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Division of Birds 


J 


THE BIRDS OF BURMA. 


BY 


H. H. HARINGTON, 


i 


MAJOR, INDIAN ARMY: 


Men Ons. B-Z:S: 


“ RANGOON GAZETTE” PRESS: 
1909. 


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SONIAN INST, 


LUT 
341854 
FEB 9 = 1959 


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Birds 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Introduction see on «oe wee aes 
I.— Crows eee ose eve ate J 
II.—Mynas eee eee ene nee 6 
III.—Babblers ose ose oe ies 9 
1V.—Small Babblers eos aes sak 13 
V.—Bulbuls + ene bee see 15 
ViI.—Green Bulkuls, etc. ove sos eee 18 
VII.—Warblers ees eee aa eos 19 
VIII.—Nuthatches, Tits, etc. .. eee see 22 
IX.—Drongos we see aoe see 25 
X.—Shrikes aaa tee dee a 27 
XI.—Orioles sa Ae aes ose 29 
XII.—Flycatchers ... ees was oes 30 
XII1.—Thrushes — ae cas vee a 32 
XIV. - Finches eee eee ove Per 34 
XV.—Weaver Birds and Munias eon ea 35 
XVI.—Swallows... ees eon eee 37 
XVII.—Wasgtails... =e eee aoe 38 
XVIII.--Sun-birds — eve aaa oan ona 39 
XIX.— Woodpeckers 3 ooo se 41 
_ XX.—Barbets toe eee vee oes 43 
XXI.—Roller and Bee-eaters oe ee ae 45 
XXII.—Kingfishers vee eee eas 47 
XXIII.—Hornbills  ... = vee ove 49 
XXIV.—Swifts ee a xe eee 50 
XXV.—Cuckoos aa ye vee aco 52 
XXVI.—Paroquets ... ove eee vee 53 
XXVII.—Owls ove ave eee eve 55 
XXVIII.—Birds of Prey sad sas eae 56 
XXIX.—Pigeons ea eee ose ase 60 


Distribution of Birds of Burma sae wae 7k 


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INTRODUCTION. 


HE majority of these notes appeared in the Rangoon Gazette and 

were written with a hope that they might be a slight help to 

those who take an interest in our common Birds and are now repub- 
lished by the kind permission of the Editor of that Journal, 


I have tried to give a characteristic description by which the bird 
may be recognised when seen, and have purposely omitted long 
technical ones, For those who wish to go into the subject more 
fully, I have given the names and numbers referring to the Fauna of 
India, Bards, four volumes, by Mr. E, W, Oates and Dr, Blandford. 


Many of the birds mentioned are not exactly common, but it must 
be remembered that those which are rare in some localities may be 
common or plentiful in others, I have described the Pigeons more 
fully, as they are omitted by ail books on Game Birds, and as they are 
more often shot by sportsmen, these notes may help them to identify 
their bag. Ihave omitted the game and water birds as they have 
several books devoted to themselves. 


From the number of new books which are published yearly at home 
on our British Birds and from the numerous magazine articles, more 
and more interest seems to be taken in our home Birds, whilst 
out here, where the birds are more interesting both from their greater 
variety and more beautiful colouring, hardly any notice seems to be 


taken, 


And for those who find themselves in dull, monotonous, out-of-the- 
way places, with no polo or shooting to beguile themselves or, when 
on the march, I know of no pleasanter way to pass the time than 
in watching and trying to recognise the various birds one sees and 
hears, and it is astonishing the numbers there are if one only chooses 


to listen and keep one’s eyes open. 


At the endis given a distribution List, of Birds recorded from 
different parts of Burma from which it will be seen how rich this 
province is in its great variety of Bird life. ‘These lists are by no 
means complete, and itis hoped that others will collect and record 
birds from other localities, 


BHAMO; 
Fie Pisce 
The 1st December 1908. 


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THE COMMON BIRDS OF BURMA. 
I 


CROWS. 


AT first it might seem quite unnecessary to describe such common 
birds, as they are always forcing their attention on us, But the 
crows consist of a large family, and not all of them of the same 
disreputable caste as our two common pests, Burma is particularly 
well representated by this family; having a good many not met with 
in other parts of India, 

The Crow family consists of crows, magpies, treepies, and jays, 
and may be divided up into five main groups by their colouring and 
the shape of their tails, 


(t) Zhe Crows (proper) are birds whose plumage is all or nearly 
all black, and whose tails are square-shaped. 


(2) The Magpies have long gratuated tails (%.¢, longer than 
their wings) and are either of the well-known black and white pied 
plumage, or of a bright blue or a bright green. 


(3) The Lreepies are also birds with long gratuated tails, whose 
prevailing colour is brown with black points, and have rather pleasing 
metallic calls, as well as harsh jay-like cries. 


(4) The Racket-tailed magpies are birds of a much smaller size 
and have a peculiar shaped tail, in which the two central feathers 
are suddenly broadened out into racqnet-shaped ends. They are 
peculiar to Burma, not being found in India, 


(5) Lhe Jays are brown coloured birds with a conspicuous white 
patch in the small of their backs, and have the well-known blue and 
black checked feathers in their wings. 


JUNGLE CROW. 


The Jungle Crow, A good many people fail to recognise him and 
class him with his noisier and more conspicuous smaller cousin, 
the house-crow; others notice the difference and call him a raven, 
of which we have none in Burma. He is easily recognised by his 
glossy black coat and large coarse beak, and is in fact a very near 
relation of the European Carrion-crow, having the same habits when 
he keeps to his proper sphere, Many have, however, like the rural 
population at home, left the country for the attractions of the towns, 
and in consequence have lost in size, His true habitat is the jungle, 
of which there is hardly any bit which a pair of them does not 
patrol. However far away one may. be out shooting, one or more 
always turn up to act as general scavengers, During the nesting 


( 2 ) 


season they are every bit as bad as the Carrion-crow at home, and 
are the worst poachers we have out here, doing more harm in the 
robbing of eggs and young birds than any other of the numerous 
vermin the East is blessed with, Their own nesting season is ear] 
in the year, February and March being the two chief months, though 
some birds may breed later for various reasons, and I have taken 
their eggs as late as June, They are much warler than the house 
crow in their nesting operations and never giving away the'r nests 
in the same way. Most of them retire to some secluded spO: to raise 
their families, but those in towns nest in any convenient big tree, 
They, build a large compact nest, generally a good height up and lay 
four or five greenish spotted eggs, very like the Carrion-crow s eggs, 
Found all over Burma, and well up in the hills, but not so plentiful 
as in the low country. 


Burmese name—Taw-chegan. 


(No. 4. Corvus macrorhynchus.) 


BURMESE HOUSE CROW. 


Mr. Corvus Insolens could have no better Latin name, He has 
no good or redeeming points, and is at the best, I suppose, a neces- 
sary evil and must be endured like all the other nasty things we — 
seem to be blessed with in the Fast, He isa good bit smaller than 
the Jungle crow and a much neater shaped bird, and rather a hand- 
some one in his way, with his black coat anda dark brownish-grey 
neck and wicked light-coloured eyes, He is very like his Indian 
brother, whose neck is, however, a much paler grey which is much 
more conspicuous ; his “caw” is also quite distinct, and is very 
noticeable when one gets to Ceylon on the way home and hear the 
Indian gentleman's voice. I suppose he must have been a true wild 
bird once, I mean one that had to make his own living and not to 
depend for one on man; he has, however, lost all his wild jungle 
habits and is never found away from the haunts of man. These birds 
like plenty of their own company in all their goings on, and 
thoroughly understand the act of mutual support, ‘They generally 
nest in colonies or in the same localities, and also roost together, 
their going to bed operations being very noisy and lengthy, and 
their nights often disturbed, when, let us hope, some owl or cat gets 
hold of one of their number, They begin nesting about the end of 
February or beginning of March so as to have their young hatched 
before the rains; they build compact nests, laying three or four 
greenish eggs with brown spots, Found all over Burma and the Shan 
States about the towns and large villages, but never away from human 
habitations, There are many small out-of-the-way villages not bless- 
ed.with them. 


Burmese name—Chegan. 


(No. 8. Corvus insOlens), 


{ oe) 
INDIAN HOUSE CROW. 


The Indian House Crow habits the same as those of the last, 
It has, however, a light grey neck and is found, I believe, along the 
Arracan coast. 


(No. 7. Corvus splendens.* 


THE CHINESE MAGPIE. 


The Chinese Magpie is practically the same as the familiar English 
bird, which has, with slight variations, a very wide distribution right 
across Europe and Asia, He is not generally found in Burma, but 
is very common in the Shan States, and gets more and more plentiful 
the further east or north one goes, The only place in Burma proper 
where he is found is round Bhamo where he is fairly common, He 
wants no description with his well-known black and white p!umage 
and long tail which is being continually cocked up over his back, 
They build the same conspicuous domed nest as at home, with its 
roof of thorns as a protection. It was owing tothe taking of the 
eggs of this old familiar friend which re-awakened in me my 
keenness in bird’s nesting and egg collecting in which I had not 
indulged since my school days. 


I may here add that it isa much more interesting occupation out 
here than at home, owing to the far greater variety, but, at the same 
time, owing to the climate, it is a much harder one, Nests are not so 
easy to find, as birds out here have many more enemies to contend 
with, and so, accordingly, take greater care to conceal them, One 
has first to learn the habits of the different birds before one can 
hope to find their nests, as each bird has its own particular breeding 
season, and this is carried through the year, different birds nesting 
in every month, . 


But to return to our friend the Magpie. He is a very common 
bird in the Eastern Shan States. and | believe the further east one 
goes the more he takes the place of the crows, He isan early 
breeder, nesting in February and March, and lays five or six eggs of 
a greenish ground colour, with brown spots and markings, Jt is 
found commonly in the Northern and Southern Shan States and 
round Bhamo, 


(No. 10a, Pica sericea.) 


THE RED-BILLED BLUE MAGPIE. 


The Red-Billed Blue Magpie. [n many parts of Burma this is 
one of our most conspicuous, as well as noisy birds, calling attention 
to itself by its chatter, as it flies through the jungle in parties of 
about half a dozen or more. The prevailing colour is blue with 
bright coral-red bill and legs. Its two central tail feathers are 


cA 98 


elongated and curl up at their tips, its breast bluish white, head and 
neck black, with a white patch at the back. It is generally to be 
found in all the well-wooded parts of Burma, and is especially 
common in the Shan States, It nests generally in March and April 
although its nest may be found later, It builds an open cup-shaped 
nest, generally placedin a small tree from 12 to 20 feet from the 
ground and lays three or four eggs very like the common magpie, 


It lives chiefly on grasshoppers and insects, which it catches on 
the ground, and is not above doing a bit of poaching, like the rest 
of the crow tribe. It is found in all suitable localities, and is to be 
found near Rangoon. . 


Burmese name—Hnet.daw-pya. 


(No. 12, V. occipitalis,) 


@QREEN MAGPIE. 


The Green Magpie is rather a rare bird, and found only in dense 
jungle, It is a little smaller than the Common Magpie and _ its 
prevailing colour being bright grass-green with brown patches on 
the wings, anda red bill. It is extraordinary how skins of this bird 
fade from pale green to blue, after they have been kept for a few 
years, 


(No. 14. Cissa chinensis. ) 


INDIAN TREE PIE. 


The Indian Tree Pie is another conspicuous bird, with a long 
fan-shaped tail. In size it is slightly smaller than the House-crow, 
and its prevailing colour being brownish-buff with black points, and 
light-grey onits wings, It is not generally found in parties, and 
keeps to the trees, rarely coming down to the ground, These 
magpies draw attention to their whereabouts by their fine metallic 
calls and harsh jay-like chatterings, and are more often found round 
gardens and villages than in thick jungles, They place their nests 
fairly high up in trees or bamboos and Jay two types of eggs, one 
white with pinkish-brown spots, the other white with greyish-green 
ones, They are well distributed over the whole Province, in the hills 
their place being taken by the Himalayan Tree-Pie, One or other is 
found in most parts of Burma, 


Burmese name—Napagyi. 


(No, 16, Dendrocitta rufa.) 


THE HIMALAYAN TREE-PIE. 


This bird is only found above about 4,000 feet and has exactly the 
same habits as the last, but differs in haying the back of its head grey 


( 5%) 


and forehead black, instead of smoky brown, and has not the grey 
patch on its wings, 


(No. 18. D, himalayensis.) 


BLACK RACKET-TAILED PIE. 


The Black Racket-Tailed Pie. This is a very handsome little bird 
peculiar to Burma, and not found in India, though extending into 
Siam and the Malay Peninsula, It is much smaller than the last 
mentioned bird and is about the same size as the common King-crow, 
for which in fact it is generally mistaken, When it flies its prevail- 
ing colour seems to be black like that bird, but when the bird is 
examined, it will be seen to have a black vélvety band at the base of 
its bill, its head and neck, in a reflected light, being a beautiful dark 
glossy metallic green; while the remainder of its body is black, 
glossed over with the same metallic colour.. From its name it will be 
noticed that it has a long racquet-shaped tail, the two central feathers 
being broadened out at the end, whilst the King-crow has the two 
outer feathers curled up at the end. It is avery common little bird 
round Rangoon, and has a pleasing series of calls of the same de- 
scription as the tree-pie. I cannot hélp thinking that he is one of 
nature’s so-called mimics, As he is so very like a King-crow that the 
Burmans even call him one, but instead of acting as policeman and 
bully to the bird world in general, he is most probably a regular 
thief and poacher like the rest of the family. Ue is a bird of Lower 
Burma and not found north of Pyinmana, The breeding season is in 
June and July, the nest is generally made of creepers and placed ina 
clump of bamboos or bushes, the eggs are of the usual family type 
but very much smaller, 


Burmese name—Ami-whine. 


(No. 21. C, varians.) 


HOODED RACKET-TAILED PIE. 


This is another handsome little Magpie about the same size as the 
last, Itis peculiar to the dry-zone of Upper Burma, and not found 
anywhere else, Its head and neck is a glossy metallic black, whilst 
the remainder of its body is a beautiful dove grey, relieved by a 
whitish-grey collar round the back of the neck, The feathers of the 
tail are black, the two centre ones being of the same racquet shape as 
the last, As already said, this bird is only found in the dry~zone, and 
is a bird of the jungles and rarely found near human habitations, It 
is fairly common in the districts of Mandalay, Meiktila, Yamethin and 
Monywa, It has the regular undulating flight of the family, and the 
same metallic cries, It breeds about April and May. Although the 
bird is so common its nest has only rarely been found, The latter is 
very curiously constructed ; the lower part is a regular thorny halo; 
inside this is a very small, neat nest made of grass, the whole thing 
giving one the idea that the bird feared enemies from below, probably 


R. Oe) 


snakes and lizards, and not from above, Its egg are of the regular 
family type. 
Burmese name— Na-pha-ju. 


(No. 22, C, cucullata.) 


THE BURMESE JAY. 


The Jays are rather rare birds in Burma, There is no mistaking a 
Jay as it always has a bright patch of blue and black checked feathers 
in its wings, 


‘he only place I have seen them at all plentiful is at Maymyo, 
where their harsh grating calls may often be heard round the Golf 
course, they also may be seen along the numerous “rides,” going 
about in parties consisting of Red-billed Magpies, Tree-pies and 
Laughing Uhrushes, systematically hunting the jungle for what they 
may devour, 


I may mention that the so-called Blue Jay is not a Jay at all, or in 
any way connected with the crow-tribe; but is a Roller, so-called from 
h's rolling flight, and will be described in his proper place. ‘There 
should be no difficulty in distinguishing between a Jay anda Roller, 
the former being a brownish coloured bird with a white patch in the 
small of its back, and its whitish forehead streaked with dark brown, 
throat white and cheeks black. The latter on the other hand has 
conspicuous blue wings and tail, 


With the exception of the true crows, all the memters of this 
family are great mimics, They may often be heard, when the jungles 
are quiet and undisturbed, or when they are particularly happy, 
calling and imitating the various noises and cries they may be 
familiar with, Many of them are also very sociable, going about in 
large mixed parties of other birds, for the purpose doubtless of 
thoroughly hunting the country for their prey—grasshoppers, bugs, 
etc, The Burmese Jay is found in dry and oak forests along the 
eastern hills of Burma from Bhamo to Tenasserim. 


(No, 25. G, leucotis.) 


I] 
THE MYNAS. 


The Sturnidae ate a well marked group Of birds and include the 
starlings and mynas, None of the former are found in Burma except 
as stray visitors. ‘The latter are, however, very well represented. 


Mynas are gregarious and, at certain periods of the year, going in 
large flocks. ‘The majority nest in holes of trees, or in houses and 
along river banks. Two of the family make large untidy nests in 
trees, They all lay spotless blue eggs. 


Co) 
THE COMMON OR HOUSE MYNA. 


The Commoa Myna requires very little description, being a 
common and very familiar bird round our houses and compounds, 
thinking every suitable hole or corner its owa particular property for 
nesting purposes. A cheery bird witha great idea of its own Im- 
portance, but a horrible nuisance in the way it bores one with endless 
chatter accompanied by a continued bobbing of the head, It isa 
brown bird with a blackish head and breast, a conspicuous patch of 
white feathers in its wings and a bright yellow naked patch round its 
eye. It nests in any convenient ho’e in a tree or building, making an 
untidy nest of straw, feathers, etc., laying four or five spotless pale 
blue eggs. 4 
Burmese name —Zayet. 


(No. 549. A. tristis.) 


THE JUNGLE MYNA. 


The Jungle Myna at first slight is very like the last, but wants the 
two uaked patches on the cheeks and has, instead, a small curl of 
feathers over the base of its b:ll, Top of the head black, back and 
body reddish brown, chin, throat and breast, ashy brown. 


It is very common bird in many parts of Burma, especially round 
Rangoon, where it has taken to disputing the ccrners of bungalows 
with the Common Myna, In other parts of Burma it is a regular 
jungle brd, 

Burmese name—Tau-zayet. 
(No. 552. A. fuscus.) 


THE S'AMESE MYNA. 


The Siamese Myna is a very handsome bird with a conspicuous 
curl of long black feathers over its yellow beak. With the exception 
of a white patch on the wings and the tips of the tail, its entire 
plumage is almost entirely black. A very common bird in many 
localitiés, preferring open country, or the endless kine-grass plains of 
Northern Burma, It is especially common in the Shan States, Bhamo, 
Myitkyina and Upper Chindwin districts, 


It has the curious habit of breeding in colonies together with the 
next species, both nesting in hundreds in holes along the sandy banks 
of the Upper Chindwin and in the sides of the Fort ditch at Bhamo, 
It also nests in holes of trees and houses. 

Burmese name—Chwe-zayet. 


(No. 553. A. grandis. ) 
THE COLLARED MYNA. 


