PANS) airse me “ ait Cs, EAS G Ones ae Pte < stot ita asia yevigeiny } ‘ R = Ll oe Mien Zz VS se , DP @ "Lm py L14-Z . ‘ ¥, Res Poa wae yA / é me flglr2 XO BIRDS’ NESTING “cy A CALENDAR OF THE BREEDING SEASONS, AND A POPULAR GUIDE TO THE HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS. ILLUSTRATED. aim ~~ ad e pe By Captain G. 679 bb, “MARSHALL, Re ASH AND MEMBER OF THE BRITISH & ae ORNITHOLOGICAL UNIONS. Gateutta: PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS CO, 5) COUNCIL HOUSE STREET. —E 1877, CALCUTTA: Sh ik CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED, 5, COUNCIL HOUSE STREET. ik ; ‘ e : vy ¥ - a SONAL INSTI 333 Wavaca x16) 404A Abn WH fe ed) i946 “Anionay muse SS 3 ”. iG 7 ‘ : i ' a a | a LG hts oe fl yale as yea Tranmere vy te ie gre a Neat a ee CONTENTS. PART, f. PREFACE ow eee eos ee Sep eae CuaptEr I.—Introductory, breeding seasons and hints on birds’ nesting Cuapter IJ.—Habits and haunts of birds, with general description of types of eggs ase ees eee PARG If, InpEx.—List of birds that are known to breed in India, with duration of breeding season for each species tabulated ... eee PART ITI. CALENDAR showing the birds of which the eggs may be looked for during each month of the year; with description of nest and the situation where usually placed ees eee JANUARY ... oe aed we hon FEBRUARY oe. ose oss vee ae MarcH eee sce des ce APRIL ve cee doe ae cas May aes aes ens ee ees JUNE se ae oes ves oe JULY eae AUGUST ove eee eee oes SEPTEMBER eee wee eee OcTOBER ... oe sue nee NovEMBER awe aa DECEMBER oti noc aac oe 41 63 64: 69 76 88 107 130 149 161 170 174 177 180 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ee eg enenreeens Page. TakING THE BroapBiL’s Nest dint BOL FRONTISPIECE. Nest or THE Kine Voutture (Ofogyps calvus) ... oon OF NEsT OF THE THICK-BILLED FLowERPECKER (Piprisoma agile) ... 69 NEST OF THE RED-HEADED Tit (LEgithaliscus erythrocephalus) 76 BREEDING PLACE OF THE TERNS ace oes Je a SO Nest OF THE WHITE-THROATED Fantain (Leucocerca fuscoventris) 107 NEsT OF THE WHITE-BROWED WARBLER (Adrornis albosuperciliaris) 130 NEst OF THE YELLOW-THROATED BroapBitL (Psarisomus dalhousie) 149 Nest or tHe Wuistiine Tran (Dendrocygna arcuata) aes un OU BREEDING PLACE OF THE LITTLE CoRMORANTS Bee ea ie) Nest OF THE YELLOW-BELLIED Fanrtatn (Chelidorhyna hypoxantha) 174 Nest oF THE BROWN Fish Own (Ketupa ceylonensis) soapy ee Nzst oF THE PURPLE HonnysucKer (Arachnechthra asiatica) ... 180 it: on tf: a rity! fs 4 Theva ote, TR sey ok ‘nla is rok Bs nh hy ig dy) v} i i ie . i= “ ih ae eaie Ht ong ae iy) is yt i oa fi ¢ PREFACE. ———_—_ >—__——_ Tew years ago when beginning to make a collection of birds’ eggs in this country, I was struck by the diversity in the breeding seasons, and the want of any guide to assist the beginner in his researches. Since then I have kept a continuous record of my observations, and, with the intention of eventually publishing them, I have endeavoured to gather together, as far as possible, the recorded experiences of others ; and this little book is the result. Many friends have kindly placed their collections at my disposal, and for a great deal of the information regarding the rarer birds, I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. A. O. Hume, in permitting the use of extracts from a draft of his book on “ Indian Birds’ Nests and Eggs,” which has as yet only been printed for private circulation : to this source are due the valuable observations from Sikkim by Mr. Gammie; from Hansi (Punjab), the Central Provinces, and Bundelkhund by Mr. Blewitt; from the Nilgiris by Miss Cockburn and Messrs, Davidson and Wait, and by many others from various parts of India, while the information from Bengal is chiefly due to Mr. Parker. Of private collections from which notes have been taken those of Captains Cock and C. H. T. Marshall, and of Mr. W. E. Brooks, were the most important, and to all these gentlemen my thanks are due. The notes from upper India are comparatively full and complete, but as regards Eastern and Peninsular India they are as yet very meagre, more especially from the latter. A good deal of new information has been collected since the manuscript of this book was put in hand, and more is being accumulated month by month; but the knowledge already gained is valuable as far as it goes, and believing that it is better that what is known should be made at once available to the public, rather than that indefinite delay should be made for fuller detail, I offer no further apology for the incompleteness of the record. This book will not in any way supplant the carefully detailed work which Mr. Hume is compiling on the nidification of Indian birds, but it will supplement it by abstracting, in a convenient form, certain points il PREFACE. of information, and so facilitate the direction of research into the proper channels. Mr. Hume’s work, when published, and, it is to be hoped, it soon will be, should be in the hands of every lover of Natural History in this country. No details are here given as to the materials and apparatus necessary in forming a collection and in preparing and preserving specimens: those who wish to commence collections of eggs or of skins of birds, will find all information as to details in Mr. Hume’s “ Inpran OrnITHOLOGICAL Cotiecror’s Vapr-Mercvum,” a most useful little book published by the Caleutta Central Press Company (5, Council House Street, Calcutta), and priced one rupee: but with reference to collections of eggs, it is necessary to repeat here that eggs are scientifically worthless as specimens, unless the species of bird to which they belong has been accurately ascertained ; and to do this effectually it is necessary for all except the most practised observers that the skin of the parent bird should be in all cases obtained and preserved. If ege collectors, into whose hands this book may come, would kindly communicate to me any notes they may make from their own experience in correction or extension of the information now recorded, it would confer a great obligation on me, and enable me, in case a second edition may be required, to render it more complete and satisfactory than T am able to do in the present case. The list of birds in Part II serves as an index, the order of arrange- ment followed by Jerdon is adopted, and having ascertained from this list the months in which any particular bird breeds, the further details required will be found on reference to the lists for those months. ae ay) f yen tes iW i La MARSHALL DEL BROAD BILLS NEST, BalaK= TAKING BIRDS NESTING IN INDIA. CHAP TER. of. INTRODUCTORY ; BREEDING SEASONS AND HINTS ON BIRDS’ NESTING. Birps’ nesting has gained in civilised countries a very evil reputation, in many cases unfortunately only too well deserved, by the wanton eruelty with which it is attended; and it must be stated clearly to begin with, that the publication of this book is not intended in any way to encourage the idle and foolish destruction of birds, nor to countenance the wholesale robbing of young and eggs from nests, which has brought the very name of birds’ nester into discredit, and has changed what should be, and is, if properly carried on, a healthy and instructive pursuit into a deserved reproach. That the collecting of birds’? eggs may be done without cruelty is not to be doubted by any one who has devoted time and thought to the question. Few birds attach any importance to fresh eggs, it is only as the process of incubation progresses, and the maternal instincts are developed, that any grave anxiety is shown by the parent birds when the eggs are approached ; even at this stage many birds will forsake the nest at once if the eggs are touched ; and when the eggs are quite fresh, the simple fact of the nest being touched, or even the detection by the parent bird that the nest has been discovered, is sometimes enough to lead to its desertion: in such cases the taking of the eggs is clearly not followed hy any distress to the parent birds. Not many years ago I used to feel very much more strongly on this point than I do now; the pain at robbing a nest used quite to embitter the joy of discovering a prize ; but it happened on one occasion, during a march through the Bolandshahr district, that A 2 BREEDING SEASONS. I found a nest of a kind I had long sought in vain, the whistling teal (Dendrocygna arcuata). These curious little ducks perch in trees and lay their eges in nests made of sticks and twigs in trees. The nest was in a babul tree, at the edge ofa large swamp, about ten feet from the ground ; and standing on a bank close by, I could see both parent birds seated side by side on the nest, with their little heads laid lovingly together, and their soft eyes watching me with no signs of dread. A severe mental struggle followed. My desire to get the eggs turned the scale, and { determined on shooting both the parent birds so as to leave no desolate mourner. I startled them from the nest, and as they flew off, fired right and left, killed the drake, but alas missed the duck. The deed was done, and there was nothing left but to take the egg which I did with a sad- dened heart and walked on to my camp three miles distant. All that day the memory of the poor little solitary duck haunted me. I could not get it out of my mind, and the next morning I determined to return to the spot, though it took me six miles out of my way, and put an end to the misery of the unhappy survivor by shooting her. On reaching the place, there I found her, seated on her empty nest, the scene of the previous day’s calamity, seated indeed, but not alone, she was accompanied, and no doubt successfully cheered by another drake that had already aspired to the place in her affections vacated by her unfortunate partner only the day before. In this case the nest contained only a single egg which was quite fresh, the usual number laid for hatching being from seven to ten. The behaviour is, lowever, very different when the little family arrangements are further developed. I once found the nest of a golden- crested wren, with eight eggsin it. The eggs were new to me at the time, and as I was anxious to find out accurately to what bird they belonged, I set a snare by the nest, and in a few minutes caught and killed the hen bird, and tnen taking the nest I sat down to pack it, and the eggs and the little bird to convey them safely away. Whaile I was engaged on this, the cock bird appeared and soon perceived the disaster that had happened to his home, his plaintive chirping was most piteous to hear, and I hur- riedly moved away, but there was no escaping, the poor little thing followed me incessantly, keeping pace with me and flitting from tree to tree, till passing out of the pine wood I got into open treeless ground, and there, unable to trust his frail little wings to the long flight, and fearing to alight on the open common, he fell back, and to my great relief his cries of woe were soon lost to hearing. The eggs were so hard set in this case that I was unable to preserve even one BREEDING SEASONS. 