^ * A

"^m Hr- - •*•»-

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

i

I

t

,

Under Primary , Coverl.3

Under Wing Coverts

/"
Carpug —I" _.-

— —*Umder Tail Coverts or Crissum

Culmen

! \ {Superciliary Stripe

Upper Mandible ^ores \CrOfnn
\ / Forehead 'W^ — <— *s

rv ^Occiput

. Auricular s or Ear Coverts

-Nape tf^ing of Duck showing speculum.

"\~Malar Reyion or Cheek
\- Side of Neck Back

Speculum

Carpal Joint *~'
r Wing Coverts '
Middle Wing Coverts •"'

Gr 'eater Coverts

Tertials

Upper Tail Coverts

Tail Feather

\Un<ler Tail Coverts
or Crissum.

Bill of Fulmar Petrel. Outer^Toe \

Middle Toe -

Black -breast Plover,

-Bind T<*

Inner Toe

TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD.

LlbrtAHY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS.

THE BIRDS

OF

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

' i

KNOWN TO OCCUR EAST OF THE NINETIETH MERIDIAN j?0

73

PART II

LAND BIRDS

KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES

BY

CHARLES B. CORY

Curator of ike Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago ; Vice- President of

the American Ornithologists' Union ; Fellow of the Linncean and Zoological Societies of London ;

Member of the British Ornithologists' Union ; Honorary Member of the California

Academy of Sciences ; Cor. Member New York Academy of Sciences, etc., etc.

AUTHOR OK " THE BEAUTIFUL AND CURIOUS BIRDS OF THE WORLD," " THE BIRDS OF THE BAHAMA

ISLANDS," "THE BIRDS OF HAITI AND SAN DOMINGO," " THE BIRDS OF THE WEST INDIES,"

" A NATURALIST IN THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS," " HUNTING AND FISHING

IN FLORIDA," " KEY TO THE WATER BIRDS OF FLORIDA," " How TO

KNOW THE SHORE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA," " How TO

KNOW THE DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS," ETC., ETC.

SPECIAL EDITION PRINTED FOR THE

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO, ILL.

1899-

COPYRIGHTED,

CHARLES B. CORT

BOSTON,

1899.

ALFRED MUDGE & SON, PRINTERS,
24 FRANKLIN STREET,

BEMOTE STORAGE

r

TO

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM

AND
PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

IN RECOGNITION OF HIS MANY SERVICES TO SCIENCE
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

CONTENTS.

TlTLEPAGE . . . . . ... . . . . • i

DEDICATION ............ iii

CONTENTS ............. v

How TO MEASURE A BIUD . . viii

INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES . . . . . . • • .131

KEY TO FAMILIES OF LAND BIRDS . . . . . . • .133

GROUP 1. Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long; measured bend of

wing (carpus) to tip of longest feather ..... 133

GROUP 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long . . . 133

Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third . . 133
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or

notch ......... 133

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook at tip . 134

Section 2. First primary more than half as long as third . . 135
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or

notch 135

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked . . 135

GROUP 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long . 136

Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third . . 136
Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper

mandible ........ 136

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked . 137
Section 2. First primary, not short, always more than half as

long as third ......-• 137

Part I.' Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or

notch ....... • 137

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked

(v)

VI BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

PAGE

GROUP 4. Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long . . . 139
Section 1. Bill with strong hook claws armed with talons . . 139
Section 2. Upper mandible with distinct hook or notch at tip,

but feet not armed with talons ..... 140

Section 3. Upper mandible not notched or hooked at tip . . 141

Part 1. First primary less than half as long as third . . . 141

Part 2. First primary more than half as long as third . . 143

GROUP 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long ..... 147

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LAND BlRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA . . 149
FAMILY TETRAONHX*:. GROUSE, QUAIL, ETC. ...... 149

FAMILY PHASIANID^E. TURKEYS, ETC. ....... 154

SUBFAMILY. MELEAGRIN^E . . . . . . . .154

FAMILY COLUMBID^E. PIGEONS AND DOVES ....... 155

FAMILY CATHARTID^S. AMERICAN VULTURES . . . . . .158

FAMILY FALCONID^E. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. . . . .160

FAMILY STRIGID.E. OWLS . . . . ... . ' . 181

FAMILY PSITTACID^E. PARROTS . . . . . . . . . 187

FAMILY CUCULID^E. CUCKOOS . . . . . . . . 188

FAMILY ALCEDINID.E. KINGFISHERS . ... . . . . 189

FAMILY PICID^E. WOODPECKERS . . . . . . . . .190

FAMILY CAPRIMULGID^E. NIGHT-HAWKS, WHIP-POOR-WILLS, ETC. . . . 198

FAMILY MICROPODID^E. SWIFTS . . . . . . . . .199

FAMILY TROCHILID^E. HUMMING-BIRDS ....... 199

FAMILY TYRANNIDJE. FLYCATCHERS ........ 200

FAMILY ALAUDID^E. LARKS ......... 208

FAMILY CORVID.E . . . . . . ... . . 209

SUBFAMILY GARRULIN^E. JAYS AND MAGPIES . . . . . . 209

SUBFAMILY CORVINE. CROWS AND RAVENS . . . . .211

FAMILY ICTERHXE. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. . . . 213

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, BUNTINGS, ETC. . 226
FAMILY TANAGRID^E. TANAGERS . . . . . . . .263

FAMILY HIRUNDINID^E. SWALLOWS . . . . . . . .265

FAMILY AMPELIDJE. WAXWINGS AND CEDAR BIRDS ..... 269

FAMILY LANIID^E. SHRIKES ......... 270

FAMILY VIREONID^;. VIREOS 271

CONTENTS. Vii

PAGE

FAMILY C<EREBID;E. HONEY CREEPERS . . „ . . . .274

FAMILY MNIOTILTID/E. WARBLERS ...„<,... 275
FAMILY MOTACILLID^:. PIPITS AND WAGTAILS . . . . .311

FAMILY TROGLODYTID/K. WRENS AND THRASHERS . . . . . . 312

SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTINJE. WRENS . . . . . . 312

SUBFAMILY MIMING. THRASHERS, CAT-BIRDS, MOCKING-BIRDS, ETC. 315
FAMILY GERTRUDE. CREEPERS . . . . . . . . . . 316

FAMILY PARID^E. NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC. . . . . .'317

SUBFAMILY SITTING. NUTHATCHES . * . .. . . 317

SUBFAMILY PARING. TITMICE AND CHICKADEES . . . . 318

FAMILY SYLVIID.E. KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS ..... 320

FAMILY TURDIDJS. THRUSHES, BLUE-BIRDS, ETC. ..... 321

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA ..... 325

Vlll BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD.

Wing. — Distance from carpal joint C (bend of wing) to the tip of the longest
primary D. See cut on page 8.

Length. — Distance in a straight line from the end of the bill to the tip of the
longest tail feather. (Occasionally the middle feathers are much elong-
ated, as in the Old Squaw and Pintail Duck, and in other families of
birds, such as Phaethon and Stercorarius. In such cases it is well to
give the length from bill to longest tail feather, and also to end of
outer tail feather.)

Tail. — Distance from the tip of the longest tail feather to its base (the point where
it enters the body).

Bill. — The distance in a straight line from where the bill (upper mandible) joins
the skin of the forehead (A) to the tip (B). (There are a few excep-
tions to this rule, in other families, such as birds with frontal plate, etc.
Some curved bills are measui'ed along the curve of the culmen, and at,
times it is advisable to measure from the nostril to the tip of the bill,
but in such cases it should always be so stated.)

Tarsus. — Distance in front of the leg from what appears to be the knee joint (end
of tibia) to the root of the middle toe. All measurements are given
in inches and fractions of an inch.

HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD.

HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD.

Length

IX

Tail

INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES.

LAND BIRDS.

PAGE

Group 1. Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long . .133

Group 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long . . 133

Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third . . 133
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but

distinct hook or notch . . .133

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook

at tip 134

Section 2. First primary more than half as long as third . 135
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but

distinct hook or notch . . . 135
Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or

hooked . . . . . .135

Group 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches

long • . . . . . 136

Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third . 136
Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip

of upper mandible . . . .136

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or

hooked . . . . . .137

Section 2. First primary not short, always more than half as

long as third ....... 137

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but

distinct hook or notch . . . 137

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or

hooked , , , , , 138

(131)

132 INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES.

BAGE

Group 4. Birds having wings measuring from 3.25 to 9.50 inches

long . . .... -139

Section 1. Bill with strong hook, toes armed with talons . 139
Section 2. Upper mandible with more or less hook, but toes

not armed with talons . . . . • 140

Section 3. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked . 141
Part 1. First primary less than half as long as

third, sometimes very small . . -141
Part 2. First primary more than half as long as

third . -143

Group 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long . . -147

KEY TO FAMILIES.

LAND BIRDS.

GROUP 1.
Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long.*

(1.) Smallest of our birds ; bill, very slender ;
primaries, 10; rectices, 10; feet, very small and
weak.

Family TROCHILID/^E. Humming Birds.

See page 199.

(2.) Tail, rounded ; the outer feathers, shorter than mid-
dle ones; first primary, less than two thirds as long as third;
j second primary, much shorter than third; tarsus, scutellate. *•**"

Family TROGLODYTID/C. Wrens, Thrashers, etc.
Subfamily TROGLODYTIN/E. Wrens.

See page 312.

GROUP 2.

Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long.*
Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third.

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch.

(1.) Toes, joined at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often
show a faint wash of yellow on underparts ; tail, always without white spots.

Family VIREONID/E. Vireos.

See page 171.

For directions for measurement, see page viii.
(133)

134

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook at tip.
X*

(1.) Bill, as illustrated; back, gray or bluish gray;
bill, over .50; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts ; tarsus,
scutellate ; tail feathers, not stiff or pointed.
Family PARID^E.
Subfamily SITTIN/B. Nuthatches.
See page 317.

(2.) Bill, as illustrated; back, bluish gray; bill, less
than .50 ; size, small; length, less thauo.50; first primary,
very short. Family SYLVHD/E.

Subfamily POLIOPTILIN/E. Gnatcatchers.

See pag e 320.

m

(3.) Bill, as illustrated ; throat, black ; nostrils, concealed
by tufts of bristly feathers.

Family PARID/E. Chickadees, Titmice. 552

See page 318.

(4.) Bill, as illustrated; back, brown or brown streaked; tail feathers, not sharp

pointed ; outer tail feathers, shortest ; tarsus, scutellate ; first primary, short.

Wren.
Family TROQLODYTID^E. Wrens.

See page 312.

(5.) Bill, as illustrated; back, streaked; tail
feathers, stiffened and sharply pointed.

Creeper.

Family CERTHIID/E. Creepers.

See page 316,

KKY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS.

135

(6.) Bill, as illustrated ; back, olive green ; bill, less than
.50 inches long. Two species : both males aud one of the females
have brilliant red or yellow crown patch ; the other female has
crown, dull green, like back.

Family SYLVIID/E. Subfamily REGULIN/E. Kinglets.

See page 320.

555

Section 2. First primary, more than half as long as third.

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch.

(1.) Bill, flattened, wide at base; tip, with small hook; numerous black bristles at
base of bill; back of tarsus, rounded; wings, longer than tail; first primary, never very short.

Top of bill.

353

Side of liill.

Family TYRANN1D/E. Flycatchers.

See page 200.

(2.) Bill, very slightly hooked; not
wide and flat at base, as in the Flycatch-
ers; toes, joined together at base. Plain
colored birds, usually greenish or grayish,
but often show a faint wash of yellow
on underparts; tail, always without white
spots ; first primary, variable, very short in
some species, in others nearly as long as
second.

Bill of Vireo.

Family VIREON1D/E. Vireos.

See page 271.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked.

(1.) Bill curved; back, slaty black ; rump, bright yellow. West Indian
family: Numerous species, one common in Bahama Islands, accidental in
Florida; not recorded elsewhere in United States.

Family CCEREBID/E. Honey Creepers.
See page 274,

136

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

(2.) First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as loug as second or third ; bill,
stout and conical ; nostrils, high near the culmeu ; primaries, 9 ; tarsus, flattened behind.

s, 424

Top of bill. Side of bill.

Family FRINGILLID/E. Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, etc.

See page 226.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as loug
as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and
pointed ; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front;
hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

498

522 525 528

Family MN1OTILT1D/G. Warblers.

See page 275.

GROUP 3.

Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25

inches long.*

Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third.

Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper mandible.

Bill, very slightly hooked; primaries,
10, the first often very short ; toes, joined
together at base. Plain colored birds,
usually greenish or grayish, but often show
a faint wash of yellow on underparts ; tail,
always without white spots.

Family V1REONID/E. Vireos.

See page 271.

* For directions for measurement, see page viii.

KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked.

Bill, as illustrated; back, brown; rump, with
concealed white spots; outer tail feathers, shortest;
tarsus, scutellate.

Family TROQLODYTID/C. Wrens.

See page 312.

137

Bill, as illustrated ; back, gray or bluish gray ; nos-
trils, concealed by tufts of bristly feathers.

Family PARID/E.

Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches.

See page 317.

But, as illustrated; throat, black; crown, black
and no rufous brown on sides (Chickadee), or forehead,
black; sides, with rufous brown (Titmouse).

Family PARIDxE. Chickadees and Titmice. 552

See page 318.

Section 2. First primary, not short, always more than

half as long as third.

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch.

Bill, flattened and wide at
base ; numerous black bristles at
base of bill ; back of tarsus, rounded ;
wing, longer than tail.

353

Top of bill. Side of bill.

Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers,

See page 200.

138

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

times, with wash of yellow ou underparts ; no white on tail.

Bill, very slightly
hooked or notched at tip ;
not flattened at base, as
in the Flycatchers ; toes,
joined at base. Plain
colored birds, usually
greenish or grayish, at

Family VIREONID/E. Vireos.

See page 271.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked.

(1.) Toes, 4; nostrils, opening into a soft,
fleshy membrane; tarsus, usually shorter than
toes.

Family COLUMB1D/E. Pigeons and Doves.

256 \

See page 155.

(2.) Bill, pointed; first primary, not short; base of bill,
extending upon and dividing the feathers of the forehead ;
nostrils, exposed; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

Family 1CTERID/E. Orioles.

See page 213.

389

(3.) First primary, not short,
never less than t\vo thirds as long as
second or third; bill, stout and coni-
cal ; nostrils, near the culmen ; prim-
aries. 9 ; tarsus, flattened behind.
Family FRINGILLID/E. Finches, Sparrows, Crossbills, and Buntings.

S<-o page 220.

515 V 622

(4.) First primary, never less than two thirds as long as
third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed;
back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded, as in front : hind toe
and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

Family MNIOTILTID^C. Warblers.
See page 275.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIROS.

139

Bill, slender; first primary, riot short, the first, second and third, being about equal in
length ; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe and claw ; hind toe nail, long, in this
somewhat resembling larks, but no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils.

£to

530

Family MOTAC1LLID/E. Pipits, Titlarks, etc.

See page 311.

GROUP 4.

Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long.*
Section 1 . Bill, with strong hook ; toes, armed with talons.

Eyes, not surrounded by radial disk of feathers; as in the Owls; toes, armed with talon ; ;
head, not bare. Family FALCONID/E. Hawks, Falcons, Kites, etc.

See page 162.

Eyes, surrounded by radiated disk of feathers; plumage, soft; bill, hooked; toes, armed
with talons.

Family BUBONID/C. Hoot Owls, Horned Owls.

See page 186.

* For directions for measurement, see page viii.

140

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Section 2. Upper mandible, with distinct notch and hook
at tip, but feet, not armed with talons.

Toes, four, zygodactyle (two in front,
two behind) ; bill, with cere (skiu-like cov-
ering over base of bill).

Family PSITTACID/C.
Parrots and Paroquets.
See page 187.

468

Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked ; tarsus, scutel-
late ; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish birds with
blackish wings and tail, and a dark stripe through the eye.

Family LANIID^E. Shrikes.

See page 270.

Bill, flattened, wide at base; tip, with small hook; numerous black bristles at base of
bill ; back of tarsus, rounded ; wings, longer than tail ; first primary, not very short, usually
longer than the sixth.

Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers.

See page 200.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS.

141

Section 3. Upper mandible, not notched and hooked at tip.

Part 1. First primary less than one half as long as third.

Toes, four, two in f rout aud two behind ; or toes, three, two iu front and one behind ; tail
feathers, stiff and pointed. (If tail feathers are not stiff and pointed, see Nuthatches, next
family.) Order PICK Woodpeckers. Family P1CID/E. Woodpeckers.

See page 190.

d^rf7=*=^

Bill, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts;
tarsus, scutellate; first primary, very short; tail feathers,
not stiff and pointed. (If tail feathers are stiff and pointed,
look for the bird under Family Picidre.)
Family PARID/E.
Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches.
See page 317.

Bill, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed by hristly tufts of hair-like
feathers ; first primary, short ; forehead, black ; back, gray ; head, with
more or less crest ; sides of body, washed with brown (Tufted Titmouse) .

Family PARID/E. Titmice.
See page 318.

First primary, about one half as long a?
third; feet, zygodactyle (toos, two in front,
two behind) ; outer tail feathers, very much
shorter than middle feathers.

Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos.
See pag-> 1SS.

142

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Bill, stout and strong; the nostrils concealed by coarse hair-
like feathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers;
first primary, decidedly less than half as long as third; tail, over
seven inches long (Magpies) ; first primary, about half as long as
third; tail, less than seven inches long (Jays).
Family CORVID/E.

Subfamily GARRULIN/G. Magpies and Jays.

See page 209.

Tail, rounded ; the outer feathers, shorter than middle ones ; first primary, less than two
thirds as long as third; second primary, much shorter than third ; tarsus, scutellate.

Family TROQLODYTID/E.

Subfamily MIMIN/E. Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking-birds, etc.

See page 315.

First primary, very short ; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except near the toes)
bill, shorter than head; wing, over 3.50 inches long.

Family TURDID/C. Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds.

See page 321.

KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS.

143

Part 2. First primary, more than half as long as third.

Toes, four, hind toe not elevated above the rest; nostril, opening into a soft fleshy mem-
brane; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes.

Family COLUflBID/E. Pigeons and Doves.

See page 155.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest; bill, rather short and stout; Aviug. short
and somewhat rounded, the outer primaries curved.

235

Family TETRAONID/C. Grouse and Quail.

(a) Tarsus feathered; wing, over 5.50 inches long.

Subfamily TETRAONIN/E. Grouse.

(6) Tarsus, bare ; wing, less than 5.50 inches long.

Subfamily PERDICIN/C. Partridges. Quail.

See page 149.

Foot, small and weak ; front toes, sometimes webbed at base ; primaries, ten ; month, large ;
bill, very =m:ill, in comparison with size of bird; middle toe nail, with comb-like edge.

Family CAPRIMULGID>e. Whippoor wills, Night-hawks, etc.

See page 198.

144

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Bill, small, flattened, and somewhat triangular in shape, the gape very wide; wings, very

long, usually extending beyond the tail. (Chim-
ney Swifts, which belong to a very different
family, are often mistaken for Swallows when
seen flying about; they are smoky black and
the shafts of the tail feathers extend in spines
beyond the webs. See next Family.)
Swallow.

Swallow.

Martin.

Family HlRUNDINID/€. Swallows and Martin? ,

See page 265.

Plumage, smoky black ; shafts of tail feathers, extending beyond the web in sharp spines.
Sometimes mistaken for Swallows by persons unfamiliar with birds.

Family MICROPODID/E. Swifts.

See page 199.

First primary, about half as long as third;
feet, zygodactyle (toes, two in front, two be-
hind) ; outer tail feathers, very much shorter
than middle feathers.

Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS.

145

Feet, syndactyle; toes, four, the middle aud outer ones joined, being fastened together for
more than half their length.

Family ALCEDINID/E. Kingfishers.

See page 189.

First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths as long
as third ; fourth, or fifth primary, longest ; bill, stout aud strong ; the nostrils, concealed by
coarse, hair-like feathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

360

360

Family CORVID/E. Subfamily GARRULIN/C. Jays.

See page 209.

First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third ; base of bill, extend-
ing backward, forming a. point, dividing the feathers of the forehead; nostrils, exposed; outer
tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

Family ICTERID/E. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks.

See page 213.

146

THE

OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third; bill, stout
and conical ; nostrils, high, near the culmen; primaries, nine; tarsus, flattened behind.

442

443

Family FRINGILLID/C.

387

Sparrows, Crossbills, Finches, Buntings, etc.

See page 226.

Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small ''tooth," near the middle of
the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, nine ; tarsus, scutellate. But two species
(a third accidental) : Males, bright red, one with black wings; one female is
olive green above, and yellowish green below; the other is olive green above,
\v_ and the underparts, dull orange yellow or buff yellow. (If bird does not agree
with above description, see Fringillidae.) Family TANAGRID/E. Tanagers.

See page 263.

Bill, without notch ; head, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, shorter
than middle toe and claw ; a black stripe from forehead through the
eye ; inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red
bits, like minute drops of sealing wax; general plumage, venaceus gray
brown; tail, tipped with yellow.

Family AHPELID/B. Waxwings, Cedar Birds.

See page 139.

Bill, pointed, and somewhat rounded; back of tarsus,
rounded; hind toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the
toe; nostrils, nearly or quite concealed by tufts of hair-
like feathers ; wing, over 4 inches long.

Family ALAUDID/E. Larks.
See page 208.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS.

147

Bill, slender ; first primary, rj JMLI t IjJJLMQCTI
not short, the first, second, and
third, being about equal in '
length; hind toe nail, long,
in this somewhat resembling ,
the larks, but no tufts of hair-
like feathers over nostrils ;
wing, less than 4 inches long.

Family nOTACILLID/C. Wagtails, Pipits, Titlarks, etc.

See page 311.

Small birds, wing, less than 3.75 inches long; first primary, not short, never less than
two thirds as long as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed; back

of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front; hind toe and
claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

525 515 V

Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers.

See page 275.

GROUP 5.

Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long.*

Grouse.

Wing, over 12 inches long; toes, four; hind toe,
elevated above the rest; bill, stout; wing, rounded,
the outer primaries curved.

Family TETRAONID/C. Grouse.

See page 149.

Toes, four, the hind
toe elevated above the
rest; bill, rather short
and stout; wing, short
and somewhat rounded,
the outer p r i in a r i e s
curved.

Family

PHASIANID/E.
Subfamily
HELEAQR1N/E.
Turkeys.

See page 154.

Turkey.

* For directions for measurement, see page viii.

148

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Eyes not surrounded by radiated disk of
feathers ; plumage, black or dark brown ;
hind toe, short; claws, not sharp; head,
bare in adult.

Family CATHARTID/E. Vultures.

See page 158.

Eyes not surrounded by radiated disk of feathers, as in the Owls ; toes, armed with talons :
head, not barr.

Hawks, Eagles, etc.

See page 161.

Eyes, surrounded by
radiated disk of feathers;
plumage, soft; bill,
hooked ; toes, armed with
talons.

(a) Middle toe nail with comb-like edge.

Family STR1QID/C. Barn Owls.

See page 181.

Middle toe without comb-like edge.

Family BUBON1D/E. Horned Owls, Hoot Owls.

See page 186.

Toes, four, two iu front and two behind (zygodaetyle) ; tail
feathers, stiff and pointed. Family PICID/E. Woodpeckers.

See page 1'Jl.

Plumage, glossy black ; first primary, much shorter than
second, not exceeding half as long as third; fourth, or fifth primary,
longest; bill, stout and strong; the nostrils, concealed by coarse,
hair-like feathers ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.
Family CORVID/E. Crows and Ravens.
See page 201,

FAMILY TETRAONID^i. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC.

149

235

LAND BIRDS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

FAMILY TETRAONID/E.

Grouse, Partridges, Quails, etc.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest; bill,
rather short and stout; wing, short and somewhat rounded,
the outer primaries curved ; wing, less than 12 inches long.

Group 1. Wing, less than 5 inches long.

Uuderparts, white, black, and rufous; throat, white (male); throat, buff brown

(female).

Quail. Bob White.

Colinus virginianus, and races.
See Xo. 235.

The Southern race (C. v. floridanus) has much more black on the breast and the
underparts more heavily banded than the Northern bird.

150

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, more than 5 inches long.

Section 1. The following species do not have the greater
portion of the primaries white.

A tuft of black feathers cm sides of the neck; tarsus not entirely feathered;
axillary plumes, white barred with brown.

Ruffed Grouse "Partridge."

Bonasa umbelliis, and races.
See No. 238.

Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, entirely white; no elongated

tufts of feathers on sides of neck ; tail, pointed.

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Pedioccetes phadiancllus campestris.
See No. 247.

Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, white; sometimes with faint bars
near tip ; a tuft of teu or more elongated feathers on each side of the neck;
tail, not pointed; the ends of the neck plumes are not pointed, and the axillary
plumes are very rarely barred on the whole feather, as in the Martha's Vineyard
species.

Prairie Hen. Pinnated Grouse.
Tympanuchus americunus,
See No. 245.

FAMILY TETKAONID^E. GKOUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC.

151

Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, usually strongly barred with
slate brown ; a tuft of less than ten elongated feathers on each side of the
neck; scapulars, tipped with buff; tail, not pointed. Confined to the island
of Martha's Vineyard, Mass.

Heath Hen.
Tympn nuchus c up ido .
See No. 246

152

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Tarsus, entirely feathered ;
axillary plumes, smoky
gray with white shafts,
and tipped with white;
the male has the breast
black ; the female has the
breast tawny brown, black,
and white.

Canada Grouse.

Spruce Partridge.

Dendragapns canadensis.
See No. 237.

Section 2. The following species have the greater portion
of the primaries white.

Depth of bill at base, .40 or more ; no black on lores ; shafts of secondaries, not
black.

Willow Ptarmigan.

Lagopus lagopus.
See No. 240.

FAMILY TETRAONID.E. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC.

153

Depth of bill at base, .40 or more ; no black ou lores ; shafts of secondaries,
black. Newfoundland.

Allen's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus lag opus alien i.
See No. 241.

Depth of bill at base, less thau .40.
In summer : back, gray, mixed
with black, or tawny buff, or
gray and white. In winter:
plumage, white ; lores, usually
(not always) black.

Rock Ptarmigan.

Lagopus rupestris, and races.
See No. 242.

Similar to Lagopus rupestris, but in summer, back, more heavily barred. Confined
to Northern Labrador and Greenland.

Reinhardt's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus rupestris reinhardti.
See No. 243.

Depth of bill at base, less thau .40 ; shafts of secondaries, not black.
to island of Newfoundland.

Confined

Welch's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus welchi.
See No. 244.

154

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NOR1H AMERICA.

FAMILY PHASIANID/B.

Pheasants, Turkeys, etc.

SUBFAMILY MELEAGRIN/E.

Turkeys.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest ; bill, rather short and
stout ; wing, short and somewhat rounded, the outer primaries curved ;
wing, over 12 inches long.

Resembles domestic Turkey, but legs usually pink red; primaries, broadly
barred with white.

Wild Turkey.

Meleagris gallopavo.
See No. 248.

Similar; but primaries with irregular white marking. Does iiot occur north of
Florida.

Florida Wild Turkey.

Meleagris gallopavo osceola.
See No. 249.

FAMILY COLUMB1D/E. — PIGEONS AND DOVES. 155

FAHILY COLUMBID/E.

Pigeons and Doves.

Toes, four, hind toe not elevated above the rest ; nostril, opening into
a soft fleshy membrane; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes; wings,
rather long and flat.

Group 1. Wing, less than 5.50 inches long.

Primaries, heavily marked with rufous brown ; underparts, pinkish brown or
vinaceous, sometimes grayish, with more or less black dots on breast; wing
coverts, with metallic steel-blue spots.

Ground Dove.

Columbigallina passerina terrestris.
See No. 255.

) KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, from 5.50 to 7.50 inches long.
Section 1. Primaries, dark slaty brown or blackish,

Upper parts, grayish olive ; crown, tinged with slate color ; sides of neck, with
purplish metallic reflections ; a bluish black spot on lower edge of ear coverts ;
wing coverts, not broadly tipped with white; tail, pointed; middle tail
feathers, much longer than outer feathers.

flourning Dove.
Zenaidura macroura.
See No. 252.

Wing coverts, broadly tipped with white; crown, and back of the neck, drab
color; tail, square not pointed; outer feathers, but slightly shorter than mid-
dle ones ; terminal fourth of tail feathers, ashy, or ash gray.

White-winged Dove.

Melopelia leucoptera.
See No. 254.

FAMILY COLUMBID^E. — PIGEONS AND DOVES. 157

\Viug, over 6.50 inches long; no white on wings; general plumage, slaty blue,
varying in shade; tail, square; adult birds have top of head, white.

White Crowned Pigeon.

Columba leucocephala.
See No. 264.

Crown, bluish bordered by black ; a white stripe from back of head, under eye to
chin; throat and upper breast, black; the feathers, more or less marked with
blue. Cuban species accidental on Florida Keys?

Blue-headed Dove.

Starncenas cyanoccphala.
See No. 258.

Section 2. Greater portion of primaries, rufous brown.

Belly and line below eye, whitish. West Indian species accidental on Florida
Keys.

Key West Quail Dove.

Geotrygon chrysea.
See No. 256.

Belly, cinnamon or vinaceous buff; spot of blue black beneath eye. West Indian

species accidental in Southern Florida.

Zenaida Dove.

Zenaida zenaida.
See No. 253.

Belly and line below eye, tawny buff. West Indian species accidental on Florida
Keys.

Ruddy Quail Dove.
nountain Dove.

Geotrygon montana.
See No. 257.

158

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 3. Wing, over 7.50 inches long.

Tail, pointed and rather long; under tail coverts, white.

Tail, square ; under tail coverts, gray or bluish gray.

Passenger Pigeon.

Ectopistes miyratoriu*.
See No. 251.

White-crowned Pigeon.

Columba leucocephala.
See No. 250.

FAMILY CATHARTIDyE.

American Vultures.

Plumage, black or dark brown ; hind toe, short ; claws, not sharp ;
head, bare in adult.

Group 1. Wing from 14 to 21 inches long.
Section 1. Wing, less than 17 inches long.

Head aud foreueck, bare; skin of head, blackish; general plumage, black;
primaries, hoary white beneath.

Black Vulture.
Carrion Crow.

Catharista nrubn.
See No. 260.

FAMILY CATHARTID.&. AMERICAN VULTURES.

159

Section 2. Wing, over 17 inches long.

General plumage, brownish black or dark brown; bill, whitish; the adult has
the head without feathers, the skin being red ; immature birds have the head
feathered.

Turkey Buzzard.
Turkey Vulture.
Cathartes aura.
See No. 259.

160

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY FALCONID^L

HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC.

GROUP 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long. See page 162.
GROUP 2. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long. See page 163.
GROUP 3. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long. See page 164.

Section 1. Species having second primary longest. Seepage 165.

Section 2. Species having third primary longest. See page 166.

Section 3. Species having fourth primary longest. See page 166.
GROUP 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. See page 167.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; first and second primaries, emarginate or notched.
See page 167.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; face, bare. See page 167.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts, white. See page 168.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts, not white. See page 168.
GROUP 5. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. See page 170.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; only first primary, notched. See page 171.

Section 2. Second primary, longest; first and second primary, notched. See page 171.

Section 3. Third primary, longest. See page 171.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, white. See page 173.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, not white; no feathers on the tarsus. See page 173.

Section 6. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, not white; tarsus, partly feathered. See page 173.

Section 7. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; tarsus,
entirely feathered. See page 174.

Section 8. Fourth primary, longest ; three outer primaries, notched. See page 174.
GROUP 6. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long. See page 174.

Section 1. Third primary, longest; tarsus, wholly feathered. See page 174.

Section 2. Third primary, longest; tarsus, not wholly feathered. See page 177.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; tarsus, without feathers. See page 178.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest ; tarsus, partly feathered. See page 178.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely feathered. See page 178.
GROUP 7. Wing, over 21 inches long. See page 179.

FAMILY FALCONID^. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. Itil

First primary, eraarginate or notched

First two primaries, emarginate.
Swallow -tailed Kite

First three primaries, emarginate
Swainson's Hawk,

First four primaries, emarginate
Rough-legged Hawk

First live primaries, emarginate.
Bald Eagle.

162

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAfllLY FALCONID^E.
Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc.

Toes, four, three in front, one behind ; toes, with strong, curved talons
or claws; bill, with cere (skin-like covering at the base); bill, strongly
hooked.

Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long.

Female.

Rump and upper tail coverts, rufous brown ; tail, more or less marked with
rufous brown; tarsus, less than 1.50; second primary, longest.

Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius.
See No. 295.

Rump and upper tail coverts, slaty brown; tarsus, over 1.50; fourth primary,
longest.

Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Accipiter velox.
See Xo. 266.

FAMILY FALCONII)^. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 163

Rump and upper tail coverts, dark brown; breast, streaked with dark brown; no
rufous brown on tail; second primary, longest.

Pigeon Hawk.

Falco columbarium.
See No. 292.

Group 2. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long.

Second primary, longest.

Pigeon Hawk.

Falco columbariua.
See No. 292.

Fourth primary, longest ; outer tail feather, three quarters inch or more shorter
than middle feather; tail, usually more than 7.25 long.

Cooper's Hawk.

Accipiter cooperi.
See No. 267.

164

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Fourth primary, longest ; outer tail
feather, less than three quarter
inch shorter than middle feather ;
tail, usually less than 7.25 long.

Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Accipiter velox.

See No. 266.

Group 3. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have the second primary

longest.

Upper surface of inner web of first
primary, without bars; breast
and belly, white.

White-tailed Kite.

Elanus leucurus.
See No. 262.

FAMILY FALCONID^;. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 165

Upper surface of inner web of first primary, barred with white ; breast and
belly, streaked.

Prairie Falcon.

Falco mexicanus.
See No. 290.

Upper surface of inner web of first primary, barred with pale rufous brown ;
breast and belly, streaked.

Duck Hawk.
Peregrine Falcon.

Falco percgrinus anutum.
See No. 291.

Section 2. The following species have the third primary

longest.

Belly, slaty gray (adult), or bufty streaked more or less with pale Drown (imma-
ture) ; upper tail coverts, not white.

ilississippi Kite.

Ictinia mississippiensi^.
See No. 263.

166

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Section 3. The following species have the fourth primary

longest.

Upper tail coverts, white; tarsus, less than 2.25. Rare north of Florida,
where it is a permanent resident.

Everglade Kite.

Jiostrhamus sociabilis.
See No. 264.

Marsh Hawk.
Upper tail coverts, white; tarsus, over 2.25.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hudsoniu."
See No. 265.

Fourth outer primary, not decidedly notched ; under surface of primaries, not
barred with dark brown and white; tail, less than 9.50; upper tail coverts, not

white.

Broad-winged Hawk.

Buteo latissimus.
See No. 278.

Fourth outer primaries, decidedly notched ; under surface of outer primaries,
not heavily barred with dark brown and white; tail, 9.50, or over; wing,

over 11.50.

American Goshawk.

Accipiter atricapillus.
See No. 268.

FAMILY FALCONID.E. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 167

Fourth outer primary, decidedly notched ; under surface of outer primaries, not
heavily barred with dark brown and white; tail, less than 9.50; upper
surface of tail, with distinct white bars. Red shouldered Hawk.