The Collared Myna is found in exactly the same localities, and 
has the same habits as the last, 
2 


( 8 ) 
It is a brownish-black bird with an interrupted yellowish-white 
collar on the back of its neck, also a small tuft of feathers at the base 
of its bill. The above two birds aré very partial to following bison 


and tsine, and if watched while flying about in likely Iccalities, wiil 
often indicate the whereabouts of a herd. 


Burmese nane—Nowa-zayet. 
(No. 554. A. albocinctus.) 


THE GREY-HEADED AND WHITE-WiINGED MYNAS. 


Are two little Mynas which are very much smal'er than the others, 
being about eight inches in length. They keep almost entirely to 
trees, very rarely coming down to the ground, and are found in all the 
better wooded parts of the country, 


Heads and backs a silvery grey, the crown of the head being much 
lighter; chin and throat pale co!oured, turning to reddish on the 
breast. The first is found round Rangoon and in the north of the 
Upper Chindwin districts, the second being common in most of the 
well-wooded districts of both Upper and Lower Burma, They are 
very much alike, the sécond having a conspicuous white patch of 
feathers under its wings. 


(Nos, 538 & 539. Sturnia malabarica and nemoricola.) 


JERDON’S MYNA. 


Very like the above, but is larger, being nine inches; in length and 
has a brown naked patch on the cheeks. Common in most “parts of 
Burma and particularly so in the jungles of the dry zone, 


Burmesé name—Zayet-goung-byu. 
(No, 547. G. burmanica.) 


THE BLACK-NECKED MYNA. 


Is the giant amongst mynas, being eleven inches in length. It has 
a conspicuous white head, with a black collar just be!ow it ; remainder 
of upper plumage brown, underparts white. 


A common bird in the Shan States, Bhamo, Myitkiyna and Upper 
Chindwin, a few being found inthe Monywa and Pakokku districts, 
These are the large noisy Mynas so common round Maymyo, their 
vociferous chatter being heard at a great distance. They do not 
congregate together like the majority of Mynas after the breeding 
season, “but keep together in pairs throughout the year, They build 
large untidy nests, and lay the usual pale blue eggs of the family, 


(No. 546. G. nigricollis, ) 


( 9): 
THE BURMESE PIED MYNA. 


The Pied-Myna is the common little black and white Myna with 
a conspicuous yellow bill, generally to be seen following cattle. 
lt builds a large untidy nest in the boughs of trees and lays the 
regular spotless blue eggs, During the breeding season the cock 
bird is bit of a songster, often imitating the skylark in its song. 


Burmese name—Chwe-zayet. 
(No. 556. S. superciliaris, ) 


THE HILL MYNA, OR INDIAN GRACKLE. 


The ‘‘talkingemyna”’ is not a true myna at all, but belongs toa 
family by itself. It requires very little description as it is the most | 
popular cage bird of the East. Its whole plumage is a glossy blue- 
black, relieved by a patch of white feathers in its wings; and has a 
conspicuous yellow bill and wattles or comb on each side of its head. 
It isa great mimic, and, being easily fed, is in great request asa 
cage-bird, Nests in holes of trees and lays pale blue eggs spotted 
with red, Found in all well-wooded jungles and along the foot of 
the hills. 


Burmese name—Kale-gar. 
(No. 524. Eulabes intermedia.) 


es 
{ 


Il] 
THE BABBLERS. 


We now come toa very large family or group of birds, peculiar 
to the East, and not found at home, containing most of the small 
and familiar birds we have out here. Owing tothe family not being 
represented at home, we have no suitable English names to give 
them, and so, in many, cases have given them tho.e belonging to birds 
of a totally different family, or have supplied them with new ones 
taken from their descriptive colouring. These names are, however, 
unfortunately very cumbersome and misleading, and in many cases 
would be suitable to more than one species. 


The family is divided up into six groups, three of which are well 
defined and easily recognisable, the other three being made up of 
a miscellaneous assortment of birds, 


THE LAUGHING THRUSHES. 


The Laughing Thrushes are birds about the size of an English 
Song-thru-h, but differ from the true Thrushes in many points ; chiefly 
in having a remarkably small sounded wing, and large powerful legs 
and feet. They are both arboreal and terrestial in their habits, and 
are all gregarious, going aboutin large parties of their own ard 
other Species, They are more often heard than seen, though Ly 


(10 ) 


no means shy, retiring birds, and are generally very inquisitive, 
liking to know what has disturbed them, when they dash off and 
start a jovial sort of laughing concert, one bird generally singing a 
solo whilst the others join in with a laughing accompaniment, 


Burmese name for all Laughing Thrushes—Way-oung-hnet. 


THE WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHINC-THRUSH 


Are the noisiest, and have probably from their hilarious and 
unseem'y conduct, given a name to the whole family, many of which 
are of a very retiring disposition, They are plentiful in most suitable 
localities, generally found in all well-wooded parts of the country, 
but do not ascend the hills to any height. They are especially 
common in the jungles round Rangoon. And are large brown 
birds aboout eleven inches in length, and have conspicuous white- 
crested heads, the upper parts of the body brown, the lower parts 
white edged with grown. There is no mistaking the species when 
once seen or heard as they are extremely noisy. 


There are two varieties of this bird, the first being the Himalayan, 
which is found in the north down to Bhamo, and on the western side 
and hills of Burma, and the second is the Burmese which is found 
round Rangoon and up the eastern side, ‘There isa third variety 
which is found inthe extreme east and south and isthe Siamese 
one. The only differeace is in the amount of white and brown of 
their under parts. 


They build large cup-shaped n2sts which are generally placed in 
a bush or clump of bamboos, and lay three or four pure white glossy 
egss. 1 may add here thit the birds of this family nearly all lay 
pure white, or spotless b!ue, or grecnish eggs, only a few of the 
rarer ores laying spotted eggs. 


Burmese name—Way-oung-hnet-goung byu. 
No, 69. Garrulax leucolophus. The Himalayan White crested 
Laughing Thrush 
No, 70. Garrulax G, belangeri. The Burmese White-crested 
Laughing Thrush, 


No, 71. Garculax G, diardi. The Siamese White-crested 
; Laughing Thrush. 


THE BLACK-GORGETED LAUGHING THRUSH 


Is the largest of th> family, and is about the size of an English 
Missel-thrush. It isa bird of the low hills, and is found round 
Rangoon, it o.tea consorts with the white-crested species and is 
almost as noisy, In length about thirteen inches. Upper parts 
olive-brown, a broad collar at the back of the neck -right chestnut, 
_a whitish coloured eye-brow with black edges, the black being 
continued round the checks and down tke neck to the breast, forming 
a_ black gorget, from which it gets its name; chin white and lower 


Cit hi) 


parts light coloured. It makes a cup-shaped nest and lays three or 
four light-blue eggs, 


(Ne, 72. G. pecteralis.) 


THE NECKLACED LAUGHING THRUSH. 


This species is very like the last, but is smaller, being 12 inches 
in length and has not the black cheek stripe. It lays pale-blue eggs 
in a cup-shaped nest, Both the. above are fairly common in suitable 
localities. They look very like European thrushes as they fly away 
from one, but these laughing thrushes have nothing in common 
except their name, with the true thrushes, which are a distirct 
family. 


(No. 73. G. moniliger,) 


THE BLACK-THROATED LAUGHING THRUSH. 


This is not exactly a common bird in any part of the country 
except in the hills round Toungoo and at Thandoung where it is 
plentiful; it is also found inthe Shan States, and extends into 
China. It has a series of fine notes which can hardly be calieda 
song, and is, I believe, one of the favourite cage birds of Southern 


China. 


Its neck and throat are black; cheeks and forehead white; head 
and nape slaty-blue ; upper plumage dark olive-brown, and it is about 
e'even inches in length, It builds the regular family ty,e of nest 
and lays pure white eggs, 


(No, 64. D. chinensis.) 


THE WHITE-BROWED LAUGHING THRUSH. 


The White-browed Laughing Thrush is a bird of the hills, and is 
common inthe Shan States, both at Taunggyi and Maymyo, and 
especially so at Sinlum-Kaba. In size it isabt smaller than the 
last, and is a brown bird with a yellowish-white eyebrow. In length 
it 1s about ten inches long, and has its cheeks and eye-brow yellow- 
ish white, head, neck and throat chestnut brown, upper piumage 
olive brown, under parts lighter, tail rufous-brown and under the 
same a bright chestnut, [tis extremely noisy at times, but ina 
complaining sort of way, especially towards evening when they collect 
together before going to bed, and from their notes one would think 
that the day had not been particularly successful ; they have not the 
jo ly sort of laughing note like the white-crested gentleman, 

They breed in April and May making a cup-shaped nest and lay 
three or four pale blue or white eggs, 


Kachine name—Wofrow, and Shong-shay, 
(No. 69. D. sannio.) 


( 12 ) 
THE WHITE-THROATED BABBLER. 


The “ Zay-we” is one of the most familiar birds of Mandalay 
and the dry-zone in general, haunting both compounds and iungle, 
and goes by the name of the “seven sisters” or ‘rat-birds;” both 
names, however, | believe, belong to Indian birds, which are not 
found in this country. This being one of Burma’s own produc- 
tions, not being found in any other parts of the east. There is no 
mistaking them, with their untidy dress, and dirty white shirt fronts, 
and long ragged tails, ‘They cannot be exactly called “laughing 
thrushes”’? although they belong to the same family, as they seem 
never happy but always complaining with their harsh grating voices, 
They have however the family characteristic of going about together 
in parties, and generally seem very busy as they hop about with 
tails held at different angles, hunting and turning over the fallen 
leaves. When they have to fly, which they always seem very loth 
to do, they go in fora regular rocketing flight, with their small 
round wings extended, and their tails spread out ina fan, They 
nest during the hot weather, building a cup-shaped nest in any 
convenient bush cr bamboo clump, and lay four beautiful hedge- 
sparrow-blue eggs, 


Burmese name—Zay-we. 
(No, 106, A, gularis.) 


Another bird very like the above, but wanting the white shirt- 
front, is to be found in patches of grass jungle near swamps, and 
along the river bank, and 1s especially common at Bhamo below the 
Polo ground, and is the Striated Babbler, it has the same harsh 
notes, and rocketting flight of the last. 


(No. 104. A, earlii.) 


I have omitted a great number of birds as they are not common or 
familiar, being found only in dense jungle or on the higher hills. 
There is, however, one family of the Laughing Thrushes which may 
b> met with or noticed as they are striking looking birds, They 
are more or less solitary, generally going about in pairs. Their 
chief characteristic lies in their bills, which are rather elongated and 
curved from which they get their names of Scimiter Babblers, There 
are a good many varieties found in the different parts of Burma and 
it would be impossible to describe them all. Some are birds having 
a bright yellow curved beak, slate coloured heads, and white and 
chestnut under parts, others having horn coloured curved beaks, and 
nearly all brown bodies and white under parts. 


Sinlum-Kaba, Bhamo district, is very rich in its variety of Laugh- 
ing Thrushes, some of them beng extremely handsome birds, | 
therefore give a short list of them with their Kachin names, 


The White browed Laughing Thrush.—Very common, 
Kachin name—Wo-frow, and Shong shay. 
(No, 67. D, sannjo,) 


tag) 
The White-breasted Laughing Thrush.—A very handsome bird 


with a rich brown back, and white throat and breast. It has an 
almost human whistle, which may often be héard in the jungle, 


Kachin name—Wo Krang-krang-frong. 
(No. 66a. D. Kauriensis.) 
The Yunnan Babax.—Found on the open hill-side amongst the 
bracken, a brown striped bird with a pale buff coloured breast. 
(No. 8rc. Babax yunnanensis.) 
Rippon's Crimson-winged Laughing Thrush.—An olive green 
bird, with red cheeks and wings, and olive yellow breast, 
Kachin name—Kyrang-sheng-maling. 
Sharpe's Red-tailed Laughing Thrush—A bigger bird than the 
last, with a chestnut head, and crimson wings and tail, 
Kachin name—Krang-sheng-kaba. 
The Blue-winged Laughing Thrush.—An olive brown bird, with 
dark edges to its feathers, and its wings edged with pale blue. 
Kachin name — Wo-krang-krang-mut. 
(No. 92. T. squamatum.) 
David's Scimiter-Babbler—Has a conspicuous curved bill, its 
upper plumage olive brown, throat white, breast streaked with black, 


and chestnut flanks ;— a very noisy bird during the spring with a 
regular black bird like song. 


Kachin name—Che-ba-wo-graw. 
(No. 130a. P. gravivox.) 


IV 
THE SMALL BABBLERS 


Aré a family of birds a good bit smaller than the Laughing 
Thrushes, having the same small rounded wings, and strong legs 
and feet. They are, however, solitary and terrestial in habits, 
and are generally to b2 found skulking in bushes of undergrowth 
near the ground, Many of them are extremely silent birds, whilst 
others have a series of monotonous calls. Nearly all lay spotted 
egss. 


THE YELLOW-EYED BABBLER. 


This isa small bird about seven inches in length, with a fairly 
long tail; its upper plumage reddish-brown, throat and breast pure 
white; a short white eyebrow, eyelids a deep orange, and eyes 
yellow. It is found all over Burma in suitable localities, preferring 
open grass lands to heavy forests, It is generally a great skulker, 


( 14 ) 
but in the breeding season which commences in May, it indulges in 
a pretty little song, which it utters from the top of a twig or piece 


of kine-grass. When it has finished it dives back again into cover, 
as if it had been frightened at its own boldness, 


It builds a very neat little cup-shaped nest, in any convenient 
small busk and lays four pinky white eggs covered with bold spots 
and splaskes of dark red or -brown. 


(No. 139. Pyctorhis sinensis.) 


THE RED CAPPED BABBLER. 


The Red-capped Babbler is a small bird about seven inches in 
length, with rather a long fan-shaped tail, a chestnut crown to its 
head and a white eye-brow, the upper parts of the body olive brown, 
cheeks, chin, throat and under parts white. And is very noticeable 
bird if one happens to catch sight of him; he generally manages, 
however, to keep himself well concealed. Jt is generally found in 
damp localities in long grass, or in shady nullahs with water standing 
about, and when disturbed makes a great fuss hopping about twitter- 
ing with outstretched wings and tail, It builds a domed-shaped 
nest near the ground, and lays two or three white eggs spotted with 
brown, Itis found all over Burma, both in the dry and wet zones, 
but does not ascend the hills to any height. 


(No. 134. Timelia jerdoni.) 


THE BURMESE SPOTTED BABBLER. ~ 


Is a another small bird about seven-and-a-half inches in length, 
having its whole upper plumage olive brown, The upper part of 
the head and crown deep chestnut, throat white and ander parts light 
fawn colour with brown stripes; and an indistinct eye-brow yellow- 
ish white. It very rarely shows itself, but on the other hand always 
lets you know of its presence by its monotonous cry of ‘‘ pretty dear ”’ 
“ pretty dear” uttered from some well hidden patch of jungle. 


It builds a domed-shaped nest of grass and leaves which is 
generally rather difficult to find, being placed on the ground, amongst 
fallen leaves or dense undergrowth, and lays two or three whitish 
eggs covered with small dark-brown specks. This is a very com- 
mon little bird round Rangoon and may be heard from nearly every 
well-wooded nullah at all times of the year, 


(No, 145. Pellorneum subochraceum.) 


THE YELLOW-BREASTED BABBLER 


Is another small bird with a monotonous call, It is about five 
inches in length with olive-green upper plumage, its chin, throat and 


re’) 

breast yellow; it has a short yellow eye-brow, and the crown of its 
head pale chestnut, It is very partial 10 bamboo jungle and is found 
well distributed over the whole country, It generally utters its call 
from atree and not from near the ground. It builds a domed nest 
of bamboo leaves and grass placed ina bush near the ground or in 
a clump of bamboos, and lays three or four white eggs with pink 
spots, 


(No. 176. Mixornis rubricappillus.) 


There are a great number of small birds belonging to this group, 
but as they are neither conspicuous in dress nor calls, I have omitted 
them, a great many of them being hill birds with shy retiring 
habits, 


oe 


V 


THE BULBULS. 


The Bulbuls are a family which contains some of our commonest and 
most familiar birds of the East, being found both in gardens as well 
as in the jung'es. ‘Their wings are not so small or rounded as those 
of the babblers, as they are birds given to frequenting trees, and 
not skulking near the ground. Their chief characteristic being 
their extremely short leg from the knee downwards, which is never 
longer than the middle toe. They have cheery notes and calls, 
and go about in small parties. They all build cup-shaped nests, 
placed generally at no great distance from the ground, and lay eggs 
profusely covered with red and brownish spots. 


Burmese name for all Bulbuls..—Boh-ka-lone. 


THE BURMESE RED-VENTED BULBUL. 


This is the familiar cheery brown bird, with black head and crest, 
a white patch in the small of the back, anda scarlet seat to his 
trousers, and is to be found in nearly every garden and bit of jungle, 
being well distributed over the whole cguntry. They are pugnacious 
little birds with their fellows, and are kept by natives of India for 
fighting purposes, [| once saw a good exhibition of its vindictiveness, 
J happened to shoot one for identification, and as it lay dead, another 
flew down and attacked it viciously with outspread wings and tail, 
pecking the body and uttering unmistakeable bulbul swear words. 
This attacking of the wounded or maimed amongst animals by those 
of the same species is a well known fact, as most animals turn on 
one Of their number in distress, and donot come to their aid, or 
mourn over their fallen friends as many kind-hearted people fondly 
imagine, 


But to return to the Bulbuls, they are almost entirely fruit-eaters, 
and must do a great deal of damage to fruit-gardens, but as very 


3 


- a 
few of us go in for these out here, this is a minor considératioii, as 


their cheerful notes are a pleasant relief from the monstrous cawing 
of the crows, and ceaseless chatter of the mynas, 


In the Shan States and the Toungoo hills to the south, its place 
is taken by either the Tenasserim or Chinese birds which only vary 
in small details from the common one, which is found under different 
varieties over the whole of India, 


Burmese name—Popin-ni-ta and Bopin-ni. 
Kachin name—Kator-tor-mung. 


(No. 279, Molpastes burmanicus.) 


THE RED-WHISKERED BULBUL. 


The Red-whiskered Bulbul is nearly as common as the last, and 
is found over the whole Province, but seems to prefer damper 
localities, 1 do not mean the wet zones of Burma, but bushes and 
jungle round tanks or the better wooded parts of the country. It 
is avery handsome little bird about eight inches in length, with 
conspicuous black head and crest, and a black line round the sides 
of its face, enclosing a white patch surmounted by a tuft of red on 
each cheek; under parts white, ending with a scarlet patch under 
the tail, upper parts a smoky brown. Nests and eggs of the regular 
family type, the eggs being a bit smaller than those of the last, 


(No, 288. O, emeria.) 


THE BLACK-CRESTED YELLOW BULBUL. 


Is a striking little bird about the same size as the last, which 
may often be seen in Rangoon gardens at certain times of the year, 
especially in the cold weather, It has a conspicuous black-crested 
head, with lower plumage yellow, its upper parts olive-yellow, It 
is found in all well-wooded and damp localities of the province, 


(No, 290. O. flaviventris,) 


THE BURMESE BLACK BULBUL. 


