremble al}
over, as does a dog’s when thoroughly
chilled. We have all seen shivering dogs
and horses; but who ever before saw a bird
shiver ?>—W. S. JoHNsON, Boonville, N.Y.

Book Mews

NARRATIVE OF A TRIP TO THE BAHAMAS.
By Gtover M. ALLEN and THOMAS
Barsour. Cambridge, Mass. Decem-
ber, 1904. Privately printed. 8vo. 10
pages, illustrated.

This is the descriptive itinerary of a trip
chiefly in the islands of Great Bahama, the
Abacos, and New Providence, made in July,
1904. The authors propose to publish re-
ports on their collections in various branches
of natural history, later; Mr. Allen’s, on
the birds, has already appeared (‘ The
Auk’). The reader will find here some
very useful hints on outfit, as well as descrip-
tions of the islands visited.

Of the Flamingo on Abaco, it is said :

“Formerly these birds nested in great
flocks, but, owing to the great destruction
of the eggs and young birds by the people
of Marsh Harbor, a mere remnant now re-
mains.” Let us hope that the recently en-
acted Bahaman law will at least prevent the
wholesale, open destruction of Flamingos
and their eggs which has heretofore pre-
vailed.—F. M. C.

BIRDS OF THE BAHAMA ISLANDS. By JOSEPH
H. Rivey. Special publication from ‘ The
Bahama Islands,’ by permission of the
Geographical Society of Baltimore, 1905.
8vo. Pages 347-368.

Mr. Riley here discusses in a workmanlike
manner the zoogeographical position of the
Bahamas and the origin of their bird-life.
He gives, also, a useful list of Bahaman
birds, with the islands in the group on which
each species occurs. We trust that the other
papers in the volume, of which this forms a
part, treat of their respective subjects as
satisfactorily as does this one.— F. M. C.

Birp Stupy. Home Nature-study Course,
College of Agriculture, Cornell Univer-
sity. New Series, Vol. I, No. 4, April,
May, 1905. 16 pages. ANNA BOTSFORD
Comstock, Editor.

We have had so many helps to bird study
prepared by ornithologists who were not
teachers that we should give an exception-

and IAeviews

ally cordial welcome to this leaflet written
by a teacher of wide experience who has
definitely in mind just what teachers as well
as pupils require.

The course of study here outlined makes the
best use of the most easily available material
and seems admirably adapted to arouse and
stimulate the child’s interest in bird-life.
We trust that this publication may have
wide circulation, especially among teachers.
We know of nothing of its kind which it
should not replace.— F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

Tue Avuk.—In the April ‘Auk’ we find
an unusual number of half-tones illustrat-
ing several extremely interesting papers.
E. S. Cameron, in ‘ Nesting of the Golden
Eagle in Montana,’ takes us into the eyrie
of a pair of these birds, and as the weeks
roll by we become well acquainted with the
growing eaglets and their daily life. The
life history of the American Brown Creeper
is similarly portrayed by Dr. A. P. Chad-
bourne and Messrs. Kennard and McKech-
nie, all of whom have found this bird breed -
ing sparingly in Massachusetts. A. H.
Clark contributes a paper on ‘ Migration of
Certain Shore Birds,’ chiefly the Golden
Plover, and is of the opinion that these
birds find their way by breasting the trade-
winds or winds prevailing at the time of
their long migration from the Arctic circle
to Patagonia. To assume that they guide
themselves in this way when passing over
the land, as well as over the open ocean, is
perhaps pushing the theory to an extreme
to which other believers in this idea have
not ventured. ‘Summer Birds in the Ba-
hamas’ is a list containing the description
of a new Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates
villosus piger), as well as a great deal else
that is of more interest to the general reader.
Egg-collectors will be specially interested
in ‘ Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi,’
by C. R. Stockard. The birds seen in a
single day in Jefferson Parish, La., are

(179)

180

enumerated by H. H. Kopman, and notes
on Long Island, N. Y., are furnished by
Dr. W. C. Braislin, while R. Deane con-
tributes another letter by Audubon and
some to him written by J. Abert. We note
an annotated preliminary list of the birds
of Delaware, by S. N. Rhoads and C. J.
Pennock, and hope it may escape the fate
of other ‘preliminary’ lists that so rarely
get beyond this stage.

The general notes are varied and the re-
views comprehensive, especially one of Part
III of Ridgway’s ‘ Birds of North and Mid-

dle America.’ We regret to see the depart-

ment of ‘Publications Received ’ still rele-
gated to the back cover, for as a record of
current literature it deserves a better fate,
and those of us who fail to bind in covers
will lose a valuable part of the ‘Auk.’—
J. D., Jr.

THE CoNnpor.—Two numbers of Vol.
VII of ‘The Condor’ have already ap-
peared. The leading article of the January
number is by Finley, on ‘ Photographing
the Aerie of a Western Red-tail,’ and is
illustrated by a plate and six text figures.
Under the title ‘An Untenable Theory of
Bird Migration,’ Professor Cooke presents
certain objections to Palmén’s theory that
“the annual migration route of a species
indicates the way by which it originally
immigrated into its present breeding home.”
But in the March number Dr. Stejneger
takes exception to Professor Cooke’s views
and concludes that **Palmén’s theory can-
not be disposed of in this off-hand manner,”
An account of ‘Old Fort Tejon,’ one of
the classic ornithological localities in Cali-
fornia, is given by Grinnell, who adds a
nominal list of 54 species of birds observed
during a week’s visit in July, 1904. The
same trip seems to have included Mt. Pinos,
not far distant, where a Sage Sparrow was
collected which is described as a new sub-
Species under the name Amphispiza belli
Some Bird Notes from the
Central Sierras,’ by Keyes; ‘Notes from
Flathead,’ Mont., by Silloway, and ‘Sum-
mer Birds of the Papago Indian Reserva-
tion,’ Arizona, by Swarth, all contain
records of value to the student of geographic

canescens.

Bird -

Lore

distribution; while the systematic zoologist
will find much of interest in the extracts
from Dr. Jordan’s ‘ New Code of Nomen-
clature.’ A portrait of William Dutcher,
president of the National Association of
Audubon Societies, concludes the series of
portraits of American ornithologists.

The March number opens with ‘A Note
on, the Prairie Falcon’ at Pyramid Lake,
Nev., by Fuertes, illustrated by a repro-
duction of a drawing by the author. An
interesting bit of historical lore is con-
tributed by Emerson, who tells of the
discovery in the Cooper homestead at
Haywards, Cal., of some ‘Manuscript of
Charles Lucien Bonaparte,’ comprising the
last three volumes of the ‘American Orni-
thology’ published in 1825. A facsimile
of a page of the manuscript on Steller’s Jay
and a portrait of Bonaparte add greatly to
the interest of the paper. Under the title
‘Breeding Notes from New Mexico,’ Mrs.
Bailey mentions the birds found with young
at high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains in
July and early August in 1904, and records
an instance of Golden Eagles repairing their
nest in the Taos Mountains on August 10.
Grinnell calls attention to the peculiar
“Status of the Townsend Warbler in Cali-
fornia.” The bird ‘‘ occurs in California in
two roles, as a regular winter visitant and
as a rather late spring migrant.’’ Two
geographical races are apparently repre-
sented, but, although a supposed new sub-
Species is thus indicated, the author
considerately refrains from ‘‘ burdening it
with a name.’’ An important feature of the
current volume is a series of portraits of
eminent European ornithologists, beginning
with likenesses of two prominent English-
men, Dr. P. L. Sclater and Mr. Howard
Saunders; the veteran German, Dr. Jean

Cabanis, and the well-known Austrian
ornithologist, Count von ‘Tschusi zu
Schmidhoffen. A brief statement of the

work of each author appears in the column
of ‘ Editorial Notes.’ The editor also makes
the welcome announcement that the A. O.
U. bill, which failed in rg90r, has finally
become a law in California after undergoing
certain modifications which were found
necessary to insure its passage.—T. S. P.

Editorials 181

Bird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published June 1, 1905 No. 3

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year, post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Bird in the Bush is Worth Two in the Hand

In the last number of Birp-Lore, Mr.
Otto Widmann makes an eloquent plea for
the selection of the Hummingbird as the
national bird. While we freely admit the
truth of all that Mr. Widmann s0 pleasingly
says of this exquisite little creature, the fact
that it is essentially lacking in the preémi-
nently bird-like characteristic of song
should, to our mind, unquestionably pre-
vent its selection as the bird of America.

Such a bird should, primarily, it seems to
us, possess a song which, because of its
musical quality or association with the
singer’s haunts or seasons, endears it to
every nature lover; it should be a bird of
wide distribution during the nesting season
in order that it may be generally known
not only as a song bird but as a home bird;
it should be an abundant or, at least, a
common bird; it should be typically Ameri-
can, and, as Mr. Widmann says, it should
possess sufhcient distinction of form and
marking to be readily recognized in a figure.

Among other species whose claims to the
honorable position of national bird have
been urged by writers to Birp-Lore are the
Dove, the Song Sparrow and the Robin.

The Dove conforms to most of the re-
quirements set forth above; indeed, it is
perhaps our most generally distributed
breeding bird, but its song is too mournful,
it does not express that joyousness which we
expect to hear from nature’s minstrels.

For a large part of our country there can
be no doubt that the Robin more nearly

fills the place of national bird than any
other, but we have to remember that in the
West the Robin is not the familiar, dooryard
bird we in the East are accustomed to find it,
while throughout the southern tier of states
it is only a winter visitant, usually songless,
and known chiefly as a basis for potpies.

The Song Sparrow, dear as he is to every
bird-lover, too closely resembles some other
birds in form and markings to make an ac-
ceptable subject for illustration in this con-
nection. and, as we look through the list of
North American birds, species after species
is rejected for one or more reasons, until
there is left, apparently, but one bird which
fills all the conditions we have imposed, and
that bird is—the Meadowlark.

Including under this name all the forms of
this species, we have a breeding range reach-
ing from northern South America to Canada,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and through-
out this vast area the bird is generally dis-
tributed and sufficiently abundant to be well
known. Asa songster the Meadowlark needs
no praise ; some writers, in fact, give the
western form first place among our song-
birds ; his Americanism is so far beyond
dispute that he cannot claim even family
relationship outside of this hemisphere ;
while in form and coloration he is equally
distinguished. Hail, then, to the Meadow-
lark! He has our vote.

THE season is at hand for the study of the
home-life of birds, and we again earnestly
ask assistance in securing notes on the nest-
ing habits of Warblers for our proposed
‘ Book of the Warblers.’ A series of defi-
nite observations on ove species will be far
more welcome and valuable than casual
notes on the occurrence of many.

To our unbounded satisfaction the Ba-
haman government has passed a law pro-
tecting all song and insectivorous birds
throughout the year, while for the Flamingo
and some other species a close season has
been established.

DurinG May and June the Editor expects
to be in England, attending the International
Ornithological Congress, and he begs the
indulgence of correspondents during this
period.

The Audubon Hocieties

“You cannot with a scalpel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird's song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should

‘be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn.

Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be

sent at least one month prior to the date of publication.

Notes and News

The officers of the National Association

always feel a sense of relief when the legis-
lative season is finished ; this year the relief
was greater from the fact that some vicious
attempts to repeal excellent bird laws had to
be combated. In order to give the members
of the National Association, and also the
other readers of BirD-LorRE, some idea of
the legislative work of the past season, the
following résumé is presented:
_ Marne.—A distinct advance was made in
the protection of Ducks; for most of the
species the close season now commences on
the first day of December; this does away
with that worst of all practices, spring
shooting. On the other hand, a retrograde
step was taken by adding Mud-hens and
Blue Herons to the wild birds that may be
killed at any time. This amendment was
instigated by and secured through the
influence of a game commissioner who evi-
dently was more interested in fish than in
birds and was not willing to permit nature
to preserve its own balance. It should be
possible to protect local fish hatcheries with -
out sacrificing these two species of birds in
all parts of the state; furthermore, it is a
question whether the Blue Heron is not a
beneficial bird, inasmuch as it is known to
eat many suckers, a fish that destroys the
spawn and fry of game fish.

It is also hard to understand why a bird
like the Bittern—Mud-hen—should not be
protected.

New Yorx.—The fight to preserve the
integrity of the anti-spring-shooting duck
law in this state was carried on till the very
last day of the legislative session. As
reported in the last number of Birp-Lore,
the opponents of the law early in the session
introduced a repeal bill. After a very ex-

haustive hearing before the Fish and Game
Committees of both houses, the bill came
up in the Assembly and was defeated by a
narrow margin of twelve votes.

Almost immediately after the defeat of
the original bill, new bills were introduced
in both houses; in the lower House by
Assemblyman Hubbs and in the Senate by
Senator Burr. The later bills were more
insidious and yicious than the first one,
inasmuch as they seemingly asked for a
small concession; the bills proposed to
make an open season of three days in the
week from March 1 to April 15. The days
selected were Thursday, Friday and Satur-
day, at the very height of the migration
period when the greatest number of Ducks
would be in the Long Island waters. The
plea made by the Duck shooters was, “ Give
us our spring shooting in this modified form;
we are not asking a great deal.” By great
activity and other methods of a questionable
character this bill was passed in the As-
sembly. Fortunately for the good name of
the state and also for its game interests, the
Senate Committee would not and did not
approve of the bill, and it consequently
failed of passage. The pressure brought to
bear upon the Senate Committee was un-
doubtedly very great, and they deserve the
highest credit for the stand they took to
maintain New York’s present high standard
of game laws. The National Association.
is especially indebted to Senators Arm-
strong and White, who are bird protection-
ists of the most advanced type and are
earnest friends of the Audubon movement.

The Audubon aigrette bill failed of pas-
sage. It passed the Senate quite late in the
session and was finally lost in the Committee
on Rules, which has charge of all Assembly
bills during the last ten days of the session.
Had it become a law, its constitutionality

(182)

The Audubon Societies

would have been contested by the aigrette
dealers. This question is now being tested ;
the attorney of our association is at the
present time aiding the attorney-general of
the state of New York in conducting an
important suit to establish the right of the
Commonwealth to prevent the sale of foreign
game, in order to better protect domestic
game.

Section 141 of the New York law pro-
hibits the sale of foreign game; if such
game can be sold in the close season there
is no way to prevent native game being sold
at the same time under the name of foreign
game. This is one of the most important
questions now before the courts, inasmuch
as it is absolutely necessary to determine
whether a state has the right to prevent the
sale within its borders of foreign game; it
is hoped that the courts will so construe.

The Armstrong fire-arms bill became a
law; this prevents aliens from carrying fire-
arms in any public place, such as highways,
parks, etc., and will do much to help pre-
serve our song-birds. This is another in-
stance where Senator Armstrong has shown
his great interest in bird protection.

ConNneECTICUT.— A bill to permit fire
lighting, i. e., shooting wild-fowl at night,
was introduced. It was defeated through
the efforts of the Audubon Society aided by
sportsmen who were opposed to such a per-
nicious and wasteful method of shooting.
There is no surer way to drive wild-fow]
away than by shooting at or disturbing
them in the night-time.

New Jersey.—The only changes in the
bird laws during the present session were
shortening the open season for wild-fowl
fifteen days in the spring and prohibiting
the use of batteries or water blinds more
than one hundred feet from shore. The
Audubon Society of this state should per-
sistently agitate the subject of the abolition
of spring shooting of wild-fowl and Snipe.
It is wrong to kill these birds while on the
northward migration, and an active move-
ment should be commenced at once to carry
out this needed improvement. One of the
arguments of the Long Island gunners in
their attempt to repeal the New York law
was that New Jersey permitted Ducks to be

183

killed in the spring, why should New York
prohibit it? The reply of the Audubon
representatives was, that because New Jersey
is wrong is no reason why New York should
be also. An attempt was made to make an
open season on the Dove, but it was easily
defeated.

RuopeE Istanp.—The legislature is still
in session. Slight gains have been made in
the laws: 1. Sale of game-birds prohibited.
2. Shooting of pheasants prohibited for five
years. 3. Open seasons shortened fifteen
days. No action has yet been taken on the
ridiculous bounty law on Hawks and Owls.
It is simply obstinacy on the part of legis-
lators to retain this law, in the light of the
general knowledge of the value of these
birds.

PENNSYLVANIA. — This state has just
adopted a most excellent and advanced law
in many respects. The one vital defect is
that it permits wild-fow! shooting from April
1 to April 16. This is just at the height of
the migration period and is therefore the
very worst time that could be selected.
However, to offset this, sale has been
stopped, and a bag limit is being enforced.
In many other respects the law is a model
in its restrictive character. The section
referring to non-game birds is the A. O. U.
model law. Weare glad to be able to shade
Pennsylvania on the model law map.

FiLoripa.—The legislature is
session. A bill has been introduced to
establish a Game Commission, which is a
much-needed improvement, for at the present
time there is no responsible head to see that
the game and bird laws are enforced in this
large state. Game protection is such a
new idea in this commonwealth, and there is
so much wild territory to be controlled, that
a virile character, with a scientific training,
should be at the head of the Commission, if
one is established.

now in

It will not do to appoint
a politician to do the work of an economist.

MICHIGAN. — The president visited the
legislature of this state late in March and
was given a joint hearing by the Game
Committees of both houses. A codification
bill had already been introduced by Senator
Bland. This bill was discussed in detail,
the Audubon representatives suggesting

184
several improvements. At the close of
the hearing your representatives were re-
quested to prepare a bill including all the
beneficial changes suggested. This was
done, and the remodeled bill is now be-
fore the legislature. If the bill becomes
a law it will give the Audubon Society
the right to appoint four special wardens
with all the powers of the state game
wardens.

Minnesota.—A codification of the game
laws made at the last session of the legisla-
ture makes this statute probably the most
radical and advanced of any in force in
the United States. It shows the influence
of the highest type of sportsmen and bird
protectors on legislation. The wild-fowl
close season commences December 1.

OKLAHOMA. — While no bird or game
legislation of moment was secured, yet by
the persistent energy of Mrs. H. T. Foster,
of ‘Tecumseh, a humane education law was
passed. This certainly will have a very
direct and beneficial influence on bird pro-
tection. Under its provisions the public
school teachers are compelled to instruct
pupils in humane ideas and kindness to
wild life, for one-half hour each week, A
teacher cannot draw pay unless the above
provision is carried out. This splendid law
will prevent the spoliation of unnumbered
nests and the abolition of boys’ missiles,
catapults, etc.

Texas.—In the last issue of BirD-LorE
a brief statement was given of the attempt
to repeal the wild-fowl law by selfishly
interested persons It is with great satis-
faction that we are able to report that the
attempt was a total failure, and the present
law is safe from further attacks for two
years Long before that time the Audubon
Society, which did such wonderful work in
the campaign just closed, will be thoroughly
organized. When men of the aggressive
character of Secretary Davis are at the head
of a movement for the benefit of a state, in
other words, good civics, they soon compel
the moral and financial support of the
public. Unselfish devotion to the good of
the commonwealth always attracts attention
and a following.

CALIFORNIA.—Owing to the great edu-

Bird- Lore

cational work done by the Audubon people
of this state and the continuous agitation
for better bird protection that they have kept
up for the past year, a new law has just
been enacted. It contains so much of the
model law, and is so far in advance of any-
thing heretofore on the statute books relating
to birds, that the Audubon Society is cer-
tainly to be congratulated on the result of
its efforts. The spirit that moves the workers
in this society will surely cause the new law
to be enforced.

In addition many marked improvements
were made in the game sections, bag limits,
shorter seasons, etc. Ina recent publication
of the Game Commission it is announced
that “itis always unlawful to buy, sell, offer
for sale, barter or trade, at any time, any
Quail, Dove, Pheasant, Grouse, Sage Hen,
Snipe, Ibis, Plover, Rail, or any Deer meat
or skins.” It is unfortunate that Ducks and
Geese are not included, but this will come in
time. In California the county supervisors
may pass special ordinances shortening the
open seasons, but cannot make them longer
than the state law. Secretary Way writes:
“We have just won a great victory in Los
Angeles county; the open season for Doves
is one day, besides we have secured shorter
seasons for valley and mountain Quail and
Deer. This result is a most gratifying one,
for, two years ago, when I first took up the
fight for the Doves, they did not seem to
have a friend in the country. I shall now
place this matter before the people of some
other counties in the state, hoping to make
gains there also. I believe this is the begin-
ning of the end, and that public sentiment
will compel the next legislature to strike the
Dove from the game list.” The State Chief
Deputy Commissioner, C. A. Vogelsang,
has promised to prevent the illegal traffic in
the San Francisco markets in sea birds’ eggs
which has been heretofore carried on so
extensively.

To our unbounded satisfaction, the
Bahaman government has passed a law pro-
tecting all song and insectivorous birds
throughout the year, while for the Flamingo
and some other species a close season has
been established.

WILLIAM DUuTCHER.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 14

Photograpn by S. A. Lottridge

THE AMERICAN BARN OWL

Order — Raptores Family — Strigide

Genus — Strix Species — Strix pratincola
(185)

The American Barn Owl

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies
DESCRIPTION

_ The upper parts are a yellowish buff overlaid with grayish, and more or less speckled
with white; underparts varying from pure white to ochraceous buff, dotted with black,
some individuals profusely and others with but few spots; wings and tail generally lightly
barred with blackish; legs long and feathered almost to base of toes; feet dark; very large,
white, heart-shaped facial disk, with narrow black and buff edging, this latter appearing
as if burnt or charred; maroon-colored spot between eye and bill, sometimes completely
surrounding the eye; bill yellow; eye black. The only other species of Owl with black
eyes is the Barred Owl, which is a much larger and darker bird heavily barred on head,
neck and breast. The two cannot be confused.

Size.—Varies from 15 to 18 inches from end of bill to tip of tail; wings very long,
extending beyond tail when folded.

Nest.—None is built; the eggs are laid in a variety of situations, such as hollows in
trees, holes in banks or cliffs, abandoned burrows, sides of wells, mining shafts, dovecots,
barns, church steeples, etc.

Eggs.—Pure white, from four to seven in a set, sometimes more.

Distribution.—The northern limit of the breeding range is about latitude 41 degrees
and extends westward to the Pacific coast. Occasionally a straggler may be found north
of this range in favorable localities.

The Barn Owl, Golden Owl, Church Owl, or, as it is frequently called,
the Monkey-faced Owl, is almost cosmopolitan, being found in nearly all
temperate and tropical climes throughout the globe.

“ Alone and warming his five wits,
The white owl in the belfry sits.”

The Barn Owl should appeal to man because of two characteristics, —
first, its singular and almost weird beauty, and, second, its very great eco-
nomic value and almost total lack of harmful qualities. If it were a bird
that was more frequently seen its beautiful soft plumage of white and gold
would attract the lovers of color, but, being nocturnal in its habits, it is not
often observed; indeed, even where it is common, when one is shot its
strange appearance leads the local newspaper to publish a ridiculous account
of a new and grotesque animal, part monkey and part Owl. Like all other -
Owls, it still bears the weight of the superstitions of over two thousand
years; consequently the hand of man is yet against it. Shortly after sun-
down this “pretty aerial wanderer of the night” commences flitting to and
fro ‘‘on wing so soft and silent” that it is scarcely heard. During all its
nightly wanderings it is working for mankind, its only enemy, while gather-
ing food for itself and perhaps a hungry brood of callow young. ‘Then it is
that its peculiar screaming cry is heard, which no doubt is the basis of many
of the strange and uncanny stories related of Owls. In Europe this species

(186)

The American Barn Owl 187

is the Owl of the ivy-covered tower and the ruined castle, and by its.
nightly wailings and wanderings peoples the ruins with ghostly tenants.

The late Major Bendire, in his ‘Life Histories,’ states: “ The Barn Owl,
strictly speaking, makes no nest. If occupying a natural cavity of a tree, the
eggs are placed on the rubbish that may have accumulated at the bottom;
if in a bank, they are laid on the bare ground and among the pellets of fur
and small bones ejected by the parents. Frequently quite a lot of such
material is found in their burrows, the eggs lying on and among the refuse.
Incubation usually commences with the first egg laid, and lasts about three
weeks. The eggs are almost invariably found in different stages of develop-
ment, and downy young may be found in the same nest with fresh eggs.
Both sexes assist in incubation.” One of the best methods of studying the
food habits of Owls is to gather the pellets which they disgorge (Read
E. L. No. 12). These consist of the undigested refuse of their food, hair,
bones, feathers; etc. Sometimes enormous quantities of this refuse is found
in the nesting place of the Barn Owl, one recorded instance being two or
three cubic feet. When the tired farmer is buried deep in slumber and
nature is repairing the waste of wearied muscles, this night- flying bird com-
mences its beneficial work, which ceases only at the rising of the sun. All:
that has been written regarding the food of the Barn Owl shows it to be
of inestimable value to agriculture. Mr. W. H. Hudson, of England, says.
of the Barn Owl: “It is surprising that at the present day any one should
think it necessary to write a fresh plea for this bird—a bird that has been a
favorite of our ornithologists for the last hundred years and whose praises
may be read in a hundred volumes on our library shelves! The feathered
cat has been minutely and lovingly described by all his biographers! ‘He
who destroys an Owl is an encourager of mice,’ says one writer; and his.
value as a mouse-killer, and his beauty and singularity are points that are
invariably dwelt upon.” Major Bendire says: “Looked at from an economic
standpoint, it would be difficult to point out a more useful bird than this.
Owl, and it deserves the fullest protection; but, as is too often the case,.
man, who should be its best friend, is generally the worst enemy it has.
to contend with, and is ruthlessly destroyed by him, partly on account of
its odd appearance and finely colored plumage, but oftener from the
erroneous belief that it destroys the farmer’s poultry.” Dr. A. K. Fisher,.
of the United States Department of Agriculture, the greatest living author-
ity on the food of Hawks and Owls, presents in ‘Science, N. S. Vol. III,.
No. 69, pp. 623-624,’ the following emphatic brief, showing the undeniable:
value of the Barn Owl.

“In a work on ‘The Hawks and Owls of the United States,’ published
in 1893, I recorded the results of the examination of 200 ‘pellets’ or
‘rejects’ of the Barn Owl taken from one of the towers of the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C., June 28, 1890. Since that time

188 Bird - Lore

475 more have been collected —125, September 14, 1892, and 350, Janu-
ary 8, 1896, making in all a total of 675 ‘pellets.’ Thus abundant material
has been carefully examined and found to contain the remains of 1,821
mammals, birds and batrachians, as shown in the following table:

1,119 Meadow Voles 33 Short-tailed Shrews 1 Vesper Sparrow
4 Pine Voles 21 Small Short-tailed Shrews 10 Song Sparrows
452 House Mice 1 Star-nosed Mole 4 Swamp Sparrows

134 Common Rats 1 Brown Bat 1 Swallow
1 White-footed Mouse 2 Sora Rails 1 Warbler

20 Jumping Mice 4 Bobolinks 6 Marsh Wrens
1 Rabbit 3 Red-winged Blackbirds 2 Spring Frogs

A glance at this list will demonstrate to any thoughtful person the
immense value of this useful bird in keeping noxious rodents in check.
Moreover, judging from the species in the list, it may be seen that the
Barn Owl hunts almost exclusively in open country, such as cultivated
fields, meadows and marsh lands, where such pests do most damage. In
Germany, according to Dr. Bernard Altum (Journal f. Ornithologie, 1863,
pp. 43 and 217), the Barn Owl feeds extensively on shrews. In 703 ‘pel-
lets’ a number only slightly greater than that which J examined, he found
remains of 1,579 shrews, an average of over two to each ‘pellet,’ while our
675 ‘pellets’ contained only 54 shrews, an average of one skull to every
12% pellets. On the other hand, our material contained the remains of
2% mice to each ‘pellet,’ or 93 per cent of the whole mass. The birds,
which constitute about 434 per cent of the Owl’s food, are in the main
species of little economic importance.”

In the West the food of the Barn Owl consists very largely of pouched
gophers, a specially destructive mannual, also ground squirrels, rabbits and
insects. In the southern states large numbers of cotton rats are destroyed,
a fact which should be appreciated by every planter. .

This little tract is presented with the hope that every farmer or fruit-
grower who reads it will hereafter extend to the Barn Owl the protection
it so richly deserves.

For additional valuable information regarding the Barn Owl, read the following: ‘Life
Histories of North American Birds,’ Bendire, Vol. I, pp. 325-328; ‘Hawks and Owls
of the United States,’ Illustrated, Fisher, pp. 132-139, and ‘Leaflet No. 19, Royal Society
for the Protection of Birds, London, England.’

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VOL. Vil
No. 4

JULY — AUGUST, 1905
ARUPE

R
“a

my |
MOP

EDITED BY

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COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

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Hirv- Lore

July-August, 1905

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES PAGE
FRONTISPIECE— BLACKPOLL AND BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLERS .. .. . Bruce Horsfall.
ATGOLDRINGH ES DUD Yay LILUSERAteCls (oie meme tment eitem-iesreiiiel iret! ire once R. H. Beebe. 189

SomME EARLY AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS. III. BENJAMIN SMITH BARTON. Illustrated .. .
Witmer Stone - 193

THEA OLIVE-SIDEDE MEY. GCAd CHER. ellmStiel te Gems easne) come icicinct ope sree eines Geo W. Fiske, Jr... 195
AVPASTRURE “DRAGED Viah ste Geese on ane neat = Gein ieee cn ens ciriel Toa cpwcmnts Mauer M. HA. Prentice . 197
A RoYAL FAmiILy (KINGBIRDS). Illustration. .............. Maunsell S. Crosby . 200
(Sow OI MGA O EHO G Segoe Gola scoala Fealo clase glob oidlp oo Se 6 8 201
Group OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY*BIRDS. Illustration ........+..s.2.562ss5++--s 202

FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Eleventh Paper. Illustrated by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and

Bruce Horsfall 2... =. ie OE a Le, Gavin Or aera ies Nana: Nhs CR ted So Ne W. W. Cooke. 203
MALE Bos-WHITE ON Nest. Illustration ..... Tate hake fay aha ante ioe eate gece Maunsell S. Crosby . 206
TPHEABIRD? LO) DHE TBIRD-COWERic tact sisi eater =) aunt ner eeectie lintel Siete Sune Chreswell J. Hunt . 207
PEEDING BIRDS TINY WINTER tense. cfiels) 6k! ve) et) Pn Pane el sale es lei ect NedteuUe ec) Sey etcnis Rene Se 208
NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY.....-.-:- .....-. RO EA ae a 209
INCIDENTS AMONG BirRDs, John W. Taylor; A BLUEBIRD AND His MATEs, 7. Gilbert Pearson;
CHIMNEY SwiFT NoTES, lm. &. Praeger; SONG OF THE CAROLINA WREN, Lila Mosby;
OPPOSED TO COMPULSORY INSTRUCTION ON BIRDS; PINE WARBLERS EAT SUET, &. A. S.
Pennell; A PECULIAR SNARE, &. A. Dean.
BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS .... +. 2-2 ses ve we ee ee te ee ew wt we ee 212
Jos’s ‘WILD WINGS’; TOWNSEND’s ‘BIRDS OF ESSEX COUNTY’; FORBUSH’S ‘ REPORT ON
DECREASE OF BIRDS.’
EDITORIAL Fionn na Soe ne ER Le Lh et aR iE) ere i 214
AUDUBON-DEPARTMENT) (2020) cts. 6 lessee ce bate is RP cu pune op le isreta) bom otk sy Wer tomo hRo i ieee 215
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 15......-...- a hm eeraa Mery or ten alg ss 6 219

x*, Manuscripts intended for publication. books, etc., for review and exchanges should be
sent to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 177th Street and Sth Avenue,
New York City, N. Y.

Ze

Goo.

Subscribers whose subscription
has expired will find a renewal
blank enclosed in the present num-
ber of the magazine.

On receipt of your renewal we
will send you the Seton Shrike
picture, which should be consid-
ered due notification of the entry
of your subscription.

If you do not care to renew, will
you please notify us.

Reduced line cut of Ernest Thompson Seton's drawing of a Northern Shrike. Presented to every sub-
scriber to Volume VII, rg05, of BiIRD-LorE. The original is nearly life-size.

a

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

1. BLAcKPpoLL WARBLER, ADULT MALE. 4, BLAcK AND WHITE WARBLER, MALE.
3. BLACKPOLL WARBLER, YOUNG AND ADULT IN FALL.
2. BLAcKPOLL WARBLER, ADULT FEMALE. 5. BiaAck AND WHITE WARBLER, FEMALE.

PBird=- Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Vol. VII JULY — AUGUST, 1905 No. 4

GOLDFINCHES IN THE MAKING

A Goldfinch Study

By R. H. BEEBE

With photographs from nature by the author

HIS past summer (1904), I have noticed a larger number of Gold-
finches in this vicinity (Arcade, N. Y.) than I have observed for
several years past. During the latter part of July, I found quite a
number of nests of this bird. Some of these nests were built high up in the
large maple shade trees in the village, while others that I found were
built in small bushes about five feet from the ground,— quite a contrast in
the two nesting sites. In both cases the nests were built in the crotch of
a limb and very carefully concealed by overhanging leaves. The nests are
very compact, being constructed of grasses, leaves, pieces of bark, etc., and
are very cosily lined with plant-down.

190 Bird - Lore

I found three nests, as above described, all of which were situated
within a radius of a few rods of each other, two of these nests containing
four eggs each and the other one six eggs.

The young in all three nests hatched about the seventh of August, and
by August 25 they had all left their respective nests. It was at one of
these nests that I obtained the photograph herewith reproduced, showing
the mother-
bird brooding
the young. I
had previously
made __ several
attempts to
obtain a pic-
ture of her be-
fore the young
were hatched,
but was un-
successful, as
she would not

at that time re-
turn to the nest so
long as the cam-
era was near. But
after the young Se
were hatched it A GOLDFINCH FAMILY
was an easy matter to photograph her at the nest, she even allowing me to
stand by the camera while making exposures, and offering to leave only
when I attempted to change plate-holders, and then returning at once.

I was also desirous of obtaining a picture of the male bird at the nest,
but was unsuccessful, as he at no time came near so long as the camera was
in sight, although, after the camera was removed from near the nest, the
male bird would readily return and feed his mate, bringing to her quantities
of seeds, etc., and feeding them to her as if he were feeding young birds.

Always when coming with his supply of provisions for his mate, he

A Goldfinch Study IQI

uttered a peculiar twitter, and she would at once answer him with about the
same notes; sometimes leaving the nest and flying to a near-by tree to be fed
there, but usually she would remain on the nest and wait for him to bring
the food to her.

On August 18 I removed the six youngsters from the nest, and, after
arranging them on a suitable perch, made the pictures as herewith
reproduced, showing them alone, also with the old birds on the same perch.
When I attempted to replace the young in the nest I found that to get
them all back as they were at first was an impossibility, so I had to arrange
them as well as possible, some of them being in the nest and others perched
on the sides. A few days later I visited this nest, and found them none the
worse for the disturbance I had caused them a few days previous. They
were now ready to leave their home, and did so when I approached too
near, all flying into the near-by bushes.

GOLDFINCH ON NEST, BROODING YOUNG

BENJAMIN SMITH BARTON

From Youman’s ‘ Pioneers of Science in America,’ by permission of D. Appleton & Co.

Some Early American Ornithologists

Ill. BENJAMIN SMITH BARTON

By WITMER STONE

IRD-STUDY has been the hobby and pastime of many kinds of men.
B Some have made it their life-work and sacrificed everything to its

pursuit, while others have reserved it for moments of relaxation from
the cares of business. Some of our ornithologists have possessed an inborn
love of nature but little or no education, while others have been scholars
of broad learning and marked literary attainments.

The first of the latter type to figure in the history of American orni-
thology was Benjamin Smith Barton, a Philadelphian and an associate of
William Bartram, though the difference in their ages placed the latter more
in the light of a teacher than of a fellow student.

Barton was born in 1765, at Lancaster, Pa., the son of Rev.
Thomas Barton, from whom he inherited, in some degree at least, his love
of nature. His mother came, also, of a scientific family, being the sister of
the famous astronomer, David Rittenhouse.

Young Barton was left an orphan at the age of fourteen, and removed to
Philadelphia, to the home of his elder brother. He studied for a time at the
College of Philadelphia, and then turned his attention to medicine, under
the guidance of Dr. William Shippen, and later completed his education at
Edinburgh and Gottingen. He returned home in 1789 and practised medi-
cine in Philadelphia, where he was shortly elected to fill the recently cre-
ated professorship of botany and natural history at the University of
Pennsylvania, apparently the first of its kind in America. His reputation as
a physician increased rapidly, and he was chosen professor of materia medica,
at the university. His health, however, had never been good, and the con-
stant application to his profession and his studies weakened his constitution
to such an extent that he was compelled to take a sea voyage to France.
This, however, proved of little benefit, and soon after his return, in the
year 1815, his career came to an end.

Such is an outline of the man’s life as the world saw it, but there was
another side that commands our interest. From early life Barton was a
student; he seems to have read all the principal works on natural history,
while he spent much time in original investigation. In 1785, as a mem-
ber of the commission to survey the western boundary of Pennsylvania, he
made personal acquaintance with the Indians, and their history and ways
of living constituted a favorite subject for future study. Botany, however,
was Barton’s chief pursuit, and most of his contributions to natural history
were in this field, while his name is fittingly perpetuated in that of one of
our most delicate wild flowers, Bartonia virginica.

(193)

194 Bird - Lore

His knowledge of the birds of America was great, but he has left us
only one notable publication on the subject, his ‘Fragments of Natural
History,’ published in 1799. This work consists primarily of a table which
he styles a ‘Sketch of the Natural History Picture in the Neighborhood
of Philadelphia.’ In parallel columns are given the arrivals of the ‘ Birds
of Passage,’ progress of vegetation and miscellaneous observations, from
early spring until the close of the year 1791,—much such a table as the
Naturalists’ Calendar of Gilbert White. Here, we read of the blooming of
the skunk cabbage and the arrival of the Red-winged Oriole (Blackbird),
then the coming of the Pewee and the blooming of Draba verna, while the
arrival of the Snipe is coincident with the first catch of shad in the
Delaware River.

So we may trace the progress of the seasons in this quaintly worded
chronicle. Late in May ‘“‘the fire-fly begins to illuminate the woods and
meadows’’ and ‘‘the young Bluebirds first venture on their wings.’’ By
the fourth of July ‘‘ most of our common birds have done rearing their
young and the course of their melody begins to cease.’’ In August *‘the
Katy-did-it begins its cheerful chattering’’ and ‘‘the Blue Jays appear in
great numbers, waiting for the nuts of the Beech, Chinquepin and Chest-
nut.’? Then follow the Rice-bird, ‘‘ Prib Chatterers’’ (Cedarbirds) in
flocks, and the varied stream of fall migrants, duplicating in reverse order
and direction the northward flow of springtime.

After the table comes a list of the resident birds of Pennsylvania and
comments upon various other species, quite as interesting reading as the
table itself. Here the broad knowledge of the author is clearly seen. A
creditable attempt at synonymy is offered, and the Indian names of the
birds are given, while references and quotations from all sorts of works are
liberally scattered through the pages. A plea for the protection of birds as
insect destroyers and some suggestions for bird-boxes are worthy of the
economic ornithologist of today. A final postscript states that “‘ The
preceding fragmentary rubbish is thrown upon the public with some
degree of confidence merely because it regards a country the natural history
of which has been so little attended to. Other instalments of the ‘ Frag-
ments’ are promised, if leisure permits and the reception is favorable. But,’’
adds the author, ‘‘I will not say when, for who does not know that the
promises of authors are like the promises of lovers ?”’

Whatever may have been the reception, the leisure seems not to have
been forthcoming. Sometimes it is claimed that men like Barton attempt
too much—try to cover too much ground. It may beso; but no one can
scan the pages of this first local bird list without feeling thankful to its
author; and we seem to read between the lines of his work indications of
that struggle which must always be present in such men between devotion
to their profession and surrender to the allurements of their hobby.

The Olive-sided Flycatcher

By GEO. W. FISKE, Jr.

With photographs from nature by the author

T was the last part of May, 1903, that I discovered a pair of the rare
Olive-sided Flycatchers. They were in the top of a tall dead tree,
and I should not have noticed them had not their strange notes

attracted my attention. I searched for their nest, but could not find it.

On May 27, 1904, I saw a pair of these Flycatchers in the same tree
where I first found them. They preferred the tall trees near a stream for
their hunting-ground, and both birds were always near until June 3, when
one of them disappeared.

I had not noticed any nest-building, but the sudden disappearance of one
of the birds led me to suppose that one of them was caring for the eggs.
I searched for the nest, but without success.

One bird still remained, and I began to think that some one had shot
the other, when, to my surprise, the other bird returned June 25. I
concluded that the eggs had hatched and that both birds were caring for
their young.

They seemed quite anxious as I approached some small spruces near

NEST AND EGGS OF OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER

(195)

196 Bird - Lore

where they were. I concealed myself, and one of the birds soon went to the
nest, which was on the horizontal branch of a small spruce. On going up
to the nest, I found that it contained one fresh egg instead of the young I
expected to find.

The tree was small (about six inches in diameter at the base), and, as
the branches near the nest would not stand my weight, I doubled a piece of

OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER ON NEST

rope and tied it to the tree above the nest. With a piece of board this
made a good swing to sit in while fixing the camera. I made a bracket for
the camera by screwing two pieces of spruce to the trunk of the tree. The
nest was out on the branch thirty inches. ‘The birds would fly past my
head, snapping their bills fiercely and making their strange LY.

From the time the eggs were laid both birds got their food near the nest.
I saw one of the birds catch a large dragon-fly, snap off the wines and eat
it. Most of their food consisted of smaller insects. :

The male bird fed the female while she sat on the eggs. » When either ;
almost to the ground under the nest, and approach it a a “graceful
upward curve. a ad

The nest was composed of small spruce twigs and shaped: v very ry much _
like the nest of the Green Heron. ‘ “eo

A Pasture Tragedy

By M. H. PRENTICE

LL the world was glad on the day that I found the Kingfisher’s nest.
The soft golden warmth of a fair summer’s day lay over village and
field and lured me forth.

The previous day, the Wise Man, who knows the ways of beasts and
birds, had allowed me to go with him on a field excursion in the capacity of
Ignoramus. We had taken six fully feathered young Flickers, or High
Holes—a misnomer in this case, for the hole was only six feet from the
ground—and photographed them; we had released a full-fledged young
Barn Swallow that was bound to his mud home by an entangling horse-
hair, and had seen him fly forth ‘‘ light as a swallow,’’ and altogether I had
begun to feel that a new world was opened to me.

And now the Wise Man was away and the beautiful day called me out
to explore. It has always been the way of explorers and discoverers to follow
the course of a stream; what was I, that I should disregard their example?
So down through the wonderful five-acre daisy field — abomination of all
the thrifty farmers thereabout —I went. ‘‘ And still my heart with pleas-
ure fills,’’ as its flowers “‘ flash upon that inward eye which is the bliss of
solitude.’’ Then up the hill and down the bank into the pasture through
which curled a cheerful little stream, narrow enough in places so that I
could step across it. A week later it was a raging flood a hundred
yards wide.

No sign of tragedy for beast or bird was there that day. The Thistle-
bird winging his yellow zigzag across the field was gladness animate. A
Red-winged Blackbird on a hickory tree looked like a note of joy, the ‘‘sol’’
of the musical scale to the people who ‘‘see’’ color in tone.

As I approached, walking through the reeds and grasses of the lowland,
this Red-wing became agitated from tip to tail as to his exterior, and,
judging from his distressed cries and calls, evidently his mental state
corresponded. This interested me but little, for in trustful childhood more
than once I had been led by the oriflamme of his wings into bogs that sank
beneath me, but never had I been able to find the light-woven nest of
wiry twigs which he delights to build, a little above the ground, in some
water-loving bush which grows in the midst of marshy ground.

But this time as I, without the slightest purpose of interfering in his
family affairs, advanced, he redoubled his demonstrations and was joined in
them by a brown-streaked bird, very plain in appearance, his mate, as I
afterward discovered. At last they both darted at me with wild cries.
Then my dull intelligence took the hint. I was certainly near some treasure
of theirs. It could not be their nest, for there was no place near at hand
where it could be built. What then?

(197)

198 Bird- Lore

I experimented. When I walked in one direction, the cries of the birds
became louder; when I walked in another, they were less agitated. I guided
my actions accordingly, and soon the pair were hovering threateningly over
my head and darting at me fiercely with open mouths, the little brown wife
being the bolder of the two in the attack, and actually brushing my hat in
her self-forgetting courage.

A chirp at my feet, and a little brown bunch rustled through the brown
grass fortwo or three feet and—disappeared! I knew that it was somewhere
within a given area of two feet square, but I could not see it, and I actually
found it first by the sense of touch; moreover, when my hand rested upon it
the bird neither stirred nor made a sound,—so early had he learned to
almost completely obliterate himself in case of danger. The little one was
an exact counterpart of the mother in coloring,— and she was an exact
counterpart in coloring of the brown reeds and grasses.

The excitement of the parent birds was really pitiable, so after a good
look at my captive, which lay quiet in my hand with no sign of fear, except
his hurried heartbeats and the glance of his scared wild eye, I let him go,
and away he rustled out of sight.

Then I sat me down on a knoll at a distance to see if there would be a
family reunion. It took more than a half-hour to assure the parents that I
meant no further mischief. [hen came a pretty scene. The mother flew
off down the stream a few rods and alighted, keeping a sharp eye on me.
Then she began a series of calls, low, reassuring, with a rest now and then,
apparently waiting for a reply. After a time a faint answer came from the
grass up stream, and as the call and answer went on one could tell that
the youngster was slowly making his way through the concealing grass to
his mother. I was watching the pretty play with much interest, when my
attention was attracted by the doings of some big birds on the further side
of the stream.

In one place on the slope stood a large tree, a chestnut, I think, and to
the south of it the bank was more abrupt in its descent. Many Blue Jays
had been flying about the tree with their usual busybody interest in every-
body’s affairs. I had failed to distinguish among them a pair of birds not far
from the Blue Jays’ size, and making, like them, a flash of blue through the
air, but unlike them in the shortness of the tail, the whiteness of the under
parts of the body, and the absence of the black collar. It was not until I
saw one of them with something in his bill disappear into a hole in the
upper part of the bank that I observed more closely and guessed that really
for an ignoramus I had made a discovery. By and by out came my bird,
perched himself on the fence, made some peculiar sounds (but that would
never have led me to deny his jayhood, for a Jay has an unrivaled repertoire
of sounds musical and otherwise), and then again flew away down stream.

Once more I watched him come and go, and then I climbed the sandy

A Pasture Tragedy 199

bank. The hole was about as big around as a baseball. With the courage
of ignorance I thrust my arm in as far as I could reach, and found nothing.
(The Wise Man told me afterward that once he had done the same and had
encountered a black snake). Then I tried to measure the length of the
passage with a stick about three feet long, but the length of the passage
was greater than that of the stick. After waiting in vain for some time for
the return of the bird, I went home, wondering what the Wise Man
would say when I told him that I had discovered a real live Kingfisher’s
nest.

That night and the next day it rained and rained, not in drops, but in
torrents. On Monday afternoon (I had made my discovery on a Saturday)
I offered to conduct the Wise Man, cheerful but doubting, to the scene of
my discovery.

Over the fields and through the drenched daisies we went, with no
Redwing on the hickory tree to redeem the scene with a spot of brightness.
We climbed the bank. I had noted my landmarks carefully, and conducted
my companion directly to the spot. With blank surprise I saw that there
was no hole in the bank. There was a careful and studied considerateness in
the Wise Man’s gentle smile.

‘‘ The Kingfisher doesn’t build in a bank of this kind,’’ he said. ‘‘ He
builds in more solid soil and in a more precipitous bank.’’

‘“ But,’’ said I, ““what did he go into the bank and carry things in for,
if he hadn’t a nest?’’

Again the Wise Man smiled indulgently. It was quite evident that
there was no hole there, so how could there be a nest?

The next day I insisted on looking once again for the nest with the
magic habit of disappearing, and this time the Wise Man was interested in
what he saw. Inthe place where I said the hole had been, digging had
been begun. Little headway had been made, but some animal or bird had
been at work.

‘“ The earth has caved in,’’ we both agreed. ‘‘ The nest is buried,’’ and
the Wise Man took a stick and dug into the soft earth for some distance,
but made no discoveries.

Two days later he came in from an early morning stroll. ‘‘Come out
after breakfast,’’ he said; ‘‘ there is something I want to show you.’’

We went, and there was the Kingfisher’s burrow once more dug back
further than we could reach. No birds, however, were about. All my
leisure time that day I watched, and the next morning we went again.
There were still no birds, and at the opening of the burrow small black
beetles crawled busily back and forth.

We looked at each other. ‘‘It is atragedy,’’ I said. ‘‘ Let us know
what it is.’’

It took more than a few strokes of the Wise Man’s spade to lay bare

200 Bird- Lore .

the secret, for the passage was about two feet below the surface and
extended back quite five feet from the opening. It ended in a rounded
chamber a foot in diameter.

A tragedy it had been. Four little drowned Kingfishers and one pure
white egg, not far from the size of a pigeon’s egg, lay there.

The Wise Man and the Ignoramus were both sorrowful. The pity of
it! When the wild torrents had fallen that night the water had seeped
through the sandy soil above the little home (if only the foolish birds had
asked the Wise Man about its location!) and at last had come so fast and
mercilessly that the poor mother had been driven out by the flood and her
babies drowned by it and then entombed by the caving in of the roof of
their house.

But afterwards, who can tell what of love and remembrance was in
those efforts to dig to the ruined home, and what of sorrow in its abandon -
ment when its tragedy was discovered?

es

A ROYAL FAMILY
Photographed by Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Spilq 67 Suivju0d pue ‘apim joay g puke Zuo] jooy oz st dnoid oULL

Suv] yoqioH Aq pajunow spargq *(advospury) yout ‘[ sopeyo pue (SP4Iq) S9l19ny Zissesy sinoy Aq pojured punoisyoeg

AYOLSIH IVYNLVYN JO WOASAW NVOIYAWYV NI SODNINVI4 AO dNnouo

As EE

Ah NO AB 5 fel

saiveds t1 duljuaseidar *spiiq £L suivjuod pu ‘apim jo0j g pue BuO] j99j O7 SI dnoiz ay,
*sojiong zissedy sino] Aq poonporjur Buleq spiiq 9y) ‘[[aNIH “f SATJVYD Aq poajuivd punoisyoeg
OILUOd GALVDIYUI AHL JO AAIT-GUld AYANWAS ONILNASAUdAUY dNOUAD

#o|sueq *S “H Aq pajunou spirg
VINUOSITVO ‘SONVE SOT YVAN “AATIVA NINOVOL NvS FHL dO SN

|S

For Teachers and Students

The Migration of Warblers

ELEVENTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data
in the Biological Survey

With drawings by LOouIs AGASSIZ FUERTES and Bruce HORSFALL

BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER

A few Black-and-white Warblers winter in Southern Florida, so that
the only way of knowing the beginnings of spring migration in that dis-
trict is from the records of the striking of the birds at the lighthouses.
Both at Alligator Reef and at Sombrero Key lighthouses in Southern
Florida, this species begins to strike early in March. Thence, northward
the progress is so slow — an average of twenty miles per day — that it is the
middle of May before the species has reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE ee acca | Rela ao
Atlantic Coast — L
Northern Florida 4 March 16 March 13, 1885
Atlanta, Ga. (near) 9 April 2 March 21, 1899
Frogmore, Ga. (near) Ss 4 April 3 March 29, 1887
SE COE a og nar : 16 March 27 March 19, 1894
Asheville, N. C. (near) ; 5 April 3 March 28, 1891
Rrench’ Creek, VW. Va... 5 April 13 April 6, 1892
Wy dshinpton; Dy C. 236s. 4 April 13 April 8, 1888
Beaver, Pa. ; Z 2 6 April 22 April 15, 1891
Renovo, Pa. ; 9 April 28 April 20, 1899
Germantown, Pa. 7 April 27 April 20, 1889
Englewood, N.J. .. 9 April 26 April 23, 1902
Southeastern New York 18 April 28 April 22, 1896
Central Connecticut : 15 April 28 April 20, 1896
Eastern Massachusetts . . . 15 April 28 April 20, 1896
Providence, R. I. ; 6 May 5 May 1, 1897
Southern New Hampshire . . 8 May 1 April 27, 1899
Southern Maine 9 May 3 April 27, 1897
Montreal, Can. 8 May 9 May 3, 1890
Divebed pM An ng 20 sixes, Soz9. te Gs awe 2 5 May 12 May 10, 1895
Sia] ON IN Aisne yee ene aga hl chy 8 May 14 May 9, 1895
North River, Prince Edward Island . 3 May 17 May 13, 1889
Mississippi Valley —

New /Orleans, La, $222, aba afte 3 March 27 March 24, 1902
Helena, Ark. Shige “ve 2 ots Bers 7 March 31 March 21, 1897
Eubank, Ky. Ef Wy Sei aet ous 10 April 4 April 1, 1888
Brookville, Ind. hn 23 ates ar AD April 3, 1882
WH ALCRIOO nN ete sce’ ci, | euyentcg dee 10 May 2 April 27, 1902
NWortherm@mo. 02", e's 2% 8 April 30 April 25, 1885

Bird-Lore

204
SPRING MIGRATION, continued
BLAMES eee | eee ee airing aa
|
Mississippi Valley— |
Petersburg, Mich. 13 | April 28 April 23, 1894
Listowel, Ont. . . re Ss II May 1 April 26, 1896
Parry Sound District, Ont? eases 6 | May 4 April 30, 1899
Ottawa, Ont. 5 16 May 7 May 2, 1891
Southeastern Iowa 5 April 19
Chicago, Ill. II April 30 April 23, 1899
Southern Wisconsin . 10 | May 2 April 28, 1897
Lanesboro, Minn. lies 5 April 28 April 23, 1888
Bike Rivers) Vinnie ee) eee 5 | May 3 May 1, 1886
Aweme, Manitoba . . Pie ate 5 | May 8 May 3, 1902
Fort McMurry, Athabasca . May 15, 1901
Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca . May 26, 1893
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie May 28, 1861
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie May 23, 1904

FALL MIGRATION

The Black-and-white Warbler is one of the earliest fall migrants; it
begins to appear in the Gulf states early in July, and reaches southern
Florida by the middle of the month. South of the United States it has
been noted in southern Mexico August 13, 1895; in Costa Rica August
10, 1983, and in Colombia, South America, August 21. 1898.

