b

A KEY

TO THE

BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA

KEY.

TO THE.

BIRDS 2F
AUSTRALIA

WITH THEIR

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
BY ROBERT HALL,

< F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. .

of ".Tqe Insectivorous Birds of Victoria "
Joint flutter of " Nature Studies iq Australia."

SECOND

WALKER, MAY AND CO., MACKILLOP-ST.

R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES-ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.
[COPYRIGHT.]

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

MELBOURNE I

WALKER, MAY AND CO., PRINTERS,
MACKILLOP STREET.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

fHE text of this edition, based upon the British Museum
classification, remains very much as originally printed,
while attention is drawn to the lists of " Additions and Altera-
tions " and to " Species and Sub-Species Recently Described

as New."

The photographs are from John Gould's " Birds of Australia,"
and I am indebted to my friend, Mr. F. Verrell Heath, for his
assistance. The dimensions provided are approximate.

I found it impossible to get at the authors' meanings of a
few of the genera and species. My thanks for help are due to
my friends Messrs. E. R. Pitt and W. J. Stephen.

Professor T. G. Tucker, Litt. D., in the hours of a busy life,
found time to place the accents upon the words and read the
proof-sheets of derivations here supplied — in general, to act as
my adviser. This appeals to me as a contribution of much
value, and my best thanks go very willingly to him.

R. H.

MELBOURNE,

September, 1906.

290628

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

fHE opportunity to publish a " Key to the Birds of Australia " is
practically given in the catalogues of the British Museum
dealing with the birds of the world, commenced in 1872 and
concluded in the present year. The Key, comprising in each case a
concise digest of the 770 species of birds found in Australia and
Tasmania, is built principally upon these catalogues. Many descrip-
tions are exactly reproduced, others are added to, and a portion is
described from the author's collection. The classification is almost
wholly that of the British Museum, while the nomenclature is entirely
so. Gould's and Eamsay's names appear as synonyms in nearly all
cases, and the most important vernaculars of late use are bracketed
after each species.

The systematic work done by Mr. North, of the Australian Museum,
has aided me in the digest of the Accipitres.

The geographical distribution of our birds is here placed very much
upon the plan of sub-regions defined by Professor Spencer in the
" Horn Expedition Eeport (Zool.)," and it appears to me an appro-
priate one.

I have consulted with advantage Dr. Ramsay's " Geographical
Distribution of Australian Birds," in tabular form. The method of
locating the birds adopted here differs from that in so far as sub-
regions, and not colonies and towns, are used. The appendix map
indicates the Eyrean, Torresian, and Bassian sub-regions, as proposed
by Professor Spencer, and these again are divided into nine areas.
The Torresian embraces Ramsay's Northern Territory towns and a
portion of Carpentaria in 1 ; a portion of Carpentaria and North
Queensland in 2 ; South Queensland, with the Richmond and Clarence
Rivers, in 3.

The Bassian sub-region welds the eastern parts of New South
Wales and Victoria and Tasmania tdgether — the first two as 4, and
the last as 5.

The Eyrean sub-region includes Central and Western Australia, and
the northern and western parts of Victoria and the interior of New
South Wales. Dr. Ramsay unites Victoria with South Australia, but
I find that the parts of Victoria and South Australia included in the
Eyrean region constitute, so far as the avifauna is concerned, one
area, designated 6 ; Central Australia forms area 7 ; North- West
Australia forms area 8 ; and Western Australia forms area 9.

In the allocation of species to definite areas it is to be borne in mind
that the boundaries are only those absolutely kept to by the species

Vll

as a whole. In cases in which birds are not what one would call
quite common to the areas, the numeral indicating the area is
bracketed.

Briefly it may be stated that the stronghold of Australian Passeres
lies in area 3, and I will remark upon the distribution of this strong
order, because it practically covers the points of geographical interest
in the orders of our land birds.

AREA 1.— It is most nearly allied to 2.

Of 54 genera 120 species, there are 6 genera 44 species not repre-
sented in 2, 16 genera 84 species not in 7, 19 genera 65 species not
in 8.

Genera absent from 2 are Struthidea and Tseniopygia ; absent in 7,
Oriolus, Pcecilodryas, Piezorhynchus, Chibia, Pitta ; absent from 8,
Oriolus, Smicrorn'is, Sericornis, Megalurus. Pachycephala simplex,
Cracticus argenteus, Climacteris inelanonota, and six other species
are peculiar to this area. In order Fulicariae there is one genus
(Poliolimnas) not found elsewhere.

AREA 2. — Although not so strong in genera as 3 to the extent of
12 per cent., it has more species (12 per cent.) Of the 76 genera
174 species, there are 13 genera 82 species missing from 3, 27 genera
109 species not in 1, 30 genera 121 species not in 7. Area 7 recipro-
cates with 50 per cent, less genera common to 2 than are common
to 7 and 3.

Genera absent in 3 — Craspedophora, Prionodura, Heteromyias,
Arses, Calornis [origin Papua, except in Prionodura (?)] , absent
in 1, Ptilorhis, Geocichla, Acanthiza, Meliphaga, Meliornis (all
present in 3) ; absent in 7, Cinnyris, 'Phonygama, Craspedophora,
Calornis (all absent in 3 also), Ptilorhis.

It has 30 species and 6 genera peculiar to it, no other area having
more than one genus peculiar to it. Although 9 has half as many
species, it has no genus of its own (only one beyond the Passeres).
It would appear area 2 has been first populated and area 9 the
last, as further figures indicate.

The peculiar genera are:— Craspedophora, Phonygama, Hetero-
myias, Scenopseus, Cinnyris, and Calornis.

AREA 3. — Apparently it expands into 4 and 7, and slightly so into
2, though from the latter it has probably acquired originally a con-
siderable part of its avifauna. It is represented most strongly in 2
(76 genera 174 species), next in 4 (71 genera 121 species), and less so
in 7 (65 genera 126 species). The distribution of genera and species
from 3 to 2 is continued in a lesser degree from 2 to 1, and still more
so from 1 to 8, there largely terminating as the westerly expansion
along the northern route. Of the 83 genera and 153 species in 3,
16 genera and 53 species are wanting in 2, 15 genera and 47 species
are absent from 4, while 28 genera and 71 species are. not in 7. The
number of genera (65) and species (126) in 7 show it — witn remarks
under 2 and 4 — to be less strongly related to 3 than are 2 and 4.
The genera of 3 — Cinclosoma, Gymnorhina, Acanthorhynchus,
Staganopleura, and Zonseginthus — are absent in 2, though present in
4, while Pseudogerygone, Poecilodryas, Plectrorhynchus, Bathilda,
and Poephila are in 2 and absent in 4. The genera Eopsaltria,
Atrichia, Meliornis, Aeluroedus, and Piezorhynchus do not pass
into 7.

Vlll

The genus Sericulus is peculiar to 3, but only two species — Menura
alberti and Collyriocincla cerviniventris — are limited to it.

AREA 4. — This is the southern extension of 3, and with it is closely
associated 5 ; indeed, the latter may be expanded as a southern
offshoot of 4. The two areas 4 and 5, on the other hand, differ in
important respects from 6 and 7. Of the 71 genera 121 species there
are 4 genera 28 species absent from 3 ; 21 genera 52 species absent
from 6 ; 25 genera 66 species absent from 7. In 5 there are 39
genera 90 species absent. Genera absent — in 3, Pycnoptilus,
Monarcha, Calamanthus ; in 6, Oriolus, Myiagra, Sphenura,
Psophodes, Atrichia ; in 7, Pycnoptilus, Menura ; in 5, -ZEgintha,
Ptilonorhynchus, Piezorhynchus, Menura.

The genus peculiar to this area is Pycnoptilus, the species
Manorhina melanophrys, Ptilotis cassidix, Menura superba, Menura
victorise, Sericornis osculans, Pycnoptilus floccosus.

AREA 5. — The insular area of 4. Of 34 genera 55 species, it does
not appear to hold a genus not common with 4, unless Acanthornis
(of Legge, Sericornis of other authors) stands alone. The relation-
ship is not so strong with 6, for while 1 genus 14 species are not in
4, there are 4 genera 29 species not found in 6.

The reciprocal of 6 to 5 in number of genera and species (36 genera
103 species) is practically the same as that of 4 to 5 (39 genera 91)
species). Genera absent in 6, Myiagra, Cisticola, and Stipiturus
(all present in 4). Peculiar to the island are 14 species.

AREA 6. — Apparently the relation is to 7, 9, and 4, in that order.
The total number of genera is 65, species 117. Absent in 4 are 17 genera
53 species; in 9, 11 genera 61 species; in 7, 5 genera 24 species.
Genera absent — in 4, Drymacedus, Xerophila, Oreoica, Entomophila,

(all in 4). The species peculiar to this area are Xerophila
pectoralis and Mirafra secunda,

AREA 7. — It has 65 genera and 126 species, and although it appears
to be more closely related to 6, it is closely related to 3. In this area
there are 5 genera 29 species absent from 6; 10 genera 49 species
absent in 3 ; 16 genera 46 species absent in 9 ; 19 genera 69 species
absent in 2 ; 21 genera 68 species absent in 4 ; 26 genera 96 species
absent in 1 ; 31 genera 92 species absent in 8. Area 5 is practically 4.

In the separate areas it will be noticed that the relationship
between area 7 and other areas is in the following order : — 8, 1, 4, 2,
9, 3, 6, area 8 showing the most^ marked difference, and 6 the
strongest affinity. The closest relationship appears to be to 6, then

3, 9, 2, 4, 1, 8 in order. The boundary between 6 and 7 is not a strong
one. In 7, absent from 6, are — Bathilda, Ernblema, Aidemosyne,
Myiagra, Gerygone ; absent from 3, Struthidea, Aruytis, Drymacedus,
Calamanthus, Entomophila ; absent from 9, Lalage, Smicrornis,
Myiagra, Sphenostoma, Entomyza; absent from 2, Pteropodocys,
Acanthochaera, Amytis, Calamanthus, Staganopleura ; absent from

4, Chlamydodera, Xerophila, Oreoica, Entomophila, Emblema ;
absent from 1, Corcorax, Cinclosoma, Acanthiza, Falcuiiculus,
Strepera; absent from 8, Amytis, Sericornis, Hylacola, Zosterops,
Megalurus. There are no known genera peculiar to 7. The follow-
ing species are not beyond it : — Rhipidura albicauda, Amytis goyderi,
Calamanthus isabellinus, Xerophila nigricincta.

IX

AREA 8.— It is most closely related to 1. Of the 45 genera 76
species there are 5 genera 20 species absent from 1 ; 6 genera
37 species absent from 7 ; 13 genera 50 species not in 9. Area 9
seems to repel 8 ; 8 is in strong sympathy with 1, and slightly so
with 7. Genera absent in 1, Emblema, Amytis, Acrocephalus
(the only gap) ; in 9, Cisticola, Philemon, Myiagra, Munia, Peophila ;
in 7, Stipiturus, Pcecilodryas, Neochmia, Munia. The following
species are peculiar to this area: — Malurus coronatus, Gerygone
cinerascens, Cinclosoma marginatum, Pachycephala lanioides.

AREA 9. — It has 59 genera 93 species, and seems to be derived in
two ways — from 6 and 7. Genera in 9 absent from 6 are — Psophodes,
Atrichia, Stipiturus, and Sphenura (all in area 4), while those absent
in 7 are Stipiturus, Acanthorynchus, Meliornis, Pseudogerygone.
From this, and remarks under 6, it would appear the avifauna of
the south-west is largely derived from 6, that of the west proper
from 7. The genera here absent from 8, or very feebly represented
by a single species in sparse quantity, are those strong ones of
the east and south-east — Sericornis, Acanthiza, and Zosterops ;
others being Amytis and Gymnorhina. Three-fourths of the species
and half the genera of 9 are absent from 8. In 9 there are 4 genera
(also in 4) and 37 species that are not in 6, while in 6 there are 11
genera and 61 species that are not in 9. Present in 9, but absent in
7, are 7 genera and 36 species, while there are 16 genera and 64
species in 7 absent in 9. To this area there is no Passerine genus
peculiar, but there are 17 species. In the order Psittaci there is
Porphyrocephalus confined to 9.

In a more limited way the smaller orders help to support this
scheme of distribution, the idea of which was in part suggested
by Professor Baldwin Spencer, Hon. Director of the National
Museum.

E. H.

Box HILL, VICTORIA,
August, 1899.

A SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

PAGE

L—ACCIPITRES.— Birds of Prey. Bill short, strong, stout at the
base, the culmen strongly curved. Feet strong, armed with
powerful talons ; talons capable of being bent under the
feet, the inner one being stronger than the others and more
curved ... ... ... ... ... ... 1

II.— PASSERES.— Perching Birds proper. Palate segithognathous.
Vomer is broadened and blunt or truncated at the anterior
end. Maxillo-palatines widely separated ... ... 7

III. — PICARI^E. — This is an order opposed to the Passeres, pri-
marily on account of the relatively smaller and weaker feet
in the -Australian forms (example, Podargus). It is pro-
visional ... ... .. ... ... ... 54

IV. — PSITTACI. — Feet permanently zygodactyl by reversion of the
fourth toe, covered with plates. Bill short and very stout,
strongly hooked or epignathous, and furnished with a cere 60

V. — COLUMB^E.— Pigeons. Rostrum swollen at the tip, convex ;
its basal portion has a soft skin, in which lie the nostrils,
with a valve over them. Tarsi covered fore and rear with
hexagonal scales. Palate schizognathous. Nostrils schizo-
rhinal ... ... ... ... ... ... 68

VI. — GALLING. — Bill short and stout, the culmen arched and over-
hanging the mandible. Maxillo-palatines not coalesced ... 73

VII.— HEMIPODIL— Button Quails, opposed to True Quails. Feet
with three toes (except Pedionomus, which has the hallux).
Maxillo-palatines not coalesced with one another ... ... 74

N

VIII.— FULICARL^;.— Rails. The characters are osteological (Cata-
logue Fossil Birds, pp. 143 and 144, Lydekker) ... ... 76

IX.— ALECTORIDES.— True Crane (Native Companion) and Bus-
tard, in Australia. The angle of the mandible is always
truncated. The hind toe is raised above the level of the other
toes. [Mesites (extra- Australian) excepted] ... ... 78

X. — LIMICOLJ3. — Palate schizognathous. Primaries eleven, fifth
secondary wanting. After shaft to the contour feathers
present ... ... ... ... ... ... 79

XL — GAVI^E. — Front toes entirely connected by webs. Primaries,
ten large and visible, one minute and concealed. Rectrices
twelve. Palate schizognathous. Nasals schizorhinal ... 87

XI

PAGE

XII.— TUBIN ARES.— External nostrils are produced into tubes.
Anterior toes are fully webbed ; hallux small or absent.
Palate schizognathous. Nasals holorhinal. ... ... 91

XIII. — PL AT ALE /ft. — Ibis and Spoonbill. Posterior angle of man-
dible recurved. Edge of cranium above the orbits truncate,
indicating the position of the nasal glands ... ... 96

XIV.— HERO DIONES.— Heron-like Birds. Hallux free, not united
to the other toes by a web. Nasals holorhinal. Palate
desmognathous ... ... ... ... ... 97

XV.— STEGANOPODES.— Hallux united to the other toes by a web.

Nasals holorhinal. Palate desmognathous .. ... 101

XVI.— PYGOPODES.— Grebes in Australia. Wing feathers de-
veloped into remiges. Cnemial process of tibia produced
forwards in a remarkable degree. Palate schizognathous ... 104

X VII. -IMPENNES.— Penguins. Bill never hooked. Nostrils

pervious, holorhinal. Palate schizognathous ... ... 104

XVIII.— CHENOMOBPHyE.— Swans, Geese, and Ducks. Palate
desmognathous. Young covered with down, and able to run
or swim in a few hours after hatching ... ... ... 105

XIX. — CASUARII. — Emu-like Birds. Hallux absent ; middle
phalanges shortened. Maxillo-palatines large, fused with
vomer and premaxilla ... ... ... ... .„ 109

INTERSMPULKRY KtCIOH

urn* rn(L cavern

FIGUKE OF A BIRD, SHOWING ITS PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL CHARACTERS

(QUAIL — DIAGRAMMATIC).

CLASS-AYES.

SUB-CLASS I.— CARINAT/E

(STERNUM KEELED).
ORDER— ACCXFITRES (BIRDS OF FRET).

Bill short, strong, stout at the base, the culmen strongly curved. Feet
strong, armed with powerful talons ; talons capable of being bent
under the feet, the inner one being strouger than the others and
more curved.

Sub-order— Falcones.

With no facial disc ; plumage compact ; nostrils generally not concealed
by bristles ; outer toe not reversible ; toes devoid of feathers.

FAMILY— FALCONID^E.

Head covered with feathers, though the sides of the face are more

or less bare.

SUB-FAMILY-^ AQUILINE.

Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate ; commissure of bill simply festooned.
GENUS— UROAETUS.— Tail strongly graduated.

1. U aildax, Latham (Aquila audax, Gray), Wedge-tailed Eagle
(Eaglehawk).

General colour, black in adult, rufous in young. Total length,
38 in. : culmen, 3 in. ;,wjng, 24*2 in. ; tail, 17'5 in. ; tarsus, 4'8 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS — NISAETUS. — Tail nearly square, the difference in length of
middle and outer tail feathers inappreciable.

2. N. morphnoides, Gould (Aquila morphnoides), Little Eagle.

Rufous beneath, each shaft streaked blackish. Total length,
21*5 in. ; bill, 1*75 in. ; wing, 15 in: ; tail, 9'5in. ; tarsi, 2*75 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS — HALIAKTUS. — Tarsi bare on lower portion : nostrils more or
less perpendicular ovals, with bony margin all round.

3. H. leilCOgaster, Gmelin, White-bellied Sea Eagle.

Head and under surface white ; bill leaden blue ; wing not exceed-
ing 24 in.

Young. — Head buff; upper surface and wings chocolate brown;
chest and abdomen buffy brown.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS — HALIASTUR. — Tarsi bare on lower portion ; nostrils circular,
with bony margin all round.

4. H girreiiera, Vieillot (H. leucosternus, Gld.), sub-sp. of H. indus,

White-headed Sea Eagle.

Back and abdomen rich chestnut ; head and neck white ; tail
maroon, with broad whitish tip.

Young. — Head, breast, and abdomen brown, with long white
streaks.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 8.

2

5 II. SpheniirilS, Vigors, Whistling Eagle.

Under surface sandy, with dark shafts ; tail uniform ashy-
brown ; head and neck sandy coloured, with fulvous streaks.
Young. — Less rufous ; white spots and streaks.
Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

GENUS — MILVUS. — Nostrils oblique, almost linear ; distance from angle
of mouth to anterior margin of nostril greater than distance from
latter point to tip of beak ; tail forked, outer feather longest.

6. M, a Hi II is. Gld., Kite.

Blackish above, rufous below ; head and throat brownish, with
central stripe ; wing under 16 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6 to 9.

GENUS -LOPHQICTINI A.— Nostrils oblique, almost linear; distances
as measured in Milvus equal ; tail slightly forked, outer tail feather
longest.

7. L. isura, Gld.. Long-winged Kite (Square- tailed Kite).

Blackish-brown above, reddish orange below ; head shafts con-
spicuously marked.

Hab. : 3, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— GYPOICTINI A.— Nostrils oblique, almost linear ; tail rounded,
outer feather shorter than middle one; ridge of bill (without cere)
greater than half of middle toe (without claw) ; wings reaching
to end of tail ; bare part of tarsus in front greater than half of
middle toe (without claw).

8. G. melailOStema, Gld., Black-breasted Buzzard.

Head and breast black. Adult male— Total length, 24 in. ;
culmen, 2 '45 in. ; wing, 19 in. ; tail, 8 '5 in. ; tarsus, 2 65 in. ; middle
toe, 1 -95 in.

Hab. : 6 to 9.

GENUS— ELANUS. — Bare part of tarsus in front less than middle toe.

9. E. axillarls, Lath. , Black-shouldered Kite

General colour plumage greyish white, shoulder black, axillaries
white.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6, 7, 9.

10. E. SCriptUS, Gld., Letter winged Kite.

Plumage greyish white ; axillaries and broad bar across tinder
wing coverts black.

flab. : 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — FALCOXINJS.
Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate ; commissure of bill distinctly notched.

N
GENUS— BAZA.— Head crested.

11. B. SUbcriStata, Gld., Crested Hawk.

Head and neck ashy-grey, with small occipital crest of black
feathers ; rest of upper surface brown, the wing coverts and inter-
scapular region greyish-black ; quills dark brown, broadly barred
with black above and with greyish white under ; tail ashy-brown,
with four black bars ; forehead, lores, and sides of face clearer ashy
than head, as also the throat and chest, the chest washed with
rufous, the breast banded alternately with buffy-white and chestnut-
brown. Total length, 17 in. ; bill, 1 '2 in. ; wing, 13 5 in. ; tail,
9 in. ; tarsus, 1 %4 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7.

CLASS— AV'ES : avis, bird.
Sub-class I.— CARINA'T^E : carina, keel.
Order— ACCIP'ITRES : accipiter, hawk.

Sub-order— FALCON'ES : falco, falcon.

Family— FALCON'ID^E : falco, falcon.
Sub-family— AQUILI'N^: : aquila, eagle.

Genus— UROA'ETUS : oura, tail ; aetos, eagle,
au'dax : audax, bold.

Species 24.— GOSHAWK (! nat. size).

Genus-NISA'ETUS : nisus, a kind of small hawk.

2. morphnoi'des : morphnos, dusky ; eidos, form.

Genus— HALIA'ETUS : hols, sea ; aetos, eagle.

3. leucogas'ter : Uukos, white ; gaster, belly.

Genus-HALlASTUR : hals, sea ; astur, goshawk.

4. girrenera.

5. sphenu'rus : sphen, wedge ; oura, tail.

Genua— MII/VUS : milvus, kite.

6. affl'nis : affinis, neighbouring.

Genus— LOPHOICTI'NIA : lophos, crest ; iktinos, kite.
7. isu'ra : isos, equal ; oura, tail.

Genus— GYPOICTI'NIA : gups, vulture ; iktinos, kite.
8 melanoster'na : melas, melanos, black ; sternon, breast.
Genus— E'LANUS.

9. axillar'is : axilla, armpit.
10. scrip'tus : scriptus, marked (scribo, to write).

Species 29. — BOOBOOK OWL (± nat. size).

Sub-family— FALCONI'X^E : falco, falcon.

Genus — BA'ZA.
11. subcrista'ta : sub, under ; crista, plume.

Genus — FAL'CO : falco, falcon.

1'2. melano'genys : melas, melanos, black ; genus,' cheek.

13. hypoleu'cus : hi^po. under ; leukos, white.

14. sub niger : sub, under ; niger, black.

15. lunula'tus : lunula, crescent.

* Genus— HIERACID'EA : hierax, hawk ; eidos, form,

16. berigora : berigora, aboriginal name of the hawk.

17. orienta'lis : orientalis, eastern.

GENUS — FALCO. — Distance between tips of primaries and tips of second-
aries more than half length of tail.

12. F. melailOgenyS, Old., Black-cheeked Falcon.

Male. — Head, entire sides of face, cheeks, ear coverts deep black,
upper surface blackish-brown, quills blackish, the outer secondaries
with white tips ; throat creamy ; upper breast creamy with black
stripes, rest of under surface buffy-white with close narrow bars.
Thighs transversely barred. Total length, 15 in. ; wing, 11 '75 in.

Female. — Similar but larger; underneath deep rusty, paler on
chest.

Hab. : 2 to 9.

13. F. hypoleilCUS, Gld., Grey Falcon.

Thighs perfectly uniform, whitish or bluish-white. Above ashy,
all feathers with blackish centres ; under surface of body entirely
white, with buff shade en flanks and under tail coverts ; throat un-
spotted, but rest of feathers underneath narrowly striped, except
thighs.

Total length, male 12 in., wing 11 in., tail6"25in. ; female 15 in.,
wing 12'5 in., tail 65 in
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7.

14. F. Sllbniger, Gray, Black Falcon.

General colour plumage sooty-brown ; thighs perfectly uniform
sooty-brown, like breast.

Total length, male 17 in., wing 14P25 in. ; female 19 '5 in., wing
15 '75 in.

Hab.: 3,4,6, 7.

15. F. llllllllJltllS. Lath., Little Falcon (White-fronted Falcon).

Throat white ; breast and abdomen rufous ; thighs perfectly
uniform rufous.

Total length, male 11'5 in., wing 9'75 in.; female 13*5 in., wing
10-5 in.

Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS — HIERACIDEA. — Tarsus transversely plated near base of toes.

16. H. beHgora, Vig. and Hors. , Striped Brown Hawk.

Upper surface sandy -brown, feathers of lower back and rump
tipped with rufous ; under surface of body creamy-white, with fine
brownish shaft stripes ; cere pale yellow. Large amount of white
on under surface.

Hab. : 6 to 9

17. H. orient Sllis, Schlegel, Brown Hawk.

Above brown ; under surface of body creamy-buff to blackish-
brown ; cere blue-grey.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS— CERCHNEIS.— Distance between tips of primaries and tips of
secondaries greater than half the length of tail.

18. C. CenchrOldeS, Vig. and Hors. (Tinnunculus cenchroides),

Kestrel.

Tail rufous, barred with black and tipped with white ; head
rufous, narrowly streaked with black. Total length, 11 5 in. ;
culmen, 0'7 in. ; wing, 9'3 in.; tarsus, 1'5 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

SUB-FAMILY — ACCIPITRIN.E : LONG-LEGGED HAWKS.

GENUS — CIRCUS. — Nostrils oval, with no bony excrescence.

19. C. assilllilis. Jardine and Selby (C. jardinii, Gld.), Spotted Harrier.

Above bluish slate colour, feathers of back and wing coverts with
white margins, crown of head brick-red, facial ruff pale bluish-grey ;
under surface of body rufous, with white rounded spots.

Young. — Ashy-brown above ; upper tail coverts white, washed
with rufous, and having dark brown centres ; tail brown, with buff
tips, and crossed with six black bars.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

20 C. gOllldi, Bonaparte (C. assimilis, Gould's Handbook), Gould's
Harrier, or Swamp-hawk.

Earthy-brown above, most feathers of back with darker brown
centres ; upper tail coverts white, with rufous spot on some ;
tail ashy -grey, tipped with white, the central feathers entirely grey ;
thighs white, with rufous streaks ; breast white, with brown stripes.

Young. — Uniform sooty-brown above ; upoer tail coverts rufous ;
wings brown, like back ; under surface of body brown, chestnut on
abdomen, thighs, and under tail coverts ; tail nearly uniform brown
tipped with buff.

Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS — ASTUR. — Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled; ridge of bill
measured from anterior margin of cere is greater than half length
of middle toe (without claw) .

21. A. cinereilS, Vieill., Grey Goshawk.

Upper surface ashy-grey, breast white, tail ashy-grey.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

22. A. no YSI'-ll Oil 2111 <lii(% Gmelin, White Goshawk.

Under surface white, with bars ; slate above ; tail uniform white ;
wing in male 1Q'5 in., in female 12 '5 in.
Hab. : 2 to 6.

23. A. leilCOSOniUS, Sharpe (sub sp.), Lesser White Goshawk.

Tail uniform white. Wing in male 7 '75 in., variable ( Aust. Mus.
Cat., No. 4, parti., p. 12).
Hab. : 2.

24. A. approximate, Vig. and Hors. , Goshawk.

Underneath brown, with white cross-bars.

Female. — Total length, 20 in. ; wing, 12.25 in. ; tail, 10 in.
Male.— Total length, 15 in. ; wing, 10'25 in. ; tail, 8'5 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

25. A. CruentllS, Gld., Chestnut-coloured Goshawk.

Underneath white, with pale rufous cross-bars (Sharpe). Adult
Male. — Distinct rufous collar on hind-neck ; throat ashy- white,
slightly mottled with bluish-grey ; remainder of under surface,
under wing, and tail coverts barred alternately with narrow lines of
rufous and white, the rufous bars the broader ; tail ashy- white below,
with from 12 to 15 narrow black bars on feathers, the centre two
having spots on shaft lines (Ramsay, 1890).

Hab. : 8.

GENUS— ACCIPITER.— Ridge of bill measured from margin of cere is
less than half middle toe (without claw).

26.— A. Cirrhocephalus, Vieill., Sparrow-hawk.

Total length, female 14 in., wing 9 '25 in., tail 7 to 7 "5 in., tarsus
2»5 in. ; male 12 in., wing 8 "25 in., tail 6 '5 in., tarsus 2 '25 in.

Female may be distinguished from male of Astur approocimctns by
its short tail, never more than 7 '5 in. , and slender middle toe.
Hab. : 2, 4 to 3.

18.

19.

20.

Genus— CERCHNE'IS : kerchneis, kestrel.
cenchroi'des : kenchros, small grain ; eidos, form.

Sub-family— ACCIPITRI'N^E : accipiter, hawk.
Genus — CIR'CUS : circus, a genus of harriers (birds of prey)

assim'ills : assimilis, like to.
gould'i : Gould (a naturalist).

Species 53. —GREY JUMPER (-1 nat. size).

Genus — AS'TUR : astur, goshawk.

21. cine'reus : cinereus, ashy.

22. novse-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

23. leucoso'mus : leukos, white ; soma, body.

24. approx imans : ad, to ; proximus, near.

25. cruen'tus : cruentus, blood-red.

Genus— ACCIP'ITER : accipiter, hawk.

26. cirrhoceph'alus : kirros, tawny (bet. purros and xanthos) ; kepkale, head.

Sub-family — BUTEONTN^E : buteo, buzzard.
Genus — UROSPI'ZIAS : oura. tail; spiza, finch.

27. radia'tus : radiatus, radiated (radius, spoke).

Sub-order — PANDI'ONES : Pandion, father of Procne, changed into a swallow.

Genus— PANDI'ON.
28. leucoceph'alus : leukos, white ; kephale, head.

Sub-order — STRIG'ES ; strix, screech-owl. .

Family — BUBO'NID^E : bubo, owl ; onomatopoeia (bu-bu).

Sub-family— BUBONT'N^E.

Species 54.— WHITE-WINGED CHOUGH (£ nat. size).

Genus— NI'NOX.

29. boo'book : onomatopoeia (bu-bu=boo-boo).

30. ocella'ta : occellatus, spotted.

31. macula'ta : macula, spot.

32. conni'vens : connivens, winking.

33. occidenta'lis : occidens, west.

34. peninsula'ris : peninsula (pcena, insula), peninsula.

35. stre'nua : strenuus, powerful.

36. ru'fa : rufus, red.

37. humera'lis : humerus, shoulder.

38. lu'rida : luridus, dark yellow.

5 ,

SUB-FAMILY — BUTEONIN.E.
Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled.

GENUS— UROSPIZIAS.— Ridge of bill (without cere) less than half the
length of middle toe.

27. U. radial 11S9 Lath. (Astur radiatus), Red Goshawk.

Upper surface of body and wings (excepting quills) bright rufous,
feathers of head and neck having a black stripe down centre, ail the
others centred with black and bioadly margined with bright rufous ;
throat buff tinged with rufous and each feather striped with black ;
whole of under surface of body bright deep rufous, each feather
(except the axillaries, thighs, and under tail coverts) centred with
black streak ; tail below ashy-white crossed with bars of blackish-
brown ; upper surface of tail dark ashy-brown, crossed with (12 or
more) wavy bars of blackish-brown.

Total length, male 20 in., wing 14 in., tail 9 in., tarsus 3 in. ;
female 22 in., wing 16 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 7.

Sub-order — Pandiones.

Outer toe is reversible.

GENUS— PANDION. — Distance between tips of primaries and tips of
secondaries greater than length of tarsus.

28. 1* leilCOCephalllS, Gld. (sub-sp. of P. haliaetus), Osprey or Fish-

hawk.

Crown of head, back of neck, throat, abdomen, thighs, and under
tail coverts white.

.Hab. : 1 to 6, 8, 9.

Sub-order— Striges.

Outer toe reversible ; eyes directed forward and encircled by a facial
disc ; nostrils generally hidden by stiff bristles ; plumage soft
and flutfy ; tibia more than double the length of tarsus.

FAMILY— BUBONID^E.

Hinder margin of sternum with two or more distinct fissures or clefts ;
furcula free, not attached to keel or sternum ; inner margin of claw
of middle toe not serrated ; middle toe always longer than the inner
one.

SUB-FAMILY — BUBONIN^E.

Ear conch not larger than the eye, without an operculum ; facial disc
unequal, the portion below the eye being always much greater than
the area above the latter.

GENUS — NINOX. — Tarsus not twice the length of middle toe.

29. N. boobook, Lath, (includee N. marmoratus), Boobook Owl.

General colour rufous ; interscapulium not spotted ; darker
coloured and larger than sub sp. N. ocellata. Wing, 10.3 in.
Hab. : 2 to 4, 6, 7, 9.

30. N. OCellata, Hombr. and Jacq. (sub-sp. of N. Boobook), Marbled

Owl.

Interscapulium not spotted ; more rufous and smaller than N.
boobook. Wing, 9 '3 in.
Hab. : 1, (7), 8, 9.

31. Ji. macillata, Vig. and Hors., Spotted Owl.

General colour rufous-brown and spotted : interscapulium spotted
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

32. N. COimiveilS, Lath., Winking Owl.

Breast dull white, streaked, each feather broadly centred with
dark colour.

Total length, 16 in. ; wing, 11 '9 in. j tail, 7 '3 in. ; tarsus, T9 in. ;
culmen, T6 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7, 9.

33. N. OCCidentaliS, Kamsay, Western Winking Owl.

Western form of N. connivens ; upper surface lighter.
Hab. : 8.

34. N. pell illSlllar IS, Salvad., Cape York Owl.

Smaller than N. connivens ; rufous streaks on lower parts.
Hab. : 2.

35. JS. Streillia, Old. (British Museum Catalogue includes Athene

rufa of Ramsay's List), Powerful Owl.

Breast spotted or transversely barred. Total length, 24 in.
Hab. : 1 to 4

36. Jf. rufa, Gld. (Athene rufa), Rufescent Powerful Owl.

Ear coverts brown, indistinctly streaked with white ; thirteen
pale bars across tail feathers.
Hab. : 1.

37. N« hlimeralis, Hombr. and Jacq., Rufous Owl.

Ear coverts black ; tail feathers crossed with eight pale-brown
bars (A. J. North).

Total length, 18 in. ; wing, 13'4 in. ; tail, 9 in. ; tarsus, 1 '8 in.
Hab : 2.

38. N. lurida, Be Vis, Lurid Owl.

Much smaller than N. boobook ; throat, upper portion of breast,
axillaries, and under wing coverts with intense rufous colouring.
Wing, 8 '5 in.

Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— STRIGID^E.

Hinder margin of sternum entire, with an emargination but no distinct
cleft ; furcula joined to keel of sternum ; inner margin of claw of
middle toe serrated ; inner and middle toes about equal in length.

GENUS — STRIX. — Tarsus about equal to twice length of middle toe.

39. S. flammea, Linn, (sub sp. delicatllla, Gld.), Delicate Owl.

Under surface white, with brown spots ; upper surface always
vermiculated.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9.

40 . S. lloVH'-llollaildios Stephens, Masked Owl.

Brown and buff, with white spots. Facial disc purplish, but
margined with deep brown spots.

Total length, male 13'5 in., wing 12 in.; female 17 in., wing 14 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7, 9.

41. S» Castanops, Gld. (sub-sp. of novse-hollandiae), Chestnut faced
Owl.

Rufous brown, barred and spotted above ; spotted below. Facial
disc deep chestnut, becoming deeper at margin and encircled
with black.

Total length, male 14 5 in., wine 12 in. : female 17 in., wing 15 in,
Hab : 4, 5.

42. S. tenebricosa, Old., Sooty Owl.

Sooty, with white spots. Facial disc sooty-grey, becoming much
deeper round eyes.

Total length, male 13 '5 in. to 15 in., wing 10 '5 in. ; female 13 in.
to 16 in., wing 10 in. to 12'5 in.
Hab. : 1 to 4.

43. S. Candida, Ticknell, Long-legged Owl (Grass Owl).

Upper surface uniform brown, with spots of white ; under surface
similar. Tarsus, 3 '5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6.

ORDER FASSERES.

Palate segithognathous. ( Vomer is broadened and blunt or truncated at
the anterior end ; maxillo-palatines widely separated.)

DIVISION L— ACROMYODI.
Subdivision I.— Passeres Normales.

SECTION A.— TURDIFORMES.

Typical or Thrush-like passeres. Wing with ten primaries, the first more
or less markedly reduced in size.

Group— Coliomorphse.

Angle of chin produced very far forwards, so as to extend beyond the line
of the anterior margin of the nasal suture.

FAMILY— CORVIDJE.

Bill without a distinct subterminal notch in the upper mandible ; toes
normal, the hallux very strong, but with its claw not as long as the
middle toe and claw.

SUB-FAMILY — CORVINJE.

Nostrils placed high in the maxilla, as near to or nearer the oilmen than
the edge of the maxilla.

G&NUS — CORVUS. — First primary is long, equal to or exceeding the
innermost secondaries.

44. C. COronoideS. Vig. and Hors. , Crow.

Plumage uniform blue-black. The neck and body feathers are
snow-white at the bases.
Hab. : 1 to 8.

GENUS— CORONE.— First primary is longer than ordinary secondaries
but shorter than the inmost secondaries.

45. C. austral!*. Old., Raven.

Plumage uniform blue-black. The bases of feathers are dusky-
brown or black, not snow-white.
Hab.: 1 to 9.

GENUS -STREPER A.— Nostrils bare. General appearance black or
grey, marked in one to three regions with white.

46. S gracillina, White, Pied Crow-Shrike.

Quills with white tip (if present) not exceeding £-in» in breadth ;
base of tail white ; white wing speculum ; under tail coveris
white.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

47. S. argllta, Gld , Hill Crow-Shrike.

Quills with white tip (if present) not exceeding J-in. in breadth ;
base of tail blackish ; no white wing speculum ; base of inner web
of primaries white ; tail more than 10 in. long.
Hab. : 5.

48. S. intermedia, Sharpe, Lesser Crow-Shrike.

Quills wivh white tip (if present) not exceeding |-in. in breadth ;
base of tail blackish ; no white speculum at exterior base of primaries ;
base of inner web of primaries white ; tail does not exceed 8| in.
in length.

Hab. : 4, 6.

49. S. Cimeieaildata, Vieill., Grey Crow Shrike.

Wings black, secondaries margined with grey and tipped white ;
basal half of inner webs of primaries white ; tail black, margined
with grey and tipped white ; tail does not exceed 8| in. ; under tail
coverts white.

Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7.

50. S. pluittbea, Gld. (sub-sp. of S. cuneicaudata), Leaden Crow-Shrike.

Deep leaden grey, very little paler below ; quills as in cunei-
caudata but much blacker, as also primary coverts ; tail does not
exceed 8| in.

Hab. : 9.

51. S. melanoptera, Gld., Black-winged Crow-Shrike.

Quills not broadly tipped with white ; base of tail blackish ;
primaries entirely black below ; no white at all at base of inner
web ; under tail coverts white.
Hab. : 4, 6.

52. S. fllligillOSa, Gld., Sooty Crow-Shrike.

Quills with white tips nearly 1^ in. broad ; under tail coverts
blackish ; general plumage sooty-black.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

GENUS— STRUTHIDEA— Bill conical.

53. S. einerea, Gld., Grey Jumper.

General colour grey, both above and below ; wings pale brown,
darker on inner webs of quills and centres of wing coverts ; tail
glossy black ; lining of wing pale ashy-brown ; iris white.

Total length, 12'5 in. ; bill, 1 in. ; wing, 6 in. ; tail, 6 in. ; tarsus,
1 '5 in.

Hab. : 1, 6, 7.

SUB-FAMILY — FREGILIN^E.

Nostrils placed low in the maxilla, nearer to its lower edge than to

the oiilmen.

GENUS— CORCORAX.— Wings rounded.

54. C. melanorhampllllS, Vieill., White winged Chough.

General colour black ; inner webs of primaries, except bases and
tips, white ; iris scarlet.
Total length, 16 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

FAMILY— PABADTSEID^.

Toes abnormal, outer toe a little shorter than the middle one, longer than
the inner one ; hallux very large, with its claw equal to or longer
than the middle toe with its claw.

Family— STRIG'ID^E : strix, screech-owl.
Genus — STRIX' : strix, screech-owl.

39. flam'mea : flammeus, fiery red.

40. novse-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

41 . cast'anops : castanea, chestnut ; ops, countenance.
42! tenebrico'sa : tenebricosus, gloomy (tenebrce, darkness).
43. can'dida : Candidas, white.

Species 62.— ORIOLE (| nat. size).

Order — PAS'SERES : passer, sparrow.

Division I. ACROMYO'DI : akros, at the end ; mvodes, muscular ; mus, muscle.

Subdivision I.— PAS'SERES NORMA'LES : passer, sparrow ; normalis, normal.
Section A.— TURDIFORM'ES : turdus, thrush : forma, likeness.

Group COLIOM,OR'PH^E : kolios, a kind of woodpecker ; morphe, form.

Family — COR'VJD^ : corvus, raven.
Sub-family — CORVI'N^E : corvus, raven.

Genus — COR'VUS : corvus, raven.
44. coronoi'des : korone, raven ; eidos, form.

Genus— CORO'NE : korone, raven.

45. austra'lis : austrtlis, Australian.

Genus — STREP'ERA : strepo, to make a noise.

46. graculi'na : graculus, jackdaw.

47. argu'ta : argutus, twittering.

48. interme'dia : inter, between ; medium, middle.

49. cuneicauda'ta : cuneus, wedge ; cauda, tail.

50. plum bea : plumbeus, leaden (plumbum, lead).

51. melanop'tera : melas, melanos, black; pteron, wing.

52. fuligino'sa : fuligo, fuliginis, soot.

Species 67- — MAGPIE JLARK (^ nat. size).
Upper fig., male ; lower fig., female.

Genus — STRUTHID'EA : strottthos, a small bird ; eidos, form.

53. cine'rea : einereus, ashy.

Sub-family — FREGILI'N^E : fregilus, a genus of choughs.
Genus — COR'CORAX : probably intended for corvus, a raven, and coraz, a crow.

54. melanorham'phus : melas, melanos, block ; rhamphos, beak.

Family — PARADISE'ID^E : paradisus, paradise ; eidos, form.
Sub-family — EPIMACHI'N^E : epimachus, easily assailable (epi, against ; mache,

battle).
Genus — PTIL'ORHIS : ptilon, wing]; rhis, nose.

55. paradi'sea : paradisus, paradise.

56. victo'rise : victoria, Victoria.

SUB-FAMILY — EPIMACHIN.E.
Bill elongated and slender ; culmen longer than tarsus.

GENUS— PTILORHIS.— Flank feathers rounded, with metallic or

flossy tips.
_,f . . e-bird.

(a) Larger ; chest purple ; gular shield metallic green ; breast and
abdomen olive rifle green ; chin and sides of throat black with
scarcely any purple gloss. Female buff beneath, with distinct sub
terminal bands of black.

Hab. : 2, 3.

56. P. Victoria^, Old. , Victoria Rifle-bird.

(b) Smaller ; chin and sides of throat with a reflection of burnished
copper ; gular shield somewhat smaller, the purple colour extending
over the fore-neck, chest, and upper breast ; remainder of under
surface more of an olivaceous green. Female fawn colour below,
with dusky spots.

Hab. : 2.

GENUS— CRASPEDOPHORA.— Flank feathers elongated into silky plumes
with hair-like ends.

57. €/• Iliagllifica, Vieill., New Guinea Rifle-bird.

Base of culmen not covered by the frontal plumes ; breast reddish -
purple below the double pectoral band. Female with the head
rufous like the back.
Hab. : 2.

58. C. alberti, Masters (Ptilorhis alberti), Albert Rifle-bird.

Base of culmen bare, not covered by the frontal plumes ; breast
oily green below the pectoral collar. Female with the head ashy
brown, the back olivaceous brown.
Hab. : 2.

SUB-FAMILY — PARADISEINJE .

Bill short and more or less stout ; culmen not so long as tarsus.
GENUS — PHONYGAMA. — Pointed tuft of feathers on side of crown.

59. P. gOllldi. Gray (Manucodia gouldi), Manucode.

Centre of crown lengthened; ear plumes, lanceolate feathers on side
of neck, back, rump, and breast green ; shoulders, primaries, and
tail purplish-black, as are also the lower abdomen and under tail
coverts ; bill and legs black.

Total length, 11 '5 in. ; bill, 1 '25 in. ; wing, 6 in. ; tail, 5 in. ; tarsus,
1 '5 in.

Hab.: 2.

GENUS— PRIONODURA.— Outstretched feet reach to about middle of tail.

60. P. newtoniana, De Vis (P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. vii.)

Above uniform olive-brown ; beneath impure grey ; under surface
of wing with base of inner webs of primaries and entire inner webs of
secondaries broadly edged with pale sulphur-yellow ; under surface of
shafts of wing and tail feathers yellow. Female olive and grey.

Length, 8 '25 in. ; wing, 1 1 '5 in.
flab. : 2.

FAMILY— ORIOLID^].

Bill with a notch in the upper mandible ; nostrils placed well in front of
the base of the bill and quite bare.

GENUS— ORIOLUS.— Lores are feathered.

61. O, flavicinctllS, King (Mimeta flavicincta), Yellow Oriole.

Upper surface yellow and black ; breast streaked ; belly uniform
olive- yellow.

Hab. : 1, 2.

10

62. O. YiridlS, Lath. (Mimeta viridis), Oriole.

Upper surface olive ; breast streaked ; belly white, broadly
streaked with black,

Hab • 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.

63. O. affilliS, Old. (Mimeta affinis), Northern Oriole.

Differs from O. viridis in having a smaller body, a shorter Tving»
a much larger bill, and in the white spots at tip of tail being
smaller. Considered by Dr. Sharpe to be a very doubtful species.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

GENUS — SPHECOTHERES. —Lores and region around and behind

eye bare.

64. S. maxillaris, Lath. (S. australis, Swainson), Fig-bird.

Adult Male. — Above yellowish-green ; tail black, the three outer
feathers white at tip ; crown of head, nape, and ear coverts black,
as also fore part of cheeks ; hind-neck, sides of neck, throat, and
fore-neck leaden-grey; rest of under surface dull yellowish-green;
iris varies from dark brown to red.

Total length, 95 in. ; bill, 1 in. ; wing, 6 in. ; tail, 4'5 in. ; tarsus,
1 in.

Hab. : 1 to 4.

65. S. flaviventriS, Old., Yellow-bellied Fig-bird.

Adult Male. — Above yellowish-green; tail feathers black, the
centre ones entirely black, the outer web of outermost almost
entirely white ; nape and cheeks black ; entire under surface of body
bright yellow. Total length, 10 "2 in. ; bill, 1 in. ; wing, 5'5 in. ;
tail, 4'4 in. ; tarsus, 1 in.

Adult Female. —General colour above brown ; head ligbi brown;
crown and cheeks streaked darker brown; under surface of body
white, with brown streaks.
Hab. : 1, 2. •

FAMILY— DICRURIDA
Tail forked, consisting of ten feathers ; bill with a notch in the upper

mandible.

GENUS— CHIBIA.— Tip of outer tail feather recurved.
€5. C. bracteata, Gld., Drongo.

Metallic shade on neck hackles and on the spangles of the breasS
steel-green ; loral plume* only moderately dense.
Hab. : 1 to 4, (5), 6.

FAMILY—

Bill with a notch in the upper mandible ; tail moderate, rounded or
square, consisting of twelve feathers.

SUB- FAMILY — PRIONOPIN^E.

Bill broader than it is high.
G EXITS— GRALLINA. — Second primary longer than the secondaries.

67. G. picata, Lath., Magpie Lark.

Throat white in female, black in male ; breast black, under parts
pure white.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— COLLYRIOCINCL A. -Conspicuous colours, grey to buff. Second
primary longer than secondaries.

68. C. harmonica, Lath., Grey Shrike-Thrush.

Bill blackish ; back umber-brown, contrasting with grey head and
rump ; bill stout, 0'9 in. long ; white 'loral spot very distinct ; no
eyebrow in adult.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

Genus — CRASPEDO'PHORA : kraspedon, an edge or border; phero, to carry.

57.

58.

magnif'ica : magniftcus, splendid,
albert'i : albertus, Albert.

Sub-family — PARADISEI'X^E : paradisus, paradise.
Genus— PHONYG' A M A .

59. gould'i : Gould, a proper name.

Genus— PRIONODU'RA : prionodes, saw-like; oura, tail.

60. newtonia'na : Newton, a proper name.

Species 68.— GREY SHRIKE-THRUSH (| nat. size).

Family— ORIO'LIDJS : oriolm from aureolus, golden (Cent. Diet.)
Genus — O'RIOLUS : oriolus from aureolus, golden (Cent. Diet.)

61. flavicine'tus : flavus, yellow ; cinctus, girdled.

62. vir'Idis : viridis, green.

63. affl'nis : affinis, neighbouring.

Genus — SPHECOTHE'RES : sphex, sphekos, wasp ; thereto, to hunt.

64. maxilla'ris : maxilla, jaw.

65. flaviven'trts : flavus, yellow ; venter, belly.

Family — DICRU'BID^E : dikros=dikraios, forked ; oura, tail.
Genus — CHIB'I A : chibia, the native East Indian name for a Drongo-Shrike.

66. bractea'ta : bractea, a plate of metal.

3

Family — PRIONOP'ID^E : prion, saw ; ops, countenance or face.

Sub-family — PBJONOPI'N^ ; prion, saw ; ops, countenance or face.

Genus— GRALLI'NA : graUa, stilts.

67. pica'ta : pica, magpie.

Genus— COLLYRIOCIN CLA : kotturion, shrike ; kigklos (kinklos), wagtail.

68. harmon'ica : harmonia, harmony.

69. rectiros'tris : redus, straight ; rostrum, bill.

70. brunnea : from Low Latin brunneus, brown.

71. ruflven'tris : rufus, red ; venter, belly.

72. pallidiros'tris : pattidus, pale ; rostrum, bill.

73. cerviniven'tris : cervinus, stag-like ; venter, belly.

74. bow'eri : Bower, proper name.

Species 78. — BLACK-FACED CUCKOO-SHRIKE (£ nat. size).
Young and adult plumage.

Genus— PINAROLES'TES : pinaros, squalid ; lestes, robber.

75. par'vulus : parvulus, diminutive.

76. ruflgas'ter : rufus, red ; gaster, belly.

Group— CICHLOMOB/PH.E : kichle, thrush ; morphe, form.

Family— CAMPOPHAG'ID^ : kampe, caterpillar ; phagein, to eat .

Genus — PTEROPODO'CYS : pteron, wing ; podocys, swift-footed.

77. phasianel'la : phasianus, pheasant.

11

69. C. rectirostriS, Jardine and Selby, Whistling Shrike-Thrush.

Bill blackish ; back brown, contrasting with grey head and rump ;
bill very long, 1'2 in. ; white loral spot faint ; distinct eyebrow.
Hab. : 5.

70. C. brilimea, Gld. (includes C. superciliosa, Masters), Brown Shrike-

Thrush

Bill blackish ; back ashy-brown, like rest of upper surface ; under
tail coverts white.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

71. C. rufiveiltris, Gld., Buff-bellied Shrike-Thrush.

Bill blackish ; back ashy-brown, like rest of upper surface ; under
tail coverts bright fawn-buff.

[Female has a distinct rufous eyebrow. — North.]
Hab. : 7, 8, 9.

72. C. pallidirOStris, Sharpe, Pale-headed Shrike-Thrush.

Bill light yellowish horn colour ; eyebrow indistinct.
British Museum Catalogue, iii., p. 293.
Hab. : 1, 2.

73. C. cervilliventris, North, Fawn-breasted Shrike-Thrush.

Inland representative of P. rufigaster ; differs in having slenderer
bill and much paler upper and lower surfaces.
Hab. : 3.

74. C. boweri, Ramsay, Bower Shrike-Thrush (includes C. sibila, DeVis)

P.L.S. of N.S.W., vol. i., p. 50; vol. x., p. 244.
Nearest to P. rufigaster, Gld.
Wing, 4 in. ; tail, 3 5 in.

Hab. : Cairns, Q.
GENTJS— PINAROLESTES. — Second primaries equal secondaries in length.

75. P. purvulllS, Gld. (Colly riocincla parvula), Little Shrike -Thrush.

Over eye a distinct white eyebrow ; under surface very pale buff ;
under tail coverts whitish ; general colour above ashy-brown, the
head rather darker.

Total length, 7 '6 in. ; bill, 0'8 in. ; wing, 3'7 in. ; tail, 3'2 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 1, 3.

76. P* rufigaster, Gld. (Collyriocincla rufigaster and C. parvissima,

Gld,), Rusty -breasted Shrike-Thrush.

Adult male, above dull olive-brown ; no distinct eyebrow ; under
tail coverts deep fawn colour, like rest of breast.

Total length, 7 '2 in. ; culmen, 0'8 in. j wing, 3 '5 in. ; tail, 3 in, ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

Group — Cichlomorphae.

Wing with ten primaries, first more or less markedly reduced in size ; angle
of chin shortened and not reaching beyond the line of the anterior
margin of the nasal suture ; claw of middle toe oblique ; bill notched,
with culmen nearly straight, bent at end in arched curve, acuminate ;
nostrils placed nearer to cutting edge of mandible than to the culmen.

FAMILY— CAMPOPHAGID^.

Birds of soft plumage ; feathers of lower back and rump with stiffened
shafts ; bill moderately hooked and notched ; nostrils hidden ; wings
in most species lengthened.

GENUS— PTEROPODOCYS.— Tail forked.

77. P. pbasianella, Gld., Ground Cuckoo-Shrike.

Head grey ; breast barred.

Total length, 13 in. ; bill, 075 in. ; wing, 7 '5 in. ; tail, 7 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '5 in.

Hab. : 3, 6, 7, 9.

12

GENUS— GRAUCALUS.— Bill broad, measured at gape equals outer toe
without claw.

78. G. melanops, Lath., Black-faced Cuckoo Shrike.

Throat black or dark slate colour ; forehead feathers round eye,
sides of face, and throat black ; fore-neck and breast grey, shading
into white on abdomen and under tail coverts. Culmen, 1'05 in.

Young.— Throat and forehead grey.
Bab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

79. G. parvirostris, Gld. (sub-sp. of G. melanops), Small billed

Cuckoo-Shrike.

