7 mi al . eee, se al an ee ee Lm polar lace a faea pert i same A aie ie poeare ar arreet Fee Sl Y nix : pena enh © =¥) = : oe Coy SF RF aleore eee Vat Ha ey Pe a ee perp ee On eS , eee — ) i iki aes a, —— aoe Hy ae ae eS aa s rim — tas + Pentaee, te ay eae ha Mg oF Miser ayy nilekakas 5 \ eae Ail La ' ene os Oe pe uate ee al ae ue eel s \ eh A LEE Girne THE a : BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA ep REPRESENTING THE DIFFERENT SPECIES AND VARIETIES DRAWN AND COLORED FROM NATURE INCLUDING A COPIOUS TEXT GIVING A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THEIR HABITS AND CHARACTERISTICS, BASED ON OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE FIELD BY THE MOST EMINENT WRITERS ON ORNITHOLOGY PREFACED BY A SYSTEMATIC TABLE AND INDEX TO PAGE, PLATE AND FIGURE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION JACOB H. STUDER EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR NEW-YORK, U.S. A. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE NATURAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Me DECC. axay, COPYRIGHT, 1888, BY JACOB H. STUDER, NEW=YORK. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GQhis Work ig Dedicated YO THE UNSEEN PRESENCE OF MY GOOD WIFE CAROLINE BUSS STUDER THE BUILDER OF MY HOPES WHO PASSED FROM OUR VIEW SEPTEMBER SECOND, A. D. 187 I, AGED THIRTY YEARS AND TO MY DAUGHTERS MARY FRANCISCA AND ANNA REGINA SHS SWEET COMFANiONS CF MY LABO!’s WHO DIED RESPECTIVELY APRIL SECOND AND EIGHTH, A.D. 1876, AGED ELEVEN AND THIRTEEN YEARS “Dovel and comely tt their lite, eben in veath thep Were not Dibided.”"—1 KINGS: 1, 23. “ Hanibus dato lilta plenis."=- VIRGIL. JACOB H. STUDER pe 66 | $43 1895 | > “SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION AND INCLUDING ALL THE ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN MADE SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE UNION’S “CHECK-LIST” IN 1886. : PREPARED BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN, ASS’T. ORNITHOLOGIST AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. ORDER PYWGOR Oils. a NeLN Geb Reps: | a eG FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. Nios S 4 oad, “Grebes sei scnes. - 4Echmophorus...... OCCIGeMtalicusny Wwestert:Ghebe... seas I 160} 106] 7 Wolltyamus.. fo ecseenie holbeellii, ...... Holbcell’s Grebe. ........ 2 | 160] 106] 6 SUITS Cater yc lanel omiedeGke bG, carua velar ae 2. | 150] 166) 2 miswieollisen v4 ar californicus......./American Eared Grebe...| 4 | 160) 106) 5 dominicus....... Ste Womincor Grebe. ann 5 159] 106) 3 ROGiliyimbUS 5 Wes 4 podicepsi.. =): Pied-billed Grebe...... 6 | 160) 106] 4 Wiitatorids. Ioons. 4 iictaaes te WOIVEATOI NS hares ne 8 TRACI G\e) A cRaeee WA EARS WO Orit: We Sb ye ah ae 7 14) 14] I Cat STO, 0.) tne: Yellow-billed Loon...... 8 | 160} 106] 9 ARGUIGIUSM | Sepa tee Black-throated Loon.....| 9 160] 1O6|10 DACILCMSUNEN Aves pf BaGiict OO. 26. eee | IO | 176) 116) 9 lkoheanoaven i has oie oc Red-throated Loon...... II 128) 83] 4 Pwiciaes. Avulks, Murres, and Puttins|Lunda. ......<.... Can ielneiGat Se seeeeeees Mb wehicrerald eh unon bole twe eae ea eae Ue 12 116] 75] 5 ravercullasey <... shies BEACUICE te Aa e oee JeMUGHINe so dee Goober gee Se te Gt slacialis.... ..|Earge-pilled Putin: wa. 13% | 163] 108/16 COrnictilatams aaas- eltonstite cles nih ttieee eer ae I4 | 163] 108)17 Gerorimmean an sa: monocerata..... Rhinoceros Auklet....... 15 | 163) 10815 Ptychorhamphus..../aleuticus......... @assiness wulcl etna ees 16 | 139} 93] 8 Cyclorrhynchus..... psiteaeulius ee.) PALO t eaullGhet anna, 17 163} 108/14 Simorhynchus...... Cuistave lls te | Crested Auklet.......... 18 | 163} 108)13 jongeney BOUS. Wiensia gee Whiskered Auklet........ 19 163| 108)12 jHISUNLWSS. Ceo eens LéastuAuklet 2 eee 20 | 162] 107|18 Synthliboramphus..jantiquus ........ Ancient Murrelet.........| 21 163} 1O8|I1 Brachyramphus..... marmoratus. .... Marbled: Murrelet mas ierayeco 139) 93) 7 : Kitt lvezitenee ee ; Kittlitz’s Murrelet........ 24 | 162} 108) 9 hypoleucus. ..... Mantus sViunrelbeteus 1a. 25 GLAVETI e neuae oe Craveri’s Murrelet....... 26 ; Wao inisan..5 ase en wears Ory ler. : Blacks Guillemotesswen. os 27 | 128) 83) 3 fina cities yes ee Mandt’s Guillemot....... 28 COMME, showy « Pisce on sGuilllenoteac 4. 29 162] 108| 38 [OSCE Is, Arent aaa WI KOWKE pears San GUTS Ae S88 A eit ones 4 cote nips TPs 25 2 californica........ Galitonnia itunes fae en BOF KOWNOWS ys ote Bae Brunnich’s Murre........ 31 162) 108) 6 Bice, a ee Ralilasioe Witnerees.cencccsttie. SEG J Kchs Ada Rese ee 8 fonda ln eee ns Razor-billed Auk........ 32, | 94, 65) 3 AUG USHs 8.0, ches TE TMMISI se meeee 4 Grice an NU gO ees, Weenie dele 33 T14) 75) 1 ENGR et tah 4 ineled CANTON y A ees 5 Se Dome te Edo By PAN el, 34 | 163} 108,18 ORDER LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. L ; a A.O.U.| a lees FAMILY. GENUS. ed eC IGE SH SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. NE. iS) < P By Ay Ha) Stercorariide. Skuas and Jaegers...\Megalestris......... SULA R eA Fete (eg e SUSDE Bat Merely Aeon ts gee 35 HSIeie COVESNCIELS ap Be oat pomarinus ...... Pomearine: aeger......-. | 36 177|. 116}17 parasiticus....... Pakasitl Gy acoeia eae. 37 162] 108] 4 F longicaudus...... Long-tailed Jaeger...... 38 177| 116)18 Farida, Gulls and Terns.......<. (GeNVieiy peta cureten Amaee PILES coo elon, ae everson Gr tilileens. eae. Geta 20.) | 1b70) saOH ot | SSE at x Arcee nee titcaGiylann son ee IRGUIG OER A Maes fy ieee E 40 94| 66] I MOlli@agis!. .. ene. « Racine Kattiwake. so. 4o® | 176] 116|14. Drevirocunicee. ae Red-legged Kittiwake...] 41 IDFR USR HG A Ca LA EP CHAMCUS ss. waens a asd Glaueous, Gull. 25.5 fee 42 176) I16| 7 DarnOwramus, <4. Point Barrow Gulll,.....- 42hs EURCOY OETA ey Incelehore, (Cavule ee seer eee 43 176] 116] 6 elancescens), 2-4. Glaucous-winged Gull...| 44 | 176) 116] 5 | oheaubvengvlee marae etimmlite mess Gout e eee 45 MelSOnith ssp cee Nelson? se Ginb lic. se 46 TMAGIMUS tae ys Great Black-backed Gull.| 47 | 113} 74| 3 ¥ ORDER LONGIPENNES, LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.— Continued. A.O.U.| iB a FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. seen Pe < P -| 2) 2/8 arid, Gulls and Mernss, 7... 4 TatiG: au. 4 Acme schistisagus..... Slaty-backed Gull....... 48 occidentalis ..... Western Gull 3.4.0 49 | 113| 74| 2 ; | eas AVAGEOUGS Soaps Shor Sipe nics s Grill eel eee 50 argentatus ...... Herring Gull............ SI smithsonianus....|American Herring Gull..| 51¢ | 80) 54| 2 VEQH sees eee Pallas’ s (Gull fae ieee 52 californicus ..... Calitoriia Gullieaye yee 53 1 | el) TRO) 3 delawarensis .... Ring-billed Gull..... 54 | 176] 116] 4 brachyrhynchus . Short-billed Gull........ 55 | 176) 116/13 CaNUS ......0...- IView. Gulla 8 oe eee eco 56 heermanni....... laleeimaraincier SC WU ot 57 AUPLCUING: PRimse stv. Wau hie: Gatley eee, 58 94, 65] 2 franlelinit (1.85%. [Peabo abbetis AGabbUleen yy veo ede 59 176| 116/12 philadelphia..... Bonaparte s Gull, jae Oo 80} 54) 3 TUNTINLIGUIS em ere a ittle Gilde. 2 Ses Ga, 607s Rhodostethia....... ROSCA Spoaaie: Secs n ross’s Grille Roto 2 A eeyeoae OI 86| 60} 3 ERIN GUNZ hR ree ie eek SEV orbalbe inn pwns ace Sabie se Gullo ees wee 62 Tan} eae 24 Gelochelidon? jo... NUOtICa sat ols. Gull=billéd Werni.( anes 86| 60 StGhiametii soa. iG were tschegrava...... Caspian Weta - 20. ern 64 veglets- ih a0\2W yee eee ON ell by L-eiehive 4 te, oe eee 65 87| 61] 3 Clemansa weet ye lect Merne® casera 66 | 182] 11Q16 sandvicensis..... ACUMAavac anes ae Ga ow Sel etenmer arn 67 LLUGeA UIs we eee, deine canis “Betis aan 68 eae eho, LORSUCTE «ayy Nese Rorsrers erie. kien 69 99] 69) 2 Inbtribhrveh ow iwen eer re Coinmion Term. esas 70 12) wh) 53 paradisea...... PRRCLIGH ING GIN! Ww wes hey. wees ieee Vil dotg alli ween INOseaves hGhi ae meee 72 89] 62] 6 ALCUIULCE Ys ..5, wate ya\Wernelano.! IME game 5 ho: 73 162) 107] 9 Suotauliencesentes wy eas [east ne Riess v |tuulkaweh eeu ate ern & 86% | 161] 107} 1 ROGGE SH eaweynre ast: Rodgers Mulmat ic... coch 86¢ | 161} 107| 2 glacialoides..... Slender-billed Fulmar...| 87 | 161] 107] 3 POINTS 3.2 oe. ee te berealiicnemess cine Cory’s Shearwater....... 88 IVA Ot epee eeeary. Greater Shearwater...... 89 | 161] 107] 6 PUI USi es oer Manx Shearwater........| 90 | I61| 107|13 Creato pion mar can Pink-footed Shearwater ..| 9I I61| 107|Lo ZuUUUGloUOYo) cule oa ee Audubon’s Shearwater... .| 92 SA Vilel ey ee pe eretoerns Black-vented Shearwater.| 93 | I6I| 107\14 Bc itelel anlar sy Sooty Shearwater........| 94 | 161] 107|12 SRISeU Seeder kets Dark-bodied Shearwater .| 95 | 161} 107|I5 fenuinostmsS.e Slender-billed Shearwater] 96 | 161] 107/16 CTMeLCUS: paecnnteens Black-tailed Shearwater..| 97 | 161] 107|11 Fastrelata . ss s sulin hasita tds sc eat Blacked-capped Petrel...| 98 | 162] 107|17 OULU EGE AA Seat aescin tS Reales eetrel ain casas ae 99 MISIMEG 0 pa en oe Pisherns: Petrel, sic tense. 100 MeAUUG Che 2h Sa neeeoie es, Dullwcicieay aes eee Bulwer’s Petrel.... (Tok SPOR Coton Ewen Ane CAMENSIG: amie a Rintado Retrelc 22... «eats LOZ ho? | Moa eZ Halocyptena....... microsoma...... Weast Uethcline 25s aueer 103 | 160) 106/15 Procellaria. .. <4; pelagica:: eis he Stormy etvelyte nite 104. | 106] 75) 7 Oceanodroma...... MIDRMeA RBI: Bes alee Fork-tailed Petrel....-.. 105 160] 106/11 leuserhoay my. 4 [eaclis Pethcle. eee, ster 106 | 160} 106|18 macrodactyia ....|Guadaloupe Petrel....... 1064 Me Laiintaes Soper 2 Black Rettell=’ oh eure. 107 homochroa...... 108 | 160| 106|13 PERS Me EAEE Gia Aen noe ORDER TUBINARES. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.— Continued. p Aioh aes |) tata] 42, FAMILY, GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No. < 4 P B | Procellariide. Fulmars and Shear- TOs stage...) SOA agar WGGanites,, hws asi GCGAIMGUS) Wott s4 WWilsen 6 Pethell: cg. tse 4s 109 162} 107| 8 Gymirodromia,. sate. jenne2i Wks ole shrerae seme White-bellied Petrel. ....|110 | 176) 116) 8 | te} Eevezo\ob go) 00t: an (HVE y oP Aa sete s White-faced Petrel...... III ORDER STEGANOPODES. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS. A. 0. U.| ewig FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No. 2 4 RB | San Bheetiomiae, Lropic Birds. ....,.|Phaéthon...... «... MaVinOStrisy ssa. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.|112 83) 57| I ‘ Ssultehe Usa snes Red-billed Tropic Bird.. .|113 SUG SU NGM ES o:5 cine swciee eas ce es Sunilk. Sa eee Ci ATO Sheree tee: Blue-faced Booby........ 114 : Bulag wie ieee SOG Sivarateist es chers ce-sleke ces stesn 115 182| 119] 9 PISCaLOhes ean. Red-footed Booby....... iG: | ' Dassahian. venus ass GreUIDING Ib naw=. Rel osc veered aha 117 98} 69} I eiimimedcee.. GWIATUCTS 0... sacs eae GACT Och het Lic memeacale’e Eh oleh okey pawn ier 2 ENGIN INT clea parol Bo ase et Set obe 2 118 g2| 64] 2 Phalacrocoracide. Cormorants... |Phalacrocorax...... CARON sdkeas Gate Gopmrotant sla cw 2 alee I1g | 111} 73] 6 ciloplhust: if. .4 Double-crested Cormorant|I20 TA Tez HOL(G ANUS tents et Florida Cormorant....... 120% | 146} 99} 4 CIGNA tls eae ae White-crested Cormorant.|120% | 182] 119} 6 albociliatus ...... Farallone Cormorant..... 120¢ mexicanus .....- Mexican Cormorant. ....|121 181] IIg} 3 Pentelatise, aes Brandt’s Cormorant. ..../122 146] 99] 2 pelasicusics ie. Pelagic Cormorant: |<... - 123 RODUSE sr. eee ee Violet-green Cormorant. .J123% | 146] 99] 3 resplendens...... Bairces Gormotanitz. 2... 1232 ; THT dso ce eeoneene Red-faced Cormorant..../124 | 181] I19Q} 5 cle@anicees . Seeli@ais:. ...0, ds /tcsuie ies RCISCAMUS I «cle t yo2ce erythrorhynchos. American White Pelican .|125 Val aes fUSCUSH bai am ere layeONi Rad ee] FTCEN ote een G see 126 | 129] 84) I | californicus...... California Brown Pelican.|127 Fregatide. Man-o’-War Birds..... |B (vert ce) en ae Alla atahu. tena a Man-o’-War Bird........ 128 591 43 ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS. é roa] a _ FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. ice 2 | 8 bled -| abe Anatidz. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.|/Merganser......... americanus. .... American Merganser ....|129 DAN” 25 SGiratOl semen es |Red-breasted Merganser. |130 95} 66) 5 Kophodytes 1.5. or CWeublettiSe ees. Hooded Merganser'...... 131 84| 57] 3 ENTERS: only ¢ 2 ares Rome ie boschasawad se. -m IVierl Vand ae «= osc atone eset oy 132 NONE ODSCURA: «2. n0.44, Black Duck. Aene- se bo 133 85} 538] 3 fuilwicwla ete os TKO vse Feat DBC) See aces a Or Aen 134 | 182] IIQ|I5 Sire Pelarmrnss er Gadwallt wn oi etal ewe 135 18] 118|15 penelope: yates += WWilcloie otal. nonce. faniee se 136 | 182| I19|11 ShOIKEICRUNES nh oes ball ciivaiie 2 tenner a eves mo 137 88] 62] I CrecCale thy wawat s Raroieaiy Neale. ee toreseta ss 138 | 181] 119] 2 Carolinensiss:,... Green-winged Teal ...... 139 88} 62] 2 GISCORSP er meeraiane Blue-winged Teal........ 140 3) #6 Gyanloprenae ash Cinnamon Teal.......... 141 92] 64] I SS) OFeHLUY Eby Far ae ae Chypeataisssn ht, SINR Es eS See ree 142 75| 52) I Dailey ane ot ate: AGUC ATL APNE ee, 98 imitated. comet sto. eeeaeee 143 8} 66 TASCA URN IAs oben” «PB SO CMISE wma ee cematen Wicodi Dicks. #406 90s 144 g| sii-2 INC trae con coer" tee iene paUIGUA zie Audet k eeaeten Rufous-crested Duck..... 145 PUVA ate theo s Pen lailenicanan a. [Reevalloverews eee toe: Guat eee 146 46} 341-3 vallisneria......- (CRATIIBIS SCROLL ON bea Aussie 147 89} 63} I OTN ON Galle Pe yar A nearctica...... o- American Scaup Duck... 148 99] 69} 3 AVGEUSTICOL A teeryae See Lesser Scaup Duck...... 149 95| 66] 7 COMMS A aaah Ring-necked Duck. ..... 150 QI} 63] 7 Glaucionetta. ...... Glance see americana. ...... American Golden-eye....|151 48) 35|1-3 islaniadiGar. ts ate Barrow’s Golden-eye ..../152 T37) suis Charitonettay Ss... ‘libeolanss, enskean lsqbagbhe lakers tren see renin creed 153 86) 60} 4 (Cliagaredelken ty nate oe hyenas seta (OIG PS GRE Ei: ee ane 154 ail eT MSthiOMicusns..... histrionicus. .... Harlequin Duck....... ~-/155 94) 65) 5 Camptolaimus.. ... labradorius.. .... Iealsracdon IuGiesssee as 156 182] IIo] 3 IRsehieXenoverciiaty a 6 hey eee Stelle: ae. i.e Steller Houck. fa ee E57 181| 118|18 Arctonetta......... AisGheriig e240. Spectacled Eider........ 158 | 162] 108) 3 SOM ACen isn eons s+ = borealis. .... <1 Cem oR. Vue: oe | eget 159 93} 65) 1 Gresserth. »+s 44. American Eider......... 160 MaMa thon ns Grore RaGHIG RACEH. te, anes 161 182] 11g\14 Sspectaibilisan 41 55 LRG WOYGa! SSIs celery Ae eer 162 | 162) 108) 5 Oidemia....... tea) AuMericaiicivenss gee American Scoter...... ..|163 | 128] 83] 5 ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS.— Contcnuea. A.O.U.| gf I i FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No | 2 1a le Ee Anatidz. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.|Oidemia........... PUSCA teen Amos boners WiclWVictRSCOtLei sees 164 . declan creer White-winged Scoter ..../165 94; 65) 4 perspicillata..... SUTIN COLET fatten ee gee 166 rSmatutar,. 6. sare iGlui|o} KG Ke Re ee age Nuddyab ich sts 2 ee 167 * | 128) 983) 2 INONMON xi. nk i aes Gomiinicus: seat WaskedvDuck. ts.;.007 he 168 | 182| 110|12 NEMS. cose ee Salas genmllescants |. BIhWEGOOBE I se Sab poe nas 16845) 162] 108] 2 lnyperborea...... Lesser Snow Goose. ..../1 9 | 177] 116/16 MV ALIS a Bees Greater Snow Goose..... 1697 | 113) 74] 4 POSSI sh. .2e aes Ross’s Snow Goose...... 170 PISA dean Wha ao Cull DMIcOTNS at ee ats che White-fronted Goose. ....|171 Pana belies wa enna Am/’n White-frontedGoose|171¢ | 87} 61| 1 Branta: leat ah eetetseoe GanlaclOnIsis ce arte GanadayGOosee. a aren 172 | 180} 118|11 hutchinsif.....5 2. Einitehins GOoOSeenem rine 172@ | 180] 118]14 occidentalis...... White-cheeked Goose. ..|1724 WOUEOVOUOE AMIR Gonya oe acl linge Oosem a eenns 172¢ Deianinila aya eaeerer: I Bi eSTG OT huh Pe eRe acacia cee 173 127, os si AVRO OKORNMAS 4, oA os Ae Black Brant... sein eee 174 | 182] 119] 8 leucopsis.....<.. BarhaclesG.oocceny marie vas 181} 118|13 eA ONGLET Gitieves SANE tn canagica........ Eiperor/Goose.... 02.5) 176 | 162] 108] I Dendrocygna.. .... autumnalis ..... Black-bellied Tree-Duck.|177 | 181] 118/17 Gulla, PN gas oes Ren Fulvous Tree-Duck......|178 | 181] 118/16 NOT x sapere sexes bos eae DSS OND any ne |Whooping Swan ... Piet 7) columbianus. .... Whistling Swan......... 180 86} 60} I buccinator....... Drumipeter Swan. se ainst 80| 54] I ORDER ODONTOGLOSSA. LAMELLIROSTRAL GRALLATORES. A ; vean| E24 || te FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. icy E ¢ | 3 BE Rheenicepreridz.