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A

ALEXANDER WILSON
THE FATHER OF AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY.

From a drawing in the possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
formerly the property of George Ord.

L
Su

PYSIZ
BIRDS

THE

BIRDS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA

AND

NEW JERSEY.

WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

DELAWARE VALLEY ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

BY

WITMER STONE

Conservator Ornithological Section Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

PHILADELPHIA
DELAWARE VALLEY ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB
1894

Agqgonlan Institge> |

és - %
e@ JUL 29 1913

CHEAT 4B |
ational ise So

Soon after the organization of the Delaware Valley Ornithological
Club in 1890, steps were taken to compile from the field notes of the
members a list of the birds known by them to occur in the vicinity
of Philadelphia, to serve as a nucleus for a future publication.

At a meeting of the Club held on February 2, 1892, a committee
of three was appointed to take the matter in hand and to prepare a
work, which should embody in a compact form, all the important
results of the Club’s ornithological investigations, in connection with
a correct list of the birds to be found in the Delaware Valley and
along the New Jersey seacoast.

The Committee entered immediately upon its duties, and it was
agreed that the preparation and editing of the work should be en-
trusted to Mr. Stone, he having already collected a large amount of
data, while the other members should confer with him and examine
and revise the manuscript as the work progressed.

The Committee issued two circulars to ornithologists and sports-
men, calling for information, and received a large number of replies.
From time to time it reported progress to the Club, delaying a final
report, with the object of obtaining as much information as possible
upon the work in hand.

At a meeting of the Club held May 17, 1894, the final report was
submitted, and the committee was continued with full authority to
proceed with the publication of the work, which is herewith pre-
sented.

GEORGE SPENCER ee
SamMuEL N. Ruwoaps, Committee.
WITMER STONE. j

PHILADELPHIA, November 1, 1894.

(iii)

PREFACE.

THE object of the present publication is to provide the members
of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, as well as other orni-
tholigists of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with a summary
of our present knowledge of the birds of this district with regard to
their abundance, distribution and time of occurrence; as well as to
furnish a work of reference for ornithologists in general on the birds
of these States.

No attempt is made to describe birds nor to treat of their habits,
these matters being fully considered in the more general works on
North American Ornithology to which the present volume should be
considered supplementary—treating only of the status of the various
species of birds as members of the Fauna of Eastern Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.

We have endeavored to make the work as complete as possible, and
besides presenting a large amount of hitherto unpublished matter,
have brought together in one volume ail the more important infor-
mation contained in the various published lists and scattered notes
on the birds of this district.

Recognizing the importance of a knowledge of the subjects of geo-
graphical distribution and migration of birds to the ornithologist of
to-day and the increased value which attaches to his observations
from the possession of such a knowledge, we have prepared a brief
general outline of these subjects and a more detailed treatment of
them with reference to the region under consideration. These chap-
ters will, we hope, prove of value in turning the attention of begin-
ners in the study of our birds, to these important lines of investiga-
tion.

In compiling the main portion of the work, the author has to
express his thanks to the members of the Delaware Valley Ornitho-
logical Club for their valuable assistance in placing their notes and
collections at his disposal; and especially is he indebted to Messrs.
George S. Morris and Samuel N. Rhoads, his fellow-members of the

(v)

vi PREFACE.

Committee on Publication, who have continually aided him with
their assistance and advice.

To Dr. C. Hart Merriam his thanks are also due for the permission
to examine the lists of birds, known to breed at various points in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey, which have been compiled by correspond-
ents of the U. S. Department of Agriculture: to Dr. Edward J.
Nolan, Librarian of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, for permission to publish the portrait of Alexander Wilson,
which appears as a frontispiece; also to Dr. J. A. Allen and Mr.
Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History,
Mr. Robert Ridgway of the U. S. National Museum, and to the
many correspondents in various parts of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey—especially Messrs. August Koch, Josiah Hoopes, Philip
Laurent, Prof. H. J. Roddy and Dr. J. W. Detwiler, who have so
courteously rendered their assistance in the preparation of the pres-
ent volume.

WITMER STONE.

AcADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
Philadelphia, November 6, 1894.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
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EARN GH Few eieiho tie ok iuibc entre: cons Rune Neel reve rarck vo soain ch cniret urstege: had v
Part I. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BrRDS........ 3

FAUNAL AREAS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW

SRR SHV Aotees = rh Poy tal ce eA ede Pants, (tt ediel velo oie sible tf
WETNESS pyr temic ah ceiier tren tay Nap vei eilcelate. vs tae Mastononnera teil

BTM) MTGRAMTON hace sist Shao eee eve el eects i LO
MIGRATION IN THE VICINITY OF PHILADELPHIA .... 19

Birps FOUND WITHIN TEN MILES OF PHILADELPHIA... 28

PARTE INTRODUCTORY, LH XPLANATIONS. 4 6 6 a) sue «061 eos 3) CO

ANNOTATED List OF BrrDs OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA

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TENCTD HuKetirste il Senha) Piet lew be, Pras k'sd) Suns Slo coNGrene po watt bees Ml bears

PART I.

ee

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

OE api LS

BIRD MIGRATION.

CONSIDERED IN GENERAL AND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

ui

aA

‘2
“h

I. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS.

GENERAL LAWS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.*

Tue true home of a bird is the locality where it breeds; where the
food and surroundings are best suited for its existence, and where it
would probably remain permanently were it not for the changes due
to the approach of winter, which drive it southward to a more con-
genial clime until the return of spring makes its home once more
habitable.

In the wide extent of country through which a bird passes during
its migrations, it is but a transient visitor, and is obviously not to be
considered as one of the species native to that section.

It is evident then that all study of the distribution of bird life, and
the laws which govern it, must be made during the breeding season,
when all birds may be considered at home.

The distribution of birds, it should be remembered, is subject to
the same general laws that govern the distribution of other animals,
as well as plants. That is to say, where the conditions of climate
and environment are suitable to the existence of certain species of
birds, there we shall find certain species of mammals and plants ;
and where the character of bird life is decidedly different, there we
may confidently expect a different flora. It can thus be easily seen
how intimately related are the studies of the distribution of animals
and plants, and how much aid they are likely to prove to one another.
The distribution of life is dependent either directly or indirectly upon
climate, the differences in the tropical, temperate and polar faunas

* The following papers should be consulted for a full discussion of this ques-
tion :

J. A. Allen, ‘On the Mammals and Water Birds of East Florida * * *
And a Sketch of the Bird-Faunze of Eastern North America.’—Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., II., p. 161.

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, ‘“ Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco
Mountain Region and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona” (Part I.).—North
Amer. Fauna, No. 3.

J. A. Allen, “Origin and Distribution of North American Birds.”—The
Auk, 1893, p. 97.

(3)

a

being well known instances. In different continents or countries far
separated, the faunas and floras are usually radically different, being
derived from different stocks ; but in them all successive climatic
zones of life will be experienced in passing in a general north or
south direction.

A careful study of the breeding ranges of the birds of Eastern
North America has clearly demonstrated this as regards our con-
tinent. The northern and southern limits of the breeding ranges of
the various species fall along certain more or less distinct lines,
where there are likewise decided changes in the flora as well as in
the climate and general character of the country. In this manner
the continent may be separated into several parallel zones, each of
which marks the northern and southern limit of the breeding range
of certain species.