Throat black or dark slate colour ; forehead feathers round eye,
sides of face, and throat black ; fore-neck and breast grey, shading
into white on abdomen and under tail coverts. Culmen, 0'85 in.
Hab. : 5.

80. G. hypoleilCUS, Gld., White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike.

Entire abdomen and flanks pure white ; thighs white, with obscure
grey bars ; hinder eyelid grey ; throat grey.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

81. G. meittaliS, Vig. and Hors., Little Cuckoo-Shrike.

Throat grey in adult.

Only lower part of abdomen and under tail coverts pure white ;
breast entirely grey, like throat ; thighs dark slaty-grey, contrasting
with under surface ; hinder rim of eyelid white.

During first few months the throat, chest, and back of neck are
jet-black, while breast and abdomen are rayed with obscure arrow-
shaped black markings on white ground.
Hab. : 1 to 4, 6.

82. G. lineatllS, Swainson, Barred Cuckoo-Shrike.

Lower breast and abdomen barred with black and white.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

GENUS— EDOLIISOMA.— Bill narrower, measured at gape less than outer
toe (without claw).

83. E. temiirOStre, Jardine (Campephaga jardinii, Riipp. ), Jardine's

Caterpillar-eater.

Adult Male. — Lores black ; all upper and under surfaces deep
blue-grey ; edges of primaries and secondaries, basal three-fourths and
tips of outer tail feathers deep blue-grey ; primaries, secondaries, and
rest of tail black.

Female has whole of upper surface, wings, and tail brown ; the
feathers of sides of neck, the breast, and flanks with arrow-head
brown marks in centre.

Total length, 9 '5 in. ; bill, 1 in. ; wing, 5 in. ; tail. 4 '25 in.

Young Male. — Bluish-brown above ; wings and tail as in female ;
under surface buff, crossed with numerous black bars.
Hab. : 1 to 4.

GENUS — LALAGE. — Wing exceeds tail by length of tarsus.

84. L. tricolor, Swainson, White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater.

Under tail coverts white both in male and female. General
colour of male, above black, the wing coverts pure white ; tail
feathers black, outermost two with white tips ; ear coverts, under
surface, and under wing coverts white.

Adult Female.— Brown above, the rump feathers and upper tail
coverts with narrow white edges ; wing coverts and secondaries
buff edges ; tail brown with white tips ; ear coverts with white
streaks ; cheeks and throat whitish ; rest of under body yellowish
with obscure eross markings ; under wing coverts bufty-white.

Genus — GRAU'CALUS : apparently a corruption of graculus, jackdaw (Cent.

Diet.)

78. mel'anops : me-las, melanos, black ; ops, face.

79. parviros'tris : parvus, small ; rostrum, bill.

80. hypoleu'cus : hupo, under ; leukos, white ; or hypoleucus, whitish.

81. menta'lis : mentum, chin.

82. linea'tus : linea, line.

Genus— EDOLIISO'MA.

83. tenuiros'tre : tenuis, thin, rostrum, bill.

Species 84. — WHITE-SHOULDERED CATERPILLAR-EATER

(£ nat. size).
Upper fig., female ; lower fig., male.

Genus — LAL'AGE : Mage, prattle.

tri'color : tri, triple ; color, colour.

leucomelse'na : leukos, white ; melaina, fern, of melas, black

Family — MUSCICAP'IDJE : musca, fly ; capere, to seize.
Genus — MICRGE'CA : mikros, small ; oikos, house.

86. fas'cinans : fascino, to bewitch.

87. assim'ilis : ad, to ; similis, like.

88. fiavigas'ter : ftavus, yellow ; gaster, belly.

89. pal'lida : pallidus, pale.

Genus — PETROE'CA : petron, rock ; oikos, house.

90. leg'gii : Legge, a proper name.

91. camp'belli : Campbell, a proper name.

92. phoenic'ea : phceniceus, purple-red.

93. goodeno'vii r Goodenough, a proper name.

94. ros'ea : roseus, rose-coloured.

95. ram'sayi : Ramsay, a proper name.

96. rhodinogas'tra : rhodon, rose ; gaster, belly.

97. bi'color : bis, twice ; color, colour.

98. pica'ta : pica, magpie.

99. vitta'ta : vitta, band.

Species 86. — BROWN FLY-CATCHER (£ nat. si/e).

Genus — SMICROR'NIS : smikros, a variation of mikros, small ; ornis, bird.

100. breviros'tris : brevis, short ; rostrum, bill.

101. flaves'cens : flavesco, to become yellow (flavus, yellow).

Genus— GERYG'ONE.

102. albigula'ris : albus, white ; gula, throat.

103. cineras'cens : cinerasco, to become ashy (cinereus, ashy).

13

Total length, 6 '75 in. ; bill, 0*6 in. ; wing, 5 in. ; tail, 4 in. ; tarsus,
0'8 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8.

85. L. IcilCOlllchena, Vig. and Hors. (L. karu, Lesson), Pied Cater-

pillar-eater.

Under tail coverts buff or fawn in both male and female. In
male the under surface is uniform. In female under surface of
body is fawn (lighter on throat) and crossed with wavy lines of
dusky blackish, vanishing on throat, and absent on lower abdomen
and under tail coverts, which are more richly coloured.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4.

FAMILY— MUSCIOAPID^E.

Bill broadened or rather flat, generally furnished with numerous rictal
bristles ; culmen keeled.

GENUS — MICRCECA. — Wings extremely long; distance between wings
and tip of tail not exceeding length of tarsus.

86. ML fasciliaMS. Lath., Brown Fly-catcher.

Belly and under tail coverts white ; outer tail feathers entirely
pure white ; axillaries light brown. Wing, 3'45 in.
Hab. : (2), 3, 4, 6, 7.

87. ML assilllilis. Gld., Lesser Brown Fly-catcher.

Belly and under tail coverts white ; outer tail feathers blackish-
brown, white at tip of inner web and along outer one. Wing,
3*35 in. Smaller than M. fascinaus.
Hab. : 1, 8, 9.

88. ML flavigaster, Gld., Lemon- breasted Fly-catcher.

Belly and under tail coverts yellow ; above olive-brown ; throat
white or paler yellow ; lores dull white. Wing, 2'75 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

89. M. pall i da. De Vis, Pale Fly -catcher.

Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. i., p. 159. Nearest to M. fascinans.
Hab. : 2, 8.

GENUS— PETRCECA— Bill about equal in height and breadth at the

nostrils.

90. P, legffii, Sharpe (P. multicolor, Swain.), Scarlet-breasted Robin.

Male, upper surface black ; frontal white mark large ; throat
black ; breast scarlet. Female, throat and back grey.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

91. P. Campbell!, Sharpe.

Male, small white frontal band, and less white on wing than in
P. leggii, to which it is closely related.
Hab. : 9.

92. P. phcenicca, Gld., Flame breasted Robin.

Male, upper surface slaty-grey ; frontal mark small ; only the chin
black, remainder of throat and breast orange-scarlet. Female,
uniform brown above ; breast faint red ; no red in young.
Hab. : 4, 5.

93. P. gOOdenOVli, Vig. and Hors., Red-capped Robin.

Male', forehead red ; throat black. Female, body grey ; forehead
"faint scarlet."

Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

94. P. rosea, Gld. (Erythrodryas rosea), Rose-breasted Robin.

Male, wing coverts without any white; breast rose pink ; with
white outer tail feathers. Female, spot of buff on forehead ;
secondaries whitish-buff marked ; under surface brown.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

14

95. P. ramsayi, Sharpe, Red- throated Robin.

Male, forehead red ; throat red in centre. Female, body grey ;
forehead dull brick-red.
Hab. : 1, 8.

96. P. rhodinogastra, Drapier (Erythrodryas rhodinogasterN Pink-

breasted Robin.

Male, breast pink ; no white in wing coverts or tail. Female,
under surface brownish ; faint white spot on forehead ; markings on
primaries and secondaries buff.
Hab. : 4, 5.

97. P. bicolor, Vig. and Hors. (Melanodryasbicolor), Hooded Robin.

Under surface white ; insertion of wing white. Male, throat black.
Female, throat ashy ; base of tail white.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 9.

98. P. picata, Old. (sub-sp. of P. bicolor), Pied Robin.

Has less black on tail and more white on inner secondaries than
P. bicolor.

Hab. : 1, 7, 8.

99. P. vittata, Quoy and Gaim. (P. fusca, Old., Amaurodryas vittata),

Dusky Robin.

Brownish -olive above ; throat dusky-brown ; only outer tail
feather white at base and for whole extent of outer web ; under
surface brown.

Young. — Brown, streaked above, mottled below.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

GENUS— SMICRORNIS.— Culmen 0'25 in. in length.

100. S. brevirostris, Gld., Short-billed Tree-Tit.

Colour above dull olive-yellow ; lores, eyebrows, and ear coverts
light reddish brown ; under surface pale, yellowish buff.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7.

101. S. flayescens, Gld., Yellow-tinted Tree-Tit.

Colour above pale olive-yellow ; lores and eyebrows whitish ;
under surface sulphur-yellow.
Hab. : 1, 8, 9.

GENUS — GERYGONE. — Second primary longer than secondaries.

102. G. albiglllaris, Gld., White-throated Fly-eater.

Upper surface ashy-olive ; throat white ; breast yellow. Wing,
2-25 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 7, 8.

103 G. Cinerascens, Sharpe, Grey Fly-eater.

Upper surface ashy, no olive ; throat white; breast yellow. Wing,
2-15 in.

Hab.: 8.

GENUS— PSEUDOGERYGONE.— Second primary about equal to
secondaries.

104 P. Clllicivora, Gld., Western Fly-eater (Gerygone).

Abdomen whitish ; ear coverts and throat of same colour (grey) ;
subterminal black bar on tail feathers, which are white at base.
Hab. : 6, 9.

105. P. la? Vigastra, Gld., Buff-breasted Fly-eater.

Has a subterminal black bar on tail ; throat white, like rest of
under surface ; ear coverts brown ; eyebrows pure white.

Genus— P§EUDOGERYG'ONE.

104. culiciv'ora : culex, culicis, gnat ; voro, to eat

105. laevigas'tra : levis, smooth ; gaster, belly.

106. fus'ca : ftiscus, dark.

107. brunneipec'tus : from Low Latin brunneus, brown ; pectus, breast.

108. chlorono'ta : chloros, green ; noton, back.

109. persona'ta : persona, mask.

110. magniros'tris : magnus, great ; rostrum, bill.

Species 97. — HOODED ROBIN (| nat. size).

Genus— HETEROMY'IAS : heteros, other ; muia, fly.

111. einer'eifrons : cinereus, ashy ; irons, forehead.

Genus — PCECILODRY'AS : poikilos, many-coloured : druas, wood-nymph (drus,

tree).

112. cerviniven'tris : cervinus, stag-like ; venter, belly.

113. supercilio'sa : supercUium, eyebrow.

114. albifac'ies : albus, white ; fades, countenance.

115. na'na : nanus, dwarf
116 cap'ito : caput, head.

Genus— MALUR'US.

117. cyan'eus : kuanos, dark blue.

118. gould'i : Gould, a proper uame.

119. raelano'tus : melas, black ; noton, back.

120. callain'us : kallaion, cock's comb.

121. splen'dens : splendens, glistening.

122. leucop'terus : leukos, white ; pteron, wing.

123. leucono'tus : leukos, white ; noton, back.

124. el'egans : elegans, fine.

Species 104. — WESTERN' FLY-EATER (^ nat. size).

125. lamber'ti : Lambert, a proper name.

126. ama'bilis : amabilis, lovable.

127. pulcher'rimus : pulcherrimus, exceedingly beautiful.

128. corona tus : corona, crown.

129. melanoceph'alus : melas, melanos, black ; kephale, head.

130. dorsa'lis : dor sum, back.

131. bow'eri : Bower, a proper name.

132. cyanochlam'ys : kuanos, dark blue ; chlamus, mantle.

15

106. P. fllSCa, Gld. (Gerygone fusca), Brown Fly eater,

Has a subterminal black bar on tail ; greyish eyebrow, from lores
over fore part of eye ; throat greyish ; ear coverts grey.
Hab. : 3, 6.

107. P. brUimeipectllS, Sharpe, Black-billed Fly-eater.

Ear coverts reddish-brown (differing from throat) ; breast and
sides of body reddish-brown ; bill entirely black ; round eye a ring
of white ; sub -terminal black bar on tail.
Hab. : 2.

108. P. chloronota, Gld., Green-backed Fly-eater.

Under surface white, the sides of body yellow ; no subterminal
black bar on tail ; bill with lower mandible yellowish.
Hab. : 1, 2.

109. P, perSOliata, Gld. (includes G. flavida), Black-throated Fly-eater.

Bill entirely black ; throat dark ; tail uniform brown, without
black bar ; in male sides of face and throat are brown, contrasting
with breast.

Hab. : 2.

110. P. magnirostris, Gld , Large-billed Fly-eater.

Breast and sides of body reddish- brown ; ear coverts differ from
throat ; no light eyebrow ; a white ring round eye ; bill black, but
pearly white at base of lewer mandible ; throat pale ; subterminal
black bar on tail feathers.

Hab;: 1,2.

GENUS— HETEROMYIAS.— Wings very long, falling short of tail by not
more than length of culmen ; bill higher than it is broad at nostrils.

111. II. cinereifrons, Ramsay, Ashy-fronted Fly-Robin.

Rusty-brown above ; chest ashy ; breast and abdomen white.
Total length, 6'3 in. ; culmen, 0*7 in. ; wings, 3'75 in. ; tarsus,
2-75 in.

Hab. : 2.

GENUS— PCECILODRY AS.— Wings very long, falling short of tail by not
more than length of culmen ; bill broader than it is high at nostrils.

112. P. cerviniventris, Gld., Buff sided Robin.

Throat white ; flanks and under tail coverts tawny-buff ; abdomen
greyish-white.

Hab. : 1, 8.

113. P. SUpercillOSa, Gld., White-browed Robin.

Throat white ; flanks and under tail coverts white ; abdomen
greyish-white.

Hab. : 1, 2.

114. P. albifacies, Sharpe, White-faced Robin.

Whole of region round eye and lores white ; forehead blackish,
extending over eye ; ears slaty-grey : upper surface olive-green ;
throat and under surface bright yellow.
Hab. : 2.

115. P. nniia. Sharpe, Little Robin.

Abdomen yellow, like breast ; lores and feathers round the eye
rufescent. (Doubtful sp., iuv.)
Hab. : 2.

116. P. en pi to, Sharpe, Large -headed Robin.

Abdomen yellow, like breast ; lores and feathers round the eye
white.

Hab. : 2, 3.

16

GENUS— MALURUS.— Females have sombre plumage ; males brilliant.
Tail longer than wing ; bill about equal in height and breadth.

117. M. cyaiieilS, Ellis, Blue Wren.

Head blue ; throat blue-black : upper tail coverts black ; head,
ear coverts, and mantle turquoise-blue.
Hab. : 3, 4.

118. M. gOllldi, Sharpe (longicaudus, Old.), Gould's Blue Wren.

Very like M. cyaneus.

Head blue ; throat blue black ; upper tail coverts black ; head,
ear coverts, and mantle rich cobalt blue.
Hab. : 4, 5.

119. M. llielanotUS, Gld., Black-backed Wren.

[Throat deep cobalt- blue ; band across upper part of breast velvety
black ; rest of under surface, flank feathers, and under tail coverts
cobalt-blue. — North.]

Head blue ; throat blue ; upper tail coverts blue : wing coverts
brown, with bluish edges : no white shoulder spot ; black bar across
rump, this and lower back being black ; crown of head and mantle
deep cobalt-blue ; ear coverts turquoise-blue.
Hab. : 6, 7.

120. M. callainilS, Gld., Turquoise Wren.

Head, throat, and upper tail coverts blue ; wing coverts brown,
with bluish edges, no white shoulder ; black bar across rump, lower
back black; crown of head and mantle greenish turquoise blue ;
forehead and ear coverts silvery-white.
Hab. : 6, 7.

121. M. splendens, Quoy and Gaim.,' Banded Wren.

Head, throat, and upper tail coverts blue ; wing coverts brown,
with bluish edges ; no white shoulder spot ; no black bar across
rump ; upper surface entirely rich cobalt.
Hab.: 9.

122. M. leiieoptenis, Quoy and Gaim., White-winged Wren.

Head, throat, and upper tail coverts blue ; scapularies, wing
coverts, ajnd inner secondaries pure white ; centre of back blue.
Hab. : 6, 7, 8.

123. M. leilCOnotUS, Gld:, White-backed Wren.

Head, throat, and upper tail coverts blue ; scapularies, wing
coverts, and inner secondaries pure white ; centre of back white.
Hab. : 4, 6, 7.

124. M. elegans, Gld., Red-winged Wren (Graceful Blue Wren).

Head blue ; scapularies chestnut-red ; back beautiful silvery-blue,
a little lighter than eyebrow or ear coverts,
flab : 9.

125. M. lamberti, Vig. and Hors., Variegated Wren.

Head blue ; scapularies chestnut-red ; back fine cobalt-blue, of a
different tint to crown ; ear coverts and eyebrow richer turquoise-
blue than blue of nape.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8.

126. M. amabiliS, Gld., Lovely Wren.

Head blue ; scapularies chestnut-red ; back fine cobalt-blue, of
a different tint to crown ; ear coverts and eyebrows rich enamelled
blue.

In young, throat is creamy- white.
Hab : 1, 2.

127. M. pulcherriHlUS, Gld., Blue-breasted Wren.

Head blue ; scapularies chestnut-red ; centre of back purplish-
blue, like crown ; ear coverts more cobalt.
Hab : 9.

17 ,

128. M, roroiiatllS. Gld., Purple-crowned Wren.

Head lilac, with black spot in centre of crown.
Hah. : 8

129. M. melanoceplialllS. Vig. and Hors., Orange backed Wren.

Head black, as also the entire under surface ; back scarlet-vermilion
Hab. : 3, 7.

130. M. dorsallS, Lewin (M. cruentatus), Red-backed Wren.

Head black, as also the entire under surface ; back deep crimson.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

131. HI. bOWCri, Ramsay (M. cruentatus boweri), Bower Red-backed

Wren. P.L.S. of N.S.W., vol. i., p. 1,100 (juvenile skin).

Throat and abdomen white ; a few crimson feathers on shoulders,
back, and rump, the others being light fawn.
Hab. : 8.

132. M. CyailOChlamyS. Sharpe, Silvery-blue Wren.

Adult male similar to M. cyaneus, and having head, ear coverts,
and mantle of same tint, but the blue much lighter, paler, and of a
silvery cobalt instead of the deep cobalt-blue of M. cyaneus (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1881, pp. 788-9).
Hab. : 2, 3.

GENUS— RHIPIDUR A. —Tail longer than wing.

133. R. albiSCapa, Gld., White-shafted Fan tail.

Two centre tail feathers with brown shafts, the rest with white
ones ; under surface ochreous-buff, the breast uniform ; thro? t
white, with a black or grey patch on lower portion ; throat mark black
Hab : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

134. R. albicauda, North, White-tailed Fan-tail.

Similar to R. albiscapa. One or two of outermost tail feathers on
each side pure white ; two central feathers of tail blackish-brown ;
other tail feathers white, narrowly edged with brown.
Hab. : 7.

135. R. preissi, Cabauis, Western Fan-tail.

Allied to R albiscapa, but wants the black breast-band.
Hab. : 8, 9.

136. R. rilfifrons, Lath. , Rufous Fan-tail.

Frontal plumes and eyebrows rufous ; bases of central tail feathers
rufous for nearly two thirds their length ; fore-neck scaled in appear-
ance, the feathers black, broadly edged with white ; head and
neck brown.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6.

137. R. dryas, Gld., Wood Fly-catcher.

Smaller than R. rufifrons, has more white in tips of tail, which is
fringed with rufous at base only ; breast white, crossed by distinct
band of black, and devoid of the dark spots on chest of R. rufifrons.

Total length, 5 '75 in. ; wing, 2 '6 in. ; tail, 3 '5 in.
Hab : 1, 2.

138. R. setosn, Quoy and Gaim., Northern Fan-tail.

Adult Male — General colour dark ashy-grey ; head and sides of
face blackish ; tail blackish, penultimate feathers slightly tipped
with white ; malar line and throat white ; broad band of ashy grey
across fore-neck and chest, some feathers with whitish shaft lines ;
centre of body light buff, fading into white on under tail coverts.

Female similar.

Total length, 7 in. ; culrnen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 35 in. ; tail, 3 '6 in. ,
tarsus, 0'6 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

18

139. R. tricolor, Vieill. (Sauloprocta motacilloides, Vig. and Hors. ; R.

picata, Old.), Black and White Fan-tail.

Tail feathers entirely black ; no spots on fore-neck or sides of
neck ; upper surface and throat jet black ; abdomen white.
Hab. : 2, 3, .4, 7, 8, 9

140. R. dieiueneiisis, Dusky Fan-tail.

Resembles R albiscapa ; insular form.
Ramsay's Tab. List, p. 6.
Hab. : 5

141. R. phasiana, De Vis, Pheasant Fan-tail.

Wings distinctly spotted.
Hab. : 2. '

142. R. dahli (doubtful sp.)

New Pomerania Ornith. , No. 5, p. 7.
Hab. : 1.

GENUS — MYIAGRA. — Wing longer than tail; bill arched, moderately
broad ; when measured at base of forehead equal to hind toe (with-
out claw).

143. JM. rilbeCUla, Lath. (M. plumbea), Leaden Fly-catcher.

Male. — Throat leaden-grey, like head; abdomen white; back
leaden-grey ; lores lead colour, not darker than sides of face. Wing,
3-1 in. ; tail, 2 '8 in.

Female. — Throat light orange-rufous. Wing, 2 '8 in. ; tail, 2 '6 in.
Above bluish-grey ; wing coverts and quills brown, edged with
bluish-grey ; forehead and lores hoary ; feathers below eye slate
colour ; cheeks and fore-neck orange-rufous, paler on breast ; rest of
under surface white.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8.

144. M. nitida. Old., Satin Fly-catcher.

Male. — Throat greenish-black ; abdomen white ; back glossy
green ; lores and ear coverts blacker. Wing, 3 '5 in. ; tail, 3'25 in.

Female.— Wing, 3 '3 in. ; tail, 3'1 in.

Adult Female.— General colour above brown, shaded with slaty-
grey ; wing coverts black ; tail brown, with pale shafts ; head
darker slate than back, and glossed with steel-black ; cheeks, throat,
and fore-neck orange-rufous ; rest of under surface white, washed
with orange- buff.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, (7).

145. M. COnciima. Gld., Blue Fly-catcher.

Male. — Throat leaden-grey ; abdomen white ; back leaden-grey;
lores and feathers in front of eye black.
Female. — Throat light orange-rufous.
Wing, 3 in. ; tail, 2 '75 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8.

146. M. latirostris, Gld., Broad-billed Fly-catcher.

Upper surface metallic dark green.
Male. — T

Throat light orange-rufous up to base of bill.
Female. — Much paler everywhere.
Hab. : 1, 7, 8.

GENUS— MACH^ERORHYNCHUS.— Wing longer than tail; bill ex-
tremely broad and flattened on both mandibles, measured at base of
forehead exceeds length of hind toe (without claw) ; culmen elevated
into a distinct ridge.

147. M. flaviventer, Gld., Yellow-breasted Fly-catcher.

General colour above olive -green, yellow on rump ; forehead and
eyebrow bright yellow ; feathers in front of and below eye black ;

Genus— RHIPID'URA : rhipis, rhipidos, fan ; oura, tail.

133. albisca'pa : albus, white ; scapo, shaft.

134. albicau'da : albus, white ; cauda, tail.

135. preiss'i : Preiss, a proper name.

136. ruf'ifrons : rufus, red ; frons, forehead.

137. dry'as : druas, wood-nymph (drus, tree).

138. seto'sa : setosus, bristly.

139. tri'color : tri, triple ; color, colour.

140. diemenen'sis : ? dimenia, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).

141. phasia'na : phasiana, pheasant.

142. dahl'i : Dahl, a proper name.

iSm ./

Species 125. — VARIEGATED BLUE WREN (-1 nat. size).
Upper fig., male ; lower fig., female.

Genus — MYIAG'RA : mum, fly ; agra, a hunting.

143. rubec'ula : ruber, red ; gula, throat.

144. nit'ida : nitidus, glistening.

145. concin'na : concinnus, pretty.

146. latiros'tris : latus, broad; rostrum, bill.

Genus— M ACH^ERORHYN CHUS : machaira, sword ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

147. ' flaviven'ter : flavus, yellow ; venter, belly.

Genus — SISU'RA : seiein, to shake ; oura, tail (Cent. Diet.)

148. inquie'ta : in, not; quies, rest.

149. na'na : nanus, dwarf.

Genus — AR'SES.

150. lorea'lis.

151. kaup'i : Kaup, a proper name.

Species 133.— WHITE-SHAFTED FAN-TAIL (J nat. size).

Genus — PIEZORHYN'CHUS : piezein, to press ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

152 nit'idus : nitidus, glistening.

153. gould'i : Gould, a proper name.

154. leuco'tis : leukos, white ; ous, otos, ear.

155. albiven'tris : albus, white ; venter, belly.

Genus — MONAR'CH A : monos. alone ; arche, rule.

156. melanop'sis : melas, melanos, black ; opsis, face.

157. canes'cens : canesco. to grow white.

19

ear coverts black ; chin and upper part of throat white ; breast,
abdomen, and under tail coverts bright yellow

Total length, 4'6 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 2 '2 in. ; tail, 2 in. ;
tarsus, O'o in.

Hab. : 2.

GENUS — SISURA. — Wing longer than tail ; bill narrower, measured across
nostrils less than hind toe and claw ; bill long and thin ; culmen,
0.8 in.

148. S. inqilieta. Lath., Restless Fly-catcher.

Under surface white, sometimes a rufous tint on breast ; upper
surface shining blackish-blue.

Total length, 8 in. ; culmen, 0*8 in. ; wing, 3 '9 ; tail, 3 '75 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

149. S. liana, Old., Little Fly catcher.

Total length, 6 in. ; culmen, 0'75 in ; wing, 3'75 in. ; tail, 3 in.

Head glossy greenish-black ; back and tail same but lighter ;
wings brownish- black ; under surface white, tinged with buff on
chest. — Gould.

Hab. : 1, 7, 8.

GENUS — ARSES. — Wing longer than tail ; bill, when measured across
•nostrils, less than hind toe ; bill stouter than Sisura ; culmen,
0'6 in. Has a fleshy eye- wattle.

150. A. lorealis, Be Vis, Frill-necked Fly-catcher.

Similar to A. kaupi ; lores white
Male. — Whole under surface white.
Female. — Ochreous band across lower throat.
Hab : 2.

151. A. kaupi. Old., Pied Fly-catcher.

Total length, 6 in. ; culmen, O'oin. ; wing, 3'1 in ; tail, 3 in.

Crown of head, ear coverts, broad crescent across back, and broad
band across chest deep shining bluish-black ; wings and tail
brownish-black ; throat and band across back of neck white ; lower
part of back and abdomen white — Gould.
Hab. : 1, 2.

GENUS— PIEZORHYNCHUS.— Wing longer than tail; plumage of head
velvety, with soft scale-like plumes on crown of head and throat.

152. P. nitidllS, Old., Shining Fly-catcher.

Male.— Whole of plumage rich deep glossy greenish-black ; irides
red.

Total length, 7 '3 in. ; bill, 07 in. ; wing, 3 '5 in. ; tail, 3 '2 in.

Female. — Top and sides of head and back of neck rich deep
glossy greenish-black ; rest of upper surface, wings, and tail rusty-
brown ; whole under surface white.
Hab. : 1, 2.

153. P. goilldi, Old., Spectacled Fly- catcher.

General colour above ashy-grey ; upper tail coverts and tail
feathers black, three outermost tipped with white ; forehead and
lores black, as also the plumes at angle of mouth and the chin and
centre of throat ; hinder part of cheeks, sides of throat, fore-neck,
and chest bright orange-rufous; centre of breast, abdomen, and
under throat coverts white.

Total length, 5 '8 in. ; bill, 0'5 in.; wing, 2'9 in. ; tail, 2'8 in.;
tarsus, 0'7 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

20

154. P. leUCOtls, Latham, White eared Fly-catcher.

Crown of head, back of neck, primaries, and six middle tail
feathers black ; three lateral tail feathers black, with white tips ;
lores, broad mark over eye, ear coverts, sides of neck, scapularies,
and upper tail coverts white ; throat white, bounded below with
black, the feathers lengthened and protuberant ; chest and abdomen
light grey

Total length, 5 '75 in. ; bill, 0'6 in. ; wing, 2*75 in. ; tail, 2 '75 in. ;
tarsus, 0*6 in.

Hab. : 2, (4).

155. P. albiveiitris, Old.

Dr. Sharpe includes this with P. gouldi but Dr. Ramsay and
others consider ic distinct. See P.L.S of N.S.W., 2nd series, vol.
i.,p. J,144.

Hab. : 1, 2,

GENUS — MONARCHA. — Nostrils rounded and exposed.

156. M. melaiiopsis, Vieill., Black-faced Fly-catcher (Carinated Fly-

catcher).

Tail and wings not perceptibly darker than upper surface ; quills
dusky-brown edged with grey, like back ; forehead, lores, and
throat black ; sides of neck and chest light grey, rest of under
surface rufous.

Total length, 6 "75 in. ; bill, 0'75 in. ; wing, 3 '25 in. ; tail, 3 in.
In adult female forehead and throat are entirely grey, with a
whitish shade before eye and at angle of mouth.
Hab : 2, 4.

157. M. CaneSCeilS. Salvad., Pearly Fly-catcher.

Tail and wings black, in strong contrast to back ; quills black,
without grey edging.
Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— TURDID^E.

Bill slender but rather wide and depressed ; wing long and flat, with a
very small bastard primary, not more than half the length of the
second, the latter generally longer than the secondaries. Composed
of birds generally migratory.

RUB-FAMILY — SYLVIIN^E.
Young in first plumage similar to adult.

GENUS— ACROCEPHALUS.— Bastard primary is so minute that in adult
birds it does not usually extend as far as primary coverts. In young
birds it is usually somewhat larger. Bill is typically large, depressed
and broad at base, with moderately developed rictal bristles.

158. A. loilffirOStris. Gld. (Calamoherpe loninrostris), Long billed

Reed-Warbler.

General colour of upper parts russet brown. Wing, 3 in. to 2 '9 in ;
tail, 2 '9 in. to 2 '6 in. ; culm en, 0'8 in. Third primary longest ; second
equal to or longer than sixth.
Hab. : 8, 9.

159. A, ailStralis. Gld. (Calamo>ierpe australis), Reed-Warbler.

General colour of upper parts olive-brown. Wing, 3 in. to 2 '7 in. ;
tail, 2'8 in. to 2 '5 in. ; culmeu, 0'75 in. Second primary between
fifth and seventh.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Family — TUR'DID M : turdus, thrush.

Sub-family— SYLVII'NJE : silva, wood.

Genus — ACROCEPH'ALUS : akros, summit ; kephale, head.

158. longiros'tris : lonyus, long ; rostrum, bill.

159. austra'lis : australis, Australian.

Species 139.— BLACK AND WHITE FAN-TAIL
(| nat. size).

Sub-family— TURDI'NJU : turdus, thrush.
Genus— GEOCICH'LA (sub-gen. OREOCINC'LA) : ge, ground : kicMe, thrush.

160. lunula'ta : lunula, crescent.

161. macrprhyn'cha : macros, long; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

162. hein'ii : Hein, a proper name.

163. cunea'ta : cuneus, wedge.

Family — TIME'LIID^E : Timelia, from ati East Indian name (Cent. Diet.)

Sub-family— PTILONORHYNCHI'NJE : ptilon, feather ; rhugchos (rhunchos),

bill.

Genus— PTILONORHYN'CHUS : p tilon, feather ; rhugchos (rhunchos}, bill.

164. viola'ceus : viola, violet.

Genu« — AELURCE'DUS : ailouros, cat ; eidos, form.

1 65. maculos'us : macula, spot.

166. vir'idis : viridis, green.

Species 160.— MOUNTAIN-THRUSH (I nat. size).

Genus — CHLAMYDOD'ERA : chlamus, chlamudos, mantle; dera, neck.

167. macula'ta : macula, spot.

168. gutta'ta : gutta, drop.

169. nucha'lis : nucha, nape.

170. orienta'lis : orientalis, extern.

171. cerviniven'tris : cervinus, stag-like ; venter, belly.

21

SUB-FAMILY— TUBBING.
Young in first plumage differs from adult and has under parts spotted.

GENUS— GEOCICHLA (sub-gen. OREOCINCLA).— In Oreocincla feathers of
head and back have a transverse terminal black band in strong con-
trast to brown general colour of upper parts. Axillaries are parti-
coloured — basal half white, rest dark ; bastard primary rarely
exceeds 1 in. in length.

160. G« lllllllluta. Lath., Mountain-Thrush.

Under surface lunated ; general colour of upper parts dark olive-
brown ; subterminal spots on head and back obsolete ; outside tail
feathers with obscurely defined white tips ; culmeii 1 '2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4.

181. G. Hiacrorhyiiclia, Old., Large-billed Ground-Thrush.

Under surface lunated ; general colour of upper parts russet
brown ; subterminal spots on head brown ; basal part of iuside web
of secondaries and of many primaries buff; culmen 1*2 in. ; outside
tail feathers with obscurely defined white tips.
Hab. : 5.

162. G. lieillii, Cabani, Russet-tailed Ground-Thrush.

Under surface lunated ; outside tail feather on each side tipped
white on inner web for an inch or more ; culmen I'l in.
Hab. : 2, (4).

163. G. Cimeata, De Vis, Broadbent Ground-Thrush.

Under surface lunated ; under tail coverts ochreous ; outermost
tail feather peculiarly coloured ; fourth primary very long.
Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— TIMELIID^E.

Bill very similar to that of the Thrushes and Warblers (Turdidse) ; wings
rounded and short, concave, so as to fit close to the body Birds
generally of limited migration.

SUB-FAMILY — PTILONORHY>C:IIN,E : BOWER-BIRDS

Their habits seem to assimilate them with Ground-Thrushes and Babblers
(Dr. R. B. Sharpe).

GENUS— PTILONORHYNCHUS.— Bill higher than broad at nostrils,
with a lateral subterminal notch 011 upper mandible ; nostrils
entirely covered with silky feathers, dense and recurved.

164. P. violaceilS. Vieill., Satin Bower-bird.

Male, general colour purplish -black ; female, uppermost surface
greyish -green, under surface lunated.

Total length, 12'5 in. ; culmen, T4 in. ; wing, 6 '6 in.; tail, 4'5
in. ; tarsus, 2'15 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

GENUS— AELURCEDUS.— Bill higher than broad at nostrils, with a lateral
subterminal notch ; nostrils not completely hidden, but overhung
by scanty plumes ; bill very stout, its depth at nostrils equal to
length of inner toe (without claw).

165. At lliacilloSUS, Ramsay, Spotted Cat-bird.

Crown of head ochreous-brown mottled ; ear coverts black ; tail
feathers white tips ; general colour above green.
Hab. : 2.

166. Ae Viridis, Lath., Cat-bird.

Crown of head uniform green ; ear coverts green mottled with
dusky black ; tail feathers tipped with white.
Hab. : 3, 4.

22

GENUS— CHL AM YDODERA - With a lateral subterminal notch on upper
mandible ; nostrils not completely hidden ; bill longer and thinner
than preceding genus, its depth at nostrils much less than inner toe.

167. C. macillata. Old., Spotted Bower-bird.

Male. — Band of bright lilac feathers on nape ; upper surface
mottled all over with reddish spots or bars at tips of feathers ;
throat and sides of body with spots or bars of brown ; head rufous-
brown, slightly varied with spots.

Female. — No lilac band ; flanks barred with dus-ky ; throat
light reddish or tawny, slightly varied with dusky- brown cross-
bars and edges to feathers.
Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

168. C. gilt tat a Old., Yellow-spotted Bower-bird.

Male. — Head silvery brown instead of rufous-brown of C. macu-
lata.

Female. — Differs from C. maculata in having throat fulvescent,
closely mottled with blackish centres and margins to feathers.
Hab. : 1, 7, 9.

169. C. nuchalis. .Tardine and Selby, Great Bower-bird.

Male. — Band of bright lilac on nape ; upper surface mottled with
ashy- whitish or white tips or bars at ends of feathers ; throat and
sides of body perfectly uniform ; head uniform,

Female. — No lilac band ; flanks perfectly uniform, or with
obsolete bars of dusky ; under tail coverts whitish, with narrow bars
of dusky-brown ; head uniform.
Hab : 1, 8, 9.

170. C. Ork'iltnl is. Old., Queensland Bower-bird.

Male — Band of bright lilac on nape ; head mottled with silvery-
white tips to feathers, instead of being uniform, as in C. nuchalis.

Female. — Distinguished from female C. nuchalis by having head
mottled with silvery-whitish tips to feathers. (Age may effect this.)
Very closely allied to C. nuchalis.
Hab. : 2.

171. C. CCrviniventriS, Old., Fawn-breasted Bower-bird

No band of bright lilac on nape ; flanks uniform ; under tail
coverts fawn colour, like breast ; throat pale, longitudinalty streaked
with dusky ; head and hind-neck uniform ; back minutely spotted
or streaked with white.
Hab. : 2.

GENUS— SCENOP^EUS. — Bill higher than broad at nostrils, with a
distinct festoon in upper mandible, formed by two notches on edge.

172. S. dentirOStriS. Ramsay, Tooth-billed Bower-bird.

General colour above dark olive-brown ; ear coverts dusky -brown,
streaked with reddish-brown ; the sides of neck similarly streaked
with broader streaks ; under surface of body fulvous, having a
streaked appearance.

Total length, 10 '5 in.; bill, I'l in. j wing, 5 '6 in. ; tail, 3 '1 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '3 in.
Hab. : 2.

GENUS — SERICULUS.— Bill at nostrils as high as it is broad.

173. S. melinus, Lath.. Regent-bird.

Adult Male.— Head, neck, and upper mantle of a velvety texture
and brilliant orange-yellow, rest of mantle and entire back black ;
under surface of body black.

Adult Female. — General colour above brown, mottled with white
centres to feathers, edged with black ; hinder crown and occiput

Genus— SCENOPCE'US : skene, hut ; poieo, to make.

172. dentiros'tris : dens, dentis, tooth ; rostrum, bill.

Genu« — SERIC'ULUS : sericum, silk.

173. mel'inus : melinus, pertaining to honey (mel, honey).

Sub-family — TIMELII'N^E (Proper) : Timelia, from an East Indian name
(Cent. Diet.)

, Group — BRADYP'TEKI : bradus, slow ; pteron, wing.
Genus— STIPITU'RUS : stipes, trunk ; oura, tail.

174. malachu'rus : malakos, soft ; oura, tail.

175. ruf'ieeps : rujus, red ; caput, head.

Species 174. — EMU WREN (J nat. size).

Genus— SPHENU'RA : sphen, wedge ; oura, tail.

176. brachyp'tera : brachus, short ; pteron, wing.

177. longiros'tris : longus, long ; rostrum, bill.

178. broadbent'i : Broadbent, a proper name.

Genus— DIAPHORIL'LAS (AMYTIS) : diaphorus, different; illas^turdus.

179. tex'tilis : textilis, woven. •

180. stria'ta : striatm, striped.

181. macru'ra : makros, long ; oura, tail.

182. goy'deri : Goyder, a proper name.

Genus — MEGALUR'US : megas, megalos, large ; oura, tail.

183. gramin'eus : gramineus, grassy.

184. galac'totes : gala, galaktos, milk (should read " galactodea ").

185.

Genus— ORIG'MA.
rubrica'ta : ruber, red.

Group — CISTIC'OL^E : cistus, rose ; colo, to inhabit.

Genus — CISTIC'OLA : cistus, rose ; colo, to inhabit.

186. exi'lis : exUis, slender.

Genus — CHTHONIC'OLA : chthon, ground ; colo, to inhabit.

187. sagitta'ta : sagitta, arrow.

Species 180. — STRIATED GRASS-WREN (^ nat. size).

Genus- ACANTHI'ZA : akanthis, goldfinch.

188. na'na : nanus, dwarf.

189. inorna ta : in, not ; ornatus, adorned.

190. pusil'la : pusiUus, very little.

191. diemenen'sis : dimenia, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).

192. apica'lis : apex, apicis, summit.

193. pyrrhopyg'ia : purros, reddish ; puge, rump.

194. linea'ta : linea, stripe.

195. uropygia'lis : oura, tail ; puge, rump.

196. chrysorr'hoa : chrusos, gold ; orros, tail.

197. reguloi'des : regula, staff ; eidos, form.

198. squama' ta : squama, scale.

23

black ; chin and sides of throat light reddish, with the centre and
lower part of throat black ; rest of under surface of body whity-
brown.

Hab. : 3, (4).

SUB-FAMILY — Ti HELIUMS (PROPER).

Tarsi long, exceeding the length of bill measured from the gape ; rictal
bristles distinct, though varying in number.

Group — Bradypteri.

Aberrant Reed- Warblers ; through Megalurus and Sphenoeacus they
approach the Grass- Warblers, and Cisticohe especially.

GENUS— STIPITURUS.— Tail much longer than body.

174. S. llialaclmrilS, Lath., Emu Wren.

Tail of emu-like feathers ; head light rufous, broadly striped with
black towards the nape. Female. — Throat rufous.

Total length, 6'2 in. ; culmen, 0'4 in. ; wing, 1'55 in. ; tail,
4*4 in. ; tarsus, 0'7 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 9.

175. S. rilficeps, Campbell, Lesser Emu Wren.

Tail of emu-like feathers ; forehead and crown rufous-brown.
Total length, 3'9 in. ; wing, 1'4 in. ; tail, 1'95 in. ; bill, 03 in. ;
tarsus, '55 in.
Hab. : 8.

GENUS— SPHENURA.— Has three stout rictal bristles.

176. S. brachyptera, Lath., Bristle-bird.

Head brown, upper surface uniform reddish-brown ; under
surface of body dull white. Wing, 3'1 in.
Hab. : 3, 4.

177. S. loilgirostris, Gld., Long- billed Bristle-bird.

Head brown ; head and back mottled ; under surface grey to
brown ; wing, 25 in.
Hab. : 9.

178. S. broadbeilti, M'Coy, Rufous Bristle-bird.

Head rufous ; under surface rufous and barred.
Hab. : 4.

GENUS— AM YTIS. — Ten tail feathers, ordinary and soft; shafts elastic
but not spiny ; rictal bristles five in number, and not recurved.

179. A. textillS. Quoy and Gaim., Grass- Wren.

Brownish, much streaked ; chest striated ; no black stripe along
cheeks ; wing 2*3 in.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

ISO. A. Striata, Gld., Striated Grass- Wren.

Chest striated ; has a broad black cheek-stripe ; upper plumage
more rufous.

Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

181. A. lliacrura. Gld., Large-tailed Grass- Wren.

Brownish, much streaked ; chest striated ; no black stripe along
cheeks; wing, 2 '5 in. The specific difference, if any, between this
and textilis is very slight.
Hab. : 7, 9.

182. A. goyderi, Gld., Goyder Grass- Wren.

Brownish, much streaked ; chest uniform white, like throat,
Hab. : 7.

21

GENUS— MEGALURUS.— Twelve tail feathers ; tail longer than wing,

183. M. graillillCUS, Gld. (Sphenoeacus gramineus), Grass-bird.

Back brown ; secondaries black, edged buff'; fore-neck and lower
throat more or less distinctly streaked with dark brown.

Total length, 575 in. ; bill, 0'5 in. ; wing, 2'3 in. : tail, 25 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 7, 9.

184. HI. galactotes, Temm. (S. galactotes), Tawny Grass-bird.

Back brown and black ; fore-neck and lower throat not spotted or
streaked ; head more rufescent.

Total length, 6 '5 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 26 in. ; tail, 3 *3 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

GENUS — ORIGMA. — Twelve tail feathers ; wing much longer than tail.

185. O. rilbricata, Lath., Rock -Warbler.

General colour above sooty -brown ; upper tail coverts and tail
feathers blackish, with narrow pale margins to tips of latter ; head
like back, the frontal plumes pale rufous, tipped with dusky brown ;
throat ashy whitish, mottled with dusky bases ; rest of under sur-
face deep ferruginous.

Total length, 5 '75 in. ; culmen, O'G in. ; wing, 2'6 in. ; tail. 2 '4 in.
Hab. : 3, 4.

Group — Cisticolse : GRASS- WARBLERS.

The Acanthizse and Sericornes weaken the unity of this group because of
their likeness to the foreign Willow- Warblers (Phylioscopi). —
Sharpe.

GENUS — CISTICOLA. — Tail strongly graduated or rounded.

186. C« CXiliS, Vig. and Hors. (including also C. ruficeps, C. lineo-

capilla, and C. isura), Grass-Warbler.

Sandy buff, much striped.

According to Dr. R Bowdler-Sharpe, C. ruficeps (Rufous- headed
Grass Warbler), C. lineocapilla (Lineated Grass- Warbler), and C.
isura (Square -tailed Grass-Warbler) are seasonal and sex variations
of C. exilis. "In Australia the full-plumaged males have rufous
heads, the females striped heads, and the winter plumage of both
sexes appears to be blackish, with streaked backs and heads. C.
ruficeps is adult male ; C. exilis is the bird iu full winter plumage,
while C. isura is only the square-tailed summer-plumaged birds."

C. magna, Gld. In Ramsay's List as found in New South Wales,
but marked doubtful. No specimen in Australian Museum.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8.

GENUS— CHTHONICOLA.— Tail quite even ; tarsus scutellated ; first
primary long— halt length of whole wing.

187. C. sagittata. Lath , Little Field- Wren.

.Plumage olive-brown ; throat and under surface very pale yel-
lowish, with broad black streaks, broader on breast and sides ; under
tail coverts uniform yellow.
Hab. : 3, 4.

GENUS— ACANTHIZA.— Tail quite even ; tarsus scutellated ; first primary
narrow and short — half length of second primary.

188. A. liana, Vig. and Hors., Little Tit

Band on tail strictly subterminal ; throat rufescent, streaked with
whitish shaft lines ; upper surface uniform olive-green.
Hab. : 3, 6.

25

189. A. inornata, Old. , Plain-coloured Tit.

(a) Band on tail subterminal. (6) Throat ashy- white or yellowish-
white, (ci Head like back, except scaly feathers on forehead. No
perceptible dusky streaks on throat and breast, which are plain
whitish ; upper tail coverts dingy olive-brown, but not strikingly
different from back.
Hab. : 4, 6, 9.

190. A. pusilla, Lath., Brown Tit.

(a) Band on tail subterminal. (b) Throat ashy-white, (c) Head
like back, except scaly feathers on forehead, (d) Throat and breast
perceptibly streaked with dusky-black ; upper tail coverts reddish,
conti-asting with upper parts of body, (c) No white tips to tail
feathers ; forehead pale rufous, with dusky-brown tips to feathers.
(/) Smaller than diemenensis ; colour about light olive-greenish ;
abdomen pale yellow ; flanks light fulvous brown. Wing, 2 in. ;
tail, 1 '75 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

191. A. diemenensis. Old., Brown-rumped Tit (Tasmanian Acanthiza).

Like A. pusilla in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), but larger (wing, 2'1), and
colour above is yellowish-white, flanks olive-browu.
Hab. : 5.

192 A. apicaliS, Old., Broad-tailed Tit (Western Acanthiza).

Resembles A pusilla in (a), (6), (c), (d), but tail feathers have dis-
tinct white tips to inner webs, and upper tail coverts are rufous-
brown ; frontal feathers black, with whitish margins.
Hab. : 7, 9.

193. A. pyrrhopygia, Old., Red-rumped Tit.

Resembles A. pusilla in (a), (6), (c). (d), but tail feathers have dis-
tinct white tips to inner webs, and upper tail coverts are bright
rufous ; forehead pale rufous, with dusky margins to feathers.
Hab. : 6, 7.

194. A. Hlieata, Gld., Striated Tit.

Band on tail strictly subterminal, and not equal to basal half of
tail ; throat ashy-white ; head a little more rutescent brown than
back, and streaked conspicuously with whitish shaft lines ; back
olive -greenish.

Hab. : 3, 4, 6.

195. A. uropygialis, Gld., Chestnut-rumped Tit.

Dark band on tail, occupying nearly terminal half of feathers ;
base of tail bright rufous, like upper tail coverts.
Hab. : 6, 7.

196. A. Chrysorrhoa, Quoy and Gaim. (Geobasileus chrysorrhcea),

Yellow-rum ped Tit.

Dark band on tail, occupying nearly terminal half of feathers ;
base of tail bright yellow, like upper tail coverts.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

197. A. regllloides. Vig. and Hors (Geobasileus reguloides), Buff-

rumped Tit

Dark band on tail, occupying nearly terminal half of feathers ;
base of tail pale fulvous-brown ; upper tail coverts dull yellow.

Total length, 3'9 in. ; culmen, 0'4 in. ; wing, T95 in. ; tail,
1'45 in. ; tarsus, 0'65 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7.

198. A. sqiiamata, De Vis, Scaly-breasted Tit.

Similar to A. reguloides. It is larger, and has a shorter tarsus.
Hab. : 2.

26

GENUS — SERICORNIS.— Upper surface sombre; plumage silky; tail
quite even ; tarsus plain.

199. S. briinnea, Old. (Pyrrholsemus brurmeus), Red-throat.

Tail feathers with DO distinct subterminal band ; tail feathers
broadly tipped with white ; throat bright rufous. [Female has
throat whitish. — North.]
Hab. . 6, 7, 9.

200. S. Citreogularis. Gld., Yellow-throated Scrub- Wren.

Tail feathers with no distinct subterminal band ; no white tips
to tail feathers ; throat bright yellow ; lores and ear coverts black ;
no white tips to bastard wing feathers or wing coverts.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

201. S. li'O II ( a 1 is. Vig. and Hors. (S. gularis : British Museum Catalogue

includes S. minimus, Gld.), White-browed Scrub- Wren

(White-fronted Sericornis).

Tail feathers with no distinct subterminal band ; no white tips
to tail feathers ; throat white, with blackish spots or edgings to
feathers ; wing coverts black, tipped white ; a white spot over
lores ; under tail coverts pale yellowish.

Hab. : 3. 4, 6, 7.

202. S. minimus. Old., Little Scrub- Wren.

British Museum Catalogue considers this synonymous with S.
frontalis. It has a longer wing.

Gould, "Birds of New Guinea," part i., pi. 13.
Hab. : 1, 2.

203. S. magllirostis, Gld., Large-billed Scrub- Wren.

Tail feathers with no distinct subterminal band ; no white tips
to tail ; throat, lores, and base of forehead pale tawny fulvous
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

204. S. la'ViJiastra, Gld. (S. la;vigaster), Buff-breasted Scrub- Wren.

Tail leathers with dark subterminal band, with white edging to

tip of outer tail feathers ; inner secondaries not edged white ; base

of forehead black ; ear coverts blackish ; throat white and fore-neck

yellow, with scarcely any spots ; under tail coverts uniform yellow.

Hab. : 1, 3.

205. S. macula ta. Gld., Spotted Scrub- Wren.

Tail feathers with dark subterminal band, with white edging to
tips of outer feathers ; inner secondaries not edged white ; base of
forehead brown, like head ; throat and chest very thickly spotted
with blackish ; under tail coverts yellowish with concealed darker
centres

Hab. : 4, 7, 9.

206. S. lliagna, Gld. (Acanthornis, Legge), Scrub-Tit.

Tail feathers with distinct subterminal band, and with white
edging to tips of outer ones ; inner secondaries narrowly edged and
tipped with white ; under tail coverts brown with yellow edges.
Hab. : 5.

207. S. OSCUlailS, Gld.. Allied Scrub- Wren.

Tail feathers with dark subterminal band, but with no white
edge to tip of outer ones ; breast uniform ; throat streaked with
black ; outer under tail coverts yellowish white with brown centres.
Hab. : 4.

208. S. Il II 111 ills Gld., Brown Scrub- Wren.

Tail feathers with dark subterminal band, with no white edging
to tips of tail feathers ; the breast streaked dusky ; throat with
blackish streaks ; under tail coverts uniform dark olive- brown, like
flanks.

Hab. : 5.

Genus — SERICOR'NIS : serikos, silky ; ornis, a bird.

199. brun'nea : from Low Latin brunneus, brown.

200. citreogula'ris : citreus, pertaining to the citrus-tree ; gula, throat.

201. fronta'lis : irons, frontis, forehead.

202. min'imus : minimus, very small.

203. magniros'tris : magnus, great ; rostrum, bill.

204. laevigas'tra : Icevus, left ; gaster, belly.

205. macula'ta : macula, spot.

206. mag'na : magnus, great.

207. os'culans : osculor, to kiss.

208. hu'milis : humus, ground.

209. guttura'lis : guttur, throat.

Species 183. — GRASS-BIRD (£ nat. size).

Group — CRATERO'PODES : krateros, -strong ; pous, podos, foot.
Genus — ORTHO'NYX : orthos, straight ; onux, claw.

210. spinicau'da : spina, spine ; cauda, tail.

211. spalding'i : Spalding, a proper name.

Genus— CINCLOSO'MA : kigklos (kinklos), a bird ; soma, body.

212. puncta'tum : punctatus, dotted.

213. castanono'tum : castanea, chestnut ; noton, back.

214. cinnamo'meum : cinnamomeus, pertaining to the cinnamon.

215. casta'neolbo'rax : castanea, chestnut ; thorax, breast.

216. margina'tum : marginatus, bordered with a margin (margo).

Species 186.— GRASS-WARBLER (£ nat. size).

Genus — PYCNOP'TILUS : puknos, crowded ; ptilon, feather.

217. floccos'us : ftoccus, the downy plumage of unfledged birds.

Genus — DRYMAffi'DUS : drumos, thicket ; aoidos, songster.

218. brunneopy'gius : from Low Latin brunneus, brown ; puge, rump.

21 9. pal'lidus : pallidus, pale.

220. supercilia'ris : supercilium, eyebrow.

Genus — HYLA'COLA : hule, wood ; colo, to inhabit.

221. pyrrhopy'gia : purros, reddish ; pyga, rump.

222. cau'ta : cautus, wary.

27

209. S. gllttliralis, De Vis, Collared Scrub- Wren.

On the lower throat is a broad black crescentic band with its
marginal feathers posteriorly edged with ashy-white.
JHab. : 2.

Group— Crateropodes.