3 of them, and that day’s work I have ever regretted. It cannot of course be known how long the little bird mourned his loss, or what his end was, but on the other hand no one can doubt that the sorrow for the time was real and deep. . When the eggs are hatched, and the helpless young lie in the nest dependant solely on the parent birds for food and life, the maternal instincts are of course quicker and more deep-seated, and many anec- dotes could be told of the devotion of birds to their young, and of their courage and ingenuity in defending them. I will only mention one instance which occurred to a friendof mine. A nest of the golden oriole, often known as the mango bird ( Oriolus kundoo), had been found in the garden containing young, and was taken and brought into the house with the intention of rearing the young for the cage. The nest was placed by an open window, and there was discovered by the parent birds. They took charge of itas if nothing had happened, coming fearlessly into the verandah and feeding the young all day long. After a few days the nest was removed to another house more than half a mile distant, and still the parent birds followed it, tended it in the new situation, and eventually I believe reared up the young and carried them off as soon as they were able to fly. The golden oriole is a shy retiring bird, and for it to overcome so far its dread of man shows a very high order of parental affection. One more instance, perhaps the most curious of all, I must give before passing on to resume my subject. The heroine this time being a kite (Mfidvus govinda). Kites are not attractive birds, except for the wonderful grace of their flight, and it is hard to imagine a tender heart beneath their fierce but treacherous and withal cowardly exteriors. In the month of January in lower Bengal when with the kites the breeding season is at its height, a solitary female, over whom the instincts of the season evidently had their sway, but who from some cause or other was unprovided with a nest or eggs, appropriated an empty pill-box that had been thrown on to the roof of a portico, end gathering some sticks and straws round it in the corner of the roof to serve as a nest, she commenced and earried on with admirable perseverance a forlorn attempt to hatch it. When approached and driven from her place she would return to defend the beloved treasure dashing fiercely at the intruder. How long it would have taken before her hopes of welcoming a young kite out of the pill-box would have been finally abandoned was not proved, for a heavy storm of rain reduced it to a pulp, and in its place the exe of a domestic fowl was put down, and on that the kite now joined 4 BREEDING SEASONS. by a male kite who keeps careful guard over her, is still sitting. The eggs will be hatched in a few days, and the life of the young chick, which will probably be short and adventurous, will commence.* It is not essential to the pursuit of natural historythat collections of eges or skins should be made ; but the act of collecting is the sim- plest and readiest if not the only certain way of rendering the eye suflicient- ly familiar with the appearance of birds to enable any one to recognise and distinguish at a distance the various kinds one from another, and for this reason the making of a collection is very advisable. The interest in the subject so far from ceasing would even increase when the collec- tion was formed and the knowledge gained in the act of collecting remains. Experience proves that, after the acquisition of specimens is no longer desired, there isa pleasure in intelligently watching and noting the habits of birds and animals in life, the intensity of which grows in the minds of all true lovers of nature, just in proportion as its gratification is no longer encumbered with the necessity for taking the lives of harmless and beautiful creatures. The duties of an Englishman in India frequently entail a great deal of out-of-door life, much of which is in many instances solitary. To such, the need of a pursuit to interest the mind and divert it in leisure hours from the groove of official routine is very great, and to this end the study of natural history is pre-eminently adapted. Few countries offer greater inducements or better opportunities for it than India does, and its pursuit not only affords occupation and interest both in-doors and out-of-doors, but it is also accessible to all and necessitates no more costly apparatus than is within the means of every official Englishman. The habits of close observation which it fosters are especially useful ; and the careful record of personal observations supplies the much-needed data, without which general laws cannot be discussed or deduced. As to the healthy interest it developes in life, those who have experienced it will testify. A country which to others may seem a dreary waste is often to the naturalist a very mine of wealth, a ride across it, or a march through it, becomes replete with interest and enjoyment ; and it is earnestly hoped that, on perusing these pages, some of the many Englishmen scattered over India in solitary places may be induced to take up the study of ornithology, and find in it a new and growing interest which will while away many a pleasant hour. * This curious instance of aberrant instinct was pointed out to me by Col. Tucker, R.E., on whose house the event occurred and indeed is still occurring. BREEDING SEASONS. 5 A knowledge of the habits and seasons of birds is’ especially useful to sportsmen who seldom have the time for ascertaining the breeding seasons of game birds by personal observation, and in consequence of the want of this information many of our Indian game birds are slaugh- tered while they have eggs or young chicks, even by men who would be the first to condemn the deed if it were done wittingly. In England long experience has rendered every one familiar with such things, but in this country the seasons are known only toa few. At present no means exist for others of readily ascertaining them, and sportsmen are helpless in the matter. A case in point quite recently came under my observation. A large bag of the likh florikin (Sypheotides auritus) had been made inthe very height of the breeding season, but no idea that such was the case had ever entered the head of the man (a true sports- man) who had shot them, and he was quite ignorant of the extent of the damage unconsciously inflicted. I feel sure that the publication of any facts that will aid in preventing this misdirection of sport will be welcomed by all, and if each will supplement the existing knowledge of the subject by carefully recording his own personal experiences, we should in a few years have sufficient materials accumulated for a complete record of the breeding seasons, and the way would be paved at all events for an unwritten law, known and honoured by all sportsmen for the observation of close seasons, and then, but not till then, India will become, as it ought to be, equal to the best country in the world for a day’s small game shooting. The occasional holiday with a gun, so looked forward to by many, would no longer result in a weary trudge with a nearly empty bag at the end, as is now not unfrequently the case; and partridge-shooting would then afford as good sport as snipe- shooting does at present, but which is in the latter case entirely owing to the fact that the snipe by removing themselves en masse to other countries inaccessible to sportsmen, when the breeding season comes round, are able to carry on their domestic arrangements in peace and security. But to return to the birds’ nesting, the real reason why the difficulties arise out here, is the irregularity in season of breeding in tropical climates as compared with temperate climates. In the latter, breeding among birds is almost universally confined to the spring and early summer months. On coming out to India, people naturally assume that the rule holds good out here, which is only very partially the case, and the first difficulty that besets a beginner in collecting birds’ eges in this 6 BREEDING SEASONS. country is the absence of any information on this point. At first, search for nests is only made in the spring and summer months, but in the course of time eggs are found incidentally in other months, both earlier and later, and it gradually becomes evident that hours of fruitless search and watching of birds, to trace from their movements where their nests are concealed have been thrown away, which a little experience would have saved by teaching that the breeding season were eitner already over or had not yet begun, or in some instances even never would begin in that part of the country. It is to answer at all events partially this question, when do the birds breed? that these notes are published. The question is now being answered in full detail for each bird by Mr. Hume’s book already referred to in the preface, and this little book will give a review of the year month by month, indicating the direction in which search can at any given time be profitably carried on. In dealing with a limited area, either