Buteo lineatus, and races.
See No. 275.

Under surface of primaries, heavily barred with dark brown and white ; wing,
under 11.50. Cooper's Hawk.

Accipiter cooper i.
See No. 267.

Belly, white, without streaks or bars. Short=tailed Hawk.

Butc.o brachyurus.
See No. 279.

Belly, black; general plumage, black (black phase). Short=tailed Hawk.

Buteo brachyurus.
See No. 279.

Group 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; first and second
primaries, emarginate, or notched.

Length, always under 19; primaries, hoary gray, without bands

White-tailed Kite.

Elanus leucurus.
See No. 262.

First primary, pale brown, with numerous bands oil inner web; length, usually
under 19 (some females are longer). Prairie Falcon.

Falco mcxicanns.

See No.290.
Length, always over 19 ; under tail coverts, spotted, or washed with dusky.

Gray Qyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus, and races.
See No. 287.

Length, always over 19; under tail coverts, white, without spots. White Qyrfalcon.

Falco islandus.
See No. 286.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; face, bare.

Basal portion of tail, white, barred with black, or brown ; end of tail, black.

Audubon's Caracara.

Polyborus cheriway.
See No. 297.

168 K£Y TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Face, not bare; upper surface of tail, grayish browii, with numerous bars;
three outer primaries emarginate or notched. Sw unison's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni.
See No. 277.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts,

white.

Under surface of tail, whitish at base; one broad subteruiinal baud of dark brown,
tipped with grayish white; upper mandible elongated (see cut). Not recorded
north of Florida.

Everglade Kite.

Elanoides forlicatus.
See No. 261.

Upper inaudible, more hawk-like (see cut) ; under surface of tail, white or pale
rufous, with several bands of dark brown.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hudsonius.
See No. 265.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; upper tail coverts,

not white.

Upper surface of tail, bright rufous brown, with or without bands (adult).

Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo borealis, and races.
See No. 271.

Upper surface of inner webs of outer tail feathers, barred with brown and white ;
tail feathers, more or less tinged with pale rufous ; primaries, not tinged with
rufous (immature). Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo borealis.
See No. 271.

Upper surface of inner web of outer tail feathers, barred with brown and white ;
tail feathers, more or less tinged with pale rufous; primaries, more or less
tinged with rufous (immature).

Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo lineatus.

See No. 275.
Upper surface of tail, dark brown, barred with white (adult).

Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo lineatus, and races.
See No. 275.

Face, bare; basal portion of tail, white, barred with black or dark brown; end
of tail black; thighs, black or dark brown. Audubon's Caracara.

Polyborus cherhcay.
See No. 297.

FAMILY FALCONID^E. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC.

169

Adult. Swainson's Hawks. Immature.

Throat, white; breast, dull brown; thighs, barred rufous brown and white;
three outer primaries emargiuate or notched (adult) Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni.
See No. 277.

Throat, buft'or buff white; breast, heavily marked with dark brown; thighs, pale
rufous or buff with or without bars ; three outer primaries emarginate or notched
(immature). Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni.
See No. 277.

Throat and underparts finely barred with gray and dull white, the feathers with
dark shafts; thighs, barred and mottled with gray and white; tail, 9.50 or over;
wing, over 11.50 (adult). Goshawk.

Accipiter atricapillus.
See No. 268.

Throat and underparts and thighs, white, or tawny white, streaked with dark
brown; tail, strongly barred (immature). Goshawk.

Accipiter atricapillus.
See No. 268.

170

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN MOUTH AMERICA.

Group 5. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; only first primary,
emarginate, or notched.

Duck Hawk.

Length, under 19- primaries, dark brown, banded on inner web with pale rufous.

Duck Hawk.
Falco peregrinus anatum.

See No. 291.
Length, over 19 ; under tail coverts, white, without spots.

White Qyrfalcon.
Falco islandus, and races.
See No. 286.

Length, over 19 ; under tail coverts, marked with dusky or spotted.

Gray Qyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolns.
See No, 287.

FAMILY FALCONID.E. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 171

Section 2. Second primary, longest; first and second
primaries, emarginate or notched.

Back, entirely brown; belly, white, without streaks; under tail coverts, pure
white ; tarsus, nearly bare.

Fish Hawk.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis.
See No. 298.

Rack, brown ; belly, bro»vii ; under tail coverts, »x>t white.

Black Oyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus obsoletus.
See No. 289.

Back, slatj- brown and white ; under tail coverts, spotted or marked with dusky.

Gray Qyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus, and races.
See No. 287.

Back, white, or white streaked with slaty brown ; under tail coverts, white.

White Qyrfalcon.

Falco islandus.
See No. 286.

Section 3. Third primary, longest.

Four outer primaries, notched; basal portion of inner webs of primaries, largely
white, without bars ; thighs, tawny or buff, more or less barred; tarsus,
thickly feathered.

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Four outer primaries, notched ; basal portion of inner webs of primaries, largely
white, without bars ; thighs, tinged with deep rufous, heavily barred ; tarsus
thickly feathered.

Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo ferrugineus.

See No. 282.

General plumage, entirely sooty brown, or black ; four outer primaries, notched ;
primaries and taM, with more or less white, or gray ; tarsus, thickly feathered.

American Rough-legged Hawk (black plumage).

Archibuteo layopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

172

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Caracara.

Four outer primaries, eraarginate, but not decidedly notched ; a part of inner web
of outer primaries, white, showing numerous imperfect bars ; thighs, black, or
dark brown ; face, bare.

Audubon's Caracara.
Polyborus cheriway.
See No. 297

Three outer primaries, notched ; belly and thighs, not white.

Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni.
See No. 277.

Three outer primaries, notched ; a part of inner web of outer primaries, white,
showing numerous imperfect bars; belly and thighs, pure white; back, dark
brown.

Fish Hawk.

Pandion haliaetus.
See No. 298.

Two outer primaries, notched; primaries, dark slaty blue, showing greenish
tinge when held in the light ; tail, long and forked ; underparts and thighs,
white.

Swallow-tailed Kite.

Elanoides forficatus.
See No. 261.

FAMILY FALCONlD^E. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, E±C. 173

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
white.

Uuder surface of tail, whitish at base ; one broad subterminal band of dark brown,
tipped with grayish white; upper mandible, long and curved (see cut). Not
recorded north of Florida.

Everglade Kite.
Bostrhamns sociabilis.
See No. 264.

Upper mandible, hawk-like (see cut) ; under surface of tail, white or pale rufous
with several bands of dark brown.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hudsonius.
See No. 265.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer
primaries emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
not white ; no feathers on tarsus.

Face, bare ; back, brown ; thighs, black or dark brown. Audubon's Caracara.

Polyborus cheriway.
See No. 297.

Section 6. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
not white; tarsus, partly (but not entirely) feathered.

Tail, bright rufous brown (adult) ; tail, whitish or grayish, with numerous
brown bars (immature).

Red-tailed Hawk.
Suteo borealis, and races.
See No. 271.

General plumage, dark sooty brown, sometimes with underparts pale, more or
less streaked and spotted.

Marian's Hawk.
Buteo borealis harlani.
See No. 274.

174 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Section 7. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; tarsus, entirely
feathered ; upper tail coverts, not white.

Thighs, tawny, more or less streaked or barred

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

General plumage, sooty brown or black (black plumage).

American Rough-legged Hawk.
Archibnteo lagopus sancti-johannis.

See No. 281.
Thighs, tinged with deep rufous with numerous bars.

Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.
Archibuteo ferrugineus.

See No. 282.

Section 8. Fourth primary, longest ; three outer primaries,

emarginate or notched.

Tarsus, partly feathered; throat, white (adult) ; throat, tawny or buff (immature).

Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni.
See No. 277.

Group 6. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long.

Section 1. Third primary, longest; tarsus, wholly

feathered.

Basal portion of inner web of primaries, largely white, without bars ; thighs,
tawny or buff, more or less barred ; tarsus, thickly feathered.

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Basal portion of inner web of primaries, largely white, without bars ; thighs,
tinged with deep rufous heavily barred.

Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo ferrugineus.

See No. 282.

FAMILY FALCONID.E.— HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 1?5

Ospray.

Red-shouldered Hawk.

170

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN KOHTII AMERICA.

Goshawk.

Gyrfalcon.

FAMILY FALCONID^E. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 177

General plumage, entirely sooty brown or black ; primaries and tail, with more
or less white or gray.

American Rough-legged Hawk (black plumage).

Archibuteo layopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; tarsus, not wholly

feathered.

\Ving, less than 19; a part of inner web of outer primaries, white, showing
numerous imperfect bars ; thighs, black or dark brown ; face, bare.

Audubon's Caracara.

Polyborns cheriway.
See No. 297.

in», from 16.90 to 21 ; a part of inner web of outer primaries, white, showing
numerous imperfect bars ; three outer primaries, notched ; belly and thighs,
pure white ; back, dark brown. Fish Hawk.

Pandion halinetus carolinensis.
See No. 285.

Wing, less than 19; primaries, dark slaty blue, showing greenish tinge when held
in the light ; two outer primaries, notched ; tail, long and forked ; underparts
and thighs, pure white. Swallow-tailed Kite.

Elanoides forficatus.
See No. 261.

178 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Wing, always over 18.50; belly and thighs, never white ; only adult birds have
the hood and tail, white.

Bald Eagle.

Hnliaetua leucocephalus.
See No. 285.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, without

feathers.

Back, brown ; face, bare.

Audubon's Caracara.

Polybnrus cheriway.
See No. 297.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, partly (not

entirely) feathered.

Tail, rufous brown (adult) ; tail, whitish or grayish, with numerous brown bars
(immature).

Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo borealis, and races.
See No. 271.

General plumage, dark sooty brown, sometimes with pale underparts, more or
less streaked and spotted.

Marian's Hawk.
Buteo borealis harlani.

See No. 274.
Wing, always over 18.50; only adults have head and tail white.

Bald Eagle.
Haliaetus leucocephalus.
See No. 285.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely

feathered.

Thighs, tawny, more or less streaked or barred. American Rough=legged Hawk.

Archibuteo lac/opus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

General plumage, sooty brown or black (black plumage).

American Rough~legged Hawk.

Archibuteo layopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Thighs, tinged with deep rufous with numerous bars.

Ferruginous Rough=legged Hawk.

Archibuteo ferrugineus.
See No. 282.

FAMILY FALCONID./E. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC.

179

Group 7. Wing, over 21 inches long.

Golden Eagle.
Tarsus, entirely feathered ; head and tail, never white.

Golden Eagle.

Aquila chrysactos.
See Xo. 283.

180

KEY TO THE B1KJJS OJf EASTEKN NOHTH AMERICA.

Tarsus, not entirely feathered ; head and tail, more or less white in old birds;
younger birds, have 110 white ou head.

Bald Eagle.

Haliaetus leucocephalus.
See No. 285.

FAMILY STRIGID^E. — OWLS.

181

FAMILY STRIQID/E.
Owls.

Radiated disk of feathers surrounding the eye ; plumage, soft ; toes,
armed with strong curved talons.

Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long.
Section 1. Toes, thickly feathered.

Richardson's Owl.

Saw-whet Owl.

Wing, less than 6.10; upper plumage, dark cinnamon brown, more or less
marked with white; underparts, whitish, streaked with brown; immature birds
have much white about the face.

Saw-whet Owl.
Acadian Owl.
Nyctala acadica.
See No. 306.

Wing, over 6.10; upper plumage, dark cinnamon brown, more or less marked

with white ; underpay ts, brown and white.

Richardson's Owl.

Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni.
See No. 305.

182

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Section 2. Toes, nearly bare, or but thinly feathered,

Screech Owl.
About one quarter natural size.

Tarsus, thickly feathered ; head with two horn-like tufts of feathers ; general
plumage, sometimes gray, sometimes rufous brown, more or less streaked and
spotted. Screech Owl.

Megascops asio, and races.
See No. 307.

Tarsus, scantily feathered, usually nearly bare, especially on the lower part;
head, without horn-like tufts of feathers. Occurs only in Florida.

Florida Burrowing Owl.

Speotyto cunicularia floridana.
See No. 315.

Group 2. Wing, 8.50 to 1 1 inches long.

Primaries, dark brown, more or less marked with tawny brown.

Long-eared Owl.

Asia wilsonianus.
See No. 300.

Primaries, dark brown, more or less marked with pure white; no horn-like
tufts of feathers on head. Hawk Owl.

Surnia ulula caparwh.
See No. 313.

FAMILY STHIGID^E. OWLS.

183

Group 3. Wing, 11 to 13 inches long.

General plumage, brown, mottled, and streaked; underparts, streaked and
barred with brown ; toes, feathered.

Barred Owl.
Syrnium ncbulosum.

See No. 302.
Uiiderparts, streaked and barred with brown ; toes, nearly bare.

Florida Barred Owl.
Styrnium nebiilonnm alleni*
See No. 303.

Barn Owl.
About one seventh natural size.

Underparts, white, or tawny white, with more or less small spots of brown ; middle
toe nail, with comb-like edge.

Barn Owl.

(Stria; pratincofa.
See No. 299.

Group 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long.
Section 1. Second primary, decidedly shorter than fourth.

Underparts, white, barred and streaked with brown; toes, more or less feathered.

Barred Owl.

Syrnium, nebulosum.
See No. 302,

J84

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Barred Owl.

Snowy Owl.

FAMILY STRIGID^K. OWLS.

185

Underparts, -white, barred and streaked with brown ; toes, nearly bare. Occurs
in Florida and Gulf States only.

Florida Barred Owl.

Syrnium ncbulosum alleni.
See No. 303.

Section 2. Second primary, about equal in length to

fourth.

Two large, ear-like tufts of feathers above the eyes.

Oreat Horned Owl.

Bubo virrjinianns, and races.
See No. 309.

Section 3. Second primary, decidedly longer than fourth.

Short-eared Owl.
Uuderparts, streaked ; feet, thickly feathered.

Underparts, white or buff white, more or less spotted ; feet, nearly bare.

Short-eared Owl.

Asio accipitrinits.
See No. 301.

Barn Owl.

StrixpratincoJa
See No. 299.

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 5. Wing, over 15 inches long.

Bill, black; general plumage, tawny black and white; horu-Hke tufts of

feathers over the eyes.

Great Horned Owl.

Bubo virginianus, and races.
See No. 309.

Bill, black; general plumage, white, usually more or less marked with slate
brown, or dark brown ; no horn-like tufts of feathers over the eyes.

Snowy Owl.

Nyctea nyctea.
See No. 312.

Bill, yellowish ; no horn-like tufts of feathers over eyes ; general plumage, gray
mixed with white and dark brown.

Great Gray Owl.

Scotiaptex cinerea.
See No. 304.

Great Gray Owl.

F^5c^"f**?r^»A«5*;iCj^?l*?
sr-7 liSsS^O^t^

"H^
Great Horned Owl.

FAMILY rtilTTACIU^E. PAliltOTS.

187

FAHILY PSITTACID^E.

Parrots.

Toes, four, two in front and two behind ; bill, with cere (a skin-like
covering over base of the bill).

General plumage, green, more or less yellow about the head.

Carolina Paroquet.

Conurns Caroline nsifi.
See No. 316.

Once common in Southern States; apparently now restricted to Florida and
Indian Territory.

188

KEY TO THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY CUCULID/E.

Cuckoos.

Feet, zygodactyle (two toes in front, two behind).

- "

Under mandible, yellow ; greater portion of primaries, rufous brown, tipped
with grayish olive; uiulerparts, (lull white; outer tail feathers, black, tipped
with white.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Coccyzus americanus.
See No. 320.

Under mandible, yellow, tip, black; primaries, grayish olive, riot rufous
brown ; belly, tinged with pale rufous.

flangrove Cuckoo.

Coccyzus minor, and races.
See No. 318.

Bill, black; no rufous brown on primaries; underparts, dull white; outer tail,
like back in color.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmns .
See No. 321.

General plumage, black ; bill, black. West Indian species, recorded from Florida ;
accidental in the United States. Bill very different from that of true Cuckoo,
being thin and " Parrot like." Ani.

Crotophaga ani.
See No. 317.

FAMILY ALCEDINID^E. KINGFISHERS.

189

FAMILY ALCEDINID^E.

Kingfishers.

Feet, syndactyle ; toes, four, the middle and outer ones joined, being
fastened together for more than half their length.

Back, bluish gray ; throat and belly, white ; a
band of bluish gray on the breast (male) ;
underparts, without chestnut brown; sides
of the body and a band on the belly, chestnut

(female).

Belted Kingfisher.

Ceryle alcyon.
See No. 322.

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY PICID^E.

WOODPECKERS.

GROUP 1. Wing, less than 4.25 inches long. See page 191.
GROUP 2. Wing, 4.25 to 5.50 inches long. See page 191.

Section 1. Toes, three; no trace of red on crown or nape. See page 191.

Section 2. Toes, four ; no trace of red on crown or nape. See page 192.

Section 3. Toes, four ; more or less red on crown or nape. See page 193.
GROUP 3. Wing, 5.50 to 8.00 inches long. See page 195.
GROUP 4. Wing, over 8.00 inches long. See page 196.

FAMILY I'lClDJE. — WOODPECKERS.

191

FAMILY PICID^E.

Woodpeckers.

Tail feathers, stiff and pointed ; bill, strong and sharp. Woodpeckers
are commonly seen climbing about on trunks of trees.

Group 1. Wing, less than 4.25 inches long.

Hack, black, streaked with white ; crown,
with red nuchal patch (male) ; without
red nuchal patch (female) ; tail feath-
ers, stiff and pointed; toes, four,
two in front, two behind.

Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobatcs pubescens.
See No. 326.

Group 2. Wing, 4.25 to 5.50 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have three toes; no trace
of red on the crown or nape.

Toes, three: crown, yellow; back, black, without white (male).

Arctic three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides arcticus.

See No. 328.

192

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Toes, three; crown,
black ; back, black,
without white.

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides arcticus (female} .
See No. 328.

Toes, three; crown, yel-
low ; back, black and
ichite.

American Three-toed W odpecker.
Banded-backed Woodpecker.

Picoides americanus (male).
See No. 329.

Toes, three ; crown, black, marked with white ; back, black and ichite.

American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Banded-backed Woodpecker.

Picoides americanus (female).
See No. 329.

Section 2. The following species have four toes ; no trace
of red on crown or nape.

Ear coverts, black; no

white on inner web of two
middle tail feathers; mid-
dle of back, more or less
white, but not heavily
banded as in borealis;
lower rump and upper
tail coverts, black.

Hairy Woodpecker.

See No. 324.

FAMILY PICID^E. — WOODPECKERS.

193

Ear coverts, white; uo white on inner web of two middle tail feathers; back,
heavily banded with white and black; upper tail coverts, black.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Dryobates borealis (male).
See No. 327.

Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white ; greater portion of tertials and
secondaries, white ; the shafts, black ; inner webs of two middle tail feathers,
not marked with white.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Melanerpes erythroccphalus (immature).
See No. 332.

Inner webs of two middle tail feathers, heavily marked with white; belly,
usually tinged with pale yellow.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Sphyrapicus varius (immature).
See No. 330.

Section 3. The following species have four toes, and more
or less red on crown or nape.

Crown, black ; a patch of
red on the occiput (back
of the head) ; ear cov-
erts, black; no white
on inner webs of two
middle tail feathers ;
back, black, with white
patch in middle, but
not heavily banded
with black and white;
wings, with round
white spots ; upper
tail coverts, black.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Dryobates villosus (male).
See No. 324.

Crown, black ; a narrow patch of red on either side of the occiput (back of
the head) ; ear coverts, white ; no white on inner webs of two middle tail
feathers; back, banded black and white; upper tail coverts, black.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Dryobates borealis (male).
See No. 327.

194

KEY TO TFIE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, red; throat, red (male); crown, red; throat, white (female); belly,
tinged with yellow ; two middle tail feathers, heavily marked with white on
the inner webs; a patch of black on the breast, varying in size, according
to age and season.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus varius (adult).
See No. 330.

Re<U>ellieii Woodpecker.

Crown, red (male) ; crown, ashy gray, nape, red (female) ; throat and under-
parts, pale ash gray, the belly tinged with red or buff, according to season.

Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Melanerpes carolinus.
See No. 333.

Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white; greater part of secondaries and
tertials, white, with black shafts (sometimes with one brown band near
tip); entire head and throat, red (adults); immature birds have the head
brownish gray, speckled and marked with dull black, but usually showing more
or less red in places.

Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus.
See No. 332.

FAMILY PICID.E. WOODPECKERS.

Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 8.00.

1S»5

GoJdeii-winged Woodpecker.

Under surface of wings and tail, yellow ; a band of red on the nape, and a black
molar stripe (male) : similar but without, the black molar stripe (female).

Golden-winged Woodpecker.
Flicker.

Colaptes auratus.

See No. 334.

Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white;
greater portion of tertials, white, the shafts,
black; middle tail feathers, not marked with
white ; belly, white.

Red=headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes crythrocephalim.
See No. 333.

Bed-headed Wooduecker.

196

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat, red or white, not gray; belly, tinged with
yellow. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Spyrapicus varius.

See No. 330.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

niddle tail feathers, marked with white ; uuderparts, ashy, tinged with red
or bufi on the belly. Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Melanerpes carolinus.
See No. 33i.

Group 4. Wing, over 8.00.

Bill, dark slaty, or blackish; upper plumage, blackish; basal half of wing
feathers, white; whole crown, scarlet red (male); front of crown, not rod
(female). Pileated Woodpecker.

Ceophloeus pileatus.
See No. 331.

FAMILY PICID/E. WOODPECKERS.

197

Ivory.billed Woodpecker.

Bill, yellowish white; greater portion of plumage, black; greater portion of
secondaries, and tips of inner primaries, white; a white stripe extends down
sides of the neck to the back; crest, bright red (male) ; crest, black (female).
Occurs in Florida, and in a few localities along the Gulf coast. Rare.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Campephilus prmcipalis.
See No. 323.

198

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY CAPRIMULQID^E.

Night-hawks, Whip=poor=wills, etc.

Feet, small and weak; mouth, very large; bill, small; middle toe
nail, with fine comb-like edge; front toes, connected at base.

A band of white on the wiiig; tail feathers, not tipped with white.

Night-hawk.

Chordeiles virginianus, and races,
See No. 337.

Xo white on the wing; primaries, banded with rufous brown ana black; wing,
over 7.50. Chuck-will's-widow.

Antrostomust carollnensis.
See No. 335.

Chuck-will's- widow

No white on wing;
outer tail feathers,
broadly tipped
with white : wing,
under 7 .50.

Whip-poor-will.
Antnstomns vociferus,
.See No. 336.

FAMILY TKOCHILIDyE. HUMMING-BIRDS.

199

FAMILY niCROPODID^E,
Swifts.

General plumage, sooty brown, showing a faint greenish tinge on the upper
parts; throat, ashy white; tail feathers, with sharp spines, or points formed
by the shafts of the feathers, extending beyond the webs. The Swifts are
widely separated geuerically from the Swallows; but persons unfamiliar with
birds might look for them under the same family.

Chimney Swift.

Chcetura pelagica.

See No. 340.

FAMILY TROCHILID/E.
Humming=birds.

Smallest of Birds. Wing less than 1.75 inches long

(carpus to tip).

Throat, ruby red ; back, golden green
(male) ; no red on throat (female
and young male).

Ruby-throated Humming=bird.

Trochilus Colubris.

See No. 341.

200

KEY TO THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAHILY TYRANNID/E.

Flycatchers.
Group 1. Wing, from 2.13 to 2.37 inches long.

Bill, broad and flattened, with numerous small black bristles at base ;
tip, with small but distinct hook.

353

Top of bill. Side of bill.

Bill, with small hook at tip, flat and wide at
base; back, olive green; belly, not yellow,

or only faintly tinged with yellow.

Least Flycatcher.

Empidonax minimus.
See No. 355.

Back, olive green; belly, clear yellow.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax flaviventris.
See No. 352.

Group 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

Under mandible, yellowish white ; throat, whitish ; breast and belly, dull white,
tinged with pale yellow; back, olive green.

Arcadian Flycatcher.
Green-crested Flycatcher.

Empidonax virescens.
See No. 353.

FAMILY TYKANNID/E. — FLYCATCHERS.

201

Under mandible, yellowish white; throat and underparts, greenish yellow; back, olive
"Teen.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax flaviventris.
See No. 352.

Flyca teller.

Under mandible, pale yellowish white, or brownish white; back, tinged with

olive brown ; wing, over 2. GO.

Traill's Flycatcher.

Empidonax traillii alnorum.
See No. 354.

Under mandible, usually pale brown or brownish
white ; wing, under 2.60.

Least Flycatcher

Empidonax minimus,
See No. 355.

202

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

Bill, flat and wide, with small hook at tip, and
black bristles at base.

Wing, under 3.05 ; under mandible, yellowish white ; throat and underpants,
pale greenish yellow ; back, olive green.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax flaviventris.
See No. 352.

Wing, usually under 3.05; under mandible, yellowish white ; throat, white ;
breast and belly, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; back, dull olive green.

Arcadean Flycatcher.

Empidonax rirescens.
See No. 353.

Wing, under 3.05 ; upper parts, tinged with olive brown ; throat, white ; under
mandible, yellowish white; eye-ring and wing bars, pale tawny.

Traill's Flycatcher.

Empidonax trailli alnorum.
See No. 354.

FAMILY TYRANNID^. — FLYCATCHERS

203

Group 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long.

Both mandibles, blackish; back, brownish olive.

Phoebe Flycatcher.

Sayornis plmbe.
See No. 348.

Under mandible, pale, usually yellowish, or yellowish brown ; back, dull olive.

Wood Pewee.

Cantopus virens.
See No. 351.

204

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 5. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long

Bill, with small hook at tip, and black bristles at base; back of
tarsus, rounded.

Flycatcher.

Throat, grayish ; belly, yellow ; back, dull
olive; more or less rufous brown on the tail

feathers.

Crested Flycatcher.

Myiarchus crinitus.
See No. 347.

Throat, grayish olive; belly, pale rufous brown; upper parts, olive gray.

Say's Phoebe.

Sayornis say a.
See No. 349.

Throat, and middle of belly, white, sometimes tinged with yellow; under
mandible, pule at base; upper parts, brownish olive; greater portion of breast,
and sides of the body, brownish olive ; upper mandible, black ; a tuft of whitish
feathers on the flanks.

Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus borealis,
See No. 350.

Throat and underpants, white; a very long forked tail; crown, black, with
yellow patch in centre ; back, gray.

Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus tyrannus.
See No. 342.

FAMILY TYRANNID^E. FLYCATCHERS.

205

Group 6. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

344

Back, blackish ; a concealed
patch of fiery red on crown ;

tail, tipped with white ; belly,
white.

King Bird.

Tyrannus tyrannus.
See No. 344.

Back, dull ash gray; a concealed patch of orange red on crown; tail, not
tipped with white ; belly, white.

Gray King Bird.

Tyrannus dominicensis.
See No. 345.

Crown and back, dull olive ; throat, gray;
belly and under tail coverts, yellow ;

tail feathers, heavily marked with rufous.

Crested Flycatcher.

Myiarchus crinttus.
See No. 347.

Crown, dull olive gray; throat, olive gray;
belly, rufous brown ; tail, black.

Say's Phoebe Flycatcher.

Sayornis saya.

See No. 349.

206

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Upper plumage, brownish olive, or dull, grayish olive; throat and middle of
belly, white, sometimes tinged with pale yellow ; breast (except middle) and
sides of body, dull grayish olive ; under mandible, pale.

Olive sided Flycatcher.
Cantopus borealis.
See No. 350.

Crown and back, ashy ; throat and breast, ashy white ; sides of breast and
body, orange red ; tail, very long, rarely less than four and one half inches.

Scissor=tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus forficatus.
See No. 343.

Crown, black, \\itli concealed patch of yellow; back, gray; underparts, white;
tail, very long, usually more than, four and one half inches.

Fork=tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus tyrannus.
See No. 342.

FAMILY TYRANNID^E. — FLYCATCHERS.

207

Group 7. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Top of bill.

Back, blackish; a concealed patch of fiery red on the crown; tail, tipped
with white ; belly, white. King Bird.

Tyrannus tyrannus.
See No. 344.

Back, dull ash gray ; a concealed patch of orange red on the crown; tail, not
tipped with white ; belly, white. Gray King-bird.

Tyrannus dominicensis.
See No. 345.

Hack, olive gray; a concealed orange patch on the crown; throat, gray; belly,
yellow ; outer web of outer tail feather, white ; a western species which
has occasionally been taken east of the Mississippi. Arkansas Flycatcher.

Tyrannus verticalis.
See No. 346.

Crown and back, ashy ; throat and breast, ashy white ; sides of breast and
body, orange red ; tail, very long, rarely less than four and one half
inches. A southwestern species, several examples of which have been taken in
Eastern North America, from Ontario to Florida. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus forjicatus.
See No. 343.

Crown, black, with concealed patch of yellow ; back, gray ; underparts, white;
tail, very long and forked, usually over four and one half inches. South
American species, stragglers, have been taken in Eastern North America.

Forked-tail Flycatcher.
Milvulus tyrannus.
See No. 342.

208

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY ALAUDID/E.
Larks.

Bill, pointed, and somewhat rounded ; back of tarsus, rounded ; hind
toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the toe; nostrils, more or less
concealed by tufts of hair-like feathers ; wing, 3.75 to 4.50.

Horned Lark.

Upper throat and line over the eye, yellow, or yellowish white; a stripe from bill
below the eye, and a patch on breast, black, or blackish ; belly, white ; upper
parts, brownish, more or less streaked; hind toe nail, long, and nearly straight;
greater portion of outer web of outer tail feather, white. In immature and
winter birds, the horr-like tuft of feathers is lacking, or indistinct.

Horned Lark.
Shore Lark.

Of of or is alppstris, and races.
See Xo. 357.

FAMILY COKVID^E. JAYS, CROWS, ETC.

209

FAHILY CORVID/E.

Jays, Crows, etc.

SUBFAMILY QARRULIN/E.
Jays and flagpies.

First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths
as long as third ; fourth or fifth primary, longest ; bill, stout and strong ;
the nostrils, concealed by coarse hair-like feathers; outer tail feathers,
shorter than middle feathers.

Group 1. Wing, 3.75 to 4.75 inches long.

Top and sides of head, wings aud tail, dull blue; back and belly, ash gray.

Occurs only in Florida.

Florida Jay.

Aphelocoma floridana,
See No. 362.

210

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long,

360

Upper parts, pale blue or purplish blue; tail, bright blue,
barred with black and (except middle feathers), tipped with
white; wings, blue, marked with white; underparts, ashy

white ; breast with black band.

Blue Jay.

Cyanocitta cristata, and races.
See No. 360.

No blue on plumage any-
where; greater part of
crown, dusky ; breast and
belly, gray; throat,
lighter.

Canada Jay.

Perisorens canadensis, and races,
See Nos. 463 and 464.

FAMILY COHVIIXE. JAYS, CROWS, ETC.

211

Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long.

Upper parts, pale blue, or purplish blue ; tail, bright blue, barred with black, and
(except middle feathers) tipped with white; wings, blue, marked with white;
uuderparts, ashy white; breast, with black baud. Blue Jay.

Cyanocitta cristata.
See No. 360.

Forehead, throat, and sides of head, dull white; back of crown and nape, black-
ish ; back, gray ; uuderparts, ashy, palest ou the throat.

Canada Jay.

Perisoreus canadensis, and races.
See No. 363.

Group 4. Wing, 6.50 to 8.50 inches long.

Head aud breast, black ; tail, long, showing more or less greeu aud purple reflec-
tious. American flagpie.

Pica pica hudsonica.
See No. 359.

SUBFAMILY CORVIINME.

Crows and Ravens.
Group 5. Wing, 9.50 to 15 inches long.

Plumage, black; wiiig, over
11.50; tarsus, over 2.10;
bill, over 1.80.

Crow.

Corvus anicricamis, and races.
See No. 366.

212 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Plumage, black; wiug, under 11.50; tarsus, uuder 2.10; bill, under 1.80.

Fish Crow.

Cure us ussifrayus.
See No. 368.

Group 6. Wing, over 15 inches long.

General plumage, black.

Raven.

Raven.

Corvus cor ax princfpalis.
See No. 3(J5.

FAMILY ICTEKID^. BLACKBIRDS, OiiiOLES, MEADOW LAKKS, ETC. 2i3

FAMILY ICTERID^E.

BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC.

GROUP 1 . Wing, less than 3.75 inches long. See page 214.

Section I. Underparts, more or less marked with yellow, orange, or chestnut brown.
See page 214.

Section 2. Underparts, black or heavily streaked with black or dark brown. See page 85.
GROUP 2. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. See page 216.

Section 1. Underparts, more or less yellow. See page 217.

Section 2. No yellow on underparts. See page 218.
GROUP 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. See page 219.
GROUP 4. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. See page 222.
GROUPS. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long. See page 224.
GROUP 6. Wing, over 6.50 inches long. See page 225.

214

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NOHTH AMERICA.

FAMILY ICTERID/E.
Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks, etc.

First primary, not short; base of bill slightly dividing the feathers of
the forehead ; nostrils, exposed ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle
feathers.

Group 1. Wing, less than 3.75 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have the underparts
more or less marked with either yellow, orange, or chestnut
brown.

Head and throat, black ; underparts, orange yellow ; back, black.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus yalbula (male}-
See No. 379.

Head, more or less marked with black; back, blackish; underparts, orange, paler
than the male. Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus galbula (female").
See No. 379.

Crown aud back, dull olive, faintly tinged with yellow on rump ; underparts, pale
yellow, usually with faint orange tinge; wing, over 3.45. Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus yalbula (immature).
See No. 379.

Head and back, black; rest of under-
parts, chestnut brown.

Orchard Oriole.

Icterus spurius (male).
See No. 378.

Crown and back, greenish, without
stripes; underparts, yellow (not
orange); wing, under 3.45.

Orchard Oriole.

Icterus spurius (female}.
See No. 378.

Crown, with yellow buff in centre,
bordered by black; back, streaked
with black; underparts, pale yel-
low, tinged with buff; tail feathers,

pointed.

Bobolink. Rice Bird.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (female).
See No. 370.

Orchard Oriole.

FAMILY ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 215

Section 2. The following species have the underparts
black, or heavily streaked with black, or dark brown.

Underparts, black, often showing more or less whitish on tips of feathers; head,
black; back of neck, tawny, or tawny white; back, black, shading into gray
and white on rump and upper tail coverts.

Bobolink.
Rice Bird.

Dolichonyx oryziwrus (male) .
See No. 370.

Underparts, whitish or buffy, streaked
with black.

Red- winged Blackbird.

Ayelaius phceniceus, and races (female),
See No. 373.

216

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2, Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long.

First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third.

Blackbird.

379

Grackle, or Crow Blackbird. Oriole.

Meadow Lark.

375

FAMILY ICTERUS. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 217

Section 1. The following species have under parts with

more or less yellow.

379

Head and back, black ; throat, black ; rest of underparts, orange.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus galbula (male).
See No. 379.

Head and back, brownish black ; throat, black ; rest of underparts, paler
than the male.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus galbula (female).
See No. 379.