The Burmese Black Bulbul is a bird of the low hills, keeping 
generally to high trees, and often draws attention it itself by its 
loud notes, It is almost entirely black, with under perts dark grey; 
and has coral-red legs, feet and beak, anda black crest, In length 
it is about ten.and-a-half inches, and is che largest of the family, 
Found all over the whole Province in suitable localities, 


(No, 270, H. concolor.) 


gh) A 
BLYTH’S BULBUL. 


Blyth’s Bulbul is the commonest of the many bulbuls found in the 
Toungoo hills, especially so at Thandoung. It is a dull olive green 
bird, about eight-and-a-half inches in length, with a short yellowish 
eye-brow, and the front part of head and crest tinged with grey, 
under parts yellowish. It isa very noisy bird during its breeding 
season, and seemingly uses plenty of bad language when anyone 
goes near its own particular patch of jungle, in which, most probably, 
it has hidden its nest. It builds its nest very near the ground and 
lays two eggs of the regular family type. 


BLANDFORDS BULBUL. 


Blandford’s Bulbul, with the so-called “ seven sisters, ’’ is one of 
the commonest birds of the dry-zone, and is found sparingly down as 
far as Rangoon, It has not got the cheery notes of the rest of the 
family, but has harsh complaining ones, and is a very uninteresting 
bird as it gives one the idea that there is something wrong about 
which it is always complaining. It is a dull brown bird with an olive 
tinge, with silver grey cheek patches, chin whitish and lower parts 
pale coloured, and is about eight inches long. It builds a flimsy 
nest and lays two or three eggs of the regular bulbul types. 


This is one of Burma’s own productions and is not found in any 
other part of the world. It is a bird of the low couatry preferring 
Open expanses of jungle and gardens to dense undergrowth, 


Burmese name—Byu, also Bo-sa-mwe. 
(No. 306. P. blandfordi ) 


In the Kachin Hills, the following Bulbuls are very common ;— 
Blyth’s Bulbul.—Kachin name Cheng-ma-kator. 


Anderson’s Bulbuj.—A handsome little bird with a black head, 
white throat and yellow seat to its trousers, 


Kachin name—Kator-tor-prong. 


(No, 298a. P, xanthorrhous.) 


The Finch-billed Bulbul.—A handsome green bird, with a thick 
bill, a long black crest, and the top of head and cheeks grey, 


Kachin name—Kator-svl. 


(No. 292. S. canifrons.) 


Burma is very well represented by this family, as out of fifty odd 
mentioned in the Fauna of British India about thirty-five are found 
in this Province. Those that I have omitted are either rare birds or 
only found in forests or hills, 


VI 
THE GREEN BULBULS AND OTHERS. 


The Chloropsis are a family of birds nearly related to the true 
bulbuls, as they have the same short legs. ‘They are very handsome 
birds with bright green plumage and richly coloured markings. 
They are birds which keep to the high trees and often not noticed 
owing to their green colouring; and are more often heard than seen 
as tley have a fine series of notes and are great mimics. ‘Three 
kinds are found in Burma and are not rare by any means. 


(1) Lhe Gold-fronted Chloropsis. (No. 247. C. aurifrons), 
Has its forehead a rich gold, chin and throat blue, and points of the 
shoulder bright turquoise blue, 


(2) The Orange-bellied Chloropsis. (No. 249. C. hardewickii). 


Forehead greenish yellow, abdomen golden brown. 


(3) The Burmese Chloropsis. (No, 250. C, chlorocephela’. 
Forehead greeaish yellow, abdomen green, outer wing feathers blue, 


They are all about the same size being eight inches in length and 
build cradle-like nests suspended from twigs at a good height from 
the ground, and lay eggs very much of the bulbul type. 


THE COMMON IORA. 


This is a.common little bird indeed and is to be found all over 
the plains, every compound having one or more pairs, It is not so 
often seen as heard as the plumage generally harmonises so well 
with its surroundings, It has a very fine series of whistling notes 
and various cails, so utterly unlike each other, that one might think 
they were those of different birds. It is small greenish tit-like bird 
about five-and-a-half inches in length, During the breeding season 
the cock isa very gaudy litte persoa, his head and back black, 
lower back greenish yellow, tail black and breast bright canary 
yellow, black and white wings. ‘The cock in the non-breeding 
season, and hen at all times have the upper plumage greenish yellow 
and lower parts dull yellow, 


Although it is such a common little bird it is rarely noticed, but 
its fine whistling notes can b2 heard nearly all day during the nesting 
season; and is one of the commonest birds of Rangoon, It buildsa 
neat little nest of grasses covered with cob-webs in any convenient 
tree generally at a good height from the ground, laying three small 
white eggs with greyish or purplish spots and streaks. Its Burmese 
name, Shw--pi-so, almost reproduces in sound one of its numerous 
whistling notes. 


Burmese name-—Shwe-pi-so. 
(No. 233. AH. tiphia.) 


(' to 4 
THE WHITE-EYED TITS. 


Are small tit-like birds about four inches in length, their upper 
plumage a bright olive-green turning almost to yellow, and lower 
parts bright yellow; a noticeable ring of small white feathers 
encircles the eye. One Or other of the family is found in most parts 
of Burma, as several are recorded from this Province, and only vary 
in the amount of green and yellowin their plumage. They are 
generally seen going about in small parties searching the leaves of 
trees for insects and have pleasing twittering notes. ‘They build 
beautiful little cradle-like nests suspended between small twigs; and 
lay two small pale blue eggs, 


(No, 226, Zosterops palpebrosa.) 


THE SILVER-EARED MESIA. 


Is one of our handsomest small birds, being found in all hill 
districts, During the breeding season it utters its loud monotonous. 
call throughout the day, a call well conveyed by its Kachin name of 
“ Che-roy-che-rit.” Its head is a glossy black, ear-coverts and 
cheeks bright silver, throat and breast rich orange, shading to yellow 
on the under parts; back a soft slate-grey, its wings conspicuously 
patched with crimson, It builds a nest of two different types, one 
suspended between twigs composed entirely of bamb3o leaves, the 
other made of moss, etc., placedin the fork of a bush, It lays two or 
three pale blue eggs with red spots. 


We have now come to an end of the commoner crateropodide or 
bsbblers found in Burma, It is avery large family and contains 
more than 250 species recorded from India, Ceylon and Burma, the 
latter Province being very well represented, consequently a large 
number have been omitted, I have restricted myself to only the 
cOmmon or more conspicuous birds, and my hope is that these rough 
notes may encourage others to take an interest in our commonest 
birds, for it is astonishing what a number of birds there are about 
if one only takes the trouble to look. 


=e ee 


VII 


W ARBLERS. 


Warblers are large family of small birds, most of which are, 
however, migratory, and therefore only met with during the dry 
season. They are, with few exceptions, birds of a dull or plain 
plumage; and their young are remarkable for -eing mcre highly 
coloured than their parents, 


Out of more than one hundred species mentioned in the Fauna of 
India, over fifty have been recorded from Burma. A few are perma- 
nent residents, some of them being very common indeed, 


( go} 
_ THE TAILOR-BIRD. 


The Tailor-bird with few exceptions is one of the commonest, 
and for its size noisiest little bird we have out here, every compound 
having two or three couplés, which can be heard at all hours of the 
day, as they are very busy little people, always on the move, and 
continually calling with loud monotonous notes. 


They are chiefly remarkable for the wonderful little nests they 
contrive, sewing the edges of two or more leaves together, so forming 
a regular pocket, inside which is placed a neat little nest of cotton 
and down. They do not seem particular as to the height from the 
ground at which the nest is constructed, As these may often be 
found amongst crotons and other shrubs in gardens and verandahs, 
while again at other times they choose big-leaved trees for their 
tailoring operations, 


A pair onc? built ina tree opposite one of my upstair windows, 
where they brought up their small family. Within a week of the 
latter having vacated their home, the old birds started building a. 
new nest, a few feet from the old one, this last was unfortunately 
destroyed by crows, 


They are small dull-greenish little birds, about five inches in 
length, having a chestnut cap in the head, and a small concealed 
black spot on each side of the neck, only noticeable when the 
bird is calling. During the breeding season, which is practically 
throughout the rains, the cockbird grows two long tail-feathers, 
They lay two types of eggs, either white, or blue with with red 
spots, 


(No. 374. Orthotomus sutorious.) 


THE RUFOUS FAN-TAILED WARBLER. 


Is the small dark brown bird of the padJy-fields, which is always 
proclaiming its presence as it flies, at a considerable height from 
the ground, by its loud ‘‘ tick, ticking” calls, as if two stones were 
being knocked together, 


It is about four-and-a-half inches in Jength, with white tips to its 
tail feathers, its under parts light coloured. 


This is another wonderful little artisan inthe way it builds its 
nest. It always chooses a suitable clump of grass and begins by 
sewing the blades together near the tips, so as to form an inverted 
cone or small tent. Inside this wigwam it builds a neat little 
cup-shaped nest, and lays four small white eggs spotted with red. 
It is one of the hardest nests to find, as while the bird is building, 
the grass has been growing up all round, and by the time the egys 
are laid there is nothing to show except a thick clump of grass, 


Burmese name— Nat-pt-hsot. 
(No, 381. Cisticola cursitans, ) 


(perm) 
FRANKLIN’S WREN-WARBLER. 


In its nesting habits this is another small tailor-bird, as it also 
sews up leaves to hold its nest, It is asmall brownish bird about 
four-and-a-half inches in length, an ash-coloured head and white 
under parts, and a fairly long tail, They are merry little birds, 
preferring fairly open country, or the outskirts of forests, flitting 
from bush to bushin small parties, their long tails bobbimg behind 
them as they go, and on arrival breaking out into little snatches of 
song, ‘They lay small blue eggs spetted with red. 


(No, 382. Franklinia gracilis.) 


THE STRIATED MARSH-WARBLER. 


The Striated Marsh-warbler is a large bird for the family, being 
ten inches in length, Its whole upper plumage a reddish-brown, each 
feather having a dark stripe down its centre; greyish white eyebrows, 
white chin and throat, and lower parts brown. It is very noticeable 
by the way it sings as it throws itself up into the air, descending 
with outspread wings and tail, Found in most marshy or swampy 
tracts, And builds a large nest in clumps of rushes; and lays white 
eggs thickly spotted with brown. 


(No, 389. Megalurus palustris.) 


HILL WARBLERS 


Are small birds with elongated tail feathers and remarkable for 
having a summer and winter dress, They have short pretty songs 
which they generally utter from the top of atwig. This is a very 
hard family to identify properly as two of its members are very 
much alike, and often do not completely change their summer or 
winter garments, 


THE BROWN HILL WARBLER. 


A small dark-brown bird about six-and-a-half inches m length with 
pale edges to its feathers, and its under parts pale coloured, During 
the breeding season its tailis shorter than in the cold weather, 
A common little bird with a short pretty song, and found in most 
parts of the country, inhabiting the long grass and edges of forest 
lands, It weaves a neat little oval nest, and lays three or four white 
eggs with pink spots, 


(No, 458, Suya crinigera,) 


(22) 
ANDERSON’S HILL WARSLER. 


This is a regular hill bird, and is very fairly common down the 
hills on the eastern side of Burma, It isa pale olive brown witha 
conspicuous white eye-brow; under parts light coloured, and is about 
six-and-a-half inches in length, with a specially long tail. This bird 
seems to. build two types of nest according to locality. In, Kachin 
Hills it builds a beautiful woven nest like the last bird, whilst in the 
Toungoo Hills it contents itself with an untidy dome-shaped one, 
The eggs are, however, the same in both districts, being a pale Eluish 
white with red spots. 


(No, 461. S. superciliaris, ) 


THE BURMESE WREN-WARBLER. 


A small olive-green bird, about six inches in length; lower parts 
pale coloured; generally found in open country and round paddy 
fields. Makes aneat litthe woven ne-t attached to the stalks of 
grass or stems of weeds, and lays four or five beautiful glossy blue 
eggs covered with large red spots and markings, 


During the breeding season, which lasts throughout the rains, 
they utter pretty little songs and notes in vicinity of their nests. 
At tnis time of the year they are very partial to railway gE Te 
nesting freely along the sides in long grass, 


(No, 468. Prinia blandfordi,) 


I have omitted the migratory birds, which consist of small Tree- 
warblers, Willow-wrens, and a number of small birds inhabiting 
bushes and marshy ground, all of them are dull coloured birds. 


| have also omitted the Fly-catcher Warblers, which are the only 
richly coloured birds of this family, and are, comparatively speaking, 
rare hill birds, 


VIII 
NUTHATCHES, TITS, ETC. 


Nuthatches are a well defined group of small birds which cannot 
well be mistaken for any others, They are a widely distributed 
family, those found here being very like the home bird, both in 
colouring and in notes, ‘They are small blue-backed birds with light 
rufous coloured under parts, and amuse themselves by continually 
running up and down the trunks and branches of trees, after the 
manner of wood-peckers, generally starting low down and working 
their way round and up. When they have thoroughly explored one 
particular tree they go off to another; and are very regular in their 


(a 2S,-*) 


habits, keeping two certain favourite trees, which are visited regularly 
at about the same time every day. 


Although they climb trees and get their food by tapping the bark 
in the same way as wood-peckers, they have no connection with that 
family. From their climbing habits they have grown particularly 
large, powerful feet; and have stout straight bills, short tails, and 
pointed wings, 


Nuthatches nest in holes of trees and have the curious habit of 
reducing the size of the entrance by plastering it up with mud, 
leaving Only a small round hole to goin by. They lay white eggs 
spotted withred, quite different from the pure white glossy eggs 
of the woodp eckers. Out of the eleven species described from India 
and Burma, s even have been recorded from the latter Province, 


THE BURMESE NUTHATCH. 


Is the commonest, and is found in all well-wooded parts of the 
country. A bluish-backed bird, about five-and-a-half inches in length 
with lower plumage chestnut, Its place in the hills above 5,000 ft. 
being taken by Austen’s Nuthatch (S. nageensis.) 


Burmese name—Hnet-pya-chauk. 
(No. 317. Sitta neglecta.) 


THE VELVET-FRONTED BLUE NUTHATCH. 


A lovely little bird about five inches in length with the whole 
upper plumage a rich bright blue, bieast and lower parts a greyish 
velvety lilac; a black fore-head and coral-red bill, It is found in all 
the better wooded parts of the country and is very tit-like in habits, 
preferring the small outer branches of trees for hunting purposes, 
although it may often be seen running up and down trunks of trees 
in the same manner as the rest of the family, 


(No. 325. S. frentalis), 


TITS. 


The true Tits are asmall family of birds, which are familiar to 
most of us at home, and are remarkable for having their nostrils 
complete'y hidden by feathers, for which reason they are often 
classed with the crows, with whom they share this characteristic, 
As they show no other likeness either in plumage, habits or the 
colour of their eggs, I have kept them separate, Burma is not well 
represented by this family, only two being comparatively common; a 
few others, which show a great affinity in their habits to the English 
Long-tailed ‘Tits, and are decidedly rare birds, 


4 


c 244 
THE INDIAN GREY TIT. 


This is the only bird of the family which may be called at all 
common, He is a first cousin of the European Great-tit and is 
very like him in colour and habits, His head and neck, with a stripe 
down his breast black, cheeks white, and body grey; and is found 
in most partsof Burma. His place is taken in the Eastern Hills 
by the Chinese Grey Tit, the difference being that the latter is a 
greenish yellow where the former is grey. They have the same 
habits as the Tom-tits at home, nesting in any convenient hole in 
tree, bank or building. 


(No. 32. Parus atriceps.) 


THE BLACK SPOTTED YELLOW TIT. 


A handsome little black and yellow bird, about the same size as 
the last, having a conspicuous crest and stripe down its breast black, 
yellow cheeks, and back spotted with black and white. It is very 
plentiful in these hills, especially round Thandoung and Sinlum- 
Kaba, and in habits and calls resembles the last bird, 


(No. 41. M. spilonotus.) 


THE CROW-TITS 


Are another small family of birds which have their nostrils com- 
pletely hidden by feathers, and for no other reason, have been given 
the above anomalous name, ‘They are not related in structure or 
nesting habits to either cf the two families from which they get 
their double-barrelled name, They are chiefly found in long grass 
and mountain—bamboo jungle, and build neat cup-shaped nests, some 
of them laying spotless hedge-sparrow blue eggs. And their proper 
place will be no doubt amongst the ‘‘ Small Babblers.”’ 


. They are decid:dly rare birds, only being found in the hills at a 
good height. One, however, Anderson’s Crow-Tit (No. 59a. suthora 
brunnea) | is fairly common at Sinlum-Kaba, and is a small light brown 
bird, about five inches in length, with a fairly long tail, and a rich 
chestnut coloured head, and throat pinkish lilac with darker stripes, 


TREE-CREEPERS AND WRENS. 


The true Tree-creepers and Wrens (certhiidz) are all rare birds, 
only being found on the highest hills. Many of the small so-called 
wrens have no relationship with this family, which are the representa- 
tives of the European birds of the same name, 


The Golden Crested Wren (regulida) has not yet been recorded 
from Burma. 


(Heeien 3 
ix 


' VaHe 


DRONGOS OR. KING-CROWS. 


Are ano her well-defined group or family of birds, many of them 
being well-known and familiar, They are always conspicuous from 
the manner in which they get their living, by taking up a prominent 
position on some point of vantage from which they make sudden 
swoops and sallies after passing insects, 


In colour they are éither all black or dark-grey, and have elongated 
tail-feathers. And build either cup-shaped or cradle-like nests 
suspended between the outmost twigs of some lofty branch. 


Drongos are plucky, cheery birds, with pleasant notes, and are 
great mimics, 


‘Burmese name—JLinmz swe. 


THE BLACK DRONGO OR COMMON KING-CROW. 


This is, I suppose, one of the most striking of the many unfamiliar 
birds one first sees on arrival in the East, as it is present in every 
bit of scenery, being found alike around houses and in the jungles, 
It lives entirely on insects, capturing its prey by making swoops 
from some prominent position, whether the branch of a tres, tele- 
graph wire, or the back of a buffalo, generally returning to its 
original perch, 


They are plucky birds and at the same time great bullys as 
they attack indiscriminately any bird which they may think intrude 
on their own particular preserves. It is a pleasing sight to watch 
a pair attacking or hunting a crow which may have ventured too 
near their nest, made himself objectionable in some way or other, 
The crow may at first object to move on, as clearly ordered by 
the angry language of the king-crows; he very soon has, however, 
to take refugeeither ina tree or on the ground. And then the 
fun begins, each king-crow sweeps down alternately with a shrill 
scream, trying to get a peck, at some unprotected portion of the 
crow’s body; the latter with head thrown back and beak open at 
first tries to dodge each attack, but it soon becomes too hot for him, 
and he has to beat a hasty retreat. Crowsare, however, very persistent 
and often score in the end as they generally hunt in pairs, 1 have 
frequently seen crows flying off with young birds in their beaks, 
followed by a pair of angry king-crows; whether the nest robbed 
was their’s or not I cannot say as I never saw the actual robbery 
take place. 


