Neate NB al, iz {8 NG CONTENTS. f i THE ENGLISH SPARROW (F.S. Pixley) (Poem) ' sy) Zhe H THE PEACOCK [lifustration]) . i 5 2 de : ; 98 i ; THE SONG OF THE LARK (Ada M. Griggs) (Poem) a ape ef aa fs 101 A HERALD OF SPRING (Chas. EB. Jenney) Me. Midge Neo els 102 H TAMING BIRDS (Guy Staley) js f x tng + Z “ 103 MARCH (Poem) > 5 3 : : ; f ° ¥ 3 104 THE WILLOW PTARMIGAN [Illustration] 3 : % ; ° : 107 ANIMAL PETS IN SCHOOL . n ¥ 7 " ‘ ‘ id 108 BAILEY’S DICTIONARY (C.C. Marble) 4 . 4 : s ‘ 109 STELLAR’S JAY [Iflustration] . ‘ . ‘ : 7 s 110 LINEN FABRICS (W.E. Watt. A.M.) Fs ‘ zy 4 5 othe é 113 THE SYCAMORE WARBLER (Belle P. Druty) : , : 2 H 116 THE RUDDY DUCK ([lflustration)] —. L i y b 2 iy 119 THE BRAVE BOAR (E.F. Mosby) r u s F 4 ° 4120 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TEACHER (Jesste P. Whitaker) 121 THE MUSKRAT ([lIifustration) . i ‘ . H t ‘ {$22 “NOT A SPARROW FALLETH” (Granville Osborne) : : : ° 125 THE TREATING OF WHITEY (Bertha C. Sauneur) é P 4 ‘ 127 THE POPPY (Dr, Albert Schneider) [Illustration] : . : : : 128 THE PRIMROSE (Prof. William Kerr Higley) [Illustration] : : ; 134 THE EGRET’S YOUNG (Eliza Woodworth) (Poem) h : a j 137 SPONGES (E.K.M.) “ 7 ; : ¥ 4 4 5 ‘ 138 COPPER AND LEAD ORES (E.F, Brookins, B.S.) [Iffustration] - ‘ 139 4 ‘ . 143 THE YOUNG NATURALIST EbITED BY C. C. MARBLE. ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. tt. ». MUMFORD, Pu BbLIsn Sees A ee Mien eS, / emia cee, 8 a den REST Copyright 1900 by Nature Study Pub. Co.-, y Einteredat Chicago Post Office as. second-class matt, hy lk: via te ‘i i A Ag Nl qT) MAMET, pipinres.@ $2.00; single copy, 15 cent iy wks add 30 cents for postage. qt ae : CHANGE OF ADDRESS. When a change of ae _ address is ordered, both the new and the old address 4 must be given. Postmasters are not allowed to for- ward second class matter until postage is sent to pre- pay charges. It costs two cents per copy to forward ‘this magazine. 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MITCHELL Advortining Manager. 66 : y99 Apache Pappoose! 1K is the name of one of those Rinehart Indians who have caused such asensation. © ives Certainly you know of them, Well, we have made arrangements with the pub-— id ae : lisher to furnish thése beautiful Color Reproductions of American Indians to ey ‘ Chief Hollow Horn Bear (Sioux), yes Chief Grant Richards (Tonkawa), MAGAZINES for 1897 (12 Nos. )5" bers, containing 10 colored pictures, 20 canta. 1899, $1.50 per year; single numbers, 15cen 8. BOUND VOLUMES |], II, III, Iv, Ve: a 8vo, 244 pages, from 40 to 60 colored pies , 8x10 | Cloth, $1.50; Half Morocco, $1.75; Full Mo-occo, $2.00 Combined volumes I and II, Ill and IV, V an Cloth, $2.50; Half Morocco, $3.00; Full Morocco, $3. Exchange price for bound ‘volumes when m zines arereturned: Single volumes—Cloth, $1. 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Con- tains list of 51,000 Words Difficult to Spell; 15,000 Synonyms and Antonyms; Rules of Grammar, Composition, Cap- italization and Punctuation; Uses of Prepositions, Abbreviations; Diction- ary of Familiar Quotations and Allu- sions; ‘‘Don’ts’”’ Relative to Writing; Foreign Words and Phrases Trans- lated; Forms of Various Letters; Pos- tal Laws and Information; etc. A book of 356 pages, size 5%x2%4 inches, Always required, always handy, andso reasonable, too. Flexible leather, gilt edges, C Cloth; colored edges. 25c Money back if not satisiied. Sent postpaid on receipt of price. Address, E. I. MITCHELL, Publisher, « 205 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. ) SE i CE A RE oR aH a Re, Mi AnSWwend Her oulomine AW ka Hany ovnen QUESTIONS Vavelused thigh Ward! re lspehedilarecty | Mi Sp talloseoCapite/leiter| Il |S theSeotercelrammalia) 1 (silPrperly onstucted > ManelPunctoaeditoriect | orretin Style 7 Weer eee. i I i ll AR Ra RK a a : The Working Teacher's Library Under this general title has recently been issued a collection of five stand- ard volumes of unex- ampled interest and value. No other collec- tion so happily covers the whole field of pedagogical literature or meets so fully and satisfactorily All the Actual Needs of the Public School Teacher. The Library Contains:— The Theory 1 | CZs and Practice of Teach- ing, The Teacher in Lit- erature, Practical Lessons in Science, Practical Lessons in Psychology, The Manual of Useful Information. Each volume is in itself a complete study of the subject of whichit treats and taken together they form a set of five of the most help- ful, useful and valuable books ever published for the use of teachers. They are endorsed and recommended by leading Educators every- where and every teacher who wishes to keep thoroughly up to the times should have these books. Handsomely printed on heavy paper and elegantly bound in uniform style in twilled silk cloth with gilt back and side stamps, marbled edges, boxed or sold separately. The regular price for this set is $6.00, but for the next 60 days we are going to make a Special Offer Price of only $3.00. This is a, grand offer that every teacher should not fail to accept. Single volumes $1.25. Send for our large illus- trated catalogue, quoting lowest prices on books, FREE. Address all orders to THE WERNER COMPANY, Publishers and Manufacturers. Akron, Ohio, -_— THE Prang Platinettes. The most desirable cheap reproduc- tions for class study and for school collections now published. When mounted on gray board may be framed in passepartout or narrow wood frames, with most pleasing effect. One Hundred Subjects now ready; more to follow soon. Unmounted. Mounted. Single Copies (10 to 25 copies), each $ .05 §$ .10 Twenty-Five Copies, - . =) 1200/95 2:25 One Hundred Copies, - > 3.00 6.50 In sets of twenty in envelope, each .80 Size of plate about 7x9 inches. Size of mount 10x12 inches. Send for list of subjects and for sample of mount. THE PRANG EDUCATIONAL CO. Fine Arts Building, Ghicasgso. Copied While Writing Keep a copy of all letters; no press, no wate no brush, no work, any ink, any pen, any paper. Our Pen-Carbon never smuts; our CLIP holds paper firm. Write with no extra pressure and our PEN-CARBON LETTER BOOK produces a perfect copy. Can be used anywhere. If your stationer does not keep it, write for free sample of work and prices. 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LITERATURE GAME——— 00 Questions and Answers in English Literature. 100 cards, 2%x3 inches. Interesting and instructive. GAME OF INDUSTRIES——Educational—400 Questions and Answers on the great industries of our country. 100 cards, 234x3 inches. MBER A year’s subscription to Brrps AND ALL NaTURE and CuiLp-Strupy R E MI E MonTHLy aloneamount to 82.50. You get the six other articles for only 40c. If you now take either magazine, or both, your subscription will be advanced one year. This offer is for a limited time only. Send at once. A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher, 203 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. RHEUMATISM CURED. sESTATE OF JAMES B. EADS. Rooms 1110-1111 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. EK. M. SWITZER. ESTILL McHENRY, Executors. JAMES EK. PEPPER, Esg., Lexington, Ky.: My Dear SIr: I know that you have been a sufferer for years from the gout or rheumatic gout, and I wish to ask you concerning a remedy which you have been taking prepared by a man in Chicago named C. F. Periolat. If you have been using this medicine you will kindly in- form me what has been its effect and whether it has been beneficial to you or not? I have heard of so many of these so-called remedies for gout or rheumatic gout that I have very little faith in any of them, but I would like very much to know your experience, as the manufacturer of this medicine gives me your name as a reference. Yours truly, ESTILL McHENRY. JAS. KE. PEPPER & CO. (Incorporated.) .--DISTILLERS... CAPITAL STOCK, $600,000. JAS. E. PEPPER, PRESIDENT. MR. ESTILL McHENRY, St. Louis, Mo.: My DEAR SIR: In reply to your favor of the 1st inst., I can simply state that I believe C. F. Periolat has the most wonderful rheumatic and gout cure in the world. After trying everything that was recommended, and having the doctors at Hot Springs, Ark., French Lick, Ind., and other places tell my wife that I never could be cured, I was induced by my friend, W. J. Murphy, Superintendent of the CincinnatiSouthern Rail- way, to goto Chicago and try Periolat. I had made arrangements asa last resort to try Mt. Clemens, Mich., but was persuaded by my wife to stop in Chicago and see Periolat. I was not able to walk when TI reached Chi- cago; within a week I could walk fairly well, and after two months’ treatment I was able to go to Saratoga, and there commenced to im- prove, and have been improving ever since, and am now gaining flesh every day. I lost all told during my sickness 47 pounds, and have recently stood a very severe medical examina- tion from one of the oldest and most skilled physicians in Lexington; so you can see what Periolat’s medicine did for me. As you are probably aware, uric acid is the foundation for all rheumatism and gout, and as stated above, I believe C. F. Periolat not only has the greatest cure for rheumatism and gout, but the greatest uric acid dissolvent in the world. With my kindest regards, I beg to remain, very truly, your friend, JAS. —. PEPPER. We indorse the above letter written by Mr. Jas. EK. Pepper, having taken the treatment, and have been cured: WASHINGTON PORTER, capitalist. DR. F. ZIEGFELD, Chicago Musical College. WILLIAM CASTLE, Chicago Musical College. L. CAMPBELL TIPTON, Chicago Musical College. R. C. LAKE, capitalist. JOHN HARPER, wholesale grocer. THOMAS M. BIGLOW, Sprague, Warner & Co, CHARLES COBURN, Rookery Building. W.J. MURPHY, Supt. Cin., New Orleans & Southern Railway WILLIAM SOMMERVILLE, Menominee, Mich. GEORGE KRUG, Omaha, Neb. a Pee President Commercial Ice Co., Philadel- ia, 2 H. D. BUCKLEY, Anditor Baltimore & OhioR. R. Cc. T. MOREL, ‘Auditor Plant System R. R. ss is ATKINS, Escanaba, Mich. J. ZIMMERMAN, Supt. Adams Express Co., New York. A. F. WRIGHT, Iron Mountain, Mich. H. W. NAYLOW, President Erie Distilling Co., Buffalo, SAMUEL HAZLETT, banker, Washington, Pa. C. F. PERIOLAT, the one that has dis- covered this wonderful remedy, used by the Indians in Alaska, has visited Alaska for the past three seasons, in. order tocollect a supply of the articles this is made from. Malaria killed its millions before the Indians discovered 4 : a remedy; rheumatism has done the same, but another tribe of Indians has discovered a cure for it without any scientific or medical know- f ledge, but both tribes have become benefactors to humanity. They have discovered two of the greatest remedies in the world. ‘They first dis- covered Peruvian bark, from which quinine is made, the latter tribe of the North the rheu- matism cure, yet not a dozen physicians in the 3 United States understand the latter, and it is . the sincere desire of Mr. C. F. Periolat of 1310 : and 1311 Masonic Temple to utilize this remedy for the benefit of those who suffer from this painful and dangerous disease. The great good it will give, with proper treatment, to the majority of diseased, stiffened and deformed joints, is most gratifying. Itis harmless, and a child can take it, and in most cases acts like a miracle. . ACUTE ATTACKS OF RHEUMATIC GOUT | OR INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM 4 CURED IN FROM TWELVE TO TWENTY- FOUR HOURS. Medicine is not sold to the drug trade. C. F. PERIOLAT, 1310 & 1311 Masonic Temple, Chicago, Ill. = SS »LACE CURTAINS 5; HEE Eeoute beautiful Royal Lace Parlor SOS eS are of the newest Savoy “SS design, three yards long, 36 inches wide, are washable and will last a “ss =<4 life time. You can get two pairs of these choice curtains, (same design as in cut), and four beautiful Sash Curtains (one yard square each) FREE by selling our GREAT COLD REMEDY and HEADACHE CURE. Cures Cold in One Day! Relieves Headache at Once! We will give the curtains absolutely free to anyone taking advantage of the great offer we send to every person selling six boxes of our Tablets. If you agree to sell only six boxes at 25 cents a box, write to-day and we will send the Tablets by mail postpaid. When sold, send us the money and we will send four Sash Curtains, unhemmed, so they may be made to fit any window, together with our offer of two complete pairs of Royal same day money isreceived. This is a grand opportunity for ladies to beautify their homes with fine Lace Curtains of exquisite design. All who have earned them are delighted. NATIONAL MEDICINE CO., 1010 Chapel St., New Haven,Conn. Box79_C Lace Parlor Curtains, enough to furnish a room, Address: BIRDS AND ALL NATURE. ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. Nore) VEL MARCH, 1900. No. THE ENGLISH SPARROW. SIG Se SADC oer You may talk about th’ nightingale, th’ thrush ’r medder lark, ’R any other singin’ bird that came from Noah’s ark; But of all feathered things thet fly, from turkey-buzzard down, Give me the little sparrer, with his modest coat o’ brown. I’1l admit that in th’ springtime, when th’ trees ’re gettin’ green, When again th’ robin red-breast ’nd th’ bluebird first ’re seen; When the bobolink ’nd blackbird from th’ southland reappear, ’Nd the crow comes back t’ show us that th’ spring is really here— — I’ll admit that in the springtime, when the groves with music ring, Natur’ handicaps th’ sparrer; he was never taught to sing; But he sounds th’ Maker’s praises in his meek ’nd lowly way; "Nd tho’ other birds come back at times, Ae never goes away. There’s a cert’in sort 0’ people thet, when th’ skies ’re bright, Will hang around ’nd talk about their friendship day ’nd night; But if things cloudy up a bit ’nd fortune seems t’ frown, They're sure t’ be th’ first t’ kick a feller when he’s down. So when the summer skies. ’re bright it’s easy ’nough t’ sing; But when it’s cold ’nd rains ’r snows it’s quite a diffrent thing, In autumn, when th’ nippin’ frosts drive other birds away, Th’ sparrer is th’ only one with nerve enough t’ stay. ’Nd even in midwinter, when th’ trees re brown ’nd bare, ’Nd th’ frosty flakes ’re fallin’ thro’ th’ bitter bitin’ air, Th’ sparrer still is with us—t’ cheer us when we’re glum, Fer his presence is a prophecy of better days t’ come. Th’ sparrer’s never idle, fer he has t’ work his way; You'll always find him hustlin’ long before th’ break o’ day. He’s plucky, patient, cheerful, ’nd he seems t’ say t’ man, ‘T know I’m very little, but I do th’ best I can.” What more can you ’nd I do than t’ always do our best? Are we any more deservin’ than th’ “little British pest?” So, when you talk of “ feathered kings” you’d better save a crown Fer the honest little sparrer, with his modest coat o’ brown. 