Upper plumage, dull brownish olive; rump, yellowish olive; entire under-
parts, yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, faintly tinged with orange.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus galbula (immature').
See No. 379.

Underparts, pale buff yellow or

tawny yellow ; whitish on chin ;
sides, streaked with black; crown,
blackish, with tawny stripe in cen-
tre ; back, streaked ; tail feathers,
very pointed.

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (female).
See No. 370.

218

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat and underparts, yellow; breast, with more or less black; crown
brownish black, with buft white stripe in centre.

Meadow Lark.

Sturni'lln maijna.
See No. 370.

Section 2. The following species have no yellow on the

underparts.

Underparts, heavily streaked with black ; throat, tinged with tawny.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phoeniceus (female).
See No. 373.

Under parts, black, generally with more
or less feathers tipped with dull white ;
crown, black; back of the neck,
tawny ; tail feathers, very pointed.

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
See No. 270.

Head and throat, brown ; rest of
plumage, glossy greenish black.

Cow Bird.

Uolothrus ater (male').
See No. 371.

Underparts, brownish gray ; upper
parts, pale grayish brown.

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater (female}-
See No. 371.

FAMILY ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 219

Group 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third.

371

General plumage, Dlack ; a patch of scarlet on the shoulder.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phoenicens (m«7e), and races.
See No. 373.

General plumage, black ; no red
shoulder patch ; head, not
tinged with purple.

Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophat/iis cnrolinus.
See No. 381.

220

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

General plumage, black, glossed on the head with purplish or violet black, and
back and underparts, tinged with metallic green ; no red on shoulder.

Brewer's Blackbird.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (male') .
See No. 382.

General plumage, black, tinged with brown on the crown and back ; the

feathers on the underparts, tipped with rusty brown; uuderparts, not streaked;
no red on shoulder.

Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophagus Carolines (immature},
See No. 381. ' .

General plumage, black, more or less streaked and marked with brown,
buff, and dull white; lesser wing coverts (shoulder), dull red.

Red=winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phozniccus (young male).
See No. 373.

Underparts, streaked with black ; no

red patch on shoulder.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phceniceus (female*), and races*
See No. 373.

Head and breast, chocolate brown ; rest of plumage, glossy black.

Cow Bird.

MolothruK ater (male ,
See No. 371.

FAMILY ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 221

General plumage, gray ; palest on the throat.

Cow Bird.

Molothrus atcr (female').
See No. 371.

Throat, yellow ; belly, black; adult males have the entire head yellow; females
and immature birds have the crown often blackish.

Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ( female).
See No. 372.

Throat and belly, yellow ; breast, with more or less black.

Meadow Lark.

Sturnella mayna.
See No. 375.

General plumage, dark slate or brownish slate color; underparts, inclining to
plumbeous.

Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophagus carolinus (female) (adult in summer*)
See No. 381.

222

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 4. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

First primary, not short; base of bill, dividing the feathers of the fore-
head ; nostrils, exposed ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

General plumage, metallic blue,
green, purple, and bronze.

Crow Blackbird.
Purple Crackle.

Qtiiscalus quiscula, anil races.
See No. 383.

383

Upper plumage, dark brown, or blackish ; crown, brown ; underparts, brown=

ish gray, shading to brownish white or buffy white on the throat.

Boat-tailed Grackle.

Quiscalus major (femal?}.
See No. 386.

General plumage, black; a
patch of scarlet red on
the shoulder.

Red winged Blackbird.
Agelaius phcenicens (adult male}.
See Xo. 3^3.

FAMILY ICTERID.E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLKS, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 223

General plumage, black, more or less streaked and marked with buff, brown, and
dull white; traces of more or less red on the shoulder (lesser wing coverts).

Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius phceniceus, and races (immature").
See No. 373.

Adult birds entirely dull black ; no red shoulder patch.
Immature birds have the upper parts more or less brown,
and the feathers on the underparts, tipped with rusty
brown. Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophat/iiit carolinus (male, and immature).
See No. 381.

General plumage, dark slate or brownish slate color ; underparts, plumbeous
slate color. Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophagus carolinus (female, in summer).
See No. 381.

General plumage, black, glossed on the head with purplish or violet black ;

the back and underparts, tinged with metallic green; no red on shoulder.
Western species rare in Eastern United States.

Brewer's Blackbird.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (male).
See No. 382.

Throat, yellow; belly, black; amount of yellow on head varies according to
age and season.

Yellow- headed Blackbird.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (female).
See No. 372.

224

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat and belly, yellow ; breast, with more or less black.

Meadow Lark.
Marsh Quail.

Sturnella mayna, and races.
See No. 375.

Group 5. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long.

General plumage, black, showing
metallic, reflections of blue
green, purple, and bronze, when
held in the light.

Purple Qrackle.

Quiscalus quiscula, and races.
See No. 383.

FAMILY ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 225

Upper plumage, dark brovvu or blackish ; crown, brown ; underparts, brownish
gray, shading to brownish white, or buffy white on the throat (female).

Boat-tailed Grackle.

Qniscalns major.
See No. 386.

Throat, yellow; belly, black.

Throat, yellow ; belly, yellow.

Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.
See No. 372.

rieadow Lark.

Sturnella mayna, and races
See No. 375.

Group 6. Wing, over 6.50 inches long.

Boat-tailed Grackle.

General plumage, black.

Boat-tailed Grackle.

Qttiscalits major.
See No. 386.

226 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY FRENTGILLID.^.

SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, BUNTINGS, ETC.

GROUP 1. Wing, 1.75 to 2.13 inches long. See page 228.

GROUP 2. Wing, 2.13 to 2.37 inches long. See page 230.

Part 1. Breast, more or less streaked; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 230.
Part 2. Breast, more or less streaked; carpal joint, not yellow. See page 231.
Part 3. Breast, not streaked; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 231.
Part 4. Breast, not streaked; carpal joint, not edged with yellow. See page 232.

GROUP 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. See page 233.

Part 1. Throat or underparts, more or less blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow.

See page 233.
Part 2. Throat or underparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast,

distinctly streaked ; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 234.
Part 3. Underparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly

streaked; carpal joint, not edged with yellow. See page 230.
Part 4. Underparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; breast, not streaked ;

bend of wing (carpal joint), edged with yellow. See page 237.
Part 5. Underparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; the breast, not

distinctly streaked, and no yellow on bend of wing. See page 238.

GROUP 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. See page 239.

Part 1. Throat or underparts, more or less red, blue, green, or yellow. See page 239.
Part 2. No blue, red, green, or yellow on the underparts ; more or less of throat, black

(sometimes only the chin) ; breast and sides, not distinctly streaked. See

page 243.
Part 3. No blue, red, green, or yellow on the underparts; throat or chin, not black;

breast or sides, not distinctly streaked ; tail feathers, marked with more or

less white. See page 244.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, BUNTINGS. 227

Part 4. No blue, red, greeii, or yellow on the uuderparts ; throat or chin, not black;
breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; no white on tail feathers. See
page 245.

Part 5. No red, blue, green, or yellow on the uuderparts; throat, more or less (some-
times only the chin) black; breast or sides, distinctly streaked. See
page 247.

Part 6. No red, blue, green, or yellow on the underparts ; throat or chin, not black ;
breast, distinctly streaked or spotted. See page 248.

GROUP 5. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 251.

Part 1. More or less of either red, blue, yellow, or green on the uuderparts. See

page 251.
Part 2. No red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts. See page 254.

GROUP 6. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. See page 257.

Part 1. More or less red on the underparts. See page 257.

Part 2. More or less yellow, orange, or green on the underparts. See page 258.

Part 3. Xo red, yellow, orange, or green on the uuderparts. See page 259.

GROUP 7. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches loug. See page 2U1.

228

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY FRINGILLID/e.

Sparrows, Finches, Crossbills, etc.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second
or third ; bill, stout and conical ; nostrils, high, near the culm en ; pri-
maries, 9 ; tarsus, flattened behind.

Group 1. Wing, 1.75 to 2.13 inches long.

Top of head, blackish, with tawny stripe in middle,

and tawny stripe over each eye.

Leconte's Sparrow.

Ammodramus leconteii.
See No. 413.

Am mod am us leconteii.

Ammodramus caudacutus.

(Coturniculus) hen§lowi.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDuE. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 229

Top of head and nape, pale olive green, mixed
with black ; no tawny stripe over eye.

Henslow's Sparrow.

Ammodramus henslowii.
See No. 412.

Top of head, brownish and slate color ; a
tawny stripe over each eye ; no tawny stripe
on middle of crown.

Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
Sharp-tailed Finch.

Ammodramus caudacutus and races.
See No. 414.

Phompara bicolor.

Back and rump, olive green ; throat or sides of neck,
black (male), or gray (female). West Indian species,
accidental on Florida Keys.

Black-faced Finch or Grassquit.

Euetheia bicolor.

See No. 449.

Back and rump, olive green; sides of neck, yellow (male), or throat, chestnut
brown (female). West Indian species accidental on Florida Keys.

Cuban Finch, or Helodious Grassquit.

Euetheia canora.

See No. 450.

230

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, 2.13 to 2.37 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have the breast more or less streaked;
carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: —

Bill, dark; sides of head, tawny buff enclosing
a patch of gray behind the eye ; heavy tawny
buft' superciliary stripe.

Sharp tailed Sparrow.
Ammodrctmvs caudacutus, and varieties.
See No. 414.

Ammodramus maritimus.

Bill, dark; a small spot of yellow in front of the eye; no tawny superciliary
stripe.

Sea=side Sparrow.

Ammodramus maritimus, and varieties.
See No. 417.

FAMILY FRINGILLID.E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 231

Bill, dark; back, black; underparts, white, streaked sharply with black.
Occurs in Eastern Florida only.

Dusky Sea-side Sparrow.

Ammodramus nigrescens.
See No. 419.

Bill, pale horn color ; sides of head and nape, tinged
with olive green.

Henslow's Sparrow.

Ammodramus henslowii.
See No. 412.

Part 2. The following species have the breast more or less streaked ;
carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow: —

Breast, very faintly streaked; middle tail feathers,
rufous brown, with black stripe in middle, includ-
ing the shaft; wing coverts and secondaries, edged
with rufous brown.

Swamp Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana.

See No. 438.
Melospiza georgiana.

Breast, sharply streaked with black; shafts
of tail feathers, not black.

Lincoln's Sparrow.

Melospiza lincolnii.
See No. 437.

Melospiza lincolnii.

Part 3. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the
adult*); carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: —

Top of head, black with tawny stripe in centre ; an orange brown spot over, and

somewhat in front of, the eye.

Yellow-winged Sparrow.
Grasshopper Sparrow.

Ammodramus savannarttm passerinus.
See No. 411.

* In several species, very young birds in first plumage have the breast streaked.

232

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Top of head and back, chestnut ana black ;

sides, sometimes with black spots. Occurs
only as far as known in Florida and Southern
Georgia.

Pine-woods Sparrow.

Peucaae (Kstivalis.
See No. 434.

Top of head and back, rufous brown with more or less gray on feathers ; sides,
without spots.

Bachman's Sparrow.

Peucace cestivalis bachmanii.
See No. 435.

Part 4. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the
adult); carpal joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow : —

Wing coverts and secondaries, edged with rufous
brown ; flanks, brownish olive.

Swamp Sparrow.

Mdospiza georgiatia.
See No. 438.

Wing coverts and secondaries, edged with pale tawny
buff; tail feathers, brown, narrowly edged with
brownish white ; flanks, pale buffy white.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pallida.
See No. 426.

Spizella pallida.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 233

Group 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

448

Part 1. The following species have the throat or underparts more or
less marked with either blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow: —

Underparts, entirely yellow (male), or throat, yellow; underparts, dull olive
gray (female) ; wings and tail, black, marked with white ; yellow on under-
parts varies much, according to age and season.

Yellowbird.
American Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis.
See No. 400.

Underparts, bright red, or tinged with red; back, green; crown, blue.

Nonpareil Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (male).
See No. 448.

Underparts, greenish ; back, green.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (female).
See No. 448.

234

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Uuderparts, blue ; general plumage, blue ; wings
and tail, black, edged with blue.

Indigo Bird.
Indigo Bunting.

Passerina cyanea (male}.
See No. 446.

Underparts, more or less blotched with blue.

Indigo Bird.

Passerina cyanea (immature),
See No. 446.

Part 2. The following species have the underpants not marked with
red, blue, yellow, or green ; breast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint (bend
of wing) , edged with yellow : —

Breast and flanks, tawny ; a tawny stripe over the eye ; outer tail feathers,
decidedly shorter than middle ones.

Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

Ammodramus caudactus, and varieties.
See No. 414.

Breast, white, heavily streaked with black; back, black, the feathers
edged with olive and gray ; outer tail feathers, shortest. Occurs only in
Florida.

Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

Ammodramus nigrescens.
See No. 419.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 235

/ r r f » • i

Breast and flanks, grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with buff) • a small yellow
spot in front of the eye; no tawny stripe over the eye; rump, grayish
olive ; undertail coverts, not white ; outer tail feathers, shortest.

Seaside Sparrow.

Ammodramns maritimus, and varieties.
See No. 417.

Seaside Sparrow.

Breast and flanks, white streaked with brown; a yellow spot in front of eye
(absent in some plumages) ; rump, pale brown, marked with dark brown ; outer
tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones ; under tail coverts, white.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna.
See Xo. 410.

236

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 3. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green ; breast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint (bend of
wing), not edged with yellow : —

Forehead, reddish brown ; crown, brown,
with imperfect gray streak in middle, and
blackish dots ; no yellow in front of eye ;
breast, white, heavily streaked with dark
brown ; outer tail feathers, shortest.

Song Sparrow.

Melospiza fasciata.
See No. 436.

Crown, brown, streaked with black ; breast,
buff, streaked with black; back,

streaked ; outer tail feathers, shortest.

Lincoln's Sparrow.

Melospiza lincolnii.
See No. 437.

Crown, black, streaked with pale brown ; a yellow spot in front of eye (want-
ing in some plumages) ; breast, white, streaked with dark brown ; back,
streaked ; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna.
See No. 410.

Wings and tail, dark brown, more or
less margined with yellow ; the bases
of the feathers, pale yellow; under-
parts, heavily streaked with brownish
black ; crown and back, brownish olive,
heavily streaked with black.

Pine Finch.

Spinus spin us.

See No. 402.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDJE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, KtC. 237

Crown and back, brown without streaks ; underparts, pale buff brown, faintly
streaked on breast and sides.

Indigo Bunting.

Passerina cyanea (female").
See No. 446.

Part 4. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green, and the breast not distinctly streaked, but have the
carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow : —

Crown, black, with pale tawny buff stripe on middle ; ear coverts, tawny buff;
middle back, blackish; feathers, edged with buff: tail feathers, very pointed ;
tail, less than 2.25 long.

Grasshopper Sparrow.
Yellow-winged Sparrow.
Ammodramm savannarum passerinus.
See No. 411.

Crown, grayish, without tawny stripe in
middle ; ear coverts, gray ; back, olive and
gray ; a distinct superciliary stripe of buff or
yellowish.

Sharp -tailed Sparrow.
Ammodramus caudacutus. and races,
See No. 414.

Crown and back, rufous brown, the feathers,
more or less marked with black, and edged
with gray ; not tawny stripe on middle of
crown ; tail feathers, not pointed ; tail, over
2.25 long.

Pine- woods Sparrow.
Peuaza cestivalis, and races.
See No. 434.

238

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green ; the breast, not distinctly streaked, and no yellow on
the carpus (bend of the wing): —

Crown and back, the same color, brown without streaks.

Indigo Bunting.

Passerina cyanea (female').
See No. 446.

Crown and back, bright olive green, without streaks.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (female).
See No. 448.

Back, streaked with black ; rump, olive brown, streaked with black ; wing coverts
and secondaries, broadly edged with rufous brown; sides of body, clear olive
brown ; middle of belly, whitish.

Swamp Sparrow.

Jfelospiza gcorgiana.

Bill, black or dark brown; back, streaked with
black ; rump, slate gray ; adult birds have the
crown rufous.

Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella socialis.
See No. 425.

Bill, reddish brown; crown and back, rufous
brown; back, streaked with black; rump, pale
grayish brown.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pusilla.
See No. 428.

Bill, pale brown (not reddish brown) ; underparts,
dull white (not grayish on sides as in socialis) ;
crown and back, pale grayish brown, streaked
with black ; rump, grayish brown (not slate gray
as in socialis) .

Clay -colored Sparrow.
Spizella pallida.
See No. 426.

FAMILY FRINGILLID*:. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 239

Group 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

440

389

396

Part 1 . The following species have the throat, or underparts, more or
less red, blue, green or yellow : —

riandibles, crossed ; general plumage, dull red; wings, brownish; no white on
wings (male).

American Crossbill.

Loxia cnreirostra minor.
See No. 392.

240 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Mandibles, crossed ; no white on wings ; uuderparts, greenish.

American Crossbill.

Loxia cnrvirostra minor (female).
See No. 392.

Mandibles, crossed; more or less red on underparts, head, and back; wing bars,
white.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (male) .
See No. 393.

Mandibles, crossed; wing bars, white ; underparts, greenish.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (female).
See No. 393.

Mandibles, not crossed; breast and crown,
rose red ; back, brown, tinged with red ;
chin, not black.

Purple Finch.

Garpodacus purpureus ^
See No. 389.

Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, blackish ; breast, rose red ; front crown, metallic
red; rump, streaked.

Red-poll.

Acanthis linaria, and races.
See No. 396.

Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, blackish ; underpart, whitish, with faint tinge of
pink on breast; rump, white, without streaks, sometimes tinged with rose
color.

Greenland Red-poll.
Acanthis hornemannn, and races.
See No. 394.

FAMILY FKINGILLIIX^. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 241

Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, yellow; back, yellow; wings and tail,

black, marked with white.

American Goldfinch.

Yellowbird.

Spinus tristis (male) .
See No. 400.

Mandibles, not crossed ; throat, yellow ; rest of underparts, grayish olive ; tail

and wings, black, marked with white.

American Goldfinch.

Yellowbird.

Spinus tristis (female) .
See No. 400.

Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, white ; throat, black ; breast, yellow ; belly, white ;
back, streaked with black ; shoulder, chestnut.

Dickcissel.

Black-throated Bunting.
Spiza americana.
See No. 451.

242 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Mandibles, not crossed ; underparts, red ; crown ar_d sides of head, blue ; back,
green.

Nonpareil.
Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (male) .
See No. 448.

Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, tinged with red; upper parts, bright olive
green; no white on wings or tail.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (young male) .
See No. 448.

Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, greenish yellow; upper plumage, bright
olive green ; no white on wings or tail.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris ( female) .
See No. 448.

Mandibles, not crossed; general plumage, blue,

with black wings and tail, edged with blue.

Indigo Bunting.
Indigo Bird.

Passerina cyanea (adult male).
See No. 446.

Mandibles, not crossed; general plumage, brownish, blotched with blue.

Indigo Bunting.
Indigo Bird.

Passerina cynanea (young male).
See No. 446.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. SPARROWS, FINCHKS, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 243

Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts ; more or less of the throat, black (sometimes only the
chin); breast and sides, not distinctly streaked: —

Head, back, throat, and upper breast,
black ; sides of body, rufous brown ;

wings and tail, black, marked with
white ; bill, dark.

Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (male), and races.
See No. 440.

Throat, black; crown, gray; malar region, white; occiput, chestnut
brown ; rump, olive gray ; bill, black.

English Sparrow.

Passer domesticus (male),
See No. 390.

Chin, black ; throat, white, slightly tinged with tawny ; rest of under-
parts, white ; crown, fiery red ; rump, white, not streaked.

Greenland Red -poll.

Acanthis hornemannii.

See No. 394.

244

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat, smoky gray ; belly, white ; back and
rump, grayish brown; bill, pale; outer tail
feather, entirely white.

Snow Bird.
Junco.

Junco hyemalte.
See No. 430.

Part 3. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow, on
the underparts ; throat or chin, not black ; and the breast or sides, not
distinctly streaked; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: —

Throat, grayish brown ; sides of body, deep rufous brown ; back, not
streaked ; belly, white ; bill, black.

Townee.
Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
See No. 440.

Throat, gray ; belly, white ; back and rump,
grayish brown ; back, not streaked.

Snow Bird.
Junco.

Junco hi/emails, and races.
See No. 430.

FAMILY FRINGILLII>JE. SPARROWS, FINCHES CROSSBILLS, ETC. 245

Throat, white; crown, brown, with whitish stripe through middle; back,
streaked ; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white.

Lark Finch.

Chondestes grammacux.
See No. 420.

Throat, ashy white ; belly, white, tinged with pale buff on sides ; crown, bright
rufous ; tail feathers, very narrowly edged with white ; upper mandible, black-
ish; lower mandible, pale yellowish white, with dark tip : back, streaked.

Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola.
See No. 424.

Throat and underparts, pale buffy white or ashy white; crown and back,
dull brown; back, streaked with blackish; tail; very narrowly edged with
buffy white; bill, reddish brown; rump, brownish.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pusilla.
See No. 428.

Throat, white ; crown, rufous ; a white stripe over the eye ; outer tail feather,
very narrowly edged with whitish on inner web; bill, black; back, streaked;
rump, slaty gray.

Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella socialis.
See No. 425.

Part 4. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts; throat or chin, not black, and the breast or sides, not
distinctly streaked; no white on the tail feathers: —

Crown, green, like back; throat and underparts, pule bull': back, green,
without streaks.

Nonpareil.
Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (immature').
See No. 448.

246

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, brown, like back; throat and underparts, pale brown; whitish on
belly; breast, .usually with indistinct streaks; back, brown, without streaks.

Indigo Bird.
Indigo Bunting.

Passerina c.yanea (female).
See No. 446.

Crown, black, with white stripe in centre; stripe over eye, white; usually
more or less yellow in frout of eye; throat, white; breast, grayish; carpal
joint (bend of wing), pale yellow ; back, streaked.

White-throated Sparrow.

albicoUis.
See No. 423.

Crown, black, with white stripe iu centre; no distinct white patch on throat;
carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow ; back, streaked.

White-crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia leucophrys-
See No. 422.

Crown, brown, with grayish brown centre ; nape, gray; bill, reddish brown;

back, streaked,- wing coverts, tipped with white.

White-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (immature]
See No. 422.

Crown, light chestnut brown (streaked with black in young birds) ; rump,
slaty gray ; bill, black ; back, streaked. Young birds in fall have the bill

brownish.

Chipping Sparrow

Spizella socialis.
See No. 425.

Crown, rufous brown; rump, pale olive brown; upper mandible, black;
under mandible, pale, with dark tip ; back, streaked.

Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola.
See No. 424.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 247

Crown, pale chestnut brown ; rump, olive brown ;
bill, reddish brown ; back, streaked.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pusilla, and races.
See No. 428.

Part 5. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts; throat, more or less (sometimes only chin) black, and the
breast or sides distinctly streaked : —

A black spot on the chin ; crowu, with more or less metallic red ; rump, streaked ;
bill, yellowish, with dark tip. Common on Atlantic coast.

Red-poll.

Acanthis linaria, and races.
See No. 396.

A black spot on the chin; crown, with more or less metallic red; rump, white,
usually without streaks; bill, yellowish, with dark tip; plumage, much whiter
than linaria. Rarely occurs south of Labrador.

Greenland Red-poll.

Acanthis hornemannii, and races.
See No. 394.

248 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts ; throat or chin, not black, and the breast, distinctly streaked
or spotted : —

Crown feathers, blackish, narrowly edged with light brown ; an imperfect
buff white line through centre of crown; tail, usually under 2.20; wing,
usually under 2.90 (more or less yellow over and in front of eye in some
plumages) ; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones ; a black streak
on sides of upper throat ; back, streaked ; breast, streaked with dark brown ;
outer web of outer tail feather, edged with dull white.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ammodramus sandtcichcnsis savanna.
See No. 410.

Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Passerella iliaca.
See No. 439.

Wing, usually over 2.90; tail, usually over 2.20; breast, streaked with pale
brown ; crown feathers, with small black centres edged with buff and
gray; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones; no black streak on
sides of upper throat; back, pale browu, tinged with gray and more or less
streaked; very little or no white on outer tail feathers,

Ipswich Sparrow.
Ammodramus princeps.
See No. 409.

FAMILY FRINGILLIl^E. SPARKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC.

249

Bill, large ; depth of bill at base, about equal
to length of culmen; crown and back,
brownish olive, streaked with blackish ;

throat, streaked dark olive brown, not black ;
outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle
ones.

Purple Finch.

Carpodacus pmpureus (female) ,
See No. 389. "

Outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter
than middle ones; crown, dull rufous
brown, streaked with black and showing
a grayish stripe in the centre; under-
parts, white ; the breast, heavily streaked
with black; carpal joint, not .edged with
yellow ; outer tail feathers, not half white
(the breast and sides, often faintly tinged
with tawny and black striping on breast,
often mixed with more or less rufous
brown) ; back, streaked.

Song Sparrow.

Melospiza fasciata.
See No. 436.

250

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Shoulder (lesser wing coverts), rufous brown; at least half of outer tail
feathers, white; back, streaked.

Vesper Sparrow.

PooccKtes gramineus.
See No. 408.

Back, tinged with rufous brown, and
streaked with black ; carpal joint (bend
of wing) , edged with pale yellow ; tail,
over 2.50; usually an indication of yellow
in front of the eye; no white on tail
feathers.

White-throated Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis.
See No. 423.

Bill, sharp ; tail, under 2 inches ; entire
upper plumage, olive buff, streaked
with black ; under plumage, buffy
white, or ashy white, heavily streaked
with black; more or less yellow on
edge and base of wing feathers, and
base of tail feathers.

Pine Siskin. Pine Finch.
Spinus pinus.

See No. 402.

Crown and back, dull brown, without
streaks ; underparts, brownish, whitish
on belly; breast streaks, not very pro-
nounced, often indistinct (female).

Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting.
Passerina cyanea.

See No. 446.

Piiie Finch.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 251

Group 5. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue,
yellow, or green on the underparts* : —

General plumage, red; crowu and underparts, bright red; crown, with crest;
throat, black ; wings, not black (male).

Cardinal Grosbeak.

Cnrdinalis canlinalis.
See No. 442.

389

General plumage, red; back, streaked; belly, whitish (male).

Purple Finch.

Carpodacus pw-pureus.
See No. 389.

* If bird is red or olive green, with wing measuring between 3.35 and 4 inches long (carpus to tip), and cannot
be found in this section, see Family Tauagrid;e. The bill of a Tanager somewhat resembles that of a Finch.

252 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, rump, and underparts, rose red ; more or less white on wing ; man-
dibles, crossed.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (male).
See No. 393.

Crown, rump, and greater part of under plu-
mage, dull red; no white on the wing;
mandibles, crossed.

American Crossbill.

Loxia curvirostra minor (male).
See No. 392.

Wings, with more or less white; general plumage, grayish olive, or olive
green, more or less strongly tinged with yellowish green on rump ; mandi-
bles, crossed.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (femalf).
See No. 392.

Underparts, tinged with green, or olive green ; yellowish green on rump ; no
white on wings: mandibles, crossed.

American Crossbill.

Loxia curvirostra minor (female,).
See No. 392.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDJE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC.

253

Crown, olive gray ; chin, white ; throat,
black; breast, yellow; belly, white;
shoulder (wing coverts), chestnut
brown; back, streaked with black;
more or less yellow over the eye.

Black-throated Bunting.
Dickcissel.

Spiza americana.

See No. 451.

Underparts, dull buffy yellow; more or less black streaks on sides; crown, black-
ish, with tawny buff stripe through centre; back, heavily streaked with black;
tail feathers, very pointed. (This bird belongs in Section 8, as it is not a
Tanager or a Finch, but the bill might appear Fringilline to beginners.)

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (female),
See No. 370.

General plumage, more or less blue.

Blue Grosbeak.

Guiraca ccerulea.
See No. 445.

Underparts, brownish white, tinged with blue on the breast; head, rump,
and lesser wing coverts, usually tinged with blue.

Blue Grosbeak.

Guiraca ccerulea (female).
See No. 445.

254 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, yellow, or green on
the underparts : —

Underparts, brownish white; crown and back, brownish gray, usually tinged
with more or less blue on the head, rump, and lesser wing coverts ; middle
wing coverts, edged with rufous brown.

Blue Grosbeak.

Guiraca cwrulea (immature).
See No. 445.

Towhee Bunting.

Crown and back, black ; throat, black ; sides of body, rufous brown ; belly,
white.

Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (male).
See No. 440.

Head and entire underparts, black; a
tawny white patch on the back of the
neck; back, black; rump, whitish.
(This species belongs in the family
Icteridse (see Section 8), but to the
uninitiated the bill has a slight re-
semblance to birds in this class.)

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
See No. 370.

Crown, black, mixed with buffy white; a nuchal collar (back of neck), chestnut;
back, streaked; breast, more or less marked with black; belly, white; hind
toe nail, long.

Lapland Longspur.

Calcarius lapponicus.
See No. 404.

FAMILY FRINQILLID^:. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC

255

Top and sides of the head, black; ear coverts and
superciliary stripe, white; back, streaked; un=
derparts, buff ; hind toe nail, long.

Smith's Longspur.
Calcarius pictus.
See No. 405.

Top of head, black ; wing coverts, heavily marked
with chestnut; throat and belly, white; a

large patch of black on the breast; most of
the tail feathers, white, tipped with dark brown.

McCown's Longspur.

Ithynchophanes mccownii,
See No. 407.

Crown, chestnut, with stripe of white in centre (male), or dull olive, streaked
with blackish (female) ; back, streaked ; underparts, white (pale brownish olive
on sides of body) ; a short streak of dark brown or black on each side of white
throat ; tail feathers, tipped with white.

Lark Sparrow.
Lark Finch.
Chondestes grammacus.
See IS! 0.420.

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, black, with white stripe in middle; underparts, ashy, shading to pale buff
on the flanks; no white on tail feathers.

White=crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys.
See No. 422.

Crown and back, grayish or buffy, streaked with black ; shoulder (lesser wing
coverts), rufous brown; breast, streaked; greater part of outer tail feather,
including outer web, white.

Vesper Sparrow.
Bay=winged Bunting.
Grass Finch.
Pooccetes gramineus,
See No. 408.

Crown and back, slaty brown, or dull
rufous brown ; rump, and upper sur-
face of tail feathers, light rufous
brown; underparts, white, heavily
streaked and spotted on breast and sides
with rufous brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Passerella iliaca.

See Xo. 439.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 257

Crown and back, dark brown, with indistinct streaks; no white on tail ; under-
parts, white, with numerous brown spots or streaks (female). Purple Finch.

Carpodacus pnrpureus.

Crown, with crest of red feathers ; back, olive ; underparts, tawny, shading
to olive on the sides ; under surface of wing, red (female). Cardinal Grosbeak.

Cardinalis cardinalis.
See No. 442.

Crown, with fiery red patch ; a black spot on the chin; belly, white; rump,
white. Greenland Redpoll.

Acanthis homematmii.
See No. 394.

Group 6. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have more or less red on the under-
parts * : —

General plumage, rose red, usually
mixed with more or less gray ;

wing coverts, edged with pinkish

white. Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicola enucleator.
See No. 388.

Throat and base of bill,
black ; general plumage,
red; crown, with more
or less of a crest ; wings
and tail, not black (male) .

Cardinal Grosbeak.

Cardinalis cardinalis,
See No. 442.

* If bird is red or olive green, with wing between 3.35 and 4 inches long (bend of wing to tip), see Family
Tanagridie. The bill of a Tanager somewhat resembles that of a Finch.

258

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Head and back, black ; breast and
under wing coverts, rose red ;
belly, white (male).

Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Habia ludoviciana.
See No. 443.

Part 2. The following species have more or less yellow, orange, or
green on the underparts : —

Forehead, yellow; crown, black;
rump, greenish yellow ; t e r t i a 1 s ,
heavily marked with white ; uuder-
parts, dark olive yellow on belly (male) .

Evening Grosbeak.

Coccothraustes respertinus.
See No. 387.

Underparts, gray, faintly tinged with
greenish yellow ; back, gray, more
or less tinged with green ; wings and
tail, black, marked with white.

Crown and sides of head and chin, black; underparts, orange brown, or

pale orange chestnut; middle of belly and under wing coverts, bright yellow;
wings and tail, black, marked with white (male).

Black= headed Grosbeak.

Habia melanocephala.
See No. 444.

Underparts, pale tawny yellow, more or less streaked with black on sides of
body ; crown, black, with brownish buff stripe iu centre ; tail feathers, sharp
pointed. [This species belongs in Family Icter'ahe, but might be looked for
under this section (female).]

Bobolink.

Dolochonyx oryzivorus.
See No. 370.

FAMILY" FRINGILLID.E. SPARKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC.

259

Part 3. The following species have no red, yellow, orange, or green
on the under ports: —

Underparts, gray ; upper parts, gray,
tinged with green ; wings and tail,
black, heavily marked with
white; bill, yellowish.

Evening Grosbeak.

Coccothraustes vespertinus (female).
See No. 387.

General plumage, gray ; crown and
rump, tinged with yellowish green ;
bill, dark ; no white on tail feathers ;

wing coverts and tertials, edged with
white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Pinecola enucleator (female).
See No. 388.

Crown, brownish black, with
whitish streak in centre ; un-
der wing coverts, orange
yellow ; breast, streaked
with dark brown.

Rose=breasted Grosbeak.

Habia ludoviciana (female).
See No. 443.

Head and entire underparts. black ; back of neck, tawny buff; back, black, mixed
with buff; rump, gray; tail feathers, very pointed. (This species belongs in
Family Icteridae (Section 9), but might be looked for under this section.)

Bobolink.

Doliehonyx oryzivorus (male).
See No. 370.

260

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Head aud throat, dull chocolate browu ; rest of plumage, greenish black; no
white on wings or tail. (See Section 9, Family Icteridaj, where it belongs.)

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater (male) ,
See No. 371.

General plumage, brownish gray; no white on wing coverts or tail feathers.

(This species belongs in Family Icteridai, but the bill is somewhat Finch-like
in appearance, and the bird might be looked for under this section.)

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater (female).
See No. 371.

Head, with crest ; breast, grayish buff or light tawny ; back, olive gray, without
streaks ; rump aud upper surface of tail, not rufous brown.

Cardinal.

Cardinales cardinalis (female).
See No. 442.

Crown, brown, with white stripe in middle; a black stripe on each side of
throat; uuderparts, soiled white; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white; rump
aud upper surface of tail, not rufous brown.

Lark Sparrow.
Lark Finch.
Chondestes grammicus.
See No. 420.

Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown ; underparts, white,
more or less spotted or streaked with brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Passerella iliaca.
See No. 439.

Entire head and back, brown or black; belly, white; sides of body, bright,
rufous brown.

Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthalmuK.

'"i*AMMJ^^\ &&VM'&^ . See No' 440'

Underparts, white, often
tinged with light brown on
the breast; greater part of
outer tail feathers, white.

Snow Bunting.
Snow Flake.

Plectrophenax nivalis.
See No. 403.

Snow Bunting.

FAiMILY FRINGILLIDJE. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC.