True Babbling Thrushes, remarkable for strong, clumsy feet and powerful

rounded wings.

The genera most out of place in this group seem to be Cinclo-
rhamphus and Calamanthus.— Sharpe.

GEXUS— ORTHONYX.— Shafts of tail feathers produced and stiffened.

210. O. spinicailda, Temm., Spine-tailed Log-runner.

Under surface white ; wing coverts tipped with grey ; eyebrow and
ear coverts grey. Male, throat white ; female, throat orange-rufous.
Hab. : 3, 4

211. O. Spaldillgi. Ramsay, Black-headed Log-runner.

Under surface white ; wing coverts blackish, without grey bars ;
Male, throat white ; female, throat orange-rufous.
Hab. : 2

GENUS— CINCLOSOMA.— Tarsus one-fourth the length of tail.

212. C. pimctatlllll, Lath., Spotted Babbling-Thrush (Ground-Thrush).

Adult male, forehead and chest ashy-grey ; crown of head, back,
rump, and middle tail feathers rufous-brown ; each feather of back
striped with black ; shoulders and wing coverts steel black, each
feather with white spot at tip ; throat and narrow band across chest
steel-black. Female has throat greyish-white instead of black ; spot on
neck rufous instead of white, and has no black breast band. — Gould.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

213. C» castailOllOtlllll, Gld., Chestnut-backed Babbling - Thrush

(Ground-Thrush).

Adult Male.- Crown of head, back of neck, upper part of back,
upper tail coverts, and two central tail feathers brown ; stripe over
eye and another from base of lower mandible down side of neck
white ; scapulars and lower part of back rich chestnut ; shoulders
and wing coverts black, each feather with white spot at tip ; chin,
throat, and centre of breast steel black.

Female plumage much lighter, only a tinge of chestnut on rump ;
chin, throat, and breast grey instead of black. — Gould.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

214. C. CillliaitlOlliCUlfil. Gld., Cinnamon Babbling-Thrush (Ground-

Thrush).

Whole of upper surface, scapulars, two central tail feathers, sides
of breast, and flanks cinnamon -brown ; wing coverts jet black, each
feather largely tipped with white ; faint white eyebrow ; lores and
throat glossy black, with large oval patch of white within the black
beneath eye ; under surface white, with large arrow-shaped patch of
glossy black on breast.

Total length, 7'n in. ; bill, 0'9 in. ; wing, 3.75 in. ; tail, 3'25 in.

Female has no black markings on throat, breast, and wings, being
brownish-grey instead.— Gould.
Hab. : 6, 7.

215. C. castaneothorax, Gld., Chestnut-breasted Babbling-Thrush

(Ground-Thrush).

Crown of head, back of neck, and upper tail coverts rich brown,
stripe over eye and another from base of lower mandible down side
of neck white ; shoulders and wing coverts black, with white ppotat
tip of each feather ; all upper surface, outer margins of scapulars
and broad longitudinal stripe on their inner webs next shaft deep

28

rust-red ; chin and throat black ; chest crossed by a band of rich
rust-red ; centre of abdomen white.

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; bill, 1 in. ; wing, 4 in. ; tail, 4*25 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in. — Gould.
Hab. : 3, 7.

216. C. margmatlim, Sharpe, Northern or Black- vented Babbling-

Thrush (Ground-Thrush).

Similar to last species, but under tail coverts are black, margined
with white, and washed with brown near base ; breast band also is
paler and more cinnamon-rufous, as are likewise flanks.
Hab. : 8.

GENUS-PYCNOPTILUS.— Tail quills very much graduated.

217. P. floCCOSUS, Gld., Pilot-bird.

General colour above dark chocolate-brown ; throat and breast
rufescent ochre and mottled dusky ; abdomen white ; under tail
coverts bright chestnut.

Total length, 6 in. ; culmen, 0'65 in. ; wing, 2'8 in. ; tail, 2 '8 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '05 in.
Hab. : 4.

GENUS— DRYMACEDUS.- Wing much graduated, third and fourth quills

nearly equal.

218. D. brimneopygilis, Gld. (Drymodesbrunneopygia), Scrub-Robin.

Brownish ; upper tail coverts rufous-brown ; upper wing coverts
brown, tipped with ashy whitish ; a small black spot above and
below eye.

Hab. : 6, 7, (9).

219. D. pall Mills, Sharpe, Pale Scrub-Robin.

The supposed western variety of D. brunneopygius, Gld.
Underneath buffy- white, a little browner on the sides of the breast
and flanks.

Hab. : 9.

220. D. Sllperciliaris, Gld. , Eastern Scrub-Robin.

Upper surface reddish-brown ; under surface fawn : upper wing
coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; a distinct black spot
above eye, as well as a vertical black streak across fore part of ear
coverts.

Hab. : 1, 2.

GENUS— HYLACOLA. — Bill compressed, equally broad and high at base ;
culmen gradually declining from base to tip, slightly notched at
apex ; rictus beset with a few fine hairs ; nostrils basal, oblong ;
wings short, round, and concave ; first, second, and third primaries
graduated ; fourth, fifth, and sixth equal and longest ; tail rather
long and round ; lateral toes equal.

221. H. pyrrhopygia, Vig. and Hors., Chestnut-rumped Ground-Wren.

General colour above russet-brown ; upper tail coverts light chest-
nut ; wing coverts like back, the median and greater tipped with
whitish ; quills brown ; tail feathers light reddish-brown, all but
two centre feathers with distinct black bar and ends ashy-brown :
lores and a narrow eyebrow whitish ; under surface of body dull
whitish, thickly spotted with dusky brown on throat, breast, and
sides of body ; under tail coverts bright chestnut, with white tips.

Total length, 5'25 in. : bill, 0'6in.; wing, 2'1 in. ; tail, 2'5 in.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7, 9. '

222. H. cauta Gld., Red-rumped Ground- Wren (Cautious Hylacola).

As compared with last species, the markings are much bolder on
under surface, and chestnut-coloured mark on rump is of a much
deeper tint.

Species 187. — LITTLE FIELD- WREN (STRIPED GROUND-TIT)
(Jnat. size).

Species 196. — YELLOW-HUMPED TIT (J nat. size).

Species 201. — WHITE-BROWED SCRUB- WREN (£ nat. size).

Genus — PSOPHO'DES : psophodes, noisy.

223. crep'itans : crepitus, a crackling noise.

224. crep'itans latera'lis : lateralis. lateral.

225. nigrogula'ris : niger, black ; gula, throat-
Genus — POMATORHI'NUS ; poma, pomatos, lid ; rhis, rhinos, nose.

226. tempora'Iis : tempora, temples.

227. supercilio'sus : supercil,ium, eyebrow.

228. ruf'iceps : rufus, red ; caput, head.

229. rubec'ulus : ruber, red

\

Species 205.— SPOTTED SCRUB- WREN (£ nat. size).

Genus— CINCLORHAM'PHUS : kigklos (kinJclos), a bird ; rhamphos, a curved beak.

230. crura'lis : crus, cruris, leg.

231. rufes'cens : rufescens, growing red.

Genus— CALAMAN'THUS : calamus, reed; anthus, a small bird.

232. fuligino'sus : fuligo, soot.

233. campes'tris : campus, field.

234. isabelli'nus : isabella, a pale brownish-yellow colour.

29

Total length, 5 75 in. ; bill, 0'5 in. ; wing, 2-1 in. ; tail, 2 '5 in. ;
tarsus, 0-9 in.

Hab. : 4, 6.

GENUS— PSOPHODES.— Has large crest.

223. P. CrepitailS. Vig. and Hors., Coach whip -bird.

Under surface of body black, with some white mottling on centre
of breast ; lateral feathers of tail tipped white ; lower flanks ashy-
brown.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

224. P. crepitans lateralis (sub-sp.)t North.

Lateral feathers of tail tipped brown ; lower flanks olive-green.
Hab. : 2.

225. P. lligroglllaris, Gld., Black-throated Coachwhip-bird.

Under surface of body greyish-brown ; throat black.
Hab. : 9.

GENUS— POMATORHINUS.— Culmen long, and longer than tarsus.

226. P. temporalis* Vig. and Hors. (Pomatostomus temporalis)»

Babbler.

With a distinct white eyebrow ; throat and breast same colour —
white ; no white wing bar; wing, 4 '6 in. ; lower breast rufous ;
forehead paler brown than nape.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

227. P. SllperciliOSUS, Vig. and Hors. (Pomatostomus superciliosus),

White- browed Babbler.

With a distinct white eyebrow ; no white wing bar ; wing,
3 '05 in.; lower breast whitish, without any rufous; forehead
brown, like rest of crown.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,9.

228. P rilficeps, Vig. and Hors. (Pomatostomus ruficeps), Chestnut-

crowned Babbler.

With a distinct white eyebrow ; throat and breast of same colour ;
whitish tail feathers, broad white tips, with two white bars on
wing ; head chestnut.
Hab. : 6, 7.

229. P, rilbecillus. Gld. (Pomatostomus rubeculus), Red-breasted

Babbler.

With a distinct white eyebrow ; throat white, but breast bright
rufous.

Hab. : 1, (3), 7, 8.

GENUS— CINCLORHAMPHUS.— Inner secondaries nearly equal the
primaries in length.

230. C. Criiralis, Vig. and Hors. (C. cantillans), Brown Song-Lark.

R. B. Sharpe (1883) treats C. cruralis and C. cantillans as one
species, the size of the abdominal patch appearing to vary according
to amount of winter plumage remaining. " Birds with sooty-black
under surface have bill black, and appear to be in breeding
plumage."

Throat and belly blackish, upper tail coverts ashy-brown.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

231. C. rilfescens, Vig. and Hors. (Ptencedus rufescens), Rufous Song-

Lark.

Throat and belly whitish ; upper tail coverts rufous.
Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

GENUS— CALAMANTHUS — Secondaries about equal.

232. C. fllliginOSUS, Vig. and Hors., Striated Field- Wren.

Head olive-greenish, streaked with black, like back ; breast, sides
of body, flanks, and under tail coverts streaked with black.
Hab. : 4, 5.

30

233. C. campestris, Old., Field-Wren.

Head rufous, nearly uniform, or with narrow black streaks ;
breast pale yellow, distinctly streaked with dusky-brown ; under
tail coverts light rufous and brown, with white tips.
Hab. : 6, 9.

234. C. isabellillUS (sub-sp.), North, Desert- Wren.

Horn Exp., Zool., p. 85.

Streaks on upper surface almost entirely lost.
Hab. : 7.

The Vic. Nat., vol. xvi., No. 1, p. 3, refers to a C. rubiginosis,
Campbell, which is probably this or the western form of the
preceding species.

Group — Accentores.

Bearing a likeness to the Paridse (Seebohm).

GENUS— EPHTHI AN LIRA. —Bill slender, about equal in height and
breadth at nostrils.

235. E albifrons, Jardine and Selby, White-fronted Chat.

Male, black crescent across white breast ; throat white ; forehead
white ; hinder crown black. Female, greyer parts.
Hab. : 4, 6, 7, 9.

236. E. tricolor, Old., Tricoloured Chat.

Throat white ; forehead, crown, breast, and upper tail coverts
crimson. Female, crown and breast faint red.
Hab. : 2, 6, 7, 9.

237. E. aurifrons, Old., Orange-fronted Chat.

Throat black ; crown, breast, and rump orange or golden yellow.
Female, head brown ; under surface paler.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

238. E. CrOCCa, Castelnau and Ramsay, Yellow-breasted Chat.

Male, throat, upper tail coverts, and under surface of body bright
yellow, with band of black across chest. Female less bright than
male ; no pectoral spot.
Hab. : 1, 8.

FAMILY— PARIDJE : TITMICE.

SUB-FAMILY — PARING.

Bill without a notch ; tarsus less than twice the length of the hallux

without nail.

GENUS— XEROPHILA.— Bill higher than broad ; nostrils in a semi-
operculated groove, round and partly hidden by feathers, first
primary larger than half second ; tail square.

239. X. ICUCOpsiS, Gld. , White-faced Titmouse.

Upper surface brown ; forehead white ; under surface white, with
no pectoral band.

Hab. : (2), 6, 7, 9.

240. X. pectorallS, Gld. , Chestnut-breasted Titmouse.

Under surface whitish ; has a pectoral band of cinnamon ; brown
above.

Hab. : 6.

241. X. nigricincta. North, Black-banded Titmouse.

Narrow black band on whitish breast ; brown above.
Plate, Horn Exp., Zool.
Hab. : 7.

Group— ACCENTOR'ES : ad, to ; cano, cantum, sing.
Genus — EPHTHIANU'RA : perhaps ephthos, languid ; oura, tail.

235. al'bifrons : albus, white ; irons, forehead.

236. tri'cplor : tri, triple ; color, colour.

237. au'rifrons : aurum, gold ; frons, forehead or front.

238. cro'cea : croceus, yellow.

Species. 213— CHESTNUT-BACKED BABBLING-THRUSH

,(£ nat. size).
Upper fig. , female ; lower fig. , male.

Family — PAR/IDJ3 : pants, titmouse.
Sub-family — PARING : parus, titmouse.

Genus— APHELOCEPH' ALA : apheles, simple ; cephale, head (XEROPH'ILA :

zeros, dry ; phileo, to love).

239. leucop'si* : leukos. white : opsis, face.

240. pectora'lis : pectus, breast,

241. nigricinc'ta : niger, black; dnctus, girdled.

Species 227. —WHITE-BROWED BABBLER (J nat. size).

Species 231.— RUFOUS SONG-LAEK (| nat size).

Genus — SPHENOS'TOMA : sphen, wedge ; stoma, mouth.

242. crista'tum : cristatus, crested.

Family — LANTID^E : lanius, butcher.

Sub-family — GYMNORHINI'N^E : gumnos, naked ; rhis, rhinos, nose.
Genus — GYMNORHI'NA : gumnos, naked ; rhis, rhinos, nose.

243. tibi'cen : tibicen, a flute-player.

244. leucono'ta : leukos, white ; noton, back.

245. dorsa'lis : dorsum, back.

246. hyperleu'ca : huper, above ; leukos, white.

Species 233.— FIELD- WREN (± nat. size).

Genus— CRAC'TICUS : kraktikos, noisy.

247. quoy'i : Quoy, a proper name.

248. nigrigula'ris : niger, black ; gula, throat.

249. pica'tus : pica, magpie.

250. leucop'terus : leukos, white ; pteron, wing.

251. argen'teus : argenteus, silvery.

252. des true' tor : destructor, destroyer.

253. ciner'eus : cinereus, ashy.

254. spalding'i : Spalding, a proper name.

255. rufes'cens : rufesco, to become red.

31

GENUS— SPHENOSTOM A. —Crested.

242. S. cristatlllll, Gld., Wedge-bill.

General colour above uniform earthy-brown ; outer tail feathers
dark brown, with large white tips ; under parts dingy white, washed
with greyish-brown ; feathers of occiput prolonged into a long crest.
Sexes alike.

Total length, 9 in. ; ' bill, 0'5 in. ; wing, 3 -2 in. to 3 '4 in.
Hab. : (1), 6, 7.

FAMILY— LANIID^E.

Insectivorous birds ; bill strong, black or brown, notched and hooked ;
culmen curved or culmen straight with hardly any hook and notch,
colour bluish-white ; nostrils variable.

SUB-FAMILY — GYMNORHININ^E.

Nostrils placed almost midway between base and tip of bill, formed by a
longitudinal slit, quite bare of feathers or bristles.

GENUS— GYMNORHIN A.— Bill pointed and slightly hooked.

243. G. tibicen, Lath., Black-backed Magpie.

Black band across white back ; throat and breast black.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7.

244. Cr. lenconota, Gld., White-backed Magpie.

Whole of back pure white, like neck and rump ; throat and breast
black. Female, back not pure white.

Young. — Whole of back clouded with grey.
Hab. : 4, 6, (8), (9).

245. Cr, dorsalis, Campbell, Long-billed Magpie.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Vic., 1895, p. 206.
Hab. : 9

246. Cr. hyperleuca, Gld. (G. organicum), Lesser White-backed Magpie.

The Tasmanian form of G. leuconota. It is not recognized in the
British Museum Catalogue as a good species. In it the adult male
has culmen 1*7 in. ; wing, 9 '3 in. ; tail, 5*75 in.
Hab. : 5.

GENUS— CRACTIC US. —Bill strongly hooked.

247. C. quoyi, Less., Black Butcher-bird.

All black. Total length, 14'5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

248. C. nigriglllariS, Gld. (C. robustus, Lath.), Black- throated

Butcher-bird.

Belly white ; throat black ; centre of back black, separated from
head by white collar ; tail coverts covering less than half tail.

Total length, 13 in. ; culmen, 1*9 in. ; wing, 7'1 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8.

249. C. picatUS, Gld. (sub-sp. of C. nigrigularis), Pied Butcher-bird.

Total length, 11 in. ; culmen, 1'5 in. ; wing, 6*5 in.
Hab: 1, 8.

250. C, leucop terns, Gld., White-winged Butcher-bird.

Throat white ; back bluish-grey ; flanks brownish ; sides of upper
breast grey, contrasting with head, which is deep black.
Hab. : 9.

251. C. argenteilS, Gld. , Silvery-backed Butcher-bird.

Belly white ; throat white ; flanks and sides of breast pure white,
like rest of under surface ; back silvery-grey.
Hab. : 1.

32

252. C. destructor, Temm. (C. torquatus, Lath.), Butcher-bird

(Collared Crow- Shrike).

Throat white ; back grey ; flanks brownish ; sides of upper
breast brownish ; culmen, 1 "25 to 1 '5 in.
Hab. : (2), 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

253. C. cinereilS, Gld. (sub-sp. of C. destructor, Temm.), Grey Butcher-

bird.

Has larger bill — 1'45 in.
Hab. : 5.

254. C. spaldingi, Masters, Spalding Butcher-bird.

Like C. quoyi : bases of all feathers above and below slaty -brown,
and not dull white, as in C. quoyi (Masters). This is not recognized
universally as a good species.
Hab. : 1.

255. C. mfescens, De Vis, Rufous Butcher-bird.

Upper surface rufous ; back streaked with buff and brown ; crown
of head to mantle black, streaked with tawny rufous ; under surface
tawny buff ; under tail coverts rufous.
Hab. : 2.

SUB-FAMILY — PACHYCEPHALIN.E.

Culmen curved downwards throughout its length, or the bill considerably
flattened near its base ; nostrils in a coriaceous groove, with an
imperfect operculum.

GENUS — FALCUNCULUS. — Crested ; secondaries graduated.

256. F. frontatUS. Lath , Yellow-bellied Shrike-Tit.

Under surface yellow ; back olive-green. Male has throat black ;
female has throat green.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

257. F. leilCOgaster, Gld., White-bellied Shrike Tit.

Very like F. frontatus, but has lower part of breast, whole
abdomen, and flanks entirely white instead of yellow.
Hab. : 9.

GENUS— OREOICA. —Crested.

258. O. Cristata, Lewin, Bell-bird (Crested Oreoica).

Adult Male. — General colour above reddish-brown ; head light
grey, but forehead and lores white ; crest deep brownish -black ;
black stripe extends over cheeks and unites with black of lower
throat ; chin and upper part of throat white, enclosed by above-
mentioned black stripe ; lower part of throat, fore-neck, and upper
part of breast deep brownish-black ; lower breast and abdomen
white.

Adult Female. — Lighter in colour, and has the lower throat
and upper breast nearly uniform reddish-brown.

Total length, 8 4 in. ; bill, 0'8 in ; wing, 4'1 in. ; ta41, 35 in. ;
tarsus. I'l in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9.

GENUS— EOPSALTRI A. —Bill at nostrils broader than high.

259. E. JlUSt rails. Lath., Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin (Yellow Robin).

Abdomen bright yellow, only upper throat whitish. Culmen, 0'7 in.
Hab. : 3, 4.

260. E. magnirOStris, Gld. (E. chrysorrhous), Yellow -rumped Shrike-

Robin.

Gould, Ann. Mag. of N. H., iv., p. 109.

Rump and breast beautiful jonquil-yellow. Culmen larger than
in E. australis.

Hab. : 2, 3.

Sub-family— PACHYCEPHALI'N^ : pachus, thick ; kephale, head.
Genus — FALCUNC'ULUS : falco, falcon, and diminutive suffix culm.

256.
257.

258.

fronta'tus : irons, front.

leucogas'ter : leukos, white ; gaster, belly.

Genus — OREOI'CA : oros, mountain ; oikos, house.
crista'ta : cristatus, crested.

Species 235. —WHITE-FRONTED CHAT (f nat. size).
Upper fig. , female ; lower fig. , male.

Genus — EOPSAL'TRIA : eos, dawn ; psaltria, a female harper.

259. austra'Iis : australis, Australian.

260. magniros'tris : magnus, large ; rostrum, bill.

261. georgia/na : from George or Georgia.

262. pulverulen'ta : pulverulentus, dusty (pulvis, dust).

263. gula'ris : gula, throat.

Species 239. — WHITE-FACED TITMOUSE (| nat. size).

Species (? Variety) 243.— MAGPIE (£ nat. size).

Genus— PACHYCEPH' ALA : pachus, thick; kephale, head.

264. melanu'ra : melas, mdanos, black ; oura, tail.

265. guttura'lis : guttur, throat.

266. occidentals : occidentals, western.

267. penin'sulae : peninsula, peninsula.

268. glaucu'ra : glaukos, grey ; oura, tail.

269. falca'ta : falcatus, sickle-shaped.

270. pal lida : pallidus, pale.

Species 252. — COLLARED CROW-SHRIKE (-£ nat. size).

271. ruflven'tris : rufus, red ; venter, belly.

272. rufieula'ris : rufus, red ; gula, throat.

273. gilbert'i : Gilbert, a.proper name.

274. oliva'cea : oliva, olive.

275. sim'plex : simplex, plain.

276. lanioi'des : lanius, butcher ; eidos, form.

277. fretor'um : jretum, strait.

33

261. E. georgiana, Quoy and Gaim., Grey-breasted Shrike-Robin.

Abdomen bright yellow ; forehead and upper chest grey.
Hab. : 9.

262. E. plllvemleilta, Bparte. (E. leucura, Gld.), White-tailed Shrike

Robin.

Under parts white ; rest of plumage black ; basal half of tail
feathers white.

Hab. : 1, 2.

263. E. glllaris, Quoy and Gaim., White-breasted Shrike-Robin (White-

bellied Robin).

Under parts white, rest of plumage black ; tips of tail feathers
white.

E. capito, Gld. . and E. nana, Ramsay, are placed with Poacilodryas,
p. 15.

Hab. : 6, 9.

GENUS— PACHYCEPHALA.— Bill at nostrils equal in height and breadth.

264. P. melaillira. Gld. (includes P. robusta), Black-tailed Thickhead

Under surface rich yellow ; pectoral collar jet black ; above olive-
yellow ; throat white ; head black ; tail black ; breast gamboge-
yellow.

Female. — Below isabelline-yellow.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

265. P. gllttliraliS, Lath., White-throated Thickhead (supposed to

include P. rufogularis, A.A.A.S. Vernacular List, p. 10).

Male. — Under surface rich yellow ; pectoral collar jet black ;
throat white ; head black ; only terminal part of tail black ; basal
part grey, washed with olive.

Female. — General colour aftove, head, neck, upper tail coverts and
tail olive-brown ; wing coverts and secondaries blackish-brown,
edged with reddish-brown ; primaries edged with grey ; throat pale
brown, with white spots ; under parts buff, without streaks ; under
wing coverts whitish.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6.

266. P. OCCidentaliS, Ramsay, Western Thickhead.

Male. — Under surface rich yellow ; pectoral collar jet black ;
throat white ; head black ; only terminal part of tail black ; basal
part simply grey.

Female. — Lower part of chest, flanks, abdomen, and under
tail coverts rufous-buff.
Hab. : 9.

267. P. peninsula^, Hartert, York Thickhead.

Male. — Crown ashy-brown, remainder of upper surface and tail
olive-green ; lores ashy ; indistinct pale buff'y eyebrow ; throat
white ; breast light yellowish-grey, with darker shaft lines ; abdomen
pale sulphur-yellow, with dark shaft stripes ; under wing coverts
white, with faint yellow.
Hab. : 2.

268. P. glailClira, Gld., Grey-tailed Thickhead.

Male. — Under surface rich yellow ; pectoral collar jet black ; above
olive -yellow ; throat white ; head black ; tail entirely grey.
Female. — Greyish.
Hab. : 5.

269. P. falcata, Gld., Northern Thickhead.

Male. — No trace of yellow in plumage; black pectoral collar;
general colour above ashy-grey; throat white; under surface
creamy pale isabelline (brownish-yellow) ; collar broad.
Female. — Under surface fawn, with shafts streaked black.
Hab. : 1, 8.

6

34

270. P. pallida, Ramsay, Pale-breasted Thickhead.

Male. — No trace of yellow ; black pectoral collar ; general colour
above ashy-grey ; throat white ; under surface white, tinged with
cream colour ; collar narrow.

Female. — Under surface creamy-white, each feather streaked with
brown.

Hab. : 1,2.

271. P. riltiventris, Lath. (P. pectoralis, Vig. and Hors.), Rufous-

breasted Thickhead.

No yellow in plumage ; ashy-grey above ; throat white ; under
surface orange-brown.

Adult female has upper parts like male but tinged with ashy-
brown ; lores and ear coverts ashy-brown ; throat and cheeks white,
with dark brown streaks ; under parts light fawn, distinctly streaked
on breast, but less so on abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

272. P. rilfotflllaris, Gld-» Red-throated Thickhead.

No yellow in plumage ; black pectoral collar ; ashy-grey above ;
throat rusty-red ; head ashy-grey ; under surface sandy-buff ; chest
washed with brownish-grey ; lores and cheeks rusty-brown ; under
wing coverts greyish-buff in male, dull white in female.

Adult female differs in having throat and under surface greyish-
white (without rufous tinge) ; an obscure grey mark on chest ;
streaks down each feather.
Hab. : 6, 7.

273. P. gilbert!, Old., Gilbert Thickhead.

No yellow in plumage ; black pectoral collar ; above ashy grey ;
throat rusty-red ; head ashy-grey ; under surface sandy -buff ; chesb
washed with brownish-grey ; lores black; under wing coverts sandy-
buff in both sexes.

Adult female has upper surface like male but wants black lores
and rusty-red on throat, the throat and fore-neck being grey,
gradually passing into buff of rest of under surface.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

274. P. olivacea, Vig. and Hors., Olive Thickhead.

No black pectoral collar ; throat white, freckled with brown ;
body below dull fawn ; upper surface and tail olive brown. Female
like male, but has head olive-brown instead of greyish-brown, and
is chestnut-olive instead of brownish -olive above.
Hab. : 4, 5.

275. P. simplex, Old., Brown Thickhead.

All upper surface uniform fuscous-brown ; quills plain brown ;
lores and ear coverts paler ; chin, cheeks, and rest of under surface
white ; under wing coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing white.

Total length, 5 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 3 in. ; tail, 2'3 in.
Hab. : 1.

276. P. lanioides, Old., White-bellied Thickhead.

Head and breast black ; hind-neck with black collar, bordered
with chestnut band ; upper parts ashy ; abdomen and throat
white.

Hab. : 8.

277. P. fretoriim, De Vis, Torres Straits Thickhead.

Similar to 276.

Male, black and chestnut pectoral bands ; the chestnut collar
occupies the whole of the neck on its upper surface.
Young male wants the nuchal collar.
Hab. : 2.

Species 257 — WHITE-BELLIED SHRIKE-TIT (J nat. size).

Species 25$.— BELL-BIRD (not Bell-Minah), (| nat. size).
Upper fig., male ; lower fig., female.

Species 268. — GREY-TAILED THICKHEAD (J nat. size).
Lower fig., female ; upper and middle figs., males.

Group — CERTHIOMOR'PH^E : kerthios, a tree-creeper (bird) ; morphe, form.

Family — CER'THUD^E : kerthios, a tree-creeper (bird) ; morphe, form.

Sub-family — CERTHII'N^E : kerthios, a tree-creeper (bird) ; morphe, form.

Genus — CLIMACTER'IS : klimacter, from klimax, ladder.

278.
279.

melanu'ra : melas, melanos, black ; oura, tail,
melanono'ta : melas, melanos, black ; nolon, black.

Species 281. — WHITE-THROATED TREE-CREEPER

(| nat. size).
Upper fig., female ; lower fig., male.

280. ru'fa : rufus, red.

281. leucophae'a : leukos, white ; phaios, grey.

282. scan'dens : scando, to climb.

283. pyrrhono ta : purros, reddish ; noton, back.

284. e'rythrops : eruthros, red ; ops, countenance.

285. supercilio'sa : supercilium, eyebrow.

35
Group — Certhiomorphae.

Angle of the chin reaching as far as the line of the anterior margin of the
nasal suture, but not beyond it ; tongue not extensile ; bill entire,
not notched.

FAMILY— CERTHIID^E.

Bill either straight and subulate or slender, long and curved ; nostrils
basal ; tail never emarginated ; fourth toe coalesced at first phalanx
with the middle toe. Principally insectivorous.

SUB-FAMILY — CERTHIINJE.

Nostrils basal, longitudinal, operculated, exposed ; no nasal and rictal
bristles. Insectivorous.

GENUS— CLIMACTERIS.— General colouration brown; tail square, soft,
and shorter than wing ; one plate on tarsus.

278. C. HH'laillira, Gld., Black-tailed Tree-creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; all upper parts uniform
brownish-black ; throat black, with white lanceolate stripes.
Hab. : 1, (6), 8.

279. C. llielailOIlota, Gld., 'Black-backed Tree creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; all upper parts uniform
brownish- black ; throat dull white, without stripes.
Hab. : 1.

280. C rilfa, Gld. , Rufous Tree-creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; mantle brown ; centre pair of
tail feathers, lower back, and upper tail coverts olive-brown ; under
surface rusty-red ; flanks without stripes.
Hab. : 8, 9.

281. C. leiicoplisea. Lath. (C. picumnus), White-throated Tree-creeper.

Throat white ; fawn-coloured band across wing ; centre pair of
tail feathers dark grey.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7-

282. C. SOa lid CMS, Temm., Brown Tree-creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; central pair of tail feathers
brown : orbital region brown ; throat brownish or brownish-white.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

283. C. pyrrllOIlOta, Gld., Red-backed Tree-creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; centre pair of tail feathers dark
brown ; lower back and upper tail coverts rich rusty-red, dis-
tinguishing it from C. scandens. Male wants rusty patch to cheeks.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

284. C. erythrops. Gld., Red-browed Tree-creeper.

Fawn-coloured band across wing ; mantle brown ; centre pair of
tail feathers brownish in male, greyish in female ; lower back and
upper tail coverts ruddy grey ; orbital ring rich rusty-red ; dull
buff crescent across upper chest.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7.

285. C. SUperciliosa. North, White-browed Tree-creeper.

Plate, Horn Exp. Cent. Aust., Zool.

Similar to C. erythrops, with white superciliary band.

Hab. : 7, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — SITTING.

Bill straight and subulate, never toothed, but slightly notched ; nostrils
in a coriaceous groove ; wing double the length of tail. Insec-
tivorous. Transverse scales on tarsus.

36

GENUS — SITTELLA. — Bill slightly curved upwards; nostrils with a
cutaneous valve.

286. S. dirysoptera, Lath., Orange winged Tree-runner.

Middle third of quills forming large rusty-red patch ; breast and
abdomen streaked with brown ; crown of head dark brown.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

287. S. leilCOCephala. Gld., White-headed Tree-runner.

Middle third of quills forming rusty-red patch ; breast and
abdomen streaked with brown ; head and neck all round white.
Hab. : 3, 7.

288. S. albata, Ramsay, Pied Tree-runner.

Middle third of quills pure white ; head white all round.
Hab. : 2.

289. S. pileata, Gld., Black-capped Tree-runner.

Middle third of quills forming large rusty -red patch ; breast and
abdomen white, without any streaks ; crown of head black.

[All upper part of head in female is black. Male has simply a
black cap with white at base of bill and over eyes. — A. J. North.]
Hab. : 4, 6, 7, 9.

290. S. teilllirostris, Gld. (sub-sp. of S. pileata), Slender-billed Tree-

runner.

Middle third of quills forming rusty -red patch ; breast and
abdomen white, without any streaks ; crown of head blackish- brown ;
middle third of quills half white and half rusty.
Hab. : 4, 7.

291. S. leilCOptera, Gld., White- winged Tree -runner.

Middle third of quills pure white ; head above black ; breast and
abdomen white, without streaks.
Hab. : 1, 8.

292. S. Striata, Gld., Striated Tree-runner.

Middle third of quills pure white ; head above black ; breast and
abdomen much streaked.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

Group — Cinnyrimorphas.

Angle of the chin reaching as far as the line of the anterior margin of the
nasal suture, but not beyond it ; tongue extensile.

FAMILY— N ECTARINIID^E.

Bill pointed, elongated, 'and curved; nostrils rounded, protected by a
coriaceous membrane not hidden by bristles or feathers.

GENUS— CINNYRIS.— Tail square ; male with metallic colours.

293. C. frenata, S. Mull, (sub-sp. of C. jugularis, Linn.), Sun-bird.

Male has crown of head and upper surface olive-green ; over and
under eye two inconspicuous marks of yellow ; throat and chest
steel-blue ; remainder of under surface fine yellow ; irides chestnut ;
bill and feet black.

Total length, 4 '75 in. ; bill, 0'9 in. ; wing, 2'1 in. ; tail, T5 in.
Female has whole of under surface yellow, without a trace of
steel-blue gorget so conspicuous in male.
Hab. : 2.

287.

289.
290.

Sub-family— SITTI'N^E : sitte, a woodpecker.
Genus— SITTEL'LA : sitella, a small woodpecker (sitte).

chrysop'tera : chrusos, gold ; pteron, wing.

leucoceph'ala : leukos, white ; kephale, head.

alba'ta : albus, white.

pilea'ta : pileus, cap.

tenuiros'tris : tennis, thin ; rostrum, bill.

Species 289. — BLACK-CAPPED TREE-RUNNER (i nat. size).

291. leucop'tera: leukos, white ; pteron, wing.

292. stria'ta : striatus, striped.

Group — CINNYRIMOR'PHJE : kinnuris, a small bird ; morphe, form.
Family — NECTARJN'IIDjE : nectar, nectar (Cent. Diet.)

Genus — CIN'NYRIS : kinnuris, a small bird.

293. frena'ta : frenum, bridle.

Family — MELIPHAG'ID^E : meli, honey ; phagein, to eat.
Sub-family — MYZOMELI'N^E : muzo, to suck iu ; meli, houey.

Genus — MYZOME'LA : muzo, to suck in ; meli, honey.

294. sanguinolen'ta : sanguinolentus, blood-red.

295. erythroceph'ala : eruthros, red ; Tcephale, head.

Species 301. — SILVER-EYE (| uat. size).

296. ni'gra : niger, black.

297. pectora'lis : pectus, breast.

298. obscu'ra : obscurus, dusky.

Genus— ACANTHORHYN'CHUS : akantha, thorn ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

299. tenuiros'tris : tennis, thin ; rostrum, bill.

300. supercilio'sus : supercilium, eyebrow.

37

FAMILY— MELIPHAGIDJE.

Bill with prominent culmen and broadened out at base ; nostrils basal,
situated in a large unossified groove ; tongue bifid and brush-like.

SUB-FAMILY — MYZOMELIN.E.

Small birds of the size of a sparrow. First primary about the length of

the second.

GENUS — MYZOMELA. — Bill longer than rest of head, slender and curved.
Tail two-thirds length of wing. Principal colours black and red.
Female generally plain olive above.

294. HI. sailgllinolenta, Lath., Sanguineous Honey-eater.

Head red all round ; middle line of back and rump red ; chest and
fore-neck red.

Female. — Brown ; touch of red on rump.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

295. M. erythrocephala, Old., Red-headed Honey eater.

Head red all round ; middle line of back black ; rump red.
Female. — Uniform brown ; lighter below.
Hab. : 1, 2.

296. M. nigra, Old., Black Honey-eater.

Head and neck all round and mantle black ; rest of back and tail
blackish-brown ; breast and abdomen pure white.

Female. — Upper surface brown ; under surface brownish-white,
centre of each feather being darker.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 9.

297. HI. pectoralis, Gld., Banded Honey-eater.

Whole crown black ; abdomen and breast white ; upper tail
coverts white ; a pectoral crescent black.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

298. HI. obsciira, Gld. , Dusky Honey-eater.

Upper and under parts olive-brown ; crown slightly tinged with
red.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

GENUS- ACANTHORHYNCHUS.— Tail about equal to wing in length.

299. A. tenilirOStriS. Lath, (including A. dubius), Spine-billed Honey-

eater.

Crown black ; a bronzy-brown crescent on chest separates the
white throat, with a brownish patch upon it, from a reddish-fawn
abdomen ; no white eyebrow.

Culmen, 12 in. ; wing, 2 '5 in. ; tail, 2*3 in. ; tarsus, 0'70 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

300. A. SUpercilioSUS, Gld., White-browed Spine-bill.

Entire crown of head, mantle, and back greyish olive-brown, a
streak behind eye and above ear coverts, chin, and cheeks, and a finely
developed crescent across chest white ; throat and neck all round
chestnut-red ; breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts pale
buff, separated from white crescent by another one of brownish-
black.

Hab. : (6), 9.
•

SOB-FAMILY — ZOSTEROPIN^E.

Bill shorter or equal to the rest of the head ; a peculiar ring of short
whitish feathers surrounds the eye. Plumage green, yellow, and
white.

38

GENUS— ZOSTEROPS.— First primary extremely short or wanting (except
in the brown species).

301. Z. COemleSCenS, Lath, (includes Z. westernensis, Quoy and Gaim. ;

North), Silver eye.

Crown olive-green ; back brown ; under surface not uniform ;
throat white, sometimes tinged with olive.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

302. Z. ramsayi, Masters, Yellow-vented Silver-eye.

Crown of head, neck, throat, wings, rump, and under tail coverts
greenish-yellow ; lores and line beneath eye black ; back and ch est
bluish-grey ; abdomen light-grey, passing into buff' on flanks ;
primaries and secondaries brownish-black, margined on outer webs
with yellowish beneath, on inner webs with whitish ; tail brown,
margined with yellow.

H. Gadow considers it may be identical with Z. westernensis.
Hab. : 2 (?).

303. Z. gOllldi, Bparte., Green-backed Silver eye.

Head and rump of same tint as back, though sometimes brighter ;
throat olive-yellow ; breast ashy-grey ; sides of body clear rufous or
pale chestnut.
Hab : 9.

304. Z. albiventer, Reichenbach (includes Z. flavogularis, Masters),

Pale-bellied Silver-eye.

Head and rump of same tint as back, though sometimes brighter ;
throat sulphur-yellow ; breast pale ashy ; sides of body pale ashy-
grey ; under tail coverts sulphur-yellow.
Hab. ; 1, 2.

305. Z. Ill tea, Old., Yellow Silver-eye.

Throat yellow, like rest of under surface ; colour above grass-green.
Bill, 0-5 io.

Hab. : 1, 2.

306. Z. gllllivcri, Castelnau and Ramsay, Gulliver Silver-eye.

Colour above olive-yellow ; throat yellow, like rest of under sur-
face. Bill nearly 0'6 in.
Hab. : 1.

GENUS— MELITHREPTUS.— Bill shorter than rest of head; operculum
partly covered with feathers ; first primary about third length of
very long second primary ; tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and
fifth ; secondaries very short, two-thirds length of wing ; tail
slightly emarginate.

307. M. limillatllS. Shaw (British Museum Catalogue includes M.

chloropsis, Gld.), Lunulated Honey-eater.

Crown of head black ; white band across occiput ; chin pure
white ; under surface white ; naked space above eye scarlet ; wing,
2-8 in. to 3'1 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

308. M. albiglllaris, Gld. (sub-sp. of M. lunulatus), White-throated

Honey -eater.

Winx, 2-6 in. to 2'8 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8.

309. m. chloropsis, Gld.

Similar to lunulatus ; larger, and naked space above eye greenish-
white.

Hab. : 9.

39

310. M. glllaris« Old., Black-chinned Honey-eater.

Crown of head black ; white band across occiput ; chin blackish ;
under surface greyish-brown ; culmen, 0'5 to 0'6 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 9.

311. Hit laetior, Old., Golden-backed Honey-eater.

To be distinguished from gularis by white under surface, lemon-
yellow on back of neck, and yellow naked skin round eye.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 8.

312. JH, validirOStris, Old., Strong-billed Honey-eater.

Crown of head black ; white band across occiput ; chin blackish ;
culmen 0'75 in.
Hab. : 5.

313. M. brevirostris, Vig. and Hors., Brown-headed Honey-eater

(Short-billed Honey-eater).

Crown of head brownish, with cream-coloured band across occiput.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

314. M. melanocephalllS, Old., Black-headed Honey-eater.

Upper surface greyish-olive ; under surface greyish-white ; crown
of head black, with no white band across occiput.
Hab. : 5.

315. M. YinitillCtUS, Be Vis, Gay Honey-eater.

Crown of head vinous-grey ; white band across occiput.
Total length, 4*20 in. ; wing, 2 '45 in. ; culmen. 1*5 in.
Hab. : 2.

GENUS— PLECTRORHYNCHUS.— Bill shorter than head and very

straight.

316. P. lanceolatUS, Gld., Striped Honey-eater.

Crown of head, sides of neck, and hind-neck greyish-white, with
black mark down centre of each feather ; cheeks and all under parts
pure white, except some feathers on sides of fore-neck, which are
mottled black and white.

Young. — Throat dull wax-yellow ; head brown and streaked.

Total length, 9 in, ; bill, 0'75 in. Wing, 4 '7 in. male, 4 '4 in.
female,

Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

SUB-FAMILY — MELIPHAGIN^E.
The remaining genera of the Meliphagidse constitute this sub-family.

GENUS— GLYCYPHILA.— Bill a little longer than or equal to rest of
head, broad at base ; nostrils operculated, not covered with
feathers ; first primaries comparatively long ; tip of wing formed
by third to fifth primaries ; secondaries three-fourths length of
wing ; tail square or slightly emarginated ; inner web of quills
fulvous. Tarsus covered with many transverse scales.

317 G. flllvifrons, Lewin, Tawny- crowned Honey-eater.

Sub-gen. Glycyphila.

Feathers behind eye of normal shape ; inner web of quills edged
with fulvous ; breast and abdomen white ; throat white ; forehead
fulvous.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

318. G. albifrons, Gld., White-fronted Honey-eater.

Feathers behind eye of normal shape ; inner web of quills edged
with fulvous ; breast and abdomen white ; throat blackish ; fore-
head white.

Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

40

319. G. fasciata, Old., White-breasted Honey-eater.

Feathers behind eye of normal shape ; inner web of quills edged
with fulvous ; breast and abdomen white ; dark brown cross mark-
ings to feathers of chest.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

320. G. OClllariS, Gld. (Stigmatops ocularis and subocularis), Brown

Honey-eater.

Sub-gen. Stigmatops. — Feathers behind eye peculiarly shaped,
being short, blackish at base, silky white or yellow at terminal half,
giving post-ocular region a spotted appearance.

Wings not edged with white ; ear coverts brown, upper parts
uniform olive-brown ; post-ocular feathers glossy yellow ; under
parts dingy brownish white or grey.

(A.A.A.S. Vernacular List Comm. says these are not the same.)

Subocularis = Least Honey-eater : Total length, 4'75 in. ; culmen,
06 to 0'7 in. ; wing, 2'3 to 2*5 in. ; tail, 2 in. ; tarsus, 0'61.)
H , . /ocularis, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9.
• \subocularis, 1, 2, 8.

321. €r. modesta, Gray, Brown-backed Honey-eater.

For characters of Stigmatops see last species.

"Wings not edged with white ; ear coverts brown ; upper parts
uniform olive-brown ; a white subocular spot ; under parts white,
faintly barred with brownish.
Hab. : 2.

322. G. albiaiiricillaris, Ramsay, Broadbent Honey -eater.

For characters of Stigmatops see G. ocularis.

Wings not edged with white ; ear coverts and subocular region
with silvery-white spots.
Hab : 2.

GENUS— ENTOMOPHILA.— Bill not longer than rest of head, broad at
base : nostrils not beset with feathers, operculated ; tip of wing
formed by third and fourth primaries ; tail square ; tarsus anteriorly
scutellated.

323. E. albigulariS, Gld., Rufous-breasted Honey-eater (White-

throated Honey-eater).

Sub-gen. Conopophila.

Wings edged with wax-yellow ; chest reddish-buff ; first primary
about one- third length of second ; secondaries five-sixths of whole
wing ; throat white.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

324 E. picta, Gld., Painted Honey-eater.

Upper surface black ; under surface white ; flanks spotted ; wings
edged with wax-yellow ; bill shorter than head ; first primary
extremelv short, second about two-thirds length of wing.
Hab. : 6, 7.

325. E. rilfiglllaris, Gld., Red-throated Honey -eater.

Sub-gen. Conopophila.

Wings edged with wax-yellow ; bill shorter than head ; first
primary about one-third of wing ; secondaries five-sixths of whole
wing ; throat reddish ; general plumage brownish.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

326. E. leilCOmelaS, Cuvier, Pied Honey-eater.

Sub-gen. Certhionyx.

Only colours black and white; first primary not so short as in
foregoing sub-genera.

Hab. : 6, 7, 8, 9.

Sub-family— ZOSTEROPI'NvE : zoster, girdle ; ops, countenance.
Genus — ZOS'TEROPS : zoster, girdle ; ops, countenance.

301. ccerules'cens : cwrulescens, bluish.

302. ram'sayi : Ramsay, a proper name.

303. gould'i : Gould, a proper name.

304. albiven'ter : albus. white ; venter, belly.

305. lu'tea : luteus, yellow.

306. gul'liveri : Gulliver, a proper name.

Species 334.— SINGING HONEY-EATER (•£ nat. size).

Genus— MELITHREP'TUS : meli, honey ; threptos, nourished.

307. lunula'tus : lunula, crescent.

308. albigular is : albus, white ; gula, throat.

309. chlorop sis : chloros, green ; opsis, appearance

310. gular'is : gula, throat.

311. lae'tior : comp. degree of Icetus, bright.

312. validiros'trls : validus, strong ; rostrum, bill.

313. breviros'tris : brevis, short ; rostrum, bill.

314. melanoceph'alus : melas, melanos, black ; kephale, head.

315. vinitinc'tus : vinum, wine ; tinctus, dyed.

Genus — PLECTRORHYN'CHUS : plektron, spear-point ; rhugchos (rhunchos),

bill.

316. lanceola'tus : lanceolatus, lanceolate.

Sub-family— MELIPHAGI'N^: meli, honey ; phagein, to eat.
Genus — GLYCY'PHILA : glukus, sweet ; philos, fond.

317. ful'vifrons : fulvus, yellow ; Irons, forehead.

318. al'bifrons : albus, white; irons, forehead.

319. fascia'ta : fascia, streak.

Species 339.— WHITE-EARED HONEY-EATER (| nat. size).

320. oeula'ris : oculus, eye.

321. modes'ta : modestus, unassuming.

322. albiauricula'ris : albus, white ; auricula, lobe of the ear.

Genus — ENTOMOPH'ILA : entomon, insect ; philos, fond.

323. albigula'ris : albus, white ; [gula, throat.

324. pic'ta : pictus, painted.

325. ruflgular'is ; rulus, red ; gula, throat.

326. leucome'las : leukos, white ; melas, black.

41

GENUS— MELIPHAG A. —Bright yellow and black.

327. 91. phrygia, Lath. (Zanthomyza phrygia, Swainson), Warty-faced

Honey-eater.

Bright yellow and black, much spotted and barred ; head and
neck black, except ocular region and cheeks, which are bare and
warty.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

GENUS— PTILOTIS. — Bill equal to or rather longer than rest of head ; tip
of wing formed by primaries 3, 4, 5, and 6 ; secondaries between
four-fifths and five-sixths length of wing ; tail square or slightly
rounded. Pattern of colour very plain, mostly olive above, dingy
yellow below ; inner web of remiges invariably broadly margined with
fulvous ; parotid feathers often stiff and most frequently coloured
yellow or white ; ear coverts always different colour from rest of
head ; no other colours than olive, yellow, white, and brown in
plumage.

328. P. flisca, Gld. , Fuscous Honey-eater.

Yellow colour confined to post-auricular feathers ; upper parts
olive ; ear coverts dusky olive-grey ; under parts dull yellowish-grey.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

329. P. lewini, Swainson, Yellow-eared Honey-eater.

Yellow colour confined to post-auricular feathers ; upper parts
olive ; ear coverts silky leaden-grey ; under parts ashy-olive.
Culmen, 0'8 in. ; wing, 3 '6 in. ; tail, 3 '4 in. ; tarsus, 0.8 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

330. P. analoga, Gld. (P. notata), Yellow-spotted Honey-eater.

Doubtful species. This is said to be the northern variety of P.
lewini, because of its slightly smaller size.
Ibis, 1898, p. 57.
Hab. : 1, 2.

331. P. gracilis* Gld., Lesser Yellow-spotted Honey-eater.

Much smaller than P. analoga, with proportionately longer bill ;
otherwise the same.
Ibis, 1898, p. 57.
Hab. : 2.

332. P. freiiata. Ramsay, Bridled Honey-eater.

Yellow feathers on sides of head forming conspicuous patch ;
ocular or auricular region bare.
Hab. : 2.

333. P. flavistriata, Gld., Yellow- streaked Honey-eater (Varied Honey-

eater). Ramsay's Tab. List of Birds, p. 13, P. versicolor.

Yellow feathers on side of head form a conspicuous patch ; ocular
or auricular region bare ; feathers on upper and hinder margin of
ear golden yellow ; ears bare, with a short wattle ; mantle spotted ;
breast striated.
Hab. : 1.

334. P. SOllora, Gld. (P. vittata, Cuvier), Singing Honey-eater.

With small white post-auricular patch ; ear coverts yellow ; black
streak through eye ; under parts with dull streaks ; crown and
mantle earthy-brown ; upper half of ear coverts dark grey ; under
parts of body dingy yellow, with dull whitish streaks.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

335. P, macleayana* Ramsay, Macleay Honey-eater.

Similar to P. flavistriata.

No small white post-auricular patch ; no black and yellow markings
on the side of head.
Hab. : 2.

42

336. P. chrysops, Lath., Yellow-faced Honey-eater.

With small white post-auricular patch ; ear coverts yellow ; black
streak through eye ; under parts with dull streaks ; cheeks black ;
upper parts earthy-brown,
flab. : 2, 3, 4.

337. P. filigera, Gld., Streak-naped Honey-eater.

Yellow colour confined to post -auricular feathers ; ocular and
auricular region not bare ; upper parts brown ; ear coverts brownish ;
a golden-yellow post-auricular stripe ; under parts fulvous- brown.
Hab.: 1,2

338. P. flaviglllaris, Gld. (P. flavicollis, Vieill), Yellow-throated

Honey-eater.

Throat gamboge-yellow ; crown and fore-neck ashy-grey ; mantle
dark yellowish-olive.
Hab. : 4, 5.

339. P. leilCOtis, Lath., White-eared Honey-eater.

Ear coverts pure white ; throat black ; crown ashy-grey.
Hab. : 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

340. P. fascioglllaris, Gld., Fasciated Honey-eater.

Bright yellow post auricular tufts, followed by elongated feathers
on sides of neck ; throat ashy-brown, much barred with yellow ;
upper parts ashy-brown.
Hab. : 2, 3.

341. P. COCkerelli, Gld., Cockerell Honey-eater.

Post-auricular feathers forming decidedly elongated tufts (yellow) ;
feathers of fore-neck hairy or lanceolate, white ; under parts dull
white ; crown dark brown ; median wing coverts tipped with white.
Hab.: 2.

342. P. aiiricomis, Lath., Yellow-tufted Honey-eater.

Post-auricular feathers forming decidedly elongated yellow tufts ;
feathers of throat not lanceolate ; ear coverts and ocular region
black ; crown and under parts yellow ; mantle olive-grey.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

343. P. caSSidix, Jardine, Helmeted Honey- eater.

Post- auricular feathers forming elongated yellow tufts ; feathers
of throat not lanceolate ; ear coverts and ocular region black ; crown
and under parts yellow ; mantle blackish-brown.
Hab. : 4.

344. P. cratitia, Gld. (includes P. occidentalis, Cabani), Wattle-cheeked

Honey-eater.

Post-auricular feathers forming yellow tufts ; under parts dull
yellowish-white, without shaft streaks ; ear coverts not bounded by
black stripe ; crown grey ; from gape down each side of throat a
naked fleshy wattle of a beautiful lilac colour.
Hab. : 6, 8, 9.

345. P. keartlandi, North, Keartland Honey-eater.

Plate, Horn Exp., Zool.

A line in front and the feathers above and below the eye blackish ;
ear coverts silky-grey, slightly tipped with blackish -brown ; con-
spicuous patch of light yellow feathers behind eye ; cheeks, chin,
throat, and all the upper surface pale lemon-yellow, slightly darker
on centre of throat and fore-neck.
Hab. : 7, 8.

346. P. penicillata, Gld., White-plumed Honey-eater.

Post-auricular feathers forming decidedly elongated tufts (pure
white) ; ear coverts dull yellow ; upper parts dull earthy-brown.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7

Genus — MELI'PHAGA : meli, honey ; phagein, to eat.

327. phry'gia : Phrygia, in Asia Minor.

Genus — PTILO'TIS : ptilon, feather : ous, otos, ear.

328. fus'ca : fuscus, dusky.

329. lew'ini : Lewin, proper name.

330. ana'loga : analogos, analogous.

s

Species 346. — WHITE-PLUMED HONEY -EATER (£ nat. size).

331. gra'cilis : gracilis, slender.

332. frena'ta : frenum, bridle.

333. flavistria'ta : flavus, yellow ; striatus, striped.

334. sono'ra : sonorus, sonorous.

335. macleayan'a : Madeav, a proper name.

336. chry'sops : chrusos, gold ; ops, face.

337. filig'era : filum, thread ; gero, to carry.

33 S. flavigula'ris : flavus, yellow ; gula, throat.

339. leuco'tis : leukos. white : ous, otos, ear.

340. fasciogula'ris : fascia, band ; gula, throat.

341. cockerell'i : Cockerell, a proper name.

342. aurico'mis : aurum, gold ; coma, hair of head.

343. cas'sidix : cassis, cassidis, helmet.

344. cratit'ia : cratitius, composed of wicker-work, wattled.