« Flamingoes, ....|PhcenicoptemsS....,.\tubers li. 25: American Flamingo. ....|182 97| 68 ORDER HERODIONES. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC. A.O.U.| a fa FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. Se. z 4/2 m & Bkyvalcicdze) spoombtllsy. ..s ty. « MeU)ab hn pty So are PRUE cod 5 ate 4 Roseate Spoonbill....... 183 | 126) 82) ReicdidaeeIbiseS ees ope Settee (SatleRage an Dewees AYROP Ie eee, Wy, AWARE NONE. See Sih a ye no 8 3 184 | 124| 80) 2 eUlohesie a A MR SGatl epylinisiat. sta eee 185 124] 80} 3 Plesadiss .. yarn tna AubumMiMaliS .. cl. c Glossy seis her «0s oes ee 186 YO) NN] i Suataula v1... White-faced Glossy Ibis../187 169) 112] 9 Ciconiide. Storksand Wood Ibises./Tantalus........... loctiletOmensn aa Wioodelbisu 12... salam 188 591 44 WMiycheriale fears sae: AMEMGAIa VFM te prey thy as iP ort 189 Ardeide. Herons, Bitterns, etc. ../Botaurus........... lentiginosus. .... PSiemicaiie bitte rien. ase 190 Galette eat eae ee Coats yenwetce.. ¥ ae 9 Least Bittern, os. 2 s..9- a LOL NORE Ny yen ye Ab, Cory’s Least Bittern. .... pGIAR TL basins. wasn’ occidentalis. .... Great White Heron...... 192 130| 85] 2 AW Gilt Rr ee pecs Viierditcolttenotia.. ae. ee 193 IIMEIHOXOUINS & see oh Great Blue Heron...... 194 124; 80} I EUOCITE es hs ana oe European Blue Heron... .|195 Coletta era Meee ALUHANS OVC NIU BRE Es rar A TOO | 122| FoI a Ganaiaisoimc. ae Stiowsy, Letom. teres oars 197 84, 57| 2 TU CSG tas ware Ineddish MM onetiyin s: .. 5 TOS 4) sh7O| ans frie Oloueaws lan eUUAKCI OIG ey an aa owisiana Eleron.... >... 199 | 127) <2) 3 COStUMGan atest Little Blue Heron. 201 169} 112] 5 WAKeCSCGTISHeEr nL Green Heron. 5... +... aqiZor 8 7A Al fica alii. enact epee Frazar’s Green Heron... . |201¢ Nic bicOnaee see MVCRIC OT Arc huey AUZSWaNIS 24; wee Bl’k-crowned Night Heron|202 | 126) 82) 2 violaceus. ... Yel.-crowned Night Heron|203 | 127) 82) 4 ORDER PALRUDICOLA (CRANES, RANES* Elie a Ky Oy, Wh) EI S 5 FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SU BSRE OGLE S: ENGLISH NAMES. No. < < R ms & Mera ce MOANIES . 18 ;.) Sa obelopeatacac stays GIG Ney Se Ik aoa eee americana....... Whooping Cranes... . 204 cee canadensis..... Little Brown Crane .. 205 ; IM Cra Cebil eyey were Samcdnnlli@ranier. ee ees 200 129} 85| I Aramicce, iGomrlatisig ¢ caus. « 2) sa TAN CABOONUSe Sey An G SPIT REFN ONTOS gros clean tance Le ih oo oe Pa ee 207 | 129) 84| 2 Rallidz. Rails,Gallinules and Coots/Rallus............. clésaits areas 0 mal LRGEORENN NEUE epee entree. co ehong 208 | 179] 118] 9 ORDER PALUDICOLA. CRANES, RAILS, ETC.— Continued. . fq ie3} FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. |") 2 | & | 8 Rallide. Rails,Gallinules and Coots|Rallus....... ...... beldingin... f+ Belding’s Rail. ........:. 209 ODSGIGEUS yikes were California Clapper Rail ..|210 loneirostHs + 2 \erepitatis: vas. Glin pen Nail a ses arene se 243 ASH As oct, enews Red-backed Sandpiper...|243% | 57| 41| 2 ferruginea....... Curlew Sandpiper........|244 | 177) 116\19 Eurynorhynchus....|pygmeus........ Spoon-bill Sandpiper..... 245 ieuMetesr ern] eee oUsubls Sere eee Semipalmated: A520. ye 246 2 anes occidentalis. .... Western Sandpiper...... oe | 170 serene (SalliiGhttsyet tele: rae arematlasss ce ae SanGlerciin cpg = ateeeee ee 248 55| 4o| 2 IUaRSANOYSHI ai) auc ee Occ feGd@dha a isee setae’ MernbledGiocdiwitevs.sbs 249 QI| 63] 6 lapponica. es. . 07 DDALIC GIN aon reetasee Racitic. God Wit scm 250 | 170) 112/14 hemastica....... Hudsonian Godwit....... 251 85} 58] 4 Hist Saeeuiey- feestsre Black-tailed Godwit. ..../252 Iioieanontis,, a6 goecuG 8 SOUT AMIS: Bho oe GreemShank. 20.45.55. 5/253 170] 112/18 melanoleucus.... Greater Yellow-legs. .../254 15} 14! 2 HERI OES 9B am ae at Mellow=lecsncw Gener 255 21) ener SOMMAISUIS Anke eae Solitany cand pipetias a. 256 S160) 66/57 OCMO PMS! seaery ee Green Sandpipers a... ase 257 Sv Moe Mame ye semipalmata .... AIVGOUUSIE, Sg as Pere MPS 258 62| 46| 2 speculiferus 5 A Western Willet. ........ 258 ¥ ele reractitisn emer) ae: NOUGENONUISS tee lanes en Wandering Mater, -22 =. 259 149] 102] 6 Ieawomeelll ated sae JOM Gao ne Ae TROUT pee, Pangaea oo are 260 161] 106)16 IDC OMIED Ss eos longicanda 2... Bartramian Sandpiper. ..|261 179] 118|10 AVANTE Ar REL, Foor subruficollis. .... Buff-breasted Sandpiper. .)262 89} 62] 7 JEROCUCISN § tare Ree ee Pec macularia. ...... Spotted sand piperersn 263 84| 57| 4 INiopga STAMOS payee tack longirostris . .... Long-billed Curlew...... 264 62| 46) I hudsonicus. ..... Hudsonian Curlew. ...... 265 61] 45] 3 DORCAS. are ct Eskimo Curlew, «2o.co)-: 266 OI] 45] 2 JOINZEO} OVS A aye, uso \Wdontoel) Syarey le eaeeereciym eater 267 [eA OUAL CIOISHICY eee pane Bristle-thighed Curlew...|268 | 169] 112| 7 Gharadrinde:, Wlovers.. ca002 «s+. AV anaes rnr avec avast UES ees estes eas POT te wie Oe oe re nees 269 Charadrciusis.....5.\squatarola: 5.23. . Black-bellied Plover...... 270 58) 41] 4 AO CAUCE an ye (Golkgkein IPMS, Saas woke Dal ORDER LIMICOLA. SHORE BIRDS.— Continued. | ° ls FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. vite 8 S P ‘ < 3 g @haratinides., WPlovers.st lanes. ks Charadrius. a... 6.3. doOminicuse ...2 52 American Golden Plover.|272 Bt MANS a! {alles ayers eter Pacific Golden Plover... .|272¢ FRBNIUIS N.S ee MOGHEI Anes. eee eit Ghee tetey sess eepceterree anrese 273 56) 40] 3 semipalmata. ... Semipalmated Plover... .|274 56) 40] 5 niaticila 225 wee Iino TlOVet vende, Seen? 275 GUID Iah a aes nee. Ieittleskaine We lOVvermen mesg. 276 iMOEIROVGES, 0 etc nnses - TPrhovseves Ielkontci dee 5 a a iS 277), 56| 40) 4 CirCUMCcincta,. -.... Belted Piping Plover... 5, 2774 IOS Gop aee eee eee SiN Ave IKON een eta eee 278 149| 102} 3 MOngOla i. a ies Mongolian Plover. ...... 279 | WiAlSOMiacn masses NUNTHUS VOSS IEMONASIER Aes ee oh 280 g2! 63)10 HVOMbatiae 2. sates Mountain Plover iueet... 281 149] 102| 2 Aphrizide. Surf Birdsand Turnstones|Aphriza....... .... Mit eatan. .e4. ba SURO Han By GG ener eet aug le 282 177| 116|20 AUREL EC Meee a ey 5 liter PlLesw ne 4t ree Abr SLOT airs Seer rent ts 283 60} 45] I melanocephala... Black Turnstone......... 284 89] 62] 9 Hematopodide. Oyster-catchers..|Hamatopus........ Ostia eous isan eve: Ovster-catcheia. ween 285 Daliltatiissen sane American Oyster-catcher.|286 58] 42 IPA ate aya aes sere Frazar’s Oyster-catcher. .|2862 bachiianiiae le. Black Oyster-catcher....|287 | 139] 93) 9 Jacamides, JMCANaS...ce A: S.Gh een VaGamaes “a7, ee wes cad. SpiNOSar cle eee Mexican, Jacaniar..2- se 288 ORDER GALLINA. GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. iAveO, Wa |Pieiey | eel alee FAMILY. GENUS. SRE GREYS: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No. g < 3 iol Ay i Tetronide. Grouse, Partridges, etc.|Colinus............ virginianus...... EXO OEAWINIIU toa neon S oa 289 23 27. LOTUS ae os ant Florida Bob-white. .....- 289% | 164} 109) 7 TEXAS oh owe Texan Bob-white ....... 289? | 175] T15] 4 Guibanensisece see Cuban Bob-white........ 289° ridgwayi........ Masked Bob-white.. .... 291 Oreonnysc. 2 ake: ee: PIGEUS ae ae ce cts: Mountain Partridge..... 292 134| 898-9 plUuMteris = eee Plume dsParthid ees. (2924 Calitpeplat © oer: squamata. 2:5... Scaled Partihidge. 1s 293 164] 109] 9 castanogastris....|Chestnut-bellied Scaled LPaneurntOlOre sh cham Ono 2932 Gailiiotsnn @cumece eres GalitonuavartnidSea. a. 2904 | 131} 87\5-6 Neel @ lee aac Walley abantitdeic: sey. 294% gambeli .. Gambel’s Partridge ...... 295 164] 109] 8 | CyiPOUVex,. af vacgs Sau 6 montezume..... Massena Partridge...... 2096 179] 118] 4 Dendragapus. ...... GPSGURUSH eer. = ue; DuskysGrousencs 22. oss 207 As), BUG)! fuliginosus. ......|Sooty Grouse..... beets, 1|2O7@ || S79) TESS richardsomii, ...-: Richardson’s Grouse..... 297 | 179] 118) 6 canadensis...... (Caunaiale: (Gieonisex fab ode - 298 | 142} 96 I Geevou IbcaUILy Be eee Franklin's Grouse........ 299 4 174) 114.29 BO MaSa se, reo eetteate iegonovel VDI) ABA Arai RiifedsGrouse.,...5 25.) 200) 4 20) eo Nel ROOMY a 5 A 3 Canada Ruffed Grouse. . .|/300¢ umbelloides ...... Gray Ruffed Grouse...... 3005 | 174] 114:26 Saliiiiianc, eae 'a ene Oregon Ruffed Grouse. ..|300¢ | 143] 96) 4 Mes cee weet IVeSKOuSE oy ee Willow Ptarmigan....... 301 | 143] 96} 2 SVUUES aN nts Settee eae eee ee? Allen’s Ptarmigan. ..... 3014 FUPEStHiS.. gee. 2 an Roce Wetarint eam eres ae 302 164] 109] 6 aS) EON OED ONG U Ae See Rheinhardt’s Ptarmigan. ./302¢ Melsorierss \n eee Nelson’s Ptarmigan...... 3028 atkinensiss «sees Turner’s Ptarmigan...... 302° GEM Win waa aie Welch’s Ptarmigan ..... 303 OKO eee: White-tailed Ptarmigan. .)304 | 164) 109] 5 Ty mipamiiclis et. ane tic amills wearer Prairie Hen,....-....... 305 81) 55 Guo an os ae NelFesettalnd sleet oy, ess yeey al 7 lllezie 3 richardsoni...... Richardson’s Merlin...... 269° | L660) nrOl 2 gee tbuhtnen, Oy ae Sead IVRGicliie eee ie mee ea 358s fusco-ccerulescens Aplomado Falcon....... 280) | L6Ol TIO! ET ibououumoveuUhes, 54. - European Kestrel........ 35Q%is sparverius. ..... American Sparrow Hawk.|360 54, 391-2 sparveroides..... Cuban Sparrow Hawk. ../361 JEOINAB OUI <5 6A ree oe CMS URWENY & hore oe Audubon’s Caracara. 362 177| 117| 9 MOTE We eee Guadalupe Caracara, 303 IPEUNCHOMI A ae A nae haliaétus.... sicarolimensisa 2... American Osprey........ 364 16} 16 ORDER RAPTORES.” BIRDS OF PREY.—-Gy77e7. FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. : o : e No. < 4 g SoM MESA TONVIS ks wes + SIX Maw boss wey TeeiMNGOll aay eee American Barn Owl. ..../26 2 Bubonidz. Horned Owls, etc...... ECS TOE. bere ye, Meter ee P aseaane eee American Long-eared Owl 62 is, ee accipitrinus. .... Slertcared Owl ye 367 | 124) S8ile SHARC GPR Pee nebulosum ...... BawredsOwl chant trans 368 21| 22 COMI ge scene Florida Barred Owl. ..../368¢ |. occidentale. .... SPOUced sO 2 certs ae 309) TUN er sia? SCOvld pe kau. su ncuer CINGEGD., eran Great Gray Owl......7.. evAOle | erat ial v7) lapponica........ app Owl ae ee a7 OF INVGhalanay are. ce 4.4 tengmalmi...... richardsoni....... Richardson’s Owl. ......|371 I71| 113] 2 acadica....+.... Acadian Owl. ...... fee.9 (372) | OOM Mol a7 MeSasCOps inn yen. ASLO Th velo west SavecctnOiwlivene nae eae B73 | shea) Senet ikovetohawonolyen ee 4 ys Florida Screech Owl..... 37.37" )| Wezel AGE Aauliiers.t. para. Texan Screech Owl, ..../3732 | 167] 110] 8 beindireton se aaeen California Screech Owl. . .|373¢ kennicottil......../Kennicott’s Screech Owl ./3734 | 167| 110| 9 maxwellia....... Rocky Mountain Screech OR ie ene ate 736 LEICM@PSISh Gy sake Mexican Screech Owl. ..|373/ flammeolus...... Flammulated Screech Owl|374 Au WIS 6) DUD O's estes Se virginianus...,.... Gresane Inkoinevel (Onl ee 375 5 ill il subarcticus ...... Western Horned Owl... .|375¢ AR CUGUS Iara gs ere Arctic Horned Owl...... Benes || Mivayp see 1 SHUG ST ANGUIS 4544 Oh ae | Dusky Horned Owl...... 375° IN MGHES) ashe sees ae fet TIVE LCARN Pe tone ss SIM OMA NOM os Oe ki. 370 1ST e@ a SUT Eee ee bh oe rere ulula Jakes OMe an nak es 544 Ga By Cap ATO Cimea era American Hawk Owl ..../377% | 171| 113) 1 SPCOLVUOE.4 4 scateniee ennicullariaas -.55. hyposeeda. sue ourtowine wiles as a... 78 142} 95) 5 TnKORGUGbsN NL ow LE Florida Burrowing Owl . .|378¢ GianiGtciuiny.0 ea enoma... Men Oo NA KONING 6 iota dg Mh ae 279 | 142] Q5| 2 IPO STSUUS lise acueteeree Hoskin’s Pygmy Owl ... .|379¢ iphalaenoides..... Ferruginous Pygmy Owl.|380 | 142) 95] 4 Micrathiienc ) 2 0.5 fidouhe chews een Bae isle *@iwall soles 20. 0. nasi Leet 381 108| 92| 9 ORDER PSITTACI PARROTS, MACAWS, PARQOUETS, ETC. " ] ; Roheoef ase || he {ie FAMILY. GENUS. SRE CLES: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No 2 < a ae Vee Plesiteacida:. §ParkoOts..2. csc. «tcc es (Croratine nce Beek er cee carolinensis, ..>. . CarolinameaTogict: eysae 382 -| 164) 109] 10 ’ Rhynchopsitta...... pachyrhyncha. .. Thick-billed Parrot...... 38255 OR Re *COCCY GS ~ CUCKOOS Sake la. 0.U.| sa Pe FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No. Z < = a & Cuculids, Cuckoos, Anis; etc, ....\Crotophagas,.. .... AUN ar te eae Se ce ERIDICL. Songer train aaa Oy ee? 383 178| I17|15 sulcirostris ...... Groove-billed Ani. ...... 384 Geococeysg 4:25. californianus ROA C= GUNNER een eseee se see 385 178| 118] 2 GOCCYMUS Fat ates sPOUUOVOIS Aap, aA Se. Mane roverGuckooss.e +6 386 75), Tees a7 imayarciie sei. Maynard’s Cuckoo. ...... 386% AMIETIC AIS em Yellow-billed Cuckoo.. ..|387 20) 2300 occidentalis...... Western Yellow-billed Cucko om" sepeewes: 2s «(3874 erythrophthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo. ....|388 175) DES aS Airocomercs (rotons meee dee ee Wr OMRON ts Jah oc. ayes NOMS, a Aaa ne Coppery-tailed Trogan ..|389 | 143 I17| I Aldcedinida, Wanehtshers 255.0... We ium. ats) megs BUG. OO. ses Ly 2 var Belted Kingfisher. ..... 390 20| 19] 2 | Capamich apes Texan Kingfisher ....... 391 | 178, 117/14 ORDER PIC]. WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ETC. A.0.U.| & a a FAMILY. GENUS. Seb Glas: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. Wal 5 s & Pictde, eV oodpeckersi ye o.o-isaear Game ditiser, eve ISNA ON NS ee ee Ivory-billed Woodpecker.)392 25) 26) 1 Diy obabes st... 6-4 WOU. 25 Aaya Hairy Woodpecker...... 393 18| 18] 2 leucomelas.......|Northern Hairy Wood- (OSC et. Meade: verses 393% audubonii.. ....../Southern Hairy Wood- jaye clas reer ere 20g0d| ADRZHE CASH Sdn eae oy evo Harris’s Woodpecker... .1393° 931 93) 2 ORDER PIC]. WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ETC.— Continued, ‘ A.0.U.| a 2 FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. ie g 4 |B a fe Rigid, Woodpeckers. c.kn0. cas. IDRVO DATES. sc 4 ve as PUlbes Ce tenner ance Downy Woodpecker..... 304 7 20 2 SPAITGME TA ence tee « Gairdner’s Woodpecker. .|/394¢ | 131| 87] 4 Ore aulise tovamssr aes Red-cockaded Wood- [CUE tan Dae eae 395 g5| 66) 5 SCHlanIS:. Watt sen ENC AL ees Texan Woodpecker...... 2005 | lAS le Bie MUGASH NUS) ee wre. sit St. Lucas Woodpecker. ..|396% | 158) 105 22 vations cis Ohbtppe. Ae weit fac Nuttall’s Woodpecker... .|397 | 158) 105'28 Girl ZOUES iy Mreec rss Arizona Woodpecker... .|398 PNGMOPICUS ia ss scree ls albolarvatus..... White - headed Wood- WECHOT tats sim epeay enti: 399 | 134) 89) 3 IRIGOIDES abla kn ween EURO NGUIS me pan rey os Arctic Three-toed Wood- Decker.) So: sAaw as as 400 742 aes sie americanus... «+5 « American Three - toed WOGdDeCKEr ywaes apa 401 176} 115,12 alascensis. .seeee|Alaskan Three - toed Wicedipeeket: tae nemuent: 4014 Sphyrapicus.. . Va USae et aie Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.|402 IO) 893-4 AVUIG MEU Sree erator et iae Red-naped Sapsucker... .|402% | 158} 105/31 GUISE os ed pete Red-breasted Sapsucker. .|403 134] 89] 2 theyoidelse ) 2... Williamson’s Sapsucker..|404 | 158} 105/30 @eopimlasss kaa Pilea tise see Pileated Woodpecker... .|405 7 TS Melanérpes.. ...<.. erythrocephalus.. Red-headed Woodpecker.'406 2) 2|/3-4 TOMMMEN OLS Wi kes| DAG awe mete eter California Woodpecker...'407 | 135} 90} 6 angustifrons...... Narrow - fronted Wood- DOGKEt hc ecede uae te (4072 tOnalatuSeucn yeas Lewis’s Woodpecker..... 408 1tO) ae2 - Carolimusy er. sy. Red-bellied Woodpecker.'409 4I| 322-3 DULG OMNS,, tears = eite Golden - fronted Wood- WE CKEM cies ture sgt ree AIO | 158] 105|27 uropygialis...... Gila Woodpecker........ 4Il 158) 105/29 Colaptes®. 22. . pileuUl Geb ist Steiepee ster earners I elketerrete esteem 412 2 ae Caley «yeast Se: Red-shafted Flicker..... 403) TEE 73) 3 saturatior.......-|Northwestern Flicker... .|413¢ chrysoides. : 5:44.. GildédwPlickermmasas 0a 414 | 164) 109/11 rufipileus....-7.. Guadalupe: Flicker....... AIS ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, HUMMINGBIRDS, ETC. lovl «| # FAMILY. GENUS. SRE CUS: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. Nor e = B ; i) a el Caprimulgide, Goatsuckers, etc..... PAAVEEOSOMMUS: 21s GaKrolimeinsisn se. Chuck-will’s-widow. ....|416 | 106) 72 | VAOKCINCENCUTS BOOS Whip-poor-will.......... Ae) Sipr@vane 72 ALAZ OWES a a tale aes Stephens’ Whip-poor-will./417¢ Phalzenoptilus...... mutta Peter eos Roorawalllies acne nacre 418 | 178] 1L7|II MIRON nee Abo ne Frosted Poor-will........ 4184 Nyctidromus. ...... AOICOMME AS faa ow igoverraHbr se MABE © Merrill’s Parauque....... 