PLACE No of years’ Average date of Latest date of last
record last one seen one seen

North River, Prince Edward Island 2 September 4 | September 5, 1887
St. John, N.B. .. . 3 September 12 | September 19, 1891
Southern Maine & September 19 | September 28, 1898
Southeastern New York 5 September 24: | October 15, 1891
Central New Jersey . 4 September 24 | October 12, 1894
Germantown, Pa. 6 October 1 October 12, 1885
Great Falls, Mont. September 18, 1889
Ottawa, Ont. . 4 September 13 | September 20, 1887
Southern Michigan 3 September 13 | September 15, 1892
Chicago, III. 7 September 22 | September 27, 1896
Grinnell, Iowa . . 3 September 22 | September 23, 1889
Raleigh, N.C. 9 October 8 November 10, 1885
New Orleans, La. . October 21, 1897
Rodney, Miss. October 3, 1888

BLACK-POLL WARBLER

No Black-poll Warbler seems to spend the winter north of South Amer-
ica, while the southernmost breeding grounds are in northern New York
and central Colorado. ‘Therefore, no Black-poll Warbler can have a
migration route less than twenty-five hundred miles in length, and the ex-
tremes of the range—Alaska and Brazil—are twice that distance apart.

The Migration of Warblers 205

This species is correctly considered one of the latest migrating Warblers,
and is seldom seen in the Gulf states before the last week in April. It
makes the trip from Florida to Maine at twice the speed of the Black-and-
white Warbler, and the individuals that nest in Alaska travel at an average
speed of not less than seventy-five miles per day.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE [No. of years’ Average date of Earliest date of
| record spring arrival spring arrival
Atlantic Coast —
Atlanta, Ga. (near) 6 April 25 April 22, 1902
Raleigh, N.C. II May 2 April 28, 1894
Asheville, N. C. (near) . . 5 May 5 April 29, 1893
Washington, D.C... . 5 May 6 May 4, 1890
Germantown, Pa. 6 May 8 May 45, 1887
Englewood, N. i. 5 May 14 May 6, 1900
Southeastern New York 14 May 15 May 2, 1899
Central Connecticut . II May 15 May 11, 1889
Providence, R. I. 6 May 15 May 12, 1900
Boston, Mass. CtatiXe 14 May 17 May Io, 1897
Southern New Hampshire . . Les] 9 May 21 | May 16, 1892
Lewiston, Me. oy: Be EN 6 May 23 | May 16, rgor
Montreal, Can. het May 28, 1892
Upper Hamilton River, Quebec May 31
Placentia, New Foundland June 1, 1890
Mississippi Valley —
St. Louis, Mo. 7 April zo: |, “April 23; 1888
Southern Ontario 6 May 17 May 12, 1894
Ottawa, Ont. 14 May 21 May 15, 1900
Southern Michigan 6 May 14 May 11, 1900
Chicago, III. 9 May 13 May 1, 1899
Southern Wis. 8 May 16 | May 12, 1889
Keokuk, Iowa (near) 7 May 9 | May 7, 1902
Grinnell, Iowa (near) 7 May 10 May 9g, 1889
Lanesboro, Minn. . 8 May 16 | May 8, 1887
Aweme, Man. 5 May 13 May 8, 1902
Southeastern Nebraska ee 5 May 18 | May 5, 1903
Colorado Springs, Colo. . . SP May 8, 1882
Cheyenne, Wyo. fe: ; 2 May 9 May 8, 1888
Great Falls, Mont. , 3 / May 19 | May 18, 1892
Fort Chippewyan, Athabasca... | ; May 23, 1901
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie : 2 f May 22
KowakvsAllaska :,-.ere0"te.0): ‘ ; ha June 2, 1899

FALL MIGRATION

Moving northward late in the spring, the Black-poll Warbler is almost
equally late on its return. It starts south late in August and reaches north-
ern South America the first week in October.

206 Bird - Lore
FALL MIGRATION, continued
PLACE No. of years’| Average date of first Earliest date of first
record one seen one seen
Ottaway Onts ice wis oh cies : August 9, 1893
Glen Ellyn, Ill. ... ee 7 September 3 | August 23, 1897
Providence, R. I.. - . B September 18 | September 16, 1900
Croton-on- Hudson, N.Y. 5 , September 17 | September 12, 1888
Beaver, Pa. . PaaS ; ; 6 September 5 | August 27, 1891
Englewood, N. eek : 3 September 5 | August 30, 1887
Washington, D.C..... 3 September 1, 1889
RaletahtNetCe 2) ae ne 5 October 2 September 24
E | Av Latest date of

PILING Me ees : eed ae eeeoee seen
Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie . August 29, 1904
Ottawa, Ont. . 3 September 19 | September 27, 1889
Glen Ellyn, JM, 7 September 17 | September 25, 1898
Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y. . 3 October 12 October 26, 1888
Beaver, Pa. 7 October 19 October 21, 1900
Renovo, Pa. 6 October 20 October 27, 1896
Englewood, N. Ie 3 October 6 October 8, 1885
Washington, D. CC, October 20, 1889
Raleigh, N. C. November 5, 1886
Southern Florida ; 3 November 11 | November 16, 1887
New Providence, Bahamas November 26, 1898

MALE BOB-WHITE ON NEST
Photographed by Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

The Bird to the Bird-lover

By CHRESWELL J. HUNT

FRIEND said to me the other day: ‘‘I don’t see what you can find
A in the woods and fields to warrant spending so much time there.’’
I said, ‘‘Birds!’’ but he seemed no more enlightened than before.
What was there in a bird worth a long tramp simply to look at it?) What,
indeed !

I did not attempt to explain. One cannot put into words the pleasure
he feels at meeting a new bird—new to him. We would gladly walk miles
to make a new bird-friend, but we cannot explain why to every one’s satis-
faction. Yes, ‘‘All for the sake of seeing a little bird!’’ One must feel
this enthusiasm to understand why. A bird is quite a different thing to a
bird-lover than to a disinterested person.

It is no doubt the happening of the unexpected that goes as far as any-
thing toward keeping up our enthusiasm when afield. We are always see-
ing something new, something we least expect to see. We may take the
same walk every day in the year, yet how many times will it be the same?
There is always something different. We always carry back with us some-
thing new.

I have often skirted a certain mill-pond in the early morning. I have
stood and watched the Chimney Swifts taking their morning dip, skim-
ming low over the water and now then dipping one wing beneath the
surface with a very audible ‘‘slap.’’ Then a Kingfisher drops into the
water from an overhanging branch, and, rising again, bears away his prize
with a loud clatter.

On another morning three Great Blue Herons waded slowly in the
quiet water, making not the slightest ripple. Every little while one would
dart his head beneath the surface, bring forth a fish and devour it.

And again two male Red-winged Blackbirds, with angry notes, plunged
into the water and fought, as it seemed, for life. Now one would be im-
mersed, now the other, until at last they parted and one beat a hasty
retreat. All this while, the cause of the fight, a brown female, clinging to
a near-by cat’s-tail stalk, scolded and watched the combat, at last to fly away
with the victor.

Still another trip was rewarded by a single White Heron, which stood
and preened his feathers on a stone in the center of the pond.

I have walked across the meadows in late May, just as the last gleam of
the sunset was fading in the west and night had all but settled down, and
have listened to the flight song of the Indigo Bunting as he, all but hidden
by the darkness, mounted high into the air pouring forth his lisping song.

On one of those early summer nights, ere the insect choruses which
enliven the nights of July and August had gotten their instruments into

(207 )

208 Bird- Lore

tune, I was sitting upon a rail fence overlooking a sea of daisies, when from
the ground near me came a few twitters and then, full and clear, rang out
the whistle of a Meadowlark. It sounded odd in the quiet of the night,
but one was impressed with how much there really is in this bird’s song.

Again, at night, I heard a Song Sparrow sing—such a drowsy song.
The bird seemed to be singing in his sleep, or rather to have roused up
and gone off to sleep again without completing his song, as it ended
abruptly.

Once I stood watching two White-throats and a Fox Sparrow scratch -
ing among the brown leaves which a light March snow had failed to cover.
Suddenly from above dropped a Sparrow-hawk. One of the White-throats
barely escaped his talons. So engrossed was the Hawk in watching the
Sparrows that he had failed to notice me until after his unsuccessful strike,
and then, with apparent surprise, he made off in great haste.

On another occasion I fell in with a family of young Screech Owls that
had just abandoned their nest. There were the five baby Owls perched on
a rather low limb, making the queerest of Owl music. The old birds were
very much concerned as to the safety of the young, and at times darted
uncomfortably near my face, snapping their bills in a menacing manner.

These are but mere touches of wild life. Yet what they mean to the
bird-lover! I felt a hundred times repzid for my tramp. I would gladly
have walked twice, yea, thrice as far to have seen them.

Then there are spring days when the bird -lover’s enthusiasm fairly over-
flows,—days when the peach trees blush pink, when the cherry-trees are
snow-white and the apple’s buds are bursting; when the honey-bees are
gathering honey in earnest and mourning cloak butterflies flit here and
there; days when woodland hollows are yellow with dog-tooth violets and
windflowers nod in moist thickets. Then it is that the bird-lover’s cup is
full. Then it is that the trees fairly swarm with Warblers and the woods
ring with bird songs. Weroam o’er the fields and through the woods.
We add new birds to our lists. Our enthusiasm gets the better of us.
We would shout aloud.

I have watched a calf kink its tail and gallop around a pasture. I
imagine the calf feels somewhat as I feel. He feels the joy of being alive.

On these spring days the bird-lover is full of this feeling. He longs for
some one to enjoy it with him. The birds have taught him the joy of living,
but, when he speaks of it to some one outside the pale of nature-lovers, they
laugh and say: © What is there in a bird ?’’

A WINTER FEEDING NUMBER |.

In BrrD-LoRE for October it is proposed to devote especial attention
to methods for feeding birds in winter. Will not our readers send us notes
and photographs which could be used in this connection?

Rotes from ied and Stuap

Incidents Among Birds
Birds are not an exception in doing
things out of the common. They have their
freaks and fancies, which are interesting to
the student and give additional pleasure to
Habits are often changed by
surroundings, but many strange things are
done without apparently good reasons. For
the past two seasons a Flicker has built her
nest in an unused chimney on our country
cottage. Surely it is a safe place. Very few
enemies could reach the nest and it could
be easily defended.

the observer.

This past season an English Sparrow oc-
cupied one of three spaces in a bird-house
of three apartments, while the other two
were occupied by Wrens. Last year a
Bluebird had the Sparrow’s apartment,
while the Wrens had the other two. All
lived in peace and raised their families.
Another Wren built in the spout of a
discarded iron pump which had been left
in an upright position in a corner of the
yard.

A strange thing happened two years ago.
Two Wrens built nests about sixty feet dis-
tant from each other,— one ina stump, the
other in the bird-house. One day I noticed
a male flying first to one nest and then to
the other with food. He was feeding the
females. A friend and myself watched him,
and we knew him to be the same bird, as in
many instances he was not out of our sight.
This continued for many days. Our opinion
was that one of the males had been killed
and this one was doing double duty as a
benefactor, for neither of us had ever heard
of a polygamous Wren.

In the fall of 1903, among a flock of
English Sparrows on the court-house square
at St. Paul, was one having a white back
and wings and gray breast. It attracted the
attention of many people. A_ policeman
told me it had been among the flock for

several weeks. I saw it several times at a

distance of a few feet, and it was evidently
an albinistic English Sparrow.

One day I discovered an old cocoon of
the Cecropia moth. Opening it, I found a
shelled peanut and a kernel of corn, both
placed there, I have no doubt, by a Blue
Jay. On a winter morning we found a
mouse in a wire trap. Not wishing to kill
it, I took it to the front lawn and let it out.
It started to run, but had not gone ten feet
before a Shrike pounced upon it and carried
it away. The Shrike was probably in a
tree overhead. On another occasion, hear-
ing a noise in a tree I found a Robin dang-
ling at the end of a string which had
become wound around the foot. As I
climbed the tree the Robin kept perfectly
quiet, evidently knowing that help was
intended. When released it flew to another
tree and gave a song of thanks.

Last summer I saw two Yellow War-
blers feeding a young Cowbird as large as
both the Warblers. They could not fill him
up. His mouth was ever open, crying for
more. Of course a Cowbird’s egg had been
laid in the Warbler’s nest. Did
birds care for the intruder with a parent’s
Were they ignorant of the imposi-
tion? They not only do this thing once,
but they, and other birds, continually care
for these youngsters. Can it be possible
that they are deceived? Who can say ?

these

love ?

One day we were sitting upon the lawn
and saw a red squirrel run up a tree in
which there was a Kingbird’s nest. The
owner of the nest uttered an angry cry, and
almost instantly a score of birds of different
species flew to the tree and at the squirrel.
He had business elsewhere immediately.
Birds unite against a common enemy, al-
though not always friendly to each other.
I observed a Blue Jay one spring eating the
eggs in another Blue Jay’s nest. This was
something new to me and very like canni-
balism, I thought.

(209 )

210

There is ever something happening among
our birds which teaches that with all our
watching and study we have yet much to
learn before the subject can be exhausted.
He who lives with outdoor nature finds
many pleasures. Probably one of the
greatest of these is to know the feathered
tribes and to be able to call them by name.
To him no walk is lonely, for he is con-
stantly meeting friends. Writing of meet-
ing friends, how often you see birds
touching bills with a caress, as human
beings do their lips! Dogs and horses often
put their noses together, and dogs kiss each
other with their tongues and salute their
owners in the same manner. The human
has apparently no patent on kissing. How-
ever, I believe the love demonstrations of
the birds to be the sweetest and most affec-
tionate, of all creatures.—JoHNn W. Tay-
LoR, St. Paul, Minn.

A Bluebird and His Mates

In the early days of April, 1904, a pair
of Bluebirds came to visit us. Almost any
time during the hours of daylight we could
find them among the trees or frequenting
the garden at the rear of the house. Their
bright presence and their clear, cheerful
calls gladdened the time so much that we
wished to keep them near. A wooden box
with a small hole near the top was nailed
to a tree ten feet from the ground, and almost
immediately the birds chose it for their
home. When the nest was completed we
saw but little of the female, for her time was
largely occupied with the five pale blue
eggs hidden in the box. But the male was
usually near by, and we were all glad
together and waited with pleasant anticipa-
tion the time when the young should
appear.

One cool rainy evening the darkness came
onearly. All night the wind blew in gusts
and moaned through the trees. Some time
during the black hours the little Bluebird
in the box must have heard a scratching
of claws on the bark outside and a moment
later beheld the gleam of two green eyes at
the entrance hole. Be that as it may, in the
morning there were many wet feathers scat-

Bird -

Lore

tered on the lawn, and beneath our window
we found the wing-tips of a Bluebird.

All day the bereaved male haunted the
box and near-by trees, calling, calling con-
tinually for his mate. However, the next
morning we found that his anxious cries had
turned to notes of good cheer and that an-
other lady Bluebird was among the trees.
At eleven o’clock I saw her enter the box.
Then I knew that the lonesome bird had
found another mate. The old eggs were re-
moved from the nest and the box was swung
by a wire two feet below a limb. Here the
second wife took up her abode and later
deposited four eggs. But again the cat
climbed the tree and in some way reached
the box, and a second time the male was
without a companion.

For eleven days he mourned and then the
third time mated. This time his home was
not invaded, for the cat never came to the
lawn again, and a little later five young Blue-
birds climbed out of the box and learned to
fly and gather food and sing just like other
little birds the wide world over.—T: GiL-
BERT PEARSON, Greensboro, N. C.

Chimney Swift Notes

The interesting article on the Chimney
Swift in the last number of Birp-Lore
reminds me of a note on the habits of this
species that may be worth recording.

It was at Keokuk, Ia., on the 6th of
August, 1897, about 6.30 Pp. M., that I
Noticed an exceptional number of Swifts
flying near the gable of our house. This
gable was covered with shingles and in it
was a small recessed porch; it faced south-
west and was strongly lighted by the setting
sun. I ascended to the porch for a nearer
view. The birds were flying so near to me
that I began to grab at them as they passed.
I then noticed that some birds fluttered into
the porch and lit there, and several of these
I caught easily; many were also alighting
on the wall of the house and resting a few
moments before resuming their apparently
meaningless flight. They were not circling
as they so commonly do at sundown, but
were flying irregularly near the gable of the
building as if there was some attraction

Notes From Field and Study

there. No movement or noise that I could
make seemed to disturb them, and I feel sure
I could have caught many of those that
rested on the shingles could I have reached
them. I could see no insects nor attraction
of any sort, nor any unusual condition
except perhaps the strong yellow light from
the sun that illuminated the brown shingles.

I had to leave while the birds were still
at it, and darkness had fallen before I
returned. There was now no trace of the
birds; none were roosting either on the
porch or on the shingles. Swifts were com-
mon around the house and a few bred in
the chimneys, but conduct such as this I
never witnessed before or since.—Wm. E.
PRAEGER, Chicago.

The Song of the Carolina Wren

Mr. Keyser’s experience with the Caro-
lina Wren that sang the song of a Song-
sparrow interested me much, because I
twice heard a Carolina Wren imitate the
Catbird’s warning Zeay, Zeay/ so perfectly
that I fully expected to see the Catbird and
was amazed to see the Wren instead.
A young one repeated the cry. It was be-
cause of a cat—a danger ahead. I heard
the same warning a second time — perhaps
from the same Wren!—ELta Mossy,
Louise Home, Washington, D.C.

Opposed to Compulsory Instruction
on Birds

5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo., March 15, 1905.
Mr. F. M. CHAPMAN, Editor Bird-Lore.

Dear Sir: 1 send you enclosed clipping
from the ‘St. Louis Republic,’ which I
think is too good to pass by unnoticed.
Such wise words of one of our Missouri
senators may deserve publication in BirpD-
Lore, as they show with what stuff the
Audubon Society has to contend.

Yours truly, O. WIDMANN.

P. S.—I have just mailed Senator Fields
Educational Leaflet No. 1, and he will get
one leaflet every day now for the next eleven
or twelve days.

By a Staff Correspondent.

Jefferson City, Mo., March 14.—Walms-
ley’s bill compelling teachers to devote one
hour a month to teaching the habits of birds
and insects caused an hour’s discussion in
the Senate this afternoon. Senator Fields
grew almost dramatic in his denunciation

PHA

of the bill, and, on a roll call, the bill was
killed, 16 to 16.

** Do you think an educated school teacher
can tell as much as a country boy about
birds ?’’ asked Fields. ‘‘ Nobody outside of
the Supreme Court knows what the fish and
game laws are for. They have the last
guess. Then you have here a bill making a
poor girl school teacher try to tell something
she or no one else knows anything about.
Why, you would make the poor children
listen to the reading of Government reports!
Can you, Senators, be serious in this ?’’

The vote was then taken.

Pine Warblers Eat Suet

I was very much interested, last spring,
in watching a pair of Pine Warblers eat
suet which was put out for the Wood-
peckers and Nuthatches. I have had it on
the trees several years but never saw the
Warblers eat it before.— ELIzABETH A. S.
PENNELL, Brunswick, Me.

A Peculiar Snare

While observing birds on State College
campus this morning at 7:30 o’clock, a
small bird fluttered down from the branches
above to the grass about three yards away.
Locating and easily identifying it as a
Black-and-white Warbler, Mniotilta varia,
I cautiously approached to within two feet
of it and stooped to pick it up, when it
fluttered away some two yards further. It
was then easily captured and found to be in
fine plumage and good health. Examining
for the cause of its disabled condition, I
found one of its own feathers, one and
one-fourth inches long, attached from
the primaries of one wing to the primaries
of the other, binding the tips of the wings
together. In this condition I exhibited it
to eight or ten State College students and
released it in their presence. It was unable
to fly away, though it made strenuous
efforts. It was captured a second time and
the feather removed, the removal showing
that it was firmly attached at either end.
On being again released, it flew away. The
feather is retained as a souvenir.— R. H.
DEAN, Lexington, Ky.

Book ews

WiLp Wincs, Adventures of a Camera
Hunter Among the Larger Wild Birds
of North America on Sea and Land.
By HERBERT KEIGHTLEY JoB. With an
Introductory Letter by Theodore Roose-
velt. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 8vo.
XXVill+-341 pages, 160 half-tones from
photographs by the author. Price, $3 net.

Since the publication, in 1902, of his
‘Among the Wild Fowl,’ Mr. Job has
been hunting birds with a camera from Bird
Rock, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the
Florida Keys, and the most important re-
sults of his work are given in this handsome
volume.

Those who have been so fortunate as to
hear Mr. Job describe his adventures afield
will realize the charm of this book when we
say that he has succeeded in transferring to
the printed page the glowing enthusiasm
which adds so much to the
attractiveness of his recountal of experiences
while in pursuit of birds.

interest and

Like many another writer, however, he
confesses he “‘cannot adequately explain the
fascination which the wild birds have’’ for
him ; though every bird-lover will sympa-
thize with his effort to explain the bird’s
power to awaken responses silent to every
other stimulus. Armed now with more
adequate photographic apparatus than that
with which the illustrations for his earlier
volume were made, Mr, Job has here done
greater justice alike to his subject and to
himself. But, even with the best available
camera and lenses, bird photography is
sufficiently difficult to tax the energy and
patience of its most ardent disciples, and
only the experienced can realize the effort
required to obtain as many excellent illus-
trations as are contained in this book. The
description of the manner in which the
splendid picture of the Laughing Gull ( page
132) was secured recalls a comment made,
a week or two later, to the reviewer, by the
captain of the life-saving station where Mr.
Job stayed while visiting the Gulls’ haunts,
who, apropos of the time required to secure

and WMeviews

this particular photograph, remarked, ‘‘that
man Job is sure well named.”

No experience, however, is required to
enable one to appreciate the hardships en-
dured by Mr. Job in southern Florida, or
the pluck needed to persevere in the face of
the difficulties one encounters there. The
tragic death of Warden Guy Bradley, who
was Mr. Job’s guide in this region, lends a
melancholy interest to the chapters on Cape
Sable and the Cuthbert Rookery, to which
the warden took Mr. Job, and the latter’s
graphic account of the trip gives one a vivid
impression of the hopelessly desolate country
in which for several years Mr. Bradley
labored so faithfully.—F. M. C.

THE Birps oF Essex County, MAssacHu-
SETTS. By CHARLES WENDELL TOwN-
SEND, M.D. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club,
III, Cambridge, Mass., published by the
Club, April, 1905. 4to, pp. 352, 1 half-
tone, I map.

This elaborate treatise contains not only
an annotated list of Essex county birds, but
also chapters on ‘ Topography and Faunal
Areas,’ ‘Lighthouse Records,’ ‘Ornitholo-
gical History of Essex County, 1616-1904,’
and on the characteristic bird-life of the
ocean, sand beaches, sand dunes, salt
marshes, fresh marshes and ponds. Based
on long-continued, minute and sympathetic
observation, these introductory essays con-
tain much that is of scientific importance
and at the same time are most interest-
ing reading. Few portions of America
have an ornithological history extending
over nearly 300 years, and Dr. Townsend
has evidently availed himself of al] desir-
able sources of information concerning the
bird-life of eastern Massachusetts when the
Great Auk, Labrador Duck, Sandhill
Crane and Swan were doubtless common
there. We note that the Great Auk is said
to have ranged southward only to Vir-
ginia, the discovery of humeri in a shell-
mound at Ormond, Florida, having evidently
been overlooked. (See Birp-Lore, IV,

1902, 97.)

(212)

Book News

Summing up his own observations in
Essex county during the past twenty-eight
years, Dr. Townsend concludes that ‘‘ shore
birds have diminished in numbers’’ and
that while Gulls and Terns decreased
‘during the early years of this period, they
have noticeably increased during the last
few years owing to the efforts of the Audu-
bon Society.’’ He adds that ‘‘the establish -
ment of public reservations where shooting
is forbidden is doing a great deal to bring
back former conditions.’’

The ‘Annotated List,’ occupying pages
77-321 of this ‘Memoir,’ treats of 319 in-
digenous, and two introduced species.

The annotations include a statement of
the birds’ manner of occurrence, migration
and nesting dates for the migrant and
breeding species, and much intimate bio-
graphical matter, several pages often being

devoted to a single species. Indeed, this

portion of the work contains so much
more information than is found in the
stereotyped ‘Annotated List’ that it is

deserving of a more dignified and com-
prehensive title.

We must refer to it not only for informa-
tion concerning the local status of the birds
of Essex county, but for much new and
valuable material in relation to their habits.
The appearance of birds in life is often de-
scribed at length, a fact which should make
this book particularly helpful to students
of birds with a field-glass.

It is, however, greatly to be regretted
that the usefulness of this admirable work
is largely impaired by a bulkiness which
renders it cumbersome to handle and denies
it a place on our book-shelves with other
faunal lists. Quarto size for works of re-
ference is now considered excusable only
when illustrative matter demands a large
page. It seems, therefore, most unfortunate
that the Nuttall Club should adhere to
this antiquated form for the exceptionally
important material contained in its ‘ Me-
moirs.’ It is, we think, safe to say that,
in practice, the reference value of Mr.
Brewster's essay on migration, the first
memoir of the Club, would have been
doubled had it appeared as an octavo rather
than a quarto.—F. M. C.

and Review 213

THE DECREASE OF CERTAIN BIRDS, AND
Irs Causes, WITH SUGGESTIONS For BirD
PROTECTION. By Epwarp Howe For-
BUSH. Fifty-second Annual Report of
the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-

culture, pages 429-543.

This is a capital paper. Prepared with
due regard to the difficulties incident to the
proper treatment of the subject, it possesses
a value wanting, to say the least, in those
surprisingly definite papers on bird destruc-
tion where the percentage of decrease in the
bird-life of a given region is stated with the
exactness of a government census.

Long-continued observation and detailed
notes are the only satisfactory basis on
which to make a comparison of the past and
present bird-life of a given region. Mr.
Forbush thoroughly understands this and,
after weighing the evidence presented by some
two hundred observers, concludes that proba-
bly ‘‘the smaller birds in general have not
decreased greatly in Massachusetts, as a
whole, in recent years, except in and near
centers of population.’”’

The expert testimony secured is presented
in detail, and the status of the birds reported
as diminishing is discussed at length. The
causes of the decrease of birds are then
considered ; man and his works being the
artificial cause, while among the natural
enemies of birds are included cats, foxes,
Crows, red-squirrels, English Sparrows,
certain Hawks, Blue Jays, weasels, minks
and skunks. It is interesting to note that
Mr. Forbush, like all unprejudiced obser-
vers of the cat in relation to birds, considers
it the most destructive of all animals. We
agree, too, with his estimate of the Crow’s
destructiveness to bird-life in the nest.

Suggestions for the better protection of
birds concludes this sane and valuable con-
tribution to the literature of avian eco-
nomics. It should be read by every one
who ventures to have an opinion on the
points at issue.—F. M. C.

‘Some Benefits the Farmer May Derive
from Game Protection’ (Dept. of Agri.
Year-book for 1904, pages 509-520) is a
practical discourse which should appeal ef-
fectively to every one who appreciates a
logical argument.

214

Bird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published August 1, 1905 No. 4

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, Canada and Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year, post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Bird in the Bush 1s Worth Two 1n the Hand

FEEDING birds in winter not only yields
exceptional opportunities for bird study and
enables us to establish delightfully intimate
relationships with our feathered guests, but
is a practical means of bird protection
within the reach of every one who is within
the reach of birds.

It is proposed, therefore, in the next issue
of Birp-Lore to devote especial attention
to this subject, and we shall be glad to re-
ceive from our readers notes on proper kinds
of foods and methods of feeding, with de-
scriptions, drawings or photographs of feed -
ing-tables, etc. ‘Che appearance of this
matter in Birp-Lore for October will enable
those who so desire to avail themselves of
the suggestions then offered before the sea-
son arrives when food is at a premium.

THE program of the Fourth International
Ornithological Congress which was pub-
lished in Birp-Lore for June (page 168)
was Carried out so successfully that every one
in attendance formed a resolution to be
present, circumstances permitting, at the
Fifth Congress to be held in Germany,
probably at Berlin, in r910

There were papers on systematic, on eco-
nomic, and on bibliographic ornithology,
museum methods, migration, odlogy, nest-
ing habits, zoogeography, the significance
of certain plumages, aviculture, bird pro-
tection and legislation, all emphasizing the
breadth of the ornithological field and the
demand for many workers.

A mere statement of the formal, scientific

Bird-Lore

proceedings of a Congress of this kind is,
however, far from expressing its far-reach-
ing influence. One does not go to hear
papers, they can be read when published,
but to meet the men that write them; and
the bounteous hospitality which character-
ized this Congress afforded the best oppor-
tunities for the development of the social
instinct.

ONE of the essentials of an exhibition col-
lection of birds is that it contains features
which shall not only force the attention of
the casual visitor but that their influence

shall spread beyond the museum walls and

induce the presence of those whose interest
has been aroused by a description of them.

In practice it has proved possible to
achieve this result by appealing to the ob-
jectless public through the universal love of
the beautiful ; not merely by the display
of cases of gaudily colored birds but by
carefully planned and executed groups
which, so far as is possible within museum
walls, shall represent the bird in nature or,
in other words, the living bird in its haunts.
We refer here not only to groups with nat-
ural accessories of branch, leaf and blossom,
representing the nesting habits of a single
species, but more particularly to those
which aim to portray some more striking
scene in bird-life where vast numbers of
birds of one or more species together form
what has become known as a bird colony.

In reproducing such groups on a large
scale, it is possible to use a painted back- .
ground so effectively that at a short distance
one cannot readily distinguish where the
group proper ends and the background be-
gins. Not only is the beauty and realism
of the group thereby greatly enhanced, but
the introduction of birds into the painting
make it possible to represent nature in a
way which would be impracticable if only
mounted birds were employed.

In this issue of BirpD-LoRE we present
photographs of two such groups which have
recently been completed at the American
Museum of Natural History. While these
illustrations do scant justice to the originals,
they. will at least serve to convey an idea of
the subjects they represent.

Che Audubon Docieties

“ You cannot with a scaipel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird's song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should

be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn.

Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be

sent at least one month prior to the date of publication,

A Stronghold to be Conquered

August, to the great majority, is probably
the most enervating and irresponsible month
of the entire year. It is high tide to the su-
perficial eye, a time when everything on land
and sea is at an apparent standstill, and we
ourselves are supposed to follow Whit-
man’s invitation to “ loaf and invite your
soul.”

There is also a lull in bird affairs, the
nesting being over and the moulting begun.
I have even thought at times that it would
be a relief to bird protectionists if, for this
one month, they might also moult to the
extent of shedding their ever-present sense
of responsibility. But, on the contrary, the
last month of summer calls one and all to
special effort, for with September comes the
universal opening of the public school, and
this, the greatest of all American institu-
tions, is a stronghold to which the cause of
protection of bird and beast must not only
gain admission, but in a proper sense
dominate and possess for its own before
we may feel our position in any way
secure.

In America, where it is the reflex influ-
ence of the child upon the parent, more than
the direct parental influence upon the child,
that molds the point of view, it is necessary
to meet the child face to face and win him in
the early school years. How this may be
done must be thought out now, in order to
be ready for action at the opening of the
schools.

Lack of tact on the part of well-meaning
enthusiasts has done more to keep birds
and flowers out of schools, than either
politics or the so-called “stupidity” of
schéolboards. Bird Study has a hard
sound and suggests one more text-book to

be bought, another task to be added as
a link in the chain of studies already
too heavy. Bird Life or Bird Play—
according to the grade and age—has a far
more alluring sound, and to be both attrac-
tive and beneficial the matter should be
introduced as one of the extra “topics of
the day” rather than as a task of regular
and fixed times.

How can this be accomplished ? you ask.
By skilfully influencing the supplement-
ary reading of the schools within reach, and
so creating a demand for nature books.

Here in Connecticut we first cooperated
with the intelligent and progressive State
Board of Education by adding nature
libraries, bought with the money of the
Audubon Society, to the other sets of
books that are circulated free in all school
districts. Then we asked, what next ?

“Give us pictures and reading leaflets
so arranged that they can be passed from
hand to hand and desk to desk, that the
children may feel the interest of personal
possession,” was the response.

We sent out colored pictures of birds,
flowers, shells, trees, etc., all mounted on
stout cardboard. The success was instan-
taneous —“ More, give us more, the chil-
dren learn to read the books through the in-
terest created by the pictures. The charts,
etc., hung on the wall have their place, but the
portfolios of pictures that may be handled
and enjoyed at close range are much more
practical, and can be kept in the teacher’s
desk to be taken out at odd moments.”

Let every officer of an Audubon Society
while he or she is taking the August rest,
swinging in a hammock or in a boat, camp-
ing in the primeval forest or simply revel-
ing in the comfort of a rural home, put on
a thinking-cap of leaves and devise some

(215)

216

means of bringing birds and all nature into

the schools, in their proper guise of recrea-
tive uplifters.

Begin by compiling some simple pamph-
let that, starting with the autumnal migra-
tion, shall follow the bird year to its spring
climax Print it either by private subscrip-
tion or state cooperation, and see that a copy
is in the hand of every teacher in a public
school by October first. Next procure as
many sets of the colored pictures (twenty-
five toa portfolio) as you can beg or borrow
the money to procure, and distribute them,
while following in the wake of these must
come the more serious ammunition of bom-
bardment —the well-chosen libraries of
nature books.

Thus, having gained admittance to the
stronghold, its complete conquest is a matter
of tact combined with the knowledge of
human nature, without which no man or
woman is qualified to be called a citizen of
the world or aspire to teach or lead others.
—M.0.W.

Notes and News

Apropos to Mrs. Wright’s suggestion of
a method to secure the interest of the chil-
dren of the country, through the medium of
the school and the teacher, it isa pleasure to
mention the excellent work of the Glendora,
California, public school, which is doing
fine work both in bird study and protection.
Recently the scholars gave an entertainment
in the interest of birds, with a good pro-
gram and an invitation so unique and sug-
gestive that it is reproduced for the benefit
of other juniors.

\ 4 ~
NS
5 TOS ee Ee }
/ \ Bey Sa re
A\ BIRD Day c
‘ENTERTAINMENT. 5
AUDUBON SOCIETY
o
GLENDORA SCHOOL
SAT HOMES
TO THE FRIENDS oF BIRDS.
FROM 4 te 2:30 PM.

Bird -

Lore

The children of the Kenwood School, in
Minneapolis, are even more ambitious than
the young Californians, for they have com-
menced the publication of a magazine,
“Wood Folk.’ Their Audubon Society
was organized three years since. It speaks
well of the continued interest, which must
be largely fostered and guided by the teach-
ers, that the children started an organ on
the birthday of the great artist-naturalist,
Audubon. Miss Marian Conner, editor, in
her introductory editorial says: ‘‘ The Au-
dubon Society was started to encourage birds
to make Kenwood their home. The oldest
residents claim that birds in unusual num-
bers and varieties have been observed in the
summers since the organization of the so-
ciety. Many of the children have established
lunch-counters for the birds. The work of
the Audubon Society has extended beyond
the school to the home. Many of the
mothers have taken up the study of birds
with their children, and accompany them
into the woods to study the habits of the
feathered songsters.’’ ‘Wood Folk’ is a
magazine of sixteen pages of original mat-
ter, all of which is bright and entertaining,
and will serve as a model for other junior
Audubons. Unfortunately, there are other
sections where the Audubon spirit does not
yet exist. One of the Humane officers in -
Kansas City recently found some boys who
were trying to make little Indians of them-
selves They had made a wigwam, and from
this headquarters they sallied forth and shot
all the birds they could find; these they
hung from their belts in lieu of scalps and
on returning to the wigwam would compare
notes, the most successful hunter being the
big chief. Perhaps the boys were not so
much to blame as were their parents. Cer-
tainly the children of the Glendora and
Kenwood schools will make the better citi-
zens.

MicuiGAn.—Michigan adopted the model
law June 21, under an ‘‘Act to revise and
amend the laws for the protection of game
and birds.’’ It is an admirable statute in
that it materially shortens seasons, prevents
sale and transportation, and permits-spring
shooting for only a few days. In addition,
it permits the Audubon Society to name

The Audubon Societies

four of the deputy game-wardens, who have
all the powers of the other game-wardens
(see Birp-Lore, June, p. 184).

Louis!aNA.—President Miller, of the Au-
dubon Society, has just returned from a trip
to the Breton Island Reservation and the
other islands in charge of Wardens Sprinkle
and Halford. He says: ‘‘I wonder at the
faithful performance of duty by these war-
dens, owing to the unprecedented numbers
of green flies which make life a misery.
Even now, when they are disappearing, they
are so bad that they drove me in; I simply
could not endure them! Thanks to the good
work of the wardens,*the coast of Louisiana
is richer by between 15,000 to 20,000 young
Laughing Gulls, Royal, Wilson’s and
Cabot’s Terns. It is a grand showing, an
inspiring sight which I wish you could see.
We have strong evidence and can undoubt-
edly make a good case against the crew of
the Schooner Alpha for egging. Am now
working on it and shall push it to the
limit.’’

MAssACHusETTS.—Excellent work is being
done by the State Fish and Game Commis-
sion, the president of which is Dr G. W.
Field, a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Massachusetts Audubon So-
ciety. The dealers in aigrettes were notified
as follows: ‘‘I beg to call your attention
to our state laws covering the possession or
wearing, for the purpose of dress or orna-
ment, the body or feathers of insectivorous
or wild birds, whether taken in this com-
monwealth or elsewhere. This law covers
the skins and feathers or parts thereof espe-
cially of insectivorous birds, Herons (aig-
rettes), Gulls, Terns, shore-birds, etc.,
“whenever and wherever taken.’ We re-
spectfully suggest that you can best observe
the spirit and letter of the law by removing
from sale all such feathers, and return them
to the wholesalers; and, further, by refusing
to buy or sell such feathers, aigrettes, etc.
Certain dealers are claiming that the bird
laws are not to be enforced, or that their
particular goods, notably aigrettes, are man-
ufactured, and therefore not prohibited by
this law. In case such statements are made,
the writer will be glad to give an opinion as
to whether any particular feathers come

217

within the scope of the law, and whether
such are liable to seizure, and the possessor
liable to arrest.

‘The state authorities entrusted with the
protection of bird-life wish to secure results
with the least possible hardship to the pub-
lic and the ‘ trade,’
cooperation.

and therefore ask your

‘*In any event, however, we beg to for-
mally notify you that we shall use every legit-
imate means to enforce the laws of the com-
monwealth, and all persons having such
birds and feathers in possession, whether as
dealers or wearers, are liable to arrest.’’

OreGon.—Messrs Bohlman and Finley,
the well-known bird photographers and
students, have been appointed special deputy
game-wardens, and have gone to the exten-
sive breeding grounds in the saline lakes in
southeastern Oregon, where they will carry
on their studies and photography, and at the
same time protect the breeding colonies of
water-birds, as the representatives of the
National Association. It is proposed to
have them give an illustrated account of
their summer’s work at the annual meeting
of the Association in October next.

DeELAWARE.—At the last session of. the
Delaware legislature, at the request of the
Audubon Society, the penalty clause of the
model law, passed in 1901, was amended as
follows: ‘‘Any fines collected by any Justice
of the Peace or Constable of this State, under
the provisions of this Act, shall be forthwith
paid by him to the Treasurer of the Dela-
ware Audubon Society.’’? This refers to the
fines for the illegal killing of non-game
birds, and should result in a fund of consid-
erable size which will be used for bird pro-
tection and educational purposes. It would
be a wise move on the part of every state to
follow the example of Delaware and North
Carolina, which has a similar law. It is
very certain that disinterested and public-
spirited citizens like those engaged in Au-
dubon work will administer a fund resulting
from fines much more satisfactorily than will
the ordinary game commission, which is
generally composed of politicians, although
there are some very marked exceptions to
this rule, for instance, in Massachusetts and
some other states.—W. D.

218 Bird - Lore
a ae EE EN I ee ee ee ee ee ee

GUY M. BRADLEY

HE startling announcement was sent to the National Association on July 14, that
Guy M. Bradley was shot and instantly killed while making an arrest at a rookery
on Oyster Key, Florida, on July 8. Full particulars of this unfortunate affair

have not been received, although it is known that his murderer has been captured and is
now confined in the county jail at Key West. Senator Harris has been retained to repre-
sent the National Association at the preliminary hearing in the case. The deceased acted
as warden in Monroe County, a wild and thinly settled district, for over three years, hav-
ing commenced his duties in May, 1902. During all this time he faithfully guarded his
wards, the plume birds, traveling thousands of miles in the launch Audubon, in order
to watch over them. He was originally recommended to the Association by Mr. Kirk Mun-
Toe, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Florida Audubon Society, who said that he was fear-
less and brave and had an extensive knowledge of the country and the birds that lived there.
A number of well-known ornithologists and members of the Association visited Bradley at
different times, and always found him alert and faithful in the performance of his duty, and
willing to undergo any hardship to protect the birds. He took a personal interest in his
work and was genuinely proud when he could report an increase in numbers. He told the
writer in February last that he felt while he was away from his home, cruising among the
Keys, or patrolling the swamp, that his life was in his hands, for the plume-hunters, whose
nefarious trafhc he so seriously interfered with, had sworn to take his life. Even this
knowledge did not deter him, and he proved faithful unto death. Personally he was gentle
and somewhat retiring, was pure in thought and deed, deeply interested in and a supporter
of the small Union Church near his home. A young wife is left to mourn his sudden and
terrible death, and his two children, too young to realize their loss, will never know a
father’s care.

A home broken up, children left fatherless, a woman widowed and sorrowing, a faith-
ful and devoted warden, who was a young and sturdy man, cut off in a moment, for what ?
That a few more plume birds might be secured to adorn heartless women’s bonnets. Here-
tofore the price has been the life of the birds, now is added human blood. Every great
movement must have its martyrs, and Guy M. Bradley is the first martyr in the cause of

bird protection. WILLIAM DUTCHER.
a a Pe IE 7 OS)

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 15

THE YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO

Order — Coccyges Family — Cuculide

Genus — Coccyzus Species — Americanus

(219)

The Yellow-billed Cuckoo

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies

DESCRIPTION

The general color above is a uniform olive-brown, in some lights showing considerable
bronze reflection; there is quite a large area of bright reddish brown or cinnamon on the
primaries; under parts pure silky white, faintly tinged with gray on upper breast; tail black
below with six outside feathers showing large terminal white spots which are always visi-
ble, also showing from above when the tail is spread; legs and feet dark; bill, upper
mandible and tip of lower one black, the remainder of the lower one yellow.

Size.— From tip of bill to end of tail varies in individuals from r1 to 12.70 inches.

The Black-billed Cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) is very similar to the Yellow-billed
in appearance, but may always be readily distinguished by the color of the bill, which is
entirely black. The cinnamon color on the primaries is lacking. It may also be quickly
recognized by the color of the under part of the tail, which is gray instead of black and the
terminal white spots are very small.

The Mangrove Cuckoo (C. minor) is very similar to the Yellow-billed except that it
lacks the cinnamon on the primaries and below is a uniform dark buff instead of white.

Nest.—Isa very poorly constructed and frail affair, merely a platform of small sticks,
with a little lining of moss, grass, pine needles, dry blossoms, etc.

Eggs.— From two to five in number, of a pale greenish blue color.

Distribution.— The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is found during the breeding season in all
parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and as far north as the upper border
of the States. Ihe Black-billed Cuckoo is found from about 35° north latitude to 47° in
the East and as high as 51° in the West. West of the Rocky Mountains the California
Cuckoo is found, ranging as far north as southern British Columbia. This Cuckoo is
almost an exact counterpart of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, being slightly smaller in size. The
Mangrove Cuckoo is a West Indian form, which is confined in the United States to the
border of the Gulf between West Florida and Louisiana.

The Cuckoo is probably one of the least known of North American
birds. This is due to the fact that it is very retiring in its habits, secretive
being the word that best describes its method of hiding in the thick foliage
or shrubbery. It is a very striking bird in appearance, not so much on
account of its color, which is severely plain, almost Quaker-like in its
modesty, but on account of its shape, which is so narrow in proportion to
the length that it always reminds the writer of an arrow. The flight of the
Cuckoo is also a marked characteristic and when once known will serve as
a sure means of identification. It has several notes, the most familiar one
being Cow-cow, or, coo-coo. However, learning the notes of birds by actual
observation is one of the essentials that the writer suggests to his readers.
The series of leaflets now being issued in BiIRD-LORE is primarily to
introduce the bird to the reader; an intimate acquaintance can follow only
as the result of repeated visits. [he Cuckoo is with us only during the
breeding season, retiring southward in the autumn. Its nesting habits are
of special interest and will well repay the student and bird-lover for the time

(220)

The Yellow-billed Cuckoo 221

devoted to their investigation. Special care must be taken, however, as the
Cuckoo is somewhat slow in making new acquaintances and sometimes
resents the too earnest endeavor of the observer and abandons its home.
The Cuckoo, or Cuckow of the Old World, is a singular contrast to its
relative of the New World. The former bird is a parasite in the sense that
it does not care for its own offspring, but entrusts them to the care of foster
parents, the female bird secretly depositing her eggs in the nests of smaller
birds. Our Cuckoo has better habits, inasmuch as it tries to care for its own
young; indeed, the parents are very courageous in their defense, but the
architecture of the Cuckoo is so very inferior that it is really remarkable
that many young reach maturity. The nests are often so frail that the eggs
can be seen through the bottom and are so small that they are strikingly out
of proportion to the size of the incubating bird. The Cuckoo has quite a
list of names, among them Rain Crow, Rain Dove, etc. It will be very
interesting and important data to collect a list of the names the Cuckoos of
North America bear. The writer would be glad to have all local names
sent to him; these will be published in Brrp-LorRE.

While the life history of the Cuckoo is of great interest to the teacher
and student, and also to the lovers of the curious in nature, yet the relation
that this family of birds bears to agriculture is by far the most important.
The Cuckoo may be placed in the highest class of birds that do good to
man and in the class that has the fewest objectionable characteristics. The
Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar is one of the greatest and most destructive pests
that the farmer has to contend with. Unless vigilance and care is taken the
webs of this pest are soon in evidence. Even before the leaves open these
caterpillars appear and feed on the buds, but the greatest damage is done to
the fresh green foliage. Forth from its tent this destructive army marches
each day to feed. It is like an army of men in light marching order, that
carry few rations, but depend entirely on what they can secure by foraging.
As the human army devastates a region leaving ruin in its train, so do these
caterpillars leave ruin, and in many cases, death to the trees on which they
feed. The writer in his early years spent many hours in clearing apple trees
of this pest. Having a decided dislike to handling the repulsive crawlers, he
devised a simple but effective method of destroying both the caterpillar and
its tent home. A cheap gun, a pound of cheap powder, and a box of old-
fashioned G. D. percussion caps, did the work. A thimbleful of powder in
the gun, without a wad, held about 15 or 18 inches from the tent, was the
means used. The explosion blew the caterpillars to pieces and the tent was
burnt off the limb as clean as a prairie fire sweeps off dead grass. In those
days little was known of the food habits of birds; now their relation to
agriculture is very well defined and it has been found that the Cuckoo is
one of the birds that considers the Tent-caterpillar a dainty tidbit. The
food habits of the Cuckoo is a subject well worth the study of every

222 Bird-Lore

agriculturist and every lover of trees. A few quotations from well-known
authorities will serve to confirm the above opinion. Mr. F. E. L. Beal, of
the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in his paper on the
relation of Cuckoos to agriculture, ‘‘ The Food of Cuckoos,’’ says:

‘The insect food of Cuckoos consists of beetles, grasshoppers, cicadas, bugs, ants,
wasps, flies, caterpillars and spiders, of which grasshoppers and caterpillars constitute more
than three-fourths. In 129 stomachs examined, 2,771 caterpillars were found, or an average
of 21 ineach. In May and June, when tent caterpillars are defoliating fruit-treee, these
insects constitute half of the Cuckoo’s food. One stomach was so full that the bird had
evidently devoured the whole tent colony, as there were several hundred in the stomach.
This diet of hairy caterpillars has a curious effect on the birds’ stomachs, the lining of
which is often pierced by so many hairs as to be completely furred, the membrane itself
being almost entirely concealed. It seems hardly possible to overestimate the value of the
Cuckoo’s work. All caterpillars are harmful, many of them are pests, and any of them
are likely to become so. The common tent-caterpillar formerly fed on the wild cherry, but
has now turned its attention principally to apple trees, sometimes completely defoliating
them.’’

Mr. E. H. Forbush, Ornithologist to the Massachusetts Board of
Agriculture, says:
‘“ There is no question as to the value of Cuckoos; they feed mainly on the medium-

sized and larger caterpillars. Whether there is any other family that is as useful in this
respect as the Cuckoos, is still an open question.’’

Major Bendire says:

‘“ Their benefit to the horticulturist is immense, and he has certainly no better friends
among our birds.’’

The Cuckoo is certainly entitled to the respect and the protection of
man for the good it does, and the forester, the orchardist and, in fact, every-
one who tills the soil should count himself specially favored if he can
number among his bird guests some Cuckoos.

Study Points for Teachers and Scholars

Trace distribution of the Cuckoos on the map. Which species is found in your
locality ? When do they arrive in the spring, and depart in the fall? What can you tell
of their food from personal observation? Describe nest, materials, location in tree, kind
of tree, period of incubation, number and color of eggs. How long do young remain in
nest? Local name.

For additional valuable information read the following: ‘‘ Life Histories of North
American Birds,’’ Bendire, 1895; ‘‘ Bulletin No. 9, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,’’ Beal,
1898; ‘‘ Bulletin No. 5, Massachusetts Crop Report,’’ Forbush, September, 1899; “‘ Lit-
tle Brothers of the Air,’? Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller.

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VOL. VII
No. 5

WiINITERIN PREUING NUNIDEN

SEPTEMBER — OCTOBER, 1905

EDITED EY

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PUBLISHED FOR THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

The Macmillan Companyp

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COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

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GM COPIES OF BIRD-LORE WANTED.—We will give 25 cents each for the first 50.
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WHird= Lore

September -October, 1905

CONTENTS

@ENERAL ARTICLES PAGE

FRONTISPIECE — TENNESSEE, ORANGE-CROWNED AND NASHVILLE WARBLERS.. . -
Bruce Horsfall .