Besides the Tropical Realm which reaches the coast of southern
Florida, and the circumpolar Arctic Realm, five life zones are clearly
marked in eastern North America. These are known as the (1)
Louisianian, (2) Carolinian, (3) Alleghanian, (4) Canadian, (5) Hud-
sonian. Now it must not be supposed that the boundaries of these
zones compare in any way with the regularity of the parallels of
latitude, for they are, on the contrary, exceedingly broken and ir-
regular. This is of course due to the topography of the country, as
the elevated mountain ranges and plateaus, having of necessity a
cooler climate than the surrounding lowlands, carry a more northern
fauna and flora far southward, while on the other hand low open river
valleys are always milder in climate, and thus furnish avenues by
whick the southern animals and plants extend their distribution
northward. We therefore find the boundaries of these “ life zones ”
extending up and down in a zig-zag manner as they follow the vary-
ing irregularities of the land. These irregularities of surface fre-
quently make the lines of separation between one zone and another
all the more strongly marked, since on the precipitous side of a
mountain the change of climate as one ascends is much more rapid
than is experienced in traveling northward on the level. The
change in the vegetation is similarly sudden, the line between the
coniferous and deciduous forests being usually quite apparent, and
with the change in vegetation comes a corresponding change in the
birds and other animals.

Of the four life zones already mentioned, three pass through
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Carolinian Zone occupies the

5

whole of southern New Jersey and extends northward in a contin-
ually narrowing strip along the whole coast, terminating in narrow
offshoots into the valley of the Hudson and Connecticut Rivers.
In Pennsylvania it occupies the whole south-eastern corner of the
state and pushes up the valley of the Susquehanna, following its
tributaries into the low ground between the first ridges of the
Alleghanies.

To the southward the Carolinian Zone sweeps along parallel to
the mountains, and, rounding their southern extremity, bends north
again, spreading over the upper Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, and
again enters Pennsylvania in the south-western counties.

The same species of birds are found breeding throughout this area,
though the presence, or, at least, abundance of certain species at par-
ticular localities is often dependent on the local environment. Gen-
erally speaking, however, a list of the breeding birds of any locality
within the zone will correspond very closely with a similar list from
any other station within its boundaries.

Certain birds do not range north of the Carolinian Zone, and are,
therefore, useful in determining more exactly its northern boundary.
Such are the Acadian Flycatcher, Cardinal, Worm-eating Warbler,
Blue-winged Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Yellow breasted Chat,
Carolina Wren, Tufted Titmouse, and others. The presence of any
of these during the breeding season indicates a Carolinian element in
the fauna of the locality.

The Alleghanian Zone, lying immediately north of the Carolinian,
embraces all of the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey not in-
cluded in the latter, except the tops of the higher mountain ranges
and portions of the elevated table land in the north central part of
Pennsylvania. Generally speaking, this includes the entire breadth
of the Appalachian mountain system in these two states, except the
highest ridges already alluded to. The Alleghany Mountains (ex-
cept the high ridges) to their southern extremity belong to this zone,
and to the north it includes most of New York and New England
and the valley of the St. Lawrence, as well as southern Michigan,
Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The Alleghanian Zone forms the northern limit to the range of
the following species, which occur regularly within its boundaries,
though they are much more abundant in the Carolinian Zone, @. e.,
the Wood Thrush, Brown Thrasher, House Wren, Field Sparrow,
Chewink and Dove.

6

The Chestnut-sided Warbler, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Least Fly-
catcher, Wilson’s Thrush and Savanna Sparrow are also found
breeding in the Alleghanian Zone, none of which occur, except as
migrants, in the Carolinian Belt. The Scarlet Tanager, Black and
White Warbler and Redstart are also characteristic species of the
Alleghanian Zone, and, though they breed also in the Carolinian, are
less abundant there.

The Canadian Zone occupies in Pennsylvania only the tops of the
highest mountains and the elevated plateau region, where the deep
hemlock forests, with their cold brooks and dense shade, still remain
undisturbed. The passage from the Alleghanian to the Canadian
Zone is here, as arule, remarkably distinct, as the more northern
birds keep strictly to the virgin forest, the cool shade of which affords
them a congenial summer home. Where the forest has been re-
moved the Canadian species for the most part disappear, and, judg-
ing from present indications, it would seem that this element in our
fauna, which once undoubtedly extended over a much greater area
than at present, may soon almost entirely disappear, as the lumber-
men year by year encroach upon the forest tracts.

The Canadian Zone, as exhibited in the Alleghanies, consists of a
series of isolated patches or “islands,” which are quite separated
from the main portion of the zone in the north, the elevation above
the sea level in the isolated portions producing climatic conditions
similar to those experienced in the lowlands at more northern lati-
tudes. In addition to the mountain tops of Pennsylvania, Virginia
and North Carolina, the Canadian Zone includes the Catskills and
Adirondacks, while the main portion of the zone stretches from the
White Mountains and Maine north to southern Labrador and New-
foundland, and northwest to southern Alaska. Between the Cana-
dian and the Arctic lies the Hudsonian Zone.

Birds which characterize the Canadian Zone in the breeding season
are the Canadian, Black-throated Blue, Blackburnian and Magnolia
Warblers, the Winter Wren, Brown Creeper, Hermit and Olive-
backed Thrushes. Many other species breed regularly in the more
northern portion of the zone, such as the White-throated Sparrow,
Three-toed Woodpecker, Tree Sparrow, Fox Sparrow, etc., but none
of these have yet been found breeding either in the Pennsylvania
mountains or farther south.

FAUNAL AREAS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY—
THEIR PHYSICAL FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTIC BIRDS.

The three great faunal zones which pass through Pennsylvania
and New Jersey may be divided into several well-defined regions,
which differ more or less in their physical features and consequently
in the character of their bird life.

In southern New Jersey two principal regions may be recognized,
the Maritime Marshes and the Pine Barrens, with their Cedar
Swamps, while as we pass westward through Pennsylvania there are
the valleys of the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna—all of
these are included in the Carolinian Zone. Farther north and
northwest, between the large river valleys, are the Interior Uplands,
where the Carolinian birds begin to disappear. Then follow the
Blue Mountain range and the various detached ridges and foot hills
of the Appalachian system, where the Alleghanian element is first
met with, and finally the Alleghany mountain proper, capped with the
deep Canadian hemlock forests.

The Maritime Marshes——The great salt marshes of New Jersey
stretch along the coast for one hundred miles, from Cape May to the
head of Barnegat Bay, averaging about two miles in width in the
lower portion and gradually narrowing northward. On the ocean
side they are bordered by a narrow line of sand-hills which separates
them from the low, shelving beach. Several large bays and sounds
intervene between the marshes and the sand-hills, communicating
with the ocean by narrow inlets. At several points the bays stretch
back and carry the marshes several miles inland, as along the Great
Egg Harbor and Mullica Rivers. The coast sand-hills sometimes
become wide enough to support a scanty growth of Pines ( Pinus
rigida), and Scrub Oaks (Quercus ilicifolia and Q. nigra), in which
the Fish Crows and Fish Hawks nest, while everywhere they are
covered with a thick growth of Bay-berry (Myrica cerifera), and in
this shelter a few Song Sparrows and Maryland Yellow-throats spend
the summer,

The marshes themselves present throughout an even expanse of
green sedges and marsh grasses, with a thick carpet of Salicornia.
Everywhere thoroughfares and creeks of varying width wind their
way in and out in an endless tangle, and at low tide their muddy
banks and exposed flats form favorite feeding grounds for the migrat-
ing ‘* shore birds ” and the Clapper Rails which nest on the marshes.

8

‘In addition to the Rails, the most characteristic summer birds of the
marshes are the Sharp-tailed and Seaside Sparrows, which breed
everywhere in abundance. These three birds constitute the entire
bird life of the salt marshes in summer, with the exception of a few
Herons which resort there to feed. Nearer the mainland, however,
where the water is not so salt and patches of cat-tails occur, Marsh
Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds and other species may be found
breeding.

The Common Tern and Laughing Gull used to share the marshes
with the Rails and Sparrows during the breeding season, but along
with the Piping Plovers, Least Terns and Skimmers which used to
breed regularly along the New Jersey coast, they have almost en-
tirely disappeared, and only a few pairs are now to be seen during
the summer.