4IQ Gironcdeilestmen vas virginianus...... Niehtshawlk,.. \. 2. j-stemauy 420), | TO7| Geis: henryi.... ... . |Western Nighthawk......1420¢ | 157| 105/16 INUUADKONE ss eee a ba oe Cuban Nighthawk. ...... 420? Semmettiy acs re Sennett’s Nighthawk.’....|420¢ lal y ONO ENOEL SNS vases 5 5 Chapman’s Nighthawk. ..|420¢ WECAISIS. GA oor Texan Nighthawk...... 421 157| 105/15 Nieto podicae GSwiltSats. ls 2 Cyose lOlGESiun sete o GURSASS CR A yey gene Blac eS Wie nary se scetc A422 | 157| 105] 9 (CGPS IU aI) Sarena eee pelaonGeie res iret: (Clonsaohytenys {Shits eaten: 423 118} 76) 7 VENUDCI ED, Shske yen Nit) cH co nNih th. eee 424 | 157| 105|18 WGRO DUS) sents a woe melanoleucus. .. White-throated Swift... .|425 144| 97| 7 Trochilide. Hummingbirds....... [EL WSHESMNE SS costae dUUKER ES Segedawin ola on Rivoli Hummingbird..... 426 | 156] 105] 8 (CONNIE Ahan ein GIETMNEIG Ize sere ape Blue-throated Humming- ISIS Uoh CRBC e Rin oe -c ot 427 plirvochilussye wa. eth COU Ssren yes Ruby-throated Humming- [OURO cet ak) Oe MB Bates A428 | 108] 72) 6 PMNESenOVO rnin sgh aes Black-chinned Humming-! | YDSO. Alero entire! Cotes 429 132), oole4 violajuglum. .... Violet - throated Hum- VOGIN COIS glen es eictteh ree 4209/7" BOSE rane Mie eee Costa’s Hummingbird... .|430 143] 97| 3 BNTUOR Jaye Heme aS Anna’s Hummingbird....|431 IIl| 73| 4 DiaiGercnsnaen ts Broad - tailed Humming-; DARCUAN Sree me get uae = eeu 432 | 147] 100| 6 IKONS 4 Avorho o Unet Floresi’s Hummingbird. . ./4324s TOMISY «Sats tete| Rufous Hummingbird... .|433 133} 88 7 alent. wes 2.8 Allen’s Hummingbird... .|434 178) 117 Helo isaan ki, et te Heloise’s Hummingbird. . 435 156] 105|/r-2 Calliope ssi. a he Calliope Hummingbird...'436 | 148] I1o1| 8 10 ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, HUMMINGBIRDS, ETC.— Continued, j ; A Ory) Sein lies) ale FAMILY. GENUS. Sab Gillis. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH . NAMES. Nee . < 2 Ay Ay ie Trochilide. Hummingbirds........ A Piecoved on Othe phat yee, INUeeni ete | Neeeencacnt ts” Lucifer Hummingbird... .|437 PAWgAEAVALCLET So Ng NP fuscicaudata..... -|Rieffer’s Hummingbird. . .|438 cerviniventris.... Buff-bellied Hummingbird!439 ASTM Gus. Aver SATE UBL iat Oe. Ge -|Xanthus’s Hummingbird./440 | 156] 10s| 7 PACHVEu ty Re kth APC oe LAMLOBERISS. fiameu ta Broad - billed Humming- binds.Qa. Sele. | ome 441 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING. BIRDS. . A AL Ons) 20 IGE Blas FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No aie. Pa Ay q Tyrannide. Tyrant Flycatchers...!Milvulus..... ...... yaa. eseoda: Fork-tailed Flycateher ..'442 I17| 76} 1 TOrMCAGUS Snes. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher .'443 I17| 76) 2 VAS: dos yen tyfAnMus epee e Kingbird..... RAY, Patt 444 38] 31)1-2 dominicensis ... Coca LG Ved OC eae eg AAS 1I7| 74) 4 melancholicus. . \couchit ... 1... Couch’s Kingbird....... |446 | 158] 105 21 VERbICAN (seer. see oie Arkansas Kingbird..... AAT, | wis! 76) 6 VOCIehaiNs:. panel Cassin’s Kingbird. ...... 448 | 158] 105 22 PALATIISS has, aed ache derbianus...... Derby Flycatcher....... |449 Wiytozetetes. 2 on... TORCH SIS 7, etre raeend Giraud’s Flycatcher. ....|450 Myiodynastes....... lnteiventris:... 4.5. Sulphur-belliedFlycatcher|451 Wigan hws’. cx. seas oi cate CCiMIbUS tc... oe. Crested Hiycatchenr aia 452 LSGf ee mexicanus...... Mexican Crested Fly- CAtGH CI gs. 4 stoping 453 Tila eds cet wetn ent Arizona Crested Fly- CAtGHEE jy. nol wea een = Nemes 532 cinerascens. .... Ash-throated Flycatcher.|454 | 158] ros 20 laWwieN Gell wa gin Lawrence’s Flycatcher...|455 | 158] 105 23 OlivasCens mee. « Olivaceous Flycatcher. ...|455¢ | SAV OMNES: hates 4 elite & phicsibes we aa, PCa beeetivc, ech. Se 456 74| 50] 5 BS ANlihs ou Beau Says Pinoebecwiee s.r 457 | 141| 94| 7 Nish GanGuaen sweet Black eines beers men scun iol» ff TIES GAG 5 Gontapiic eesti Donealisne. ses, Olive-sided Flycatcher.../459 | 117| 76) 3 PpeLuinaxwe ee Coués’s Flycatcher... ... 460 | 154] 1o4|18 ihe Saks a a eyes Wioodukewecs sas unmrline 401 Tain 15 On 3 rchardsonit ss... Western Wood Pewee....|462 154| 104)17 Bmpidonax.. 4.2.24 flaviventris...... Yellow-bellied Flycatcher/463 154] ro4|19 COlbEGrettsy Sloe eey a Baird’s Flycatcher....... 404 cineritius., ...... Stelucas Plycatchets so. 404ois LAGACIGlSiy ey: Git... Acadian Flycatcher...... 405 154} 104/20 PMSWUSES, Ges esa Bittle st incate Wetec. .e..e 466 154) 104/21 GEEUTILGe NE Beaver Uitcanlieseycatcherms sate 4667 74, Sol 4 PUSS. ov Least Flycatcher........ 67 72| 49/10 hammondi....... Hammond’s Flycatcher. |468 147; 100! 8 - OlbScurus.... cs. Wright’s Flycatcher..... 469 147| Loo) 9 fulvifrons........ Fulvous Flycatcher..... 470 pygmeus........ Buff-breasted Flycatcher .'4707 | 148! 101 3 nyrocephalus.a.85 . 6 iON BILAN SLelsue ey MOP 5 ae MeEXICAMUSE 2.2.5 Vermilion Flycatcher... .'471 133) 88 9 Oraithion ..... ...jimberbe......... Beardless Flycatcher ....\472 ridgwayi.... ....|Ridgway’s Flycatcher. ..|472¢ palemicndas, Warksuc 2: satevs seis «0s TAU AY by 2. eee, AUVIGINGISE A Ps oy -8y RSQ RUS avo mee AAs 473 ORC ORS. orate ares APeStils meses sn ekomed bation eee 474 82, 56) 4 leucolema....... Pallid Horned Lark. ....|474 piatic@lac. asses. Prairie Horned Lark..... 474) arenicola ........ Desert Horned Mark..... 474¢ eR PAIC sa, ees Texan Horned Lark..... 474d chrysolema...... Mexican Horned Lark. ..|474e | 178] 117|16° Lia a rel ewe Ruddy Horned Lark. ....|474/ PIR ORe2 NCE us arp Nemes Streaked Horned Lark. ..|474¢ iE i i FENCE WRIE Shen assent en IGA Oh Ageomons: hudsonica. ...... American Magpie. ..../475 TES ts Corvidz. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc | Roa eae, ae elome helliod Magpie’ ure anne E Cyanocitta..... Ghistata., wae eaves, Blue Jay........-++-.5.. aT Dal es2i2 4 flOTIMCOlA «4 soe ai. Plotida: lie Jay i. Gin 477° stelieniy eee SUSIE! [ENE sai at 478 | tom) 71| I frontalis. ........ Blue-fronted Jay......... 4784 | 156] 105] 2 macrolopha,..... Long-crested Jay....... 4785 | 156} 105) 3 AMMSChEUS, palate ee Black-headed Jay........|478¢ Aphelocoma. ...... lopiclaiges. neha Eons clalicty aes sas a 479 95) 66) 2 woodhousei..... Woodhouse’s Jay........ ASO || U3) GOZ CaO «6 om California Jay hte Gees beware temenents 481 139} 93) I hypoleuca., Ws. -=, 4814 SUSIE 5 a ton AMZ OM ECR ed aes ENE ZOINA. Sl feleereta netted tor inte nee 482 insularis ........ Saiitae Crna a avinsnscescahes 1 482%is DCA MeMGUIGA: 2) teens INibretroyeetany peer Gpcseroe ial, 2) “eM eA pac 483 | 156| 105} 1 11 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS.— Continued. A.ou) # | Bt a FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES: SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No. < < 2 A es Corvide. Crows, Jays, Magpies, cte.|Perisoreus.......... canadensis...... Canada jay: Srrserdtae ot 484 g7| 67] 3 GHGS ire a Ses Rocky Mountain Jay..... 484% | 177] 117| 6 iunoatneclonatcr er ea dy aoe Ailaskcaim iaiyares ok neve =. 484" nigricapillus...... habradour jay.e.. ++ . . (484° ODSCURUS tan hee Oregon Jay...--. «+++. 485 178) 118} 1 GOLVUSe dy. e sieve cao corax....)......(Sinuatus. .... ...|Mexican Raven......... 486 96} 67| I puridicipaliss... 7.05 3% NOthetm KaAVel. nr Ass 486° cryptoleucus..... White-necked Raven....|487 177| TAs americanus. ..... American Crowson. bes. 488 96} 67| 2 NOniGanus,.. 6... lord Grows) weer a 4887 | 165] 10917 ‘ Mes DGlIN owe veers ees & Galitor mice Grown weet ee 488” CANUNDNON IES Sate tea Northwest Crow......... 489 165] I10g/15 GSSHLACUS. s lec. Bisth «Cp Gw se. cea eke wee 490 165| 109}16 BA GREOTVUG s .alcrsecare a: columbianus..... Clarke’s Nutcracker....../498 | 165) 109/14 Cyanocephalus. ..../cyanocephalus. .. Pavatopow Nene yer rt ome @ che 492 136] 9O}10 Stmmiger Starlimesn ) canes aa COUMUBINES Re causa vee vuleanicd. .. News Suzy Iakgteu Mnueere fear ta 493 Icteride. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc..|Dolichonyx........ OFYZIVOTUS..). 0; « HO DOMME, as leetys, tere anette 494 47| 34/4-5 silllorbanbceleeehne, Te cy, Western Bobolink....... 4942 MUO Koi man cio (sau geena es We BEET Es. MAM eee (Sion outs eae eee noe ne 495 78 Bee OSG UhWS. aataeia cs went GOny Diels oie. stte ea: 495¢ | 172| 114] 4 Call@thnus'....4.. «2: OOWOSIAUES hg geese Bronzed Cowbird........ 496 Xanthocephalus ....|xanthocephalus. . Yellow-headed Blackbird./497 fom! vAb ea PROMISE .ccotssenad eee phOSMIGEUs: es... Red-winged Blackbird. ..|498 44| 33/2-3 long y-ebinitiles ey eee Bahaman Red-wing...... 4984 sonoriensis ..... Sonorannked wines ve. 498? gubernator...... Bicolored Blackbird...... 499 155} 104/29 TiNGOlOI.. S.A ee. Tricolored Blackbird..... 50, | ator Zeh SHABUCOKC| 2) 5 peemegrsr nena AeA PUVA Oey Aes, seo. cas Meadowlark............. 501 Pa en Me xtCamiay. <2. ada. Mexican Meadowlark... .|5014 SPN EGER ws. cu sterens Western Meadowlark..../501% | 155] 104|30 MSE STU Se RY Eo tele 4 ess, TOTES ye tie oes: (ivoupitallvee eee ae Aas et 502 audubomits ,.2.. Audubon’s Oriole......../503 | 164] 10g 12 parisorum....... Scots Oolenn.. seas. 504 | 172] 114] 7 Eucla -, Hooded Oriole.......... 505 | 148| 101] 6 NELSON Meroe cn Slee ace, 4 Arizona Hooded Oriole. .|505¢ SPURIUSH ie. ee. co Orchard Oriole...... 506 gly Se galipulal, a2. %. . Baltimore Oriole..... 507 12) 122 [CUNO sa Bete Entllioc@kcw@ aio ler a wa aa: 508 136) go} 9 Scolecophagus...... GAKONMUSS ys ses: Rusty Blackbird... + yar 509 78| 52) 6 cyanocephalus. .. Brewer’s Blackbird...... 510 92| 64] 3 Outs caltse. v5. we: (G|UVESYOUU EE nhc Ae urnplie Grackleray cane SII Fig tea| ESS | Glee ar cle os Floridas'Grackles. 3c. . 28 5114 | 172] 114) 7 PERI KEMUES et Una Bere Bronzed Grackle........- 5114 TIA GHOUMPUS: era, Great-tailed Grackle..... 512 165! Iog|I3 Ie Ole ee tees Boat-tailed Grackle...... 513 Ta hae Fringillide. Finches, Sparrows, etc.\Coccothraustes. ....|vespertina....... Evening Grosbeak....... 514 | 133] 8811 Ait OAM Ene. bee a.«)s enucleator....... canadensis. ...... RineuGids healer rnace. ear 515 54) 389-10 Peattliaial oss sea ens Kadiak Pine Grosbeak. ..|515¢ Peyaitliliay. tte e esa ete eas GrSsiiliers were es Cassin’s Bullfinch........ 516 | 172) 114} 5 GanpOdacusy.< esc. 3s FOUTS DUNES weet. Jeapejoules aeMna(Clit tae Wyn es. ce 17 69] 48|10 CHMMOMNICUIS. 5 eee California Purple Finch. .|517¢ CASIO® Ge ea eye Cassin’s Purple Finch....|518 | 144] 97| 8 Mmexicanus ,..5.- ARO CAIUS. ua cnenre, LONG ewan Gige a ew meee a: 519 | 108} 101/65 AMMPNUSG 5 se ose Guadalupe House Finch. [520 IL:OB GL os ots eae Ta Cumvin@stiial aes INOINO THRE es erred American Crossbill..... 521 53| 38|/7-8 suriclslam diy. 2. Mexican Crossbill....... 521 128! “O2a2 leweojotencns saws White-winged Crossbill. .|522 79| 531 3 CUCOSUCEC. toh oct griseonucha. .... Aleutian Leucosticte..... 523, | 135] 90| 4 tephrocotis. 4° 1. Gray-crowned Leucosticte|524 iio: ac wee Hepburn’s Leucosticte. ../524¢ PURE ANGE Ns. toa x aay 's Black Leucosticte...... 525 AIStrauliS ay 5 es.ca Brown-capped Leucosticte|526 | 135} 90} 5 ENCE QUIS oe aan ee Pere hornemannii .... Greenland Redpoll...... 527 eacllfpess. a yeilcys: oar Kedpollinns, .... 5272 | 104] 71\10 Lia ath i ote IRTECGy Of) ER et ade ee Par eo 528 69] 49] 2 nko OXOSUGT LA A Ae oo Holbeellsaxedpollt tae. 5284 TOStuata ei...) .5cone GreatemNedpolls .2 . ce. 5284 SCTbOUUSIA aay Raine are ICIS) SST ia heer erate American Goldfinch..... 529 68) 48) 7 ealliaiak., (2: yet Arkansas Goldfinch...... 530 | 130) 86 I GI ZOMGS sf cgatens soya Arizona Goldfinch....... 5302 | 172] 114] 3 MPCRTEAMUS 5. ove ne Mexican Goldfinch..... BAO%e | ta) Seale lawheneel, 22.02% Lawrence’s Goldfinch ...|531 We 8725s tOPAUIS Sy ce se Black-headed Goldfinch. .|532 132| 88] 3 (Oss UICH Aer eee Biiney DISK oe 8 es seagt 2 533 157) 105|12 Piectrophenax... .... LOUD 2NUKS) shear Wrens eae SMOWMAKE: «5 Saye es 534 II| 10} 2 COWMNSENGL 0. <5 Prybilof Snowflake ...... 5342 hyperboreus. .... McKay’s Snowflake...... 535 ; Calleccusiisss, 125 ale Ae lapponicus ...... Lapland Longspur....... 536 Sol 53! 7 12 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS.— Continued ' ' AOLWe | ee | oe ae FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. NG. © < P a A S Fringillide. Finches, Sparrows, etc/Calcarius.... ... PICUUS. 0: +, Aa veh _|Smith’s Longspur........ 537 140|. 94] 5 OLMOLSUOUI ASF onto Chestnut-collared Long- SOMU caren Sepa, Ase ce 538 140| 94} 3 Rhynchophanes ....|mccownli....... McCown’s Longspur...../539 | 140) 94/ 4 Po@eastesiy 1.7: « Tames, ae 540 84| 48! 8 COMM See ears epee 540% | 154] 104}13 Amimodramus: ..n.i\Priceps +54)... Ipswich Sparrow........ 541 172} 114|16 sandwichensis... Sandwich Sparrow....... 542 154) 1O4)15 SENUERMNEy Geen) ech Savanna Sparrow........ 542 taal OG amen) ae ailenitantonl Gia ye seo 4 Western Savanna Sparrow|542’ | 134) 89 6 bryanti.........../Bryant’s Marsh Sparrow. .|542¢ De LCi Oat een mae Belding’s Marsh Sparrow. |543 IOI RNEUIS a A he ae Large-billed Sparrow....|/544 | 153] 104) 9 - ADEE ANOUISE » teri cc ec St. Lucas sparrows: wn... 544° | 154) Io4\14 DairGiin pieewe snares Baird's Sparrow 223.4. 4. 545 140] 94) I SAVANINarUte sn a) PaSSeumuus, jy ens Grasshopper Sparrow ...|546 67| 48] 3 perpallidus......./Western Grasshopper SpanhOwhrese | seat 546% | 154] ro4!10 TENORS ONAL ss org ates Henslow’s Sparrow...... 547. | .175| 115| 6 re G@otnte lem eer Leconte’s Sparrow. ....- 548 | 153] 104] 3 CAUGACULUS mae Sharp-tailed Sparrow... .|549 66, 48) I IMEIESONOW oh gancha sb Nelson’s Sparrow... _. ./549° subvirgatus ...... Acadian Sharp-tailed Spar- BOWER. Abiaee et eos cee 549° ingenenaboonblem As 5a Seaside Sparrow . an eee 550 70| 49| 4 peninsula........|Scott’s Seaside Sparrow. .|550° SOT GU bits cule ae eaere.c Texan Seaside Sparrow . .|550° nigrescens..... ne _|Dusky Seaside Sparrow ../551 169] 112] I Winondiestes ss. ee grammacus. .. IO RVA Ke SyORROCONS hy yn oe os 552 68] 48| 4 Zonotieliay 2 GWEROIE 5 euaaas Harris's Sparrow... 22..... 553 | 142) 95) 6 leucophrys .....- White-crowned Sparrow .|554 A4Q| 36) 7 intermedia, 22.6 Intermediate Sparrow... .)555 155] 104/27 Gyan Olle ean on « Gambel’s Sparrow. ...... 556 | 1571 105/14 CoOromalvay ceumrsen Golden-crowned Sparrow.|557 | 135} 90} I allbicollts..7. 8 au. White-throated Sparrow. .|558 49| 30) 6 SiZelllarawe. sates monticola.,...:.. WSS SORNG PONS ois eee oe > 559 66) 48) 2 OGHTACEA near Western Tree Sparrow. ..|559° Socialism. aaa: ne Chipping Sparrow....... 560 68] 48] 6 } ALI ZONGn arenes ./Western Chipping Spar- HONE yo che eons Geena & 5604 | 149} IOI|IO ORUUbKAE WS ow neo Clay-colored Sparrow. ..|561 155) 104|28 Mest eNevala 8 ha Cages Brewer’s Sparrow........|562 155] 104/28 ORISA 2 Berd ones [RGSIIGL Syne eae ee nen 563 70! 40] 3 AU SMACE AL easy esas Western Field Sparrow . .|563¢ WORtMeMIne ee Worthen’s Sparrow...... 564 Biaucensved Sean ve Black-chinned Sparrow ..|565 | 148] 1o1| 7 JUNCORN == - ea: AMNSe TAT cA White-winged Junco..... 566 | 154] Io4|1z hyemlalis.,......- Slate-colored Junco...... 567 53; 38)5-0 One SOMMon tie hae Operon UMNO: snes anes ce 567@ | 142) 95] 7 Garo lime nsiSrn aye. (CANPOIMIIRY INTC heen Geen 5674 aM CLES revert e-ts Pink-sided Junco........ 568 CAMIGe PS eae eL es Grey-headed Junco...... 569 | 154| 1O4\Ir CINE e Steen cake OMMIbRN EOI a Soca ATIZOna UNC Onmas ese se 570 GOLSAISe Gere Red-backed Junco....... 5704 band Wve eet ee Bances MUMGOm pais, oe aes, 571 Map ah 5. Tsai Sen eee Guadalupe tinecon sa. 4 a: 572 Amphispiza ..... illite ait ale es ener Black-throated Sparrow..|/573 | 138] 92) 6 ellie eae re: : Bells Sparrow... .. 4... 574 | 147) 100|10 nevadensis. ...... Sage SParOws vcore.) oo: 5742 Reuerca: whe heen aalcostiv alsin) eeu Pine-woods Sparrow..... [575 vere lorie tilde goer Bachman’s Sparrow...... 5752 | 95] 66] 4 MEXICANA. sent « Mexican Sparrow. ...... 577 CASSUMI+ en Neersteper: CagsiniSesparrOwe a, 4 578 | 157} 105|12 M\CANA AIG Pret atte e Rufous-winged Sparrow..|579 | 157} 105|13 TUTE COS. eects eee Rufous-crowned Sparrow.|580 | 147| 100| I OUCAnCTs pe 4s Ay. Boucard’s Sparrow...... 5804 SCOUGII, Mi eer seer aes SGOtts Sparrowaie. wa qa 5808 Melospizay. 2.28: fasclatassonaeeeone SiGIN/2: Oo) ORUSCOMU We, Moe m6 581 4) 414-5 foulllaceter yore tee Desert Song Sparrow ....|581¢ | 148) I01| 9 montana...,.....|Mountain Song Sparrow. .|5812 heetiacnnii. sas Heermann’sSong Sparrow|581¢ | 153] 104) 2 SamUclisty, = s/s b4.dee Samuel’s Song Sparrow ..