97 THE PEACOGE: With pendant train and rustling wings, Aloft the gorgeous peacock springs; And he, the bird of hundred dyes, Whose plumes the dames of Ava prize. T WAS a saying among the an- | cients, ‘‘ As beautiful as is the pea- cock among birds, so is the tiger among quadrupeds.” The _ birds are of many varieties, some white, oth- ers with crests; that of Thibet being considered the most beautiful of the feathered creation. The first specimens were brought to Europe from the East Indies, and they are still found in flocks in a wild state in the islands of Java and Ceylon. The common people of Italy describe it as having the plumage of an angel, the voice of a devil and the intestines of a thief. In the days ot king Solomon his navies imported from the East apes and peacocks, and A£lian relates they were brought into Greece from some barbarous country, and that a male and a female were valued at a hundred and fifty dollars of our money. It is said also that when Alexander was in India he saw them flying wild on the banks of the river Hyarotis, and was so struck with their beauty that he im- posed a fine on all who should slay or disturb them. The Greeks were so much taken with the beauty of this bird, when first brought among them, that it was shown for money, and many came to Athens from surrounding coun- tries to see it. It was esteemed a deli- cacy at the tables of the rich and great and the birds were fatted for the feasts of the luxurious. Hortensius, the orator, was the first to serve them at an enter- tainment at Rome, and they were spoken of as the first of viands. Barley is its favorite food, but as it is a proud and fickle bird there is scarce any food it will at all times like. It lays waste the labors of the gardener, roots up the choicest seeds, and nips favorite flowers in the bud. He requires five females to attend him, often more. The pea- hen is compelled to hide her nest from him that he may not disturb her sitting. ‘She seldom lays above a dozen eggs, which are generally hatched about the 98 —Bishop Heber. beginning of November. Though the peafowls invariably roost in trees, yet they make their nests on the ground, and ordinarily on a bank raised above the common level. The nest consists of leaves and small sticks. From Janu- ary to the end of March, when the corn is standing, the flesh is juicy and ten- der, but during the dry season, when the birds feed on the seeds of weeds and insects, it becomes dry and muscular. In some parts of India peacocks are extremely common, flocking together in bands of thirty and forty in number, covering the trees with their splendid plumage and filling the air with their dissonant voices. Captain Williamson mentions that he saw at least twelve or fifteen hundred from where he stood. Peacocks are very jealous of all quadrupeds, especially of dogs. When they are discovered in a tree situated ona plain, if a dog is loose and hunts near it, the birds will rarely move but will show extreme uneasiness. One of these birds in the north of Ireland was a curious mixture of cruelty and fun. He had four mates but he killed them all successively by pecking them to death, for what cause no one could as- certain. Even his own offspring shared the same fate, until his owner placed the peafowl’s eggs under a sitting hen and forced her to hatch the eggs and care for the young. His great amuse- ment was to frighten the chickens. There were two iron troughs in which the food for the chickens was placed daily. No sooner had they gathered about them, when the’ peacock would erect his train, rattle his quills together with that peculiar rustling sound that is so characteristic of these birds, and march slowly toward them. The poor little chicks would slowly back away from the troughs as the peacock advanced, not wishing to lose sight of the food yet not daring to remain in defiance of their persecutor. By de- gIe GLG O09 3adALHOIOD ODVOIHD "a9 84 9ZIS-9jl y v “OBYOIHS "00 ‘and AONLS 3HYNLYN LN T ‘ODVOIHO ‘H3HSIIENd ‘GHOSWNW MY AG ‘006t LHOINAdOO SOOfvon ance e "NOS ® HBNNYGSSON “4 “700 WOHS ; F 5 as ; ; * . a) z © s . me yh ot s “ ‘ ae 7 . i a | av o or - < Pere oD. ie » a - ie ’ melie 7 j y i “4 grees he got them all into a corner, crouching together and trembling when he .would overshadow them with his train, place the ends of the feathers against the wall so as to cover them, rattle his quills, in order to frighten them, and then strut off proud of the trick he had played. He did not care for the food which he left untouched. _ The peacock’s disposition -is as vari- able as that of many other creatures, some being mild and good-tempered, while others are morose and jealous in the extreme. His train, though popu- larly called his tail, is in reality com- posed of the upper tail coverts, which are enormously lengthened and finished at their extremities with broad, rounded webs, or with spear-shaped ends. The tail feathers are of a grayish brown color seven or eight inches in length, and can only be seen when the train is erected, that being its appointed task. The female is much smaller than her mate and not nearly so handsome, the train being almost wanting, and the color ashy brown, with the exception of the throat and neck, which are green. The peacock lives about twenty - years and the beautiful variegated plumage of the male’s train appears about the third year after birth. THE SONG OF THE LARK. ADA M. GRIGGS. The peasant girl, her feet all bare, With her rustic grace, has a noble air. She’s queen of the stubble-field and she, In mind, is free as the lark is free. Her thought, above all meaner things, Is soaring with the lark that sings. No hampered child of the city streets, Who bows his head whomsoe’er he meets, Who toils for a pittance with little rest, But should envy the freedom in this breast. She’s the child of nature; vice does not lure; She’s clothed upon with a life that’s pure. The wholesomeness of her atmosphere Does more for man than his logic drear. Who delves in books’ philosophic lore, Sees nature’s problems—but little more. ’Tis God’s own child who has eyes to see What is closed to the eye of philosophy. The artist who dabbles with color and brush Sees but the reflection of nature’s flush. 101 The skilled musician knows not pure tone; He hears but the resonance of his own. ‘Tis the peasant girl, as she hurries along, Who hears the lark’s good morning song. She hears it with gladness; her heart is gay; : All nature greets her in festal array. The lark makes her world a world of song His notes in her heart sing her whole life long. She’s the true musician, artist and seer; She looks ypon nature with vision clear. The lark brings her day without shade or sorrow, And crowns each day with a sweet to- morrow. He gives a joy only nature can, A boon sent down from heaven to man. O little lark, sing on! sing on! The country dark new life will don. The tones thou’lt hurl from thy tiny heart Peace will unfurl and new joy impart. THE HERALD OF SPRING. CHARLES E. JENNEY. Before the snow flies A bit of Summer skies Comes flitting down Through Winter’s frown To cheer up waiting eyes. NE gray February day, when dirty patches of snow are still lingering on the north side of rocks and walls, as you gaze across a dreary landscape, you espy a bit of bright color on the bar-post that brightens up your spirit. ’Tis the first bluebird, and that means that spring is coming. His cheery little ditty seems to say, ‘Spring is coming, spring is coming, spring is here.” He has been farther south during the winter, for he seldom stays in Massachusetts in De- cember and January and he thinks ita little chilly just now, for his feathers are all fluffed up around him so that he looks like an animated dumpling. | He has come back to locate his nest site—to see first if the old nest hole of past years is suitable, for he is a great home-lover, and, if not, to select a new one. In March you will see the bluebirds often investigating rotten bar-posts, hollow cedars, old woodpecker holes, and decayed apple-tree stumps. And in the latter part of the month the females are with them. Then one April day Mr. Bluebird sings always from a limb of a certain apple-tree, and down in the trunk, in an abandoned woodpecker’s hole, are four pretty light blue eggs. Every old orchard has its family of bluebirds, and they come back to the same nest every year until something happens to scare them away from it. A rotten bar-post or fence rail is a promising site also, and they peck out a hole with their short bills and round it out quite as neatly. as that feathered carpenter, the woodpecker. When they get in a little ways you may see the chips flying out of the aperture, though no worker is in sight, and when it is almost done every now and then a blue head will pop out with a beak full of loose wood, which is tossed away. Thena few clean chips are left and the bird’s own soft down lines the home. Often they will make use of wooden boxes set on poles or placed in the trees for their benefit. They are very quiet, peaceful birds, so the entrance to their homes should never be much larger than their own small bodies re- quire for admittance. The scrubby cedars that grow along the New England coast make excellent nooks and corners for the bluebird’s home and the berries provide him with food late in the season. I have even found a pair nesting in a cedar grove on the extreme end of a rocky point exposed to the full force of the south- east storms that sweep up Buzzard’s bay. Usually, however, they prefer the green fields and orchards of further inland. One pair for five or six years nested in a hollow about twelve inches deep formed in the crotch where a cedar tree branched into two parts. It could not have been a comfortable or well- chosen home, for it was open to the weather at the top and it would seem as if it must be flooded ina heavy rain- storm. But it was only abandoned by the birds when it had become known to every boy and egg collector in the village as the hereditary estate of this family. During April and May the bluebird is everywhere visible and audible, but in midsummer he is not so often seen. He is essentially a bird of the spring with us. His familiar contemporaries are the catbird and the robin, but he is the earliest in the year of them all. Sometimes, though not often, he stops all winter with us, and his red breast warms the winter landscape which it dares to challenge. ee ee Ee ee ee toe a See him dash from that old fence post after a mouthful of flies or gnats; or hopping from twig to twig in the cedar tree, selecting the choicest of the spicy berries. Sometimes he will venture in among the crowd of talka- tive sparrows that are harvesting the crumbs in your dooryard, but if they dispute his right he keeps away. The piece of suet hung in the tree near the bird-box, however, is his own, and he views the intruding buntings and tres- passing jays from his front porch or dormer window with much indigna- tion. However, he says very little, uses no bad language like that of the jay, and soon regains the sereneness of temper natural to him. And we like him all the better for it, for, although it is not nice to be imposed upon and we like to see offenders get their deserts, the one who takes life cheerfully and un- complainingly overlooks or forgets the wrongs he cannot right is the one we like to have as a friend. MARCH. It is the first day of March, Each minute sweeter than before; The red-breast sings from the tall larch That stands beside the door. There is a blessing in the air, Which seems a sense of joy to yield To the bare trees, and mountains bare, And grass in the green field. Love, now a universal birth, From heart to heart is stealing, Form earth to man, from man to earth; It is the hour of feeling. One moment now may give us more Than fifty years of reason; Our minds shall drink at every pore The spirit of the season. —Wordsworth. TAMING BRDS. GUY STBALEY. UT very few of the boys and girls B who watch the many species of our birds flit about in the sum- mer time and who listen in de- light to their singing, know that by ex- pending a little time and patience they can make these sweet songsters quite tame. I do not mean that the birds are to be caught and confined; I never could bear to’ see a bird in cap- tivity, and indeed most wild ones will live but a brief time when so served, but that they can be made gentle in 103 their natural state. Where I live, in the Rocky Mountains, there are countless numbers of birds throughout the spring and summer months and, being a great lover of them, I have naturally observed their habits closely. Trusting, there- fore, that some of the boys and girls who entertain the affection for them that I do, will see these lines, I venture to give some of my experiences along the path of bird-life. Some five years ago I constructed several miniature cottages, with veran- das, chimneys and all, and placed them on the fences around our garden. The first season two pairs of wrens selected and occupied two of them; a third was chosen by a pair of bluebirds, and the fourth left vacant. Wrens, as you all know, are never much afraid of anyone, but bluebirds are inclined to be shy. After a short time, however, the pair I spoke of would alight within a few feet of where I was weeding vegetables, and soon came to know that where the ground was freshly turned, there were to be found the most worms. Before the summer was. over the wrens and bluebirds and I were the firm- est of friends.’ Daily they ran and hopped and peeped under the plants and flowers. And besides giving me their companionship they did a vast amount of good in the garden by keep- ing it clear of bugs and worms. It was astonishing the number of these they carried to their little ones. But time stops not, and finally there came cold and frosty nights that warned my little friends, now comprising three families, that the day of their departure for warmer lands was drawing near; and soon I was all alone. Every year since then has been a rep- etition of this first, only that I have more houses around now and conse- quently more tenants. I firmly believe too, that the first three couples still re- turn to their old homes, for the same houses are taken by the wrens every spring and the same one by the blue- birds. During the winter also, I sometimes have a few bird pets, though they are others than snow birds. The latter I have never been able to make friends with. When the weather is severe I often try to feed them, but with poor success, as they are always very wild. The pets I have reference to are blue jays and campbirds, or as they are more usually called, camp-robbers. Both species stay here the year around. Last winter I had a laughable time with them. Shortly after the first snow I noticed a pair of camp-robbers—they seem to goin pairs both summer and winter—around our meat-house. If you have never seen them you cannot know what comical birds they are, so solemn 104 and innocent appearing yet when it comes to stealing—well, they are the greatest and boldest thieves you can find. If they are about and you chance to have anything eatable around and turn your back for a moment you are pretty sure to find it gone when you look again. I remember while camp- ing one fall, of seeing one of them dart down from a tree and take a slice of meat right out of the frying-pan on the fire! But it was too hot to hold long, and Mr. Camp-robber was obliged to relinquish his dainty dinner before reaching his perch again. Arriving there he sat for a long while, looking down at me with a wry face. But I am digressing, and must get back to my story of the camp-robbers and the meat-house. A few days after I first saw them, I went in the house to cut some meat for dinner; while there one of the rob- bers alighted on a bench placed at the side of the door, and stood peeping in. I cut asmall piece of meat and tossed it on the step and in a second he had pounced on it and was away. Every- day, from that time on, just at noon, the pair of them would be watching for me, and I made it a rule to put some small pieces of meat or bread on the steps at that hourof the day. As soon as I retreated a little way they would secure them and fly off. After they had been with me about a month, a bluejay happened along one day, and seeing them at their meal, in- vited himself to partake of part of it. The camp-robbers seemed somewhat angry at this, but did not venture to remonstrate. The next day there were two bluejays and by the end of a week I had two camp-robbers and seven blue- jays looking to me for their daily din- ners. j I fed the whole company all winter and when spring came the camp-rob- bers would almost take food from my hands; in fact they seemed to look to me for protection, when eating, from the bluejays, who were rather overbear- ing and wanted more than their share. Whether they will visit me this win- ter I know not, but I do know that I ° should be glad to see them again. << se ee” —_— that September day by the mountain lake. But I had to go to Skaneateles Lake in central New York to hear him say “teacher.” Ona May morning in in I8g9, sitting on a mountain side overlooking this beautiful sheet of water, the chant of a’ bird came vibrat- ing through the woods to my ears, teach-ah, teach-ah, teach-ah, teach-ah, teach-ah very distinctly. Accent clearly on the first syllable this time. tytide! 1 can scarcely believe my eyes! Canany one give me any earthly reason why the ornithologists in their - wisdom have seen fit to place this bird, Ah! Mr. Burroughs, at last I have_ found your little ‘‘teacher.”’ Will anyone tell me why this bird with olive back and speckled, thrush- like breast, is placed in the family Mmniotiltide, or wood warblers, instead of with the Zurdid@, or thrushes? And why is the ‘water thrush” also classed with wood warblers, when his olive ‘back and speckled breast make him seem almost a twin brother to the oven bird, while both are so unlike other members of the warbler family, and so much resemble the true thrushes? It was at Glen Haven, beside a mountain brook tumbling down into Skaneateles Lake that I had my first and only view of a water thrush. His clear song, repeatedly ringing out above the noisy music of the brook, kept luring me onward and upward over the rough banks, till at length I saw the little walker peering about among the stones for his food. An- other bird closely resembling the thrushes and bearing the name, yet placed in another family, is the brown thrasher, or thrush. I look in my book for his classification. Family 7voglo- with his reddish brown back, speckled breast and beautiful thrush-like song, in the same family with catbirds and wrens? Truly the mysteries of orni- thology are past my comprehension. To return to our “teacher.’’ My ac- quaintance with him has not yet ad- vanced to the stage of finding him ‘at home” in his dwelling. As Neltje Blanchan says, “it is only by a happy accident” that one might “discover the little ball of earth raised above the ground, but concealed by leaves and twigs and resembling a Dutch oven, which gives the bird its name of ‘‘oven- bird.” Last: summer at. PicconvGove the warning cries of a mother-bird led me to suspect a nest, but I failed to find it. The brood had evidently left their home, for a sudden loud outcry from the mother-bird startled me as the little thrushes scurried out of the path from almost under my feet, while Madame Thrush fluttered about with a pretense of a broken wing to distract my attention. Her “trailing’’ was quite effective, for by the time I had turned my attention from her performance to the babies, they were quite out of sight. THE MUSKRAT. (Fiber Zibethicus.) FAT part, ob North. Americas ; which is included between the thirtieth and sixtieth parallels of north latitude is the home of this species of muskrat, which isthe most numerous of the family. It is most plentiful in Alaska and Canada, which are so rich in lakes and rivers. It is described as a large water mole, with a long tail, broad hind paws, a blunt snout, and short, hair-covered ears, Which may be closed to exclude water. The fur is close, smooth, soft, and lustrous, the woolly under fur be- ing extremely delicate, fine, and short; the outer coat has a strong luster, and is double the length of the former. Adult males attain a total length of twenty-three inches, the tail occupy- ing about half of this. Grassy banks of large lakes or wide, slowly flowing streams and swamps are its favorite haunts, though it is frequently seen about large ponds, grown with reeds and aquatic plants, where it erects a permanent home and dwells either in small colonies or communities of con- siderable numbers. The mode of life IT? : ‘ ‘OZIS-esIT % rm OSVOIHS ''09 “8Nd AGNLS 3HNLYN OOVOIHS 'H3HSINENd ‘CHOJZWOW MY Ag ‘0064 LHOIWAdOO “LVUMSOIWN NOS 9? HBWNYESSNN “4 100 WOHS of a muskrat is in many respects like that of the beaver, for which reason the Indians call the two animals brothers, and affirm that the beaver is the older and more intelligent of the two. The burrows of the muskrat consist of plain underground chambers, with sev- eral tunnels, all terminating under water, or of strongholds above ground. These are of a round or dome shape, stand on a heap of mud, and rise above the surface of the water. They are lined with reeds, reed grass, and sedge, ' cemented with mud; the interior of the “lodge” contains a single chamber from sixteen to twenty-four inches in diameter. A tunnel which opens be- neath the water leads to it. In winter it lines its chambers softly with water lilies, leaves, grasses, and reeds, pro- viding for ventilation by loosely cov- ering the center of the dome-shaped roof with plants, which admit a suffi- cient quantity of fresh air and let the vitiated air out. As long as the pond or swamp does not freeze to the very bottom it is said to lead a highly com- fortable existence in its warm habita- tion, which is often protected by a covering of snow. Some observers say that the food of the muskrat consists almost wholly of aquatic plants, but Audubon saw captive muskrats which s were very fond of mussels. They are very lively, playful creatures: when in the water. Onacalm night many of them may be seen in a mill-pond or some other sequestered pool, ‘‘disport- ing themselves, crossing and recross- ing in every direction, leaving long, glittering ripples in their wake as they swim, while others stand for a few moments on little tufts of grass, stones, or logs, from which they can reach their food floating on the water; others sit on the banks of the pond and then plunge one after the other into water like frogs.” From three to six young are born in a burrow. If caught young they are easily tamed, and are of an equable and gentle disposition. Although » some people dislike the fur onaccount of the odor of musk which clings to it for a long time, it is often used for trimming clothing or in the manufac- ture of collars and cuffs, especially in America and China. The best pelts are deprived of the long outer fur, dyed a dark brown color and used asa trimming which resembles sealskin. The animal is caught in traps baited with apples. The Indians know ex- actly which “lodges” are inhabited; they only eat the flesh, as the odor does not seem to be disagreeable to them. “NOT A SPARROW FALLETH.” GRANVILLE OSBORNE, O traveler in Palestine, the land N of sacred memories, will need an introduction to the sparrows. They are as tame, troublesome, vivacious, and impertinent, as_ their numerous progeny across the seas. They chirp and twitter, asserting their rights of possession in places where they are not welcome, industriously building their nests in every available nook and corner, and defending them fearlessly against every feathered en- croacher. They stop up the stove- on pipes and water-gutters with their rub- bish, build nests in the windows, and under the eaves of the roofs, and have not the least reverence for any place or thing. You see them perching on the loftiest spires of the Holy City, flitting in and out of minaret and tower, wherever an opening invites them to a place of security and shelter for rear- ing their young. They nest in great numbers in the bushes on the banks of the River Jordan, and band together in defending their nests against the rooks and crows that infest the cane- brakes north of Lake Hulah. They live on terms of great amity and friend- liness with the beautiful ‘‘wir-war” or bee-eater, which burrows in the soft earth-banks near the out-go of the Jordan, from the Lake of Galilee. The nests of sparrow and “wutr-war” are so numerous and easy to reach that one might easily gather a peck of their tiny eggs, and unfledged nestlings, with mother-bird and all, could they be of use. But the Mosaic Law has a pre- cept especially intended to protect the “birds of the air.” In one portion of the anspired /text he. writes: “If, a bird’s nest chances to be before thee invite way, dil any tree, of on? the ground, whether they be young ones or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not molest the dam with the young, that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days.” You will notice how clear is the precept by which we are forbidden to molest these nests. We must not, the biblical law says, and to the obedient is the prom- ised blessing of prosperity and long life, with contrary calamities cleatly implied to those who transgress. In its meaning this precept includes all birds, and was intended, like many other prohibitory commands, to culti- vate sentiments of humanity and habits orae@entieness, And sovit-is ethate im Bible lands the sparrow is more nu- merous, and less liable to destruction, than inour own streets, fields and parks, where every bird of this species is an object of contempt, and often lured to its death, with countless thousands of victims, unsuspecting and easily taken like himself. They flit over the ‘field of the Shep- herds,” and build nests in the ‘cave of the Nativity.” They cover the fields of wild oats by thousands, and chirp and twitter on the hillside where “Ruth went down to glean.” A colony will bestound in every .old treé on the Mount of Olives, and even in the “gar- den of Gethsemane,” they nest in per- fect security above the heads of the black-robed attendants, who are on *- terms of great familiarity with them. The first reference to the sparrow in the Bible ts an allusion to this habit of the fearless birdin building its nest in the most sacred places. It recalls the sad and pathetic period in David’s life, when he fled from Jerusalem pursued by the army of his son Absalom, ‘“‘who sought his throne and life.” Afar from Jerusalem, and the temple courts, where he led the people in their devotions, his heart longed for the peace and holy calm, to be found only within their sacred, ‘enclosures, and (he, saysrr. day in thy courts is bétter than a thou- sand.” . “My “soul idongeth for -thy courts.” “The sparrow hath. found a nest for herself where she may lay her young, even thine altars.’ Thus he, the great King David, wished for the rest and peace enjoyed by the humble birds which he had observed so often, ministering to their young about the holy altar itself. Again, when Absa- lom falls in battle, and word is brought David, in the sadness of his lament, “OQ, Absalom, my son, my son!” He compares himself to the tiny, despised bird, saying: “I watch and am as a sparrow, alone upon the housetop.” He had, no doubt, often seen the spar- row, when one had lost its mate, sitting on the housetop alone, and lamenting hour after hour its sad bereavement. So again the sparrow is honored above its fellows, and its affectionate devo- tion immortalized. But a “Greater than David,” has drawn from this humblest one of the feathered tribe, a lesson of trust which has touched tenderly, in all ages since, the heart of every seeker after truth. “Not a sparrow falleth” isa sentence that comes very close to the human heart. ‘Not a sparrow falleth to the ground without your Father. Not one of them is forgotten of Him. Fear not, therefore. Ye are of more value than many sparrows.” ‘“‘Not a sparrow falleth,”’ How sweet the words and true ‘“‘Without your Father’s notice,”’ Who careth still for you; O tiny bird, so trustful, Teach me such trust as thine, That so the wondrous lesson I may possess as mine. 126 THE TREATING OF WHITEY. BERTHA SEAVEY SAUNIER. IS coat was thin—so thin that his Fl skin showed through in patches. And the skin was thin—so thin that the bones almost pricked through in a mute appeal to the public. He walked the streets until his four little feet dragged with weariness and he often sat down upon his haunches tovrest. When he stopped people noticed him and many turned as they went past, watching him—he was so pitiable a sight. “Mangy dog,” somebody said, but he was more than that. He was lost and he was starving. He was so needy that he had forsaken his alley haunts and had come up to the boulevards where was greatet prosperity, sunshine, clean- liness, and perhaps love toward man and beast. In his walks he chanced near the lake and paced the viaduct that leads out upon the pier. He even went on the pier and looked down into the dark water as many despairing men and women have looked. Itseemed easy to fall in, but he turned back and walked away. He had learned that if he kept moving the police and guards did not poke at him with their clubs. In crossing Michigan avenue he had to watch his chances, for the rubber tires of the carriages made no warning sound on the asphalt. And then he came to Wabash—the noise of the elevated and surface trains, and of the trucks and drays was so confusing that he had need of more care than ever. At length he reached State street and sat down to rest. Lizzie and Mattie were there before him. They, too, were acquainted with alley ways, though they were not per- sonally acquainted with Whitey. Evi- dently they had found nourishment there that Whitey had missed, for Liz- zie was decidedly fat and Mattie was fairly presentable. Lizzie wore a faded worsted skirt poorly joined to a cotton shirt-waist with a green silk belt. Her short, fair hair was curled and tied with a green ribbon and her airy straw hat was bright with flowers. Other little girls of bet- ter fortunes had worn the things and had extracted their freshness and much of their beauty. But Lizzie felt quite dressed up beside her friend who wore only a simple calico gown and plain straw hat. She led Mattie from win- dow to window, pointing out precious articles and rare jewels, quite as if she had purse connections with them. The girls glanced at Whitey as he assed. ‘Poor little dog!’ Mattie said. “Ves,” returned Lizzie, “I should think the policeman would shoot him.” “Why?” queried Mattie in surprise. “Oh; he’s so.bad off,” Whitey was moving slowly. He was rested and he thought to go on. Somebody in a confectionery store noticed the girls. “Mamma, I do believe that’s my old belt that I threw in the rags one day, for there’s the cross I made on it at school with ink.” ‘‘ Nonsense,” said the lady. ‘And, oh, mamma, look at the poor dog!” Of all the people who were passing four at least were interestedin Whitey. Alley and avenue—but the alley folks first forgot him. They went back to their diamonds. Whitey’s troubles had made him meek and humble. He did not at this time expect anything and he was out of hopes and plans. He did not ob- serve any whisperings at the portals of the big store nor see the wonder on the face of the porter. What he did see presently was a round pasteboard box that the porter set down under his very nose. It was torna little at one side and wHat was in the box began to melt and run down to the pavement. Whitey moved his ears a little at the sight. It actually looked eatable. He doubted if it was, but he put out his tongue and touched it. When Lizzie and Mattie turned again they stood amazed. People were look- ing amused as they passed and many a heart was made glad and light. One could read it in their faces. An un- usual kindness is a love-flash that makes life sweeter to all who get it in their eyes. 3 “T’ll bet there’s a quart there,” said Mattie. “No, there ain’t nuther. I guess a sick dog couldn’t eat a hull quart of ice cream—it’s jest a pint.” ‘“ Look how he licks it up. My! I'll bet it’s good!” ‘“He’s a gulpin’ to beat the band,” returned Lizzie. ‘He never hed it before, /’// bet.” ‘Or you nuther, Mattie Black.” “You can’t talk much,’ answered Mattie. By this time Whitey had cleared up his spread pretty thoroughly. Not a drop lingered in the circle at the bot- tom of the box and the pavement was dry. Whitey walked over to the side of and prolonged wag to his tail. the building and lay down in the sun. He put his nose between his paws. His body was as thin and forlorn as ever, but away at the tip of his pink, shabby tail was a little, short-lived wag. It was the language of gratitude and hope. It had been absent for days —ever since he was lost. The little girl who had caused it was riding home in her carriage, but the alley folks took note of it and they were appeased. They no longer envied the dog. As ‘for Whitey, the ‘rich >.cream worked its work. As he lay in the sun he felt new hopes and plans revive. Of a sudden he remembered a bakery where he had chanced to get some plate scrapings. He would go again. And go he did. His body and his hopes were alike nourished with his recent treat. Whitey actually walked over to the bakery alley with a decided The ice cream had placed itthere. It really made the turning point for better times for Whitey. T HESPOPRY: (Papaver somniferum L.) DR. ALBERT SCHNEIDER, Northwestern University School of Pharmacy. Sleep hath forsook and given me o’er To death’s benumbing opium as my only cure. HE ‘opium - yielding plant or : poppy is an herb about three feet in height; stem of a pale green color covered with a bloom. Branches are spreading, with large, simple, lobed or incised leaves. The flowers are solitary, few in num- ber, quite large and showy. The four large petals are white or a pale pink color in the wild-growing plants. The fruit is a large capsule, one to three inches in diameter, of a depressetl glob- ular form. The seeds are small and very numerous, filling the compart- ments of the capsule. In spite of the general attractiveness of the plant, the size of the flowers and the delicate coloring of its petals, it is not a favor- 128 —Milton, S. A. l. 630. ite at close range because of a heavy, nauseating odor which emanates from all parts of the plant, the flowers in particular. The petals furthermore have only a very temporary exist- ence, dropping off at the slightest touch. The wild ancestor of our familiar garden poppy is supposed to be a na- tive of Corsica, Cyprus, and the Pelo- ponnesian islands. At the present time it is extensively cultivated everywhere, both as an ornamental plant and for its seeds, pods, and yield of opium. It has proven a great nuisance as a weed in the grain fields of England, India, and other countries—-something like mustard in the oat fields of the « CHICAGO; FROM KCEHLER'S MEDICINAL-PFLANZEN, POPPY A. W. MUMFORD PUBLISHER, 318 eis y e central states. There are a number of forms or varieties of the cultivated poppy. The red poppy, corn poppy, or rose poppy (Papaver Rhoeas) is very abundant in southern and central Europe and in western Asia. It has deep red or scarlet petals and is avery showy plant. The long headed poppy (P. dubtum) has smaller flowers of a lighter red color and elongated cap- sules, hence the name. The Oriental poppy (P. orientale) has very large, deep red flowers on a tall flower- stalk. Various plants belonging to other genera of the poppy-family (Papave- vaceé) are designated as poppy. The California poppy (E£schscholtzia Cal- fornica) is avery common garden plant. It has showy yellow flowers and much divided leaves. Horn poppy (Glau- clum luteum) is a rather small seaside plant, with long curved pods and soli- tary yellow flowers. The Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone Mexicana) is widely distributed. The pods and leaves are prickly, flowers yellow or white; the seeds yield an oil which is used as a cathartic. Spdtling or frothy poppy (Szlene inflata) is so-called be- cause when punctured by insects or otherwise it emits a spittle-like froth. Tree poppy (Dendromecon rigidum) is a shrub six to eight feet high, with large, bright yellow flowers. Welsh poppy (MWecanopsis cambrica), a plant found in the wooded and rocky parts of western Europe, has sulphur-yel- low flowers and is cultivated for orna- ment. . The use and cultivation of the poppy dates from very remote times. The plant was well known in the time of the eminent Greek poet Homer, who speaks of the poppy juiceasa dispeller of sorrows (Odyssey, IV.1. 220). Ac- cording to Plinius the word poppy (Papaver) is derived from papa, mean- ing pap, the standard food of infants, because poppy juice was added to it for the purpose of inducing sleep. The ending ver is from verum, meaning true; that is, this food was the true sleep-producing substance. Opium, the inspissated juice of the poppy pods, was apparently not known in the time of Hippocrates, only the freshly expressed juice being used. It is through Diocles Karystius (350 B. C.) that we obtain the first detailed information regarding the use of opium. Nicandros (150 B. C.) re- fers to the dangerous effects produced by this drug. Scribonius Largus, Dios- corides, Celsus, and Plinius gave us the first reports regarding the origin, pro- duction, and adulteration of opium. Plinius mentions the method of incis- ing the capsules. The Arabians are said to have introduced opium into India. It appeared in Europe during the middle ages, but was apparently in little demand. It was much more favorably received in the Orient. In 1500 it constituted one of the most im- portant export articles of Calcutta. India supplied China with large quan- tities of opium, at first only for medi- cinal purposes. It is said that the Chinese acquired the habit of smoking opium about the middle of the seven- teenth century, and since then it has ever been the favorite manner of con- suming it. ; The poppy is cultivated in temper- ate and tropical countries. The opium yield of plants grown in temperate climates is, however, much less than that of the subtropical and tropical countries, though the quality is about the same. There are large poppy plantations in India, China, Asia Minor, Persia, and Turkey. As already indi- cated, the white-flowered variety is quite generally cultivated because it yields the most opium. The plantsare grown from seed, and it is customary, in tropical countries, to sow several crops-each season to in- sure against failure and that collecting may be less interrupted. Plants of the spring sowing flower in July. The pods do not all mature at the same time; this, coupled with the sowing of several crops at intervals of four to six months, makes the work of collect- almost continuous. Before the pods are fully developed they are incised horizontally or vertically with a knife. Generally a special knife with - two and three parallel blades is used. The blades of the knife are repeatedly moistened with saliva to prevent the poppy juice from adhering to them. 131 The incisions must not extend through the walls of the capsule, as some of the juice would escape into the inte- rior and be lost. As soon as the in- cisions are made a milky. sap ex- udes, which gradually thickens, due to the evaporation of moisture, and be- comes darker in color. The tollowing day the sticky, now dark-brown juice, is scraped off and smeared on.a poppy leaf held in the left hand; more and more juice is added until a goodly sized lump is collected. These sticky, ill-smelling masses of opium are now placed in a shaded place to dry. The entire process of incising and collect- ing as carried on by the Orientals is exceedingly uncleanly. To the nasty habit of moistening the knife-blade with saliva is supplemented the filth of unwashed hands and the sand and dirt of the poppy leaves, which are added trom time to time to form a new support for the juice as it is removed from the knife. In scraping the gum considerable epidermal tissue is also included. Each lump of gum opium contains therefore a mixture of spittle, the filth of dirty hands, poppy leaves, sand, and dust. In addition to that many collectors adulterate the gum opium with a great variety of sub- stances. Dioscorides mentions the fact that even in those remote times adul- teration of opium was practiced, such substances as lard, syrup, juice of lac- tuca, and glaucium being added. Mod- ern collectors and dealers adulterate opium with sand, pebbles, clay, lead, flour, starch, licorice, chicory, gum arabic and other gums, figs, pounded poppy capsules, an excessive quantity of poppy leaves and other leaves, etc. After collecting and drying the peas- ants carry the gum opium to the mar- ket-places, where they are met by the buyers and merchants, who inspect the wares and fix a price very advantageous to themselves. The present trade in opium is some- thing enormous, especially in India, China, and Asia Minor. To the credit of the Chinese and the discredit of the English it must be said that in 1793 the former strenuously objected to the in- troduction of opium traffic by the lat- ter. This opposition by the Chinese nN government culminated in the “Opium War,” which led to the treaty of Nan- king in 1842, giving the English the authority to introduce opium into China as a staple article of commerce. The reason that Chinese officials ob- jected to the introduction of opium was because they recognized the fact that the inhabitants very readily ac- quired the habit of smoking opium. In spite of the most severe government edicts the habit spread very rapidly after the treaty referred to. Gum opium contains active princi- ples (alkaloids), to which it owes its pe- culiar stimulating, soporific, and pain- relieving powers. Of these alkaloids, of which there are about nineteen, mor- phine and codeine are undoubtedly the most important. The properties of gum opium represent therefore the collective properties of all of the alka- loids and are similar to the properties of the predominating alkaloids just mentioned. Physicians generally agreethat opium is the most important of medicines. Properly used it is certainly a great boon to mankind, for which there is no substitute, but, like all great blessings, it has its abuses. It is the most effect- ive remedy for the relief of pains and spasms of all kinds. It will produce calm and sleep where everything else has failed. It finds a use inall diseases and ailments accompanied by severe pain, in delirium, rheumatic and neu- ralgic troubles, in dysentery, etc. It may be applied externally to abraded surfaces, to. ulcers and inflamed tis- sues for the relief of pain. The value of opium does not lie so much in its direct curative powers as inits sedative and quieting effects upon diseased or- gans, which tends to hasten or bring about the healing or recuperating pro- cess. In some diseases the physician refrains from giving opium, as in fully developed pneumonia, since the quiet- ing effect would diminish the efforts on the part of the patient to get rid of the inflammatory products accumu- lating in the air vesicles and finer bron- chial tubes. In fact, the soothing effect is too often mistaken for a curative effect and the patient is neglected. The Roman habit of feeding children pap mixed with poppy juice was a perni- cious one. Many modern mothers give their sick and crying infants ‘‘soothing syrups,” most, if not all, of which con- tain opium in some form, as tincture of opium and paregoric. Too often the poor, overworked mother, who cannot afford to consult a physician, will purchase a bottle of ‘soothing syrup’ or “cough remedy” for