The Pine Barrens.—Behind the marshes and occupying all of
southern New Jersey, south of a line from Long Branch to Salem,
lies the characteristic Pine Barren Region—the northern extremity
of the great Atlantic Plain. This is a low, flat, sandy district, varied
here and there with outcrops of yellow gravel and with numerous
swamps scattered about throughout its extent. Some portions are
mere dry wastes of loose sand supporting a scant growth of low Pines
and Scrub Oaks, while in other sections are vast forests of tall Pitch
Pines (Pinus rigida). Were and there are open cranberry bogs and
small tracts of cultivated land.

In the forests the Pine Warbler is the most characteristic species
of bird, while several species of Woodpeckers and the Great Horned
Owls here find a congenial home. In the lower scrub growth, es-
pecially on the borders of the swamps, Chewinks and Prairie Warblers
abound, together with Wood Pewees and Kingbirds.

The Cedar Swamps.—The swamps, however, harbor the great-
est variety of birds, and furnish a most interesting field for the
ornithologist.

These swamps are generally covered with a dense growth of White
Cedar (Chamecyparis thyoides), mingled here and there with
patches of Red Maple, Pepper Bush (Clethra alnifolia), Magnolia
(M. glauca) and Holly, making an almost impenetrable jungle.
Here and there occur shallow ponds or lakes, which seem to have
overflowed considerable areas of older thickets. The dead and
rotten branches of the submerged trees and bushes everywhere raise
their gaunt shapes from the dark water stained with the accumu-

9

lated vegetable matter, and upon them hang dense festoons of the
gray beard-moss (Usnea barbata). Here the Parula Warblers
abound, darting about among the tufts of moss in which their dainty
nests are so securely hidden. MHere, too, the clear note of the
Hooded Warbler is heard throughout the nesting season, though this
species is perhaps more plentiful in the holly thickets on the edge of
the swamps. Cardinals and Catbirds are also at home in these
thickets, and the anxious cries of the Carolina Chickadee frequently
greet the ear. Probably the most characteristic bird of the swamps,
however, is the White-eyed Vireo, whose clear and somewhat
monotonus song is heard continually.

It is in the Pine Barren Region of New Jersey that an occasional
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher or Mockingbird is most likely to be found,
though both these birds are very scarce in this state, as well as in
Pennsylvania.

The Lowlands of Pennsylvania.—South-eastern Pennsylvania is
cut off sharply from the mountainous parts of the state by the
Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, which extends in a nearly straight line
from the Delaware Water Gap to the middle of Cumberland county,
where it bends to the southward and crosses the Maryland boundary.
The country to the south of this ridge is an undulating slope, com-
prising the valleys of the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna, and
the slightly more elevated ground between them. North of these
valleys, and immediately below the Blue Mountain, there is also a
long valley extending diagonally across the state from north-east to

south-west. The lower end of this valley
bounded on the south by another ridge, known as the South Moun-
tain, and the same ridge reappears between Reading and Easton.

Cumberland Valley—is

In the intervening part, however, the more northern valley passes
imperceptibly into the lowlands to the south.

Besides the South Mountain and its eastern extension the prin-
cipal elevations in south-eastern Pennsylvania are the Welsh Moun-
tain, Copper Mine Ridge and North Valley Hills, in Lancaster and
Chester counties.

The greater part of New Jersey, north of the Pine Barrens, is
identical with this portion of Pennsylvania in its fauna.

The characteristics of the several divisions of this region are as
follows:

The Delaware Valley.—The country lying on each side of the
Delaware River, including in New Jersey a narrow strip bounded on

10 :

the east by the Pine Barrens and stretching from Bucks to Chester
county in Pennsylvania, and drained by the Delaware, Schuylkill
and Brandywine, has quite a uniform bird fauna. It consists mainly
of an open farming district, with interspersed patches of oak and
chestnut woodland and occasional clumps of Red Cedar (Juniperus
virginiana), while on some of ‘the steeper banks of the rivers and
creeks, on the Pennsylvania side, are scanty growths of Hemlock.
The flat meadows below Philadelphia contain numerous open swamps
and patches of woodland composed of Oak, together with Sweet
Gum, Magnolia and Pepperbush, which recall the New Jersey
swamps.

Asa complete list of the birds which breed in the Delaware Valley
will be found elsewhere, it is only necessary in this connection to
mention the regular occurrence in suitable localities throughout this
district of such distinctively Carolinian species as the Turkey Vul-
ture, Barn Owl, Acadian Flycatcher, Cardinal, Rough-winged
Swallow, Blue-winged Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Worm-eating
Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Carolina Wren and Tufted Tit-
mouse.

An occasional pair of Redstarts and Least Flycatchers remain
here to breed, though the majority of them do not summer south of
the Alleghanian zone.

The Susquehanna Valley.—The valley of the Susquehanna, stretch-
ing back from Chesapeake Bay, enters Pennsylvania in York and
Lancaster counties and carries many southern plants and birds north-
ward in abundance which are rare or unknown in the higher ground
on either side. The deep hemlock woods which cover the steep and
rocky banks of the river remind one strongly of the mountain forests
of the Alleghanies, but we find no trace of mountain birds to com-
plete the resemblance, although a few northern species of plants do
occur.* The character of the bird fauna, though practically identi-
cal with that of the country to the east, is probably rather more
Carolinian. No species occur, so far as is known, which are not also
found in other portions of southeastern Pennsylvania, but the dis-
tinctively Carolinian species are much more abundant than else-
where. Carolina Wrens seem to almost entirely replace the House
Wrens, and their loud whistle is continually to be heard. Cardinals,
Kentucky Warblers, Blue-winged Warblers and Worm-eating Warb-
lers abound, and Louisiana Water-Thrushes occupy the shaded rocky

* Sambucus pubens, etc.

Tt

ravines of the rapid tributary streams, while Turkey Vultures breed
among the rocks and congregate in numbers on the low sandy islands.

The Interior Uplands.—The bird fauna just described as charac-
terizing the lowlands of south-eastern Pennsylvania extends also
along the valleys between the Blue Mountain and South Mountain,
and some of the species penetrate even farther, following the course
of the larger rivers, and lend a Carolinian tinge to the fauna of the
valleys lying to the north of the Blue Mountain. Generally speak-
ing, however, the Carolinian element is not nearly so strongly
marked in the valleys north of South Mountain and its eastern
spurs, nor in the higher ground forming the water-sheds between
the drainage of the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna.

The first appearance of Alleghanian species, such as the Chestnut-
sided Warbler, and the increase in the numbers of species which are
more characteristic of the Alleghanian than of the Carolinian zone,
as, for instance, the Scarlet Tanager, Black and White Warbler, etc.,
is noticeable on the Welsh Mountain and Copper Mine Ridge in Lan-
caster county, and also in the eastern continuation of South Moun-
tain between Reading and Easton.

The Appalachian District.—Between the Blue Mountain and the
main crest of the Alleghanies is a series of sharp mountain ridges,
cut and broken by river valleys, mainly those of the Susquehanna
and its tributaries.

This region is Alleghanian in its fauna, and with it is to be con-
sidered the northwestern mountainous part of New Jersey. As has
already been said, a few Carolinian birds are to be found in some of
the valleys, especially the broad valley of the Susquehanna, but
generally speaking the region is truly Alleghanian and is character-
ized by the occurrence in summer of such species as the Chestnut-
sided Warbler, Purple Finch, Savanna Sparrow, Black-capped
Chickadee, ete., which are not known as breeders in the Carolinian
Belt.

The Alleghany and Pocono Mountains.—On the main Alleghany
mountain, extending from Susquehanna to Lycoming county, Pa.,
and thence southwards to Somerset county, on the plateau region
of north-central Pennsylvania and on the Pocono Mountain plateau,
which occupies the north-eastern corner of the State, there probably
existed a bird fauna almost the same as that of the Catskills in New
York, and decidedly Canadian in its affinities.

Now, however, the rapid destruction of the primeval hemlock

12

forest, which formerly covered these mountains, has in most places
driven away the more characteristic Canadian birds which were wont
to breed in the cool dark woods and deep rhododendron swamps.