Our AviaN CREDITORS. Illustrated ... . BW IR ieaeken ER GRY ic _. Ernest Harold Baynes . 223
THE WINTER FEEDING OF Birps. Illustrated Merely abate! ashe ted Mabel Osgood Wright . 228

How to ATTRACT THE WINTER BirDS ABouT OuR Homes. Illustrated as
Edward Howe Forbush. 233

FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Twelfth Paper. Illustrated by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and
Bruce Horsfall ..... c He Me eared Ress Be ae serle W. W. Cooke. 237

NOTES ON WINTER FEEDING moe SN nts AR RAMS Noni Pace meta oA Oy 240

From DoRCHESTER, MAss., Gertrude A. Shattuck; LAKE GEORGE, N. Y., Ella F. Luther,
BERLIN, Conn., Harriet S. Smith; SHERMAN, Conn., Ruth Rogers; E.GLEwoop, N. J.,
Tsabel McC. Lemmon; MippLE HADDAM, Conn. (illustrated), Bert F. Case; JACKSON-
VILLE, ILL., Anne Wakeley Jackson; CURRAN, ILL., Abbie Vredenburg, CAMPRELLSVILLE,
Ky., W M. Jackson; AN ANTI-SPARROW FOOD-SHELF.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS .....-.-- «+--+. .+-. He ONSG. GEN tye ket pchu gO. 1.10 224

Howe’s ‘Firry CoMMON BIRDS OF VERMONT’; LANGE’S STATE BIRD BOOKS; THE ORNI-
THOLOGICAL MAGAZINES,

EDIT ORDA irc ee ices cya eye bel breiacneeieon'ey toe Retlcatitsy tn, KeMWias rst gs itera relics tai Mc mull = ifetey Lolli altel May Mallee )i t= aaa 249
AUDUBON DEPARTMENT ... ..-..-+-.+--+-++-+-+-+-s SDE Sete taetal Lo ghe are oie tele erage 250
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 16... . 2-2-1 ee ee eee ee ee 253

a, Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges should be
sent to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 177th Street and Sth Avenue,
New York City, N. Y.

Subscribers whose subscription
has expired will find a renewal
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ber of the magazine.

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will send you the Seton Shrike
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Reduced line cut of Ernest Thompson Seton’s drawing of a Northern Shrike. Presented to every sub-
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Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

3. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, MALE. 5. NaSHVILLE WARBLER, MALE.

1. TENNESSEE WARBLER, MALE.
6. NASHVILLE WARBLER, FEMALE.

TENNESSEE WARBLER, FEMALE. 4. GCRANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, FEMALE.

PHird= Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Vol. VII SEPTEMBER — OCTOBER, 1905 No. 5

A BOB-WHITE LUNCH PARTY
Photographed by John Tresilian

Our Avian Creditors

By ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES, Meriden, N. H.

T is not an act of charity, this feeding of the birds at a season when
I even their great courage and energy often go unrewarded. Call it an
act of friendship, and I will not dispute it; but, after all, it is a duty — the
partial payment of a debt, for the hundred joys which birds have added to
our lives. But, though they were not our creditors, the fact that we call
ourselves ‘ bird-lovers’ should be sufficient to insure our feeding them in
winter; for it is not conceivable that we would allow those we love to run
the risk of starving to death, if by any reasonable effort we could prevent
it. In spite of all we may do, many birds will die this coming winter; but

224 Bird-Lore

the more of us there are who will give even a little thought and go to even
a little trouble for their welfare, the fewer deaths there will be.

The branch of bird-feeding work which is, perhaps, most in need of
consideration at this time is that which provides for the great army of birds
which do not come to our houses and gardens, but which struggle along as
best they can in the woods and fields. It would seem to be the duty of
the people of every town where deep snows prevail in winter to see that
their own birds are provided for and not allowed to starve, and it has been
my experience that decent people of all classes, are of just one mind
on this subject. .

No doubt there are many plans for carrying on this work, but I will
give the one which follows, because it has proved very successful in several
different towns.

First of all, two or three enthusiasts call a meeting of all those interested
in the welfare of the wild birds. This is done through the local paper, if
there is one, or through the school children, or both, or in any other way
which may be convenient. A special effort is made to have this meeting
attended by the Superintendent of Schools, and as many principals, teachers
and ministers as possible: this tends to’ impress the school children and

LUNCHEON FOR TWO
Photographed by Louise Birt Baynes

Our Avian Creditors 225,

others with the dignity and importance of the work, and has a good general
effect. The necessity for feeding the birds in winter is explained very care-
fully, and then a
few committees
are appointed to
arrange details.
One — committee
devotes itself to ob-
taining bird food,
and money to buy
food, and some-
times calls to its
assistance such
available outsiders
as may be able to
help. There are
very few people
in any American
town who will re-
fuse to help such
work along in one
way or another,
if the matter is
brought directly to
their attention in
a proper way. It
is usually possible
to approach many
people personally;
but, in any case,
the school children

can be urged to

explain the matter A CHICKADEE FRIEND. THE RIGHT KIND OF A BIRD IN THE HAT
Photographed by the author

e¥

to their parents,
and local papers are usually very willing to make known the needs of the
committee. Local grocers, butchers and grain-dealers I have found to be
among the most generous of contributors, and often, after they have given
all they can afford, they will sell to bird-feeders a considerable quantity of
food at cost.

In the meantime, another committee is busy getting the names of
volunteers to distribute the food in the woods and fields. Here let me say
that this work is not, as a rule, suitable for small children, girls or women;
it should be done by strong, healthy boys and such men as can afford or will

226 Bird- Lore

make the time. It has been my experience that no better workers can be
found than the boys from the High Schools and the upper grades of the
grammar schools, especially if their work is superintended by some older
person in whom they have confidence. But, whoever the workers are, they
should have the support of the entire community; they are engaged in
a public work. ,
The coming of the first real snow-storm is considered the signal for
the beginning of operations. The volunteers meet at some convenient

SQUAD OF STONEHAM, MASS., HIGH SCHOOL BOYS MAKING A
FEEDING STATION IN AN OPEN FIELD
Photographed by A. J. Sears

building, like the High School or Town Hall, where the bird food has
previously been stored, and, if they are wise, they come dressed for work in
the snow. The country in and about the town is divided into sections,
and a squad of boys, two, three or four in number, is assigned to each
section. Each squad is provided with snow-shovels, a bag or basket to carry
the grain or bird seed, a quantity of fat meat or suet and plenty of string
with which to tie it to the trunks and branches of trees. [he suet or other
fat, which is of course intended chiefly for the insectivorous birds, is displayed
in conspicuous places on trees, and the string is wound round and round, so
as to form a sort of net which prevents the food from falling to the ground,

Our Avian Creditors 227

even after it has grown beautifully smaller under the attacks of hungry birds.
If there is danger of Crows, Jays or red squirrels carrying off more than
their share, it is found to be a good plan to flatten out a lump of suet
against a tree trunk, and then tack down over it a square foot of half-inch
wire netting. This enables any bird to get a meal on the spot, but prevents
the selfish fellows from cart -
ing off the entire banquet at
once.

As a rule, the best places
to distribute the grain, seed
etc., are in the middle of
wide, open fields and pas-
tures, which can be seen for
a considerable distance by
birds flying over. On reach-
ing such a spot, the mem-
bers of a squad fall to with
their shovels and clear a
space from ten to twenty
feet square, right down to
the bare ground. If the food
were thrown upon the snow,
it would be liable to sink in
at the first thaw, and then
it would be quite out of the
reach of most of the hungry
ones. After scattering a
quantity of grain, the squad
moves on perhaps half a
mile, and repeats the opera-
tion, establishing as many
feeding stations in its own
section as possible during the
time at its disposal.

Of course it is somewhat TYING SUET IN THE TREES

disappointing to find that all SS ee he eee

the seed scattered during the afternoon is covered up by snow the next
morning, as sometimes happens; but boys with the right stuff in them will
not be discouraged, but will stand up to their work until it is finished.
The High School boys of Stoneham, Mass., were among the first to show
that no amount of snow could discourage bird-feeders who had the proper
spirit, and, in the unusually severe winter of 1903-1904, they got out with
their snow-shovels and grain and suet after every storm, and established and

228 Bird - Lore

maintained a chain of seventy-five feeding stations around their town, so
that no intelligent bird could get either in or out without taking a meal, if
he wanted one.

The school children of Canton, Mass., have also done notable work in
this field, and were greatly encouraged, last winter, by the offering of sundry
prizes at the end of the season, for the best essays on bird-feeding written
entirely from personal experience. Very appropriately, these prizes consisted
of bird books by Chapman and Torrey, respectively.

Space will not permit of my giving directions for attracting and feeding
birds about private houses and gardens, and, besides, such directions will
doubtless be given elsewhere in this number by those who have had much
more experience than I have.

The Winter Feeding of Birds

A Suggestion for Codperation

By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT, Fairfield, Conn.

HILE many individuals make a practice of feeding birds during the
\ season when hunger and cold silently join the ranks of their
enemies, any cooperative movement of community or Audubon
Society toward this end is unusual. About the villages and even remoter
farms, food is to be found scattered both by accident and design; but this
avails nothing to the roving flocks of the shyer birds that find themselves
snow-bound between settlements, in the regions
of deserted forest camps or shore cottages. Also
the usual supply of nuts, suet, cracked corn, or
dog-bread offered by the well-supplied “lunch
counter” of the hospitable, fails to reach the Ruffed
Grouse or Quail coveys of wood-lot and stubble-
field. These two noble game-birds forage bravely
for themselves during temperate seasons, but in
severe and ice-bound winters, such as the last two,
they have fallen in bands from the weakness of
hunger that has prevented them from breaking out
from under the snow crust that had formed above
them when they had burrowed to find shelter from
the biting wind. |
In dealing with the winter protection of birds,
food and shelter must go hand in hand; for one
A SELF-FEEDING FEEDER without the other is very much like the prescrip-

From Berlepsch’s ‘Der Gesamte 2 2 5 :
Vogelschutz’ tion for an appetizer given by a charitable doctor

The Winter Feeding of Birds

to a poor feeble man, who straight-
way asked for the meal tickets to
accompany it.

One of two things must be done
at the beginning — either a feeding
place must be made close to suitable
shelters, or, lacking this, the shelters
themselves should be provided; and,
to create a successful system of feed-
ing, at once complete and effective,
an organization should be formed in
every village. either in connection
with the local branch of the Audubon
Society or other nature club, or as an
independent Society for the Winter
Protection of Birds.

The work of this body should be
under three separate heads— Home,
School and Field, and, from its neces-
sities and diversity, people of all ages
and both sexes may be utilized.

The Home branch, of course, is
the simpler—the feeding about houses

229

and barns; but no little study and skill ee ee ee

Photographed by M. O. W. at Fairfield. Conn.

are required to note the needs of the

A LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF
THE SELF-FEEDING FEEDER
From Berlepsch’s “Der Gesamte

Vogelschutz’

different birds and place the food where they will
take it naturally, and yet be out of the reach of
marauding cats. For during the past dozen
winters I have seen many little whims displayed
by birds feeding in and about my apple trees, and
though all the sparrow tribe feed naturally on the
ground, the tree-feeding birds, like Nuthatches,
Chickadees, Woodpeckers, Cross-bills, etc., relish
their food better and are fully at ease only when
they find it placed in a situation like to that of the
grubs and insects they pick from twig and bark.
To study and adapt the location to the in-
dividual is, therefore, one duty of the Home
branch, to outwit the English Sparrow is another,
and I assure any one who has not tried that it is
a process as full of mental discipline as an entire
course of mathematics. I have waged a rather
successful warfare on this Sparrow, and the few

230 Bird - Lore

who venture about always scatter at the approach of a human being, whom
they evidently associate with guns and such things. To miy surprise, the

past winter these Sparrows, that had
scattered instantly when alone, re-
mained and fed boldly whenever they
could mix with a flock of Snowbirds,
Juncos or Tree Sparrows. I believe
they were conscious that these other
birds shared a protection that was not
accorded them. (If I belonged to the
School of the Long Bow instead of the
A.O.U., I might write of a conversa-
tion overheard between a benevolent
Junco and a hungry English Sparrow,
where the former offered the latter the
protection of his company. )

FEEDING - BOX

From Berlepsch’s ‘Der Gesamte Vogelschutz’

The school feeding branch is of great importance and the six or a dozen

scattered schools of a country township may be made important feeding
centers, if the cooperation of the teachers can be secured and system and
regularity in the matter enforced. The following suggestion for such feed-

FEEDING - HOUSE
From Berlepsch’s ‘Der Gesamte Vogelschutz ’

ing, written for a little book
compiled for the use of the rural
Connecticut schools and _ re-
cently issued by the State Board
of Education may not be amiss
here:

“Every school has a flag-
pole, and, while some are fast-
ened to the building itself, many
stand free and are planted in the
yard.

* Around this pole a square or
circular shelf about eight inches
wide can be fastened, four feet
from the ground, and edged
with a strip of beading, barrel
hoops, or the like. A dozen
tenpenny nails should be driven
on the outside edge at intervals,
like the spokes to 4 wheel, and
the whole neatly painted to match
the pole. -

“Then each week one child

The Winter Feeding of Birds 231

should be appointed as Bird Steward, his or her duties being to collect the
scraps after the noon dinner hour and place them neatly on the counter,
the crusts and crumbs on the shelf and the meat to be hung on the
spikes.

‘Nothing will come amiss—pine cones, beechnuts, the shells of hard-
boiled eggs broken fine, apple cores, half-cleaned nuts; and, if the children
will tell their parents of the counter, they will often put an extra scrap or
so in the dinner-pail to help the feast. Or the fortunate children whose
fathers keep the market, the grocery store, or the mill, may be able to ob-
tain enough of the wastage to leave an extra supply on Friday, so that the
pensioners need not go hungry
over Sunday.

‘All the while the flag will
wave gaily above little Citizen
Bird, as under its protection he
feeds upon his human brothers’
bounty.”

The field-work section will
give employment to both boys and
men, two classes in the com-
munity that the ordinary method
of the Audubon societies often
fails to interest, through lack of
giving them physical labor to per-
form. A man, preferably a sports-
man either by nature or training,

should plan these feeding stations
according to his knowledge of
the haunts of the birds, set up
shelter of brush, of the hayrick . Ge ea

type, constructed with due regard WITH THE VINES STILL ATTACHED
Photographed by F. M. C. at Englewood, N. J.

to protected ingress and egress—
that, by the way, must in no wise cause suspicion as being a trap—or else
stack corn-stalks on either side a snake or stone fence, and straightway
appoint his feeding-wardens who will take the supplies of buckwheat,
cracked corn, etc., to the station twice or thrice a week. By employing
a number of boys, the task need not lie heavily, and a small compensation
might be added as an incentive, if the district be a poor one; this, with
the legitimate chance for an outing, will be motive enough, while those
who really care for birds will most likely have valuable observations to report
concerning the working of the scheme.

Besides this, there are a dozen ways of having food distributed to these
shelters—via the traveling peddlers, grocerymen, teamsters and rural mail-

220 Bird-Lore

carriers. Of course a small fund must be raised for the carrying on of so
extensive an enterprise; but, when it is known that contributions of grain
and mill-sweepings are even more acceptable than money, the material will
not be lacking.

Then, when one village tries this experiment and enthusiasm is kindled,
another is sure to follow, like the leaf fire that runs along the fences in au-
tumn until all the country-side seems bound by it. In due time, the
whole country might be joined by a cliain of stations for food and shelter,
if each society for bird protection will not only lend a hand, but stretch
it far out toward its remote neighbors.

“CLEARING UP’
A disastrous proceeding for summer, as well as for winter birds
Photographed by A. C. Dike, Bristol, Vt.

How to Attract the Winter Birds About Our Homes

By EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH, Wareham, Mass.

WENTY-NINE years ago I first began feeding the winter birds.

In those days no observing boy who roamed the woods in winter

could help seeing that Crows, Jays, and Chickadees came, at regular
intervals, to feed upon the skinned bodies of foxes and other animals left
hanging in the trees by hunters and trappers. So, in the winter of 1876-77,
I provided a goodly feast for the birds within sight of my window.

People have complained to me that the birds would not come to the
food provided for them; but when this is the case the fault is usually their
own, as they have not gone about feeding the birds in the right way.
There is no obstacle to the plan of assembling native birds at feeding
places in the city or country, if we except the Sparrow and the cat, both of
which must be eliminated to insure signal success. If you wish to attract
birds about the house next winter, do not wait until the ground is covered
with snow, but begin now. Scatter a little hayseed, from the barn or stable
floor, on the bare ground about the yard. Millet or any bird-seed will do
as well. Hang some small pieces of suet or beef trimmings on the branches
of the trees beyond the reach of dogs and cats. If, at first, these pieces
are somewhat widely scattered at points radiating from the house as a center,
your success should be assured. Your lures will keep best at this season if
tied on the shady side of a tree trunk; but in winter they should be put on
the sunny side. They should be well wound to limbs with twine or
covered with cellar-wire netting so that neither Jays nor Crows can carry
them off bodily.

You are then ready to attract and hold birds that might otherwise pass
on to the South. The birds may not find the food at once, but usually they
will find it sooner or later. When the Chickadees have discovered it we
are ready for the next move.

Fresh meat or suet is now put up on the trees nearest the house, to
accustom the birds to coming there. Gradually the more distant feeding
stations are given up and all the fresh food is put out near the house.

A block having a slot cut in it to receive the butt of a limb is next
nailed up on a window-sill. A branch which will spread over most of the
window is then thrust in the slot, so that it stands up in front of the win-
dow like a little tree. Suet is the best food to be used here, as elsewhere,
for, while it provides the birds with much of the heat and energy they need,
they are still obliged to hunt constantly for insect food to secure their daily
allowance of protein or muscle-forming material. In this quest they clear
the hibernating insects and insects’ eggs from our trees and shrubbery.
Small pieces of suet are wound on the limb or its twigs so that no one piece
is within a foot of any other. If this direction is observed there will be little

(233)

234 Bird - Lore

quarreling, and several birds may often be seen feeding at once at the
same window.

The Chickadees soon discover this new source of food supply, and they
become so tame as to come and feed even when some one sits at the win-
dow. Next come the Nuthatches and perhaps a little later the Wood-
peckers appear. With the first heavy snow-storm, even the wary Blue Jay
may venture to the window. :

By this time the seeds scattered about the yard have attracted Tree
Sparrows, Juncos, Fox Sparrows, Quail, and the introduced Pheasant.

DOWNY AT THE WINDOW

Noticing how attractive to birds were the scratching sheds of the poultry,
we provided a similar feeding shelter near the house by setting out a large
dry-goods case minus the cover. This should be placed several rods north of
the house at first and laid upon one side with the opening facing the house.
Chaff, sand, seed, cracked grain, etc., may now be put in and, if there are
cats about, it will be well to cover the opening with common poultry net-
ting through which the smaller birds can readily pass, while the cat is kept
out If Quail are about, the mesh must be large enough for them to pass
through or the wire must be raised somewhat at the bottom. There must
be no projecting points to tear, or otherwise injure, the birds.

.

How to Attract the Winter Birds About Our Homes 235

When the birds have found the food in the box (an event which may
be hastened by scattering some seed on the ground near by), it may be
moved, daily, a little nearer the house, until you have your flock feeding
under your windows. Quail may be thus tamed so that they will come and
pick up grain that is thrown to them, while Pheasants will come close to
the house.

It is not easy to get these
larger birds to feed, except
on the ground, but for
watching the smalller birds
at close range we find the
window-shelf the most sat-
isfactory device we have
tried.

The sill is, ordinarily,
too small for a feeding -shelf.
It lacks elbow-room and
does not give the birds that
sense of security that they
feel when gathered in num-
bers on a large shelf.

The shelf may be made
of any light boards, or the
side of a large shoe box. It
should be put up on the
south side of the house. Its
appearance, when in place,
is shown in the cut, which
is ‘reproduced from a pho-
tograph taken at a window
of our house. The little
tree was first added to the
shelf one Christmas morn-

ing and we have since called . ee...
it the “birds’ Christmas is IR
tree.”

A large window awning that could be lowered during storms to keep off
the rain or snow might be an improvement, but the tree is much prettier
when laden with snow, although we shall often have to sweep the snow from
the shelf during a storm, if it is not protected by an awning.

This style of shelf soon becomes popular with the birds, and on snowy
mornings we may find from six to a dozen birds at a time on shelf and tree.
Where myrtle-berries or bay-berries grow, a few of the bushes may be set up

‘<

THE BIRDS’ CHRISTMAS TREE

236 Bird - Lore

on the shelf, as they are seen in the illustration; for nearly all birds eat them
and they may attract the Myrtle Warbler or some other bird, not ordinarily
seen at the window. Chestnuts are the most attractive food for Jays, but
corn or suet will call them. Crumbs from the tables, scraps, pieces of
doughnuts or crullers, nuts, sunflower seeds, frozen milk and many other
food materials may be utilized, if one wishes to experiment. Those who are
not accustomed to approaching birds will be able to come quite near the
window without disturbing them, if a lace sash-curtain is hung across it, for
the birds will not be able to see through this distinctly. To me, the great
advantage of feeding birds in this manner is that they may be studied,
sketched or photographed at close range and in comfort, during the coldest
winter weather. We may learn much, in this way, about the food preferences
of birds, the amount of food they require, their manner of feeding and
drinking, their hours of rising and retiring.

Other interesting habits will be observed. Someone not long since
asked in Bird-Lore the question, “ Did any one ever see a bird shiver?”

Probably all who have maintained a window-shelf for feeding birds in
this latitude have seen this. Fox-sparrows, Song-sparrows, Juncos and
Chickadees tremble with cold early on severe mornings.

With the thermometer at 28 degrees below zero, they were obliged to
hold each foot alternately up under the feathers for warmth. In such
weather, and during cold storms, some birds succumb, and their little bodies
may be picked up, now and then, in the snow. It is of the greatest impor-
tance, then, when once we begin feeding birds, to keep a constant supply
available for them throughout the winter, that they may have it to rely on
in the most inclement weather; for it is then that they are most in need of
it. We also continue feeding them for the summer and so maintain a larger
number of birds about the house than would otherwise live there,—but that
is another story.

This method of attracting and domesticating the birds has proved so
successful with us that they will, in some cases, feed from the hand. It has
become necessary to keep doors and windows closed at our house if we
wish to keep the birds out of our rooms. Chickadees build their nests in
spring, and rear their young in boxes put up for them at door and window.

The birds now furnish entertainment and amusement to the household
throughout the year. Any family in this latitude may have a similar experi-
ence, though the number of birds attracted may be less in bleak localities.

For Teachers and Students

The Migration of Warblers

TWELFTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data
in the Biological Survey

With drawings by Lours AGASSIZ FUERTES and BRUCE HORSFALL

NASHVILLE WARBLER

Wintering principally in Mexico, the Nashville Warblers of New Eng-
land seem to reach their summer home by a migration route that shuns the
lowlands of the southeastern United States. The species is almost unknown
in this district south of Virginia.

SPRING MIGRATION

No. of years’ Average date of Earliest date of

PLACE record spring arrival spring arrival
Atlantic Coast—
French Creek, W. Va. . 4 April 28 April 23, 1891
Washington, D.C... 4 May 5 May 4, 1887
Beaver, Pa. 5 May 1 April 25, 1891
Southeastern New York 7 May 3 April 30, 1900
Portland, Conn. 6 May 7 May 5, 1894
Boston, Mass. 12 May 5 May 1, 1896
Randolph, Vt. 5 May 7 May 3, 1894
Southern New Hampshire 9 May 5 April 30, 1902
Lewiston, Me. 6 May 9 May 7, 1897
Montreal, Can. May 10, 1890
Quebec, Can. : May 14, 1890
St. John, New Brunswick 5 May 16 May 6, 1895
Petitcodiac, New Brunswick May 5s, 1886
Mississippi Valley—

San Antonio, Texas 3 March 25 _ | March az, 1889
St. Louis, Mo. : ae 6 April 26 April 20, 1885
Chicago, Ill... — 6 May 3 April 27, 1897
Brookville, Ind. April 15, 1887
Northern Ohio 6 May 5 May 2, 1895
Petersburg, Mich. 8 May 7 May 1, 1887
Southern Ontario 7 May 6 May 2, 1898
Ottawa, Ont. II May 14 May 5, 1902
Keokuk, Iowa 8 May 6 April 28, 1896
Lanesboro, Minn. 8 May 9 May 1, 1888
Minneapolis, Minn. 4 May 14 May 13, 1888

Pacific Slope—

Yuma, Ariz.

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.
Dunlap, Cal.

Revelstoke, B.C... .

March 11, 1902
April 1, 1902
April 23, 1891
May 9, 1890

(237)

238

Bird- Lore

FALL MIGRATION

The arrival of migrants south of their breeding grounds has been noted

at Chicago, IIl.,
Ossining, N. Y., August 11;

August 16,

1896; Beaver, Pa., September 5, 1903;
Englewood, N. J., August 26, 1887; Wash-

ington, D. C., September 5; French Creek, W. Va., September 7, 1890;
St. Louis, Mo., September 17, 1885, and at Gainesville, Texas, October

II, 1885.

PLACE

No of years’

record

Average date of
last one seen

Latest date of last
one seen

Lanesboro, Minn. . .
Grinnell, Iowa . . .
Ottawa, Ont. .
Mackinac Island, Mich.

North River, Brame: isauvandl i ili d.

St. John, New Brunswick
Southern Maine . :
Renovo, Pa. .
Croton-on- Hudson, N. ae
Cooney, N. Mex. .
Dunlap, Cal.. .

4

NN Nw

September 27

September 20

September 2
September 11
September 26
October 3

September 29, 1889
October 1, 1886
October 10, 1900
September 24, 1889
August 10, 1887
September 5, 1895
September 27, 1902
October 3, 1902
October 7, 1888
September 30, 1889
October 12, 1890

ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER

This species winters in the south Atlantic states as far north as south-
ern South Carolina, but is elsewhere so rare east of the Allegheny moun-
tains that its normal times of migration in the north Atlantic states cannot

be stated with any degree of accuracy.

SPRING MIGRATION

No. of years’

Average date of

Earliest date of

PILANCTS record spring arrival spring arrival
Onaga, Kan.. . 5 April 24 April 17. 1892
St. Louis, Mo. 4 April 27 April 22, 1885
Chicago, Ill. . 5 May 6 May 1, 1899-
Southern Ontario 3 May 13 May 11, 1889
Ottawa, Ont. . 2 May 18 May 17, 1890
Lanesboro, Minn. . 7 May 2 April 27, 1888
Aweme, Manitoba 7 May 7 May 1, 1901
Loveland, Colo. .. . 2 May 3 May 2, 1889
Columbia Falls, Mont. 5 May 5 April 30, 1897
Red Deer, Alberta May 14, 1892
Fort Resolution, Mackenzie May 22, 1860
Fort Simpson, Mackenzie May 21, 1904
Kowak River, Alaska. . . May 25, 1899
Central California. ... . 4 March 12 March 7, 1885
Northern Oregon 3 March 23 March 19, 1885

Chilliwack, B.C.

April 17, 1889

The

FALL MIGRATION

Migration of Warblers

239

No. of years’

= ]
Average date of last

Latest date of

oe Se record one seen last one seen
Near Fort Rae, Mackenzie August 16, 1903
Chilliwack, B.C." September 5, 1888
Columbia Falls, Ment. September 12, 1895
Aweme, Manitoba 2 September 27 | October 3, 1901
Lanesboro, Minn.. . 5 October 1 October 6, 1891

Ottawa, Ont. .
Chicago, IIl. -
Berwyn, Pa.

September 30, 1889
October 1, 1896
October 12, 1894

TENNESSEE WARBLER
SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE

Rising Fawn, Ga.
Beaver, Pa.
@éntral New Vork

Eastern Massachusetts. .

Corpus Christi, Texas
San Antonio, Texas. .
St. Louis, Mo.
Brookville, Ind.
Chicago, III.
Southern Wisconsin
Southern Michigan
Ottawa, Ont.
Grinnell, Iowa
Lanesboro, Minn. .
Lincoln, Neb.
Aweme, Manitoba

Fort Simpson, Mackenzie

Caribou, B.C...

No. of years’

Average date of

Earliest date of

FALL MIGRATION

record spring arrival spring arrival

| April 26, 1885
4 May 9 May 5, 1902
4 May 13 May 8, 1887
2 May 14 May 13, 1900
April 3, 1891

April 21, 1891

7 April 27 April 24, 1886

3 May 4 April 20, 1884

10 May 9 April 30, 1897
6 May 16 May 14, 1885
7 May 15 May 12, 1894

6 May 16 May 12, 1901"
6 May 5 May 1, 1887
6 May 11 May 7, 1885

3 May 7

May 13, 1903

2 May 29 May 26, 1860
May 22, 1901

PLACE

No. of years’

Average date of first

Earliest date of first

record one seen one seen

Hallock, Minn.. . August 2, 1899
Mackinac Island, Mich. August 8, 1889
Chicacon Uy - 2-4 ' 5 August 20 August 13, 1896
Englewood, N. J. . . August 26, 1887
Washington, D. C. August 31, 1890
Key West, Fla. . October 5, 1887
New Orleans, La. 2 September 21 September 18, 1899

__&

PLACE

No. of years’

record

Average date of last
one seen

Aweme, Manitoba
Grinnell, Iowa .
Ottawa, Ont.

Chicago, III.

Beaver, Pa. . i
Washington, D. eee. :
Se. Eours: Mo =~:
Acheviic: 1s (ae Or

New Orleans, La.

Latest date of last
one seen

October 2
September 30

October 28

October-3, 1901
October 1, 1886
September 30, 1889
October 9, 1894
October 11, 1890
October 12, 1890
October 20, 1885
October 29, 1894
November 3, 1900

Potes on CGinter Feeding

From Dorchester, Mass.

We live quite near to the city proper and
the electric cars, yet we have many bird visit-
ors who become very tame. Our methods of
feeding the birds in winter are very simple,
such as any householder could easily employ.

We use mostly beef fat; preferably the
outside fat of the beef-leg. This we nail in
strips to the side or a shed where woodbine
overgrows it, so that the birds can sit on the
vine to pick the fat. We also have a wide
stick secured among the lower branches of a
pear tree, to which we tie the fat so that the
birds can stand on the stick to eat.

Sometimes, having many small bits of fat,
we melt these slightly; so im winter they
soon cool into one mass, which 1s easily
secured for the eager birds.

In an old apple tree we have nailed a
piece of board a foot square. To this we
‘sometimes tie a large soup-bone, after it has
served its purpose in the kettle, and the birds
are to be seen about it almost any time pick-
ing at every bit of meat or gristle. We tie
it so that the cats cannot get it to the
ground. We also tie the bony frame of any
fowl, after it has become unfit for the table,
among the outer twigs of a tree away from
the reach of cats and dogs.

No matter how deep the snow or how

fierce the wind, the birds are eating
by daylight and late at night. The
Blue Jay, Flicker, Downy Woodpecker

and Chickadee are frequent guests, be-
sides the ever-present English Sparrow.
Even Crows sometimes come near enough
to the house to carry off at once a piece of
fat large enough to last the smaller birds
several days.

For many years we have had this great joy
of watching the birds eat of our bounty in
the cold and wintry storms.— GERTRUDE A.
SHatTtuck, Dorchester, Mass.

From Lake George, N. Y.

In the winter of 1903-04, I put suet into
trees on the south side of the house, only a

few feet away, and soon noticed Blue Jays,
Chickadees, White - breasted Nuthatches
and Hairy Woodpeckers eating it. One
morning, I found the supply entirely gone,
and soon discovered that Crows had taken it.
I then tried to arrange some way in which I
could continue to feed the smaller birds, and
resorted to the following plan:

I took a small-sized grape basket and cut
the top of it off to within about an inch of
the bottom, leaving that as a rim all around
for the birds to stand on, then I nailed it at
right angles on a strong stick, about
eighteen inches long and two inches wide,
and then nailed the free end of the stick to
the window ledge, leaving space to open
and shut the window easily.

I had two or three trays, one from a
second-story window and one from the first.
Into them I put bread-crumbs and suet, ty-
ing the latter in, by putting cord around it,
and fastening it to the stick, just next the
tray; this kept it from falling out, when the.
birds pecked at it vigorously.

Gradually, by shortening the stick, I
brought the trays nearer the windows, and
found that Chickadees, Nuthatches and an
occasional Woodpecker did not hesitate to
come to them, even though someone was
sitting on the window-seat.

The trays were kept filled until the middle
of June and used daily, though only bread-
crumbs were put into them after the warm
weather came.

One day in that month, a White-breasted
Nuthatch made twenty-three trips to the
tray. I have not had an opportunity to try
the plan again, but I think it might be
necessary first to put suet into nearby trees,
to attract the birds.—ELLaA F. LuTuer,
Lake George, N. Y.

From Berlin, Conn.

In these days of systematic winter feeding,
I think that our wild birds are not so likely
to suffer from hunger as from thirst. I have
reached this conclusion from observation of

(240)

Notes on Winter Feeding

the many birds who visit my window food-
shelf. Here I keep a cup of fresh water the
year round, and the birds drink eagerly at
almost every visit for food. During very cold
weather this water has frequently to be
thawed.

When the weather was extremely cold and
the water was put on the shelf ina steaming-
hot condition, I discovered that both Chick-
adees and Nuthatches found it very grateful.
They used the cup as a foot-warmer, and,
after a drink of its contents, would very evi-
dently be warmed and made more comfort-
able.

This hot water also accomplished an acci-
dental cure. The patient was one of my
Nuthatches whose feet became somewhat
paralyzed. He appeared otherwise ill; los-
ing his appetite; sleeping for hours on the
shelf; and being so weak as easily to be
caught in the hand. While I was trying to
think of some safe and possible remedy to
try upon a sick wild bird, he solved the
problem himself.

Happening to fly to the shelf just after
I had placed a cup of very hot water
there, he drank deeply of it and, settling
close to the warm cup, remained there for
along while. When he finally left the
shelf, his whole aspect showed remarkable
improvement, and, with a drink of hot
water each morning, he was an entire con-
valescent inside of a week, regaining the
use of his feet, which now seem almost nor-
mal, except for the nail of the back toe, which
is transparent red, showing distinctly the
central vein.

I ascribe this bird’s recovery partially to
the bird-tonic which I mixed with his
chopped nuts. This tonic was that which I
use for my Canary, and I tried it upon the
Nuthatch, doubting much if he would eat
it; but he enjoyed it greatly from the start

and was, I think, benefited thereby. How-

ever, I feel warranted in attributing the cure
mostly to the hot water, and I think that if
those who feed the birds would also give
them water, especially in winter when natural
supplies are frozen, they would find that it
was appreciated as much as the suet, nuts
and other food —HarrieET S. SMITH, Ber-
lin, Conn.

241

From Sherman, Conn.

For three years I have fed an annually
increasing flock of birds. Last winter, eight
different kinds came every day for weeks
and brought brightness into the dreariest
weather. Suet nailed to the tree-trunks at-
tracted Nuthatches, Chickadees and Downy
and Hairy Woodpeckers. Cracked corn
scattered near the house and under the trees
brought Tree Sparrows, Juncos and Blue
Jays. About the middle of February, a flock
of Snowflakes discovered the feast and came
many times a day for nearly two weeks,
settling upon the ground like a cloud and
devouring the corn. We counted at least
sixty in the flock, and thought we did not
count them all. Guests and neighbors, as
well as ourselves, were fascinated with these
daintily clad birds, and in the first days
of their coming we ran from window to
window to watch them as they flew from one
Our bird-books
told us that Snowflakes were never known

feeding plot to another.

to perch upon a tree, but we saw them again
and again on the branches of fruit trees in
the yard, and wondered how the books
could have made such a mistake.

A shelf under one of the south window-
sills was convenient in a storm or in deep
snow early in the morning before the paths
were made. Without going outdoors, I could
spread the table from the open: window with
crumbs, suet, broken nuts, hemp seed and
corn. All the birds except the Blue Jays,
Juncos and Hairy Woodpeckers came to the
window, the Nuthatches being particularly
fond of the nuts.

In March, after the spring birds had
begun to arrive, there camea light snow and
an ice-storm, and Fox Sparrows and Song
Sparrows were glad to eat at the winter
birds’ table.

Late in the winter, two or three English
Sparrows came uninvited and lifted up their
wretched little voices among the musical
notes of the Tree Sparrows, the gentle
twitter of the Snowflakes, and the merry
‘Spring here’ of the Chickadees. A
neighbor with a gun was summoned at once,
and the ‘little beasts’ were quieted.

No money I ever spent brought me more

242

pleasure than the little I paid last winter
for the bird guests’ supplies. — RUTH
RocGeErs, Sherman, Conn.

From Englewood, N. J.

Among the various trees whose ripening
seeds now attract the birds, few can be more
popular than a certain fine specimen of the
white magnolia (M. glauca), which,
though only thirty-five feet from the house,
has so many other trees in its neighborhood
that the birds do not fear to visit it freely.
As the seed-heads were beginning to open,
exposing the scarlet seeds (the third week in
September), a large flock of Robins
appeared about the lawn, and it was not
long before they discovered this food supply,
since which time only a small proportion of
the seeds has gone to waste. Now that
plenty of the heads are open, the Robins
come at all times of day, and in numbers
far exceed all the other birds I have seen
there. Sometimes a Flicker comes, and for
several days a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker has
frequented the tree ; the latter species is a
common migrant here, but usually a very

Bird - Lore

silent one. This bird constantly makes known
its presence by a call strongly resembling
the Blue Jay’s usual scream, only much
weaker and more shrill—in fact, just such a
note as one would expect from a young
Jay whose voice had not reached its full
strength.

The above birds, I am positive, eat the
seeds, and in addition to these a Wood
Thrush, a Catbird, and a Downy Wood-
pecker have been seen in the tree, presuma-
bly for the same purpose.—IsaBEL McC.
LEMMON, Englewood, N. J.

From Middle Haddam, Conn.

The accompanying group of Crows was
taken February 19, 1903, by placing the
camera in a small poultry door in the barn
fifteen feet distant.

We made a practice that winter of throw-
ing refuse food on the frozen ground at a
particular spot which we took pains to keep
uncovered when the snowstorms came.

The Crows were regular visitors in the
extremely cold weather when the snow was
deep on the ground. The Jays also came,

THE CROWS COME
Photographed by Bert F. Case

Notes on Winter Feeding

and, of course, the English Sparrow was
always present.

Some may question the desirability of
helping such birds to winter, knowing some-
thing of the destructive bird-nesting habits
of the Crows and Jays and the unpraise-
worthy qualities of the English Sparrow.

But feelings change in the barren winter
season. We feel well disposed toward every
form of outdoor life, and perhaps
cherish the hope that the mem-
ory of our bounty will work a
desirable change in character
when the milder weather comes.
Such hopes are, of course, vain,
—but that is no reason, I take it,
why we should stop feeding the
birds that are brave enough to
spend the long, cold winter with
us here in the North.

The photo of the food table
(Camera, Brownie No. 2), was
taken from within the kitchen to
the sill of one window to which
the table was nailed. The table, so ar-
ranged, brought the birds to close quarters.
We could stand close to the window and
watch the birds feeding. If ice formed on
the table, a little hot water quickly cleared
it. We nail the table in place regularly
with the advent of winter, and it never lacks
guests.

The first season, among our more common
visitors, we had a pair of Red-breasted
Nuthatches, the first we had ever seen.
They stayed with us a number of weeks,
and that one experience was worth all the
trouble of keeping the table up, though we
never thought of “trouble” in that connec-
tion. It is a great place to study bird
character.

All Chickadees look alike to us when
seen in the trees at a little distance, but on
the table a few feet distant they are just as
different in appearance and manners as peo-
ple are. Five Chickadees and a Nuthatch
were on the tray at one time; again, five
Chickadees and a Downy Woodpecker;
again, three Chickadees, a Downy and a
Nuthatch. One morning five Blue Jays were
there together. But, with the Jays present,
the only bird that we ever saw come to the

2.43

table was a Chickadee, and he appeared
rather ill at ease.—Bert F. Case, Middle
Haddam, Conn.

From Jacksonville, Illinois

As you request notes on feeding birds in
winter, for the October number of Birp-
Lore, I venture to send in an account of my
experiences, which, though somewhat com-

WELL- PATRONIZED LUNCH COUNTER
Photographed by Bert F. Case

monplace, may prove helpful to people
who are too busy, or otherwise unable to
plan an elaborate entertainment for their
bird friends. Ever since I began bird-study,
six years ago, I have kept a simple winter
table; and it has been a never-failing source
of pleasure and instruction to me, as well as
a help to my guests during the bad weather.

We have an acre of ground around our
home, and fine trees, but there are streets on
all but the north side, so I chose that side for

the bird table, as it is the most sheltered,

and at the same time affords us the best
chance to watch the birds from the house. I
began by tying lumps of suet up in some
small trees near the windows, and very soon
my guests began to arrive. I generally set
the table early in October and keep it spread
until late in the spring.

After the first winter or two, I devised a
plan of bringing the suet-eaters within
closer range. I fastened a rough stick,
about two or three inches in diameter, to the
window-shutters, across the window a little
below the middle sash, and upon this stick
I tied my lump of suet. From that time on,
we have had the pleasure, all winter long, of
watching our bird neighbors at their lunch,

244

while sitting at our own dining table. I
also fastened a wooden tray to the sill, in
which we put cracked nuts and chopped
"suet.

While sitting at breakfast or dinner on a
wintry day, we will hear a merry ‘ chickadee-
dee-dee’ or a loud ‘ pique,’ and looking up
will see a Chickadee, or a Downy or
Hairy Woodpecker. We cannot number a
very great variety among our bird guests,
but they are all interesting and more than
welcome. The most constant visitors are
the Chickadees and Woodpeckers; then Blue
Jays, Titmice, Juncos and the Nuthatches,
with once in a great while a Cardinal. Of
these the Chickadees and Downies are the
most tame. The Hairy Woodpecker is
always suspicious, and keeps a sharp eye on
the window and an ear open for every
sound.

The Chickadees often sit on the sill to eat
their bit of nut or suet, calling cheeringly
between whiles.
and quick in their movements.

They are so very dainty
The Blue
Jays are very greedy, and quickly carry
off a pile of nuts. We are always de-
lighted when a White-breasted Nuthatch
visits the window-sill. They have a differ-
ent note from their usual nasal ‘ yank-yank ’
while feeding. However they may fly onto
the window tray, when they are ready to
leave it they start head downward, as
though ready for a coast. We strew fine
seeds around for the Juncos and such seed-
eating birds during snowy or icy weather.

When the spring migrants return, we find
Black-birds and Catbirds patronizing the
suet. Almost all of the winter birds are
fond of both nuts and suet. No one need
ever waste old or rancid nuts. The birds
will be glad to get them.

One June, we had several days of cold
rain, a steady downpour, and it was well-
nigh impossible for the birds to forage for
themselves, not to mention feeding a family.
There happened to be a left-over piece of
suet on the stick, and one day we saw a
Catbird on it, digging at the suet, while just
below her clung two young ones, shaking
their wings in their helpless, imploring
way. The children were about as big as
the mother, but she thrust the food down

Bird- Lore

their throats patiently. After a while,
however, she grew tired of it and flew away,
when the young quickly discovered that
they could feed themselves, if they tried.

Some people have suggested that such
birds as the Woodpeckers will not look
after the trees for us if they can obtain their
food without labor. But our Woodpeckers
are So superior to these would-be moralists
that they go all over the trees in the neigh-
borhood of the winter table, searching in
every crevice of the bark. They scorn to
live without labor and only accept our bounty
in the way of dessert, or when food is scarce.
But, after all, it is not bounty, as we are
always in their debt. — ANNE WAKELY
Jackson, Jacksonville, Illinois.

From Curran, Illinois

Last fall, I hung a bird-food shelf at our
south study window and early each morning
put cracked nuts, suet and bird-seed on it.
Several Tufted Titimice visited it the first
morning, and, in a day or two, Juncos and
Chickadees came in flocks. White-breasted
Nuthatches, Downy, and Hairy Wood-
peckers, a White-crowned Sparrow and a
Red-bellied Woodpecker were constant
visitors all winter, often coming several
times a day. A Mockingbird came until
the middle of December, making, in all,
nine kinds of birds.

The Tufted Tits were the tamest and -
would eat nuts from my hand. They, and

’ the Chickadees, ate shelled nuts and suet

from the shelf, or, flying away with a
cracked nut, lighting on a nearby limb,
would hold it in their claws, picking out
the kernels. Sometimes the walnuts were so
heavy they would drop them several times
before reaching a perch, and would have to
fly down, get them, and start over.

‘The Nuthatches sometimes ate off the
shelf, but more often carried pieces to the
tree and buried them under the bark, then
ate them out.

The Woodpeckers, besides eating what
was provided for them, pecked the shelf
hard with their bills, perhaps looking for
grubs. These birds all enjoyed the fresh
fat pork I had nailed to a nearby tree.

Notes on Winter Feeding

The Juncos and the Sparrow ate seed
as Canaries do, ejecting the hulls, and
they also liked bread crumbs and nuts.

The Mockingbird ate bread and milk,
and some of the birds drank from a tin of
water put there for them. Though not
singing at this time of year, they all, ex-
cept the Mockingbird, made themselves
known by their call-notes, and “ Chickadee-
de-de,” ‘“Yank-yank” and the _ sharp
click” of the Woodpeckers, together with
the warbles of Juncos and Tree Sparrows
and the occasional certain long-drawn-out
notes of the Chickadees, made it lively
around our house—for winter.

The Tree Sparrows, though numerous,
coming with the Juncos, always fed on the
ground.

The Tufted Tits were the first to sing,
and a loudly-whistled ‘ Peto-peto-peto,”
when the snow was still on the ground, was
a very pleising harbinger of spring.

I wish to add that I made my shelf after a
plan seen in Birp-Lore, and thank the in-
ventor of it, as this shows it was successful.
The fact that it swings prevents English
Sparrows from using it.—ABBIE VREDEN-
BURGH, Curran, Ill. [A description and
cut of the device mentioned above are here
republished.—Eb. ]

From Campbellsville, Ky.

Last winter, I cleared in the snow a place
about six feet square near my sitting-room
window and scattered in it grains of corn
and seeds from the barn floor. After the
snow had been on the ground more than a
week, I counted sixteen Cardinals at one
time feeding on the grains of corn. The
brilliant red of these birds, with the snow for
a background, made a beautiful scene. The
birds continued with us as long as the snow
lasted, being in evidence especially at morn-
ing until ten o’clock, and afternoon until
near dark. Seeds fiom the barn floor served
as food for several kinds of birds other than
the Cardinal; the Cardinals ate only the
corn. The first day I noticed asingle Card-
inal and his mate I felt very much elated;
but, after this pair had fully advertised our

245

feast among their starving brothers and
sisters and they flocked in sixteen strong, I
felt that I was extremely fortunate. This
beautiful sight attracted the attention of so
many persons who passed by our place that
quite a number of spreads were established
for our bird friends at other places. The
Cardinals nearly always came in pairs; the
day I counted sixteen, eight were males and
eight females, a strong tribute to their con-
jugal fidelity.

As indicative of their appreciation, a pair
of Cardinals nested in the vines of our front
porch this summer, only a few feet from their
winter feeding place. Very probably this
was one of the sixteen pairs. — WILLIAM M.
Jackson, Campbellsville, Ky.

Light spring

/ . B avd 64 2ft
Hilnge "
c Board 1o“long by 6 high

An Anti-Sparrow Food-Shelf

Mr. W. W. Grant of Summit, N. J.,
sends us the accompanying plan for a win-
dow food-shelf, to which, he writes, such
comparatively wild birdsas Tanagers, Flick -
ers and others come, but which the English
Sparrow will not, after one trial, visit. A
board is hinged to the window-sill, and from
the far end (see cut) a string is run to the
top of the window, with a light spring be-
tween. When a bird alights on the plat-
form, the latter will swing up and down,
the amount of swing depending on the birds
and the weight of the spring, to which the
string is attached.

Book Mews and Meviews

Firry Common Birps OF VERMONT. By
Carton D. Howe. Prepared for Teach-
ers and School Officers. Issued by the
Department of Education, Montpelier. 12
mo. Pages 92; numerous half-tones in
text.

The Department of Education of the State
of Vermont has set an excellent example in
providing its teachers with a text-book on
the commoner birds of the state, while the
book itself may also serve as a model for
works of this kind.

A Prefatory Note contains sections on
“The Economic Value of Birds,’ ‘ How to
Attract the Birds,’ and ‘Instructions to
Teachers.’ About a page is devoted to
each species, and in nearly every instance
this descriptive and biographical matter is
accompanied by an illustration.

An admirable feature of the book is a
series of local lists from various parts of the
state, a nominal list of the birds of the
state, and an Information Bureau giving the
names of twenty-three persons who “ will
give information to teachers and pupils in
regard to the birds of their localities.” —
BS MiG:

How To Know THE WILD BirDs oF ILLI-

NOIS. 16mo. Pages 100.
How To Know THE WILD BIRDs OF OHIO.
16mo. Pages 95.
How ro Know THE WILD Birps oF Mis-
SOURI. 16mo. Pages 95.
How To Know THE WILD BIrDs OF INDIANA.
16mo. Pages 64.
By D. Lance. Educational Publish-

ing Company, Boston, New York, Chi-
cago, San Francisco.

The booklets are designed to identify the
commoner birds of their respective states
and are evidently intended for school use.
A simple color key leads one to various
groups of land-birds, while the water-birds
are arranged according to their habits.

Under each species is given a description
of the plumage, nest, notes and status in
the state in question.

The introductory matter should set the
student on the way toa proper appreciation
of the rights of birds, and these booklets,
which will doubtless have a wide circulation,

should exert a most excellent influence.—
F.M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

Tue Auk.—The contents of the July
‘Auk’ very fairly reflects current activities
in American ornithology. C. W. G.
Eifrig writes on the ‘Canadian Neptune
Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward’ ;
H. C. Oberholser describes a Rocky Moun-
tain form of Helminthophila celata,; Ruth-
ven Deane publishes some interesting letters
by Swainson to Audubon; A. F. Clark
tells of extirpated West Indian birds and
discusses the Lesser Antillean Macaws and
West Indian Conures. There are articles
on ‘Warbler Migration in Southeastern
Louisiana and Southern Mississippi,’ by H.
H. Kopman, and on the ‘ Winter Ranges
of Warblers,’ by W. W. Cooke. Outram
Bangs revives the name Urubitinga gund-
lachii (Cabanis) for the Cuban Crab
Hawk; B.S. Bowdish lists forty species of
birds, represented by three hundred and
twenty-eight individuals from St. Paul’s
Churchyard in the heart of lower New York
City, while in recording the purchase in
London of a Great Auk skin and three
eggs, John E. Thayer raises both the num-
ber of skins and eggs of this bird in this
country to five.—F. M. C.

Tue Connor. — The May and July num-
bers of ‘ The Condor’ contain several con-
tinued articles and may therefore be noticed
together for the sake of convenience. Of
special interest to the general reader is a
series of four letters from eminent authorities
on ‘The Future Problems and Aims of
Ornithology,’ among which letters those of
Dr. Leonhard Stejneger and Mr. Wm.
Brewster will well repay careful perusal.
Dr. Stejneger makes a strong plea for work

(246)

Book News and Review

on broader lines, and declares that much of
that already done must be done over more
thoroughly and with improved methods. Mr.
Brewster lays emphasis on the importance of
careful and long-continued study of the birds
in the immediate vicinity of the observer’s
home as a basis for more exact knowledge
of geographic distribution. The two con-
tinued articles entitled ‘Midwinter Birds on
the Mojave desert,’ by Mailliard and Grin-
nell, and ‘Summer Birds of the Papago
Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita
Mountains, Arizona,’ by Swarth, are im-
portant contributions to the list of papers on
desert bird-life. During a stay of less than
a fortnight (Dec. 21, 1904, to Jan. 2, 1905),
seventy-two species of birds were observed
near Victorville in the Mojave Desert. On
December 31, 1904, a single specimen of the
Bohemian Waxwing was collected, which is
noted with the remark, ‘‘the present record
is apparently the southernmost (344°) for
North America and even for the world ! ’’

The leading article in the May number is
contributed by Finley on ‘Humming-bird
Studies’ and is illustrated by half-tones of
six excellent photographs. ‘In Alaska’s
Rain Belt’ is an account by Osgood of some
of the difficulties of collecting on Prince of
Wales Island. The number also includes
portraits of four eminent European ornitholo-
gists, Dr. Anton Reichenow of Berlin,
Mr. H. E. Dresser of London, Count
Tommaso Salvadori of Turin and Dr. Otto
Finsch of Brunswick, Germany—and a
directory of the Cooper Ornithological Club
showing a total of two honorary, and 231
active members.