her child because she knows it produces a quieting effect, which is mistaken for a cure, when in reality the incipient symptoms are only masked. Only a reliable physician should be permitted to prescribe opium in any form. The harm done through the use of opium by the ignorant, abetted by the “inventors,” manufacturers and sellers of the ‘‘soothing syrups” and ‘cough remedies,” is insignificant as compared with the harm resulting from the opium habit, which is acquired in various ways. For instance, a patient learns that the opium given him relieves pain and produces a feeling of well-being; hence, even after: recovering, he re- turns to the use of the solace of his sickness when he suffers mental or physical pain, and in time the habit is acquired. The scholar knowing its properties makes use‘of it to deaden pain and to dispel imaginary or real mental troubles. Any and all classes may acquire the opium habit, but the majority of opium-eaters are from the lower and middle classes. As with other vices, the predisposing cause is a lack of moral stamina. Women are more addicted to the habit than men. After the habit is once established it is practically impossible to break away from it. Under the influence of the narcotic the opium-eater becomes mentally active, hilarious, and even brilliant. Thoughts flow easily and freely. In time the patient loses all sense of moral obligation; he boasts and lies appar- ently without the least trouble of con- science. As soon as the effects of the drug pass away he becomes gloomy, morose, despondent, and he will resort to any measure to obtain a fresh sup- 133 ply. The dose of the drug must be in- creased continually, until finally quan- tities are taken which would prove fatal to several persons not addicted to its use. Opium victims take the narcotic in various ways. The Chinese and Orient- als in general prefer to smoke the crude opium in special pipes. Europeans and Americans usually take it internally in the form of the tincture or laudanum, paregoric or the powder of the sulphate of morphine or codeine. Frequently a solution of morphine is injected un- der the skin by means of a hypodermic syringe. No matter how it is taken the effects are about the same. The treatment of the opium habit consists principally in the gradual withdrawal of the supply of the drug and strengthening the weakened sys- tem by proper exercise and diet, but, as indicated, the habit, if once fully estab- lished, is very difficult to cure. While, as stated, most of the opium-eaters be- long to the poorer and middle classes, there are a number from the wealthy idle classes and not a few from pro- fessional classes who are slaves to the habit. The brilliant and gifted De- Quincy was addicted to this habit and recorded his experience in his “ Con- fessions of an Opium-Eater.” The capsules and seeds of the opium plant are also used. The capsules are collected at maturity, but while yet green, usually during the month of July. They are broken and dried ina shaded, well-ventilated place, and finally in a moderately warm place; they are then broken in still smaller pieces, the seeds shaken out and the capsule fragments placed in well-sealed glass or tin receivers. The seeds, which are known as maw seeds, are collected at maturity and placed in wooden boxes. The seeds yield an oil which is used much like sweet oil; artists also use it in mixing colors. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.—A, flower- ing plant, white variety; 4, flower of red variety; I, pistil and stamens; 2, stamen; 3, pollen grains; 4 and 5, pistil; 6, ripe capsule; 7, 8, 9, seed. THE PRIMROSE. PROF. WILLIAM KERR HIGLEY, Secretary of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. What can the blessed spring restore More gladdening than your charms? Bringing the memory once more Of lovely fields and farms! Of thickets, breezes, birds, and flowers Of life’s unfolding prime; Of thoughts as cloudless as the hours; Of souls without a crime. MONG the many beautiful blos- al soms to be found in the field, the forest, or the garden prob- ably none have served to inspire the poet more than the primrose and its near relative, the English cowslip. Someone has said that ‘no flowers typify the beautiful more strongly than those of the primrose which, though showy, are delicate and seem inclined to retire to the shade of the plant’s leaves.” These plants belong to the Primrose family (Primulacee) which includes twenty-eight genera and over three- hundred and fifty species. Nearly all are natives of the Northern hemisphere, some being found as far north as Green- land (the Greenland primrose). Some of the species are Alpine, and a few are found in the southern portions of South America and Africa. One of the most interesting wild species of this family is the shooting star or American cowslip, which grows abundantly on the prairies of the Eastern portion of the United States. Dr. Erasmus Dar- win tells us that “the uncommon beauty of this flower occasioned Linnzus to give it the name Dodecatheon, signifiy- ing the twelve heathen gods.” The family as a whole seems to have no economic value of importance and are of use to man simply to beautify his surroundings. Many of the species are very interesting to the scientific observer, for the structure of their flowers is such that they are peculiarly adapted for cross-fertilization. This character has made it possible for the floriculturist to produce many of the beautiful forms that are found in cultiva- tion. The generic name of the prim- rose is Primula from the diminutive of the Latin word Prumus, meaning first. —Mary Howitt. The blossoming of the plants in the early spring led Linnzeus to give them this name. It is said that their name was also applied, during the middle ages, to the European daisy (J5edls perennis ). This genus, Primula, is the type of the family and contains about one hun- dred and fifty species from which have been produced, both in nature and under cultivation, many hybrid forms, one investigator claiming to have found morethan twenty inthe Alps alone. The species are found distributed through- out the cooler regions of Europe and Asia and a few are natives of North America. The common or English primrose (Primula vulgaris), by careful culture, produces a wonderful number of varia- tions. The wild forms produce only yellow single flowers while from those under cultivation are developed nu- merous. varieties, both single and double, which vary greatly in color— red, pink, white, purple, and many shades of each. The cowslip primrose (Primula veris) is also a native of England. The flow- ers are yellow and nodding, and the plants emit a strong odor of anise. The Himalaya Mountains are proba- bly more rich in beautiful and interest- ing species and varieties than any other locality. Here is found the most beautiful of all the primroses, the deli- cate rose-colored form (Priula rosea.) This species of primrose should not be confounded with the evening primrose, of which there are about twenty species, all American. The yellow flowers of the latter appear in the summer, opening at night, the thin and delicate petals withering the next day. 134 CHICAGO: PRIMROSE. COPYRIGHT 1900, BY A. W. MUMFORD PUBLISHER, 319 6, Life-size. NATURE STUDY PUB. CO. CHICAGO THE EGRET’S YOUNG. ELIZA WOODWORTH, Beside a quiet stream the egrets build, And, friendly, crowd their nests of wattled sticks In clustered trees, then patient keep unchilled Their sea-blue eggs, and hear the first fajnt pricks Against the shells; and soon each wistful brood Beneath the mother’s breast will doze or wake; And soon each parent pair will wing with food From waded shallows brown, and marsh and brake. Between the flights they rest and tranquil look Far down the glade from boughs or dusky nests, And see the deer that wend beside the brook, And partridge coveys, with their freckled breasts. Oh, lives like sunny hours! Oh, peaceful glade, Where glow the early flowers! What hunters steal Along the stream, with rifles softly laid At hand, while slips the skiff on noiseless keel? The shots half-blind the air with curling haze, And from his lookout perch the watcher falls; The nested mother lifts her head to gaze, And wounded, flutters down with hollow calls. And, bleeding prone, perchance she mourns her young, And hears, as far away, their startled cries, And longs for pleasant haunts she lived among, While in an anguished dream she slowly dies. From off the gentle head they cut the crest, They loose the wedding* plumes which veil the wings And rend the beauty-tuft from out the breast— Then each a mangled body downward flings. The dimmed white forms strew all the blossomed ground, While clustered trees but bear the wailing young; Their plaintive little voices shrilling, sound From swiftly chilling nests, once gayly swung. Unfathered broods! In vain with hunger-calls They grieve through woeful hours the helpless air; Unmothered nests! How cold the darkness falls On harmless, tender heads, uncovered there. They live the painful night and feebly stir At dawn; with famine shine the golden eyes; They gape their mouths and seem to hear the whir Of mother-wings speed past through empty skies. And no more piteous sight the sun may see Than where those parent birds lie dead; nor wakes A sadder tone than the forsaken plea Of famished broods that o’er their silence breaks. Fainter and fainter sink the whispered cries, As wanes the life and creeps the deadly chill, Till wings are numb, and closed the hungry eyes, While droop the downy heads, and all ts still. *The wedding plumes, which are esteemed the most valuable of all, are;woru by the birds only during brooding time. Hence the special reason for hunting egrets at that season. 137 SPONGES. SPONGE when brought to the a) surface by the diver is a fleshy- looking substance covered with a firm skin whose openings appear and disappear at intervals. When the diver cuts it the interior looks like raw meat with numerous canals and cavities. The first thing they do is to remove the flesh, and this must be done at ‘once, since otherwise putrefaction would set in, which would destroy the elasticity. This leaves merely the skeleton of the animal which has to be further cleansed before it is ready for the market. The skeleton is nearly related in structure to silk, and this helped to settle the ancient dispute asto whether sponges were animal or vegetable. Their stationary life gave reason to the belief in their vegetable nature, while they multiply, like plants, by over- growth and budding. They puzzled scientists for centuries, and one author- ity regarded them as worms’ nests. In reality the sponge is a colony of little animals called polyps which occupy a sort of apartment house together, rear- ing families just as other animals do. The surface of a sponge is covered with little holes, as you have observed, that are larger at the top than at the bot- tom, while the whole mass contains a system of channels. When the animal is alive water is kept flowing constantly through these channels by means of minute, hair-like appendages, which the little polyps agitate. The water thus drawn in brings with it the food. The - finest sponges come from Tripoli, and along the shores of the Mediterranean, the possessions of Turkey being the best field, the Spanish, French, and Italian coasts being, strange to say, devoid of them. The coarser kinds of sponges are found in the West Indies and off the Florida coast, none of the finest grade existing in American waters. The average value of Florida sponges is 80 cents a pound, while those from the Turkey coast are often worth as much as $50 a pound. There are many sponge beds along the coast of Florida, at well-protected places fenced in with natural fortifications and dams. They are carefully watched until reaching maturity, and are finer than those living wild in the sea. After three years the sponges are ready for harvest. The choicest then, the full-grown ones, are pulled up, the others being left to reproduce until of larger size. Every year the value ofa *sponge farm increases, and enormous crops are yielded. ‘It is easy to gather sponges here, for the water is clear and they are easily raised with a pole or tongs. It is. not so in Tripoli, however There the work has to be done by divers, and as the fisheries have been so well worked, it is necessary for the divers to go deeper and deeper for them every year. Only the most des- perate men are willing to undertake the task, notwithstanding they are paid ten times the usual wage paid to men in that country. Out of 600 divers em- ployed, 150 to 200 die each season, either from asphyxiation, paralysis, or cuts from their knives. The diver in Tripoli seldom has diving-bells or suits such as are used in Europe and America. He goes down into the ocean, sometimes to the depth of 100 fathoms, taking with him a flat piece of stone of a triangular shape, with a hole drilled through one of its corners. A cord from the boat is attached to this stone and he uses it to guide him. Upon reaching the grow- ing sponges he tears them off the rocks or cuts them with a sharp knife, places them under his arms, and then pulls at the rope, which gives the signal to the men in the boat to haul him up. The work is said to be done not so well by means of a diving-bell, the utmost care being necessary that the delicate organ- isms should not be torn. Sponges ob- tained by dragging are torn and sell for low prices. Those secured at such risk are the ‘bestyand, age, sused. py, surgeons in delicate operations. They do not grow as rapidly in the Mediter- ranean as in our water, an ordinary bath sponge, measuring about a foot in diameter, being ten years old. —E. K. M. 138 ¥" COMMON MINERALS AND VALUABLE ORES. IV.