261

Group 7. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or
third ; bill, stout and conical ; nostrils, high, near the culmen ; primaries,
nine ; tarsus, flattened behind.

Throat, brownish olive, shading to
yellowish green on the belly ; wing,
black, with patch of white ; bill, yel-
lowish ; forehead, yellow ; crown, black
(male) ; forehead and crown, grayish
(female) .

Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes venpertinus.
See No. 387.

387

General plumage of body, rose red,

more or less mixed with gray; tail,
dark brown; wings, brown, the cov-
erts and tertials, edged with white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicola enucleator (malc~)
See No. 388.

General plumage, gray; the crown and rump, tinged with yellowish olive;
wings, dark brown; the coverts and secondaries, edged with white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicola enucleator (female) .
See No. 388.

262

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Underparts, white; breast, usually more or less tinged with pale brown in
winter.

Snow Bunting.
Snowflake.

Plectrophenax nivalis.
See No. 403.

Head, chocolate brown; rest of plu-
mage, greenish black (male) ; general
plumage, gray, palest on the throat;
no white on wing coverts ; crown and
rump, like back (female) . This species
belongs in Section 10, under Family
Icteridfe, but might be looked for
under this family by mistake.

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater.
See No. 371.

Cow Bird. See Family Icteridce.

FAMILY TANAGRID^E. • — TANAGERS.

263

454

FAMILY TANAQRID/e.

Tanagers.

Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small "tooth"
near the middle of the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, 9 ;
tarsus, scutellate ; males, bright colored.

Group 1. Wing, 3.25 to 4.25 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue,
yellow, or green on the underparts : —

Louisiana Tanager.

Head aud throat, orauge red; bright red on crown; rest of uiiderparts, bright

yellow; back, wings, and tail, black; rump, yellow (male).

Louisiana Tanager.

Piranya ludoviciann.
See No. 453.

264 KET TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

General plumage, scarlet red: wings and tail,
black; throat, not black (male).

Scarlet Tanager.

Piranga erythromela*
See No. 454.

General plumage, red; no black on throat; wings and tail, not black; hack,
not streaked ; belly, not whitish (male).

Summer Tanager.

Piranga rubra.
See No. 455.

Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow ; back, grayish ; greater wing
coverts and tertials, edged with dull white, or yellowish white ; mandibles,
not crossed (female).

Louisiana Tanager.

Piranga ludoviciana.
See No. 453.

Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow ; back, light olive green ; no

white on wing coverts; wings and tail, fuscous brown (female); wings and
tail, black (young male) ; inner webs of inner primaries and secondaries, edged
with white; mandibles, not crossed (female).

Scarlet Tanager.

Piranga erythromelas.
See No. 454.

No white oa wing coverts ; underparts, pale orange yellow ; upper, parts,
olive green, with faint tinge of orange; mandibles, not crossed (female).

Summer Tanager.

Piranga rubra.
See No. 455.

Underparts, bright yellow ; throat, reddish orange; crown and sides of head,
orange red ; back, wings, and tail, black ; rump, yellow (male) .

Louisiana Tanager.

Piranga ludoviciana.
See No. 453.

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDJ5. — SWALLOWS.

265

FAHILY HIRUNDINID^E.

Swallows.

Bill, small and flattened, somewhat triangular in shape; gape, very
wide ; wings, long, usually extending beyond the tail.

Group 1. Wing, 3 25 to 4.75 inches long.

Bank Swallow.

Throat and belly, white; a band of grayish brown on the breast; upper
plumage, browuish gray.

Bank Swallow.

Clavicola riparia-
See No. 463.

Underparts, brownish gray, shading into whit-
ish on the belly ; upper parts, grayish brown ;

no distinct breast band.

Rough- winged Swallow.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
See No. 464.

266

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Tree Swallow.

Entire underparts, white ; upper plumage, metallic steel blue ; yoimg birds
have the upper plumage brownish gray, but the under plumage is pure white.

White-bellied Swallow.
Tree Swallow.

Tachycineta bicolor.
See No. 462.

Upper throat and sides of the head, chestnut
brown; belly, whitish; forehead, whitish;
crown and back, dark steel blue; upper tail
coverts, pale rufous brown.

Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon lunifronx.
See No. 458.

Throat, chestnut; belly, pale brown; entire
upper plumage, steel blue ; tail, forked ; upper
tail coverts, steel blue.

Barn Swallow.

Chelidon erythrogastra.
See page 461.

FAMILY HIRUNDINID^E. SWALLOWS.

2(57

Group 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Male: General plumage (^including belly), bluish black, or dark steel blue.
Female: Back, like male; underparts, grayish brown, shading into dull
white on the belly. Immature birds have the upper plumage, brownish ; under-
parta, brownish on the breast ; dull white on the belly.

Purple Martin.
Progne subis.
See No. 456.

Back, steel blue; belly, white.

Tree Swallow.
White-bellied Swallow.

Tachycineta bicolor.
See No. 462.

266

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Back, steel blue: underparts, cinnamon brown; tail, very deeply forked.

Barn Swallow.

Chelidon erythrogastra.
See No. 461.

General plumage, sooty brown ; showing
a faint greenish tinge on the upper parts ;
throat, ashy white; tail feathers, with
sharp spines, or points formed by the
shafts of the feathers, extending beyond
the webs. The swifts belong to the
Family Micropodidae and are widely sepa-
rated generically from the swallows ; but
persons unfamiliar with birds might look
for them under the same family.

Chimney Swift.

Chcetura pelagica.

See No. 340.

FAMILY AMPELHXE. — WAXWINGS AND CEDAR BIRDS.

260

FAMILY AMPELID/E.

Waxwings and Cedar Birds.

Bill, without notch ; head, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, shorter
than middle toe and claw ; a black stripe from forehead through the eye ;
inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red bits, like
minute drops of sealing wax.

Upper parts, grayish
brown ; crown and
breast, pale choco-
late brown; a black
streak in front of
eye ; tail, tipped
with yellow; belly,
yellowish ; wing,
less than 4.20
inches long.

Cedar Waxwing.

Cedar Bird.

Cherry Bird.

Ampelis cedorum.
See No. 466.

Cedar Bird.

General plumage, pale chocolate
brown; forehead, tinged with rufous;
chin, black ; under tail coverts, rufous ;
tail, tipped with yellow ; wing, over
4.20 inches long.

Bohemian Waxwing.
Ampelis garrulus.
See Xo. 465.

270

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY LANHD/E.

Shrikes.

Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked; tarsus,
scutellate; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish
birds with blackish wings and tail and a stripe through the eye.

Crown and back, gray; underparts,
white; a patch of black on the sides
of the head; wing less than 4.15
inches long.

Loggerhead Shrike.

Laniiis ludovicianiis.

See No. 468.

468

Upper plum-
age, ash gray

or gray tinged
with buff; un-
derparts,

ashy white, the feathers show-
ing numerous faint narrow
black bars ; a black streak from
bill through the eye; wing,
more than 4.15 inches long.

Northern Shrike

Lanius borealis.
See No. 467.

FAMILY VIKEOMD^E. V1KEOS.

271

FAMILY VIREONID/E.

Vireos.

Upper mandible, with very small hook at tip ; first primary, very short
in some species, in others nearly as long as second ; toes, joined at base.
Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often showing a faint
wash of yellow on underparts; tail, always without white spots.

Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long.

Crown, grayish: orbital ring and lores, dull white. Rarely occurs east of
Illinois.

Bell's Vireo.

Vireo bellii.
See No. 480.

Crown, grayish, often tinged with olive; orbital ring and lores,
yellow.

White-eyed Vireo.

Vireo noveboracetisis, and races.
See No. 478.

272

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Qroup 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

First primary, very short; lores and eye ring, whitish; throat, whitish:
breast and sides, faintly tinged with yellow ; no wing bars.

Warbling Vireo.

Vireo gilvus.
See No. 473.

First primary, short, but longer than in V.
gilvus ; lores and eye ring, yellow ; back,
olive ; wing coverts, edged with white.

White=eyed Vireo.

Vireo noveboracensis, and races.
See No. 478.

First primary, not short ; lores and eye ring, dull white ; underparts, washed
with very pale greenish yellow; no wing bars.

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo philadelphicus.
See No. 472.

FAMILY VIKEONIDJi. — VIREO8.

273

Group 3. Wing, from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

BUI, with small but distinct hook ; no streaks on back or breast ;
breast or throat, never spotted.

First primary, longer thau fourth; back and rump, olive; crown, plumbeous
gray, or bluish gray ; no dusky streak from base of bill on sides of throat ;
underparts, white, tinged with pale yellowish green on sides of body.

Red-eyed Vireo.

Vireo olivaceus.
See No. 470.

Similar to Vireo olivaceus, but having a
dusky streak or line extending from
base of lower mandible on side of
throat.

Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo calidris barbatulus.
See No. 469.

First primary, very short and narrow ; crown and back, grayish olive ; under-
parts, dull white, faintly tinged with olive, or yellowish on sides ; no white
wing bars.

Warbling Vireo.

Vireo gilvus.
See No. 473.

274

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

First primary, short ; crown, gray ; back, olive ;
rump, olive green ; throat and belly, white ;
sides of body, greenish yellow ; lores, white ;
sides of head, gray ; wing bars, white.

Solitary Vireo.

Vireo solitarins, ami races.
See No. 475

First primary, not short; lores and eye ring, yellow; throat and breast, yel-
low ; belly, white ; wing bars, white.

Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo flamfrons.

See No. 474.

First primary, equal to fifth ; lores and orbital ring, dull white ; upper plu-
mage, light olive, tinged with ashy on the crown ; underparts, washed with
very pale yellow ; no white wing bars.

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo philadelphicm.
See No. 472.

FAMILY CCEREBID/G.

Honey Creepers.

Bill, curved; wing, about 2.50; length, about 4.50.

Throat, white ; lower breast, yellow ;
rump, yellow ; crown and back, slaty
black. A Bahama Island species of rare and
accidental occurrence in Florida, not re-
corded elsewhere in the United States.

Bahama Honey Creeper.

Coireba bahamensis,
See No. 481.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.fc. WARBLERS. 275

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E.

WARBLERS.

GROUP 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. See page 277.

Part 1 . Throat, breast, and belly, yellow ; breast, more or less streaked : some tail feathers,

marked with white. See page 278.
Part 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow ; breast, more or less streaked ; no white on tail

feathers. See page 278.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers, marked

with white. See page 279.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks ; no white on tail feathers. See

page 279.
Part 5. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 280.

Part 6. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on tail feathers. See

page 281.

Part 9. Xo yellow on throat or belly; no white on tail feathers. See page 282.
Part 10. No yellow on throat or belly; more or less white on tail feathers. See page 2'2.
GROUP 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. See page 284.

Part 1. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail

feathers marked with more or less white. See page 284.
Part 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow ; breast, more or less streaked ; no white ou tail

feathers. See page 286.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks ; some tail feathers marked

with more or less white. See page 287.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers.

See page 289.
Part 5. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 290.

Part <>. Throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow ; no white on tail feathers. See page 292.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See

page 292.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast,

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294.

276

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; no white ou the tall feathers ; breast, not

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294.
Part 10. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers;

sides of breast and body, with distinct black or blackish streaks. See

page 295.
Part 11. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers;

sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks.

See page 297.
GROUP 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. See page 300.

Part 1. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail

feathers, marked with white. See page 300.
Part 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked ; no white on the

tail feathers. See page 303.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; more or less white ou the tail

feathers. See page 303.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks ; uo white on the tail feathers.

See page 303.
Part 5. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 304.

Part 6. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on the tail feathers. See page 305.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See

page 306.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 306.
Part 9. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; uo white on the tail feathers ; breast,

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 307.
Part 10. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers;

sides of breast and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackish

streaks. See page 307.
Part 11. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or le.ss white on the tail feathers;

breast and sides of the body, not marked with distinct black streaks. See

page 308.
GROUP 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 310.

FAMILY MNIOTILTIDjE. — WARBLERS.

277

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E

Warblers.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as third,
and often nearly the same length ; bill, slender and pointed ; back of tarsus,
thin and sharp, not rounded as in front ; hind toe and claw, not longer
than middle toe and claw.

Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long.

Helmitherue.

Dendroica.

515 V

Seiurus.

491

Helminthophiki .

Svlvania.

498

Deiulr.iira.

Geothlypis.

Setophaga.

278

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA-

Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow;
breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with white : —

Wing coverts, broadly bordered with yellow ; under surface of wing, yellow ;
white on tail feathers, extending to tip of inner web ; crown, not chestnut brown.

Prairie Warbler.

Dendroica discolor.
See No, 514.

Wing coverts, uot bordered with yellow ;
undertail coverts, yellow.

Dendroica palmarnm.
Palm Warbler.
See No. 512.

Wing coverts, showing much white; under
surface of wing, white; tail, with band
of white, no white at tip; rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warb'er.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Dendroica maculosa.

Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow ;
breast, with more or less streaks ; no white on tail feathers : —

More or less yellow, on inner webs of primaries and tail feathers.

Summer Warbler.

Dendroica (estiva.
See No. 496.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS. 279

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow
without streaks ; some tail feathers marked with white : —

Crown and sides of head, grayish or slate color; no yellow on forehead; adult
birds have patch of chestnut on crown ; some tail feathers very narrowly
edged with white ; under wing coverts, yellow ; no black streaks on sides of
body.

Nashville Warbler.
Helminthophila ruficapilla.
See No. 491.

Wing bars, white; under wing coverts, white; some tail feathers with much
white on inner webs ; adult birds have forehead and more or less of crown yel-
low ; immature birds have crown yellowish green.

Blue-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila pinus.
See No. 487.

No wing bars ; under wing coverts, yellow ; tail feathers, showing considerable
white; throat, more or less 'black, according to age and season; crown, slaty
gray ; adult birds have yellow forehead and gray crown, marked with black.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helminthophila bachmanii.
See No. 486.

Wing bars, yellowish ; sides of body, more or less streaked with black.

Prairie Warbler.

Dendroica discolor.
See No. 514.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow
without streaks ; no white on tail feathers : —

Crown and back, greenish yellow ; more or less yellow on inner webs of pri-
maries and tail feathers ; crown, yellowish green.

Summer Warbler.

Dendroica cestiva (female or immature) .
See No. 496.

Crown, slate color with patch of chestnut in some plumages ; sides of head, slate
color ; wing, longer than tail ; lower belly, tinged with white ; rump and
upper tail coverts, bright yellowish green.

Nashville Warbler.

Helminthophila ruficapilla.
See No. 491.

280 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, dull olive ; throat, bright yellow; belly, much paler, often whitish;
tail, brownish olive, without yellow ; wing, not longer than tail ; males have
black patch on face (forehead and sides of head) which is lacking in females.

Maryland Yellowthroat.

Geothlypis trichas.
See No. 522.

Throat and belly, nearly the same color; crown, glossy black (male), or olive
green like back (female) ; tail feathers, slaty brown
faintly washed with olive on outer webs ; numerous
small black bristles at base of bill.

Wilson's Warbler.
Wilson's Blackcap.
Sylvania pusilla.
See No. 526.

Entire underparts, yellow; brightest on the belly; wing, longer than tail;
crown, grayish; back and rump, dull olive; tail feathers, not marked with

yellow.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia (young female) .
See No. 521.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yel-
low ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Back, black or dark; tail, black, with broad
band of white; rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Back, slaty blue, often showing yellowish olive; rump, slate color; sides of

head, grayish or slaty blue.

Parula Warbler.

Blue, Yellowbacked Warbler.

Compsothlypis americana. '

See No. 494.

Back, dull green; throat, faintly washed with greenish yellow; rump, green;

sides, not streaked.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina.
See No. 493.

Back, greenish ; rump, greenish; cheeks, yellowish; sides, showing more or

less dark streaks.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS. 281

Part 6. The following species have the throat yellow; belly, not yel-
low ; no white on tail feathers : —

Throat, bright yellow ; shading to whitish or
olive on belly; forehead and sides of head,
black (male) ; no black on head (female) ;
wing, not longer than tail.

Maryland Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis trichas.
See No. 522.

Throat, showing faint tinge of greenish yellow ; throat and sides of body, nearly
same color ; wing, considerably longer than tail.

Tennessee Warbler.

HelminthopMla peregrina.
See No. 493.

Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow ; and no white on the tail feathers : —

Legs, dark; throat, whitish; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail cov-
erts, whitish ; tail feathers, slaty brown.

Bach man's Warbler.

HelminthopMla bachmanii (immature in fall).
See No. 486.

Head, grayish ; back, olive green ; belly, bright yellow; throat, blackish (male) ;
throat, grayish (female) ; legs, pale ; tail feathers, olive green ; under tail
coverts, yellow.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia.
See No. 521.

Back, grayish brown ; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail coverts,

yellow.

Palm Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Throat, usually with more or less black (sometimes without trace of black), ac-
cording to age and season ; forehead, yellow ; top of head, grayish, showing

more or less black ; back, green.

Bach man's Warbler.

HelminthopMla bachmanii.
See No. 486.

282

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9. The following species have no yellow on throat or belly, and
no white on the tail feathers : —

Wing, less than 2.25; underparts, whitish, tinged with olive on sides; throat, with
faint wash of yellowish buff, almost white ; crown, dull olive ; tail, entirely
olive green.

Maryland Yellowthroat.

Geothlypis trichas (young bird in fall}.
See No. 522.

Wing, over 2.25 ; entire underparts, whitish or slightly olive ; crown, slaty ; back,
green ; no yellow or orange on tail feathers.

Tennessee Warbler.
Helminthophila peregrina.
See No. 493.

Entire uuderparts, dull olive or olive green; crown, with partially concealed
patch of orange brown (sometimes wanting) ; no yellow or orange on tail
feathers.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

Helminthophila celata.
See No. 462.

End of tail, brown ; basal portion of tail
feathers, reddish orange (male), or pale
yellow (female) ; more or less black bristles

at base of bill.

Redstart.

Setophaga rusticilla.
See No. 528.

Part 10. The following species have no yellow on the throat or belly,
and more or less white on the tail feathers : —

Wing coverts, broadly edged with yellow; crown, greenish yellow; back,
tinged with slate color; tail feathers, marked with white to the tips of inner

webs.

Golden-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila chrysoptera.
See No. 488.

Wing coverts, not yellow; crown, grayish or greenish; back, yellowish
green ; some tail feathers, narrowly edged with white near tips of inner webs.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina.
See No. 493.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS.

283

Rachman's Warbler (male). Mourning Warbler (male). Canadian Warbler (male).

Maryland Yellow Throat.

Yellow Warbler (male).

Palm Warbler (male).

Chestnut-sided Warbler (male) .

Hooded Warbler (male).

Black-poll Warbler (male)-

284

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, from 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

Helminthophila.

Part 1. The following species- ha\e the throat, breast, and belly,
yellow ; breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with
more or less white : —

Underparts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; under tail coverts, yel-
low; crown, chestnut; back, dull olive; rump, olive greeu.

Yellow Palm Warbler.
Yellow Redpoil Warbler.

Dendroica pa}mwum
See No 513,

L,

Underparts, pale yellow; sides of breast, streaked with black; under tail
coverts, white; crown, grayish; back and rump, ashy, streaked with
black. Kirtland's Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlnndi.
See No. 510.

FAMILY MNIOTILTIDuE. — WALLERS. 285

Underparts, yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with olive ; under tail coverts,
ashy ; crown, back, and ruinp, olive green.

Pine-creeping Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii.
See No. 511.

Head and tail, Black and Yellow Warbler.

Underparts, bright yellow ; breast, heavily streaked with black ; under tail
coverts, white; crown, slaty; back, black; rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Underparts, very pale yellowish, almost yellowish white, faintly streaked with
black; under tail coverts, white; crown, back, and rump, olive, streaked
with black.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata (female).
See No. 504.

Head and tail, Blackburnian Warbler.

Throat and breast, orange ; belly, pale yellow ; sides of breast streaked with
black; crown, black, streaked with dull white; rump, black; undertail
coverts, white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnice.
See No. 505.

280

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Underparts, yellow ; throat, sometimes marked
with rufous brown; breast, streaked with
black ; crown, black or olive gray ; back, olive
green, marked with black ; rump, yellow ;
undertail coverts, yellowish white.

Cape May Warbler.
Dendroica tigrina.
See No. 495.

Underparts, very pale yellow, streaked with
dark brown; uudertail coverts, yellowish
white; crown, back, and rump, dark olive.

Water Thrush.
Water Warbler.

Seiurus noveboracensis.
See No. 516.

Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow ;
breast, more or less streaked ; no white on tail feathers : —

Breast, streaked with rufous brown ; major portion of inner webs of tail feathers,
yellow.

Summer Warbler.
Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica cestiva.
See No. 496.

Breast, with black or dusky streaks ; tail feath-
ers, entirely dull brown.

Canadian Warbler.

Sylvania canadensis.
See No. 527.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS.

287

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks ; some tail feathers marked with more or less white : —

Throat and underparts, yellow ; lower throat,
tinged with black; forehead, yellowish;
crown, gray ; back and rump, olive green ;
more or less yellow about eyes ; tail feath-
ers, showing considerable white.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helminthophila bachmanii.
See No. 486.

Throat and underparts, yellow ; under tail coverts,
yellow ; crown, gray ; no yellow about eyes ;
sides of head, gray ; back and rump, olive green ;
outer tail feathers, very narrowly edged with
white (male has a chestnut brown patch on
crown).

Nashville Warbler.
Helminthophila ruficapilla.
See No. 491.

Head and tail, Black and Yellow Warbler.

Crown, dull gray; back, olive green; rump and belly, yellow; tail feathers,
with white spots in the middle.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Underparts, bright yellow; crown, yellow; back and rump, bright olive
green ; a narrow black streak from bill to eye.

Blue-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila pinus (male).
See No. 487.

288

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, olive green (sometimes with forehead
yellow) ; uuderparts, greenish yellow ; back and
rump, olive green ; terminal third of inner webs
of outer tail feathers, white.

Blue-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila pinus (female and immature) .
See No. 487.

Underparts, tinged with greenish yellow ; undertail coverts, white ; crown, back,
and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers very narrowly edged with white

(entirely absent in some specimens).

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina (female in fall and immature) .
See No. 493.

Underparts, yellow, washed with olive on sides; sides of head and lores,
yellow; crown, olive green; back and rump, olive green; undertail coverts,
pale yellow.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitrata (female and immature in fall).
See No. 525.

fc Kirtiand's Warbler.

Underparts, yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray ; bacfc and
rump, ashy, streaked with black ; lores, black.

Kirtiand's Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlandii.
See No. 510.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS.

289

Crown, greenish blue ; wing coverts, edged with white ; back, greenish blue,
without streaks ; under tail coverts, whitish ; uiiderparts, tinged with pale
yellow.

Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica ccerulea (female and immature).
See No. 501.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks, and no white on the tail feathers : —

Crown, slate color, with patch of chestnut (male),
or crown, olive gray (female) ; rump and upper
tail coverts, yellowish green ; auricular region
(sides of head), grayish; under tail coverts,
yellow.

Nashville Warbler.
Helminthophila ruficapilla .
See No. 491.

Underparts, faintly washed with yellow, or yellowish white ; crown, grayish
olive; back and rump, olive green; under tail coverts, white; no yellow
on tail feathers.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina (female in fall).
See No. 493.

Crown, back, and rump, yellowish green; major part of inner webs of tail
feathers, yellow.

Summer Warbler.
Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica cestiva (female).
See No. 496.

Sides of head, yellowish ; crown, glossy black
(male) ; crown, bright olive green, like back
(female) ; back and rump, bright olive green ;

under tail coverts, yellow.

Wilson's Warbler.

Sylvania pusilla.
See No. 526.

Crown, grayish ; back and rump, dull olive green ; entire underparts, yel-
low, palest on throat; no yellow on tail feathers; chin, not whitish; no buff-
white stripe over eye.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia (young female).
See No. 521.

290

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, grayish ; back and rump, green ; underparts, pale yellow ; chin, whitish ;
a buff-white stripe over the eye. (This bird belongs in Section 4, but might be
mistaken for a warbler by the novice.)

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo philadelphius.

See No. 472.

Crown and sides of head, with more or
less black ; a yellow superciliary stripe ;

back and rump, olive green.

Kentucky Warbler.

Geothlypis formosa.
See No. 519.

Underparts, yellowish olive; crown, with partly concealed orange brown
spot ; under tail coverts, greenish yellow.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

Helminthophila celata.
See No. 492.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ;
tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Back, green, streaked with black ; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with
white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and body,
streaked.

Black-poll Warbler.
Dendroica striata (female).
See No. 504.

Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black,
with more or less white ; throat, orange ; sides, streaked with black.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnice (adult male} ,
See No. 505.

FAMILY MNIOTTLTID^E. WARBLERS.

Throat, yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with blackish ; crown, olive, dotted
with blackish ; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black ; usually
a trace of yellow in middle of crowii ; basal portion of narrow outer web of
outer tail feather, edged with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnicu (female, and immature).
See No. 505.

Crown, ash gray ; forehead, blackish ;

throat, yellow ; bordered by black ; sides
of breast, streaked with black; back
and rump, slaty gray, not streaked ;
no white on outer web of outer tail
feather.

Yellow-throated Warbler.

Dendroica dominica, and races.
See No. 506.

Crown, slaty blue ; back, tinged with greenish
yellow ; rump, like crown ; no black streaks
on sides of throat, back, or underparts.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.
Parula Warbler.

Compsothlypis americana.
See No. 494.

Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged with gray), without streaks; two
outer tail feathers with oblique white spots ; lores, yellow.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii.
See No. 611.

Crown, back, and rump, green ; sides of head, yellowish ; outer web of tail
feather, edged with white ; sides more or less faintly streaked ; rump, same
color as back.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens (female and fall plumage).
See No. 508.

Crown, olive; more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow
or greenish yellow ; breast with numerous streaks ; no white on outer web
of outer tail feathers ; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (female and immature at some seasons').
See No. 495.

292

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6. The following species have the throat not yellow ; belly,
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : —

Throat, grayish or brownish; eye ring,
white; back, olive green.

Connecticut Warbler.

Geothlypis agilis.
See No. 520.

Throat, grayish or ashy, changing to black
in adult male birds; no white eye ring.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia.
See No. 521.

Part 7. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly
yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers : —

Upper throat, chestnut; breast, streaked
with black ; back, greenish ; rump, yellow ;
much white on wing coverts.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (advM male) .
See No. 495.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E. WARBLERS.

293

Chin, yellow ; throat and upper breast, black ;
forehead, yellow, bordered by black; rest of
crown and nape, gray.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helminthophila bachmanii (adult male) .
See No. 486.

Throat, black ; forehead ami sides of head,
yellow ; crown, black.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitrata.
See No. 525.

Throat, dull white; breast, faintly streaked; under tail coverts, yellow;

wing coverts, tipped with brownish; crown, often marked with more or less
rufous brown.

Palm Warbler.

Red-poll Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum.
See No. 512.

Crown, bluish green; wing coverts, tipped with white; under tail cov-
erts, whitish ; underparts, pale yellowish white.

Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica coerulea ( female or immature} .
See No. 501.

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, streaked, or spotted with
black, or dark brown: —

Crown, brownish orange ; back, olive green ;
bill, pale.

Oven Bird.
Golden-crowned Thrush.

Seiurus aurocapillus.
See No. 515.

Crown and back, olive brown ; bill, dark.

Water Thrush.

Seiurus noveboracensis, and races,
See No. 516.

Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked, or spotted
with black, or dark brown : —

Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor-
dered by black stripes; a black stripe
through the eye ; underparts, buffy white ;
olive on sides.

Worm-eating Warbler.
Helmitherus vermivorus.
See No. 485.

Crown and back, black; throat, black;
a patch of orange on sides of breast.

Redstart.

Setophaga ruticilla (male).
See No. 528.

FAMILY MNIOTILTIDuE. WARBLERS.

295

Crown, slaty olive ; back, dull olive; uuderparts, white; a patch of yellow
on sides of breast; outer tail feathers, yellow, tipped with brown.

Redstart.

Setophaga ruticilla (female*).
See No. 528.

Crown, grayish olive, usually with partly concealed orange brown spot;

no yellow on tail feathers ; underparts, yellowish green.

Orange=crowned Warbler.

Helminthophila celata,
See No. 492.

Part 10. The following species have the throat not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers ; sides of breast and body
with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks: —

Throat, bright orange; crown, black, streaked with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnitv (adult male) .
See No. 505.

Crown, back, and rump, bright olive green ; sides of head, yellowish ;

throat, usually with more or less indications of black in most specimens; inner
webs of two outer tail feathers, white.

Black throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens (fall and immature).
See No. 508.

Crown, black ; back, grayish olive, streaked
with black ; rump, like back.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata.
See No. 504.

296

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown and back, blue; the back, streaked with black; rump, slaty blue.

Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica ccerulea.
See No. 501.

Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black; back, grayish olive, streaked
with black; rump, like back.

Dendroica striata (fall and immature).
See No. 504.

Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the
breast, with more or less yellow.

Myrtle Warbler.
Yellow=rumped Warbler.

Dendroica coronata.
See No. 498.

Crown, black, with white stripe iu middle ; entire plumage, black and white.

Black and White Warbler.
Black and White Creeper.

Mniotilta varia.

See No. 482.

Crown and back, grayish olive ; rump, yellowish ; a patch of white near the
tips of outer tail feathers on the inner webs.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tiyrina (immature female).
See No. 495.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. WARBLERS.

297

Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not
yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers ; the sides of breast
and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks : —

Throat, black ; crown, olive green ; sides of head, yellow ; wing bands, white.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens (adult male) .
See No. 508.

Throat, black; ear coverts, black ; crown, yellowish ; wing bands, yellow.

Golden-winged Warbler.

Helmintkophila chrysoptera (male*) .
See No. 488.

Throat, black ; crown, dull blue ; sides of
breast, bluish black; a patch of white at
base of primaries.

Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Dendroica ccerulescens (adult male) .
See No. 497.

298

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat aud sides, chestnut ; crown, chestnut.

Bay -breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea (adult) .
See No. 503.

Throat and sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crown, olive green,
streaked with black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; (crown, with
indications of chestnut ;) belly, cream white.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea (female").
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, cream white, shading into pale buff; white on flanks;
crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black ; wing bars, white.

Bay -breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea (immature) .
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, pale yellowish white ; crown and back, green, indis-
tinctly streaked; wiug bars, white; often very difficult to distinguish from
immature specimen of D. castanea.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata (immature}.
See No. 504.

Throat and underparts, white ; ashy on the
sides ; crown, slaty gray ; back, green ;
under tail coverts, white.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina (adult male) .
See No. 493.

Throat and underparts, white ; wing bars, yellow ; crown and back, bright
green.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Dendroica pennsylvanica (immature),
See No. 502.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS.

299

Throat and underparts, white; sides, more
or less marked with chestnut; crown,

greenish yellow ; back, greenish, streaked
with black; wing bars, yellowish.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Dendroica pennsylvanica.
See No. 502.

Throat and underparts, cream white; crown and back, greenish blue;

rump, like back; wing coverts, edged with white; under tail coverts, whitish.

Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica cterulea (female).
See No. 501.

Throat and underparts, dull white; crown and back, grayish olive; wing
bars, white ; an oblique white spot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers ;

rest of tail feathers, without white ; under tail coverts, whitish.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii (fall and immature).
See No. 511.

Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with
rather indistinct dusky streaks ; crown, grayish olive, usually with at least
an indication of chestnut: back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under
tail coverts, yellow.

Palm Warbler.
Red=poll Warbler.
Dendroica palmarum.
See No. 512.

300

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat and underpants, dull yellowish green ; crown, greeu, with partly
concealed orange brown patch in centre (wanting in young birds) ; outer
tail feathers, narrowly edged with white on inner web ; rest of tail
feathers, without white; no white spot at base of primaries.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

Helminthophila celata.
See No. 492.

Throat and underpants, buffy white ; crown and back, olive green ; bases of
primaries, white, forming a small spot on wing (female).

Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Dendroica casrulescens.
See No. 497.

Throat, gray; belly, white (breast, often washed with yellow); crown, yel-
lowish greeu ; wing coverts, broadly tipped with yellow (female).

Golden-winged Warbler.

Helminthophila chrysoptera .
See No. 488.

Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

498

615 \

Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel-

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS.

301

low ; the breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with
white : —

Underparts, pale yellow ; sides of breast, more or less streaked with black ; under
tail coverts, white ; crown, grayish ; back and rump, ashy gray, streaked with
black.

Kirtland's Warbler.
Dendroica kirtlandi.
See No. 510.

Tail.

Throat and breast, orange ; belly, pale yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with
black; crown, black, with orange spot in centre; back, black, streaked with
whitish ; rump, black ; under tail coverts, white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnice.
See No. 505.

302

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Underparts, very pale yellowish, almost yellowish white, faintly streaked with
black ; under tail coverts, white ; crown, back, and rump, olive green, streaked
with black.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata ( female).
See No. 504.

Tail.

Underparts, yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with olive ; under tail cov-
erts, ashy; crown, back, and rump, olive green (not streaked).

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii.
See No. 511.

Underparts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; crown, chestnut;

back, dull olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea.
See No. 513.

Underparts, yellow ; ear coverts, rufous ;
breast, streaked with black; crown, black,
or olive gray; back, olive gre?,n, marked
with black ; rump, yellow; under tail coverts,
yellowish white ; a patch of white on wing
coverts.

Cape May Warbler.
Dendroica tigrina.
See No. 495.

Underparts, very pale yellow, streaked with
dark brown ; under tail coverts, yellowish
white; crown, back, and rump, dark
olive.

Water Thrush.
Seiurus noveboracensis.
See No. 516.

FAMILY .MNIOTILTID^E. — WARBLERS. 303

Part 2. The following species has the throat, breast, and belly, yel-
low ; breast, more or less streaked, and no white on the tail feathers : —

Breast, with black or dusky streaks ; tail, dull brown.

Canadian Warbler.

Sylvania canadensis.
S«e No. 527.

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel-
low, without streaks, and more or less white on the tail feathers : —

Head, neck, and underparts, bright orange yellow; palest on the belly;
back, olive green ; rump, gray.

Prothonotary Warbler.

Protonotaria citrea.
See No. 483.

Crown, brownish ; underparts, white,

faintly tinged with pale yellow ; sides,
grayish; back and rump, olive brown
or grayish brown ; a white stripe over
the eye.

Swainson's Warbler.

Helinaia swainsonii.
See No. 484.

Underparts, yellow ; sides, streaked with black ; crown, slaty gray ; back
and rump, ashy, streaked with black; lores, black.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlandi.
See No. 510.

Underparts, yellow, washed with olive on the sides ; sides of head and lores,
yellow ; crown, olive green ; back and rump, olive green ; under tail
coverts, pale yellow.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitrata.
See No. 525.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks; no white on the tail feathers :-

Crown and sides of head, with more or less
black ; a yellow stripe over the eye ; back
and rump, olive green.

Kentucky Warbler.

Geothlypis formosa.
See No. 519.

304 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not
yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Back, green, streaked with black; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged
with white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and
body, streaked.