The July number contains several articles
on the habits of birds. In ‘A Study in Bird
Confidence,’ Finley gives an account of the
breeding habits of the Bush Tit, illustrated
by five half-tones; and in ‘Scraps from an
Owl Table,’ Bailey describes the bill of fare
of a pair of Great Horned Owls in the
Davis Mountains, Texas. Rev. S. H.
Goodwin describes the habits of the Bohe-
mian Waxwing in Utah and L. E. Burnett
those of the Sage Grouse as observed in
Wyoming. Mention should also be made of
Kaeding’s ‘Birds from the West Coast of
Lower California and Adjacent Islands,’

247

asiwaye local. last, vor
interest. — TI. S. P.

more than ordinary

BULLETIN MICHIGAN ORNITHOLOGICAL
Cius.—The December, 1904, number of this
Magazine containsthe conclusion of Professor
Barrow’s paper on the ‘ Birds of the Beaver
Islands, Michigan,’ in which, among other
notes of interest, is one on the breeding of a
Piping Plover which he “was sure was not
circumcincta,” an interesting point in con-
nection with the status of this supposed race.
Frank Smith describes ‘An Unusual Flight
of Sparrow Hawks,’ and Prof. C. C. Adams
gives an outline of the University of Michi-
gan’s expedition to the northern part of the
state. Notes from the Field and Museum
and the Audubon Society contain much of
interest, while an editorial announces that
Professor Barrow’s ‘ Birds of Michigan’
has been prepared for the press.

Numbers 1 and 2 of Vol. VI, March—June,
1905, are issued together. They contain ‘A
Hyperlaken Migration Route,’ by P. A.
Taverner, in which the author discusses the
irregular distribution of certain species;
‘ The Occurrence of Bewick’s Wren( T/Aryo-
manes bewickii), at Grand Rapids,’ by
Leon J. Cole, which contains more informa-
tion than is indicated by the title; ‘ Nest-
ing of the Woodcock,’ by Gerard Alan
Abbott, which, were it not for the pictures
from photographs by Robert Hegner, seems
to be chiefly a record of eggs collected and
opportunities lost. Max Minor Peet gives
some interesting ‘ Observations on the Nest-
ing Habits of a Pair of House Wrens,’
and Norman A. Wood, a list of ‘Birds Noted
en route to Northern Michigan.’ There are a
number of * Notes from the Field,’ and per-
tinent editorial comments.—W.. S.

JOURNAL OF THE MAINE ORNITHOLOGICAL
SocieTy.—The October, 1904, number of
this ‘Journal,’ which appeared in January,
contains a ‘Life History of the Water-
Thrush,’ by J. Merton Swain, and a long
article entitled ‘ When Birds are Compan-
ions,’ describing the shore light-stations of
the Maine coast. A record of migration
for 1902 at eight stations and several notes
of local interest complete the number.

248

Beginning with March, 1905, the Society
starts Volume VII of the ‘Journal’ much en-
larged and improved in typography. The
Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society 1s
treated in full. F. ‘IT. Noble discusses the
question, ‘Are the Choicer Varieties of
Ducks Increasing in Maine Waters, and if
so, Why?’ He inclines to the affirmative,
and attributes the increase to the spread of
wild rice. J. Merton Swain writes a ‘Life
History of the Mourning Warbler’; C. H.
Clark gives some ‘ Additions to an Eastern
Maine Collection,’ and there are numerous
notes of local interest. “This number is by
far the most creditable yet published. The
June number maintains the new standard,
the leading articles being ‘Notes on the
Birds of the Lower Dead River,’ by J. M.
Swain; ‘The Black and White Warbler,’
by E. E. Johnson, and an account of ‘A
Nest of the Northern Raven,’ by C. H.
Clark. A migration report covering four
localities for the spring of 1903 is published.
—W.S.

THe Witson BuLieTin.—The issue of
this standard journal for June (New Ser.
XII, No. 2) contains a list of one hundred
and sixty species of birds seen within the
limits of Greater New York “during the
past year” by George E. Hix; ‘ Birds vs.
Street Cars,’ by Marion E. Sparks; © Au-
tumn Birds of Leo Cheneaux Islands,’ a
briefly annotated list of forty-eight species by
Walter C. Wood; ‘The Spotted Sandpiper,’
by Chreswell J. Hunt; ‘ Bird Horizons from
Russellville, Ky.,’ by G. C. Embody;
‘Winter Notes on the Yellow-bellied Sap-
sucker,’ by C. H. Morris, and nesting of the
same species by J. Claire Wood.

In ‘ All Day With the Birds at Durmid,
Va.,’ W. F. Herninger, records one hun-
dred and five species, and six hundred
and four individuals as noted on May 8,
1905. Under ‘Some Further Suggestions
for Bird Study,’ Lynds Jones calls attention
to the importance of accurate local lists,
““the need for more extensive and more ex-
act knowledge of the breeding habits of
birds,’’ the possibilities of embryological
studies and of observations on distribution
and migration. Above all, he emphasizes

Bird -

Lore

the need of definiteness in planning our
studies. Do not attempt to do too much.
‘*One minor-point under one of the minor
heads is worth earnest effort.’’ ‘ General
Notes’ and ‘Book Reviews’ conclude the
number.—F. M. C.

THe WarBLER.—The two numbers of
‘The Warbler’ (Nos. 2 and 3, New Ser.
Vol. I) which have appeared since our last
notice ofthis quarterly contain much interest-
ing and scientifically valuable matter. In
Number 2, A. T. Wayne’s account of the
Little Black Rail in South Carolina should
settle the identity of the bird which, known
as the Kik-ker, puzzled Cambridge ornitho-
logists for several seasons; F. B. Spaulding
writes of ‘Bicknell’s Thrush’; John Lewis
Childs presents ‘ California Notes,’ as well
as a continuation of his ‘ Birds Breeding
within the Limits of the City of New York.’
R. D. Hoyt records the taking of two sets
of two eggs each of the Ivory-billed Wood-
pecker, and P. B. Peabody discourses on
the ‘Nesting of the Yellow Rail.’ The
eggs of the two Rails mentioned are figured
in color, and there are half-tones of Golden
Eagle and lIvory-bill eggs. Important
papers in Number 3, are ‘Eggs of the
Ipswich Sparrow’ (with colored plate),
by W. E. Saunders; ‘A Night Among
the Clouds with Bicknell’s Thrush,’ by
John Lewis Childs; ‘Recollections of the
Passenger Pigeon,’ by John Burroughs, with
contributions on the same subject by John
Lewis Childs and W. Otto Emerson; “The
Tolmie [-Macgillivray; the common name of
this bird has not been changed] Warbler in
Wyoming,’ by P. B. Peabody; ‘Eggs of the
Rufous-crowned Sparrow’ (colored plate);
and ‘In the Haunts of the White-throated
Sparrow,’ by H. Nehrling. Mr. Childs
continues his paper on ‘Birds Breeding
Within the Limits of the City of New
York,’ treating here of eight species. Local
ornithologists, we imagine, would not al-
ways agree with Mr. Childs’ statements, and
we suggest that a discussion of these papers
at the Linnzan Society, before publication,
would result in their more fully reflecting
our knowledge of the birds nesting in the
area in question.—F. M. C.

Editorials

BHird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published October 1, 1905 No. 5

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, Canadaand Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year, post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Bird in the Bush is Worth Two in the Hand

Mr. Edward Howe Forbush, of Ware-
ham, Mass., ornithologist of the Massachu-
setts State Board of Agriculture, is prepar-
ing a volume on useful birds and bird
protection, which will be published as a
special report of the Board. He desires
information on the following subjects:

The decrease or increase in numbers of
birds; the destruction of birds and its causes;
devices for protecting, attracting and feeding
birds; birds feeding on important insect
pests; protective laws and their operation ;
the breeding or migration of the Purple
Martin in Massachusetts or adjacent terri-
tory. Correspondence is particularly desired
with those who have been able to increase
the number of birds about their homes.

Tue Bird - House number of Brirp - Lore
(February, 1905) was so well received that
it is now virtually out of print, and we are
trying to secure copies to complete our sets
of the magazine.

Wetrust that this Winter- Feeding number
will meet with an equally cordial reception.
Our contributors assuredly invest this sub-
ject not only with a personal interest but a
public importance. It is not alone our
pleasure and privilege to feed the birds at
our doorstep but our duty to remember those
of the field.

It is rather difficult to say who benefits
most by a practical, sympathetic association
of this kind —bird or man. The humani-
zing influence exerted by creatures which

249

accept of our bounty and are perhaps de-
pendent on us for continued existence, is no
small part of the return we may expect to
receive from our care for the birds.

It might be supposed that a discussion
of this subject would be more timely in
December than in October, but, as Mr.
Forbush says, “if you wish to attract the
birds about the house next winter, do not
wait until the ground is covered with snow,
but begin now, when,” as he adds, “you
may hold birds that might otherwise pass
on to the South.”

Mucu to our surprise, the figure of the
female Black-and-W hite Warbler published
in the last issue of Birp-Lore (frontispiece)
appeared with a pronounced yellow mark
below the eye, a feature not shown in the
proof of the plate in question. This mishap
prompts the statement that without experi-
ence no one can realize the difficulty of se-
curing accurately colored plates of birds.
The plate in the present number of Birp-
Lore, for example, after having been
shipped from the engraver in New York to
Birp-Lore’s printer in Harrisburg, was
found not to conform to the standard we have
tried to establish for this series of plates.
The whole edition was, therefore, returned
to New York for alteration, and, after being
received a Second time in Harrisburg, it was
found essential to go over each plate and
make additional corrections by hand.

WITHIN the next two months two meet-
ings of great interest to bird students will be
held at the American Museum of Natural
History in New York. The National Asso-
ciation of Audubon Societies holds its first
meeting on October 31, as announced on
the following page, and the Twenty-third
Annual Congress of the American Orni-
thologists’ Union convenes on November 14.
We understand that this Congress will be
of exceptional interest and will well warrant
an unusual effort on the part of bird stu-
dents to be present.

Information in regard to membership in
the Union may be obtained from its treas-
urer, J. Dwight, Jr , 2 East 34th St., New
York City.

The Audubon Hocieties

“You cannot with a scalpel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird's song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should
be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn. Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be
sent at least one month prior to the date of publication.

Notice of Annual Meeting of the Mem-
bers of the National Association

The Annual Meeting of the Members of
the National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties for the Protection of Wild Birds and
Animals, for the election of six Directors,
to take the places of the following Directors,
Mr. George Bird Grinnell, Mr. Arthur H.
Norton, Mr. H. P. Attwater, Mrs. Kings-
mill Marrs, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright,
Mr. Walter J. Blakely, whose terms of office
will then expire, and forthetransaction of such
other business as may properly come before
the meeting, will be held at the American
Museum of Natural History, Columbus
Avenue and 77th Street, in the Borough of
Manhattan and City of New York, on the
31st day of October, 1905, at 10 o’clock
A.M.

Under Article III, of the By-Laws, the
divide themselves into five
equal classes, one to serve until the first
annual meeting and the others for one, two,
three and four years thereafter respectively.
Thereafter at each annual meeting those
whose terms of office shall then expire shall
be succeeded by six directors, to serve the
full term of five years, who shall be elected

Directors shall

by a majority vote of the members present.
T. GriLBertT Pearson, Secretary.
October 1, 1905.

Notice of the Annual Meeting of the
Board of Directors of the National
Association.

The Annual Meeting of the Board of
Directors of the National Association of
Audubon Societies for the Protection of
Wild Birds and Animals, tor the election of
officers for the ensuing year and for the
transaction of such other business as may

properly come before the meeting, will be
held at the American Museum of Natural
History, Columbus Avenue and 77th
Street, in the Borough of Manhattan and
the City of New York, on the 31st day of
October,1905, at 11 o’clock A.M.

After a recess for luncheon, an opportunity
will be had to see the many beautiful and
interesting exhibits of birds, animals and
other natural history objects in the Museum,
under the escort of the Curators in charge of
the various departments.

At 3 P.M. the Association will reconvene
to hear illustrated addresses by William L.
Finley on his season’s work among the birds
of the saline lakes of southeastern Oregon,
where, with H. T. Bohlman, he acted as a
warden of the Association, and by Frank
M. Chapman on ‘Impressions of English
Bird- Life.’

The Executive Committee of the Associa-
tion take this opportunity earnestly to urge
all members to be present at both the
business meeting in the forenoon and the
illustrated talks in the afternoon. The
latter meeting will be open to the public, who
are cordially invited to attend; the teachers
of Greater New York and vicinity are
specially invited, as a matter of great interest
to teachers will be announced.

T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary.

October 1, 1905.

Notes and News

Tue Braptey Murper.—The murderer
of Guy M. Bradley is still in jail in Key
West, having failed to secure bail in the
amount of $5,000. The Grand Jury of
Monroe county will not meet until Novem-
ber, when it is hoped that the murderer,
Walter Smith, will be indicted. The history
of the affair, sent to the Association by our

(250)

The Audubon Societies

attorney, Lewis A. Harris, shows that the
murder was not only cold-blooded but
apparently premeditated. Smith, after kill-
ing his victim, allowed the body to float
away in a smal] boat, and it was not found
for twenty-four hours after. Bradley was
shot with a Winchester rifle, the ball strik-
ing the upper part of the right breast,
coursing downward through the vitals and
coming out at the lower portion of the back,
after having broken the back- bone.

His death must have been instantaneous,
although Smith, in his statement at the
preliminary hearing, said that Bradley,
after being shot, fell to the bottom of his
boat, but tried to get on his knees so he
could shoot again with his revolver. This
seems physically impossible; a man with
such a terrible wound and a severed spinal
column, if not dead, certainly would be
paralyzed.

Tue Mrs. BrapLey Funp.—The mem-
bers of the National Association, the
readers of Birp-Lore, all ornithologists, as
well as all bird students and bird protectors,
are asked to contribute to this fund. The sad
and shocking death of this young woman’s
breadwinner has left her with two young
children to care for. His death, occurring
while in the employment of this Society, and
while in the discharge of his duties, makes
the Association morally if not legally obli-
gated to give the widow and children help.

A soldier’s widow receives a pension from
the government for whose protection her
husband’s life is sacrificed. Bradley gave
his life that the cause of bird protection
should be perpetuated. All who desire to
have our great movement continued can do
no less than to see that the wife and children
of the first martyr to the cause shal] have
suitable care or at least a home given them
in a place where the mother can support her
children. It is proposed to buy a small
house in Key West, for-Mrs. Bradley, if a
sufficient sum can be secured.

The following subscriptions have already
been received :

Brewster, Mr. and Mrs. Wm.. . $25
Chapman, Mr. and Mrs. F.M.. 10
Bracks wir fA) |e ee 5

251
Freeman, Miss H. E. . $10
Surface, H.A.. - . eee ee I
E-atizam:, Bares Fo 2 Bie 2). I
SOT Rg De egy 3 See eee 5
Rhoads, Mr. S. N. — I
Dutcher, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. - 20

If every reader of Birp-Lore will give a
small sum the desired home can be secured.
In the tropical climate of Key West, food
and clothing are not expensive, and a home
there will afford the children good school
advantages, and there these two little wards
of the National Association may grow up to
be good citizens. A prompt response to this
appeal is hoped for:
quickly, gives twice.”

“He who gives

Tue Lecat Funp.—The Association has
received several letters urging the importance
of the punishment of the murderer of Brad-
ley. Prominent among the writers is Mr.
Morris K. Jesup, President of the New
York Audubon Society, who, when sending
his check for $100, said that it was essen-
tial that the National Association should do
all it could to help in the prosecution of this
case and his contribution was for this pur-
pose. Justice may be defeated if the case is
left to the county officials, and it is therefore
imperative that this Society shall employ the
best legal talent to be found to see that the
majesty of the law is upheld and that
Walter Smith shall receive his just deserts
for the unnecessary, unwarranted and brutal
murder of Guy M. Bradley. It is believed
that there are thousands of persons in the
United States who love the cause of justice
and right and will wish to see it upheld in
this case. Legal aid is always expensive;
this case will necessarily be so, and therefore
contributions are asked to enable the Society
to continue the services of Attorney Harris,
who represented it at the preliminary hear-
ing. Readers of this statement and appeal
can best help in this special case by becom-
ing sustaining members of the National
Association and asking that their first annual
fee of $5, or such part of it as is necessary,
shall be used in the prosecution of the
Bradley murderer.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION MEMBERS. — The
future capacity for work by the National

252

Association depends solely upon, and will
be limited by the number of its members.
Since the incorporation of the Society, a
little over eight months since, nearly six
hundred persons have shown their interest in
bird protection and their willingness to aid
in the movement to preserve the wild birds
and animals of the country by joining the
National Audubon Society; seventeen of
these are life members. This is a splendid
nucleus on which to build, but additional
members are needed, and that at once. The
membership should be increased to at least
two thousand in order that sufficient income
may be realized to carry out all of the plans
of the Executive Committee. The annual
fee of the sustaining members has been
placed at a low figure, $5, that it may
not be a burden. Every cent of the fees is
used in carrying on the several branches of
organized work of the Society. The loyalty
of the members to the Society, and, in
many cases, the special personal interest
displayed in securing new members, is very
gratifying to the Board of Directors. It will
be an easy matter to double our present
membership before the close of the year if
each member who reads this statement on
October first will, before the end of
December, secure one new member. Bear
in mind the enormous amount of good that
this additional membership of six hundred
will permit the Association to accomplish in
1906. The number of wardens can be
doubled, and the consequent increase of sea-
birds during the next breeding season will
be very large. Preliminary reports from our
wardens are extremely gratifying, and show
conclusively that the money expended by
the Association for their wages could not be
put to a better use.

There are still large sections of the coast
line and also inland waters that are not now
guarded, but should be. Will not every
reader assist in guarding them by interesting
some friend in the work of the National
Association to such an extent that he will
become a member? In every future issue of
Birp-LoreE it is proposed to show the
increase in membership. Let us remember
that a large membership, well scattered over
the country, will make our Society a great

Bird -

Lore

factor for good, while the influence it may
exert cannot be overestimated.

CaGE Birps. — Recently it was discovered
that some Mocking-birds and Nonpareils
were being sent from the South to New
York, largely from Georgia. The dealers
were cautioned not to sell them, but it was
deemed best to ask the cooperation of the
transportation companies in preventing this
illegal traffic. The Southern Express Com-
pany and the Clyde Steamship Company
were especially vigorous in their help and
have given valuable aid, the former com-
pany sending to all of its large number of
agents two circular letters, one giving the
game laws and the second the non-game
bird laws in every state in which they did
business. The agents were directed not to
accept for transportation birds or game when
by doing so the laws of the state in which
the office was located would be broken.

ALIENS. — The foreign-born part of our
cosmopolitan population are giving the
Association a great deal of trouble and some
hard work. They seem to have an uncon-
querable desire to kill something, and have
no respect for the laws. Audubon members
everywhere should do all they can to sup-
press the alien gunner and bring him to
justice.

A heavy fine is the best method of
education ; the influence of a fine is wide-
spread among the associates of the person
who pays it. In Massachusetts an alien
must secure a license, for which he must
pay $15, before he can hunt. This
license must be carried on the person while
hunting and is good only during open
seasons. An alien who is caught hunting
without a license is punishable by a fine of
from fro to $50. In New York state an
alien is not permitted to carry firearms
in any public place; therefore when one is
seen hunting he should be arrested at once.
Any citizen can make a charge. These
laws will save the lives of thousands of small
birds. Each of the State Audubon Societies
should see that the alien license law is
adopted in their own commonwealth,—
WitiramM DuTcHER.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 16

Plies Brooks.

THE TREE SPARROW

Order — Passeres . Family — Fringillide

Genus — Spizella Species — Monticola
: (253)

The Tree Sparrow

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies

DESCRIPTION

Adult.—The entire crown and back of head bright chestnut, in winter most of the
feathers with a very narrow edging of pale buff, which, wearing off by spring, leaves the
crown uniform chestnut ; line over eye, sides of head and neck gray, this color extending
upward, forming a narrow collar; back rusty, each feather having a broad central stripe
of black, giving a decidedly streaked appearance ; lower back and rump brownish gray,
the upper tail coverts being narrowly edged with white ; under parts, throat and upper
breast light gray, fading to almost white on lower breast and abdomen, the sides and
flanks being washed with pale brown ; on middle of breast a blackish spot or blotch ;
wing quills dark brown, the coverts showing a great amount of rusty, each feather with a

. broad central black stripe, similar to pattern on back, all widely margined with white, thus
forming two conspicuous white wing-bars ; tail dark brown, the two outside feathers much
lighter, all having very narrow whitish edges ; legs brown ; feet and claws black ; bill,
upper mandible and tip of lower one nearly black, remaining two-thirds of latter yellow.

Size.—From tip of bill to end of tail from 5% to 6 inches.

The Western Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola ochracea) differs very slightly from its
eastern relative, being buffy instead of rusty on the back, and usually with an ashy crown
patch or streak. The differences, however, are so slight that they would have no value to
a person studying a strange Sparrow, through an opera glass, in order to identify it.

Nest.—Is built of fine grasses, rootlets, hair feathers, etc., and is placed on or near
the ground. p

Eggs.—From three to five in number, pale greenish blue speckled or spotted with
reddish brown.

Distribution.—The Tree Sparrows are found during the breeding season north of the
United States, in Newfoundland, Labrador, and the region about Hudson Bay, while the
western race breeds from the Valley of Anderson River, westward through Alaska. How
far south the Tree Sparrows breed is very indefinitely known, therefore data on this point
are desirable and important. Readers of this leaflet who reside north of the United States
may be able to contribute valuable scientific facts as the result of a few careful observations.
If Tree Sparrows are found with you during the months of June and July, they are probably
breeding, and a note of this fact should be sent to Birp-Lore. After the breeding season
these birds migrate southward and reach the Carolinas and westward as far as middle
Texas, Arizona, Utah and Oregon.

The Tree Sparrow, or Winter Chippy, is presented to the readers of BIRD-
Lore at this time because it will begin to make its appearance in the United
States about the date of the issue of the October number of this magazine.
It is a member of the very widely distributed and numerous family of the
Fringillidz, which contains over five hundred and fifty species, that are found
in all portions of the world except the Australian region. Of these, North
America claims no less than thirty-three genera, and one hundred and eighty-
nine species and sub-species. This family contains all the Finches, Bunt-
ings, Grosbeaks, Crossbills, Sparrows, Linnets and Siskins. While many of
these are dull colored, yet other members of the family are noted for their

(254)

The Tree Sparrow 255

exceptionally beautiful and striking plumage, as the Rose-breasted and Blue
Grosbeaks, Goldfinch, Cardinal, Indigo and Painted Buntings, etc.

This family also includes some of the best of the singing birds, and, with
few exceptions, its members may be included among the birds that are
economically of the greatest value to the humanrace. The bills of the Spar-
rows, Finches and other members of the family, while widely diversified in
form, are always stout and strong and adapted to crushing or opening seed
capsules for the fruit within them. Seeds constitute the largest part of the
food supply of all the members of this great family. By watching a Canary,
a prominent and well-known member of the family, one can see how deftly
and easily a seed is cracked and the meat is extracted. The Tree Sparrow
is avery common, and should be a well-known winter bird throughout a large
section of the United States. It associates freely with the Junco and does not
hesitate to visit dooryards and gardens, gleaning from them weed and other
seeds, all the while giving voice to contented and happy notes of thanks-
giving for food and pleasant companions. Among the experiences of every
bird lover, there are incidents that stand out prominently like landmarks and
are never effaced from the memory. The name Tree Sparrow always recalls
to the writer a beautiful winter picture seen many years since. There had
been almost a blizzard, such a storm as Whittier describes in ‘Snow Bound.”

The morning after the storm the sun was shining with that peculiar
winter brilliancy when the air seems to sparkle and glisten. Everywhere
there was a beautiful, unbroken mantle of snow. In a last year’s corn-field,
that had been poorly cultivated and was overrun with that most noxious
plant known to all farmérs as the ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiafolia),
there were hundreds of Tree Sparrows clinging to the tops of the weed
stalks, just showing above the carpet of snow. They were feeding on the
ripened seeds; a long fast and great hunger had made them very tame; they
made a beautiful and animated scene, a joyous picture of happy bird-life;
everywhere were contentment and voices lifted up in thankfulness for
nature’s bounties.

What the farmer had neglected to do the previous fall this flock of Tree
Sparrows was doing for him. The number of seeds destroyed in that one
field on that day alone must have been beyond computation in figures. The
owner of the land probably wondered the next season why his field was so
clear of ragweeds; he little dreamed of the cleansing process that was carried
on that bright winter day by his friends the Tree Sparrows.

The relation that the Tree Sparrow bears to agriculture is an important
question, and one that will naturally interest the farmer more than its song
or cheerful habits. While this species undoubtedly destroys many insects in
its summer home, as all Sparrows do, yet it is only resident in the United
States during the season when insects are not plenty with us, there-
fore the good it does consists in its destruction of weed seeds. No greater

256 Bird - Lore

proof can be given of its value as a seed-destroyer than the following state-
ment of Professor Beal, of the United States Department of Agriculture,
published in ‘Farmers’ Bulletin’ No. 54, ‘Some Common Birds in Their
Relation to Agriculture.’

‘* The Tree Sparrow ( Spizella monticola ) fairly swarms all over the
northern states in winter, arriving from the North early in October and
leaving in April. Examination of many stomachs shows that in winter the
Tree Sparrow feeds entirely upon seeds of weeds; and probably each bird
consumes about one-fourth of an ounce a day. In an article contributed to
the ‘New York Tribune,’ in 1881, the writer estimated the amount of
weed seed annually destroyed by these birds in the state of Iowa, upon the
basis of one-fourth of an ounce of seed eaten daily by each bird, and suppos-
ing that the birds average ten to each square mile, and that they remain in
their winter range two hundred days, we shall have a total of 1,750,000 pounds
or 875 tons, of weed seed consumed by this one species in a single season.
Large as these figures may seem, they certainly fall far short of the reality.
The estimate of ten birds to a square mile is much within the truth, for the
Tree Sparrow is certainly more abundant than this in winter in Massa-
chusetts, where the food supply is less than in the western states, and I
have known places in Iowa where several thousand could be seen within the
space of a few acres.”

Professor Beal’s statement refers only to one state; let the farmers of the
country try to realize the good done by these Sparrows in all the other states
where they are found during a considerable portion of the year, and the sum
total seems beyond the comprehension of the human mind. ‘There can be
no question of the usefulness of the Tree Sparrow and, further, there is
positively no claim that they ever do any harm. Therefore, they are entitled
to the fullest protection, especially from agriculturists, and there is no reason
why a single one of these birds should ever be killed. “The wise and progres-
sive farmer will, when the deep snows of the coming winter cover the
ground, encourage his little Sparrow friends to remain on his acres by
scattering for them in protected places the chaff and sweepings from his
barn. The birds will repay his kindness a hundred fold by destroying the
seeds of thousands of noxious weeds and to that extent lighten his labors
dur'ng the following season.

Study Points for Teachers and Scholars

Can you identify the Tree Sparrow, and distinguish it from the other Sparrows found in
your locality? Trace on map of North America where this Sparrow is found in summer.
Where in winter. When do_you first see them in the fall? When do they leave in the
spring ? What seeds have you seen them feed upon? How large flocks have you seen?
What other birds have you seen them associate with? Have you ever heard them sing ?
Describe the song. Read ‘‘Snow Bound.”’

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES

SPECIAL LEAFLET NO. 2

THE PURPLE MARTIN
Order — Passeres Family — Hirundinide

Genus — Progne Species — Subis

Issued as a Supplement to Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 5, October, 1905

(1)

The Purple Martin

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies

are too well known to need a detailed description. The adult male

is a lustrous blue-black, the wings and tail being slightly duller.
The adult female and the young of both sexes are grayish brown, glossed
with steel-blue on upper parts, while beneath they are dark gray, shading
into whitish on the belly. The size of the Martin is about seven and one-
half inches in length, but the great spread of wings, from fifteen to sixteen
inches, makes the bird look very much larger than it really is.

During summer the Martin is a bird of very wide distribution in tem-
perate North America; in autumn it migrates to the tropics, where it
spends the winter. There are eight species of this genus of the Swallow
family, all of them being confined to America. Before the white man dis-
covered and settled the western world, generations of Martins had made
their annual journeys from their tropical winter homes to the temperate
parts of both continents. Their nesting sites were then in hollow trees or in
caves. While forests and rocky retreats have not been entirely abandoned
by the Martins, yet many of them now breed in homes provided for them
by man. The red man, a true lover of nature, invited the cheerful Martins
to remain about his tepee by erecting a pole on which he hung a hollow
gourd, for a nesting place. The white successor of the aborigine has
adopted his red brother’s bird friend, often providing a far more elaborate
home for its use.

Is there anything in the bird world that represents home life and com-
munity of interests as well as a colony of Martins ? Contentment, happiness,
prosperity are here, and the cheerful, social twitter of the Martins and their
industrious habits are a continual sermon from the air to their brothers of
the earth. The only note of discord in one of these happy colony houses is
from the pugnacious English Sparrow, who covets the comfortable homes
of the Martins and tries to evict the rightful owners and substitute his harsh,
disagreeable chatter for their pleasant voices.

The value of the Martin to the human race is very great. The birds
are so preéminently aérial that their food necessarily consists of flying in-
sects. Among these may be some of the dreaded Stegomyia. It is a well-
established fact that this and other species of mosquito convey both
malarial and yellow fever. Every mosquito, therefore, that is destroyed by a
Martin, or, in fact, by any bird, lessens so much the chance of the spread
of fever plagues. Human lives are sacrificed every year; immense sums of
money are expended for investigation and prevention of yellow fever, yet in
some localities where this scourge is found the Martin is not understood and

(2)

ae Purple Martin and its Pacific coast relative, Progne subis hesperia,

The Purple Martin 3

appreciated as it should be. If one human life is saved each year through
the destruction of fever-bearing mosquitos by the Martins, and other birds,
it is a sufficient reason why the lives of these valuable birds should be sacred.

The Martin is also known to feed on other injurious insects. Dr.
Packard (as quoted by Weed and Dearborn, ‘Birds in their Relations to
Man,’ p. 130), found one of the compartments of a Martin box “literally
packed with the dried remains of a little yellow and black squash beetle”;
and the same authors state that “ten Nebraska specimens, examined by
Professor Aughey, had eaten two hundred and sixty-five locusts and one
hundred and sixty-one other insects.”

In portions of the northern range of the Martin it is undoubtedly de-
creasing in numbers, and the houses which they once animated by their wel-
come presence are now deserted or occupied by the omnipresent English
Sparrow.

While their absence may, in some instances, be accounted for by the
persecutions of this introduced feathered pest, and also to mortality among
the young birds, occasioned by cold weather or prolonged storms during the
nesting season, it now seems that their disappearance is in no small measure
due to their destruction in the South during their migration.

In a recent issue of the Charleston, South Carolina, ‘ Post,’ the follow-
ing item appeared: “The sport of shooting Bats [Nighthawks] and Martins
is practiced every year all over the State, and thousands of these insect -
destroyers are annually slain.” The editor adds: “The officers in many
counties are looking out for violators of the bird law and intend to stop the
evil practice.” In response to an inquiry, the fact was disclosed that in
Charleston the Martins were considered something of a nuisance on account
of their roosting in the trees of the parks at night; an effort was made
to drive them out by turning the fire-hose on them with little slaughter, but
effective dispersion.

Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson, the Secretary of this Association, who is a
resident of North Carolina, contributes the following gruesome story about
Martins, and truly adds: “This is one of the wild creatures which in-
creased rapidly with the advance of civilization in the United States until
recent years, and its present decrease must in a large measure be due to the
persecution which it is receiving today in many localities in the southern *
states.

“Martins are accustomed to gather in large flocks during the latter part
of summer for the purpose of roosting in some favored grove. As they
journey southward, apparently, these flocks increase in size, and the writer
has on several occasions watched the birds coming to their roosts in the
evening in astonishing numbers, estimated at 100,000. They seem to prefer
a grove, near a human habitation, for their nightly rendezvous. They
create no little comment in the neighborhood because of their numbers,

4 The Purple Martin

and by their continuous chatter and fluttering, particularly during the early
part of the night. There is usually little prejudice against them, but not
infrequently the people in the neighborhood make excuse that the birds are
a nuisance and proceed to shoot into the flocks when they come to roost.

‘At Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, a great number of these mi-
grating birds gathered the past summer (1905), and chose as their nightly
roosting place the grove of a summer hotel. The proprietor, wishing to
rid himself of them, invited a number of his neighbors, who, lying wait for
the birds, fired into the trees and continued to shoot until the ground was
literally covered with the dead and dying birds, and for days after wounded
Martins could be found fluttering about the neighboring lawns and road-
sides. Estimates on the number of birds killed vary from 8,000 to 15,000.
Upon hearing of this tragic violation of the law, the North Carolina Audu-
bon Society sent a warden to prosecute the offending parties, twelve of
whom were convicted and fined in the local court. The warden, to pre-
vent any further slaughter, arranged a number of tar barrels to the wind-
ward of the grove, and fired them in the evening, thus creating a dense
smoke, which drifting over the grove drove the birds away, and they were
not seen again. A citizen of the place said it had been very noticeable that
since the appearance of Martins there had been less mosquitoes than for
many years previous, and he thought that the community would never again
allow these valuable birds to be slaughtered in that locality.”

The moral of this story is this: You who love the Martin for his heen
social nature and his inestimable worth must do something at once to
educate those who do not yet appreciate and value these birds. “This can
be done by circulating thousands of copies of this leaflet. “The National
Association has the organization to carry on this necessary educational
work; you are asked to contribute financial aid. A membership in the
Association costs but $5 annually, and each member can feel assured that
his dues will be the means of circulating hundreds of leaflets, some of which
may reach those who are now blind to the beauty and value of these aérial
gleaners.

‘So were we men and women, and should hold
Our rightful rank in God’s great universe,

Wherein, in heaven and earth, by will or nature,
Naught lives for self.

525 MANHATTAN Ave., New York Ciry,
October I, 1905.

The American Sportsman’s Library

FIRST SERIES — Continued

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By CASPAR WHITNEY, GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL and OWEN WISTER
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A. HIMMELWRIGHT and JOHN HARRINGTON KEENE
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By DR. C. HART MERRIAM
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, New York

Se Annual Report of the National Association

20 c
NOVEMBER — DECEMBER, 1905 ‘Sia ie

110) SPA

re bi Pt hg

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

The Macmillan Companyp

HARRISBURG, PA.

NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY FRANK M CHAPMAN

RRS COPIES OF BIRD-LORE WANTED.—We will give 50 cents each for the first 50
copies of Bird-Lore for February, 1905, Vol. VII, No. 1, returned to us at Harrisburg,
Pa., in good condition. Mail copies flat under three cents postage.

Bird= Lore

November -December, 1905

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES , PAGE
FRONTISPIEFCE—BELDING’S AND MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT .. . . Louts Agassiz Fuertes .
THE STRUCTURE OF WINGS. Illustrated. 5 AS . . . William Morton Wheeler . 257
THE GROWTH OF A YouNG BirbD. Illustrated by the author. . E.R. Warren. 263

SomME Earty AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS. IV. ALEXANDER WILSON. Illustrated. 5
Witmer Stone . 265

BLUR Jays AT Home. , Illustrated by the anthor -. . 2. ...... Wilbur F. Smith . 268
THe Srory OF A TAME Bos-wHitk. Illustrated by the Auttior pace oc J. M. Graham 271
A Pair OF FLICKERS AND THEIR HOME. Illustration. . : 2 A. L. Princehorn ~
THE FEEDING HABITS OF THE NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Illustr are by 1the-anthor/2 ees ee

Frank M. Chapman. 273
FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
THE MIGRATION OF WARBLERS. Thirteenth Paper. Illustrated by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and
Bruce Horsfall : ‘ SOFAS WW. W. Cooke . 275

BER D-LORE'S) COLORED GPRUATES Gch beds felon ie tetnciye esate.) sleanay to edk= se ng ae Se 279
BIRD-L_GRE'S SIXTH -CHRISTMASUBIRD!) GENSUS Giveo= © =) cle) peta elie aeits eas Sie ain arto 279
NOTES, FROM. FIEEDS AND (STUDY?) Fe oe eres ey ss) eee adn) Given = daiite coe hare tet one Ok ain 280
Guts Desrroy INSECTS AND Mick, William Dutcher; How THE BrrpDs ComR, Illus., Jennie
C. Ball; Los ANGELES Birp Visitors, Harriet IWilliams Myers; (WENTY-THIRD CON-
GRESS OF THE A O.U.
BOOK: NEWS-AND’ REVIEWS) cic sooty aniston tie pen hie lim esis n=) Jeeits) Peale te ha Mibket oo SS 283
BEEBE'S ‘Twe BIRD-LoVERS IN Mexico’; JuppD’s ‘Bos-WHITE AND OTHER QUAILS; THE
ORNITHOLOGICAL MAGAZINES; Book NEWS.
EDITORIALS. <3: 05 -an e ee een Pa Ree CeO sare THOS Tee NOES OR lk 286
AUDUBON; DEPARTMENGE (ies cos oe bah hoe sus eu aol eaiccial fo. Tera e] ei ern eis atria) ee sieany oie ot Elon i enero 288
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 17. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. W1TH COLORED PLATE .. .. 290
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES ...- .- 204

«* Manuscripts intended for publication. books. etc., for review and exchanges should be
sent to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th Street and Sth Avenue,
New York City, A. ¥

Subscribers whose subscription
has expired will find a renewal
blank enclosed in the present num-

er of the magazine.

On receipt of your renewal we
will send you the Seton Bob-white
picture, which should be consid-
er d due notification of the entry
of your subscription.

If you do not care to renew, will
you please notify us.

Members and Contributors to the
National Association of Audubon
Societies, who have been sub-
= scribers to BIRD-LORE in the past,

Reduced facsunile of the reproduction of are notified that they are entitled to,
white, Preseoted to every aubseiber to Vol. and’ will receive, the magazine 11
VIII, 1906, of BIRD-LoreE. The original, the future as members of the As-

printed on heavy plate plate paper, suitable

for framing, is nearly life-size. sociation.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

1. BELDING’s YELLOW-THROAT, ADULT MALE. 3. MARYLAND YELLOW THROAT, ADULT MALE.
2. BELDING’S YELLOW-THROAT, ADULT FEMALE. 4. MaryYLAND YELLOW-THROAT, ADULT FEMALE.
5. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT, YOUNG MALE.

(One-half natural size.)

Bird= Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Vol. VII NOVEMBER — DECEMBER, 1905 No. 6

The Structure of Wings

By WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER

F all the animals that inhabit the surrounding world, none have called
O forth the admiration and envy of man to such a degree as the ani-

mals that can fly. The bird and the butterfly have become symbols
of our higher natures—of the hope and the fancy that lighten the burdens
of living. Man’s admiration of winged things is seen in the multitudinous
creations of his art —in his angels, victories, sylphs, grifins, demons and
genii. His envy of flying animals is seen in his unceasing efforts to provide
himself with wings, in the construction of balloons and flying machines.
The myth of Dedalus and Icarus and Santos-Dumont’s most recent experi-
‘ments in aéronautics are only very ancient and very modern expressions of
this ever-present longing to leave the heavy earth behind and to breathe the
tenuous air nearer the sun.

It is very probable that animals have not acquired the power of flight in
obedience, to any such longing as man experiences. During the long history
of the animal kingdom on our planet, the ability to rise into the air by means
of wings, and to move about in it at will, probably first arose in animals that
leaped or that had taken to dropping from trees to the ground when pursued
by their enemies. In other words, animals were forced to develop wings as
a means of escape, and not from any desire to fly. This peculiar power of
flight appears to have arisen some four or five times during the course of
animal evolution, and, curiously enough, each time it was developed the
wings were built oma different plan. There are flying insects, flying fishes,
flying reptiles, birds and bats—and these five groups of animals represent as
many different forms of wing. Let us examine them in succession.

Insects are the only back-boneless animals that can fly, and most in-
sects have wings. A few species probably never had wings, and some others
have given up flying, so that their wings have become small and weak and
useless. If we examine any typical insect, such as a butterfly, a grasshopper
-or a bee, we observe that the wings consist of two pairs of flat, thin struc-

258 Bird- Lore

tures, stiffened with branching ribs that make them resemble more or less
closely the leaves of certain plants. They are jointed at their attachment to
the body and can be moved with greater or less freedom by the insect, the
tip of each wing describing a figure 8 in flight. A study of the develop-
ment of insect wings shows that they are really nothing but great flat ex-
pansions of the sides of two rings of the body, the second and third behind
the head of the animal. Their shape varies greatly in different insects, and
on it depends the character of the flight in any particular instance. Insects
with both pairs of wings broad and of nearly uniform shape and size have a

Courtesy of F. A. Lucas

PTERODACTYL

slow, unsteady flight. This is the case with many moths and butterflies. In-
sects of powerful and rapid flight, like the hawk-moths, often seen hovering
about flowers in the twilight, have the fore-wings long, narrow and pointed
and the hind-wings small. In some of these swift-flying insects, like the
flies, —our common house-fly, for example,—the hind-wings are reduced to
little rudiments, called balancers, or halteres, which no longer function as
wings. Finally, insects with a gliding flight, like the grasshoppers, have
small narrow fore-wings and broad, fan-shaped hind-legs.

The wings of all back-boned animals differ from those of insects in be-
ing peculiar modifications of limbs which were originally used for walking,
or, in the case of the flying fish, for swimming. They are not mere expan-

The Structure of Wings 259

sions of the sides of the body, as in insects, although similar expansions may
be developed in connection with the limbs in the animals we are now to
consider.

In the flying fish, which inhabit the warmer seas of the globe, the pec-
toral fins are greatly enlarged, and enable the animals to leave the water and
to fly through the air a short distance when hotly pursued by their enemies.
The flying fish is not a great master of the art of flight, and can hardly be
compared in this respect with birds, bats and pterodactyls.

The pterodactyls were reptiles which, fortunately, perhaps, for us, be-
came extinct many ages ago—in what is known by geologists as the Mesozoic
period. Had we been living at that time we should not have feared the
smaller species, which were only about as; large as sparrows, but the large
pterodactyls, with their long, toothed jaws and wings twenty-five feet across
when expanded, would have been far more formidable. In the pterodactyl,
the wing consisted of a large membrane extending from the posterior sur-
face of the arm and enormously lengthened fourth digit (our ring-finger) of
the hand to the anterior surface of the thigh and leg. According to some
authorities, it was the fifth digit (our “little” finger) that became the “ big”
membrane-supporting finger in the pterodactyl. The tail, long in some
pterodactyls but short in others, was inclosed in another membrane which
connected the inner surfaces of the thighs and legs.

At first sight, the wings of pterodactyls would seem to resemble those of
bats, but this resemblance diminishes on closer examination. In the bat,
not only is the little finger of the hand enormously lengthened, to support the
membrane attached to its posterior edge and extending back to the fore sur-
face of the thigh and leg, but also the fingers of the bat’s hand correspond -
ing to our index- middle and ring-fingers are similarly lengthened, and the
spaces between them are webbed with membrane as far as their tips. Only
the clawed thumb remains small and free from the membrane and projects
forward. Our common, insect-eating bats have an additional membrane be-
tween the hind legs inclosing the long tail in its middle, but the East Indian
fruit- bats, some of which are as large as half-grown kittens, are tailless, and
the membrane between the thighs and legs is very poorly developed.

Flight reaches its most perfect expression in birds, and some of these are
the largest flying animals now found upon the globe. All birds’ wings —
from the huge soaring wings of the condor to the little, rapidly vibrating
wings of the humming-bird—are built on the very same plan,—a plan, how-
ever, that differs very much from the wing-plan of bats and pterodactyls.
In existing birds, that portion of the fore-limb which corresponds to our
hand has only three fingers, corresponding to our thumb, index- and middle
finger, or, according to some zoologists, to our index-, middle and ring-finger.
The thumb is short and unimportant, whereas the index- and middle fingers
are united and considerably elongated. To the hind margin of this peculiar

260 Bird-Lore

hand very long, stiff feathers, the so-called primaries, are attached, while
other, somewhat shorter feathers, the secondaries, are attached to the hind
surface of the lower arm. These feathers overlap one another and thus form
a large expansion,
which has the same
function as the large
skin expansion of
the bat and the
pterodactyl.

Thus far we have
considered only the
true flyers. There
are, however, sev-
eral arboreal animals
that might be called
parachute animals, since they are
provided with membranes that can
be spread and thus permit a gradual
slanting descent through the air.
Most of these animals are inhabitants of the Old World, some of the most
remarkable forms occurring in the East Indies. The membranes and
devices for spreading them present three modifications. In one form, that
of the flying tree-frogs of the East Indies, the toes of all the feet are greatly
lengthened and webbed -up to their disc-like tips. “hese tips resemble the
toe-pads in our common tree-frogs. The figure shows the Javan flying
frog with its parachute spread in the act of gliding through the air.

We find a second modification of the parachute in a small group of liz-

ards of the East Indian genus Draco, which comprises some twenty species.
These animals have five or six pairs of their ribs elongated and straightened
out at right angles to the body. The skin envelops the ribs and is spread
between them as a thin membrane. The Dracos live in the tree-tops, where
they hunt for insects, often gliding from twenty to sixty feet on a stretch
through the air in their descent from one branch to another. They rarely,
if ever, descend to the ground of their own accord. The parachute mem-
brane is, of course, always expanded and ready for use. Like the expanded
wings of butterflies, it is often banded and blotched with brilliant colors

A third method of supporting the parachute is found in three distinct
and unrelated groups of mammals — the flying phalangers, the flying lemurs
and the flying squirrels. These animals are all nocturnal and all resemble
squirrels in size and coloration. They are all provided with a broad fold of
skin which connects the fore and hind limbs on either side, and which, like
the skin of the remainder of the body, is covered with fur on its upper and
under surfaces. The animals leap from the branches of trees, holding their

The Structure of Wings 261

legs out straight and thereby spreading the parachute membrane. They can
guide the course of their gradual descent by means of the tail, which is long
and bushy in the flying phalangers and flying squirrels.

The flying phalangers are related to the opossums, and, like most of their
allies, inhabit Australia. The habits of the yellow-bellied flying phalanger
are described by Mr. Gould as follows: ‘This animal is common in all the
brushes of New South Wales, particularly those which stretch along the
coast from Port Philip to Moreton Bay. In these vast forests trees of one
kind or another are perpetually flowering, and thus offer a never-failing sup-
ply of the blossoms upon which it feeds; the flowers of the various kinds of
gums, some of which are of great magnitude, are the principal favorites.
Like the rest of the genus, it is nocturnal in its habits, dwelling in holes
and in the spouts of the larger branches during the day, and displaying the
greatest activity at night while running over the small, leafy branches, fre-
quently even to their very extremities, in search of insects and the honey of
the newly opened blossoms. Its structure being ill-adapted for terrestrial
habits, it seldom descends to the ground except
for the purpose of passing to a tree too distant
to be reached by flight. When chased or
forced to flight, it ascends to the _ highest |
branch and performs the most enormous leaps, (
sweeping from tree to tree with wonderful
address; a slight elevation gives its body an im-
petus which, with the expansion
of its membrane, enables it to pass gn Cy ee,

. ers)
to a considerable distance, always
ascending a little at the extremity
of the leap; by this
ascent the animal
is prevented from
receiving the shock
which it would
otherwise sustain.”

ET SS <
KL

The flying squir-
rels_ very closely
resemble the fly-
ing phalangers, al-
though they are ; FLYING LIZARD (DRACO)
really more closely related to the squirrels, rats and rabbits. The larger
flying squirrels inhabit India, Siberia and eastern Europe. One beauti-
ful little species, however, occurs in the United States, although we rarely
see it, because it does not usually leave the hollow tree in which it sleeps till
after nine o’clock in the evening. Then it begins a very active search for its

262 Bird- Lore

food, running along the branches or gliding through the air with outstretched
parachute, from branch to branch or to the ground.

The flying lemurs, of which there are only two species, occur in the
Philippines and neighboring islands. They are rather slender animals, about
the size of a small cat. Besides the expansion of skin between the fore and
hind limb, they have a smaller fold extending along the shoulder and front
surface of the arm as far as the wrist, and another larger fold between the
hind legs and embracing the tail. The toes of all the feet, too, are enveloped
in the skin-fold up to their claws. The flying lemurs are said to sleep hang-
ing to the branches with their heads down, like bats. When climbing about
in search of the leaves and insects on which they feed, the parachute mem-
brane is tucked up against the sides of the body. When the membrane is
expanded the animal resembles a kite, and in this condition it has been
known to traverse a distance of seventy yards at one glide, with a descent of
only one yard in five. The flying lemurs are peculiar in many points of their
structure, so that zoologists have found it difficult to give them a permanent
place in the classification.

SOOTY TERN HOVERING
Photographed by F. M. C.

This brief study of the wings and parachutes with which different animals
are provided leads us to an interesting conclusion. We see the same simple
function, flight, performed by a variety of structures, which have only the
character of an expansion in common. In most cases the expansion consists
of the skin of the animal, but in birds it is made up of overlapping feathers.
The skin expansion, again, may be supported in a variety of ways — by the
arms and legs in flying squirrels, by elongated fingers in the flying frogs, by
both elongated fingers and arms and legs in bats and pterodactyls, by elon-
gated ribs in the flying lizards, and, lastly, by a specially developed branching
framework in the wings of insects. Nature thus attains the same simple
end by employing a variety of methods. She never grows monotonous, for
her ingenuity and resources are alike infinite.

HOUSE FINCHES TWO DAYS OLD

The Growth of a Young Bird

By E. R. WARREN, Colorado Springs, Colo.
With photographs from life by the author

N the spring of 1903 a pair of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus
frontalis) built their nest on the cap of the columns supporting our
porch roof, and laid four eggs. —The nest was watched until the eggs

hatched, on the 12th of May. Beginning on that day, pictures were taken
daily of the young, care being taken always to have the camera as nearly as
possible at the same distance from the birds, and to place the birds on a
paper ruled into inch squares. The pictures illustrating this article show the
changes at intervals of several days.

At first, the birds have nothing but a partial covering of down, and, as

usual with such young birds, are hideous, half-naked little things. About

|
i
~t
i

HOUSE FINCHES EIGHT DAYS OLD
(263)

HOUSE. FINCHES TWELVE DAYS OLD .

the fourth day the feathers begin to show on the wings, and by the sixth
these are well advanced and the tail-feathers are beginning to sprout. The
eighth day shows still more advance, the web begins to appear at the tips
of the sheaths of the wing-quills and the body-feathers show a little. In
ten days the birds are quite well feathered, the primaries are well developed
and the other wing-feathers are advancing rapidly. The birds begin to
show more activity, and, while they have not much use of their limbs, they
can wriggle about in a lively, not to say aggravating, manner when one is
trying to photograph them.

When they were twelve days old it was found best to take the pictures
as side views, instead of placing the camera so as to look directly down upon
the birds. They were now pretty well covered with feathers but could
hardly sit up straight.

As the days went on they began to get the use of their limbs, and could
sit on a perch if one had the patience to pick them up and replace them a
dozen ortwotimes. The last picture was taken on the sixteenth day, when
only a little of the natal down was left, and that on the head. They left
the nest on the seventeenth day after hatching, but, as I had gone away
myself the evening before, I got no more pictures.