—COPPER AND LEAD ORES. THEO. F. BROOKINS, B. S. HE first metal that was employed by man is copper. It is prob- able that prehistoric man made use of the metal in its native condition only, as no knowledge of metallurgy would be essential in pre- paring it for use from that condition. Copper implements have been found in the lake dwellings of Switzerland, and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, is mentioned in the writings of Ho- meric times. Cuprum, the origin of our English word copper, is derived from cyprium, which refers to the occurrence of the metal in especial abundance on the island of Cyprus, the main source of the metal during the epochs of early alchemy. In the Hebrew scriptures copper is termed Nehdsheth (from nahash, meaning to glisten) which is translated by Xadkos in the Septuagint and by Aes in the Vulgate. Later Aes cyprium was the special designation, which was finally shortened to cyprinm, as indicated above. Thus we see that our present term represents in no sense the characteristic of the metal at first so noticeable. Native copper scarcely needs a de- scription. Its occurrence in the free state provides an interesting subject of conjecture. Briefly stated, the ques- tion of origin is whether the copper was set free by the decomposition of silicates or was in the form of a sulphide in the rock. The chief re- gion of occurrence of native copper is aesuaice superior, district. Here are found occasionally large masses of copper, which, strange as it seems, are practically valueless if too heavy to transport, since they cannot be divided without great difficulty. Of the world’s total output of copper in 1897, 399,250 long *tons, a single mine of the Lake *The common short ton is 2.000 pounds; the'long ton contains 2,240 pouncs; the metric ton equals 2.204 pounds. It will be noted that statistics of the produc- tion of different metals frequently employ different tons as units. 139 Superior region, the famous Calumet and Hecla, produced 40,350 long tons. Montana is now the first copper pro- ducing state in the United States. The state contains the largest mining campin the world, located in the town of Butte. In 1897 the mines of Montana produced 102,800 long tons of copper. The ore chalcocite, sometimes called copper glance, has a metallic luster, often tar- nished green or blue. It is commonly lead-gray and rather soft. Its streak is a blackish lead-gray. Chalcopyrite, a sulphide of copper and iron com- bined, has already been mentioned un- der ‘‘Iron Minerals” ( November issue of BirDs AND ALL Nature.) When copper is much in predominance the color of the ore is golden yellow. The streak is dark green. The mineral is harder than chalcocite, but less hard than pyrite, being easily scratched with a knife. Both chalcocite and chalco- pyrite frequently occur in silver-bear- ing rocks. A method of extracting copper from its ores, equally useful with regard to any of the ores, is known as the Eng- lish process. The details of this are too elaborate and technical for consid- eration here. In brief, the process con- sists of six distinct parts—roasting the mixed ores, fusion of the roasted ores to produce coarse metal, roasting the coarse metal, fusion of the wasted coarse metal to produce what is known as white metal, roasting of the white metal to produce blister copper, i. e., copper filled with cavities, and finally the refining and toughening of the blister copper until marketable copper is yielded. The English method of copper smelting is classed among the so-called ‘‘dry” processes, in contra- distinction from ‘'wet” processes, or methods involving the use of solutions. It may be of interest to know the importance of copper in that curious problem of ancient alchemy, the trans- mutation of metals. Metallic iron placed in certain solutions of unknown composition possessed the power to precipitate metallic copper. With all the wondrous faith in the problems of alchemy the phenomenon was inter- preted as one of transmutation and the statement made that iron had been transformed into copper. Within the last few years a remark- able increase in the output of the cop- per mines of the world has been re- corded. This is due mainly to the de- mand for copper on account of the great strides in electrical achievements during recent years. Yet there is no doubt that the world’s supply is wholly adequate to meet demands on it for a long period to come. The high con- ductivity of copper renders it espe- cially useful for conveying electric currents and its most important use at present is in electricity. However, it is also a common convenience in many arts. Its alloys are numerous, bronze and brass being the most common. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and brass of copper and zinc. The manufacturer of bronze bells finds opportunity for an interesting study of the alloy used in his product. The varying tones of bells are due to the different percentages of copper and tin used in the bell metal. In locality and mode of occurrence lead is somewhat closely allied with copper, and the ores of lead and zinc arealmostinvariably associated. Hence a description of lead naturally follows that of copper and may also be under- stood as typical, so far as occurrence and mining methods are concerned, for that of zinc. Lead occurs in nature chiefly in the forms of the sulphide, galenite or ga- lena, the sulphate, anglesite and the carbonate, cerussite. Galena is lead- gray, quite soft, and frequently occurs in a coarsely crystalline condition, the crystals often being cubical. The lus- ter is metallic, hence a superficial ex- amination of a specimen might result 140 in mistaking the mineral for the copper ore, chalcopyrite, already described. The streak will serve to identify any specimen, however, it being a lead- gray of much lighter shade than that of chalcocite. Anglesite and cerussite are far less abundant than galena. The former varies from white through gray to yellow and has a resinous luster. Cerussite is white or gray, resembling anglesite, and has a brilliant, vitreous luster. Both minerals, like galena, are soft and easily scratched with a knife. The ores of lead are widely distrib- uted throughout the United States and it is difficult to assign boundaries to special districts. Galena occurs in small quantities—too small for profit- able working—throughout the Appa- lachian region, and is found in paying quantities in what is known as the Missouri lead district. In the Colo- rado and other western mines the ore is found in silver-bearing veins. Were it not for the presence of silver in those veins the production of lead from them would probably practically cease, as the anglesite, the principal lead ore of the veins, does not occur in amount to pay for working the mines for that product alone. White lead, used in paints, is the most important use of the metal. Paint- ers prefer the product to zinc-white chiefly because it is much more opaque and possesses a much greater covering power. Much lead is made into pipes for conveying water. Pure lead is not used for the making of shot, but in- stead an alloy of lead and arsenic. Unlike pure lead, the alloy assumes a spherical form when dropped through the air. ‘‘Shot towers” are constructed to make use of this property in the manufacture of shot. The demands for lead have not been increased by recent extraordinary development of any of the arts employing the metal, hence the world’s output of lead dur- ing the past decade has had a normal increase. For the year 1897 the total production of lead was 725,200 metric tons. CHICAGO: * ORES. COPYRIGHT 1900, BY Ba We MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO. Full size. 320 Cholcopyrite Anglesite Cerussite coating Galenite Native Copper Galenite Chalcocite THE YOUNG NATURALIST. EES.—Honey is made from many substances. Not only do the flowers give up their nectar to _the honey bees, but various other sources of sweets are visited by bees with profit. Clover honey is one of the most common kind, although it is all white clover honey, for the honey bee has too short a tongue to reach into the long tubes of the red clover which the bumble-bees are so fond of. Sweet clover yields nectar which makes good honey. A dark variety of honey comes from the flowers of buckwheat, and the basswood tree which the Ger- man poets sing about, calling it by the name of linden, bears such a wealth of flowers which the honey bees like that it is swarmed day after day by so many bees that the tree seems to hum with pleasure. You can often hear the bees in a basswood tree before the tree itself is in view in the forest. Orange trees are also favorites with the honey- makers. Broken fruits are often sucked by bees to get material for honey, and cider left in a dish where they can get at it will be visited by them. A mix- ture of almost any sweet liquid will attract honey bees, and they are so careless of its exact nature that they have been known to store upand make into honey substances that are not good for human beings to eat. One of the favorite forms of adulteration among those who keep bees for profit is to place glucose and water where they can get at it. They will readily fill their combs with this cheap material and seem to do very much more work in the course of a season by having placed within easy reach a mass of material that they do not have to work for, Margaret Warner Morley, in her charming little book, ‘‘The Bee Peo- ple,” which has just come from the press of A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, tells how bees frequently make honey from “honey dew.’’ This is a sweet and sticky substance that is found upon the upper side of all sorts of leaves insome localities and has caused a great deal of wonder as to where it 4 comes from. The writer tells of the mountain children she saw in the Caro- linas plucking these leaves and licking the honey-dew from them, enjoying their treat much as city children enjoy what they get at the candy store. She says the honey-dew is made by the lit- tle insects called ants’ cows or aphides. The sweet liquid is thrown out from their bodies, and ants are so fond of it that some of them have been said to keep “cows” and take great care of them in order to enjoy the sweet they get from their bodies. The aphides eat the juice of the leaves they rest on and change it into honey-dew. Resting onthe under side of a leaf and feasting royally, they be- come so full that the honey-dew spurts from their bodies and showers the upper sides of the leaves below. Some- times the insects are so thick upon the leaves of a magnolia tree that a shower of sweets comes down upon its lower leaves and the grass below. Trees and bushes shine with the dew, and when dust settles upon the sticky surfaces it is decidedly disagreeable. Pliny, the first great naturalist, said he thought honey-dew was “the per- spiration of the sky, the saliva of the stars, or the moisture deposited by the atmosphere while purging itself, cor- rupted by its admixture with the mists of the earth.” Bees gather it and make it up into honey. Squirrels are fond of it, and gather the leaves one ata time, hold them up in their paws, and lick them with apparent relish. There are so many truly wonderful things about bees which this talented writer has collected and told in simple language that her book is one of the most valuable of recent contributions to the libraries of those who enjoy the wonders of nature. Although written evidently for children it is of absorbing interest to adults, and furnishes a fund of material for conversation and obser- vation which will make it very much in demand among teachers and parents. The growth of the bee, the drones, the workers, and the queens, with all the details of their structure as revealed by the microscope, the making of their 143 curious homes, their odd customs and habits, their strange enemies, and a thousand other interesting features, make the subject one of great interest, and we cannot sufficiently honor the memory of the blind naturalist, Huber, who found out more things about bees after he lost his sight than all the world ever knew of them before his time. BAD GERMS.—In our bodies is constantly going on a great fight be- tween germs of various sorts, if we are to believe those who know most on the subject. Microbes are all about within us, some of them apparently striving to do us good and others try- ing kill us. In a few cases men of science have been able to find one kind of germ that will destroy another that is hurtful to the human system. By cul- tivating many sorts of germs together and separately they have come to know a great deal about what microbes like and what they cannot bear. The so-called poisons of diphtheria and typhoid fever have been recognized as having certain forms and characteris- tics, and a way of killing them off at wholesale has been found, and so we are not so much afraid of these diseases as we were before these discoveries were made. The germs of cholera and yellow fever are now well enough known to be controlled by sanitary measures, and the doctors are hot on the track of the bacillus of consump- tion. What relief the world will have when these germs are killed before they have had time to do their deadly work! A DESERT LIGHT.—In Arizona there is an important well which stands in the desert where its presence would not readily be known, but for the fact that a light now swings from a tall cotton-wood pole so as to light travel- ers who are within several miles of it in the night. Before the lantern used to be hung there many people died when they might have reached its waters if they had only known how near and in which direction the well really was. Some have died horrible deaths of thirst when only a short dis- tance from its refreshing waters. In order to pass that point travelers have to carry large loads of water to quench their thirst until they reach this well. The number of gallons a company has means either life or death toall. Some time ago a German boy staggered up to the tanks shortly after dark. He had lain down expecting to die with thirst in despair of getting to water, when he saw the light of the cabin of the keeper of the well. So Joe Drew keeps his lantern up at night that others may see the signal from afar and come without delay to the waters. MINER’S LUCK.