tropical or temperate, it would be comparatively easy to furnish a complete guide on this point in a small compass; but witha large country like India, including every variety of climate from the eternal snows of the alpine Himalayas to the unvarying round of heat in the southern peninsular on the one hand, and from the arid deserts of Sind to the humid forests of Assam on the other hand, It is a task of much difficulty to afford full details in a single book. The area dealt with is bounded by the main ridge of the Himalayas on the north; the Suliman range and the Arabian sea on the west; by the Indian ocean on the south; and by the bay of Bengal and Assam on the east. Climate has by far the largest influence in determining the breeding period with birds, and thus over so large an area it is clear that great variations must occur at different points. Speaking generally, it may be assumed that the colder the climate, the more uniformly will the breeding season be confined to the warmer months; and the hotter and less variable the climate, the more irregularly will the breeding season be spread throughout the year. Among hot climates the drier the climate, the more the breeding season inclines to the summer and monsoon months ; while in damp tropical climates the winter months are more prolific in proportion ; but in India, excluding the Himalayas, there is no place where eggs of some species may not be obtained in every month of the year. The fewest number of kinds of birds known to breed in this country BREEDING SBASONS. 7/ in any one month is twenty-eight, and that month is November; and further research will probably show that this number is under the mark. In May four hundred kinds of birds are known to breed, and the number is probably little short of five hundred. Of the twelve hundred or so species found in this country, the breeding of about six hundred has already been ascertained, of the remainder many are migratory and do not breed in this country at all, but there still remains a wide field for discovery, the great bar to further progress being the deadly character of some parts of the country at certain seasons of the year. The great majority of the birds, the breeding of which is yet unknown, frequent swamps or dense forests, and probably breed at seasons of the year when exploration is not only attended with extreme discomfort, but with serious risk of life. Some few kinds, such as hawk owls (Ninor) and some of the goat suckers (Caprimulgide) and others, though they breed in accessible and healthy localities, escape observation by their shy and retiring habits. In every part of India the vultures and many of the large eagles breed during the cold season, the most notable exception is the breeding of the Indian tawny eagle (4. vindhyana), the spotted eagle (4, nevia), and the long-legged eagle (A. hastata) in the height of the hot weather in moist localities, such as Saharunpoor, the Terais, and Calcutta, but in other parts these species too conform to the general rule. Many of the owls, especially the large ones, breed in the winter, and almost all the others breed in the early spring. The water birds breed during the rainy season. In July and August, in the country affected by the south- west monsoon, and in December in those parts of the south-east coast which are under the influence of the north-east monsoon. In some places the herons are known to breed in the spring, this has been ascertained in Oudh and also at Saugor, but it is unusual, The small warblers also of all kinds breed chiefly, though not without exception, during the rainy season. For the rest the season varies with locality. In the Himalayas the chief season is April, May, and June, but many eggs may be found in February and March; and also in July. All the finches breed late, chiefly in July in the higher ranges. From August to November birds’ nesting does not repay the labor and fatigue of walking in the hills, few, if any, eggs are to be found, and only definite search after particular kinds, which there may be good reason to believe are then breeding, should be made. In December and January the big vultures and eagles have eggs, and their eyries should be sought for. 8 BREEDING SEASONS. The seasons for any particular kinds that may be spread throughout the whole range of the Himalayas are usually somewhat earlier in the eastern, and later in the western portion. In the hills of south India the season is much the same as in the Himalayas, but it begins earlier, and ends later. There too a second or autumn brood is frequently hatched, while in the Himalayas, with birds that have two broods, the first is usually in March, and the second in June. In the southern hills, the ranges being less lofty and easily accessible to and from the plains, birds’ nesting may be carried on with more or less success over a much longer period by extending the rambles to the forests at the foot of the hills from time to time. In the plains, where the tropieal extremes of temperature occur, the season never ends, every month of the year yields a fair harvest. Some individual species breed all the year round, and where some leave off, others begin, so that the birds’ nester may be always fully employed: In the dry parts of the plains, more especially towards the north and west, the autumn months are comparatively barren seasons, the end of the cold weather, and throughout the hot weather and rains being the most prolific periods. In searching for birds’ nests the great secret of success after all is patience and perseverance, and when this is backed by keen eyesight and a knowledge of the habits of birds, success is certain. When the time cf breeding is known, the way is cleared to a great extent; but when the time for any particular species is only to be found out by observation, search may be guided by noting the breeding times of closely allied kinds of birds. If the breeding of one species is known, it may generally be inferred, though it is not always the case, that other species of that genus will breed about the same time in that locality. An exception to this is found among the crows, the common erow (Corvus impudicus) breeding in the upper provinces in June, while the raven (C. corax) and the corby (C. culmenatus) both breed in those parts during the winter. Other exceptions will occur to all who have collected eggs in this country, but the rule generally offers a fair guide. When this method leads to no results, the simplest way with common species is to shoot a specimen from time to time and ascertain by dissection whether breeding is in progress or not. Of course, if the birds are rare, this method cannot be carried out; for it defeats its own object, and watching must be resorted to. With birds in which the sexes differ in plumage, the disappearance of the hen birds, while the BREEDING SEASONS: 9 cocks are still to be seen about, leads to the inference that the former are in all probability sitting on eggs somewhere close by, and if watched, the male bird may be seen to carry food to the female, and thus lead to the discovery of the nest. Some birds put on handsome plumes or tufts of feathers as the breeding season approaches, which indicates when search for the eggs should be made. If watched closely, many kinds of birds may be detected pairing ; or, in the case of such as build nests, they may be seen carrying bits of stick or straw, or wool or feathers in their bills to the tree or hole where they are prepar- ing their little home. This latter of course leads not only to the know- ledge of the breeding season, but also what is more to the point to the discovery of the nest. Some birds that are widely spread over the country breed in one locality or another nearly throughout the year. Some again breed nearly throughout the year in the same locality. Among these latter may be mentioned the striated bush babbler (Chat- tarhea caudata), the pin-tailed munia (Munia malabarica), the black- bellied finch lark (Pyrrhalauda grisea), the common sandgrouse (Péerocles exustus), and all the commonest doves in the plains. To ensure success in discovering nests to any extent, it must be repeated that close and persevering search is necessary, many nests and sometimes those of the rarest birds are found accidentally, but even in these cases the finding generally results from a habit of keeping a watch on the movements of birds, and without labor and perseverance no great results can be looked for in this or in any other pursuit. With birds that sit close the nest itself must be searched for; and likely spots must be beaten, or otherwise disturbed, to cause the bird to fly off; but in many cases this is not necessary, as birds often quit their nests on the first signs of the approach of man. In forest country if the trees are too numerous, or the underwood is too thick to allow of complete search, it is best to keep a sharp look-out some thirty yards ahead of where you are walking to catch sight of the birds as they rapidly and often silently flit from the nest and reveal its situa- tion. In this manner I found in one morning nests of the small billed mountain thrush (Oreocincla dauma), the dusky bush thrush (Geocichla unicolor), the black-throated jay (Garrulus lanceolatus), and several others in the course of a quick ride through a secluded forest. It is sometimes advantageous to sit quite still for a time and watch, but as a rule moving about gives the best chance. One morning in the hot weather I had sat down to light my pipe at the foot of a tall clump B 10 BREEDING SEASONS. of surkerry grass, when a little wren warbler (Prinia stewarti) flew up with a straw in its mouth, suddenly caught sight of me and alighting on a twig close by, looked at me in evident astonishment without moving for two or three seconds, then opening its bill and dropping the straw it gave a most melancholy chee-e-ep. Ilooked round, and just at my back, fortunately uninjured, was the nest neatly woven in among the stalks of the grass about a foot above the ground ; if was unfinished, and I left it in peace and moved