Upper fig., sp. 353 ; middle fig., sp. 356 ; lower fig.

sp. 354.
(^ nat. size).

345. keartland'i : Heartland, a proper name.

346. penicilla'ta : penicillum, painter's brush.

347. leilavalen'sis : Leila Vale, a place in Queensland.

348. orna'ta : ornatus, adorned.

349. plu'mula : pluma, down (feathers).

350. flaves'cens : fiavescens, yellowish (flavus, yellow).
350A. germa'na : germanus, akiu.

351. fla'va : flavus, yellow.

352. u'nicolor : unus, one ; color, colour.

43

347. P. leilavalensiS, North, Lesser White-plumed Honey-eater.

Records Aust. Mus., vol. iii., No. 5, p. 106.

Smaller than penicillata ; more brightly coloured head ; no black
line between ear coverts and white. Like flavescens, except ear
coverts.

Hab. : 2.

348. P. omnta. Old., Yellow-plumed Honey-eater (Graceful Honey-

eater).

Post-auricular feathers forming elongated yellow tufts ; ear
coverts not black, but brownish ; crown not yellow ; under parts
dull whitish, with broad brownish shaft streaks ; mantle pale
brownish-grey.

Hab. : 6, 9.

349. P. 1>1 Hill Ilia. Gld., Yellow-fronted Honey-eater (Plumed Honey-

eater).

Post-auricular feathers forming elongated yellow tufts ; ear coverts
not black, but yellowish-brown, with narrow black transverse stripe
bounding yellow ; under parts without shaft streaks and dingy
yellowish-white ; mantle pale olive-grey.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 9.

350. P. flavescens, Gld., Yellow-tinted Honey-eater.

Post- auricular feathers forming elongated yellow tufts ; ear coverts
yellowish-brown, with narrow black transverse stripe bounding
yellow ; mantle pale olive-grey ; under parts yellow, without shaft
streaks.

Hab : 1, 8.

350 A. P, gcriliaiKi, Ramsay (sub-sp. of P. flavescens).

Size smaller ; yellow stripe behind eye and black stripe beneath
ear coverts more developed.
Hab. : 2.

351. P. flava, Gld., Yellow Honey-eater.

No pronounced yellow ear patches ; all under parts rich yellow,
including under surface of wing ; upper parts rich greenish yellow.
Hab. : 1, 2.

352. P. llllicolor, Gld. (includes Stomiopera unicolor), White gaped

Honey-eater.

Auricular region without any yellow or white patches ; plumage
uniform dull brownish -grey.
Hab.: 1,2,8.

GENUS— MELIORNIS.— Bill about as long as rest of head ; nostrils
operculated, not covered by feathers ; first primary comparatively
long ; tip of wing formed by third to sixth ; quills internally edged
with fulvous ; tail rounded.

353. IH. ailStralasiaiia, Shaw, Crescent Honey-eater (Tasmanian

Honey -eater).

Male. —Crescent on whitish breast ; narrow stripe above eye ; quills
partly golden yellow ; mantle uniform ashy-grey.

Female. — No white eyebrow and crescent.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

354. ]H. novse-hollandiae, Lath. , New Holland Honey-eater.

General appeai-ance black, white, and yellow ; feathers of mantle
blackish-brown, edged with whitish and brownish-grey ; feathers of
fore-neck hairy, black, edged and tipped with white.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

355. HI. longirostris, Gld. (sub-sp. of M. novse-hollandiae), Long-billed

Honey -eater.

44

Very similar to M. novse-hollandise, but feathers of white cheeks
are a little longer and more hair-like, not forming a well-defined oval
patch as in the other species The bill is a little longer and stronger.

Bill, 0-8 to 0-9 in. ; wing, 2-8 to 3'1 in.
Hab. : (6), 9.

356. M. sericea, Old., White-cheeked Honey-eater.

General appearance black, white, and yellow ; feathers of mantle
blackish- brown, edged with whitish and brownish-grey ; feathers of
fore-neck short, entirely black.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

357. ]H. mystacalis, Old., Moustached Honey-eater.

Adult female differs from M. sericea as follows : — The white
feathers on upper part of head are restricted to the long superciliary
stripe, leaving the middle part of forehead and base of culmen black ;
the white elongated feathers of cheeks include some of the ear coverts
and terminate in a point towards the shoulders.
Hab. : 9.

GENUS — MANORHIN A.— Post-auricular region bare of feathers.

358. M. inelanophrys, Lath., Bell Minah (Bell-bird).

General colour of plumage olive-green above, under parts yellow-
ish ; red spot behind eye.
Hab. : 4.

359. M. obSClira, Gld. (Myzantha obscura), Dusky Minah.

Mantle brownish grey ; abdomen white ; rump and upper tail
coverts like rest of back, dull grey ; forehead and crown grey.
Hab. : (6), 9.

360. 91. garrilla. Lath. (Myzantha garrula), Noisy Minah.

Mantle brownish-grey ; abdomen white ; breast arrow-marked ;
forehead whitish ; crown black.

Total length, 10 in : bill, 1 in. ; wing, 5 to 6 in. ; tail, 5 '5 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6.

361. 91. flavitillln. Gld. (Myzantha flavigula), Yellow-throated Minah.

Mantle brownish-grey , abdomen white ; rump and upper tail
coverts white; breast arrow-barred. Wing, 55 to 4*8 in. ; tail,
4-7 to 4-3 in.

Hab. : 1, 3, 7. 9.

362. M. lutea, Gld. (sub sp. of M. flavigula), (Myzantha lutea), Yellow

Minah.

Wing, 575 in. ; tail, 5 25 in.
Hab. : 1, 8.

GENUS— ACANTHOCH^R A. —Bill of about same length as rest of head,
curved ; culmen ridged ; nostrils longitudinal and operculated ; tail
nearly as long as wing — 5 to 7 in. — and graduated ; tarsi scutellated
and short.

363. A. CarilllCUlata, Lath., Red- wattle Bird.

Principal colours grey and brown, with white longitudinal marks.
Wattles blood red. Length of wattles less than 0'5 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

364. A. inaiiris, Gld. , Yellow-wattle Bird.

Similar to A. carunculata. Wattles yellow. Length of wattles
more than 1 in.
Hab. : 5.

365. A. mellivora, Lath., Brush Wattle bird.

Sub-gen. Anellobia has no wattles : tail strongly graduated.
Plumage dark, much lined and spotted with white ; feathers of
mantle with white central streaks.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

Genus — MELIOR'NIS : meli, honey ; ornis, bird.

353. australasia'na : australasianus, Australasian.

354. novse-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia. New Holland.

355. longiros'tris : longus, long ; rostrum, bill.

356. seric'ea : serikos, silken.

357. mystaca'lis : mustax, upper lip.

Genus— MANORHI'NA.

358. melano'phrys : melas, melanos, black ; ophrus, eyebrov

359. obscu'ra : obscurus, dusky.

360. gar'rula : garrulus, noisy.

361 flavigu'la : flavus, yellow ; gula, throat.
362. lu'tea : luteus, yellow.

Species 360.— NOISY MINAH (£ nat. size).

Genus— ACANTHOCH^E'RA : akantha, thorn; chcera, a genus of perching birds.

363. caruncula'ta : caruncula, excrescence.

364. inau'ris : inauris, an ear-ring.

365. melliv'ora : mel, metis, honey ; voro, to eat.

366. lunula'ta : lunula, crescent

367. ruflgula'ris : rufus, red ; gula, throat.

Genus— ENTOMY'ZA.

368. cyano'tis : kuanos, dark blue ; ous, otis, ear

369. albipen'nis : albus, white ; penna, feather.

Genus — PHILE'MON : phileo, to love ; philemon, loving.

370. eornicula'tus : cornicula, a little horn.

371. argen'ticeps : argentum, silver ; caput, head.

372. bueeroi'des : bous, ox ; keras, horn : eidos, form.

373. eitreogula'ris : dtreus, citron-coloured ; gula, throat.

374. sor'didus : sordidus, humble.

\1

Species 379. — SPOTTED DIAMOND-BIRD (£ nat. size).

Section B.— FBJNGILLIFOR'MES : fringtila, a kind of Chaffinch (probably
onomatopoeia [Cent. Diet.]) ; forma, likeness.

Family — DICJE'IDM : dicceum, a genus of Indian birds.
Genus — DICJE'UM : dicceum, a genus of Indian birds.
375. hirundina'ceum : hirundo, swallow.

45

366. A. Innillata, Gld,, Little Wattle-bird,

Sub-gen. Anellobia (365).
No white streaks to feathers of mantle.
Hab. : 9.

367. A. mfiglllaris, Gld . (includes A. flavacanthus, Campbell), Spiny-

cheeked Honey-eater.

Sub-gen. Acanthogenys has no wattles ; tail not longer than wing,
and square.

Throat to upper chest rufous ; abdomen white, heavily lined with
brown ; bristle-like feathers on cheeks and beneath ear coverts
white.

Hab. : 3, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— ENTOMYZ A. —Side of head bare.

368. E cyanotis, Swainson, Blue-faced Honey-eater.

Head and throat black, with white crescent on occiput and
white line dividing head from throat ; under surface white ; basal
half or two-thirds of inner webs of primaries fulvous.
Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

369. E. alMpennis, Gld., White quilled Honey-eater.

Like cyanotis, but with basal half or two-thirds of inner weba of
primaries pure white.

Young has soft parts round the eye yellowish.
Hab. : 1, (2).

GENUS— PHILEMON.— Culmen with prominent ridge, often humped.

370. P. COrniclllatUS, Lath., Friar-bird (Leatherhead).

Base of culmen with large hump ; feathers of fore-neck and chest
lanceolate in shape ; whole crown, sides of head and neck all round
bare.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

371. P. argenticeps, Gld., Silvery-crowned Friar-bird.

Base of culmen with large hump ; feathers of fore-neck and chest
lanceolate in shape ; nostrils open ; centre of crown and sides of
neck covered with silvery-brown feathers.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

372. P. bliceroides, Swainson, Helmeted Friar-bird.

Base of culmen with large hump ; feathers of fore-neck and chest
lanceolate ; centre of crown covered with feathers ; side of neck
bare.

Hab. : 1,2.

373. P. citreoglllaris, Gld., Yellow-throated Friar-bird.

Culmen not humped ; upper surface light brown ; under parts
whitish ; cheeks only and region round eye is bare ; in very old
birds also part of crown next to eye is bare.

Culmen, T5 to-1'2 in. ; wing, 5 to 5 '2 in. ; tail, 4'1 in. ; tarsus,
1-05 in.

Young birds have yellowish throat.
Hab. : 2, 3, (4), 6, 7.

374. P. sordidllS, Gld. (sub-sp. of P. citreogularis), (includes P.

occidentalis), Little Friar-bird.

Smaller (except in bill) than P. citreogularis.
Hab. : 1, 3, 8.

46
SECTION B.— FRINGILLIFORMES.

Wing with nine primaries, the first of which is fully developed and usually
very long. Exceptions in Pardalotus and Prionochilus.

FAMILY— DICJEID^;.

Differing from the Sun-birds by having stronger and shorter bills. The
nesting habit also differs from that of the Sun bird.

GENUS — DICLEUM. — Hind toe and claw about half length of tarsus.

375. D. hirundinaceiim, Shaw, Flower-pecker or Mistletoe-bird.

Male. — Scarlet on throat ; back glossy purplish-blue ; flanks ashy-

female. — Dull black above ; throat and centre of abdomen buff ;
under tail coverts pale scarlet.
Hab. : 6, 7, 8, 9.

GENUS— PARDALOTUS. — Mandibles about equal ; nasal membrane con-
cealed by plumes.

376. P. OF lint US. Temm., Striated Pardalote.

Head streaked white on hinder crown and occiput ; all primaries
edged with white, forming large wing-patch ; tips of primary coverts
scarlet.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

377. P. assimilis, Ramsay (sub-sp. of P. ornatus), Allied Pardalote.

Head streaked white ; third and fourth primaries edged with
white (sometimes third only) ; tips of primary coverts scarlet, crim-
son, orange, or yellow.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

378. P. affilliS, Gld., Yellow tipped Pardalote (Allied Pardalote).

Head streaked with white ; third primary only edged with white ;
tips of primary coverts always yellow.
Hab : 3, 4, 5.

379. P. pimctatUS, Temm., Spotted Pardalote.

Head black, with round white spots ; back mottled ; loral spot
white ; under tail coverts yellow ; rump chestnut.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

380. P. xailtllOpygillS, M'Coy, Yellow-rumped Pardalote.

Head black, with round white spots ; back mottled ; feathers
edged with black, with subterminal spot ; upper tail coverts
crimson ; loral spot white ; under tail coverts and rump yellow.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

381. P. rilbricatUS, Gld., Red-lored Pardalote.

Head black, with round white spots ; back nearly uniform ashy-
brown ; loral spot scarlet ; under tail coverts white.

Female has dusky centres and fringes to feathers of interscapular
region, and conspicuous dark shaft lines on lower back. — North.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3,7.

382. P. melanoceplialllS, Gld., Black-headed Pardalote.

Head uniform black ; rump yellowish or earthy-brown.
Hab. : 2, 3, 7.

383. P. liropygialis, Gld., Chestnut-rumped Pardalote.

Male. — Head uniform black ; rump and throat yellowish.
Female. — Head greyish, as back ; throat whitish.
Hab. : 1, 3, 8.

Genus — PARDALO'TUS : pardalotus, spotted like the pardalis, pard.

376.
377.

orna'tus : ornatus, adorned.
assim'ius : ad, to ; similis, like.

378. affl'nis : affinis, allied.

379. puncta'tus : punctatus, spotted.

Species 385. — HOUSE SWALLOW (£ nat. size).

380. xanthopyg'ius : xanthos, yellow ; pyga, rump.

381. rubrica'tus : ruber, red.

382. melanoceph alus : melos, melanos, black ; kephale, head.

383. uropygia'lis : our a, tail ; pyga, rump.
384 quadragin'tus : quadraginta, forty.

385.
386.

387.

Family— HIE .UN-DIN'ID-E : hirundo, Swallow.

Sub-family— HIRTJNDININ'^: : hirundo, Swallow.

Genus— HIRUN'DO, hirundo, Swallow.

neox ena : neos, new ; xenos, strange,
javan'ica : Java, proper name.

Genus— CHERAMCE'CA : cheramos, hollow ; oikon, house,
leucoster num : le,ukos, white ; sternon, breast.

Species 390.— PIPIT (^ nat. size).

Genus— PETROCHELID'ON : petros, stone ; chelidon, Swallow.

388. nig'ricans : niger, black ; cano, to sing.

389. a'riel : arid, a sprite.

Family— MOTACIL'LID^ : motacilla, the white Water Wagtail ; moveo, to move,
and cilia, assumed to mean tail (Cent. Diet.)

Genus— AN'THUS : anffios, a Wagtail.

390. austra'lis : australis, Australian.

47

384. P. quadragiutllS, Old., Forty-spotted Pardalote.

Head and back olive, slightly mottled, with blackish margins to
feathers ; ear coverts yellow ; no wing speculum.
Hab. : 5.

FAMILY— HIRUNDINID^E.

Broad-billed Passeres, with nine primaries.

SUB-FAMILY — HIRUNDININ^E.
True Swallows, with forked tails as far as Australia is concerned.

GENUS — HIRUNDO. — Nostrils lateral, with distinct superior membrane.

385. II. neoxena, Old. , House Swallow.

Throat rust-red ; abdomen white ; ear coverts glossy blue, like back.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

386. II. javailica, Sparrm., Eastern Swallow.

Ear coverts brick-red, like sides of face ; otherwise much like
neoxena.

Hab. : 2.

GENUS — CHERAMCECA. — Nostrils open and exposed, with scarcely any
superior membrane.

387. C. leucosternuill, Old., Black and White Swallow (White-

breasted Swallow).

Crown of head white, with brown centres to feathers ; mantle,
upper back, cheeks, throat, fore-neck, and breast white ; rump,
upper tail coverts, and abdomen blue-black.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

GENUS — PETROCHELIDON". — Nostrils without any superior membrane,
round, and exposed.

388. P. nigricailS, Vieill. , Tree Martin.

Frontal band of sandy buff ; rump whity-brown ; throat whitish,
with tiny black streaks ; under surface whitish.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

389. P. arid, Gld. (Lagenoplastes ariel), Fairy Martin.

Entire head rufous ; rump creamy- white ; under surface whitish.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

FAMILY— MOTACILLID^E.

Inner secondary quills are nearly as long as the primaries; bastard

primary absent.
GENUS— ANTH US. — Profile of culmen swollen from centre to tip.

390. A. ailStraliS. Vig. and Hors., Pipit (Ground -Lark).

General plumage tawny ; outer tail feathers white, without any
brown on the outer webs ; second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries
distinctly emarginate.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, S, 9.

SECTION C.— STURNIFORMES.

This section is an artificial one. — R. B. Sharpe.

FAMILY— ARTAMID^E.

Planta tarsi entire ; nostrils placed low in the bill, nearer to the tomium
than to the culmen ; wings extremely long, reaching to the end of
the tail.

48

%

GENUS — ARTAMUS. — Bill long and pointed, the culmen exceeding the
length of the hind toe and claw.

391. A. leilCOgaster, Valenc. (A. leucopygialis, Old.), White-rumped

Wood-Swallow.

Breast white ; lower rump and upper tail coverts pure white ;
other parts sooty -grey.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

392. A. SllpercilioSUS, Gld., White-browed Wood-Swallow.

Under surface of body vinaceous chestnut ; a broad white
eyebrow.

Hab. : 3, 4, 6.

393. A. perSOIiatUS, Gld., Masked Wood-Swallow.

Under surface of body beautiful grey ; rump and upper tail
coverts clear ashy-grey, like the back. Male, face and throat jet
black ; female lighter.

Hab. : 3,4, 6, 7,9.

394. A cinereUSj Vieill., Grey-breasted Wood-Swallow.

A narrow blackish frontal line ; rump and upper tail coverts
black ; under surface of body ashy-grey ; chin black ; under tail
coverts black, broadly margined with white.
Hab. : 9.

395. A. melanops, Gld., Black-faced Wood-Swallow.

A narrow blackish frontal line; rump and upper tail coverts
black ; under tail coverts black, narrowly edged with white.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 8, 9.

396. A. venilStllS, Gld.. White- vented Wood Swallow.

No frontal line of black ; chin itself and angle in front of eye
black ; two centre tail feathers entirely black, the rest tipped with
white.

Hab. : 7, 8.

397. A. hypoleilCllS, Sharpe (A, albiventris, Gld.), White-bellied

Wood -Swallow.

Rump and upper tail coverts black ; under surface of body ashy-
grey ; chin black ; under tail coverts white.
Hab. : 2, 6, 7.

398. A« SOrdidllS, Lath., Wood-Swallow.

Under surface of body dull brown ; chin scarcely any darker ;
rump uniform with back (brown).
Total length, 7 in. ; wing, 5 in.
Hab : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

399. A* minor, Vieill., Little Wood-Swallow.

Rump and upper tail coverts black ; under surface of body dull
brown, chin scarcely any darker ; rump different from back, which
is brown.

Total length, 5 '75 in. ; wing, 4 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8, 9.

FAMILY— STURNID^E.

Planta tarsi entire ; nostrils placed low in the bill ; wings moderate, not
reaching to the end of the tail.

SUB-FAMILY — STURNIN/E.

Hind claw stronger than claw of middle toe.

GENUS— CALORNIS.— Tail strongly graduated.

400. C. metallic;!, Temm., Shining Starling.

General colour above glossy green on scapulars, lower back, and
rump, with faint purple shade ; lesser wing coverts and mantle

Section C.— STURNIFOR'MES : sturnus, starling ; forma, form.
Family— ARTAM'ID^E : artamos, butcher.

Genus— AR'TAMUS : artamos, butcher.
391. leucogas'ter, leukos. white ; gaster, belly.
supercilio'sus : supercttium, eyebrow.
persona'tus : persona, mask,
cine'reus : cinereus, ashy,
mel'anops : melas, mdanos, black ; ops, face.

392.
393.
394.
395.

Species 391.— WHITE-RUMPED WOOD-SWALLOW (£ nat. size).
Young and adult.

396. venus'tus : venustus, graceful.

397. hypoleu'cus : hupo, under ; leukos, white.

398. sor'didus : sordidus, greyish-brown (also

399. mi'nor : minor, smaller.

mean).

Family— STUB/NID^E : sturnus, Starling.
Sub-family— STURNIN'^E : sturnus, Starling.

Genus— LAMPROCOR' AX (CALOR'NIS : kalos, beautiful ; omis, bird).
400. metal'lica : metallum, metal.

Family — PLOCE'ID J5 : plokeus, a weaver.

Sub-family— VIDUI'N^E : vidua, widow.
Genus— STAGONOPLEU'RA : stagon, stagonos, drop ; pleura, side.

401. gutta'ta : gutta, drop.

Genus— ZON^EGIN'THUS : zone, belt ; aiginthos, Hedge-Sparrow.

402. bel'lus : bellus, beautiful.

403. ocula'tus : oculus, eye.

Species 398.— WOOD-SWALLOW (£ nat. size).

Genus— EMBLE'MA : emblema, a tesselated pavement.

404. pic'ta : pictus, painted.

Genus— TJENIOPYG'IA : tcenia, band ; pyga, rump.

405. castano'tis : castanea, chestnut ; ous, otls, ear.

Genus— STIZOPT'ERA : stiza, back ; pteron, wing (STICTOP'TERA : stiktos,
spotted ; pteron, wing).

406. bicheno'vii : Bicheno, a proper name,

407. annulo'sa : annulus, ring.

49

glossy purplish-violet ; middle coverts, like scapulars, greater
coverts, primary coverts, and quills, black ; tail feathers black,
glossed with dull steel-blue ; crown of head purple-violet to nape ;
hind-neck glossy green ; cheeks, chin, and throat steel green ;
fore-neck violet ; chest and remainder of under surface of body
steel green ; iris cinnabar.

Total length, 9'2 in. ; culmen, 075 in. ; wing, 43 in. ; tail, 4 in. ;
tarsus, 0'8 in.

Adult female like male, but iris blood red.
Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— PLOCEID^ : WEAVERS.

Planta tarsi entire ; nostrils placed high in the bill, nearer to the culmen
than to the tomium.

SUB-FAMILY — VIDUIN.E.

First primary very small and falcate, attenuated towards the end, this first
primary never reaching beyond the primary coverts and generally
falling conspicuously short of the latter.

GENUS— STAGANOPLEURA.— Tip of wing from tip of tail about equals
length of tarsus.

401. S. gllttata, Shaw (Amadina lathami, Vig. aud Hors.), Spotted-

sided Finch.

Crown of head and back of neck brownish-grey ; back and wings
dark brown ; line round eye, band across chest, tail and flanks black,
each feather of flanks having large oval spot of white near tip ; rump
and upper tail coverts bright scarlet

Young. — Bill black ; flanks barred.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7.

GENUS— ZON^EGIN THUS.— Tip of wing from tip of tail is longer than

tarsus.

402. Z. bellllS, Lath. (Estrilda bella), Fire-tailed Finch.

Lores, a line across forehead, and circle round eye black ; upper
surface, wings, and tail olive- brown, crossed with numerous fine
crescents of black ; rump and base of tail feathers scarlet ; under
surface grey, crossed with crescentic black bars.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

403. Z. OClllatllS, Quoy and Gaim. (Estrilda oculea), Red-eared Finch.

General colour above brown, with wavy cross lines of black ;
rump and upper tail coverts crimson ; a narrow frontal line, lores,
and feathers below eye black ; below hinder part of eye a spot of
crimson ; ear coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest paler brown, very
finely vermiculated on sides of face and throat, more coarsely on
fore-neck and chest ; rest of under surface white, barred with black,
the spots more ovate on sides of breast.
Hab. : 9.

GENUS — EMBLEM A. — Bill very long, pointed and slender.

404. E. picta, Gld., Painted Finch.

Adult Male. — General colour above pale brown ; upper tail
coverts rich scarlet ; head brown, like back, as also the sides of face
and of neck ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, feathers below eye and fore
part of cheeks scarlet ; throat and under surface of body black ;
chin and upper throat with scarlet-tipped feathers ; centre of fore
neck and chest also scarlet ; sides of breast and abdomen spotted
white.

8

50

Adult Female. — Similar, but with only the lores and feathers
above eye scarlet ; no red on cheeks or throat ; only a tinge of
scarlet on breast.
Hab. : 7, 8.

GENUS— T^ENIOPYGIA. — Upper and under tail coverts reaching to near

end of tail.

405. T. castanotiS, Old. (Estrilda castanotis), Chestnut-eared Finch.

Crown of head, nape of neck and back brownish-grey ; a white
patch in front of eye ; ear coverts chestnut ; flanks reddish-chestnut,
each feather marked with oval spot of white near tip ; throat and
chest grey, crossed with black lines.

Adult female has entirely grey sides to face ; lores and cheeks
white ; throat and chest uniform ashy-grey, with no cross black
lines.

Hab : 1, 6, 7, 8, 9.

GENUS— STICTOPT ERA. —Bill triangular; tail strongly graduated.

406. S. bicheilOVii, Vig. and Hors. (Estrilda bichenovii), Bicheno

Finch.

Crown of head and back brownish, each feather pencilled with
darker shade ; wings freckled grey ; rump white, under surface
light coloured, crossed by one baud on throat and another on
breast ; bill light bluish.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7.

407. S. animlosa, Gld., Black-ringed Finch (Black-rumped Finch).

Adult Male.— Similar to S. bichenovii, but having rump black
instead of white ; iris reddish brown.

Adult Female.— Similar to male ; iris brown.
Hab.: 1, 8.

GENUS— MUNI A. — Bill swollen ; culmen strongly arched.
408 M. Castanet thorax, Gld. (Donacicola castaneothorax), Chestnut-
breasted Finch.

Reddish-brown or buff, with broad band of light chestnut on
breast, ornamented below with a black line ; rest of under surface
white.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4.

409. M. flavipryilllia, Gld. , Yellow-rumped Finch.

Chestnut- brown ; upper tail coverts golden ochre ; tail feathers
brown, with straw-coloured margins ; scapulars and wing coverts
brown, like back ; quills dusky brown, externally edged chestnut ;
head all round hoary grey ; white on throat ; under surface of body
creamy-buff, tinged with fawn on breast ; thighs brown.
Hab. : 1.

410. IH. pectoraliS, Gld. (Donacicola pectoralis), White-breasted Finch

Above lavender-grey ; quills dusky ; tail black ish-brown ; head
like back ; lores, sides of face, and ear coverts, as well as throat,
purplish -black ; fore-neck black, with patch of broad white-tipped
black feathers ; sides of body pale vinaceous brown, ornamented
with white bars, edged with black line on each side of bar.
Hab. : 1, 8.

GENUS — AIDEMOSYNE. — Tail graduated, two middle feathers not
pointed (blunt).

411. A. Iliodesta, Gld. (Estrilda modesta), Plum-head Finch (Plain-

coloured Finch).

Fore part of head deep crimson ; chin black ; upper surface
blackish-brown ; rump and upper tail coverts with alternate bars of

51

white and brown ; under surface white, barred with lines of brown ;
bill black.

Hab. : 3, 7.
GENUS—zEGINTHA.— Upper mandible deeper than the lower.

412. JB. temporalis, Lath., Red-browed Finch.

Rump, patch over eye, and bill crimson ; upper surface, wings,
and tail dark olive-brown.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

GENUS— BATHILD A.— Tail very long.

413. 15. rilficauda. Grid; (Estrilda ruficauda), Red-faced Finch.

Male. — Face and cheeks scarlet, the cheeks covered with narrow
feathers finely spotted with white at tip ; upper tail coverts and tail
deep crimson-brown, the former having a large spot of white near
tip of each feather.

Female. —Uniform buffy-brown.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7, 8.

GENUS — POEPHILA.— Centre tail feathers have thread-like points.

414. P. acilticailda, Gld. (Estrilda acuticauda), Long-tailed Finch.

Long central tail feathers nearly 4 in. ; crown of head and cheeks
grey ; upper and under surfaces fawn ; upper tail coverts white ;
black band across rump ; shield of black under chin.
Hab. : 1, 8.

415. P. cillCta, Black-throated Grass-Finch.

Back reddish-brown ; throat black ; upper tail coverts white ;
sides of lower abdomen black ; head grey ; black band across rump ;
bill black ; breast tawny.
Hab. : 2, 3, (6).

416. P. perSOliata, Gld., Masked Finch.

Black velvety ring on face, surrounding a yellow bill ; lower part
of abdomen black ; lower rump, upper and under tail coverts white ;
head and back light brown ; ear coverts like breast.
Hab. : 1,

417. P. leuCOtlS, Gld., White-eared Finch.

Back brown ; upper tail coverts white ; sides of lower abdomen
bla^k ; head like back ; ear coverts white, contrasting with breast.
Hab : 1.

418. P. Ill ira bills. Hombr. and Jacq., Scarlet-headed Grass-Finch.

Back green, with blue on hinder crown, sides of neck, rump, and
upper tail coverts ; forehead crimson ; vertex black, followed by
blue line ; breast purple ; abdomen yellow.

Young. — Head grey ; upper surface light olive ; under surface
light buff.

Hab. : 1, 8.

P. liOllklia'. Gld. (var. of P. mirabilis, Ramsay), Gouldian Finch.
Head black, followed by blue line.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

P. arillitiaiia, Ramsay (var. of P. mirabilis), Yellow- headed Grass-
Finch.

P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. ii., p. 70.
Head yellow.
Hab. : 1, 8.

419. P. atropygialis, Diggles, Black-rumped Finch.

Diggles, Queensland Phil. Soc., 876.
Doubtful species.
Hab. : 1.

52

GENUS — NEOCHMIA. — Nostrils exposed, feathers partly hiding them.

420. N. phaeton, Hombr. and Jacq. (Estrilda phaeton), Crimson Finch.

Male. — Crimson, tinged with brown on top of head and wings ; a
few white spots on sides.

Female. — Less red on under surface.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

FAMILY— AL AUDIBLE : LARKS.

Planta tarsi scutellated.
GENUS— MIR AFR A. — Nostrils exposed, with a superior membrane.

421. M. horsfieldi, Old., Bush-Lark.

Head grey, like the back, with blackish centres to the feathers.
Wing, 2-9 in.

In the field like Anthus (390), but smaller, and with stronger bill.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

422. M. sec Hilda (Sharpe), Lesser Bush-Lark.

Eyebrow isabelline or tawny -buff; shoulder of wing almost
entirely rufous, the median and greater coverts showing scarcely any
black bases to the feathers : first small primary, 0'5 in. in length.
Hab. : 6.

Subdivision II. — Passer es Abnormales.

FAMILY— ATRICHILDJE : SMOOTH-SKINNED BIRDS.
Furcula rudimentary.

GENUS— ATRICHIA. — Wing is very tiny. Planta tarsi are more closely
scutellated than in any lark.

423. A. Clamosa, Gld., Noisy Scrub-bird.

General colour above dark chocolate-brown, waved with circular
markings of black, black and brown colours alternating ; tail
feathers black, varied with alternate wavy markings of brown and
black on margins ; lores and sides of face dusky-brown ; throat and
breast white, with a black patch on lower throat.

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; culmen, 0'75 in. ; wing, 3 in. ; tail, 4'1 in. ;
tarsus, 1 05 in.
Hab. : 9.

423A. A. rufescens, Ramsay, Rufous Scrub-bird.

More rufous than A. clamosa, and has upper tail coverts and tail
feathers regularly barred with black ; underneath throat is whitish,
gradually becoming ashy ; centre of breast is black ; abdomen clear
orange-rufous.

Total length, 6 '8 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 2 "5 in. ; tail, 2 '8 in. ;
tarsus, 0'8 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

FAMILY— MENURID^E.
Tail feathers of extraordinary length, many devoid of booklets (radioli).

GENUS— MENUR A.— Tail lyre-like.

424. M. superba, Davies, Lyre-bird.

Outer tail feather ashy-white on inner web, with rufous notches,
and tipped with black ; ashy-white below, the bars being reddish

Genus — MU'NIA : munia, an East Indian name.

408. eastaneitho'rax : castanea, chestnut ; thorax, breast.

409. flaviprym'na : flavus, yellow ; prumne, stern.

410. pectora'Iis : pectus, breast.

Genus— AIDEMOS'YNE.

411. modes'ta : modestus, unassuming.

Genus — ^EGIN'THA : aiginthos, Hedge-Sparrow.

412. tempora'lis : tempora, temples.

Species 401. — SPOTTED-SIDED FINCH (| cat. size).
Upper fig., male ; lower fig., female.

Genus— BATHIL'DA.

413. ruflcau'da : rufiis, red ; cauda, tail.

Genus — POE'PHILA : poa, grass ; phileo, to love.

414. aeuticau'da : acutus, sharp ; cauda, tail.

415. einc'ta: cinctus, girdled.

416. persona ta : persona, mask.

417. leuco'tis : ieukos, white ; ous, otis, ear.

418. mirab'ilis : mirabilis, wonderful,
gould'ise: Gould, a proper name,
armitia'na': apparently from a proper name.

419. atropygia'Iis : ater, black ; pyga, rump.

Genus — NEOCH'MIA : neochmos, strange.

420. pha'eton : same as phaethon, radiant.

Family— ALAU'DID^E : alauda, lark.
Genus — MIRAF'RA : mirus, wonderful ; africus, Africa.

421. horsfield i : Hors field, a proper name.

422. secun'da : secundus, second.

Species 437.— TAWNY FROGMOUTH (J nat. size).
Twilight position.

Subdivision 'JI.—PAS'SERES ABNORMA'LES : passer, sparrow; abnormalis,
abnormal.

Family ATRICH'IID^E : atrichos, without hair (a, not; thrix, trichos, hair).

Genus— ATRICH'IA : atrichos, poetical for athrix, without hair (a, not : ttirix,
trichos, hair).

423. clamo'sa : clamosus, noisy.
423A. rufes'cens : rufescens, reddish.

Family — MENU'RID^E : mene, moon ; oura, tail (Cent. Diet.)
Genus — MENU'RA : mene, moon ; ovra, tail (Cent. Diet.)

424. super'ba : superbus, magnificent.

425. victor'iae : Victoria, a proper name.

426. albert'i : Albert, a proper, name.

53

brown ; under tail coverts ashy ; back ashy-brown. Female has a
less singular tail.

Hab. : 4 (N.S.W.)

425. M. victoriae, Gld., Victoria Lyre-bird.

Outer tail feather white below, bars being chestnut ; under tail
coverts ashy ; back ashy- brown. Female has a less singular tail.
Hab. : 4 (Vic.)

426. M. albert i, Gld. , Albert Lyre-bird.

Outer tail feather not barred ; under tail coverts chestnut ; upper
surface also rufous-brown or dull chestnut. Female. — Tail less
singular.

Hab. : 3,

DIVISION II.-MESOMYODL

Intrinsic muscles of the voice organ affixed at or near the middle of the
bronchial semi-rings.

Subdivision I.— Oligomyodae.

Lower end of trachea not modified ; syrinx as in the Oscines, but with a
lesser number of singing muscles.

FAMILY— P1TTIDJE : ANT-THRUSHES.

Plantar vinculum lost ; manubrium forked ; tarsus ocreate ; rectrices

twelve.

GENUS— PITTA. — Tail short, more or less squared.

427. P. Strepi tails, Temm. (including P. simillima, Gld.), Noisy

Pitta.

Above dark green ; crown dark chestnut- brown, with a slight
black vertical stripe ; sides of head, nape, and back of neck black ;
wing feathers black, with white speculum ; beneath pale fawn
colour ; throat and centre of neck black ; patch in centre of
abdomen black ; lower belly scarlet ; tail black, tipped with
greenish.

P. simillima represents the species in the North, and is smaller ;
there are "go-betweens "

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; wing, 5 in. ; tail, 2 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

428. P. mackloti, Temm., Blue-breasted Pitta.

Above dull green ; rump, upper tail coverts, and wing coverts
blue ; wing feathers black, with white speculum ; head reddish-
brown ; chin brown, passing into large black guttural patch ; broad
breast band greyish-blue, bordered below with wide black margin ,
abdomen scarlet.

Total length, 7 in. ; wing, 4 in. ; tail, 1 "6 in.
Hab. : 2.

429. P. iris, Gld. , Rainbow Pitta.

Above green ; whole head and nape black, with broad stripe from
behind each eye, joining at nape, chestnut ; lesser wing coverts bright
silvery-blue, tipped with purple ; narrow rump band silvery-green ;
tail black, broadly tipped with green ; beneath black ; lower belly
and vent scarlet.

Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 4 in. ; tail, 1'4 in.
Hab. : 1.

54
ORDER FICARIJE.

Opposed to the Passeres (Nitzsch). The feet are relatively weaker and

smaller.

Sub-order— Coraciae .

Spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck by lateral bare tracts, but
dividing into two tracts on the upper back ; oil gland nude if present.

FAMILY— CYPSELTD^}.

Palate aegithognathous. Rectrices ten (Swallows have twelve). Gape

very wide.

SUB-FAMILY — CYPSELIJLE.
Tarsi distinctly feathered, outer and middle toes with only three phalanges.

GEXUS — MICROPUS. — Hind toe directed more or less forward.

430. HI. pacificUS, Lath. (Cypselus pacificus), White-rumped Swift
(Australian Swift).

Rump white ; feathers of under surface edged with white, and
with a darker subterminal bar.

Wing, 7 to 7 '3 in. ; lateral rectrices, 3'3 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

UB-FAMILY —
Wings always reaching far beyond end of tail.

GENUS — CH^TURA. — Shafts of rectrices have spinous points; tarsi as
long or longer than middle toe.

431. ۥ caildacilta, Lath., Spine-tailed Swift.

Chin and throat pure white ; small white band across forehead.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS— COLLOCALIA. — Shafts of rectrices have no spinous points.

432. C. fraiicica, Gmelin (C. terrse reginae), Grey-rumped Swiftlet.

Crown, nape, and back dark smoky-brown ; rump brownish-grey,
with dark shaft lines ; lower surface dusky brownish-grey, feathers
with dark shaft lines ; chin and upper throat a little darker.

Total length, over 4 in. ; wing, 4 '4 in. ; tail, 2 in.
Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— CAPRIMULGID^.

The m outh is split very wide, and gape is very wide ; colours vary with
the soil ; habits nocturnal.

SUB-FAMILY — CAPRIMULGIN^E.

Has ten primaries and ten rectrices ; number of phalanges reduced to four
in outer toe, and claw of middle toe peculiarly pectinated.

GENUS— CAPRIMULGUS.— Rictus is armed with strong bristles.

433. C. lliacrurilS, Hors., Large- tailed Nightjar.

Freckled brown, with large white marks near throat ; four outer
primaries with white spots.

Total length, 11'5 in ; wing, 7 '5 in. ; tail, 5 '6 to 6*3 in. ; tarsus,
0'7 in., feathered in front for nearly whole length.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

55

GENUS— EUROSTOPUS.— Rictus without conspicuous bristles.

434. E. albiglllaris, Vig. and Hors. (Eurostopodus albogularis),

White- throated Nightjar.

Freckled grey and brown ; large patch of white at side of neck.
Wing more than 9'5 in. (about 10 in.) ; tail, 6 '2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7.

435. E. argUS. Hartert (Eurostopodus guttatus, Old.), Spotted Nightjar.

Wing less than 9 in. ; tail, 6 '4 in.

Also distinguished from E. albigularis by its uniform rusty-brown
abdomen and under tail coverts.
Hab. : 1 to 4, fi to 9.

FAMILY— PODARGID^E.

Gape very wide ; mouth very much split ; palate desmognathous.

SUB-FAMILY — PODARGIN^.

Nostrils a narrow split near the base of the bill, protected by a membrane,
and hidden by plumes of feathers ; tarsus shorter than middle toe ;
fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth primaries longest.

GENUS — PODARGUS. — Rectrices pointed, the central pair much longer
than the adjoining pair.

436. P. papliensis, Quoy and Gaim. (including P. plumiferus),

Plumed Frogmouth.

Male. — Mottled grey and brown above ; lower parts lighter, ami
with white spots.

Female. — Rusty-rufous above; lower surface strongly shaded
with rufous and mottled.

Tail distinctly more than 10 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

437. P, Stl'igOideS, Lath, (includes P. cuvieri, Vig. and Hors ; gouldi,

Masters ; megacephalus, Lath. ), Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus).
General plumage tawny.
Tail distinctly less than 10 in. ; wing more than 9 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8. :

438. P. phalsenoides, Gld. (includes P. brachypterus, Gld. ), Freckled

Frogmouth (Moth-plumed Podargus).
General plumage freckled.

Tail distinctly less than 10 in. ; wing less than 9 in. (about 8 in.)
Hab. : 1, 2, 9.

439. P. marmoratllS. Gld. (sub-sp. of P. ocellatus, Quoy. and Gaim.),

Marbled Frogmouth.

Tail exceeds 10 in. ; wing less than 9 in. (about 7 '5 to 8 '5 in.)
Hab. : 2, 3.

SUB-FAMILY —
Nostrils situated near tip of bill ; third and fourth quills longest.

GENUS— ^GOTHELES.— Pale nuchal collar.

440. J3. noyse-hollandiae, Lath, (includes A. leucogaster, Gld.), Owlet

Nightjar.

Adult.— Top of head deep brown, with two longitudinal stripes
and two crescents on hinder part whitish ; back, rump, upper wing
coverts, and upper tail coverts deeply vermiculated with pale grey ;
quills dusky ; outer webs with pale grey margins and spots ; tail
dusky, with twelve or more whitish-grey bars ; sides of head

56

whitish, often tinged with rufous ; lower parts whitish, with dusky
vermiculations.

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; wing, 5 in. ; tail, 475 in. ; tarsus, 0'9 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

FAMILY— COR ACIID^E : ROLLERS.

Bill corvine in shape ; culmen rounded ; nostrils placed near base of upper
mandible and hidden by bristly feathers ; tail feathers twelve.

SUB-FAMILY — CORACIIN.E.
Tarsus less than half length of middle toe.

GENUS— EURYSTOMUS.— Bill as broad at gape as it is long.

441. E. aUStraliS, Swainson (E. pacificus, Lath.), Dollar-bird or Roller.

Head and neck dark brown ; upper surface sea-green ; spurious
wing, outer webs of basal part of secondaries, and middle part of
primaries and throat light blue ; base of primaries greenish- white,
tip dark brown ; tail green at base, dark brown at tips ; under
surface green ; iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet red.
. Total length, 10'5 in. : bill, I'l in. ; wing, 7'75 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, (8).

FAMILY— MEROPID^E.

Bill long ; culmen with sharply defined ridge ; feet syndactyl.
GENUS— ME ROPS.— Centre tail feathers elongated.

442. M. oriiatllS. Lath., Bee-eater.

Mantle green ; a broad black patch on the fore- neck ; tail black,
the centre feathers washed or edged with blue.
Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

Sub-order— H alcy ones.

Spinal feather tract well defined on the neck and not forked on the back.
No after shaft to the contour feathers of the body.

FAMILY— ALCEDINIDJE.

Toes anisodactyl ; bill not serrated ; casca, none.

SUB-FAMILY— ALCEDININ.E.

Bill long and slender, compressed and perceptibly keeled. Habits mainly

insectivorous.

GENUS — ALCYONE. — Toes three ; bill longer than tail, which is very

short.

443. A» azurea« Lath, (includes A diemenensis, Gld.), Azure Kingfisher.

Head and back azure ; sides of body rufous, like breast, or only
slightly washed with lilac.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5.

444. A. pulchra, Gld. (sub-sp. of A. azurea, Lath.), Purple Kingfisher.

Breast ultramarine, continued from sides of upper breast.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

445. A. plisilla, Temm. , Little Kingfisher.

Abdomen white ; upper surface blue ; lores and tufts behind ear
coverts white.

Total length, 4'8 in. ; culmen, I'l in. ; wing, 2 in. ; tail, 0'8 in. ;
tarsus, 0'25 in.

Hab. : 1,2.

Division II. — MESOMYO'.DI : mesos, middle ; muodes, muscular.

Subdivision I. — OLIGOMYO'D^E : oligos, few ; muodes, muscular.

Family — PIT'TID^E : pitta, a Lelugu name.

Genus — PIT'TA : pitta, a Lelugu name.

427. strep'itans : strepito, to make a noise.

428. macklqt'i : Macklot, a proper name.

429. i'ris : iris, rainbow.

Species 442. — BEK-EATER (£ nat size).
Upper fig., female ; lower fig., male.

Order- PIC A'RIJE : picus. woodpecker.

Sub-order — CORA'CI^E : korax, raven.

Family— CYPSE LTD JE : kupsele. a hollow vessel.

Sub-family— CYPSELI'N^E : kupsele, a hollow vessel.

Genus— MI'CROPUS : mikros, small : pom, foot.

430. pacif'icus : pacificus, peaceful.

Sub-family— CH^ETURT'NyE : chaite, mane ; oura, tail.
Genus — CH/ETU'RA : chaite, mane; oura, tail.

431. caudacu'ta : cauda, tail ; amtus, pointed.

Genus— COLLOCA'LIA : collum, neck.

432. fran'cica : Francicus. French.

Family — CAPRIMUL'GID^E : capra, goat ; mulgeo, to milk.

Sub-family— CAPRIMULGI'N.E : capra, goat ; mulgeo, to milk.

Genus — C APRIMUL'GUS : capra, goat ; mulgeo. to milk.

433. macru'rus : makros, large ; oura, tail.

Genus — EUROS'TOPUS : eurus, wide ; osteon, bone ; pcus, podos. foot.

434. albigula'ris : albus, white ; gula, throat.

435. ar'gus : Argus, hundred-eyed.

Species 448. — LEACH KINGFISHER (| nat. size).

Family — PODAR'GIDJE : pous, podos, foot.

Sub-family— PODARGI'N.£ : pous, podos, foot.

Genus — POD AR'GUS : pous, podos, foot.

436. papuen'sis : Papua, New Guinea.

437. strigoi'des : strix, screech owl ; eidos, form.

438. phalsenoi'des : phalaina, whale ; eidos, form.

439. marmora'tus : marmor, marble.

Sub-family— JSGOTHELI'NjE : aigos, goat; thele, teat.
Genus — JEGOTHE'LES : aigos, goat ; thele, teat.

440. novae-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

57

SUB-FAMILY — DACELONIN.E.
Bill more or less depressed ; culmen rounded or flattened, and even grooved.

GENUS— SYMA.—Tomia serrated.

446. S. flavirostris, Old., Yellow-billed Kingfisher.

Adult Male. — Back and scapulars greenish-brown ; quills blackish,
externally bluish -green, except first primary, which is edged with
buff ; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts dull greenish-blue ;
tail dark blue ; head and hind-neck, as well as under surface of
body, cinnamon-rufous ; bill all yellow.

Female. — Black patch in centre of crown ; broken collar.

Total length, 7 in. ; culmen, 1'5 in. ; wing, 3 in. ; tail, 2 '3 in. ;
tarsus, 0'5 in.

Hab. : 1,2.

GENUS — DACELO. — Culmen ascending towards end of upper mandible.

447. D. gigas, Bodd., Brown Kingfisher (Laughing Jackass).

Crown rufous-brown in centre ; white on sides of crown ; a band
of brown on nape.

Hab. : (2), 3, 4, 6, 7.

448. D. leachii, Vig. and Hors. , Leach Kingfisher.

Head distinctly striped ; portion of wing and upper tail coverts
blue ; upper surface strongly marked. Male has blue tail ; female
a red one.

Total length, 17 in. ; culmen, 3 in. ; wing, 8 in. ; tail, 5 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

449. D. cervina, Gld., sub-sp. (includes D. occidentalis, Gld.), Fawn-

breasted Kingfisher.

Similar to D. leachii, but smaller, and with a similar blue tail,
but slightly fulvescent below. Adult female has cinnamon tail,
barred with blue.

Total length, 15 in. ; culmen, 3 in. ; wing, 7 "5 in. ; tail, 5 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

GENUS — HALCYON. — Bill compressed ; culmen grooved laterally.

450. H. madeayi, Jardine and Selby, Macleay Kingfisher.

Crown of head deep ultramarine blue ; mantle blue ; under tail
coverts white ; under surface white. Male, but not female, has
white collar on hind-neck.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.

451. H* pyrrhopygilis, Gld., Red-backed Kingfisher.

Back and rump cinnamon ; head green, streaked with white ;
under surface white.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

452. H. SanctllS, Vig. and Hors. , Sacred Kingfisher.

Head greenish blue ; upper surface dull green ; under surface of
body and under wing coverts orange buff, as also the collar.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

453. H» SOrdidllS» Gld., Mangrove Kingfisher.

Head and back dusky-green or blackish ; under surface of body
and under wing coverts white, sometimes with a slight shade of buff
on sides and under wing coverts.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

58

GENUS— TAN YSIPTER A. —Centre tail feathers elongated and spatulate.

ingfisher.
black ; wing coverts ultramarine ;

454. T. Sylvia, Old., White-tailed Kingfisher.
Head purplish blue ; mantle 1

under surface cinnamon.

Male. — Total length, 13 in.; culmen, T3 in.; wing, 3'8 in.;
central tail feathers, 9 in. ; tarsus, 0'5 in.

Female. — Total length, 9 6 in. ; longest feather of tail, 5 '2 in. ;
other feathers, 2 '2 in.
Hab. : 2.

Sub-order— Coccyges.

Feet zygodactyl or semi-zygodactyl.

FAMILY—

Feet zygodactyl ; spinal tract furcate between the shoulders ; caeca

present.

SUB-FAMILY — CUCULIN^E.
Wing long and flat, not fitting to the body.

GENUS — CUCULUS. — Tail fan-shaped; wings reaching beyond tail
coverts ; under surface of quills barred.

455. C. interinedillS, Vahl. (C. canoroides, S. Mull. ; C. optatus, Gld.),

Oriental Cuckoo.

Head, throat, and back blue-grey ; breast whitish, barred with
black.

Hab. : 2, 3.

456. C. pallidllS, Lath., Pallid Cuckoo.

Whole appearance grey ; eyelash yellow ; tail barred with white ;
breast uniform, not barred with white and black.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS — CACO MANTIS. — Tail fan-shaped ; wings not reaching to end of
tail coverts ; under surface of wing with single oblique white bar.

457. C. flafoelliforillis, Lath. (Cuculus cineraceus, Vig. and Hors. ),

Fan-tailed Cuckoo (Ash-coloured Cuckooj.

Grey above ; breast ferruginous ; outer webs of tail feathers
toothed with white ; upper parts paler and greyer than following
species. Wing, 5 '4 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

458. C. VariolOSUS, Hors. (C. dumetorum ; C. tymbonomus, S Mull.),

Square-tailed Cuckoo.

Upper parts darker, brown ; breast buff ; under tail coverts buff;
no white markings on outer webs of tail feathers.

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; wing, 4 '8 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

C. insperatus is not considered an Australian bird (British
Museum Catalogue Birds, xix., p. 273).

Upper parts darker than C. flabelliformis ; breast darker than
C. variolosus, partially washed with rufous ; under tail coverts
rufous ; no white markings on outer webs of tail feather.

Total length, 8 in. ; wing, 4 '4 in.

459. C. castaneiventris, Gld., Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo.

Upper parts deep blue-grey, barely glossed with green on wings
only ; breast bright rufous ; under tail coverts chestnut.
Hab. : 2.

Family— CORAC'IID^E : korax, raver.

Sub-family — CORACII'N^E : korax, raveu.

Genus — EURYS'TOMUS : eurus, broad ; stoma, mouth.

441. austra'lis : australis, Australian.

Family — MEROP'ID^E : merops, endowed with speech (meros, part ; ops, voice

[Cent. Diet.])
Genu.s — MER'OPS : merops, a bee-eater.

442. orna'tus : ornatus, adorned.

Species 457. — FAN-TAILED CUCKOO.

Sub-order — HAL'CYONES : alkuon or halkuon, kingfisher.

Family — ALCEDIN'ID^ : alcedo, kingfisher.

Sub-family— ALCEDINI'N^E ; alcedo, kingfisher.

Genus — AL'CYONE : alkuon, kingfisher.

443. azur'ea :" French azur, azure.

444. pul'chra : pulcher, beautiful.

445. pusil'la : pusillus, very little.

family — DACELONJ/N-iE : dacelo is a transposition of alcedo, a kingfisher

(Cent. Diet.)
Genus — SY'MA : Sume, Symi, an island near the coast of Caria.

446. flaviros'tris : flavus, yellow ; rostrum, bill.

Genus— DACE LO : dacelo is a transposition of alcedo, a kingfisher (Cent. Diet.)

447. gl'gas : gigas, giant.

448. leach'ii : Leach, a proper name.

449. cervi'na : cervus, stag.

Genus— HAL'CYON : alkuon, a kingfisher.

450. macleay'i : Macleay, a proper name.

451. pyrrhopyg'ius : purrhos, reddish ; pyga, rump.

452. sanc'tus : sanctus, sacred.

453. sor'didus : sordidus, dirty greyish-brown.

Species 462.— BRONZE CUCKOO (£ nat. size).
Upper fig., young ; middle fig., male ; lower fig., female.

Genus— TANYSIP'TERA : tanusipteros (tanuo, pteron), long-winged.
454. syl'via : sylva, wood.

Sub-order— COCCY'GES : kokkux, a cuckoo.

Family — CUCUL'IDJS : cuculus, cuckoo.

Sub-family — CUCULI'NjE : cuculus, cuckoo.

Genus — CUCU'LUS : cuculus, cuckoo.

interme'dius : inter, between ; medius, middle.
pal'lidus : pallidus, pale.

455.
456.

59

GENUS— MISOCALIUS.— Tail square.

460. M. palllolatllS, Lath., Black-eared Cuckoo.

Ashy-brown ; quills dark brown ; outermost upper tail coverts
with broad white marginal ends and some faint bars ; all tail
feathers with broad whitish ends, and five other distinct white bars on
inner webs of outer pairs ; on sides of head a broad white eyebrow
and a black band through eye over ear coverts ; under surface of
body rufous-buff ; white on abdomen, thighs, and under tail coverts.
Total length, 7 '5 in. ; bill, 0'75 in. ; wing, 4'75 in.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 8, 9.

GENUS— CHALCOCOCCYX.— Under surface of quills with a single oblique

pale bar.

481. C. basalts, Hors. (Chalcites basalis), Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo
Basal two-thirds of tail rufous, except outer feathers, which are
blackish, with six broad white bars (British Museum Catalogue) ;
outer tail feather on each side alternately and broadly barred with
blackish-brown and white, the three next on each side rufous-
chestnut at base, passing into green towards extremity, and ending
in blackish-brown spotted with white (Gould).
Hab. : 1 to 9.