|581¢ | 153] 104] I UOUBUCR Aye te: Rusty Song Sparrow. ....|581¢ | 151] 103/12 iROWHUNET 2. Soy Our Ateearars Sooty Song Sparrow..... 5817 | 141] 94) 9 CiNeGGA Een se Aleutian Song Sparrow . .|582 IRacneXON ah 5 ees Lincoln’s Song Sparrow .|583 | 104) 71/12 georgiana... FAMILY. GENUS. SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. NO. “ < 2 a Ie Fringillidz. Finches, Sparrows, etc.'Passerella.......... unalaschcensis. ..|Townsend’s Sparrow..... 585% | r41| 94|IO megarhyncha ..../Thick-billed Sparrow... .|585 schistacea........|Slate-colored Sparrow. ../585° | 184] 10426 Siiberiagtas .. WOVGOONORSED: Be Brk bo Kentucky Warbler....:.. a PUSS NESS We hg ee eaed Connecticut Warbler.... philadelphia. .... Mourning Warbler ...... macgillivrayi.... Macgillivray’s Warbler... GQUCI VSS re Anco ons Maryland Yellow- throat. ; : Western Yellow-throat . ve beldinein cn +2: . COC CHESS Sarat Belding’s Yellow- throat.. Ghote eae IA CLSr nee hares Yellow-breasted Chat.. : oneetalleds@ivat mca. I Syaci cE en ee Tibia car na sceee pa Hooded Warbler. .:...- : pusillaeeerneree ae eee SNe a : Pileolate AVA. fe ve I canadensis...... terri a ene. Canadian Warbler....... Setophaga........«. CAt Gall age serra American Redstart...... JOWGHEL Wyte ara hie | Painted Redstart........ | jonlow (2H tz haa rae em Red-bellied Redstart... CarGellimay rs ln. fubrifrons. sa. 4. , Red-faced Warbler ..... PSARGMS. os paces TUDCIS 10-4 3 ceteenet RediWartlet, (es issn Basileuterus........ Culielyorlice enter Brasher's Warbler. ..4... esa calc nn eo een eee Beticce ater tote avn Motacillide, Wagtails.,...-..+.--)lotactila...5.,,, ,.jalbas 2. 252: White Wagtail ......... OGM aT Sin. east Swinhoe’s,Wagtail ...... BIUNVtess son ow al) 4 GLAWVIUS Se eee ean) leucostriatus. ....|Siberian Yellow Wagtail. PAcit iG hen. pon «Ris pensilvanicus .....}...." Priaiei Gaithg) let faery eee acest 6 PRACENSISer ese Meadow, Iaipite yas 1ceuee Genvins, aes Red-throated Pipit....... SPiACWCL sae 2.2. ad DDEASDS SHR ipIL. = rene a ‘ Cinclide. Dippers... .. AA eeiGimolasie, a8 23.5% s. mexicanus..... plik . ..4. Americans Dipper. Troglodytide. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. Oroscaptesieie fi5 | Momtanus. os svs: at. 2 (\Sagenbhaasher 23.2520. Manistee y. sd) a polyglottos, .... . Mockinebitds .c<=<= ss5 > RANO K—-Uwo: ORDER PASSERES. FAMILY. GENUS. Troglodytide. Wrens, Thrashers,etc. Certhiide. Creepers eeece eee e vee eo Paride. Nuthatches and Tits Sylviide. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnat- ATOM ETIS A ev. e oe Rees hbeeas ie tee Galeoscoptes.. ... Harporhynchus..... Campylorhynchus... SAUPITISTES Salen ae Catherpes se 0e eee ee ew © MiteOTMOLUS 720. ere Troglodytes eee e ee ee «2 ee eof eo ee 8 eoceoe ©8808 @ @ © IPS ilivahoe vale: Saea cad | Auriparus eo @eeee eeeoe Phyllopseustes. ... ITeReAUUNUTS Pr ae aso Polioptila | PERCHING BIRDS.— Continued, 15 A.O.U.| I S SPECIES. SUBSPECIES. ENGLISH NAMES. No, g < = au Ay ia BIGABOIMCMSISy ea. (CATING. Ge Mh, ay Pesto ate 704, Sl = | we PRUAUIS+ ARs ie df a°x wa 3 Brow GearaSier tcf 705 10g) 72| 8 LGMSITOStHS. Aen SeMMStU 4 4 ayn cy. Long-billed Thrasher... .|706 152| 103) 19 GUPVIFOSUIIS. 44.54 Curve-billed Thrasher. ..|707 I51I| 103) 4 DalmieHin yeas ay Palmer se lnireshier... aes. 7074 bendIrel. ...4.% 4. Bendire’s Thrasher ...... 708 149] 103] 2 GiINerentSiy.- awe Su dEjoreeiee Monee rslakcie aes ye 709 I51} 103| 6 FECIVIVUSS 5 dsaeds Californian Thrasher. .... FLO. | RS TOst 5 leGonte | o.i.ee. Leconte’s Thrasher...... 71 152| 103) 20 Ghissalitcy wemweeseee @rissal Whrasher+........ (712 149} 103] I brunneicapillus . . (GENRES NAVERES GUL, AR rie Mere eS 713 144, 97) 5 RT ahic Meee tata St. Lucas Cactus Wren ..|714 151| 103} 8 OosSolenws. ....4. RIGGS Wai Th). iets eects 715 FOZ) 7 5 guadeloupensis . . Guadalupe Rock Wren. ..'7:6 mexicanus....... White-throated Wren.. ../717 132| 88) 5 CONSPETSUS, 11.44: Canon ie ny cen te arnae pics ludovicianus. .... @arolincae VWireth hots ea eee 718 78| 52 WMitaMENSIS. . 02... Blhoricat Wet... a. .o. a. a> 718? |SVENMANOUSIE A ee 8 ees [Seuvaolesn VWVAten) sews te 719 | 102) FIL © spilurus. ..... AN ASOM SN GEMS 2 tee at IO pees LOS a7 iOMBU HONORS LA) ay IByaibia SyAWAMEIOM, Rane e OOn. 719’ | 152] 103) 18 brevicaudus. .... Guadalupe Wren..:..... 720 aed ole asa sue. House Wren..... ...... 721 83| 56) 7 parkmanii........ Parkonaames VW ren 1. uns. es 721% | 152) 102) 22 aztecus. . ...|Western House Wren... ./721? Inlemalisn, he nur ess Winter Wren,........... 722 | 50; 36 8 PACIICISs 45.2.4. Western Winter Wren. ..|722° BUIS@GISI, 6h Aras eNlasican Viren. ole 723 152) 102) 21 SSIS AISE go ede Short-billed Marsh Wren.|724 87| 61] 2 DalWStris yee meee Long-billed Marsh Wren.'725 5} 46-7 iMAtIaMieen aie ees IMEawabayore: WWSRET oie ean oe 7250s HUROBUGIED OS, gy ces BUNS OUCRNNS 56 An fo Brown Creeper Pe tea 720 FOI SS AS TEP SICENNEN) Aap ws 2 Mexican Creeper........ 7208 carolinensis. .... White-breasted Nuthatch.|727 2 2)5— aACUIe a tam eee ae see Slender-billed Nuthatch .|727% | 151) 103] 1 Canadensis... .. Red-breasted “Nuthatch. .|728 73; 50 OSM RE ry oR Brown-headed Nuthatch.|729 92; 64 (Dy, Milce leeeyeee ess Pycimy, INEM alte iments wales 730° | 151 103) bicolor meri nite. ditited Mintino uses. 731 30, 28) WESEOINIS eg aoe Texan Tufted Titmouse .|7317 atricristatus...... Black-crested Titmouse. .|732 | 152} 103) 15 castaneifrons..... Chestnut-fronted Titmouse|7 327 IVOIMANGUIS ter wennyae lain irmouse yasen sane 733 148) 104] 4 OI SCU Sten ty aes Gray ditimense ee ee 733° i CINETAGeUSm waeenivshy, itiMOusemnns aceene Wee wollweberi. ..... Bridled Titmouse........ 734 | 138) 92) 5 abiieaplllmnse saa: @hickadeee. «4 Gees 25 35 42); 32) 4 septentrionalis..../Long-tailed Chickadee. ..|735” | 176} 115) 11 Occidentalisn a2... Oregon Chickadee....... 735° | 152] 103] 14 carolinensis. .... Carolina Chickadee...... ES NANOS 2) eueAINIS Ae Fee coke Plumbeous Chickadee... .|736¢ meridionalis..... Mexican Chickadee...... 737 SPANIEL sh os see Mountain Chickadee. ...|738 | 134, 80) 5 CHONG s ake see ODESGUUS seen Siberian Chickadee...... 739 hudsonicus...... Hudsonian Chickadee... .|740 72) 53h 5 SEOMEN 1 len eee Kowak Chickadee....... 7409s MONEE 6 ho ons Chestnut-backed Chicka- GEG ., Haat ARIAS & rn Se ail 741 102; 7!) 3 MG HG GEMS re eee Californian Chickadee.. ..|741¢ hes Geld aaa ne Waren stl tha Seas able tack 742 134, 89] 7 henshawi........ evil Wire nasties, cay ae a: VA2s WMVGONONS noe GAA [SSI DOr Sean eee eee 743° | 135) 90, 8 Galifornicus. =. sa. Californian Bush-Tit. .... 743° CoiUIGl ce Asie e ee ay: Grinda’s Bush-Tit....... 743° plumbeus Lead-colored Bush-Tit., .|744 137; 92) 3 lloydi. goog Heber Lloyd’s Bush-Tit,......., 744bts melanotis. ...... Black-eared Bush-Tit....|745 Havice Dou ment iee IESE HIT co wren ine, tees gio aeees 740 138] 92| 4 DoOLealisnee. sane Kennicott’s Willow War- Dabctine ds Mas us sweet tain cs Es A 174), allt ARNG GN OY Caoeas od pern ] Golden-crowned Kinglet. ie | a a 5 olivaceus........ Western Golden-crowned IS SRORSTOEES a See o A 748 Calendula. «246: Ruby-crowned Kinglet...|749 64, 47| 6 ODSCUHUSH a ein. ee DuskyslCinslete ns ce 750 @cenliledycn swe ate on Blue-gray Gnatcatcher...|751 COW 237 uel pla beatae Plumbeous Gnatcatcher..|752 | 139] 93] 4 californica ...... Black-tailed:Gnatcatcher. | 16 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS.— Continued. A olu | OS ie FAMILY. GENUS. SPBETES: SUBSE CLES: ENGLISH NAMES. No. 2 4 RP Sunlele Turdide. Thrushes, Stonechats, JS URULS Oy CORSA BON 1% USCHE ICY Fire we Macaca ai Red-winged Thrush..... 760 WISP Eas plese ae; so tun ne Mieratonias ea. American Wobinie, asec) 761 97| 67| 4 PLOpiniGuane seeeer Wiestern so bites inane 7614 COMMIS rey svh ep) ot Siwluucasivobiiaesianeees 762 i eal ean PIGS perocle lila sis Maeve vias Wemeshye>, Maried) Thrush): seein CONS oO A iCyanecula c.ceeee sen SUCCIGAn aumur oie Red-spotted Bluethroat..|764 Saxicola:e ic! Genee%s GSMaNthew-048 on MHNVINGA tea Re iclis siete. aaa 7. OG a RO Gee 5 Sialia 4. sast< 4 tween SIQISt tit een Bilwebird:kacm eee ee nen 760 OD \ee2a BW Abbgcr Pinte MER i 4 Aire tlie itd anemia: see 7662 MMe xdCaneasrw 4s Western Bluebird........ 767 ; Gil; GG Aiea yas eee aes Mountain Bluebird....... 768 LO? ails 2S 16 Pages. L. S. Foster N. ¥.. Electrotyper. STERLING PRESS, 97 SOUTH FIFTH AVENUE, NEW. YORK. Eas Pe a sa >S - gaa $s : 4 Feit Ge “ y At | a 7 pie De ae OP er BT! I Pe THe Birps or Norru AMERICA. Oyo Popular History. mee —0 FR O— an PLATE I. The White-headed or Baid Eagle. (/falzaétus leucoccphalus.) Tuts noble bird being the adopted emblem of our beloved Re- public, it is first introduced to the kind reader; and he is indeed fully entitled to a particular notice, as he is the most beautiful of his tribe in North America. The Bald Eagle has long been known to naturalists, being corm- mon to both Continents, and has occasionally been found in very high northern latitudes, as well as near the borders of the torrid zone, Chiefly in the vicinity of the sea or on the shores and cliffs of lakes and large rivers. His food consists chiefly of fish, of which he seems to be very fond, but he will not refuse, when driven by hunger, to regale himself on a lamb or young pig; he will even, ‘‘in hard times,” snatch from a vulture the carrion on which he is feeding. The ardor and energy of the Bald Eagle might awaken a full share of deep interest, were they not associated with so much robbery and wanton exercise of power, for he habitually despoils the Osprey or Fish-hawk of his prey. Of the singular manner in which he does this, Alexander Wilson, in his work on North American birds, says: ‘«¢ Elevated on a high dead limb of some gigantic tree, that com- mands a wide view of the neighboring shore and ocean, he seems calmly to contemplate the motions of the various feathered tribes that pursue their busy avocations below—the snow-white Gulls, slowly winnowing the air; the busy Tringee (Sandpipers) coursing along the sands; trains of Ducks, streaming over the surface ; silent and watchful Cranes, intent and wading; clamorous Crows, and all the winged multitudes that subsist by the bounty of this vast liquid magazine of nature. High over all these hovers one whose action instantly arrests his whole attention. By his wide curvature of wing and sudden suspension in the air, he knows him to be the Fish-hawk, settling over some devoted victim of the deep. His eye kindles at the sight, and balancing himself with halfopened wings on the branch, he watches the result. Down, rapid as an arrow from heaven, descends the distant object of his attention, the roar of his wings reaching the ear, as it disappears in the deep, making the surges foam around. At this moment, the eager looks of the eagle are all ardor, and leveling his neck for flight, he sees the Fish-hawk once more emerge struggling with his prey and mounting in the air with screams of exultation. These are the signals for our hero, who, launching into the air, instantly gives chase, and soon gains on the Fish-hawk; each exerts his utmost to mount above the other, displaying in these rencounters the most elegant and sublime aerial evolutions. The unincumbered Eagle rapidly advances, and is just at the point of reaching his opponent, when, with a sudden scream, probably of despair and honest exe- cration, the latter drops his fish; the Eagle, poising himself for a moment, as if to take a more certain aim, descends like a whirl- wind, snatches it in his grasp ere it reaches the water, and bears his ill-gotten booty silently to the woods.” Dr. Franklin is rather severe on this emblem of our National Union. He says: ‘«For my part, I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen as the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character ; he does not get his living honestly. You may have seen him perched upon some dead tree, where, too lazy to fish for him- self, he watches for the labors of the Fishing-hawk, and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish, and is bearing it to his nest for the support of his mate and young ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him, and takes it from him. With all this injustice, he is never in good case, but like those among men who live by sharping and robbing, he is generally poor, and very often lousy. Besides, he is a rank coward; the little King-bird, not bigger than a sparrow, attacks him boldly, and drives him out of the district. He is, therefore, by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America, who have driven out all the King- birds from our country, though exactly fitted for the order of knights which the French call Chevaliers d’Industrie.” The Falls of Niagara are one of his favorite haunts, on account of the fish caught there, and the attraction presented by the nu- merous remains of squirrels, deer, and other animals, which perish in attempting to cross the river above the cataract. The nest of this species is generally fixed on a very large and lofty tree, often in a swamp or morass, and difficult to ascend. It is formed of large sticks, sods, earthy rubbish, hay, corn-stalks, rushes, moss, etc., and contains, in due time, two eggs of about the size of a goose egg and of a bluish white color. The young are at first covered with a whitish or cream-colored down and have light bluish eyes. This cream color changes gradually into a bluish gray ; as the development of the feathers advances, the light blue eyes turn by degrees to a dark hazel brown; when full grown, they are covered wholly with lighter or darker brown feathers, un- til after the third year, when the white of the head and tail grad- ually appears; at the end of the fourth year he is perfect and of an appearance as seen on our plate, his eyes having changed to a bright straw color. The Bald Eagle is three feet long, and measures trom tip to tip of the wing about seven feet. The conformation of the wing is admirably adapted for the support of so large a bird; it measures two feet in breadth on the greater quills and sixteen inches on the lesser; the larger primaries are about twenty inches in length and upward of one inch in circumference where they enter into the skin; the broadest secondaries are three inches in breadth across the vane; the scapulars are very large and broad, spreading from the back to the wing, to prevent the air from passing through. Another range of broad flat feathers, from three to ten inches long, extends from the lower part of the breast to the wing below for the same purpose, and between these lies a deep triangular cavity ; the thighs are remarkably thick, strong, and muscular, covered with long feathers pointing backward. The legs are half covered be- low the tarsal joint; the soles of the feet are rough and warty. The male is generally three inches shorter than the female; the white on the head and tail is duller, and the whole appearance less formidable ; the brown plumage is lighter, and the bird himself is less daring than the female, a circumstance common to all birds of prey: 2 W OODPECKER—NUTHATCH. PLATE II. This plate represents a scene which was witnessed by Dr. Jasper, resting near a patch of woods, between the Scioto river and the canal, about two miles and a half south of Columbus, Ohio, on one of his shooting excursions in the month of May. A pair of Red-headed Woodpeckers had a nest in the old stump of a decayed tree; the entrance to it undoubtedly had been made by the Yellow Hammer, as the size of it indicated, it being consid- erably larger than the Red-heads usually make. I had pre- viously examined this nest; there were four eggs in it at the time. At first a male Yellow Hammer tried his best to force an entrance, but was effectually repulsed by the Red-heads. The female Yel- low Hammer was during this time most indolently sitting on an- other stump of a broken tree, seeming not to take any interest in the doings of her mate; but some time after, perhaps pressed by the necessity of laying her egg, she too took an active part against the Red-heads, and the united strength of both finally overpowered them, and they had to abandon their nest and eggs to the Yel- low Hammers, who, in their turn, after having thrown out the eggs . of the Red-heads, installed themselves in the nest. The two Nuthatches which we see in the plate were led only by