away. ‘Tapping the trunks of trees with a stick in passing is a good plan, as it will generally puta bird up off a nest that would otherwise sit close and escape observation ; but even with those species that lay in deep holes in trees, a sound of approaching footsteps is often enough to rouse the bird. I once found the nest of a speckled piculet (Vivia innominata), in this way, seating myself on a bauk to rest for a few moments under a tree, and looking up among the branches, a head of a little bird protruded from atiny hole caught my eye. The bird had been roused by the sound of my approaching footsteps, and was looking out to see the cause. The hole which was pierced in the wood of an old- trunk at some distance from the ground was so small that I could only put one finger into the entrance, and was almost invisible until the eye was guided to it. To find nests of this description, such as woodpeckers and barbets, the easiest way is by listening carefully in the woods in the early part of the breeding season when the tapping noise made by the birds in dig- ging out the holes with their bills guides the eye to their position. To find nests in bushes and trees when the birds are close sitters, it is sometimes a good plan to disturb the birds by beating the foliage ; but by far the best way is to select the most likely localities where birds are most numerous and carefully search every bush. In open country, with scanty jungle and few trees, every bush and tree should be searched, especially where birds are abundant. Large isolated trees which are so marked a feature in the plains are very favorite resorts, and most of them are more or less tenanted in the season. If the country is quite open, or if the jungle is like the common “beri” thorn jungle, too low and thick to search systematically, better results will be got on horseback than on foot, and in such situations many nests may be found while cantering about on a sure-footed pony. When the country is quite bare of vegetation, as in some plains and fallow lands, or even low stubble, a look-out should be kept well ahead for plovers or sandgrouse and other birds which creep quietly away from their eggs BREEDING SEASONS. 11 long before you can get near them. If little bushes or tufts of grass are scattered about here and there, the pony should be guided to pass close by them; and if a lark or pipit or other bird of similar habits should happen to have a nest under the shelter of one of them, the bird will rise sometimes almost at the horse’s feet. For thick low jungle where the riding plan fails, the place should be beaten or dragged with a rope, which latter will make even quail, which are exceedingly close sitters, rise from their eggs. The object of the rapid approach on horseback is to startle the bird and make it rise hurriedly, as otherwise it would creep quietly away unobserved to the other side of the bush. With gregarious birds the matter is more simple, the breeding haunts may easily be found in most cases, except when the powers of flight are very great as with the spinetails and swiftlets, by noting where they tend to congregate when the proper season arrives. When once the breeding ground is known, it is easy to find the individual nests. A plan tried by Captain Cock of nailing up a sheepskin to a tree, and watching with binoculars the birds that came to take the wool, was found very successful with tits and some small birds, but experience is the best guide in all cases; and with these general remarks I must have the reader to arrange his own course of action in each case. CLAP EK owt 1. HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS, WITH GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF EGGS. Vultures, (Otogyns, Gyps, Percnopteron, Gypaetus).—Build a large conspicuous nest of sticks; sometimes many feet in width and depth ; generally a huge solitary tree is chosen for the purpose, and the nest is difficult to reach, indeed often nearly inaccessible. The usual number of eggs laid in each nest is one; two is the greatest number ever laid, and that only by a few species; so that a good collection of the eggs of these birds requires a great deal of difficult climbing and perseverance. Some kinds, the king vulture and the “roc,” lay pure white eggs. Of other kinds the eggs are more or less spotted, those of the “ sca- venger” and bearded vulture being often very richly coloured. The great brown vulture (Vudéur monachus) only occurs here in the cold weather, all the other vultures are permanent residents, some breeding wherever they are found, others congregating at particular spots when the time for nest building arrives. Falcons, (Falco.)—Of the eight species of true faleons which are found in India, only three are known to breed here; the rest are cold weather visitants migrating to north and west in the summer. Of the three which remain, one, the laggar falcon ( F. juggur) is found in dry plains ; the two others, the “shahin” (F. perigrinator) and the black cap falcon (F’. atriceps) affect wooded and rugged country. The nest, though large, is generally well concealed. From three to six eggs are laid, which are always well marked, sometimes very richly coloured. Hobbies, (Hypotriorchis).—Nothing is known of their breeding in this country. The European hobby ((H. sudduteo) is a rather rare winter visitant. The Indian hobby (Z. severus) is a permanent resident in the eastern Himalayas, where its nest will probably be found in high trees in forest tracts. Merlins, (Lithofaleo).—The merlin of Europe (Z. esalon) is a rare cold weather visitant. The red-headed merlin (L. chicquera) is very common, it is a permanent resident, and chiefly found in mango groves. The nests are well concealed in thick foliage, and the eggs are of the same type as those of the true falcons. TYPES OF EGGS. VS Kestrils, (Zinnunculus, Erythropus.)—The common kestril (7. alaudarius) is found all over the country in the cold weather, but retires to the mountain ranges to breed. Of the breeding of the other two kestrils (#. cenchris and E. vespertinus) very little is known. The former is said to breed in the Nilgiris, and the latter may probably breed in the Himalayas. The eggs are richly coloured. Pigmy falcons, (Hieraz).—Of these beautiful little birds very little is known. Only one kind is found in India, in the extreme north- east. They feed on insects and frequent forests. They do not appear to be migratory. Hawks, (Astur, Lophospiza, Micronisus, Accipiter).—The six species known in India are all permanent residents, though in the cold weather some of them wander far from their breeding haunts. Of the besra sparrow hawk (4. virgatus), nothing is known as to its breeding. They affect wooded localities and often fly high. The eggs of Astur and Micronisus are pale blue or grey unspotted. The sparrow hawks lay boldly blotched eggs. One only (JJ. dadius) breeds in the plains ; the others all breed in mountain ranges and temperate climates. Kagles, (Aguila, Neopus)—The golden eagle (A. chrysaetus) is said to breed in the alpine Himalayas, making its nest on cliffs; but no eggs have been taken as yet. The black eagle (NV. malazensis) also breeds on cliffs, the other resident eagles breed on trees. All the true eagles are more or less migratory. The great tawny eagle (A. /ul- vescens vera or A. nevioides) and the barred imperial eagle (A. d2fasciata) leave the country altogether in the breeding season. Eagles frequent ‘open or wooded places, perching on high trees and soaring in search of prey. The nests are conspicuous, and they lay two or sometimes one ego; white with a few spots or blotches. Hawk eagles, (Nisaetus, Limnaetus, Spizactus).—Bonelli’s eagle (N. bonelliz) frequents open plains as well as wooded hills. The other hawk eagles are confined to forest tracts, and from the unhealthiness of the woods at the breeding time, but few of their nests are taken. They perch in trees with thick foliage and keep a good deal out of sight. They have aloud rather musical call which often leads to their detection. Their eges generally two in number are sparingly spotted or streaked. They are partially migratory, but probably all breed within Indian limits. Serpent eagles, (Circaetus, Spilornis).—The short-toed eagle (C. gallicus) is a permanent resident and frequents dry open plains, perch- 14. HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS ing on isolated trees. It laysa single white egg. The crested serpent eagles (Spi/ornis) are found in forests and well-watered tracts. S. cheela breeds in the warm sub-Himalayan valleys. The nest is placed about half way up a tree near water, and the eggs two in number are slightly spotted. They migrate to the well-watered plains in the cold weather. The others are probably permanent residents were found. Fishing eagles, (Pandion, Polioetus, Halietus).—These ave always found in the neighbourhood of water. They build enormous nests of sticks on high trees. The osprey (P. halietus) probably breeds in this country, but the eggs have not as yet been taken. They are very handsomely blotched. The other fishing eagles are permanent residents where they occur, and lay unspotted white eggs. Buzzards, (Buteo, Archibuteo, Poliornis)—Of the true buz- zards (Buteo) only one, the long-legged buzzard (B. canescens) is known to breed in India. It breeds in the far north-west. The others are con- fined to the mountains of India and affect well-wooded slopes. Their eggs are boldly blotched. Of the genus capitalis Volvocivora Sykesii i. melaschistus Graucalus macei Pericrocotus speciosus ; flammeus 4) brevirostris x roseus , peregrinus Dicrurus albirictus elas awe 5) SNGeil Ss : e|s|s/B 2 2 Blais a, o|\S as 2 | 81S | 2 Slalaldial5lal4djalo -U -Hi- Nos, in Jerdon. 280 281 282 283 284. 