_ The common king-crow has pleasant cheery notes and calls, and 
is the first bird up as well as one of the very last to goto bed. 
It isa black bird about twelve inches in length, with fairly long 
forked tail, the two outermost feathers being curled up at the ends, 


( 26 ) 
It has nothing in common with the crow tribe, and probably gets 


its name from the way it ‘ bosses” the bird world in general and 
the crows in particular, 


(No, 327. Dicrurus ater.) 


GREY DRONGOS. 


Two dark grey drongos are found in the hills, and better wooded 
parts of the country, andare either the Grey Drongo (No. 333 D. 
cineraceus) or the Tenasserim Ashy Drongo (No. 329. D. nigrescens), 
the first being dark bluish grey, and the second a dark metallic 
ashy-blue colour. A third, the Bronze Drongo (No, 334. C. ena), a 
slightly smaller bird than the above, has a black plumage glossed 
over with metallic bronze, and is a forest-loving bird. The habits 
of these three are practically the same as those of the common 
king-crow, which generally keeps to the open country, whilst these 
others prefer the forests, 


THE HAIR CRESTED DRONGO 


Is about twelve-and-a-half inches in length, and is of a much heavier 
build than the last, Its black plumage is glossed over with metallic 
blue, and has a bunch of hair-like feathers springing from the back 
of the neck, those on the sides of the head being greatly lengthened ; 
the outer tail feathers are also curled up at the ends, A common 
bird up-country, being found in all the well-wooded districts, it 
builds a cradle-like nest in the outmost branches of a tree; and lays 
eggs of two types, either white with dark brown spots, or salmon 
pink with purplish spots, 


(No. 335. C. hottentotta.) 


THE LARGE RACKET-TAILED DRONGO. 


A large striking looking king-crow with two elongated wire-like 
tail feathers, the ends of which suddenly broaden out, Black coat 
glossec over wih metallic blue, and the head crested. The two outer 
tail feathers are greatly lengthened and only webbed for a short 
distance at the end, the webbing being only on the outside of the 
feathers which are also curled up at the tips, Found in all well- 
wooded and damp jungles, and very plentiful round Rangoon, It isa 
wonderful mimic, and has many pleasing notes and calls; and is not 
at alla shy or retiring bird, and may often be seen when out riding. 
Nests usually at a good height from the ground, and lays pinkish 
coloured eggs with red spots. Its place in the hills is taken by the 
next species, 


(No, 340, D, paradiseus, ) ‘ 


tiie) 
THE LESSER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO. 


This has exactly the same habits as its larger brother, and differs 
from him by having the ends of the two lengthened tail feathers 
webbed on both sides. It is a smaller bird and keeps to hill 
forests, 

(No, 339. B. remifer.) 


Xx 
THE SHRIKES 


Are birds with strong hooked bills, and include butcher-birds, 
pied-shrikes, wood-shrikes, and minivets, the last being the small 
crimson and yellow birds with black points so noticeable in the 
hills, 


Butcher-birds have the curious habit of impaling their prey on 
thorns, and keeping a sort of larder; and are not above attacking 
weakly or young birds, even small mammals occasionally being 
added to the larder. They have large heads and powerful hooked 
bills, 


Burmese name for all Shrikes— Hnet-biloo. 


THE BURMESE SHRIKE. 


The Burmese Shrike is avery noisy little bird, and plentiful up- 
country from the midd'e of the rains till about the beginning of 
April, when it retires to the hills, or secluded spots for breeding 
purposes, 


It is about eight inches in length, has a chestnut body, ashy coloured 
head, and pale under parts, It is a pugnacious little bird with harsh 
grating cries, but during the breeding season, or when particularly 
well pleased with itself, has a very pretty song and is a great 
mimic, 


The majority retire to the Shan States for breeding, where during 
April their nests are one of the commonest, I have also found them 
breeding in the Yamethin district, They build a very neat cup-shaped 
nest, which is placed in any convenient bush at about five feet from 


the ground, and lay eggs very like those of European Butcher- 
bird, 


(No. 474. L, colluroides.) 


THE BLACK-HEADED SHRIKE. 


A larger bird than the last, being about ten inches in length, 
Head black, portion of the back ashy, and remainder of upper 
plumage chestnut, under parts whitish, 


( 28 ) 
it has the angry grating calls of its family, but is also.an excellent 
songster and mimic, blending into its own song those of other birds, 


especially the skylark, and the twittering of the swallows, I even 
heard one once imitating the partridge, 


It is plentiful in Upper Burma during the cold weather, and very 
common in the Shan Siates during the breeding season. It makes 
rather untidy nest compared with that of the last and lays eggs of 
the regular butcher-bird type, 


(No. 475. L. nigriceps.) 


THE BROWN SHRIKE. 


One of our cold weather visitors, and very common during those 
months, especially round Rangoon, where its noisy angry chatter 
can be heard at all hours of the day, and more especially just before 
dark, A reddish brown bird with white chin and throat, and light 
coloured under parts, it retires to China tor breeding purposes, 


Burmese name—WNya-zayet. 
(No. 481, L. cristatus,) 


THE LARGE CUCKOO SHRIKE, 


A large grey and black bird which has loud piercing calls ; 
generally keeping to the tops of high trees, and utters its call as it 
flies from one tree to another. It is about twelvé inches in length 
and large for its size. Its upper plumage is grey with black points; 


under parts greyish white. 
(No. 510. Graculus macii,) 


THE MINIVETS. 


These ate the handsome little scarlet or orange birds generally 
so noticeable in the hills and thick jungle. They go about in family 
parties, and frequent the tops of high trees. The cock birds area 
rich scarlet and black, whilst the hens are orange and black, the 
young having the same colouring as the hen birds; this accounts for 
one red bird being so often seen with a party of yellow ones—in all 
probability a family with the two parent birds, 


THE BURMESE SCARLET MINIVET. 


The largest and in. most places the commonest of this family, 
and isa véry handsome bird, its whole head and neck, and some 
cf its wing and tail feathers black, the rest of the bird being a rich 
scarlet; in the hen yellow takes the place of scarlet, Both birds are 
about nine inches. 


Burmese name—Hnet Mintha. 
(No. 491. Pericrocotus fraterculus.) 


(*29.") 
THE SMALL MINIVET. 


About six inches in length and rot so brightly coloured as the first, 
having a lot of grey on the back, Minivets make beautiful cup- 
shaped nests, generally at a good height from the ground, laying 
white eggs streaked with grey. 


(No. 500, P. peregrinus,) 


JERDON’S MINIVET. 


A small bird of the dry-zone of Upper Burma, and, unlike the 
remainder of the family, being generally found near the ground, The 
cock bird has the top of his head, neck, and upper back black, 
bordered with white; breast and lower part of back white tinged 
with red; under parts white; the hen bird being dark grey instead of 
black and the red markings very much fainter, 


(No, 502. P, albifrons.) 


cd 
THE SWALLOW SHRIKE 


Is a bird about the same size as a swallow, and may be seen in 
most parts of Upper Burma during the cold weather, hawking for 
insects round Palm-trees after the manner of its name-sake, It 
breeds in many parts of the dry-zone, keeping to open country, 
generally placing its nest on the top of a decayed stump at about 
fifteen feet frcm the ground. 


It has its head and neck a dark grey, body dark brown and under 
parts purplish brown, 


(No, 512. Artamus fuscus.) 


XI 


ORIOLES. 


The Orioles or Mango-birds are a family of every conspicuous 
birds owing to their bright yellow and black plumage. They have 
very melodious whistling calls, as well as many harsh grating 
cries. Their prevailing colours are yellow and black, though one of 
the species is a rich maroon red and black, The young have a 
mottled streaky plumage, those of the yellow varieties being tinged 
with green. 


THE INDIAN BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. 


The commonest of the four golden-orioles recorded from Burma, 
The whole of the head and upper paits of the breast black, the bill 


go } 


pinky red, the remainder of the plumage a rich orange yellow. Orioles 
build cradle-like nests suspended between the outmost forks of a tree, 
-and lay white eggs spotted with dark brown or black. 


Burmese name—Hvnet Wa. 
(No, 521, Oriolus melanocephalus.) 


MAROON ORIOLE. 


In the hills this handsome bird is fairly plentiful, It has the whole 
of its head, throat and wings black; the remainder of its plumage a 
r.ch maroon red, 


XII 
THE FLYCATCHERS. 


This is a large family of small birds, which invariably catch their — 
prey on the wing, and can generally be recognised by the manner in 
which they get their living, by making short sallies and darts from 
come favourite position, generally returning to, or near, the original 
perch. Some kinds keep entirely to the open, making excursions 
from the tops of trees whilst others hunt in shady and sheltered 
localities, under trees or in thick jungle. 


They all have the following family characteristics: Small weak feet 
and legs, which are quite unsuitable for progression on the ground ; 
numerous small hairs which overhang the nostrils horizontally ; 
and rather flat wide -eaks; also their young have a mottled plumage, 


The majority are migratory ; and the sexes of many are of differ- 
ent colours, the cock birds in many cases having a brilliant blue 
upper plumage, whilst the hens are an olive brown, very like the 
English robin. 


All the migratory species retire for the breeding season to the 
hills. being found from 2,000 feet upwards; and nest in the holes 
of trees or banks, I have Omitted these although many are to be 
found in the hills during the breeding season, 


THE VERDITER FLYCATCHER 


Is asmall vivid blue bird about six inchés in length, common in 
most places during the cold weather, and very noticeable owing to 
its bright plumage as it makes excursions after insects, from the 
topmost bough of a tree, 


They nest in great numbers along the sides of hill roads, both 
at Sinlum-Kaba and Thandoung; making a mossy nest in any 


ae 


conveniént hole in the cuttings, and lay four or five white eggs 
with numerous pink spots on the larger end, 


Kachin name—Sum-way-wo. 
(No. 579. Stoparola melanops.) 


THE BURMESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER. 


The Paradise Flycatcher is one of the non-migratory species, and 
has accordingly grown a wonderfully striking plumage, which would 
undoubtedly hinder it, if it had to travel long distances, It is not 
exactly a common bird, but is perhaps one of the most conspicuous 
birds we have out here, and when once seen cannot pass unnoticed. 
It is the cock which goes in for this remarkable plumage, the hen hav- 
ing nothing striking about her. The former when in full adult plumage 
has the head and neck a glossy blue-black, the whole of the body a 
silvery white, the feathers of the back having black. stripes, the two 
central tail feathers are lengthened out to an extraordinary degree, 
and look when the bird flies as if it had two pieces of fluttering 
white ribbon attached to it; the tail alone being sometimes fourteen 
inches in length. The hens and young birds have the blue-black 
heads, but the remainder of the plumage chestnut; immature cocks 
having two long chestnut tail feathers. For nesting puposes they 
build a cup-shaped nest, and Jay pinkish coloured eggs spotted with 
red, They are very partial to bamboo-jungle, anil I have seen the 
species near Rangoon. 


(No. 599. Terpsiphone affinis. ) 


THE BLACK-NAPED BLUE FLYCATCHER. 


A common and noisy little flycatcher, keeping generally to shady 
localities under trees, in the gardens and plantations, Its whole 
upper plumage is a bright azure blue, the under parts paling from 
bluish to white. The cock bird has a black patch at the back of the 
neck, And like the last aiso builds a cup-shaped nest, placed on a 
branch or twig in some well sheltered spot. 


(No. 601, H, azurea} 


THE WHITE-BROWED FAN-TAIL FLYCATCHER. 


A striking looking little bird about seven inches in length having a 
fan-shaped tail, andis found in most localities both in the hills 
and plains and may often be seen dancing and .pirouetting with out- 
spread wings and tail amongst the branches of trees, whilst it utters 
its little song of a few bars. Its whole plumage is a smoky brown, 
with a short white eve-brow; its throat, and the tips of its tail 
feathers also being white. It builds a wonderful little nest like an 


8 


a, 


inverted cone attached toa small branch, and lays three yellowish 
white eggs with aring of dark grey spots round the large end. 


(No. 604 Rhipidura albifrontata.) 


THE YELLOW BELLIED FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. 


To my mind this is the nicest and most interesting little bird we 
have, and I have spent hours watching them during breeding season 
while they amuse themselves. The cock is a very gallant little 
fellow, always on the move waltzing and singing round his bride 
with outspread wings and tail. The hen, on the other hand, is a very 
demure little person who seems to be rather bothered by his 
attentions; and later in the season, if there are eggs in her nest, 
often betrays its presence by her restless behaviour and anxious 
cries; and being quite fearless gives it away by her frequent visits, 


They are tiny olive-browa birds about four-and-a-half inches long, 
their fan-shaped tail being quite half their length; and have their 
under parts and a cOnspicuous band across their foreheads bright 
yellow. In the hills above 5,000 feet they are by no means uncom- 
mon, Their nests are as charming as themselves, being small cones, 
composed of moss, covered with lichen attached by cob-webs and 
lined with red hair-like stamens of some flower. Their egys, a deli- 
cate pink in the nest; but when blown, pure white witha zone of 
purplish pink. 


(No. 603. Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum.) 


XITI 
THRUSHES. 


The Turdide are a large family consisting of the chats, robins, 
redstarts and thrushes, and as a family are remarkable for their young 
having a mottled plumage. The majority are migratory, and con- 
sequently have long pointed wings, 


THE CHATS. 


Are small birds having the habit of perching on some prominent 
position near the ground, either a stone or the top ofa bush. They 
are continually on the move, with flitting _wings and tail, either 
making dashes on to the ground to seize some unfortunate insect 
or moving on to some other position near at hand, The majority 
of them are migratory. To this family belong the whin-chats, stone- 
chats and wheatears which are such familiar birds at home during 
the summer, 


(933-05) 
THE PIED BUSH-CHAT. 


The Pied Bush-Chat is, however, a local resident and is very 
common in the open parts of Upper Burma and the Shan States, the 
cock being the small black bird with a conspicuous white patch on 
its back and wings, It is often to be seen flitting in front of one 
from bushto bush, If this happens to be in the breeding season 
he gets very excited and tries his best to draw attention to himself, 
at the same time giving warning to his mate on her nest. She is 
an inconspicuo ts little brown bird, with a knack of suddenly appear- 
ing from nowhere, from the cunning way she has of popping up in 
the opposite direction to her nest. The nest is generally placed on 
the ground undera bush or tuft of grass, or in the hole of a bank 
or wall, The eggs are greenish white with rusty coloured spots. 


(No, 608, Pratincola caprata.) 


THE MAGPIE ROBIN. 


The Magpie Robin is the only song-bird we have in the plains 
which comes near human habitation, and is one of our most tamiliar 
birds out here, every compound having its pair. The cock bird has 
a great opinion of his own importance, and during the breeding 
season is always making himself conspicuous with his song, and by 
the way he has of cocking up his tail when he perches; his plumage 
is entirely black and white. The hen who is much more retiring 
and seldom seen, has dark grey instead of black. The cock birds 
are quite as quarrelsome as the English robin, and fight any of their 
Own species which poach on their preserves, They build nests in 
any convenient hole or corner of trees and buildings, and lay 
greenish coloured eggs with brown spots, 


Burmese name—Tha-baik-lé-we. 
(No. 663, Copsychus saularis.) 


THE SHARIA. 


This is the best song bird we have out here, having as rich notes 
as the English thrush, Unfortunately it is rather shy and retiring, 
keeping to shady nullas and thick jungle. It does not ascend the 
hills to any he’ght and is found throughout the whole Province where 
any suitable cover exists, and is fairly plentiful, in the jungles round 
Rangoon, where its song may be heard throughout the morning, 
It is at first sight very like the magpie robin but has a much longer 
tail, and its underparts chestnut instead of white, the hen being 
grey instead of black, like that of the last species, Nests and eggs 
very like those of the above, 


Burmese name—Zaw-tha-baik-le-we. 
(No, 604, Cittocincla macrura), 


Le j 
THE EASTERN BLUE ROCK-THRUSH. 


The blue rock-thrush is a migratory bird, spending the cold weather 
with us; itis avery silent inquisitive bird, generally to be seen 
haunting dak-bungalows and hpoongyi-kyaungs up-country, and has 
an uncanny way of suddenly appearing under the roof of a bungalow, 
taking one look round, and then disappearing again as quietly as 
it came, Its whole upper plumage and breast is slaty blue, each 
feather being minutely tipped with black and white; under parts 
paler, It retires for the breeding se:son to China‘and Japan. 


(No. 692. Petrophila solitaria.) 


THE BURMESE WHISTLING-THRUSH. 


This is a true thrush, but is sometimes placed amongst the 
babblers, as its young have not the usual mottled plumage, And 
first sight he reminds one of the black bird at home with what 
looks like his black plumage and bright yellow bill, but on close 
examination one sees that it is a beautiful dark blue, each feather 
being tipped witha brighter blue, He is also much larger than the 
home blackbird, being about thirteen-and-a-half inches in length, 
They are found near all rocky hill-streams and have loud whistling 
notes, Either this or the Himalayan bird, is found distributed in 
suitable localities over the whole Province, 


(No. 188, Myophoneus eugenii.) 


XIV 
THE FINCHES. 


The Finches are a large family of familiar northern birds which, 
with the exception of the sparrows, are almost entirely absent from 
Burma, 


THE COMMON SPARROW. 


The Common Sparrow is not sucha common bird as one would 
exp2ct; for our pest out here is not this species, as in England; but 
the T're2-sparrow, They are practically the same as the Kuropean 
bird, the cock and hen differing in plumage and requiring no 
description, 


In Burma this species is very local, generally confining itself to 
towns, b2ing plentiful in som2 places, and entirely absent in others. 
Burmese name—Sa, 
(No. 776, Passer domesticus.) 


(B56 
THE TREE SPARROW 


Is a smaller bird than the last, both sexes having the same 
plumage. The whole head is chestnut, with a black patch at the 
sides, cheeks white, chin and throat black. This is the common 
sparrow of Burma and is a regular pest in the way it scatters about 
its building materials. It is more or less migratory in habits, 
deserting the neighbourhood of the house for the country in the 
middle of the rains only returning after the cold weather has set in 
(November) when they immediately set to work about their family 
arrangements, and start littering the place with grass, and in general 
making a nuisance of themselves. 


, Burmese name—Sa. 
(No. 779. P. montanus.) 


THE PEGU HOUSE SPARROW 


Is a very handsome little bird, commonin Upper Burma, more 
especially in the dry-zone and is more a jungle bird than the 
first two, a good many however being found round bungalows, The 
sexes are different and have the same pattern plumage as the common 
sparrow, but in handsomer colours, the cock having his under parts 
bright yellow, the hen in the same way being more highly coloured. 
Nests in any convenient hole in trees and bungalows, and often 
making use of old munias’ nests, 


(No, 781. P, flaveolus.) 


oe 


XV 
THE WEAVER BIRDS AND MUNIAS. 