Black-poll Warbler.
Dendroica striata (immature).
See No. 504.

Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow
in centre ; back and rump, black, with more
or less white ; throat, orange ; sides, streaked
with black.

Blackburnian Warbler.
Dendroica blackburnia; (adult male).
See No. 505.

Throat, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted
with dull black, and usually showing a trace of yellow in centre; back and
rump, olive gray, streaked with black ; basal portion of narrow outer web
of outer tail feather, edged with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.
Dendroica blackburnice (female and immature}.
See No. 505.

Crown, ash gray ; forehead, blackish ; throat, yellow, bordered by black ; sides
of breast, streaked with black; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked;
no white on outer web of outer tail feather.

Yellow-throated Warbler.

Dendroica dominica.
See No. 506.

Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged with gray), without streaks; two outer
tail feathers, with oblique white spots ; lores, yellow.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii.
See No. 511.

Crown, olive, more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow, or
greenish yellow ; breast, with numerous streaks ; no white on outer web of
outer tail feather; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (immature).
See No. 495.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS. 305

Throat and breast, bright yellow ; lower belly, white ; crown and back, olive
green ; lores and eye ring, white ; tail, over 2.50 inches long.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

Icteria virens.

See No. 524.

Upperparts, gray, streaked with black on the back; crown, rump, upper
throat, and sides of breast, yellow ; breast, grayish, or blackish. Western
species are twice recorded from eastern United States.

Audubon's Warbler.

Dendroica auduboni.
See No. 499.

Part 6. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers: —

Throat, grayish or brownish ; eye ring, white ; back, olive green.

Connecticut Warbler.

Geothlypis agilis.
See No. 520.

301)

KEY TO THE BIRDS OP EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers : —

Throat, black; forehead and sides of head,
yellow; crown, black.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitrata.
See No. 525.

Upper throat, chestnut ; breast, streaked with black ; back, greenish ; rump,
yellow ; wing coverts, showing much white.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (adult male) .
See No. 495.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked or spotted
with black or dark brown : —

Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor-
dered by black stripe; a black stripe
through the eye.

Worm Eating Warbler.

Helmitherus veiinivorus.
See No. 485.

Crown, dull cinnamon brown; a white
stripe over the eye ; underparts, white,
faintly tinged with yellow ; sides, tinged
with grayish olive.

Swainson's Warbler.
Helinaia swainsonii,
See No. 484,

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WARBLERS.

307

Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, streaked or spotted with
black or dark brown : —

Crown and back, olive brown; bill, dark; uuderparts, white, tinged with
yellow, and streaked with black (including throat) .

Water Thrush.

Seiurus noveboracensis, and races.
See No. 516.

Crown and back, olive brown; uuderparts, white, tinged with buff, and streaked
with black; throat, not streaked.

Louisiana Water Thrush.

Seiurus motacilla.

See No. 518.

Crown, brownish orange; back, olive green; bill, pale.

Oven Bird.
Golden-crowned Thrush.

Seiurus aurocapillus.
See No. 515.

Part 10. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast, and body,
marked with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks.

Crown, black, with white stripe in the middle ; entire plumage, black and
white.

Black and White Warbler.

Mniotilta varia.

See No. 482.

308 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown and back, grayish olive ; rump, yellowish ; a patch of white near the tips
of outer tail feathers on the inner webs.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (immature female) .
See No. 495.

Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, more or less yellow.

Myrtle Warbler.
Yellow-rumped Warbler.

Dendroica coronala.
See No. 498.

Crown, back, and rump, dull olive or brownish olive ; underparts, buffy or gray-
ish, streaked with brown on breast and sides; outer tail feathers, mostly
white, including the outer web ; hind toe nail, as long as the toe. (This
species is not a Warbler, and belongs in Family 8, but it might be mistaken for
one by the uninitiated.)

American Pipit.
Titlark.

Anthus pensylvanicus.
See No. 530.

Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black ; back, grayish olive, streaked
with black; rump, like back ; outer tail feather, with patch of white on inner
webs.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata (female) .
See No. 504.

Throat, bright orange; a patch of orange on
the crown.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnioe. (adult male) .
See No. 505.

Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not
yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; breast and sides of body,
not marked with numerous distinct black streaks: —

Throat and sides, chestnut ; crown, chestnut.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea.
See No. 503.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. WAKBLERS.

309

Throat and sides, more or less chestnut ; crown, olive, streaked with
black (usually with trace of chestuut) ; back, grayish olive, streaked with
black.

Bay- breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea (female} .
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, cream white, shading to pale buff white on flanks;
crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black ; wing bars, white.
(Often difficult to distinguish from female of Black-poll Warbler, D. striata,
which resembles it very closely in immature plumage, but has the underpirts,
usually yellowish.)

Bay -breasted Warbler.
Dendroica castanea (immature)
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, dull white ; crown and back, grayish olive ; wing
bars, white ; an oblique white spot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers,
rest of tail feathers, without white; under tail coverts, whitish.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica viyorsii (fall, and immature}
See No. 511.

Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow ; breast, with rather
indistinctly dusky streaks ; crown, grayish olive, usually with an indication of
chestnut ; back, grayish olive ; rump, olive green ; under tail coverts,
yellow.

Palm Warbler.
Red-poll Warbler.
Dendroica palmarum.
See No. 512.

310

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long,

Under parts, white, faintly yellowish,
streaked, with brownish black; throat,
showing more or less dots or streaks ;

no white on tail feathers.

Qrinnell's Water-Thrush.

Seiurus noveboracensis notahilin.
See No. 517.

Throat, white; uuderparts, white, faintly tinged with tawny; breast and sides
of body, streaked with dark brown; throat, not streaked; no white on tail
feathers. Louisiana Water-Thrush.

Seiurus motacilla.

See No. 518.

Uuderparts, grayish white or buffy white, more or less streaked with dark brown ;
greater portion of outer tail feathers, white ; hind toe, with claw longer
than middle toe, with claw. Belongs in Family Motacillidae, and is very differ-
ent from a Warbler, but might be mistaken for one by the novice.

American Pipit.
Titlark.

Anthus pensilvanicus.
See No. 530.

Throat, faintly yellow ; underparts, not streaked ; more or less black on cheeks
and breast; hind toe nail, straight and long. This species belongs in Family
Alaudidae, but is included here as well as in its proper place for the benefit of
persons unfamiliar with birds, who might look for it under this section.

Prairie Shore Lark.
Otocoris pratincola.
See No. 358.

FAMILY MOTACILLID^E. — PIPITS AND WAGTAILS.

311

FAMILY MOTACILLID^E.

Pipits and Wagtails.

Bill, slender ; first primary, not short, the first, second, and third,
being about equal in length ; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe
and claw ; hind toe nail, long, in this somewhat resembling larks, but
no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils.

Crown, back, and rump, dull olive, or
brownish olive; uuderparts, buffy, or
grayish, streaked with brown on throat
and sides; outer tail feather, mostly
white, including the outer web;
much less white on second feather;
hind toe nail, usually as long as the
toe.

American Pipit.

Titlark.

Anthus pensilvanicus.
See No. 530.

312

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY TROQLODYTID/E.

Wrens and Thrashers.

First primary, less than two thirds as long as third ; outer tail
feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones, varying from one eighth
to one half inch or more shorter in different species.

Group 1. Wing, less than 3.25 inches long.

SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTIN^E.
Wrens.

Small, brownish, plain colored birds.

Part 1. The following species have the crown or back without white
streaks or dots : —

Thrvotlionis hcwickii.

Outer tail feathers, tipped and marked
with grayish white; primaries, not
barred. Bewick's Wren.

Thryothorus bewickii.
See No. 538.

Underparts, grayish ; belly, grayish, not
speckled; outer tail feathers, not broadly
tipped with grayish white; tail, over 1.25
inches long ; primaries, showing narrow bar?.

House Wren.

Troglodytes aedon, and races.
See No. 539.

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDuE. — WRENS AND THRASHERS.

313

U uderparts, distinctly brownish, dotted and speckled with brown on flanks and
abdomen; tail, 1.25 or less; primaries, with narrow bars.

Winter Wren.

Troglodytes hiemalis.
See No. 541.

Part 2. The following species have the crown or back showing more
or less white streaks or dots : —

Rump and upper tail coverts, barred with black ;

bill, shorter than middle toe (without claw) .

Short-billed Harsh Wren.

Cistothorus stellaris.
See No. 542.

Rump and tail coverts, without black bars ;

bill, longer than middle toe (without
claws) .

Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Cistothorus palustris and varieties.
See No. 543.

314

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORiH AMERICA.

Back, chestnut brown ; concealed white
spots on rump.

Carolina Wren.

Thryothorus lutlovicianus, and races.

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDJE. — WRENS AND THRASHERS.

315

Group 2. Wing, from 3.25 to 5.50 inches long.

SUBFAMILY MIMIISME.
Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking-birds, etc.

Cat-bird.

Mocking-bird.

General plumage, dark slaty gray ; underparts, slaty gray; under tail coverts,
dark chestnut brown ; crown, blackish; first primary, short.

Cat-bird.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
See No. 534.

316

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Upper plumage, ashy gray ; basal portion of primaries, white, forming a
white wing patch ; uuderparts, ashy white, without streaks.

Mocking-bird.

Mimus polyglottos.
See No. 533.

Entire upper plumage, rufous brown ;

uuderparts, buffy white, streaked with
dark brown; wing coverts, tipped with
white: tail, more than four inches
long.

Brown Thrush.

Brown Thrasher.

Harporhynchus rufov*.
See No. 535.

Brown Thrush-

FAMILY CERTHIID^E.

Creepers.

Bill, slender and decurved ; tail feathers, stiff and pointed ; nostrils,
exposed ; tarsus, scutellate ; first primary, very short. But one species
occurs in Eastern North America — a small bird; wing, less than three
inches; length, less than six inches.

Tail feathers, stiff and pointed ; bill, curved ; upper parts, streaked ; uuder-
parts, white ; rump, dull rufous browu. Brown Creeper.

Certhia familiaris aiiu-ricana.
See No. 54G.

FAMILY PARIDJ3. NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC

317

FAMILY PARID/E.

Nuthatches, Titmice, etc.

SUBFAMILY SITTING.
Nuthatches.

Bill, as illustrated ; nostrils, concealed by
bristly tufts ; tarsus, scutellate ; first primary,
very short ; tail feathers, not stiff and pointed.
The white-bellied Nuthatch is sometimes mis-
taken by the novice for a small Woodpecker.
If tail feathers are stiff and pointed, look for
the bird under Family Picidae.

Crown, black; back, gray, without white;
wings, not heavily spotted with white;
tail feathers, not stiff or pointed ; toes,
four, three in front, one behind; wing,
3.50 to 3.75 inches long.

White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis, and races.
See No. 547.

Bill, more than three eighths inch long;
underparts, pale rufous brown ; crown,
black (male) ; crown, bluish gray (fe-
male) ; wing, 2.60 to 2.85 inches long.

Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadetisis.

See No. 549.

Bill, more than three eighths inch long;
crown, grayish brown ; underparts,
dull grayish white; wing, 2.40 to 2.70
inches long.

Brown-headed Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla.

See No. 550.

318

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

SUBFAfllLY PARING.
Titmice and Chickadees.

Small birds, less than 6.50 inches long ; wing, less than 3.50 in the
largest ; first primary, very short and small ; bill, short and stout
(as illustrated); nostrils, concealed by bristly feathers; throat,
652 ^ black; crown, black; wing, less than 3 inches long (Chickadee),
or forehead, black ; sides, with rufous brown ; wing, over 3 inches long
(Titmouse).

Group 1. Wing, less than 3 inches long.

Bill, less than three eighths inch long ; crown and throat, black ; greater
wing coverts, edged with white ; breast, white ; beliy and sides, pale buff.

Chickadee.
Black-capped Titmouse.

Parus atricapillus.
See No. 552.

FAMILY PARID.E. NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC.

319

Bill, less than three eighths iuch long; crown and throat, black ; greater wing
coverts, not edged with white; breast, white; belly and sides, pale buff.

Throat, black; sides of body, chestnut brown.

Carolina Chickadee.

Parus carol inensis.
See No. 553.

Hudsonian Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus.
See No. 554.

Group 2. Wing over 3 inches long.

Throat and underparts, dull white ; sides
of body, tinged with rufous brown ; crown,
gray, with more or less of a crest ;

forehead, black, in adults.

Tufted Titmouse.

Parus bicolor.
See No. 551.

320

KEY To THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY SYLVIID/E.
Kinglets and Qnatcatchers.

Size, small; length, less than 4.75 inches; wing, less than 2.50 inches;
first primary, very short.

Gnatcatchcr. Kinglet.

Hack, bluish gray; outer tail feathers, mostly
white.

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Polioptila ccerulea.
See No. 557.

Hack, olive; uo white patch on tail; crowu, with patch of bright red (male;;
crown, olive (female).

Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Rfc/ultis calendula.
See No. 556.

Back, olive; no white patch on tail; crown, with
patch of orange edged with yellow and black (male) ;
crown, with yellow patch edged with black (female).

Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Kcgulus satrap ft .

See No. 555.

FAMILY TURDID^E. THRUSHES AND BLUE-BIRDS.

321

FAHILY TURDID/E.

Thrushes and BIue=birds.

First primary, very short; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except
near the toes); bill, shorter than head.

Group 1. Wing, from 3.25 to 4.75 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have the underparts more or less streaked
or spotted : —

Thrush.

Back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive, about the same color; eye ring,
cheeks, and lores, pale buff; no white on wiug coverts.

Olive-backed Thrush.

Turdus ustnlatus sicainsoni.
See No. 564.

322

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Upper plumage, brownish olive; ends of
upper tail coverts and tail, rufous brown,
much more rufous than the back ; no

white on tail; first primary, very small
and narrow.

Hermit Thrush.

Turdus aonalaschkce pallasii.
See No. 565.

Back, rump, and upper tail coverts,
olive, about the same color; eye ring
and lores, white, sometimes faintly
tinged with buff, but the eye ring never
decidedly buff, as in swainsoni; no white
on wing coverts.

Gray cheeked Thrush.

Turdus aUtice, and races.

See No. 562.

Crown and back, dull cinnamon
brown, shading to brownish olive
on the upper tail coverts; breast
and belly, marked with round
brownish black spots; no white
on wing coverts.

Wood Thrush.
Turdus musteliniis.
See No. 559.

FAMILY TURD1D.E. THRUSHES AND BLUE-BIRDS.

323

Crown, back, and upper tail coverts,
pale cinnamon brown, nearly uni-
form in color; breast and sides of
throat, tawny brown, marked with
small cinnamon brown spots and
streaks; belly, whitish, without
spots ; no white on wing coverts.

Wings and tail, tinged more or less with blue (immature).

Wilson's Thrush.

T'tinlim fuscpscens.
See No. 560.

Blue-bird.

iSialia sialix.
See No. 570.

Part 2. The following species have no streaks or 'spots on the under-
pants : --

Bluebird.

Upper plumage, blue; breast and sides of body, cinnamon rufous; belly, white
(male) .

Blue-bird.

Sialia sialis.
See No. 570.

Upper plumage, ashy gray, with bluish tinge, shading to blue on rump, tail,
and wings; breast and sides, pale cinnamon brown ; belly, white (female).

Blue=bird.

Sialia sialis
See No. 570.

324

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Wheatear.

Upper plumage, grayish buff; underparts, pale buff; basal two thirds of tail
feathers, except middle pair, white; the rest, black; upper tail coverts, white;
tail, under three inches long. The Wheatear is an Old World species which
occurs in Greenland and Labrador. Stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotia,
Maine, and Long Island.

Wheatear.
Stone Chat.
Saxicola mianthe.
See No. 569.

Group 2. Wing, from 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Upper plumage, grayish olive;
throat, white, streaked with
black ; rest of underparts (ex-
cept lower belly), pale chestnut
rufous ; young birds have the
underparts spotted.

Robin.
American Robin.

Mernla migratoria.
See No. 567.

A LIST

OK TIIK

BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

WATER BIRDS.

ORDER PYQOPODES.
Diving Birds.

Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes.
A-°-u- GENUS COLYMBUS. LINN.

S*i'.

1 (2) COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII. (REINH.) Holboell's Grebe.

General, North America ; breeds north of the United States.

SUBGENUS DYTES. KAUP.

2 (3) COLYMBUS AURITUS. (LiNN.) Horned Grebe.

" Northern Hemisphere ; breeds from northern United States northward."
(A. O. U.)

3 (4) COLYMBUS NIGRICOLLIS CALIFORNICUS. (HKEKM.) American Eared

Grebe.

Ranges from Mississippi Valley, westward. Does not occur in the
Atlantic States. (Illinois, RIDGWAY. )

GENUS PODILYMBUS. LESS.

4 ((I) PODILYMBUS POD1CEPS. (LiNN.) Pied-billed Grebe.

General, North America ; West Indies in winter ; breeds throughout range.

Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks.

FAMILY QAVIID/E. Loons.

GENUS QAVIA. FOKSTER.

5 (7) QAVIA IMBER. (GuNX.) Loon.

Northern part of Northern Hemisphere ; south in winter to Gulf of Mexico.

(335)

326 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. ir.

KO.

6 (9) QAVIA ARCTICA. (Lira.) Black-throated Loon.

Northern species rare, or casual on northern Atlantic coast of United
States in winter.

7 (11) QAVIA LUMME. (GUNN.) Red-throated Loon.

North America ; south, in winter, to Gulf of Mexico.

FAMILY ALCID>E. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

Subfamily FRATERCULIN/C. Puffins.

GENUS LUNDA. PALLAS.

8 (12) LUNDA CIRRATA. PALL. Tufted Puffin.

Pacific species, claimed by Audubon to have once been taken on coast of
Maine ; no other record.

GENUS FRATERCULA. BRISS.

9 (13) FRATERCULA ARCTICA. Puffin.

North Atlantic coast, breeding from Bay of Fuudy northward ; casual to
Long Island, in winter.

10 (13«) Fratercula arctica glacialis. (TEMM.) Large-billed Puffin.

A race of the common Puffin, which occurs in the Arctic Ocean, Spits-
bergen to Greenland. It is larger, but otherwise similar.

GENUS CEPPHUS. PALLAS.

11 (27) CEPPHUS GRYLLE. (LiNN.) Black Guillemot.

Coast of Maine, Labrador, and Newfoundland ; south, in winter, to
Long Island.

12 (28) CEPPHUS MANDTII. LIGHT. Mandt's Guillemot.

Arctic regions ; south in winter to Massachusetts.

Subfamily ALCIN/C.
GENUS URIA. BRISS.

13 (30) URIA TROILE. (LiNN.) Murre.

Northern North America ; south in winter to New England.

14 (31) URIA LOMVIA. (Lira.) Brunnich's Murre.

North Atlantic coast to Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to New Jersey.

GENUS ALCA. LINN.

15 (32) ALCA TORDA. LINN. Razor-billed Auk.

North Atlantic coast; in winter to Long Island ; accidental as far south as
North Carolina.

GENUS PLAUTUS. BRUNN.

16 (33) PLAUTUS IMPENNIS. Great Auk.

Formerly North Atlantic coast, now extant.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 327

Subfamily ALLIN>E. Dovekies.

A °- u- GENUS ALLE. LINK.

N U.

17 (34) ALLE ALLE. (LiNN.) Dovekie. Little Auk.

Coast of North Atlantic from eastern Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to
Long Island.

ORDER LONQIPENNES.

Long-winged Swimmers.
FAMILY STERCORARIID/e. Skuas and Jaegers.

GENUS MEGALESTRIS. BONAF.

18 (35) MEGALESTRIS SKUA. (BRUNN.; Skua.

North Atlantic ; south to Carolina ; rare on Atlantic coast of United States.

GENUS STERCORARIUS. BKISS.

19 (36) STERCORARIUS POMARINUS. (TEMM.) Pomarine Jaeger.

North America.

20 (37) STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS. (LiNN.) Parasitic Jaeger.

North America ; ranges in winter to South America.

21 (38) STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS. (VIEILL.) Long-tailed Jseger.

North America ; south in winter to Gulf of Mexico.

FAMILY LARID/E. Gulls and Terns.

Subfamily LARIN/E. Gulls.

GENUS PAQOPHILA. KAUP.

22 (3'.») PAGOPHILA ALBA. (GUNN.) Ivory Gull.

Rare winter visitant to New Brunswick and probably northern New England.

GENUS RISSA. STEPH.

23 (40) RISSA TRIDACTYLA. (LiNN.) Kittiwake Gull.

Arctic regions ; south in winter to Middle States.

GENUS LARUS. LINN.

24 (42) LARUS GLAUCUS. BRUNN. Glaucous Gull.

Arctic regions ; south to Long Island in winter.

25 (43) LARUS LEUCOPTERUS. FABER. Iceland Gull.

Arctic Regions ; south to southern New England in winter.

26 (4a) LARUS KUMLIENI. BREWST. Kumlien's Gull.

Northern species ; south in winter to New England and casually to Middle
States.

328 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

27 (47) LARUS MARINUS. LINN. Great Black-backed Gull.

North Atlantic Ocean ; south in winter to Middle States ; accidental in
Florida".

28 (50) LARUS UFFINUS. REINH. Siberian Gull.

Old world species ; recorded from Greenland.

29 (51) LARUS ARGENTATUS. BRUNN. Herring Gull.

European species ; accidental on Atlantic coast of North America.

30 (5 la) Larus argentatus smithsonianus. COUES. American Herring Gull. North

America ; generally south to Cuba in winter ; the common species of
our bays and coast ; breeds from Maine northward.

31 (54) LARUS DELAWARENS1S. ORD. Ring=billed Gull.

General, North America ; south to Gulf of Mexico in winter.

32 (56) LARUS CANUS. LINN. Mew Gull.

European species recorded from Labrador (one record).

33 (58) LARUS ATRICILLA. LINN. Laughing Gull.

Atlantic coast of United States ; north in summer to Maine and Nova
Scotia ; in winter, southern United States, West Indies, and northern
South America.

34 (59) LARUS FRANKLINH. Sw. AND RICH. Franklin's Gull.

Not common east of the Mississippi River ; not found on the Atlantic
coast.

35 (60) LARUS PHILADELPHIA. (ORD.) Bonaparte's Gull.

North America ; generally breeds north of United States.

36 (60a) LARUS MINUTUS. PALL. Little Gull.

European species ; only once taken on our coast.

GENUS RHODOSTETHIA. MACGIL.

37 (61) RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA. (MACGIL.) Ross's Gull.

Arctic species ; recorded from Alaska and Greenland.

GENUS XEMA. LEACH.

38 (62) XEMA SABINII. (SAB.) Sabine's Gull.

Arctic regions ; south in winter to Long Island ; rare.

Subfamily STERNIN/E. Terns.

GENUS GELOCHELIDON. BREHM.

39 (63) GELOCHELIDON NILOTICA. (HASSELQ.) Gull-billed Tern.

Throughout North America ; summer, north to southern New England,
winter, south to Brazil.

GENUS STERNA. LINN.
SUBGENUS THALASSEUS. BOIE.

40 (64) STERNA CASP1A. PALLAS. Caspian Tern.

Whole of North America ; cosmopolitan species ; breeds on middle Atlantic
coast ; also Pacific coast and interior.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 329

A. o. v. SUBGENUS ACTOCHELIDON. KAUP.

NO.

41 (65) S I ERNA MAXIMA. BODD. Royal Tern.

Southern Atlantic coast, Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf States ; casual in
summer, north to Massachusetts.

42 (67) STERNA SANDVICENSIS ACUFLAVIDA. (CABOT.) Cabot's Tern.

Southern coast of United States, "West Indies, and Central America, north
to North Carolina in summer; accidental in New England.

43 (68) STERNA TRUDEAUI. AUD. Trudeau's Tern.

South American species ; stragglers have been taken on the Atlantic coast
of United States.

44 (69) STERNA FORSTERI. NUTT. Forster's Tern..

North America, in general ; in winter to West Indies and South America ;
breeds from Virginia to Manitoba.

45 (70) STERNA HIRUNDO. LINN. Common Tern. "Mackerel Gull."

Throughout eastern North America ; breeds nearly throughout its range,
from Arctic Ocean to Florida ; winters from Virginia southward.

46 (71) STERNA PAR ADIS/CA. BRUNN. Arctic Tern.

North America from Arctic Ocean to North Carolina ; breeds from Massa-
chusetts northward.

47 (72) STERNA DOUGALLI. MONTAG. Roseate Tern.

Southern coast of United States ; north in summer to New England ; acci-
dental in Nova Scotia.

SDBGENUS STERNULA. BOIE.

48 (74) STERNA ANTILLARUM. (LESS.) Least Tern.

Southern coast of United States and northern South America ; in summer
north to New England ; accidental in Labrador ; breeds throughout
its range.

SUBGENUS ONICHOPRION. WAGLER.

49 (75) STERNA FULIGINOSA. GMEL. Sooty Tern.

Semi-tropical species, common in the West Indies ; in summer north to
North Carolina ; accidental in New England.

50 (76) STERNA AN^ETHETUS. SCOP. Bridled Tern.

Tropical species, accidental on Florida coast; South Carolina, one record.

GENUS HYDROCHELIDON. BOIE.

51 (77) HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SUR1NAMENSIS. (GMEL.) Black Tern.

North America ; breeds from Middle States in the interior northward to
the fur countries.

52 (78) HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA. (MEISN. ANI> SCIIINZ.) White-winged

Black Tern.

European species, of accidental occurrence in the United States ; Wis-
consin, one record.

330 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A- °- v- GENUS ANGUS. STEPHENS.

NO.

53 (79) ANGUS STOLIDUS. (LiNN.) Noddy.

South Atlantic States of United States ; common in the "West Indies.

FAMILY RHYNCHOPID/E. Skimmers.

GENUS RHYNCHOPS. LINN.

54 (80) RHYNCHOPS NIQRA. LINN. Black Skimmer.

Coasts of the United States south of Virginia ; casual to New England.

ORDER TUBINARES.

Tube-nosed Swimmers.
FAMILY DIOMEDEID/E. Albatrosses.

GENUS DIOMEDEA. LINN.

55 (81) DIOMEDEA EXULANS. LINN. Wandering Albatross.

Species common to southern seas ; claimed to have been seen at Tampa
Bay, Florida.

GENUS THALASSOQERON. (GOULD)

56 (83) THALASSOQERON CULMINATUS. (GOULD ) Yellow-nosed Albatross.

South Pacific species, accidental in eastern North America. St. Lawrence
River, one record.

FAMILY PROCELLARIID^E. Fulmars and Shearwaters.

Subfamily FULMARIN/E. COUES.

GENUS FULMARUS. STEPH.

57 (86) FULMARUS QLACIAL1S. (LiNN.) Fulmar.

North Atlantic Ocean, south on coast of United States to Long Island.

58 (86a) Fulmarus glacialis minor. KJVERBCELLING. Lesser Fulmar.

A small race differing from Glacialis only in size ; range about the same.

Subfamily PUFFININ/E.

GENUS PUFFINUS. BRISSON.

59 (88) PUFFINUS BOREALIS. CORY. Cory's Shearwater.

Known to occur only on coast of Massachusetts and Long Island ; winter
and breeding range unknown.*

60 (89) PUFFINUS MAJOR. FABER. Greater Shearwater.

Atlantic Ocean, coasts of both North and South America.

* By some authors supposed to be similar to P. kuhlii, but borealis is larger and the feet in life differently
colored.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 331

A. O. U.
NO.

61 (1»0) PUFFINUS PUFFINUS. (BRUNN.) Manx Shearwater.

European species ; accidental on the Atlantic coast.

62 (5)2) PUFFINUS AUDUBONI. FINSCH. Audubon's Shearwater.

Tropical species ; common in West Indies ; casual on Florida coast ; acci-
dental as far north as New Jersey.

63 (94) PUFFINUS FULIGINOSUS. STRICK. Sooty Shearwater. Haglet.

South Atlantic species ; ranging in summer north to coast of United States ;
New England ; common.

GENUS /CSTRELATA. BONAP.

64 (98) /ESTRELATA HASITATA. (KuHL.) Black-capped Petrel.

Tropical and semi-tropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean ; accidental in
the United States; numerous records.

65 (99) /ESTRELATA SCALARIS BREWST. Scaled Petrel.

Rare straggler ; habitat unknown ; one specimen known, taken in western
New York.

GENLS BULWERIA. BONAP.

66 (101) BULWERIA BULWERI. (JARD. AND SELBY.) Bulwer's Petrel.

Old world species; accidental in Greenland.

Subfamily PROCELLARIIN/E. Coues.

GENLS PROCELLARIA. LINN.

67 (104) PROCELLARIA PELAQICA. LINN. Stormy Petrel.

Atlantic ocean ; Newfoundland banks not uncommon, but rarely seen near
land.

GENUS OCEANODROMA. REICHENBACH.
67a (1062) OCEANODROMA CRYPTOLEUCA. (Rioow.) Hawaiian Petrel.

Pacific species ; accidental in United States ; Washington, D.C., one record.

68 (106) OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA. (VIEILL.) Leach's Petrel.

Northern portions of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ; breeding on Atlantic
coast from Maine northward ; in winter, south to Virginia.

Subfamily OCEANITIN/E. Coues.

GENL-S OCEANITES. KEYS. AND BLASIUS.

69 (109) OCEANITES OCEANICUS. (KUHL.) Wilson's Petrel.

Atlantic Ocean ; common off coast of United States in summer.

GENUS CYMODROMA. RIDGW.

70 (110) CYMODROMA QRALLARIA. (VIEILL.) White-bellied Petrel.

Tropical species ; once taken near St. Marks, Florida.

GENUS PELAQODROMA. REICH.

71 (111) PELAQODROMA MARINA. (LATH.) White-faced Petrel.

South Atlantic species ; accidental off coast of Massachusetts.

332 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ORDER STEQANOPODE5.

Totopalmate Swimmers.

FAMILY PHAETHONTIO4E. Tropic Birds.

AN°6U GENUS PHAETHON. LINN.

72 (112) PHAETHON AMERICANUS. GRANT. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.

Common in West Indies, where it breeds off Florida coast in summer ;
accidental in New York (one record).

73 (113) PHAETHON /ETHEREUS. LINN. Red-billed Tropic Bird.

Accidental on Newfoundland Banks.

FAMILY SULID^. Qannets.

GENUS SULA. BRISS.

74 (114) SULA CYANOPS. SUND. Blue-faced Booby.

Accideutal on Florida coast ; not uncommon in West Indies.

75 (115) SULA SULA. (LiNN.) Booby.

Tropical species ; common in West Indies ; coast of Florida, in summer ;
accidental, north to Long Island.

76 (116) SULA PISCATOR. (LiNN.) Red-footed Booby.

Tropical species ; accidental on Florida coast.

SUBGENUS DYSPORUS. ILLIGEB.

77 (117) SULA BASSANA. (LiNN.) Gannet.

Coasts of North Atlantic Ocean ; south, in winter, to Florida and Gulf of
Mexico ; breeds from shores of Nova Scotia and Gulf of St. Lawrence,
northward.

FAMILY ANHINQID/E. Darters.

GENUS ANHINQA. BRISS.

78 (118) ANHINQA ANHINQA. (LiNN.) Anhinga.

Tropical America ; common in Florida ; casual, north to South Carolina ;
accidental in Illinois.

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID/e. Cormorants.

GENUS PHALACROCORAX. BRISS.

79 (119) PHALACROCORAX CARBO. (LiNN.) Cormorant.

North Atlantic ; south to Carolinas, in winter ; at one time bred from
Massachusetts, northward ; now becoming much less numerous, and
breeding range restricted to few localities.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 333

A. O. D.

NO.

80 (120) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS. (Sw. AND RICH.) Double-crested Cormorant.

Eastern North America ; south, in winter, to Georgia and northern Florida ;
breeds from Bay of Fundy, northward.

81 (120a) Phcdacrocorax dilophus floridanus. (Auo.) Florida Cormorant.

A small race of the preceding species, inhabiting Southern States ; common
in Florida and Gulf States ; north in Mississippi Valley to Illinois.

82 (121) PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS. (BRANDT.) Mexican Cormorant.

Southern species ; casual in Mississippi Valley to Illinois ; not uncommon
in Cuba, and is claimed to occur on west coast of Florida.

FAMILY PELECANID/E. Pelicans.

GENUS PELECANUS. LINN.

83 (125) PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS. GMEL. American White Pelican.

Gulf coast of United States ; breeds* in the interior from Minnesota, north-
ward ; rare on Atlantic coast, except Florida, where it still occurs in
some numbers ; accidental in New England.

84 (126) PELECANUS FUSCUS. LINN. Brown Pelican.

Abundant in Florida and portions of Gulf coast ; north in summer to the
Carolinas ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

FAMILY FREGATID>E. Man=o'=War Birds.

GENUS FREGATA. BRISS.

85 (128) FREGATA AQUILA. (LiNN.) Man-o'-War Bird.

Tropical and sub-tropical seas ; common on coast of Florida ; accidental
north to New England ; Nova Scotia (one record) .

ORDER ANSERES.

Lamelli rostral Swimmers.
FAMILY ANATID/E. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

Subfamily MERQIN/E. Mergansers.
GENUS MERGANSER. BKISS.

86 (129) MERGANSER AMERICANUS. (CASS.) American Merganser. Sheldrake.

General North America ; breeds south to Pennsylvania ; casual in Florida

in winter.
87(130) MERGANSER SERRATOR. (LiNN.) Red-breasted Merganser. Sheldrake.

General, North America ; south in winter to the Gulf States and Cuba.

334 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

\°0\v- GENUS LOPHODYTES. REICH.

88 (131) LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS. (LINN.) Hooded Merganser.

General, North America ; south in winter to Gulf States and Cuba ; breeds
throughout its range.

Subfamily ANATIN>C. River Ducks.

GENUS ANAS. LINN.

89 (132) ANAS BOSCHAS. LINN. Mallard Duck.

Northern North America ; south in winter to Gulf Coast, Florida, and Cuba.

90 (133) ANAS OBSCURA. GMEL. Black Duck.

Eastern North America, from Mississippi Valley to Labrador ; breeds from
northern border of United States northward ; south in winter to Florida
and Gulf coast.

91 (134) ANAS FULVIGULA. RIDGW. Florida Duck. Florida Black Duck.

Florida and Gulf coast, west to Louisiana.

SUBGENCS CHAULELASMUS. BONAP.

92 (135) ANAS STREPERA. LINN. Gadwall.

Widely distributed species occurring in Europe and Africa ; throughout
North America ; breeds in interior of United States.

SUBGENUS MARECCA. STEPH.

93 (136) ANAS PENELOPE. LINN. Widgeon. European Widgeon.

European species ; often taken on our coast.

94 (137) ANAS AMERICANA. GMEL. American Widgeon. Baldpate.

Throughout North America, from Arctic Ocean to Gulf coast ; breeds north
of United States.

SUBGENUS NETTION. KAUP.

95 (138) ANAS CRECCA. LINN. European Teal.

Accidental in eastern North America ; New England, several records.

96 (139) ANAS CAROLINENSIS. GMEL. Green-winged Teal.

North America ; south in winter to Central America and Cuba ; breeds
north of United States.