286 287 288 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 800 301 802 304 305 306 310 314 315 316 820 321 324 SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. English Names. Scientific Names. The long-tailed drongo Shrike | Dicrurus longicaudatus Walden’s The white-bellied The bronzed The oar-tailed The Northernracket-tailed The hair-crested The ashy swallow Shrike The paradise Flycatcher The black-naped azure The white-throated Fantail The white-browed The white-spotted The yellow-bellied The grey-headed Flycatcher The sooty The black and orange The white-browed blue Flycatcher The The verditer The Nilgiri blue The blue-throated Redbreast The southern blue Tickell’s blue The fairy McGregor’s fairy The great fairy The slaty The rufous-breasted The grey robin white-tailed robin ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”» ” # waldeni - coerulescens Chaptia cenea Bhringa remifer Edolius paradiseus Chibia hottentota Artamus fuscus Tchitrea paradisei Myiagra azurea Leucocerca fuscoventris 3 aureola Ry pectoralis Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus Cryptolopha cinereocapilla Hemichelidon fuliginosa Ochromela nigrorufa Eumyias melanops » albicaudata Cyornis rubeculoides », banyumas » tickellie Muscicapulasuperciliaris Niltava sundara a macerigorice » grandis Siphia leucomelanura of superciliaris Erythrosterna parva hyperythra Jan. Feb. M arch April. July. Augt. 49 50 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, Sept. Oct. Augt Nov. Dec. as no - aM a i 23 English Names, Scientific Names. : AE Z : : 2 327 The chestnut-headed Wren | Tesia castaneocoronata al 331 The tailed hill ,, | Pneopyga caudata = 333 The Nepal ,, | Troglodytes nipalensis ael> The Kashmir ,, 55 neglectus (elas 338 The white-browed Shortwing | Brachypteryx cruralis an 339 The rufous-bellied 7 Callene rufiventris oe The white-bellied - | es albiventris -— 343 | The yellow-billed whistling Thrush | Myiophonus temminckii -—|- 342 The Malabar 5 + er horsfieldii -|- 344 The Nepal ground ,, Hydrornis nipalensis as 345 The Indian ground _,, Pitta bengalensis = 346 | The green-breasted ground _;, » cucullata ay 347 The brown water Ouzel | Hydrobata asiatica -|—-|—-|—- 351 The blue rock Thrush | Petrocossyphus cyaneus =i 352 | The chestnut-bellied chat _ ,, Orocetes erythrogastra =|— 353 The blue-headed ,, 5; » einclorhynchus laa 355 The rusty-throated bush _ ,, Geocichla citrina ——|- 856 The dusky _,, x 9 unicolor —|— 8358 The variable pied Blackbird ss dissimilis l= 357 Ward’s pied ss Turdulus wardii Sa 360 The Nilgiri a Merula simillima | === |= 361 The grey-winged s » boulboul sal (ian al cc 362 The white-collared Ouzel 5 albocincta wala 363 The grey-headed _,, » castanea alles 368 The Indian missel Thrush | Turdus hodgsoni ov) eco as 871 | The small-billed Mountain AA Oreocincla dauma Peale 382 The striated Jay = Grammatoptila striata = 385 The yellow-eyed Babbler | Pyctorhis sinensis =| 388 The Nepal quaker Thrush | Alcippe nipalensis —|—|—|—|— 389 The Nilgiri ,, a Me poiocephala pis PBs rad |S eh SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. Nos. in Jerdon. 390 391 392 393 The black-gorgetted The crimson-winged English Names. Scientific Namss, May. June Augt. Sept. July. Oct. Nov. 51 Dee. The black-headed quaker Thrush The black-headed wren Babbler The red-billed Thered-headed The yellow-breasted The red-capped The rufous-bellied The white-throated The spotted The Nepal spotted The rufous-necked scimitar The southern ” The rusty-cheeked ” The slender-billed ” ” The white-crested laughing Thrush The grey-sided ” The rufous-necked 3? The white-throated 5 The necklaced ” The white-spotted The red-headed ” The plain-coloured 55 The variegated ” The blue-winged The red-throated ” ” The Nilgiri _,, The streaked ” The bristly ” Alcippe atriceps Stachyris nigriceps » _ pyrrhops on ruficeps Mixornis rubricapillus Timalia pileata Dumetia hyperythra 6 albogularis Pellorneum ruficeps S nipalensis Pomatorhinus ruficollis horsfieldii ” rf erythrogenys Xiphoramphus superciliaris Garrulax leucolophus cerulatus ruficollis ” albogularis pectoralis moniliger occellatus [phalum Trochalopteron erythroce- subunicolor variegatum squamatum fogulare pheeniceum cacchinans lineatum setafer LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, 8 English Names. Scientific Names. 428 The hoary Barwing | Actinodura nipalensis 429 The black-headed Sibia | Sibia capistrata The Assam _,, » gracilis 430 The magpie _,, 3 Ppicaoides 432 The Bengal Babbler | Malacocercus canorus 433 The white-headed _,, a griseus 434, The jungle _,, < malabaricus 435 The rufous-tailed —_,, = someryillii 436 The large grey _,, + malcolmi 438 The striated bush ___,, Chattarrhcea caudata a 439 The striated reed __,, + earlii 440 The striated marsh __,, Megalurus palustris 441 The grass__,, Cheetornis striatus 444 The Himalayan black Bulbul | Hypsipetes psaroides 445 The Nilgiri black __,, a nilgiriensis 447 The rufous-bellied _,, % mceOlellandi 450 The yellow-browed bush _,, Criniger ictericus 451 The white-throated _,, ., flaveolus 452 The white-browed bush __,, Txos luteolus 456 The black-crested yellow __,, Rubigula flaviventris 458 | The white-cheeked crested _,, Otocompsaleucogenys 459 The white-eared ,, ” * leucotis 460 The red-whiskered __,, 5 emeria The southern 3 + 5 fuscicaudata 461 The common Bengal _,, Pycnonotus pygceus 462 The common Madras __,, 5 pusillus 463 Jerdon’s green _,, Phyllornis jerdoni 467 The black-backed _,, Tora zeylanica 468 The white-winged green __,, », typhia 469 The fairy Blue Bird | Irena puella = Feb. SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 53 aE et | BE English Names. Scientific Names. dle E i : : ; $ : , ; F 470 The Indian golden Oriole | Oriolus kundoo ale |= 472 The black-headed _,, 5 melanocephalus — 475 The magpie Robin | Copsychus saularis Slate 476 The Shama | Kittacincla macroura —|— 477 The white-tailed Bluehat | Myiomela leucura — 479 |The southern brown-backed Robin | Thamnobia fulicata —|—|— 480 The brown-backed _,, cambaiensis —|—|—|—|— 481 The black Bushchat | Pratincola caprata ——|—|— 482 The southern black % atrata, —|—|— 483 The common Indian - ; indica ps (a eal 486 The iron grey 7 ferrea bast es | ee 494, The brown Rockchat Cercomela fusca fe PF 504 The blue-headed Redstart | Rutacilla ceeruleocephala pal 505 The plumbous water Robin 5 fuliginosa a 506 The white-capped Redstart |Cheemorrornis leucocephala ae 507 The blue Woodchat | Larvivora cyana —| 508 | The white-breasted blue - Tanthia rufilata ma 511 The golden 5 Tarsiger chrysceus fre 513 The white-tailed Ruby throat | Calliope pectoralis = 515 The large reed Warbler |Acrocephalus brunnescens _|- 516 The lesser ,, ; a dumetorum col 517 The paddy field 3 . agricolus = The brown-breasted hill - Dumeticola brunneipectus eles The streaked-scrub % Drymeca inquieta —|--|— 523 | The fulvous-breasted hill = Horornis fulviventer _ 526 The strong-footed _,, y 3 fortipes —|— 529 The large ,, 45 Horeites major _ The pale ,, ‘5 a pallidus sae 530 The Indian Tailor Bird | Orthotomus longicauda al ras | sali 532 | The yellow-bellied Wren Warbler | Prinia flaviventris Sa , LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, 544 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 563 565 566 570 571 572 English Names. Adams’s Wren Warbler The ashy ,, Stewart’s. ,, The grey-capped ___,, Hodgson’s _,, The rufous Grass The Bengal _,, The common Wren The earth brown _,, The long-tailed _,, Jerdon’s ,, The great _,, The allied _,, The fuscous __,, The great rufous _,, The brown Hill The dusky ,, The black-throated ,, The streaked Wren The rufous-fronted __,, The aberrant Tree Blyth’s aberrant _,, Sykes’ Warbler Tytler’s Tree The large-crowned The crowned The Dalmatian The lesser black-browed The black-eared The grey-headed ” ” ” »” ” Scientific Names. Prinia adamsi » socialis 5, stewarti », cinereocapilla » bodgsoni Cisticola scheenicola Graminicola bengalensis Drymoipus inornatus aa terricolor + longicaudatus 35 jerdoni 5 insignis Fr neglectus S fuscus 53 rufescens Suya criniger », fuliginosa » atrogularis Burnesia lepida Franklinia buchanani Neornis flavolivacea » assimilis Hyppolais rama Phylloscopus tytleri Reguloides occipitalis ss superciliosus 33 proregulus Culicepeta cantator Abrornis schisticeps * xanthoschistus ) ——— SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 55 English Names. ° The grey-faced Warbler The white-browed __,, The chestnut-headed __,, The Indian golden-crested Wren The Indian Whitethroat The western-spotted Forktail The slaty-backed ,, The little ,, The eastern-spotted —_,, The Indian pied Wagtail The white-faced FA The grey andyellow ___,, The black-backed yellow-headed ,, The Indian Pipit The Tree ,, The Nilgiri _,, The Indian Tit Lark The ruddy Pipit The Nilgiri Tit Lark The brown Rock Pipit The upland _,, The purple Thrush Tit The green Tee The red-winged Shrike ,, The red-billed Hill ,‘ The silver-eared ,, ,, The stripe-throated ,, ,, The blue-winged ,, ,, The red-tailed ,, ,, The chestnut-headed ,, ,, Scientific Names. Jan’ Feb. June July. Augt Sept. Oct. Noy. Dee. Abrornis chloronotus » albosuperciliaris 3 castaneiceps Regulus himalayensis Sylvia affinis Henicurus maculatus sl schistaceus is scouleri “7 guttatus 3- Motacilla maderaspatana|— r luzionensis ay melanope Budytes calcaratus Anthus arboreus » maculatus » montanus » rufulus » rosaceus Agrodroma cinnamomea BA griseorufescens Heterura sylvana Cochoa purpurea » viridis Pteruthius erythropterus Leiothrix luteus - argentarius Siva strigula » cyanouroptera Minla ignotincta » Ccastanelceps ez] ‘ Q LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN =s English Names, Scientific Names. ‘dal Bl dl cl lel etal ah ws Slals| <3] 2/2] 41 3]8|2 621 The golden breasted Hill Tit | Proparus chrysceus — 623 The yellow naped ,, ,, | Ixulus flavicollis —|- 624 The rusty headed ,, ,, » occipitalis —|- 626 | Thestripe throatcrested ., ,, / Yuhina gularis ee 628 The black-chinned ,, ,, » nigrimentum —|- 629 The fire-tailed ,, ,, Myzornis pyrrhoura — -H| &| n -I| P|- 631 The Indian white-eyed ,, | Zosterops palpebrosus —|—|—|—|—|-—|—|- 633 The firecap ,, Cephalopyrus flammiceps -|- 634. The red-capped ,, | Egithaliscus erythrocephalus —|—|- 638 The crested-black ,, | Lophophanes melanolophus — |— 644. The mountain ,, | Parus monticolus -|-—|—|- 645 The Indian grey ,, »» cinereus = bs pile 647 The yellow-cheeked ,, | Machlolophus