curiosity ; they merely wanted to see what the racket was about. The Gold-winged Woodpecker. (Colaptes auratus.) Fig. 1, The male. Fig. 2, The female. Though this species, generally speaking, is migratory, yet they often remain north during the whole winter. They inhabit the continent of North America from Hudson’s Bay to Georgia; they have even been found on the northwest coast of the continent. They generally arrive at Hudson’s Bay in the middle of April, and leave in September. The natives there call them Ou-thee-quan- nor-ow, from the golden color of their shafts, and the lower side of the wings. This bird has numerous provincial appellations in the States of the Union, such as ‘‘ High-hole,” from the situation of its nest, and ‘« Hittucks,” «* Yucker,” ‘* Piut,” «‘ Flicker,” ‘* Yel- low Hammer,” etc. Most of these names have probably originated from a fancied resemblance of its notes to the sound of the words ; for the most common cry of the Gold-winged Woodpecker con- sists of two notes or syllables, often repeated, which, by the help of the hearer’s imagination, may seem to resemble any of them. The Gold-winged Woodpecker builds his nest about the middle of April, usually in the hollow body or branch of a tree, at con- siderable height above the ground, but not always, for I found the nest of one in an apple tree, less than three feet above the ground. The female lays five.or six white, almost transparent eggs, very thick at one end and tapering suddenly toward the other; the young leave the nest early, climbing to the higher branches, where they are fed by the parents. Their plumage, in its color and mark- ings, resembles that of the parent birds, with the exception that the colors are less brilliant, and the dots appear less frequently on the breasts of the young than on those of the old birds. The food va- ries according to seasons, and consists of worms, berries, seeds, Indian corn, etc., and this is perhaps the reason why farmers de- stroy this bird whenever they have a chance. Formerly he was classed by many of the ornithologists among the Cuckoos, which was an absurdity, as he has no resemblance to them. The tongue is constructed like that of all the Wood- peckers, and he has no resemblance to the Cuckoo, except that two of his toes are placed before and two behind; he not only alights on the branches of a tree, but most frequently on the trunk, on which he will climb up or down or spirally around it, just as his fancy may be; when on the ground, he hops; his flesh is in quite good esteem. The Red-headed Woodpecker. (JZelanerpes erythrocephalus.) Fig. 3, The male. Fig. 4, The female. This bird is more universally known than any other bird in North America. His plumage, red, white, and black, glossed with violet, added to his numbers and his peculiar fondness for hovering along the fences, is so very notorious that almost every- body is acquainted with him. His food consists chiefly of insects, of which he destroys a large quantity daily; but he is also very fond of cherries, pears, sweet apples, and other fruit ;. wherever there is a tree covered with ripe cherries, you may see him busy among the branches; in passing an orchard, you may easily know where ‘to find the earliest and sweetest apples, by observing those trees on or near which the Red-head is skulking, for he is an ex- cellent connoisseur of good fruit; when alarmed on such occasions, he seizes a capital one, by sticking his open bill into it, and bears it off to the woods. He also likes Indian corn, when in its rich, succulent, milky state, opening with great eagerness a passage through the numerous folds of the husk. The girdled, or dead- ened timber, so common among corn-fields, is his favorite re- treat, whence he sallies out to make his depredations. He is of a very gay and frolicsome disposition ; half a dozen are frequently seen diving and vociferating around the dead high limbs of some large tree, pursuing and playing with each other, amusing the passenger with their gambols. ‘The cry of the Red-headed Wood- pecker is shrill and lively, and resembles very much the cry of the tree-frog. Farmers generally hate and destroy him whenever they have a chance; but whether this is just or not we will leave tothem. It is stated above that he also destroys thousands and thousands of destructive insects and their larvee, and therefore we would say to the farmer, in the benevolent language of the Scriptures, not to ** muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn;” and the same liberality should be extended to this useful bird that forms ~ so powerful a defense against the inroads of many millions of de- structive vermin. Properly speaking, the Red-headed Woodpecker is a bird of passage. They inhabit North America from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and have also been found on the northwestern coast. About the middle of May they construct their nests, which they form in the body or large limbs of trees, taking in no materials, but smoothing the nests to the proper shape and size. The female lays six eggs of a pure white, and the young make their appear- ance about the 20th of June. During the first season, the head and neck of the young birds are blackish gray, the white on the wing is also spotted with black, but in the succeeding spring they receive their perfect plumage, as on our plate. The male and female differ in nothing except that the female is a trifle smaller. The White-breasted, Black-capped Nuthatch. (S¢t¢a carolenenszs.) Fig. 5, The male. Fig. 6, The female. The White-breasted Nuthatch is common almost everywhere in our woods and may be known at.a distance by his peculiar note— quank, quank—frequently repeated, as he moves up and down in spiral circles, around the body and larger branches of the tree, probing behind the thin, scaly bark, shelling off considerable pieces of it in search of spiders or other insects and their larve. He rests and roosts with his head downward, and appears to pos- sess an uncommon degree of curiosity. Frequently I have amused myself, when in the woods, imitating the voice of a bird in distress, to see who would be the first to appear, and invariably the Nuthatch made his appearance first to see what was the matter. Frequently he will descend very silently within a few feet of the root of the tree where you happen to stand, stopping head downward, stretch- ing out his neck in a horizontal position, as if to reconnoiter your appearance, and after severa] minutes of silent observation, | 23 Pe II ‘% { A = , N ~ = ¢ WHITE OR WHOOPING CRANE—RAIL. 3 ne ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee wheeling round, he again ascends with fresh activity, piping his *‘quank, quank,” as before. He is strangely attached to his native forests and seldom forsakes them ; amidst the rigors of the severest winter weather his lively quank, quank is heard in the bleak and leafless woods. Sometimes the rain, freezing as it falls, incloses every twig and even tne trunk of the trees in a hard transparent coat or shell of ice; on such occasions we observe his anxiety and dissatisfaction, as being with difficulty able to make his way along the smooth surface. At such times he generally abandons the woods and may be seen gleaning about the stables, around the house, mixing among the fowls, entering the barn and examining the beams and rafters and every place where he can pick up a subsistence. The name Nuthatch is very erroneously bestowed on this family of birds. it was supposed that they could crack the hardest nuts with their bills by repeated hammerings; soft-shelled nuts, such as chestnuts, hazel-nuts, and a few more of this description, they may perhaps be able to demolish, but I never have seen them do it. Hard-shelled nuts, such as walnuts, hickory-nuts, etc., they are perfectly incapable of breaking, as their bills are not at all shaped for that kind of work. This absurd idea may have had its origin in the circumstance that we frequently observe the Nuthatch busily searching for insects in heaps of shells of broken nuts, lying on some old stump of a tree, or around it, brought there or broken by the squirrels, whilst ignorance ascribed the broken nuts to the doings of the feeble little bird. This bird builds his nest early in April, in the hole of a tree, in a hollow rail of a fence, and sometimes in the* wogden cornice under the eaves ; the female lays five eggs of a’dull white, spotted with brown at the greater end. The maleqs the most attentive husband and supplies his beloved mate, while setting, regularly with sustenance, stopping frequently at the mouth of the hole, call- ing and offering her what he has brought. At other times he seems merely to stop and inquire how she is, and to cheer up the tedious moments with his soothing chatter. He seldom goes far from the spot, and when danger appears, regardless of his own safety, he flies to alarm her. When both feed on the trunk of the same tree or on adjoining ones, he is perpetually calling on her, and from the momentary pauses he makes, it is evident that he feels pleased to hear her reply. The female differs very little from the male in color, the black being only less deep on the head and wings. PLATE III. The White or Whooping Crane. (Gras [Ardea] americana.) In former times the Cranes were classed with the Herons, to which they bear a certain alliance, but were afterward, with propriety, separated from them, and now form a very natural division in that great class. ‘They are all at once distinguished from the Herons (Ardez) by the bald head and the broad, waving, and pendulous form of the greater coverts, and the shortness of the hind toe. The Crane is found in every part of the world, but the group is, not- withstanding, limited to a few species. Our species, the Whooping Crane, is the tallest and most stately of all the feathered tribes of North America. He is the watchful inhabitant of extensive salt marshes, desolate swamps, and open morasses in the neighborhood of the sea and large rivers. He is migratory, and his migrations are regular and most extensive, reaching from the shores and inundated tracts of South America to the Arctic Circle. In these immense periodical wanderings, they rise to such a height in the air as to be seldom observed, and form at such times regular lines in about a sharp angle, frequently changing their leader, or the one that flies foremost. They have, however, their resting stages on the route to and from their usual breeding-place, the more northern regions; and during their stay, they wander along the muddy flats in search of worms, sailing occasionally from place to place with a low and heavy flight a lit- tle above the surface, and have at such times a very formidable appearance. ‘Their cry is loud and piercing, and may be heard at a distance of two miles; they have various modulations of this singular cry. When wounded, they attack the gunner or his dog with great resolution, striking with their sharp and formidable bills. They are extremely watchful, but not shy. When alone, they are constantly on the alert, and a flock of them has always regular guards. When alarmed, they never return to the same place without sending out a number to reconnoiter. As cautiously as he avoids man, he becomes as closely attached to him, when once brought into his companionship; he learns to understand every action of his master, knows his voice and shows his satisfac tion when he sees him: he not only regards him as his master, but as his friend; society seems to be a necessity to him. One that I received from Dubuque, lowa, which was caught on the Mississippi by a trapper, and has been living with me nearly four years, was at first very ferocious and could only be approached with great difficulty, but is now perfectly tame. It became in a very short time reconciled to its imprisonment, and is now very much attached to me. The Cranes sometimes rise spirally in the air to a great height, the mingled noise of their screaming, even when almost out of sight, resembling that of a pack of hounds in full cry. On such occasions they fly around in large circles, as if reconnoitering the country to a vast extent for a fresh quarter to feed in. At other times, they assemble in great masses, forming in regular lines and standing erect, with their bills resting on the throat, whilst one will step out, open his wings and dance in the most ridiculous way be- fore the others—the people on the Mississippi call this ‘‘ preach- ing ;” at other times several will dance regularly around each other with outspread wings. ‘They live chiefly on vegetable food, such as Indian corn; but readily swallow mice, rats, moles, etc., with great avidity. They build their nest on the ground, about one foot in height, and lay two pale blue eggs, spotted with brown, as large as a goose egg, but more lengthened. The Cranes, as above stated, are distinguished from the other families by the bald- ness of their heads, the broad flag of plumage projecting over the tail, and in general by their superior size. They also differ in their internal organization, in the conformation of the windpipe, which enters the breast in a cavity fitted to receive it, and after several turns goes out again at the same place, and thence de- scends to the lungs. Unlike the Herons, they have not the inner side of the middle claw pectinated ; and the hind toe is very short, scarcely reaching the ground. The brown Crane (Grus Cana- densis) is no other than the young of the Whooping Crane. All the descriptions of former ornithologists are exactly corre- spondent with the above. Ina flock of ten or twelve Whooping Cranes, three or four are usually of that tawny or reddish-brown tint on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, but are evidently yearlings of the Whooping Crane, and differ in nothing but in that and in size from the others. ‘They are generally five or six inches shorter, and the primaries are of a brownish cast, and their legs are also a trifle darker. PLATE IV. t The Rail. (Crex carolinus.) Fig. 1, Male. Fig. 2, Female. The Rail, or as it is called in Virginia, the Sora, and in South Carolina the Coot, belongs to a genus of birds, of which, as nearly as can be ascertained, about thirty-two different species are known to naturalists, and those are distributed over almost every region of the habitable parts of the globe. ‘The general character of them is everywhere the same. They run swiftly, bnt their flight is 4 | VIRGINIA RAIL—SONG SPARROW. a slow, and with the legs hanging down; they become extremely fat, and fond of concealment, and usually prefer running to flying. Most of them are migratory and abound during the summer in certain countries, the inhabitants of which have very rarely an opportunity of seeing them. The Rail usually builds his nest in a tussock of grass; the nest is formed of a little dry grass. The female lays from four to six eggs of a dirty whitish color with brown or blackish spots; the young ones run off as soon as they are hatched: they are covered with a perfectly black down, and run about among the grass like mice. The Rails arrive at Hudson’s Bay, and other northern parts, early in June, breed there, and leave again for the south early in autumn. But it is certain that some of them remain with us, as I have caught young Rails myself in the latter part of the month of June on the Connecticut river, just a little above the town of Wethersfield, in a swampy or reedy place, called there the Weth- ersfield Cove. I have also been informed, by persons of credit and intelligence, in several places of the Union, that they had found nests, as well as young Rails; but what is singular, none of them had ever seen at that time the old ones. The Rails, as well as the Bobolinks, are very fond of the seeds of two different kinds of reeds, which grow up from the soft muddy shores of the tide water, and are alternately dry and then covered again with four or five feet of water. They rise with an erect, tapering stem to the height of six or eight feet. They grow up so close together that a boat can only with difficulty make its way through them at or near the time of high water. The seeds are produced at the top of the plant, the blossoms occupying the lower branches of the panicle and the seeds the higher. These seeds are nearly as long as an ordinary