SUBGENUS QUERQUEDULA. STEPH.

97 (140) ANAS DISCORS. LINN. Blue- winged Teal.

Throughout eastern North America ; West Indies and South America in
winter; breeds as a rule in interior from Illinois northward.

98 (141) ANAS CYANOPTERA. VIEILL. Cinnamon Teal.

Western species, which occasionally occurs in Mississippi Valley and
Western Florida.

GENUS SPATULA. BOIE.

99 (142) SPATULA CLYPEATA. (LINN.) Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill.

North America ; abundant in winter in Southern States.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 335

A- °- v- GENUS DAFILA. STEPH. '

NO.

100 (143) DAFILA ACUTA. LINN. Pintail Duck. Sprigtail.

North America ; breeding from northern portions of northern States
northward ; south in winter to Cuba.

GENUS AIX. BOIE.

101 (144) AIX SPONSA. (LiNN.) Wood Duck. Summer Duck.

Temperate North America ; south in winter to Cuba ; breeds throughout
its range.

Subfamily FULIGULIN/E. Sea Ducks.

GENUS NETTA. KAUP.

102 (145) NETTA RUFINA. (PALL.) Rufous-crested Duck.

European species ; New York, one record.

GENUS AYTHYA. BOIE.

103 (146) AYTHYA AMERICANA. (Evx.) Red-head Duck.

North America in general ; breeds from northern portions of United
States northward.

104 (147) AYTHYA VALLISNERIA. (WiLS.) Canvas-back Duck.

North America in general ; breeds from Minnesota north and west to
Alaska ; not common on New England coast, but abundant about
Chesapeake Bay and Carolina coasts ; casual, south in winter to
Florida and Cuba.

SUBGENUS FULIGULA. STEPH.

105 (148) AYTHYA MARILA. (LiNN.) American Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-

head.

Throughout North America ; breeds north of United States.

106 (149) AYTHYA AFFINIS. (E\T.) Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-head.

Ranges throughout North America ; south in winter to West Indies ;
abundant in Florida.

107 (150) AYTHYA COLLARIS. (DONOV.) Ring-necked Duck.

Throughout North America ; in winter south to West Indies ; breeds
far north.

GENUS GLAUCIONETTA. STEJN.

108 (151) QLAUC1ONETTA CLANQULA AMERICANA. (BONAP.) American Golden-

eye Duck. Whistler.

North America ; breeding from northern New England northward ; south
in winter to the Gulf coast and Cuba.

109 (152) GLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA. (GMEL.) Barrow's Golden-eye Duck.

Northern North America ; breeding from Gulf of St. Lawrence north-
ward ; south in winter to New York ; not common on New England
coast.

336 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

A. o. c. GENUS CHARITONETTA. STEJN.

NO.

110 (153) CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA. (LINN.) Buffle-head Duck. Dipper.

North America ; south in winter to Florida and Cuba ; breeds from
Maine northward.

GENUS CLANQULA. LEACH.

111 (154) CLANQULA HYEMALIS. (LiNN.) Old Squaw. Long-tailed Duck.

Northern portion of North America ; breeding far north ; south in winter
to Middle States ; casual in Florida.

GENUS HISTRIONICUS. LESS.

112 '155) HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS. (LiNN.) Harlequin Duck.

Northern North America ; breeds from Newfoundland, northward ; in
winter, south to Middle States ; accidental in Florida.

GENUS CAMPTOLvEMUS. GRAY.

113 (156) CAMPTOL/EMUS LABRADORIUS. (GMEL.) Labrador Duck.

Probably extinct ; formerly, North Atlantic coast, breeding from Lab-
rador, northward.

GENUS ENICONETTA. GRAY.

114 (157) ENICONETTA STELLERI. (PALL.) Steller's Duck.

Arctic species, which occurs in Greenland.

GENUS SOMATERIA. LEACH.

115 (159) SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA BOREALIS. (BREHM.) Northern Eider

Duck.

Northeastern North America ; south, in winter, to Massachusetts.

116 (160) SOMATERIA DRESSERI. SHARPE. American Eider Duck.

Atlantic coast of North America ; south, in winter, to Delaware ; breeda
from Maine, northward.

SUBGENUS ERIONETTA. COUES.

117 (162) SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS. (LiNN.) King Eider Duck.

Northern species ; in winter, south to New England ; accidental as far
south as Georgia ; breeds in the far north.

GENUS OIDEMIA. FLEMING.

118 (163) OIDEMIA AMERICANA. Sw. AND RICH. American Scoter Duck. Velvet

Scoter. Butter-bill Coot.

Breeds from Labrador, northward ; occurs both on coast arid inland
lakes ; south to Florida, in winter. One of the Coots of New
England gunners.

119 (164) OIDEMIA FUSCA. (LiNN.) Black Scoter.

European species, recorded from Greenland.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 337

A °>u- SUBGENUS MELANITTA. BOIE.

^i \J ,

120 (165) OIDEMIA DEGLANDI. BONAP. White- winged Scoter Duck. White-

winged Coot.

Northern North America, breeding from Labrador, northward ; south,
in winter, to North Carolina ; common on New England coast
during migrations.

121 (166) OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA. (LINN.) Surf Scoter Duck. Skunk-head

Coot.

Northern North America, on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and
interior lakes ; breeds far north ; south, in winter, to Florida ;
accidental in Cuba and Jamaica ; a common Coot of New England
gunners.

GENUS ERISMATURA. BONAP.

122 (167) ERISMATURA JAMAICENS1S. (GMEL.) Ruddy Duck.

Ranges throughout North America, breeding nearly throughout its
range ; winters in the Southern States and along Gulf ; common in
Florida ; also in West Indies, and northern South America.

GENUS NOMONYX. RIDGW.

123 (168) NOMONYX DOMINICUS. (LINN.) Masked Duck.

Tropical species ; accidental in eastern United States ; specimens have
been taken in New York, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts.

Subfamily ANSERIN/E. Geese.
GENUS CHEN. BOIE.

124 (169) CHEN HYPERBOREA. (PALL.) Lesser Snow Goose.

Rare in eastern United States ; accidental on New England coast ;
occurs in Illinois ; common on Pacific coast ; breeds in Alaska.

125 (169a) Chen hyperborea nivalis. (FORST.) Greater Snow Goose.

Eastern race of preceding species, the principal difference being in size ;
exact breeding range unknown ; winters on Atlantic coast from
Virginia to Cuba.

126 (1691) CHEN COERULESCENS. (LINN.) Blue Goose.

Little known species, breeding about Hudson Bay, migrating south
in winter, through Mississippi Valley to Gulf coast ; apparently not
common anywhere.

GENUS ANSER. BRISS.

127 (171) ANSER ALBIFRONS. (GMEL.) White-fronted Goose.

European species; recorded from Greenland.

128 (171a) Anser cdbifrons gambeli. (HARTL.) American White-fronted Goose.

Larger than European species ; occurs throughout North America ;
breeding far north and ranging, winter, south to Mexico and Cuba.

338 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. GENUS BRANTA. SCOPOLI.

NO.

129 (172) BRANTA CANADENSIS. LINN. Canada Goose.

Temperate North America ; breeding in Northern United States aud
British Provinces ; ranges in winter as far south as Mexico and
Jamaica ; winters in great numbers on Atlantic coast, south of
Virginia.

130 (172a) Branta canadensis hutchinsii. (Sw. AND RICH.) Hutchins's Goose.

Similar to the Canada Goose, but smaller; wing usually less than 16
inches long (carpus to tip) ; western species rare, east of Missis-
sippi Valley.

131 (172c) Branta canadensis minima. RIDGW. Cackling Goose.

A still smaller race ; wing, rarely over 14.50 ; underparts darker, having
the breast and upper belly tinged with brownish ; Pacific species
casual as far east as "Wisconsin ; not recorded farther east than
Illinois.

132 (173) BRANTA BERNICLA. (LiNN.) Brant.

From Arctic Circle where it breeds ; south in eastern North America to
Georgia ; accidental in Florida.

133 (174) BRANTA N1GRICANS. (LAWK.) Black Brant.

Western species, occasionally taken on Atlantic coast.

134 (175) BRANTA LEUCOPSIS. (BECHST.) Barnacle Goose.

The European Barnacle Goose occurs in Greenland ; it is rare on Atlantic
coast of United States. The white on forehead and sides of head
and chin will always distinguish it from American species.

Subfamily CYGNIN/C. Swans.

GENUS OLOR. WAGLER.

135 (179) OLOR CYGNUS. (LiNN.) Whooping Swan.

Old world species which occurs in Greenland, but not elsewhere in North
America. It has the base of the mandible and bare loral skin
yellow.

136 (180) OLOR COLUMB1ANUS. (OBD.) Whistling Swan.

Whole of North America ; breeding far north ; common on coast of Vir-
ginia and Carolinas in winter.

137 (181) OLOR BUCCINATOR. (Ricn.) Trumpeter Swan.

Western species ; rare on Atlantic coast of United States ; Illinois.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 339

ORDER ODONTOGLOSS^E.

Lamellirostral Grallatores.
FAMILY PHCENICOPTERID^E. Flamingoes.

A-^tf- GENUS PHCENICOPTERUS. LINN.

138 (182) PHCENICOPTERUS RUBER. (LiNN.) American Flamingo.

Tropical species ; a small colony exists in southern Florida.

ORDER HERODIONES.

Herons, Ibises, Spoonbills, etc.

Suborder IBIDES. Spoonbills and Ibises.

FAMILY PLATALEID>E. Spoonbills.

GENUS AJAJA. REICH.

139 (183) AJAJA AJAJA. (LiNN.) Roseate Spoonbill.

Tropical species ; ranges throughout South America ; resident in Gulf
States and Florida.

FAMILY IBIDID/E. Ibises.

GENUS QUARA. REICH.

140 (184) GUARA ALBA. (Lira.) White Ibis.

South Atlantic and Gulf States ; south throughout West Indies to
northern South America ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

141 (185) QUARA RUBRA. (Lira.) Scarlet Ibis.

A tropical species ; no evidence of its recent occurrence in North
America.

GENUS PLEQAD1S. KAUP.

142 (186) PLEQADIS AUTUMNALIS. (HASSELQ.) Glossy Ibis.

Tropical species ; casual in United States ; New P^ngland, Illinois.

143 (187) PLEGADIS GUARAUNA. (Lira.) White-faced Glossy Ibis.

Western species ; once recorded from Florida.

Suborder CICONI>E. Storks, etc.

FAMILY CICONIID/e. Storks and Wood Ibises.

Subfamily TANTALIN/E. Wood Ibises.
GENUS TANTALUS. LINN.

144 (188) TANTALUS LOCULATOR. LINN. Wood Ibis.

Southwestern species common and resident in Florida, where it breeds
in colonies ; accidental north to New York.

340 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc.

FAMILY ARDEID/E. Herons, Bitterns, etc.

Subfamily BOTAURIN/G. Bitterns.

A-° -u- GENUS BOTAURUS. HERMANN.

NO.

145 (190) BOTAURUS LENTIQINOSUS. (MONTAG.) American Bittern.

Temperate North America ; common in eastern United States ; south in
winter to Cuba.

GENUS ARDETTA. GRAY.

146 (191) ARDETTA HXILIS. (GMEL.) Least Bittern.

"Temperate North America; north to the British Provinces and south
to the West Indies and Brazil " (A. O. U.) ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

147 (191^ ARDETTA NEOXENA. CORY. Cory's Least Bittern.

Southern Florida ; stragglers have been taken in various widely sepa-
rated localties ; Ontario, Michigan .

Subfamily ARDEIN/E. Herons and Egrets.
GENUS ARDEA. LINN.

148 (192) ARDEA OCCIDENTALS. AUD. Great White Heron.

Resident in Florida ; breeds in December on the keys ; has been taken
in Illinois.

149 ARDEA WUERDEMANNI. BAIRD. Wuerdemann's Heron.
Southern Florida ; probably a colored phase of A. occidentalis, or an

abnormally colored specimen of Ardea wardi.

150 (193) ARDEA WARDI. RIDGW. Ward's Heron.

Florida.

151 (194) ARDEA HERODIAS. LINN. Great Blue Heron.

The common large Heron of the Atlantic coast (except Florida) ; ranges
from Arctic regions to northern South America.

152 (195) ARDEA CINEREA. LINN. European Blue Heron.

European species, recorded from Greenland.

SUBGENUS HERODIAS. BOIE.

153 (196) ARDEA EGRETTA. GMEL. American Egret.

Southern United States to South America ; casual north to New Eng-
land ; accidental in Nova Scotia ; breeds in colonies in Southern
States in February ; abundant in parts of Florida.

SUBGENUS GARZETTA. KAUP.

154 (197) ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA. GMEL. Snowy Heron.

Tropical and semi-tropical species, not uncommon on Gulf coast ;
breeds in Florida in May ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 341

N0 SUBGENUS DICROMANASSA. RIDGW.

A. O. U.

NO.

155 (198) ARDEA RUFESCENS. GMEL. Reddish Egret.

Gulf States ; apparently not abundant anywhere in United States ;
casual north to Illinois ; breeds in southern Florida, West Indies,
and Mexico.

SUBGENUS HYDRANASSA. BAIRD.

156 (199) ARDEA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS. (GossE.) Louisiana Heron.

Gulf States ; common in Florida ; breeds occasionally north to New
England and Illinois.

SUBGENUS FLORIDA. LINN.

157 (200) ARDEA COHRULEA. LINN. Little Blue Heron.

Eastern United States; common on Gulf coast and Florida, where it
breeds in summer ; casual to New England and Illinois.

SUBGEMS BUTORIDES. BLYTH.

158 (201) ARDEA VIRESCENS. LINN. Green Heron.

Temperate North America ; Canada to Gulf States, and West Indies ;
breeds nearly throughout its range.

GENUS NYCTICORAX. STEPH.

159 (202) NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX N/CVIUS. (Boou.) Black-crowned Night

Heron.

North and South America ; breeds in West Indies ; common in New
England.

160 (203) NYCTICORAX VIOLACEUS. (LINN.) Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

Warmer portions of North America ; Gulf States to Carolinas ; casual
in New England and Illinois ; common in Florida.

ORDER PALUDICOL/E.
Cranes, Rails, etc.

Suborder GRUES. Cranes.

FAMILY QRUID/C. Cranes.

GENUS QRUS. PALLAS.

161 (204) QRUS AMERICANA. (LiNN.) Whooping Crane.

Interior of North America ; rare on Atlantic coast ; accidental in New
England ; casual in Florida.

162 (205) QRUS CANADENSIS. (LiNN.) Little Brown Crane.

Western species ; two records east of Mississippi River.

163 (206) QRUS MEXICANA. (MULL.) Sandhill Crane.

Warmer parts of North America ; common in parts of Georgia and
Florida, where it breeds ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

342 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder RALLI. Rails, Qallinules, Coots, etc.

FAMILY ARAMID/E. Courlans.

A. o. u. GENUS ARAMUS. VIEILL.

NO.

164 (207) ARAMUS GIGANTEUS. (BONAP.) Limpkin.

Tropical species ; resident and breeds in Florida.

FAMILY RALLID/E. Rails, Qallinules, and Coots.

Subfamily RALLIN^E. Rails.

GENUS RALLUS. LINN.

165 (208) RALLUS ELEGANS. AUD. King Rail.

Fresh- water marshes of eastern United States; casual north of North
Carolina, New England, and Illinois ; recorded as far north as
Ontario.

166 (211) RALLUS CREPITANS. GMEL. Clapper Rail.

Salt-water marshes ; New England to Gulf States.

167 (21 la) Ralhis crepitans saturatus. (Rroow.) Louisiana Clapper Rail.

A dark race of R. crepitans, which occurs in the salt-water marshes of

Louisiana.
167a ( — ) Rallus crepitans waynei. BREWSTER. Wayne's Clapper Rail.

This race is described as differing from true crepitans in being darker,
"the underparts with more ashy, the under tail coverts with fewer
markings." (Brewster Auk, p. 50, 1899.) Habitat, coast of
Georgia to middle Florida (head of Indian River) .

168 (2116) RALLUS SCOTTII. (SENN.) Scott's Rail- Florida Clapper Rail.

Florida.

169 (212) RALLUS VIRGINIANUS. LINN. Virginia Rail.

North America, Canada to Cuba ; often occurring in large numbers on
New England marshes during migrations.

GENUS PORZANA. VIEILL.

170 (213) PORZANA PORZANA. (LiNN.) Spotted Crake.

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

171 (214) PORZANA CAROLINA. (LiNN.) Sora. Carolina Rail.

North America ; common on Atlantic coast, Florida, and Gulf States ;
West Indies and South America in winter.

SUBGENUS COTURNICOPOS. BONAP.

172 (215) PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS. (GMEL.) Yellow Rail.

Hudson Bay to Florida and Cuba ; apparently not common anywhere.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 343

A-N?0 u SUBGENUS CRAC1SCUS. CABAN.

173 (216) PORZANA JAMAICENSIS. (G.MEL.) Black Rail.

From Massachusetts and Illinois to West Indies ; apparently nowhere
common ; breeds throughout its range.

GENUS CREX. BECHS.

174 (217) CREX CRCX. (LiNN.) Corn Crake.

European species ; accidental in eastern North America.

Subfamily GALLINULIN^E. Qallinules.
GENUS IONORNIS. REICH.

175 (218) IONORNIS MARTINICA. (LiNN.) Purple Gallinule.

Gulf States ; casually north to New England and Illinois ; breeds from
southern Illinois and Carolinas southward,

GENUS GALLINULA. BRISS.

176 (219) GALLINULA GALEATA. (LiCHT.) Florida Gallinule.

Warmer parts of America, from Canada to Chili ; breeds from New
England southward ; common in Southern States.

Subfamily FULICINyC. Coots.
GENUS FULICA. LINN.

177 (220) FULICA ATRA. LINN. European Coot.

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

178 (221) FULICA AMERICANA. GMEL. American Coot.

Common in warmer portions of United States , but casual from Canada
(and even Greenland) to West Indies ; abundant in Georgia,
Florida, and Gulf States.

ORDER LIMICOL^E.

Shore Birds. Marsh Birds.

FAMILY PHALAROPODID/E. Phalaropes.

GENUS CRYMOPHILUS. VIEILL.

179 (222) CRYMOPHILUS FULICARIUS. (LiNN.) Red Phalaropes.

Bre'eds in Arctic regions ; south in winter to Middle States ; accidental
on Florida coast; New England, Illinois.

GENUS PHALAROPUS. BRISS.

180 (223) PHALAROPUS LOBATUS. (LiNN.) Northern Phalarope.

' ' Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere ; breeding in Arctic lati-
tudes ; south in winter to the tropics." (A. O. U.) New England,
Illinois.

344 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. v.

NO.

181 (224) PHALAROPUS TRICOLOR. (VIEILL.) Wilson's Phalarope.

Chiefly interior of North America ; breeds from northern Illinois north-
ward ; in winter, south to South America ; common in Mississippi
Valley ; casual on Atlantic coast.

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID/C. Avocets and Stilts.

GENUS RECURVI ROSTRA. LINN.

182 (225) RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA. GMEL. American Avocet.

Temperate North America ; breeds from Illinois to the Saskatchewan
and Great Slave Lake ; in winter, Central America and West
Indies ; rare on Atlantic coast except Florida, where it is casual ;
accidental in New England.

GENUS HIMANTOPUS. BRISS.

183 (226) HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS. (MULL.) Black-necked Stilt.

Temperate North America, from the northern United States southward
to the West Indies, northern Brazil, and Peru ; rare in eastern
United States, except Florida ; breeds in some numbers in Florida
in May.

FAMILY SCOLOPACID/E. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

GENUS SCOLOPAX. LINN.

184 (227) SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA. LINN. European Woodcock.

European species, accidental in eastern North America ; several records.

GENUS PHILOMELA. GRAY.

185 (228) PHILOMELA MINOR. (GMEL.) American Woodcock.

Eastern North America from British Provinces to Gulf States ; breeds
throughout its range, but by far the greater number breed north ;
very numerous in Gulf States in winter.

GENUS QALLINAQO. LEACH.

186 (22t>) GALLINAQO GALLINAGO. (LiNN.) European Snipe.

European species ; occurs in Greenland.
186a (2301) GALLINAGO MAJOR. (G.MEL.) Greater Snipe.

Old world species accidental in North America, recorded from Hudson
Bay.

187 (230) GALLINAGO DELICATA. (ORD.) Wilson's Snipe. Jack Snipe.

Breeds from northern United States, northward ; south in winter to West
Indies and South America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 345

AN°o.U GENUS MACRORHAMPHUS. LEACH.

188 (231) MACRORHAMPHUS ORISEUS. (GMEL.) Dowitcher. Red-breasted

Snipe.

Breeds in the Arctic regions; in winter to West Indies and South
America ; abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois.

189 (232) MACRORHAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS. (SAY.) Long-billed Dowitcher.

Western Red-breasted Snipe.

Western species which occasionally occurs on Atlantic coast ; common
in Florida, in winter.

GENUS MICROPALAMA. BAIRD.

190 (233) MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS. (BONAP.) Stilt. Sandpiper.

Eastern North America ; in winter to West Indies ; breeds north of
United States ; common in Florida, during migrations ; Illinois.

GENUS TRINQA. LINN.
SUBGENUS TRINQA.

191 (234) TRINGA CANUTUS. LINN. Knot.

Breeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to South America ; common
on Atlantic coast during migrations ; called Robin Snipe by New
England gunners.

SUBGENUS ARQUATELLA. BAIRD.

192 (235) TRINQA MARITIMA. BRUNN. Purple Sandpiper.

Breeds far north ; south in winter to New England and Middle States ;
accidental in Florida ; sometimes observed in midwinter on New
England coast ; feeding on algse on rocks, exposed at low water.

SUBGENUS ACTODROMAS. KAUP.

193 (239) TRINQA MACULATA. VIEILL. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass-bird.

Both North and South America ; breeds in the far north ; very common
on Atlantic coast during migrations ; New England, Florida, and
Illinois.

194 (240) TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS. VIEILL. White-rumped Sandpiper. Bona-

parte's Sandpiper.

Eastern North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to
West Indies and Central America ; New England and Illinois.

195 (241) TRINGA BAIRDII. (CouES.) Baird's Sandpiper.

Common in interior of North America ; breeds in Alaska ; south in
winter to South America ; rare on Atlantic coast ; New England
and Illinois.

196 (242) TRINGA MINUTILLA. VIEILL. Least Sandpiper.

Common through the Americas ; breeds north of United States ; abun-
dant during migrations on Atlantic coast ; New England and
Illinois.

34() LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. SUBGENUS PELIDNA. CUVIER.

NO.

197 (243) TRINGA ALPINA. LINN. Dunlin.

European species, accidental in North America.

198 (243a) Tringa alpina pacifica. (COUES.) Red-backed Sandpiper. American

Dunlin.

North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; winters from Florida and
Gulf States southward ; New England and Illinois during migrations.

SUBGENDS ANCYLOCHILUS. KAUP.

199 (244) TRINGA FERRUGINEA. BRUNN. Curlew Sandpiper.

European species ; of rare occurrence in eastern North America ; New
England.

GENUS EREUNETES. ILLIGER.

200 (246) EREUNETES PUSILLUS. (LiNN.) Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Breeds north of United States ; winters in West Indies and South
America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois.

201 (247) EREUNETES OCCIDENTALIS. LAWR. Western Sandpiper.

Western species ; breeding in high latitudes and ranging in winter
to South America ; not uncommon on Atlantic coast during
migrations.

GENCS CALIDRIS. CUVIER.

202 (248) CALIDRIS ARENARIA. (LiNN.) Sanderling. Sandpiper. Bull Peep.

Cosmopolitan species ; breeds in far north ; south in winter to South
America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; New
England, Florida, Illinois.

GENUS LIMOSA. BRISS.

203 (249) LIMOSA FEDOA. (LiNN.) Marbled Godwit.

North America, chiefly west; breeds from Nebraska northward, migrat-
ing in winter to Central America ; not common on Atlantic coast ;
New England, casual ; Florida, Illinois.

204 (251) LAMOSA H/EMASTICA. (LiXN.) Hudsonian Godwit. Goose Bird.

Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds far
north ; at one time abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations,
now less common ; New England, Florida, Illinois.

205 (252) LIMOSA LIMOSA. (LiNN.) Black-tailed Godwit.

European species, which occurs in Greenland.

GENUS TOTANUS. BECH.

206 (253) TOTANUS NEBULARIUS. (GuNN.) Green-shank.

Old world species ; accidental in Florida ; no recent records.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 347

A. o. u. SUBGKXUS GLOTTIS. KOCH.

NO.

207 (254) TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS. (GMEL.) Greater Yellow-legs. Winter

Yellow-legs.

North America ; breeding from northern Illinois northward ; in winter,
south to South America (Chili) ; common during migrations on
Atlantic coast.

208 (255) TOTANUS FLAVIPES. (GMEL.) Yellow-legs. Summer Yellow-legs.

North America ; breeding from northern Illinois northward ; south in
winter to South America ; abundant during migrations on Atlantic
coast.

GENUS HELODROMUS. KAUP.

209 (256) HELODROMUS SOLIFAR1US. (WiLS.) Solitary Sandpiper.

North America ; breeding from northern United States northward ; in
winter, south to South America ; New England, Florida, Illinois.

210 (257) HELODROMUS OCHROPUS. (LiNN.) Green Sandpiper.

European species ; once recorded from Nova Scotia.

GENUS SYMPHEMIA. RAFINESQUE.

211 (258) SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. (GMEL.) Willit.

Eastern North America, from Florida to New England; breeding occa-
sionally as far north as Maine ; south in winter to South America.

212 (258a) Symphemia semipalmata inomata. BREWST. Western Willet.

A western race of the Willet, which occurs in Florida and on Gulf coast
inwinter, and perhaps occasionally farther north ; its true habitat is
from Mexico to Manitoba ; it differs from the eastern Willet in
being larger, and in summer the middle tail feathers lack the black
bars and the back marking is less pronounced ; in winter the two
forms differ little, except in size.

GENUS PAVONCELLA. LEACH.

2,13 (260) PAVONCELLA PUGNAX. (LiNN.) Ruff.

European species ; accidental in United States ; several New England
records.

GEMS BARTRAMIA. LESSON.

214 (261) BARTRAMIA LONQICAUDA. (BECHST.) Bartramian Sandpiper. Up-
land Plover.

North America ; in winter to South America ; breeds nearly throughout
its range ; once abundant on Atlantic coast, now less common ;
Illinois common.

348 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A-°-u GENUS TRYNQITES. CABAN.

riO.

215 (262) TRYNQITES SUBRUFICOLLIS. (VIEILL.) Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

North America ; more commonly in interior ; breeds north of United
States ; south in winter to South America ; not common on
Atlantic coast.

GENUS ACTITIS. ILLIGEK.

216 (263) ACTITIS MACULARIA. (LiNN.) Spotted Sandpiper.

The common Sandpiper of our ponds and streams occurs in North and
South America ; breeds throughout temperate North America.

GENUS NUMENIUS. BRISS.

217 (264) NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS. WILS. Long-billed Curlew. Sickle-bill

Curlew.

Temperate North America ; south to Central America and the West
Indies ; breeds in southern Atlantic States, and in interior to
Canada ; not common on Atlantic coast.

218 (265) NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. LATH. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew.

Throughout North America ; breeding in Arctic regions ; in winter to
Gulf States and South America ; common on Atlantic coast during
migrations.

219 (266) NUMENIUS BOREALIS. (FoRST.) Eskimo Curlew. Dough Bird.

Ranges from the Arctic regions where it breeds to South America ; in
winter more common in the interior than on the coast ; prefers the
fields to the beaches, being often found in company with Golden
Plover.

220 (267) NUMENIUS PH/EOPUS. (LiNN.) Whitnbrel.

Not recorded from United States ; it has been taken in Greenland.

FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. Plovers.

GENUS VANELLUS. BRISS.

221 (269) VANELLUS VANELLUS. (LiNN.) Lapwing.

European species ; occurs in Greenland ; one record for eastern United
States.

GENUS CHARADRIUS. LINN.

SUBGENUS SQUATAROLA. CUVIER.

222 (270) CHARADRIUS SQUATAROLA. (LiNN.) Black-bellied Plover. Beetle

Head.

Ranges from Arctic regions to South America ; breeds in the far north ;
common on Atlantic coast during migrations.

SUBGENUS CHARADRIUS. LINN.

223 (271) CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS. LINN. Golden Plover.

European species, which occurs in Greenland.

LIST OF THE BIRDS Of EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 349

A. O. U.
NO.

224 (272) CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. MULL. American Golden Plover. Green

Plover.

Ranges from Arctic regions, where it breeds, to South America ; common
on Atlantic coast during migrations ; prefers the fields to the •
marshes.

GENUS /EQIALITIS. BOIE.

225 (273) /EGIALITIS VOCIFERA. (LiNN.) Kildeer Plover.

Ranges from Newfoundland and Manitoba, breeding throughout its
range ; common in winter from Gulf States and Carolinas to the
West Indies and South America ; as a rule not common on New
England coast, but in November, 1888, a great flight occurred on
shores of Massachusetts, and hundreds were killed and offered for
sale in the Boston markets.

226 (274) /EGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA. BONAP. Semipalmated Plover.

Ranges from Arctic regions to South America ; breeding from Labrador
northward ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations.

227 (275) /EGIALITIS HIATICULA. (LiNN.) Ring Plover.

Old world species ; not recorded from United States ; it occurs in Green-
land.

228 (277) /CGIALITIS MELODA. (ORD.) Piping Plover.

From Labrador to the West Indies and South America, being a familiar
bird on our shores ; breeds from Virginia to Labrador and New-
foundland.

229 (277a) ^Egialitis meloda circumcincla. RIDG\V. Belted Piping Plover.

Is similar to a meloda but differs in having an unbroken black band on
the neck forming a complete collar ; breeds from northern Illinois
northward ; migrates in winter to Gulf of Mexico.
229a (278) /EGIALITIS NIVOSA. CASS. Snowy Plover.

' Western species ; not uncommon in winter on the northwest coast of
Florida.

SUBGENUS OCHTHODROMUS. REICH.

230 (280) /EGIALITIS WILSONIA. (ORD.) Wilson's Plover.

Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America ; on the Atlantic side from
Long Island to the West Indies and South America ; breeds from
Virginia ; southern stragglers have been taken as far north as
Nova Scotia.

SUBGENUS PODASOCYS. COUES.

231 (281) /EGIALITIS MONTANA. (TOWNS.) ' Mountain Plover.

Western species ; accidental or casual in Florida.

350 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY APHRIZID/E. Surf Birds and Turnstones.

Subfamily ARENARUN^E. Turnstones.

A-°6U- GENUS ARENARIA. BRISS.

232 (283) ARENARIA INTERPRES. (.LINN.) Turnstone.

Both coasts of North America, and in the interior on the larger lakes
and rivers ; breeds in the Arctic regions ; in winter to South
America.

FAMILY H/EMATOPODID/E. Oyster Catchers.

GENUS H/EMATOPUS. LINN.

233 (285) H^EMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS. LINN. Oyster Catcher.

European species, which occurs in Greenland.

234 (286) H/EMATOPUS PALLIATUS. TEMM. American Oyster Catcher.

Coasts of the warmer portions of America, from New Jersey to South
America ; accidental in New England ; common in Florida, and
breeds.

LAND BIRDS,

ORDER GALLING.
Gallinaceous Birds.

Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, Quail, etc.

FAMILY TETRAONID/E. Grouse, Partridges, etc.

Subfamily PERDICIN/C. Partridges and Quail.

A->°0U- GENUS COLINUS. LESSON.

235 (289) COLINUS VIRQINIANUS. (LiNN.) Quail. Bob-white.

Eastern United States ; west to Kansas, Dakotah, and eastern Texas ;
breeds throughout range.

236 (289«) Colinus virgfnianus fioridanus. (CouES.) Florida Quail.

A Florida race, smaller and darker than C. virginianus.

Subfamily TETRAONIN/E. Grouse, etc.
GENUS CANACHITES. STEJN.

237 (298) CANACHITES CANADENSIS. (LiNN.) Canada Grouse. Spruce Par-

tridge.

Throughout British America ; occurs in United States in northern New

England, New York, Minnesota, and Michigan.
237a ( ) Canachiles canadensis labradorius. BANGS. Labrador Spruce Grouse.

A Labrador race of the Canada Grouse ; the males differ but slightly,
but the females are described as being less buffy above the back,
being nearly black and gray, and the underparts whiter.

GENUS BONASA. STEPH.

238 (300) BONASA UMBELLUS. (LiNN.) Ruffed Grouse.

Eastern United States and southern Canada ; south to mountains of
northern Georgia ; west to Minnesota and Michigan.

239 (300a) Bonasa umbellus logata. (LiNN.) Canadian Ruffed Grouse.

The Canadian race of the Ruffed Grouse occurs throughout southern
British America as far north as James Bay ; it occurs in northern
New York and northern New England ; it is more gray on the
upper parts, and the underparts are more distinctly barred.

GENUS LAGOPUS. Bitiss.

240 (301) LAGOPUS LAGOPUS. (LiNN.) Willow Ptarmigan.

Arctic species ; accidental iu New England.

(351)

352 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

241 (301a) Lagoj)us lac/opus alleni. STEJN. Allen's Ptarmigan.

A race peculiar to Newfoundland ; differs in having the shafts of the
secondaries black.

242 (302) LAQOPUS RUPESTRIS. (GMEL.) Rock Ptarmigan.

Arctic America, from southern Labrador to Alaska, Anticosti.

243 (302a) Lagopus rupestris reinhardti. (BREUM.) Reinhardt's Ptarmigan.

A race inhabiting northern Labrador and Greenland ; the female has
the greater portion of the back, black, in summer ; the male has the
barring on the upper parts finer and more uneven.

244 (303) LAQOPUS WELCHI. BREWS. Welch's Ptarmigan.

Peculiar to Newfoundland.

GENUS TYMPANUCHUS. GLOGER.

245 (305) TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS. (REICH.) Prairie Hen.

Prairies of Mississippi Valley, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri ; north and west to Manitoba,
Dakotah, and Indian Territory ; south to southwestern Louisiana,
and Texas, where it is replaced by a paler and smaller race called
T. a. atttuateri.

246 (306) TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO. (LiNN.) Heath Hen.

Island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. ; once abundant, now nearly
extinct ; resembles the Prairie Hen, but may be distinguished by
its barred axillars, scapulars broadly tipped with buff, and tufts of
feathers on the neck consisting of less than ten feathers.

GENUS PEDICECETES. BAIRD.

247 (308&) PEDKECETES PHASIANELLUS CAMPESTRIS. RIDGW. Prairie

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Western species, which sometimes occurs in Wisconsin and Illinois.

FAMILY PHASIANID^E. Pheasants, Turkeys, etc.

Subfamily MELEAGRIN/E. Turkeys.

GENUS MELEAQRIS. LINN.

248 (310) MELEAQRIS GALLOPAVO. LINN. Wild Turkey.

United States, from Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf coast, and west to the
plains along wooded river valleys. (A. O. U.)

249 (31 Oa) Meleagris gallopavo osceola. SCOTT. Florida Turkey.