462. C. plagOSUS, Lath. (Chalcites plagosus), Bronze Cuckoo.

Basal half of tail never uniform rufous ; no rufous edges to quills
and with less rufous on under surface of wings and outer pair of tail
feathers ; crown and back of neck dark violet-brown.

Total length, 6'2 in. ; wing, 4 in. ; tail, 3 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

463. C. lUCidllS, Lath,, Broad-billed Bronze Cuckoo,

Similar to C. plagosus; bill stronger; crown and back of neck
green ; penultimate tail feather with less rufous than in C.
plagosus.

Hab. : 2, 3.

464. C. pcecilurilS, Gray (includes C. russatus, Old., andC. minutellus,

Gld.), Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo.

Basal half of tail never uniform rufous ; narrow rufous edges to

quills, and more rufous on under surface of wings and outer pair of

tail feathers.

Total length, 5'8 in. ; culmen, 0'5 in. ; wing, 3*7 in. (less than 4 in. )
C. malayanus, Raffl. , is not considered an Australian bird (British

Museum Catalogue Birds, xix., p. 298).
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

GENUS— EUDYN AMIS. — Fourth quill longest or equal to third.

465. E. cyanocephala, Lath. (E. nindersii, Vig. and Hors.), Koel.

Adult Male. — Black, with bright greenish- blue gloss.

Total length, 16 in. ; bill, 1'2 in. ; wing, 8 in.; tail, 8 '4 in. ;
tarsus, I'Sin.

Adult Female. — Upper half of head and back of neck glossy
greenish-black ; rest of upper parts dark brown, with an olive gloss ;
back and wing coverts thickly spotted with white ; quills, rump, and
tail feathers with numerous white bars ; chin and upper throat
black, with white spots ; rest of under parts whitish, with narrow
black bars.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, (7), 8.

GENUS— SCYTHROPS.— Bill very large ; culmen has a lateral groove.

466. S. nOVSe-hollandise. Lath. , Channel-bill.

Head, throat, nape, and upper part of breast drab and buff ; back
dull brown ; lower part of breast and abdomen greyish-yellow, with
pale wavy marking ; bill horn colour ; iris red.

•**

9

60

Total length, 24 in. ; bill, 2*9 in. ; wing, 13 in.; tail, 11 in.;
tarsus, 1-75 in.

Hab. : 1 to 8.

SUB-FAMILY — CENTROPODIN.E.
Wings shorter (than Cuculinse), and curved to fit the body.

GENUS— CENTROPUS.— Hind claw straight.

467. C. phasianilS. Lath. , Spur-footed Cuckoo (Coucal).

Adult.— Feathers of upper and under surface dull black, with
glossy black shafts ; wing coverts mottled with tawny brown and
black ; remainder of wing rich chestnut, crossed with black bars ;
lower part of back deep green, freckled with black.

Young have all upper surface reddish -brown, with conspicuous
glossy tawny shafts ; throat and breast tawny, with lighter shafts.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8.

ORDER PSITTACI.

Feet permanently zygodactyl by reversion of the fourth toe ; covered with
plates. Bill short and very stout, strongly hooked or epignathous,
and furnished with a cere.

FAMILY— LORIID^.

Bill longer than deep; under mandible with gonys nearly straight.
Tongue brushy.

GENUS— TRICHOGLOSSUS.— Shaft streaks more or less blue on forehead
(as on rest of head) ; breast generally tinged with red.

468. T. novjie-liollaildiie, Gmelin, Blue-bellied Lorikeet (Blue-

mountain).

Head and belly blue ; chest red ; band on nape greenish-yellow.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

469. T. rilbritorqiies, Vig. and Hors., Red-collared Lorikeet.

Head blue ; chest red ; belly olive-green ; band on nape orange.
Hab. : 1, 8, 9.

GENUS— PSITTEUTELES.— Like Trichoglossus, only different colour ; no
blue shaft streaks ; no red on breast ; bill red.

470 P. chlorolepidotllS, Kuhl. (Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus),
Scaly-breasted Lorikeet.

All upper surface, wings, and tail grass-green ; all feathers of under
surface bright yellow, margined at tip with crescent of grass-green ;
under surface of shoulder rich scarlet.
Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

GENUS— PTILOSCLERA. — Predominant colour green, with shaft streaks
on neck and body ; bill orange-red.

471. P. versicolor, Vigors (Trichoglossus versicolor), Varied Lorikeet.

Back brownish-green ; wings green ; red across breast ; abdomen
green ; all feathers of under surface with narrow line of bright
yellow down centre.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

GENUS— GLOSSOPSITTACUS.— Predominant colour green; bill black;
first primary equal to or a little shorter than second and third.

472. Cr. roil rill II US. Shaw (Trichoglossus concinnus), Musk Lorikeet.

General colour green ; no red in cheeks ; ear coverts red, like fore-
head.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Genus— CACOMAN'TIS : kakomantis, prophet of ill.

457. flabellifor'mis : flabellum, fan ; forma, likeness.

458. variolo'sus : this may mean spotted.

459. castaneiven'tris : castanea, chestnut ; venter, belly.

Genus — MISOCA'LIUS : misos, hatred ; ca&'a, nest.

460. palliola'tus : palliolatus, covered with a cloak.

Species 472.— MUSK LORIKEET (1 nat. size).

Genus — CHALCOCOC'CYX : chalkos, bronze ; kokkux, cuckoo.

461. basa'lis : basalis, basal.

462. plago'sus : plaga, a stripe.

'

463
464.

lu'cidus : lucidus, bright.

pcecilu'rus : poikilos, dappled ; oura, tail.

Genus — EUDY'NAMIS : eu, well ; dunamis, force.
465. cyanoceph'ala : kuanos, dark blue ; kephale, head.

Genus — SCY'THROPS : skuthros, sullen ; ops, face.

466. novae-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

Sub-family — CENTROPODI'N^E : kentron, spur ; pous, podos, foot.
Genus — CEN'TROPUS : kentron, spur ; pous, podos, foot.

467. phasia'nus : phasianus, pheasant.

Order — PSIT'TACI : psittakos, parrot.

Family — LOR'IID^E : Malay luri, a lory (parrot).

Genus — TRICHOGLOS'SUS : thrix, trichos, hair ; glossa, tongue.

468. novae-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

469. rubritor'ques : ruber, red ; torquis, collar.

Genus— PSITTEU'TELES : psittakos, parrot ; euteles, mean.

470. ehlorolepido'tus : chloros, green ; lepidotus, scaly.

Genus — PTILOSCLE'RA : ptilon, feather : skleros, hard.

471. ver'sicolor : versicolor, various-coloured.

'Genus— GLOSSOPSIT'TACUS : glossa, tongue ; psittakos, parrot.

472. concin'nus : concinnus, pretty.

473. porphyroceph'alus : porphura, purple dye ; kephale, head.

474. pusil'lus : pusillus, small.

Family — CYCLOPSITTAC'ID^E : kuklos, circle ; psittakos, parrot.
Genus— CYCLOPSIT'TACUS : kuklos, circle ; psittakos, parrot.

475. eox'eni : Coxen, a proper name.

476. maccoy'i : MacCoy, a proper name.

Family — CACATU'IDJS : Malay, kakatua, cockatoo (onomatopoeia).
Sub-family— CACATUI'NJE : Malay, kakatua, cockatoo (onomatopoaia).

Genus — MICROGLOS'SUS : mikros, small ; glossa, tongue.

477. ater'rimus : aterrimus, very black (ater, black).

Genus— CALYPTORHYN'CHUS : kaluptos, hidden ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

478. baudin'i : Baudin, a proper name.

479. fune'reus : funereus, funeral.

480. bank's! : Banks, a proper name.

481. Stella' tus : stella, star.

482. maerorhyn'chus : makros, large ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

483. vir'idis : viridis, green.

Genus— CALLOCEPH'ALON : kallos, beauty ; kephale, head.

484. galea'tum : galea, helmet.

Genus — CACATU'A : Malay kakatua ; cockatoo (onomatopoeia).

485. galeri'ta : galerum, crest.

486. leadbeat'eri : Leadbeater, a proper name.

487. sanguin'ea : sanguineous, bloody.

488. gymno'pis : gumnos, naked ; ops, eye.

489. roseicapil'la : roseus, rosy ; capilllus, hair.

Genus — LICME'TIS : likmetos, a winnowing (of corn), (likmos, a winnowing fan)..

490. nasi'ca : nasus, nose.

491. pastina'tor : pastino, to dig the ground.

Sub-family— CALOPSITTACI'N^E : kalos, beautiful ; psittakos, parrot.
Genus— CALOPSIT'TACUS : kalos, beautiful"; psittakos, parrot.

492. novae-hollan'dise : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

Family — PSITTAC'IDJS : psittakos, parrot.

Sub-family— PALJEORNITHI'N^ : palaios, old ; ornis, bird.

Genus — POLY'TELIS : poluteles, valuable.

493. barraband'i : Barraband, a proper name.

494. melanu'ra : melas, melanos, black ; oura, tail.

head ; crown purple.
Hab. : (5, 7, 9.

61

>iet
coverts yellow, mixed with red, like fore-

473. G. porphyrocephalllS, Dietr., Purple-crowned Lorikeet.
No red in cheeks ; ear c

474. G. pUSillllS, Shaw, Little Lorikeet,

Cheeks, as well as forehead and chin all round the base of bill,
red ; general colour green.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

FAMILY— CYCLOPSITTACIDJE.

Bill deeper than long, much swollen on sides ; under mandible with gonys
strongly curved and abruptly ascending towards tip.

GENUS— CYCLOPSITTACUS.— Gonys flattened and ridged.

475 C. COXeni, Gld., Blue-faced Lorilet (Coxen's Fig Parrakeet).

General plumage green ; across forehead a narrow band of red,
the centre tipped with blue ; blue patch under ear coverts ;
primaries margined blue ; tail short and wholly green.
Total length, 7 in. ; wing, 3 '9 in
Hab..: 3.

476. C. lliaccoyi, Gld. (C. macleayana), Red-faced Lorilet (Sir Wm.

Macleay's Fig Parrakeet).

Smaller than preceding species ; wing, 3^ in. ; a broad patch of
red on middle of forehead ; a broad red band across cheeks in male ;
female without red on cheeks, which are grey tinged with blue.

Hab. : 2.

FAMILY— C AC A.TUIDJB.

Hook of the bill beneath, with two lateral series of ridges more or less
transversal or oblique, producing a file-like surface ; head crested ;
oi'bital ring complete, with a process bridging the temporal fossa ;
tongue simple ; sternum complete.

SUB-FAMILY — CACATUIN.E.
Tail feathers broad, not pointed.

GENUS— MICROGLOSSUS.— Cheeks entirely naked.

477. M. aterrimilS, Gmelin, Palm Cockatoo.

Slaty-black ; forehead and lores deep velvety black ; a long crest
of narrow feathers on the head.
Hab. : 2.

GENUS — CALYPTORHYNCHUS. — Colour black, principally; cheeks

feathered

478. C. baudilli, Vigors, White-tailed Cockatoo.

Blackish-brown ; has a light patch on ear coverts ; tail banded
with white.

Hab. : 9.

479. C. fllliereilS, Shaw (includes var. C. xanothonotus Ramsay), Black

Cockatoo.

Brownish-black ; has a yellow patch on ear coverts and tail
banded with yellow ; wing, 18 in. to 16 in. Wing of C. xanothonotus
measures 15 in. to 14 in. Gradation has been clearly shown between
these forms.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6.

62

480. C. banksi» Lath., Banksian Black Cockatoo.

No light patch on ear coverts ; tail band red in adult males ; red,
more or less tinged with yellow and crossed with narrow black
bands, in yoiing birds ; head and neck like body — glossy greenish-
black ; total length, about 24 in.

Young. — Head spotted yellow ; under surface barred yellow,
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 7.

481. C. StellatUS, Wagl. (C. naso, Gld.), Red-tailed Cockatoo (Western

Black Cockatoo).

Differs from C. banksi and C. macrorhynchus in being smaller,
with a shorter crest.

Total length, about 22 in.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, part iii., p. 355.

Hab. : 8, 9.

482. C. HiacrorhyilChus, Grid., Great-billed Cockatoo.

No light patch on ear coverts ; tail band red in adult males, more
or less tinged with yellow and crossed with narrow black bands in
young birds ; head and neck, like body, glossy greenish -black ; total
length, about 24 in. ; bill larger and much more powerful than
C. banksi.

Young. — Head yellow-spotted ; under surface barred yellow.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

483. C. Viridis, Vieill. (C. solandri, Temm.), Leach Cockatoo.

No light patch on ear coverts ; tail band red in adult males ; red,
more or less tinged with yellow and crossed with harrow black
bands, in young birds ; head and neck brown ; upper parts glossy
greenish-black.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

GENUS— CALLOCEPHALON. —Cere feathered.

484. C. galeatlim. Lath , Gang-Gang Cockatoo.

Slaty-grey; nearly all feathers edged with greyish-white; pileum,
crest, and cheeks fine scarlet. Female. — Crest grey.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

GENUS— CACATUA.— General colour white or rosy-white ; hook of bill
nearly perpendicular.

485. C. galerita, Lath. , White Cockatoo.

Crest feathers narrow and recurved at extremity : crest yellow ;
cere naked ; body feathers white ; naked skin round the eyes white.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

486. C. leadbeateri, Vigors, Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell).

General plumage pink and white ; crest feathers narrow and
recurved at extremity ; crest vermilion at the base, with a yellow
band in the middle of the vermilion part, white at the tip ; cere
feathered.

Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

487. C. sailgllinea. Gld., Blood-stained Cockatoo.

W hite ; base of feathers of lores and sides of face blood-red
patches ; naked skin round eyes white, and nearly circular.
Total length, 14 in. ; wing, 10 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7.

488. C. gymnopis, Sclater, Bare-eyed Cockatoo.

White ; forehead and lores stained with red ; naked skin round
eyes blue, and largely extended into a bare open space below.
Total length, 16 in. ; wing, 11 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 6, 7, 8.

63

489. C. roseicapilla, Vieill. , Rose-breasted Cockatoo.

Crest feathers broadened and not recurved at extremity ; under
surface rose colour ; upper surface grey.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 8, (9).

GENUS — LICMETIS. — Hook of bill is long, slender, and projects forwards.

490. L. Iiasica, Temm., Long-billed Cockatoo (Corella).

Mostly white ; naked skin round the eyes light blue ; lores and a
narrow frontal band red.

Total length, 15 in. ; wing, 11 in.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7.

491. L. past illil tor, Gld., Dampier Cockatoo (Western Long-billed

Cockatoo).

Like L. nasica, but a little larger ; naked space round eye larger
and darker, of blue lead colour.
Hab. : 9.

SUB-FAMILY — CALOPSITTACIN^E.
Tail feathers narrow and pointed.

GENUS— CALOPSITTACUS.— Crest is grey.

492. C. novae-hollandiae, Gmelin, Cockatoo Parrakeet.

Dark grey ; forehead and cheeks lemon-yellow ; crest grey, with
bases of feathers lemon-yellow ; ear coverts reddish-orange. Female
paler than male.

Total length, 12'5 in.
Hab. : 1, 3, 6, 7, 8.

FAMILY— PSITTACID^.

As in Cacatuidse, but with orbital ring mostly incomplete ; if complete, no
bridging of fossa. Head without a crest, excepting nymphicus
(extra Australian).

SUB-FAMILY — PAL^EORNITHIN^E.
Furcula present. Females mostly different from males.

GENUS— POLYTELIS.— Tail feathers narrow, especially two centre ones.

493. P. barrabaildi, Swainson, Green-Leek Parrakeet.

General colour green. Male with sinciput and throat yellow.
Female with forehead and cheeks tinged with bluish, and inner
webs of lateral tail feathers margined with rosy-red.
Hab. : 6, 7.

494. P. melanura. Vigors, Black-tailed Parrakeet.

Adult Male. — Whole of upper surface olivaceous-green of varying
shades ; tail feathers deep purplish blue, underneath black, with
• tips lighter ; beak red.

Total length, 16 in. ; bill, 075 in. ; wing, 7 '5 in. ; tail, 8'5 in.

Female. — Head, sides of face, back of neck, upper part of back,
dull olive-green ; throat, all under surface, rump, and wing coverts
green ; primaries, some secondaries, and spurious wing deep blue-
black, margined externally with yellowish green; rest of secondaries
deep red ; two centre tail feathers deep green, remainder green at
base, black on inner webs.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

64

GENUS— SPATHOPTERUS (North).— The end of the third primary of the
male is elongated and spatulate.

495. S. alexandrae, Old. (Polytelis alexandrse), Alexandra Parrakeet.

General colour green ; forehead and rump bluish ; lower part of
cheeks and throat pale rose colour ; inner webs of lateral tail
feathers margined with rosy-red.
Hab. : 7, 8.

GENUS — PTISTES. — Tail feathers very broad, almost equally long.

496. P erythr op terilS, Gmelin (Aprosmictus erythropterus ; Apros-

mictus coccineopterus), Red-winged Lory.

Adult Male. — Green, underneath yellowish-green ; lower back and
rump deep blue ; primaries dark green; secondaries nearly blact,
the inner ones dark green ; upper wing coverts rich crimson red,
with base of feathers yellow.

Total length, 13 in.; wing, 8 to 7 '5 in. ; tail, 5 "5 to 5'25 in.

Adult Female.— Dull green, under surface yellowish-green ; rump
blue ; some of outermost median upper wing coverts edged with
red : the outermost greater upper wing coverts red ; secondaries
blackish-green.

P. coccineopterus, Gld., Crimson- winged Lory, is united in
British Museum Catalogue with P. erythropterus, on the grounds
that, although the northern birds have been specifically separated
as A. coccineopterus on account of being generally smaller than the
eastern ones, yet some are as large.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8.

GENUS— APROSMICTUS. — Tail feathers very broad ; tail much graduated.

497. A. cyanopygillS. Vieill. (A. scapulatus, Bech.), King Lory.

Adult Male. — Head, bill, neck, breast, and abdomen scarlet ; back
dark green.

Female. — Entirely green, except dull blue tail coverts; throat and
chest tinged with red ; abdomen and under tail coverts scarlet.

Young. — Like adult female, but has lateral tail feathers with
rose-coloured tips.
Hab. : 3, 4

SUB FAMILY — PLATYCERCINJS.
Furcula absent ; bill moderate, never red.

GENUS— PLATYCERCUS.— Back not uniform, but with feathers broadly
bordered, and having a scale-like appearance ; bill distinctly notched.

498. P elegailS, Gmelin (P. pennantii, Lath.), Pennant's Parrakeet.

Cheeks blue ; under parts crimson.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

499. P. nigrescens» Ramsay, Campbell Parrakeet.

Northern variety of P. elegans. Smaller ; more robust bill ;
deeper colour.

Hab. : Bellenden-Ker Range, Queensland.

500. P. adelaid£e, Gld. (P. adelaidensis), Adelaide Parrakeet.

Cheeks blue ; under parts pale red, each feather slightly fringed
with yellowish.

Hab. : 6, 7.

501. P. flaveolllS, Gld., Yellow-rumped Parrakeet.

Cheeks blue ; under parts pale or straw-yellow ; median tail
feathers dull blue.
Hab. : 6, 7.

65

502. P. flaviveiltriS, Temm. , Yellow-bellied Parrakeet.

Cheeks blue ; under parts jonquil-yellow ; median tail feathers
dark olive-green.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

503. P, pallidiceps, Vigors, Pale-headed Parrakeet.

Cheeks white bordered with blue below, sometimes entirely
white or yellowish-white ; head pale yellow ; feathers of back edged
with bright yellow : under parts blue ; under tail coverts red.
Hab. : 2, 3, 7.

504. 1*. amatllUSia, Gld. (P. amathusia?), Blue cheeked Parrakeet.

Cheeks almost entirely blue, only on upper part white ; head pale
yellow ; feathers of back edged straw-yellow ; under parts blue ;
under tail coverts red.
Hab. : 1, 2.

505. P. browni. Temm., Smutty Parrakeet.

Cheeks white, bordered with blue below ; head black ; feathers
of back with yellow margins ; under tail coverts red.
Hab. : 1.

506. P. eximillS, Shaw, Rosella.

Cheeks white ; head red ; feathers of back edged yellowish-green ;
upper tail coverts green.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

507. P. erythropeplllS, Salvad., Red-backed Rosella.

Intermediate between P. elegaus and P. eximius. Cheeks white
and blue ; under tail coverts red ; head red. Single specimen.
Hab. : Australia (?).

508. P. SplendidllS, Gld., Yellow-mantled Parrakeet.

Cheeks white : head red ; feathers of back edged gamboge-
yellow ; upper tail coverts green.
Hab. : 3, 7.

509. P. ignitllS, Leadbeater, Fiery Parrakeet.

Cheeks white ; head red ; upper tail coverts red : feathers of
back edged red ; under parts entirely red ; bases of quills white.

Dr. Ramsay places this species (variety ?) with P. eximius, which
is more probably correct.
Hab. : 6, 7.

510. P. icterotlS. Temm., Yellow-cheeked Parrakeet.

Cheeks yellow ; head and under parts red.

Total length, 10*5 in.

Closely related to this species is P. xanthogenys. One specimen
only is known ; habitat is unknown.

British Museum Catalogue Birds, vol. xx., plate 16. Feathers of
back edged with red ; cheeks pale yellow.
Hab : 9.

511. P. mastersiailllS, Ramsay, Masters Parrakeet.

Cheeks blue.

Total length, about 11 in. ; wing, 5 '8 in ; tail, 6-3 in. ; tarsus,
0-8 in. ; bill, 0'7 in.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. ii., p. 27.

Not known to the British Museum (Salvador!, 1891).

Hab. : Interior of New South Wales.

GENUS— PORPH YROCEPHALUS.— Back uniform ; bill longer than deep ;
upper mandible notched, with hook much lengthened.

512. P, SplirillS, Kuhl. (Platycercus spurius), Red-capped Parrakeet.

Crown deep maroon-red ; lores dusky red ; back and scapulars

66

green ; breast and abdomen violet-blue ; under tail coverts red
wing coverts green ; rump yellow.
Total length, 15 in. ; wing, 6 '25 in.
Hab. : 9.

GENUS— BARNARDI US. —Back uniform ; yellow collar round hind -neck.

513. B. barnardi, Vig. and Hors. (Platycercus barnardi), Barnard's

Parrakeet.

Head verditer-green, with broad brown-green crescent ; forehead
red.

Hab : 6, 7.

514. B. semitorqiiatllS, Quoy and Gaim. (Platycercus semitorquatus),

Yellow collared Parrakeet.

Head brownish-black ; frontal band red ; abdomen green.
Hab. : 9.

515. B. ZOnarillS, Shaw (Platycercus zonarius), Yellow-banded

Parrakeet.

Head brownish -black, with no red frontal band ; abdomen pale
yellowish-green.

Hab ; 6, 7, 9.

516. B. OCCidentaliS, North (Platycercus occidentalis).

Similar to B. zonarius. Light blue instead of dark blue cheeks ;
yellow of abdomen much more extended, and lemon instead of
yellowish-green ; narrow black band below collar absent.
Hab. : 8.

GENUS— PSEPHOTUS. —Two centre tail feathers longer than following

pair.

517. P. haematorrhoilS, Bparte. (P. haematogaster, Gld.), Crimson-

bellied Parrakeet.

Abdomen red ; forehead and cheeks sharply defined blue ;
median wing coverts red ; smaller coverts verditer-green ; under
tail coverts red.

Hab. . 6, 7, 9.

518. P. xanthorrhoilS. Gld., Yellow-vented Parrakeet.

Abdomen red ; forehead and cheeks sharply defined blue ; median
wing coverts brownish-olive ; smaller wing coverts blue ; under tail
coverts yellow. This species varies very much in colour and size.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

519. P. pallescens, Gld.

Variety of P. xanthorrhous. Upper surface and breast much
paler ; the olive patch on median wing coverts yellower.
Hab. 7.

520. P. pulcherrimilS, Gld. , Beautiful Parrakeet.

Frontal band red ; rump turquoise-blue ; median wing coverts
with red patch ; back greyish-brown.
Hab. : 2, 3.

521. P. chrysopterygilis, Gld., Golden-shouldered Parrakeet.

Frontal band pale yellow ; rump turquoise -blue ; median wing
coverts with yellow patch.
Hab. : 1.

522. P. dissimilis. Collett.

Nearest to P. chrysopterygius, but lacks the yellow band across
forehead ; lower parts verditer-blue in the male ; rump bluish-
green.

Female.— Crown and forehead greyish olive -green.

Zool. Soc. Lond. , part iii. , p. 356.
Hab. : 1.

Genus— SPATHOP'TERUS : spathe, broad blade ; pteron, wing.

495. alexan'drae : Alexandra, a proper name.

Genus — PTIS'TES : ptisso, to winnow grain.

496. erythrop'terus : eruthros, red : pteron, wing.

Genus— APROSMIC'TUS: aprosmiktos, isolated (a, not; pros, with; mignumi,

to mix).

497. cyanopyg'ius : kuanos, dark blue ; pyga, rump.

Sub-family— PLAT YCERCI'N'.E : plains, broad ; kerkos, tail.
Genus — PLATYCER'CUS : plains, broad ; kerkos, tail.

498. el'egans : elegans, beautiful.

499. nigres'cens : nigrescens, blackish.

500. adelaid'ae : Adelaide, a proper name.

501. flav'eolus : ftavus, yellow.

502. flaviven'tris : ftavus, yellow ; venter, belly.

503. pallid'iceps : pattidus, pale ; caput, head.

504. amathu'sia : 'amathos, sand.

505. brown'i : Brown, a proper name.

506. exim'ius : eximius, excellent.

507. erythropep'lus : eruthros, red ; peplos, robe.

508. splen'didus : splendidus, bright.

509. igni'tus : ignio, set on fire.

510. ictero'tis : ikteros, jaundice.

511. mastersia'nus : Masters, a proper name.

Genus— PORPHYROCEPH'ALUS : porphura, purple dye ; kephale, head.

512. spu'rius : spurius, false.

Genus— BARN ARD'IUS : Barnard, a proper name.

513. barnard'i : Barnard, a proper name.

514. semitorqua'tus : semi, half ; torquis, collar.

515. zona'rius : zone, belt.

516. occidentals : occidentalis, western.

Genus — PSEPHO'TUS : psephotus, checkered.

517. hae'matorrhous : haima, haimatos, blood ; orros, tail.

518. xan'thorrhous : xanthos, yellow ; orros, tail.

519. palles'cens : pal/escens, pale.

520. pulcher'rimus : pulcherrimus, very beautiful.

521. ehrysopteryg'ius : chrusos, gold ; pterugion, wing.

522. dissim'ilis : dissimilis, unlike.

523. murtieolor : multus, many ; color, colour.

624. hsematono'tus : haima, haimatos, blood ; noton, back.

Genus — NEOPHE'MA : neos, new, strange ; pheme, utterance.

525. venus' ta : venustus, beautiful.

526. pulchel'la : pulchellus, beautiful and small.

527. el'egans : elegans, graceful.

528. petroph'ila : petron, rock ; phileo, to love.
529 bour'kei : Bourke, a proper name.

530. ehrysogas'tra : chrusos, gold ; gaster, belly.

531. splen'dida : splendidus, bright.

Genus — NANO'DES : nanodes, dwarfish.
532* dis'color : discolor, of various colours.

Genus — MELOPSIT'TACUS : n>.elos, song ; psittakos, parrot.

533. undula'tus : undula, a little wave.

Genus — PEZOP'ORUS : pezos, on foot ; poreuo, to travel.

534. formo'sus : iormosus, beautiful.

Genus — GEOPSIT'TACUS : ge, earth ; psittakos, parrot.

535. occidentals : occidentals, western.

Order— COLUM'B^E : columba, dove or pigeon.
Sub-order — COLUM'B.iE : columba, dove or pigeon.

Family— TRERON'ID.E : treron, timorous.

Sub-family — PTILOPODl'N^E : ptilon, feather ; pous, podos, foot.
Genus — PTIL'OPUS : ptilon, feather ; pous, foot.

536. swainson'i : Swainson, a proper name.

537. ew'ingi : Swing, a proper name.

538. super'bus : superbus, splentiid.

539. (Leueotre'ron) alliga'tor : leukos, white ; treron, timorous.

540. magnif'ica : magnificus, grand.

541. assim'ilis : ad, to ; similis, like.

Sub-family— CARPOPHAGL'N^E : Jcarpos, fruit; phagein, to eat.
Genus — MYRISTICIV'ORA : myristica, nutmeg-tree ; wro, to eat.

542. spilor'rhoa : spilos, spot ; orros, tail.

Genus — LOPHOU-E'MUS : lophos, crest ; laimos, throat.

543. antarc'ticus : antarcticus, antarctic.

Family — COLUM'BIDJE : columba, dove or pigeon.

Sub-family — COLUMBI'N^E : columba, dove or pigeon.

Genus — COLUM'BA : columba, dove or pigeon.

544. leucome'la : leukos, white ; melon, apple.

Sub-family— MACROPYGII'N^E : makros, large ; puge, rump.
Genus — MACROPYG'IA : makros, large ; puge, rump.

545. phasianel'la : phasianus, pheasant.

67

523. P, multicolor, Temm., Many-coloured Parrakeet.

Rump green, with pale green cross band ; frontal band bright
yellow. General colour deep grass-green. Humeral feathers vary
between red and yellow.
Hab. ; 6, 7, 9.

524. P. haematonotUS, Old., Red-backed Parrakeet (Red-rumped

Parrakeet).

Abdomen yellow ; rump red.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7.

GENUS— NEOPHEMA (Salvadori).— Four centre tail feathers about equal.

525. N. veilllSta, Temm. (Euphema venusta), Blue-banded Grass-

Parrakeet.

Conspicuous band of indigo-blue across forehead, not reaching
behind eyes ; lores and stripe behind eye yellow ; shoulder and
wing coverts deep blue ; crown of head, back, rump, upper tail
coverts, throat, chest, and flanks olive-green.
Hab. : 4, 5.

526. If. pulchella, Shaw (Euphema pulchella), Red-shouldered Grass-

Parrakeet.

Forehead, stripe over eye, cheeks, shoulders, and lesser wing
coverts rich metallic greenish-blue ; a bright spot of chestnut-red at
insertion of wings ; chest and centre of abdomen rich yellow.

Adult female has wings duller than in male, and with no red-
chestnut spot on inner upper wing coverts ; throat and breast
yellowish-green.

Young Male. — Throat and breast yellowish-green ; only a trace of
red spot on inner upper wing coverts.
Hab. : 3, 6, 7.

527. If. elcgailS, Swainson (Euphema elegans), Grass- Parrakeet.

Band of deep indigo-blue across forehead, bordered above by a
narrow edging of light blue, which is continued over eye ; lores
yellow ; abdomen and undeV tail coverts bright yellow (in some an
orange spot in middle of abdomen) ; upper wing coverts next
scapularies olive-green ; the outer ones deep blue ; between olive-
green and deep blue ones there is a row of wing coverts verdigris-
green.

Hab. : 3, 6, 7, 9.

528. N. petrophila, Gld. (Euphema petrophila), Rock Parrakeet.

Frontal band deep indigo-blue ; no yellow lores ; all upper surface
yellowish olive-green ; under surface yellow.
Hab. : 9.

529. If. bourkei, Mitchell (Euphema bourkei), Bourke Grass-Parrakeet

All upper surface dark olive-brown ; band across forehead,
shoulders above and beneath, secondaries, and base of primaries
deep blue.

Female has no blue frontal band.
Hab. : 6, 7.

530. If. ChrySOgastra, Lath. (Euphema chrysogaster), Orange-bellied

Grass-Parrakeet.

Crown of head and upper surface deep grass-green ; frontal band
blue ; lores, cheeks, and breast yellowish-green ; shoulders, some of
secondaries, and outer edge of primaries deep indigo-blue ; abdomen
and under tail coverts greenish -yellow, the centre of abdomen having
large orange spot.

In female the orange spot is smaller and duller.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

68

531. N. Splendida, Gld. (Euphema splendida), Scarlet- chested Grass-

Parrakeet.

Male.- — Face and ear coverts deep indigo-blue ; all upper surface
grass-green ; breast rich scarlet.

Female. — Throat and breast yellowish-green.

Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

GENUS — NANODES. — Tail feathers narrow and acuminate.

532. If. discolor, Shaw (Lathamus discolor), Swift Lorikeet.

General colour green ; forehead and chin red, with yellow spot
at gape ; crown of head deep blue or greenish-blue ; tips of shoulders
and under tail coverts deep red.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

GENUS— MELOPSITTACUS.— Tail feathers acuminate.

533. M. imdlllatllS, Shaw, Warbling Grass-Parrakeet.

General colour straw-yellow to grass-green, with black cross
bands ; on the cheeks an oblique band of rich blue, below which
are three black circular spots, sometimes two.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— PEZOPORUS.— Tail long, longer than wing; nails long and

straight.

534. P. formOSUS. Lath., Ground Parrakeet.

Adult Male. — Entirely dark grass -green ; all feathers of lower
breast, abdomen, and tail barred in centre alternately with yellow
and black ; back of head and neck green, streaked with black ;
touch of orange on forehead.

Total length, 12 5 in. ; wing, 5 '25 in. ; tail, 775 in.

Young wants orange band on forehead.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— GEOPSITTACUS. — Tail shorter than wing ; nails short and

curved.

535. G. OCCidentalis, Gld., Night Parrakeet.

Upper parts olive-green ; head and nape have black in middle of
each feather ; feathers of upper back black, with yellow spot in
middle : upper tail coverts and breast with black spots and irregular
bands ; abdomen and under tail coverts sulphur-yellow.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

OiRDER, COLTT1YIB7E.

Rostrum swollen at the tip, convex ; its basal portion has a soft skin, in
which lie the nostrils, with a valve over them, The tarsi are
covered fore and rear with hexagonal scales. Palate schizognathous.
Nostrils schizorhinal.

Sub-order — Columbae.

Basipterygoid processes present, and placed medially.

FAMILY— TRERONIDJE.

Tail with fourteen feathers. Tarsus feathered more than half its length.
Soles very broad, each toe with skin expanded on the sides.

SUB-FAMILY — PTILOPODIN^E.
Bill thin and short. Size small (less than C. livia).

69

GENUS — PTILOPUS. — Plumage generally green; under wing coverts not

yellow.

536. P. SWaillSOIli, Gld. (Ptilinopus swainsoni), Red-crowned Fruit-

Pigeon.

Green ; no yellow tinge in front of pale rosy-purple abdominal
patch.

Total length, 8'5 in. ; culmen, 0'5 in. ; wing, 5 '2 in. ; tail, 3 in. ;
tarsus, 0*8 in.

Hab. : 2, 3.

537. P. ewingi, Gld. (Ptilinopus ewingii), Rose-crowned Fruit-Pigeon.

Green ; has a distinct yellow tinge in front of pale rose abdominal
patch.

Total length, 8 in. ; wing, 4'6 in. ; tail, 2 '8 in. ; culmen, 0*5 in. ;
tarsus, 06 in.

Hab. : 1, 2.

538. P. SllperbllS, Temm., Pur pie -crowned Fruit-Pigeon.

Sub-gen. Lamprotreron.

Sub-gen. Lamprotreron has a broad dark blue band across
breast, well defined both anteriorly and posteriorly.

Adult Male. — Crown purple -velvet ; occiput and sides of head
olive-green ; sides and back of neck bright rufous.

Total length, 10'2 to 8'4 in. ; wing, 5'4 to 4'9 in. ; tail, 3'2 to
2-6 in.

Adult Female. — Upper parts, including crown and hind-neck
green ; deep blue spot on occiput ; no transverse black band below
breast.

Hab. : 1, 2

539. P. (Leucotreron) alligator, Collett.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, part iii., plate 29.

Head and upper neck white ; lower neck and chest whitish-
cinnamon ; rump grey, broad whitish tips to tail feathers ; lower
breast, belly, and under tail coverts grey. Sexes nearly alike.
Hab. : 1.

540. P. magnifica, Temm., Purple-breasted Fruit-Pigeon.

Sub-gen. Megaloprepia.

Head and neck pale grey ; all upper surface rich golden-green ;
median wing coverts with patch of light yellow near tip of outer
webs ; quills shining green ; under surface of wings brown ; under
wing coverts yellow ; line down centre of throat, middle of breast,
and abdomen rich deep purple ; sides of breast green. Sexes alike.

Total length, 16 in. ; wing, 9 in. ; tail, 7 '5 in. ; bill, 0'8 in. ;
tarsus, 1*1 in.

Hab. : 2, 3.

541 P. aSSimilis, Gld., Allied Fruit Pigeon.
Sub-gen. Megaloprepia.
Like P. magnifica, but smaller.
Total length, 14 in. ; wing, 7 '5 in.
Hab. : 2.

SUB-FAMILY — CARPOPHAGISLE.
Size large — more than C. livia (domestic pigeon).

GENUS— MYRISTICIVORA.— General plumage white.

542. M. spilorrhoa, G. R. Gray, Nutmeg Pigeon.

White, with creamy tinge ; winglet, primary coverts, and second-
aries black ; tertiaries white ; terminal part of tail black ; under
tail coverts white, with regular subapical black spots. Sexes alike.

70

Total length, 16 in. ; wing, 9 in. ; tail, 5 in.; bill, 0'8 in. ; tarsus,
1-2 in.

Hab.r 1, 2.

GENUS— LOPHOL.EMUS.— Head crested.

543. L. antarctidlS, Shaw, Topknot Pigeon.

Adult. — General plumage grey, darker above than below ; frontal
crest grey, occipital crest rust-red ; from eye to occiput a line of
black meeting behind is continued down back of neck ; feathers of
chin elongated ; feathers of neck and breast hackled ; quills black ;
inner secondaries grey ; tail black, crossed by grey band ; iris fiery
orange.

Total length, 15 in. ; wing, 10 '4 in. ; tail, 6 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, (5-, 6.

FAMILY— COLUMBINE.

Tail with twelve feathers ; hind toe with the skin prominently expanded on

the sides.

SUB-FAMILY — COLUMBINE.
Tail not longer than the wings.

GENUS — COLUMBA. — First primary much longer than the sixth.

544. C. leUCOlliela, Temm. (Carpophaga norfolciensis, Lath.), White-

headed Fruit-Pigeon.

Head, neck, breast, and abdomen white, washed with buff ; throat
white ; all upper surface, wings, and tail slaty -black ; all feathers
of back, rump, and lower wing coverts edged with purple ; under
tail coverts light slate colour ; abdomen tinged with salmon-buff.

Total length, 16 in. ; wing, 9 '3 in. ; tail, 6 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

SUB-FAMILY — MACROPYGIIN.E.
Tail broad, and longer than the wings.

GENUS— MACROPYGIA.— Tail graduated ; outer feathers less than half
the length of longest.

545. M. phasianella, Temm., Large-tailed Pigeon.

General colour chestnut-brown ; below cinnamon -rufous ; occiput
and hind head metallic amethyst, with green reflections ; a slightly
vinous tinge on the crop region, where are faint bars ; quills brown ;
under wing coverts, axillaries, and inner margin of primaries rufous-
cinnamon ; tail rufous-brown, with black band across outer feathers;
iris blue, with outer ring of scarlet.

Total length, 17 in. ; wing, 7 '5 to 7 '9 in. ; tail, 8 '5 to 9 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

FAMILY— PERISTERLDJE : GROUND PIGEONS.

Tail from twelve to twenty feathers.

SUB-FAMILY — GEOPELIIN^E.

Tail twelve or fourteen feathers.

GENUS — GEOPELIA. — First primary attenuated at the tip.

546. Cr« humeralis, Temm., Barred-shouldered Dove.

Head and breast delicate grey ; abdomen white ; nape rufous.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8.

71

547. Cr. tranquilla, Gld. (includes G. placida, Gld. ), Peaceful Dove.

Chest and neck grey, with black bands ; nape not rufous ; upper
parts distinctly banded.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

548. G. Cimeata, Lath., Little Turtk-Dove.

Nape not rufous ; upper parts grey, with no dark bands ; upper
wing coverts with small white spots ; under surface grey.
Hab. : 1,3, 6, 7, 8, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — PHABIN^E.

Metallic blue or green spots or patches on the wings.
GENUS — CHALCOPHAPS. — All wing coverts are metallic golden-green.

549. C. chrySOChlora, Wagler (includes C. longirostris), Little Green

Pigeon

Forehead white ; upper part of body bronze-grey, with three well-
defined bands of grey across lower half ; primaries and secondaries
bright green, developing into deep olive, each feather margined
with yellow ; under surface cinnamon-brown.

Total length, 9'5 in. ; wing, 6 in. ; tail, 35 in.
Hab.: 1,2,3.

GENUS— PHAPS. —Tail has sixteen feathers.

550. P. chalcoptera, Lath. (Peristora chalcoptera, Swainson), Bronze-

wing Pigeon.

Throat white ; breast vinous.
Hab. : 1 to 7, 9.

551. P. elegailS, Temm. (Peristera elegans, Temm.), Brush Bronze -

wing Pigeon.

Throat chestnut ; breast grey.
Male. — Forehead ochreous-yellow.
Female.— Forehead whitish.
Hab. : 1,3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— HISTRIOPH APS.— Tail has fourteen feathers.

552. H. histrionica, Gld. (Peristera histrionica, Gld.), Flock Pigeon

(Harlequin Bronze-wing).

Adult Male. — Forehead, circle round ear coverts, and gorget
snow-white ; remainder of head, throat, and, ear coverts jet-black ;
all upper surface, wing coverts, and two central tail feathers
cinnamon-brown ; breast bluish-grey ; patch of metallic purple on
secondaries.

Total length, 11 in. ; wing, 8 in. ; tail, 375 in.

Adult Female. — No white on forehead, which is sandy-rufous,
like upper parts ; ear coverts and throat dull blackish ; gorget and
patch below ear coverts Whitish-buff.
Hab. : 1, 3, 7, 8.

GENUS — PETROPHASSA. — Secondaries always more than 1 in. shorter
than primaries.

553. P. albipennis, Gld. , White-quilled Rock Pigeon.

Adult.— Crown of head and neck greyish -brown, each feather
margined with sandy-brown ; all upper surface and chest rufous-
brown ; throat black, with feathers tipped with white ; a metallic
coppery-violet spot on some wing coverts j quills dark brown ;
primaries with basal half pure white.

Total length, 10 5 in. ; wing, 5'2 in. ; tail, 4'5 in.
Hab. : 8.

10

72

554. P. rilfipeilllis. Collett, Rufous-quilled Rock Pigeon.

Zool. Soc. Loud., 1898, part iii., plate 28.
Similar to P. albipennis.

Primaries chestnut, black tips and margins ; centres to the
feathers of head and neck pale grey ; throat whitish.
Hab. : 1.

GENUS -GEOPHAPS. — Secondaries very little shorter than primaries (less

than 1 in.)

555. Cr. scrip ta, Temm., Partridge Bronze-wing Pigeon.

Adult Male. — Head, all upper surface, and chest light brown ;
throat and cheeks white ; lores and a band from over eyes to sides
of occiput and another under eyes black, also a third band passing
under white ear coverts, joining another black band which surrounds
throat underneath ; speculum of metallic greenish-purple on greater
wing coverts.

Total length, 12 in. ; wing, 6 in. ; tail, 4'5 in.

Female alike, but smaller.
Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

556. G siilitlli, Jardine and Selby, Smith Partridge-Pigeon.

Head and all upper parts brown ; throat white, surrounded with
narrow grey band ; white line from nostrils over eyes ; breast pale
brown, with only a small grey patch in middle ; upper wing coverts
uniform brown ; outer webs of inner greater wing coverts and of
tertiaries rich purple.

Total length, 11 in. ; wing, 5 '3 in. ; tail, 3 '75 in.
Hab. : 1, 8.

GENUS— LOPHOPHAPS.— Head crested : tail short, nearly even.

557. L. pllimifera, Gld., Plumed Bronze-wing Pigeon.

Adult Male. — General plumage pale cinnamon ; forehead and line
on sides of crown grey ; centre of crown and lengthened crest plumes
cinnamon ; threat and cheeks white ; chin and gorget black ; 011
chest a crescent of grey, with black band below ; upper wing coverts
and scapularies beautifully rayed with cinnamon ; abdomen, like
breast, cinnamon.

Total length, 8 in. ; wing, 4 "2 in. ; tail, 2'6 in.
Hab. : 1, 7.

558. L* fermginea, Gld., Red Plumed-Pigeon.

Similar to L. plumifera.

No grey crescent on chest ; breast and abdomen uniformly cinna-
mon coloured (North).
Hab. : 8.

559. L. leilCOgaster, Gld., White-bellied Plumed-Pigeon.

Similar to above species.

Abdomen and a band before the grey pectoral band are white.
Hab. : 1, 6, 7, 8.

GENUS— 00 YPHAPS.— Head crested ; tail long and rounded.

560. O. lophotes, Temm., Crested Pigeon.

Head, throat, and under part of body fawn grey, crest a shade
darker ; upper part of body, back of neck, and tail brownish-grey ;
greater wing coverts bronzy -green, margined with white ; inner ones
metallic purple on outer webs.

Total length, about 12-5 in. ; wing, 6 '75 in. ; tail, 6 in.
Hab. : 1, 3, 6, 7, 8.

Family — PERISTER'ID^E : peristera, pigeon.

Sub-family— GEOPELII'N^.

Genus-GEOPEL'IA.

546. burner a 'lis : humerus, shoulder.

547. tranquiria : tranquillus, peaceful.

548. cunea'ta : cuneus, wedge.

Sub-family — PHABI'NJE : phaps, pigeon.
Genus — CHAL'COPHAPS : chalkos, copper; phaps, pigeon.

549. chrysochlo'ra : chrusos, gold ; chloros, pale.

Species 547. — PEACEFUL DOVE (J nat. size).

Genus — PHAPS : phaps, pigeon.

550. chalcop'tera : chalkos, copper ; pteron, wing.

551. el'egans : degans, beautiful.

Genus — HIS'TRIOPHAPS : histrio, actor; phaps, pigeon.

552. histrion'ica : histrionica, art of acting.

Genus — PETROPHAS'SA : petra, rock ; phassa, wood-pigeon

553. albipen'nis : albus, white ; penna, feather.

554. ruflpen'nis : rufus, red ; penna, feather.

Genus — GE'OPHAPS : ge, ground ; phaps, pigeon.

555. scrip'ta : scriptus, marked.

556. smith'! : Smith, a proper name.

557.
558.

Genus — LO'PHOPHAPS : lophos, crest ; phaps, pigeon,
plumif'era : pluma, feather ; fero, to carry,
ferrugin'ea : ferrugo, iron-rust (ferrum, iron).

559. leucogas'ter : leukos, white ; gaster, belly.

Genus — O'CYPHAPS : okus, swift ; phaps, pigeon.

560. lopho'tes : lophos, crest.

Sub-family — GEOTRYGONI'N^E : ge, earth : trugon, turtle-dove.

Genus — LEUCOS AR CI A : leukos, white ; sarks, flesh.

561. pica'ta : pica, magpie.

Species 561.— WONGA-WONGA PIGEON (| nat. size).
Upper fig. , female ; lower fig. , male.

Order — GALLIN'^E : gallus, cock : gattina, hen.
Sub-order — ALECTOROP'ODES : alektor, cock ; pous, podos, foot.
Family — PHASIAN'ID^E : phasianus, pheasant.
Genus— COTUR'NIX : coturnix, quail.

562. pectora'lis : pectus, pectoris, breast.

Genus — SYNOE'CUS : sun, with ; oikos, house ; synoikos, dwelling together.

563. austra'lis : australis, southern.

Genus — EXCALFACTO'RIA : excalf actor ius, heating (ex, out of; caleo, to warm
faeio, to make).

564. linea'ta : linea, line.

73

SUB-FAMILY — GEOTRYGONINJE (PARTRIDGE-LIKE).

GENUS— LEUCOSARCIA.— Tarsus shade longer than middle toe.

561. L. picata, Latham, Wouga-Wonga Pigeon.

Back, shoulders, and tail dark grey, with brownish tinge on wings;
forehead and throat whitish ; breast warm white ; dark bib below
throat, and a blade -like band from shoulder.

Total length, about 15 in. ; wing, 8'5 in. ; tail, 5 '75 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

ORDER— GAI.I.INJC.

Bill short and stout ; the culnien arched, and overhanging the mandible ;
maxillo-palatines not coalesced.

Sub-order A lectorop odes. .

The hallux raised above the level of the other toes, and its basal phalanx
much shorter than that of the third toe.

FAMILY— PHASIANID^E.

Nostrils never hidden by feathers ; toes never pectinated.

GENUS— COTURNIX.— Has ten to twelve feathers in tail ; axillaries long
and pure white.

562. C. pectoralis, Gld., Stubble Quail.

Outer web of primaries uniform brown, not barred and marked
with buff.

Male. — Throat dull brick colour.

Female. — Black bands on the feathers of the breast, not couflueut
in the median line, but separated by a buff isthmus.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

GENUS — SYNCECUS. — Has ten or twelve feathers in tail ; axillaries are
short and grey.

563. S. austral is. Temm. (includes S. sordidus, Gld. ; S. diemenemis,

Gld. ; S. australis, Gld. ; S. cervinus, Gld.), Brown Quail.
Male. — Sides of the crown not mostly black ; upper parts not
blotched with black, or with the black markings present in the form
of moderate bars ; shaft stripes narrower, confined to the shat'c
itself ; chin and throat dirty white-
Female. — Sides of the crown black, or mostly black ; upper parts
coarsely blotched with black ; shaft stripes wider than the shafts
themselves ; chest pale rufous-buff, barred all over with black.

Hab. : sordidus, 4, 6 ; diemenensis, 5 ; australis, 2 to 9 ;
cervinus, 1, 2.

GENUS— EXCALFACTORIA.- Has only eight feathers in tail.

564. E. lineal a. Scopoli, sub-sp. of E. chinensis (E. australis, Gld.),

Chestnut-bellied Quail (Least Swamp-Quail ; King Quail).
Male has throat black, with crescent-shaped mark of white
underneath^

Female has throat and centre of abdomen buff; broad stripe over
each eye sandy-buff; crown of head and all upper surface dark
brown, crossed by fine bars of lighter brown, and each feather with
a line of buff down centre.

Total length, 5 '25 in. ; wing, 2'75 in. ; tail, 1*1 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

74
Sub-order— Peristeropodes.

The hallux is on the same level as the other toes, and its basal phalanx as
long as that of the third toe.

FAMILY— MEGAPODIID^E.

Oil gland nude.
GENUS — MEGAPODIUS. — Upper tail coverts do not extend to end of tail.

565. HI. dllperreyi, Less, and Garn. (includes M. assimilis, Masters ;

M. tumulus, Gld.), Scrub Fowl.

Adult. — Top of head with crest of brown feathers ; back of neck
and mantle grey, shading into rufescent olive-brown on middle of
back and wings ; lower back and upper tail coverts dark chestnut ;
tail blackish-chestnut ; chin, throat, and under parts smoky-grey.

Total length, 14 to 17 in. ; wing, 8'7 to 10'2 in.; tail, 3'5 to 4/2 in. ;
tarsus, 2 5 to 3 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

GENUS— LIPOA. — Upper tail coverts extend to end of tail.

566. L. OCC'Hata* Gld. (Leipoa ocellata), Mallee Fowl or Native

Pheasant.

Top of the head covered with feathers, forming a short, thick crest ;
nostrils elongate and oval ; tail long, rounded, with 16 feathers ; the
longer upper tail coverts reach to the end of the tail ; a double row
of large hexagonal plates down the front of the rather short tarsus.
Hab. : 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— CATHETURUS.— Head and neck almost naked, thinly covered
with hair-like feathers ; a large vascular wattle at base of neck.
Tail eighteen feathers ; tarsi and feet rather large ; fore part of
tarsus covered with double row of plates.

567. C. lathailli (Talegalla lathami, Gld.), Yellow- wattled Brush Turkey.

Lower neck red ; wattles yellow ; general colour of upper parts
dark brownish-black ; feathers of under parts dark brownish-grey,
rather widely edged with white.

Total length, 25 in. ; wing, 12 in. ; tail, 10 in. ; tarsus, 4 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

568. C. purpureicollis (Talegallus, Le Souef), Purple-wattled Brush

Turkey (Barnard Brush Turkey).

Similar to T. lathami ; lower neck and wattles purplish-white.
Female has no wattle.
Hab. : 2.

ORDER— HEIVIIPODII.

Feet with three toes (except Pedionomus, which has the hallux). Maxillo-
palatines not coalesced with one another.

FAMILY—

Button Quails, not True Quails.

GENUS— TURNIX.— Hind toe absent.

569. T, macillosa, Temm. (Turnix melanotus, Gld.), Red-backed Quail
(Black -backed Quail).

Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw ; centre of breast not
transversely barred with black ; threat never black ; sexes different ;
bill slender.

Sub-order — PEBISTEROP'ODES : peristera, pigeon ; pous, podos, foot.
Family — MEGAPOD'ID^E : megas, great ; pous, podos, foot.

Genus — MEG APO'DIUS : megas, great ; pous, podos, foot.
565. duper'reyi : Duperrey, a proper name.

Species 562.— STUBBLE QUAIL (£ nat. size).

Genus — LIPOA : lipein, to leave, and oon, egg.

566. oeella'ta : ocellatus, spotted.

Genus — CATHETU'RUS : kathetos, perpendicular ; oura, tail.

567. la'thami : Latham, a proper name.

568. purpureieol'lis : purpureus, purple ; collum, neck.

Order — HEMIPOD'Il : hemi, half ; pous, podos, foot.

Family — TURNIC'ID^E : said to be clipped from coturnix, quail.

Genus— TUR'NIX : said to be clipped from coturnix, quail.

569. maculo'sa : maculosus, spotted.

570. melanogas'ter : melas, melanos, black ; gaster, belly.

Species 576. — PLAIN WANDERER (^ nat. size).

571. va'ria : varius, varied.

572. castanono'ta : castanea, chestnut ; noton, back.

573. pyrrhotho'rax : purros, reddish ; thorax, che?t.

574. ve'lox : velox, swift.

575. leucogas'ter : leukos, white ; gaster. belly.

75

Adult female has a well-defined rufous nuchal collar ; scapularies
edged with golden-buff ; throat and breast pale rufous ; belly
whitish-buff.