Regarding the disappearance and present extent of the hemlock
forest, Mr. Dwight says:* ‘* There was a time when the mountains
of Pennsylvania .were clothed with unbroken forest, the cool re-
cesses of which afforded refuge for many species now found in re-
duced numbers in the few tracts of timber still untouched by the axe.
At the present time the plateau region is in many places covered
with farms, which often extend to the very crest line, and there is
little suggestive of the top of a mountain range. Bits of the original
forest, however, still remain in many places, and on North Mountain
(which includes a large section of plateau in or adjacent to the south-
ern part of Sullivan county) is found what is said to be the largest
body of timber remaining uncut in the whole State.”

As regards the general character of these forests, we cannot do
better than to quote from Mr. Dwight’s description of North
Mountain. He says:

‘The forest is truly primeval ; the hemlock, the yellow birch and
the maple are the characteristic trees, and attain great size. The
hemlocks are scattered in consideratle numbers through the forest,
and tower above it, their huge trunks often four or five feet in
diameter, marking them out as giants among their lesser brethren.
The underbrush is often dense, and everywhere great logs, covered
with moss, lie mouldering. Here and there you hear clear cold
brooks that seem to imitate the song of the Winter Wren that is
almost constantly heard along them. The drawling song of the
Black-throated Blue Warbler and the sprightly one of the Canadian
Warbler is heard on every hand. High up in the hemlocks the
drowsy sounds of the Black-throated Green Warbler are heard, and
the lively chatter of the Blackburnian Warbler catches the ear.”

Among other species which breed in these forests are the Cross-
bill, Snowbird, Magnolia Warbler, Small-billed Water-Thrush,
Brown Creeper, Golden-crowned Kinglet (?), Olive-backed Thrush
. and Hermit Thrush.

WINTER BIRDS.

As all species have certain limits within which they find a nesting
ground suitable to their requirements, so also they have more or less

* The Auk, 1892, p. 129.

13

definite winter habitats. The boundaries of the latter are, however,
influenced to a considerable extent by the severity of the season and
the abundance of suitable food. When the crop of berries has been
large and the weather during the early part of the season compara-
tively mild, many birds will winter farther north than they usually
do, and will often brave very severe weather later in the season.
Heavy snow storms, which completely cover the ground, and with it
the food of many species of birds, cause a sudden migration farther
south, where the ground is more open. It is on such occasions that
we are favored with flying visits from Redpolls, Snow Buntings and
other birds of the far north.

The distribution of birds in the Delaware Valley during the winter
months is by no means uniform, some localities being much more
frequented than others. The vicinity of the tide-water creeks on the
New Jersey side of the river seems to furnish the most favorable win-
ter quarters, while some of the dry uplands in Pennsylvania are
nearly destitute of birds during the winter season. About Philadel-
phia the Song Sparrows and Tree Sparrows are universally distri-
buted in low swampy tracts, the latter species usually in large flocks.
On the river marshes quite a number of Swamp Sparrows also asso-
ciate with them. Large flocks of Snowbirds, as well as flocks of
Goldfinches, Purple Finches and a few Pine Finches are always pres-
ent. White-breasted Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Downy and Hairy
Woodpeckers, Black-capped and Carolina Chickadees and Tufted
Tits are generally distributed through woodland and orchards, and
in sheltered thickets occur Cardinals, White-throated Sparrows,
Carolina Wrens and Winter Wrens. Golden-crowned Kinglets also
winter regularly in many places, and Cedarbirds and Blue Jays are
generally to be found. Crows are very abundant all winter in
immense flights, passing to and from their roosts in the evening and
early morning. Hawks, too, occur in larger numbers in winter than
at other seasons, and, though pretty generally distributed, the river
meadows of Delaware county seem to be their great rendezvous.
Here, on any winter morning, large numbers may be seen perched
upon the solitary trees which dot the meadows, or lazily flapping out
from the patches of woodland where they have roosted during the
night. All the summer species are present, and in addition the
Pigeon Hawk, Peregrine and Black Hawk. None of these, however,
are very plentiful, and the Black Hawk is seldom seen far from the
river meadows. Some other birds are also nearly or quite restricted

14

to these meadows during the winter. Meadowlarks occur there
regularly in flocks, while over most of the higher ground a few miles
back they are absent from November to March. <A few Rusty
Grackles sometimes winter with the flocks of Sparrows which fre-
quent the marshes, and now and then flocks of Tit Larks, Horned
Larks or Snow Buntings may be found there, though they are very
erratic in their movements. Robins and Bluebirds usually winter in
small numbers in sheltered spots in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and
now and then one or two Flickers, Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers, Red-
winged Blackbirds or Purple Grackles are seen, and more rarely Red-
polls, Crossbills and Northern Shrikes.

On the New Jersey tide-water creeks, as already mentioned, birds
are very numerous. Cardinals are very plentiful here all winter, and
an occasional Hermit Thrush is found. Myrtle Warblers are also of
regular occurrence in winter in New Jersey, frequenting the Pines
and Cedars.

In the vicinity of Cape May, and on the eastern edge of the Pine
Barrens, several species winter which have not been found farther
north in the state at this season, or which only occur as stragglers.
Fox Sparrows, Long and Short-billed Marsh Wrens and Cowbirds
have been taken in the depth of winter, and Meadowlarks, Red-
winged Blackbirds, Savanna Sparrows, Swamp Sparrows and Vesper
Sparrows occur in abundance. A few Turkey Vultures are also gen-
erally to be seen in southern New Jersey throughout the winter.

On the salt marshes, from Atlantic City southward, a few Sharp-
tailed Finches manage to survive the winter, while on the sand hills,
all along the coast, Ipswich Sparrows occur, though not plentifully.
Among the waterbirds, Scoters and Herring Gulls are present all
winter along the shore line, while Loons and several species of Ducks
inhabit the bays. Canada and Snow Geese occur regularly in Dela-
ware Bay, and a few Little Auks, Briinnich’s Murres and Razor-
billed Auks enter the mouth of the river from the ocean, and nearly
every winter one or two are taken as far up as Chester,

II. BIRD MIGRATION.

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF MIGRATION.*

TuE semi-annual migration of birds, north-ward in the spring, and
south-ward in the fall, is familiar to all who have paid any attention to
ornithology. Only a very small proportion of our birds remain with
us throughout the year, and, although we have quite a number of
species present through the winter, after our summer species have
left us, the greater number are visitors from farther north.

According to the character of their migration, the birds of any
locality are generally arranged under four heads :

Residents, are those which are present throughout the year. In
many cases however, these are more numerous in summer than in
winter.

Summer Residents; those which breed at the locality under con-
sideration, arriving from the south in the spring and returning again
in the fall.

Transient Visitants breed farther north and winter farther south,
passing through the specified locality on their migrations.

Winter Visitants occur during the winter, arriving from the north
in the fall and returning again to their breeding grounds in the
spring.

The habit of migration, probably, originating in the seasonal
change of climate and failure of the supply of suitable food, has

* Every one interested in this subject should consult Mr. William Brewster’s
instructive paper on ‘“‘ Bird Migration”? (Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological
Club, No. I. Cambridge, Mass., 1886. Published by the Club.), which is a
most valuable review of the subject, based upon the author’s extensive expe-
rience. The observations of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, so far
as they go, coincide entirely with Mr. Brewster’s statements, and in the pres-
ent chapter several direct quotations or abstracts have been taken from his
paper as most clearly explaining the points under discussion.

Another valuable paper which should be consulted is “ Report on Bird Mi-
gration in the Mississippi Valley, by W. W. Cooke (Edited and Revised by Dr.
C. Hart Merriam), U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Economic Orni-
thology, Bulletin No.2. Washington, 1888.”