xanthogenys —|- 654 The rufous-breasted Accentor | Accentor strophiatus | Jerdon’s ,, » _ jerdoni -|- 657 The Raven | Corvus corax ——- — 659 The Indian earrion Crow »» corone = 660 The bow-billed Corby » culminatus -|—|— 661 The Himalayan _,, »» intermedius = 663 The common _,, 5» lnpudicus ani 665 The Jackdaw » monedula == 666 The Himalayan Nutcracker | Nucifraga hemispila -|- 668 The Himalayan Magpie | Pica bottanensis — 669 The Himalayan Jay | Garrulus bispecularis -|—|—|- 670 The black-throated ,, » lanceolatus —|—|-+ 671 The red-billed blue ,, | Urocissa occipitalis + 672 The yellow-billed blue ,, 3 flavirostris —|-+|—|- 673 The green ,, | Cissa venatoria —|- 674 The Indian Treepie | Dendrocitta rufa -|—-|+- 676 The Himalayan __,, Fe himalayanus a Nos. in Jerdon. DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 57 English Names. Scientific Names. E é E E G a 2 Ey e 8 5 z The long-tailed Treepie | Dendrocitta leucogastra ale The bright Starling | Sturnus nitens Pagil Ta The pied Mynah | Sturnopastor contra coe aa The Burmese pied _,, is superciliaris alt The common ,, Acridotheres tristis Brot aalie The bank ,, 5 ginginianus iy Bi el -I-|P-| -|H- The jungle ,, + fuscus salar naliee | The brahminy _,, Temenuchus pagodarum a) ae] ou The grey-headed __,, 5 malabaricus ines it The spotted-winged Stare | Saraglossa spiloptera ram The southern hill Mynah | Bulabes religiosa =a The large hill 3 53 intermedia = The common Weaver Bird | Ploceus baya | Tal neal lip oyece lea The striated 3 P i manyar rapa Ny The black-throated x FS “5 bengalensis lang, The black-headed Munia | Munia malacca ir se si The chestnut-bellied __,, 3 rubroniger Talealty Ry The spotted ; . mp undulata Tie ate The rufous-bellied __,, x pectoralis 5 -lo- -|B-]| | -N/- The white-backed Munia i striata = a al Hodgson’s _,, i acuticauda aralat The pin-tailed __,, . malabarica Sse oe | ea | ar ene te The Indian Amadavat | Hstrelda amandava alin Wille here Pillay The green m ss formosa neath: na The Indian house Sparrow | Passer indicus sy lcaar el Gaeseh The cinnamon-headed + » cinnamomeus aco . The tree 4 » Mmontanus rane lieant i The yellow-throated __,, » flavicollis retro Mi The meadow Bunting | Emberiza cia The striolated _,, striolata ” or ie-°) LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, Nos. in Jerdon. Enghsh Names. Scientific Names. J an Feb. March. ————_ The white-capped Bunting | Emberiza stewarti The grey-headed .,, 5 fucata The crested black and chestnut ,, Melophus melanicterus The black and yellow Grosbeak |Hesperiphona icterioides The orange Bullfinch | Pyrrhula aurantiaca The Circassian rose Finch | Carpodacus rubicilla The red-browed _,, Callocanthis burtoni The Indian Siskin | Chrysomitris spinoides The Bengal Bush Lark | Mirafra assamica The red-winged ,, 5, » erythroptera = The singing ,, a » cantillaus == The rufous-tailed Finch ,, |Ammomanes pheenicura -|—|— The desert ,, . 3 luscitanica The black-bellied _,, 5 Pyrrhalauda grisea —|—|—|— The Eastern Sand _,, Alaudala raytal —|—|— The Punjab _,, > . adamsi -|— The Northerncrownerest ,, | Spizalauda simillima The Himalayan Sky ,, | Alauda dulcivox The Indian ;, ,, » gulgula = The Nilgiri ,,_,, » australis —|— The Malabar crested __,, » malabarica = The common ,, + Galerita cristata = The lesser _,, at boysii =] The Bengal green Pigeon |Crocopus phcenicopterus The Southern ,, 55 65 chlorigastra S| The orange-breasted _,, ss Osmotreron bicincta = The grey-fronted _,, 5 * malabarica S| jo The Kokla __,, 55 Sphenocercus sphenurus The bronze-backed Imperial Pigeon | Carpophaga insignis The speckled wood ,, | Alsocomus hodgsoni a. DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. Nos. in Jerdon, 784, 786 788 791. 792 793 794. 795, 796 797 798 800 802 803 804 805 806 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 English Names, Scientific Names. The Himalayan wood Pigeon | Palumbus casiotis theyNal curiae, 3 x elphinstonii The Indian blue rock Columba intermedia The bar-tailed tree Dove | Macropygia tusalia Hodgson’s turtle ,, | Turtur rupicola Sykes’ ,, ss » meena The brown ,, > » cambaiensis The spotted _,, » suratensis The Indian ring __,, 5 risorius The ruddy ,, ; » humilis The emerald ,, | Chalcophaps indicus The painted sand Grouse | Pterocles fasciatus The common ,, 3 » exustus The Peacock | Pavo cristatus The Moonal |Lophophorus impeyanus The red Argus | Ceriornis satyra The black-headed _,, 5 melanocephala The Koklas | Pucrasia macrolopha The cheer Pheasant | Phasianus wallichii The white-crested Kalij ep Gallophasis albocristatus The black-backed ,, 5 ss melanotus The red jungle Fowl | Gallus ferugineus The grey 5 The ,, Hen| Gallinula chloropus - |= Blythe’s _,, n 5 burnesii _— The white-breasted _,, » | Porzana phenicura —|— The brown Rail ne akool oe ae a Baillon’s Crake 5 pygmeea PES) ered The ruddy Rail of fusca == The Adjutant} Leptoptilus argala = The black-necked Stork | Mycteria australis § | ¢ | | | | | | |--—I-—H The white-necked ,, |Melanopelargus episcopus —|—)|—-|- oa The great Heron | Ardea sumatrana == The common ,, » cinerea ea [Poel ie sl [ed |e SE The purple ” ” purpurea —|— , —|§ —|— | = The white _,, Herodias alba |= The little ,, 55 » egrettoides —|— The little Egret » garzetta —|— The cattle ,, | Buphus coromandus —i— ' [eT ele, e]s The little pond Heron | Ardeola grayi -|—|— The little green Bittern | Butorides javanicus —|— The black op Ardetta flavicollis — The chestnut Pr » cinnamomea —|—/—|]—|- The yellow Py » sinensis _ The little A » minuta = 62 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, &C. s English Names. Scientific Names. 4 i : ; | ol: ae 937 The Night Heron | Nycticorax griseus | | als == | | 938 The pelican Ibis |Tantalus leucocephalus -—|- 939 The Spoonbill | Platalea leucorodia —|—|= | 940 The shell Ibis | Anastomus oscitans = |= 941 The white ,, | Threskiornis melanocephalus === 942 The King Curlew | Geronticus papillosus = af ea a Be 949 The bar-headed Goose | Anser indicus = 950 The black-backed ,, Sarkidiornis melanotus —|—|- 951 The cotton Teal | Nettapus coromandelianus == 952 The Whistling ,, | Dendrocygna arcuata == 953 The large 55 = _ major _— 954 The Brahminy Duck | Casarca rutila = 958 The Mallard | Anas boschas ale 959 The spotted-billed Duck | ,, pccilorhyncha —|- 960 The pink-headed __,, 5 caryophyllacea == 969 The white-eyed ,, | Aythya nyroca == 974. The crested Grebe | Podiceps cristatus Fe Ale 975 The little ,, » philippensis =|-|+1> 983 The gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon anglicus — 984, The whiskered ,, | Hydrochelidon indicus —|-|— 985 The large river ,, | Sterna seena —|- 987 The black-bellied ., 5» javanica —|- 988 The little 4, | Sternula minuta -|— 989 The large sea ,, | Thallaseus cristatus — 990 The small ,, ss is bengalensis _ 991 | The little black-naped = ,, | Onochoprion melanauchen —|—|- 995 The Scissorbill | Rhynchops albicollis —|— 1005 The common Cormorant | Graculus carbo Sl 1006 The lesser as se fuscicollis -|- 1007 The little 5) 5 javanicus -|- 1008 The Indian Snake Bird | Plotus melanogaster - — | bs BS PN ore sy bale CALENDAR. Tue columns of the accompanying calendar give the leading details for each month. The wording is necessarily brief, as the space is hmited. The first column gives the number in Jerdon’s Hand-Book for re- ference. Where no number is given in this column, the bird has been added to the Indian list since Jerdon’s book was published. The next column gives the generally accepted English name. Jerdon’s names have been adhered to in almost every case. The third column is the scientific name. In this no alteration has been made, unless clearly proved to be necessary. The next column “ shape of nest.” ? need no comment. And the one following “ site of nest,’ The column headed “ geographical range in breeding season” gives roughly the extent of country in which the bird is known to breed at one time or another, but it does not follow that it breeds throughout the whole of the range in that particular month. The last column “ particulars for the month” gives actual facts as ascertained by experience, leaving the reader to draw his own inference. Representative dates have been chosen so far as possible when more than one date was available ; for instance, if the season is beginning, the earliest date has been selected; and if the season is nearly over, the latest date has been taken. Similarly, in regard to localities, only one or two could be specified, and the same rule has been followed. Where the breeding is over a wide stretch of country, the two limits are given. Where any par- ticular climate is more favorable, the typical place has been selected ;_ of course, when only one nest has been found, the date of that is given, and there can be no selection, but the places and dates are records in every case of actual ascertained facts. JANUARY. January is in all parts of the country the month for the larger birds of prey. Of the fifty-six kinds of birds known to breed at this time, twenty-eight belong to this order (Raptores). In the Himazayas, with the exception of a solitary instance of a nest of the brown water ouzel ([ydrobata asiatica), none but the nests of raptores have been found. Vultures, eagles, falcons, and kites are either building or laying, and as these birds are comparatively few in numbers, with great powers of flight, it is necessary to explore over a large extent of country to get many eggs; both birds and nests are conspicuous. Eyries can generally be marked down in the course of the morning’s ride, and arrangements made afterwards for obtaining the eggs; a matter often of no small difficulty, as, whether the nest is on a ledge of the rock itself or ina tree, it is generally on the face of a precipice, which it requires both skill and nerve to surmount. In the Punsan, besides the birds of prey, the raven, the striated bush babbler, and the dusky sand martin have eggs. Watch should be kept on all the large birds of prey, and every large solitary tree should be scanned, as it is on such trees that nests of eagles, vultures, &c., will be found. These nests are conspicuous from a distance. I have often seen and noted them while passing along on a railway journey, returning when opportunity offered to examine the nest. In the Nortn-West Provinces the Indian hoopoe, the sand martin, the pin-tailed munia, the blue rock pigeon, the common sand grouse, and the doves have eggs, as well as the vultures and eagles, and falcons and some of the owls. In Boencat, the sand martin is the only bird now breeding in any quantities, besides the birds of prey. In Cenrrat Inpra, the dusky crag martin, the munias and amada- vats, and doves have eggs, besides the birds of prey which lay everywhere at this period. In Sours Inpt, the large birds of prey are few in number, but the egos of many other kinds may now be sought for. Some species of woodpeckers, martins, honey suckers, flower peckers, quaker thrushes, bulbuls, bluebirds, wagtails, finch larks, doves, quail, and water birds are already known to breed there at this season, and it is probable MARSHALL DEL NEST OF THE KING VULTURE, Otegyps calvus.) JANUARY. 