pin and very slender, white, and sweet to the taste; also very nutritious, as ap- pears by the effect they have on the various birds that at this time feed on them. When the reeds are in this state, the Rails take possession of them in great numbers. At this season, as you walk along the embankment of a river where these reeds grow, you can hear the Rails squeak in every direction like young pup- pies. Ifa stone be thrown among them, there is a general outcry and a reiterated ‘‘keek, keek, keek,” somewhat like that of a Guinea fowl; any other sudden noise, as the discharge of a gun, produces the same effect. In the meantime none are to be seen, unless it be at or near high water; for when the tide is low, they universally secrete themselves among the interstices of the reeds, and you may walk past or even over them—where there are hun- dreds—without seeing a single one. On their arrival they are generally lean and unfit for the table, but as the seeds of the reeds ripen, they fatten rapidly, and from about the middle of September to the middle of October, are excellent and eagerly sought for. Their flight among these reeds is usually low, and shelter being abundant, it is rarely extended to more than from ten to fifty yards. When winged and uninjured in their legs, they swim and dive with great rapidity, and are seldom seen to rise again. IT have found them several times, on such occasions, under the water, clinging with their feet to the reeds. They are very feeble and delicate in every part, except the legs, which seem to possess great strength; their bodies being remarkably thin and com- pressed, measuring not more than an inch and a quarter through transversely, they are enabled to pass between the reeds like rats. When seen, they are almost constantly jetting up the tail. Flut- tering as their flight appears in the reeds, I have seen them at other times rise to a considerable height, stretching their feet be- hind them and flying to such distances that I really lost sight of them. In the State of New Jersey, where this particular kind of reed does not grow, we find no Rails. Most of them leave the Middle States before the end of October, and the Southern States early in November, though some are found lingering in the warm southern marshes the whole winter. Numbers of them have been found in the West Indies at the time of our winter season, which makes it evident that they migrate across that part of the sea be- tween the mainland and the islands; and why should this be im- possible? As the Rail can swim and dive well and fly at pleasure, he seems to me well fitted for such an undertaking. The young Rails, the first season, resemble the females. Some modern ornithologists have classed this bird under the genus Gallinula; but this seems to me altogether wrong, as all Rails are destitute of a frontal plate, which characterizes the Gal- linule; they otherwise have certainly a strong resemblance toe them. The Virginia Rail. (CRallus virginianus.) Fig. 3. This elegant little bird is far less numerous in this part of the United States than the preceding, but inhabits more remote north- ern regions. He is frequently seen along the borders of our salt marshes, which are rarely visited by the Sora; he breeds there as well as among the meadows that border our large rivers. He is met with in the interior, as far west as the Ohio river; also in Ken- tucky in the groves and wet places, but only in the spring. He feeds less on vegetable and more on animal food than the com- mon Rail. The food of this species consists chiefly of small snail shells, worms, and the larvze of insects that it extracts from the mud with its long bill, which is wonderfully adapted to it. On this account its flesh is much inferior to the former; otherwise, its habits, its thin compressed body, its aversion to take to the wing, and the dexterity with which it runs and conceals itself among the grass, are exactly similar to those of the common Rail, from which genus, notwithstanding the difference of its bill, it ought not to be separated. Some people call this bird the Fresh Water Mud Hen. The epithet ‘‘ fresh water” is given to it because of its frequenting only those parts of the marsh where fresh water springs rise through the bogs into the salt marshes. In such places it usually con- structs its nest, which is composed altogether of old dry grass and rushes. The female lays from six to ten eggs of a dirty white or cream color, sprinkled with specks of reddish and pale purple, most numerous near the greater end. They commence laying early in May, and probably raise two broods in the season. The young of this species are also covered with a pure black down, and have a white spot on their bill, and a soft and piping note. The female is about half an inch, shortér than the male, the color of the breast is paler, and a little more white on the throat and chin. ' These birds, like the preceding, stand and run with the tail erect, which they frequently jerk upward; they also fly exactly like them, with the legs hanging down, but only a short distance, and the moment they alight run off with great speed. “ The Song Sparrow. (AZelospiza melodia.) ’ -Fig. 4, Male. Fig. 5, Female. The Song Sparrow may be found in-all parts of the United States; he is the earliest, sweetest, and most lasting singer of all the Sparrows. We may call them partially migratory, for the most of them pass to the south in the month of November; but many remain with us all winter, in the low sheltered meadows and swamps. He is the first singing-bird in spring, taking precedence of the Peewee and Bluebird. His song, resembling the beginning of the Canary’s song, or perhaps rather the song of the European Yellow Hammer (Emberiza Citrinella), is very short but exceed- ingly sweet, and frequently repeated, generally from the branches of a bush or small tree, where he sits, chanting for an hour at a time. He is very fond of frequenting the borders of rivers, mead- ows, swamps, and other like watery places. He is found, with a multitude of other kinds of Sparrows, in the great Cypress swamps PL. IV alle eah at Petre ts Pla q MARSH WREN—GREAT HORNED OWL. 5 of the Southern States, which seem to be the places of their grand winter rendezvous. ; The nest of the Song Sparrow is built in the ground under a tuft of grass, and is formed of fine dry grass, lined with horse- hair and other material; it lays four or five eggs of a bluish white, thickly covered with reddish-brown spots. It raises usually three broods in the season. ‘There are young ones often found in the nest as early as the latter part of April, and as late as the tenth of August. Sometimes the nest is built in a cedar tree, six to eight feet from the ground, which seems to be very singular for a bird that usually builds on the ground; but this same habit is found in another bird—the Red-winged Starling, which sometimes builds its nest in the long grass or swamps, or in the rushes, and at other times in low trees or alder-bushes. The male and female are so nearly alike as to be scarcely distinguished from each other. The Marsh Wren. (Ciéstochorus palustris.) Fig. 6, Male. Fig. 7, Female. The Marsh Wren arrives from the South about the middle of May; as soon as the reeds and a species of Nymphica, usually called ‘* Splatter-dock”—which grow in luxuriance along the tide- water of our rivers—are sufficiently high to shelter it. In such places he is usually found, and seldom ventures far from the river. His food consists of insects and their larva, and a kind of small green grasshopper that inhabits the reeds andrushes. His notes or chirp has a crackling sound, resembling somewhat that produced by air-bubbles, forcing their way through mud, or boggy ground when trod upon, and can hardly be called a song. But low as he may stand as a singer, he stands high as an architect, for he excels in the art of design, and constructs a nest, which, in durability, warmth, and convenience, is far superior to the most of his musical brethren. The outside is usually formed of wet rushes, well inter- mixed with mud and fashioned into the shape of a cocoa-nut; a small round hole is left two-thirds up for his entrance, the upper edge of which projects like a pent-house, over the lower, prevent- ing the admittance of rain. Inside it is lined first with fine dry grass, then with cow’s hair and sometimes feathers. This nest, when once dried by the sun, will resist any kind of weather, and is generally suspended among the reeds and tied so fast to the sur- rounding ones as to bid defiance to the wind and waves. The female usually lays six eggs of a fawn color, and very small for the size of the bird. ‘They raise usually two broods in a season. He has a strong resemblance to the house Wren and still more to the winter Wren, but he never associates with either of them; and the last named has left before the Marsh Wren makes his appearance, which is about the beginning of September. The hind claw of this little bird is large, semicircular, and very sharp; his bill slender and slightly bent; the nostrils prominent; the tongue narrow, very tapering, sharp-pointed, and horny at the ‘extremity ; and for this reason he ought to be classed—as some naturalists really have done with good cause—among the true Certhiadz, or Creepers. His habits are also like those of the Creepers, as he is constantly climbing along the stalks of reeds and other aquatic plants in quest of insects. PLATE V. The Great Horned Owl. (Bubo virginianus.) Fig. 1. This well known formidable Owl is found in almost any part of North America, from the icy regions to the Gulf of Mexico; also on the Western coast, but most abundantly in the central part of this continent. His favorite resorts are the dark solitudes of swamps covered with a growth of gigantic timber, which he makes resound with his hideous cries, as soon as night sets in. At times he sweeps down from a tree, uttering his loud Waugh O! Waugh O! so close to you, and so unexpectedly, that you can not help be- ing startled. Besides this favorite note of his, he has other noctur- nal solos, just as melodious, especially one that resembles very strikingly the half-suppressed screams of a person being nearly suffocated; but after all, his peculiar cry is very entertaining. Another of his notes sounds like the loud jabbering and cackling of an old rooster pursued by a dog, and is kept up sometimes for half anhour. You will always take pleasure in observing him, and often, when quietly sitting under a tree, he will sweep so close by you as almost to touch you with his wings; but generally he shuns the presence of men, and seems to know that man is the worst of his enemies. At night he is very cautious, and even in the day-time he suffers no one to approach—unlike the rest of the Owls, which allow the gunner to approach them without showing signs of being alarmed. The Great Horned Owl is rarely seen in day-time, the peculiar coloring of his feathery dress agreeing perfectly with the bark of the tree on which he sits, almost motionless. It sometimes hap- pens, however, that one of the smaller warblers discovers him, and alarms, by his cries, the whole feathered population of the forest, which now tease and keep on annoying him till he is at last com- pelled to leave his resting-place in disgust. But it is a different thing at night; then he is lord. His flight, which, in day-time, appears rather awkward, is then silent and very swift. Sweeping low above the ground, generally, like the rest of the Owl tribe, he rises also, with ease, to great heights, and his movements are so quick that he catches regularly any bird he has scared up from sleep. Any bird—the smallest warbler as well as a chicken or a duck—will serve him for a meal; and this may ac- count for the circumstance that all birds, without an exception, hate him. He lives also on squirrels, rats, and mice, of which he destroys great numbers. He pairs usually in February. At this time the male, after hav- ing performed the most ridiculous evolutions in the air, alights near his chosen female, whom he delights with his boundings, the snap- ping of his bill, and his extremely ludicrous movements. This style of love-making he practices in day-time as well as at night. His nest, which is proportionally very large, is usually built on a thick horizontal branch of a big tree, close to the trunk. It has been found in the crevice of a rock. It is. composed of crooked sticks and coarse grasses, fibers, and feathers, inside. The eggs, which number from three to five, and even six, are almost globular, rough, and of a dirty white color. The male assists the female in sitting on the eggs. The young are covered at first with a thick white down, and remain in the nest until fully fledged. Even then they follow their parents for a long time and are fed by them, ut- tering a mournful, melancholy cry, perhaps to stimulate them to pity. They are much lighter colored than the old ones, and ac- quire their full plumage in the following spring. Although the Great Horned Owl, as above stated, prefers retire- ment, he sometimes takes up his abode in the vicinity of a detached farm, and causes great havoc among the poultry, especially the young poultry, of the farmer, by occasionally grasping a chicken or Guinea fowl with his talons, and carrying it off to the woods. When wounded, he exhibits the most revengeful tenacity of spirit, disdaining to scramble away like other Owls, but courageously facing his enemy, producing his powerful talons and snapping his bill. At such times his large eyes seem to double their usual size, and he shuts and opens them alternately in quick succession as long as his enemies remain in his presence. ‘The rising of his feathers on such an occasion gives him a very formidable appear- ance, and makes him look nearly twice as large as usual. In tormer times, this Owl, as well as Owls in general, was re- garded with a great deal of superstition, and we often find the Ow] 6 GROSSBEAK—AMERICAN RED START—BLUE WARBLER. introduced in gloomy midnight stories and fearful scenes of nature, to heighten the horror of the picture; but knowledge of the gen- eral laws and productions of Nature has done away with this su- perstitious idea, as well as with so many others. With all his gloomy habits and ungracious tones, there is nothing mysterious about this bird, which is simply a bird of prey, feeding at night and resting during the day. ‘The harshness of his voice is occasioned by the width and capacity of his throat. The voices of all car- nivorous birds and quadrupeds, are likewise observed to be harsh and hideous. The Great Horned Owls are not migratory; they remain with us during the whole year. ‘The female is, like all birds of prey, considerably larger than the male, but the white on the throat is not as pure, and she has less of the bright ferruginous or tawny color below. The Rose-Breasted Grossbeak. (Coccodorus ludovictanus.) Fig. 2, the Male. Fig. 3, the Female. This elegant species of the Parrot Finches (Pityli) is found most abundant in the New England States, especially Massachusetts, but with the exception of the extreme western parts and coast of Georgia and the Carolinas, they are met with, at certain seasons, in almost every part of the United States. . His wanderings extend as far up, asNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, where he has been observed to breed. He leaves early in the fall to take up his abode in warmer regions and as soon as spring sets in, commences his wanderings eastward again. Heis seen in Ken- tucky as early as the 16th of March, on his eastern travel. His flight is steady, and at a considerable height. At times he will lower himself and take a rest in the top branches of a high tree. Before taking a new start he will utter a few very clear and sweet notes. You may hear the same, at times, during his flight, but not when he is resting. At about sundown he chooses one of the highest trees to sit upon, in a stiff and upright position, and after a few minutes repose retreats into a thicket to spend the night. His food consists of grass and other seeds, buds of trees, tender blossoms, and berries, especially those of the Sour Gum, on which he eagerly feeds; he also subsists partly on insects, which he often catches on the wing, as most of the Finches do. In