(15)

16

come to be a more or less hereditary habit, though the original
causes still undoubtedly exert a very strong influence. Dr. C. Hart
Merriam,* in treating of the subject, gives the following as the most
potent causes of the spring migration of birds: 1. The food supply
fails. 2. The climatic conditions become unsuited to their needs.
3. The approach of the breeding season gives rise to physiological
restlessness. 4. The birds inherit an irresistible impulse to move at
this particular time of year.

The fall migration is evidently due to similar causes, with the ex-
ception, of course, of the third.

Birds may be arranged in two groups, according to their manner
of migration, viz.: day migrants and night migrants. The former
include the Doves, Hawks, Hummingbirds, Chimney Swift, Night-
hawk, Horned Lark, Crows, Jays, Grackles, Blackbirds, Swallows,
Cedarbird, Tit Lark, Bluebird and Robin, and perhaps a few others.

The night migrants include the Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, Fly-
catchers (except the Kingbird), Meadowlark, Orioles, most of the
Finches, the Vireos, Tanagers, Warblers, Wrens, Creepers, Nut-
hatches, Titmice and most of the Thrushes.

Among the water birds, the Bittern, Woodcock, Wilson’s Snipe,
Spotted Sandpiper and the Rails migrate exclusively by night, while
the other species seem to move by day or night, according to circum-
stances, most diving birds migrating along the coasts by day but
making their overland journeys by night.f

From an examination of the foregoing lists it will be seen that the
more timid, shelter-loving birds migrate at night, and the bolder spe-
cies, Which are strong of flight or which associate in flocks, migrate
by day. The reasons for this can easily be seen in the following
quotation from Mr. Brewster’s paper on Bird Migration: ‘‘ Timid,
sedentary, or feeble-winged birds migrate by night because they are
either afraid to venture on long, exposed journeys by daylight, or
unable to continue these journeys day after day without losing much
time in stopping to search for food. By taking the nights for trav-
eling they can devote the days entirely to feeding and resting in
their favorite haunts. Good examples are Thrushes (except the
Robin), Wrens, Warblers and Vireos. Bold, restless, strong-winged
birds migrate chiefly, or very freely, by day because, being accus-
tomed to seek their food in open situations, they are indifferent to
concealment, and being further able to accomplish long distances rap-

* Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, p. 1, footnote. + Brewster.

17

idly and with slight fatigue, they can ordinarily spare sufficient time
by the way for brief stops in places where food is abundant and easily
obtained. * * * Excellent examples are the Robin, Horned Lark and
most Icteride. Birds of easy, tireless wing, which habitually feed in the
air or over very extensive areas, migrate exclusively by day, because,
being able either to obtain their usual supply of food as they fly, or
to accomplish the longest Journeys so rapidly that they do not require
to feed on the way, they are under no necessity of changing their
usual habits. The best examples are Swallows, Swifts and Hawks.
Nocturnal and crepuscular birds, at least migratory species, are all
strong-winged and accustomed to seek their food over wide areas.
Hence, like Swallows, Swifts and Hawks, they migrate during the
hours of their habitual activity.”

Day migrants perform their journeys either as scattered individuals
or in compact flocks, there being comparatively little mixture of
species. As regards night migrants, however, the case is different.
All the species which are migrating on any particular night, being
attracted by each other’s notes,* become more or less mingled
together in an immense column, not forming a compact flock but com-
posed of individuals and small bunches flying sufficiently near to one
another to be guided by the chirping of those just ahead. Observa-
tions made from lighthouses seem clearly to show this to be the
nature of the night migrations, and it is really most natural, being
merely a continuation of the actions of these same birds while feed-
ing in the woodland during the day; when they go shifting from tree
to tree, the various species intermingled and all slowly following the
lead of those just ahead of them. The leaders of these migratory
flights are probably old birds which have had the experience of pre-
vious migrations and have thoroughly learned the route of travel.
The experience of most of the leading ornithologists of this country,
however, seems to show that the old birds of most if not all species
migrate southward before their young, leaving the nesting-ground
soon after the moult is completed and entrusting their young to the
guidance of later migrants, often belonging to quite different species.

Migrating birds seem to follow the same course year after year, so
that itis possible to map out pretty exactly their principal lines of
flight, and this has been actually done in Europe, where the matter

*Birds migrating by night keep up a continual chirping, a kind of calling
and answering as it were, to avoid being separated from each other. This can
often be distinctly heard as they pass overhead.

18

has been carefully studied. These lines of flight follow the courses
of rivers, valleys, mountain chains, or coast lines, which, to the eyes
of the migrants, flying high in the air, are distinctly outlined
for many miles, provided the night be clear, and thus form easily
recognizable landmarks.

It follows from this that observers senate on the regular lines of
flight, as, for instance, in a large river valley, are liable to see many
more migrants than will be found at points on either side of them.
Some transient species, indeed, will likely occur regularly at the
former locality which will seldom or never be seen at the latter.
The summer resident birds also arrive in the lowlands (along lines
of flight) sooner than in the elevated regions of the same latitude,
pushing up the river valleys where the signs of spring first appear,
and spreading out into the hills and mountains as the climate there
becomes congenial.

The influence of meteorology upon bird migration is a matter of
great importance, but which requires much careful investigation. In
general, it may be said that the bulk of migration occurs on clear
nights, and that birds do not start to migrate in stormy or cloudy
weather, though they are frequently overtaken by storms while on
the wing, and it is at such times that they become bewildered and fly
against the lighthouses, where so many annually kill themselves.

In the spring, warm weather hastens migration and cold weather
retards it, while in the fall the reverse is the case, though the migra-
tion is more irregular and lagging and lasts for a longer period than
in spring (7. e., so far as each species is concerned).

During migrations the flight of birds is by no means continuous,
and although some migration probably occurs on every clear night,
the numbers which start during or immediately after a hot spell (7. e.,
in spring) are enormous compared with those migrating in cooler
weather. Thus, instead of a uniform flight of birds we have a series
of ‘*waves”’ or ‘‘rushes”’ with corresponding rests or lulls between
them.

During these waves, which seem to occur on the night following
the sudden change of temperature and generally continue on the fol-
lowing night, the increase of birds at a given station is clearly
apparent, and to record the time of occurrence and duration of the
waves is an easy matter. While each species has a certain average
time of arrival at a given station, the exact date, especially when it
first arrives in abundance, is dependent upon the weather. Some-

19

times a sudden rise in temperature with its accompanying bird-wave
will bring a species a week or more earlier than the average time, or
a cold, wet spell of weather will delay its arrival correspondingly.

MIGRATION IN THE VICINITY OF PHILADELPHIA.

The spring migration in the vicinity of Philadelphia begins early in
February with the arrival from farther south of scattered bunches of
Robins, Bluebirds, Purple Grackles, and a few other species which
often occur in small numbers during the winter.

About the middle of the month, on the first clear spring-like day
when the temperature rises to 60° or 70° F., a well marked wave
takes place. Purple Grackles, Red-winged Blackbirds, Robins,
Bluebirds and a few Flickers are the principal species, the Grackles
being the most numerous. The greater part of these early migrants
seem to pass farther north.

From the time of occurrence of the first well-marked wave, the
species above mentioned continue to pass in increasing numbers dur-
ing favorable weather, but there is usually no other decided wave
until about the middle of March.

During this month, in addition to the species already mentioned,
the principal migrants are the Meadowlark, Pewee, Field Sparrow,
Fox Sparrow, Cowbird, Dove, Canada Goose and Killdeer Plover,
together with a few Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers, Savanna Sparrows,
Vesper Sparrows, Myrtle Warblers and Rusty Grackles. None of
these birds, however, arrive—at least in abundance—before the
middle of the month.

Up to April 1 no migrants have been recorded in the records
that we have examined which do not occur occasionally in winter,
either at Philadelphia or a little farther south in N ew Jersey, except
the Canada Goose and Chipping Sparrow, which latter species has
been once or twice noticed during the last week of March.