65 that further search will lead to the discovery of many others. Our know- ledge of that part of India is comparatively very incomplete. Besides the birds noted in the list, there are many that are known to lay early in February, and which may possibly sometimes lay in the end of January; at all events they will be building in the present month, and careful watch should be kept over their movements. Among these may be noted in the Huatayas the black-capped falcon and the imperial eagle. In the Punsas, the day vulture and the imperial eagle, these are both rare birds, and few collections contain specimens of their eggs taken in India. In the Norru-Wesr Provinces, the spotted owlet begins to lay towards the end of the month, as also the Little ringed plover, for which watch should be kept on the sands in the beds of big rivers, more espe- cially on the flat sandy islands left by the receding floods. In Cenrrat Inpia, the day vulture is building, and the grey partridge commences to pair. In Sournern Inp1a, the kestril commences building in the Nilgiris, also the red spur fowl, while in Travancore the booted eagle, the grey Jronted green pigeon, and the grey jungle fowl are pairing and preparing their nests. 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Bes A AY i if ie ‘ MARSHALL DEL. NEST OF THE THICK BILLED FLOWER (Piprisoma agile,/ PECKER. FEBRUARY. In this month the birds of prey continue to lay, while other kinds commence. The eggs of several swallows and martins may now be found. Parrots, woodpeckers, and other climbing birds are pairing, and even commence excavating the holes for their nests. Several kinds of larks have eggs, others are pairing and building. Doves, of course, are breeding in this as in every other month. The spotted doves, which are more regular than the others, are commencing to build, and the jungle bush quail are pairing in all parts of the country. In the Himazayas, the roc vulture, the lammergeyer, the black- capped falcon, the hawk eagles, buzzards, kites, and water ouzels have eggs, while the Jarge barred owlet and the common Indian bushchut are pairing and building throughout the range, and the red- capped tit and crested black tit begin to build in the eastern portions. The Himalayan magpie in all probability has eggs in this month. In the Punsgas, the vultures, falcons, eagles, Pennant’s scops owls, the hoopoe, the grey shrike, the streaked scrub warbler, and the raven have eggs throughout the month, and the rufous grass warbler, the common quail, the big bustard, and in some places the common heron are building their nests. In the NortH-west Provincss, the laying season is fairly beginning. In addition to the vultures, falcons, eagles, &c., no less than seven kinds of owls have eggs. Swallows and martins begin laying ; so do also the parrots, the purple honey-sucker, the flower-peckers, the streaked wren warbler, the bow-billed corby, the house sparrow, the finch larks and sand larks, the emerald dove, the ringed plover and the stone plover : and besides these, the following kinds should be watched as they commence building their nests, and possibly laying also during this month :—the Indian scops owl, the palm swift, the rose-headed parroquet, the chestnut-bellied nuthatch, the common woodshrike, the brown-backed robin, the black bushchat, the common quail, and the spur-winged plover. The common heron too begins building in parts of Oudh, and the river terns and scissor bills are now congregating on the islands, where in the next month they will breed. In Benaat., the eggs of the long-billed vulture and white-bellied sea eagle and changeable hawk eagle, and brahminy kite may be taken. The common sand martin is still laying. The yellow-fronted wood- 70 FEBRUARY. pecker has eggs, while the palm roof swift in the Garo hills, the red- breasted parroquet, the common woodshrike, and the red jungle fowl in the sub-Himalayan tracts are pairing off and preparing their nests. Here too the river terns and scissor bills are congregating. In Centra Inp14, the vultures and the brahminy kite, probably also the owls, and whatever species of eagles are found there, have eggs still. The cliff swallow and dusky crag martin are hatching their first brood. The pied kingfisher, the crimson-breasted barbet, the amethyst rumped honey-sucker, the Indian amadavat, and the finch-larks have eggs throughout the month, while the painted spur fowl, and probably also the flower-peckers, nuthatches, ‘woodpeckers, parrots, larks, and some plovers are pairing. The river terns and scissor bills will alse probably congregate here too in this month. In Souruern Inp1A, the breeding season is by this time further advanced than in the north. The kestril has eggs throughout the month in the Nilgiris. In the far south, eggs of the booted eagle may be taken, and also those of the common kite, the Nilgiri nightjar, the golden- backed woodpecker, the Nilgiri flower-pecker, the velvet-fronted nuthatch, the quaker thrushes, babblers, laughmg thrushes, bulbuls, and bluebirds throughout the peninsular. In the Nilgiris the eggs of the white-eyed hill tit may be found, and the Indian grey tit, the jungle mynah, the crested larks, green pigeons, doves, jungle fowl, spur fowls, grey partridges, and bush quail are also sitting. In the extreme south the eggs of the snake bird, and possibly some other water birds, may still be found, but the season for them is virtually over. The following kinds are also commencing to pair and build their nests, and should be watched particularly towards the end of the month :— The southern sirkeer, the little pied (flycatcher) shrike (Hemipus picatus), the spotted wren babbler, the black bulbul, the robins, bush chats, Nilgira tit lark, long-tailed treepie, and Nilgiri sky lark. 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Tue birds of prey are still in full season, and though many of the larger kinds have ceased to lay their places are filled by others, especially among the owls. Most of the bee eaters, kingfishers, parrots, wood- peckers, barbets, nuthatches, larks, plovers, and terns are either laying or building, and several species of swifts, goatsuckers, shrikes, fly- catchers, thrushes, babblers, bulbuls, chats, warblers, titlarks, jays, mynahs, and game birds are beginning to lay. In the Himatayas, the king vulture is still laying, also the bearded vulture (Lammergeyer), the black-capped falcon, and Bonelli’s eagle. The crested serpent eagle, the long-legged buzzard and the greater Indian kite, and several of the owls are laying. The slaty- headed paroquet and the scaly-bellied green woodpecker have eggs. The white-tailed and velvet-fronted nuthatches, the hoopoe, the bronzed drongo, the ashy swallow shrike, the verditer flycatcher, the Nepal quaker thrush, the white-browed warbler, the white-eyed tit, the red-capped, crested black, and mountain tits, the nutcracker, magpie and jay, the large hill mynah, the tree sparrow, and the white-crested king pheasant all begin laying ; and the goshawk, Himalayan fishing eagle, collared pigmy owlet, common swallow, crag and Kashmir martins, Hodgson’s trogon, roseband paroquet, woodpeckers, piculets, flower-peckers, tree-creepers, raquet-tailed drongos, chestnut-bellied chat thrush, white-collared ouzels, missel thrush, red-headed wren babbler, rufous-necked and rusty-cheeked scimitar babblers, black —gorgetted laughing thrush, iron grey bushchat, blue-headed redstart, black-eared and grey-headed warblers, western spotted forktails, yellow- cheeked tits, blue magpies, green jays, and spotted-winged stares are all pairing and building. In the Punsas, the vultures, hawks, falcons, and true eagles are still laying, also the short-toed eagle. The buzzards and several owls commence laying. The dusky crag martin, the pied kingfisher, the grey shrike, the babblers, the streaked scrub warbler, the streaked wren warbler, the raven, the larks, doves, the common sandgrouse, the common quail, the big bustard, most of the plovers, the common heron, the king curlew, most of the terns, and the scissor bill have eges during the month; and the painted sandgrouse, the seesee partridge, the lesser button quail, and the guil-billed terns are pairing and making their nests. In the Norta-Wesr Provinces, the white scavenger vulture DEL MARSHALL NEST OF THE RED-HEADED TIT. N : ® % N Sg '§ a ee MARCH. 