The Bayas or weaver-birds are chiefly noticeable for the wonderful 
bottle-shaped nests built by some of the family, and are conspicuous 
birds on this account during the rains, as they are very partial to 
palm trees for nesting purposes, and even going so far as to suspend 
their nests from the eaves of houses and along telegraph wires, 
At other times of the year they keep tothe paddy-fields where they 
must doa lot of damage to the crops, 


THE EASTERN BAYA O% WEAVER BIRD 


Are brown spacrow-like birds, though during the breeding season 
the cock is adorned witha bright yellow cap, They are very in- 
dustrious little birds, commencing nesting operations as soon as the 
first showers have fallen and continuing well on into August, They 
seem at this time seized with a frenzy for weaving, for even after 
the hen has begun incubation the cock continues to bring materials, 
and busies himself either lengthening the funnel of the nest or 
building new ones, Ia this way many nests are begun and left 


( 36 4 

unfinished for some unknown reason, though some no doubt are used 
by the cocks to roost ine These nests are composed of thin shreds 
of grass, bamboo or palm leaves, woven to ether and have a long 
{unuel-shaped entrance; this weaving is so wonderful in texture 
that it is impossib’e to tear it. Each nest, finished or unfinisked, 
has patches of dried mud attached to the inside; whether put there 
to balance the nest, or for the bird to sharpen its bill upon, is 
unknown; natives declare they are for securing fireflies for iliumi- 
nating purposes. Weaver-birds always breed in colonies generally 
suspending their nests ata good height from the ground; when 
they are low down they will be found on inspection to be hanging 
over water, They lay two or three pure white eggs, 


Bayas are ingenious little birds, and as they are easily fed, are 
often kept in cages, and taught all manner of tricks such as firing 
cannon and telling fortunes, 


Burmese name—Sa-goung-kwet. 
(No. 721. Ploceus atrigula.) 


THE STRIATED WEAVER BIRD 


Is very like the last, but has its breast boldly streaked with black. 
It weaves a nest similar in shape to the last, though with a shorter 
funnel, and suspends it from the tops of two or three pieces of kine- 
grass in swampy localities. 


(No. 723. P. manyar.) 


THE GOLDEN WEAVER BIRD. 


During the breeding season the male is the handsomest of the 
whole family, being a rich gold with black cheeks and throat, the 
female is very like the hen of the common house-sparrow, 


They nest in small communities in thorny trees or patches of 
_kine-grass, The first nests I found were ina garden near Rangoon, 
where they had taken possession of a clump of hibiscus bushes, 
stripping them of leaves and flowers leaving only the bare stems, 
These nests are quite different to those .of the Baya birds, being 
made of coarser materials, woven together into a cylindrical dome- 
shaped structure with an opening near the top. Their eggs are 
also different, being of all shades of grey and drab, some spotted 
and others uniform in colour. 


They are found in the Southern parts of the Province in increasing 
numbers fiom Mandalay southwards to Rangoon, 


Burmese name—Sa-wa. 
(No. 724. Ploceélla javanensis, ) 


(1879 
THE MUNIAS. 


The Munias or “rice-birds,”’ probably so-called from their habit 
of frequenting the paddy-fields, but must not be confused with the 
well known delicacy of that name imported in tins from China, 
They are often kept in cages, and are also known under the names 
of Avadavats and Wax bills. In the non-breeding season they go 
about in small flocks together in the paddy-fields, where they probably 
do a good deal of damage as they are purely seed-eaters. Munias 
all make untidy domed nests which they take no trouble to hide, and 
lay numerous small pure white eggs, 


Burmese name—Sawadi. 


THE SPOTTED MUNIA 


Is a small speckled bird with a chocolate brown head, dull blue 
bill. It may easily be noticed as it often builds its nest in the 
trellis-work of verandahs or under the eaves of bungalows, the 
majority, however, build their untidy round nest in trees and thorny 
bushes, 


(No. 735. Uroloncha punctulata ) 


THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED MUNIA 


Is a small bird with its whole head and breast black ; the remainder 
of its plumage chestnut. This is a common little munia which 
keeps to the neighbourhood of water, nesting along the banks of 
rivers and tanks, building very often quite close to the water. 


(No. 726. Munia atricapilla.) 


THE BURMESE RED MUNIA. 


A handsome little bird with a brilliant red bill and its upper 
plumage reddish spotted with white. This is the Burma represen- 
tative of the Avadavats which are so often seen in cages, It keeps 
to open damp country and the edgesof paddy fields, building its 
nest near the ground; it isa later breeder, and lays six small white 
esss. 


———e 


XVI 
THE SWALLOWS, 


Include both the swallows and martins, and are a highly migratory 
family, Many come to us for the cold weather retiring to the 
north for the summer, the familiar home bird spending the winter 
with us, About a dozen kirds have been recorded from Burma; 
only two however are resident. 


( o ) 
THE INDIAN SAND MARTIN. 


A small greyish brown bird, which nests along the sandy banks 
of the river, honeycombing them with small tunnels. An early 
breeder, beginning nesting operations as soon as the rivers go 
cown in November or December. These burrows extend for two or 
three feet in depth at the end of which is a small nest of grass lined 
with feathers in which four or five white eggs are laid, 


(No, 809, Cotile sinensis.) 


THE WIRE-TAILED SWALLOW. 


The only swallow which remains with us in the plains for breeding 
purposes. A handsome little bird, with forehead and crown chestnut, 
the whole upper plumage glossy steel blue, and the whole lower 
plumage white, It builds a small saucer shaped nest of mud, lined 
with grass and feathers, always placing it near the water, either 
under bridges or against the banks of rivers, It lays four white 
eggs spotted with brown. 


In the hills one or two of the Striated Swallows (with streaked 
under parts) stay for breeding purposes. ‘They build retort-shaped 
nests with funnel-shaped entrances against cliffs or inside pagodas, 
and lay pure white eggs. 


(No. 818, Hirundo smithii.) 


XVII 
THE WAG-TAILS. 


In this family are included the wag-tails and pipits. They are all 
winter visitors with one exception, Wag-tails are amongst the first 
arrivals and area joyful reminder that the rains are almost over and 
the cold weather at hand, 


THE INDIAN PIPIT. 


A permanent resident in all the more open parts of the country 
and is the small brown bird which runs along the road in front of 
one, with bobbing head before it takes flight. Its upper plumage 
is brown, each feather having a dark central stripe, and its lower 
plumage light coloured. Nestson the ground, and lays brownish 
coloured eggs with dark brown spots. 


(No. 847. Anthus rufulus. ) 


eso fi 
THE LARKS. 


We have two resident larks in Burma—the Sky-lark, whose song 
is every bit as good as that of the English bird, and the small Bush- 
lark which also has a short pretty little song. The bird world 
seems to be as charmed by their singing as much as human beings, 
for they have many imitators. 


THE INDIAN SKY-LARK. 


The only difference between this and the European bird is that ours 
is slightly smaller, It has the same habits, and soars whilst singing 
in exactly the same way as the English bird. Its song may be heard 
any morning in the dry weather from all open bits of country, and 
I have often heard it round Rangoon. 


Burmese name-- Bi-lon. 
(No. 861. Alauda gulgula.) 


THE BURMESE BUSH-LARK 


Is only found in the drier parts of the Province, and seems to prefer 
the very driest part of the country it can find, At the beginning of 
the rains it becomes a very lively little bird, fluttering up into the 

air for a few yards and then sinking down to the ground with out- 
spread wings and tail while it sings its song. It is a small quail-like 
little bird, about five inches in length, and is very partial to the sides 
of roads, where, on the advent of a passerby, it tries to conceal itself 
by squatting down on the ground, 


It builds a slight dome-shaped nest on the ground and lays two or 
. three eggs spotted with brown. 


(No. 873. Mirafra microptera,) 


XVIIb 


THE SUN-BIRDS. 


The Nectariniidae include the Sun-birds and Flower-peckers, They 
are all handsome little birds, the cocks having a very gaudy plumage 
The sun-birds often being called “ humming-birds,” which, needless 
to say, are not found in the old world at all, but only in the tropical 
parts of America; they have curved beaks which are long for their 
size; and may often be seen hovering round flowers in gardens, 
whilst they extract honey and insects. The Flower-peckers are 
minute little birds which are rarely seen as they prefer keeping to 
high trees, They have short beaks, and many of the cock birds have 
a highly coloured plumage, 


6 


( 40 ) 
THE PURPLE SUN-BIRD. 


One of the commonest, often being found in gardens. The male 
is a very handsome little gentleman, its whole upper plumage dark 
metallic purple shot with blue and green, its breast an iridescent 
violet. ‘The hen isa very soberly dressed little person whose upper 
plumage is olive green, and her lower parts yellow, Their nest is 
remarkable from the bold way it is placed in some open conspicuous 
spot, no attempt being made at concealment. In this very boldness 
lies its safety. It is a long pear-shaped construction suspended 
from a bough, and has a small opening at one side; it is covered with 
cobwebs to which is attached any rubbish which comes handy. 
When complete the whole looks like a collection of cobwebs and old 
leaves, and unless one saw the birds about one would little suspect 
that it was.a nest, As far asIcan tell from the few opportunities 
I have had of watching them, nesting operations seem to be carried 
out solely by the hen, the cock’s chief idea of work being to follow 
her about persistently singing whilst she busily collects materials 
and builds the nest. 


Burmese name—Pan-sot. 


(No. 895. A. asiatica.,) 


THE BURMESE YELLOW -BREASTED SUN-BIRD. 


Has exactly the same habits as the last and builds a similar nest, 
the hens being very muchalike. Inthe cock the upper parts are 
olive yellow, chin, throat, and breast metallic purple, and below 
that a band of orange red. it is fairly plentiful in gardens round 
Rangoon, 


No, 898, A. flammaxillaris.) 


THE PITTAS 


Are rather rare birds, of retiring habits, and are only found in 
dense jungle. ‘Chey have remarkably short tails and fairly long strong 
legs, and are birds of a gaudy plumage. 


This brings us to an end of Passerine birds or Perchers which 
contain by far the largest number of small birds. 


A number of more or less allied families follow, most of them of 
gaudy plumage, all nesting in holes either of trees or banks. With 
one exception they lay spotless white eggs. 


These families are the Wood-peckers, Barbets, Rollers, Bee-eaters, 
King-fishers, Horn-bills, and the Hoopoe; the last lays spotless pale 
green eggs. 


XIX 
THE WOODPECKERS. 


A group of birds differing trom all others in the manner in which 
they get their living, their tood consisting entirely of insects which 
live under the bark of trees, such as ants, beetles and grubs, 


Their structure shows a wonderful adaptation to their mode of life. 
They are furnished with powertul feet and claws and extremely short 
legs; their tails consisting of stiff pointed feathers, having a down- 
ward curve which give a firm support to the body when pressed 
against the trunk of atree, Their breasts are flattened to enable 
them to get close to their work, ‘hey have straight wedge-shaped 
bills, and extremely large heads and small necks, 


They are also furnished with long cylindrical tongues armed at the 
end with a kind of brush coated with sticky saliva, This tongue is a 
wonderful contrivance, being much longer than the bill, and owing no 
doubt to the extreme shortness of the neck, is kept curled round the 
outside of the skull, bifurcating round each eye. 


Owing to their peeculiar construction they cannot perch like the 
majority of birds but have to cling to the sides of trees; many, how- 
ever, descend to th grond at times in search of their food. 


They are cheery, hard-working birds, continually on the move, 
generally working in parties, and keep up a constant communication 
amongst themselves, to say how they are getting on, taking care to let 
their iriends know when they are off, ‘Lhey climb with a succession 
of short rapid jerky hops, generally beginning low down and working 
up to the top; they then move off to the next tree, And have loud 
cheery notes which in the stillness of the jungles can often be heard at 
a great distance, Many of them also make a noise by rapidly tapping 
a dead bough, others making, doubtless in a similar fashion, a sound 
very like the creaking of a branch of a tree; both probably being 
Warning notes, 

Woodpeckers all nest in holes which they generally excavate for 
themselves, often showing a wonderful knowledge as to the condition 
of the heart of a tree, the one chosen always having a decaying 
interior, The only exception is the Rufous Woodpecker (No, 983. 
Micropterus phzoceps) which has taken to nesting in the large hang- 
ing ants’ nests so common inthe jungle. ‘The latter lays dull gloss- 
less eggs, all the others white glossy ones, 


Burma is very well represented by this family, thirty-six out of the 
fifty-six mentioned in the Fauna of Incia being tound within its 
limits, ‘They vary greatly in size from the giant Great Slaty Wood- 
pecker of twenty inches down to the Small Pigmy Woodpeckers of 


{( ae) 


five inches and the minute Piculets of three-and-a-half inches in 
length. 


Burmese name for all Woodpeckers—Thit-kouk. 


Kachin name for all Woodpeckers—Du-wan, 


BLACK-NAPED GREEN WOODPECKER 


Is distributed over the whole country in weil-wooded localities, 
and is to be found round Rangoon. Male—Upper plumage green 
tinged with yellow on the rump, forehead and crown crimson, back of 
the head, crest, and a cheek stripe black, chin and throat white, breast 
green, Length about twelve-and-a-half inches. Female— Wants the 
read on the head, the feathers being black with grey edges, giving 
it a striped appearance. 


(No. 950. Gecinus occipitalis,) 


SPOTTED BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER. 


One of the numerous pied woodpeckers, fairly common in the dry 
zone, | have also heard its notes in the Rangoon Cantonments, 
Male—Crown crimson, a cheek stripe and back ot head black, upper 
plumage barred black and white, tail barred black and yellowish- 
white, chin and throat white, breast brownish and distinctly spotted, 
Female—Wants the crimson on the head. Length about. seven 
inches, 


(No, 970. Dendrocopus pectoralis,) 


THE RUFOUS WOODPECKER. 


A bird of peculiar habits, living entirely on ants, and has the pecu- 
liar musky smell common to them. The bird even makes use of the 
ants for nesting purposes, excavating holes in the large round ants’ 
nests so often found in trees, [ have often seen these ants’ nests 
with round holes bored in them, and presume them to be the nests of 
this bird, but as I have always been shooting at the time, have not 
been able to tackle one of them, The bird is said to lay its eggs in 
a chamber hollowed out in the interior, leaving the eggs to be hatch- 
ed by the warmth of the ants, the young, when hatched, feeding them- 
selves on their unwitting hosts, their peculiar smell no doubt protect- 
ing them, Male—Whole plumage chestnut barred more or less with 
black, the feathers below the eye tipped with crimson, Length about 
ten inches, Female—Wants the crimson, 


(No, 983. Micropterus phzoceps.) 


C43) 
THE GOLDEN-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. 


Two nearly allied species. One or other of which is common in 
most parts of Burma, Male—Crown of head, and a long crest crim- 
son, back of the neck, and upper back, black back, golden olive, rump 
and lower back crimson, lower parts whitish, One having a broken 
black line down the chin and throat, the other having two, Length 
about eleven-and-a-half inches, Only three toes, Female—Crimson 
on head wanting. 


(Nos. 988 and 989. Tiga javanensis and shorei.) 


TICKELL’S GOLDEN-BACKED WOODPECKER. 


A four-toed woodpecker, fairly common in most parts of Burma, 
_ Larger than the above, being thirteen inches in length, and having a 
noticeable white face outlined with black. AMale—Forehead brown, 
crown of head and crest crimson, back golden olive, rump crimson, 
sides of the head and neck white lined with altogether five black 
Stripes, breast white streaked with black. Female—Has no red on 
the head, which is striped black and white, 


{No. 992. C. gutticristatus,) 


| have omitted a great number of birds, the most noticeable being 
the Great Slaty Woodpecker which isa large grey bird, the cock 
bird having a red patch on his cheeks, and the Burmese Great Black 
Woodpecker being another grand bird, which has glossy black plumage 
with the lower back and breast white, the cock bird having a fine red 
crest, 


ae XX 


THE BARBETS. 


A family which might be mistaken for woodpeckers, They are, 
however, totally distinct, not having the hardened tail feathers, nor 
the powerful wedge-shaped bills of the woodpeckers, and live entirely 
on fruit and berries. ‘They are coarse looking birds with squat heavy 
bodies, their predom:nating colour being green, many of them having 
very gaudy coloured markings. They are more noticeable from their 
monotonous notes, one bird seemingly answering another, In nest- 
ing habits they are like the woodpeckers, excavating holes in rotten 
timber, one bough often being riddled with a number of nest holes; 
they lay white eggs without any gloss, 


Barbets perch and do not climb like woodpeckers, only getting 
into a vertical position when they are working at their nests, Eleven 
kinds have been recorded from Burma, ‘Two only may be considers 
ed common, 


bi aa 
THE GREAT CHINESE BARBET. 


This bird may be heard continually during the hot weather, in the 
hills, wherever any big tree jungle exists. 


It always chooses the topmost bough of a high tree from which to 
shriek its loud monotonous and discordant cry, accompanying each by 
a spasmodic jerk of the head, in such a way as to make the sound 
come from different directions, 


It is a very handsome bird, about thirteen inches in length with a 
thick coarse beak, anda greeny-blue head, its back shading from 
olive to green on the tail, underparts striped green and yellow. 


Burmese name—Padewin-bo. 
(No, 1007. Megalzma virens,) 


THE LINEATED BARBET. 


Found in most parts of the country, being extremely common round 
Rangoon, and especially noisy in Cantonments. An untidy looking 
green bird with large coarse bill, the top of the head brown, body 
green, the shafts ot the feathers being white giving it a striped 
appearance, chin and throat white, breast like the head. Length 
about eleven inches. It has a loud monotonous two-syllable note, 
which is generally to be heard any fine day, more especially in the 
hot weather. 


(No. 1009, T. lineatus.) 


CRIMSON-BREASTED BARBET OR COPPERSMITH. 


The monotonous “ Tonk, Tonk” of the coppersmith must be known 
to all, as it is to be heard throughout the year and more especially in 
the dry weather. It isa short dumpy little bird which prefers the 
upper branches of trees in which to carry on its tinker’s calling ; 
wagging its head from side to side at each utterance, and so making 
the sound come from different directions. Upper plumage green, the 
front part of the head crimson; a stripe below the eye, the chin and 
throat yellow, breast crimson edged below with yellow, lower parts 
whitish striped with green, Length about six-and-a-half inches, 


It is very leisurely in its nesting habits, at least a pair I once had 
the chance of watching practically took the whole cold weather to 
excavate a small hole. ‘hey first drew my attention by their tap- 
ping, and as they had chosen the dead bough of a tree within a few 
feet of one of my windows, } noted down the date to see how long 
they would take, this was on the 26th October. Work continued 
throughout the cold weather, as whenever I was at home I| saw a bird 
at it every morning, At first 1 only saw one bird, it was shortly 
afterwards joined by another. After the 28th of January there was 
always a bird inside the nest, while the other was generally some- 
where near, As this was rather early for eggs, I presume they were 


Cis 5.9) 


only guarding the nest, asa pair of Pegu housessparrows had laid 
covetous eyes on the hole, and were being continually hunted away 
by the bird on guard. In AprilI noticed that the young birds had 
been hatched, and on the 1st of May I saw one outside the nest. So 
this pair took six months to make their nest and rear their family. 
In August a pair, I cannot say whether the same, began excavating a 
hole in another tree close by. It would be interesting to know 
whether this bird always takes such a time over nesting operations. 