HOUSE FINCHES SIXTEEN DAYS OLD. THEY LEFT THE NEST THE FOLLOWING DAY
(264)

Some Early American Ornithologists

IV. ALEXANDER WILSON

By WITMER STONE

N 1794 a young Scotchman, Alexander Wilson by name, thoroughly
I disheartened by his surroundings at home, embarked for America, like

many another, who had gone before him, to seek his fortune. He had
no definite idea as to what he was to find across the water, but was con-
vinced that no conditions could be worse than those he was leaving behind.

Wilson was at this time just twenty-eight years of age. He was born
of poor parents and brought up, like all the family, to the trade of weaving,
against which his whole nature rebelled. He was different from his plodding
associates and yearned for something better than the loom. He loved Na-
ture and delighted in an outdoor life. He possessed also the spirit of the
poet, and tried hard to emulate Robert Burns. Many of his verses were
published, but the reception that was accorded them was not very encourag-
ing, and added to his despondency.

So impatient was Wilson after his long sea voyage that he landed at
Wilmington, Delaware, and went on foot to Philadelphia, to which port
the vessel was bound. He was delighted with the strange flowers and trees,
overjoyed to be again on land, and charmed with the songs and bright
plumage of the Cardinals and other birds which he encountered.

Arrived at Philadelphia, he was confronted with the old necessity of
making a living. There being no demand for weavers, he sought other oc-
cupation, and finally became a school teacher—a position which in those
days demanded but very meager attainments. Wilson’s early education had
been very limited, but he had read extensively, developed a good hand-
writing, and, by studying in his spare hours, he soon found himself suf-
ficiently well-equipped for his new vocation. For seven years he taught
school near Philadelphia and at Bloomfield, New Jersey, and spent his
leisure in rambling through the woods and fields and in writing verses.

So far, although possessed of a strong love for Nature and of a studious
disposition, Wilson seems to have had no thought of a serious study of any
of the natural sciences, and chance alone shaped his future career. In 1802
he moved to Gray’s Ferry, now within the limits of Philadelphia, to take
charge of the school there. Near by was the botanic garden of William
Bartram, and a close friendship immediately sprang up between the venerable
naturalist and the schoolmaster, which was to alter the whole trend of the
latter’s life. ;

In the association and instruction of Bartram, Wilson saw Nature in a
new light; his interest and enthusiasm were aroused and he longed to add
to his knowledge in this mew field. He studied the library at the botanic
garden, and was surprised at the lack of information, particularly concerning

(265)

266 Bird - Lore

the birds, which were objects of especial interest to him. Of many of them
he soon possessed more knowledge than the books, and it was not long
before he had conceived the idea of producing a work which should furnish
a complete account of all the birds of America.

Illustrations were, of course, a necessity, but, nothing daunted, he im-
mediately set about-learning to draw. He had no artistic talent, but after

4

ALEXANDER WILSON

From a drawing in the possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, formerly
the property of George Ord. Courtesy of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club

school hours and until far into the night he worked with pencil and brush
until, after many attempts, he was actually able to produce excellent repre-
sentations of the birds, though his few attempts at backgrounds were
almost ludicrous. In 1805, his varied studies gained recognition in his ap-
pointment as assistant editor of Rees’ Encyclopedia, then being published

Some Early American Ornithologists 267

by Bradford and Company, which insured him a much better living than’
his precarious school teaching afforded. Now, at last, he was beginning to
realize his hopes. The production of the ornithology became a thing
possible; Bradford was to be the publisher, Lawson was to etch the plates,
and Bartram gave constant aid and encouragement.

In 1808, with a sample of the first volume under his arm, Wilson set out
on foot and by stage to secure subscribers, traveling through New York
and New England as far as Portland, Maine, and later, southward to Sa-
vannah, Georgia, where he obtained the last of the requisite two hundred
and fifty subscribers at $120 each. He met with many rebuffs, of course,
and Governor Tompkins, of New York, told him he would not give him a
hundred dollars for all the birds he intended to describe, even if he had
them alive. In spite of all, he returned to Philadelphia, triumphant. The
publication progressed rapidly, he took a boat trip down the Ohio and went
on horseback through the Mississippi wilderness to New Orleans in search
of new birds and additional subscribers, and, by 1813, the eighth volume
was going through the press. In the summer of that year, however, Wilson,
who had been wearing out his delicate constitution by his confining work,
was taken sick and died, after a few days’ illness, on August 23. His friend,
George Ord, completed another volume of the ornithology from the
materials left by the author, and so was produced the finest work on the
birds of any country that had appeared up to that time; a work that has
ever since been a standard and the guide of many a subsequent American
ornithologist.

Wilson, at the time of his death, had just begun to reap the reward of
his work in the praise that it enlisted, both at home and abroad. Of
financial reward there appears to have been none, as all the receipts were
consumed in the cost of publication, and, even at that, the work of the
engraver was largely a labor of love.

Of Wilson’s personality, we learn from those who knew him best that
he was honorable and truthful to a degree but of a retiring disposition and
exceedingly sensitive to criticism, so that he made friends with difficulty.
His enthusiasm was great, but apparently only exhibited to those with whom
he was on most intimate terms.

What would have been the effect upon American ornithology had
Wilson been allowed to live out his life and publish a popular ornithology
and other works, which he seems to have planned, it is hard to say. As it
was, his entire ornithological work was accomplished in eight or nine years,
and his death came just when he was at his prime. ‘These facts should be
considered when comparing his work with those of others who rounded out
their full lives and completed their cherished projects.

Alexander Wilson has been called the father of American ornithology,
and he merits the honor. He was an ornithologist in the fullest sense of the

268 Bird - Lore

word, as ardent a bird-lover in the woods as he was a student of the litera-
ture of his subject; and when once he had entered upon his life’s work, it
occupied his every thought. No one can be said to be familiar with
American ornithology who has not read ‘ Wilson,’ and through the pages of
the book made the acquaintance of the author.

Blue Jays at Home

By WILBUR F. SMITH, South Norwalk, Conn.

With photographs from nature by the author

O those knowing the Blue Jay only as the wild, shy bird of the tree-
a8 tops, so hard to approach, or, by reputation, as a thief or a robber of
other birds’ nests, there remains a pleasure like unto finding some
new and rare bird, to watch a pair of Jays through the nesting season and to
find them so devoted to their nest and young that they lose much of their
shyness and allow a familiarity which very few other birds will tolerate.
One pair of Jays built for several years in a tangle of briers near my
home, and the female became so tame, through constant visiting, that I
could at last spread her wings and tail-feathers without her leaving her nest,
and even stroke her back with no further sign of disapproval than a settling
lower in the nest and a parting of the bill; as six members of the local
Audubon Society will testify. The nest was in too difficult a position to
photograph, so I looked forward to the time when I could renew the Jay's
acquaintance under more favor-
able circumstances, and was happy ©
this spring when, on May 5, IL
found a nest about seven feet
high, ina clump of dogwood sap-
lings, containing five fresh eggs.
Patience is the key to success,
with Blue Jays at least, and it
was needed here, for both birds
were very wild at first, and, in-
deed, the male remained so,
screaming defiance, so it sounded,
from a distance, and leaving his
mate to guard the nest. Lying
on the ground in plain view,
about twenty feet from the nest,
I waited for the female to return,
— and this she did, after much flying
BLUE JAY SITTING back and forth from tree to tree,

Blue Jays at Home 269

and dropping from limb to limb, until she stepped into her nest. Gradually
she allowed me to come nearer, until I could sit within eight feet of her
and walk away without her flying. Now I brought the camera, placing it,
without concealment, on a home-made stand, on a level with the nest,
and running a string back to a near-by fence. Strange to say, the bird did

INSPECTION BLUE JAY FEEDING

not seem to have any fear of the camera, and I gradually moved it nearer
the nest until it was less than three feet from her and she allowed me to
make bulb exposure of one-half second, change the plate and reset the
shutter. With one hand against the tree in which the nest was built, I
made another exposure with the other hand, put back the slide, took down
the camera and left her still brooding her young.

May 15, four eggs hatched, and the next day the fifth egg had disap-
peared. It would be interesting to know if the Jay carried away any un-
hatched egg. May 20, the eyes of the young had not yet opened, and
what ugly-looking babies they were! But they appeared so only to me, for
the mother-bird would stand on the edge of her nest and look at them,
this way and that, with apparent admiration before settling down to brooding.

In all my watching these birds, not once did they bring a bird’s egg to

270 Bird- Lore

BLUE JAY BROODING

their nest, nor did they disturb the small birds nesting near, nor would the
male come near the nest while the camera was in position.

Perhaps the prettiest thing connected with the life of this nest occurred
when the young were twelve days old. I had taken three friends to see
them, and, as we were watching them from behind the fence, the mother-
bird brought food and fed one hungry youngster and was looking at them
from the edge of the nest, when the male came, also with food. Alighting
on the opposite side of the nest, he gave the food to his mate, who in turn
gave it to the young, a scene so attractive that I wished all those who cry
“thief” and denounce the Jay could have seen it.

Coming and going, the birds were singularly quiet, giving utterance to
only asingle note, which I associate with their nesting. So marked was their
silence while I was about the nest that one must attribute it to a desire not
to draw attention to their home.

May 30, the young showed the first signs of fear and a disposition to
leave the nest. They were now well feathered, one being especially large and
keeping the best position in the now crowded nest. The morning of June
1 they left the nest, and I photographed them on a branch. Now the old
birds were furious, and the male had gained the courage to join his mate;
several times they struck me in the face with their wings, even swoop-

The Story of a Tame Bob-white 271

ing down and striking my dog, who was with me. After all my interference
I had the satisfaction of leaving the young in the old birds’ care, for had
harm come to them through me, the pleasure with which | watched the
nest, from the eggs to the birds just own, would have been changed into
regret. Now I can look forward with anticipation to another spring, hoping
to renew their acquaintance and perhaps become better friends.

The Story of a Tame Bob-white

By J. M. GRAHAM, Pinewood, Tenn.

Illustrated by the author

. EEWEEDIE’ is the name of one of eight little Bob-whites hatched
under a Bantam hen in June, 1904. When first hatched, he was
about one-third larger than a big bumble-bee, and quite wild. The

little hen was confined in a pen, out of which the little Quail could not

escape. They were fed on bugs, worms, grasshoppers and crickets, with
crumbs of egg-bread, until several weeks old, when they were allowed
on the lawn with their mother, who was very fond of them, and exerted
all her vocal powers to keep them together. When frightened, they would
hide in the grass, nor would they reappear for some minutes, although the
hen would cluck and call and use every artifice known to her to bring them
from their hiding-places.

At night they were caught and put in a box, to prevent cats or rats from
getting them. This soon got to be impracticable, so a hole was cut in the

-

r*

A BOB-WHITE FRIENDSHIP

272 Bird - Lore

box, the hen put under, and she would call the little ones, who would go
into the hole and be brooded for the night.

The ducks, turkeys and chickens got to devouring them, so they were
put in the garden, around which there was a paling too high for the poultry
to get over, and in this way Peeweedie and one other were raised until half-
grown, when the cat got one—for which she was sent off.

The little hen soon quit the ground and went to roost with the other
chickens in an oak that stood within five feet of the kitchen porch. Pee-
weedie followed her, and continued to roost in the tree until cold weather
came on and the chickens went to roost in the hen-house.

For several nights Peeweedie roosted alone in the grass near the house,
but, tiring of that, he went with the chickens to the hen-house, where he
has roosted since, managing to get in between two chickens to keep warm.

He eats out of our hands, and when not called for his food he comes on
the porch, flies on a table near the kitchen window and calls until he is fed.
When we had snow on the ground, he flew from the hen-house to the
kitchen, a distance of one hundred yards, got his food and flew back. It is
predicted that he will leave me at mating time, but as there is a covey of
Quail that frequents the garden and lawn, I trust that he will conduct a
successful courtship and induce a mate to keep house with him on the lawn,
and allow us to feed them as we have him. If he should leave, the pleasure
we have derived from having him is worth all the trouble it has cost us.

The picture shows Peeweedie on a wheelbarrow eating out of my hand.

;

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A PAIR OF FLICKERS ‘AND THEIR HOME
Photographed from nature by A. L, Princehorn

NORTHERN PHALAROPE SEEKING FOOD
Note the feeding-place just abandoned at the left

The Feeding Habits of the Northern Phalarope

By FRANK M, CHAPMAN

With photographs from nature by the author

HE discovery of a well-marked trait or habit in bird-life is so unusual
or’ an experience, that among all the interesting incidents which crowded

a trip to California, as a member of the American Ornithologists’
Union excursion of 1902, 1 recall with most satisfaction several hours passed
with the Northern Phalaropes at Monterey, on May 27.

A record-breaking northwest wind had been blowing for over two weeks.
It had evidently rendered navigation impossible for the Northern, as well as
Red Phalaropes, and these seafarers among the Snipe, while voyaging to
their Arctic summer homes, were stranded on the coast in vast numbers.
A week later we found many wrecks of this feathered fleet ashore on the
Farallones, their poor, emaciated little bodies floating in the rock-inclosed
pools left by the tide.

I had previously known this bird only as an inhabitant of the Atlantic,
where I had seen it in great beds resting in the waters or rising in silvery,
curling waves before the approach of our steamer, and while I regretted the
disaster which had befallen the half-starved little waifs, I realized that their
ill luck was my good fortune, and lost no time in availing myself of this ex-
ceptional opportunity to make the acquaintance of a bird which but few
naturalists have met intimately.

All the quiet bodies of water contained Phalaropes, a large pond in the
city of Monterey being fairly speckled with them, As, with several members
of the A. O. U. party, I approached its margin, I was not a little astonished
to observe that apparently one-half the Phalaropes in it were spinning about
inthe most remarkable manner. They might have been automatic teetotums.

The sight of this singular action aroused vague memories of a description
of it as a courtship ceremonial. It will be remembered that marital relations

(273)

274 Bird- Lore

among the Phalaropes are somewhat unusual. Not only is the female larger
and more brightly colored than the male, but she zs the male in all but the
prime essentials of sex. She woos, selects the nesting-site, and, while of
necessity she lays the eggs, the male, unaided, hatches them and rears the
resulting family.

These facts suggest that a careful study of the mating habits of Phala-
ropes will throw much needed light on the problem of sexual selection, and,
exulting at the splendid possibilities of the situation, I concealed myself in
an overhanging limb which swept the water. he nearest birds were now
within ten feet. The larger size and brighter plumage of the females was
strikingly noticeable
and no difficulty would
therefore be exper-
ienced in determining
the part in the perfor-
mance taken by both
SEXES.

At once the alleged
forwardness of the fe-
male was discounted
by seeing quite as many
males as females pir-
ouetting; while the
sight of single birds,
of either sex, whirling
around quite alone,
cast doubt on the sex-
ual significance of the
evolution.

In short, it required
only a few moments’

NORTHERN PHALAROPE WHIRLING watching to learn that
the revolving birds were feeding. The lobed feet were moved alternately in
such a manner that the bird spun around in the same spot, making a complete
revolution in about two seconds and from three or four to as many as forty
turns without stopping. A rotary movement of the shallow water was thus
created, bringing to the surface small forms of aquatic life which the Phala-
ropes eagerly devoured, their slender bills darting rapidly two or three times
during each revolution. It was an interesting and, in my experience, a
novel method of securing food.

ae a ae 5a
2 EF Sree ne ae
Bantu ati i,
‘ pore

Fah

on Leme 7
4D. Ss
, ae .

hous G. Gaerles,
1. Care May WARBLER, ADULT MALE. 4. PatmM WARBLER, ADULT.
2. Care May WARBLER, ADULT FEMALE. 5. PaLM WARBLER, YOUNG.

3. CAPE May WARBLER, YOUNG FEMALE.
(One-half natural size.)

For Teachers and Students

The Migration of Warblers

THIRTEENTH PAPER

Compiled by Professor W. W. Cooke, Chiefly from Data

in

the Biological Survey

With drawings by Louris AGASSIZ FUERTES and Bruce HORSFALL

CAPE MAY WARBLER

S

PRING MIGRATION

PLACE

No. of years’
record

Average date of
spring arrival

Atlantic Coast—

Southern Florida 3 April 8
Northern Florida 3 April 14
Atlanta, Ga. (near) 6 April 25
Washington, D.C... 3 May 8
Southeastern New York 4 May 12
Eastern Massachusetts 5 May 12
Montreal, Can. Z

Quebec, Can... .

Scotch Lake, N. B. @ ets 4 May 18

Mississippi Valley— )

Brookville, Ind. / 3 May 5
Chicago, Ill. . 2 aR Be 8 May 6
Oberlin, Ohio yee en ) 8 ) May 11
Southern Wisconsin . = 6 ) May 11
Southern Michigan .... . 6 | May 15
Ottawa, Ont. : 15 | May 16
Lanesboro, Minn... . . 7 May 16
Elk River, Minn... . 3 May 20

Aweme, Manitoba

eT

Earliest date of
spring arrival

March 3, 1887

April 3, 1901
April 18, 1902
May 2, 1888
May 11, 1893
May 10, 1897
May 14. 1890
May 16, 1902
May 16, 1903
May 4, 1899
April 30, 1899
May 5, 1895
May 6, 1888

| May 11, 1890

| May 11, 1900
May 8, 1887
May 17, 1889

| May 14, 1900

FALL MIGRATION

| 5 ; =
|No. of years’) Average date of first
record one seen

PLACE
Aweme, Manitoba Pr eee
Chicago, Ill. . -
Rane, Me ss oA Cea

Washington, D. eet:
Mt. Pleasant, S.C...
Southern Florida

Earliest date of first
one seen

re a

August 23,
August 20,
| August 23,
August 25, 1890

| September 8, 1898
| September 17, 1887

1901
1896
1904

276 Bird - Lore

FALL MIGRATION, continued

Average date of last | Latest date of

Pace Ne. ae | one seen last one seen
Grannell, Towans\, 262 foe; 5 el | September 17, 1886
Chicaro. sills). precast ae | September 21, 1896
Beaver, Pa. . Se ga oe eee - | September 24, 1889
Washington, DoCS eee ; October 14, 1888
French Creek, W. ep fat ee ee ose | October 21, 1891
Souther Florida...) 222-3 November 7, 1891

PALM WARBLER

The Palm Warbler has been separated into two subspecies, of which
Dendroica palmarum ranges west of the Alleghanies, while Dendroica palma-
rum hypochrysea, the Yellow Palm Warbler, occurs along the Atlantic slope.
In the following notes, the locality will serve as a general guide to the
particular form intended.

SPRING MIGRATION

a = 5 ao
PLACE No. of years Average date of Earliest date of
record spring arrival spring arrival

Atlantic Coast—

Raleigh, N. C. 7 March 31 February 13, 1890
Washington, D. C. 6 April 6 March 31, 1889
Germantown, Pa. 4 April 14 April 11, 1889
Englewood, N. J. . . 4 April 14 April 11, 1902
New Providence, N. J. 5 April 17 April 13, 1889
Southeastern New York 5 *April 18 April 14, 1893
East Hartiord) Conn. — =" =.= i 6 April 16 April 9, 1887
OstOMen Viass a8 a0 oat aye niee emeet = ie II April 18 April 13, 1897
Seutherny Miamie: 03 toi.) teas =e IC April 23 April 16, 1896
Se. phate bes ier at a9 ee eee oe Ir April 20 April 13, 1896
Halitiax No Si: -o OSeus ses chen: 4 April 27 April 20, 1890
Pictou NN 1Songr oe one ore oles 8 May 1 April 28, 1894
Mississippi Valley— b
St. Louis, Mo. . . 4 April 15 April 5, 1882
Chicago, Ill... . Spe Pei igo) April 25 ‘April 17, 1897
Southern Wisconsin.” =e 8 April 30 April 22, 1886
Oberlin, Ohio 5 Jae ee ee oe 8 April 30 April 24, 1897
Petersbure,, -Michi< 3) %\— | #70) =|) 10 April 30 April 26, 1894
Listowel, Ont. : ba 5 | May 2 April 28, 1894
Hillsboro; Wowace .t-. -oxeee eee ae 5 April 22 April 14, 1896
Grinnell, Iowa . . 5 April 26 April 22, 1888
Lanesboro. Minn... . 10 April 27 April 23, 1890
Minneapolis, Minn.. . 5 . April 30 April 27, 1889
Elk River, Minn. 4 May 3 May 1, 1886
Aweme, Manitoba ge 6 May 7 May 3, 1901
Fort Chipewyan, Athabasca eer ae, | May 23, 1901

The Migration of Warblers 277

FALL MIGRATION

PLACE Ino. of years” Average date of pase date of first

’ record first one seen one seen
Northwestern Minnesota . . 2 September 10 September g, 1896
Lanesboro, Minn. . . 2 September 18 September 17, 1888
Chicago, Ill. . 3 September 15 September 4, 1900
Oberlin, Ohio 5 September 26 September 16, 1898
Southern Maine 6 September 28 September 19, 1892
Beaver, Pa. . oa me ee 4 September 13. September 7, 1889
Englewood, N. u a eee September 26, 1386
Memmi eieasant, S5,Co°50 2 ae September 7, 1896
PLACE INo. of years’) pees date of last | Latest date of last
record one seen ; one seen
Aweme, Manitoba “sp an Ae 6 | September 30 | October 6, 1901
Lanesboro, Minn. 4 October 1 | October 3, 1890
Chicago, Ill. 5 6 October 9 | October 18, 1896
North River, Prince Edward Island. . | September 15, 1887
Sy Ee ee spe 3 _ October 13 | October 18, 1896
Southern Maine .... . <— 7 October 13 | October 20, 1892
New Providence, N. i avon o 3 October 12 | October 18, 1894
Washington, D.C. a aay : | October 19, 1890

MARYLAND YELLOW - THROAT

The Maryland Yellow-throat has been separated into some six or more
different subspecies, three of which occur along the Atlantic Coast, two in
the interior and several on the Pacific slope. It is not possible to apportion
the migration notes with any degree of accuracy among these various
subspecies.

SPRING MIGRATION

PLACE No. of years” Average date of Earliest date of

record spring arrival spring arrival
Atlantic Coast— |

Raleigh, N. C. 13 | March 30 March 20, 1894
Washington, D. C. 9 | April 21 April 18, 1888
Beaver, Pa. 6 |. May 4 April 30, 1899
Renovo, Pa. 8 May 4 May 2, 1900
Germantown, Pa. ae) 5 | April 29 April 24, 1886
PSIG Me Son oe, tae ess | 7 | May 4 April 30, 1902
Southeastern New York 14 | May 5 April 30, 1900
Jewett City, Conn. 8 May 4 April 29, 1902
Boston, Mass. SCP Gs =e 15 May 7 May 2, 1896
Southern New Hampshire ate, tat 9 May 11 May 6, 1902
Southern Maine. . oe NY 10 May 14 May 7, 1902
Quebec, Can. . 7 May 17 May 13, 1899
St. John, N. B. : II May 18 May 11, 1888
Central Nova Scotia . - 5 May 25 May 18. 1896

North River, Prince Ederard Island | June 6, 1891

SPRING

PLACE

Mississippi Valley—
Rodney, Miss.
Helena, Ark.
Bubank, (Race <5
St. Louis, Mo.
Brookville, Ind.
Waterloo, Ind. .
Wauseon, Ohio.
Oberlin, Ohio
Chicago, Ill. .
Petersburg, Mich.
Southern Ontario

Parry Sound District, Ont. P

Ottawa, Ont.
Keokuk, Iowa
Grinnell, Iowa .
Lanesboro, Minn. . .
Elk River, Minn...
Aweme, Man.

Western United States—

Onaga, Kans. ... -
Cheyenne, Wyo.

Great Falls, Mont. . .
Columbia Falls, Mont.
Osler, Saskatchewan
Beaverton, Ore. .
Southern British Galen

Bird - Lore

MIGRATION,

No. of years
record

-wW Nn

|

continued

Average date of
spring arrival

March 28
April 15
April 15
April 18
April 26
April 25
April 30
April 29
May 1
May 1
May 8
May 18

| May 16

April 27
April 30
May 5

May 12
May 22

April 28
May 11
May 12
May 10

April 6

Earliest fare of
spring arrival

March 25, 1890
April 9, 1898
April 10, 1892
April 14, 1887
April 18, 186
April 19, 1891
April 26, 1891
April 26, 1899
April 27, 1902
April 24, 1886
May 3, 1901
May 13, 1899
May 4, 1905
April 23, 1893
April 22, 1890
April 30, 1888
May 9, 1890
May 18, 1902

April 23, 1896
May 9, 1889
May 10, 1892
May 9, 1895
May 25, 1893
March 21, 1885
April 4 1889

FALL MIGRATION

No. of years’

Average date of

Latest date of

ee | record last one seen last one seen
Columbia Falls, Mont. ...... - ) : September 24, 1896
Great Falls, Mont. .. . / October 5, 1889
Central South Dakota. . 4 September 11 September 15, 1902
Lanesboro, Minn. . 7 | September 28 | October 5, 1885
Ottawa, Ontario ..... 4 | September 18 | September 27, 1889
Chicago, Ill... . 4 | September 28 October 2, 1894
Waterloo, Ind. . . 3 October 1 October 8, 1887
North Bae Prince Edw ard Island . 4 September 4 September rr, 1887.
St. John, N ; 8 September 26 | October 3, 1891
Southern Maine. ... . 6 October 3 October 13, 1901
Eastern Massachusetts . 5 October 3 October 11, 1895
Southeastern New York 5 © | October 2 October 14, 1887
New Providence, N. is 6 October 3 October 23, 1891
Renovo, Pa. vz 5 October 4 October 6, 1899
Germantown, Pa..... - 5 | October 13 | October 30, 1888
Washington, D.C.. . October 20, 1890

BELDING’S YELLOW - THROAT

A western species, resident in and restricted to Lower California.

Bird-Lore’s Colored Plates

The series of twenty-four colored plates illustrating North America Warblers will be
completed in the next volume of Birp-Lore. The responses to the query, sent out last
year, concerning the most desirable group of birds to figure in color when the Warblers
were concluded, leaves the choice between the Flycatchers and the Thrushes and we should
be glad to receive a further expression of opinion in regard to this matter.

In Birp-Lore for December, 1904 we stated our desire to add colored plates to Mr.
Dutcher’s admirable Educational Leaflets, and, to our no small satisfaction, we find ourselves
in a position to gratify it.

Hereafter then, in addition to the Warbler plates, each number of Brrp-Lore will
contain a colored plate of the male and female of some well-known North American bird.

To teachers who subscribe to Bisp-Lore the Natural Association of Audubon Socie-
ties makes this generous offer : on application to the Association at 141 Broadway, each
teacher will receive, without charge, two extra copies of each Educational Leaflet together
with two colored plates and six facsimile outline drawings of the plate for coloring.
Additional copies of the Leaflet, plate, and outline may be had at cost.

Bird-Lore’s Sixth Christmas Bird Census
a. plan of reporting one’s observations afield on Christmas Day has

met with such cordial and practical endorsement by bird students
throughout the country that BrrD-LoRE’s Christmas Bird Census
may now be considered a fixed event, which increases in interest as the
accumulating records give additional material for comparison. From a total
of twenty-five lists received in 1900 it has grown to seventy-nine lists in
1904, and there is every reason to believe that the returns for the present
year will exceed in number those of any previous season.
Reference to the February, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, or 1905 number of
. BtrD-Lore will acquaint one with the nature of the report of the day’s hunt
which we desire ; but to those to whom none of these issues is available we
may explain that such reports should be headed by a brief statement of the
character of the weather, whether clear, cloudy, rainy, etc., whether the
ground is bare or snow-covered, the direction and force of the wind, the
temperature at the time of starting, the hour of starting and of returning.
Then should be given, in the order of the A. O. U. ‘Check-list,’ a list of
the species seen, with exactly, or approximately, the number of individuals of
each species recorded. A record should read, therefore, somewhat as follows :
Yonkers, N. Y. Time, 8 A. M. to 12 M. Clear; ground bare; wind west, light;

temperature 38°. Herring Gull, 75: Total, — species, — individuals.—
JaMeEs GATES.

These records will be published in the February issue of BrrD-LorRE,
and it is particularly requested that they be sent the editor (at the American

Museum of Natural History, New York City) not later than December 28.
It will save the editor much clerical labor if the model here given, and the

order of the A. O. U. Check-list be closely followed.
(279)

Hotes from Field and HDtudyp

Gulls Destroy Insects and Mice

It is a well-known fact that Gulls eat a
great many insects, but it is not generally
known that they will also eat mice. The
following letter from John E.Cox, of the Utah
Board of Agriculture, is of great interest:
** Gulls go all over the state for insects, the
greatest number visiting the beet fields,
where they keep down the crickets, grass-
hoppers, cutworms, etc. They took a new
diet this summer. Some alfalfa fields were
so badly honeycombed with mice holes
and runs that it was impossible to irrigate
them, and they were plowed up, mostly for
beet culture. When the water was turned
into the irrigation ditches the mice were
forced out of their holes, and the Gulls then
caught them; they became so perfect in
their work that they kept abreast of the
head of the water and picked up every
mouse that appeared. When gorged with
victims they would vomit them up in piles
on the ditch bank and recommence their
feeding. Gulls are sacred in Utah, and are
so tame that oftentimes they may be caught
by hand as they follow the plow so closely.’’
—Wwm Dutcuer, New York City.

How the Birds Come

In reading the winter-feeding number
of Birp-Lore, I saw no mention of
Shore Larks, yet these birds have been
among our winter visitors for four years.
On February 21 and 22, 1902, there was
a heavy snow-storm, and on the morn-
ing of the second day I saw three Shore
Larks feeding among the Tree Sparrows
close by the house. In the driving storm
and bitter cold, they were crouching so
that they seemed almost to make nests in
the snow. As I stood watching them,
softly, like a larger flake of snow, a Snow
Bunting came fluttering down; and on
that day eleven Larks and thirty-five
Snow-Buntings fed on the lawn. Every
winter since the Larks have visited us,
coming earlier each season, last year

appearing in December. Most of them
are Otocoris alpestris praticola, but the
largest flocks, numbering from forty to sixty,
contained also Ofocoris alpestris.

Last winter, on the 8th of February,
eighteen Snow Buntings were feeding on
the lawn; but the number increased con-
stantly, until, by the 24th, there must have
been five hundred of them.

The fourth day of their coming they
brought one Lapland Longspur with them.
He would usually be found on the same
spot a few feet from the house, where a lit-
tle heap of corn was kept. Our house is at
the edge of a small village, where the farms
begin, and there is quite a stretch of lawn
free from trees. To attract the ground-
feeding birds, we usually keep the snow
cleared from a part of the ]awn, and scatter
chaff and hay seed from the barn floor, to
give the appearance of bare ground; in
February when the snow is deep in the
fields and nature’s larder is nearly bare, we
look for Snow Buntings and larger flocks
of Larks.

We have tried various kinds of grain, but
now use chiefly cracked corn, for the large
flock last winter scattering twelve or fifteen

- quarts a day.

Notes From Field and Study

After the Snow Buntings became familiar
they frequently perched in the trees: some-
times, as shown in the picture, in a small
maple near the house, whence they would
drop, a few at a time, to their feeding
place, sometimes on the apple trees or on a
large elm farther away in the pasture.
There I have seen one or two hundred at a
time, making the trees look fairly white.

Another pretty sight was a flock sitting
on the telegraph wire, after the manner of
Barn Swallows.

These birds, with our Chickadees, Downy
Woodpeckers, Juncos, Blue Jays, Tree

SNOW -BUNTINGS PERCHING

Sparrows, White-breasted Nuthatches, and
sometimes a Meadowlark, give us a variety
of winter visitors.

One beautiful
when, with ‘‘

February
no earth

morning last
no cloud above,
below,’’ as a Snow Bunting sat on the low
fence and poured out his beautiful song as
sweetly as a Thrush in June, I thought that
even a New England winter is not without
compensations for the bird lover.—JENNIE
C. BALL, Oakville, Conn.

Los Angeles Bird Visitors.

It was a glorious winter’s morning, and I
sat at my window breathing in the pure air.

281

From the end of the garden hose a little
stream of water trickled, making a shallow
pool about two feet long, and here the birds
were taking their morning baths. Hop-
ping about were several of those handsome
little fellows—the White-crowned Sparrows.
There was room for several to bathe at once,
but not all could get in who wished, and
those not in the water sometimes showed
their impatience by making a scolding noise,
which did not, however, scare or hurry their
comrades.

The jolly, handsome House Finches—
commonly called Linnets—were also of the
party, bathing side by side with the Spar-
rows, but occasionally making an unfriendly
dive at them.

Two dear little Arkansas Goldfinches
came flying down to the little pool and
with many a friendly, good-natured ‘‘Peep,
peep?’’—‘‘May we bathe, too?’’ hopped in
and began their ablutions.

The White-crowns had kept up a con-
tinuous flying in and out of the water, new
bathers taking the places of those who were
fortunate enough to find the pool first.
A Brown Towhee came hopping along with
her sociable ‘‘ Chip, Chip,’’ and, finding a
deserted corner of the little pool, jumped in
and ducked and splashed to her heart’s
content, then flew upon the fence and made
her toilet—not a long process, as she con-
tented herself with wetting her breast.

When the pool was about deserted, a
‘“tsip, tsip,’’ and a flutter of many plump,
hurrying little feathered mites, proclaimed
that a flock of California Bush-tits had
come for their daily feast of scales and
small insects. Lighting in one of my pep-
per trees, I was delighted to see that some
of the busybodies had discovered the water.
Down they flew, until there were five of them
splashing at one time, making a pretty
picture. More of them hopped about on
the ground, and would undoubtedly have
gone in had not the Sparrows driven them
away.

While the bathing went on beneath my
window, I glanced out at the vacant lot
beyond me. There a small flock of Audu-
bon’s Warblers were hopping about on the
ground or swinging from a tempting weed.

282

Hopping or flying about with them were
several of those handsome birds the Lark
Sparrows and more of the Linnets, and
White-crowns were flying about in seem-
ingly utter abandon, their various call notes
making a veritable bird-babel. Farther
away, at the top of an elderberry tree, sat a
California Shrike —silently and quietly
minding his own business. ‘‘ Cha-Cha-
Chi,’’ in a quick, scolding voice, pro-
claimed that a Ruby-crowned Kinglet was
foraging in my trees; a dainty Anna’s
Humming-bird whizzed by my window,
stopping long enough to sip fearlessly at
the flowers that grew beside me; while
above all else rang out the liquid, inspir-
ing notes of a Mocking-bird.

Surely here was a gathering which repaid
a half-hour’s stay at my open window.—
HarrieT Wi LuiamMs Myers, Los Angeles,
Cal.

Twenty-third Annual Congress of the
American Ornithologists’ Union

The twenty-third Congress of the Amer-
ican Ornithologists’ Union was held at the
American Museum of Natural History, New
York City, November 13-16, 1905. At the
business meeting of Fellows, on the night
of the 13th, Charles F. Batchelder was elected
president of the Union, E. W. Nelson and
Frank M. Chapman, vice-presidents, John
H. Sage, secretary, and J. Dwight, Jr.,
treasurer.

The Fellows elected were: Walter K.
Fisher, Palo Alto, Cal. ; Lynds Jones, Ober-
lin, Ohio, and Wilfred H. Osgood, Wash-
ington, D. C. The five Members elected
were: Austin H. Clark, Boston, Mass. ;
W. Leon Dawson, Seattle, Wash.; J. H.
Riley, Washington, D. C.; JohnE. Thayer,
Lancaster, Mass.; Charles W. Townsend,
Boston, Mass. Seventy-one Associates were
elected, making the total membership (in-
cluding all classes) of the Union about goo.

The average attendance was greater than
that at any previous Congress, and, inaddition
to the regular sessions, at which were pre-
sented the papers in the appended list, there
was a Union dinner, followed by an informal
reception at the American Museum, excur-
sions to the Museum of the Brooklyn Insti-

Bird -

Lore

tute of Arts and Sciences, the New York
Aquarium, and New York Zoological Park.

The twenty-fourth Congress of the Union
will be held in Washington, D. C., Novem-
ber 12, 1906.

LIST OF PAPERS

Some Unpublished Letters of Wilson and
some Unstudied Works of Audubon, Wit-
mer Stone; The Evolution of Species through
Climatic Conditions, J. A. Allen; Summer
Birds of the Mt. Marcy Region in the
Adirondacks, Elon H. Eaton; Pelican Island
Revisited, illustrated by lantern slides, Frank
M. Chapman; Some Breeding Warblers of
Demarest, N. J., illustrated by lantern slides.
B. S. Bowdish; Notes on Wing Movements
in Bird Flight, illustrated by lantern slides,
William L. Finley; The Status of Certain
Species and Subspecies of North American
Birds, J. Dwight, Jr. ; Wild-fowl Nurseries
of Northwest Canada, illustrated by lantern
slides, Herbert K. Job; Andree Hesselius,
a pioneer Delaware Ornithologist, C.J. Pen-.
nock; The Probability of Error in Bird
Migration Records, Witmer Stone; Some
Observations on the Applicability of the Mu-
tation Theory to Birds, Witmer Stone; The
Song of the Hermit Thrush, Henry Oldys;
Impressions of English Bird- Life, illustrated
by lantern slides, Frank M. Chapman; Ex-
hibition of Lantern slides, William L. Baily;
A Lapland Longspur Tragedy, illustrated
by lantern slides, Thomas S. Roberts; Simi-
larity of the Birds of the Maine Woods and
the Pocono Mountains, Pa., William L.
Baily; Discontinuous Breeding Ranges, il-
lustrated by lantern slides, Wells W. Cooke;
The Principles of the Disguising Coloration
of Animals, illustrated with experiments and
slides, Abbott H. Thayer; The Collection
of Birds in the New York Zoological Park,
C. W. Beebe; A Contribution to the Na-
tural History of the English Cuckoo, with a
Review of the Literature on the Subject,
Dr. Montague R. Leverson; Plumages and
Status of the White-winged Gulls of the
genus Larus, Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.; A Con-
tribution to the Ornithology of South Caro-
lina, pertaining chiefly to the Coast Region,
Arthur T. Wayne; Should Bird Protection
Laws and their Enforcement be in the hands
of the National Government? O. Widman.

Book Pews and Reviews

Two Birp-Lovers in Mexico. By C.°
Wit.iaM Besse. Illustrated with photo-
graphs from life taken by the author.
Boston and New York. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. 12mo. xiii+408 pages,
106 half-tones. Price, $3 net.

Mr. and Mrs. Beebe went to Mexico, not
to collect but to study birds, and the results
of their three months’ observations are pre-
sented in this attractive volume. Beginning
at Guadalajara, they worked thence to
the coast, thus encountering widely varying
climatic and physiographic conditions, with
corresponding diversity in bird-life. <A
camping outfit not only enabled them to
make their home where they pleased, but to
pass twenty-four hours of each day in the
field; and every camper knows how much
more intimate relations can be established
with one’s surroundings under conditions of
this kind than when one lives in even a
favorably situated house.

Without enforced duties of trapping and
shooting, or specimens to prepare, Mr.
Beebe could devote his entire time to ob-
serving and recording; and the outcome of
his labors, as they are here presented, im-
pels comparison with the briefly ‘An-
notated List’ which so frequently forms the
only published evidence of months of honest
endeavor. The comparison, indeed, may
be made in the volume before us, for Mr.
Beebe gives an annonated ‘List of Birds Ob-
served’ in an appendix, and we may count
most of 374 pages which precede it as due
to the employment of the observers’, rather
than the collectors’ methods. Some day,
perhaps, when facts are valued as highly as
‘skins,’ we may send expeditions into the
field solely for the purpose of securing
information in regard to the habits of the
animals whose bodily remains now tax our
storage facilities.

‘Mr. Beebe had an eye not only for birds
but for mammals, reptiles and insects as

well, while his enthusiastic admiration of ©

the remarkable scenery one finds in Mexico
and his interest in the Mexicans themselves

find expression in well-worded descriptions.
His book, therefore, possesses a literary
charm which will add greatly to its scien-
tific value, for it will both entertain and
instruct. The excellent photographs by
which it is embellished will also aid the
fulfilment of this desirable end.—F. M. C.

THE BoB-WHITE AND OTHER QUAILS OF THE
UniTreD STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC
RELATIONS. By SyLvesTeR D. Jupp,
Ass’t Biological Survey. Bull. No. 2r.
Bureau Biological Survey, Washington,

1905.

This is, in the best sense, an economic
paper. Based on broad lines, both in
research and in conclusion, it shows the
Bob-white’s value as a destroyer of weed seeds
and noxious insects and as a game-bird in
whose pursuit hundreds of thousands of
dollars are annually expended, a large pro-
portion of which goes to the owner of the
land on which Bob-white is found. Living
or dead, therefore, Bob-white is a valuable
asset, and the problem of maintaining the
supply of birds in the face of a constantly
increasing demand is worthy of the most
serious consideration. That it can be done,
with favorable climatic conditions, is beyond
question. Short shooting-seasons, _ strict
enforcement of the game-laws, prevention
of trapping, prohibition of sale as game,
and winter feeding will go far toward keep-
ing the numbers of this prolific bird from
decreasing; and we know of no better
means to inaugurate a general movement
toward this end than to distribute widely
this admirable publication, which treats not
only of Bob-white but of our six other
species of Quails

The appearance of this work so shortly
before the unspeakably sad end of its tal-
ented young author makes doubly keen our
regret at the loss of an investigator whose
accomplishments had won him high rank
among the real naturalists of this coun-
try. It will be difficult to fill his place.—

F.M.C.

(283)

284

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk.—The October number of *‘ The
Auk’ opens with two papers by A.
H. Clark on the Parrots and Macaws of
the Antilles. Digging among the hazy ac-
counts of early writers, Mr. Clark has pieced
together a description of an extinct Parrot
of Martinique, which he names dAmazona
martinica, Gmelin’s name wviolacea being
available for another extinct Parrot of
Guadeloupe. While the practice of nam-
ing vanished birds from the tales of ancient
travelers is not new, its usefulness is some-
what questionable, and we may, perhaps,
look forward to the day when the Roc of
‘Sinbad the Sailor’ will be furnished
with an appropriate scientific name.

A well-annotated list of the birds of the
Bahamas, by J. H, Riley, next attracts our
attention; and G. F. Breninger asking ‘Are
the Habits of Birds Changing ?’ gives ex-
amples of various Arizona species that have
adapted their nesting sites to new conditions.
A journal of ‘A Third Trip to the High
Sierras’ near Lake Tahoe is written by
M. S. Ray, and we would only criticize his
comparison of the songs of the Russet-backed
and Hermit Thrushes of the region. To
our ear it is the song of the former that is
“loud and ringing,” and the notes of the
latter “subdued,” not the reverse, as Mr.
Ray puts it,—it would not be difficult,
though, to confuse the songsters. More
mountain species will be found in a list of
the ‘ Summer Birds of Mt. Pinos, Cal.,’ by
J. G. Grinnell. ‘The Direction of Flight
in the Fall Migration at New Haven,
Conn ,’ by L. B. Bishop, is a study of the
migrants passing a certain hill. Those at
a higher elevation fly west, and those at a
lower, north.

The breeding of Bachman’s Warbler in
South Carolina, with a description of its
juvenile plumage, is recorded by William
Brewster, and there is an article by A. T.
Wayne on a surprising number of rare birds
of South Carolina.

J. A. Allen takes issue with Mr. Ober-
holser’s conclusions regarding Swainson’s
genera, and also reviews, at great length,
Mr. H. L. Clark’s paper on specific and

Bird -

Lore

subspecific differences, but the lay-reader
will be more interested in the many notes _
and items that are published. Among them
we find that sixteen specimens of the Ruff
have “been taken in North America, and
that the English Sparrow has at last reached
Tucson, Arizona.

An obituary notice of Walter E. Bryant,
who died May 21, 1905, marks the passing
of a prominent California ornithologist.—

TDS FE:

THe Conpor.—The September number
of ‘The Condor’ opens with the first part
of Finley’s paper entitled ‘Among the Sea
Birds off the Oregon Coast,’ and illustrated
with nine cuts from Bohlman’s superb
photographs. This part deals with the
birds found on Three Arch Rocks, sixty
miles south of the mouth of the Columbia
River. An account of the life and work of
the late Walter E. Bryant, accompanied by
a portrait, is contributed by Walter K.
Fisher, and is followed by a list of Bryant’s
ornithological writings, comprising forty-four
titles, compiled by Joseph Grinnell. These
two articles give a good idea of Bryant’scon-
tributions to West Coast ornithology. It is
noticeable, however, that an important
paper on Cerros Island, published in 1886,
is omitted. This article, containing the
first list of birds of the island, with notes on
twenty-seven species, appeared in ‘Forest
and Stream,’ Vol. XXVII, pp. 62-64.

Three faunal papers in this number also
deserve special mention. These are the
concluding part of Kaeding’s ‘Birds from
the West Coast of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands,’ Dixon’s ‘Dry Notes from
Dry Lake’ on San Gorgonio Peak, Cali-
fornia, and Bishop’s ‘Notes on a Small
Collection of California Birds,’ from San
Bernardino and San Diego counties. The
last-mentioned paper contains a description
of Oberholser’s Vireo. Vireo huttoni ober-
holseri, based on a specimen collected at
Witch Creek, in San Diego county, in
April, 1904.

The series of portraits of eminent Euro-
pean ornithologists, begun in March, is
continued by those of Dr. Alphonse Dubois,
of Brussels, Prof. Max Furbringer, of Heidel-

Book News and Reviews

berg, and Dr. Rudolf Blasius and Dr.
Wilhelm Blasius, of Brunswick.—T. S. P.

Book News

The MassacHuseTts AUDUBON SOCIETY
announces the publication of a new Audu-
bon Calendar for 1906. The calendar con-
sists of six new plates of American War-
blers, printed in Japan in the best style of
Japanese color-printing, from blocks made
expressly for this purpose, and tastefully
mounted on cards 934 x 1414 inches, with
descriptive text on back. These are be-
lieved to be the first Japanese reproductions
of American birds ever made, and they have
the artistic distinction that belongs to the
finest Japanese workmanship. The birds
represented are the Black-throated Blue
Warbler, Canadian Warbler, Yellow-
throat, Oven-bird, Black-poll Warbler and
Myrtie Warbler. Price, $1.50, net, postpaid.

Orders should be sent at once, as the edi-
tion is small.

In ‘Science’ for September 1, 1905,
W.E. D. Scott states his belief in the
origin by mutation of certain North Ameri-
can birds of doubtful status. Mr. Scott’s
argument centers chiefly about Brewster’s
and Lawrence’s Warblers, which he regards
as mutants; but in a succeeding number of
‘Science,’ Dr. J. A. Allen questions Mr.
Scott’s conclusions and supports the gener-
ally accepted theory of hybridity and
dichromatism as accounting for these puz-
zling forms.

‘Farmers’ Bulletin’ No. 230, of the
United States Department of Agriculture, is
entitled ‘Game Laws for 1905. A summary
of the provisions relating to seasons, ship-
ment, sale and licenses.’ This useful docu-
ment was prepared by T. S. Palmer, Henry
Oldys and R. W. Williams, Jr.

The report for 1904 of the Director of the
Bernice Pauahi Museum of Honolulu, con-
tains ‘ Notes on the Birds of Waianae Moun-
tains,’ ‘ Notes on the American Birds Col-
lected in the Hawanian Islands by Mr. Gerrit
Wilder,’ and several papers describing the
nests and eggs of Hawaiian birds, all by
Wm. Alanson Bryan.

285

Publication No. 25 of the Bureau of Goy-
ernment Laboratories (Manila, P.1., 1905),
by Richard C, McGregor, contains a paper
on ‘Birds from the Islands of Ramblon,
Sibuyan and Cresta de Gallo,’ and ‘ Further
Notes on Birds from Ticao, Cuyo, Culion,
Calayan, Lubang and Luzon.’ Several new
species are described, and there are interest-
ing observations on the nesting habits of the
Panay Hornbill (Penelopides panini) and
Linch’s and Whitehead’s Swifts ( Salangana
linchi and S. whiteheadi), with photographs
of nests and eggs.

In ‘The Birds of the Genus Cinclus and
Their Geographical Distribution’ (Smith-
sonian Miscell. Coll. Vol. XLVII, Part 4),
Dr. Stejneger concludes that these birds of
marked form and habit originated in “that
enormous and ancient plateau and mountain
region north of India, and east of go°
east longitude, whence they have radiated
wherever high enough mountain ranges, or
otherwise boreal conditions, permitted them
to push forward their colonies.” The paper
is a suggestive contribution to philosophic
zoogeography.

‘The Ostriches and Their Allies,’ by C.
William Beebe (Ninth Annual Report of
the New York Zoological Society), gives a
general account of the Apteryx, Emu,
Cassowary, Rhea and Ostrich, and discusses
their ‘External Structural Adaptations to
Cursorial Habits.’

An unusually large collection of the nests
and eggs of South American birds is de-
scribed by Dr. J. A. Allen in ‘ Supplemen-
tary Notes on Birds Collected in the Santa
Marta District, Columbia, by Herbert H.
Smith, with Descriptions of Nests and Eggs’
(Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxi, pages

275-295).

Vernon Bailey (‘ Birds Known to Eat the
Boll-Weevil,’ Biol. Survey, Bull. No. 22)
lists twenty-two species of birds which have
been known to eat the boll-weevil, and says
that “it is probable that by carefully pro-
tecting such species and by encouraging
their increase the good work they now do
may be greatly augmented.”

286

BHird- Lore

A Bi-monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Vol. VII Published December 1, 1905 No. 6

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, Canadaand Mexico
twenty cents a number, one dollar a year. post-
age paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore’s Motto:
A Birdin the Bush ts Worth Two in the Hand

An Opportunity for the Local
Ornithologist

During the past year our enterprising
Pacific coast contemporary, ‘The Condor,’
has been conducting a discussion of the
opportunities for original work offered to
the investigator by the study of birds. It is
encouraging to note that none of the con-
tributors to this symposium suggests system -
atic work as the promising field of future
endeavor, but that they emphasize the im-
portance of the study of the bird in relation
to its environment.

For the greater part, however, their re-
marks are addressed to those who desire to
make ornithology their profession; but the
probabilities are that in no other branch of
zoology are the professionals so outnumbered
by the amateurs; and this fact, it seems to
us, should be constantly held in mind in
any consideration of ornithological interests.

For one person whose official position
gives him the time and very elaborate
equipment essential to research in technical
ornithology, there are hundreds, equally
ambitious, but handicapped by limited op-
portunity and indequate material.

These are the local bird students whose
daily vocation has perhaps no relation to
ornithological pursuits, in which, how-
ever, they take the keenest interest. To
what problems can they turn their attention?
How can they gratify their desire to achieve
distinction by making some noteworthy con-
tribution to the science of birds ?

Bird -

Lore

There is that usual outlet to circumscribed
activity—the ‘Local List,’ a wholly admi-
rable thing, but it is not necessary that
every ornithologist publish such a list,
though he may contribute to it. There is
that so often fatal undertaking, a collection
of birds’ skins, nests and eggs. Fatal, not to
the birds, for reasonably limited collecting

‘never appreciably affected their abundance,

but fatal to the ornithological future of the
collector.

Once bow the knee to the collecting fetish,
and we may as well acknowledge at once
its power for all time. The formation and
care of even a small collection is more than
apt to be the beginning and the end of our
labors. The means to the end becomes the
end and the specimens themselves acquire a
value which makes their acquisition a sufh-
cient reward for our endeavor.

It is true that one of the participants in
the discussion we have mentioned considers
experience as a collector ‘‘ essential to suc-
cess, no matter what department of orni-
thology the young student may finally decide
to investigate,’’ but since he adds that “‘no
young man is justified in thus taking bird
life unless he is reasonably sure that his
interest in ornithology is likely to be last-
ing, and that his ability to devote his life to
its pursuit is also assured,’’ we may con-
clude that he is addressing the professional
rather than the amateur student of birds.

In what direction, then, can the latter
direct his efforts with a hope of making an
addition to knowledge? In our opinion, his
object may be accomplished by extreme
specialization. He should devote himself
not to the study of birds, but to the study of
a bird, selecting, preferably, the common-
est species of his locality.

Once let him determine to prepare as
complete a biography of the Robin, Crow,
Song Sparrow or Blue Jay as circumstances
will permit, and his studies will assume a
definiteness, importance and interest which
they lacked before. Not only will he pur-
sue his field work with renewed vigor, but
his researches will extend to publications
which before had no attraction for him;
and his search for information will lead toa
correspondence with fellow students through-

Editorials

out the country which will
widen his horizon.