77 and a few of the king vultures are the only vultures with eggs at this season. The lagear faleon, the red-headed merlins, the changeable hawk eagles, buzzards, kites, and most of the owls, are still laying. All the swallows and martins, the blue-tailed bee eater, the roller, the parrots, woodpeckers and barbets, the flower-peckers, honey suckers, nuthatches, robins, chats, titlarks, carrion crows, larks of all kinds, green pigeons, emerald doves, grey partridges, bush quail, common quail, most of the plovers, the river terns, and the scissor bills haye all got eggs. The following birds not included in the list that follows begin building during the month, and should be watched :—The shikra hawk, the jungle owlet, the blue-rujfed bee eater, the northern grey hornbill, the large grey cuckoo shrike, Sykes» warbler, and the common cormorant. In Bene@at, the palm roof swift in the Garo hills lays throughout the month. The large Bengal nightjar, the white-breasted kingfisher, the red-breasted paroquet, the Indian loriquet, the yellow-fronted wood- pecker, Franklin’s green barbet, the koel, honey suckers, flower- peckers, the common wood shrike, the common babbler, the red- whiskered and white-winged green bulbul, the black-headed oriole, the black crow, Sykes’ turtle dove, the red jungle fowl, the kyah par- tridge, plovers, river terns, and scissor bills all have eggs. The species that commence nest-building during the month are Jerdon’s green bulbul, the shama robin, and the white-backed munia. In Centrat InptA, the cliff swallows, crag martins, blue-tailed bee eater, little kingfisher, rock chat, rufous-tailed finch lark, painted spur fowl, and plovers are the characteristic species that lay during the month, but many of the species that breed at this time in northern, and particularly southern India, breed also now in central India. 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Savitonseg ur pied et wala “GSON JO OF ‘qsoNT Jo edeyg “SOUIE NY OFIIUITIOG *somey YSIpsugq Caco 148 MARSHALL, DEL. NEST OF THE YELLOW-THROATED BROADBILL. (Psarisomus dathousice/ JULY. Tuis is in the plains the principal month for taking the eggs of the water-birds, wren warblers, and munias, while in the Himalayas the finches and buntings are the most numerous breeders. The birds of prey, parrots, hornbills, most of the woodpeckers and the barbets, the nuthatches and creepers, thrushes and blackbirds, and tits of almost all kinds, have ceased to lay. The shrikes, small minivets, the turtle doves, ringdoves are still breeding everywhere. And throughout the plains the eggs of the common drongo, tailor bird, rufous grass warbler, peafowl, bustard quail, red-wattled plovers, purple coots, common coots, and water- hens, may be taken. In the Himarayas, the eggs of the mosque swallow, the swift, the roller, the Marshall’s barbet, the common and large hawk cuckoos, paradise flycatcher, grey-headed and verditer flycatchers, the grey- winged blackbird, striated jay thrush, Nepal quaker thrush, red-billed wren babbler, several of the laughing thrushes, some of the bulbuls, bushchats, hill warblers, tree warblers and pipits, the rufous-breasted accentor, blue magpie, mynahs, munias, sparrows, bartailed tree doves, emerald doves, kalij pheasants, Hodgson’s partridges, chukor, peora partridge, bustard quail, rails, and bitterns may still be found, but the season is practically over, except in the more elevated ranges and towards the far west. Eggs of buntings and finches are found throughout the ranges, The golden woodchat begins to pair and build during this month. In the Punsas, the crested honey buzzard is still laying. The mosque and cliff swallows have their second brood. The white-breasted kingfisher and common gold back woodpecker breed throughout the month. Also the koel, coucal and sirkeer, the white-eared bulbul, the golden oriole, brown-backed robin, Stewart’s wren warbler, and all other wren warblers that occur there, the common crow, mynahs, pin-tailed munias, bushlarks and black-bellied finchlarks, the common sandgrouse, the black partridge, bustard, courier plover, red-wattled plover, white-necked stork, common heron, egrets, pond herons, cattle herons, green bitterns, night herons, and spoonbills have eggs. By the end of the month the Jdlack-winged kites, the large button quail, and Blyth’s water hen (very rare) are begin- ning to pair and build. 150 JULY. In the Norta-West Provinces, the birds of prey have al ceased to lay. Eggs of all the resident swallows may be found, and the palm swift has its second brood. The cuckoos, coucals and sirkeers are laying. The large grey cuckoo shrike, the fantail, the yellow-eyed babbler, the rufous-bellied wren babbler, all other babblers, except the reed babbler, the golden oriole, the wren warblers, white-eyed tits, tree pies, mynahs, weaver bird, pin-tailed munia, bushlarks, finch larks, stone plover, still have eggs; while those of the sarus crane, pheasant-tailed jacana, Baillon’s crane, white-necked stork, herons, and egrets of all kinds, spoonbills, Ibis’s geese, teal, and snakebirds are found throughout the month. The marsh terns also breed in this month, and the great rufous wren warbler, striated weaver birds, cinnamon bitterns, and spotted billed ducks commence to pair and build. In BenGat, the palm swift has its second brood. The broad-billed roller is believed to be breeding, but its eggs have not been taken. The coucal, tailor-bird, white-breasted kingfisher, common babbler, yellow- bellied wren warbler, white-winged green bulbul, chestnut-bellied munia and spotted munia, and the bustard quail lay in the neighbourhood of Caleutta. The Bengal grass warbler in the eastern districts, the blue- breasted quail and florikin in the Terai districts. The bronzed-winged jacana, the water cock, Baillon’s crane, the great heron, the black bittern and chestnut bittern, the pink-headed duck, and probably most of the other resident water birds lay everywhere throughout the month. Tn Centrat Innis, the swallows, dusky crag martins, nightjars, koels, coucals, cuckoo shrikes, fantails, ground thrushes, wren babblers, green bulbuls, robins, rockchats, almost all the wren warblers, titlarks, treepies, mynahs, munias, amadavats, crested buntings, bushlarks, crown crest larks, painted partridges, bustard, jacanas, rails, herons, egrets, and white ibis, are laying still, while Sykes’s warbler, the leeser button quail, and the larger whistling teal begin to pair and build. In SourHerN Inpia, the orange minivet, the black-naped azure flycatcher, the white-spotted fantail, the yellow-eyed babbler, black- headed quaker thrush, most of the wren warblers, the white-eyed tit, the jungle mynah, and most of the munias, appear to be the principal breeders during this month. 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Or. ties Bpoopry + snpuvmosoo snydng wise 24072188 ct '"* soprojjoase ss et Vq[e SBIPOLOF] parq oyvug uerpuy our « podeu-yovtq of991] ONT, UOT, PoLoystyM OTT, aqety IIIT OUT, yong peproy-yurd oy, “ Surpsrpa omy, [#9, 10}400 oT, as004) poyouq-yovyq ony, MOEN) Sury ony, 79 OUTTA OTT, STQT T1948 SUL Inquoodg oy, UOLOFT FSU OT, « — qnuyseTyo oy y, “9081 eu ULI Woors op} OT, uotep puod op34I] ou, “ 9py980 OU, qoasy OTT OUL «OFM OTT OUT, WOLF OFA ONT, "some NT OF TWIING ‘soUIB NT YSIPSUq “mopie UL “‘SONT iV, au i CWT ee ee ee F i. Woe A f 5 Coy ee ty ws eh nied oN een ne ace ee a ‘ nat? iy i es) ie nities ho: ', : WV or 4 (vopono.o wubsaoupua i Wa ON SAN ars Or ob SaN Wad ‘TVYHSYUYAN AUGUST. In this month the water-birds and small wren warblers are the principal breeders throughout the plains. The eggs of the rufous grass warbler, the white-eyed tit, the pin-tailed munia, the jungle bush quail, the bustard quail, and the little grebe may be taken. In the Himatayas, the season is now nearly over, Eggs of the mosque swallow, the small minivet, the grey-winged blackbird, the red-headed and streaked laughing thrushes, the golden woodchat, the brown-breasted hill warbler, the red-billed hill tit, the yellow-billed blue jay, the chestnut-bellied and spotted munias, the meadow bunting, the Indian siskin, Hodgson’s turtle dove, and the black partridge may still be found, though only a few stragglers are laying. Probably at the higher elevations many of the finches breed in this month, but their nests have not as vet been found. In the Punsas, the black-winged kite is breeding, also the wire-tailed and mosque swallows; eggs of the sirkeer, the bay-backed shrike, the white-eyed bulbul, the striated reed babbler (second brood). The rufous- fronted wren warbler, the large button quail, the big bustard, Blythe’s water hen, and most of the resident water-birds may still be taken. The streaked wren warbler is building for its second brood. In the Nortu-West Provinces, the wire-tailed and mosque swal- lows, the common swifts, the pied crested cuckoos, coucals, sirkeers rufous- backed and bay-backed shrikes, large grey cuckoo shrikes, white-browed fantails, babblers, reed babblers, wren warblers, mynahs, striated and common weaver birds, black-bellied finch larks, peafowl and almost all the resident water-birds, waders and swimmers, except the terns and plovers, have eggs throughout the month; while the grass babbler, streaked wren warbler, black-throated weaver bird, painted snipe, and black-necked stork commence building towards the end of the month. In Beneat, the characteristic breeders are the yellow-bellied wren warbler, the tailor bird, the Bengal grass warbler, the chestnut-bellied munia, the peafowl, jacanas, rails and coots and bitterns, which almost all have eggs, besides, many of those which breed at this season in other parts. The grass babbler and black-throated weaver bird begin to build in this month. 162 AUGUST. In Cenrrat Inpra, eggs of the cliff swallow, Nilgiri nightjar, purple honey sucker, blackeap sbrike, pied cuckoo shrike, large grey cuckoo shrike, small minivet, white-browed fantail, ground thrush, rufous-bellied wren warbler, green bulbuls, ioras, the great and allied wren warblers, Sykes’ warbler, the chestnut-bellied and spotted munias, the Indian amadavat, the crested bunting, the painted partridge, the lesser button quail, jacanas, coots, rails, king curlew, large whistling teal, and lesser cormorant may be taken during the month. The likh flrikin and the painted snipe commence pairing and building towards the end of the month. In Soutuern Inpra, the honey suckers have eggs, also the ashy wren warbler, the common wren warbler, the brahminy mynah, the spotted white-backed and pin-tailed munias, the Indian amadavat, the crown-crest lark, the rain quail, bush quail, and bustard quail: probably the eggs of many other species also may be found. 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