Burmese name—Padein-bo. 
(No. to1g. X. hamatocephala.) 


eee 


XX] 
THE ROLLER, AND BEE-EATERS, 
THE BURMESE ROLLER. 


The so-called “blue jay” is one of our most noticeable Burmese 
birds, and, together with the king-crow and kite, are a characteristic 
feature to nearly every jungle scene. 


When first seen it strikes one as being an unhappy bundle of brown 
feathers, taking no interest in life in general. Inreality it is very much 
awake, as it suddenly surprises one by gliding off its perch, and so 
discloses its beautiful blue wings and tail. It is very partial to tele- 
graph wires, and is always to be seen along the railway lines; in 
fact it is common everywhere except in thick jungle, It is an extreme- 
ly noisy bird during the breeding season, and has a harsh grating 
voice continually scolding and complaining, making a great fuss 
when any bird goes anywhere near its nest. It breeds in holes of 
trees or buildings making an untidy nest of rubbish, and lays three or 
four white eggs. 


They are olive-brown when seen at rest, having the head a greenish 
blue, upper parts a dull green, lower back blue, tail a beautiful dark 
blue, tipped with light blue, wings the same shades of blue, under 
parts brownish, Length about thirteen inches. It has nothing in 
common with the crow-tribe, and is therefore inno way related to 
the jays. Hence its name, is very misleading. It gets the name of 
“Roller” from its rolling manner of flight. 


Burmese name— Hnet-kha. 
(No. 1023. Coracias affinis.) 


THE BEE-EATERS. 


A small family of beautiful green birds, having distinctive badges 
of chestnut and blue, They are often erroneously called “ fly- 
catchers,” from the manner in which they catch their prey—insects in 
all forms, which are captured on the wing, Some of them are 


( 46 ) 


migratory, appearing in favourable localities literally in thousands 
during the breeding season, and breed in colonies; whist others are 
more or less solitary. 


They all nest in holes in the ground, excavating long tunnels in 
sandy banks of rivers or sides of ditches and roads, laying glossy 
round white eggs on the bare earth, or on a pad of insect wings, 


Burmese name—Pasinto. 


THE COMMON INDIAN BEE-EATER. 


This is the familiar little green bird with a golden coppery sheen, 
which skims through the sunlight in front of one. ‘Two or more are 
generally to be seen together, seated on some favourite perch, from 
which they make sallies from side to side, flashing through the air with 
pleasant rolling notes. It is in fact one of the commonest birds out 
here, looking on telegraph wires and fences as its own particular 
property, judging from the numbers to be seen perching on them, 


They are a beautiful grass green, the forehead having a golden 
tinge, the remainder of upper plumage more or less burnished ; 
chin and throat verdigris-blue with a black collar below; the two 
middle tail feathers elongated and pointed; bill curved; length about 
eight inches. They are more or less solitary in nesting habits, 
burrowing into the banks of streams and roads, and laying three or 
four beautiful shining round white eggs. 


Burmese name—Yé-thugyt-gaung. 
(No, 1026. Merops viridis.) 


THE BLUE-TAILED BEE-EATER. 


Larger than the last, having its upper plumage green with a 
coppery tinge, rump, upper tail coverts and tail bright blue, a black 
line passing through the eye, bordered above and below by blue; chin 
yellow, throat chestnut and breast green; and the two central tail 
feathers elongated ; total length about twelve inches. 


This is an extremely common bird in some parts, congregating in 
countless numbers for nesting purposes in places where the river 
banks are favourable, honeying these with numerous tunnels. After 
the breeding season, which is in May and June, the majority seem to 
disappear. They lay the usual round white eggs Of the family. 


(No. 1027. M, philippinus.) 


THE CHESTNUT-HEADED BEE-EATER. 


Not so common as the last, as it does not collect together for nest- 
ing purposes, generally preferring well-wooded country and low hills. 
A very handsome little bird, having its body green, its head a beauti- 
ful rich chestnut, chin and throat yellow, upper breast rufous border- 
ed with black, Its tail however is not lengthened like that of the 


a4 re) 
others. Length abont eight-and-a-half inches. Nests in the sides of 


banks and road cuttings, and lays the regular family type of 
extremely round eggs. 


lonce dug outa nest of this bird and found it contained fully 
fledged young. In the tunnel we found numbers of maimed butter- 
flies with their wings damaged or off, so that they could only flutter 
or crawl about. The old birds had evidently found this the quickest 
and most economical way of feeding their young, who could help 
themselves whenever they felt hungry, As faras I am aware the 
only other members of the animal world which provides a living 
larder for its young, are certain solitary wasps, who have a wonder- 
ful way of paralysing caterpillars, spiders, etc., and then storing them 
in cells in which they have laid their eggs. 


(No, 1030, M. swinholi.) 


XXII 
THE KINGFISHERS. 


The kingfishers are a well known family noted for their bright 
plumage, on which account they are generally persecuted to supply 
ladies with fine feathers, The majority of them live on fish. They 
all burrow out tunnels like the Bee-Eaters for nesting purposes and 
lay the same glossy round white eggs, No doubt this extreme round- 
ness is necessary to enable the parent bird to keep her eggs in posi- 
tion, as they are practicaily laid on the bare earth, the only attempt 
at a nest being a few disgorged fish bones. If the eggs were of the 
usual elliptical shape there would be some difficulty in rolling them 
back if they happened to get out of the nest. Fourteen kinds have 
been recorded from Burma. Many of these are extremely rare 
birds, Four are, however, common in mest parts of the country, 


Burmese name—Danyin. 


THE INDIAN PIED KINGFISHER. 


This is the well-known black and white variety, one of the only two 
sober coloured kingfishers ; and is very common in most parts of the 
country. It isto be generally seen along water channels, hovering 
above the water, with its bill pointed downwards, They are busy 
little birds with loud twittering cries, which they constantly utter on 
the wing, and seem to be more energetic than the other members of 
the family, as they prefer working for their living to waiting quietly 
ona branch for their prey to come to them, They will thoroughly 
work a piece of water, making short flights and hovering over every 
likely bit undeterred by many failures; and take all misses in good 
part, flying on witha happy sounding note. While other king- 
fishers seem ashamed of themselves after a bad shot, immediately 
clearing off to some other spot. 


No. 1033, Ceryle varia. 
30 y 


( 48 ) 
THE COMMON KINGFISHER. 


This is the same as ie European bird but slightly smaller, To be 
found along most streams, and very partial to the irrigating chan- 
nels in paddy- -fields. It is the small kingfisher witha bright-blue 


back, chestnut breast and black bill, and is about seven inches in 
length, 


(No. 1035. Alcedo ispida.) 


THE THREE-TOED KINGFISHER. 


Not a common bird by any means, but as | have procured it near 
Rangoon others might notice it. It is the handsomest and smallest 
of them all, being about five inches in length. Head and lower back 
a rich orange red with a violet gloss, wings and back blue, under 
parts pale chestnut, chin and throat white, bill and feet a bright red 


(No, 1040, Ceyx tridactyla.) 


BROWN-HEADED STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER. 


A giant compared to the last, being about fifteen inches in length, 
It has a large heavy bill, head brown, back greenish blue, tail blue, 
under parts buff coloured. Fairly common in well-wooded localities, 
and I have seen it on the Rangoon lakes. It has a very loud harsh 
cry, which may often be heard when travelling by boat up country. 


(No. 1043. P. Gurial), 


THE WHITE-BREASTED KINGFISHER. 


Perhaps the commonest aud noisiest of the whole family and 
generally to be found away from water, having taken to living on 
land insects. It has loud, harsh cries, and sometimes thinks it can 
sing, perching itself in some high tree and there screaming for all it is 
worth, It has also been reported to have taken to nesting in trees in 
some places. Possibly, like the Australian Jackass, it isin a state of 
transition, and ages hence may develop into a bird of the Roller 
type. 


It is very common over the whole conntry, though not ascending 
the hills, and often may be seen round houses and compounds. 


It is a handsome blue bird about ten inches in length, with a red 
bill, chestnut head and neck, and white breast, 


(No, 1044, Halcyon smyrnensis.) 


(ee) 


XXIII 
THE HORNBILLS. 


A small family of large, grotesque looking birds, with enormous 
bills, many of them having a large protuberance on the top. The. 
largest and most noticeable, The Great Hornbill (No. 1051, . Dicho- 
ceros bicornis) (Burma Awnglawng has a large, curved, yellow bill, 
with:a sort of box arrangement on the top, anda pied black and 
white plumage shaded with yellow on the tail feathers, the yellow 
on the bill and face rubbing off when touched. In length it is about 
52 inches. It has a deep resonant voice, which, like the noise of ‘its 
wings—when flying---can be heard at a great distance. 


There are altogether nine kinds of Hornbills recorded from 
Burma, the commonest being the Burmese Pied-Hornbill (No. 1053: 
A. albirostris) which is to be found in all well-wooded tracts, during 
the cold weather collecting together in large parties, It is a much 
smaller bird than the first, being about 28 inctes in length, It has 
black and white plumage and a yellow bill, with a casque on top. 


The hornbills are also remarkable for.their nesting habits, the nest 
being always in the hole of some big tree, generally at a great height 
from the ground, The hen bird enters this hole, and with the aid of 
the cock walls herself up, only leaving sufficient space for her bill to 
stick out, She then (proceeds) to lay her eggs, and incubate, staying 
in confinement until the young are ready to fly, during this period 
the whole family being fed by the male. While in seclusion the hen 
undergoes a complete moult of feathers. 


Burmese for all horn-bills—Aukkyin. 


THE INDIAN HOOPOE. 


This is the familiar fawn-coloured bird with black and white wings, 
and the conspicuous striped crest, which is erected whenever it alights 
on the ground or is startled It has a graceful undulating flight, and 
is often to be seen in compounds, sedately walking about, prubing 
the ground with its long bill. It has a low ‘hoop, hoop” as a call 
from which it gets its name. It breed's in holes of trees or buildings, 
its nest being a very insanitary affair as the hen bird remains inside 
the whole time she is incubating her eggs, being fed regularly by her 
mate. In fact the bird shows a preference to smelly surroundings, as 
dead squirrels and members of the bird’s own species have been found 
composing part of the nest. A pair recorded by Pallas went so far 
as to nest inside a decomposing human body; the nest when found 
contained a family of seven. The young have the power of defending 
themselves by ejecting a foetid fluid, so that Indian Hoopoe is nota 
nice bird to play about with. They lay five or six dirty pale green 
esse. 

Burmese name—Tawng-pt-so'. 
(No. 1067. Upupa indica.) 


( 50 ) 
XXIV 
THE SWIFTS. 


Swifts are remarkable for their great powers of flight, some of them 
remaining the whole day on the wing, and cover enormous distances, 
only returning to their nests and roosting haunts late at night. The 
have long sickle shaped wings and short tails, exceptionally small legs 
and feet, the toes of which are as a rule directed forward and armed 
with sharp claws so that the birds instead of being able to perch 
have to cling. Swifts do not fly like most birds, with a regular beat 
of the wings, but seem to whirl them rapidly round and round. 


They are all dull coloured birds of a brown or black plumage, some 
of them having a little white on their backs and throats. They are 
also remarkable for their nests, which are composed of materials 
picked up on the wing and cemented together with saliva, some of 
them, the “edible-birds nest ” swiftlets, composing their nests en- 
tirely Of saliva. 


MALAYAN HOUSE SWIFT. 


The only one of the family found commonly in Burma, and very 
locally distributed, being found along the river in the Myingyan 
district, and the only place in Rangoon that I have seen it is in the 
British Infantry lines, where it has attached itself to one of the 
barracks, building its nest along the low2r verandahs. 


It is a small brown bird witha white patch in the small of its back, 
reminding one rather of the European house martin; chin and throat 
white. They build large nests of grass, feathers, etc., cemented 
together and placed in holes of buildings or cliffs. Laying two or 
three long glossless white eggs. 


(No. 1074. Cypselus subfurcatus) 


PALM-SWIFT. 


Palm-Swifts are the small brownish black birds which are always 
to be seen round toddy palms, flying backwards and forwards with 
shrill screams and rapid whirling wings. Builds a small pocket-like 
nest on the underside of palm leaves, ~and in the hills build under the 
eaves of Kachin houses, and lays two or three small white eggs, 

Burmese name—Pyanhlwa. 


(No. 1076, T. infumatus. ) 


SPINE-TAILS 


Are birds of which very little is known and generally keeps out of 
sight, and are remarkable for having the strongest flight amongst birds, 


PST) 


covering immense distances in a day, The only times I have ever 
seen what J presume to be them has been just before dusk when return- 
ing from shooting, when I have occasionally seen a party skim rapidly 
along a jungie stream and then disappear. 


EDIBLE NEST SWIFTLETS. 


Found, I believe, on some of the islands on the Mergui coast. 


CRESTED SWIFTS. 


Found in many parts of the Province inhabiting fairly open tree 
jungle, It builds a minute nest of about one-and-a-half inches in dia- 
meter attached to the sides of a large bough; and lays a single white 


ess: 


THE NIGHT JARS. 


Night-Jars are generally to be seen flitting about at dusk or may be 
put up during the day when out shooting. They all have loud 
monotonous calls which they indulge in throughout the night during 
the hot weather. The commonest, the Indian Night-Jar (No. 1og1, 
Caprimulgus asiaticus), makes a noise very like a stone thrown along 
the ice. Five species have been recorded from Burma, They all 
are brown birds with handsome markings in different shades of the 
same colour. The Great-Eared Night Jar (No. 1096. Lyncornis 
cerviniceps) may occasionally be seen in favourable localities hawk- 
ing about at a good height from the ground just after sunset, It is 
the largest of the family, being about 16 inches in length. Its general 
colour is a rich brown, beautifully marked with buff and black. Night- 
Jars lay two eggs on the bare ground without any vestige of a nest, 
the eggs being boldly marked in different shades of stone colour, and 
very hard to find owing to their resemblance to the ground. 


Burmese name—JDMye-wot. 


THE TROGONS. 


The Trogons are a small family consisting of four species found 
in India, of which three have been recorded from Burma, ‘They differ 
from the majority of birds in having their first two toes pointing 
backwards, and have a very gaudy plumage, They are only found in 
thick forests liying on insects which they catch on the wing. 


THE RED-HEADED TROGON 


Is fairly plentiful in well-wooded localities, and may often be seen 
when one is after big game. They like shady spots, taking up a 
position on a dead branch, watching for passing insects, chiefly 
beetles, to capture which they seem to tumble off their perch ina 


Uge) 


silly sort of way. They are difficult as well as nasty birds to skin, 
their feathers being thick and skins extremely thin, besides having 
a sickening musty smell. 


The male. is a very handsome bird with head, neck and breast a 
rich crimson; and upper plumage a golden brown, lower parts scar- 
let, wings closely barred black and white. In the hen the head, neck 
and breast are brown, They build no nest, but lay three creamy 
coloured eggs ina hole of a tree. 


Burmese name— Htat-ta-yw. 
(No, tro1, Harpactes erythrocephalus. ) 


XXV 
THE CUCKOOS. 


The Cuckoos may be divided into two groups, those having parasitic 
nesting habits, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds; and 
those which undertake their own family responsibilities, 


Many of the first are remarkable examples of mimicry, and at first 
sight might easily be mistaken for small hawks, and are no doubt 
mistaken for such, by small birds in whose nests they lay their eggs. 
They include :—The Common Cuckoo, which is the same as our English 
bird, and is very common in the hills from March till June, The 
Hawk Cuckoos, and the Plaintive Cuckoo, which is always com- 
plaining that “He has lost his love.” Another, the Drongo Cuckoo, 
which is the exact copy of a king-crow, is said to lay its eggs in the 
nests of birds of that family. 


The parasitic cuckoos have their first and fourth toes pointing 
backwards, so that when perching they have two in front and two 
behind. ‘They are all noisy birds with loud monotonous calls which 
they indulge in continually during the breeding season. They all 
deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds generally taking one in 
exchange. Many of them lay eggs very like those of their hosts, 
Fourteen out of sixteen species have been recorded from Burma. 


THE KOEL, 


This is the ‘ Hot-weather ” bird, well known for his irritating calls 
of ‘‘ Who are you?” “ Who are you?” rising in a maddening shriek 
throughout the day and night. ‘The cock bird, which is the noisy one, 
is black and looks rather like a long-tailed crow, who cordially detest 
him for this imposture ; the hen is a speckled brown bird, apparently 
escaping notice, 


This wicked and fraudulent pair play very cleverly into each other’s 
hands, for when the hen is ready to lay her egg, and has chosen a 
likely nest, her mate flies into the tree making his usual insulting 
enquiry of the crows, This at once fetches them and they beth dash 


Coges) 
for himon sight, which is all that is wanted, then clearing off to a safe 
distance he renews his enquiries, so drawing the crows after him, 


while the hen slips quietly in and lays her egg, taking away one of the 
crows, on the principle perhaps that exchange is not robbery, 


The amusing thing is that the bird thus taken in is generally the 
Common House-Crow, which, notorious for its low cunning, and the 
brutality with which he victimises other birds. 


The Jungle Crow is also used as a foster-parent; and in the Shan 
States, and the Kachin hills, I have taken Koels eggs from the nest of 
the Common Magpie, 


Their eggs are a greenish colour profusely spotted with brown, with 
a decided resemblance to those of the Crow. 


Burmese name—Oh-aw. 
(No, 1120, E, honorata) 


OTHER CUCKOOS. 


Of the non-parasitic cuckoos the large creen-billed Malkoha 
(No. 1123. R. tristis) and Common Coucal or Crow pheasant (No. 
1130, C. sinensis) are commonest. ‘The first is a dark grey bird with 
an extremely long tail tipped with white, and is fairly plentiful in all 
damp localities. It hasa greyish head; body and tail dark glossy 
green, underparts grey with black stripes. It is generally to be found 
haunting well-wooded nullass and the outskirts of thick jungle. It 
builds an open-shaped nest and lays three or four chaiky white eggs, 


Burmese name—WNet-awk. 


THE CROW-PHEASANT. 