It is not to be expected that such a study
can be concluded in a single season, but so
long as it is incomplete it will repay our
attention. Its general features may follow
one of the several excellent outlines for
birds’ biographies to be found in various
ornithological text-books, or in Birp-Lore
for December, 1904; and in this connection
it would be well to consult Mr. Burns’ ad-
mirable ‘Monograph of the Flicker,” issued
by the Wilson Bulletin, at Oberlin, Ohio.

The possibilities of publishing extended
reports of the kind we have in mind remain
to be considered; and in this connection
Birp-Lore will promise its assistance,
agreeing to print and publish, at its own
expense, any biographical memoir of a
North American bird which, in our opinion,
adequately presents its life-history.

It would be well, however, for intending
authors to consult us, and, in order to avoid
duplication of work, as well as to invite
assistance, to announce in Birp-Lore the
subject of their proposed biography.

instructively

The Cat Question

The exaggerated press reports of the reso-
lution in regard to cats (see page 290)
passed by the National Association of Au-
dubon Societies at its annual meeting has
exposed the Societies to much unjust criti-
cism. The Societies are accused of urging “a
war of extermination” against all cats, and
of “interfering with the balance of nature,”
while the cat is said rarely to eat birds, or,
if its destructiveness be admitted, its natural,
inherent right to kill in response to instinc-
tive promptings is maintained.

Now, we might say a great deal on the
question of birds’ rights vs. cats’ rights, but
we prefer to discuss the question in only its
humane aspects, with the reasonable hope we
may induce cat-lovers to believe that they
may conscientiously join hands with bird-
lovers in their efforts to prevent the undue
increase of the cat population.

No one, we imagine, would hesitate to
condemn the introduction of the Mongoose
into this country, or the stocking of our

287

woods with Ferrets; why, then, should we
permit the increase of an equally predaceous
animal in such numbers that we cannot care
for the fast and ever-multiplying progeny,
which, homeless, ‘are forced to provide for
themselves. Asa result, millions of virtually
wild cats are roaming our fields and woods,
leading, doubtless, a life of ease during the
season of plenty when birds nest, but faring
miserably in the starvation time which

follows.
It is, of course, dificult to get exact data

in connection with this feral cat life of the
country, but word now comes of thousands
of deserted cats wandering along the beaches
and dunes of our coast, where they have been
forsaken by heartless ‘summer cottagers.*

A startling index of the magnitude of our
cat population, and, at the same time, of the
endless suffering entailed by irresponsible
ownership, is given by certain figures fur-
nished by the American Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to animals.

In the interests of humanity, it is one of
the duties of this widely known organization
to “destroy homeless, diseased and injured
cats,” and the need for its activities in this
direction is eloquently expressed in the
statement that for the first nine months of the
present year, it destroyed 53,938 cats in
New York City, while the total for nine
years up to 1903 is given as 465,065!

Analysis of the figures for the present year
shows that while in January when climatic
conditions would lead one to expect a high,
even if artificial death rate, the sufferings of
2,019 cats were humanely ended, in July the
number had risen to 5,533, and a further
consideration of the statistics supports the
conclusion that this surprising increase in
mortality is occasioned by the same thought-
lessness—to use no harsher term—which
leaves thousands of cats to starve on our
beaches,and the homeless cat,in midsummer,
is apparently no better off than the poor
wanderer on the winter coast.

In the light of these figures, can any real
lover of cats consistently refuse to aid the
Audubon Societies in their efforts to secure for
these much-neglected creatures the attention
and care we should give to every animal for
whose existence we are responsible?

The Audubon Societies

‘You cannot with a scalpel find the poet's soul,
Nor yet the wild bird's song.”

Edited by MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT and WILLIAM DUTCHER

Communications relating to the work of the Audubon and other Bird Protective Societies should
be addressed to Mrs. Wright, at Fairfield, Conn. Reports, etc., designed for this department, should be
sent at least one month prior to the date of publication.

DIRECTORY OF STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

With names and addresses of their Secretaries

Caltiorstiay << ios oc er a eet oa A aera rate ees W. Scott Way, Pasadena.
Coloradon 5 3a tS ae see Sra Se cites Se free ere ee Mrs. MARTHA A. SHUTE, Denver.
Connecticut........ Ne oe Se a eR OR ne Re Mrs. WILLIAM Brown GLOVER, Fairfield.
Delaware 225335 os cee esa se oon ea aa os aerate Mrs. Wm S. HILLEs, Delamore Place, Wilmington.
District. of: Columbia |: 206 8. wae toe Mrs. JOHN DEWHURST PATTEN, 2212 R street, Washington.
Florida. 232.0 ee ie oso fl kts Se an a Poe ne OO Senin tore ees Mrs. I. VANDERPOOL, Maitland.
Gearpiag-2.-4 25950 OE yD ee Ne ee Bae Sele tone ptt ee Re MarTIN V. CALVIN, Augusta.
nae 25 es ee he. Sten tes ee et Miss MAryY DRUMMOND, 208 West street, Wheaton.
Endiasia 52-6 225 ee eee ie eee FLORENCE A. HowE, Hillside Ave., Indianapolis.
1S fa Aa en Slat oh = Pee ee ee I eet ee Ae See Mrs. W. F. Parrott, Waterloo.
Kentnck y ha see en ee a seg ee Miss JuLIET O. ALvEs, Henderson.
Legistanay. 5 oe ee ee ees Miss ANITA PRING, 1682 Peters ave., New Orleans.
Mirairie ws Sy Ne oe a ee ee eer ioe Se aI ee eo Mrs. C. B. TUTTLE, Fairfield.
Maryland. 2i52 sSacs- te eee es ates Miss ANNE WESTON WHITNEY, 715 St. Paul street, Baltimore.
Massachusetts ............. Miss Jessie E. KIMBALL, care Boston Society of Natural History, Boston.
Wichigat: 2.6252! - 222225 Shatner JEFFERSON BUTLER, Suite 79, Home Bank Building, Detroit.
WisHesotas oe) Soke Se tad oe PURE peace oe en MIss JESSIE WHITMAN, 2356 Bayless ave., St. Paul.
WHSSOUTE on oo aha ee ee eae eee eee AucuST REESE, 2516 North Fourteenth street, St. Louis.
Webraskay states coe icone eee eee eee Drie ees Miss Joy HiGGIns, 544 South 30th street, Omaha.
New: Hanipshire >. 25225 s0cod 6 oe eke bese oe ta oe aero eae Mrs. F. W. BATCHELDER, Manchester.
Wempersey sic 5 cc sce s ae ae eee tie ee Miss JULIA SCRIBNER, 510 E. Front street, Plainfield.
New Vork.5 335652 02<00226- Miss Emma H. Lockwoop, 243 West Seventy-fifth street, New York City.
Worth: Carolina®s.- 325-35 o anne ooo oe eee ee ee oe T. GILBERT PEARSON, Greensboro,
Wortit, Dakota’ 22 29 took one eo SD ae eee Sees Miss EvizABETH L. ApBott, Grand Forks.
ia ee eka Poe oe on ee ae wend ee Fe ee ieee Mrs. C. M. TEMPLE, Wyoming, Cincinnati.
Okiahomiak! see oo eo EE oh ol oe oe ae eto Mrs. ADELIA Hotcoms, Enid.
ORE POW 3 ose .2 foes ine ne a se ee Miss WINIFRED HAWLEY, Highland Park, Portland.
Pennsylvania so-so eee Mrs. EDWARD RosIns, 114 South Twenty-first street, Philadelphia.
Rhode Island 23) 25222 ocis os sods ae ae ane ae eee Mrs. H. T. GRANT, 187 Bowen street, Providence.
South Garolina 22. f.2625-2 222 ceeceencesdesnss+s22eees-..Miss S. A. SMYTH, Legare street,/ Chanlestome
TCHNESSE ESS os Soar oe rs FE ea Ee ee Mrs. C. C. Conner, Ripley.
go) 22 ee ER EE a ae gore ais basal ola hota oie eet oe ne or Mr. M. B. Davis, Waco.
Vermont....... ae ey ee wee WR, eT eee ol eee aeshen Sine Woes Miss De ia I. GRIFFIN, St. Johnsbury.
WARSI 2 oa one oo oc Os AOA SPR SEES ESTEE mele Mr. E. C. Houeu, Falls Church.
Wisconsin =. 27s cadets sesiene ee cee sso aces Mrs. REUBEN G. THWAITES, 260 Langdon street, Madison.
WV sy rmsd 0 5 oo oen. hoe os ew Fe ice in oe I a aipsseaiz Se a Me ele em ae ohn Mrs. CorRDELIA CHIVINGTON, Cheyenne.

meetings, the Treasurer presented his report,
which showed the Association to be in a
very sound financial condition. The special
feature of the report was the purchase of two
one-thousand-dollar 4% bonds; these com-
mence the permanent endowment fund which
should now grow rapidly. It may here be
noted that a// membership fees, except those
paid by annual members, are placed in the

Notes and News

Pursuant to the notice given in the August
Birp-Lore, the annual meeting of the Na-
tional Association was held at the American
Museum of Natural History October 31.
Twenty-seven members were present at the
morning session and in the afternoon the
west lecture-room of the Museum was com-

pletely filled. Members were present from
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, District of Colum-
bia, North Carolina and Oregon.

After approving the minutes of previous

permanent endowment fund, none of the
principal of which can be used. Friends of
the cause of bird protection now have an
opportunity of adding to a fund of which
only the interest is available, thus insuring

(288)

The Audubon Societies

bird protection in perpetuity. The Audit-
ing Committee reported that they had
employed expert accountants to audit the
accounts of the Treasurer, which were found
to be correct, and the report was ordered
printed.

The President then gave a résumé of the
work of the past year, dwelling on the prog-
ress made in the several branches of effort.
This report was ordered printed in the
December number of Birp-Lore, and also
as a separate for general distribution.

The following directors were then
reelected for the term of five yeais; viz.:

George Bird Grinnell, New York;
Arthur H. Norton, Maine; H. P.
Attwater, Texas; Walter J. Blakely,
Missouri; Mrs.Mabel Osgood Wright,
Connecticut; Mrs. Kingsmill] Marrs,
Florida, and Mr. William L. Finley,
Oregon, was elected to fill the unex-
pired term of Mr. Isaac N. Field, in
the Association had
sustained a great loss.

The afternoon session commenced at
2:30, when discussion on the subject
of cats was held. Extended remarks
were made by Dr. George W. Field,
president of the Massachusetts Fish
and Game Commission; Dr. Palmer,
of Washington; Rev. William Lord,
of Massachusetts, and Mr. Chapman.
The consensus of opinion was that if
cats could be kept at home, and if
their owners could be made responsi-
ble for them that the lives of multi-
tudes of wild birds would be saved
annually. The following resolution
was adopted:

whose death

Resolved, That in the interests of
humanity and bird protection the
National Association of Audubon
Societies endorses the movement to
make the owners of cats responsible
for their acts and welfare.

A meeting of the directors was
held, when all of the officers of the
Association were reélected for the
term of one year. After adjournment
of the business meeting, Mr. William
L. Finley

gave an entertaining

289

account of his experiences among the large
colonies of water-birds breeding in south-
eastern Oregon, illustrating his remarks with
many photographs taken by himself and
Mr. Bohlman. Mr. Finley stated that the
Audubon Society was responsible for stop-
ping the slaughter of Grebes in this locality.
Mr. Frank M. Chapman followed with a
delightful talk on English bird-life.

The annual meeting was a most success-
ful atfair, and the members and _ visitors
present were enthusiastic over the bright
prospects of the National Association.

SPECIMEN OF OUTLINE CUT FOR COLORING

Six copies of this cut, together with two copies of the Educa-
tional Leaflet, containing a colored plate of the bird here shown
in outline, will be sent free to all teachers subscribing to BIRD-
LORE, on application to the National Association of Audubon
Societies, at 141 Broadway. New York City.

THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH®*

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

President National Association of Audubon Societies

jQational Association of Audubon Societies

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 17

The Goldfinch, which is also known as the Yellow Bird, Wild Canary,
Lettuce Bird and Thistle Bird, has been selected as the first of the series of
birds to be shown in natural colors. Presentation in this way renders
unnecessary a detailed description of its plumage. The English name of the
Goldfinch is well chosen, as the bright yellow of the male when in breeding
plumage is like burnished gold. The Latin generic name of the Goldfinch
has reference to prickly plants, while its specific name, tristis, sad, refers to
its rather plaintive flight note. The female Goldfinch is more modestly
dressed than her mate.

The changes in plumage of the male are very interesting and, to the
novice, somewhat puzzling. Until the student becomes acquainted with
this bird he may wonder why he sees no males during the winter. The truth
is at this season the flocks of supposed female Goldfinches are really of
both sexes, the male bird having assumed in the previous fall, usually by
the end of October, a plumage closely resembling that of the female and
young bird of the year. :

The male retains this inconspicuous dress until late in February, when
one can notice a gradual change taking place in some of the birds. This
molt, or renewal of feathers is actively continued through March and April,
and by the first of May our resplendent bird is with us again. The change
from yellow to brownish and back again to yellow can be noted by the stu-
dent in the field, who with a good opera-glass will find that the variations
in plumage between the two extremes are without number.

The song period with the male Goldfinch continues as long as he wears
his gold and black livery, for it commences as early as the middle of March
and ends late in August.

Goldfinches are wee birds, some four and one half-inches in length, but
what they lack in size they make up in admirable qualities, one of the chief
of which is their gregarious mode of life. Except during the short season
devoted to domestic duties, they associate in flocks and live a happy, no-
madic existence. ‘Their undulating mode of flight seems to express joy and

*THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH

Order—Passeres Family—Fringillide
Genus—Astragalinus ; Species—Tristis

(2.0

aes a A’
Se) Jel aie

AMERICAN GOLDFINCH
Upper Ficure, MALE; Lower FIGURE, FEMALE.
(One-half natural size. )

The American Goldfinch 291

exaltation, and when they add song, it is the very abandon of happiness. Even
in winter, when the fields are brown and the trees are bare, a flock of Gold-
finches adds the charm of life to an otherwise dead outlook.

The Goldfinch migrates, but not to the extent that the truly migratory
species do. The Warblers, for instance, desert their summer homes and, after
making long journeys southward, spend the winter beyond the limits of the
United States; the Goldfinches, on the contrary, gradually move southward

NEST AND EGGS OF AMERICAN GOLDFINCH

Photographed from nature by C. William Beebe

as far as the Gulf States and in winter are found from the Gulf coast as far
north as the latitude of central New York. Their breeding range is from
the Carolinas westward to the Rocky Mountains and northward to the
British Provinces and southern Labrador; consequently they are permanent
residents in a large part of the United States where their migratory and
breeding ranges overlap. There are several closely related forms or sub-
species of the Goldfinch* found in the West and on the Mexican border

* Pale Goldfinch in Rocky Mountain district; Willow Goldfinch in Pacific coast district.

292 Bird - Lore

which are so much like the American Goldfinch that it may be said Gold-
finches are found in a large part of North America.

Goldfinches are very cleanly in their habits and indulge in frequent baths;
indeed, the border of a shallow pool is an excellent place to study this species,
as it is not an uncommon sight to see a number of the brightly colored
males gathered there. During the breeding season the parent birds seem to
have a well-defined route from the nest to a common watering place.

The nesting site may be in an evergreen or deciduous bush or tree, and
the nest may be built only a few feet from the ground or at considerable
height, where it is saddled on or attached to a forked twig. The nest itself
is an exquisite piece of bird architecture, compactly built of dried grasses,
leaves and shreds of bark, the outside being embellished with lichens, which
Audubon says are attached by saliva. The inside of the nest is lined with
the softest plant-down. The mother-bird is the builder of this tasteful home,
her handsome consort, during the nest-building time, devoting most of his
efforts to singing to cheer his industrious mate. After the four to six bluish
white eggs have been laid the singing partner has more work to do, for he
has to feed his brooding wife. His frequent visits are always announced
with a sweet conversational song, which he seems able to give even though
his bill is filled with seeds.

These leaflets are published to induce the boys and girls of the country
to keep their eyes wide open and see things out of doors. One of the things
we want to know about the Goldfinch is why he begins to nest so late in
the season, often long after most birds are through with domestic duties for
the year. August is the time he chooses. Surely it seems a strange month
for nest-building and the care of young. Does he select it because before that
date nature has not provided food suited to the needs of the young Gold-
finches?

The Goldfinch belongs to the thick-billed, seed-eating class of birds and
is extremely fond of the seeds of thistles, a most noxious weed. Does he
postpone housekeeping until the thistle seeds are ripe enough to eat?

The agriculturist should be interested in this bird. Every thistle along
the highway is a prolific source of future trouble, but when you see it orna-
mented with an animated bit of gold and black, you may know that Nature
is interposing one of her potent checks to the too rapid increase of weed
pests. Every Goldfinch saves the farmer much hard work by destroying weed
seeds, which form the bulk of its food supply, although during the breeding
season it gives its young considerable animal food, consisting of insects of
various kinds.

Questions for Teachers and Students

What is the local name of the Goldfinch in your locality ? “Describe the plumage worn
by the male bird in summer, also at other seasons; how do the plumages of the male and

The American Goldfinch 293

female bird differ? When does the male bird begin to assume the summer or breeding
dress? when the winter dress ? How long does it take to make the change? Is there any
change in the plumage of the female bird? What isa molt? Do any birds change the
color of their plumage without molting ? What is such process called? Describe the
plumage of young birds at the time they leave the nest. Descriptions should be based on
observations made in the field from the living bird, when possible. Wien does the song
period commence ? How long does it continue? Does the female have a song? What is
the alarm note? The flight note? Give size of Goldfinch, shape of body, wings, tail, bill.
feet. What are the habits during different seasons of the year? What is meant by gre-
garious?. By nomadic? Are there any peculiarities of flight? During what portion of
the year are Goldfinches found in your locality ? Do they breed in your locality ? Describe
the nest in detail, materials used, size, etc.

( Nore.—If an occupied nest of the Goldfinch is found, the locality should be de-
scribed in detail in a note-book, the kind of tree, height of nest from ground, etc. After
the nest is abandoned it should be secured, properly labeled, and kept in the class-room
for examinarion and comparison.) When do the Goldfinches nest in your locality? What do
Goldfinches eat? (Nore.—This question will be answered best from personal observation. )
Name and describe the plants from which seeds are taken. Name and describe the insects
eaten. Is the bird doing good or harm ? To whom, and how ?

GOLDFINCHES IN THE MAKING

‘A

~oattig #
od,

CALIFORNIA GULLS
A portion of an Oregon Colony

Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

Annual Report of the Nationa! Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies for 1905

CONTENTS

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT: THE YEAR’S WorK—Principal Results, Office Work,
Legislation, Reservations, Warden System, Cage-birds, Foreign Relations.

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR— Duty of Members, Legislation for Cats, School
Bird-clubs, Women’s Clubs, Aigrettes, Sale of Game, Spring Shooting.

STATE REPORTS. List OF MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS. REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT

By WILLIAM DUTCHER

T is with pardonable pride that I present to the directors and members
of the National Association, at its first annual meeting as an incorpo-
rated body, a brief outline of the results accomplished during the past

year. Good results are the measure of success in all corporate bodies, and
in this respect this Society is no different from any other.

Your directors and officers are selected from the membership, and to
them is entrusted the management of affairs of the Association. If their
management meets your approval and shows that the talents entrusted to
their keeping for the year are ready to be returned with interest in the
shape of material good accomplished, your commendation will be expected.
Our Society may be compared with the ocean tides, which never stand still,
but ever ebb or flood; let us so do our work that the movement of our
Society will always be like the flood-tide, growing broader and deeper day
by day and year after year.

The object of this organization is to be a barrier between wild birds and
animals and a very large unthinking class and a smaller, but more harmful
class of selfish people. The higher and stronger we build our wall the
greater our measure of success. The unthinking, or, in plain English, the
ignorant class, we hope to reach through educational channels, while the
selfish people we shall control through the enforcement of wise laws, reser-
vations or bird refuges, and the warden system. How well your officers
and directors have succeeded in their undertaking will be shown in the
following report.

(295)

296 Bird - Lore

THE YEAR’S WORK

Principal Results. —Since the last annual meeting the National Associa-
tion has been incorporated, and is now in a legal position to accept and
administer legacies either of cash or realty. Already it is known that the
Society is mentioned in three testamentary documents, and the directors
urge upon the members the importance of this means of providing for the
permanency of the Association. Quite recently one of the state societies
became a legatee in the amount of $1,000, this being the first bequest
received. It shows that the Audubon Societies are attracting attention, and
their work will in time become one of the best known of the philanthropic
movements. The Finance Committee have already invested the fees of
twenty life memberships in two one thousand 4 per cent gold mortgage
trust bonds, issued by the United States Mortgage and Trust Company.
This is a beginning on which can be built a great structure of consecrated
wealth. The eighty dollars earned each year by our present fund means
that some great colony of birds will always be guarded during the breeding
season. During 1904 we had 110 contributors to the working fund. Since
February 15, last, when a systematic effort was commenced to obtain mem-
bers for the Association, 490 additional ones have been secured. This is a
gain of 450 per cent. In 1904 the total receipts from all sources was
$4,929.58; during the present year the receipts have been $12,498.07. This
is a gain of 250 per cent.

Office Work.—The Officers have to devote far too much of their time
to finances, to the detriment of the more pleasant and legitimate work of
bird protection. When the National Committee was organized in 1901, no
office was necessary and clerical assistance was needed only a portion of the
time. The work of the Society has increased steadily, and for a large part
of the present year two clerks have been employed. The work outgrew the
limits of the president’s home, and, on October 1, an office was established
at 141 Broadway, New York, which will hereafter be the headquarters,
instead of the familiar ‘525 Manhattan Avenue.’ From the office may be
heard from morning until night the clatter of typewriting machines sending
messages to the public about the protection of wild birds and animals, and
through the door is continually flowing a stream of educational literature.

Hundreds of thousands of pages of such publications have been mailed
during the past year. The illustrated educational leaflets of the Association
now number 16, and, in addition, two special leaflets have been issued, one
devoted to the Robin and the second to the Martin. ‘Thousands of pages
of letters have been dictated in reply to the ever-growing correspondence.

Legislation.— The legislative work of 1905 was very successful. The
Model Law was adopted in five states,—California, Missouri, Michigan,
Pennsylvania and South Carolina. There is now only one coast state where

The Year’s Work 297

(393 H OHIO.
ri IND. 898 0%

HAVING AN AUDUBON SOCIETY WITH THE YEAR IN

MAP OF STATES
WHICH IT WAS ESTABLISHED

HAVE PASSED THE A. O. U. MODEL LAW, WITH THE
YEAR OF ITS ADOPTION

MAP OF STATES WHICH

298 Bird-Lore

our law is not in force; therefore sea-birds can more easily be protected. It
takes only a second of time to say that five states have adopted the model
law; few of you realize what a long process of persistent effort, and edu-
cational work on the part of this Association, the State Audubon Society, in
some cases the Fish and Game Commission, led up to the final victory. In
more than one state the bill was passed after having been presented and
urged before three sessions of the Legislature.

In other states important legislative action was taken, notably in New
York, where the repeal of the anti-spring duck shooting law was defeated
for the second time, largely through the work of the National Association
and the New York Audubon Society. The bill defeated was one of the
most pernicious pieces of bird legislation considered in 1905, and had it
passed it would have been so decided a set-back to bird protection that it
would have taken years for the movement to recover. In Texas, after a long
and arduous fight, an almost similar bill was killed. This magnificent result
was obtained largely by the work of the secretary of the Texas Audubon
Society, aided by some earnest and enthusiastic helpers. The National As-
sociation could do very little in this fight except to encourage those who
were in the field by supplying them with funds and literature. Wherever and
whenever a Legislature is in session, the National Association arranges with
some reliable person at each capital to forward copies of all bills introduced,
that relate to wild birds or animals. Good bills are approved and urged; on
the contrary, bad bills are combated with all the strength and influence of
the Association and of the State Audubon Society.

Reservations. —lf the National Association did no other work than to se-
cure Bird Reservations ana to guard them during the breeding season, its
existence would be fully warranted. There is no more effective method of
protection than to guard the birds while they are breeding, and, if this can be
done on an island or group of islands set aside as a bird refuge, it becomes
doubly valuable. It nas recently been discovered that these refuges are occu-
pied by birds at other seasons of the year, as well as during the season when
they are rearing their young. Birds soon learn where they are not disturbed,
and will remain there and become very tame. Even game-birds will be bene-
fited by the reservations, for on them they may not be disturbed, even in the
open season. One of our wardens reports that it is a wonderful sight to see
the thousands of Ducks and Geese that gather on the islands and the reser-
vation waters in his charge. The birds seem to know that there they can
escape the shooting going on all about them. The result of this year’s work
is four new reservations made by Executive Order of President Theodore
Roosevelt, to whom this Association is deeply indebted for his never-failing
interest in and ready help to our work.

The orders are as follows:

The Year’s Work 299

It is hereby ordered that the following described islands in Stump Lake in Township
151 North, Range 61 West, 5th Principal Meridian, North Dakota, shown on the official
plat approved February 13, 1905, on file in the General Land Office, be, and they are
hereby reserved and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture as a preserve
and breeding ground for native birds, viz. :

Two islands in Section 10, one shown as Lot 3 of the section, containing 12 acres,
and one shown as Lot 4 of the section, containing 7.64 acres; one island in Section 11,
shown as Lot 4 of the section, containing 2.22 acres; also one island in Section 15, shown
as Lot 2 of the section, containing 5.53, total area 27.39 acres. This reservation to be

known as the Stump Lake Reservation.
(Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
The White House, March 9, 1905.

It is hereby ordered that Passage Key, an island near the mouth of Tampa Bay,
Florida, as shown on the General Land Office map of the State of Florida of date 1893,
and situated in Section 6, Township 34 south, Range 16 east, as the same appears upon the
official plat of survey of said township approved March 17, 1877, be, and it is hereby
reserved and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture as a preserve and
breeding ground for native birds. This reservation to be known as the Passage Key

Reservation.
(Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
The White House, October 10, 1905.

It is hereby ordered that the unsurveyed islands of the Huron Islands group, lying
near the south shore of Lake Superior, as shown by the General Land Office map of the
State of Michigan of date 1904, and situated in Sections 26, 27, 34 and 35, Township 53
north, Range 29 west, as the same appear in part upon the official plat ‘of survey of said
township approved June 4, 1847, be, and they are hereby reserved and set apart for the
use of the Department of Agriculture as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds,
This reservation to be known as the Huron Islands Reservation.

(Signed) ‘THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
The White House, October 10, 1905.

It is hereby ordered that the unsurveyed islands of the Siskiwit or Menagerie group
of islands, lying near the mouth of Siskiwit bay, on the south side of Isle Royal in Lake
Superior, Michigan, as shown by the General Land Office map of the state of Michigan
of date 1904, and situated in Sections 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34 and 35, Township 64
north, Range 36 west, as the same appear in part upon the official plat of survey of said
township, approved June 4, 1847, be and they are hereby reserved and set apart for the
use of the Department of Agriculture as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds.
This reservation to be known as the Siskiwit Islands Reservation.

(Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
The White House, October 10, 1905.

The Stump Lake Reservation is used by Gulls, Terns, Ducks and Snipe.

The Huron Islands and Siskiwit Reservations are occupied by large
colonies of Herring Gulls, together with a few Ducks.

Passage Key Reservation, being so far south, is inhabited by an entirely
different class of birds in the breeding season, such as Royal, Cabot’s, Least
and Sooty Terns. Thousands of Herons and also several varieties of shore-

300 Bird - Lore

birds breed there. All the sea-birds in the locality resort there every night
to roost, also swarms of Ground Doves.

The Association has already secured six reservations, or bird refuges, and
the directors expect to be able to secure additional ones in the near future.
Reservations can be secured only when the property is still owned by the
General Government. Where a colony is located on an island or other prop-
erty owned by a state, corporation or individual, other methods of control
obtain. An effort is now being made to purchase from a state an island on
which there is a large colony of Herring Gulls. The Louisiana Audubon
Society has taken a ten years’ lease of twenty-two islands, each of which is
the breeding place of large colonies of birds, such as Laughing Gulls, Foster’s
Common, Royal and Cabot’s Terns, and Black Skimmers. They are also
negotiating for the purchase of an island containing over 1,000 acres which
now belongs to the State of Louisiana. The warden who has charge of
Breton Island Reservation in Louisiana will also guard the territory owned
or leased by the Louisiana Society. This territory is quite large, and it
is absolutely necessary that our warden should be supplied with a power-
ful seagoing launch in order that he may rapidly and safely move from island
to island during the breeding season so the birds may always be assured of
protection. Dependence ona sailing craft istoo uncertain. During the pres-
_ent winter it is purposed to build on Breton Island a small house of refuge,
which may be used by the wardens or any seamen or fishermen in distress.
As there is no drinking-water on the Reservation, it is also purposed to sink
a well by the cabin. This will render it unnecessary for our warden to
travel to the mainland, a distance of 100 miles, for a fresh supply of
water.

Warden System.—The number of wardens in the employ of the Asso-
ciation has been larger during the present year than ever before, and the
number will probably increase every year as new colonies of birds are dis-
covered. As the Association grows stronger in members, and consequently
has more money to spend, it is purposed to make special investigations of the
bird-life of portions of the coast of which we now have only a superficial
knowledge. Undoubtedly many large breeding places will be discovered.
The magnificent results that have been obtained on the coasts of Maine,
Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Louisiana
and Oregon, and, in the interior, in‘ New York, Michigan and Oregon,
make the directors of the Association feel fully warranted in enlarging this
valuable means of bird protection. The members and the public must al-
ways bear in mind that this Association has grown from the appeal made in
1900 to bird lovers, by Abbott H. Thayer, for special protection to sea-birds
during the breeding season, and it is therefore incumbent upon us, as far as
lies in our power, to carry out the original idea. The coasts of South
Carolina, Georgia, parts of Florida, and especially the Gulf Coast from west

The Year’s Work 301

of the mouth of the Mississippi River to the Rio Grande, should have early
attention.

Cage-Birds.—This subject has received special and vigilant attention
during the present year. New York City is the greatest distributing point
in the live-bird traffic, and it is, therefore, comparatively easy to control it
and to see that native birds are not dealt in. There have been a few sporadic
attempts to bring from the south Mocking-birds and Nonpareils, but they
were soon stopped. The dealers now understand that the National Asso-
ciation does not intend to permit any traffic whatever, especially interstate
traffic, in live North American birds. In this work the Association has had
the heartiest sympathy and cooperation from the officers of transportation
companies. Some of them have gone so far as to expend considerable sums
of money in printing extracts of the state bird and game laws for the use and
guidance of their thousands of local agents.

When the officers of transportation companies are so deeply interested in
the subject as to become members of the Association, it is very evident that
their influence and support can be obtained at all times.

Foreign Relations—Germany: Early in the year Baron v. d. Bussche, of
the Imperial German Embassy in the United States, asked, on behalf of his
Government, for a complete history of the Audubon movement and its
method of working. This was furnished in the greatest detail, and the oc-
casion was taken to call the attention of the German Government to the
very large number of live wild birds that were shipped annually from Bremen.
The following note was received in reply:

“IT beg to thank you very much for the valuable information you have
given me, and for the many reports you have sent. I have not failed to draw
the attention of my government to the facts mentioned in your letter that
many wild birds are shipped from this country. I hope that the German
Government will take steps to stop or hamper this trade. Should the
Embassy get any information about this question I will not fail to let
‘you know.”

Great Britain: ‘The most cordial relations exist between the Royal So-
ciety for the Protection of Birds and this Association. It is suggested to the
members of our Association that they subscribe for the Quarterly publication
of the English Society, and thus keep in touch with bird protection matters
in Great Britain. ‘Bird Notes and News’ can be obtained for one shilling
per year by addressing the Society, 3 Hanover Square, W. London.

Pacific Islands: In the report for 1904, the subject of bird protection on
certain islands in the Pacific Ocean was treated of in some detail. This im-
portant matter has continued to receive attention, and, owing to the cordial
cooperation of the Japanese and United States Governments, the large, im-
portant and exceedingly interesting bird colonies are now, it is believed, safe
from the ravages of plume-hunters. The official correspondence is so inter-

302 Bird- Lore

esting and of such historical value as a record of the work of this Association
that it is given in full.

No. 167. UNITED STATES LEGATION, TOKIO, January 12, 1905.
7 ’ iy; ’ 5 5

To the HonoraBLe JouN Hay,
Secretary of State,
Washington, D.C.

Sir:—I have the honor to report that, acting in accordance with your instruction No.
_86 of November 11, I have this day had an interview with Baron Komura, the Minister
for Foreign Affairs, in which I asked him if he would take some measures to prevent the
despatch of expeditions from Japanese ports to destroy sea-fowl on the Midway and other
American Islands, and also if the Government of Japan would cooperate with that of the
United States in preventing, as far as possible, further destruction of sea-birds on the
islands of the North Pacific.

Baron Komura stated in response to my remarks that he would at once cause instruc-
‘tions to be issued to have Japanese ship captains warned not to engage in the business of
destroying sea-birds on any of the American Islands. If, he said, after this warning they
continue to engage in the business, they do so at their own risk. At the same time, he
could not guarantee that they would obey the prohibition, as this class of men was com-
posed largely of lawless adventurers. A special prohibition would be issued to the firm
of Kametoki and Mijutane, Fujimi-cho yo, Yokahama, who are known to have been
responsible for several of the ventures.

In regard to the general question of joining with the United States to protect the sea-
fowl, the Baron stated that there were ships of other nations engaged in the business, and
consequently nothing could be accomplished except by international agreement. He was
decidedly of the opinion that the matter was not of sufficient importance to warrant a
special international agreement.

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed ) Lioyp C. Griscom.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, February 8, 1905.
The Honorable, THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

Sir:—Referring to this Department’s letter of November 3 last, I have the honor to
enclose herewith for your information a copy of a despatch from the American Minister to
Japan, reporting an interview which he has had with the Japanese Minister for Foreign
Affairs, wherein the latter stated what steps would be taken by his Government to prevent
the further destruction, by Japanese subjects, of sea-birds on Midway Island and other
islands of the Hawaiian group.

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) Joun Hay.

COPY OF NOTE OF THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT TO THE
AMERICAN MINISTER TO JAPAN
The Minister for Foreign Affairs presents his compliments to His Excellency, the

American Minister, and has the honor to state that the matter of the supervision of preda-
tory hunters of birds on the Midway Islands and other islands belonging to the United

The Year’s Work 303

States referred to in a recent interview was immediately brought to the attention of the
Minister for Home Affairs, from whom a reply has now been received to the effect that
instructions have been issued to the Superintendent of the Metropolitan Police (Tokio),
the Governor of Kanagawa Ken and other chief of local officials, and to the Civil Admin-
istrator of Formosa, to take strict measures to prevent any persons within their respective
jurisdictions from infringing the regulations prohibiting such expeditions.

Early in the year our Honolulu representative called attention to the fact
that certain private local interests were endeavoring to secure a concession
that would permit them to exploit the birds on a number of Pacific
Islands for millinery and other purposes. The facts in the case and the final
result can best be given by making the correspondence a matter of perma-
nent record.

His Excettency, THE GOVERNOR, Hono.uu, T. H., December 17, 1904.
Executive Chamber,
Honolulu, Hawaii.

Sir: —Again referring to the question of Laysan Island, Lisiansky Island and French
Frigate Shoals, I beg leave to advise, that, in my opinion, I can make a living on them,
provided I be granted privileges such that they will warrant me in undertaking the work.

At present the Islands are uninhabited ; and are bringing little or no revenue to the
Government. They are in the path of navigation. Vessels are liable to be wrecked there;
and without assistance their crews necessarily would have to take to small boats to save
their lives. The guano beds are practically exhausted, but there are a few pockets that
can be profitably worked in a small way. These Islands were formerly the breeding place
for sea-birds, but, owing to the depredations of the Japanese, the birds are becoming
scarce ; and in a few years’ time, unless protected, will be entirely driven away.

Believing that cocoanuts would grow there, nine years ago I planted two trees and
they have grown well and are now commencing to fruit. All of these Islands can be
planted thickly with cocoanut trees which would yield a considerable revenue; and further,
would attract rain, so that the Islands in time would become productive. I accordingly
make the following proposition :

That I be granted a lease of Laysan Island, Lisiansky Island and French Frigate
Shoals, for ninety-nine years on the following conditions :

I will agree for ten years to plant each year not less than one thousand cocoanut trees.

I will agree to pay a royalty of fifty cents per ton on all guano taken from these
Islands.

I will agree to protect the birds; but ask for the privilege of killing annually the
number stated in my previous letter; the skins of the birds to be turned over to the Terri-
torial Government for sale, and a royalty of ten per cent of the net realizations from the
sale of the skins to be retained by the Territory, the balance to be paid to me.

(Signed) Max SCHLEMMER.

“Different kinds of birds of the Islands and the number that could be
killed :

Variety. Could be killed as follows.
Number 1.. Black°Widacks® 2 <5... 2.5 20-02 “es ees - §, 000 a SCason
Number (2: “Blue: Widacks 2-5 2.2062 = = = «<2 © ¢ » . 2,000.4 season

Number 2. Laree Black Bimls. 2 26.9 as se + = 200 a SEASON

304
Variety. Could be killed as follows.
Number 4. Small Black Birds 200 a season
Number 5. Tropical Birds. . - . 200 a season
Number 6. Love Birds. . x eee tk wate . . None
Number 7. Four large kinds of Mutton birds. . . - . 5,000 a season
Number 8. Two small kinds of Mutton birds - - 500 a season
Number 9. White Albatross .. . - . 5,000 a season
Number 1o. Black Gunis. . ef . I,000 a season
Number 11. Frigate Birds . . . All there could be killed
Number 12. Large Bubbies . . I0O a season
Number 13. Small Bubbies 500 a season
Number 14. Wingless Birds. . . I,000 a season
Number 15. Canary Birds . - 1,000 a season
Number 16. Red Birds . sears 100 a season
Number 17. Miller Birds or insect killer 100 a season

Bird-Lore

This is the estimate for Laysan Island”.

December 23, 1904.
CAPTAIN Max SCHLEMMER,
Honolulu.

Dear Sir: —Herewith I return the letters received from you on December rgth.

In reference to your proposition to lease the right to take a reasonable number of birds
from Lysiansky Island and French Frigate Shoals, you introduce a new element by offering
to plant not less than 1,000 cocoanut trees each year for ten years. And further, that you
desire the privilege of taking guano from all these islands, paying a royalty of fifty cents
a ton.

I am at a loss to know how many birds it would probably be safe to kill without
affecting their numbers. I gathered from our conversation that you thought about ten
thousand a season. Your proposition involves 21,800, exclusive of the French Frigate
Shoals birds, which I assume are birds of prey.

One suggestion you make, it seems to me, is not at all practicable—that the Territorial
Government go into the question of the sale of birds. The policy of the Territory should
be, I believe, to keep out of this business.

Naturally, I should refer the whole proposition to Mr. Pratt, the Commissioner of
Public Lands, and when it is in shape, I should like to forward it to the Interior Depart-
ment at Washington, for its approval.

Very sincerely yours,

(Signed) G. R. Carter, Governor.

HonoLuLu, December 24, 1904.
His Excellency, Governor G. R. CARTER.

Dear Sir:—I received your letter of the 23d inst. As far as the bird-kill-
ing concerns, if the government wishes me to find a market for them, it is up to you or Mr.
Pratt to set a certain price saying how much the government would want if I undertake
the matter myself. I remain yours

Very respectfully,

(Signed) Max SCHLEMMER.

The Year’s Work 305

February 20, 1905.
The Honorable THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,
Washington, D. C.

Sir:—The National Association of Audubon Societies (incorporated) has been
informed by its representative at Honolulu, H. I., that efforts are now being made by pri-
vate interests to exploit the colonies of Albatrosses and other sea-birds which breed in large
numbers upon Neckar and adjacent islands lying toward the western extremity of the
Hawaiian group. The killing of these beautiful and beneficial sea-birds is to be done in
the interests of foreign millinery trade; and as an inducement to secure a license from the
Territorial government for this purpose, the latter is offered a percentage of the receipts
from the sale of skins. The parties in interest claim that the Territorial government will
receive several thousand dollars yearly as its share in the nefarious business, although, so
far as we have heard, no estimate of the length of time the business will probably continue
has been offered. The plea is also made that only the annual increase of the birds will
be slaughtered.

We submit that the killing of these graceful scavengers of the sea at any time, for the
purpose indicated, is indefensible; that to slaughter them (which must be done during the
breeding season) with young in the nest necessarily left to starve, is utterly barbarous;
that the foreign millinery trade in bird skins should not be encouraged by any coopera-
tion,’ especially official codperation, in the possessions of the United States; that the
method suggested for raising territorial revenue is unworthy of the American people;
that the suggestion of limiting the slaughter to the annual increase is merely an evasion,
impossible, and unworthy of consideration, and that the entire annihilation of these breed-
ing colonies of birds would unquestionably follow the action proposed, within three or
four years. We submit, also, that all investigations into the broad subject of economic
ornithology—the relation of birds in general to human existence—are in favor of protecting
the birds, and we therefore feel justified in the belief that a wise public policy will not
only discourage the proposed slaughter but, if possible, devise plans and methods of
preservation.

In case a contract has been considered along the above lines, it is earnestly desired, on
the part of the directors of the National Association, that the matter be held in abeyance
until the subject can be taken up personally with your Department and a more detailed
protest can be filed.

We do not know whether, under the Territorial conditions, any of these small islands
could be protected by being proclaimed bird reservations, as has been done in the case of
Pelican Island, Florida, and Breton, and other islands near the mouth of the Mississippi
river, Louisiana; but we earnestly ask your advice and cooperation, to the end that early
action of definite and conclusive character, if possible, may be taken to preserve these
birds. Very respectfully yours,

(Signed) Witiiam DuTCHER,
President.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON, April 15, 1905.
Mr. WILLIAM DUTCHER,
President, National Association of Audubon Societies,
525 Manhattan Avenue, New York City.

Sir:—Your letter has been received stating that you have been advised that private
interests contemplate the destruction of Albatrosses and other birds upon Neckar and adja-
cent islands lying toward the western extremity of the Hawaiian group for the foreign
millinery trade and suggesting that steps be taken looking to the protection of said birds
rather than their slaughter.

306 Bird - Lore

In response thereto, I have to state that your complaint in this matter was referred to
the Governor of Hawaii, and a copy of his report in the premises is herewith transmitted
for your information.

It will be seen therefrom that a proposition of the character indicated in your letter
was submitted by one Captain Max Schlemmer, but upon consideration thereof it was

denied.
Very respectfully,

(Signed) E. A. Hircucock, Secretary.

TERRITORY OF Hawall, March 29, 1905

Application was made by Captain Schlemmer, under date of December 17, 1904, for
agg years’ lease of Laysan Island, Lisiansky Island and French Frigate Shoals with the
option of taking a certain number of birds from Lisiansky and French Frigate Shoals, the
Territory to be paid a royalty of ten per cent of net realizations. he proposition was not
accepted, and I enclose copy of the correspondence for the information of the Department
and of the National Association of Audubon Societies, should the Secretary of the Interior
deem it advisable to supply it.

(Signed) G. R Carrer, Governor.

Mexico.—Bird protection in this Republic must be taking some hold of |
the citizens as the result of the steady output of valuable educational litera-
ture that is being published by the ‘Comission de Parasitologia Agricola.”

Bahama Islands, W. I.—Very \argely through the efforts of our treasurer,
Mr. Chapman, most of the birds of these Islands now receive legal protec-
tion during the whole or a portion of the year.

The bill was prepared by our fellow member at the request of the
Colonial Governor, and was adopted with some modifications.

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR

Duty of Members.—At this time, it is pertinent to say something to the
members of the Association, and to point out to them their part in this
great undertaking. You should not cease to think and act after you have
attended an annual meeting and elected managers, or have read the Annual
Report, or renewed your yearly subscription. It is your duty, by every means
in your power, to uphold the hands of the officers you have chosen and to be
loyal to the principles of the Audubon movement. This may mean that you —
will be called a faddist, or perhaps even that more distasteful title, a crank.
For example, I conceive it to be the fundamental principle of Audubonism to
eschew the use of all feathers, except those of the Ostrich. While it
undoubtedly is permissible to wear the plumage of domestic fowls, either in
the natural or manufactured state, yet the true and consistent member of this
Society will not use any plumage, either natural or manufactured, that can
only be obtained by the sacrifice of life. If this stand is taken, there is no
possibility of the feathers of wild birds being used in manufactured orna-

Suggestions for the Coming Year 307

ments. Feathers of wild birds can be dyed and manipulated in such a way
that even the expert ornithologist can detect the deceit only after the most
careful examination. How, then, cana layman, under such conditions, know
what feather ornament to wear? There is only one thing to do — eschew all
plumage, except that of the Ostrich, and thus have a clear conscience your-
self and set a good example to your neighbor.

Again, it is your duty to do some Association work yourself, and not ex-
pect it all to be done by your officers and directors. Our members are
widely scattered over the country, and each one has a local influence that can
always be exerted in behalf of bird protection and the building up of our
Society. A gentle word on a fitting occasion, a warning when necessary, a
suggestion of the importance of Audubon work, directing the attention of the
agricultural folk to the good birds do, a hint that the Association needs a
largely increased membership, and that it depends on dues, gifts and legacies
for its support, are all opportunities for the lay worker to secure good for the
Society and, by reflex action, for himself.

A membership card and some of the publications of the Association
should always be at hand for use at the proper moment, and, above all, the
merits of our organ, BIRD-LORE, should be on your mind, and you should
by every means in your power widen its chance to do good. It is the medium
of communication between workers in widely separated fields, it contains
current news of Audubon activities, and the larger its circulation the greater
will be its influence.

Legislation for Cats.—The question of the cat as a bird-destroyer is daily
becoming of more importance and should have attention from this Associa-
tion. Reference is made to it at this time in order that some expression of
opinion may be given and placed on file. Many of the ornithologists of the
country, and others who have made investigations of the habits of the cat,
run wild, believe that there is no greater cause of bird destruction than a
feline that is compelled by force of circumstances to procure its own living.
This Association, being established for the protection of birds and animals,
cannot consistently advocate the wholesale. killing of cats. It should, how-
ever, advocate a larger degree of responsibility on the part of their owners.
This class of domestic animals is far too numerous at the present time, and
some means should be taken at once to prevent an undue and further in-
crease. This can best be brought about by restrictive legislation similar to
that applied to dogs. Every person who owns a cat should be compelled by
statute to pay an annual tax on the same, in the same amount that he pays
on the dog he owns, and the same care should be exercised to see that the
cat should be kept confined and not permitted to range at will. No citizen
in any state is permitted to allow his horses, cattle, sheep, or any other do-
mestic animals to range at large to become a nuisance to the public, and
there is no good reason that can be advanced why any exception should be

308 Bird - Lore

made in the case of the cat. Further, to abandon a cat and thus make it
homeless is decidedly cruel; therefore, a law compelling those who desire to
keep a cat or cats as pets should be passed, holding owners to the strictest
accountability for their welfare and maintenance. In some parts of Europe
this question is receiving the most earnest and studious consideration, and in
Germany many of the cities have passed restrictive ordinances. “This ques-
tion is too important in the United States to be passed over lightly, and it is
hoped that some action will soon be taken to prevent the increase of this
most potent of bird-destroyers.

School Bird-Clubs.—Probably one of the most important subjects to be
considered by the National Association, a subject ranking with legislation,
reservations, or the warden system, is how to interest the boys and girls of
the country in the preservation of birds. This subject was mentioned in the
president’s annual address of 1903 (p. 98) and at more length in that of
1904 (p. 6c). Certainly the time has now arrived when this subject should
be taken up systematically, and means should be adopted to organize the
millions of children in the country into Bird Clubs or Junior Audubon So-
cieties. This, of course, will have to be accomplished through and by the
aid of teachers. If we can create among the children an interest in wild life,
-this Association will grow immensely in strength and ability to carry out the
objects for which it was organized. In this issue of BIRD-LORE, a plan is
detailed by which the teachers of the country may become auxiliary mem-
bers of the Association, and through their membership receive all the educa-
tional literature that has already been, or will be, published in the future.

So many requests are received for information regarding the method of
organizing a Bird Club that it is deemed advisable to publish a leaflet on the
subject; this will be ready for distribution about January 1, 1906.

Women’s Clubs. —Organization of the women of the country for mutual
improvement and sisterly help is going on all the time. The local club which
influences the village becomes a part of the State Federation, thus enlarg-
ing its influence ; the State Federation in turn becomes an influential factor
in the National Federation. Women’s Clubs exert an ever-growing influence
in social purity, village improvement, good civics and other public interests
of a like character. There is one other subject that should receive their most
earnest attention and hearty support,—the protection of birds. For women,
birds were killed, that their plumage might be worn as an ornament,—not a
necessary article of clothing, but something entirely superfluous. The club
women of America, with their powerful influence, should take a strong
stand against the use of wild birds’ plumage, and especially against the use of
the Aigrette. Every club should have its Audubon Committee and should
always have Audubon literature and BIRD-LORE in its library and reading-
room. A close affiliation between this Association and the National Feder-
ation of Women’s Clubs will be mutually helpful.

Suggestions for the Coming Year 309

Aigrettes.—The sale of these plumes still continues to such an extent
that the White Herons seem doomed to extinction. This beautiful feather
is the one that fashion and its votaries will not give up. Almost every show-
window displays some, although, to their credit be it said, there are wholesale
and retail milliners who will not sell them. The New York Audubon So-
ciety had a bill introduced in the Legislature at its last session to prohibit the
sale of Aigrettes, irrespective of where they were obtained. This was done
primarily to test the constitutionality of such a law. The bill passed the
Senate, but, prior to its consideration by the Assembly, a suit was started in
New York State against a dealer for the sale of foreign game, during the
closed season. This case will settle finally the constitutionality of the New
York law which prohibits the sale, during the closed season, of foreign game.
If this law is pronounced constitutional it will also apply to, and will, by a
slight amendment to the present plumage law, prevent the sale of imported
Aigrettes. If such sale cannot be prevented, there is no hope of saving the
few remaining American White Herons, for there are, and always will be,
some women to whom no appeal is effective.

Sale of Game.—The prohibition of sale of foreign game during the closed
season is important, but the non-sale of a// game at all times is of greater im-
portance. There isno other method that will stop the gradual extermination
of the game-birds of the country. This result will not occur in the lifetime
of the present adult membership of this Association, but it will surely come to
pass if sale is not prevented and cold storage is not forbidden by law. Some of
the game-birds of this country are now dangerously near the fatal line, and all
legitimate means should be taken to save the remnant for posterity. Stopping
sale may seem to many to be a radical move to make, but to those who have
given the subject thoughtful consideration there seems to be no other course
to take. We do not advocate a perpetual closed season for game, but we do
urge a short season only in the fall of the year. This will necessitate a uni-
form law throughout North America to abolish all spring shooting.

Spring Shooting.—Killing game-birds of any species after January 1, and
until the young of the year are able to care for themselves, is indefensible
from any point of view. Many of the states have taken very advanced
positions in this highly important matter, but other commonwealths still
permit this most pernicious and wasteful practice. It is the duty of this
Association to agitate persistently this subject and, so far as it has influence,
to exert it in behalf of the total abolition of the killing of birds in the spring
_ of the year.

In concluding, permit me to quote from Bishop Brooks: “If you do your
work with complete faithfulness and with the most absolute perfectness with
which it is capable of being done, you are making just as genuine a contri-
bution to the substance of the universal good as is the most brilliant worker

310 Bird - Lore

whom the world contains. You are setting as true a fact here between the
eternities as he.

‘All our works, even the greatest, are so little in relation to the world’s
need; all our works, even the least, are so great in relation to the doer’s
faithfulness. There is the secret of self-respect. Oh, go take up your work
and do it. Do it with cheerfulness and love. So shall you shine with a
glory which is all your own,—a glory which the great heaven of universal
life would be poorer for missing.”

“Like as a star,
That maketh not haste,
That taketh not rest,
Be each one fulfilling
His God-given best.”