the third year he arrives at his full plumage. The younger birds have the plumage of the back variegated with light brown, white, and black, a line of which extends over the eye. The rose- color reaches to the back of the bill, where it is speckled with black and white. Our plate shows the full-plumaged female, who, therefore, differs considerably from the male. The Rose-Breasted Grossbeak is, in common opinion, one of the sweetest singers of this continent. His song is rich and melodious, and he sings at night as well as in day-time. His notes are clear, full, and very loud, suddenly changing, at times, to a plaintive and melancholy, but exceedingly sweet, cadence. One loves to observe him on such occasions, and can not help thinking that he must himself be fully aware of his good singing talent, from his gestures and the positions he takes while pouring forth the sweet notes from the depth of his breast. In captivity he sings fre- quently and just as well, though not so loud. His nest is found from the latter part of May to the beginning of July. It is fixed on the upper forks of bushes, on apple trees, or even higher trees, mostly in the neighborhood of water. It is composed of thin branches, intermixed with dry leaves and the bark of the wild grape, lined inside with dry roots and horse-hair. The female lays four eggs of a bluish white color, sprinkled with oblong specks of a brownish purple, especially at the larger end. They are hatched alternately by both male and female. The young are fed with insects exclusively, as long as they are little; then as they grow, with seeds also, which were previously soaked in the crops of the parents. The American Red Start. (Setophaga ruticilla.) Fig. 4. This little bird has been classed by several of our best ornithol- ogists among the Sylvicolinee (Warblers). We will not, therefore, venture to remove him, though we would rather have him placed among the Muscicapide (Fly-catchers), as there is hardly any other in the whole tribe that has the characteristic marks of the genus Muscicapa more distinct than he. The formation of his bill, the forward-pointing bristles, and especially his manners, stamp him a Fly-catcher. He is in almost perpetual motion, and will pursue a retreating party of flies from the top of the tallest tree 1o the ground in an almost perpendicular but zigzag line, while the clicking of his bill is distinctly heard. He certainly secures a dozen or more of them in one descent, lasting not over three or four seconds, then alights on an adjoining branch, traverses it lengthwise for a few moments, and suddenly shoots off in a quite unexpected direction after fresh game, which he can discover at a great distance. His notes or twitter hardly deserve the name of song. They resemble somewhat the words, Weese! Weese! Weese! often re- peated as he skips along the branches; at other times this twitter varies to several other chants, which may easily be recognized in the woods, but are almost impossible to be expressed by words. In the interior of the forest, on the borders of swamps and meadows, in deep glens covered with wood, wherever flying insects abound, this little bird is sure to be found. He makes his appearance in Ohio in the latter part of April, and leaves again for the South at the be- ginning of September. Generally speaking, he is met with all over the United States, and winters chiefly in the West Indian is- lands. The name Red Start is evidently derived from the Dutch ‘* Roth Start” (Red Tail), and was given to him by the first settlers, from his supposed resemblance to the European bird of this name, the Motacilla Phcenicurus; but he is decidedly of a different genus, and differs not only in size, but in manners and the colors of the plumage. The Red Start builds his nest frequently in low bushes, in the fork of a small sapling, or on the drooping branches of the elm, a few feet above the ground. ‘The exterior consists of flax, or other fibrous material, wound together and moistened with his saliva, in- terspersed here and there with pieces of lichen; inside it is lined with very fine soft substances. The female lays five white eggs, sprinkled with gray and little blackish specks. The male is ex- tremely anxious about them, and, on a person’s approach will flirt within a few feet about the nest, seemingly in greatdistress. The female differs from the male, in having no black on the head and back. Her head is of a cinerous color, inclining to olive. The white below is not as pure. The lateral feathers of the tail and breast are of a greenish yellow; those of the middle tail, of a dark brown. That beautiful aurora color on the male is, ov her, very dull. The young males of the first season look almost exactly like the females, and it is not until the third season that they receive their complete colors. Males of the second season are often heard in the woods crying the same notes as the full-plumaged males, which has given occasion to some people to assert that the females of this bird sing as well as the males. The Black-Throated Blue Warbler. (Dexdroica canadensis.) Fig. 5. This bird is one of those transient visitors that, at about the end of April or the first week of May, pass through Ohio, on their route to the north to breed. He reminds one, in his manners of the Fly-catcher, but the formation of his bill as well as his gen- eral appearance, places him unmistakably among the Warblers. PL. VI CREEPER—W ARBLER—HAWK. But little can be remarked here concerning this bird, as it is only to be met with now and then in spring, and during a sojourn of nearly eight years in Ohio, the writer has seen it only twice in the fall; but as the woods are then still thick with leaves, and the bird perfectly silent, it is more difficult to get sight of him, and he probably makes a shorter stay than in spring. Although no pains were spared to find his nest, here as well as in more north- ern districts, still the search has not been successful. During summer not one single individual of this species has been ob- served. Our plate shows the male. The female has a kind of a dusky ash on the breast, and some specimens which had been shot were nearly white. The Black and White Creeper. (JZzzotzlla varia.) Fig. 6. This is also one of the little birds which ought to be respected by farmers and husbandmen generally, on account of his extreme usefulness. He clears their fruit and forest trees of myriads of destructive insects, particularly ants, although he does not sere- nade them with his songs. He seldom perches on the small twigs, but circumambulates the trunk and larger branches, in quest of ants and other insects, with admirable dexterity. He is evidently nearer related to the Creepers than to the Warblers, for his hind claw is the largest, and his manners, as well as his tongue, which is long, fine-pointed, and horny at the extremity, characterize him strongly as a true Creeper. He arrives in Missouri, toward the latter part of April, and begins soon afterward to build his nest. One which we had the good luck to discover was fixed in the crack of the trunk of a large tree, and was composed of some fibers and dry leaves, lined with hair and a soft cotton-like down. It contained five young ones recently hatched. This was on the 28th of April. At about the beginning of October, the whole tribe leave again for warmer climates, probably the West Indies, though we have been informed that at least several of them have been perceived in the Gulf States during the whole winter. The male and female are nearly alike in colors. The Yellow-Throated Warbler. (Dendroica superciliosa.) ‘Fig. 7. The habits and manners of this splendid little bird are not con- sistent with the shape and construction of his bill, his ways being those of the Creepers or the Titmouse, while the peculiarities of his bill rank him with the Warblers. His notes, which are loud and spirited, resemble strongly those of the Indigo Blue Bird (Cyanospiza Cyanea). Heutters them every three or four minutes, while creeping around the branches or among the twigs in the manner of the Titmouse. On flying to another tree, he frequently alights on the trunk and creeps nimbly up and down or spirally around it, in search of food, like a Creeper. He leaves the North for a short time only in winter, and can not, therefore, migrate very far South. They have been seen in the North as late as the middle of November, and as early again in the spring as the 12th of March. Inthe State of Connecticut, onthe banks of the Connecti- cut river, great numbers of them have been observed as late in the fall as the roth of October. They are rarely met with there in the spring, but why, we are unable to state. They seem to be rather partial to running waters, in the vicinity of which they are invari- ably found; sometimes on trees, sometimes hanging on fences, head downward, like the Titmouse, or searching among the dry leaves on the ground. The bird on our plate is the perfect male. As to the female, her wings are of a dingy brown, and her colors in general, particu- larly the yellow on the breast, much duller. The young birds of the first season are without the yellow. J] PLATE VI. The Wandering Falcon, or Great-Footed Hawk. (alco peregrinus.) The Wandering Falcon, Mountain Falcon, Rock Falcon, Duck Hawk, or Great-footed Hawk, justly deserves his names. He roams almost all over the world. His home extends from the northeast of Asia to western Europe, and the question is yet to be solved whether our American bird is a different species or not. It is evident he is not; for the size, as well as the general characteris- tic traits of both the American and the one described by European writers, agree almost to minuteness. Some of the European orni- thologists differ somewhat in the description of his coloring; but these discrepancies seem to have been occasioned by specimens of different ages, more than by any other cause. He is also found in the interior of Africa, and, according to Jerdon, inIndia. This ex- cellent observer says: ‘*‘ The Wandering Falcon is found through- out India, from the Himalaya to Cape Comorin, but only during the cold season; especially plentiful near the sea-coasts, or on the shores of large rivers. He does not breed there, as far as I can ascertain, but is only a winter visitor, who appears in October and leaves again in April.” In America he extends his wanderings far to the South; whether they reach to South America has not been ascertained, but it is certain that he flies across the Gulf of Mex- ico. To his immense faculty of flying, a distance of a few hun- dred miles is mere fun. He inhabits large forests, especially those interspersed with high steep rocks, but is occasionally found close to habitations, and even large cities. The one that served for our drawing was, for instance, shot in the neighborhood of Colum- bus, Ohio, on the Scioto river, in the month of September. He is a powerful, daring, and extremely agile bird, and experience shows that he knows, too, how to make use of his natural gifts. His flight is extremely swift, mostly close to the ground, in spring only rising to heights immeasurable and almost out of sight. He sel- dom is sailing but rapidly flapping his long wings. Before rising, he flies a short distance low above the ground and with expanded tail, He is very shy and cautious, choosing the densest pine forests to pass the night, and if such be too far to be reached, prefers sit- ting on a piece of rock in an open field. His voice is strong and penetrating, sounding somewhat like Kajak ! Kajak ! The Wandering Falcon attacks birds only, from a Wild Goose down to a Meadow Lark. Among Pigeons, Quails, and Grouse he makes the greatest havoc, but is especially fond of Ducks, which he pursues with untiring tenacity. Water-fowls, when approached by a gunner, usually take to the wing; not so if our Falcon is vis- ible. Then they make all speed to the water and dive, and those only which are on land or in shallow water fly off, till they reach deep water, then suddenly drop and dive also; but this caution on their part is of no avail, for the Hawk will hover above the water till they are exhausted, then strike down upon them and pick them up. All birds seem to know him, for not one attacks him, not even the otherwise courageous Crows. All are anxious to save them- selves as soon as he is in sight. He usually strangles his prey in the air, before it can even reach the ground. Larger birds, such as the Wild Goose, which he has seized, are tormented by him in the air until they drop down with him, and thenare killed. By throw- ing himself with full force upon his victim, the latter is stunned by the concussion, and drops. ‘This is probably the reason he never attacks a bird thatis sitting on the ground, as he would run the risk of killing himself by the concussion. Small birds he carries away to a convenient place; larger ones he eats on the spot where they dropped, plucking off some of their feathers before he begins. Small birds he devours, together with the intestines, which he re- jects in the bigger ones. In his attacks he very seldom fails, and they seem to be but play to him. His nest is chiefly built in cracks of steep rocks, difficult, if not 8 DUCK—TEAL—HERON—CAT BIRD. impossible, to ascend; sometimes also in high trees. It is care- lessly constructed of thicker or thinner branches and fibers. The eggs, three or four in number, are laid at the beginning of June, and are of a reddish yellow color, sprinkled with brown, more thickly so at the larger end, and the female hatches alone. The young ones are fed at first with half-digested food from the crops of the parents, afterward with different kinds of birds. When they are able to fly they are instructed by the parents in the art of hunting. It is a well-known fact that all true Falcons, when attacked, drop their booty and leave it to the attacking party, and the beggars among the birds of prey, being aware of this, profit by it. There they sit, those stupid, lazy fellows, watching the Hawk till he has struck down a bird, when suddenly they assault him. Our hero, otherwise afraid of no bird, drops his prey at their approach, and with an indignant Kajak! Kajak! up and off he goes. The bird of which the Hawk has taken hold in our Plate is— The Pin-tail Duck. (Azas—Dajfila acuta.) The Pin-tail is acommon and well-known Duck, much esteemed for its excellent flesh, which is generally in good order. Itis ashy and cautious bird, feeding in mud flats and shallow fresh-water marshes, but is rarely seen on the sea-coast. It hasa kind of clat- tering note, is very noisy and vigilant, and usually gives the alarm at the approach of the gunner. Some of the Duck tribe, when alarmed, disperse in all directions, but the Pin-tails cluster confusedly, giving the expert gunner a cap- ital chance to rack them with advantage. They do not dive ex- cept when winged. They inhabit the whole northern part of this continent, as well as the corresponding latitudes of Asia and Europe. Great flocks of them are sometimes observed on the rivers near the coasts of England and France. Our plate shows the male. The female has the crown of a dark brown color; the neck of a dull brownish white, thickly speckled with dark brown; breast and belly of a pale brownish white, inter- spersed with white; back and root of the neck above black, each feather elegantly waved with broad lines of brownish white. These wavings become rufous on the scapulars, vent white, spotted with dark brown; tail dark brown, spotted with white, the two middle feathers only half an inch longer and more slender than the rest. The other two birds on the Plate are the male and the female Blue-winged Teal. (Anas—Querquedula dtscors.) The Blue-winged Teals are the first that return to the Central States from their breeding-place in the North. They arrive as early as the middle of September, and usually sit on the mud, close to the border of the water, generally crowded together, so that gun- ners often kill a great number at one shot. Their flight is very rapid; when they alight they drop suddenly among the reeds or on the mud, in the manner of the Snipe or Woodcock. They live chiefly on vegetable food and are especially fond of the seeds of reeds or wild oats. Feeding on such they become extremely fat in a short time. Their