After the first of April, however, the strictly summer species and
transients begin to arrive. There are generally several well marked
waves during the month, their most characteristic species being the
Hermit Thrush, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Chipping Sparrow, Chimney
Swift, Barn Swallow, Bank Swallow, Myrtle Warbler, House Wren,
Thrasher, Chewink, Black and White Warbler, Maryland Yellow-
throat and Solitary Vireo.

A number of other species sometimes arrive during the last week
of April, when there often occurs a wave which seems to be a fore-

20

runner of the great ‘¢ Thrush and Warbler waves” of May, and which
brings the first stragglers of many species which are really character-
istic of the latter month.

The following list includes such species as have been noted—gen-
erally in small numbers—from April 20 to 30 in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, but which do not arrive in force until May :

Kingbird, Black-throated Green Warbler,
Crested Flycatcher, Parula Warbler,

Orchard Oriole, Water-Thrush,

Scarlet Tanager, Catbird,

Red-eyed Vireo, Wilson’s Thrush,

Yellow Warbler, Wood Thrush.

About the first of May the species just mentioned, together with
many Warblers, etc., arrive in abundance and form the first great
“¢ Warbler wave.’’ Thousands of Thrushes, Warblers and Vireos,
pass through at this time and the woods seem fairly alive with birds.
Several other waves occur during during May, which are mainly
characterized by Warblers, and indeed, for the first three weeks of
the month these birds seem to be passing almost continuously. By
the 20th of the month, however, the migration begins to wane, and
although stragglers of many species are seen until the 30th, and some
Blackpoll Warblers linger as late as June 6, there are rarely any
migratory waves after May 20.

As regards the departure of the winter birds, the records of the
Club show that the Herring Gulls leave the Delaware River about
April 4, and they seem to desert the meadows at Atlantic City,
N. J., about the same time.

Winter Wrens,* Fox Sparrows and the bulk of the Snowbirds
generally leave Philadelphia by April 15, while the Brown Creepers
and Golden-crowned Kinglets stay a few days later.

Most of the White-throated Sparrows have departed by May 1,
but a few occur regularly as late as the 16th of the month, and one
‘was seen in 1888 on May 27. The straggling Snow-Birds have
usually left by May 1, but occasionally one is seen a few days later;
May 10 being the latest date recorded.

The first evidence of the fall migration in the vicinity of Phila-
‘delphia is seen during the last week in July, or, perhaps, earlier,
when the old birds of several species leave their breeding grounds

* One has been recorded as late as May 5.

21

and apparently pass slowly southward. By the middle of August
most of the Swallows, Kingbirds and Orioles have disappeared from
the interior, and begin to congregate along the river valleys, coast
lines and other avenues of migration, whence they pass southward
gradually as they are joined by flocks from farther north.

Immense congregations of Kingbirds and several species of Swal-
lows are familiar sights at this time along the New Jersey coast.

Grackles, Red-winged Blackbirds, Robins and Bluebirds collect in
flocks by August 1, or earlier, but they do not apparently journey
southward till later in the season. The pioneer migrants from the
north reach Philadelphia during the first week of August, the Water-
Thrush and Redstart being the earliest to arrive. During the latter
part of the month—August 20-31—many other species arrive, such
as the Canadian, Black-throated Blue, Chestnut-sided, Bay-breasted,
Blackburnian, Magnolia, and Wilson’s Warblers, and the Wilson’s
Thrush. None of these birds, however, are abundant at this time,
and seem to pass through quickly. The majority of these August
Warblers that have been collected seem to be old birds, while the
large majority of those which pass through later are, as is generally
known, birds of the year.

The bulk of the Warblers, Vireos, Tanagers and the Thrushes,
which characterize the May migration in spring, pass through in the
fall from September 10 to October 1, and by the end of the first
week of the latter month nearly all the stragglers have disappeared.

The October birds correspond in general to those of the April
migration, occurring, of course, in inverse order, and by November
1 only a few Hermit Thrushes, Fox Sparrows, Field Sparrows
and Myrtle Warblers are left of the migrating birds, while all the
winter visitants have arrived in force.

The Snowbirds begin to arrive as early as September 27, though
they are not common before the middle of October. The first
White-throated Sparrows are seen about September 20, while on the
coast the Herring Gulls arrive at Atlantic City about October 1.

Such is a brief outline of the spring and fall migrations in the
vicinity of Philadelphia.

Study of Migration in the Delaware Valley—Methods and Results.
—The general subject of bird migration having always been a matter
of deep interest to the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club and of
great importance in the study of ornithology, we feel justified in
adding a few extracts from the records of the Club, which serve to

22

further illustrate several important points. As regards the number
and time of occurrence of bird-waves during several years, the data
collected by the Club show a remarkable correspondence, as also a
similarity in the species of birds which composed the several waves.
This can readily be seen from the following comparison of the waves
of 1890 and 1891, the date of each wave being given, followed by the

most characteristic species.

1890.
Feb. 12-14.
Purple Grackle.
Robin.
Bluebird.
Red-winged Blackbird.
Flicker.

Feb. 26-27.
Same.
April 3-4.
Flicker.
Chipping Sparrow.

April 12-14.
Chipping Sparrow.
Hermit Thrush.
Myrtle Warbler.
(Thrasher.)
(Barn Swallow.)
(House Wren.)

April 22-23.
Chimney Swift.
Hermit Thrush.
(Black and White Warbler.)

1891.

Feb. 18-19.
Purple Grackle.
Robin.
Bluebird.
Red-winged Blackbird.
Flicker.

Feb. 23-25.
Same.

April 5.
Flicker.
(Chipping Sparrow.) *
Myrtle Warbler.
Pewee.

April 12-14.
Pewee.
Chipping Sparrow.
Hermit Thrush.
Barn Swallow.
(Thrasher.)

April 18-19.
Chimney Swift.
Barn Swallow.
Hermit Thrush.
(House Wren )
(Maryland Yellow throat.)
April 23.
Thrasher.
Myrtle Warbler.
House Wren.
Black and White Warbler.
Maryland Yellow-throat.
(Wood Robin.)
(Black-throated Blue W.)

* Species in parentheses were migrating during the wave, but only in small numbers,

23

April 26-27. April 27-28.
Myrtle Warbler. Wood Robin.
Maryland Yellow-throat. Oven-bird.
Black and White Warbler. (Black-throated Blue W.)
(Tanager.)
April 30-May 1. May 2.
May 4-5.
May 10-11. May 9-10.
May 18. May 18-19.

The May waves were composed of the various Warblers, Vireos,
Thrushes, etc., and a list of the species is unnecessary.

It will be noticed that the migration up to the middle of April was
almost parallel, then the season of 1891 was earlier, until May, when
the season of 1890 was in advance, as the wave of May 10-11, 1890,
was the last large one, while in 1891 the corresponding wave (as re-
gards size and species) was the movement of May 18-19.

In the investigations of bird migration carried on by the Club dur-
ing the past three years, the observers have been stationed im-
mediately around Philadelphia, so that the time of arrival of the
various species at the different stations has not been in any regular
order—. e., the records of one locality uniformily earlier than those
of another—as would have been the case had the observers been
located at different points along the Delaware Valley. Nevertheless
the records from the more southerly stations averaged* earlier than
those from farther up the valley, and likewise the arrivals at stations
situated close to the river are generally earlier than at those farther
back on the higher ground.

This may be seen from the accompanying table of first arrivals of
twenty species at five stations during the spring of 1890.

* For example, taking the twenty birds given in the table, in fourteen cases
Tinicum was the first station to report, in one case it was the second, in two
cases the third, in two the fourth, and in one it was the last.

Summing up the arrivals at the other stations, we have

di H.
Steen se staan ate Giketrener le
Dlarerhe Wediswetaie® oh ahrey ie. L
Sd. aiatertvetae thor a) BNea Fat
Atha cMouie, omteied ste e ian (eh
Bia dont, HOM ach woe mney Oto aC 1

wm om ©
Hwaaas®
DD ow f O
onawre

Which by averaging will place the stations in the above order.