—One of the most profitable mines in South America is the Penny mine in Bolivia. Penny Was a run-away Scotchman from a man-o’-war who had nothing and hoped for nothing but to keep away from service on the sea. He did odd jobs about the country for awhile and was brought low with fever. He was faith- fully nursed through the disease by a native woman who could not speak a word of English. Out of gratitude he married her and treated her well. She rewarded him by taking him into the mountains and showing him an old Spanish mine that had been hidden for years. He began working it and became a millionaire. With a fellow- workman by the name of Mackenzie he brought the mine into a good state of productiveness, and then left for the old country. Mackenzie was made superintendent of his mine, and Mac- kenzie’s son went with Mr.and Mrs. Penny to Scotland. He arrayed his Indian wife in the most costly attire, and’made his visit to Scotland memo- rable by his many acts of generosity. He adopted a nephew and insisted that both young men should take his name and become his heirs. He suddenly died and left his wealth all to his wife, with directions that the two sons should be amply provided for. Com- plications followed, and the Indian mother died under suspicious circum- stances, while the boys contended for possession of the mines. With all the good fortune and excellent intentions of the father the two boys proved to be bad Pennies. They sold out their interests for $500,000 each and are now killing themselves with drink. ae eee i re Read what Superintendents say of BEWARE OF IMITATION Se oe em OF THESE PICTURES. HE PERRY Goscue FIVE FOR 25 CENTS, No order for less than 5 of these pictures. On paper 10x12 Inches. FOR 50 CENTS You can Transform your School-room. Send 50 cents for 10 of THE PERRY PICTURES—Extra Size—and hang them upon tke walls of your school-room. Your pupils will enjoy them. They are marvels of beauty. The Perry Pictures, Extra Size—are the finest I have ever seen. Their helpfulness reaches beyond the school into the home, where they are fostering and in many cases creating a love for art in its high- est sense. I can most heartily endorse them. H. F. LEIster, Supt. of Schools, Phoenixville, Pa. I have examined pictures of other firms but yours of the Extra Size are the clearest and most artistic of any I have seen. W. A. FRASIER, Supt. of Schools, Rutland, Vt. The pictures are certainly a great step in advance of anything I have heretofore seen at this cost, and I wish you abundant success in introducing them through the country. E. C. WARRINER, Supt. of Schools, Saginaw, Mich. I consider that in making the pictures and placing them within the reach of all primary schools, you are conferring a benefaction upon the children. C. B. Grsson, Supt. of Schools, Columbus, Ga. See list given below. They are gems, and every teacher I have shown them to wants them. J. F. RIEMAN, Supt. of Schools, Goshen, Ind. They are beautiful,—wonderful for the price. C. A. Bascock, Supt. of Schools, Oil City, Pa. They are very pleasing to theeye and must be cor respondingly elevating to the taste. They are good enough not only for school study but school decora- tion, and home decoration also, when more expensive pictures cannot be obtained. Your work certainly should make the taste and morals of the next genera- tion higher than they would be without your pictures. W. H. SMALL, Supt. of Schools, Chelsea, Mass. The large pictures are indeed a marvel for the price. GEORGE GRIFFITH, Supt. of Schools, Utica, N. Yr. I have no hesitation in pronounciug them remark- able specimens of artistic merit at the price at which they are offered, and particularly well suited to per- manent school-room decoration as well as for use in study in the school. Geo. E. HINMAN, Supt. of Schools, Willimantic, Conn. The following subjects are now ready for immediate delivery. Send 50 cents for any ten. Ex 1 William Cullen Bry- ant. Ex 2 Longfellow. Ex 261 Virgin, Infant Jesus and St. John, Botticellt, Ex 321 Sistine Madonna, Complete, Raphael. Ex 324 Madonna of the Chair, - Raphael. Ex 325 Madonna Granduca, Raphael. Ex 357 Madonna of the Harpies, Andrea del Sarto. Ex 367 Holy Night, Correggio. Ex 388 Aurora, ad Guido Rent. Ex 394 Mater Dolorosa, Guido Rent. four articles on Ex 501 Oxen Going to Work, - Troyon. Ex 509 Angelus, - Millet. Ex 511 The Gleaners, Millet. Ex 513 The Man with the oe, - Millet. Ex 516 Shepherdess Kuit- ting, - Millet. Ex 521 Feeding Her Birds, - Millet. Ex 538 Horse Fair, Rosa Bonheur. Ex 575 Song of the Lark, Breton. Ex 609 Madonna and Child, Dagnan-Bouveret. Ex 618 The Shepherdess, Lerolle. Ministry of Pictures” to THE PERRY PICTURES Ex 619 By the River, Lerolle. Ex 620 Arrival of the Shepherds, Lerolle. Ex 648 Baby Stuart, Van Dyck. Ex 682 St. Anthony of Padua, - Murillo. Ex 795 Queen Louise, Richter. Ex 800 Christ and the Doctors, Hofmann. Ex 801 The Christ, Hofmanu. Ex 807 Jesus Blessing Litt'e Children, Plockhorst. Ex 810 The Good Shep- herd, - Plockhorst. Ex 861 Angel Heads, Sir Foshua Reynolds. onthly except July and August. On paper 5%x8inches. 1500 subjects. REGULAR SIZE Ex 886 Pharaoh’s Horses, Herring. Ex 1020 Christmas Chimes, Blashfeld. Ex 1031 Hosea, - Sargent. Ex 1033 Prophets, Sargent. Ex 1024 Prophets, Sargent. Ex 1035 Prophets, Sargent. Ex 1036 Prophets, Sargent. Ex 1037 Prophets, Sargent. Ex 1063 Can’t You Talk? flolmes. Ex 1093 St. Cecilia, Naujok. Ex 1112 Madonna, Ferruzzt. Ex 43 Lost, - Schenck. Ex 3140 Countess Potocka, Ex 1045 The Brook, Walter Sargent. beginning with the Feb- ruary issue. Single cop- ies of the Magazine, 15 cents. $1.00 per year. ONE CENT EACH. No order for less than 25 of these pictures. CATALOGS. Send two-cent stamp for 24 page Catalogue and sample picture. Portfolios for The Perry Pictures. Holding 150 pictures. for 25cents. Strong—Neat—Durable. THE PERRY PIGTURES COMPANY, TREMONT TEMPLE, BOSTON. 76 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. Price, 15 cents, two Box 18, MALDEN, MASS. Choose for Yourself the sex of your child! do not leave it to chance. *“*Suggestion, The Secret of Sex’’ is the book that makes this possible. No fake medicine book but a New, Practical Authentic Work by Dr. C. Wilbur Taber. 8x5% inches in size, handsomely printed and cloth bound. This book sent prepaid on receipt of $1.00. CHARLES H. KERR & CO., 56 Fifth Avenue, - - Chicago, I11. DO YOU WANT FINE MINERALS? Brilliant and perfect in color and beauty. New arrivals constantly received from all parts of the world. Choice fire and rainbow tinted Opals, at less than usual prices. Hundreds of rare and beautiful things to enrich and adorn your Cabinet. An excep- tionally favorable opportunity to secure showy speci- mens at less thau usual prices. Writetome. It will pay you. ARTHUR N. FULLER, Lawrence, Kansas. Color Your Views. With our Process you can tint your Portraits, Groups and Landscapes in the most beautiful Natural Colors, and give them a glaze enamel finish of great and lasting brilliancy. Very Easy, Intensely Interesting, and it Pays, Descriptive booklet free. Address, THE HENRY CHEMICAL CO. Vallejo, California. MARINE SHELLS AND CURIOS. good specimens. Collections of choice shells from 25c. to $1, sent postpaid and safe arrival guaranteed. Allare correctly named and are perfect. My illustrated catalogue will be mailed free with each order. Send for descriptive circular. J. H. HOLMES, Dunedin, Fla. Guard against slips of the tongue and pen. Learn to use the right word at the right time—and 101 other little things that commonly perplex us. Then make a companion of Conklins’ Vest Pocket Writing Desk Book. Yes, we recommend it. See page 2. Wanted, For Sale or Exchange Advertisements inserted under this heading for three cents per word, each insertion. Cash must accompany advertisement. If you have anything to sell or exchange, or wish to purchase anything, an ad. in this column will bring about the desired result. ARGAINS FOR COLLECTORS AND TEACH- ERS.—Ornithologists and Oologists’ Manual, 100 pages, prices all skins and eggs, other valuable information, 15c. 52 minerals, named and localized, $1.00. 40 curios, with descriptive list, 75c. 50 species Marine Invertebrates in formolin, 10 to 50c. per vial. Books, Specimens and Supplies in all Branches of Natural History. Send for lists of anything you wish to buy. Two large buildings full, offered at right prices. W. F. Wess, Albion, N. Y. ADY AGENTS WANTED—TO SELL A FAST- selling article. Write for particulars. MARY SPITZER, Celina, Ohio. OR SALE—Prehistoric Indian Relics and Chinese Jades. Prof. W.O. Emery, Crawfordsville, Ind. OR SALE—BOOKS ON NATURAL HISTORY, Catalog free. State specialty. NEWMan Ff. McGirr, Box 2044, Philadelphia, Pa. Twelve shells and curios for 50c, all $1,000 SALARY PER YEAR! Fy We have shared the general pros. Ladies or Gentlemen dies or Gentlemen perity of the country, and ania need one or two permanent representatives in each state to look after our interests, manage our agents,and attend to collections. This position involves no canvass- ing and is a bona fide weekly salaried position, with all expenses paid, to the right party. It is mainly office work conducted at your own home, with an occasional trip out among the agents. No investment required. Also three salaried vacancies in the traveling lepart- Ment. Enclose references and self-addressed stamped envelope to PROVIDENCE €9., 29 Caxton Bldg., CHICACO. LIFE AND WORKS OF DWIGHT L. MOODY By his son, assisted by Ira D. Sankey and others. Only book authorized by the family, and the only book on which Mrs. Moody will receive any compen- sation. Will contain matter on home life not found elsewhere. The only book to sell. Write for circulars and terms or send nine 2-cent stamps to pay postage on free outfit. Act quickly. Don’t delay. J.S. ZEIGLER & CO., 325 Dearborn St., Chicago, I11. eee MONTHLY SALARY Payable Weekly with Expenses to men and women who faithfully represent us in their own localities. The duties of this position are to take charge of solicitors and attend to collections. No Investment is Required. Send stamp for appli- cation blank. CO-OPERATIVE CO., 275 Star Bldg., Chicago, Ill. LASS BOOK FREE—To introduce our New Reci- tation Record (Class Book), we will send postpaid one copy and 25 Term Report Cards, on bristo’ card, on receipt of 25cents in stamps. This is the regular price for cards alone. Money returned if unsatis- factory. Our new Illustrated School Supply Cata- logue mailed free. The Oliver Adams Pub. Co., Dept. F, 24-26 Adams St., Chicago. Watones At Lowest Prices. Catalogue mailed free on Application. B.G.UHER & CO. 12! Dearborn St.,Chicago,| 11 BOOKS | DIAMONDS, JEWELRY, SILVERWARE, ETC. When calling, please ask for MR. GRANT. an Whenever you need a book LIBERAL Address MR. GRANT. DISCOUNTS | Before buying Books, write for quotations. An assortment of catalogues, and special slips of booksiat reduced prices, will be sent fora 10-cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books,” Ner'fase" Mention this advertisement and receive a discount. 1900 BICYCLE FRE \/\F or distributing 1000 cataloguesforus. One Agent wantedineach town. Give references and send for catalogues. Enclose stamp. FREE e talk plain Englis. Here is an honest advertisement. No beating around the bush. You can get full 10 to 15 yards of beautiful silk, Black, brown, blue, green or pink, in upee or dark shades, and a beautiful mercury diamond breast pin for selling our remedies. h & guarantee to do exactly as we say. We don’t ask a cent. If you agree to sell only 6 boxes of our Positive Corn Cure at 25 ets, a box, we send you the Salve by mail. When sold you send us the $1.50 and we send you the solid gold laid mercury diamond breast pin. together with our offer of a handsome silk dress, same day money is received. We make this extraordinary induce- ment to secure honest people and prove our Corn Cure the best on earth. There is no chance aboutit. If you comply with the offer we shall send you ; the silk dress (full 10 to 15 yarda, any color 38] ; given absolutely free. Don’t pay out money for a handsome dress while you ena et one eee for aclinn ee ee edies. Addressatonce, MANOFAOTURERRSA’ SUPPLY DEPT. “ T,” o. 65, 5th Ave. N.Y. Clty. The Latest Great Illusion. THE ENDLESS WIRE ENTIRELY NEW. FUN and MYSTERY Ablest Minds Baffled. Affords Amusement to All, both Young ard Old. Pull the Wire and a surprising illusion obtains, SAMPLE, POSTPAID, 10 CTS. Agents Wanted Everywhere to Introduce this Novelty. SELLS ON SIGHT. LIBERAL INDUCEMENTS. SEND FOR CIRCULARS AND PRICE LISTS OF THIS AND OTHER NEW FAST SELLING SPECIALTIES GEN'L SUPPLY ASS'N, *"2EaReoR" ST. RE y, CANCER,SALT RHEUM, RHEUMATISM, PILES and all Blood Diseases Cured by fluid and solid extract of Red Clover Blossoms. Pest Blood Purifier known, nota patent medicine but PURE RED CLOVER. Our preparations have a world-wide reputation, Send for circular. D, NEEDHAM’S S$ 25 Inter Ocean Building, Cats: a Fl A Skin of Beauty ts a Joy Forever. R. T. FELIX GOURAUD’S ORIENTAL CREAM, OR MAGICAL BEAUTIFIER. Removes Tan, Pimplas, Freckles, Moth Patches, Rash, and Skin diseases, and every blemish on } beauty, and defies de- tection. It has stood the test of 50 years, and {sso harmless we taste it to be sure it is properly made. Accept no coun- terfeit of similar name. Dr. L. A. Sayre said toa lady of the haut-ton (a patient): ‘‘As you ladies will use them, I recom- mend ‘Gouraud’sOream’ as the least harmful of & 4 all the Skin prepara- rs Cad tions.” For sale by all ; Druggists and Fancy- Goods Dealers in the U. S., Canadas, and Europe. FERD. T. HOPKINS, Prop’r, $7 Great Jones St.. N.Y. TAXIDERMISTS. Birds, Animals, etc., Stuffed to order. Deer, Elk, Moose, Buffalo Heads and Specialties in this line put upin most artistic manner at low prices. Finest specimens for schools and colleges always in stock. Write for prices. We furnish the speci- mens for this magazine. F. NUSSBAUMER & SON, 18 S. Desplaines Street, s - Chicago, Ill. ‘TEACH YOURSELF [yUSIC DURINC LEISURE MOMENTS AT HOME, Piano, Organ Guitar and Voice. Anyone can learn ali Tunes, Notes, Chords, Accompant- ments and the Laws of Harmony inashort time. Itis the cheapest, easiest, most rapid and correct way on earth to learn music. Over 40,000 strongest kind of testi monials received. Goes to the bottom of music. makes it clear to the beginner, creates a fondness for music be- cause you succeed from the start. A few days’ practice and you play perfect Accompaniments in all keys. Cireulars Free. Write forthem Worth hundreds of dol lars to any one interested in Music.Sample Lessons 10¢ +S. RICE MUSIC CO., 241 Wabash Ave.Chicago ZINC AND LEAD. “TaLEs OF FORTUME,” a neat circular telling all about the zinc and lead mines of Missouri. Also SNAP SHOTS Being a number of photo views of scenery in that highly favored country. Both of the above will be sent free on request, with a favorable proposition for making a small investment that will yield regular monthly returns. Address Walter Sayler, 171 La Salle St., Chicago, I11. the Skin. as Beautifies No other cos- Purifies as well metic will do it. MEDICO-ELECTRICAL ‘TREATMENT “o-.ee Is the natural scientific method of treating a wide range of disorders. Sick Headache, Sci- atica, Lumbago, Rheumatism, Muscular and Nervous Weakness, and many others yield readily to propérly applied electrical stimulant. THE OWEN ELECTRICAL BELT AND APPLIANCE CO. Is the oldest and most reliable electrical concern in the world. It hasan enviable reputation for successful cures and honest dealings, and should not be confounded with the worthless impostors who prey upon health-brokeu humanity. Teach- ers and scholars suffering from weakness inci- dent to study should write for catalogue to THE OWEN ELECTRIC BELT AND APPLIANCE CO. Dept. J. 209 State St., CHICAGO | iyi Wait} A Sua Send 25 cents to C. A. Hicerns, A. G. P. A., Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R’y, Great Northern Bldg., Chicago, for copy of Aztec Calendar, January to June, 1900. Contains six separate reproductions in colors (8x 11 inches) of Burbank’s noted Pueblo Indian portraits. Series comprises Wick-ah-te wah, Ko-pe-ley, Si-we-ka, Si-you-wee-teh-ze-sah, Quen-chow-a, and Zy-you-wah, of the Moki and Zufi tribes. Also engraved cover representing ancient Aztec calendar stone. A handsomeand unique souvenir; edition limited ; order early. POPULAR SHEET -MUSIC FREE NO MONEY REQUIRED. Send us your name and address and we will mail to you 10 pieces of popular sheet music. Sell them to your friends at 10 cents per copy, send us the $1.00, and we will mail you, absolutely Free, any six pieces of 50-cent music you may select from our catalogue, which contains 5,000 Vocal and Instrumental selections. SEND FOR OUR CUT PRICE LIST. CLARK MUSIO CO. (Cheapest Music House in the World), 19 QUINCY ST., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. we wos aurea) BIRDS 28> NATURE | soits‘otite EVER PUBLISHED. 