STATE REPORTS

The work of the State Audubon Societies during the past year has pro-
gressed in many instances in a very satisfactory manner; in others there
seems to be a lack of interest, or, perhaps, of a competent executive body
which will devote the necessary time and energy to push bird protection in
the way the importance of the work deserves. —The growing interest in the
subject and its introduction in educational centers will, it is hoped, over-
come this difficulty in a great measure in the near future. Many interesting
details and valuable hints are presented in the following pages, which will
amply repay perusal.

Alabama.—This Gulf state is now the only coastwise commonwealth that
has not adopted the Model Law. The next session of the Legislature will
not be held until 1907; therefore no effort can be made to change the bird
laws before that date. All that can be done is to try to educate the citizens
by a liberal distribution of good bird literature, showing how important is the
relation between birds and agriculture. The fostering care of the National
Association will be extended to this state, especially in its schools and
Farmers’ Institutes.

Arizona.—The only word from this state regarding birds or game was
from an army officer stationed at one of the military posts, who stated that
Arizona, so far as he could see, had few game laws, none of which was ob-
served in the slightest degree. While this lack of interest in such an im-
portant matter is unfortunate, yet it is not so vital as it would be were the
population more dense.

State Reports 311

California.— The essential parts of the Model Law are now in force in
this commonwealth, having been adopted by the Legislature during the ses-
sion of 1905. This important change in the law was effected by the active
work of the Audubon Society, with the hearty cooperation of the Fish and
Game Commission and several of the most prominent ornithologists and
bird-lovers of the state. Secretary Way, of the California Audubon Society,
sends the following interesting report of progress:

“During the past six months, much of the energy of the Audubon So-
cieties of California has been devoted to spreading throughout the state in-
formation regarding the non-game bird law and game law amendments
passed by the last Legislature. About 5,000 law leaflets have been sent to
school superintendents, teachers, game wardens, farmers’ clubs, and indi-
viduals interested in bird protection; a second edition will be distributed dur-
ing the coming school term. Boards of education, superintendents and
teachers are cheerfully cooperating with the societies in bringing the new
bird law to the attention of pupils.

“The societies have also distributed about 3,000 other leaflets, and,
through their educational influence, and by newspaper articles, obtained in
five of the seven southern counties ordinances protecting the Mourning Dove
until the end of its nesting period. “Iwo counties practically gave no open
season for shooting Doves. This action resulted in an attack on the ordi-
nances on constitutional grounds in the District Court of Appeals at Los
Angeles. The Court went no further than to decide that a one-day open
season for game is not within the intent of the Law, but the decision caused
much confusion regarding all county game ordinances and thus resulted in a
great deal of illegal shooting: The matter is now before the State Supreme
Court, and the right of county supervisors to shorten open seasons will thus
be finally settled.

‘Two local societies have been recently organized and substantial gains
have been made in several other localities. “There are now seven Audubon
organizations in the state, having a total senior membership of nearly 800.
The junior sections number over 500 members. Other organizations, co-
operating or afhliating with us, and having special Audubon committees, are
doing splendid work. A state organization and federation of the local so-
cieties is planned for before the next anniversary of our Audubon movement.

The Pasadena Society has given three illustrated bird lectures and held four
public meetings since the last report. The secretary has delivered a number
of addresses before farmers’ clubs and other organizations, and Mrs. Myers,
president of the Garvanza local society, has addressed a large number of
club meetings and educational institutes.

‘About 1,000 warning notices have been sent out, and ‘No shooting’
signs have been furnished free of cost to all landholders who would agree to
post them. By this means, birds and game are having almost absolute pro-

312 Bird- Lore

tection on many large farms, and especially about the environs of towns and
cities. Public sentiment is strongly in favor of the birds in all but a very few
localities of the state, and the new non-game bird law is generally respected.
The societies have had effective cooperation from the state Fish and Game
Commission, which is pursuing a commendably conservative course in the
matter of permits for bird- and egg-collecting, and rendering every reasonable
aid in the enforcement of the law.”

How intelligent this codperation to which Mr. Way refers is, may be in-
ferred from the following, taken from a California paper: “The Fish and
Game Commission has announced that no permits will be issued for collect-
ing the California Condor or its eggs for any purpose. This bird, only sur-
passed in size by its near relation, the Condor of the Andes, was formerly
abundant throughout the coast range of southern California, but is now ex-
tremely rare. It is feared that, on account of the high price offered for its
eggs, its total extermination would soon be effected.”

Connecticut.— In the last year’s report special attention was called to
the splendid educational work that was being carried on by the Audubon
Society of Connecticut in conjunction with the State Board of Education.
During the present year that work has culminated in “Connecticut School
Document No. 4, 1905.—A year with the birds. A guide to the naming of
100 birds commonly seen in Connecticut.’ Compiled by Mabel Osgood
Wright, president State Audubon Society. In this guide Mrs. Wright says:
“A word to the teachers. The following pages have been arranged espe-
cially for the use of teachers in rural districts, where wood, meadow and
orchard often surround the school-house itselfand the daily walk to and
from school is through bushy lanes and along tree-bordered highways. Every
possible chance for seeing the birds and wanting to know them lies close at
hand. If by having this pamphlet to keep in the desk a teacher can help a
group of children to name even a dozen birds, they will listen more eagerly
to the many books in the libraries that tell fascinating stories of them.”
Space will not allow a review of this valuable book; it is only necessary to
say that were a like volume in use in the schools in every state in the
country, the cause of bird protection would be advanced more rapidly than
by any means that has heretofore been used. The greatest hope of the per-
manency of the Aududon movement is the education of the school children.
Connecticut is in the van in this respect.

Delaware.— A substantial increase in new members shows life and
activity in the Audubon Society of this state. Mrs. Florence Bayard Hilles,
secretary of the State Society, sends the following brief but valuable report:

“The Delaware Audubon Society has this year added 1,864 new names
to its membership list, has secured a charter, and has had passed by the Leg-

State Reports 218

islature an important amendment to its laws, by which the Society has
half of the fines imposed for violation of the Model Law. The increased
membership is almost wholly due to the illustrated lectures which have been
most ably given by Prof. A. R. Spaid. One conviction has been obtained so
far this year.”

District of Columbia.— The District Audubon Society is aggressive and,
necessarily, progressive, as is shown by the following report of the secretary,
Mrs. Jeanie Maury Patten:

“Continued good work in fields already covered and the opening up of
new channels is to be reported for this season. “The annual October excur-
sion on the beautiful Chesapeake and Ohio Canal opened the season,
followed by the usual reception at the Washington Club, intended as a
purely social function.

“In December began the course of lectures given the first Tuesday in
each month, except January, from December to May, when the field meet-
ings begin. The subjects for these lectures were, December 6, Exhibition of
the Society’s new illustrated lecture, Mr. Henry Oldys; February 7,
Economic Relations of Birds, Prof. F. E. L. Beal; March 7, by request,
Second Exhibition of Society’s Lecture, Mr. Henry Oldys; April 4, Tramps
with a Camera, Dr. C. E. Waters, illustrations with lantern-slides. This
lecture was mainly to arouse an interest in the Wild Flower Preservation
Society, but was a delightful combination of both flowers and birds, and well
illustrated by bird notes as well as flower pictures.

“For our annual meeting in January, besides the usual report of the
treasurer and secretary, the Rev. William Rogers Lord gave a most fully
and delightfully illustrated lecture on the ministry of birds. This was a very
successful meeting, and added quite a number to our membership.

“In April and May were given five field meetings. Some were all-day
trips, and some were arranged so as to cover two half days. Each meeting was
conducted by a number of well-trained ornithologists, and, as usual, created
more enthusiasm than anything else we ever do. People who go once nearly
always go another season, and so each year the number of those who dis-
cover the charms of the woods and fields increases.

‘In this connection were held the four bird classes indoors, which are
always well attended by older persons as well as children. For these last
named, special lectures were arranged and given at the Washington Public
Library on Saturdays in April and May, at which talks were given by Mrs.
Geo. Cotton Maynard, Prof. Cook, Hon. Job Barnard, Mrs. Vernon Bailey
and others. In this connection daily bulletins were posted in the Library re-
lating to the arrival of birds, and charts were hung so that children and
others could study them at their convenience.

“The Society’s lecture has been in constant use both in suburban places

314 Bird - Lore

and in various schools. Between 2,500 and 3,000 publications have been sent
out, consisting chiefly of notices of lectures, leaflets of the National Associa-
tion, publications of the Agricultural Department, and always the circulars of
BiRD-LORE.

“The conditions here are particularly advantageous for the study of birds,
and, besides this, as the area is limited and distances are comparatively short,
the social side of the work has great charm, many of the members meeting
frequently in other fields of work, thus creating friendship for each other as
well as for the birds. Our season closed most delightfully with a reception
given the Society’s members by Mrs. Gardiner G. Hubbard, which took the
form of a garden party at her lovely home “Twin Oaks,’ on the afternoon of
June 5, when the entire place was thrown open, and every one expressed the
greatest delight in the beauty of the grounds, the many birds, and lovely
flowers. Ihe membership is now about 400.”

Florida.—Bird protection in this state is now associated in the mind of
the public witha tragedy. The death of the young martyr, Guy M. Bradley,
will always be associated with Audubon work, and years hence his name will
be as familiar to bird-protectors as it is today.

No marble shaft marks his resting place on the shores of the gulf, but~—
everywhere in the hearts of bird-lovers is sorrow for his loss, and admiration
for his bravery.

“ And the low-voiced palm tree sighs
O’er thy bed so lonely.

All thy life thou lov’dst its shade,
Underneath it thou art laid

In an endless shelter ;
Thou hearest it forever sigh,

As the wind’s vague longings die
In its branches dim and high —

Thou hearest the waters gliding by
Slumberously welter.”

All of the wardens report a very successful season: Charles Russell was
stationed on Bird Key, Dry Tortugas, in charge of the large colony of Sooty
and Noddy Terns; Chas. G. Johnson, keeper of Sand Key Light-house,
was in charge of several colonies of Terns and Laughing Gulls breeding on
the Keys near his station, and Paul Kroegel faithfully watched Pelican Island
Reservation. During the coming year a new and very important Reservation
will be in charge of an enthusiastic member of the Association. It is not
often that one of our members is so situated that he can have the pleasure
of acting as warden, nor is the Society often favored in this way. Mrs.
Kingsmill Marrs, chairman of the Executive Committee, makes the follow-
ing splendid report for the Florida Audubon Society:

State Reports 315

“Membership, including all grades, 816; leaflets distributed, 12,000;
warning notices, for posting, sent out, 900; summary of the State Bird
Laws sent for posting in hotels, stations, express offices, etc., 500; Massachu-
setts Audubon Society Charts, for use of schools, 36; local secretaries, 7;
about 700 letters written; teachers enrolled as members of society, 115.

‘Four prizes of books were given this year for ‘ Bird Compositions.’ Al-
though an invitation was extended to all schools in the state for pupils to
compete for prizes, only the schools of Orlando sent in essays.

PARENT AND YOUNG
A scene on Pelican Island
Photographed by F. M. C.

“The Palmetto Club of Daytona, The Rosalind Club of Orlando, and
the Florida Federation of Women’s Clubs, have each paid a sustaining
membership; the Sunshine Society helps us through the press and by circu-
lating leaflets.

“These statistics, taken from the report of the secretary, Mrs. Vander-
pool, show that the general activity of the Society has increased and a more
wide-spread interest than in any past year has been shown.

“During the year two ‘auxiliary committees’ have been formed, one at
Port Orange in charge of Mrs. Roe, with a membership of twenty, another
at San Mateo, organized by Miss Crosby. Here, besides about twelve mem-

316 Bird - Lore

bers, ‘The Ladies’ Village Improvement Association’ has become a sustain-
ing member. We encourage this club membership, as it so facilitates our
distribution of literature. The chairman of the ‘ Bird Preservation Com-
mittee of the Federation of Women’s Clubs,’ Mrs. E. A. Graves, writes.
that, twenty-two clubs in Florida which belong to the Federation are most
of them interested in bird study, and a majority of these have established
and observe Bird Day each year.

“The effort to secure the passage of an ‘anti-live-pigeon-shooting’ bill at
the last meeting of the Legislature of Florida was, on all sides, warmly sup-
ported. The defeat of the bill was not only a disappointment in the cause
of bird protection, but a regret to all right-minded persons, that cruelty and
frivolity could triumph, in this twentieth century, over humanity and justice.

“The murder of Warden Guy M. Bradley fills not only our Society in
Florida, but the people of the United States, with horror. A brave man
shot at his post, defending the helpless against brutality, and all for what?
A feather, to adorn the head of some woman!! The picture of the murdered
man, and above him the woman’s face, smiling, as she carries proudly on her
head the beautiful aigrette plume, would have furnished a Goya or a Hogarth
a fitting subject for his brush. That the ‘lives of those standing for the
maintenance of law and order in the state are in jeopardy, is a matter of
concern to thinking people.

“The following extract from a letter from our honorary vice-president,
Mr. Kirk Munroe, will be interesting: ‘During the past winter a number of
residents along the water front at this place (Cocoanut Grove) have been
pleasantly interested in watching, feeding and taming a small flock of Wild
Ducks that finally gave ready response to a whistle, and hurried trustfully to
the very feet of any person ready to feed them. On the morning of Sunday,
February 26, not finding any person present at their usual place of feeding,
six of these tamed Ducks ventured near an unaccustomed wharf, on the end of
which stood a young man who, when the hungry, trusting birds were about
five feet away, fired into the bunch, killing four and wounding two. At the
success of his shot he roared with laughter, and expressed the hope that
his neighbors would tame more ducks for him to shoot.’ Mr. Munroe
says: As soon as the brutal act was reported to me, I determined, if possible,
to Se it, and accordingly prosecuted the offender, in the name of the
Audubon Society of Florida, for hunting on Sunday. The case was easily
won and the fine with costs, amounted to $60. It was the first time the young
man had ever heard of our Society, and I believe it will be long before he
forgets the lesson it has taught him.’

“We would here publicly thank all in Florida who make personal effort
for the cause of bird protection. We would also thank all newspapers who
have gratuitously printed articles for us, and the Southern Express Company,
who have greatly faciliated the posting of the State Laws.”

State Reports | 317

The remarkable tameness of Wild Ducks spoken of by Mr. Munroe,
was observed by the president of the National Association while at Palm
Beach in February last. It certainly was novel and interesting to be able to
call Lesser Scaup Ducks to the shore to feed them.

Georgia.— Mr. Pearson, secretary of the National Association, has spent
some time in this state, and is devoting considerable effort to reorganizing
the Audubon Society. New officers have been elected, and one of the re-
sults of the new life that has been infused is that the National Association

WILD DUCKS . AS PETS
Photographed on Lake Worth, Fla.

has now among its members quite a number of prominent citizens of this
state. It is proposed by the Audubon Society to make an effort at the next
session of the Legislature to secure the passage of a law which will place
them in charge of game protection. The successful work of the North
Carolina Audubon Society as the Game Commission of that state already is
exerting an influence for good beyond their own borders. The National As-
sociation is a strong advocate of non-political game commissions, supported
by gun licenses. In this way the very best results for game and bird protec-
tion are obtained, without a direct tax on the people.

Illinois.—Audubon work in this state is surely attracting attention.
This is evident from the fact that Miss Nancy Lawrence, who died in
August, left a legacy of $1,000 to be used in bird protection work by the

318 Bird - Lore

Audubon Society. It is good to feel that this work is commending itself to
the public. This is the first legacy that has ever been received by an
Audubon Society, but the Association feels sure that this one is but the fore-
runner of many to follow in the future. In these days of philanthropy such
an important public movement as organized bird protection is sure to be
recognized. [he report of the secretary, Miss Drummond, is given in
detail: ;

“The Audubon Society, at its eighth annual meeting, adopted a change
in the constitution, increasing the number of directors from fourteen to
twenty. From the various reports read at this meeting the following items
are taken:

“’The membership has been increased by the addition of 88 adults and
5,083 juniors, making the number joining since the organization of the so-
ciety, about 1,100 adults and 20,142 juniors. Of these, about 115 pay
annual dues of one dollar. The organization of a committee of 28 persons,
not directors, into a membership committee proved a success, and was partly
responsible for the increased membership. No semi-annual meeting was held
last fall, the directors feeling that one public meeting a year was all that
was needed. ; .

“Only two leaflets were issued during the year, one being a short letter
to teachers by our new chairman of the junior work, Miss Ethel E. Hooper ;
the other, an excellent four-page leaflet on the Study of Birds, prepared by
Miss Alice Hall Walter. An excellent little pamphlet, “Bird Study in the
Rural Schools,’ by Thomas L. Hankinson, one of our Illinois teachers, has
been a help in our work,-and a book by Mr. D. Lange on the ‘Birds of
Illinois’ is being published under the auspices of the Illinois Society. Various
other leaflets have been purchased from the National Association and else-
where, so that 9,770 have been sent out. Of these, a number have gone to
teachers, farmers, women’s clubs, etc., and a letter from the Junior Chair-
man, enclosing several leaflets, has been sent to each county superintendent
of schools in the state. Mr. Charles M. Roe has allowed us to place our
leaflets in his book-store in Chicago.

‘As a session of the State Legislature was held last winter, our Legal
Committee took measures by which all proposed changes in laws relating to
birds were at once reported to the chairman, and, when bills were introduced
against the interests of the birds, letters were at once written to the proper
persons urging adverse action. A letter urging the re-appointment of our
present game commissioner was sent to the governor.

“Numbers of meetings have been held during the year by teachers, and
farmers’ institutes, women’s clubs, etc., and our one illustrated lecture, with
its fifty-six slides, has done excellent work. For some unknown reason, our
libraries lead lazy lives,—there is almost no demand for them. Our school
work is most encouraging, many of the teachers being thoroughly interested

State Reports 319

and faithful, and we feel that as far as a knowledge of bird life is concerned
the children are better informed than their parents. Our farmers, also, are
learning to know their good friends, the birds, and last year a number of
them fed the birds during the winter, one case being reported of a farmer
who drove seven miles with food.

“Through the kindness of the editor of BIRD-LORE, a list of its subscribers
in Illinois was sent to the secretary of our Society, when the rather surpris-
ing fact was discovered that only about one-third of the subscribers were
members of our Society. It seems as if any one who reads BIRD-LORE should
be convinced of the necessity of lending a helping hand to their state
Society.

“The receipts of the Society for the year have been $410.68,—the
expenses, $345.76.”

President Deane, of the Illinois Society, has just issued an admirable
letter to the Farmers’ Institute of Illinois, a copy of which is herewith pre-
sented, with the suggestion that every Audubon Society takes the same
method of urging farmers to join in the movement to protect their best
friends, the birds:

“Dear Sir: The directors of the Illinois Audubon Society, appreciating
the value of bird-life to the farmers of the state, respectfully urge that the
very important subject of Bird Protection be included in your program of
lectures to be delivered at the Farmers’ Institute meetings in your county
for the coming season.

“The farmer is one of the principal personages to instruct as to the use-
fulness of the birds which live and breed about him, and that are such an im-
portant adjunct to the successful raising of his crops ; and it is important that
he should realize that by feeding the birds in winter and protecting them at
all seasons, he is caring for the best workmen he can employ. While the
limited number of our directory does not admit of sending speakers through
the different counties, we feel sure that there are many located throughout
the state who are competent to speak intelligently on the subject and who
would gladly offer their services.”

Iowa.—This is one of the few densely populated agricultural states
where the citizens have not yet demanded the adoption of the Model Law.
An attempt was made to pass it at the Legislative session in 1904, but
without success. The effort will be repeated at the coming session, which
commences early in January, 1906. It seems almost incredible that in a
state where the farming interests are so vast but little interest is taken
in a matter of such vital importance. Special educational work will be done
by the National Association before the next Legislature convenes, in order
to create an interest in bird protection and a consequent demand for the
passage of the Model Law. Iowa has 34,574,337 acres of farm land, which

320 Bird - Lore

produced in 1899 (last census) crops to the value of $263,000,000. Over
$16,000,000 was paid for labor alone, but not one cent ct this iarge sum
was paid to the birds for the labor they freely gave to the agricultural folk
in the destruction of noxious vermin and insect pests, nor for the thousands
of tons of weed seeds that they destroyed. Then let the farmers, at least,
repay the birds by seeing that they are accorded the fullest legal protection.

The Audubon Society can do a great civic work by agitating this sub-
ject before every Farmers’ Institute in the state. The example of Illinois is
a good one to follow in this respect. That the Society has not been idle
during the past year is evident from the following report of the secretary,
Mrs. William Parrott:

“During the year 1,000 National leaflets, 1,000 No. 1 Leaflets, issued
by the Iowa Society, and several hundred BrrRD-LORE subscription blanks
have been freely distributed at Farmers’ Institutes, district meetings of
women’s clubs, the Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs, the Waterloo
Chautauqua, teachers’ institutes and public schools. One thousand Audu-
bon pledges are being placed in city and rural schools and public libraries.
Two warning notices have been given. Sixty new members have been
added to our membership list, making a total of 331.

“Several fine addresses have been delivered throughout the state by
enthusiastic bird lovers. Mrs. Freeman H. Bloodgood, of Waterloo, has
written several excellent articles for our Jowa papers, and secured many
new members for the state Society. Prof. Chas. R. Keyes, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, has furnished the Society with a list of the common birds of our state,
which we hope eventually to include in an outline of study for the lowa
schools.

“Mrs. Alice Fletcher, past president of the Iowa Federation of
Women’s Clubs, rendered valuable service by giving the Audubon Society a
place on the Federation programme last May, when the needs of our
Society were brought before the club women of the state. We are encour-
aged to believe that recognition by the Standing Committee in the Iowa
Federation of Women’s Clubs will be accorded our State society in the near
future.”

Louisiana.—Although the Audubon Society of Louisiana is not great
in numbers, yet it has boundless energy and, therefore, has secured splendid
results. No other Society has accomplished more, in the protection of sea-
birds. The control by lease of thousands of acres of islands, and the actual
ownership of a large area makes the work of this Society unique. The
Society has partially developed plans for future work which will add greatly
to its power for good. President Miller presents the following report for
the year:

“Robbing the nests of the wild sea-birds breeding on the coasts of the

State Reports 321

state of Louisiana has been carried on for many years past without protest;
the result naturally being the extermination of the birds. This undoubtedly
would have been the result if the National Committee had not come to the
rescue. With their help, however, the bird-breeding islands have been pro-
tected during the past year, and now, instead of a very few, thousands upon
thousands of Laughing Gulls, Louisiana Herons, Black Skimmers, Royal,
Common, Foster’s, and Cabot Terns were raised in 1905. We believe if

"4 aS ab
oP E Be i te RS I

Bie
mt
A SECTION OF CASPIAN TERN COLONY IN OREGON

Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

this help is continued for a few years longer these islands will show the
most marvelous exhibition of bird-life to be found anywhere in this

country.
“Our Society has rented, from one of the state boards, twenty-two

bird-breeding islands, with a probable area of 5,000 acres. In addition to
that we are buying from the state a celebrated bird-breeding island about
1,000 acres in extent, and propose to change its name from ‘Battledore’ to
‘Audubon,’ in commemoration of the great naturalist who was born in our
state.

“Last year we secured the passage of the Model Law, with the result
that trapping and shipping Mockingbirds, Cardinals and Nonpareils from
the state of Louisiana has entirely ceased.

“We are working with the school teachers and the editors of our state
papers, trying to show them the character and importance of Audubon work,

222 Bird- Lore

and in time hope tosecure the total abolishment of the killing of non-game
_ birds by all classes.

“We have distributed thousands of warning notices printed on linen.
Our president has delivered many lectures on bird-life in different parts of
the state. We have 125 active, 10 life, and 6 associate members, and are
growing slowly but surely. :

“To protect adequately our own bird-breeding islands we are in sore
need of a power-boat. With one we could greatly increase the protection
given.”

Maine.—It was only a few years since that the bird-life of the coast of
Maine was in danger of total extermination; how different the conditions
are today can hardly be realized by a person who reads the following report:
To comprehend fully the splendid results of six years’ protection by wardens,
a person should visit some of the colonies of Gulls and Terns that are being
guarded. It is an imposing sight to see the clouds of birds and their remark-
able tameness everywhere along the coast.

The American Eider Duck has for a number of years been on the verge
of extermination as a breeding bird in the United States, and, to prevent this
unfortunate result, special attention has been given to this species. There
is only one island on the Maine coast where it is positively known to breed,
although afew pairs may breed elsewhere. The warden in charge was given
explicit directions to guard this island with the utmost care, and to prevent
the taking of the eggs after they were laid. It is with the greatest satisfac -
tion that the Association is able to quote the following from the warden’s
report : “May 5, 12 Eider Ducks arrived at the island, which is in plain
sight of where I live, so I can watch it thoroughly. I saw at one time three
pairs of the Ducks after the young were hatched. There were 22 of the
young ones, and I believe that more were hatched that I did not see. I esti-
mate that 2,400 Gulls were raised on the islands in my charge. The birds
have had a good season.”

The Legislature of Maine should pass a law making the close season on
Ducks commence January 1. If this is done the Eider will continue to breed
in that state in increasing numbers. The results of special protection on one
island this year shows what can be accomplished.

Warden Cuskley, at Libby Island, reports: “‘About 2,000 Terns arrived
May 23, some 1,500 Gulls having come some time before.’’ He estimates
that some 1,500 young Terns and 1,000 Gulls were raised. The Terns have
established another colony on a near-by island.

Capt. O. B. Hall, warden in the vicinity of Crumple Island, gives a de-
tailed report of a very favorable season for the Gulls, Terns, Sea Pigeons and
Blue Herons in his charge. At least 1000 Gulls and 1,500 Terns were raised.
He also reports the interesting fact that the Black Ducks which formerly

State Reports. 323

bred on Great Wass Island all sought a new breeding place. This the war-
den attributes to the fact that Wass Island was stocked with foxes.

Warden Cummings, of Wash Island, gives a very excellent reason why
laws should be passed throughout the country removing the smaller members
of the order Limicolae or Shore Birds, commonly known as Peeps or Sand-
peeps, from the game laws. They are too beautiful and interesting, and are
too much a part of the life of the seashore, sand-bars or salt meadows to be
slaughtered. Their bodies are too small to be of value as food, and shooting
them for any other purpose is grossly cruel. ‘There is certainly no more
beautiful sight than to see a flock of these graceful little creatures swirling
about over the strand or daintily running about on the wet sands or kelp-
covered rocks. Let the Audubon Societies voice their sentiments in this
matter ; it will do good work. The warden writes: ‘There are hundreds
of little Sandpeeps on this and Cone Island, and they form in flocks and sit
on the shore. (Gunners come here and slaughter them awfully, for it is no
trick to fire into a big flock of them and kill and wound a large number.
After the gunners have been here my children bring in very many wounded
ones, some with broken wings, or legs shot off, or eyes shot out, in all shapes.
The gunners don’t get half they shoot down. It seems a shame to kill
these poor little things, and I hope some time in the near future there will
be protection for them, with a heavy fine attached.” The warden also
writes that the Gulls in his charge are very tame, and that the colony, which
is a small one, is steadily increasing in size. Crows did some damage by eat-
ing eggs, but effectual means were taken to keep them away.

One of the largest Herring Gull colonies in the United States is located
on the Great and Little Duck Islands. They are in charge of Capt. William
F. Stanley, keeper of the light station. Both Mr. and Mrs Stanley have
always taken a great interest in the protection of these birds, and the reports
furnished are of great interest and value. That of this year is as follows :

a Sasa es Ss
AN OREGON CORMORANT ISLAND, 25 FEET WIDE BY 75 FEET LONG,

CONTAINING 190 CORMORANT NESTS
Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

324 Bird - Lore

“March 9. The first Gulls made their appearance in a snow storm,
prospects not encouraging, but they stayed on the Island and commenced
building nests (or tearing old ones to pieces). About May 2 Gulls left the
shore line and took to the center of the island. May 14, found first egg ;
first full set, May 19, found first young bird, June 11; August 15, no-
tice some of the old birds are going. A very few birds have been shot
from boats ; not so many as in former years. I have found 11 dead birds
this season that were wounded and came back to the Island to die. The
cause of the greatest loss of life is when the young birds are half grown and
about ready to fly and persons walking around the shore when there is a surf
on, then the young birds are frightened and make for the water, and the sea
dashes them against the rocks, breaking their wings and drowning them.
That is now the most trouble to guard against ; it is not done with evil intent.
The old birds do not fail to provide food for their young, although as the
birds get large the old ones have to go sometimes many miles to do it, but
as a general thing there is plenty for them. I have watched them coming
back at night, appearing very tired, flying very low, one behind the other.
They would light near where the young should be, and call, and the chicks
would rush up to the old bird and pick its bill; after the proper time the old
bird will stretch out his neck and up will come a mess of almost everything
from bread, sea cucumbers, livers, fish (all the small kind). It is astonish -
ing sometimes how much they will throw up. If there is anything left after
the feast the old bird willswallow it again. The only time there is anything
left is when the birds are very young, then the old bird will throw up the
same mess two and three times in as many hours, being very careful to pick
up what is left each time. Woe betide the young bird that belongs to a
neighbor who tries to fill up at the wrong place. I have seen a young bird
killed by one blow from the old bird’s bill, blinded and scalped,— his head
torn in two.

‘As the young birds gain in size the old birds bring them larger fish to
swallow. We have a few old birds this year who know the time we feed the
hens, and when that time draws near they are on hand to dine with the
hens. There have not been as many birds on this Island this season, but
there have been more on Little Duck. I should say we have had about
3,500 birds and about 1,600 nests, and I think more than double that number
of young birds. About every nest had three young birds, and if it had not
been for the surf business the record would be broken. We have about 300
Sea Pigeons, (Black Guillemots) and the Stormy Petrels number in the
thousands. One egg is their limit. We have some 200 or 300 Sandpipers.
There have been a large number of field and wood birds’ nests on the Island.

“In Southwest Harbor last month it was a beautiful sight to see hun-
dreds of Gulls off the fish wharves picking up the floatings. I heard many
remarks in their favor by the summer people.”

————

State Reports 325

Warden Johnson, of Swans Island, says in his report: “I could not dis-
cover that any Eider Ducks or Sheldrakes bred in this section this year.
The reason for this, I think, is the great number of fishing boats which are
in the habit of fishing so close to the breeding places. The Gull colonies
are in better condition than ever before. At John’s Island the young were
quite plentiful and tame. At Huron Island the Gull colony. has apparently
more than doubled. The owners complain that the birds are ruining their
sheep pasture on account of the large amount of bird lime. The old birds
were very tame, and remained sitting on the tree tops while we passed within
thirty or forty feet of them. A conservative estimate of the number of
young hatched on this island would be 1,200. The Night Herons seem to be
holding their own, if not gaining. The Blue Heron seem to be slowly going
down in numbers.

“The largest colony of Herring Gulls on the Maine coast, if not in the
United States, is at No-Man’s-Land, which is owned by Captain Mark
Young, who acts as warden. He reports that “from eight to ten thousand
Gulls returned home the last of March and commenced to nest in April.
They were not molested,—not a bird shot or egg taken. Over 4,000 young
were raised.”

Captain James E. Hall, warden at Matinicus Rock, reports: ‘Six
Puffins were seen here. About 10,000 Terns returned to the Rock May 18,
but they have done the poorest this season of any since I have been here.
They laid as usual, but the week they were hatching there was a rain-storm
which lasted two days and the young were drowned in their nests. I do not
think more than 1,000 were raised.”

Mr. McCorrison, of whom Metinic Green Island is leased, reports that
about 4,000 Medrics (Terns) arrived May 3, and remained until September 2.
He says: “I think it is a safe estimate that the colony has doubled this year.”

The warden at Eagle Island, which is located well up in Penobscot Bay,
reports that the “Terns are far more numerous this year than last, in this
locality.” This is very gratifying, as these birds, before protection was given
them, were well-nigh exterminated. On the Channel Rocks, over 100 nests
were counted. ;

Warden Cushman reports that the Terns of Bluff Island were very tame,
and that one could walk to within a few feet of them while on the beaches.
“TI never knew the people to protect them as they do this year.”

The Association this year extended the protection service to the Mt.
Kineo region Warden Harlow makes the following interesting report:
“My principal work has been protection for the two species of Gulls which
annually breed in large numbers about the numerous inland lakes of this
section, but I have also given some attention to Partridges and song-birds,
such as Robins, Song Sparrows, Chickadees, Wrens, Crossbills, Woodpeck -
ers and the sweet -singing Hermit Thrush.

326 Bird - Lore

“Less than the usual number of Gulls arrived here this year, but the
nesting season was very favorable, and, in consequence, a larger average of
young were raised. Should say 80 per cent of the young birds reached the
flying state. Probably 300 large white Gulls, and 200 of the small, black-
headed Gulls (Terns) nested here this season.

“Do not think the Gulls were seriously molested, and know of none be-
ing shot. However, there are occasional cases of nest-robbing on the part
of visiting sportsmen, to procure specimens of eggs to take home, and I have
had occasion to call special attention to the law and the notices of warning,
in order to convince several parties that they would be prosecuted if they
persisted in such acts.

“As to our song-birds and the Partridge (Ruffed Grouse), their nesting
season was unusually favorable, owing to the absence of rains throughout
June and most of July, for cold rains at such times are fatal to very
young birds. Minks and weasels are the greatest enemies these birds have
here, but, owing to the high price of furs recently, these deadly animals have
been very materially reduced in numbers by the numerous trappers of this
region. There has been absolutely no plume hunting, to my knowledge,
and all kinds of birds are numerous this yéar.

“One interesting case of a nesting Partridge came under my personal ob-
servation. The bird built her nest early in the season beside a woods road
much frequented in June by summer visitors to Mt. Kineo. When she was
about half through sitting, two families of cottagers came to live within a
few rods of her nest, and each family brought a dog with them. Neverthe-
less, in spite of the dogs and the noise, and the frequenting of teams and
hotel guests, the Partridge stuck to her nest and raised thirteen young,
hatched out every one of her eggs, and got away safely with her brood, for
my wife saw her depart to the big woods and safety, with her family trailing
behind her.

“ Better protection to bird-life hereabouts would result if additional warn-
ing notices could be posted on the actual breeding grounds along the routes
of the great army of campers who come to the Maine woods yearly. At
every important camping place warning notices should be posted; also, upon
the shores and islands of the big lakes in the deep woods along the northern
borders. While sportsmen are generally inclined to respect bird-life, there
are quite a number of instances where thoughtlessness leads them to shoot
at our song-birds merely as targets. Warning notices displayed on their
camping sites would undoubtedly prevent such practices almost entirely.”

Our director, Mr. Norton, who takes great interest in, and a careful
oversight of bird-protection matters in Maine, writes: “I have visited only
two colonies this year,—Falmouth Night Herons, and No-Man’s-Land and
Matinicus Rock. The Night Herons did about as usual, and no disturbance
came, to my knowledge. No-Man’s-Land is in excellent condition. It isa

State Reports 327

fact worthy of emphasis that nowhere else in New England can one enter
a busy harbor and witness the presence of so many species of sea-birds, or
ones so fearless.

“The Egg Rocks, in Muscongus Bay, were visited by Mr. J. Stanley
Howard, of Franklin, Mass., in June. His report shows that the Terns are
again numerous there, and that the small flock of laughing Gulls were still
with them.

“At Pine Point the Stratton Island Terns came to the sand-bars and
creeks with large numbers of fearless young. Their season must have been
successful.

“Some of the summer people at Scarborough were incensed at the
shooting of shore birds after the law was off. With our notices before
them, and game laws in hand, I am sure that violations would have been
dealt with.”

Mrs. C. B. Tuttle, secretary of the Maine Audubon Society, re-
ports that work in Maine the past year has been effective, the interest
keener and more wide-spread than ever before. The Society has received
much assistance and encouragement from women’s clubs and farmers’
organizations.

“We have succeeded in awakening a public sentiment which I hope will
stimulate tne good work and win many friends for the birds. We have cir-
culated what literature it was possible for us to procure. At the present
time we have 1,068 associate members and 350 members. From all parts of
the state reports have been received showing increased popular interest. In-
quiries with regard to Audubon work are frequently received from new
quarters. In addition to other work we have tried to keep in touch with
the societies of other states. Three new local secretaries have been
appointed. We believe, with Ella Wheeler Wilcox, that ‘there is no
religion of any value in the uplifting of the world which does not include
practical efforts to protect the dependent creatures of the earth.’ ”

Massachusetts.— Three wardens were employed in this state. Woe-
pecket Island was in charge of Emanuel Nelson who, reports that the
Common Terns arrived there the second week in May; he counted 1,320
nests and 3,483 eggs; 2,000 young were hatched, of which 500 died when
nearly grown, during the very hot weather in the last week in July. The
birds or eggs were not disturbed except by Crows, which did considerable
damage; also, a high tide, June 7 and 8, destroyed about 100 nests. The
last Tern seen at this station was on September 11.

Warden Smith, of Edgarton, reports a good season for the Terns on
Martha’s Vineyard. He made daily visits to the beach, and he believes the
nesting birds were not disturbed. He suggests that the sale of air-guns to
boys be prohibited as a means of saving song-birds.

328 Bird- Lore

Mr. George H. Mackay, whose name is so intimately connected with
the Terns of Muskeget, was not able to visit the islands the past season, but
he quotes a letter from Capt. R. C. Gibbs, of the Life Saving Station: “The
Terns had a good breeding season, and I don’t think I saw as many dead
ones as in some seasons past.” Mr. Mackay also sent a very interesting
report from Mi. F. A. Homer regarding the Terns of Penikese: “On the
morning of May 5, in a thick fog, with a chilly wind from the southeast,
the Terns of Penikese arrived at the island and immediately took possession
of the prominent points. On May 21, the first egg was observed; on June
16, young were first seen, and, on July 10, the young were just able to fly.
On August 2, small flocks assembled and commenced to leave, and by
September 10 the island was deserted.

“My observation of these birds extends back over twenty years, and it
seems to me I have never seen such large numbers of them as this season.
I have also observed that they nested nearer the buildings than ever before,
that their nests were better made, and that they laid their eggs and hatched
out earlier than in previous seasons. The mortality among the young has
been less than usual, and there were very many less crippled ones. This
may be accounted for by the fact that we had but twenty sheep on the
island.”

Mr. Homer writes that the Massachusetts State Board of Charity con-
demned the island, by right of eminent domain, for a leper colony, and adds:
“In taking leave of these harmless birds, I would suggest that you enlist
the sympathy of the resident physician, and I have no doubt he will do for
them what I have always tried to do.”

Miss Kimball, secretary of the Massachusetts Audubon Society, makes
the following excellent report: ‘This year has been a successful one, with
a membership of 6,303. We have 119 local secretaries, some of whom are
school teachers or members of school committees, and interest in our work
seems to be growing in the schools.

“Many circulars, including educational and BiRD-Lorz leaflets, cloth
warning notices, and copies of the laws, have been distributed freely. The
few complaints of violations of law received, were reported to our efficient
Fish and Game Commission, the state officers, and were promptly in-
vestigated.

“Legislation at the State House was closely watched by our protection
committee, and through our local secretaries the successful passage of a bill
was helped, which made possible a report of work in the interest of birds,
done by the state ornithologist.

“Three traveling lectures and four libraries have been in good demand.
Also, our bird charts, calendars, and sets of bird plates, a new edition of
one of the charts being found necessary. The new calendar for 1906 has
been printed in Japan, in a very beautiful and artistic manner.

State Reports 329

‘A course of three lectures was given by Mr. Ralph Hoffmann and a
public meeting was held, the speakers being Mr. Hoffmann and National
Secretary T. Gilbert Pearson.”

The activity of the Massachusetts Audubon Society and the influence it
exerts is shown by the following item: Mr. G. H. Noyes, millinery buyer
for Mr. James A. Houston, of Boston, in a signed article in the ‘ Millinery
Trade Review’ of October, 1905, page 35, says, regarding the prevailing
fashions at Boston this season: “Birds do not meet with much favor, on
account of the strong prejudice aroused by the Audubon Society, which is
especially active in this state.”

There is one important matter that should receive the earnest attention
of the Massachusetts public, and especially the members of the Audubon
Society; in fact, it is of interest to all persons who care for wild life. The
few remaining Heath Hens on Martha’s Vineyard will disappear in a short
time if a law, making a close season for at least ten years is not passed by
the next legislature. The fine should be not less than $100 for killing one
of these birds or taking any eggs, and they should have special protection
by an efficient warden. The small number left is all that exist anywhere on
the globe, and when they pass away another race of birds will be extinct.
This colony is fortunately so situated that it can easily be protected, and the
experiment of trying to save a species of birds on the verge of extinction
will be of great scientific interest. The National Association urges upon
the citizens of Massachusetts immediate action, and pledges its influence
and help.

Michigan.—Very important bird protection work was accomplished in
this state. The Model Law was adopted and two splendid bird reservations
were secured (see page 299). The State Audubon Society is active and
growing; the secretary, Mr. Butler, reports as follows:

"Since the last annual report, the Michigan Audubon Society has, with
the help of the national president, secured the passage of a Model Law. We
have defeated those who desired an open season for Robins and Kingfishers;
have shortened the season for spring shooting of game and birds, and were
instrumental in amending the game law so as to protect many of the animals
as well. During the year, 7,000 leaflets, government documents, by-laws,
reports, etc., were distributed. Warning notices were sent out, local
branches posting the cards. The state librarian is preparing a traveling
library for the Audubon Society. The secretary gave fifteen public talks
during the year, about one-half the number being illustrated. Prof. W. B.
Barrows also has given a number of lectures.

“Owing to the impossibility of getting the game wardens to act, no con-
victions could be secured; however, we were able to drive three men out of
the business of killing birds for the milliners by pleading and threats. Two

330 Bird - Lore

new branches were established, and another is in the formative period. We
are now engaged in organizing the commission designated under our new
law, and will apparently begin the year in a more hopeful spirit than has
heretofore been vouchsafed us.”

Two wardens were employed, both of them guarding large colonies of
Herring Gulls, one on what is now the Huron Island Reservation, and the
other on the rocks near the Passage Island Light Station. Both of these
colonies had a quiet season, the wardens preventing molestation.

Minnesota.— The Fish and Game Commission in this state is very active,
and, with the work done by the Audubon Society in its special lines of effort,
has made the game outlook bright.

Miss Whitman, secretary of the Audubon Society, gives the following
outline of work:

“In addition to report made last year, I can report the formation of four
additional branch societies, and quite a number of school ‘bird circles’ at
different points. Our interior reports are very slow in coming, but I am
satisfied of more than ordinary progress during 1905. The request for cir-
culars, bird literature, and instructions for forming societies, shows a very
decided increase in interest. Quite a strong movement is now being made
in Minneapolis, where heretofore we have been unable to get much of a
foothold. Our shortage of funds keeps the work back. Such leaflets as we
could secure have been sent out, but they have not been numerous. We
are more than holding our own in the matter of legislation and the enforce -
ment of the laws which we have secured.”

Missouri.—Secretary Reese tells the story of the splendid results ob-
tained in 1905 by the Missouri Audubon Society so concisely that no other
word is necessary.

“The following is a synopsis of the work performed by the Audubon So-
ciety of Missouri:

“Distributions of educational leaflets interesting the farmers and sports-
men, by a constant supply of pithy articles in the various newspapers and
magazines; drafting a bird, game and fish bill, including the Model Law,
having it adopted by the game committee of the Legislature as the ‘Audubon
Bill,’ and assisting in its passage.

“To the energy and untiring efforts of Hon. H. R. Walmsley, honorary
vice-president of the Audubon Society, and representative from Kansas
City, is due the passage of this bil, after a stormy voyage through both
branches of the Legislature. We also appreciate the valuable services of the
National Association, and those Dr. Palmer rendered in this fight. The
Audubon Society is firmly established, and receives the support of the press
and those who are battling for the welfare of all wild life.”

State Reports 331

Nebraska.— The Audubon Society of this state has confined its efforts
mostly to the juniors, where it has been very successful. Work along this
line is one of the most beneficial that can be accomplished. Miss Higgins,
secretary of the Society, sends the following message:

“There is little to report, I am sorry to say, on the work of the Nebraska
Society, for the past year. I am looking forward to a better new year, as I
shall have more time to devote tothe work. Educational Leaflet No. 3, on
“The Meadow Lark’ was reprinted in the ‘ Nebraska Farmer,’ and special
mention made of it, thus bringing it to the notice of thousands of farmers.
Our junior membership is active and increasing. Membership of over 15,000
reported in 1904.” A

New Hampshire.—The State Audubon Society is doing a quiet but
very effective work. It deserves special commendation for its efforts to save
from extermination the Wood Duck and Upland Plover. Every Society
should agitate a ten years’ close season on these two species of birds. Mrs.
Batchelder reports as follows for the Audubon Society: “In general, the
work has been carried on as hitherto, by the circulation of the Society’s
leaflets, and those of the National Association, of government publications,
of bird charts and of traveling libraries. The traveling lecture, with stereop-
ticon, continues in use. ‘The Economic Value of Birds to the State’ is
ready for circulation.

“With the aid of our energetic Fish and Game Commission, fourteen
convictions have been obtained. Of these, ten were for killing song-birds,
three for caging wild birds, and one for killing a Great Blue Heron.

“In view of the threatened extermination of the Wood Duck in this
state, the Society, in conjunction with Mr. Abbott H. Thayer, has offered
a reward of $25 for the conviction of any person killing one of that
species out of season. Attempts by Mr. Thayer and by the Society to ob-
tain by legislative action a five years’ close season for Wood Duck and
Upland Plover were unsuccessful. The effort will be renewed at the next
session of the Legislature.”

New Jersey.—The National Association is always exceedingly glad to
get in close touch with the Game Commission of a state. Such relations
have been established with the Commission of this commonwealth, which
is exceedingly active in game and bird protection. A most intelligent
knowledge of advanced game-protection methods is shown, and an evident
desire to join with those states that have already stopped by legislative
action that most wasteful and pernicious of all methods of game depletion,
i. e., spring shooting. In many states it is prohibited, and there is a rapidly
growing sentiment among sportsmen and others, that shooting of all kinds
must stop on January I, and not be resumed until the fall season opens.

332 Bird - Lore

When such a law is general, there will be no excuse for any one carrying a
gun during the close season, and when a person is found doing so it will be
evident that a violation is contemplated. The public, especially the bird-
loving public of New Jersey, should uphold their Game Commission in all
their.attempts to stop spring shooting. The Audubon Society has had some
strenuous fights on its hands in the past, and it has, by strong and concerted
action, always been successful. It is not too soon to commence the cam-
paign for the abolition of spring shooting in New Jersey. The photograph

SOME COSTLY WORK BY A BOY WHO NEEDS EDUCATING

shown of the youth who took pride in killing valuable Hawks in the south -
ern part of the state shows that a liberal circulation of educational leaflets is
necessary. Ihe harm done by this lad to the farming interests of his locality
is beyond estimate, to say nothing of the open and repeated violations of the
law. If this boy had been taught in school the value of birds, and also to
respect their rights, he might now be a protector of, and not a menace to
the birds.

Two wardens were employed, both of whom report a good year for the
birds. The Laughing Gulls and Terns seem to be making aslow but steady
increase, due to rigid protection, and the stopping of the sale of the plumage
of native birds by milliners.

Miss Scribner, secretary of the Audubon Society, reports as follows:

State Reports 333

The present membership is 739, an increase of 75 over last year. The
chief work done by the Society during the past year was the successful
effort to prevent the passage of a bill allowing an open season for Doves for
six weeks in the autumn. . The same methods were used as in the previous
year, when the Robin was in danger, and several hundred educational leaf-
lets on ‘The Mourning Dove’ were distributed, while the members of the
Legislature were appealed to by influential persons. The bill was defeated
by a good majority.

“Three new local secretaries have been added during the past year, and
most of our secretaries report increased interest, especially among school
children. A large colored bird chart and a number of smaller ones have
been distributed for use in schools. An effort is being made to interest the
farmers in the protection of Hawks and Owls, and leaflets on these birds
are to be distributed throughout the state this fall.

‘On a number of occasions, ladies’ clubs, which have taken up the study
of birds, have written to the secretary for information and literature. Such
aid is always willingly and cheerfully rendered.”

New York.—Audubon Society work in this state is always active, and
in fact, aggressive. The two wardens who guard the Tern colonies at the
east end of Long Island, report a normal increase. The fact that these
birds are protected both by the state authorities and by the Audubon Society
is now so well known that the wardens have little work to do. The
increase of Gulls and Terns in the migration period is very marked, thus
showing the benefit of the warden system along the coast. There are four
beautiful islands on the New York shore of Lake Champlain, opposite Bur-
lington, now known as the ‘Four Brothers,’ but which the Indians used to
call ‘The Islands of the Four Winds.’ These are the property of a wealthy
New York City merchant who has become so much interested in bird pro-
tection that he placed a special warden on his islands from May to October
to guard the birds, especially a colony of Herring Gulls, which use the
islands as a breeding place. It is very gratifying, indeed, to have such a spirit
of bird protection, and such liberality shown.

Miss Lockwood, secretary of the Audubon Society, reports :

't The statistics for the past year show the membership increased to 7,042;
leaflets distributed, over 33,000, including several thousand law posters in
English and Italian. A new prospectus has been issued; also, verse cards
for children, and a large edition of Mrs. Mary Riley Smith’s ‘The Aigrette:
An Appeal to Women.’

‘The Society was incorporated on November 23, 1904.

* Through one of the honorary vice-presidents, the sum of $365 was re-
ceived, which, with other donations amounting to over $100, was a very

334 Bird - Lore

welcome addition to the funds. As usual, $125 was contributed toward the
expenses of the National Committee.

“During the past year the Society was very active in regard to legislation.
The utmost effort was made to arouse all possible influence in the state to
prevent the repeal of the anti-spring duck-shooting law, which was
threatened by the Burr bill; also, to urge the passage of the bill forbidding
foreigners to carry firearms, and the bill,prohibiting the sale of Aigrettes in
New York State. The Society was successful in regard to the Duck and
fire-arms bills, but the Aigrette bill is to be again contested. Our Commit-
tee on Law was indefatigable in this struggle. It was gratifying to learn that
Senator Armstrong had said: ‘The work of the Audubon Society has been
very effective.’

“The fuller recognition accorded this movement is shown by the way
in which the work is extending in new towns, proving that the public are
learning the practical, ethical and educational value of this work for the
child. Throughout the state a great advance has been made in all branches
of nature study. More concerted action is, however, needed, and would
make the task of the many individual teachers who are enthusiastically helping
the Audubon cause much easier. The outlook for the coming year is very
promising.”

North Carolina.—The Audubon Society of this state is doing a great
and unique workin game and bird protection. It usually publishes a detailed
and interesting report, which can always be obtained by addressing its office
at Greensboro. Secretary Pearson submits the following résumé of results in
1905:

“The Audubon Society, which acts as a State Game Commission in
this state, makes the following report: During the past year, forty-five
game wardens have been employed for the whole or part of their time.
They have made a house-to-house canvass over large areas of the state,
handing out literature and posting notices regarding the bird and game
laws. The following literature has been used: 30,000 National Associa-
tion leaflets, 35,000 state Society publications, and 5,000 Government pub-
lications.

‘Wardens have seized eighteen shipments of game which were being il-
legally sent out of the state to northern markets, the contents of the pack-
ages being confiscated and sold at auction. Fifty-six convictions have been
successfully conducted throughout the state for violations of the bird and
game laws.

“The Audubon launch, the ‘Dutcher’ has been completed, at a cost of
$1,400, and is now patrolling the sounds of Eastern Carolina. By its use,
the efficiency of the wardens has been largely increased in protecting the
breeding sea-birds.

State Reports 335

“The past summer, there were hatched in the Carolina colonies, sea-birds
as follows: Wilson’s Terns, 708; Least Tern, 577; Royal Tern, 4,632;
Black Skimmers, 930; Laughing Gulls, 18, making a total of 6,866. This is
the third year the birds have received protection.

“The first year, 1,700 young birds were raised; the second year, about
2,700. The increase has been very marked, especially in the case of the
Least Tern, only six eggs being laid two years ago, and about sixty-five last
year.

“Much attention was paid to legislation the past winter. Some of the
gains were as follows: Prohibiting export of shore birds, making it illegal to
kill deer while swimming, close season for game established in many hitherto
unprotected counties, and an increase of penalty for violations of the Audu-
bon laws.