24

Ss as) S

"3 S =

< = 8 =

= = 5 S S

S S S & 5

& 5 = S S
Hermit Thrush : oe Apr. wn Alpr ss On eA pra 2 Apr 0) | Apr. 13
Ruby-crowned Kinglet . ote | Apres eAtprs Oe Aton eel 20 Aton sl 2) | eAgor. ali
BrOWwMyLHTASheR sl 1 eh te Apr. 3 | Apr. 14) Apr. 13) Apr. 13 ) Apr. 30
House Wren.. . co |) euahes IE ely oben AO) | aay, UL | sores MG || Peones iD
Yellow Palm Warbler. sve) oe SApE ln | AtprealZ a PApr als nieAror 231 | AnD isnt
Chewink . . . | Apr. 27 | Apr. 23 | Apr. 26 | Apr. 26| May 1
Black and White Warbler -. | Apr. 27 | Apr. 23 | Apr. 24 | Apr. 27 | Apr. 30
Konobirds es. . . . . | Apr. 26] Apr. 30| May 5; May 7 | May 14
Crested Flycatcher. ens fel te) | pr. SON Apra 3O)) Maye bai Man ei) Way tl!
Maryland Yellow-throat . . | Apr. 24] Apr. 24 | Apr. 24 | Apr. 27 | Apr. 30
WioodwRobiny-wrseic ccs -. - | May 1 Apr. 30 | Apr. 30} Apr. 25) Apr: 30
Indigo-bird. . . .....{May 10} May 1/May 17|May 17] May 10
Efummain a pind vey. yee mere . | May 1); May 7] May 10) May 10] May 17
Baltimore Oriole... . .{|May 1)|May 1/May 4)May 1/ May 1
Rose-breasted Grosbeak . . | May 1] May 4] May 1] May 1] May 10
Redstart . . - .|May 1)|May 4/May 1)]May 1/)]May 3
Black throated Blue W. . .|May 1)|May 4/]May 1]May 4] May 3
Scarlet Tanager. . . . - | May 1|]May 9|May 9/]May 3)]May 4
Biackpoll Warbler .. . ..{|May 4|May 6/May 17/| May 11/May 17
Canadian Warbler. . . . . | May 11] May 9/| May 11] May 11] May 10

Most of the earliest arrivals were reported from a tract of marsh and
woodland situated at Tinicum, immediately on the Delaware river,
ten miles below Philadelphia. The next reports generally came from
the vicinity of the tide-water creeks near Haddonfield, N. J., five
miles from the river and eight miles southeast of Philadelphia.

The other three stations were all situated on higher ground, from
four to eight miles back from the river. Of these Wynnewood gen-
erally furnished the earliest records, probably partly on account of
the valleys of the Darby Creek and Schuylkill River leading directly
towards it. Olney and Germantown were usually the last stations to
report an arrival, being situated farthest up the river as well as back
from it. The thickly built portion of Philadelphia intervening di-
rectly between these stations and the river, to the south, may also
have affected the arrival of migrants—especially at Germantown.

The full records of the spring migration at these stations show that
those species which exhibit the greatest diversity in time of arrival
are the migrants of early spring, many of which often occur in win-
ter in small numbers, so that a few stragglers would be very likely to
reach one station or another before any general migration took place.

25

On the other hand, those species which show the greatest uni-
formity in time of arrival are the May migrants from farther south,
especially such as were abundant the first day on which they were

seen.

The time of arrival of a species at the same station for a number
of years varies within certain limits according to the state of the
weather, temperature, etc., as has already been stated, though the
variation is often comparatively slight, especially in the case of spe-

cies arriving after April 1, as may be seen from the following table,
which gives the date of first occurrence of fifty species at German-
town, Pa,, for eight consecutive years:

Flicker

Chimney Swift. .
Hummingbird .
Kingbird. . .

Crested Flycatcher. May

Rewees rsa sn
Wood Pewee. .

Acadian Flycatcher|May 1

Red-winged Black-

1885.

DIRE ee cp aes ee | Mare 24:
Meadowlark . ab het
Baltimore Oriole .|May 5
Purple Grackle. . |Mar.16
White-throated

Sparrow. . |Sep. 17

Chipping Sparrow.)Apr. 8
Field Sparrow . . jApr.11
Snowbird . . . . |Oct.12
Chewink. . . . . |Apr.22
Indigo-bird . |May 16
Scarlet Tanager. .|May 9
Barn Swallow . . |Apr.22
Red-eyed Vireo. .|May 7
Black and White

Warbler. . |Apr.30
Parula Warbler. .|May 2
Yellow Warbler .|May 6
Black-throated

Blue Warbler. .|May 9
Myrtle Warbler. .|May 2
Magnolia Warbler.|May 16
Chestnut-sided

Warbler. . . |May 10
Bay-breasted

Warbler. .. . |May19
Blackpoll Warbler./May 10
Blackburnian

Wrarblerig vs...

1886. | 1887.

Mar.24
Apr.23
May 12
May 11
May 12
Mar.20
May 15
May 6

Mar.26
Apr.22
May 12
May 7
May 3
Mar.21
Apr.30
May &

Feb. 19
Feb. 10
May 4
Mar. 7

Feb. 19
Mar.19
May 2
Feb. 19

Sep. 21
Apr. 9
Apr. 7
\Oct. 2
|Apr.23
May 11
May 12
Apr.19
May 11

Sep. 24
Apr. 8
Apr: 9
Oct. 6
Apr.27
May 7
May 5
Apr.21
May 4

‘May 4
Apr.22
May 4

Apr.27
May 5
May 2

May 11
|Apr.10|M
\May 16|May 13

May 16/May 6

May 11].
May 7|May 5

. |May 11|May 13

. |May 15

1888. | 1889.

Mar.30
Apr.20
May 14
May 6
May 1
Mar.22
May 13
May 2

Mar.28
Apr.15

May 6
May 8
|Mar.27
May 12

Feb. 21
Mar.21
May 2
Feb. 21

Mar.13
Mar.14
May 7
Mar. 2

Sep. 24
Mar.31
Apr. 2
Sep. 29
Apr.18
May 12
May 8)
Apr.12
Apr.29

Sep. 22
Mar.29
Mar.29
Sep. 27
Apr.11
May 12
May 9
Apr.22
May 5

Apr.21
May 1
May 5

Apr.20
Apr.27
May 11

May 5

|Apr.25|Apr.20

Apr.30|May 9
May 10

May 10/May 10

May 1|May 10

May 10) .

May 6)May 10)

1890. | 1891.

Mar.26)Mar.30
Apr.22|Apr.16
May 7 May 11
May 14/May 1
May 1)/Apr.30
Mar.27|Mar.31
May 14\May 6

eee) | ASprs2 5.

May

Mar.12|Feb. 25
Mar.12|Feb. 23
May 1/May 1
Feb. 13/Feb. 18

May

Sep. 21
Apr. 8
Mar.13|
Oct. 4|
May 1)
May 10
May 4
Apr.19
Apr.30

Apr.13
Mar.15
Oct." 1
Apr.18
May 8
Apr.28
Apr.19
May 2

May
May
Apr.30) Apr.24

Apr.30|Apr.19
May 1\/May 8

May
May

May 3)Apr.28
Apr.27|/Apr.18
May 11|May 9

May

9

a

May 2/May 2|May
May 11/May 10] .

May 7|May 11|May

Apr.28

|Apr.
Apr.27

|Mar.!
\Mar.17

Mar.

Apr.
May :

1892.

2

4

‘May 3
Apr.
\May 17

3

9

3
6

Sep. 22
Apr.
Mar.26

4

Apr.24
May 10

3

Apr.24

3

1

Apr.30

4
2
7
3

3

1

Apr.24|May 12

Black-throated

26

1885. | 1886. | 1887.