Adult male has no rufous collar ; scapularies edged with golden-
buff : chest buff ; upper surface grej'ish-brown.

Immature birds have no defined rufous collar, but most feathers
of upper surface with a rufous patch at extremity ; scapularies edged
with buff.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6, 7.

570. T. llielanogaster, Old., Black-breasted Quail.

Tarsus equal to or shorter than middle toe with claw ; bill fairly
strong.

Female has chest black, many of the feathers having terminal bars
of white ; upper surface umber, with here and there irregular marks
of black, rufous, and white. Total length, 7 '5 in. ; wing, 4 '4 in.

Male has chest whitish, with a wide V-shaped subterminal
black mark across each feather ; upper surface as in female. Total
length, 6*3 in. ; wing, 4'1 in.
Hab : 3, 7.

571. T. varia, Lath. (T. scintillans, Old.), Painted Quail.

Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw ; bill slender.

Adult male has chest buff, irregularly spotted and marked with
grey ; no rufous nuchal collar, but otherwise the upper surface
similar to that of adult female.

Adult female has chest grey, each feather with a pale buff or
whitish shaft streak, becoming more or less spatulate towards the
margin ; feathers surrounding eye black, spotted with white ; has a
fairly defined bright rufous nuchal collar, each feather narrowly
barred with rufous. Bill stouter than in male.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5.

572. T. castailOllota, Gld., Chestnut-backed Quail.

Adults have chest grey, each feather with a pale shaft streak,
becoming more or less spatulate towards the margin ; feathers
surrounding eye black, spotted with white ; bill very stout ; upper
surface uniform dull light red, one or two feathers of back mixed
with black.

Hab. : 1, 2.

573. T. pyrrhothorax, Gld., Red-chested Quail.

Adults have chest rufous ; feathers round eye black, spotted
with white ; upper surface stone-grey, most feathers of back with
narrow transverse bars of rufous and black.

Female. — Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 3*3 in. ; tail, 1'4 in. ; bill,
0'5 (stout).

Male.— Total length, 5'2 in. ; wing, 2'9 in. ; tail, 1-3 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7.

574. T. velGX, Gld. , Little Quail (Swift-flying Turnix).

Adults have chest dull light red, darker at sides than middle ;
feathers round eye dull light red, like rest of upper surface ; bill
very stout (0'5 long).

Immature birds have outer webs of primaries mottled with rufous,
those of the secondaries edged and toothed with white.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

575. T. leilCOgaster, North, White-bellied Quail.

Very similar to adult of T. velox.

The one specimen obtained showed it to have a whiter under
surface.

Note, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., vol. xxii., p. 159.
Hab. : 7.

76

GENUS— PEDIONOMUS.— Hind toe present.

576. P. torqiiatUS, Gld., Plain Wanderer.

Adult male differs from female in having no rust colour on nape ;
collar round neck is buff and brownish, not so conspicuous, and upper
surface is washed with bright buff.

Adult male, 5 '8 in. ; wing, 3'4 in.

Adult female, 6 '3 in. ; wing, 4 in.
Hab. : 4, 6, 7-

ORDER— FULICAB.IJE (RAILS).

Osteological characters, see Catalogue Fossil Birds, pp. 143-4,

(Lydekker).

FAMILY— RALLID^.

Hind toe always raised above the level of the others ; toes long and slender.
Palate schizognathous.

GENUS— HY POM} NIDI A.— Culmen not so long as the tarsus.

577. II. philippinensiS, Linn., Pectoral Rail.

Breast barred with white, and more narrowly with black ; has a
white eyebrow.

Hab. : 1 to 9.

578. H. bracliypllS, Swainson, Slate-breasted Rail (Lewin's Rail).

Breast uniform slate ; no white eyebrow ; back black, striped
with olive.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— EULABEORNIS.— Wing coverts do not hide the quills.

579. E. castaneiventris, Gld., Chestnut-bellied Rail.

Adult Female — General colour above dark ochraceous-brown ;
wing coverts like back ; primary coverts, quills, and tail reddish -
brown ; crown of head and entire sides of face clear slaty-grey ;
chin whitish ; pale vinous on throat ; lower throat and rest of under
surface vinous-chestnut ; under tail coverts, under wing coverts,
and axillaries deep chestnut.

Total length, 17 in. ; culmen, 2 "2 in. ; wing, 8.5 in. ; tail, 4 '7 in. ;
tarsus, 2'75 in. ; middle toe and claw, 2 '7 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

GENUS — RALLINA. — Secondaries do not reach to end of the primaries.

580. R. tricolor, Gray, Red-necked Rail.

Adult Male. —General colour above dark slaty-brown, with olive
tinge on wings ; quills with whitish bars on inner webs ; inner
secondaries uniform, like back ; tail feathers blackish -brown,; crown
of head, hind-neck and upper mantle, sides of face and cheeks,
sides of neck, fore-neck, and breast rich chestnut ; throat yellowish-
brown, becoming chestnut on lower throat ; rest of under surface
slaty -grey, with few bars of buff.

Total length, 11 '5 in.; culmen, 1'3 in.; wing, 5'7 in.; tail,
2*5 in. ; tarsus, 1*8 in. ; middle toe, 1*9 in.
Hab. : 2

GENUS— CREX. — Plumage striped above ; tail pointed ; retrices narrow.

581. C. Crex, Sharpe, Corn Crake.

Winter Plumage. — Eyebrow, face, and breast ochreous-brown.
Summer Plumage. — Eyebrow, face, and breast grey.
[A single specimen obtained near Sydney in June, 1893. — North.]
Total length, 10 in. ; culmen, 0'85 in. ; tarsus, 1*45 in.

Genus — PEDIO'NOMUS : Greek for " inhabiting the plains.

576. torqua'tus : torquis, collar.

Order— FULICA'RI^E : fulica, a coot.

Family— RAI/LID.E : French rale, rail.

Genus — HYPOTJENID'IA : hupo, under; tamia, band.

577. philippinen'sis : Philippines, a group of islands.

578. brach'ypus : brachus, short ; pous, foot.

Species 577 . — PECTORAL RAIL (i nat. size).

Genus — EUL ABEOR'NIS : eulabes, cautious ; ornis, a bird.

579. castaneiven'tfis : castanea, chestnut ; venter, belly.

Genus— RALLIN'A.

580. tri'color : tri, triple ; color, colour.

Genus — CREX' : crex, a sort of land-rail ; onomatopoeia. Cf. korax, raven. Cry
is crek, crek.

581. crex' : crex, a sort of land-rail ; onomatopoeia.

Genus— PORZA'NA : porzana, an old name for the crake (Cent. Diet.)

582. flumin'ea : ftumineus, river-frequenting.

583. palus'tris : paluster, marshy.

584. tabuen sis.

Genus — POLIOLIM'NAS : polios, grey ; limne, pool.

585. cine'reus : cinereus, ashy.

s

Species 582. — SPOTTED CRAKE (i nat. size).

Genus — AMAUROR'NIS : amauros, dusky ; ornis, bird.

586. molucca'na : Moluccas, a group of^islands.

Genus— TRIB'ONYX : tribo, to rub ; onux. claw.

587. mortier'i : Mortier, a proper name.

Genus — MICROTRIB'ONYX : mikros, small ; tribo, to rub ; onux, claw.

588. ventra'lis : venter, belly.

77

GENUS — PORZANA. — Secondaries shorter than the primaries by length
of hind toe and claw.

582. P. flnminea, Old., Spotted Crake.

Axillaries barred with white ; back streaked with black and
spotted or lined with white ; breast slate-grey.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

583. P. palllStris, Gld., Little Crake.

Axillaries uniform, not barred with white ; back mottled ; breast
grey ; flanks barred.

Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 3 '2 in,
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

584. P. tabllCllsis, Gmelin (Porzana immaculata, Gld.), Spotless Crake.

Under surface dark slate-grey ; under tail coverts barred with
white ; axillaries uniform ; back uniform rusty-brown.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

/

GENUS— POLIOLIMNAS.— Culmen shorter than middle toe and claw ; no
evident frontal shield ; middle toe and claw exceed tarsus ;
plumage variegated.

585. P. cinereilS, Vieill., White-browed Water Crake.

General colour above olive-brown ; crown of head dark ashy-grey ;
band of white from anterior portion of cheeks, passing below eye to
above ear coverts ; throat and abdomen pure white ; lower throat,
fore-neck, breast, and sides of body ashy-grey ; browner on flanks.

Male. — Total length, 7 '5 in. ; culmen, 0'9 in. ; wing, 3 9 in. ;
tail, 1'8 in. ; tarsus, 15 in. ; middle toe and claw, 2'1 in.

Female. — Total length, 6'8 in. ; culmen, 0'8 in. ; wing, 3'75 in. ;
tail, 1-6 in. ; tarsus, 1-4 in. ; middle toe and claw, 1'8 in.
Hab. : 1.

GENUS— AMAURORNIS.— Culmen swollen at base.

586. A. molllCCaiia, Wallace (Gallinula ruficrissa, Gld.), Rufous-tailed

Moor-hen.

General colour above dark olive-brown ; sides of face, cheeks,
throat, and under surface of body slaty -grey ; lower abdomen and
vent vinous-isabelline, as also thighs.

Total length, 10'8 in. ; culmen, T4 in. ; wing, 5 '75 in. ; tail,
2*2 in. ; tarsus, 2'2 in. ; middle toe and claw, 2'3 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

GENUS— TRIBONYX. — Primaries and secondaries equal in length.

587. T. mortieri, Du Bus, Native-hen.

General colour above ruddy-brown, washed with olive ; under
. surface of body greenish-grey ; on sides of body a large patch of
white ; under tail coverts black, the outer ones varied with white.

Total length, 14 in. ; culmen, T5 in. ; wing, 7 '8 in. ; tail, 3 '4 in. ;
tarsus, 3'25 in. ; middle toe and claw, 3'1 in.
Hab. : 4, 5.

GENUS— MICROTRIBONYX.— Primaries exceed secondaries by as much
as length of inner toe.

588. M. veiltralis, Gld. (Tribonyx ventralis), Black-tailed Native-hen.

Under surface dark bluish-grey ; flanks have white marks ; upper
surface brownish- olive.

Total length, 10'5 in. ; culmen, 125 in. ; wing, 87 in. ; tail,
3'4 in. : tarsus, 2*4 in. ; middle toe and claw, 2'5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

78

GENUS — GALLINULA. — Middle toe longer than tarsus.

589. G. tenebrosa, Old., Black Moor-hen (Sombre Gallinule).

Dull greyish-black, except back and scapularies, which are deep
brown ; under tail coverts black in centre, white on sides ; base of
bill blood-red.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6.

GEXUS— PORPHYRIO.— Nostrils rounded.

590. P. bellllS, Gld., Blue Bald-Coot.

Back black ; a distinct shade of verdigris-blue on throat and fore-
neck ; thighs purplish, like flanks ; bill red ; knees, lower par of
tarsus, and inside of feet dark greenish-grey ; remainder of feet and
legs dark green.

Total length, 17'5 in. ; culmen, with frontal shield, 3 in. ; wing,
10 '6 in. ; tail, 3 '6 in. ; tarsus, 3 '6 in.
Hab. : 8, 9.

591. P. melailonotllS, Temm. (P. melanotus), Bald-Coot.

Frontal plate, bill, legs, and feet red ; no distinct patch of blue
on the throat ; the whole of under surface uniform blue ; inner
secondaries black or brown, sometimes olive-brown, like the rest of
the back.

Hab. : 1 to 7.

GENUS— FULICA.— Toes lobed laterally.

592. F. australis, Gld., Coot.

Head and neck black ; all upper surface greyish-black ; under
surface sooty-black ; bill bluish -grey.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

ORDER ALECTORIBES.

The angle of the mandible is always truncated ; the hind toe is raised
above the level of the other toes [Mesites (extra Australian) excepted].

FAMILY— GRUIDJE.

Palate schizognathous ; nasal depression more than half as long as the
maxilla ; rectrices twelve.

GENUS — ANTIGONE. — Skin bare round a clear patch of ear coverts.

593. A. australasiana, Gld. (Grus australasianus), Crane (Native

Companion).

Neck feathered right up to the nape ; inner secondaries grey, with
white bases ; general colour grey.

Total length, 42 in.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

FAMILY— OTIDID^E.

Bill flattened and obtuse ; palate schizognathous ; rectrices sixteen to

twenty.

GENUS— EUPODOTIS. — Feathers of neck and fore-neck elongated ; wing
three times longer than tarsus.

594 E. australis, Grey, Bustard (Plain Turkey).

A black patch across the chest or on the sides of it ; greater wing
coverts ashy-black, with a white spot at the end.

Total length, 48 in. ; culmen, 3 in. ; wing, 26 in. ; tail, 10 '5 in. ;
tarsus, 7.2 in.

Hab. : 1 to 4, 6 to 9.

Genus — GALLIN'ULA : gallinula, dim. of gallina, hen.

589. tenebro'sa : tenebrosus, sombre.

Genus — PORPHYR'IO : porphureos, purple.

590. bel'lus : bellus, beautiful.

591. melanono'tus : melas, melanos, black ; noton, back.

Genus — FU'LICA : fulica, coot (water-fowl).

592. austra'lis : australis, southern.

Species 588. —BLACK-TAILED NATIVE-HEN (| nat. size).

Order— ALECTOB/IDES : alektor, cock.

Family — GRU'IDJS : grus, crane.
Genus — ANTIG'ONE : Antigone, a Greek character.

593. australasia'na : australasianus, Australasian.

Family— OTID'ID^E : otis, otidos, bustard.
Genus— EUPODO'TIS : eu, well ; pous, podos, foot ; otis, bustard.

594. austra'lis : australis, southern.

Order — LIMIC'OLM : limus, mud ; colo, to inhabit.

Family — CEDICNEM'ID.E : oidein, to swell ; kneme, knee or leg.

Genus— BURHI'NUS.

595. gralla'rius : grallce, stilts.

Genus— ORTHORHAMPH'US : orthos, straight ; rhamphos, bill.

596. magniros'tris : magnus, large ; rostrum, bill.

Family — CURSOR'IIDJE cursor, a runner.
Genus— STIL'TIA : ? Early mod. E. stylte = a stilt.

597. isabel'la : Isabella, a pale brownish-yellow colour.

Genus — GLAR'EOLA : gloria, gravel.

598. orienta'lis : orientalis, eastern.

Species 595.— STONE PLOVER (i nat. size).

Family — PAB/EID^E : parra, barn-owl.
Genus — HYDRALEC'TOR : hudor, water; alektor, cock.

599. gallina'ceus : gallus, cock.

Family — CHARAD'RIIDJi; : charadrios, a stone-curlew.
Sub-family — ABENABII'N-iE : arenarius, sandy (arena or harena, sand).

Genus — ARENA'RIA : arenarius, sandy (arena or harena, sand).

600. m'terpres : interpres, interpreter, agent.

Sub-family — H^EMATOPODI'NJi : haima, blood ; pous, podos, foot.
Genus — H/EM'ATOPUS : haima, blood ; pous, foot.

601. longiros'tris : longus, long; rostrum, bill.

602. u'nicolor : unus, one ; color, colour.

79

ORDER

Palate schizognathous. Primaries eleven ; fifth secondary wanting ; after
shaft to the contour feathers present.

FAMILY— CEDICNEMID^E
Hind toe absent ; entirely reticulated tarsus ; nasals holorhinal.

GENUS — BURHINUS. — Bill shorter than head ; apical portion swollen,
forming marked dertrum, and apical curve of genys ascending gently

595. B. grallarillS, Lath. (OEdicnemus grallarius), Stone Plover (Land

Curlew).

General colour above ashy-grey ; the crown, neck, and mantle
streaked with blackish stripes, much more emphasized on back and
scapulars ; lower back and rump ashy-grey, streaked with blackish
shaft stripes ; lores, narrow eyebrow, and a spot below eye white ;
black and rufous line across the eye and ear coverts ; cheeks reddish -
brown.

Total length, 20*5 in. ; culmen, 1'9 in. ; wing, 10*5 in. ; tail, 6 in. •
tarsus, 4 '6 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6. 7, 8, 9.

G.J5NUS— ORTHORHAMPHUS.— Bill as long as head ; culmen perfectly
straight ; angle of genys very abrupt, its distance from tip of lower
mandible about equal to distance from gape.

596. O. HiagllirOStris* Vieill. (Esacus magnirostris), Large-billed Stone

Plover.

Above ashy-brown, with dusky shaft lines to feathers ; primaries
brownish-black, with white along inner web ; inner primaries pure
white.

Total length, 19 in. ; culmen, 3 in. ; wing, 10' 8 in. ; tail, 4'3 in. ;
tarsus, 3 3 in.

Hab. : 1, 2.

FAMILY— CURSORIID^.

Nostrils schizorhinal ; tarsus transversely scaled in front,

GENUS— STILTIA.— Tarsus very long, the outstretched feet far exceeding
tail ; the first primary produced far beyond second, and extremely
attenuated towards tip.

597. S. Isabella, Vieill. (Glareola grallaria, Temm.), Pratincole.

Upper surface and breast light rufous, with abdomen rich chestnut.
Female and young lighter, with brown spots on breast.
Total length, 9 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 8'3 in. ; tail, 2 '4 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '8 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 7, 8.

GENUS — GLAREOLA. — Tarsus rather short, outstretched feet not reaching
beyond tail ; tail very strongly forked.

598. €J. orieiltalis. Leach, Oriental Pratincole.

Upper surface olive ; throat white, with broken ring of black
beneath ; abdomen white.

Young has throat rufous and striped.

Male.— Total length, 10 in. ; culmen, 0'6 in. ; wing, 7*3 in. ; tail,
3'1 in. ; tarsus, 1'2 in.

Female. — Total length, 8 '1 in. ; culmen, 0'7 in. ; wing, 7 in. ; tail,
2 '8 in : tarsus, I'l in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 8.

11

80

FAMILY— PARRID^l.

Toes enormously long.

GENUS— HYDRALECTOR.— General aspect that of a rail. Toes armed
with straight spur-like claws, the hind toe very long, with a claw
exceeding it in length.

599. H. gallinaceilS, Temm. (Parra gallinacea), Comb-crested Jacana
(Parra).

Red helmet ; under surface pale orange, with broad blue-black
band across its middle.

Total length, 9 in. ; culmen, with frontal lappet, 1 '8 in. ; wing,
5'6 in. ; tail, 1'6 in. ; tarsus, 24 in. ; middle toe and claw, 3 '6 in.
Hab. : 2, 3.

FAMILY— OH ARADRIID^E.

Nostrils schizorhinal ; tarsus usually reticulated, sometimes scutellated.

SUB-FAMILY —

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen ; tarsus reticu-
lated on hinder aspect, transversely scaled in front ; toes without
any connecting web ; no dertrum or marked swelling of bill at tips
of mandibles.

GKNUS — AREN ARIA. —Has the cleft toes of the Snipes, and the same
position of nasal aperture as the Plovers.

600. A. interprCS, Linn. (Strepsilas interpres), Turnstone.

Chest black ; abdomen white ; has a dark rump between a white
lower back and white upper tail coverts.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — HJEMATOPODIN^E.

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen ; tarsus reticulated
on both front and hinder aspect ; no dertrum or marked swelling of
bill at tips of mandibles.

GENUS— BuEMATOPUS.— Bill thin, wedge-shaped, ending in a vertical
edge; anterior toes are short, thick, edged with callosities, the outer
toe joined at base to middle one by a web ; hind toe wanting.

601. H. loilgirOStris, Vieill., White-breasted Oyster-catcher.

Abdomen, rump, upper and under tail coverts and base of tail
pure white ; iris crimson.

Total length, 19 '5 in. ; bill, 375 in. ; wing, 11 in. ; tarsus, 2 in.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 8, 9.

602. II. II 11 i color, Wagler (including H. ophthalmicus, Castelnau and

Ramsay), Sooty Oyster -catcher.

Entire plumage sooty-black ; bill orange-yellow.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — LOBIVANELLIN^E.

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen. Tarsus reticu-
lated on hinder aspect, but scaly in front. Bill with dertrum
always more or less conspicuous.

GENUS— ERYTHROG ON YS.— Dertrum scarcely evident.

603. E. cinctUS, Gld. , Red-kneed Dottrel.

Thigh, knee, and for quarter-inch down tarsus pink-red, re-
mainder of tarsus and toes bluish-lead.

81

General colour above bronzy-brown ; centre of lower back, rump,
and median upper tail coverts blackish -brown ; the sides of back
and rump pure white ; small patch below eye, cheeks, throat, and
sides of neck pure white ; crown of head and sides of face black.

Total length, 7 '5 in. ; culmen, O'S in. ; wing, 4 3 in. ; tail, 1-8 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '6 in.

Hab. : 1, 3, 6, 7, 8.

GENUS— LOBIVANELLUS.— Spur on the wing. Facial wattle.

604. L. lobatllS, Lath., Spur- winged Plover.

Sides of chest black ; a black band also crossing the hinder neck
above mantle, and joining the black crown so as to interrupt the
white collar ; under surface white.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

605. L. miles, Bodd., Masked Plover.

Sides of chest brown ; rest of under surface white ; complete
white collar on hind neck ; no black band across neck.
Hab. : 1, 2, 8. •

SUB-FAMILY — CHARADRIIN.E.

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen ; tarsus reticulated,
or with hexagonal scales both front and behind ; bill with dertrum
always more or less conspicuous.

GENUS— ZONIFER. — With no spur on wing, but a facial wattle present.

606. Z. tricolor, Vieill. (Sarciophorus pectoralis, Cuvier), Black-breasted

Plover.

Black pectoral band ; basal half of tail white ; terminal half
black ; cheeks and throat white ; sides of rump and upper tail
coverts pure white.

Total length, 10'5 in.; culmen, 1'05 in. ; wing, 7 '4 in. ; tail,
3 "2 in. ; tarsus, If9 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS— SQUAT ARO LA. — With no spur and no facial wattle ; inner
secondaries very long and pointed ; the distance from shortest
secondary to tip of primaries more than half length of wing ; hind
toe present ; a black throat or breast in summer plumage ; upper
plumage spangled.

607. S. helvetica, Linn. (Charadrius helvetica), Grey Plover.

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage. — Axillaries black, with slight
fringe of brown at tips.

Winter Plumage. — Axillaries black.

Young like winter plumage of adults, and axillaries always black.

Total length, 10'5 in. ; culmen, 1'3 in. ; wing, 8 in. ; tail, 3 in. ;
tarsus, 1*8 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5.

GENUS— CHARADRIUS. —As in Squatarola, but has no hind toe.

"608. C. dominiCUS, Mull. (C. fulvus ; C. xanthocheilus, Wagler),
Lesser Golden Plover.

Axillaries smoky-brown at all ages.
Winter Plumage.— Buffy tint, mottled with brown.
Summer Plumage. — Under surface jet black, margined by white
line.

Total length, 9 in. ; culmen, 1 in. ; wing, 6'5 in. ; tail, 2 '4 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '6 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

82

GENUS— OCHTHODROMUS.— Inner secondaries very long and pointed ;
the distance from shortest secondary to the tips of primaries more
than half length of wing ; no black abdomen in summer, this being
white ; plumage of upper surface plain and mostly uniform ; bill
stout ; culmen about equal to length of middle toe and claw ; no
hind toe.

609. O. bicinctllS. Jardine and Selby (^Egialitis bicinctus), Double-

banded Dottrel.

Summer Plumage. — Axillaries and under wing coverts white;
band of black across the fore-neck, followed by white band on the
chest and by a second band of chestnut across breast

Winter Plumage. — Axillaries white ; collar of ashy-brown across
fore-neck or lower throat.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

610. O. geoffroyi, Wagler ( JUgialitis geoffroyi), Large Sand-Dottrel.

Summer Plumage. — Axillaries and under wing coverts white ; no
black band on fore-neck ; forehead white, followed by narrow black
band ; hinder part of crown light brown, entirely surrounded by
pale cinnamon-rufous, which occupies fore part of crown and extends
down sides of neck round hinder neck, where it forms broad rufous
collar ; across fore-neck and chest a broad band of rufous.

Winter Plumage. — Axillaries white ; no collar across fore-neck,
which is white, like rest of under surface ; sides of chest with brown
patch.

Total length, 8-5 in. ; culmen, 1 in. ; wing, 5*5 in. ; tail, 2 in. ;.
tarsus, 1 '4 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

611. O. moilgolllS* Pallas (JEgialitia mongolus, JSgialitis mastersi),

Mongolian Sand-Dottrel.

Smaller than 0. geoffroyi, but has a broader black line along sides
of face ; ear coverts entirely black ; the white throat separated
from rufous chest-band by a narrow black line.

Total length, 7 '5 in. ; culmen, 0'75 in. ; wing, 5'2 in. ; tail, 2'1 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '2 in.

Hab. : 1, 2.

612. O. veredllS, Old. (Eudromias veredus), Oriental Dottrel.

Summer Plumage. — Axillaries and under wing coverts smoky-
brown, as also quill lining ; forehead broad white, and extending
to sinciput ; a distinct black horse- shoe below the chestnut band on
chest.

Winter Plumage. — Axillaries, under wing coverts, and quill lining
smoky-brown.

Total length, 8 '5 in. ; culmen, 1 in. ; wing, 6 '5 in. ; tail, 2 '4 in. ;.
tarsus, 1*7 in.

Hab. : 1, 3, 4.

GENUS — JEGIALITIS. — As in Ochthodromus, except that culmen is
shorter — less than length of middle toe and claw.

613. JE« hiaticola, Linn., Ringed Dottrel.

Throat white ; no black on mantle ; a distinct white collar round
hind-neck.

Hab.: 4.

614. jE. rilficapilla, Temm., Red-capped Dottrel.

Throat white ; no black on mantle ; no white collar round hind-
neck ; forehead white, crown rusty, and black line between ; all
under surface white.

Hab.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

Sub-family — LOBiyANELLIN'jE : ? tobut or lobos, lobe ; French vonneau, lap-
wing, from Lat. vanelius, dim. of vannus, fan.

Genus — ERYTHRO'GONYS : eruthros, red ; gonus, knee.

603. cinc'tus : einctus, girdled.

Genus— LOBIVANEL'LUS : see ante.

604. loba'tus : ? lobus. lobe.

605. mi'les : miles, soldier.

Sub-family — CHARADRII'X^E : charadrios, a stone-curlew, from charadra,
mountain-torrent.

Genus — ZON'IFER : zona, belt ; fero, to carry.
60f». tri'color : tri, triple ; color, colour.

Species 615.— BLACK-FRONTED DOTTREL (^ nat. size).

607.

Genus — SQUATAROL/A : Italian squatarola, Swiss plover.
helvet'ica : Helvetia, old name for Switzerland.

Genus — CHARAD'RIUS : charadrios, stone-curlew, from charadra, a mountain-

torrent.

608. domin'icus : dominicus, lordly.

Genus — OCHTHO'DROMUS : ochthos, hill ; dromos, a running.

609. bicinc'tus : bis, twice ; einctus, girdled.

610. geoffroy'i : Geoffroy, a proper name.

611. mongo'Ius : mongolus, Mongolian.

612. ver'edus : veredus, a swift horse.

Genus — /EGIALI'TIS : aigialos, sea-shore.

613. hiatic'ola : hiatus, hole ; colo, to inhabit.

614. ruflcapil'la : rufus, red ; capillus, hair of head.

615. mel'anops : melas, melanos, black ; ops, face.

616. cuculla'tus : cucullus, hood.

617.

Sub-family— PELTOHYATI'X.E.
Genus— PELTOHY' AS.

austra'lis : australis, Australian.

Species 619. — BANDED STILT (^ nat. size).

Sub-family— HIMANTOPODI'N^ : himas, Jiimantos, thong; pous, podos. foot.
Genus — HIMAN'TOPUS : himas, himantos, thong ; pows, podos, foot.

618. leucoceph'alus : leukos, white ; Jcephale, head.

Genus— CLADORHYN'CHUS : klados, branch ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

619. leucoceph'alus : leukos, white : kephale, head.

Genus — RECURVIROS'TRA : re, back ; curvus, curved ; rostrum, bill.

620. novae-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

83

615. JB. melanops, Vieill. (A. nigrifrons, Cuvier), Black-fronted Dottrel.

Throat white ; black of upper mantle united to black ear coverts,
the white collar on hind-neck being thus separated from the white
of sides of neck and under parts by a complete band of black.
Hab. : 2 to 9.

616. IE. CUCllIlatllS, Vieill. (Hiaticula monarcha, Geoff. ; M. monachus,

Geoff.), Hooded Dottrel.

Throat black, like crown and sides of face.

Young. — Has no hood, and may be known by having the feathers
of the back and upper surface narrowly fringed with brownish -black.

Total length, 8 '3 in. ; culmen, 0'7 in. ; wing, 5 '4 in. ; tail, 2'6 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '05 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — PELTOHYATIN^.

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen ; tarsus trans-
versely scaled both in front and behind ; bill with dertr\im always
more or less conspicuous.

GENUS— PELTOHY AS.— Confined to Australia.

617. P. ailStralis, Gld. (Eudromias australis), Dottrel.

General colour above sandy -buff, mottled and streaked with dark
brown centres to feathers ; crown of head sandy -buff, spotted with
blackish, and separated from forehead by broad black band from eye
to eye ; round hind-neck a black collar, descending on to chest and
skirting fore-neck in shape of a triangle.

Total length, 8 in. ; culmen, 0'7 in. ; wing, 5*3 in. ; tail, 2'3 in. ;
tarsus, 1*3 in.

Hab. : 4, 6, 7, 9.

SUB- FAMILY HlMANTOPODIN/E.

Nasal groove not extended beyond half length of culmen ; bill with no
dertrum, straight or curved upwards.

GENUS— HIM ANTOPUS.— Toes with scarcely any web and divided to
base ; no hind toe.

618. H. leilCOCephalllS, Gld. , White-headed Stilt.

Hind-neck, back, and wings glossy greenish-black ; rest of plumage
white.

Total length, 14*5 in. ; culmen, 2 '5 in. ; wing, 9;4 in. ; tail, 2 '3
„ in. ; tarsus, 4 '5 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GKNUS— CLADORHYNCHUS.--Toes webbed ; no hind toe.

619. C. leUCOCephalllS, Vieill. (C. pectoralis, Du Bus), Banded Stilt.

Body white ; pectoral band chestnut ; wings and abdomen black.
Young. — Entirely white below

Total length, 13 5 in. ; culmen, 2 '8 in. ; wing, 7 '7 in. ; tail, 3 in. ;
tarsus. 3 in.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— RECUR VIROSTRA.— Toes fully webbed; a hind toe; bill
strongly recurved ; base of genys flattened.

620. R. IlOVie-hollaildiie, Vieill. (R. rubricollis, Temm.), Red-necked

Avocet.

Head and upper neck chestnut ; middle of the wing, primaries,
and part of the scapularies black ; the rest of the plumage white.

Total length, 15'5 in. ; culmen, 3'6 in. ; wing, 9 in. ; tail, 3 in.
tarsus, 3'3 in.

Hab. : 2 to 9.

84

SUB-FAMI LY

Nasal groove extending along greater part of upper mandible. Web
connecting both toes with inner one.

GENUS — NUMENIUS. — Bill distinctly arched ; tarsus transversely scaled
and reticulate behind.

621. N. cyanopllS, Vieill. (N. australis, Old.), Sea Curlew.

Varying brown, heavily striated and blotched ; colour of crown
of head similar to that of back, not showing mesial pale longitudinal
band.

Female.— Total length, 24 in. ; bill, 7 '2 in. ; wing 12 "5 in. ; tail
4 '6 in. ; tarsus, 3'5 in.

Male.— Total length, 21 in. ; bill, 6\S in. ; wing, 1T9 in. ; tail,
4 '3 in. ; tarsus, 3 '2 in.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 9.

622. N. yariegatllS, Salvad. (N. uropygialis, Old.), Whimbrel.

Brown, blotched arid streaked with darker brown ; a central
longitudinal pale band down crown, with sides of crown blackish-
brown, forming a broad band along each side of latter.

Total length, 15 in. ; culmen, 3 in. ; wing, 8 '8 in. ; tail, 3'8 in. ;
tarsus, 2'1 in.

Hab. : 1 to 6, 9.

GENUS— MESOSCOLOPAX.— Bill distinctly arched; tarsus transversely
scutellated in front and behind.

623. II miniltllS, Old. (Numenius minor, S. Miill.), Little Whimbrel.

Upper surface blotched with black on buff ; under surface light
buff.

Total length, 13 in. ; culmen, 1'7 in.; wing, 7'1 in. ; tarsus,
1*8 in. ; tail, 2 '8 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

GENUS— LIMOS A. —Bill long.

624. L, novae-zealandiae. Gray (L. uropygialis, Gld. ; sub-sp. of

L. lapponica, Linn.), Barred-rumped Godwit.

Tail regularly barred with black and white.

Adult Male.— Total length, 14'5 in. ; culmen, 3 '4 in. ; wing,
9 in. ; tail, 2 '9 in. ; tarsus, 2 "2 in.

Adult Female.— Total length, 16 in.; culmen, 4'3 in.; wing,
9*5 in. ; tail, 3'2 in. ; tarsus, 2'3 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

625. L. limosa, Linn. (L. melanuroides, Gld. ), Black-tailed Godwit.

Axillaries white, with or without dusky bars ; tail black, with
a white base to the inner quills.

Total length, 16 '5 in. ; culmen, 4 '4 in. ; wing, 8*8 in. ; tail, 3 in ;
tarsus, 3 '2 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 4.

GENUS— TOT ANUS. —Bill moderate, not exceeding tail in length ; bill
straight, the tip of upper mandible slightly decurved. Tarsus
longer than middle toe and claw.

626. T. Stagnatilis, Bech., Little Greenshank.

Under surface and rump white.

Total length, 10 in. ; culmen, 1'6 in. ; wing, 5 '3 in. ; tail, 2 '2 in. ;
tarsus, 2-2 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

Sub-family — TOTAXI'N^E : totanus, a kind of moor-hen.

Genus — NUMEN'IUS : neos, new ; mene, moon (crescent-shaped bill) ; numenia,
new moon.

621. cy'anopus : kuanos, dark blue ; pous, foot.

622. variega'tus : varius, varied ; ago, to make (Cent; Diet.)

Genus — MESOSCOL'OPAX : mesos, middle ; skolopax, snipe-like bird.

623. minu'tus : minutus, small.

Species 623.— LITTTLE WHIMBREL (^ nat. size).

Genus — LIMO'SA : limosus, muddy.

624. novae-zealan'diae : nova-zeal andia, New Zealand.

625. limo'sa : limosus, muddy.

Genus — TOTA'NUS : totanus, a kind of moor-hen.

626. stagnat'Uis : belonging to ponds.

Genus— HETERACTI'TIS.

627. inca'nus : incanus, hoary.

628. brev'ipes : brevis, small :, pes, foot.

Genus — TRINGOI'DES : truggas, bird ; eidos, form.

629. hypoleu'cus : hupo, beneath ; leukos, white.

Species 626.— LITTLE GREEts7SHANK (4 nat. size).

Genus — TEREK'IA : Terek, a proper name.

630. cine'rea : cinereus, ashy.

Genus— GLOT'TIS : glottis, little tongue.

631. nebula'rius : nebula, cloud.

Genus — BARTRAM'IA : Bartram, a proper name.

632. longicau'da : longus, long ; cauda, tail.

85

GENUS— HETERACTITIS.— Bill straight, tip of upper mandible slightly
decurved ; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw ; secondaries
falling short of primaries by more than length of tarsus.

627. H. incailUS, Gmelin (Tetanus incanus), American Grey-rumped

Sandpiper.

Nasal groove reaching to within the terminal third of the upper
mandible and falling short of the tip by no more than 0'5 in. ;
tarsus reticulated behind, seldom with plates ; centre of breast and
abdomen thickly barred with dusky-grey, like the rest of the under
surface.

Total length, 9 in. ; culmen, T5 in. ; wing, 6'1 in. ; tail, 2'8 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '2 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4.

628. H. brevipCS, Pallas, Grey-rumped Sandpiper.

Nasal groove not reaching much beyond the half of the upper
mandible, and falling short of the tip by 0*7 in. ; tarsus plated
behind ; centre of breast and abdomen white in summer plumage,
and not barred.

Hab. : 2, 3.

GENUS— TRINGOIDES.— Tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw.
Secondaries about equal to primaries, the distance between them
being much less than length of tarsus. Bill straight ; tip of upper
mandible slightly decurved.

629. T» hypoleilCUS, Linn. (Actitis hypoleucus), Common Sandpiper.

Stripe above eye, throat, and abdomen white.

Adult Male. — Total length, 8 in. ; culmen, I'l in. ; wing, 4'1 in. ;
tail, 2 in. ; tarsus, 1 in.

Adult Female. — Total length, 7 in.; culmen, I'l in.; wing,
4 '3 in. ; tail, 2 '4 in. ; tarsus, 0'8 in
Hab. : 1 to 6, 8, 9.

GENUS— TEREKIA. — Bill moderate, not exceeding tail, and with an
upward curve. Both inner and outer toes united at base to middle
one by a distinct membrane.

630. T. Cinerea, Giildenst, Terek Sandpiper.

Upper surface brown, with darker shaft streaks ; secondaries
whitish ; under surface whitish.

Total length, 9 in. ; culmen, 2 in. ; wing, 53 in. ; tail, 2'2 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 3, 4.

GENUS— GLOTTIS.— Bill with an upward curve. Inner toe united at
base by membrane to middle toe, but outer one scarcely connected.
Lower mandible rises upwards from a point a little beyond half way.

631. Cr. nebularius, Gunner (G. glottoides, Gld.), Greenshank.

Under surface and rump white.

Total length, 13 in. ; culmen, 2'2 in. ; wing, 7 "2 in. ; tail, 2'8 in. ;
tarsus, 2*1 in.

Hab : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9.

GENUS— BARTRAMIA. — Culmen shorter than tail. Bill distinctly
thickened at end. Feathers of chin are produced forwards so as
to extend beyond line of forehead. Tail peculiar in shape, being
long and graduated, the outer feathers falling short of middle ones.

632. B. longicailda, Bechstein (Actiturus longicaudus, Newton ; A.

bartramius, Bparte. ), Bartram Sandpiper.

Head, cheeks, brea&t, and tail splashed with rufous; abdomen
fawn ; flanks arrow-barred.

86

Total length, 11 in. ; culmen, I'l in. ; wing, 6 '5 in. ; tail, 3'3 in. ;
tarsus, 17 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 7.

SUB-FAMILY — SCOLOPACIN^E.

Nasal groove extending along greater part of upper mandible. Toes not
webbed at all, but cleft to the base.

GENUS— LIMONITES.— Tarsus and culmen practically equal in length;
tarsus abqut equal to middle toe and claw.

633. L. rilficollis, Pallas (Schoeniclus albescens, Gld. ; Tringaalbescens,

Temm.), Little Stint.

Forehead and under surface white ; wing'coverts white-tipped.

Adult, 5 to 57 in. ; culmen, 07 in. ; wing, 3 '8 in. ; tail, 17 in. ;
tarsus, 07 in. ; middle toe and claw, 07 in.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 8, 9.

GENUS— HETEROPYGIA. — Tarsus and culmen practically equal ; tarsus
longer than middle toe and claw.

634. H. acilllliliata, Hors. (Schceniclus australis, Gray ; Tringa acu-

minata), Sharp-tailed Stint (Marsh Tringa).

Winter Plumage. — A slight tinge of rufous on the head ; throat
and chest ashy-fulvous, with narrow blackish streaks.

Young have their backs blacker than in adult stage and strong
rufous.

Total length, 7 in. ; culmen, I'l in. ; wing, 5 '4 in. ; tail, 2' Lin. ;
tarsus, 1 '2 in.

Hab. ; 1 to 9.

GENUS— ANCYLOCHILUS.— Culmen longer than tarsus. Bill slender
and tapering, not compressed in middle, with a sharp culminal
ridge ; end of bill decurved, and not broader than middle.

635. A SllbarqiiatHS, Gmelin (Schceniclus subarquatus, Gld. ; Tringa

subarquata), Curlew Stint.

Adult Plumage in Summer. — Breast and under parts rufous.

Plumage in Winter of Adult and Young. — Ashy-brown above,
dark centres to feathers ; rump pure white ; under surface 'white.

Total length, 7 '4 in. ; culmen, T3 in. ; wing, 5 '3 in. ; tail, 1'9 in.;
tarsus, 1 '1 in. ; middle toe and claw, 1 '1 in.
Hab. : 1 to 6, 8, 9.

GENUS — TRINGA. — Culmen longer than tarsus. Bill slender, with cul-
minal ridge, but widening at end ; tip straight, not decurved. Tail
square, the middle feathers not prolonged. Inner secondaries falling
short of primaries by more than length of tarsus.

636. T. caillltUS, Linn., Knot.

Adult Plumage in Summer. — Breast and under parts rufous.

Adult Plumage in Winter and Plumage of Young.— Under parts
white, with dusky streaks or spots on fore-neck and chest ; upper
tail coverts white, barred across with black. Culmen, 1 '3 in.
Hab. : 4, 6.

637. T. crassirostris. Temm. and Schleg., Great Sandpiper (Japanese

Knot).

Under parts white, with dusky streaks or spots on fore-neck and
chest ; upper tail coverts white. Bill, 1 '6 in.

In summer upper surface has rufous and black markings.

In winter upper surface is grey.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, S. <).

Sub-family — SCOLOPACI'N^E • skolopax, a snipe.
Genus— LIMONI'TES : belonging to meadows (leimon. meadow).

633. ruflcol'lis : rufus, red ; collum, neck.

Genus — HETEROPYG'IA : heteros, another ; pyga, rump.

634. acumina'ta : acumen, sharp point.

Genus— ANCYLOCHI'LUS : ankulos, curved ; cheilos, beak.

635. subarqua'tus : sub, under ; arquatus, bent.

Genus — TRIN'GA : truggas, bird.

636. canu'tus : N.L. canutus, the Knot.

637. crassiros'tris : crassus, fat; rostrum, bill.

Species 634. — SHARP-TAILED STINT (^ nat. size).

Genus — GALLINA'GO : gallina, hen.

638. austra'lis : australis, Australian.

Genus— ROSTRAT'ULA : rostrum, bill.

639. austra'lis : australis, Australian.

Genus— CALI'DRIS : Jcalidris, a variety of skalidris, a redshank ; perhaps from
skallo, to probe.

640. arena'ria : arena or harena, sand.

Order — GAV'IJE : gavia, probably a sea-mew (Cent. Diet.)

Family — LAK/IDJ5 : laros, a ravenous sea-bird.

Sub-family — STERNI'NjE : apparently based on E. tern (Cent. Diet.)
Genus — HYDROCHELI'DON : hudor, water ; chelidon, swallow.

641. hy'brida : hybrida, a hybrid.

642. leucop'tera : leukos, white ; pteron, wing.

Genus — GELOCHELI'DON : gelos, laughter ; chelidon, swallow.

643. ang'lica : anglicus, English.

Genus — HYDROPROG'NE : hudor, water ; Procne, daughter of Pandion, trans-
formed into a swallow.

644. cas'pia : caspius, Caspian.

Genus — STER'NA : apparently based on E. tern (Cent. Diet.)

645. dougall'i : Dougall, a proper name.

646. me'dia : medius, middle.

647. berg'ii : Berg, a proper name.

648. fronta'lis : Irons, forehead.

649. ansesthe'ta : anaisthetos, stupid.

650. fuligino'sa : fuligo, fuliginis, soot. «

651. ner'eis : nereis, a Nereid

652. sinen'sis : sinensis probably means " Chinese."

653. melanau'chen : melas, melanos, black ; auchen, neck.

*

Species 647. — CHESTED TERN (^ nat. size).
Winter and summer plumages.

•Genus — PROCELSTER'NA : procella, storm ; sterna is apparently based on Eng.
tern (Cent. Diet.)

654. ciner'ea : cinereus, ashy.

Genus — A'NOUS : anous, silly ; a, not ; nous, mind.

655. stol'idus : stolidus, stupid.

Genus — MIC'R ANOUS : mikros, small ; anous, silly.
65fi. tenuiros'tris : tennis, thin ; rostrum, bill.

657. leucocapil'lus : leukos, white ; capillus, hair of the head.

Genus — GY'GIS : guges, a water-bird.

658. can'dida : candidus, white.

Sub-family — LAEJ'NJE : laros, a ravenous sea-bird.
Genus — LAR'US : laros, a ravenous sea-bird.

659. novae-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

Genus— GABIAN'US.

660. pacif'icus : pacificus, Pacific.

87

GENUS — GALLINAGO. — Tarsus not so long as middle toe and claw.

638. G. ailStralis, Lath., Snipe.

Subterminal tail band red ; crown has a long pale mesial stripe ;
outer or first secondaries not exceeding the primary coverts, their
tips being in a line with each other ; axillaries with the black and
white bars about equal in length. Culmen, 2 '1 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS— ROSTRATUL A. —Tarsus equal to middle toe and claw. Bill not
perceptibly widened at end, nor pitted ; tip decurved.

639. R ailSt rails. Gld. (Rhynchaea australis), Painted Snipe.

Female. — Buff stripe down centre of head ; circle round eye and
stripe off it white ; head and chest brown to black ; under surface
white.

Male. — Breast lighter and variegated.

Total length, male 95 in., culmen I '7 in., wing 5 '5 in., tail 1 9 in.,
tarsus 1'5 in.; female 9 '5 in., culmen 1'7 in., wing 5*9 in., tail
1'8 in., tarsus 1'7 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

GENUS — CALIDRIS. — No hind toe. Tarsus and culmea equal in length.

640. C. arenaria, Linn., Sanderling.

Winter Plumage. — Sides of the lower back and rump white ;
upper tail coverts blackish, edged and tipped with white, the lateral
ones entirely white ; white band across wing (greater coverts) ;
crown of head and back with tiny dusky centres ; broad frontal
band ; lores, eyebrows, sides of face, and under surface of body pure
white.

Total length, 7 in. ; culmen, 1*5 in. ; wing, 4 '75 in. ; tail, 1'8 in. ;
tarsus, 09 in. ; middle toe and claw, 0'9 in.
Hab. : 1, 4.

ORDER— GAVIJE.

Front toes entirely connected by webs. Palate schizogaathous ; nasals
schizorhinal. Primaries, ten large and visible, one minute and
concealed. Rectrices twelve.

FAMILY— LARID^E.

Bill without a cere. Sternum with two notches on each side of posterior
margin. Claws feeble or moderate.

Su B-FAMILY— STERNIN^E.
Bill straight, rather slender ; both mandibles of about equal length.

GENUS— HYDROCHELIDON.— Tail feathers rounded or slightly pointed ;
tail short, less than half length of wing.

641. H. hybrida, Pall. (H. fluviatilis, Gld.), Marsh Tern.

Forehead, crown, and nape deep black ; greyish-black on abdomen
and flanks ; bill and feet blood-red.

Total length, 11 in. ; culmen, T4 in. ; wing, 9 '5 in. ; tail, 3 '8 in.;
tarsus, 0'9 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

642. H. leilCOptera, Brisson, White-winged Tern.

Summer Plumage. — Black or dark grey below.
"Winter Plumage and Young. — White below ; tail white.
Total length, 9'3 in. ; culmen, 1.1 in. ; wing, 8'2 in. ; tail, 3'1 in.;
tarsus, 0'75 in. ; middle toe with claw, 1 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, in winter, extra Australian in summer. (Doubtful
visitor. )

88

GENUS— GELOCHELIDON.— Outer tail feathers longest, pointed; tarsus
very long ; bill robust, obtuse ; tail less than half length of wing.

643. G. anglica, Mont. (G. macrotarsa, Old.; Sterna anglica), Gull-

billed Tern (Long-legged Tern).

Summer Plumage. — Head and back of neck black.

Winter Plumage. — Head and back of neck white.

Total length, 15 in. ; culmen, 1'8 to 2 in. ; wing, 12 to 13 in. ;
tail, 5'5 in. ; depth of fork, 1 '5 in. ; middle toe and claw, T25 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6.

GENUS— HYDROPROGNE.— Outer tail feathers longest ; tarsus short ;
tail very short, less than one-third length of wing ; bill exceptionally
stout and deep.

644. H. Caspia, Pall. (Sylochelidon strenuus, Gld. ; Sterna caspia),

Caspian Tern.

Summer Plumage. — Head and back of neck black ; forehead,
crown, and nape glossy greenish-black ; grey above, white beneath ;
bill vermilion- red.

Winter Plumage. — Head and back of neck white ; crown streaked
with white.

Young. — Back and tail mottled.

Total length, 20 in. ; culmen, 3 '3 in. ; wing, 16'5 in. ; tail, 6 in. ;
depth of fork, 1'25 in. ; tarsus, 1'6 in.; middle toe and claw, 1*7 in.
(Individuals vary in size. )
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

GENUS — STERNA. — Outer tail feathers longest, pointed ; tarsus short ;
tail at least half length of wing ; bill compressed and slender ; tarsus
never exceeds the middle toe with claw.

645. S. doilgalli, Mont. (S. nigrifrons, Masters; S. gracilis, Gld.),

Roseate Tern (Graceful Tern).

Roseate tinge on white breast ; inner webs of primaries white to
the tips ; upper parts very pale grey ; crown black in breeding
plumage ; forehead black to base of culmen.

Total length, 15 '5 in.; wing, 9 '25 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 9.

646. S. media, Hors. (Thalasseus torresi, Gld.), Lesser Crested Tern

(Indian Tern).

Kump and tail grey, like the back ; bill orange-yellow to red ;
crown black in breeding plumage, and forehead black to base of
culmen.

Total length, 17 in. ; wing, 12 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4.

647. S bergii, Licht. (Thalasseus pelecanoides, King ; T. poliocercus,

Gld. ; T. cristatus, Blyth), Crested Tern (Bass Straits Tern).

Crown black in breeding plumage ; front of forehead white ; lores
white ; bill greenish-yellow ; nape feathers long ; rump dark grey,
like the mantle.

Total length, 20 in. ; wing, 14 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

648. S. ironfalls. Gray (S. melanorhyncha, Gld. ), White-fronted Tern

(Southern Tern).

Crown black in breeding plumage ; front of forehead white ; lores
white ; bill black.

Total length, 16 to 17 in. ; wing, 11 '25 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8.

89

649. S. ansestheta. Scop. (Onychoprion panaya, Lath.), Panayan Tern.

Crown black in breeding plumage ; front of forehead white ; lores
black ; rump and mantle umber-brown.
Total length, 14 to 15 in. ; wing, 10 '3 in.
Under parts white in young.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

650. S. fllliginosa, Gmel., Sooty Tern.

Crown black in breeding plumage ; front of forehead white ; lores
black ; rump and mantle deep black.
Total length, 17 in. ; wing, 1175 in.
Under parts dark brown in young.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

651. S. nereis, Old. (Sternula nereis), White-faced Ternlet (Little Tern).

Crown black in breeding plumage ; forehead white ; lores white ;
bill and feet orange-red.

Total length, 10 in. ; wing, 7 '25 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 9.

652 S. Sinensis, Gmel. (Sternula inconspicua, Masters), White-shafted
Ternlet.

CroWn black in breeding plumage ; forehead white ; lores black ;
upper surface of shafts of outer primaries white.
Total length, 11 in. ; wing, 7 '5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

653. S. melanaiichen, Temm., Black-naped Tern.

Crown always white ; nape, orbits, and ear coverts black ; mantle
of palest grey ; wings almost white.
Total length, 13 '5 in ; wing, 8 '5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

GENUS— PROCELSTERN A. —Tail graduated, feathers pointed; outer
pair of tail feathers shorter than next pair ; foot very long. In tail
the second pair of retrices from the outside the longest.

654. P. cinerea, Gld. (Anous cinereus), Grey Noddy.

General appearance grey ; bill black ; secondaries tipped with
white ; ring round eye black in front, white behind.

Total length, 11 in. ; culmen, l'25in. ; wing, 8 '5 in. ; tail, 4 'Sin.;
depth of fork, 2 in. ; tarsus, 1 in. ; middle toe with claw, 1 '3 in.
Hab : 1, 2, 3, 4.

GENUS — ANOUS. — Tail graduated ; outer pair of rectrices shorter than
next pair ; fourth pair from outside tbe longest. Bill strong,
decurved. Middle toe with claw shorter than exposed culmen.

655. A. StolidllS, Linn. , Noddy.

Crown and forehead lavender-grey ; upper and under surface
chocolate-brown.

Total length, about 16 in. ; culmen, 2'1 in. ; wing, 10'25 to 11 in. ;
tail, 6*7 in. ; tarsus, 1 in. ; middle toe, with claw, l-5 in.
Hab : 1, 2, 3, 4, 9.

GENUS — MICRANOUS. — Tail graduated ; outer pair of rectrices shorter
than next pair ; third pair from outside the longest ; middle toe and
claw shorter than exposed culmen ; bill slender.

C56. M. temiirOStris, Temm. (Anous tenuirostris), Lesser Noddy.

Crown and forehead ash-grey ; lores greyish-white ; cheeks grey ;
upper and under surface chocolate-brown.

Total length, 12 in. ; culmen, T75 in.; wing, S'25 in. ; tarsus,
0.9 in. ; middle toe, with claw, 1'4 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 9.

12

90

657. HI. leUCOCapillUS9 Gld. (Anous leucocapillus and A. melano-

genys, Gray), White-capped Noddy.

Crown white ; lores deep black ; cheeks deep plumbeous ; general
plumage sooty to bluish-black.

Total length, 13 in. ; culmen, 2 in. ; wing, 9 in. ; tail, 48 to 5 in. ;
tarsus, 09 in. ; middle toe with claw, 1'4 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

GENUS— GYGIS. — Tail graduated, outer pair of rectrices shorter than
next pair ; bill stout at base, pointed ; plumage pure white ; toes
slender.

658. G. Candida, Gmelin, White Tern.

Entire plumage pure white ; the second feather from the outside
the longest ; shafts usually brownish.

Total length, 12 to 13 in. ; culmen, T8 in. : depth behind nostril,
0*4 in. ; wing, 9'5 ; tail, 4'2 to 4'5 ID. ; tarsus, 0'6 ; middle toe
with claw, 1-1 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4.

SUB-FAMILY — LARIN.E.
Bill with upper mandible longer and bent down over tip of inferior one.

GENUS — LARUS. — Nostrils linear or linear-ovate ; tail square.

659. L. novae-hollandiae, Steph. (includes L. (Xema) gouldi, Bparte.,

and L. (Xema) loDgirostris, Masters; Bruchigavia jamesoni, Bparte.),
Silver Gull.