15 Cents a Copy, $1.50 Per Year. COLORED PICTURES. FOR THE SCHOOL AND HOME. BOUND VOLUMES I, II, III, IV, V, VI, each 8vo, 244 pages, from 40 to 60 colored pictures, 8x10 inches. Cloth, $1.50; Half Morocco, $1.75; Full Morocco, $2.00. Combined volumes I and II, III and IV, V and VI. Bach—Cloth, $2.50; Half Morocco, $3.00; Full Morocco, $3.50. Special Offer—A set of six single volumes—Cloth, $7.20; Half Morocco, $8.40; Full Morocco, $9.60. Exchange price for bound volumes when magazines are returned: Single volumes—Cloth, $1.00; Half Morogre: $1.25; Full Morocco, $1.50. Combined volumes—Cloth, $1.50; Half Morocco, $2.00; Full orocco. $2.50. MAGAZINES for 1897 (12 Nos.), $2.00; single numbers, containing 10 colored pictures, 20 cents. 1898 or 1899, $1.50 per year; single numbers, with 8 colored pictures, 15 cents. Special Offer—All of the magazines from January, 1897, to March, 1900, for $4.50. COLORED PICTURES, (Natural Colors) in monthly sets of ten, for 1897,each set 15 cents, or 12 sets $1.50. For 1898, each monthly set of eight 12 cents, or 12 sets for $1.25. 1899 picturesin monthly sets of eight. each 12 cents, or entire year’s collection, 10 months, $1.00. Pictures assorted as desired, 2 cents each. No order received for less than 20 pictures. JANUARY, 1897. 1 Nonpareil. 2 Resplendent Trogon. 3 Mandarin Duck. 4 Golden Pheasant. 5 Australian Parrakeet. 6 Cock of the Rock. 7 Red Bird of Paradise. 8 Yellow-throated Toucan. 9 Red-rumped Tanager. 10 Golden Oriole. FEBRUARY, 1897. 11 American Blue Jay. 12 Swallow-tailed Indian Roller. 13 Red-headed Woodpecker. 14 Mexican Mot Mot. 15 King Parrot. 16 American Robin. 17 American Kingfisher. 18 Blue-mountain Lory. 19 Red-winged Black Bird. 20 Cardinal, or Red Bird. MARCH, 1897. 21 Blue Bird. 22 Barn Swallow. 23 Brown Thrasher. 24 Japan Pheasant. 25 Bobolink 26 American Crow. 7 Flicker. 28 Black Tern. 29 Meadow Lark. 30 Great Horned Owl. APRIL, 1897. 31 Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 32 Canada Jay. 33 Purple Gallinule. 34 Smith’s Longspur. 35 American Red Crossbills. 36 California Woodpecker. 37 Pied-billed Grebe. 38 Bohemian Wax Wing. 39 Long-billed Marsh Wren. 40 Arizona Jay. MAY, 1897. 41 Sereech Owl. 42 Orchard Oriole. 43 Marsh Hawk. 44 Scissor-tailed Fiycatcher. 45 Black-capped Chickadee. 46 Prothonotary Warbler. 47 Indigo Bird. 48 Night Hawk. 19 Wood Thrush. 50 Cat Bird. JUNE, 1897. 51 Yellow-throated Vireo. 52 American Mocking Bird. 53 Black-crowned Night Heron 54 Ring-billed Gull. 55 Logger-head Shrike. 56 Baltimore Oriole. 57 Snowy Owl. 58 Scarlet Tanager. 59 Ruffed Grouse. 60 Black and White Creeping Warbler. JULY, 1897. 61 American Hald Eagle. 62 Ring Plover. 63 Mallard Duck. 64 American Avocet. 65 Canvas-back Duck. 66 Wood Duck 67 Anhinga, or Snake Bird. 68 American Woodcock, 69 White-winged Scoter. 70 Snowy Heron, or Little Egret. AUGUST, 1897. 71 Osprey. 72 Sora Rail. 73 Kentucky Warbler. 74 Red-breasted Merganse 75 Yellow Legs. : 76 Skylark. 77 Wilson’s Phalarope. 78 Evening Grosbeak. 79 Turkey Vulture, 80 Gambel’s Partridge. SEPTEMBER, 1897. 81 Summer Yellow Bird. 82 Hermit Thrush. 83 Song Sparrow. 84 Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 85 Ruby - throated Humming- Bird. 86 House Wren. 87 Phoebe. 88 Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 89 Mourning Dove. 90 White-breasted Nuthatch. OCTOBER, 1897. 91 Blackburnian Warbler. 92 Gold Finch. 93 Chimney Swift. 94 Horned Lark. 95 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 96 Warbling Vireo 97 Wood Pewee. 98 Snow Bunting. 99 Junco. 100 King Bird. NOVEMBER, 1897. 101 Summer Tanager. 102 White-fronted Goose. 103 Turnstone. 104 Belted Piping Plover. 105 Wild Turkey. 106 Cerulean Warbler. 107 Yellow-bilied Tropic Bird. 108 European Kingfisher. 109 Vermilion Flycatcher. 110 Lazuli Bunting. DECEMBER, 1897. 111 Mountain Blue Bird. 112 English Sparrow. 113 Allen’s Humming-Bird. 114 Green-winted Teal. 115 Black Grouse. 116 Flamingo. 117 Verdin. 118 Bronzed Grackle. 119 Ring-necked Pheasant. 120 Yellow-breasted Chat. Special Offer—The complete list of pictures—328—for only $3.28, JANUARY, 1898. 121 Crowned Pigeon. 122 Red-eyed Vireo. 123 Fox Sparrow. 124 Bob White. 125 Passenger Pigeon. 126 Short-eared Owl. 127 Rose Cockatoo. 128 Mountain Partridge. FEBRUARY, 1898. 129 Least Bittern. 130 Bald Pate Duck. 131 Purple Finch. 132 Red-bellied Woodpecker. 133 Sawwhet Owl. 134 Black Swan. 135 Snowy Plover. 136 Lesser Prairie Hen. MARCH, 1898. 137 Black Duck. 138 Wilson’s Petrel. 139 Blue-Gray Gnat-Catcher. 140 American Coot. 141 Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 142 American Sparrow Hawk 143 Silver Pheasant. 144 Scaled Partridge. APRIL, 1898. 145 Ovenbirda. 146 American Three-toed Wood- pecker. 147 Bartramian Sandpiper. 148 Nightingale. 149 Roseate Spoonbill. 150 Dickcissel. 151 Dusky Grouse. 152 Eggs, First Series. MAY, 1898. 153 South American Rhea. 154 Baybreasted Warbler. 155 Black-necked Stilt. 156 Pintail Duck. 157 Double Yellow-headed Par- rot. 158 Magnolia Warbler. 159 Great Blue Heron. 160 Eggs, Second Series. JUNE. 1898. 161 Brunnich’s Murre. 162 Canada Goose, 163 Brown Creeper. 164 Downy Woodpecker. 165 Old Squaw Duck. 166 White-faced Glossy Ibis 167 Arkansas King Bird. 168 Eggs, Third Series. JULY, 1898. 169 Wilson’s Snipe. 170 Black Wolf. 171 Red Squirrel. * 172 Prairie Hen. 173 Butterflies, First Serieg 174 Gray Rabbit. 175 American Ocelot. 176 Apple Blossom. A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher, 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago. 8 BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.—Continued. | AUGDUST, 1898. JANUARY, 1899. JUNE, 1899. 177 Wilson’s Tern, 217 Chimpanzee. 257 A Feather Changing from 178 Coyote. 218 Puma. Green to Yellow. 179 Fox Squirrel. 219 Lemon. 258 Western Yellow-Throat 180 Loon, 220 American Mistletoe. 259 Myrtle Warbler. 181 Butterflies, Second Series. 221 Nuts. : 260 Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. 182 American Red Fox. 222 Whippoorwill. 261 Golden-winged Warbler. 183 Least Sandpiper. 223 Snapping Turtle. 262 Mourning Warbler. 184 Mountain Sheep. 224 Sandhill Crane. 263 Chestnut-side Warbler. 264 Black-throated BlueWarbler. ia SEPTEMBER, 1898. Pa fy ee on 1899. SEPTEMBER, 1899. merican Herring Gull. 265 Pointer Dog. 186 Raccoon. . a Rate natin oh 266 Shells. y 187 Pigmy Antelope. Bre ¢ 267 Marbles. 188 Red-should-red Hawk. 228 White Ibis. 268 Ores. 189 Butterflies, Third Series. 229 Iris. 269 Minerals. 190 American Gray Fox. 230 Duck-billed Platypus. 270 Water Lilies. 191 Gray Squirrel. 231 Cape May Warbler. 271 Yellow Perch. 192 Pectoral Sandpiper. 232 The Cocoanut. 272 Beetles, OCTOBER, 1898. MARCH, 1899, hahha 193 King Bird of Paradise. 233 Tufted Titmouse. 273 Forests. _ 194 Peccary. 234 Northern Hare. 274 Grand Cafon. 195 Bottle-nosed Dolphin. _ 235 Pineapple. 275 Terraced Rocks, Yellowstone 198 Tufted Puffin. 236 Hooded Merganser. ae roe che eed 197 Butterflies, Fourth Series. 237 Cloves. O77 On Well 3h 198 Armadillo. 238 Common Ground Hog. ‘ 199 Red-headed Duck. 239 Common Mole. pL gated tt 200 Golden Rod. wae Ai, 280 Niagara Falls. NOVEMBER, 1898. APRIL, 1899. NOVEMBER, 1899, 201 Prairie Sharp-tail Grouse 241 Nutmeg. 281 Lady-Slipper. 202 Brown and Red Bat. 242 American Barn OwL 282 ‘Tea. 203 American Otter. 243 Kangaroo. 283 ‘Towhee. 204 American Golden Plover 244 Hoary Bat. 284 Canary. 205 Moths. 245 Nashville Warbler. 285 South Carolina Paroquet. 206 Canadian Porcupine. 246 English Grapes. 286 Chipmunk. 207 Caspian Tern. 247 Swift Fox. 287 Peach. 208 Flowering Almond. 248 Hyacinth. 288 escapee Mines and Valu- DECEMBER, 1898. MAY, 1899. DECEMBER, 1899. 209 African Lion. 249 Cedar Waxwing. 289 Narcissus. 210 Cacti. 250 Hyrax. 290 Coca. 211 Flying Squirrel. 251 Coffee. 291 Red-tailed Hawk. 212 Humming-Birds. 252 Bonaparte’s Gull. 292 Maryland Yellow-Throat. 213 Silkworm. 253 Common Baboon. 293 Lyre Bird. 214 California Vulture. 254 Grinnell’s Water Thrush, 294 Cow Bird. 215 American Goldeneye. 255 Hairy-Tailed Mole. 295 Wild Cat. 216 Skunk, 256 Cineraria. 296 European Squirrel. ; JANUARY, 1900. FEBRUARY, 1900. 297 Virginia Rail. 305 Killdeer. r 298 Blue-winged Teal. 306 Cinnamon Teal. 299 Yellow-headed Blackbird.}j 307 Clapper Rail. 300 Black Squirrel. 308 Gopher. 301 Weasel (Ermine). 309 Mink. 302 Quince. 310 Carbons. 303 Quartz. 311 Licorice. 804 Lily of the Valley._ 312 Yellow Lady-Slipper and Painted Cup. MARCH, 1900. APRIL, 1900, 313 Peacock. 321 American Bittern. 314 Willow Ptarmigan. 322 Scarlet Ibis. 315 Stellar’s Jay. 323 Massina Partridge. 316 Ruddy Duck. 324 Ring-billed Duck. 317 Muskrat. 325 Bloodroot. 318 Poppy 326 Digitalis. 319 Primrose. 327 Western Blue Grosbeak. 320 Copper and Lead. 328 Shells. PREMIUMS—We will send free with each yearly subscription either of the following colored ictures: Song of the Lark, 18x21; Admiral Dewey, 10x12; The Golden Pheasant, 18x24; Birth of the merican Flag, 12x18, or Sixteen Pictures from Magazine. At the same time you send in your subscrip- tion you may order bound volumes, magazines or colored pictures from this circular at 33% per cent discount and we will send them charges prepaid. Cash with order. At this rate you can purchase the pictures at one cent each in monthly sets, or 67 assorted for $1.00. We have Volume V. and find it very usefulin showing to librarians and teachers at their associa- tions throughout the state. Wethink it would be well to have the first four volumes so that we can make acomplete set. Please send them in cloth with bill. Madison, Wis. J WISCONSIN FREE LIBRARY COMMISSION. SPECIAL OFFER—BErirps anp Ati Nature and extra monthly set of pictures one year, $2.00; . Or Birps AND ALL NATORE one year and 50 assorted pictures from this list, $2.00. ‘ SAMPLE COPY OF MAGAZINE, 10 CENTS. A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher, 203 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. READ WHAT EDUCATORS ARE SAYING ABOUT OUR GHARTS OF NORTH AMERIGAN BIRDS. Office of Board of Education, HERBERT B. HAYDEN, Supt. ee ore Councit BLuFEFs, Iowa, Oct. 8, 1898. W. E. Wart, President. DEAR Str—It is indeed a pleasure to bear testimony to the educational value of so beauti- ful a production as the CHARTS OF NORTH AMERIC N BIRDS, issued by the Nature Study ™ stAing Co., of Chicago. Weh ¢>ently ordered a supply of these Charts it » @-Schools of this city. Our teachers a. % Gady finding them a most inspiring bas, ° > Syature Study and Language work, a eps They inspirea,. “« , the birds and through this, a love for ah < cm, The children are eager to tell about thr, 4 ~ , with which they are acquainted and are. «y ready to look up information concerning those that are new to them. All this adds a new spirit and zest to the Language work in those rooms in which the Bird Charts have been used. Asa basis for Information Lessons they are also of great value. The color-phetography process gives us the most beautiful representation of our North American birds of which I know. I consider the set invaluable. Cordially given, HERBERT B. HAYDEN, Haupt. City Schonla, WHAT TWO OKNJTHOLOGGISTS AND AUTHORS OF BIRD LITERATURE Say OF GUA Charts of North American Birds. Lamin receipt of the CHART mentioned in your letter, aud it is indeed beantiful. Every bird lover should render you the gratitude of his heart that your Company has done such wonderful things in this line. I wish that every school in the land might havea cPRy: Very sincerely yours, exico, Mo. JAMES NEWTON BASKETT. I find it impossible to express to you the great leasure your CHARTS OF NORTH AMERICAN IRDS give me. They are superb. They will be certain to find a ready sale, and will be no less certain to smooth the path of every beginner. The daring of “Sob enterprise since its inception has been a con- nual marvel to me. The world already biesses you _ for this undertaking, for you are helping to make it better. ours very truly. Oberlin, Ohio. LYNDS JONES. Nature Stoupy Pos. Co., 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago. 1726 N St., Washington, D. C. October 29, 1898. NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., Chicago, fl. GENTLEMEN:—The package of Charts is just to hand, and I hasten to express my high appreciation of them for ed- ucational purposes, I think I should have gone wild with joy if I had seen such pictures when I was a schoolboy, and now I should like to see the set of Charts in every public school and kindergarten in the United States. They combine beauty and utility in a high degree, should be immensely popular, and make the study of birds a great pleasure. I do not see how entertainment and instruction could have been more happily or effectively combined. Yours truly, DR. ELLIOTT COUES, Editor of Osprey. Joliet, Hll., Nov. 9, 1898 Dear Mr. Watt: It gives me pleasure to tell you that the Nature Study Chart you left is giving us all the results you claimed for it. Interest in all bird life, in their homes, habits, and their preservation has been aroused in the children. | The conversations upon the birds furnish excellent material for language work. I have a most creditable paper on the Blue Jay from a boy who has always dreaded ‘“‘ compositions.” Very truly yours, Kate A. HENDERSON, Supt. Joliet Pub. Schools. These charts contain 18 sheets heavily-coated manila paper and two cover sheets, including 142 individuai Bird Plates, and representing 49 species of Birds’ Eggs, mounted on a tripod holder. For 4ascriptive circular and methods of introduction, address Chart Department, Nature Study Publishing Co., Chicago.