Differs in having the white bands on the primaries broken and uneven,
and in being somewhat smaller ; also other slight differences in
color ; inhabits southern Florida, where the northern Turkey does
not occur.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 353

ORDER COLUMB/E.

Pigeons.

FAMILY COLUMBID/E. Pigeons.

A. o.}u. GENUS COLUMBA. LINN.

250 (314) COLUMBA LEUCOC*EPHALA. LINK. White-crowned Pigeon.

West. Indian species ; casual in southern Florida.
250a ( — ) COLUMBA CORENSIS. GMEL. Wood Pigeon.

West Indian species ; accidental at Key West, Fla. (Atkins, Auk,
1899, p. 272.)

GENUS ECTOPISTE5. SWAINS.

251 (315) ECTOPISTES MIQRATORIUS. (LiNN.) Passenger Pigeon.

Eastern North America ; north to Hudson Bay ; west to the plains ;
breeds in Canada and northern border of United States ; now rare
in localities where it was once very abundant.

GENUS ZENAIDURA. BONAP.

252 (316) ZENAIDURA MACROURA. (LiNN.) Mourning Dove.

Throughout United States and southern Canada, Central America, and
West Indies ; breeds throughout its range.

GENUS ZENAIDA. BONAP.

253 (317) ZENAIDA ZENAIDA. (BONAP.) Zenaida Dove.

West Indies and Yucatan ; accidental on Florida Keys.

GENUS MELOPELIA. BONAP.

254 (319) MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA. (LiNN.) White-winged Dove.

Semi-tropical species ranging throughout southwestern United States,
Central America, and West Indies ; accidental in Florida.

GENUS COLUMBIQALLINA. BOIE.

255 (320) COLUMBIQALLINA PASSERINA TERRESTRIS. CHAPMAN. Ground

Dove.

Southern States of United States ; breeds from South Carolina to
Louisiana, West Indies, and northern South America.

GENUS GEOTRYGON. GOSSE.

256 (322) QEOTRYQON CHRYSEA. GOSSE. Key West Quail-Dove.

West Indian species ; recorded from Florida Keys.

257 (3221) GEOTRYGON MONTANA. (LiXN.) Mountain Dove.

West Indian species ; once recorded from Key West, Fla.

354 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

*• °- u- GENUS STARNCENAS. Box A P.

NO.

258 (323) STARN(ENAS CYANOCEPHALA. (LINK.) Blue headed Quail-Dove.

Cuban species ; accidental on Florida Keys.

ORDER RAPTORES.

Birds of Prey.

Suborder SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures.

FAMILY CATHARTID/E. American Vultures.

GENUS CATHARTES. ILLIGER.

259 (325) CATHARTES AURA. (LINN.) Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buzzard.

Greater part of North and South America ; in eastern United States
from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico ; abundant and resident
in Southern States.

GENUS CATHARISTA. VIEILL.

260 (326) CATHARISTA URUBU. VIEILL. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow.

Southern portion of North America, West Indies, and Central and
South America ; breeds in eastern United States from North Caro-
lina and Illinois to the Gulf ; accidental in New England

Suborder FALCONES. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc.

FAMILY FALCONID>E. Vultures. Falcons, Hawks,

Eagles, etc.

Subfamily ACCIPITRIN/E. Kites, Hawks, Eagles, etc.
GENUS ELANOIDES. VIEILL.

261 (327) ELANOIDES FORFICATUS. (LiNN.) Swallow-tailed Kite.

Central and South America ; in United States south of Carolina and
Minnesota ; accidental in New England ; breeds commonly in some
of Southern States ; especially Florida.

GENUS ELANUS. SAVIGXY.

262 (328) ELANUS LEUCURUS. (VIEILL.) White-tailed Kite.

Southern United States; from South Carolina and Southern Illinois,
Central and South America ; breeds in Southern States.

GENUS ICTINIA. VIEILL.

263 (329) ICTINIA MISSISSIPP1ENSIS. (WiLS.) Mississippi Kite.

Southern United States ; from South Carolina, Gulf States to Central
America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 355

A^D. GENUS ROSTRHAMUS. LESSON.

264 (330) ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS. (VIEILL.) Everglade Kite.

Central America and eastern South Amerjca ; common in South Florida
where it breeds.

GENUS CIRCUS. LACEPEDE.

265 (331) CIRCUS HUDSON IUS. (LINN.) Marsh Hawk.

North and Central America ; breeding throughout its range ; one of
the most common species in eastern United States ; frequenting
marshes.

GENUS ACCIPITER. BRISS.
SUBGENUS ACCIPITER.

266 (332) ACCIPITER VELOX. (WILS.) Sharp-shinned Hawk.

North America ; breeding throughout its range ; in winter south to
Mexico and Central America ; common in eastern United States.

267 (333) ACCIPITER COOPERI. (BONAP.) Cooper's Hawk.

North America and Mexico ; breeds throughout its range ; common in
eastern United States.

SUBGENUS ASTUR. LACfipfcoE.

268 (334) ACCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS. (Wn.s.) American Goshawk.

Greater portion of North America, north of the Middle States ; breeds
from northern border of United States northward.

GENUS PARABUFEO. RIDGW.

269 (335) PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS HARRIS!. (ADD.) Harris's Hawk.

Western species, which occurs in Louisiana.

GENUS BUTEO. CUVIER.

270 (336) BUTEO BUTEO. (Lnm.) European Buzzard.

European species ; once taken in United States ; Michigan, one record.

271 (337) BUTEO BOREALIS. (G.MEL.) Red-tailed Hawk.

Eastern North America and Canada ; south to Mexico ; breeds nearly
throughout its range.

272 (337a) Buteo borealis kriderii. HOOPES. Krider's Hawk.

Western race, which occasionally occurs as far east as Illinois ; differs
in being much paler ; more white in the plumage ; underparts,
faintly streaked.

273 (3376) Buteo borealis calurus. (CASS.) Western Red-tail.

This race has been recorded from Illinois ; its true range is west of the
Rocky Mountains ; it differs in being much darker than borealis,
and shows more dusk}' and rufous brown in the plumage ; some
specimens are almost entirely black, with breast dark reddish
brown.

356 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

274 (338) Buteo borealis harlani. (Auo.) Harlan's Hawk.

Differs from borealis in being somewhat heavier ; the general plumage
is dark sooty or black, showing more or less white streaks, the
concealed portion of feathers being white ; imderparts, more or less
white, with various markings ; it occurs in Georgia and Florida,
and the Gulf States to the 'Mississippi Valley ; north to Illinois
and Iowa, and casually to Pennsylvania.

275 (339) BUTEO LINEATUS. (GMEL.) Red-shouldered Hawk.

Throughout eastern North America ; breeding throughout its range.

276 (339a) Buteo lineatus alleni. RIDGW. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk.

Differs from lineatus in being smaller, and the adults have no rufous on
the head ; Gulf States, from Texas to the Carolinas ; but most
common in Florida and along the southern coast.

SUBGENUS TACHYTRIORCHIS. KAUP.

277 (342) BUTEO SWAINSONI. BONAP. Swainson's Hawk.

Western species ; occasionally occurring in eastern United States ;
casual in Florida ; recorded from Maine and Massachusetts.

278 (343) BUTEO LATISSIMUS. (WiLS.) Broad-winged Hawk.

Throughout eastern North America ; from Canada to West Indies and
South America ; breeds throughout its range.

SUBGENUS BUTEOLA. BONAP.

279 (344) BUTEO BRACHYURUS. VIEILL. Short-tailed Hawk. Black Hawk.

Tropical species; resident in Florida.

GENUS ASTURINA. VIEILL.

280 (346) ASTURINA PLAQIATA. SCHLEGEL. Mexican Goshawk.

Western species ; once observed in Illinois ; no other record for eastern
North America.

GENUS ARCHIBUTEO. BREHM.

281 (347a) ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. (GMEL.) American

Rough-legged Hawk.

New England and Illinois.

282 (348) ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINEUS. (LiCHT.) Ferruginous Rough-leg.

North America ; from Gulf States northward ; breeds north of United
States.

GENUS AQUILA. BRISS.

283 (349) AQUILA CHRYSAETOS. (LINN.) Golden Eagle.

North America ; breeding in mountains in unsettled localities through.
out its range ; much less common than the Bald Eagle on the
Atlantic coast.

>

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 357

A. o. tr. GENUS HALIAETUS. SAVIG.

NO.

284 (351) HALIAETUS ALBICILLA. (LiNN.) Gray Sea Eagle.

Occurs in Greenland, but has not been taken in the United States.

285 (352) HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. (LINN.) Bald Eagle.

Throughout North America to northern Mexico ; breeding throughout its
range.

Mr. C. H. Townsend has lately separated the northern and southern birds,
giving the range of Haliaetus leucocephalus as practically restricted to the
United States. To the bird which occurs in the British possessions west
to Alaska, which is larger, he has given the name of Haliaetus leucocepha-
lus alascanus, Northern Bald Eagle.

Subfamily FALCONIN/E. Falcons.
GENUS FALCO. LINN.

286 (353) FALCO ISLANDUS. BRUNN. White Gyrfalcon.

Arctic America ; south in winter to Labrador and northern Maine.

287 (354) FALCO RUSTICOLUS. LYNN. Gray Gyrfalcon.

Arctic America ; accidental in winter as far south as Maine.

288 (-554a) Fcdco rusticolus gyrfalco. (LINN.) Gyrfalcon.

A grayish race with faintly barred back ; occurs in Arctic America ;
accidental in winter in New England (Massachusetts and Rhode
Island).

289 (3546) Falco rusticolus obsoletus. (&MEL.) Black Gyrfalcon.

A dark race with back dark slate ; sometimes almost black and not
barred ; underparts dark ; it occurs in Labrador ; accidental in
winter as far south as Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, and New
York.

290 (355) FALCO MEXICANUS. SCHLEG. Prairie Falcon.

Western species ; casual in Illinois ; breeds throughout its range.

SUBGENUS RHYNCHODON. NITZSCH.

291 (356) FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM. (BONAP.) Duck Hawk. Peregrine

Falcon.

North America and northern South America; breeds throughout its

range.

SUBGENUS /ESALON. KAUP.

292 (357) FALCO COLUMBARIUS. LINN. Pigeon Hawk.

North America, West Indies, and northern South America ; breeds from
northern border of United States, northward.

293 (3581) FALCO REGULUS. PALL. Merlin.

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

SUBGENUS TINNUNCULUS. LINN.

294 (3591) FALCO TINNUNCULUS. LINN. Kestrel.

European species ; once taken in Massachusetts.

358 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

295 (360) FALCO SPARVERIUS. LINN. American Sparrow Hawk.

" North America; east of the Rocky Mountains and from Great Slave
Lake, south to northern South America." (A. O. U.)

296 (361) FALCO SPARVERIOIDES. Via. Cuban Sparrow Hawk.

Cuban species ; accidental in Florida.

GENUS POLYBORUS. VIEILL.

297 (362) POLYBORUS CHERIWAY. (,TACQ.) Audubon's Caracara. Mexican

Buzzard.

Texas and Arizona to South America ; occurs in eastern United States
only in southern Florida where it breeds.

GENUS PANDION. SAVIG.

298 (364) PANDION HALIAETUS CAROL1NENSIS. (&MEL.) American Osprey.

Fish Hawk.

Greater portion of North America, the West Indies, and northern South
America ; common in many parts of eastern United States ; breeds
throughout its range.

Suborder STRIQES. Owls.

FAMILY STRIGID/E. Barn Owls.

GENUS STRIX. LINN.

299 (365) STRIX PRATINCOLA. BONAP. American Barn Owl.

Throughout United States, Mexico, and northern* West Indies ; more
common in the Southern States ; breeds rarely as far north as lati-
tude 40°.

FAMILY BUBONID/E. Horned Owls.

GENUS ASIO. BRISS.

300 (366) ASIO WILSONIANUS. (LESS.) American Long-eared Owl.

Temperate North America to Mexico ; breeds throughout its range.

301 (367) *ASV> ACCIPITRINUS. (PALL.) Short-eared Owl.

North America ; breeds north of latitude 39°.

GENUS SYRNIUM. SAVIG.

302 (36«) SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM. (FoRST.) Barred Owl.

Southern aud eastern United States ; north to Nova Scotia ; breeds
throughout its range.

303 (368a) Syrnium nebulosum alleni. KIDGW. Florida Barred Owl.

A southern race of the Barred Owl, averaging somewhat smaller and
darker, having the toes nearly bare of feathers ; Gulf States ; com-
mon in Florida,

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 359

A-<?-u- GENUS SCOTIAPTEX. SWAINS.

>O.

304 (370) SCOTIAPTEX CINEREA. (GMBL.) Great Gray Owl.

Arctic species, which occurs in winter as far south as New England and
Illinois ; numerous records for Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, etc.

GENUS NYCTALA. BREHM.

305 (371) NYCTALA TENGMALMI RICHARDSONI. (BoNAP.) Richardson's Owl.

Arctic species ; casual in winter in northern United States ; New Eng-
land, Illinois, etc. ; breeds north of United States.

306 (372) NYCTALA ACADICA. (GMEL.) Saw-whet Owl. Acadian Owl.

North America ; breeds from middle United States northward.

307 (373) MEGASCOPS ASIO. (Lixx.) Screech Owl.

Eastern North America ; Canada to Georgia ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

308 (373a) Megascops asio floridanus. (RIDGW.) Florida Screech Owl.

A rather small southern race of the Screech Owl, somewhat darker and
the markings heavier ; occurs in Gulf States from South Carolina
to Louisiana.

GENUS BUBO. DUMERIL.

309 (375) BUBO VIRGINIANUS. (GMEL.) Great Horned Owl.

Eastern North America ; north to Labrador ; breeds throughout its range.

310 (375a) Bubo virgmianns arcticus. SWAINS. Arctic Horned Owl.

Pale birds have occasionally been taken in northeastern North America
which may be referable to this race.

311 (375c) Bubo virginianus saturatus. RIDGW. Dusky Horned Owl.

A dark race ; ranging from Labrador and Hudson Bay westward to
Alaska ; south to Louisiana and Arizona ; some Louisiana speci-
mens are very dark.

GENUS NYCTEA. STEPH.

312 (376) NYCTEA NYCTEA. (LiNN.) Snowy Owl.

Northern North America ; in winter, south to Middle States ; breeds
north of United States.

GENUS SYRNIA. DUMERIL.

313 (377a) SURNIA ULULA CAPAROCH. (MULL.) American Hawk Owl.

Arctic North America ; south in winter to borders of United States ;
New England and Illinois ; breeds from New England northward.

GENUS SPEOTYTO. GLOGER.

314 (378) SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOG/EA. (BONAP.) Burrowing Owl.

Western species ; one record from Massachusetts.

315 (378a) Speotyto cunicularia Jloridana. KIDGW. Florida Burrowing Owl.

Resident in southern Florida ; a rather dark form, having the feet and legs
(tarsus) almost without feathers ; breeds in a hole in the ground.

360 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ORDER PSITTACL

Parrots, Paroquets, etc.
FAMILY PSITTACID/E.

A-O^U. GENUS CONURUS. KUHL.

316 (382) CONURUS CAROLINENSIS. (LiNN.) Carolina Paroquet.

At one time not uncommon in many of our Southern States ; at present
occurs only in Florida, Arkansas, and Indian Territory ; breeds in
holes in trees.

ORDER COCCYGES.

Cuckoos.

FAMILY CUCULID/E. Cuckoos, Anis, etc.

Subfamily CROTOPHAGIN/E. Anis.

GENUS CROTOPHAQA. LINN.

317 (383) CROTOPHAQA ANI. LIXN. Ani.

West Indian species ; recorded from Florida, Louisiana, and Pennsyl-
vania ; the bird is entirely black ; the bill is not like that of ti
Cuckoo, being very thin and somewhat Parrot-like in shape.

Subfamily COCCYZIN^E. Cuckoos.

GENUS COCCYZUS. VIEILL.

318 (386) COCCYZUS MINOR. (GMEL.) Mangrove Cuckoo.

West Indian species ; casual in southern Florida.

319 (386a) Coccyztis minor maynardi. RIDGW. Maynard's Cuckoo.

A Bahama race of C. minor ; casual in southern Florida ; it is much
paler ou the uuderparts, lacking the strong tawny buff on the
belly ; the bill is slightly smaller.

320 (387) COCCYZUS AMERICANUS. (LiNX.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the coast and Canada to
Gulf of Mexico; breeding throughout its range; in winter to
West Indies and Central America.

321 (388) COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (WiLS.) Black=biIIed Cuckoo.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the coast ; breeds
United States to Labrador ; south, in winter to West Indies and
northern South America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 361

Suborder ALCYONE5. Kingfishers.

FAMILY ALCEDINID>E. Kingfishers.

A-°-u- GENUS CERYLE. BOIE.

NO.

322 (390) CERYLE ALCYON. (Lixx.) Belted Kingfisher.

North America ; at large from Arctic regions to the Gulf of Mexico ;
in winter, extends its range to West Indies and Central America ;
breeds from Gulf States throughout its northern range.

ORDER PICK

Woodpeckers, etc.

FAMILY PICID^E. Woodpeckers.

GENUS CAMPEPHILUS. GRAY.

323 (392) CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALS. (LiNN.) Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Florida ; some of the Gulf States to Mississippi Valley ; now rare except
in parts of Florida.

GENUS DRYOBATES. BOIE.

324 (393) DRYOBATES VILLOSUS. (LiNN.) Hairy Woodpecker.

Northern and middle portions of eastern United States.

325 (3936) Dryobates villosus audubonii. (SWAINS.) Southern Hairy Woodpecker.

Southern race ; ranging from eastern Texas to South Carolina ; it differs
in being smaller and perhaps slightly darker.

326 (394) DRYOBATES PUBESCENS. (Lnra.) Downy Woodpecker.

Eastern North America ; in winter, south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Birds inhabiting the region north of North Carolina are larger than southern

birds, and have been recognized as a race and named
324a Dryobates pubescens medianus. BREWSTER.

327 (395) DRYOBATES BOREALIS. (VIEILL.) Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Southeastern and southern United States from Carolina to Texas.

GENUS PICOIDES. LACEP.

328 (400) PICOIDES ARCTICUS. (SWAINS.) Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Northern North America ; south to northern United States, New England,
Michigan, etc.

329 (401) PICOIDES AMERICANUS. BREHM. American Three-toed Woodpecker.

Northern North America ; south to northern border of United States ;
Maine and northern New York.

362 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. GENUS SPHYRAPICUS. BAIRD.

NO.

330 (402) SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS. (LiNN.) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Yellow-

bellied Woodpecker.

Eastern North America ; south in winter to West Indies and Mexico ;
breeds in Massachusetts northward.

GENUS CEOPHLCEUS. CAB AN.

331 (405) CEOPHL(EUS PILEATUS. (LiNN.) Pileated Woodpecker.

Southern United States ; from North Carolina southward ; replaced

farther north by the northern race.

33 la (405a) Ceophlozus pileatus cdbieticola. BANGS. Northern Pileated Woodpecker.
A northern race ; differing mainly in size.

GENUS MELANERPES. SWAINS.
SUBGENUS MELANERPES.

332 (406) MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS. (LiNN.) Red-headed Wood-

pecker.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to Florida, and north
to about latitude 50° ; casual east of Hudson River ; not uncom-
mon in fall in Massachusetts.

SUBGENUS CENTURUS. SWAINS.

333 (409) MELANERPES CAROL1NUS. (LiNN.) Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Eastern and southern United States ; from New York aud Michigan to
the Gulf States ; not numerous in northern part of its range.

GENUS COLAPTES. SWAINS.

334 (412) COLAPTES AURATUS. (LiNN.) Flicker. Golden-winged Woodpecker.

Eastern North America; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic;
winters from latitude of Illinois southward ; one of our most
familiar birds, and known by many names, among which are High
Hole, Yellowhammer, Harrywicket, etc.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 363

ORDER MACROCHIRES.
Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Suborder CAPRIMULQI. Goatsuckers.

FAMILY CAPRIMULQID^E. Goatsuckers.

A. o. u. GENUS ANTROSTOMUS. GOULD.

NO.

335 (416) ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS. (GMEL.) Chuck-will's-widow.

Southern United States ; from Virginia to Mexico, and Cuba, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico ; casual to southern Illinois ; accidental in Massa-
chusetts.

336 (417) ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS. (WiLS.) Whip-poor-will.

Eastern and southern North America ; from about latitude 50° to
Mexico and Porto Rico ; a common species in localities in New
England, Illinois, etc.

GENUS CHORDEILES. SWAINS.

337 (420) CHORDEILES VIRQINIANUS. (GMEL.) Nighthawk.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from
Labrador to the West Indies and South America ; breeds from
southern United States northward.

338 (420a) Chordeiles virginianus lienryi. (CASS.) Western Nighthawk.

Western race ; once recorded from Illinois ; it is paler, and the back is
more gray and buff.

339 (420c) Chordeiles virginianus chapmani. (SENNETT.) Florida Nighthawk.

A small southern race ; resident in Florida and along the Gulf coast ;
it is somewhat paler in coloration, and decidedly smaller.

Suborder CYPSELI. Swifts.

FAMILY MICROPODID^e. Swifts.

Subfamily CH^ETURIN/E. Swifts.

GENUS CH>£TURA. STEPH.

340 (423) CH/ETURA PELAQICA. (LiNN.) Chimney Swift.

Eastern North America ; north to Labrador, and in winter south to
Mexico ; breeds from the Gulf States northward.

364 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbird.

FAMILY TROCHILID/E. Hummingbirds.

A.O. u. GENUS TROCHILUS. LIXN.

NO.

341 (428) TROCHILUS COLUBRIS. Lixx. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from
Labrador, or about latitude 52°, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeding
throughout its range ; south in winter to Cuba, Porto Rico, and
Mexico.

ORDER PA5SERES.
Perching Birds.

Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Birds.

FAMILY TYRANNID/E. Tyrant Flycatchers.

GENUS MILVULUS. SWAINS.

342 (442) MILVULUS TYRANNUS. (LiNN.) Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

South American species ; occasionally taken in the United States ;
recorded from New Jersey and Mississippi.

343 (443) MILVULUS FORFICATUS. (GMEL.) Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.

Western species ; accidental in eastern United States, New England,
Florida, etc.

GENUS TYRANNUS. CUVIER.

344 (444) TYRANNUS TYRANNUS. (Lixx.) Kingbird.

Nearly the whole of North America ; south in winter to Cuba and South
America ; a familiar species known by various names such as
Bee Martin, Bee-bird, etc.

345 (445) TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS. (GMEL.) Gray Kingbird.

Semi-tropical species ; not uncommon in Florida ; accidental in Georgia,
South Carolina, and New England.

346 (447) TYRANNUS VERTICALIS. SAY. Arkansas Kingbird.

Western species ; accidental east of the Mississippi ; it has been taken
in Maine, Massachusetts (Great Island), New York, New Jersey,
District of Columbia, and Iowa.

GENUS MYIARCHUS. CABAN.

347 (452) MYIARCHUS CRINITUS. (LINN.) Crested Flycatcher.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and southern
Canada to the Gulf of Mexico ; in winter Mexico and Central
America ; breeds from the Gulf States northward.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 365

A- o. u. GENUS SAYORNIS. BONAP.

NO.

348 (456) SAYORNIS PHOEBE. (LATH.) Phoebe.

Ranges from Colorado and Texas to the Atlantic, and from Canada to
Cuba and Mexico; breeds from the Carolinas, northward.

349 (457) SAYORNIS SAYA. (BONAP.) Say's Phoebe.

Western species ; only once recorded from New England ; casual in
Illinois and Wisconsin.

GENUS CONTOPU5. CABAN.

350 (459) CONTOPUS BOREALIS. (SWAINS.) Olive-sided Flycatcher.

North America ; breeding from Massachusetts, northward ; south in
winter to Central and South America.

351 (461) CONTOPUS VIRENS. (Lixx.) Wood Pewee. Flycatcher.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and Canada
to Florida and Mexico ; breeds throughout eastern United States ;
north to Newfoundland.

GENUS EMPIDONAX. CABAX.

352 (463) EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. BAIRD. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Eastern North America; breeds from northern United States, north-
ward ; south in winter to Central America.

353 (465) EMPIDONAX VIRESCENS. (YIEILL.) Acadian Flycatcher.

Eastern United States ; from New York and Connecticut, southward,
breeding as far south as Florida ; winters in Mexico and Central
America.

354 EMPIDONAX TRAILLII ALNORUM. BREWSTER. Alder Flycatcher.
Eastern United States ; from Illinois and Michigan to Atlantic ; breeds

from northern Illinois and northern New England, northward ;
winters south to Central America.

355 (467) EMPIDONAX MINIMUS. BAIRD. Least Flycatcher.

Eastern United States ; from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gulf of Mexico ;
south in winter to Central America ; breeds from northern United
States, northward, usually north of latitude 42°.

Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds.

FAMILY ALAUDID/E. Larks.

GENUS ALAUDA. LINN.

356 (473) ALAUDA ARVENSIS. LINN. European Skylark.

Accidental in Greenland.

366 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. GENUS OTOCORIS. BONAP.

NO.

357 (474) OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS. (LiNN.) Horned Lark. Shore Lark.

"Northeastern North America, Greenland, and northern parts of the
old world ; in winter, south ; in eastern United States to the Caro-
linas, Illinois, etc." (A. O. U.;; breeds north of United States,
Labrador, Hudson Bay, etc.

358 (4746) Otocoris cdpestris praticola. HENSH. Prairie Horned Lark.

The Mississippi Valley form of the Horned Lark ; breeds as far east-
ward as Massachusetts and New York ; it differs in having the
forehead and streak over the eye white instead of yellow ; it is also
somewhat smaller and paler.

FAMILY CORVID/E. Crows, Jays, and Magpies.

Subfamily GARRULIN>E. Magpies and Jays.

GENUS PICA. BRISS.

359 (475) PICA PICA HUDSOMCA. (SAB.) American Magpie.

A western species ; stragglers have been recorded from Illinois and
Montreal, Canada.

GENUS CYANOCITTA. STRICK.

360 (477) CYANOCITTA CRIST ATA. (LINN.) Blue Jay.

"Eastern North America to the plains and from the fur countries south
to Florida and eastern Texas " (A. O. U.) ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

361 (477a) CyanociUa cristata Jlorincola. COUES. Florida Blue Jay.

Southern race of the Blue Jay, which occurs in Florida and along the
Gulf coast ; it is smaller and grayer than the northern Blue Jay,
but otherwise similar.

GENUS APHELOCOMA. CABAN.

362 (479) APHELOCOMA CYANEA. (VIEILL.) Florida Jay.

Florida.

GENUS PERISOREUS. BONAP.

363 (484) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS. (LiNN.) Canada Jay.

" Northern New York, northern New England, and northern Michigan ;
north to Arctic America." (A. O. U.)

364 (484c) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus. EIDGW. Labrador Jay.

A Labrador race of the Canada Jay ; somewhat darker and having the
black of the head often extending in front of the eye ; the breast
is deep slate gray.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 367

Subfamily CORVIN/E. Crows.

A. o. IT. GENUS CORVUS. LINN.

NO.

365 (486a) CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALS. KIDGW. Northern Raven.

Northern North America; from Illinois, Michigan, Maine, etc., north-
ward ; accidental as far south as North Carolina.

366 (488) CORVUS AMERICANUS. AUD. American Crow.

North America ; from Hudson Bay to Gulf of Mexico ; breeds nearly
throughout its range.

367 (488a) Corvas americanus pascuus. COUES. Florida Crow.

Florida race of the Crow, which differs in having larger bill and feet.

368 (490) CORVUS OSSIFRAQUS. WILS. Fish Crow.

Eastern and southern United States ; from Connecticut to Louisiana ;
accidental in Massachusetts ; abundant in Georgia and Florida.

FAMILY STURNID/E. Starlings.

GENUS STURNUS. LINN.

369 (493) STURNUS VULGARIS. LINN. Starling.

An old world species ; accidental in Greenland ; some years ago it was
introduced in New York, and is now not uncommon in Central Park.

FAMLIY ICTERID/e. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.

GENUS DOLICHONYX. SWAINS.

370 (494) DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS. (LiNN.) Bobolink.

Ranges in eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the
Atlantic, and from Ontario to Gulf of Mexico; also occurs west of
the Rocky Mountains ; breeds north of Middle States ; in winter
West Indies and South America.

GENUS MOLOTHRUS. SWAINS.

371 (495) MOLOTHRUS ATER. (BODD.) Cowbird.

United States in general and part of Canada ; south in winter to Mexico ;
breeds throughout its summer range ; the female deposits her egg
in other birds' nests.

GENUS XANTHOCEPHALUS. BONAP.

372 (497) XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS. (BONAP.) Yellow-headed

Blackbird.

Western North America ; from Illinois and Wisconsin to Pacific coast ;
accidental in eastern United States, New England, Florida, etc.

368 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A- o. u. GENUS AQELAIUS. VIEILL.

NO.

373 (498) AGELAIUS PHO3N1CEUS. (LINN.) Red-winged Blackbird.

Common throughout North America ; from about latitude 52° to the
Gulf ; replaced in southern Florida and Gulf coast of Louisiana by
the following race.

374 (4986) Agelaius phceniceus bryanti. RIDGW. Bahaman Red-winged Blackbird.

A small race, having a more slender bill, which inhabits the Bahaman
Islands, southern Florida, and portions of the Gulf coast to
Louisiana ; the females are not as heavily streaked on the under-
parts.

GENUS STURNELLA. VIEILL.

375 (501) STURNELLA MAGNA. (LiNN.) Meadow-lark.

"Eastern United States and southern Canada to the plains; breeds
from the Gulf of Mexico northward." (A. O. U.)

376 (5016) Sturnella magna neglecta. (Auo.) Western Meadow-lark.

Western race which occurs in Illinois and Wisconsin ; it differs in having
the yellow of the throat extending upon the cheeks or malar region,
also in having the lower under tail coverts white, or nearly white,
not buff as in S. magna.

GENUS ICTERUS. BRISS.

377 (502) ICTERUS ICTERUS. (LiNN.) Troupial.

South American species ; recorded by Audubon from South Carolina ;
no subsequent records for eastern North America.

SUBGENUS PENDULINUS. VIEILL.

378 (506) ICTERUS SPURIUS. (LiNN.) Orchard Oriole.

Eastern United States; from northern New England, Michigan, Illinois,
and Dakota, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds throughout its summer
range ; winters as far south as northern South America.

SUBGENUS YPHANTES. VIEILL.

379 (507) ICTERUS QALBULA. (LINN.) Baltimore Oriole.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean,
and from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico ; wiuters south to Mexico
and South America.

380 (508) ICTERUS BULLOCKI. (SWAINS.) Bullock's Oriole.

Western species ; only once recorded from our Eastern States ; Bangor,
Me., one record.

GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS. SWAINS.

381 (509) SCOLECOPHAGUS CAROLINUS. (MuLL.) Rusty Blackbird.

Eastern and northern North America west to the plains ; breeds from
northern United States north to Labrador ; winters from Virginia
southward.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 369

A. o. u.

NO.

382 (510) SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS. (\VAGL.) Brewer's Blackbird.

A western species, which sometimes occurs in Illinois ; stragglers have
been killed in South Carolina and Louisiana.

GENUS QUISCALUS. VIEILL.

383 (511) QUISCALUS QUISCULA. (LrNN.) Purple Qrackle.

" Northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and east of the Alleghanies
from Georgia to Massachusetts " (A. O. U.) ; in winter south to the
Gulf.

384 (51 la) Quiscalus quiscula aglceus. (BAIRD.) Florida Grackle.

A smaller southern race ; ranging from Virginia along the Atlantic
coast and Gulf States to Texas.

385 (5116) Quiscalus quiscula ceneus. (RIDGAV.) Bronzed Grackle.

Eastern North America ; west of the Alleghanies ; New England to
Labrador and Hudson Bay; west to Rocky Mountains, and south
to the lower Mississippi Valley ; this Grackle has the back a uni-
form bronze or golden-olive, but not the various tints of blue-
purple bronze, etc., as in true quiscula.

386 (513) QUISCALUS MAJOR. (VIEILL.) Boat-tailed Qrackle.

" Coast region of Atlantic and Gulf States ; from Virginia to Texas."
(A. O. U.)

FAMILY FRINGILLID/E. Finches, Sparrows, etc.

GENUS COCCOTHRAUSTES. BRISS.

387 (514) COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINA. (COOP.) Evening Grosbeak.

AVestem species ; casual in eastern United States ; Illinois, Michigan,
New England, etc.

GENUS PINICOLA. VIEILL.

388 (515) PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR. (LINN.) Pine Grosbeak.

Northern North America ; breeds from northern New England north-
ward.

GENUS CARPODACUS. KAUP.

389 (517) CARPODACUS PURPUREUS. (GMEL.) Purple Finch.

"Eastern North America; from the Atlantic coast to the plains;
breeds from the Middle States northward." (A. O. U.)

GENUS PASSER. LINN.

390 ( — ) PASSER DOMESTICUS. (LiNN.) English Sparrow.

European species ; introduced into United States.

391 ( — ) PASSER MONTANUS. European Tree Sparrow.

European species ; introduced into United States.

370 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. GENUS LOXIA. LINN.

NO.

392 (521) LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR. (BREHM.) American Crossbill.

Northern North America ; mainly north of United States ; occurs
irregularly in eastern United States, as far south as Maryland ;
accidental to South Carolina.

393 (522) LOXIA LEUCOPTERA. GMEL. White-winged Crossbill.

"Northern parts of North America; south into the United States in
winter; breeds from northern New England northward." (A. O. U.)

GENUS ACANTHIS. BECHST.

394 (527) ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII. (HOLB.) Greenland Redpoll.

Northern Greenland; breeding from 69° to 73° north latitude, and
eastern Arctic America ; south to Labrador in winter." (RIDGW.)

395 (527a) Acanthis hornemannii exilipes. (COUES.) Hoary Redpoll.

A race differing in smaller size ; length, less than 5.35 ; wing, less than
5.30 ; it inhabits the far north, but occurs in winter in the northern
United States ; casual in New England and Illinois.

396 (528) ACANTHIS LINARIA. (LiNN.) Redpoll. Redpoll Linnet.

Northern species, which occurs in winter as far south as Virginia and
Illinois ; casual in New England.

397 (528a) Acanthis linaria holbonllii. (BREHM.) Holboell's Redpoll.

A somewhat larger bird than A. linaria, with somewhat longer bill ;
wing, less than 3.15; northern portion of both continents; casual
in eastern North America ; south in winter to New York and
Massachusetts.

398 (528& Acanthis linaria rostrata. (COUES.) Greater Redpoll.

Similar to linaria, but slightly larger, and the bill stouter ; wing, over
3.15; southern Greenland and Labrador; south to New England
and Illinois in winter.

399 CARDUELIS CARDUELIS. LINN. European Goldfinch.
Introduced in Massachusetts and New York.

GENUS ASTRAQALINUS. CAB.

400 (529) ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS. (LiNN.) American Goldfinch. Yellow Bird.

North America ; south of about latitude 54° to the Gulf States ;
breeding from about latitude 38° northward.

401 (532) ASTRAGALINUS NOTATUS. (DuBus.) Black-headed Goldfinch.