Head, neck, tail, and under coverts white ; bill red ; inner web of
first quill mostly black; wing, 12 in. ; third quill with a white
mirror in full adult.

Young. — Bill and feet sombre ; wing coverts freckled.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9

GENUS — GABIANUS. — Nostrils very small, ovate ; tail square.

660. G. pacifidlS, Lath. (Larus pacificus), Pacific Gull.

Head, neck, tail coverts, and under surface white ; rectrices white
basally, at the tips broadly banded with black on all except the
outermost pair, which are white in matured birds and black on the
inner webs in average examples ; scapulars slightly tipped with
greyish-white ; secondaries with broader white tips and dark lead-
coloured upper parts ; primaries blackish, with white tips from the
fifth upwards.

Young — Brown and mottled or brown and maturing white in
second year.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

FAMILY— STERCORARIIDuE.

Bill with a cere ; sternum with only one notch on each side of posterior
margin ; claws large, strong, hooked.

GENUS — MEGALESTBIS.— Centre pair of rectrices project 0 '5 in.

661. ML aiitarctica, Less (Lestris catarractes, Temm. ; Stercorarius

antarcticus, Gray), Skua.

Plumage sooty-brown ; back little streaked ; bases of primaries
white.

Total length, 21 to 24 in. ; culmen, 2 "2 to 2 '5 in., and depth 1 in. :
wing, 15 to 17 in. : tail, 6 '5 to 7 in. ; tarsus, 27 to 3 '2 in. ; middle
toe with claw, 2 '9 to 3 '2 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

91

GENUS— STERCORARIUS.— Centre pair of rectrices project 3 in.

662. S. crepidatllS, Banks (Lestris richardsoni), Richardson Skua.

Light Form.— Breast, chin, and hind-neck dull white ; forehead,
crown, and abdomen brown.

Dark Form. — Washed with sooty throughout ; neck pale yellow.

Total length, 20 in. ; culmen, l'5in. ; wing, 13 in. ; tail, central
pair 8 in. (5 in. without central); tarsus, 1*7 in. ; middle toe with
claw, 1 '7 in.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

663. S. pOlliatorhinilS, Brisson, Pomarine Skua

Wing over 14 in. ; central rectrices broad, rounded at the ends,
projecting 4 in. in the adult, and twisted vertically.
Hab. : 1, 2 (winter) ; Siberia in summer.

ORDER— TUBZN ARES.

External nostrils are produced into tubes. Palate schizognathous. Nasals*
holorhinal. Anterior toes are fully webbed ; hallux small or absent

FAMILY— PROOELLARIID^E.

Nostrils united exteriorly above culmen. Second primary the longest.

SUB-FAMILY— OCEANITIN^E.

Tarsus twice as long as femur.

GENUS— OCEANITES.— Basal phalanx of middle toe not much flattened,
less than the remaining joints and claw ; claws sharp, spatulate ;
scutellse of front of tarsus obsolete.

664. O. OCCanicilS, Kuhl. (Thalassidroma wilsoni, Aucl.), Yellow-

webbed Storm-Petrel (Wilson Storm- Petrel).

Adult. — Sooty black, forehead and under surface rather paler ;
greater wing coverts greyish ; upper tail coverts white ; under wing
coverts sooty ; tail black ; shafts of lateral rectrices towards base,
and the portion of inner web adjoining, white ; bill and legs black.

Total length, 6'8 in. ; bill, 0'7 in. ; wing, 6'1 in. ; tail, side 27 in.,
centre 2'5 in. • tarsus, T4 in. ; middle toe, M in.
Hab. : 3? 4, 5'. t?, 9.

GENUS — GARRODIA. — Basal phalanx of middle toe not much flattened,
less than the remaining joints and claw ; claws sharp, spatulate ;
scutellie of front of tarsus distinct

665. G. nereis, Gld. (Procellaria nereis, Bparte. ; Thalassidroma nereis,

Gld.), Grey-backed Storm-Petrel.

Head, neck, and chest sooty-grey ; abdomen white ; rump and
edges of wing coverts grey.

Total length, 67 in. ; bill, 0'6 in. ; wing, 5'2 in. ; tail, 27 in. ;
tarsus, 1 2 in. ; middle toe, 1 '2 in. .
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— PELAGODROMA.— Basal phalanx of middle toe not much
flattened, less than remaining joints and claw ; claws flattened and
wide.

666. P. marina. Lath. (Procellaria fregata, Linn. ; Thalassidroma

marina, Less.), White-faced Storm-Petrel.

Face and under surface pure white ; behind the eye a line of
slate ; under surface grey and brown.

Total length, 8 in. ; bill, 0'9 in. ; wing, 5 '8 in. ; tail, centre
275 in., lateral 3'1 in. ; tarsus, 1*6 in. ; middle and outer toe, l-3 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

92

GENUS— CYMODROMA. — Basal phalanx of middle toe much flattened,,
equal to or longer than remaining joints and claw.

667. C. melanogaster, Old. (Procellaria melanogaster, Sch. ; Thalassi-

droma melanogaster, Old.), Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.

Middle of abdomen sooty-black ; flanks and upper tail coverts
white.

Total length, 8 in. ; bill, 0'9 in. ; wing, 7 in. ; tail, 3'2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

668. C, grallaria, Vieill. (Procellaria grallaria, Vieill ; Thalassidroma

leucogaster, Gld.), White-bellied Storm-Petrel.

Black and white ; rump and inner under wing coverts white ;
abdomen wholly white.

Total length, 7 '4 in. ; bill, 0'8 in. ; wing, 6*5 in. ; tail, 2 '9 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

FAMILY— PUFFINID^:.

Nostrils united exteriorly or nearly so above culmen ; first primary the
longest, or not shorter than the second.

SUB-FAMILY — PUFFININ.E.
Sides of the palate without lamellae.

GENDS — PUFFINUS. — Tarsi distinct, compressed, and edge sharp. Nasal
tube low, both nostrils visible from above, directed forwards and
slightly upwards. Beatrices twelve.

669. P. chlororhyilchllS, Less. (P. sphenurus, Gld.), Wedge- tailed

Petrel.

Tail long, cuneate ; entire plumage sooty-brown.

Total length, 17 in. ; wing, 11 -6 in. ; tail, centre rectrices 5 in.,
lateral rectrices 3'3 in. ; tarsus, 1'8 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

670. P. leilCOmelas, Temm., White-fronted Petrel.

Tail long, cuneate ; under surface white ; feathers of head, sides
of neck, and upper plumage generally sooty, edged conspicuously
with white.

Hab. : 1,2.

671. P. assimilis, Gld. (P. nugax, Solander), Allied Petrel.

Tail rounded ; under surface white.

Total length, 10'oin. ; wing, 7'4in. ; tail, central rectrix 2'7 in.
lateral rectrix 2 '6 in. ; bill, 1'4 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

672. P. carneipes, Gld., Fleshy-footed Petrel.

Tail rounded ; plumage generally sooty ; bill and feet fleshy
colour.

Total length, 19 in. ; wing, 12 '5 in. ; tail, central rectrix
4*3 in., lateral rectrix 3*7 in. ; tarsus, 2'25 in.
Hab. : 9.

673. P. griseilS. Lath., Sombre Petrel.

Similar to P. carneipes, Gld. ; plumage generally sooty ; under
wing coverts ashy- white, with dark shafts ; bill dark.

Wing, 12'5 in. and upwards ; central rectrices, 3*5 in. ; lateral
rectrices, 2 '7 in.

Hab. : Australian seas.

674. P. gavia, Forster, Forster Petrel.

Tail rounded ; under surface and under tail coverts pure white ;
axillaries sooty.

Total length, about 12 in. ; wing, 8 in. ; central rectrices, 2 '4 in.;
lateral rectrices, 2 '3 in. ; bill, 1'9 in ; tarsus, 1'7 in. ; middle toe,
1*8 in. ; inner toe, 1*5 in.

Hab. : Australian seas.

93

-675. P. tenilirostris* Temm. (Puffinus brevicaudus, Brandt), Short-
tailed Petrel (Mutton-bird).

Plumage sooty-brown ; tail rounded.

Total length, 13 in. ; wing, 10 '4 in. ; tail, central rectrices
3'9 in., lateral rectrices 2 '8 in. ; tarsus, 2 in. ; bill, 1'S in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9

GENUS— PRIOFINUS. — Tarsi distinct, compressed, and edge sharp. Nasal
tubes higher than in Puffinus ; nostrils united into a single opening,
directed forwards, Retrices twelve.

-676. P. cinerCUS, Gmelin (Procellaria hasitata, Kuhl. ; Fulmarus gelidus,
Gmelin), Brown Petrel.

Plumage greyish-brown ; stripe of yellow on bill.
Total length, about 19 in. ; bill, 2'4 in. ; wing, 13 in. ; tail,
centre 4 4 in., lateral 3 '5 in. ; tarsus, 2'3 in. ; middle and outer toe,
2-7 in. ; inner toe, 2'3 in.
Hab. : 4, 5. 6, 9.

GENUS — PRIOCELLA.— Tarsi distinct, compressed, and edge sharp. Nasal
tubes higher than in Puffinus ; nostrils united into a single opening,
directed forwards. Tail has fourteen rectrices.

677. P. glacialoides, Smith (Fulmarus glacialoides), Silvery-grey
Petrel.

Back and wings light grey ; crown and under surface white ; bill
bluish, fleshy, and black.

Total length, 18 in. ; bill, 2'1 in. ; wing, 12 6 in. ; tail, central
rectrix 5'1 in., lateral rectrix 4'1 in.; tarsus, 1*8 in. ; middle and
outer toes, 2 4 in. ; inner toe, 2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS — MAJAQUEUS. — Tarsi not compressed, more rounded on the
anterior edge. Tail has twelve rectrices. Bill long, stout, not dark ;
unguis large ; nasal tube almost united into a single opening, directed
forward. Claw of hallux small.

<67S. M. requinoctialis, Linn. (Fulmarus (Majaqueus) conspicillatus,
Gld. ), Spectacled Petrel.

Chin and forehead more or less white ; plumage sooty -black.
Total length, 20 in. ; wing, 15 in. ; bill, 2 '6 in. ; tarsus, 2 '6 in. ;
tail, central rectrix 5 '3 in., lateral rectrix 4*5 in.
Hab. : 4, 5.

679. HI. parkinsoni. Gray (Fulmarus parkinsoni), Black Petrel.

Plumage, including chin, sooty-black.

Total length, 18 in. ; wing, 13*2 in. ; tarsus, 2'2 in. ; tail, central
rectrix 4*3 in., lateral rectrix 3'6 in.
Hab. : 4, 5.

GENUS — (ESTRELATA. — Tarsi not compressed, more rounded on anterior
edge. Tail has twelve rectrices. Bill stout, black, hook large ;
nasal opening directed slightly upwards. Claw of hallux small.

680. CE. macroptera, Smith (Pterodroma gouldi, Hutton, and P.

atlantica, Gld.), Great- winged Petrel.

Exposed portion of outer primary beneath more or less dark ;
entire plumage sooty-brown.

Total length, 16'5 in. ; bill, 1'7 in. ; wing, 12 in. ; tail, centre
4 '5 in., lateral 4 in. ; tarsus, 1'6; middle aud outer toe, 2 '2 in. ;
inner toe, 1 '9 in.
Hab. : 4, 5.

•681. <E. leSSOIli, Garnot (Pterodroma lessoni), White-headed Petrel.

Exposed portion of outer primary beneath more or less dark ;
under surface of plumage more or less white ; whole head, except
region round eye, white.

94

Total length, 18 in. ; bill, 1-9 in. ; wing, 12 in. ; tail, central
5 in., lateral 3'7 in. ; tarsus, T8 in ; middle toe, 2'4 in. ; inner
toe, 2-1 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

682. CE. Ilio 1 1 is. Old. (Procellaria mollis, Old.), Soft-plumaged Petrel.

Exposed portion of outer primary beneath more or less dark ;
under surface of plumage more or less white ; crown more or less
dark ; upper tail coverts and under wing coverts dark.

Total length, 14 in. ; bill, T4 in. ; wing, 10'3 in. ; tail, central
4'4 in., lateral 32 in.; tarsus, 1.4 in. ; middle and outer toes, 1*7 in. ;.
inner toe, 1 *5 in.
Hab : 5 (?).

683. IE. SOlaildri, Gld. (Pterodroma solandri), Brown-headed Petrel.

Entire plumage greyish-sooty ; exposed portion of outer primary
beneath more or less white towards base of inner web.

Total length, 18 in. ; bill, 1*8 in. ; wing, 12 in. ; tail, centre 5 in.,
side 3 '8 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

684. IE. leucoptera, Gld. (Pterodroma leucoptera), White-winged

Petrel.

Face and entire under surface white ; exposed portion of outer
primary beneath more or less white towards base of inner web ;
axillaries white.

Total length, 12 in. ; bill, 1'4 in. ; wing, 8'5 in ; tail, centre
3-8 in., side 3-1 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

685. CE. COOki, Gray, Cook Petrel.

Crown and hind-neck blackish ; much greyer than 0. leucoptera,
and with a slenderer and longer bill ; otherwise similar.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4.

686. IE. rostrata, Peale, Peale Petrel.

Upper surface blackish-brown ; lower breast and abdomen white \
throat dark ; tarsi flesh colour ; exposed portion of the outer
primary beneath more or less dark.

Total length, 14 in. ; wing, 11 in. ; tarsus, 175 in.
Hab. : Central Pacific Ocean to Australia.

SUB-FAMILY — FULMARIN^E.
Sides of the palate with more or less distinctly defined lamellae.

GENUS— OSSIFRAGA.— Size very large ; nasal tube very long and stout ?
interramal space feathered throughout. Tail has sixteen rectrices.

687. O. gigantea, Gmelin (Procellaria gigantea, Fulmaris giganteus),

Giant Petrel.

Uniform dark chocolate-brown.
Young. — Brown (or glossy black, R. H.)

Total length, 34 in. ; bill, 4 '2 in. ; wing, 20 '5 in. ; tail, central
. 7 in., lateral 5'8 in. ; tarsus, 3'6 in. ; middle and outer toes, 5*3
in. ; inner toe, 4*4 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— DAPTION. — Nasal tube well developed ; interramal space bare.
Tail has fourteen rectrices.

688. D. CapensiS, Linn., Cape Petrel.

Head and neck black ; under surface white ; upper surface princi-
pally white, tipped with black.

Young. — Much like adult.

Total length, 16 in. ; bill, T7 in. ; wing, 10'5 in. ; tail, 3'9 in. ;.
tarsus, 1'9 in. ; middle and outer toes, 2'3 in. ; inner toe, 18 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

Family — STERCORAR'IID^E : stercoro, to manure.
Genus — MEGALES'TRIS : megas, great ; lestris, piratical (lestes, robber).

661. antarc'tica : antarcticus, antarctic.

Genus — STERCORAR'IUSJ: stercoro, to manure.

662. crepida'tus : crepida, slipper.

663. pomatorhi'nus : poma, pomatos, lid; rhis, rhinos, nostril.

Order— TUBINAB/ES : tubus, tube.
Family — PROCELLABI'IDjE : procetta, storm.

Sub-family — OCEANITI'N^E : okeanites, a dweller by the ocean (oceanus, ocean) ,
Genus — OCEANIT'ES : okeanites, a dweller by the ocean (oceanus, ocean).

664. ocean 'icus : okeanites, a dweller by the ocean (oceanus, ocean).
Genus— GARROD'IA : probably after the anatomist Garrod.

665. ner'eis : nereis, a Nereid.

Genus — PELAGO'DROMA : pelagos, sea ; dromus, a running.

666. mari'na : marinus, of the sea (mare, sea).

Genus— CYMO'DROMA : kuma, wave ; dromus, a running.

667. melanogas'ter : melas, melanos, black ; gaster, belly.

668. gralla'ria : grallce, stilts.

Species 675. — MUTTON-BIRD (± nat. size).

Family — PUFFIN'ID^E : said to be so called from its puffed-out beak (Cent.

Diet.)

Sub-family— PUFFINI'N^J.
Genus— PUFFIN'US.

669. chlororhyn'chus : chloros, yellow or pale ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

670. leucome'las : leukos, white ; melas, black.

671. assim'ilis : assimilis, allied.

672. car'neipes : caro, carnis, flesh ; pes, foot.

673. gri'seus : N.L. griseus, grey.

674. ga'via : gavia, sea-mew.

675. tenuiros'tris : tennis, thin ; rostrum, bill.

Genus— PRIOEI'NUS.

676. cine'reus : cinereus, ashy.

Genus— PRIOCEL'LA.

677. glaeialoi'des : glacialis, icy ; eidos, form.

Genus — MAJA'QUEUS : A genus of very large sooty shearwaters in the southern
seas. M aj is an abbreviation of major; aqua, water.

678. aequinoctia'lis : cequinox, equinox.

679. parkinson'i : Parkinson, a proper name.

Genus — (ESTRE'LATA : oistrelatos, driven mad by the gad-fly (oistros, gad-fly ;
dauno, to drive).

680. macrop'tera : makros, large ; pteron, wine.

681. lesson'i : Lesson, a proper name.

682. mol'lis : mollis, soft.

683. solan'dri : Solander, a proper name.

684. leueop'tera : leukos, white ; pteron, wing.

685. cook i : Cook, a proper name.

686. rostra'ta : rostratus. beaked (rostrum, beak).

Sub-family — FULMABI'N^E : transferred use of fulmar, pole-cat, from similarity

of habit.
Genus — OSSI'FRAGA : ossifragus (os. ossia, bone; frango, to break).

687. gigante'a : gigas, gigantos, giant.

Genus — DAP'TION : daptes, eater (dapto, to devour.)

688. capen'sis : French cap, cape (L. caput, head), belonging; to the Cape.

Genus — HALOB/E NA : "sea-walking," "sea-going."

689. coeru'lea : coeruleus, blue.

Species 702. — WHITE IBIS (4- nat. size).

Genus — PRI'ON : prion, saw.

690. vitta'tus: vitta, head-band.

691. banks'! : Banks, a proper name.

692. desola'tus : desolatus, solitary.

693. a'riel : a sprite. •

Family — PELECANOID'ID^E : pelekanos. pelican ; eidos, form.
Genus — PELEC ANOID'ES : pelekanos, pelican ; eidos, form.

694. urina'trix : urinator, diver.

Family — DIOMEDEI'D^E : Diomedes, a hero at the siege of Troy.
Genus — DIOMEDE'A : Diomedes, a hero at the siege of Troy.

695. ex ulans : exulo, to wander.

696. al'batrus : French albatros, albatross (modification of Pgalcatraz).

697. melanoph'rys : melas, melanos, black.

95

GENUS— HALOB^ENA. — Nasal tube short ; lamellae of sides of palate
rudimentary. First and second primaries subequal. Tail has twelve
rectrices.
€89. H. CCerillea, Gmelin (Procellaria coerulea, Old ), Bine Petrel.

Lores, cheeks, and under surface white ; upper surface ashy-blue.
Total length, 11 in.; bill, 1'4 in. ; wing, 8 '6 in ; tail, 3'6 in. ;
tarsus, 1 '3 iii. ; middle toe, 1 '6 in. ; inner toe, 1 '3 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS — PRION. — Nasal tube short ; lamellae of sides of palate well
developed. First primary the longest. Tail has twelve rectrices.

690. P. vittatlis. Gmelin, Broad-billed Dove-Petrel.

Under surface white, upper bluish; bill very wide (0'7 to 0'8
in.) ; edges of maxilla distinctly convex ; lamellae distinctly visible
when bill is shut.

Total length, 12 in. ; bill, 1-5 in. ; wing, 7 '6 in. ; tail, central 3'8
in., lateral 3'5in. ; tarsus, 1'3 in. ; middle and outer toes, T4 in ;
inner toe, 1 '2 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

691. P. banksi, Gld., Banks Dove-Prion.

Under surface white ; upper bluish ; bill narrower (0*5 in.) ;
edges of maxilla distinctly convex ; lamella} only visible near rictus
of closed bill.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

692. P. (IcSOkltllS, Gmelin (P. turtur, Smith), Dove-like Prion.

Under surface white ; upper surface blue ; bill still narrower ;
edges of maxilla almost straight ; lamellae invisible.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

693. P. ariel, Old., Fairy Dove-Prion.

Upper surface blue grey; under surface white ; bill much smaller,
more compressed, the hook large ; sides of maxilla straight, and the
head, <&c., paler blue-grey.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

FAMILY— PELECANOIDTD^.

Nostrils distinct, opening upwards on either side of middle of base of
culmen ; second primary slightly the longest.

GENUS — PELECANOIDES.— Form compact ; wings feeble.

694. P. lirinatrix, Gmelin (Puffinus urinatrix, Gld.), Diving Petrel.

Throat, flanks, and under wing coverts nearly pure white.
Young. — Under surface brownish- white.

Total length, 8 in. ; bill, 0'9 in. ; wing, 4'7 in. ; tail, 1'4 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in. ; middle and outer toes, 1'2 in. ; inner toe, 1 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6.

FAMILY— DIOMEDEID^.

Nostrils lateral, opening forward, separated by the wide culmen.

GENUS DIOMEDEA. — Sides of mandible without longitudinal sulcus

(furrow). Tail short, rounded. Base of culminicorn (the horny piece
encasing the culmen) joining the proximal end of the dorsal edge
of the latericorn.

695. D. CXlllanS, Linn., Great Wandering Albatross.

Bill very strong ; head white ; interscapular region and middle
of back white ; wing coverts dark slaty-black ; smaller coverts
nearly white.

Young. — Brown, the face white.

Total length, 42 in. ; wing, 25 in. ; bill, from gape, 7 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

696. D. albatrilS, Pall. (D. brachyura, Temm.), Short-tailed Albatross.

Bill very strong ; head buff ; interscapular region and middle of
back white.

Total length, 37 in. ; wing, 22 in. ; bill, from gape, 6 in.
Hab. : 1, 2.

697. D. melanophrys, Temtn., Black-browed Albatross.

Interscapular region and middle of back slaty -black ; bill of
yellowish horn colour.

Total length, 30 in. ; wing, 20 in. ; tail, 7 '3 in. ; bill, 5'2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— THALASSOGERON.— Sides of mandible without longitudinal
furrow. Tail short, rounded. Base of culrninicorn narrower than in
Diomedea, and divided by membrane from the latericorn.

698. T. cailt IIS, Gld. (D. cauta), White-capped Albatross.

Head and neck nearly pure white ; bill generally pale, the sides
not black and the culmen not distinctly yellow.

Total length, 35 in. ; wing, 22 in. ; tail, 9 in. ; bill, from gape, 6
in. ; tarsus, 3 '7 in.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

699. T. CUlminatUS, Gld., Flat-billed Albatross.

Culmen in adult bright yellow ; sides of bill black ; culminicom
rounded posteriorly ; lower edge of mandible yellow.

Total length, 36 in. ; wing, 20 in. ; tail, 7 '7 in. ; bill, 5'2 in. j
tarsus, 3 2 in.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

700. T. chlororhynchllS, Gmelin, Yellow nosed Albatross.

Culmeii in adult bright yellow ; sides of bill black ; culminicorn
pointed posteriorly ; base of mandible yellow, but not the lower edge.
Total length, 33 in. ; wing, 18 '8 in. ; tail, 7 '7 in. ; bill, 5 "2 in ;
tarsus, 3'1 in.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS — PHCEBETRIA. — Sides of mandible with deep longitudinal sulcus
(furrow) ; tail long, cuneate.

701. P. fllliginosa, Gmelin, Sooty Albatross.

Plumage generally sooty ; a white ring (broken in front) round
eye ; bill black, the groove on the mandible in life orange.

Total length, 36 in. ; wing, 19 '5 in ; bill, 4*5 in. ; tail, centre rec-
trices 10'5 in., lateral rectrices 7*7 in.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6. 9.

ORDER PLATALE-ffi.

Posterior angle of mandible recurved ; edge of cranium above the orbits
truncate, indicating the position of the nasal glands. Sternum with
four posterior notches. Nasals schizorhinal ; palate desmognathous.

FAMILY— IBIDID^E.

Bill much curved ; nasal groove linear, and produced nearly to the tip of

the bill.

GENUS— IBIS. — Tarsus reticulated anteriorly, with many hexagonal scales.
Webs of feathers of inner secondaries disconnected, ornamental.

702. I. molllCCa, Cuvier (Threskiornis strictipennis, Gld. ), White Ibis.

General appearance white ; fore-neck plumed ; primaries with a
broad tip of blue-black ; inner secondaries barred and mottled with
purplish -black ; head and neck bare.

97

Young. — Head and neck feathered, and streaked with black and
white.

Hab. : 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

GENUS— CARPHIBIS —Head and throat bare. Hind-neck feathered to
nape. Long stiff yellow shafts on the fore-neck.

703. C. spillicollis, Jameson (Geronticusspinicollis), Straw-necked Ibis.

General colour above black, glossed with steel green on upper
back and mantle, and purplish on scapulars and wings ; the long
upper tail coverts and tail feathers white ; M'ing coverts and quills
black, barred with bronze externally ; centre of neck white, with
straw-coloured plumes on each side ; breast and abdomen pure white.

Young. — Head and neck feathered; back sooty-black; under
surface white.

Total length, male 29 in., female 27 in.
Hab.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

GEXUS — PLEGADIS. — Throat feathered as far as the interramal space ;
chin only bare ; lores bare ; cheeks partly bare.

704. P. falcinellllS, Linn. (Ibis falcinellus), Glossy Ibis.

Summer Plumage — Head, neck, mantle, scapulars, and under
surface deep rufous.

Winter Plumage. — Head and neck streaked with black and
whitish ; no chestnut as well on mantle and scapulars.

Young. — Similar to winter plumage.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

FAMILY— PLATALEID^E.

Bill flattened, narrow in the middle, and widening out into a spoon-shaped

end.

GENUS— PLATALEA. — Head partly bare, auricular orifice covered with
plumes. Nostrils elongated and in a shallow depression.

705. P. regia, Gld. (P. melanorhyncha), Black-billed Spoonbill (Royal

Spoonbill).

Whole of plumage white ; crest on crown ; a tinge of sandy-buff
on fore-neck ; bill, forehead to behind the line of the eye, fore part of
cheeks, and upper throat black ; yellow spot above the eye.

Young. — No crest ; white.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

GENUS — PLATIBIS. — Nostrils elongate, and situated in a deep depression,
with lateral ridges. Inner secondaries with decomposed plumes, as
in an Ibis.

705. P, flavipes, Gld. (Platalea flavipes, Gld. ), Yellow-billed Spoonbill.
General colour white ; dense tuft of fore-neck feathers straw-
colour ; bill, forehead, upper throat, and region in front of and
behind the eye yellow ; the yellow of face divided from plumage by
narrow black line.

Young. — No ornamental plumes on fore-neck.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

ORDER- HEROEIONES.

Hallux free, not united to the other toes by a web ; nasals holorhinal ;
palate desmognathous.

FAMILY— ARDEID^E.

Hind toe on the same plane as the other toes. Bill rounded or ridged ; bill
notched, with no dertral hook at the end. Outer toe with a broad
basal web, obsolete at base of inner toe ; middle claw pectinated.
Loral space bare ; powder down patches present.

98

GENUS — ARDEA.. — Edges of mandibles distinctly serrated ; head crested ;
nape feathers elongated and ornamented ; plumes of fore-neck not
disintegrated : no dorsal train.

707. A. Slllliatraiia, Raffles (A. rectirostris. Old.), Great-billed Heron.

Breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts slaty-grey ; ornamental
plumes on chest pearly-grey ; head and chest feathers ashy grey or
slate colour ; the ornamental dorsal plumes pearly-grey.

Young has abdominal feathers rust edged.

Total length, about 50 in. ; culmen, 6'5 in. ; tarsus, 8 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

708. A. Cinerea, Linn. , Grey Heron.

General colour grey : crown of head white, black on the sides
and the nape crest ; thighs white ; edge of wing white or creamy-
white.

Total length, male about 36 in. ; female about 39 in.
Hab. : 3, (6), 7.

GENUS— MESOPHOYX.— Edge of mandible distinctly serrated ; head
crested, without ornamental plumes ; fore-neck with disintegrated
plumes ; an immense dorsal train.

709. M. pllimifera, Gld. (Herodias egrettoides, Gld. ; Herodias inter-

media, Ramsay ; Herodias melanopus, Ramsay, nee Wagler), Plumed
Egret.

Plumage pure white ; bill, orbits and bare skin of face yellow ;
feet and lower part of tarsi black, upper part of tarsi inclining to
flesh colour ; a distinct loral black patch.

Total length, 25 in ; culmen, 31 in : wing, 11 iu. ; tail, 5 '4 in. ;
tarsus, 4'05 in. ; middle toe and claw, 3 7 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

GENUS— HERODIAS.— Edge of mandible not serrated ; no crest plumes ;
a well-developed dorsal train.

710. H. tilliorieiisis, Less. (H. alba, nee Linn., Gould's Handbook, ii..

p. 301 ; see also British Museum Catalogue Birds, xxvi., p. 270.
Appendix), White Egret.

Plumage white ; bill black in summer, yellow in winter ; lores and
orbits pale green ; feet blackish, tibiae paler ; train of plumes
(decomposed feathers) short, just passing tail.

Measurements of Australian race : — Total length, 30 in. ; culmen,
4'4 in. ; wing, 15 in. ; tail, 6.3 in. ; tarsus, 5'2 to 64 in.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS— NOTOPHOYX.— Tarsus not twice the length of outer toe and
claw. A full crest, but no elongated pair of nape plumes.

711. X. liovre-liollaildiae, La'th. (Ardea novse-hollandise), White-

fronted Heron.

Plumage in general slaty-grey ; forehead, eyebrow, and throat
white ; dorsal plumes grey ; sides of chest vinaceous ; breast plumes
are lanceolate.

Hab. : 1 to 9.

712. N. pacific:!. Lath. (Ardea pacifica, Lath.), White-necked Heron.

Upper surface glossy olive-green ; breast and abdomen with large
lanceolate streaks of white ; a large maroon patch of feathers on the
side of the chest ; head and neck vinaceous or white, with some
black markings on the lower throat. Sometimes the neck is wholly
white. — Gould.

Hab. : 1 to 9.

Genus— THALAS'SOGER'ON : thalassa, sea.

698. cau'tus : cautus, wary.

699. culmina'tus : culmen, culminis, point.

700. chlororhyn'chus : chloros, yellow ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

Genus — PHOEBET'RIA : " cleanser," " purifier."

701 . fuligino'sa : fuligo, fuliginis, soot.

Order — PLATA'LEJE : platelea, spoonbill.

Family— IBID'ID^E : ibis, ibidis, ibis.

Genus— I'BIS : ibis, ibidis, ibis.

702. moluc'ca : Moluccas, a group of islands.

Genus — CARPHI'BIS : karphos, stalk ; ibis, ibis.

703. spinicol'lis : spina, thorn ; collum, neck.

Genus— PLEG'ADIS :

704. falcinel'lus : falx, folds, sickle.

Species 726. — WHITE-BREASTED CORMORANT (| nat size).

Family — PLATALE'ID^E : platelea, spoonbill.

Genus— PLAT AL'E A : platelea, spoonbill,
re'gia : regius, kingly.

Genus — PLATI'BIS : plate, an oar-blade ; ibis, ibis,
flav'ipes : flavus, yellow ; pes, foot.

Order — HERODION'ES : erodios, heron.
Family — ARDE'IDJS : ardea, heron ; eidos, form.

Genus — AR'DEA : ardea, heron,
sumatra'na : Sumatra, Sumatra,
ciner'ea : dnereus, ashy.

Genus — ME'SOPHOYX : mesos, middle ; phoxos, tapering to a point.

709. plumif'era : pluma, feather ; fero, to carry.

Genus— HEROD'IAS : erodios, heron.

710. timorien'sis : timor, Timor.

705.

706.

707.
708.

Genus — NOT'OPHOYX : noion, the back ; phoxos, tapering to a point.

711. novse-hollan'dise : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

712. pacif'ica : pacificus, Pacific.

713. flaviros'tris : flavus, yellow ; rostrum, bill.

714. aruen'sis : Aru, a group of islands.

Genus— GARZET'TA : It. garzetta, egret.

715. nig'ripes : niger, black ; pes, foot.

Genus— DEMIEGRET'TA : demi, half ; French aigrette, heron.

716. sa'cra : sacrus, sacred.

Genus — NYC'TICORAX : nux, nuktos, night; korax, raven.

717. caledon'icus : Scottish.

Genus— BUTOR'IDES.

718. stagnat'ilis : belonging to ponds.

Species 739. — BLACK-THROATED GREBE (^ nat. size).

Genus — ARDET'TA : ardea, heron.

719. sinen'sis : sinensis probably means " Chinese."

720. pusil'la : pusillus, small.

Genus— DUPET'OR : Greek for " rattler."

721. gould'i : Gould, a proper name.

Genus — BOTAU'RUS : bos, ox ; taurus, bull.

722. poecilop'tilus : poikilos, spotted ; ptilon, wing.

Family — CICON'IIDJS : ciconia, stork, probably reduplicated from cano, to sing
(Cent. Diet.)

Sub-family— CICONII'N^ : ciconia, stork.
Genus — XENORHYN'CHUS : xenos, strange ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

723. asiat'icus : asiaticus, Asiatic.

99

713. ]V. flavirOStriS,Sharpe (Herodias picata, Old. ; Demiegretta picata),

Pied Egret.

Crest, crown of head, and sides of face black ; throat, cheeks, and
neck white ; bill, legs, and feet greenish-yellow.

Total length, 19 in. ; culmen, 2 5 in.; wing, 8 '7 in. ; tail, 3 in. ;
tarsus, 2'8 in.
Hab. : 1.

714. N. ariieilSiS, Gray, Allied Egret.

Whole head and neck white ; under surface white ; upper surface
slaty-brown ; bill yellow. This was considered by Gould (Hand-
book) to be the young of N. flavirostris (H. picata, 713).
Hab. : 1.

GENUS— GARZETTA.— No crest on head but with drooping head plumes ;
breast with lanceolate white plumes.

715. GB nigripes* Temm. (Herodias garzetta, Ramsay ; H. melanopus,

Gld., nee Wagler), Little Egret.

Plumage white ; plumes suspended from the nape (two elongated) ;
plumes upon back and breast ; feet and toes totally black. Winter
plumage is without the plumes and base of culmen more yellow.

Total length, about 22 in. ; culmen, 3*4 in.; tarsus, 37 in. ; wing,
107 in. ; middle toe and claw, 2'7 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

GENUS— DEMIEGRETTA — Bill without serrations ; culmen longer than
tarsus ; tarsus longer than middle toe.

716. D. Sacra, Gmelin, Reef Heron.

Includes Herodias asha, Gould's Handbook, ii., p. 305 (nee Sykes) ;
Demiegretta grayi, Gould's Handbook, ii., p. 305 ; D. asha, Ramsay's
Tab. List, p. 21 ; D. jugularis, Gld.

Demiegretta asha of Sykes equals Lepterodius asha, an extra-
Australian species.

General plumage dark slate colour ; head crested, a pure white
streak down centre of the throat.

Total length, 23 in. ; culmen, 2'8 in. ; tarsus, 2'9 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5.

GENUS— NYCTICOR AX. —Tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw ;
bill higher than broad.

717. N. calcdonicilS, Gmelin, Night Heron.

General colour nankeen (light chestnut) ; two or three long white
nuchal plumes ; eyebrow white ; thighs white, faintly flushed with
rufous.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8.

GENUS — BUTORIDES. — Culmen longer than tarsus ; ornamental nape and
dorsal plumes lanceolate.

718. B. StagnatiliS, Gld. (B. macrorhyncha, Gld. ; B. javanica,

Ramsay's List, p. 21, and Gould's Handbook), Thick-billed Bittern.

B. javanica, Hors., is considered by Dr. Sharpe an extra-
Australian bird.

Upper surface slaty-grey ; abdomen rusty-brown ; throat and
cheek stripe light brown.

Total length, 17 in. ; culmen, 2'8 in. ; tarsus, 1'9 in.

Young. — Throat white, mottled with sandy spots as on wing
coverts. The colour of the soft parts varies with the season.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3.

100

GENUS— ARDETT A. —Tail feathers ten; bill serrated. Tibio-tarsus
feathered right down to the heel ; middle toe and claw about equal
in length to tarsus.

719. A. sineilSlS, Gmelin, Chinese Heron.

Back and scapulars uniform ear thy -brown ; crown of head black ;
wing coverts light clay colour ; neck frill vinaceous, also sides of
face. Female more rufous above ; sides of face yellowish -buff.

Young has wing coverts broadly centred with dark brown, and
crown streaked ; under surface of body much more distinctly
streaked.

Total length, 15*5 in. ; culmen, 2'1 in. ; tarsus, 2 in.
Hab : 1.

720. A, pusilla, Vieill. (A. minuta, Ramsay's Tab. List), Little Bittern.

(A. minuta, Linn., is considered extra- Australian. )

Bill, feet, and space round the eye yellow ; general appearance

yellowish -rufous ; back and scapulars black ; neck full ; sides of

face and eyebrows bright chestnut.

Total length, 10 in. ; culmen, 1*8 in. ; tarsus, 1 '6 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

•;.43ENUS — DUPETOR. — Bill short and thick ; culmen lower than the tarsus;
tarsus equals middle toe and claw.

721. D. gOllldl. Bparte. (Butorides flavicollis, Gld.), Black Bittern.

(D. flavicollis, Lath., not Australian.)

Upper surface dark slaty-grey ; back and scapular feathers hoary
and glossed ; wings and tail black ; row of feathers down throat are
black ; fore-neck reddish-brown ; abdomen brown.

Total length, male 24 in., tarsus 2 '6 in. ; female 21 in., tarsus
2-6 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9.

GENUS — BOTAURUS. — Hind claw very long, nearly equal to hallux in
length. Culmen about equal to inner toe with claw ; bill serrated.

7*22. B. pWCiloptilllS, Wagl. (B. australis, Gld ), Bittern.

Head and ruff on sides of neck smoky-brown; mantle and scapulars
uniform black ; sides of chest have black-centred feathers ; space
round eye and feet pale green ; reddish bands on fore-neck.

Young. — More uniform reddish tint ; quills mottled and barred.
Hab. : ), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

FAMILY— CICONIIDJE.

Hind toe elevated above the plane of the other toes ; no powder down
patches ; bill not hooked at the tip ; both toes webbed at the base>
the outer one especially ; no pectination on middle claw.

SUB-FAMILY — CICONIIN^E.
The lower mandible has the genys recurved, never decurved.

GENUS— XENORHYNCHUS.— Culmen very long, about equal to the

tarsus.

723. X. asiatidlS, Lath. (Mycteria australis), Black-necked Stork
(Jabiru).

Plumage above white ; under surface white ; head and neck
covered with metallic bluish glossy plumes ; legs and toes coral red.
Tarsus, 11 in. ; culmen, 11 -5 in.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, (7), 8.

101 >-*// ,-J,v.

ORDER STEGABTOPODES.

Hallux united to the other toes by a web ; nasals holorhinal ; palate
desmognathous. .

FAMILY— PHALACROCORACID^E.

Tail rounded or cuneate. Webs between toes not emarginate, or only
slightly so. Bill subcylindrical and hooked at the extremity, or
elongate and pointed ; nostrils nearly obsolete.

SUB-FAMILY — PHALACROCORACIN^E.

Bill subcylindrical, and strongly hooked at the extremity ; cutting edges
of mandibles entire.

GENUS — PHALACROCORAX. — A long, narrow groove on each side of bill,
dividing at nail ; cutting edges of mandibles entire. A gular pouch,
naked anteriorly. Neck long and sinuous. Quills stiff. Tail
wedge-shaped or rounded. Middle toe has pectinated claw.

724. P. earbO, Linn. (Graculus novse-hollandiae, Steph. ; P. novse-

hollandise, Steph.), Black Cormorant.

Colour of plumage black, glossed with dull green ; a large white
patch on flanks ; wing coverts and scapulars bronze-brown, margined
with dark steel-blue ; feathers bordering the naked throat pure
white. Winter plumage lacks the white markings of flanks.

Total length, about 35 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

725. P. Slllcirostris, Brandt (Graculus stictocephalus, Bparte. ;

P. stictocephalus, Bparte.), Little Black Cormorant.

Plumage brownish-black, with a dull oily-green colour ; some
white plumules scattered upon the neck and "upon each side of the
head above the eye ; back and scapulars with ash middles, each
feather margined by black band.

Total length, about 25 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

726. P. gOllldi, Salvad. (Graculus leucogaster, Reich. ; P. leucogaster,

Gld.), White- breasted Cormorant.

Crown, upper surface, and flanks black, glossed with dull steel-
blue ; sides of the head, chin, and under parts white ; naked skin
at base of bill and round eye purple ; scapulars bronze green, with
very narrow steel-blue margins ; below commissure of bill is white.

Culmen, I '8 to 2 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

727. P. hypolcUCUS, Brandt (Graculus varius, Finch; P. varius, Gld.),

Pied Cormorant.

(P. varius, Gmelin, is a New Zealand bird.)

Similar to P. gouldi, culmen longer, 2 '1 in. ; no feathers below the
commissure of the bill ; bare space in front of eye bright orange ;
eyelid and naked skin below the eye indigo-blue,
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 9.

728. P. melanoleilCUS, Vieill. (Graculus melanoleucus), Little Cor-

morant.

Crown, back of neck, and upper surface shining black ; under tail
coverts and vent brownish-black j all under surface white, including
chin and throat ; lateral manes.

Breeding plumage has some white feathers on head and neck.

Total length, 23 in. ; culmen, 1 '2 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

13

102

SUB-FAMILY — PLOTINJE.

Bill elongate and pointed ; cutting edges of mandibles serrated. Body
nearly uniformly clothed with soft and small contour feathers.

GENUS — PLOTUS.— Bill compressed, straight and pointed ; no lateral
groove ; cutting edge of mandible along the terminal half serrated.
Neck very long and slender.

729. P. novasliollandias Gld., Darter.

General plumage glossy black ; a white stripe down a part of neck
below the eye ; a white line of feathers borders the bare throat.

Male. — Neck and under parts black ; a long patch of chestnut on
the base of fore-neck.

Female. — Fore-neck and under parts white.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.

FAMILY— SULID^E.

Tail wedge-shaped. Web between toes not emarginate, or imperfectly so.
Bill subcylindrical and pointed ; no external nostrils.

GENUS— SULA. — Bill stout, and tapering towards the extremity, never
hooked ; nostrils quite closed in adult. Chin and upper part of
throat naked.

730. S. Serrator, G. R Gray (Sula australis, Gld.), Gannet.

Plumage mostly white ; head and neck washed with yellowish-
buff ; naked band on throat about 2 in. long ; two middle pairs of
tail feathers brown, four outer pairs white.

Young. — Sooty-brown and spotted white.

Total length, about 36 in. ; wing, 1*8 in. ; tarsus, 2'2 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

731. S. cyanops, Sundevall (S. personata, Gld.), Masked Gannet.

Adult. — Pure white, except primaries, secondaries, coverts, and
tail, which are brown ; the basal parts of tail and quills are white ;
bill pale green to horn-blue ; gular and orbital skins are bluish-
black. Tarsus, 2 "3 in.

Young. — Head, neck, and back brown mixed with white.

Nearly adult specimens have lesser coverts, lower back, and
rump mixed with brown, otherwise they are like adult. — E. A.
Butler.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, (4).

732. S. piSCatOF, Linn., Red-legged Gannet.

Mostly pure white, including the tail ; outer webs of flight feathers
greyish or blackish in new moult birds ; naked skin round eye blue ;
1 egs vermilion ; tarsus, 1 -4 in.

Young birds are mostly all brown to their first moult ; in second
year head, neck, and scapulars are white, and middle tail feathers
and back are brown.
Hab. : 1, 2.

733. S. Sllla, Linn. (S. leucogastra, Bodd. ; S. fiber, Gld. — immature),

Brown Gannet (Booby).

All upper parts, tore-neck, and chest sooty-brown ; breast, axil-
laries, and remaining under parts white.

Total length, about 28 in.

Young birds are brownish beneath, or the same mixed with white,
Hab. : 1, 2.

103

FAMILY— FUEGATID^E.
Tail deeply forked ; webs between toes deeply emarginated.

OENUS — FREGATA.— Bill long and strongly hooked at extremity ; nostrils
basal and linear and in a groove. A large naked gular pouch. Wings
long and pointed ; tarsus short and feathered.

734. F. aqilila, Linn. (Tachypetes aquila, Vieill. ; T. minor, Gmelin),

Frigate-bird.

Male. — Plumage of upper surface glossy greenish-black ; breast
and sides black ; no white patch on flank. Culmen, 3 '6 to 4 '4 in. ;
wing, 20'5 to 25 '8 in.

Female. — Upper surface without glossy green ; breast and sides
white ; no white neck collar at rear. Culmen, 4 '3 to 5*2 in. : wing,
22.9 to 26-7 in

Young.— Head, neck, upper chest, and middle of abdomen white,
brown beyond.

Hab. : 1, 2, (4).

735. F. Uriel, Gld. (Attagen minor, Ramsay's Tab. List; Tachy-

petes minor, nee Gmelin, Gould's Handbook, ii. ), Lesser Frigate-bird.

Male. — Upper surface greenish-black (oil-green and metallic-
green) ; breast and sides black ; a white patch on each flank.
Culmen, 2'8 to 3'5 in. ; wing, 19'2 to 21 in.

Female. — Little trace of metallic gloss ; breast and sides white ; a
white collar at rear of neck. Culmen, 3 '2 to 3'6 in. ; wing, 20 to
20-8 in.

Young. — Head and neck white ; breast, sides of abdomen, lower
neck and upper parts brown ; middle abdomen and flanks white.
Hab. : 1, 2.

FAMILY— PHAETHONTIDJE.

Webs between toes only slightly emarginate. Middle tail feathers greatly
produced. Bill compressed and pointed ; nostrils clear and linear.

GENUS— PHAETHON.— Bill compressed, pointed, slightly curved all over ;
nostrils linear and distinct. Middle pair of tail feathers greatly
attenuated.

736. P. rilbricailda, Bodd., Red-tailed Tropic-bird.

General colour white, with roseate tinge upon it ; a black line
passes through eye and ends in a crescent above the gape ; outer
primaries have their outer webs white to the base ; the very long
slender middle tail feathers carmine, with black shatts ; tail, 17 to
18 in. ; tarsus, T2 in.

Youns;. — Barred with black upon the upper surface.
Hab. : 1, 2, (4).

737- P. leptlirilS, Daudin (P. candidus, Temm.), White-tailed Tropic-
bird.

Plumage white ; outer primaries have most of the outer webs
black ; black on outer web of outer primaries stops at an inch or
more from tip ; the third primary nearly as widely tipped with
white as the first ; the long tail feathers whitish ; bill yellow at
terminal one-third.

Young. — Upper surface barred.
Hab. : 2, 3.

FAMILY— PELECANID^E.

Bill long and flattened, with external nostrils.

GENUS— PELECANUS.— Bill very long, broad, and flat; a median bar
runs the length of it. A very large distensible 'gular pouch. Wings
large ; tail small.

104

738. P. COnspicillatUS, Temm., Pelican.

Plumage white ; quills, their coverts, scapulars, sides of rump,
and tail black ; naked skin round eye is surrounded by feathers.

Total length, about 60 in. ; culmen, 17 to 18 in. ; wing, 24 to 25
in. ; tail, 7 '5 in. ; tarsus, 5 in.
Hab. : 1 to 7, 9.

ORDER— FYGOFODXSS,

Wing feathers developed into remiges. Cnemial process of tibia produced
forward in a remarkable degree. Palate schizognathous.

FAMILY— PODICIPEDID^E.

Hallux raised above the level of the other toes ; toes provided with wide
lateral lobes, united at the base. Tail vestigial.

GENUS — PODICIPES. — Culmen short ; secondaries, if any, very little
shorter than the primaries.

739 P. nova>hollan<liae, Steph. (P. gularis, Gld.), Black-throated
Grebe (Dabchick).

Plumage above sooty-black ; grey on back ; chin and throat
black ; fore-neck smoky-brown ; a chestnut band along side of neck
from the eye.

Total length, 9 '5 in. ; tarsus, T4 in.

Adult out of breeding season has chin, throat, and under parts
white.

Young. — Sides of neck and head striped with white.
Hab. : 1 to 8.

740. P. poliOCCphalllS, Jardine and Selby (P. nestor, Gld.), Hoary-

headed Grebe.

Sides of head have hair- like feathers in breeding season ; breast
and abdomen silvery-white ; all inner primaries and secondaries
almost pure white.

Winter Plumage. — No head ornament, and crown of head and
hind-neck greyish-brown.

Total length, 9 '5 in. ; tarsus, T5 in.

Young similar to winter bird.
Hab. : 3; 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

741. P. cristatUS, Linn., Tippet Grebe.

Feathers on sides of crown form a long double crest ; ruff of black
plumes on neck ; colour above dark ashy-brown ; under parts silvery-
white ; shoulder feathers nearly pure white ; lesser wing coverts
form a wide white band along edge of wing.

Winter Plumage.— Head, neck, and back ashy-brown ; no crest.

Total length, about 20 in.

Young.— Similar to winter plumage, with brown stripes on head
and neck.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

ORDER— IMFENNES-

Bill never hooked. Nostrils pervious, holorhinal. Palate schizognathous.

GENUS— CATARRHACTES —Bill moderately long and very stout, the
culminicorn being divided from the latericorn by a deep groove,
which is much swollen towards the base ; feathering at the angle
of the gape leaving the tomia and the greater part of the base of
the mandibles exposed. A superciliary band of more or less golden
feathers.

105

742. €. chrySOCOme, Forst. (Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe), Crested

Penguin.

General colour dark slate ; crown of head black ; longest crest
feather about 3*5 in., the crest feathers being yellow and black ;
forehead uniform black, the yellow not being united.

Total length, about 25 in.

Young. — Crest is indicated by a yellowish- white line ; chin ashy-
white.

Hab. : 5, (6).

GESUS— EUDYPTULA.— Tail very short, and almost concealed by the
long upper tail coverts. Groove dividing the culminicorn from the
latericorn inconspicuous ; basal part of mandibles entire.

743. E. minor, Forst. (E. undina, Gld. ; Spheniscus undina, Gld.),

Little Penguin.

Above slaty-blue, each feather with a brownish -grey base and
black shaft ; all the ventral surface pure white ; flippers have their
inner margins narrowly bordered with white.

Total length, about 16 in. ; exposed cultnen, 1-4 in. ; gape to tip,
1 75 in. ; nasal opening to tip, J "2 in.
Hab. : (3), 4, 5, 6, 9.

ORDER-CHENOIVIOR,PIIJE.

Palate desmognathous. Young covered with down, and able to run or
swim in a few hours after hatching.

Sub-order — Anseres.

Tarsus about the length of the femur, reticulated at back and generally in
front. Bill straight, always with a distinct nail at the tip of the
upper mandible.

FAMILY— ANATID^E.

Margins of bill laminated.

SUB-FAMILY — CYGNIN^E.
Hind toe lobed. Neck very long, as long as or even longer than the body.

GENUS— CHENOPIS.— Predominent colour black.

744. C. atrata, Lath. (Cygnus atratus), Black Swan.

Primaries and secondaries pure white ; tertiaries and scapulars
crisp ; bill pinky- scarlet, with white bar near tip.
Hab. : 2 to 6, 8, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — ANSERANATIN^.
Hind toe not lobed. Feet semi-palmated.

GENUS— ANSER ANAS.— Plumage black and white.

745. A. SCmipalinata, Lath. (A. melanoleuca, Lath.), Pied Goose.

Head, neck, mantle, wings, tail, and thighs black ; back, rump,
breast, abdomen, upper and under tail coverts, scapulars, and
smaller upper wing coverts white.
Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, (5), 6, 7, 8.

106

SUB-FAMILY — PLECTROPTERIN^E.

Hind toe not lobed, rather long. Feet palmated. Tail feathers rather
long, broad, rounded at top. Upper parts mostly glossy.

GENUS— NETTOPUS.— Bill not so long as double its depth.

746. K". pulchellllS, Old., Green Goose-Teal.

Upper surface glossy green ; under surface white ; sides with
crescent-like bands ; neck dark green in male, banded with white
and green in female.

Total length, 13'5 in. ; culmen, 1 in. ; wing, 7 in. ; tail, 3 in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

747. Jf. albipennis, Gld. (N. coromandelianus, Gmelin), White-quilled

Goose-Teal.

Upper surface glossy green ; under surface white ; sides waved
with narrow grey lines ; neck white. Male with broad black band
across breast ; female with no broad black band across breast, but
the neck with narrow black bands all round.

Total length, 13 in. ; culmen, 0'9 in. ; wing, 7'5 in. ; tail, 3'4in. ;
tarsus, 1 in.

Hab. : 2, 3.

SUB-FAMILY — CERKOPSIN^E.

Cere of the bill much developed.

GENUS— CEREOPSIS. — Face wax-like ; sternum imperceptibly keeled.

748. €. novae-hollaildiSB. Lath., Cape Barren Goose.

Crown- of head whitish ; general plumage brownish-grey ; some
wing coverts and scapulars with a spot near tip ; cere lemon-yellow.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — CHENONETTINJE.
Hind toe very narrowly lobed. Bill rather short and goose-like.

GENUS — CHENONETTA. — Tertials long and narrow ; upper wing coverts

grey-

749. C. julnita, Lath. (Branta jubata), Maned Goose (Wood Duck).

Male.— Breast grey, each feather broadly tipped with greyish-
white, and black spotting on each side, all appearing as mottled ;
lower part of back, rump, upper and under tail coverts and abdomen
deep glossy black ; speculum glossy green across secondaries.
Culmen, 1 15 in.

Female. —Side of face speckled white ; abdomen and under tail
coverts white.

Total length, 20 in. ; tarsus, 1'5 in. ; culmen, T15 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — ANATIN.E.

Hind toe very narrowly lobed. Bill rather flat and lobed.

GENUS— DENDROCYCNA. — Lower portion of tarsus in front without

transverse scutellse, but covered with small reticulate scales.

750. D. arciiata, Cuvier (Dendrocygna vagans, Eytoii), Whistling Duck.

Throat almost white ; back and scapularies black, with the edges
bright rufous-chestnut ; breast pale rufous, each feather with black
dots in middle ; lower abdomen and under tail coverts whitish-buff,
the latter uniform, but the abdomen with brown spots ; the flank
feathers with broad buffy-white streaks, edged with black ; lesser
and median wing coverts bright chestnut, greater ones and quills
black.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.