The Crow or “Griffins” Pheasant is a handsome long-tailed bird 
with glossy blue-black head, upper and under parts black, and wings 
and tail chestnut. It is found everywhere, but seems to prefer low- 
lying damp valleys. Its note isa deep ‘“ Hoop, hoop, hoop,” which 
is repeated several times. It builds a large domed nest during the 
rains and lays three or four chalky white eggs, 


Burmese name—Boke. 


XXVI 
THE PAROQUETS. 


Parrots asa family require no description as they are the com. 
monest cage birds of the East. Five species have beer recorded 
from Burma, and are all more or less common birds in suitable 
localities, They are early breeders, many beginning nesting opera- 
tions in November; and lay white eggs in holes of trees or walls, 
either excavating their own nests or appropriating those of other 


( 49 
birds, Their predominating colcur is a bright grass-green, relieved 
by different distinctive markings, 


LARGE BURMESE PAROQUET 


May be known by its large size, being about 22 inches in length, 
Head all green, a dark red patch on the wings, the male having a 
rosy collar round the back of the neck, anda black line from the 
bill to the collar, bill deep red, This is a common bird of the 
dry-zone, and is found in all open low-lying parts of the country. 
It is an early breeder, beginning operations soon after the end of 
the rains and is very partial to nesting in holes of toddy-palms, 
laying in January and February, . 


Burmese name—/‘yet-taw. 
(No, 1136. Palaornis indo-burmanicus ) 


ROSE-RINGED PAROQUET. 


Another common bird of the dry-zone and open country. I have 
not seen it near Rangoon, but no doubt it is to be found there, as 
parrots are In a way migratory, collecting together in large flocks, and 
doing an immense amount of damage to standing crops. It is very 
like the last, having its head all green, but has no red patch on the 
wings, and is a smaller bird, being about 16 inches in length, It has 
the same rosy collar and black line in the males, They ‘breed early 
in the year, many nesting in holes in the Fort walls, and in the roof 
of the Palace at Mandalay, 


Burmese name—J‘ yet-tama. 
(No, 1138. P. torquatus.) 


BLOSSOM-HEADED PAROQUET. 


Asmalier bird and keeps to the hills, and to forest land. Head 
a rosy pink, passing into lilac in the males, and slaty-coloured in the 
females ; a narrow black collar from the chin round the neck, red 
patches on the wings, bill orange above and black below. In length 
about 13 inches. I have got this bird near Rangoon. 


Burmese name—Kyet-yoke and Kyet-lien. 
(No, 1140, P. rosa.) 


BURMESE SLATE-HEADED PAROQUET. 


Very like the last but larger, the males having plum-coloured heads 
with a narrow black collar, red patches on the wings, bill red above 
and yellow below, and are about 17 inches in length. The females 
have the head the same but want the red patch on the wings. This 
is a bird of the hills and not found in the plains, 


Burmese name—K yet-kala. 
(No, 1142. P, finschi) 


(an S5ir) 
RED-BEASTED PAROQUET. 


Has the head purplish grey, a black collar, a red patch on the 
wings, and throat and breast pale red. In the males, bill red above 
and black below, the females having an all black one. It seems to 
prefer open tree jungle and is the commonest parrot round Rangoon. 


Burmese name—Kala-ma. 
No. 1145. P. fasciatus.) 


The Indian Lorikeet or love birds are small green parrots about 
five-andea-halt inches in length, and are found in thick jungle along 
low-lying hills, 


XXVIT 
THE OWLS. 


Owls, with one or two exceptions, cannot be considered common 
birds, the majority of them being nocturnal, and the only evidence 
of their presence b2ing their hooting or weird and ghastly cries. 


THE BARN OWL. 


-Almost indentical with the Furopean screech-owl, and is fairly 
common, Being strictly nocturnal, only makes its presence known, 
by its hoarse screeching at night, in which it indulges in chiefly 
during the breeding season, from November to about March, though 
its cry may occasionally be heard at other times. It is very partial 
to houses, nesting under the eaves whenever it gets a chance, 
though owing to its noisy habits it is generally evicted. It aiso 
nests in holes of trees, and inthe Shan States in swamps and long 
grass, 


Barn owls make interesting pets and afford much amusement by 
their quaint ways; and should be especially protected in towns as 
their chief diet is rats, of which during the breeding season they 
must consume an enormous number, ‘They require very little de- 
scription, are of medium size, under parts white, with a few dark 
spots, a large whitish ruff round the face and eyes, and upper 
plumage a handsome mottled buff and grey. 


Burmese name—J/idot and Hvnet-so. 
(No. 1152. Strix javanica.) 


SPOTTED OWLET. 


‘“ Zee-gwets ’ are decidedly one of the most familiar and common 
birds in the dry-zome, every bungalow and compound being blessed 
with its numerous noisy colony, who begin their squabbling and 
chattering long before the sun has thought of going down, They 
are comical looking little brown birds, mottled with white. [| 
haye not seen or heard them in Rangoon, their place being taken 

8 


(ae) 


by the next species, a.cousin, almost as noisy as themselves. They 
are early breeders, nesting in holes of trees or bungalows, and lay 
three or four white eggs. 


(No. 1180. Athene brama.,) 


LARGE BARRED OWLET. 


This is the common noisy little owl of Rangoon, but is not such 
a nuisance as the last as it always keeps to trees, During the 
breeding season it can be very noisy when it likes, having a sort 
of cuckoo-like call, with which it runs up the scale, and then suddenly 
ends witha laughing chuckle. It is slightly larger than the last, 
and is of an olive-brown colour with buff barred markings, It may 
often be seen flying about, or heard calling at all hours of the 
day. 

: (No. 1183, Glaucidium cuculoides.) 


Another noisy little owl which, however, seems to be migratory— 
at least | have never come across it in the hot weather or rains—is 
the Brown Hawk Owl (No. 1187. Ninox scutulata,) It generally puts 
in an appearance towards the end of the rains, and makes itself 
known by its weird assortment of cries, which generally begin with a 
soft ‘woo-wuk,’’ and a mewing cat-like call, and then followed by a 
regular series of caterwauling, It isa small brown owl with under 
parts white with brown streaks, feet and legs orange. 


Altogether 18 different kinds of owls have been recorded from 
Burma, varying in size from the Large Fishing Owl (Burmese IN-dote) 
down to the small owlets. 


——_——~ 


XXVIII 
THE BIRDS OF PREy. 


These are divided into the following families:—Eagles, Serpent 
Eagles, Buzzard-Eagles, Sea and Fishing Eagles, Kites, Harriers, 
Buzzards, Hawks and Falcons; two sub-families Ospreys and 
Vultures, 

EAGLES. 


The true eagles are birds of a large size, and may be recognized 
by having their legs feathered down to their toes, and have no notch 
or tooth to their upper mandible, which isa characteristic of the 
true Hawks and Falcons, ‘The majority are cold-weather visitors: 
and though none can be considered common, two are locally resident 
in Upper Burma, 

The Indian Tawny-Eagle, 
(No, 1203, V. vindhina.) 
and the Large Spotted-Eagle. 
(No. 1205. A. maculata.) 


Burmese name— Woonlo and Linyon. 


Cha) 
THE CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE. 


Ditters from thé true Eagles in having its legs naked from the 
knees downwards, and in possessing crest, It is a large handsome 
bird, its whole plumage being a rich brown, its breast and under 
parts marked with white “eyes” enclosed in a darker ring; the 
feathers at the side of its head black and white, elongated into a 
crest. It may often be seen near swamps and paddy-fields, quietly 
sitting on the stump of a tree, on the look out for its prey which 
consists chiefly of snakes, or often be heard while it circles round 
uttering its loud piercing cries at a great height from the ground, It 
is fairly plentiful in all the suitable localities, and especially so in 
the neighbourhood of Rangoon. It breeds early in February and 
March, building a large nest in trees and lays asingle white egg 
spotted with red and purple. 


(No. 1217, Spilornis cheela.) 


THE WHITE-EYED BUZZARD EAGLE. 


The Buzzard-Eagles are birds of a small size compared to the last, 
and have their legs bare, and no knotch or tooth to their upper 
mandible, The White-Eyed Buzzard is a bird of medium size, being 
about seventeen inches in length; and isa brown hawk-like bird 
with long pointed wings, its upper plumage being a pale brown, 
chin and throat whitish with a dark stripe on each side, breast 
lighter in colour than the back, tail rufous, It is very plentiful in 
the dry-zone, and may often be seen skimming over low-lying scrub 
jungle. It is an early breeder, and lays three or four plain greenish 
white eggs, 

Burmese name—Jo-sain. 
(No, 1220, Butastur teesa.) 


THE FISHING EAGLES 


Differ from the true Eaglesin having unfeathered legs; and are 
large handsome dark brown birds, with light coloured heads, 


Four kinds have been recorded from Burma, Pallas’ Fishing- 
Eagle, being the commonest, and may be seen generally along weil- 
wooded river banks, and is extremeiy noisy during the breeding 
season Which commences in November, 


THE BRAHMINY KITE. 


This is the chestnut coloured kite with conspicuous white head 
and under parts. It is never found far away from water, being very 
partial to paddy-fields and swamps, and is generally to be found 
along rivers freeding on crabs and offal; and is not above carrying 
off a wounded snipe whenever it gets a chance. 


Burmese name—JZoon-goung-byu. 
(No, 1228, Haliastur indus.) 


i, Se) } 
ThE PARIAH KITE. 


Kites are true weather prophets in Burma, disappearing at the 
break of the rains, only returning in the middle of October after the 
mansoon is over J thing there must be two kinds of common kites, 
one, a heavy, untidy-looking bird, with a good deal of white on the 
undersides of its wings, and the other a more compact, dark brown 
bird, with finer and narrower wings, which have no white on 
the undersides. The former is by far the commonest bird round 
Rangoon, congregating in large numbers towards sunset, and roosting 
together on certain favourite trees. The latter or smaller bird is 
easily distinguishable on the wing by its more graceful shape, and 
is the only one I have seen breeding round Rangoon, andin the 
Shan States. The larger bird cannot be the Large Indian Kite 
(No, 1230. M, melanotis) as they are much too small, at least those 
| have measured do not come up to the measurements of that 
bird, 

Burmese name— Zoon. 


(No, 1229. Milvus govinda.) 


THE HARRIERS 


May be easily recognized by their graceful flight, and may often 
be seen during the cold weather quartering the ground in a systema- 
tic manner, quietly skimming over paddy-fields and suddenly pouncing 
down on their prey. They are medium sized birds, with weak feet 
and legs, and have a small ruff of feathers round their face and eyes. 
They are all migratory, arriving during the cold weather, and leaving 
for the north in May. Four kinds have been recorded from Burma, 
The most noticeable being the large grey and black variety, which is 
often to be seen when out snipe shooting, and is the male Pied 
Harrier (No. 1236. Circus melanoleucus) the hen being a brown 
bird. 


Buzzards are rare birds in Burma and have not often been recorded 
from this Province. 


THE HAWKS. 


The hawks are well-known for their courage, many of them having 
been trained from time immemorial, and ciffer from the falcons 
in having a short rounded wing, of which the fourth or fifth flight 
feathers are the longest, They capture their prey by suddenly 
pouncing On it from some point of vantage, and do not generally 
strike it down on the wing. Hawks and Falcons are remarkable 
for the females being larger and more courageous than the males, 


Burmese name—Thein and Gyo-thein. 


THE SHIKRA. 


Is our commonest hawk and is at first sight very like the English 
Sparrow-Hawk, It differs from the true sparrow-hawks which are 
remarkable in having exceptionally long toes, whilst the Shikra has 


(459%) 


short powerful ones. It isa small bird about fourteen inches in 
length. ‘The adult's upper plumage is a slaty-grey, under parts 
rufous barred with white, the young birds are brown above, the 
under parts white streaked with brown. 


They are fairly common, and at times very noisy, their loud 
plaintive cries being often heard in the Rangoon cantonments. 
They are very courageous for their size, and are sometimes trained 
in India for hawking crows. 


(No. 1244. Astur badius.) 
THE FALCONS 


May at once be distinguished from the Hawks, by their longer 
and more pointed wings, though they have a notched or toothed bill. 
They are famous for their courage and were in great request when 
falconry wasa favourite sport. They were in consequence better 
known than the other kinds of birds and different names ‘were given 
to either sex according to age. They are, with few exceptions, 
migratory birds, only visiting us in the cold weather, 


The Peregrine Falcon is perhaps the most noticeable as it 
seems to accompany the ducks southwards from their breeding 
haunts, 


The Shahin is another grand bird, which is the eastern represen- 
tative of the last, and is more or less locally distributed, A_ pair 
usek to breed on the crags at Taunggyi in the Shan States, 


The Kestrel is another winter visitor, and is the same as the 
English bird. It may often be seen hovering in the same way as 
at home. 


The Pigmy Falcons are miniature falcons about tke size of a 
swallow, and live chiefly on insects, which they capture on the wing 
in their talons, They however differ from the true falcons in their 
nesting habits, for, instead cf building nests, and laying eggs richly 
marked with red, they nest in holes of trees and lay white eggs, 


THE OSPREY 


Differs from all other birds of prey in having its outer toes 
reversible. It is a large handsome brown bird, with head and 
under parts white, and is generally to be seen during the cold weather 
near most large expanses of water. It lives entirely on fish which 
it captures by plunging into the water from a good height, seizing 
them with its powerful feet, It is only a winter visitor, returning 
to northern climes for breeding purposes, 


It is perhaps needless to say that, fortunately for them, they do 
not supply the so-called plumes, which are the nuptial garments of 
the small white egrets or paddy-birds. 


(No, 1189, Pandion haliaétus.) 


( 60 ) 
VULTURES. 


Though not nice birds from their habits, fulfil a most useful duty, 
as scavangers, and judging from their numbers round Rangoon, 
must greatly help the municipality in the removal of offal, 


The common bird is the Indian White-backed vulture (No. 1169. 
Psuedogyps bengalensis.) It is Jarge replusive looking bird with 
naked head and neck, dark brown body and wings, lower back and 
under parts white, 


The Black or King Vulture (No, 1191. Otogyps calvus). Is the 
large black vulture with a conspicuous red head. It is not nearly so 
common as the last, only one or two being present at the disgusting 
orgies attended by the commoner bird, and are very noticeable from 
their larger size and handsome appearance. 


Vultures are early breeders, beginning breeding operations at the 
end of the rains, building huge nests in the forks of high trees, and 
laying a single white egg. 


XXIX 
PIGEONS. 


The Columbie are a well marked group of birds, many of them 
well worth shooting from a shikar and culinary point of view, and as 
they are ignored by the majority of books on game birds, I have 
tried to describe them rather more fully, and hope that these rough 
notes may be of use to sportsmen, who take an interest in what they 
shoot, 


Pigeons and doves have clearly defined family characteristics, and 
can be easily divided up into groups by well marked features. They 
build loose platforms of sticks as nests, which are generally placed in 
trees or bushes, These seemingly untidy constructions are wonderful 
when it is remembered that they have to bear the weight both of 
parent bird and young, The Rock-pigeons, from which the domestic 
pigeon is descended, are an exception, as they build in holes of cliffs 
and buildings, The majority of the family lay two white eggs, the 
Imperial and Wood-pigeons, however, laying only a single cne. 


The Pigeons may be divided up into two main groups by the number 
of their tail feathers; 
I, Those having r4 tail feathers. 


This group includes—A, The Green Pigeons, 
B, The Imperial Pigeons, 


The following being found in Burma :— 
A,—The Green Pigeons. 
(1) The Common or Bengal Green-pigeon. 
(2) The Ashy-head or Phayre’s Green-pigeon, 


(ete 
(3) The Orange-breasted Green-pigeon. 
(4) The Thick-billed Green-Pigeon, 
(5) The Pin-tailed Green-pigeon. 
(6) The Kolka Green-pigeon., 


B.—Imperial Pigeons. 


(1) The Green [mperial-pigeon, 
(2) The Grey-headed Imperial-pigeon, 


Il. Those haviny 12 tail feathers. 


Include the—C, The Bronze-winged Dove, 
D. The Blue Rock-pigeon, 
E. The Wood-pigeons, 
F. The Doves, 


The following being found in Purma :-— 
C, The Bronze-winged or Emerald Dove. 
D. The Blue Rock-pigeon, 


E.—Wood pigeon 
(1) The Speckled Wood-pigeon. 
{2) The Ashy Wood-pigon, 
(3) The Purple Wood-pigeon. 


F.— Doves. 
(1) The Rufous dove, 
(2) The Malay Spotted-dove. 
(3) The Burmese Ring-dove. 
(4) The Red Turtle-dove. 
(5) The Bar-tailed Cuckoo-dove. 
(6) The Little Malay Cuckoo-dove, 


I.—Those having 14 taal feathers. 


A.—The Green Pigeons. 


The green pigeons have the following characteristics :— 


(1) Fourteen tail feathers, (2) Broad-soled feet, unsuitable for 
progression on the ground, (3) General colour bright green, (4) medium 
size (from 10 to 13 inches in length), 


_ All green-pigeons havea brightly coloured plumage, of which green 
is the predominating colour, They have yellow bars in their wings, 
and have very short legs and broad-soled feet, which are quite 


( @e 7 


unsuitable for walking on the ground. And live entirely on fruits and 
berries, never descending to the ground for feeding purposes; an | 
have pleasant whistling notes quite different to the cooing of doves 
and pigeons, 


They can be divived up as follows :— 


(a) Tail square or only slightly round, ¢.¢., all the fcathers being 
about the same length. 


(1) Those about the size of the domstic pigeon, 
(1) The Common Green Pigeon, 


THE COMMON BENGAL GREEN PIGEON. 


There is only one pigeon of this family found in Burma, It is 
widely distributed over the whole Province, both in the hills and 
plains, preferring the more open country to the heavily wooded 
jungles, It is aLout the same size as the domestic pigeon, and has a 
square tail, Its whole plumage more or less tinged with green 
shading to yellow on the head and neck, top of the head and a collar 
round the base of the neck slaty grey, the upper portion of the wings 
tinged with lilac, and the quills margined with yellow; breast more or 
less yellow and under tail coverts chestnut. Both sexes alike and iS 
the only green pigeon with orange coloured legs and feet. 


The common green pigeon is quite a game bird, both from a sport- 
ing and table point of view, and gives very good sport if one finds 
outits géneral line of flight, and posts guns accordingly. With 
others of the family it shows a marvellous adaptation of colour to 
surroundings, the whole plumage so blending with the leaves. and 
foliage, as to make the bird practically invisible. 


Furmese name—Ngu. 
(No, 1271. Crocopus phoenicopterus.) 


(2) Those smaller than the domestic pigeon. 
(2) The Ashy-headed Green-pigeon. 
(3) The Orange-breasted Green-pigeon, 
(4) The Thick-billed Green-pigeon. 


There are three of the smaller kinds of green pigeons, which are 
well distributed over the whole Province in suitable localities. “Two 
others, which have been omitted, are found only in the extreme south 
of Tenasserim. 