“During the six weeks’ period of bitter weather inJanuary and February,
the wardens and many members of the Society systematically fed the birds.
Hundreds of bushels of cracked corn, peas and other food were pur-
chased by the Society for this purpose. The Society pays for sixty copies of
Birp-Lore. The income of the Society the past year was about $9,500,
$1,000 of this being for membership fees, the remainder from the sale of
hunters’ licenses to non-residents of the state. The increase of public
sentiment favoring bird and game protection is very noticeable in North
Carolina.”

North Dakota.—The gain in this state is the Stump Lake Reservation.
Our warden reports that the following birds bred there this year: Ring-billed
and California Gulls, Cormorants, Wilson’s Terns, Gadwall, Shoveller, Pin-
tail, Lesser Scaup and White-winged Scoter Ducks, Spotted Sandpipers,
Piping Plover, and several kinds of land birds, and that he believes that they
were not molested.

Miss Abbott, secretary of the Audubon Society, states in a letter that
the best work of the year has been in creating enthusiasm for branch socie-
ties, and the exhibition of the lantern-slides of birds.

Ohio.— This state is a close second to Massachusetts in the efforts that
are being made by the state authorities to prevent the sale and use of bird
plumage as millinery ornaments. —The Audubon Society is also active, as
the following report shows:

“The Audubon Society for the state of Ohio has been greatly en-
couraged by the addition of new members during the past year. We have
outgrown our cozy room in the Cuvier Club, and, while loth to leave the
pleasant environment, deemed it best to hold our meetings in one of the
rooms of the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, where we have larger accommo-
dations.

336 Bird - Lore

“The interest in our work continues, as is shown by numerous inquiries
that have been made, both by residents of Cincinnati and of the surrounding
towns. Our corresponding secretary has had considerable correspondence,
not only with the Societies throughout the United States, but with the
British Society. Much literature has been distributed.

“Our branch Society at Madisonville cheers us with accounts of its in-
creasing growth and interest, and from Dayton comes word of the growth
of an increasing public sentiment, which is shown by the special care and
supervision given to the breeding birds in that locality. There is a prospect
of a branch Society being formed at College Hill.

“At our regular monthly meetings, which are well attended, many en-
tertaining and instructive talks have been given, some consisting of personal
observations of birds in the vicinity of the speakers’ homes, and other
addresses being on birds that are rare, or not common to this locality.

“Following our custom, Arbor and Bird Day were observed, speakers
from the Society being furnished the public schools. We gladly take ad-
vantage of every opportunity to inspire the children with a love for the
feathered citizens of the air, and the need of their protection. The Society
is still urging the passage of the bill for the protection of the Mourning
Dove, and has had correspondence with the representatives and senators
relative to the same.

“We have suffered a great loss in the death of our acting treasurer, Miss
Cecilia Ritter, who was untiring in her efforts on behalf of the protection of
the birds. Encouraging reports have been received regarding the growth
of public sentiment at Dayton and its suburbs.”

Oregon.—In this state considerable warden work was done. George
W. Phelps had charge of the Arch Rocks (see Report of 1904, BrRD- LorE,
February, 1905) on the coast near the entrance to Netarts Bay. ‘The
thousands of birds in his charge were undisturbed during the entire season.
He writes: “There has not been a person to visit the Rocks this season,
although several wished to do so, but I notified them of the consequences
if they did and they remained away.” A notice was published in the county
paper forbidding tugs from taking excursion parties to the Rocks, as had
been the custom in previous years. Mr. W. L. Finley, a director of this
association, and his field companion, Mr. Herman T. Bohlman, were ap-
pointed deputy game wardens by the state authorities, and guarded the
extensive rookeries in the Klamath Lake region. Their report is such an
interesting and valuable contribution to bird knowledge that it is given in
detail. While there they secured hundreds of photographs, a few of which
illustrate their report.

“When we crossed the mountains into the lake region of southern
Oregon, we found it was necessary to decide on one of two plans. The

State Reports 337

country is so extensive that we either had to spend the entire summer in
continuous traveling and get only a casual glance at the existing conditions
and a general view of the country, or we had to select a certain portion of
the country, study it carefully and protect the various bird colonies that
existed there. We decided upon the latter course. We procured a boat
that was suitable to carry our equipment and provisions, and set out for
Tule Lake, a body of water from twenty to thirty miles wide and about

Dba
iS ed!

ce boa Th ae; oe

- - “ “ ee Se ae OE

CORMORANTS AND YOUNG WHITE PELICANS IN OREGON

Photographed by Finley and Bohlman
ninety miles around. Its north end was formerly the great Grebe breeding
ground. Weset out directly across the lake and, striking a heavy wind, nar-
rowly escaped being swamped in the middle. We spent several days cruising
about, and found two large Cormorant rookeries (probably the Farallone
Cormorant). A few White Pelicans also nested in this locality. “here was
nothing to disturb these colonies, as only one man and his family live on
the peninsula.

“We then had to return for supplies. From information we obtained
from an old hunter there we again set out to examine a Grebe rookery
on the lake. We found a large number of the Western Grebe, as well as
some of the Eared Grebe, nesting here, but from all accounts the colonies
had greatly decreased. The Grebes at this locality are undoubtedly now on
the increase, as there is nothing to disturbthem. We also found large colo-
nies of Forster’s and Black Terns, American Avocets and Black-necked
Stilts, all doing well.

“The locality is the greatest rendezvous for Ducks and Teal we have
ever seen, and that right in the midst of the breeding season. In a little
patch of about an acre in extent, we found seven different nests of the Cin-
namon Teal and the Pintail. —IThe meadows at the mouth of the river are

338 Bird - Lore

a kind of roosting place at this season, and the Ducks come in by the hun-
dreds in the evening and depart in the morning. We found the people liv-
ing about this locality, as a rule, very careful about shooting Ducks in the
nesting season ; but after the young are partly grown they make no bones
about killing in se2zson or out. There was no hunting in the locality while
we were there, but later in the season this is the great shooting ground of
the market hunters.

‘Later we had our boat hauled overland to White Lake, and set out to
investigate the Lower Klamath Lake. The south end of the Lower
Klamath was formerly a great breeding ground for the Western Grebe, but
these colonies were largely destroyed by hunters. We cruised over alarge part
of the lake, and found that the large rookeries of Cormorants, Grebes,
White Pelicans, Great Blue Herons, California Gulls and Caspian Terns
form one of the most extensive bird colonies we have ever seen. Doubt-
less this locality has never been disturbed to any extent by man. This is the
great breeding ground of that whole region.

“Tt would be difficult to say how many birds are breeding about this one
locality, but, as near as we could estimate, we judged there were about five

oe
iy

» mots a PA om eft Cea A Bcc PS
YOUNG WHITE PELICANS IN AN OREGON ROOKERY
Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

hundred nests of the Caspian Tern, and this was the only colony. There
were from fifty to one hundred Great Blue Herons nesting on the tule
beds. There were three large colonies near by of the California Gull; the
largest contained about one thousand pairs of birds and the next about six
hundred. The Western Grebes were nesting all along the edges of the tule
islands and their nests were only a few feet apart. On one side of a small

State Reports 339

island, about half an acre in extent, we counted over sixty nests containing
eggs. There were perhaps three thousand five hundred nests about that
locality. The Cormorants were all hatched and grown; about one thousand
five hundred were swimming about in the water. The Pelican rookeries
were scattered along for about
two miles. There were eight
or ten, each containing from
four to six hundred birds, then
there were twelve or fifteen
that had all the way from fifty
to two hundred birds, besides
a number of smaller ones.

‘T should have said before
that these colonies are situated
miles out from the main shore
of the lake. All the interven-
ing space is covered by the
rankest growth of tules,
through which run innumer-
able little channels, cutting
up the whole into hundreds of
islands. These flat, floating
tule islands are the nesting
places of the birds. Most of
these are buoyant enough to
hold a man; in fact, they
were the only camping spots

: NEST AND NEWLY HATCHED YOUNG OF
we had all the time we were WESTERN GChuEE

on the lake. Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

“From some of the old hunters we collected the following facts concern -
ing the Grebe hunting. They told us that no Grebes were shot last year or
this year for the market, and investigation about these lakes showed that
this was true. The last year that Grebes were hunted in this locality was
in 1903. The two years previous great numbers were shipped from this
point. One of the hunters told us he saw $30,000 worth of skins piled up
ready for one shipment from Merrill. At the time there were twelve
different hunters along the north end of Tule Lake.

“One of the hunters told us he shot 135 Grebes at one sitting. After
hunting for two years the professional hunters realized that the birds were
getting scarcer, and they held a meeting in order to protect the birds during
the breeding season. The farmers would not agree to this, —they were going
to shoot at any time; so, after that, the hunters shot whenever they could
find birds, in nesting season and out. At first the skins brought from sixty

340 Bird- Lore ~

to seventy-five cents apiece, then they fell to forty cents and later they were
bringing only about twenty-five cents.

“When influence was brought to bear on the Milliners’ Association to
refrain from using the skins of our native birds, Grebe hunting was abruptly
stopped by sending word to the hunters that no more Grebe skins would be
bought. This proved to us a good example of what the Audubon Society
has accomplished by cutting at the roots instead of hacking off the branches.

“We wish to call attention to a few facts concerning the protection of
Wild Ducks in this section of the country.

“The Lake region of Southern Oregon is perhaps the greatest feeding and
breeding ground for water fowl on the Pacific coast. All the lakes east of

YOUNG WESTERN GREBE
Photographed by Finley and Bohlman

Klamath county are fairly well protected, because, as yet, the Ducks and
Geese that live there are out of reach of the market hunter. This is not the
case in Klamath county. Although these lakes are about seventy miles
from the nearest railroad station, yet they are in the hands of market hunt-
ers, who slaughter the ducks by the thousands for the San Francisco
markets.

“There are from twenty to thirty camps of these professional hunters,
stationed along the border of Lower Klamath and the north end of Tule
Lake every winter, and shooting is carried on the entire season. When the
Ducks are flying, each hunter will bag from 100 to 150 birds a day. These
hunters keep two wagons at work the entire season. When the weather is
moderate the wagons visit the camps three times a week and collect the
Ducks in sacks, which are sent to Montague, California, where they are
expressed to San Francisco. In colder weather these wagons go only on
Tuesdays and Fridays. We were told there were 120 tons of Ducks shipped

State Reports 341

from this point winter before last (1903.) The hunters receive the follow-
ing prices per dozen: Teal, from $2.50 to $3; Mallards, $3 to $5; Sprigs,
$5 to $7; Canvasbacks, $8 to $9.50. One of the hunters said he shipped
thirty-nine dozen Ducks at one time.

“The difficulties in securing protection from the market hunters are these:
All this hunting ground is very near the Oregon and California boundary
line, yet. most all the Ducks are killed in Oregon. The Oregon game law
allows a hunter fifty birds a week. The California law allows a hunter fifty
a day. Oregon provides so little for the game warden in this section of the
country that he is unable to cope with the situation. The hunters keep
watch of his movements and send out couriers whenever he visits that local -
ity. The hunters work secretly and ship at night, or, when an Oregon war-
den appears, all they have to do is sail their scows across the border into
California. Both states have made some attempts to stop this traffic, but
they have always left loop-holes. It seems California made alaw that pre-
vented hunters shipping to commission men in San Francisco, whereupon
the hunters shipped to themselves in care of the Game Transfer Company,
an organization of commission men. Each hunter shipped under half a
dozen different names, recognized as one individual by the commission
people; thus the hunters evaded the bag limit. Oregon has just passed a
law providing that each hunter must take out a hunter’s license. The pro-
fessional hunters are now taking out a number of licenses under assumed
names, we were told. These conditions cannot be effectually met until laws
are made to control the market. A hundred laws might have been made
preventing the shooting of Grebes, but so long as they were there in thou-
sands and each skin was worth fifty cents the hunters shot them, and it
would have taken a large number of game wardens to stop them. A little
work at the right end put an entire stop to the slaughter. It is largely the
same with Duck hunting in this locality.

“In addition to the above, it may be said that among other birds that
were shot for plumage, Forster’s ern was diminished in numbers till few
were left. The wings and tail of this bird sold for twenty cents, and great
numbers were killed and shipped out with the Grebe skins. The following
well-known habit would soon have led to the extinction of the species in
this region. As soon as one bird was shot and fell to the water, the other
Terns, through curiosity or for some other reason, crowded about from all
directions, and all the hunter had to do was sit and shoot his birds right and
left. This beautiful Tern was formerly very common.about these lakes, but
we were able to find only two small colonies. So far as we could discover,
this species is now left undisturbed and will undoubtedly soon increase in
numbers.

‘For a while the White Pelicans were also shot for their plumage. In
1901 fifty skins were shipped to New York, and brought one dollareach. A

342 ' Bird-Lore

little later a consignment of five hundred skins was sent, but, not being paid
for, the further shipments of these skins stopped, as far as we could discover.

“There are perhaps still some cases of plume hunting in this section of
the country. We were told of a small colony of White Cranes that were
nesting at Clear Lake, about thirty-five miles from Merrill. These birds
were hunted almost to extinction, and from one source we heard that hunters
were still after them in their breeding haunts. But this was only areport, ard
we could not learn anything more definite.”

Pennsylvania.—In this state the Legislature entirely remodeled the bird
and game law, which is now in excellent form.

The Game Commission is enforcing the law intelligently and effectively.
A large amount of Audubon work is being done in the western portion of
the state by the Western Pennsylvania Audubon Society and the Burroughs
Club. At the eastern end of the state, organized work seems to have di-
minished somewhat, although some splendid individual bird- protection work
is being done. Miss Reed, secretary of the Western Pennsylvania Audubon
Society, sends a brief report:

“This Society enrolls about 800 members. Meetings are held on the
second Wednesday of each month, in the burgess’ office, Wilkinsburg. In
educational lines, the Society has distributed about 400 circulars, has inter-
ested the press of Pittsburg and Wilkinsburg, and has awakened consider-
able interest in the public schools. One of the Wilkinsburg weekly papers,
“The Call,’ gives half a column to Audubon notes.

* “Bird Day’ has been established in some of the schools. Local secre-
taries are being appointed as rapidly as possible. Our largest auxiliary formed
is at Sayre, Pa. In law enforcement, 250 warning notices have been posted,
and nine convictions have been secured through the work of this Society.”

Rhode Island.—The Roger Williams Park Museum, Providence, has 3
issued a most helpful pamphlet for teachers and others (Bull. No. 15).
It is a ‘ Check-List’ of the birds of the state. On one page are the.com-
mon names, and opposite, spaces are arranged to note arrival and departure.
School-teachers are requested to note on school blackboard all arrivals of
birds reported by pupils. The pamphlet is an excellent scheme to interest
both the teacher and the scholar, and it deserves a wide circulation. The
Audubon Society continues its good work, as is shown by the appended re-
port from Mrs. Grant, its secretary:

“The Society, which held its eighth annual meeting, has a total mem-
bership of 860. There are 19 branches conducted by local secretaries. The
work done during the past year has been mainly educational. Four traveling
libraries and a traveling lecture, with lantern and slides, have been in con-
stant use; a dozen of the Massachusetts bird charts have been given to the

State Reports 343

schools; copies of the state laws relating to birds, and 2,000 leaflets have
been distributed.

“In February, Mr. Frank M. Chapman delivered a lecture upon Fla-
mingos, under the auspices of the Society. A very successful feature of the
year’s work was a luncheon, given to the local secretaries by the directors,
the occasion furnishing opportunity for mutual acquaintances and con-
sultations.

“Public sentiment in this state seems to be very favorable to the objects
of the Society, still but little has been accomplished in the way of legislation.
The law providing a bounty for Hawks, Owls and Crows has not been
repealed, but the State Bird Commissioners have been active in enforcing
existing laws, and report over twenty convictions for shooting song-birds.

“In February, the Society sustained a severe loss in the death of its dis-
tinguished president, Dr. Alpheus S. Packard. The vacancy has been filled
by the election of Dr. Albert Davis Mead.”

South Carolina.— During the year our secretary visited South Carolina,
and the Audubon Society of that state was reorganized. Senator B. F.
Tillman was elected president; President H. N. Snyder, of Wofford College,
vice-president, and State Superintendent of Education O. B. Martin, of
Columbia, secretary. A strong board of directors was selected. Over two
hundred dollars in membership fees and gifts were collected, which is being
used in furthering the organization and distributing educational literature in
the state. An educational department of the work was also formed, and
Miss Minnie McFeet, of Rock Hill, is chairman of the committee having
this branch in charge. Two hundred and twenty-five teachers have been
enrolled. We expect good results in South Carolina during the coming
year.

Texas.—One warden was employed on the coast at the Matagorda
Light-house Station, who reports that the Black Skimmers, Royal, Com-
mon and Least Terns in his charge were not disturbed, although he was
compelled to stop the attempts of two parties to egg, and a third from kill-
ing young birds. He estimates that at least 2,000 Skimmers were raised at
his station. The immense coast of Texas is practically unknown to the
Association. Its examination, and the bestowal of such care as is found
necessary, will be one of the first special works undertaken.

Vermont.—lIn this state very excellent educational methods are followed
by the Audubon Society. The appended report of Miss Griffin, the secretary,
shows the special efforts made to reach the schools.

“In May, the headquarters of the Society was transferred to The Fair-
banks Museum, at St. Johnsbury, and that institution is to coGperate in

344 Bird - Lore

Audubon work. The president of the Board of Trustees and the director
of the Museum are, respectively, president and secretary of the Audubon
Society. It is hoped that this will result in renewed interest and in an ag-
gressive line of work, particularly among the young people.

“There are eleven branch societies in Vermont. Frequent field trips are
conducted by these branches, lists of birds are made and the school children
are interested and instructed concerning bird-life.

“Three traveling libraries have been circulated among the rural schools
of the state, and Mr. Carlton D. Howe has given five illustrated bird lec-
tures, the lantern and the slides which he used being the property of the
state Society. Mr. Howe has also written a pamphlet entitled ‘ Fifty Com-
mon Birds of Vermont,’ which was issued by the state superintendent of
schools as a ‘Circular of Educational Information’; it has been sent to
each teacher in the state. The gross membership of the Society is 443, of
which 300 are juniors.”

Virginia.— The secretary reports as follows: ‘The work of the Virginia
Audubon Society has been limited during the year to the distribution of
warning notices for posting, and of copies of a digest cf the game law.
The illustrated bird lecture prepared by the District of Columbia Society
has been used a number of times in the northern part of the state.”

Warden work in the state has been continued by the National Associa-
tion with excellent results. As for the past five years, eight men have been
employed. Their methods and the good they accomplish have been detailed
in sO many previous reports that it is unnecessary to repeat the details here.
All the wardens report for 1905 an excellent season for the birds, which
made a normal increase. Fortunately, no high storm-tides occurred during
the nesting season. In addition to the protection given by the wardens, a
series of special advertisements were run in the newspapers, most widely read
in the coast counties, which called particular attention to the game laws
and the penalties for violations of the same; rewards were also offered for
evidence that would secure convictions.

Wisconsin.—The progress made by the Audubon Society in this state
in enlisting interest among children is remarkable. These good results are
probably due to the influence of its magazine “By the Wayside.’ Mrs.
Thwaites, the secretary, writes: ‘We have added 3,651 new names to our
membership, mostly children, of course, making a total of 28,288. “By the
Wayside’ now has 400 subscribers, but not enough to make it self-support-
ing. Our slides and lectures have been used at twelve different towns in the
state; ten public libraries have joined the Society at fifty cents a year, in
order to have our publications and Educational Leaflets.’’

List of Members 345

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Bowman, Miss Sarah R... .
Brewster, William ....
Browning, J. Hull. ....
Childs, John.L.- . . . «
ive, William P.) . Ss.
Crosby, Maunsell S. ...
Earle, Miss EleanorP... .
Fay, Mrs. FloraW. ... .
Frothingham, Howard P.. .

Hunnewell, Henry S.

ANNUAL

American Ornitholo-
gists’ Union $200 00
Abbott; C.G.. =. § 00
Abbott, G. . 50 00
Achelis, F. 5 00
Adams, Miss E. B. 5 00
Agar, Mrs. oiGss ay” Giese)
Mpassiz, M... .°. § 00
Ateassiz, oR. sso - fore)
Agelasto, P. A. 00

Alexander, J. B.
Alexander, T. W. .

fefe)
[oye

Auten *CcBe oo
Allen, Miss M. C. fefe)
Almon, Mrs. 2 (eye)
Almon, Miss M. E. II 0O
Amend, B. G. 30 00

Ames, Miss M. ee :
Ames, Mrs. Oakes .
Ames, Mrs. W.H..
PATUOLY 6 Wise =
Anderson, Mrs. J. C.
Andrews, Mrs. H.E.
Anonymous Ae
Appleton, J. W.. .
Archibold, J.D)...
Atkins, Mrs. E. F. .
Auchincloss, J. W. .
Avery io.) bes )re
Bacon, Mrs. F. E. .
Bacon, Miss M. P. .
Baird, Miss L. H. I
Baker, Mrs. C. M.. 2
Baker, D. :
Baker, L. D. Jr. . uae
Baldwin, Mrs. G. .
Baldwin, Miss H.S.
Baldwin, J., Jr.
Bancroft, Mrs. W.P.
Banks, The Misses .
Barnes, H. S. . :
Barnes, Mrs. H. S. .

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Carried forward . $552 65

LIFE MEMBERS

$100 oo | Lawrence, Samuel C.. ..... $100 oo

72 100.007) N., Ga AudubonSociety,. . 9. 5 . - 100 0O
Sino LOO OO! | eearsony Ae Gilbert sa) as eu ee 100 0O
6 et a itole) Veron || enii Mock oni (Cis ooo Aeate % 100 00
swe LOONOO) bterrepont, Oly )e a) se see 100 0O
oes LOO! OOw| Pierrepoint, Annarlo. . 2. 5 on. 100 00
. . . 100 00 | Reed, Mrs. William H. ..... 100 0O
EEE eLOG) OO) /eOACET IVITS INU SSCL seu seis) hier 100 00
- - 100 00 | Van Name, Willard G. .. .. . 100 00

* LOO; 0.4) VWebster, E.G. 1) so steoee I0O0 OO
rotaligi kt case <o Aiatesat SP Se 2h OOOLOO

MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Brought forward . $552 65 Brought forward . |. $789 65
Bartlett, J. W.. . . 25 00 | Brooks, S. 5 00
Bartlett, ie 5 co | Brown, E.R. . 5 00
Beach, Mrs. H. H.A. 5 00 Brown, He Wiwite magne
Bean, ‘Mrs. H. S. 5 00 | Brown, Miss I. W.. 5 00
Beckwith, Mrs. D. 5 oo | Brown, S. N. 5 00
Beebe, Miss M. L.. 5 00| Browning, W. H. . 5 00
Behr A 5 oo | Buckingham, B. H. 5 oo
Bemis, Mrs. F. 500 || Burdett; E) Wi. = 35°00
Benedict, T. H. 5 oo | Burgess, J. K. 5 00
Benner, C, ROO) |POUTNEtty eedlea ae Er meeSe OO
Berckmans, P. ie 5 oo | Burr, Mrs. I. S. 5 co
Bergh, H. S00.) Btitr ToeK. ik Re grad
Bertschmann, J. 5 oo | Butler, Miss V. IO 00
Bevin oes | onl 85800"|) Cabants Wren SOO
Bigelow, irs, B:.. 1. = 500.) Cabot, Gab. 3. =. 500
BillyeNe Di ss 5 oo | Cabot, Mrs.J.S... 5 co
Bird, eel Ch Ae el 5 oo | Callender, T. O. 5 00
Bird, C. S. ‘ 5 oo | Cammann, Miss K.!.. 10 00
Bliss, Mrs. W. P. 5) Oo} | CarletonsiG..- 5 00
Boller, IN Vee 5 00 | Carnegie, M. 5 co
Bolling, $ : LOMO) |p Cath. Crm Daas tar. SOO
eee Mrs. S. K. 2 oo | Carter, H: C. 5 00

Borg, Mrs. S. C. 5 oo | Carter, S. T. 5 00
Borland WG ae. 1500 Chadbourne, br. A. P. 5 00
Boulton, W. B. 10 00 | Chaffee, Mrs. Z. 5 00
Bowditch, J. H. 5 00 Chapman, F.M._ 50 90
Bowlker, T. J. 5 00 |} Chamberlain,Rev.L. 5 90
Boyle, E. J. 5 00 | Chamberlin, E.F.P. 5 00
Bradlee, T. S. 5 00 | Chamberlin, G.N.. 5 00
Bradley, Miss A.A. 5 00] Chase, Mrs. A. B.. 5 90
Bradley, Miss L.. . 5 00} Chase, S. . hots es TOO
Bradley, Mrs. R. 5 oo | Chase, Mrs. T. 25 90
Breed, S. A. 5noon|s Chisolmy pA] Rew...) 2 500
Bridge, Mrs. L. E. 5 oo | Christian, Miss E.. 5 00
Brimley, a “ 5 oo | Christian, Miss S. . 2 oo
Bristol, J. I 5 oo | Christy, B. H. . 10 0O
Brodie, P. tT B Oe) (Climo Sa lees 25s 95 sel
Brooks, FX eat 5 oo} Chubbuck, I. Y.+-.. 5*co
Brooks, A. i FeOoR @hHurchy lia Crye)ins a) 5.00
Brooks, ds..M. 98.) seo *Churchill,, Wi. W542 5)co
Brooks, (Miss 2a1G> s s10;00"|(Clapp,. EH. -)2- 5 00

Carried forward . $789 65 Carried forward,$1,071 65

346

Bird - Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forward, $1,071
Clark iMissvAa ei eons
Clark, B. P. . 10
Clark, C. H.

Clark, | yal Bag den ee
Clarke, Miss H. E.
Clark. oH =:
Clark, Mrs. J.T.
Clark, Miss Sree Dy
Clemens, Miss J. L.
Clemens, Se JL :
Clemenson, G. N. .
Clinch, H. C.
Cochrane, Cree ran
Codman, ‘Miss C. A.
Colgate, Sig eae
Coolidge.) Rus).
Collins, Miss E. . .
Collins, Miss M.. .
Congdon, ae AH. Me
Converse, C. :
Cooper, F. p :
Corning, Mrs. M. ie
Cox, G. J., Jr.

Cox, J. LE:

Crane, Miss C. L.
Crehore, ] Orel Crag eae
Crosby, "Mrs. E. H.
Crosby,M. E. ..
Crossman, G. W.
Cudworth, F. .. .
Cummings, MissE.G.
Cummins, MissA.M.
Cummins, Miss E. I.
Curtis, Misses
Curtiss, Miss S. . .
Dalton) ERA Jr. .-
Dane, Miss A. L.
Dana, MissE. A.
Daniel,D.W. . .-
Davenport, Mrs.E.B.
Davis, Mrs. E. W.
Davis, W. R... .
Davis, Mrs. W.R. .
Day,Mrs.AlbertM. .
Day, (Re Ma. 2
Dean, Chas. A...

He

N

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Dean, R.

de Coppet, T. . .
de Forest, H.W...
Degmer, L. F. . .
DeHavens, W. B. .
Derry,H.P. .
Dewey, Dr. C. A.. 1

Derby Peabody Club 1
Dexter, G. :

Doddk H3W=2 =
Dodge, Mirs) Care
Dodre Caos a.
Dodge, D.S., Rev. .
Dodge, Miss G. H. .

mS Un

65
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Carried forward, $1,533

65

Brought forward, $1,533 65
Dommerich, L. F. . 5 00
Donaldson, J. J.- - 5 00

PDO (G5 15 So 5 6 25 OD.)
| Doughty. eels 5 OO]
Draper, ES She. OO
Drew, MissE.E.-. . 4 00
Drew, H. J. W.. . 5 00
Drude, Miss L. F.. 4 00
Drummond, Miss E. 15 oo
Drummond, MissM. _ 5 oo
Duncan, A.B. . . 10 oO
Dubois, Dr. M. B.. 5 00
Dure, L. S. Sb Goo]
Duryee, J. V. W.. 5 00 |
Dutcher, Mrs. C. O. 5 00
Dutcher,MissM.. . 5 00
Dutcher,W... . 58 94
Dwight, J., Jr. . - 10 0O
Eastman, G. . 5 00
Eaton, M. L. ‘ 5 00
Eddy, Miss S. J. 5 00
Edmunds, S. H. . . 5 00
Elliot Mrs. M. L. 15 00
Ells, G. P. : 5 00
Emerson, Miss J. aie 5 00
Emery, Miss G. 20 0O
Emery, Mrs. L. J. 15 0O
Eno, Dr. H.C. .. 25 00
Estabrook, A. F. 5 00
Estes, C. ‘ 5 00
Eustis, Re Aga =: 5 00
Eustis, W.T. ... 500
Evans, L. B. 5 co
Fackler, D. P. 5 00
Fair, H. Wie 5 00
Fairbanks, Mrs. E. Ce 206
Fairchild, B. T. 5 00
Fairchild, S. w.. ; 5 00
Farnam, H. W. 5S) ors)
Farwell,Mrs.J.V. Jr 5 00
Fay, DERG: TO CO
Fish, Mrs. C. P. 5800
Fisher, Miss E. Ww. 5 00
Fitz, Mrs. W.S. 15 00
Flower, A. R. F-wareyo)
Fogg, Miss G. M. . 15 oo
Foster, M.G. . . 5 00
Fox, C. K. : 5 00
Francis, G. E. .. 5 00
Freeman, Miss H. E. 15 oo
Freeman, Miss C.L. 5 oo
Freer, C. L. . . 100 00
French, Miss C. A. 5 00
French, Miss E. A. 5 00
Frissell, A. S. 5 00
Gannett, L.S.... 2 50
Gatter, Miss E. A... 10 00
Gavitt, W.S. . 5 00
| Geer, Mrs. W. 5 00
Gelpecke, Miss A. C. 10 00

Carried forward,$2,115 09

Brought forward,$2,115 09
Gilmore, G.. . 5 00
Glessner, Mrs. J. J. 5 00
Goddard, G. A... 5 oo
Goin, J. D. : 5 co
Graton, Mrs. H. C 5 00
Graves, G. Bs ee se snoo
Gray, Miss E.... 8 foto)
Gray, Miss I. E. 5 00
Gray, Mrs. M. 5 co
Gray, R. . 5 00
Greene, Miss 'M. Aloe (ore)
Gregor, E. R. $5200
Grew, Mrs. H.S. . 10 00
Grifin, Mrs. S. B. . 5 oo
Grimsley, G. A... 5 00
Guillaudeu, E.. . . 5 oo
Gwynne, E. A. .. 11 oo
Hadden, Dr. A. 5 00
Hagar, E. B. 5 00
Hale, J. C. 5 00
Hall; As. Bi. aoe 5 00
Hanal, Mrs. E. B.. 5 00
Hardon, Mrs. H.W. 5 co
Hardy, Mrs. R. - '-'§ 60
Harrison, C. G. 5 00
Hartline, D. S. 5 00
Hatcher, M. F. .. 5 00
Hayward, Mrs.M.S. 5 co
Hecker, F. J. 25 00
Hemenway, A. 100 00
Hemenway, Mrs. A. 15 oo
Henbach, Mrs. G. . § oo
Hendrickson,W.F. 5 00
Herrick, H. 15 co
Herrmann, Mrs. E. 5 co
Hicks, Mrs. B. D. . 5 00
Hicks, J. D. 60 oO
Hall Wie eens fore)
Hintermeister, Miss

Jeeves e Et Ce
Hittinger, J. 5 00
Hodgin, S. H. 5 00
Hodgman,Mrs W. ie 5 00
Hoffman, C. A. 5 00
Holden, ‘Mrs. E. R. 5 00
Hollingsworth, Miss

R. 5 00
Holt, Mrs. H. 10 0O
Holtz, |Xe lbs ke I oO
Horr,:-C. W.-5 .-.) i5300
Houghton, C.S. . 5 00
Howald, Dr. F. E.. 5 00
Howe, Mrs. A 5 co
Howe, Miss E. .. 5 00
Howe, Miss E.M.. 5 00
Howe, Mrs. J. L. E. 5 00
Howes, R. V. ee c®
Howland, Miss E.. 5 00
Howland, Miss I. . 10 oo
Howland, H. 5 00

Carried forward, $2,616 o9

List of Members

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

09 |

Brought forward, $2,616
1 (eyes oe? DS s I ee eae
Eto Mrs; AiG, 29.5 5
Hunnewell,H.S.. . 25
Hunnewell, W. > 25
Hunt, Dn EG .. 6
Hyde, Mrs. E. F..
Iselin,, Mrs. C. O. .
Iselin, Mrs. W. E. .
Jackson, Miss M. C. 2
Jamison, C. A.

Jaquith, H. J., ae
Jaynes, C. P
Jennings, G. ae
esap re Vinee sos
Johnson, E. H. . .
Johnson, Mrs. F. S.
Johnson, Mrs. F. W.
Johnson, W.H. .
Johnston, R. W.. .
Jones, Mrs. C. H. .
Jordon, Miss C.N..
i<ahn, ©; Hi. é
Kane, Miss L. L.
Kauffmann, J.
Kempster, J. :
Kendall, Miss G.
Kennedy, Mirs-e)-8 S23
King, Miss C. R.
Kong, M. KK...
Kittredge, S. D. . .
Kyle, W. S.
Lagowitz, Miss H. i:
aman, Wi. Di.
Langcloth, J.
Langmann, Dr. G. .
Lawrence, R. B.
Lawrence, T.
Heman,, Ji. He...
Lemmon, Miss I. Mc.
everett; GlV. .
Levy, Mrs. Ve
Lichtenauer, Miss A.

C.

AMAAnAAnAMnAAMnnAWBnnN OMnMnA Mn nNnNnMNn & OWNnNnNAnnnin

5
Long, H. V. 5
Lord, Miss C 5
Loring, Mrs. W. C. 5
TOWNS thst ee son 5
Lowell, PY --- 5
Lowell, S. V. 2
Luce, M. 3 5
Lyman, H. 5
MacDougall, G. R. 5
MacVeagh,Mrs.C.. ro
Macy, Mrs. V. Ee = 25
Madden, Miss A.T. 5
Manchester, A L.. 5
Markoe, Mrs. J. . . 20
Manning, F. H.. . §
Manning,MissA.A. 5
Miarnns, 0K 2 asc. 9s 5

Carried forward, $3,167

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‘Nash, Mrs. C. B.

Brought forward, $3, 167
Marshall, T. T.
Marshall, CeeG:
Martin, ia Sima
Martins Onecare
IMiASonyo by Bias we
Maury, M. F.
Mayo, Miss A.
McEwen, D.C.
McGowan, Mrs. J E.
McGowan, J. F.
McHatton, Dr. H
McInnes, Dr. N. .
Melver, Dr. C. D. .
Mead, F. S.

Melle Din Pewee
Mellick, Mrs. G. P. .
Melton, MissM.L. .
Meridith,Mrs. W.T.
Merrill, Miss F. E.
Merriam, c.
Merriman, Miss H.
Merriman, The Misses
Mershon, Hon.W.B.
Metcalf, M. B.
Metcalf, S. O.
Meyer, Miss H.
Wievyersulee©-1-5 yas
Maller she, Vie. ere
Montgomery, MaryA.
Morrill, Miss F. E
Morris, R. O. . .
Morse, Mrs. H. D.
Morse, Mrs.J. T. Jr.
Moseley, FenSe 2
Motley, E. P.
Mott, A’ Wisi 3 i:
Mott; J: Para -
Murphey, Dr.E.E. .

a)
MMAAAAAnnM OMmMMANAnaAnn

Nv

Nv
ONMAMNMAMN OMNUnNnunnN

+

Newland, Miss F. E.
Newton, Dr. E. D..
Nichols, J. W. T..
Norcross, G. H.
Norton, Reo) =
Norton, C. E.
Noyes, Mrs. H. A..
Omaha Pub. Lib.
Opdycke, L. E.
Osborne, Mrs. E. W.
Osborne, JH.
Osgood, Miss E. L.
Owen, Mrs. M. L.
Paine, Mrs. A. Ge :
Paine, Miss E. L.
Raine, Rend ot) eee cs
Palmer, Miss C. H. .
Palmer, Miss L. S. .
Palmer, Dr. T. S. .
Park. Gol] RE.
Parker, E. L.

N
OCOMAMAAMAAN HAMANN ANAAAnN ANAM nAnnnn

Leal

35
(ole)

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75

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oo
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tele)
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oOo
0O
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oo
lele}
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oo
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oo
oOo
Lele)
oo
oo
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tele)
Loye)
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oo
oo
oo
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oo

Carried forward, $3,567

Io

347

Brought forward, $3,567

Parlin, A. N.

Parsons, Mrs. M. 12
“W. S.
Peabody, Mrs. A. P.

Patten, "Mrs.

Peabody, G. A.
Pell, W. Hi:
Peters} F.. A...
Phillips, J. C.

Phillips, Mrs. ie (oe
Pickman, Mrs. D. L.

Pierce, H. Cc:

Pinchot, Mrs. |. WwW.

Bitking Ge
Platt, Mrs. Ce
Pollard. (G2
Poor, James R.

Pope, Alexander . .

Porter, C. M.

Post, Abner . : 5

Post, George B.
Post; J. O. *:
Post) Wists Ga!
PTOCtOn wy Ele aat eee
Pryer, C;
Putnam, F. W.

Putnam, G. L. .
Putnam, Mrs. S. W.

Raymond, C. H.
Read, C. S.
Reads. Wi. Als |i.
Redding, R. J.
Rees, N. I.

Reinhold, Dr. A. J.

Rembert, A. G. .
Renwick, E. S.

Richards, Wiss Ax A.

Ricketts, Miss J.
Riggs, Prof. W. M
Riker, J. I...
Ripley, E. L.
Robbins, R. C.

Roberts, Dr. T. S. :
Robertson, Mrs. F. P.

Robey, A. A. .
Robinson, Mrs.

Ee
Robinson,

Rodman, As.
Russell,
Russell, Si
Sage, Jax H.-
Sage, Mrs. S. M.

Saltonstall, J. L.. .
| Gare
Sargent, Mrs. J. W. .
Satterlee, Mrs. H. L.
Saunders,Mrs M.A.

Sand, Miss I.

Saunders, W. E.

Schieffelin,Mrs.S.M.

G.
Miss H.

ee

5
30

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Carried forward, $4,100 60

348

Bird - Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brought forward, $4,100
Schoot, C.M., Jr. . 5

60 |
00 |

Schramm, A. 5 00
Schwab, Rev. L.H. 5 o0
Scrymser,Mrs.M.C. 15 oo
Seamans, C. W. 25 00
Sears, F. B. 5 00
Sears, Mrs.S.C.. . 100 00
Sears, W. R. 5 00
Seaver, B. F. . . . § 00
Seiss, R.W..... 5.00
Seligman, I. N. 5 00
Seton, E. T. : 5 00
Sharpe, Miss E. D. 50 00
Shattuck, MissG. A. 2 00
Shattuck, Gac 5 00
Shaw, F. Leeks IGHOO
Shaw, Mrs. G. H. 5 00
Shaw, Mrs. R.G.. 25 oo
Shaw, Q. A., Jr... 5 00
Shiras, G. 3d. . . . 10 00
Shortall,M.C.... 3.00
Skeel, Mrs. R., Jr. 10 oO
Slocum, W. H. - 5 co
Smith, A. W. 5 00
Smith, C. T. 5 00
Smith, Mrs. Ele: 10 00
Smith, dR) Uke 5 00
Smith, Mrs. R.D. 5 00
Smith, W.M.... 15 co
Smyth, eA ert SOO
Snyder, Dr. H. N. 5 00
Snyder, W. V. 5 00
Soren, G. W. . . 5 eo
Spalding, Miss M.T. 5 00
Sparrell, R. E. =) 15) Co
Speer, Mrs. R. BE: 5 00
Speyer, Mrs. J. 5 00
Spooner, Miss M. a 5 00
Sprague, F. P.. . . 10 00
Sprague, Mrs. Teng 5 co
Starnes, Prof. H. N. 5 oo
Starnes, V.. . 5 00
Stevenson, Miss A. B. 5 00
Stevenson, MissF.G. 5 oo
Stillman, Miss B.W. 3.00

50 co

5

Stone, Miss E. J.
Stone, H. F. .

Carried forward, $4,593

(ofe)

60

Brought forward, $4,593
Storrow, Mrs. J. J. .- 10
Storrow, J. J., Jr. eyes
Stout, A.V. oe
Strong, R. A. ocs6
Strong, S. Bb.
Stubbs, J. M.
Sturgis, J. H.
Taber, S. R.
Taft, C. A.
Talcott, J.
Tapley,L. . :
Tarbell, Miss K. A.
Teachers South Caro-
lina Schools 5 GG)
Tenney, Mrs. E. P. 5
Thayer, Fzra R.. .
‘Thayer, Mrs.Ethel R. 35
Thayer, MrsEzraR. 5
Thayer, MissH.L.. 5
Thayer, John E. . 750
Thayer, Mrs.John E.
Thayer, John E., Jr.
‘Thayer, Mrs. N.. .
Thomas, Mrs. T. .-
Thompson, Mrs.M. C.
Thorndike, A... ~.
Thorne, S. ahs
Tinkham, ie R. .
Tinsley, T. D.
Torrey, Miss J. M, .
Townsend, Dr.C.W.
Trainer,C.W.. . .
Trine, R. W.
Tudor, F. :
Turles, Mrs. W.. .
Tweedy, E. .
Vanderbilt, G. W. .
Van Orden, Miss M.
Ie SenaC as
Vermilye, Mrs.W.G. 5

Oe en en eg on en eg on ea

OAMnAMAANnAAMAMA nA On a 1

Un

Wadsworth, C.S. . 15
Wadsworth, E. .. 5
Wadsworth, Richard

C. W. (In Memo-

riam ) 5
Wadsworth, Mrs. Ww.

A. 20

60
(ofe)
foJo)
(ofa)
(eYo)
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(Ye)
(oye)
(fe)
(oYo)
(oye)
(ofo)

25
fofo)

5 00

(oye)
(oje)
(ojo)
(ele)

Carried forward, $5,705

Brought forward, $5,705
ee Miss F.
(Ce

Walker, es Ww. B.
Walters, :
Walton, a Cc.
Ward, M. L. eels
Warner, Dye Ia, So,
Warren, B. W. ..
Warren, Miss C.. .
Warren, S.D....
Watsen, J. S. som
Webster, E.S... .
Weeks, A. G.
Weeks, W. B. P.
Wehrhane, C. Raa
Weld, Rev. G. F. .
Weld, S. M. i
Wetherill, J. P. ‘
Wetmore, Mrs.C.W.
Wheeler, S. H. 3
Wheelwright, Mrs.E.
Whipple, Mrs. H.B.
White, Miss H. H.
White, Dr. J.C. .
White, Miss R.. .
Whiting, Miss G.
Widman, O :
Wiley, Col. C. M.
Willett, G. F.. .
Williams, Miss B.
WwW.
Willis, Mrs. Wr
Wimberly, W.. . .
Winsor, Mrs. A.
Winterbotham, Mrs.

NNN Gl
AnAMAMnAAnaMN OUnan

AMmAMmMnnnnn nna an a OD mH

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J. -
Winzer, E. J.
Wolff, Mrs. IDEAS)
Woods, E. F.
Woodward, Dr. L. F.
Works, W. F.. .
Wright, j. 2. :
Wright, Mrs. M. O.
Yenni, Mrs. Clem-

Panne ee ie 5

oo

Total. .

. . $5,989 85.

Report of Treasurer

Carniedjfonwardst4s..3, eee ee eee ee ee oe

$5,867

349
REPORT OF TREASURER
For period from November 1, 1904, to October 20, 1905 (inc.)
November 1, 1904. To balance forward $258 38
1905. To membership dues and contributions as per preceding Wee $7,989 85
Contributions to the Mrs. Bradley Fund ...... 392 00
Contributions to the Bradley Law Fund. ..... . 16I CO
Contributions from Audubon Societies to the Clerical
Runde 2. 627 00
Special Fund, contributed Bs enchacion” ioe saa
and traveling expenses of Special Agent to secure
endowment and members . . . Jeo 26 6 6 SOns He)
Sales of Educational Leaflets and Reports Ss see 195 04
Sales of slides IGN rh on tat pene roe Egat 38 15
Law expenses in 1904, recovered in 1905... . . 17 50
New York Audubon Society for circular letters sent to
New, Vork.Eegislature..< 5 fe) lak yt Bs Sf ue m7)
Unknowns sis tet teats ws oes Lec amRAt cy oui : IO 00
MIFERESteeemiey ey sieee as, hee lertis ase tres et tg Spas thcatnras wey atte 8 26 12,498 07
A Gtalley reuceis. is) keene es . $12,756 45
DISBURSEMENTS
TeRMRITOSEADE Ry ce tise tay ia Foo tha) cas, asc esi rank Yate sehr oe ul Gat Magne rete $775 48
Avidulbonmbuttomsyae- 4) ci = (ere Bee Ray Set nays at cake teres aA ee eens 220Gx
Express and cartage eae 62 80
Traveling expenses, R. W. Williams, in , in 5 asin suit in Florida : 38 05
Traveling expenses, A. H. Norton,—to Maine Legislature 7 36
Traveling expenses, W. Dutcher to Michigan and Massachusetts 40 94
Traveling expenses, Dr. L. O. Dart, examining bird calonies in Lake
Superior oat 27 50
Half-tones and electro plates of aceational entees and siete Gireulars
and maps Rete eae ce fori. Sth errr s elot ode 70 22
Slides, and Colpring Same. kek. Tana: far vey 8 pe Joell St MA HR 156 28
Telegrams and telephone service ....... AWG A Schl GTR ROL be Abie
Wardens’ wages . . CR Ra aoe Siete: RMT pte wae Aas 1,912 00
Press clippings : : 25 89
Printing Reports, Beteaonal and special leaflets aa other Sealers arta
advertising matter 1,994 96
Exchange F F ee ee ae Gf
Muslin warning notices vam palvertieententeys in mewspapers. ... .- 60 25
Office furniture, one typewriter, card cabinets, etc. ......-. 102 94
Subscriptions to BirD-Lore for members 361 40
Lecture ane 25 00
Sate: Depasit rent :. "9 toa Wine vas cc a ee eee & Te 5 00
Detective work Naik Sys aah SOL ATS ahh hats 12 50
Rent, one month . 41 67
Legislation—securing bills sairedmeed 61 88

30

350 Bird - Lore

é

Brought forward) (2°55 °., 38 Pe ee, see $5,867 30
Launch ‘supplies in: Fletida} . 22 oo Se ee 29 55
Fees paid in Bradley case—two lawyers... . 6 se 0 ee 275 00
Paper, envelopes, office printing and supplies - ...... 2.2.22 197 37
Salariesiof two clerks <> <sis1.o8 cite So sce, ag ene 931 24
Incorporation expenses © 25.0 SR ee ies wurcuts 43 75
Salary of Special Agent®s2 8 5. Se SS Sen i a 1,500 CO
Traveling expenses, Special een Sa cee eee Sessler EN 447 10

Transfer to investment account used for - pureneee er pores per cent
Gold Mortgage Trust Bonds issued by U. S. Mortgage and Trust Co. 2,000 00

‘Potalk.cwri sak coe OU Se ornare
Balance in Farmers’ host ond ‘Erust: Gorm. <ace cae See 1,465 14
$12,756 45

FRANK M. CHAPMAN, Treasurer.

October 31, 1905. We have this day examined the report of the expert
accountants, Messrs. Jameson and Hedge, and we pronounce the books of
the Association to be correct.

[Signed] H.C. Bupvs,
J. A. ALLEN,
Auditing Committee.

MEMBERSHIP IN THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION

$5.00 paid annually constitutes a person a Sustaining Member.
$100.00 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership.
$1,000.00 paid constitutes a person a Patron.
$5,000.00 paid constitutes a person a Founder.
$25,000.00 paid constitutes a person a Benefactor.

FORM OF BEQUEST

I do hereby give and bequeath to THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDU-
BON SOCIETIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS AND ANIMALS, of
the city of New York,

The American Sportsman’s Library

FIRST SERIES — Continued
MUSK-OX, BISON, SHEEP AND GOAT

By CASPAR WHITNEY, GEORGE BIKD GRINNELL and OWEN WISTER
[llustrated by Carl Rungius and others

‘GUNS, AMMUNITION AND TACKLE
By CAVTAIN A W. MONEY, HORACE KEPHART, W. E. CARLIN, A, L.
A. HIMMELWRIGHT and JOHN HARRINGTON KEENE
FL Se SL ILLES lt Preparation

THE BEAR FAMILY

3v DR. C. HART MERRIAM
With many illustrations by Carl Rungius and others

COUGAR, WILD CAT, WOLF AND FOX
By ARCHIBALD ROGERS and COLONEL ROGER WILLIAMS
SECOND SERIES — Now Ready
THE SPORTING DOG
By JOSEPH GRAHAM. Fully illustrated from photographs

AMERICAN YACHTING
By W. B. STEPHENS. Illustrated from photographs and drawings

LAWN TENNIS AND LACROSSE
By J] PAKMLY PARET and DR. W. H MADDKEN., Illustrated from photo-
graphs with over fifty plates separately printed

THE TROTTING AND THE PACING HORSE
By HAMILTON BUSBEY. With many illustrations

SECOND SERIES—J/n Preparation

THE AMERICAN THOROUGHBRED
By CHARLES E, TREVATHEN. Fully illustrated from photographs

ROWING AND TRACK ATHLETICS

SKATING, HOCKEY AND KITE SAILING
PHOTOGRAPHY FOR THE SPORTSMAN NATURALIST
BASEBALL AND FOOTBALL

RIDING AND DRIVING
Each, $2, net. Postage, 15 cents

Send for special terms of subscription to either or both series

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Mrs. MABELOSGOODW RIGHT’S Stories

‘\ Fragrant books that unfailingly quicken one’s sense of the
joy and fineness of beautiful living . . . friendly, savory,
wholesome and genuine.’’—BOSTON HERALD.

*

AUNT JIMMY’S WILL. ttiustratea By FLORENCE SCOVEL SHINN. Cloth. $1.50.

A story for girls, which should spread the gospel of sunshine in an inspiring way.

DOGTOWN: Being Some Chapters from the Annals of the
Waddles Family. illustrated from photographs by the author. tamo.
Cloth, $1.50, net. Postage, 16 cents

A complete story by itself, but introducing characters already known to the read-
ers of ‘‘Tommy-Anne”’ and ‘‘Wabeno.”’ It is especially a book for dog lovers.

TOMMY-ANNE AND THE THREE HEARTS. _ ittustrated by ALBERT

BLASHFIELD. Cloth. $1.50

““The child who reads will be charmed while he is instructed, and led on
to make new discoveries for himself.’’—7he Nation.

WABENO, THE MAGICIAN. — Fully illustrated by JOSEPH M. GLEESON.

Cloth. $1.50

“A sequel to ‘Tommy - Anne,’ which created something of a sensation in lit-
erature for children a year ago, by reason of its quaint and bright originality.”
—WN. E. Journal of Education.

THE DREAM FOX STORY BOOK. with 80 drawings by OLIVER HERFORD.

Small 4to. $1.50, net. Postage, 13 cents

‘Even quainter, queerer and jollier than Mrs. WRIGHT’S ‘Tommy-Anne,’ are
Billy Button’s remarkable, comical, lively adventures, most fitly illustrated by
Oliver Herford.’’— The Outlook. P ;

FLOWERS ANO FERNS IN THEIR HAUNTS. _ with illustrations from
photographs by the author and J. HORACE McFARLAND. i2mo, cloth.
$2.50, net. Postage, 1:8 cents

A book about the wild flowers written from a new point of view—their relation to
the landscape. The illustrations are novel and interesting.

FOUR- FOOTED AMERICANS AND THEIR KIN. Edited by FRANK M
CHAPMAN. Illustrated by ERNEST THOMPSON SETON. Cloth. $1.50, net.
Postage, 16 cents

“Books like this are cups of delight to wide-awake and inquisitive girls and
boys. Here is a gossipy history of American quadrupeds, bright, entertaining
and thoroughly instructive.’’— The Independent.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, New York

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