Order— STEGANOP'ODES : steganopous, web-footed, from steganos, covered
pous, podos, foot.

Family— PHALACROCORAC'ID,E : phalakros, bald ; Jcorax, crow.

Sub-family— PHALACROCQRACI'N.E : phalakros, bald ; korax, crow.

Genus— PHAL'ACROCO'RAX ? phalakros, bald ; korax, crow.

724. car'bo : carbo, charcoal.

725. sulciros'tris : sulcus, furrow ; rostrum, bill.

726. gould'i : Gould, a proper name.

727. hypoleu'cus : hupo, under ; feukos, white.

728. melanoleu'cus : melas, melanos, black ; leukos, white.

Sub-family — PLOTI'N^E : plotos, swimming.
Genus — PLO'TUS : plotos, swimming.

729. novae-hollan'dise : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

Family — SU'LIDJE : sula, a gannet.
Genus — SU'LA : sula, a gannet.

730. serra'tor : serratus, serrated.

731. cy'anops : kuanos, dark blue ; ops, face.

732. pisca'tor : piscator, fisher.

733. su'la : .sula, a gannet.

Family— FREGAT'ID^E : N.L. fregata, from French fregate, frigate.
Genus — FREGA'TA : N.L. fregata, from French fregate, frigate.

734. a'quila : aquila, eagle.

735. a'riel : ariel, a sprite.

Family— PHAETHON'TID^E : phaethontis, poetical feminine of phaethon, shining.
Genus— PHA'ETHON : phaethon, shining.

736. rubricau'da : ruber, red ; cauda. tail.

737. leptur'us : leptos, fine ; oura, tail,

Family— PELECAN'IDJi : Gr. pelekan or L. pelecanus, pelican.
Genus — PELECAN'US : Gr. pelekan or L. pelecanus, pelican.

738. conspicilla'tus.

Order — PYGOP'ODES : puge, rump ; pous, podos. foot.

Family — PODICIPED'ID^E : podex, podicis, rump ; pes, pedis, foot.

Genus — PODIC'IPES : see ante.

739. novge-hollan'dise : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

740. polioceph'alus : polios, hoary ; kephale, head.

Genus— LOPHJE'THYRA : lophos, crest.

741. crista'tus : crista, plume.

Order— IMPEN'NES : in, priv. ; penna, wing.

Genus— CATARRH AC'TES : Greek name for a swooping gull ; probable reference
to diving habit.

742. chrysoc'ome : chrusos, gold ; kome, hair.

Genus — EUDYP'TULA : eu, well ; duptes. diver.

743. min'or : minor, smaller.

Order— CHENOMOR'PH^E: chen, goose ; morphe, form.
Sub-order — AN'SERES : anser, goose.

Family — ANAT'ID J5 : anas, anatis, duck.

Sub-family— CYGNFN^E : cygnus, swan.
Genus— CHENOP'JS : chen, goose ; ops, opis. appearance.

744. atra'ta : ater, black.

Sub-family— ANSERANATIN'JS : anser, goose ; anas, anatis, duck.
Genus— AN'SERAN' AS : anser, goose ; anas, anatis, duck.

745. semipalma'ta : semi, half ; palmatus, embroidered like a palm.

Sub-family— PLECTROPTERI'N^E : plectron, spear-point ; pteron, wing.
Genus— NET'TOPUS : netta, duck ; pom, foot.

746. pulchel'lus : pulchellus, small and beautiful.

747. albipen'nis : albus, white ; penna, feather.

Sub-family — CEREOPSI'NvE : cereus, waxen (cera, wax) ; opsis, face.
Genus— CEREOP'SIS : cereus, waxen (cera, wax) ; opsis, face.

748. nova-hollan'diae : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

Sub-family— CHENONETTI'N,E : chen, goose ; nessa or netta, duck.
Genus— CHENONET'TA : chen, goose ; nessa or netta, duck.

749. juba'ta : juba, mane.

Sub-family— AN ATI'N^E : anas, anatis, duck.
Genus — DENDROCYC'NA : dendron, tree ; kuknos, swan.

750. arcua'ta : arcus, bow.

750A. eyton'i : Eyton, a proper name.

Genus— TADOR'NA : French tadorne, a sheldrake.

751. rad'jah.

Genus— CASAR'CA.

752. tadernoi'des : French tadorne, sheldrake ; eidos, form.

Genus— AN' AS : anas, duck.

753. supercilio'sa : supercilium, eyebrow.

Genus— NET'TION : nessa or netta, duck ; nettion, little duck.

754. castan'eum : castanea, chestnut.

755. gib'berifrons : gibber, hunch ; frons, forehead.

Genus— SPAT'ULA : spatula, spoon.

756. clypea'ta : clipeus or clypeus, shield.

757. rbyneho'tis : rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

758. variega'ta : varius, spotted.

107

750A. D. eytoni, Old., Plumed Whistling Duck.

Head and neck light reddish-brown ; upper surface brownish -prey ;
tertiaries reddish-brown, barred with black ; flank feathers yellow,
with darker margins.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9.

GENUS — TADORNA. — Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row of
transverse scutellae. Bill broader towards tip than at base ; culmen
rather concave ; lamellae more developed towards tip of upper
mandible ; lower mandible with the lamellae not projecting out-
wardly. Sexes similar.

751. T. radjall, Garnot, White-headed Shelduck.

Head and neck entirely white ; chestnut band across white chest ;
no knob at. base of bill ; tail black ; sexes similar.

Total length, about 19 in. ; wing, 11 in. ; tail, 5 in.; culmen, l-75
in. ; tarsus, 2'12 in.

Hab. : 1, 2, 3, 8.

GENUS — CAS ARC A. — Lamellae on edge of lower mandible projecting

outwards.

752. C. tadernoides. Jardioe, Shelduck or Mountain Duck.

Upper tail coverts black ; breast rufous ; white band above the
chest. Male with the head and upper part of neck black, with a
green gloss. Female, head brown, and a white band of feathers
round the base of the bill.
Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS — ANAS. — Bill broad, about as long as head.

753. A. SllperciliOSa, Gmelin, Black Duck.

A very distinct black band through the eyes ; sides of head and
neck not rufous ; general plumage distinctly mottled ; speculum
metallic-green ; no white band anteriorly to the speculum.
Hab. : 1 to 9.

GENUS -NETTION. — Bill not very broad, more or less compressed, and
shorter than head.

754. X. castaneillHU Eyton (Anas castanea), Teal.

Upper wing coverts clay-grey or slate-grey.

Male. — Head and upper part of the neck dark metallic-green.

Female.— Cheeks dull greyish, finely streaked with black ; no ring
of white feathers round the eyes ; usually no white edge on the outer
web of the first primary.

Total length, male about 18'5 in., female 16 in.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9.

755. H. gibberifrons, S. Mull. (Anas gibberifrons), Grey Teal.

' ' This species is absolutely similar to the supposed female of N
castaneum both in colour and dimensions, so that I am utterly
unable to distinguish it. "— Salvador!.

Refer to Viet. N<xt.t vol. vii., 4.

Total length of male is 2 in. greater than the male of N. castaneum.
Hab. : 1, 3, 4, 6, 7-

GENUS — SPATULA. — Bill spatulate ; no soft membrane on sides of the
bill towards its tip.

756. S dypeatas Linn., European Shoveller.

Male. — Head and upper part of neck deep glossy green ; abdomen
deep chestnut.

Hab. : (4, N.S.W.)

108

757. S. rliynehotis, Lath., Shoveller (Blue-wing).

Male. — Head and upper part of neck bluish lead colour, with a
white crescentic band between the base of the bill and the eyes,
extending to the throat ; abdomen deep chestnut.

Female. — Head and neck buff; striated under surface mottled
brown and buff.

Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

758. S. Yariegata, Gld., New Zealand Shoveller.

Dark crescentic markings on white ground of neck, breast, and
scapulars.

Visitor. One specimen recorded (North).
Hab. : 5.

GKNUS— MALACORHYNCHUS.— Bill spatulate and has soft membrane
on sides towards the tip.

759. M. meinforaiiaceilS, Lath., Pink-eared Duck.

An oblong mark of rose-pink behind the eye ; axillaries white ;
neck, breast, and under parts greyish- white, crossed by numerous
brown bars, narrow on the neck, broader on the breast and flanks,
and nearly obsolete on abdomen.
Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

GENUS— STICTONETTA.— Speculum wanting. Bill broader towards tip
than at base, longer than head ; at the base much higher than broad ;
concave, and with the nail bent backwards as in Erismatura.

760. S. llJiwosil, Gld., Freckled Duck.

Whole of plumage dark brown and white ; under surface with
specks of lighter shade ; primaries plain wood-brown.
Hab. : 3, 4, 6, 7, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — FULIGULIN.E.

Hind toe broadly lobed. Tail feathers not particularly stiff.
GENUS— NYROCA.— Bill smooth, not gibbous, at the base.

761. K. ailStralis, Gld., White-eyed Duck (Widgeon or Hard-head).

Uniform reddish-brown, a band of lighter colour across breast ;
secondaries white at base, making a conspicuous mark on wing ;
iris white.

Hab. : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

SUB-FAMILY — ERISMATURIN.E.
Hind toe broadly lobed. Tail feathers narrow and very stiff.

GENUS— ERISMATURA.— Tail eighteen feathers.

762. E. ailStraliS, Gld., Blue-billed Duck.

Male. — Breast, and usually the back and flanks, bright chestnut
(adult male) ; chin, like the head, black ; chestnut colour of the
breast, flanks, and upper parts deeper.

Female. — Uniform brownish, with lines and freckles of chestnut-
brown.

Hab. : 4, 5, 6, 9.

GENUS— BIZIURA. — Bill shorter than the head, very high at base. A
pendent lobe on the chin. Tail feathers twenty-four.

763. B. lobata, Shaw, Musk Duck.

Large lobe beneath the chin, smaller in female.
Male. — Total length, 26 in. ; wing, 9'25 in. ; culmen, 1'7 in.
Female. — Total length, about 23 in. ; wing, 7 '5 in. ; culmen, 1 '4 in.
Hab. : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.

Genus— MALACORHYN'CHUS : malakos, soft ; rhugchos (rhunchos), bill.

759. membranac'eus : membrana, membrane.

Genus — STICTONET'TA : stiktos, spotted ; nessa or netta, duck.

760. nsevo'sa : ncevus, mole.

Sub-family— FULIGULI'N^ : fulica, coot.
Genus — NYRO'CA : Russ. nuiroku, goosander.

761. austra'lis : australis, southern.

Species 759. — PINK-EARED DUCK (| nat. size).

Sub-family— ERISMATURTN^E : ereisma. ereismatos. support ; oura, tail.

Genus— ERISMATUR'A : ereisma, ereismatos, support; oura, tail.
762. austra'lis : australis, southern.

Genus— BIZIU'RA.

763. loba'ta : lobus, lobe.

Sub-class II.— RATIT'JE : ratis, raft.

Order— CAS UA'RII : Ital. casuario, cassowary.

Family — DROALE'ID^E : dromaios, swift (dromos, a running).

Genus — DROM/E'US : dromaios, swift (dromos, a running).

764. novae-hollan'dise : nova-hollandia, New Holland.

765. irrora'tus : irroro, irrorare, to bedew.

766. a'ter : ater, black (Black Emu).

Family — CASUAR'IID^E : Ital. casuario, cassowary.
Genus— CASUAR'IUS : Ital. casuario, cassowary.

767. austra'lis : australis, southern.

109

SUB-CLASS II.— RATITVE

(STERNUM WITHOUT A KEEL).
ORDER CASUA.RII.

Hallux absent. Middle phalanges shortened. Maxillo-palatines large,
fused with vomer and premaxilla.

FAMILY— DROM^EID^E.

No casque on the head. Bill broad.

GENUS — DROMJEUS. — Tarsi have reticulated scutes in front, except near
the toes, and behind rough scales.

764. D. novse-hollaiidiae, Lath. , Emu.

Feathers of body uniform greyish, with tips black ; feathers of
the neck greyish, with the tips black.
Total length, 78 in.

Hab. : 2, 3, 6, 7, 9.

765. D. irrorittllS, Bartl., Spotted Emu.

More slender than I), novse-hollandiae.

Feathers of body barred alternately with silky -white and darkish
grey throughout their length, terminating in a black tip, margined
posteriorly with rufous.
Hab. : 7, 8, 9.

766. D. ater, Vieill. (Considered to be extinct.)

Feathers of the body uniform greyish, with the tips black ;
feathers of neck entirely black.
Total length, about 55 in.

Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

FAMILY— OASUABIIDJE.

A casque on the head. Bill narrow.

GENUS — CASUARIUS. — Tarsi have large hexagonal scutes, except near
the toes, where the scutes are transverse.

767. C. ailStraliS, Wall, Cassowary.

Casque compressed on the sides ; only two wattles on the throat,
not far apart, but approached one to the other ; the casque very
high and thinner above ; nail of the inner toe longer than galeatus,
and bird larger ; wattles very large.
Hab. : 2.

SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES RECENTLY
DESCRIBED AS NEW.

ISA. Cerclllicis Ullicolor, Milligan, Western Kestrel. Emu, vol. iv.,
part 1, p. 1 (1904).

Under surface cinnamon -pink and without white or pale feathers ;
tail rusty-cinnamon ; smaller than 18.
Hab. : 8.

44A. < or Mis bennetti, North, Small-billed Crow. Viet. Nat,, vol.
xvii., No. 9, p. 170.

Male and female smaller than 44.

Total length, 16 in. ; wing. 11 '3 in. ; tail, 7'3 in. ; bill, 1'85 in. ;
tarsus, 2 '2 in. ; iris pure white.
Hab. : o, 7.

87A. Micrwca brimneicauda, Campbell, Brown-tailed Flycatcher.
Emu, vol. ii., p. 85 (1902).

Tail entirely brownish ; bill large (0*41 in.)
Hab. : 1.

105A. Pseildogerygone tenebrosa, Hall, Dusky Fly-eater (Dusky
Bush- War bier). Viet. Nat., xviii., No. 5, p. 79.

Tail uniform ashy-brown ; lores and eyebrows creamy-white ;
throat whitish, like rest of under surface, and all lightly washed
with pale yellowish-brown, the flanks being a shade darker ; bill
entirely black.
Hab. : 8.

H2A. Pcecilodryas cinereiceps, Hartert. Novit. Zool., xii., p.

231 (1905).

Nearest to 112. Upper surface much paler ; crown not in the
least blackish ; lores only are blackish.
Hab. : 8.

118A. llallirilS elizabethae, Campbell, Dark-blue Wren. "Nests
and Eggs of Australian Birds," Campbell, p. 1,077.
Larger than M. gouldi and darker blue.
Hab. : King Island (Bass Strait).

119A. Halliriis whitei, Campbell, White's Blue Wren.

Said to be between M. callainus and M. melanotus. Emu, vol. L,
part 2, p. 66.

Hab. : 7.

Ill

125A. Mai lirilS assilltilis. North, Purple-backed Wren. Viet. Nat.,
vol. xviii., No. 2, p. 29.

Nearest to M. lamberti. Crown and sides of head purplish -blue
(deep blue in M. lamberti) ; feathers round the eye and ear coverts
rich cobalt (torquoise-blue in M. lamberti) ; mantle and upper
portion purplish-blue (cobalt-blue in M. lamberti) ; throat and
upper portion of breast black.
Hab. : 1, 2, 6, 7, 8.

136A. Rhipidura intermedia. North, Allied Fan-tail. Viet. Nat.,
vol. xix., p. 101 (1902).

Nearest to 136 ; less orange-rufous on basal half of tail feathers ;
narrower black band on throat ; centre of breast and abdomen
white.

Hab. : 2.

142A. Motacilla barnardi, North, P.L.S. N.S.W. (1905).

Closely allied to M. borealis and M. cinereicapilla of Europe. The
first find of a Motacilla in Australia. It may be a straggler and
abnormal. Throat yellow ; chin white ; lores and feathers below the
eye black ; blackish narrow band across fore-neck ; wing, 3 in. ;
tarsus, 0.9 in.

Locality : Dawson River, Queensland.

178A. Sphenura litoralis, Milligan, Lesser Rufous Bristle-bird.
Emu, vol. i., part 2, p. 67.

Nearest to S. broadbenti ; no triangular loral spot ; smaller ; head
more rufous.

Hab. : 9.

179A. Diaphorillas (Amytis) lUOdesta, North, Thick billed Grass-
Wren. Viet. Mat., xix., p. 103 (1902).

Nearest to 179, with head and upper parts much paler brown ;
throat whitish.
Hab. : 7.

ISlA. Diaphorillas (Amytis) gigantlira, Milligan, Western Grass-
bird. Viet. Nat., xviii., No. 2, p. 28.

No black cheek stripe ; feather striations very distinctly and
regularly marked. Wing, 2.75 in.
Hab. : 9.

182A. Amytis hoiisei, Milligan, Black Grass- Wren.
See Kimberley Expl. Exp., p. 8 (1902).

182s. Ereilliornis carteri, North, Carter's Desert-bird. Viet. Nat.,
xvii., No. 4.

Key to Genus : — Bill slender ; tarsus short ; foot small ; under
tail coverts abnormally long (North). (Compare Schoenicola.)

Key to Species :— Lores and distinct eyebrow dull whitish ; fore-
head rufous ; ear coverts pale rufous-brown with distinct white
shaft-streaks ; centre of breast and abdomen dull buffy-white ;
upper surface rufous-brown.

Total length, 5.65 in. ; wing, 2 in., rounded ; centre tail feathers
long and broad, 2.6 in. ; tarsus, 0.5 in.

Female much shorter than male.
Hab. : 8, 9.

183A. MegallirilS Striatns, Milligan, Striated Grass-bird. Emu,
vol ii., part 4, p. 201 (1903).
Hab. : 9.

190A. Acanthiza lialmat urinn. A. G. Campbell, Dusky Tit. Emu,
vol. v., part 3 (1906).

Nearest to A. pusilla and A. apicalis ; mantle blackish.
Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

112

19lA. Acanthiza lliagnirOStris, Campbell, Large-billed Tit (Thorn-
bill). Emu, vol. ii., part 4, p. 202 (1903).

More black and white mottled under surface than 191, resembling
more 190 in this respect ; larger bill than eithei'.
Hab. : King Island, Bass Strait.

192A. Acanthiza rofollStiroStriS, Milligan, Thick-billed Tit. Emu,
vol. iii., part 1, p. 71 (1903).

Base of tail bright coloured, like rump and upper tail coverts ;
dark tail band occupies nearly terminal half of the feathers ; no
scaling on the forehead, some of the feathers showing lined
appearance ; bill very large.

Culmen, 0.3 in. ; wing, 2.1 in. ; tarsus, 0.8 in.
Hab. : 9.

196A. Acanthiza pallida, Milligan, Pallid Tit. Emu, vol. iii., part 2,
p. Ill (1903).

A pallid and apparently immature form of 196 ; under surface
almost uniform white ; rump same colour as mantle, not yellow ;
base half of tail feathers white.

Hab. : 9 (northern and interior).

197A. Acanthiza tenuirostris, Zietz, Slender-billed Tit. Roy.

Soc. South Aust. (Dec., 1900).

Nearest to 197 ; upper tail coverts of yellowish- white and not
ochreous as in 197 ; feathers of forehead broadly margined with
white ; base of tail very feebly marked with rufous ; bill feeble.
Culmen, 0.3 in. ; total length, 3.5 in.

Hab. : 6.

232A. CalamantllUS montanellllS, Milligan, Rock Field- Wren.
Emu, vol. ii., part 4, p. 200 (1903).

Upper surface lustreless dingy-brown; abdomen pale olive-yellow
wash, tending to white ; throat and breast with bolder striations than
on 232, and more ashy-white.
Hab. : 9.

240A. Aphelocephala (Xerophila) castaneiventris, Milligan,

Chestnut-bellied Titmouse (Whiteface). Emu, vol. iii., part 1, p. 69
(1903).

Intermediate between 240 and 241. Well-defined pectoral band of
cinnamon -brown ; general colour above dark brown, and not
cinnamon-brown as in 240 ; flanks almost uniform chestnut.
Hab. : 9.

243A. Gymnorhina tibicen longirostris, Hartert. Novit. Zool.,
xii., p. 230 (1905).

Longer bill and larger size. This is apparently Milligan's species
G. longirostris. See Emu, iii., p. 97 (1903).
Hab. : 8.

247 A. Cracticus qnoyi tiinneyi, Hartert. Novit. Zool., xii., p. 228

(1905).

Bill long and slender.
Hab. : 8.

298A. Hyzomela ohscnra grisescens, Hartert. Novit. Zool.,

xii., p. 235 (1905).

Greyish upper and under surface.
Hab. : 8.

299A. Acanthorhynchus halmaturina, Campbell, Pale-coloured

Spine-bill.

New sub-species of A. tenuirostris ; lighter colour and duller
markings.

Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

113
301 A. Zoster ops westernensis vegeta, Hartert. Novit. Zool.,

vi., p. 425 (1899).

Flanks less brown and under tail coverts bright sulphur-yellow
instead of white.

Hab. : 2.
301 B. /OS t crops lialmatlirina, Campbell, Island Silver-eye.

Sub-species of Z. ccerulescens, having grey back, chestnut flanks,
and greyish throat. Emu, vol. v. (1906).

Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

311A. MelitlireptllS carpentariaiia, Campbell, Carpentaria Honey-
eater. Emu, vol. iv., p. 71 (1904).

Smaller than 311 ; paler on back ; variable on the soft part of eye
wheu compared with 311.
Hab. : 2.

313A. MelitlireptllS leilCOgenyS, Milligan, Western Brown-headed
Honey- eater. Emu, vol. ii., part 3, p. 160 (1903).
Similar to 313. White cheeks ; bill smaller.
Hab. : 9.

313B. M. magllirostriS, North, Large-billed Honey-eater. Records
Aust. Mus., vi., No. 1, p. 20 (1905), plate v.
Insular form of 313 ; bill distinctly larger.

Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

353A. Lichmera halmatlirina, Campbell, Lesser Crescent Honey-
eater ; sub-species of 353. Emu, vol. v., p. 143 (1906).
Dull plumage.

Hab. : Kangaroo Island, S.A.

368A. Entomyza CyanotlS harterti, sub-species, Robinson and
Lavercock. See Ibis, October, 1900, p. 635.

39iA. Artamiis leiicorhynclms parvirostris, Hartert. Novit.

Zool., vi.. p. 424 (1899).
Hab. : 2.

413A. Bathilda ruficauda claresceiis, Hartert. Nov. Zool., vi.,

p. 427 (1899).

Smaller than 413. Red extends round eye and nearly over
crown.

Hab. : 2.

415A. Poephlla lllgrotecta, Hartert, Black-rumped Grass-Finch.

Nearest to 415 ; considerably smaller, and having the upper tail
coverts black, like rump. This appears to confirm 419, being one
and the same.

Hab. : 1, 2, 8.

419A. Poephila neglecta, North, Cinnamon-coloured Grass-Finch.
Records Aust. Mus., v., part 4 (1904).

Nearest to 419, with darker upper and under parts, and longer
upper tail coverts, margined with white at tips.

Hab. : Queensland (?). One specimen only observed.

422A. Mirafra WOOdwardi, Milligan, Rufou? Bush-Lark. Viet. Nat.,
xviii., No. 2, p. 25.

General appearance strong rufous-brown, paler on the under
surface ; much more rufous than 422.

Hab. : 8, 9,

422B. Mirafra horsfieldi pallidllS, sub-species, Hall, Pale Bush-
Lark. Emu, iii., part 4, p. 231 (1904).

Similar in form and dimensions to 422, without the medium
amount of rufous of 422 and the greyish-brown of 421, the under
surface tending to creamy- white.
Hab. : 8.

14

114

440A. TiiolllHrs rilfa, Hall, Rufous Owlet Nightjar. Viet. Nat.,
xviii., No. 4, p. 60.

Similar to 440 in dimensions ; colour rufous.
Hab. : 8.

468A. Trie hogloss us iiov;r-liollaiidia* septentrionalis, H. C.

Robinson. Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii., p. 115 (1900).
Hab. 2, 3.

470A. Psitteilteles lieglectUS, Reich, Northern Scaly-breasted
Lorikeet. Orn. B. M., vi., p. 4 (1898).
Hab. : 2.

516A. BariiardillS lliacgillivrayi, North, Macgillivray's Parrakeet-
Viet. Nat., xvii., No. 5, p. 91. and No. 6 (1900).

Resembles 516, but has the head almost uniform in colour with
the upper parts, instead of blackish -brown, as in that species. 513
differs from this species in having the forehead red in all stages, and
in having the anterior portions of the cheek washed with blue, the
lesser wing coverts deep blue, and the back bluish-grey.
Hab. : 2.

572A. Tlirnix olivii, H. C. Robinson, Olive's Quail. Ibis, April, 1900,
p. 375.

Most nearly allied to 572. Female much larger ; forehead grey,
without white tips ; lower neck and breast washed with oily
greyish-green, the faint bars without white centres as in 572.
Hab. : 3.

751 A. Tadorna radjah riifitergiini, Hartert. Novit, Zool., xii.

(1905).

I)ark chestnut upper back.
Hab. : 8.

RECENTLY RECORDED AS NEW TO
AUSTRALIA.

432A. CollOCalia CSClllenta, Linn., Edible-nest Swiftlet, as found
in North Queensland (A. J. Campbell).

636A. TriDga glareola, Linn., Wood Sandpiper.

It is recorded as found in Australia (Victoria) by Mr. A.
Mattingley. This is the first note of the occurrence of this wide-
spread species in our country. Emu, vol. v., p. 155 (1906).

Helodroiims OChropUS, Green Sandpiper.
(Recorded by Robert Hall.)
Hab. : 8.

PAGE

2. A very occasional visitor from India is the White-eyed Buzzard-
Eagle (Butaster teesa).
96. Thalassogeron carteri is an occasional species in area 9. It has a

black bill, and is most nearly related to T. chlororhynchus.
107. Querquedula circia, Blue-winged Teal, is recorded as an occasional
visitor.

ADDITIONS TO AND SUGGESTED
ALTERATIONS IN TEXT.

PAGE

1-7. For a fall description of the young of order Accipitres consult Aitst.

Mus. Cat. Birds, vols. i., ii.

4. Species 24, according to Ernst Hartert, should read A. fasciatus,
V. and H.

8, Species 48 appears to.be the immature form of 51.

9. Species 57 rarely, if ever, is found in Queensland.

10. Species 62 and" 63 are one and the same, now under the name

O. sagittatus, Olive -backed Oriole.

11. Species 72 is female of 70 (A. J. North).
Species 73 and 74 are synonyms of 76.

Pinarolestes is not very distinct from Collyriocincla. •

12. Species 80 found by Ernst Hartert to be a sub-species of G.

papuensis.

13. Species 85 sub species of L. karu, according to Hartert.

Species 89 said by Ernst Haitert to be 87, which in turn is a sub-
species of 86.

14. Species 95 is a variety of 93.

Species 98 is simply a newly-moulted bird.

Species 103 considered by Ernst Hartert to be a sub-species of 102.

15. Species !09, see Novit. Zool., vi., p. 425 (1899). '
Species 114, see Novit. Zool., vi., p. 424 (1899).

16. M. cyaneus is said to give way to M superbus, Shaw, in priority,

while 118, M. gouldi, becomes M. cyaneus, Ellis.
Species 122, see Emu, vol. i., part 1, p. 26 (M. cyanotus, Old.)
Malurus edouardi. Camp., compare with M. leucopterus, Q. & G.

17. Species M. dorsalis, see Novit. Zool., vi., p. 425 (1899).
Species 131 is a changing specimen of 130.

Species 138 reads R. setosa isura, Gould, Novit. Zool., vi., p. 425
(1899).

18. Species 142 is extra- Australian.

Species 145 considered by Ernst Hartert to be a sub-species of 143.
Species 145, see Novit Zool., vi., p. 425 (1899).

19. Species 153 = Monarcha gouldi.

20. Species 155, Monarcha albiventris, White-bellied Fly-catcher.

21. Species 161 and 162 are more probably varieties of 160.
Sub-family of Bower-birds to be placed after Phonygama, p. 9.

23. Species 179. Gould's figure is misleading ; probably young birds,
and will stand for female. ' ' Under surface slightly paler than
upper " (North).

25. Species 189 = A. mastersi, North.
Species 191 = A. ewingi, Gould.

26. Sericornis inagna now reads Acanthornis magria.

116

PAGE

27. Species 209 is now placed by Mr. North under the new genus
Oreoscopus. Agr. Gaz., N.S.W., vol. xvi., part 3, p. 247
(1905).

Key to Genus : — Bill long, straight, wide at base, equal in
length from gape to tip to length of head ; tail slightly
wedge-shaped at end, feathers broad, the lateral ones
with broad outer webs ; wing concave, rounded, exceed-
ing by one-fourth the length of the tail.

31. Species 243-246 appear to the writer to be one and the same,
taking 244 as the most developed. 243 and 244 commonly
breed together in Victoria and produce very varying magpies,
which in their turn reproduce variably. 244 could be called the
Varied-backed Magpie. To these Mr. Milligan has added a
fifth species, the Long-billed Magpie.

33. Species 262 and 263 considered one and the same.

Species 269 said by Ernest Hartert to be a sub-species of 271.

34. Species 270 is probably a synomym of 269.

Species 272 is amalgamated with 265. Roy. Soc. Viet. (1900).

35. Species 278, female, throat white with feathers of lower portion

broadly edged with chestnut-red.
Species 283, young of 281.
39. Species 311, fully adult form of 310.

Species 317, young has throat dull wax-yellow.
46. Species 378 amalgamated with 377 (Hall).

Species 383 appears to be a sub-species of 382.

48. Species 394, 395, and 396 appear to be one and the same species,
394 being the first named.

51. Species 419 appears to be now an established species.

52. ^ Note forms of Mirafra javanica in Novit. Zool., xii., p. 237 (1905).
56. According to Ernst Hartert, species 441 should read as a sub-species

of E. orientalis.

58. Species 455 should read C. saturatus, Hodg. , with C. intermedius
acting as a synonym. Hand List Birds Brit. Mus., ii., p. 158
(1900).

Species 456 has C. inornatus as synonym.
Chalcococcyx inalayanus, an accidental species in the North.
63. To "Furcula present" add " except in Spathopterus."
66. Species 518 is a variety of 517, both characters appearing at times in
the one specimen.

68. "Swift Lorikeet" should read " Swift Parrakeet, " and, the genus

being preoccupied, Euphema (Wagler) might be substituted.

69. Species 537 is said by Ernst Hartert to be a sub-species of 536.

72. Species 557 and 559 are one and the same, the latter being the adult
form. The description of 557 appears to be of the young of
558. In species 558 "no grey crescent" should read "no
white crescent," while the distribution is extended to area 9.

74. M. duperreyi tumulus differs from M. duperreyi by its darker and

more rufous upper side and larger size (Hartert).

75. Species 574 and 575 one and the same.

77. Species 584 is said by R. B. Sharpe (Hand List Birds Brit. Mus.,

p. 102) to be a Tongatabu species and extinct, P. plumbea,
Gray, being our bird.

78. To follow 589 is the species G. frontata, Wall. , new to Australia.

Sharpe's Hand List Birds Brit. Mus. No specimen is recorded
from this country. It differs from G. tenebrosa, Gld., in having
the under surface dark slaty-grey instead of light grey, and by
having the light colour of the toes above red like the tarsi
instead of yellow. Hab. : 2.

80. Species 602 is differentiated by Hartert from the New Zealand
species as H. unicolor fuliginosus, Gld.

PAGE
84.

86.

89.
104.

108.

109.

117

After species 626 add the genus Helodrotnus as new to Australia,

and H. ochropus, Green Sandpiper. Hab. : 8.
Species 622 is considered by Ernst Hartert as a sub-species of

N. pha3opus variegatus, Scop.
To follow 633 is L. damacensis, Horsf., now found in area 8. Adult

differs from 633 in being darker, with the head more thickly

spotted with black, and the lower throat and fore-neck very

distinctly streaked or mottled with brown ; middle toe and claw,

0-9 in.
G. macrotarsa, according to Ernst Hartert, should be separated

from 643, as also S. gracilis from species 645.,
Species 655 is sometimes A. stolidus pileatus (Ernst Hartert),

according to amount of white on forehead.
Species 739, according to Ernst Hartert, should be placed under the

head of the northern genus Colymbus. Novit. Zool., xii.

(1905).
According to Hand List Birds Brit. Mus., p. 114, 741 should read

" Lophaethyia cristata, Linn."

Species 757 and 758 are considered by Salvador! as one and the same.
Genus 761 is changed to Aythya, Boie. Hand List Birds Brit. Mus.,

p. 222, Sharpe.
Genus "Droni£eus" should read " Dromiceius," according to H. C.

Oberholser, being the first name used by Vieillot. Species 765

is now considered young of 764. Emu, vol. i., part 1 (Le

Souef).

For fuller information consult the Brit. Mus. Cat. Birds in the following
volumes : —

Key. B.M.G.

Pages 1-5 Vol. I.

5-7

II

7-11

III.

11-20

IV.

20-21

V.

21-23

VI.

23-30

VII.

30-36

VIII.

36-46

IX.

46-47

X.

47-54

XIII.

Key.

B.M.C.

Pa

2es 54-56 V(

>1. XVI.

56-58

XVII.

58-60

XIX.

60-68

XX.

68-73

XXI.

73-76

XXII.

76-78

XXIII.

79-87

XXIV.

87-96

XXV.

96-105

XXVI.

105-109

XXVII.

Pages 1-109 Hand List Birds Brit. Mus., R. B. Sharpe.

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

Acanthiza

24, 25

Calamoherpe -

- 20

Cymodroma -

- 92

Acanthochsera

44, 45

Calidris -

- 87

Cypselus

- 54

Acanthorhynchus
Acanthornis -

- 37

- 26

Gollocalia
Callocephalon

- 54
- 62

Dacelo -

- 57

Accipiter

- 4

Calopsittacus

- 63

Daption-

- 94

Acrocephalus

- 20

Calornis

- 48

Demiegretta -

- 99

Actitis -

85

Calyptorhynchus

61,62

Dendrocycn; -

- 106

x^Egialitis

82, 83

Campephasa -

12

Dicseum

- 46

^gintha

- 51

Caprimulgus -

- 54

Diomedea

95, 96

^Egotheles

- 55

Carphibis

- 97

Donacicola

- 50

Aelurtedus

- 21

Carpophaga -

- 70

Dromaeus

- 109

Aidemosyne •

- 50

Casarca -

- 107

Drymaoedus -

- 28

Alcyone

- 56

Casuarius

- 109

Dupetor -

- 100

Amadina

- 49

Catarrhactes -

- 104

A man r or iris -

- 77

Catheturus

- 74

Edoliisoma -

- 12

Amytis -

- 23

Centropus

- 60 Rlanus -

- 2

Anas

- 107

Cerchneis

- 3

Emblema

- 49

Ancylochilus -

- 83

Cereopsis

- 106

Entomophila -

- 40

Aiions -

89,90

Chsetura

- 54

Entomyza

- 45

Anseranas

- 105

Chalcococcyx

- 59

Eopsaltria

32, 33

Anthus -

- 47

Chalcophaps -

- 71

Ephthianura -

30

Antigone

- 78

Charadrius

- 81

Erismatura -

- 108

Aprosmictus -

- 64

Chenonetta -

- 106

Erythrogonys

- 80

Aquila -

1

Chenopis

- 105

Esacus -

- 79

Ardea -

- 98

Cheramreca -

- 47

Estrilda 49, 50,

51, 52

Ardetta-

- 100

Chibia -

- 10

Eudynamis -

- 59

Arenaria

- 80

Chlamydodera

- 22

Eudyptula

- 105

Arses

- 19

Chthonicola -

- 24

Eulabeornis -

- 76

Artamus

- 48

Cinclorhamphus

- 29

Kuphema

67, 68

Astur

- 4, 5 Cinclosoma -

27, 28

Eupodotis

- 78

Athene -

6 Cinuyris

- 36

Eurostopus

- 55

Atrichia

- 52! Circus -

- 3

Eurystomus -

- 56

Attagen -

- 103 Cisticola

- 24 Excalfactoria -

- 73

i Cladorhynchus

- 83

Barnardius

- 66 j Climacteric -

- 35 Falco -

- 3

Bartramia

- 85

Collyriocincla

- 10

Falcunculus -

- 32

Bathilda

- 51

Columba

- 70

Fregata -

- JOS

Baza

- 2

Corcorax

- 8

Fulica -

- 78

Biziura -

- 108

Corone -

- 7

Fulinaris

- 93

Botaurus

- 100

Corvus -

- 7

Burhinus

- 79

Coturnix

- 73

Gabianus

. 90

Butorides • 1

9, 100

Cracticus

31, 32

Gallinago

- 87

Craspedophora

- 9

Gallinula

77,78

Cacatua

62, 63

Crex

- 76 Garrodia

- 91

Cacomantis -

- 58

Cuculus -

- 58! Garzetta

- 99

Calamanthus -

29,30

Gyclopsittacus

- 61 ! Gelochelidon -

- 88

119

PAGE

PACK

PAGE

Geocichla - -21

Manucode - - 9

Pelecanoides - - 95

Geopelia • 70, 71

Megalestris - - 90

Pelecanus - - 103

Geophaps - - 72
Geopsittacus - - 68
Geronticus - - 97

Megalurus - 24
Megapodius - 74
Meliornis - 43, 44

Peltohyas - - 83
Poephila - - 51
Peristera - - 71

Gerygone - - 14

Meliphaga - 41

Petrochelidon - 47

Glareola - - 79

Melithreptus - 38, 39

Petroeca - - 13

Glossopsittacus 60, 61

Melopsittacus - 68

Petrophassa - 71, 72

Glottis - - 85

Menura - - 52, 53

Pezoporus - - 68

Glycyphila - 39, 40

Merops - - - 56

Phaethon - - 103

Graculus - - 101

Mesoscolopax - 84

Phalacrocorax - 101

Grallina - - 10

Micranous - » 89, 90

Phaps - - -71

Graucalus - - 12

Microeca - - 13

Philemon - - 45

Grus - 78

Microglossus - - 61

Phcebetria - - 96

Gygis -t - - 90

Micropus - - 54

Phonygama - - 9

Gymnorhina - - 31

Microtribonyx - 77

Piezorhynchus - 19

Gypoictinia - - 2

Milvus 2

Pinarolestes - - 11

Mimeta - - 9, 10

Pitta - - 53

Hasmatopus - - 80

Mirafra - - - 52

Platalea- - - 97

Halcyon - - 57

Misocalius - - 59

Platibis- - - 97

Haliaetus - 1

Monarcha - - 20

Platycercus 64, 65, 66

Haliastur - - 1

Munia - - - 50 j Plectrorhynchus - 39

Halobsena - - 95

Mycteria - - 100

Plegadis - - 97

Herodias - 98, 99

Myiagra - - 18

Plotus - - - 102

Heteractitis - - 85

Myristicivora - 69

Podargus - - 55

Heteromyias - - 15

Myzantha - - 44

Podicipes . - 104

Heteropygia - - 86

Myzomela - - 37

Poacilodryas - - 15

Hiaticula - - 83

Poliolimnas - - 77

Hieracidea - - 3

Nanodes - - 68

Polytelis - - 63

Himantopus - - 83

Neochmia - - 52

Pomaborhinus - 28

Hirundo - - 47

Neophema - 67, 68

Porphyrio - - 79

Histriophaps - - 71

Nettion - - - 107

Porphyrocephalus - 67

Hydralector - - 80

Nettopus - - 106

Porzana - - - 75

Hydrochelidon - 87

Ninor - - - 5, 6

Prionodura - 9

Hydroprogne - 88

Nisaetus - - 1

Psophodes - 29

Hylacola - - 28

Notophoyx - 98, 99

Pteropodocys- - 11

Hypotsenidia - 76

Numenius - - 84

Priocella - - 93

Nycticorax - 99

Priofinus - - 93

Ibis - - 96,97

Nyroca - - - 108

Priori ... 95

Procellaria 91-95

Lalage - - 12

Oceanites - - 91

Procelsterna - - 89

Larus - - - 90

Ochthodromus - 82

Pseudogerygone 14

Lathamua - - 68

Ocyphaps - 72

Psephotus - 66, 67

Lestris - - 90, 91

(Edicnemus - - 79

Psitteuteles - - 60

Leucosarcia - - 73

CEstrelata 93, 94

Pterodroma - - 94

Licmetis - - 63

Onychoprion - - 89

Ptilinopus - - 69

Limonites - - 86

Oreocincla - - 21

Ptilopus - - 69

Limosa - - - 84

Oreoiea - - - 32

Ptilorhis - - 9

Lipoa - - -74

Origma - - -24

Ptilonorhynchus - 21

Lobivanellus - - 81

Oriolus ... 9

Ptilosclera - 60

Lophoictinia - - 2

Orthonyx - - 27

Ptilotis - 41, 42, 43

Lopholaemus - - 70

Orthorhamphua - 79

Ptistes ... 64

Lophophaps - - 72

Ossifraga - - 94

Puffinus- 92, 93, 95

Pycnoptilus - - 28

Machserorhynchus - 18

Pachycephala 33, 34

Pyrrholaemus - - 26

Macropygia - - 70 i Pandion

Majaqueus - - 93 Pardalotus - 46, 47

Rallina - - - 76

Malacorhynchus - 108 Parra ... 80

Recurvirostra . 83

M alums - 16, 17

P«dionomus - - 76

Rhipidura - - 17

Manorhina - - 44

Pelagodroma • • 91

Rhynchsea - - 87

120

Rostratula

PAGE

- 87

Sterna -

PAGE

88, 89

Thalassidroma

PAGE

- 91

Stictonetta

- 108

Thalassogeron

- 96

Sauloprocta -

- 18

Stictoptera -

- 50

Threskiornis -

- 96

Scenopseus

- 22

Stiltia -

- 79

Totanus

84, 85

Schoeniclus

- 86

Stipiturus

- 23

Tribonyx

- 77

Scythrops

- 59

Strepera

- 7

Trichoglossus

- 60

Sericornis

26, 27

Strepsilas

- 80

Tringa -

- 86

Sericulus

- 22

Struthidea

- 8

Tringoides

- 85

Sisura -

- 19

Strix

6,7

Turnix -

74,75

Sittella -

- 36

Sula

- 102

Smicrornis

- 14

Sylochelidon -

- 88

Uroaetus

- 1

Spathopterus -

- 63

Syma , -

- 57

Urospizias

- 5

Spatula

- 107

Synoecus

73

Sphecotheres -

- 10

Xema

- 90

Spheniscus

- 105

Tachypetes -

- 102

Xeiiorhynchus

- 100

Sphenceacus -

- 24

Tadorna

- 107

Xerophila

- 30

ISphenostoma -

- 31

Tseniopygia -

- 50

Sphenura

- 23

Talegalla

- 74

Zanthomyza -

- 41

Squatarola

- 81

Tanysiptera -

- 58

Zonajginthus -

- 49

Staganopleura

- 49

Terekia -

- 85

Zonifer -

- 81

Stercorarius •

. 91

Thalasseus -

• 88

Zosterops

38

VERNACULAR INDEX.

PAGE

Acanthiza - 24, 25
Albatross - 95, 96
Apostle-bird (sp. 53) 8
Atrichia - - 52
Avocet - - 83

Babbler (Chatterer) 29
Bald- Coot - - 78
Bee-eater - - 56
Bell-bird - 32, 44
Bittern - - 99, 100
Blight-bird (Silver-
eye) - - - 38
Blue Jay (Cuckoo-
Shrike) - - 58
Blue Wren - - 16
Booby (Gannet) - 102
Bottle- Swallow (sp.

389) - 47

Bower-bird - 21, 22

,, (Prionodura) 9

Bristle-bird - - 23

Bush- Warbler

(Gerygone)- 14, 15
Bustard - - - 78
Butcher-bird - 31, 32
Buzzard - - 2

Calamaiithus - 29, 30
Campephaga - 12, 13
Cape Pigeon (.see Petrels)
Cassowary - - 109
Cat-bird > :- - - 21
Caterpillar-eater 12, 13
Channel-bill - - 59
Chat - - 30

Chatterer (Babbler) 29
Chough .-- 8
Chthonicola - - 24
Coachwhip-bird - 29
Cockatoo - 61-63
Coot - 78

Cormorant - - 101
Corn-bird (Cisticola) 24
Coucal ... 60

PAGE

PAGE

Crake - - 76, 77

Godwit - - 84

Crane - - 78

Grass-bird - - 24

,, (Herons) 98, 99

Grass -War bier - 24

Crow ... 7

Grass-Wren - 23

Crow-Shrike - - 7, 8

Graucalus - - 12

Cuckoo - - 58-60

Grebe - - - 104

Cuckoo-Shrike 11, 12

Greenshank - 84, 85

Curlew (Land) 79

Ground-Lark - 47

„ (Sea) - - 84

Ground-Thrush

21, 27, 28

Ground- Wren - 28

Dabchick - 104

Gull - - -90.

Derwent Jackass

(Cracticus)- 31, 32
Diamond-bird (Par-
dalote) - - 46
Dicseum- - - 46
Diver (Grebe) - 1C4

Hawk - 1-5
Heron - - 98, 99
Honey-eater - 37-45
Hylacola - - 28

,, (Cormorant) - 101

Dollar-bird - - 56

Ibis - x 96, 97

Dottrel - 80, 82, 83

Dove - - - 71

Drongo - .- - 10

Jabiru - . 100

Duck - - 106-108

Jacana - - - - 80

Dunlin (sp. 634) - 86

Jay (Chough) - 8

Jumper - - 8

Eagle - - - 1, 2
Egret - - 98, 99
Emu - - - 109

Kingfisher - 56-58
Knot - - - 86

Falcon - - - 3

Koel ... 59

Fan-tail 13,17,18,19,20

Field- Wren 24, 29, 30

Lalage - - 12, 1&

Fig-bird - - 10

Lark 29, 47, 52

Finch - - 49-51
Fly-catcher 13 (17-20)

Laughing Jackass - 57
Log-runner - - 27

Fly-eater - 14, 15

Lorikeet - - 60

Four-o'clock-bird

Lyre-bird - 52, 53.

(Friar-bird) - 45

Frigate-bird - 102, 103

Frogmouth - - 55

Magpie - - - 31

,, (Strepera) - 7, 8

Gallinule - 77, 78

Magpie Lark - - 10
Mallee Fowl - - 74

Gannet -. - - 102

Manucode. - 9

Geese - 105, 106

Martin - - - 47

Gerygone - 14, 15

Megapode - . 74

122

PAQK

Minah ... 44

PAGE

Reed- Warbler - 20

PAGE

Swan - - 105

Mistletoe-bird - 46

Regent-bird - - 22

Swift - - 54

Moor-hen - 77, 78

Rifle-bird - - 9

More-pork (Frog-

Robin 13, 14, 15, 28,

Talegalla - - 74

mouth) • 55 32, 33

Tang (White-

,, * (Boobook

Rock-Warbler - 24

fronted Chat) - 30

Owl) - - 5

Roller - - - 56

Tern - - 87-90

Mutton-bird - - 93

Thickhead - 33, 34

Native Companion 78
Native-hen - - 77
Nightjar - 54, 55
Nun (White -fronted
Chat) - - 30

Sanderling - 87
Sandpiper - 85, 86
Satin Bower-bird - 21
Scale-bird (Pallid
Cuckoo) - - 58
Scrub Fowl - - 74
Scrub-Robin - 28

Thornbill (Tit) 24, 25
Thrush (10, 11) 21.27,28
Tit 14, 24, 25
Titmouse - - 30
Tom-Tit (Acau-
thiza) - - 24, 25
Tree-creeper - - 35

Sornb Wnrblpr

Tree-runner - - 36

Ofeoica - - - 32
Oriole - - 9, 10
Orthonyx - 27
Owl - - - 5-7

Oyster-catcher - 80

OOl LIU- >V ell UlcL

(Gerygone) 14, 15
„ (Hvlacola) - 28
Scrub-Wren 26, 27
Semitone-bird (Pal-
lid Cuckoo) - 58
Sericornis - 26, 27

Tree-Tit (Smicrornis) 14
Tringa - 86
Tropic-bird - 103
Trumpet-bird (sp. 59) 9
Turkey - 74, 78
Turnix - - 74, 75

Shag (Cormorant) - 101

Turnstone - 80

Pardalote - 46, 47

Shrike-Robin - 32

Parra 80

Shrike -Thrush 10, 11

Wanderer - 76

Parrot tribe - 60-68

Shrike -Tit - 32

Warbler - 16, 24

Pelican - - - 104

Silver-eye - 38

Water-hen (Coot) - 78

Penguin - - 105

Sittella - - 36

Wedge-bill - - 31

Peter Peter (sp. 86) 13

Skua - - 90, 91

Whimbrel - - 84

Petrel - - 91-95

Snake-bird (sp. 729) 102

Whip-bird - 29

Pigeon - - 69-73

Snipe - 87

Whistling Jackass

Pilot-bird 23

Song -Lark - - 29

(Cracticus) - 31, 32

Pipit - 47

Spinebill (sp. 299) - 37

White-eye (Silver-

Pitta - - 53

Spinetail (Orthonyx) 27

eye) " - - 38

Plover - 79, 81
Podargus - 55
Pratincole - - 79

Spoonbill - - 97
Squeaker (Xerophila) 30
Starling - - 48

White-face(sp. 239) 30
Widgeon (sp. 759) 108
Wit-e-chu (Parda-

Prion - 95

Stilt - - 83

lote) - - 46, 47

Prionodura - - 9

Stint - - 86

Wood-S wallow (Ar-

Stone Plover- - 79

tamus) - - 48

Stork - - 100

Wren 16, 17, 23; 26-30

Quail - 73-76

Struthidea - 8

Summer-bird (Ar-

Xerophila - - 30

tamus) 48

Rail ... 76
Raven - - 7

,, (Cuckoo-
Shrike) 12

Yellow-tail (sp. 196) 25

Red-breast(Robin)13,14

Sun-bird 36

Red-throat - - 26

Swallow 47, 48

Zosterops - - 38

•

GLOSSARY.

.EGITHOGNATHOUS. — The skull having the maxillo-palatine processes

separated by a cleft, and the vomer truncated in front, narrow

behind. Examples, perching birds.

AFTER SHAFT. — Supplementary shaft of feather (long in Emu)
AXISODACTYL — Unequal toed.
AURICULAR. — Pertaining to the ear.
AXILLA. — Arm-pit.

BASTARD WING. —Group of short, stiff feathers growing on pollex or thumb.
BIFID. — Two cleft.
CAECUM. — Part of intestine.
CALLOSITY. — Hardened part.
CASQUE —Helmet.

CERE. — Membrane at base of upper mandible.
CNEMIAL. — ^Pertaining to the tibia.
COMMISSURE. — Corner of mouth ; frequently applied to whole line of

closure of the bill.

CONTOUR FEATHERS.— Body feathers.
CORIACEOUS. — Leathery.
CORVINE. — Crow-like.

COLMEN.— Highest middle lengthwise line of upper mandible.
CULMINICORN. — Horny covering to culrnen.
CUNEATE — Wedge shape.
CUTANEOUS.— Skm like.
DERTRUM.— Swollen tip of bill.
DESMOGNATHOUS. — The skull having the maxillo-palatine processes united

to form a bony roof to the palate ; the vomer truncated in front,

small or obsolete. Example, duck.
EMARGINATED. —Notched.
EPIGNATHOUS. — Hook -billed.
FEMUR. — Bone above tibio-tarsus.
FOSSA. — Groove.
FURCATE. — Forked.

FURCULA. — " Wishing bone " of breast.
GAPE. — Line of commissure of mandible.
GIBBOUS. —Swollen.
GONYS (Genys). — Under middle line of lower mandible from junction of

prongs to tip.

GORGET, — Metallic throat-plate.
GULAR. — Pertaining to region of middle throat.
HALLUX. — Hind toe.
HOLORHINAL.— Nasal bone unsplit.
INTERRAMAL — In fork of lower jaw.
INTERSCAPULUM. — Between shoulders.
LAMELLA. — Thin plates.
LANCEOLATE. —Tapering.
LATERICORN.— Horny side plate of bill.

124

LOBE. — Space between eye and base of upper mandible.

MALAR. — Pertaining to cheek.

MANDIBLES. — Upper and lower jaws with their covering.

MANUBRIUM. — Process of the fore-border of sternum.

MAXILLA. — Lateral margin of upper mandible.

NAPE. — Upper part of neck behind.

NUCHAL. — Pertaining to region of neck.

OCCIPUT. — Hind-head.

OCREATE. — Having the tarsal envelope continuous ; booted.

OPERCULUM. — A lid.

ORBITAL. — Region of eye.

OSCINES. — Singers.

PECTORAL. — Breast region.

PERVIOUS. — Open.

PHALANGES. — Bones of digits of hand and foot.

PILEUM. — Whole top of head.

PLANTA. — Sides and back of tarsus.

PLUMULES. — Down feathers.

PRIMARIES. — Main flight feathers growing on pinion or hand.

RECTRICES. — Tail quills.

REMIGES. — Quills of wing.

RICTAL. — Pertaining to gape.

ROSTRUM. — Bill.

SCAPULARIES. — Feathers on the shoulder-blades.

SCHIZOGNATHOUS. — The skull having maxillo - palatine processes of the
maxilla separated by a cleft, and the vomer long and pointed in
front, narrow behind. Example, common fowl.

SCHIZORHINAL. — Split nasal bone.

SCUTELLATE. — Having small plate-like surfaces.

SECONDARIES. — Flight feathers seated on the fore-arm (ulna).

SEMI-PALMATED. — Half -webbed.

SHAFT.— Main stem of feather.

SPATULATE. — Spoon-shaped.

SPECULUM. — Conspicuous bright spot.

SPURIOUS WING.— Bastard wing.

STERNUM. — Breastbone.

SUBULATE. — Awl-shaped.

SULCUS. — Furrow.

SYNDACTYL. — Joined toes in part of length.

TARSUS. — Lower part of leg.

TERTIALS. — Innermost secondaries growing upon humerus.

THUMB.— Pollex or outer digit of hand.

TIBIO-TARSUS. — Middle long bone of leg.

TOMIUM.— Cutting edge of bill.

VOMER. — A membrane bone of the skull in the median line ; sometimes in
paired halves, one on each side of the median line.

ZYGODACTYL. — Toes arranged in pairs, two in front and two behind.

Walker, May and Co., Printers, Mackillop Street, Melbourne.

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