They have all the family characteristics, ¢.¢ , fourteen tail feathers, 
yellow bars in the wings, broad-soled leet, and square shaped tails, 
but are smaller than the domestic pigeon, being 10 to 11 inches in 
length, | 


(23,9 


They may be distinguished as follows :-- 
Firstly— 
Bill slender, and no naked patch round the eye. This group 
includes: 
(1) Those having the two middle tail feathers green—The Ashy- 
headed Green-pigeor. 
(2) Those having the two middle tail feathers grey—The Orange- 
breasted Green-pigeon. 


Secondly— 
Bill thickened, and red at the base, a naked patch of skin round 
the eye. 


The Thick-billed Green-pigeon. 


THE ASHY-HEADED QREEN PIGEON 


Has all the characteristics of the common gréen-pigeon, but is 
smaller, being only about 11 inches in length, Has a slender bill 
with no red on it; and a nearly square tail with the two middle 
feathers all green. The sexes are different. Feet and legs red. 


Male—Top of the head grey, back and shoulders maroon red. 
Tail green above, the outer feathers black with bread ashy tips, be- 
coming greener towards the middle feathers which are entirely 
green. The under-tail coverts chestnut; the remainder of plumage 
green tinged with orange on the breast. Bill bluish, legs red. 


Female—Wants the maroon red on the back, and the orange on the 
breast, and has the under tail coverts green. 


Found in all well-wooded parts of the province, bothup country and 
near Rangoon. - 


(No, 1273. Osmoteron phayrei) 


ORANGE-BREASTED GREEN PIGEON. 


Same characteristics as the last, but has the two. middle tail 
feathers ashy grey. The sexes are different in plumage. Feet and 
legs red. 


Male—-The back portion of the head bluish-grey, remainder of 
upper plumage “green, The middle pair of tail feathers grey, the 
others grey with a black bar, widest on the outermost feathers, each 
tipped with grey. Breast tinged with orange with a lilac band abéve; 
under tail coverts chestnut, bill green, legs red. | 


Female.— Wants the orange and lilac on the breast, under tail 
coverts green. Found in all well-wooded localities, and in the hills. 


(No. 1278. O, bicincta.) 


( 64 ) 
THE THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON. 


Very like the Ashy-headed Green-pigeon. In fact looks as if it had 
copied that birds plumage ; whether this is a case of mimicry or not, 
is hard to say. It has, however, the following differences :—bill 
thickened and red at the base of the upper mandible, the remainder 
being green; it also has a green naked patch round the eye, and is a 
smaller bird, being about 10} inches in length. Feet and legs red. 


Male—Head grey, darkest on the top; back and upper portion of 
the wings maroon red, tail above green, outer feathers grey with a 
greenish tinge, each feather with a terminal black band and grey tips, 
the middle pair being entirely green; under tail coverts chestnut; 
no orange on the breast, 


Female—Wants the red On the back and has the under tail coverts 


green and white. Found in the hills and better wooded parts of the 
country. 


(No, 1281. Treron nepalensis, ) 
The second division of the Green-pigeon. 


Tau not square, but rounded and greatly graduated, (i.¢., feathers of 
different lengths, the central pair being the longest). 


Otherwise they have the same characteristics as the other green 
pigeons, 


They may be known by the length of the two middle tail feathers, 


(1) Middle pair of tail feathers greatly elongated, 2 or 3 inches 
longer than the next pair, The Pin-tailed Green-pigeon. 


(2) Middle pair of tail feathers not so greatly elongated, 
The Kolka Green-pigeon. 


THE PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON. 


Has all the green-pigeon characteristics, with, in addition, a long 
parrot-like tail, and 1s possibly another case of mimicry. The sexes 
are different. Legs and feet red. 


Male—General colouring green tinged with yellow, neck greyish, 
breast orange and pink, and wings edged with yellow. Length about 
164 inches, tail being 8} inches. 


Female—Wants the orange and pink on the breast and has a 
shorter tail. 


This is a bird of the hills, and does not descend to the plains. | 
have personally only seen it on the hills east of Bhamo and Myitkyina; 
but it has been recorded from the Shan States and Karen Hills. It 
also has the regular parrot like habit of using its bill for climbing up 


(S554) 


branches. Its notes are different from the whistling ones of the 
common green-pigeon and are somethng like the subdued chattering 
of monkeys. 


(No. 1282. Sphenocerus apicanda.) 


THE KOLKA GREEN PIGEON. 


Male—Crown of the head red, breast orange with a pinkish tinge, 
upper back grey passing into maroon red, remainder of plumage 
green with a yellow tinge. Length about 13 inches. ‘Tail 5 inches, 
being wedge-shaped and not square. 


Female—Wants the orange on the breast and red on the back, 


This is a bird of the hills, recorded from both northern and southern 
Burma, Personally I have never seen it. It is said to have peculi- 
arly agreeable notes and to be kept as a cage bird in India. 


(No. 1283. S. sphenurus.) 


B.—Imperial Pigeons. 


The Imperial Pigeons have the following characteristics :— 


(1) 14 tail feathers, (2) broad soled-feet, (3) general colour dark 
green or dark brown, (4) size large (17 to 20 inches). 


Imperial pigeons build the usual type of nest, but only lay a single 
egg. 


There are two kinds :— 


THE GREEN IMPERIAL PISEON 


Is the commonest, found in all the well-wooded parts of the country. 
A large bird about 17 inches in length. Head and neck a pearly 
grey, back and upper plumage dark green with a bronze tinge, under 
parts grey like the head, under tail coverts dark chestnut, Both 
sexes alike. 


This is a very Gne bird indeed, both for sport and the table. It has 
a very strong steady flight, and carries away a lot of shot. And 
gives excellent sport if one can find out its evening line of flight, as 
it is very regular in habits, coming more or less singly, so that one 
can be certain of having a good number of separate shots. 
Burmese name for all Imperial and Wood-pigeon— Hgnet-nga-nwa. 


(No, 1284. Carpophaga aena), 


O.—The Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon. 


Rather a poor name for so fine a bird, especially as a great number 
of pigeons and doves have grey on the head. It is a much rarer bird 


( 66 ) 


than the last, having been only recorded so far from the Shan States, 
Arracan and Tenasserim, and is a bird of the higher hills; person ally 
J have only met with it in the hills cast of Bhamo. General colour 
dark brown, head grey, neck pinkish grey, upper back a rich coppery 
red, lower back dark grey, tail black edged with grey, chin and 
throat white, lower plumage pale grey and breast tinged with lilac. 
18 to 20 inches in length. Bill and legs deep red. Both sexes alike. 


(No. 1287. Ducula griseicapilla). 


Those having 12 tail feathers. 
THE BRONZE-WINGED OR EMERALD DOVE. 


There is only one bird of this family. It has the following charac- 
teristics:—(1) 12 tail feathers, (2) feet suitable both for perching 
and walking on the ground, (3) back only dark green, (4) small in size. 


A very common little bird in all well-wooded parts of the country, 
noticeable for its low rapid flight, and is generally met with singly or 
in pairs. Sexes of different plumage, 


Male—Forehead and a streak over the eye whitish, top of the 
head bluish grey, a narrow streak down the neck the same; back and 
wings metallic dark green, lower back bronze with two grey cross 
bands ; sides of the head, neck and under parts reddish ; a narrow bar 
of white on the wings. 


Female—Forehead and streak grey, sides of the neck brown; 
upper tail coverts brown, This dove makes the usual type of nest, 
and lays two creamy buff coloured eggs instead of pure white ones. 


Burmese name—(tyo-sein. 
(No. 1291. Chalcophaps indica). 


PIGEONS AND DOVES. 


The true Pigeons and Doves have the following characteristics ,— 
(1) Twelve tail feathers, 
(2) Feet suited for perching and progression on the ground, 
(3) No green in their plumage, 
(4) Variable size. 
And may be divided up as follows :— 
Medium size—The Blue Rocks, 
Large size—Wood-pigeons. 
Small size —Doves. 


D.—The Indian blue Reck. 


Very like the European blue-rock, from which all the different 
varieties of the domestic pigeon are descended, It differs from it in 


(, 467.5) 


having no white band on its lower back. The whole plumage is 
more or less a slaty blue with a metallic gloss, lower back and rump 
grey. 


Whether this is an indigenous wild bird or only descended from 
domesticated birds which have gone wild, would be hard to say, as it 
is often to be seen consorting with unmistakeable domestic birds. 
Found along cliffs and haunting old pagodas and ruins in the dry zone. 


Burmese name—A4Hko. 
(No. 1292. Columba intermedia). 


E.— Wood Pigeons. 


Differ from the Imperial Pigeon, in having 12 tail feathers, and feet 
suitable for progression on the ground, there are three kinds :— 


THE SPECKLED WOOD PIGEON. 


A rare bird, found in the Himalayas, and so far only recorded from 
the Shan States and the hills in the Myitkyina district; but might 
possibly be met with on the other mountain ranges. 


Male—Head and neck ashy-grey, body a ruddy brown, the feathers 
of the neck and back speckled with red and white, lower back grey ; 
tail blackish, breast claret-coloured changing to grey on the lower 
parts. Length about 15 inches. 


Female—Head brownish and back and breast duller. Nothing is 
known of its nesting habits. 


(No. 1297. Dendrotreron hodgsoni,) 


THE ASHY WOOD PIGEON. 


Another rare Himalayan bird, which has been recorded from the 
Shan States. As it again appears in Formosa, it should be found on 
some of the higher ranges in Burma. .Its general colour is dark grey; 
head ashy, a collar of black and buff feathers with whitish tips, the 
lower neck and upper back blackish, with a metallic gloss, the 
middle of back, wings, and tail brownish black, lower back with a 
grey tinge, chin and throat white, becoming buff on the collar; 
breast slate-coloured with metallic gloss, under parts buff. Length 
about 14 inches, Builds the usual type of nest and laysa single 
white egg. 

(No, 1301. Alsocomus pulchricollis.) 


THE PUAPLE WOOD PIGEON. 
_ Well distributed over Burma, but very local. 1 have shot it both 
in the Myitkyina district and near Rangoon where it is very fairiy 
plentiful, It generally goes about singly or in pairs, and not in flocks 


( 68 ) 


like imperial pigeons; and may be seen feeding in the evening in 
paddy-fields after the crops have been cleared. Its whole upper 
plumage isa rich chestnut with a metallic gloss, its head greyish 
white, rump slaty-grey. Length about 16 inches. The female is 
slightly smaller and duller in the colour. It builds the usual type of 
nest and lays a single white egg. 


F —Doves. 
THE RUFOUS TURTLE DOVE. 


The Doves differ from the Pigeons in having smaller heads and 
longer tai's. This bird is found in all the better wooded parts ot 
Uppper Burma andthe Shan States, It is bigger than the next 
species, which is such a familiar bird round our houses and compounds; 
it also has a deeper note which reminds one of the English wood 
pigeons’ cooing. Its head, neck and back are a rich reddish-brown, 
the head having a greyish tinge, a patch of black feathers tipped 
with grey on each side of its neck forming a sort of collar, lower 
back dark grey, under parts reddish. Length about 13 inches, It 
builds the usual type of nest and lays two white eggs, breeding 
nearly the whole year round, 


Burmese name for all Doves—Gvo. 
(No. 1304, Turter orientalis.) 


THE MALAY SPOTTED DOVE. 


This is the common dove of Burma, found over the whole Provincé, 
and is very partial to cultivation and human habitations, Head grey, 
sides of the neck black, each feather with two white spots, back 
brown, each feather being darker in thé centre, throat whitish under 
parts with a reddish tinge. Length about 12 inches, Breeds through- 
out the yeir, and often may be found nesting in the verandahs of 
Bungalows in Upper Burma, andif not persecuted becomes very tame, 
It is, however, very pugnacious with members of its own species and 
a pair may often be seen fighting and using their beaks and wings very 
effectively in making the feathers fly. 

Burmese name— Gyo-le-byauk. 
(No. 1308. T. tigrinus,) 


THE BURMESE RING DOVE. 


Is the big grey dove which is so common in the jungles of the dry- 
zone of Upper Burma. Head and neck grey, a black collar witha 
narrow white border above and below, back and upper parts greyish- 
brown ; lower parts light grey. It is a larger and heavier bird than 
the common species, being about 124 inches in length and witha 
shorter tail, Its notes are deeper, and it has, as it flies, an almost 
hawk-like call quite different to its ordinary notes. This bird differs 


Gr o:7) 


rom the Indian Ring Dove in having a broad yellow ring of bare 
skin round the eye. 


Burmese name—Gyo lin-bya. 
. (No. 1310a, T. xanthocyclus.} 


THE RED TURTLE DOVE. 


A small dove which is more or less migratory in its habits, collect- 
ing in flocks during the cold weather and feeding in dried up paddy 
fields. It has a shorter tail for its size than the other doves and has 
a pigeonelike flight. The sexes are different. 


Male—Head and neck grey, a simple black collar at the back of 
the neck; back and upper plumage a rich chestnut, lower back dark 


grey; tail broadly tipped with white; under parts greyish, Length g 
inches, 


Female—Brown above instead of a rich chestnut, ‘hey generally 
breed in trees, placing the nest on a big branch so that it is invisible 
from below, and can only be found by seeing the bird fly out, and lay 
two creamy white eggs, 


Burmese name—@yo-ni-bu. 
(No, 1311. Genopopelia tranquebarica.} 


THE BAR-TAILED CUCKOO DOVE. 


A long tailed dove only found in densely clad hill-jungles. It has 
a single deep note which can be heard at a great distance and ts well 
distributed along the hills, and is common both in the Myitkyina and 
the Toungoo hills. The sexes different. 


Male—Forehead, cheeks, chin and throat buff ; crown and sides of 
the head lilac; lower neck, back and upper plumage black with dark 
chestnut bars; central tail feathers black barred with rufous, the 
others grey and black barred with rufous, under parts grey. 


Female-—Like the male, but has under parts buff barred with brown. 
Length about 16 inches of which 8 constitutes the tail, Lays one or 
two creamy white eggs on the usual platform of twigs, 


(No. 1312, Macropygia tusalia. ) 


LITTLE MALAY CUCKOO-DOVE. 


A small dove which inhabits the hills of Southern Burma, Person- 
ally | have never come across it. 


Male—Forehead and crown pale chestnut, darkening on the sides 
of the neck into a dull brown, glossed with metallic green and lilac 
on the lower neck and back; rest of upper plumage brown, under 
parts lighter in colour. | 


( eo 2 


Females—Are smaller and duller in colour and have no metallic 
gloss, Length about 13 inches of which the tail is about 64 inches. 


[ have omitted the Barred Ground-dove which is found in the 
Malay Peninsula and Southern Tenasserim. It is a small brown and 
black-barred dove about 7 inches in length. 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BIRDS OF BURMA. 


BuRMA being entirely shut in oa all sides, either by high 
mountain ranges or by the sea, has been able to develope its own 
fauna, besides attracting many from the neighbouring countries, and 
is accordingly very rich in its variety of birds, In the West we find 
Indian and Himalayan ones or their local types, in the North- 
East Chinese, and in the South-East Siamese and Malayan ; whilst in 
the central plains we have a few birds peculiar to Burma alone, 
Many are common to the whole province whilst others are very local 
in their distribution. 


I have divided up the country into the following zones or 
districts ; unfortunately in many of them the birds are very little 
known, but should bz the same as those found in the bordering 
districts. 


I. Tenasserom—Has been well explored by many well-known 
naturalists, J have taken the distribution from The Fauna of British 
India, It will be seen that many species are not found in other parts 
of Burma, a great number of them being Malayan, 


II, Lower Burma—HVas also been well worked ; the distribution 
is taken from the same source, 


Ill. Lhe Dry-Zone—May be described as the Southern portion 
of Upper Burma and is bordered on the North by the Upper 
Chindwin and Katha districts, The bird life of the whole is 
practically the same, I have taken Mr. K. C, Macdonald’s “ List of 
the Myingyan Birds,” in the B, N. H. Society's Journal of 1906-07 
as typical, 


IV. Lhe Southern Shan States—Have been particularly well 


worked and I have made up my list from the following sources :— 


Col. C. T. Bingham’s List in the J, A. 5. of Bengal. Vol. 
LXIX, Part II, 1900. 


Col. C. T. Bingham’s List in The Ibis for October 1903. 
Col. G, Rippon’s Lists in The Ibis for October rgor, 
10 


( Ge ) 
V. Bhamo District—has only been partially worked by myself 


and Col, G. Rippon who kindly gave me his list of Birds. These 
lists will be published in B, N. H. Society’s Journal Vol, XIX. 


VI. Myttkyina—practically unknown, I o1 ce collected a few birds 
some years ago in this district, Its fauna should be almost the same 
as that of Bhamo, with the addition of some Assam and Manipur 
forms, 


VII. The Upper Chindwin—This list is very incomplete and is 
taken from— 


Mr. E. W, Oates and Major A, Mears’s list in the B, N. H. S. 
Journal for November 1907. 


Mr, C. Hopwood’s short list in the B. N. H. S, Journal for 
April 1908. 


VII. The Northern Chin Hilis—Absolutely unknown and should 
hold a lot of new birds, I have therefore given many Manipur and 
Assam birds which may occur. To the North there remains yet the 
high peak of Saramiti 12,000 ft. which probably has a fauna of its 
own, 


IX. The South Chin Hills and Mt. Victoria—Has been well 
worked by Col. Rippon, and I have made up a list from birds 
presented by him to the Natural History Museum, 


X, Arracan—Practically unknown ; many Indian birds probably 
find their way down the coist; those mentioned are taken from The 
Fauna of India. 


The numbers quoted refer to The Fauna of India and are given for 
easy reference. Birds not included in that work have a small initial 
letter after the numeral; I have given as far as possible a reference 
to where their description may be found, 


Two spare columns have been left to enable any one wishing to 
note Birds of their districts. 


73 


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8 IMBAOPL ‘LOFISTA 19JUT AA 

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is ‘qSNY-Mposy) ‘vuviseyy ving 
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| 


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| 


see elusulueg Avjey ot" Tayoyea(,_ sunny tt (euny) snaovarjo sediyquy } peg 


ory ‘Imdiueyy = *** Tayoyeod,T SYOooIg ** (syoo1g) sXueSoyod sediyquy | gg¢ 
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SITY 
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ce ‘WN Join, = *** AayozVoOALY onpq poreqz-ogty tt (euiny{) suounds sturosg | FOG 
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| 
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vee (WH) BINLOVUL B[OUII0IRLO 
a (7) strejnes snyodsdoy 
ut _ (‘sspoy) eainone] vpepojon 
es (s5poy) vyepyns viqquey 
one ‘sspoyy snesdayo 1osis1vy, 
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ens (Ted) vetomme v{ [Lorn y 
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(aoa) 


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Indra yy 
ne TOPISIA TOVUL AA 
ens OUTIL ST 

srmdiae yy 
oe ooounoy, 
zt TOJISTA TOFUL AL 
bi tH vdog 
20h VAY WOIT papsooay 

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| 


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