Mexican species ; recorded by Audubon from Kentucky.

402 (533) ASTRAGALINUS PINUS. (VViLS.) Pine Siskin. Pine Finch.

North America ; breeds from northern border of United States, north-
ward ; winters south to Gulf of Mexico.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 371

A o u. GENUS PASSERINA. VIEILL.

NO.

403 (534) PASSERINA NIVALIS. (Lmx.) Snowflake. Snow Bunting.

Northern North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to
New England, Illinois, etc. ; accidental as far south as Florida.

GENUS CALCARIUS. BECHS.

404 (53G) CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS. (.LINN.) Lapland Longspur.

Northern North America ; breeding in the far north ; south in winter to
Middle States ; common in the interior to Kansas and Colorado.

405 (537) CALCARIUS PICTUS. (SWAINS.) Smith's Longspur.

"Interior of North America ; from the Arctic coast to Illinois and
Texas ; breeding far north." (A. O. U.)

406 (538) CALCARIUS ORNATUS. (TOWNS.) Chestnut-collared Longspur.

Western species ; accidental in Massachusetts and New York.

GENUS RHYNCHOPHANES. BAIKD.

407 (539) RHYNCHOPHANES MCCOWNII. (LAWK ) McCown's Longspur.

Western species ; casual in Illinois.

GENUS POOC/ETES. BAIKD.

408 (540) POOC/ETES GRAMINEUS. (GMEL.) Vesper Sparrow. Bay-winged

Bunting.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; breeds
from Virginia to Ontario.

GENUS AMMODRAMUS. SWAINS.

439 (541) AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS. (MAYN.) Ipswich Sparrow.

"Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia; south in winter to Georgia; breeds
on Sable Island, Nova Scotia." (A. O. U.)

410 (542a) AMMODRAMUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA. (WiLS.) Savanna

Sparrow.

" Eastern North America; breeding from the northern United States to
Labrador and Hudson Bay Territory." (A. O. U.)

SUBGENUS COTURNICULUS. BONAP.

411 (54fi) AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS. (WILS.) Grasshop-

per Sparrow. Yellow-winged Sparrow.

"Eastern United States and southern Canada; west to the plains;
south in winter to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Central America."
(A. O. U.)

412 (547) AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII. (AuD.) Henslow's Sparrow.

"Eastern United States; west to the plains ; north to southern New
England and Ontario." (A. O. U.)

372 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

413 (548) AMMODRAMUS LECONTEII. (AuD.) Leconte's Sparrow.

Great plains and more western prairies ; breeding from Dakota, Minne-
sota, etc., to Manitoba; migrating southward and eastward in
winter through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and
Gulf States to Florida and Texas.

414 (549) AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS. (GMEL ) Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

Sharp-tailed Finch.

Breast, pale buff with distinct dark streaks ; breeds on salt marshes of
the Atlantic coast from New England to Maryland ; south in winter
to the Gulf States.

415 (549a) AMMODRAMUS NELSONI. ALLEN. Nelson's Sparrow.

"Fresh water marshes of the interior; from northern Illinois, north-
ward to North Dakota and Manitoba ; south in winter to Texas ;
in migrations, visits Atlantic coast (New England and Lower
Hudson Valley) to Charleston, S. C." (A. O. U.)

416 (5496) Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus. (DwiGHT.) ' Acadian Sharp-tailed

Sparrow.

Breast and sides, pale buff, not tawny or ochraceous buff as in nelsoni.
"Coast of southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (and

probably Nova Scotia), and southward in migration to South

Carolina." (A. O. U.)

417 (550) AMMODRAMUS MARIT1MUS. (WiLS.) Seaside Sparrow. Seaside Finch.

"Salt marshes of Atlantic coast; from Connecticut southward to
Georgia ; accidental in Massachusetts." (A. O. U.)

418 (550a) Ammodramus maritimus peninsula. ALLEN. Scott's Seaside Sparrow.

A dark race of maritimus which occurs from South Carolina to the

northeast and northwest coast of Florida.
418a Ammodramus maritimus fisheri. CHAPMAN. Louisiana Seaside Sparrow.

Coast of Louisiana to Texas.
4186 Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii. (Auo.) Macgillivray's Seaside

Sparrow.
Coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

419 (551) AMMODRAMUS NIQRESCENS. RIDGW. Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

Head of Indian River and Salt Lake ; eastern Florida.

GENL-S CHONDESTES. SWAINS.

420 (552) CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS. (SAY.) Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch.

From Illinois and Michigan westward to the plains ; not common on
Atlantic coast.

GENUS ZONOTRICHIA. SWAINS.

421 (553) ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA. (Xurr.) Harris's Sparrow.

Middle United States ; Illinois to Kansas, and casually to Oregon ; no
New England record.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 373

A. o. u.

NO.

422 (554) ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS. (FOKST.) White-crowned Sparrow.

"North America at large; breeding chiefly in the Rocky Mountains,
the Sierra Nevada, and northeast to Labrador ; south in winter to
the Valley of Mexico." (A. O. U.)

423 (558) ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS. (GMEL.) White-throated Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; north
to Labrador, and south to the Carolinas, and casually to Florida ;
breeds from northern New England and New York northward.

GENUS SPIZELLA. BONAP.

424 (559) SPIZELLA MONTICOLA. (GMEL.) Tree Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from Arctic Ocean to the Carolinas ; breeds
north of United States.

425 (560) SPIZELLA SOCIALIS. (WiLS.) Chipping Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains north to fur countries,
and south to the Gulf; breeds nearly throughout its range.

426 (561) SPIZELLA PALLIDA. ( SWAINS.) Clay-colored Sparrow.

Middle North America ; from Illinois to Rocky Mountains ; breeds
from Iowa northward; accidental on Atlantic coast (North
Carolina) .

427 (562) SPIZELLA BREWERI. CASS. Brewer's Sparrow.

Western species ; once taken in Massachusetts.

428 (563) SPIZELLA PUSILLA. (\VILS.) Field Sparrow.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic ; breeds from
the Carolinas and Illinois north to Canada.

429 (563a) Spizella pusilla arenacea. CHADB. Western Field Sparrow.

This race is of accidental occurrence in southern Louisiana.

GENUS JUNCO. WAGL.

430 (567) JUNCO HYEMALIS. (LINN.) Slate-colored Junco. Snowbird.

New England, Florida, and Illinois.

431 Junco liyemalis shufeldti. Co ALE. Shufeldt's Junco.

Western race ; accidental in Massachusetts, Illinois, and Maryland ; it
is browner on the back, and the sides are vinaceous brown.

432 (5671) Junco liyemalis carolinensis. BREWST. Carolina Junco.

Rather larger than Jiyemalis; the back and breast slate color; not tinged
with brown ; Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia to the Caroliuas.

433 ( — ) JUNCO MONTANUS. EIDGW. Montana Junco.

Northwestern species ; ranging as far east as Illinois, and stragglers
reaching the Atlantic coast.

GENUS PEUC/EA. AUD.

434 (575) PEUC/EA /ESTIVALIS. (LIGHT.) Pine-woods Sparrow.

Southern Georgia and Florida.

374 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. c.

NO.

435 (575a) Peucoza cestivalis bachmanii. (AuD.) Bachman's Sparrow.

Coast States ; from the Carolinas to Texas ; north to Illinois in summer ;
it is a darker bird than cestivalis, the back being dark rufous brown,
not light chestnut.

GENUS MELOSPIZA. BAIRD.

436 (581) MELOSPIZA FASCIATA. (GMEL.) Song Sparrow.

" Eastern United States to the plains ; breeding from Virginia and the
southern portion of the Lake States northward to the fur countries."
(A. O. U.)

437 (583) MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI. (Auo.) Lincoln's Sparrow.

Throughout North America ; breeds from northern border of United
States northward ; south in winter to Central America.

438 (584) MELOSPIZA QEORQIANA. (LATH.) Swamp Sparrow.

Whole of eastern North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to
the Gulf of Mexico; breeds from the northern States northward.

GENUS PASSERELLA. SWAINS.

439 (585) PASSERELLA ILIACA. (MERR.) Fox Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, west
to the plains ; breeds north of the United States.

GENUS PIPILO. VIEILL.

440 (587) PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (LiNN.) Towhee.

Eastern United States ; from Canada to Georgia ; breeds from Georgia
northward ; common in New England.

441 (587a) Pipilo erytliroplithalinus alleni. COUES. White-eyed Towhee.

Florida race, which occurs as far north as South Carolina ; it differs in
having the iris icliite or yellowish, and only the two outer tail feath-
ers are marked with white.

GENUS CARDINALIS. BONAP.

442 (593) CARDINALIS CARDINALIS. (LiNN.) Cardinal. Cardinal Grosbeak.

Eastern United States; from New England (casual) to the Gulf of

Mexico.

442a (593fZ) Cardinalis cardinalis floridamis. KIDGW. Florida Cardinal.
Local race ; resident in Florida.

GENUS HABIA. REICH.

443 (595) HABIA LUDOVICIANA. (LiNN.) Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Eastern United States ; from the plains and from Canada to Central
America; breeding from Carolinas northward.

444 (596) HABIA MELANOCEPHALA. (SWAINS.) Black-headed Grosbeak.

A western species, which has been taken in Michigan-

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 375

A» u GENUS QUIRACA. SWAINS.

•NO.

445 (597) QUIRACA C/ERULEA. (LiNN.) Blue Grosbeak.

Eastern United States; from Illinois and New England (not common)
to the Gulf and Cuba.

GENUS CYANOSPIZA. BAIRD.

446 (598) CYANOSPIZA CYANEA. (Lira.) Indigo Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from the Canadian border to the Gulf and
Central America.

447 (600) CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR. (BONAP.) Varied Bunting.

Western species, which has been taken in Michigan.

448 (601) CYANOSPIZA CIRIS. (LiNN.) Painted Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from Illinois and North Carolina south to the
Gulf, and in winter to Central America.

GENUS EUETHEIA. REICH.

449 (603) EUETHEIA BICOLOR. (LiNN.) Qrassquit. Black-faced Finch.

West Indian species ; recorded from Florida Keys.

450 (6031) EUETHEIA CANORA. (GMEL.) Melodious Qrassquit. Cuban Finch.

Cuban species ; recorded from Florida Keys.

GENUS SPIZA. BONAP.

451 (604) SPIZA AMERICANA. (GMEL.) Dickcissel. Black-throated Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies ; and
casual, or accidental to New England ; breeding from Texas to the
Canadian border ; south in winter to Central and South America.

GENUS CALAMOSPIZA. BONAP.

452 (605) CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS. STEJN. Lark Bunting.

Western species ; recorded from Massachusetts and Long Island.

FAMILY TANAGRID/G. Tanagers.

GENUS PIRANGA. VIEILL.

453 (607) PI RANG A LUDOVICIANA. (WILS.) Louisiana Tanager.

Western species ; recorded from Massachusetts and New York.

454 (608) PIRANQA ERYTHROMELAS. VIEILL. Scarlet Tanager.

Eastern United States ; from the plaius to the Atlantic, and Ontario to
the West Indies, and South America ; breeds from Illinois and
Virginia northward.

455 (610) PIRANQA RUBRA. (Lira.) Summer Tanager.

Eastern United States ; but more southerly in its range than the Scar-
let Tanager ; rarely reaching southern New England, although
stragglers occur as far north as New Brunswick ; breeds in Virginia
(and occasionally still further north) to Florida.

376 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. Swallows.

A. o. u. GENUS PROQNE. BOIE.

NO.

456 (611) PROGNE SUBIS. (LiNN.) Purple Martin.

Eastern North America ; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico ; south in
winter to South America.

457 (61 11) PROQNE CRYPTOLEUCA. BAIRU. Cuban Martin.

Cuban species ; casual in southern Florida.

GENUS PETROCHELIDON. CABAN.

458 (612) PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS. (SAY.) Cliff Swallow.

North America ; from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and in
winter to South America.

459 ( — ) PETROCHELIDON FULVA. (VIEILL.) Cuban Cliff Swallow.

"West Indian species ; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla.

GENUS CALLICHELIDON. BAIRD.

460 ( — ) CALLICHELIDON CYANEOVIR1D1S. (BRYANT.) Bahaman Swallow.

Bahaman species ; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla.

GENUS HIRUNDO. (LINN.)

461 (613) HIRUNDO ERYTHROQASTER. BODD. Barn Swallow.

North America ; breeding from the fur countries to the Gulf of Mexico ;
south in winter in the West Indies and South America.

GENUS TACHYCINETA. CABAN.

462 (614) TACHYCINETA B1COLOR. (VIEILL.) Tree Swallow. White-bellied

Swallow.

Throughout North America ; from Labrador to the Gulf ; breeds nearly
throughout its range ; winters from Middle States to West Indies
and Central America.

GENUS CLIVICOLA. FORSTER.

463 (616) CLIVICOLA RIPARIA. (LINN.) Bank Swallow.

North America in general ; ranges in the eastern portion, from Labra-
dor to the Gulf, and northern South America ; breeds from Middle
States northward.

GENUS STELGIDOPTERYX. BAIRD.

464 (617) STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS. (Auo.) Rough-winged Swallow.

United States ; from British Columbia to Mexico ; breeds in United
States throughout its range.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 377

FAMILY AMPELID^E. Waxwings.

A. o. u. GENUS AMPELIS. LINN.

NO.

465 (618) AMPELIS QARRULUS. LINN. Bohemian Waxwing.

Northern North America ; breeding north of United States ; casual in
winter as far south as Illinois ; recorded from Pennsylvania.

466 (619) AMPELIS CEDRORUM. (VIEILL.) Cedar Waxwing. Cedar Bird.

Cherry Bird.

Throughout North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and West
Indias in winter ; breeds from about latitude of Alleghanies north-
ward ; a familiar New England bird, usually seen in flocks.

FAMILY LANDII/E. Shrikes.

GENUS LANIUS. LINN.

467 (621) LANIUS BOREALIS. VIEILL. Northern Shrike. Butcher Bird.

Northern North America ; ranging in winter south to Virginia, Illinois,
Kansas, etc. ; not uncommon in New England ; breeds north of
United States ; known as Butcher Bird on account of habit of
impaling small birds on thorns.

468 (622) LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS. LINN. Loggerhead Shrike.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from
Canada through the interior, including western New England, to
the Gulf of Mexico ; rare or casual north of Virginia on the coast.

FAMILY VIREONID^E. Vireos.

GENUS VIREO. VIEILL.
SUBGENUS VIREOSYLVIA. BONAP.

469 (623) VIREO CALIDRIS BARBATULUS. (CAB.) Black-whiskered Vireo.

West Indian species ; accidental in southern Florida.

470 (624) VIREO OLIVACEUS. (LiNN.) Red-eyed Vireo.

Eastern North America ; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic ;
north to the Arctic regions, and south to northern South America ;
breeds nearly throughout its North American range ; common in
New England.

SOBGENUS LANIVIREO. BAIRD.

471 (625) VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS. (CASS.) Yellow-green Vireo.

Mexican species ; once recorded from Province of Quebec.

472 (626) VIREO PHILADELPHICUS. (CASS.) Philadelphia Vireo.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf ; breeds from
northern New England northward.

378 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

473 (627) VIREO QILVUS. (VIEILL.) Warbling Vireo.

Throughout North America ; breeding nearly throughout its range.

474 (628) VIREO FLAVIFRONS. VIEILL. Yellow-throated Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from the British Provinces to Florida ; breeds
throughout its range.

475 (629) VIREO SOLITARIUS. (WILS.) Blue-headed Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and Central
America in winter ; breeds from southern New England and
Illinois northward.

476 (6296) Vireo solitarius plumbeus. (COUES.) Plumbeous Vireo.

Western species ; one record in New York State ; its occurrence is
purely accidental east of the Mississippi.

477 (629c) Vireo solitarius allicola. BREWST. Mountain Solitary Vireo.

Differs mainly in having a larger bill and slate-blue back ; ranges
from the Alleghanies in the Carolinas ; south in winter to Florida.

SUBGENUS VIREO. VIEILL.

478 (631) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS. (GMEL.) White-eyed Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the coast, and from
southern New England and Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds
throughout its United States range.

479 (631a ) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MAYNARDI. BREWST. Key West Vireo.

A rather small, pale race, which is resident in southern Florida.

480 (633) VIREO BELLI!. (Auo.) Bell's Vireo.

Western species which occurs in the northern Mississippi Valley, Illinois,
and Indiana, southwest to Mexico.

FAMILY COEREBID^E. Honey Creepers.

GENUS COEREBA. VIEILL.

481 (635) CO3REBA BAHAMENSIS. (REICH.) Bahama Honey Creeper.

Bahaman species ; stragglers have been taken on the Florida Keys.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. Wood Warblers.

GENUS MNIOTILTA. VIEILL.

482 (636) MNIOTILTA VARIA. (LiNX.) Black and White Warbler.

Eastern United States ; south to West Indies and northern South
America ; breeds north of Virginia.

GENUS PROTONOTARIA. BAIRD.

483 (637) PROTONOTARIA CITREA. (Boco.) Prothonotary Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Illinois, Michigan, and New England to
the Gulf, and in winter to South America ; breeds throughout its
range.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 379

A. o. u. GENUS HELINAIA. AUDUBON.

NO.

484 (638) HELINAIA SWAINSONII. AUD. Swainson's Warbler.

Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to Texas ; accidental in
Illinois.

GENUS HELMITHERUS. RAFINESQUE.

485 (039) HELMITHERUS VERMIVORUS. (GMEL.) Worm-eating Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; south
in winter to South America.

GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA. RIDGW.

486 (640) HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI. (Auo.) Bachman's Warbler.

Cuba and Florida, north ; casually as far as Virginia, and west to
Louisiana.

487 (641) HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS. (Lira.) Blue-winged Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; south
in winter to Mexico.

488 (642) HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA. (Lira.) Golden-winged Warbler.

Eastern United States ; Minnesota and southwestern Ontario to South
America ; breeds from New Jersey and Indiana, northward, and in
the Alleghanies to South Carolina.

489 HELMINTHOPHILA LAWRENCEI. (HERRICK.) Lawrence's Warbler.
New Jersey, Connecticut, etc. ; probably a hybrid between H. pinus

and H. chrysoptera.

490 HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS. (BREWST.) Brewster's

Warbler.

Southern New England, Michigan, etc. ; probably a hybrid between H.
pinus and H. chrysoptera.

491 (645) HELMINTHOPHILA RUFICAPILLA. (WiLS.) Nashville Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from
British North America to Mexico ; breeds from northern United
States, northward.

492 (646) HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA. (SAY.) Orange-crowned Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from the sub-arctic regions to the Gulf of
Mexico ; rare east of the Alleghany Mountains north of Virginia ;
breeds north of the United States, except in the Rocky Mountains.

493 (647) HELMINTHOPHILA PEREQRINA. (WILS.) Tennessee Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to Central America ; breeds
from northern New England northward.

494 (648) COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA. (Lira.) Parula Warbler.

" South Atlantic and Gulf States, east of Texas ; northward, near the
Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia, and in the interior to
Mt. Carmel, 111." (BREWSTER.)

380

494a (648a)

A. O. D.

NO.

495

496

(650)
(652)

497 (654)

497a —

498 (655)

499

500

501

502

503

(656)
(657)

(658)
(659)
(660)

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Compsothtypis americana usnece. BREWST- Northern Parula Warbler.

"Averaging slightly larger, but with a shorter bill; adult male, with
less yellow on the underparts and more black or blackish on the
lores and malar region ; the dark collar across the jugulum, black
or blackish, broad and conspicuous ; the chest mottled or spotted
with rich brownish chestnut ; breeding range, New England, New
York, and westward, along the northern tier of States, northward,
into the Maritime Provinces and Canada." (BREWSTER.)

DENDROICA TIQR1NA. (GMEL.) Cape May Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf States and the
West Indies ; breeds from northern New England northward.

DENDROICA /ESTIVA. (GMEL.) Yellow Warbler.

Throughout North America, except southwestern portion, where it is
replaced by an allied form ; south in winter to northern South
America.

DENDROICA C/CRULESCENS. (GMEL.) Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Labrador to the West Indies and Central
America ; breeds from northern New England northward.

Dendroica ccerulescens cairnsi. COUES. Cairn's Warbler.

A local race, resident in the Alleghany Mountains, but occurring in
southeastern Atlantic States ; differs in having the back darker,
sometimes almost wholly black, and more white on the outer tail
feathers.

DENDROICA CORONATA. (LiNN.) Yellow-rumped Warbler. Myrtle
Warbler.

Eastern North America, and casual to the Pacific ; winters from south-
ern New England to Central Amei-ica ; breeds from northern United
States northward.

DENDROICA AUDUBONI. (TOWNS.) Audufcon's Warbler.

A western species ; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania.

DENDROICA MACULOSA. (GMEL.) Magnolia Warbler. Black and
Yellow Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from British Columbia to the West Indies ;
breeds from northern New England northward.

DENDROICA RARA. (Was.) Cerulean Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Ontario to the Gulf ; rare east of the
Alleghanies ; breeds from Virginia and Tennessee to Minnesota.

DENDROICA PENNSYLVANICA. (Lnm.) Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from southern Ontario to Central America and
Bahamas; breeds from Illinois and New York northward.

DENDROICA CASTANEA. (WiLS.) Bay-breasted Warbler.

Eastern Noilh America ; breeding from Hudson Bay to New England ;
south in winter to Central America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 381

A. O. U.
NO.

504 (661) DENDROICA STRIATA. (FoRST.) Black-poll Warbler.

Eastern North America ; breeding from Labrador and Greenland to
northern New England ; south in winter to northern South America.

505 (662) DENDROICA BLACKBURN /E. (GMEL.) Blackburnian Warbler.

Eastern North America ; breeding from Massachusetts to Labrador ;
south in winter to South America.

506 (663) DENDROICA DOMINICA. (LiNN.) Yellow-throated Warbler.

Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to West Indies.

507 (663a) Dendroica dominica albilora. BAIRD. Sycamore Warbler.

A western form which occurs in Mississippi Valley westward; acci-
dental or casual to North Carolina ; differs in having the stripe in
front of the eye white instead of yellow.

508 (667) DENDROICA VIRENS. (GMEL.) Black-throated Green Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to the West Indies ; breeds
southern New England and Illinois northward.

509 (668) DENDROICA TOWNSENDI. (NuxT.) Townsend's Warbler.

A western species ; one record from Pennsylvania.

510 (670) DENDROICA KIRTLANDI. BAIRD. Kirtland's Warbler.

Eastern United Slates and Bahamas ; little known as to its range ; speci-
mens have been taken in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Illinois,
Minnesota, etc. ; not uncommon in the Bahama Islands in winter.

511 (671) DENDROICA VIGORSII. (Auu.) Pine Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Manitoba and Ontario to the Gulf and
West Indies ; breeds locally throughout its range.

512 (672) DENDROICA PALMARUM. (GMEL.) Palm Warbler. Redpoll Warbler.

British America to the Gulf States and West Indies ; mostly in the
interior, but casual in New England and Atlantic coast States.

513 (672a) Dendroica palmarum hypoclirysea. RIDGW. Yellow Palm Warbler.

Atlantic States ; from Hudson Bay to Gulf ; common in Florida ; in
winter differs from palmarum, in having the underparts yellow, not
white, or yellowish white.

514 (673) DENDROICA DISCOLOR. (VIEILL.) Prairie Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Michigan and New England to Florida
and West Indies ; breeds throughout its eastern United States range.

GENUS SEIURUS. SWAINS.

515 (674) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS. (LiNN.) Oven-bird.

Eastern North America ; breeding from Virginia to Labrador ; winters
in Florida, West Indies, and Central America.

516 (675) SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS. (GMEL.) Water-thrush.

Great part of eastern North America ; breeds from northern New
England northward ; winters south to South America.

382 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u.

NO.

517 (675a) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. (GRINN.) Grinnell's Water- thrush.

Illinois, westward ; occasionally east to Virginia and New Jersey ;
differs in being larger and the superciliary stripe whiter.

518 (676) SEIURUS MOTACILLA. (ViEiLL.) Louisiana Water-thrush.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to West Indies
and Central America.

GENUS QEOTHLYPIS. CABAN.

519 (677) QEOTHLYPIS FORMOSA. (WiLS.) Kentucky Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf States
and West Indies, and Central America in winter ; breeds nearly
throughout its United States range.

520 (678) QEOTHLYPIS AQILIS. (WiLS.) Connecticut Warbler.

Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds
north of United States.

521 (679) QEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA. (WILS.) Mourning Warbler.

Eastern North America ; breeding from New England and Michigan,
northward ; South and Central America in winter.

522 (681) QEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. (LmN.) Maryland Yellow-throat.

Eastern United States ; from Labrador to the Gulf States, West Indies,
and Central America in winter ; breeds from Georgia to Massa-
chusetts.

523 ( — ) Geothlypis trichas ignota. CHAPMAN. Florida Yellow-throat.

Southern race, which is resident in southern Georgia and Florida; it
differs in being deeper yellow below, the black mask of the male
wider, and the upper parts browner.

GENUS ICTERIA. VIEILL.

524 (683) ICTERIA VIRENS. (LINN.) Yellow-breasted Chat.

Eastern United States ; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, in winter ;
breeds from southern New England northward.

GENUS WILSONIA. BONAP.

525 (684) SYLVANIA MITRATA. (GMEL.) Hooded Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern Ontario to the Gulf States, and
west to plains ; breeds nearly throughout its range ; West Indies
and Central America in winter.

526 (685) WILSONIA PUSILLA. (WILS.) Wilson's Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean and
Labrador, and Hudson Bay to Mexico; breeds from border of
United States northward.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 383

A. O. U.
NO.

527 (686) WILSONIA CANADENSIS. (LmN.) Canadian Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from the great plains to the Atlantic Ocean,
and Labrador to Central America ; breeds from the mountains of
southern New England and the Alleghanies northward.

GENUS SETOPHAGA. SWAINS.

528 (687) SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA. (LiNN.) American Redstart.

North America ; breeds from about latitude of North Carolina north-
ward ; south in winter to southern South America.

FAMILY MOTACILLID/E. Wagtails.

GENUS MOTACILLA. LINN.

529 (694) MOTACILLA ALBA. (LiNN.) White Wagtail.

Old world species ; accidental in Greenland.

GENUS ANTHUS. BECHS.

530 (697) ANTHUS PENNSYLVANICUS. (LATH.) Titlark. American Pipit.

Whole of North America ; breeds from Labrador northward ; south in
winter to Gulf States and Central America.

531 (698) ANTHUS PRATENSIS. (LiNN.) Meadow Pipit.

European species ; accidental in Greenland.

532 (700) ANTHUS SPRAGUEII. (Auo.) Sprague's Pipit.

Western species; Charleston, S. C., one record.

FAMILY TROQLODYTID/E. Wrens, Thrashers, etc.

Subfamily MIMIN^E. Thrashers

GENUS MIMUS. BOIE.

533 (703) MIMUS POLYQLOTTOS. (LiNN.) Mockingbird.

" United States ; south into Mexico ; rare and of irregular distribution ;
from Maryland northward to Massachusetts." (A. O. U.)

GENUS QALEOSCOPTES. CABAN.

534 (704) QALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. (LiNN.) Catbird.

Eastern United States and British Provinces ; breeds nearly throughout
its North American range ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and
Central America.

GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS. CABAN.

535 (705) HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. (LINN.) Brown Thrasher. Brown Thrush.

Eastern United States and Ontario to the Gulf States ; breeds nearly
throughout its range

384 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Subfamily TROGLODYTIN^E. Wrens.

A. o. u. GENUS THRYOTHORUS. VIEILL.

NO.

536 (718) THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. (LATH.) Carolina Wren.

Eastern United States ; from Illinois and Connecticut to the Gulf of
Mexico ; breeds nearly throughout its range.

537 (718a) Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis. (RIDGW.) Florida Wren.

A Florida race, differing in being lai'ger and darker.

GENUS THRYOMANES. SCLATER.

538 (719) THRYOMANES BEWICKII. fAui>.) Bewick's Wren.

" Eastern United States; rare and local east of the Alleghanies, and
north of 40° ; west to the edge of great plains ; winters in more
southern districts." (RIDGWAY. )

GENUS TROGLODYTES. VIEILL.

539 (721) TROGLODYTES AEDON. VIEILL. House Wren.

"Eastern United States and southern Ontario, west to Indiana and
Louisiana ; resident from middle districts, southward." (A. O. U.)

540 (7216) Troglodytes aedon aztecus. (BAIRD.) Western House Wren.

Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois and Minnesota ; it
is higher colored and the back shows more or less bars.

GENUS ANORTHURA. RENNIE.

541 (722) ANORTHURA HIEMAL1S. VIEILL. Winter Wren.

Eastern North America ; breeding in the Alleghany Mountains and from
the northern border of the United States, northward ; south in
winter to Florida and the Gulf States.

GENUS CISTOTHORUS. CABAN.

542 (724) CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS. (Licux.) Short-billed Marsh Wren.

Eastern North America ; from Ontario to the Gulf States.

543 (725) CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS. (WiLS.) Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Eastern North America ; south from Ontario and Massachusetts to the
Gulf ; breeds throughout its range.

544 (72f>&) Cistothorus palustris griseus. BREWST. Worthington's Marsh Wren.

Local race which occurs on coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; it
differs in having the sides grayish, not a decided brown, and the
black of the upper parts duller.

545 (7251) Cistothorus palustris mariance. (Scoxx.) Marian's Marsh Wren.

Gulf coast of Florida; decidedly darker and having the under tail
coverts spotted or barred.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 385

FAMILY CERTHIID/E. Creepers.

A. o. u. GENUS CERTHIA. LINN.

NO.

546 (726) CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA. (BONAP.) Brown Creeper.

Whole of North America to the limit of large timber ; breeds from
northern border of United States, northward.

FAMILY PARID/E. Nuthatches and Tits.

Subfamily SITTING. Nuthatches.

GENUS SITTA. LINN.

547 (727) SITTA CAROLINENSIS. LATH. White-breasted Nuthatch.

Eastern United States ; from Georgia north to the southern British
Provinces, and west to the Rocky Mountains.

548 (727a) Sitta carolinensis aihinsi. (Scorr.) Florida White-breasted Nuthatch.

South Carolina to Florida ; differs in being somewhat smaller ; the wing
coverts usually not tipped with white.

549 (728) SITTA CANADENSIS. LINN. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

" Whole of North America ; breeding chiefly north of the United States,
except in western mountainous districts ; eastern United States
chiefly in winter." RIDGWAY.

550 (729) SITTA PUSILLA. LATH. Brown-headed Nuthatch.

' ' South Atlantic and Gulf States ; north to southern Maryland and
(casually) Ohio, Missouri, etc." (A. O. U.)

Subfamily PARING. Titmice.
GENUS PARUS. LINN.

SDBGENUS LOPHOPHANES. KAUP.

551 (731) PASUS BICOLOR. (LINN.) Tufted Titmouse.

Eastern United States ; from New -Jersey and southern New England to
the Gulf.

SUBGENUS PARUS. LINN.

552 (735) PARUS ATRICAPILLUS. (LiNN.) Chickadee.

" Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio Valley."
(A. O. U.)

553 (736) PARUS CAROLINENSIS. ORD. Carolina Chickadee.

"Southeastern States; north to New Jersey and Illinois, west to
Missouri." (A. O. U.)

554 (740) PARUS HUDSONICUS. FORST. Hudsonian Chickadee.

Northern North America ; from Northern New England and Michigan,
northward.

386

LIST OF THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u.

NO.

555 (748)

FAMILY SYLVIID/E. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers.

Subfamily REQULIN/E. Kinglets.

GENUS REGULUS. CUVIER.
REGULUS SATRAPA. LIGHT. Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Eastern North America ; breeding from higher northern boundary of
the United States northward ; winters as far south as Guatemala.

556 (749) REGULUS CALENDULA. (LiNN.) Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

North America ; from the fur countries to Central America ; breeds
north of the United States, except on high mountain ranges.

Subfamily POLIOPTILINyC. Gnatcatchers.
GENUS POLIOPTILA. SCLATER.

557 (751) POLIOPTILA C/CRULEA. (LINN.) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Southern portion of the United States ; casual as far north as Massa-
chusetts ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America.

FAMILY TURDID>E. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats,

Bluebirds, etc.

Subfamily MYADESTIN^E. Solitaires.

GENUS MYADESTES. SWAINS.

558 (754) MYADESTES TOWNSENDII. (AuD.) Townsend's Solitaire.

Western species ; accidental in Illinois ; one record.

Subfamily TURDIN^B. Thrushes.
GENUS TURDUS. LINN.

SDBGENUS HYLOCICHLA. BAIRD.

559 (755) TURDUS MUSTELINUS. GMEL. Wood Thrush.

Eastern United States ; from Massachusetts south to the Gulf States
and Central America ; breeds from Virginia northward.

560 (756) TURDUS FUSCESCENS. STEPH. Wilson's Thrush.

Eastern North America ; from Anticosti to the Gulf of Mexico ; the
greater portion winters south of the United States.

561 (756a) Turdus fuscescens salidcola. (Rmow.) Willow Thrush.

Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois ; it differs but little
from fuscescens, the breast spots are slightly wider and the back
somewhat darker.

562 (757) TURDUS ALICLC. BAIRD. Gray-cheeked Thrush.

North America ; from Labrador and Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and
Central America ; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north-
ward.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 387

A. O U.

NO.

563 (757a) Turdus altcice bicknelli. (KiDGw.) Bickaell's Thrush.

"• Mountainous part of the northeastern States (Catskills, White Moun-
tains, etc.) and Nova Scotia ; migrating south in winter." (A. O. U.)

564 (758a) TURDUS USTULATUS SWAINSONII. (CAB.) Olive-backed Thrush.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic; win-
ters m Central and South America and the West Indies , breeds in
the Alleghanies and mountains of southern New England, and
farther north in western United States.

565 (7596) TURDUS AONALASCHK/E PALLASII. (CAB.) Hermit Thrush.

Eastern North America ; breeds from Massachusetts northward ; winters
from Illinois and southern New York to the Gulf.

SUBGENUS TURDUS. LINN.

566 (760) TURDUS ILIACUS. LINN. Red- winged Thrush.

European species ; accidental in Greenland.

GENUS MERULA. LEACH.

567 (761) MERULA M1QRATORIA. (Low.) American Robin.

"Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including eastern
Mexico and Alaska ; breeds from Virginia and Kansas northward
to the Arctic coast ; winters from southern Canada and northern
United States southward " (A. O. U ) ; occurs in great flocks at
times in southern States during migrations.

GENUS HESPEROCICHLA. BAIRD.

568 (763) HESPEROCICHLA N/EVIA. (GMEL.) Varied Thrush.

Pacific coast species ; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts,
Long Island, and New Jersey.

GENUS SAXICOLA. BECHS.

569 (765) SAXICOLA O3NANTHE. (LiNN.) Wheatear.

Old-world species, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador ; stragglers
have been taken in Nova Scotia, Maine, and Long Island.

GENUS SIALIA. SWAINSON.

570 (766) SIALIA SIALIS. (LiNN.) Bluebird

Eastern United States ; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic,
north to the British Provinces, and south to Gulf of Mexico and
Cuba; breeds from the Gulf States, northward; winters from
southern Illinois and New Jersey, southward.

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