flesh is excellent for the table. The first smart frosts drive them to the South, for they are delicate birds and very susceptible to cold. They abound in the inundated rice-fields of the Southern States, where they are caught in vast numbers in hollow traps, commonly called ‘ figure four,” and placed here and there on dry spots rising out of the water, and strewn with rice. In April they pass through the Central States again, north- ward bound, making only a short stay. PLATE VII. The Green Heron. (Ardea—Butorides virescens.) Fig. 1. Public opinion shows but little liberality toward this bird, hav- ing stigmatized him with a vulgar and indelicate nickname, and treating him as perfectly worthless and with contempt. This is injustice; he keeps himself as clean as any other of the whole Heron tribe, lives in exactly the same way as they do, and at the same places with them, but he is most numerous where cultivation is least known or cared for. He makes his first appearance in the Central States early in April, as soon as the marshes and swamps are completely thawed. There, among the ditches and amidst the bogs and quagmires, he hunts with great cunning and dexterity. Frogs and small fishes are his principal game, but on account of their caution and facility of es- cape their capturing requires all his address and quickness. With his head drawn in, he stands on the lookout, silent and motionless, like a statue, yet ready for an attack. The moment a frog or min- now comes within his range, with one stroke, quick and sure as that of a rattlesnake, it is seized and swallowed in a wink. He also hunts for the larve of several insects, especially those of the dragon- fly, which lurk in the mud. When alarmed, he rises with a hollow guttural scream, but does not fly far, and usually alights on a fence or an old stump and looks. out with extended neck, but now and then with his head drawn in so that it seems to rest on his breast. When standing and gazing on you this way, he is often jetting his tail. Sometimes he flies high, with doubled neck and his legs extended behind, flapping his wings bravely, and traveling with great expedition. He is per- haps the most numerous and the least shy of all our Herons, and is found in the interior as well as in the salt marshes. At the latter part of April he begins to build, sometimes in sin- gle pairs in swampy woods, often in company with others, not un- frequently with the Night Heron. The nest, which is fixed on the limb of a tree, consists wholly of small sticks lined with finer twigs loosely put together, and is of considerable size. The female lays three or four eggs, of an oblong form and a pale blue color. The young do not leave the nest until perfectly able to fly. The Cat Bird. (A@imus carolinensis.) Fig. 2. This is a very common and very numerous species in this part of the Continent, well known to everybody. In spring or summer, when approaching thickets of brambles, the first salutation you re- ceive is from the Cat Bird. One unacquainted with his notes would conclude that some vagrant kitten had got bewildered among the briers and was in want of assistance, so exactly alike is the call of this bird to the cry of that animal. Of all our summer visitors he is the least apprehensive of man. Very often he builds his nest in the bushes close to your door, and seldom allows you to pass without paying you his respects in his usual way. By this famili- arity he is entitled at least to a share of hospitality, but is often treated with cruelty instead. It is true he steals some of the best and earliest of the farmers’ strawberries and cherries, but he lives mostly on insects, of which he destroys incredible numbers. Besides, he is one of our most interesting singers. He usually sings early in the morning before sunrise, hovering from bush to bush, hardly distinguishable in the dark. His notes are, however, more remarkable for their singularity than for melody. He chiefly imitates the song of other birds, frequently with perfect success. Sometimes he seems to be at a loss where to begin, and pours out all the odd and quaint passages he has been able to collect. In un- PL. VIl PL. VIII YELLOW THROAT—DUCK—TERNS. ; 9 settled parts of the country he is rarely or never found, but seems to prefer the company of men. His nest is built in briers or black- berry bushes, and is composed of thin branches and roots, stuck together with mud, lined inside with hair and finer fibers. The female lays five eggs, of a bluish tint. He leaves in September to winter in warmer latitudes. The Maryland Yellow Throat. (Geothlypis trichas.) Fig. 3, Male. Fig- 4, Female. This neat little bird inhabits chiefly such briers, brambles, and bushes as grow luxuriantly in low, watery places, his business and ambition seldom leading him higher than to the tops of the under- wood, and he might properly be denominated ‘‘ Humility.” In- sects and their larve are his principal food. He dives into the thicket, rambles among the roots, searching around the stems, ex- amining both sides of the leaves, raising himself on his legs to peep into every crevice, and amuses himself with a simple, but not at all disagreeable twitter, ‘ ‘ whit-ti-tee ! whit-ti-tee !” which he re- peats in quick succession, pausing, now and then, for half a min- ute. He inhabits the States from Maine to Florida, and westward to the Mississippi. He is by no means shy, but unsuspicious and deliberate. He often visits the fields of growing rye, wheat, or barley, and is of much service to the farmer by ridding the stalks of vermin that might destroy his fields. He lives in obscurity and peace, and seldom comes near the farmhouse or the city. He builds his nest about the middle of May, in the midst of a thicket of briers, among the dry leaves on the ground. Sometimes it is arched over, and but a small hole left for entrance. It con- sists of dry leaves and fine grass, lined with coarse hair, etc. The female lays five eggs, semi-transparent, marked with specks of brown and reddish brown. The young leave the nest in the lat- ter part of June, and a second brood is sometimes raised in the same season. ‘They return to the South early in September. PLATE VIII. The Wood Duck, or Summer Duck. (Azx sfonsa.) Fig. 1, Male. Fig. 2, Female. This is the finest of all our Ducks, and the beauty of its dress is in perfect harmony with its gentle manners. A characteristic trait is the moving of its tail from one side to the other, which some- times looks almost like wagging. It swims with as much ease and grace, and seemingly with as little effort, as it flies among the branches and trunks of trees. The cry of the female is a long- stretched ‘* Pi-ai-wee-wee-wee ! ” and the warning sound of the male a not less melodious ‘‘ O-eek ! O-eek!” It seems to shun the neigh- borhood of men less than any other Wild Duck, and is by no means in a hurry to leave its breeding-place, even if buildings are in con- struction close by. Easier than the rest of the tribe, the Wood Ducks get reconciled to, and regularly breed in, captivity, if a suitable chance is offered them. They live mostly on grain, several aquatic plants, chestnuts, acorns, beech-mast, etc., also on worms, snails, and other insects, which they pick up among the dry leaves or catch in the air. Their full beauty and loveliness shows itself best shortly before and during mating time. ‘Toward March the flock separates, and every single pair now looks out for a convenient breeding-place. To this end the male roams about the woods, alights on a high tree in which he expects to find a hole for a nest, walks easily on its limbs, inspecting every hole he can find, and is often perfectly satisfied with a hole made by the fox squirrel, or even acleft inarock. The temale squeezes herself with astonishing ease through the entrance, which often seems to be a great deal too narrow for her. The male keeps watch outside during inspection by the female, encouraging her by his tender chatterings, or warning her of supposed danger by his timely ‘*O-eek ! O-eek!” after which both quickly take to flight. If they have once built a nest they return to it every year. The male, although very peaceful, is very courageous when his jealousy is aroused. Any other male coming near him is always kept at a proper distance by unmistakable signs and motions. The female begins to lay in the first days of May. The eggs, seven to twelve in number, are small, oblong, and perfectly white. ‘The hatching-time lasts, as with most of the Duck tribe, twenty-seven or twenty-eight days. When the last egg is laid, the female lines the nest with the soft down of her breast, and covers the eggs with the same when she flies out. While she takes all the parental cares to herself, the male repairs to a suitable watery place to pass through his moulting time, which begins in July, and is ended in the first part of September, giving him a dress distinguished from that of the female only by the white marking of his throat and the greater brilliancy of his plumage. The nest of the Wood Duck is sometimes at a considerable dis- tance from any water, and quite high from the ground. From the entrance to the nest itself, it is sometimes over six feet. As soon as the young ones are all hatched, the female carries them, one by one, in her bill, to the water, leaving them to the care of the male, till she has brought the last one, when she herself takes care of them again. If the tree on which the nest is, happens to overhang the water, she merely tumbles them out of the nest. Wood Ducks generally live together in small flocks of from six to twelve—occa- sionally they are seen in flocks of more than a hundred; this occurs chiefly in the fall. Toward October the young ones begin to moult ; at the same time the male parent, who reappears now in his bridal dress, joins them again. The flesh of the Wood Duck is very tender and in good esteem. The Short-tailed Tern. (ydrochelidon plumbea.) Fig. 3. This bird is often observed in fresh-water marshes, in flocks num- - bering from four to ten; itis seldom seen in salt-water marshes. Its flight is very graceful. Its food consists of grasshoppers and insects generally, which it picks up, while on the wing, from grasses or rushes, as well as from the surface of the water. It frequently associates with The Black Tern. (ydrochelidon nigra.) Fig. 4. The Black Tern is a little less in size than the preceding, which it resembles in every respect. They are found on fresh-water marshes, mill-ponds, etc., and are most numerous on the marshes of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Their nests are very art- lessly constructed, in large tussocks of rank grass, and contain each four eggs of a greenish buff color, spotted with amber and black, chiefly at the larger end. The young ones of the first season (Fig. 5) have the head white, and the neck and breast ir- regularly spotted with black and white. It was found, on dissecting these birds, that they feed exclusively on insects, their stomachs never containing any small fish. Mr. Audubon, in his valuable work on ‘‘ Birds of North Amer- ica,” writes as follows of this bird: ‘¢The Black Tern begins to arrive from the Mexican territories over the waters of the Western country about the middle of April, and continues to pass for about a month. At that season I have observed it ascending the Mississippi from New Orleans to the head waters of the Ohio, then culling over the land, and arriving at the Great Lakes, beyond which many proceed still farther northward. But I have rarely met with them along our Atlantic shores until autumn, when the young, which, like those of all other Terns with which I am acquainted, mostly keep by them- selves until spring, make their appearance there. Nor did I see a single individual when on my way to Labrador, or during my visit to that country. Often have I watched their graceful, light, and rapid flight, as they advanced and passed over in groups of twenty, thirty, or more, during the month of May, when nature, opening her stores anew, benignly smiled upon the favored land.” PLATE IX. The Woodcock. (Pizlohela minor.) This bird, so universally known to our sportsman, is represented at the bottom of the plate. It arrives in the Central States in March, and if the weather is mild, even earlier, and stays till the first frosts forbode the approach of winter. It is sometimes found here in December, and it may be that in mild winters, some of these birds remain until spring. During the day the Woodcocks keep to the woods, or wooded swamps and thickets ; toward evening they usually fly out to the broad open glades, which lead through the woods, or to meadows and swampy places in the neighborhood. A carefully hidden observer can see the Woodcock pushing his long bill under the decayed leaves and turning them over, or boring one hole close to another in the damp soft ground, as deep as his soft, flexible bill will permit, to get at the larvae, bugs, or worms hidden beneath. In a similar manner he examines the fresh cow-dung, which is soon populated by a multitude of larvz of insects. He never tarries long at any place. Larve of all kinds of insects and naked snails, especially angle-worms, form his principal food. If in hot seasons his favorite resorts in watery recesses inland are generally dried up, he descends to the marshy shores of our large rivers. The female Woodcock spate begins to lay in April; the nest is built in a quiet, retired part of the wood, frequently at the roots of an old stump; it is constructed of a few withered leaves and stalks of grass put together with but little art. The eggs are four or five in number, about an inch and a half long, and about an inch in diameter, tapering suddenly at the small end; they are of adun clay color, thickly marked with brown spots—particularly at the large end the spots are interspersed with others of a very pale pur- ple. The young Woodcocks, when six to ten days old, are cov- ered with down of a brownish white color, and are marked from the bill along the crown to the hind head with a broad stripe of deep brown; another line of the same color curves under the eyes and runs to the hind head; another stripe reaches from the back to the rudiments of the tail, and still another extends along the sides under the wings. The throat and breast are considerably tinged with rufous, and the quills at this age are just bursting from their light blue sheaths, and appear marbled as on the old birds. When taken they utter a long, clear, but very feeble ‘‘ peep,” not louder than that of a mouse. They are, on the whole, far inferior to young Partridges in running and skulking. The Woodcock is a nocturnal bird, seldom stirring about before sunset, but at that time, as well as in early morning, especially in spring, he rises by a kind of spiral course to great heights, uttering now and then a sudden ‘‘ quack ;” having gained his ut- most height he hovers around in a wild irregular manner, produc- ing a sort of murmuring sound, and descends with rapidity in the same way he arose. The large head of the Woodcock is of a very singular confor- mation, somewhat triangular, and the eyes set at a great distance from the bill, and high up in the head; by this means he has a great range of vision. His flight is slow; when flushed at any 10 WOODCOCK—WOOD THRUSH—WOODPECKER. time he rises to the height of the bushes or the underwood, and usually drops down again at a short distance, running off a few yards as soon as he touches the ground. The Wood Thrush. (Turdus mustelinus.) Fig. 1, Male. Fig. 2, Female. The Wood Thrush is one of our best and sweetest singers. Au- dubon writes of him as follows: ‘The song of the Wood Thrush, although composed of but few notes, is so powerful, distinct, clear, and mellow, that it is impos- sible for any person to hear it without being struck by the effect which it produces on the mind. I do not know to what instru- mental sounds I can compare these notes, for I really know none so melodious and harmonical. They gradually rise in strength, and then fall in gentle cadences, becoming at length so low as to be scarcely audible, like the emotions of the lover who, at one mo- ment exults in the hope of possessing the object of his affections, and the next pauses in suspense, doubtful of the result of all his efforts to please. «