Green Warbler . |May 2

May 11)May 5

1888.

1889. | 1890.

1891. | 1892.

Apr.26

May 5|May 2]Apr.19/Apr.30

Yel] Palm Warbler:|/- 2 -)): . .*|/Apr.i3
Oven-bird . . . . |Apr.30,May 3/Apr.29
Water-Thrush . . |May 10/May 6
Maryland Yellow-

CHTOMtier ar. eel te

Apr.18
Apr.30
May 4

ApralivAprslstApral 2.0.
May 3)May 3/Apr.29)Apr.30
May 5/May 5/Apr.19|May 4
Apr.29|Apr.24|Apr.28

Apr.30/May 6]/Apr.30)/May 1|May 3

Chat ......{May 2|/May12|May 5|May 5|May1ljMay 5|May10|/May 3
Canadian Warbler.|May 19 . |May 5/May13).. . |May 10/May 12/May 15
Redstart. . |May 2|May 4|/May 3/May 1|/May 4|May 3/Apr.29|Apr.30
Catbird . . |May 2|May 4/May 3/May 5/May 5/May 5|/May 4/Apr.30

Brown Thrasher
House Wren. .
Winter Wren.

Brown Creeper. .

. |Apr.24]A pr.25)Apr.28
. |May 3/Apr.27/Apr.24

. « [Sep. 25|Sep. 27
. |Sep. 20/Oct. 8

Apr.15
Apr.28|
Sep. 24
Sep. 29

Apr.22|Apr.30
Apr.14|Apr.30
Sep. 22|Sep. 19
Sep. 20|Sep. 24

Apr.19}Apr.30
Apr.19|May 5

Wood Thrush .|May 2/May 1|/May 1|May 1!May 3/Apr.30|Apr.23|May 2
Wilson’s Thrush . . |May 11/Apr.25,May 3/May 6|May 2/Apr.28/May 4
Olive-backed

Thrush . . . .|May1l/May17|May 5|May 4|May 6/May 3/May 4/May 5
Hermit Thrush. . |Apr.13/Apr. 7/Apr. 9|/Apr. 3/Apr.10/Apr.13)/Apr.12|Apr. 3
Robin. . .. . .|Mar. 7/Mar.10)Feb. 28)/Feb.19|Mar. 7)Feb.26)Feb. 24)Mar. 9
Bluebird. .'Mar.18°. . . 'Feb.17 Feb.21'May 8 Feb: 23'Feb.17'Mar. 9

In cases where there is considerable diversity in the time of ar-
rival of a species the earliest dates are often based upon early strag-
glers, sometimes single birds, and in such cases the date of the second
occurrence generally corresponds pretty closely with the first occur-
rence of other years.

In studying migration, complete daily lists of all the birds seen
should be kept by the observer; the best results being obtained by
covering, as nearly as possible, the same section of country every
morning at about the same time, and recording the exact number of
With a little practice this will be
found to be almost if not quite as easy as the use of such elastic and
indefinite terms as ‘‘ common,”’ ‘‘ abundant,” “ several,” etc. These
field notes can be jotted down in a rough note book or on printed
blanks, and afterwards entered in a book with perpendicular columns

individuals of each species seen.

for the days and a column at the left for the names of the birds.
A curve of temperature variation carried along the top of the page
will show the coincidence of high temperature with increase in mi-
grants, and notes on the general state of the weather, etc., may be
entered at the head of each daily column.

When data from several different stations are to be combined for
the study of migratory waves and their relation to meteorology, it

27

will be found advisable to select a few common, easily recognized
species, including, of course, both early and late migrants.

An idea of how the daily notes of several observers may be ar-
ranged so as to illustrate graphically the progress of the migration
may be seen in the accompanying cut (Fig. 1), which shows the

Temperature

Variatror.

Day of Month

Herreceta
Thrush.

4

BIEIES GCEDEES a
re

Brown
Thrasher,

Chimney
Swift.

Maryland
Sellor-throat

G
w
ie]
tH
fo |

=
Wood Boge cua
Thrush. cI Hmoels
: ein ete oe Lal
a Nl

Fig.1. Migration of Five Species, April-May, 1890. (A. = Abundant,
. = Several, C.= Common.)

Lo|=[3 [=|
Hh

daily variation in the numbers of five species at the five stations
already mentioned. The first arrivals and decided increases in
numbers (marked with heavy black squares), as will be noticed,
occur on days when the temperature curve reaches the highest
points.

By taking the total number of individuals of any species for
several successive days and plotting them in the same manner as a
temperature curve we can obtain a “ migration curve,” which will
show graphically the fluctuation in the numbers of birds present.
As a matter of fact the best results are obtained by adding together

28

the daily numbers of several species which migrate at the same time,
and plotting the totals. Fig. 2, A, represents such a curve, showing
the fluctuation of the April migration of 1891, based upon the
Flicker, Chipping Sparrow and Brown Thrasher, which were among
the most numerous species moving at this time. Fig. 2, B, is a curve
of temperature variation covering the same period, based upon the
daily maximum temperature. By comparing the two the coincidence

APRIL -1891!-

| | |i f2[a [4 [s lel [es fo fof [i2fis fia fis [16 [17 [1s [ro [20
Eo A BP
tet ttt tT
ne See ee

Fig. 2. A= Migration Curve, B= Temperature Curve.

of a marked increase in the number of birds with a decided rise in
temperature is at once apparent, the two curves being nearly parallel.
It will be noticed, however, that elevations in the migration curve
generally begin a little later than those in the temperature curve.
This shows graphically the well-known fact that ‘“‘bird waves” occur
a day or two after a decided increase in temperature.

BIRDS FOUND WITHIN TEN MILES OF PHILADELPHIA.

For the more especial use of the members of the Delaware Valley
Ornithological Club, the following ‘ local” list has been prepared

29

of such species as have occurred within ten miles of Philadel-
phia. This circle forms a convenient limit for such a list, and
includes most of the favorite collecting grounds in the vicinity of
the city.

The list has been arranged according to the time of occurrence of
the species, and in the case of rarities the records upon which the
entries stand will be found in the general annotated list.

Doubtless many additions can be made to the list of water birds,
as our opportunities for obtaining information regarding the species
found along that part of the Delaware River included within the
circuit have been limited, and it is reasonable to expect almost any
of the coast species to occur there as stragglers.

The species have been arranged in ten groups, and as no names have
been repeated, some of the groups may appear misleading. For in-
stance, many species are given in Group I]. which might be looked
for in III.
standing by combining the groups under the more usual headings :

Resident Birds, Group I.

Birds which occur in the Breeding Season, Groups I., II., III.
and IV.

Winter Visitants, Groups V., VI. and VII.

Transients, Groups VIII. and IX. (and of course many of III.,
EY:,cetes)

Birds which occur in Winter, Groups I., II., V., VI. and VII.

The following explanation will prevent any misunder-

I. Resident Birds. Generally distributed all year.

Abundance nearly the same

More Common in Winter. all year. More Common in Summer.
Red-tailed Hawk, Woodcock, Great Blue Heron,
Red-shouldered Hawk, Quail, Sparrow Hawk,
Broad-winged Hawk, Horned Owl, Blue Jay,

Cooper’s Hawk, Sereech Owl, Meadowlark,
Sharp-shinned Hawk, Barn Owl, Goldfinch,

Long-eared Owl,
Hairy Woodpecker,

Crow,

Downy Woodpecker,
Cardinal,

Carolina Wren,

White-breasted Nuthatch, Cedarbird,

Song Sparrow,
Swamp Sparrow,
Field Sparrow,
Tufted Titmouse,
Robin,

Bluebird.

30

II. Species which are of rare or irregular occurrence in winter, but common

Summer Residents.

Night Heron,
Killdeer,
Turkey Vulture,

Kingfisher,
Flicker,

Pewee,

III. Common Summer Residents.

Green Heron,
Spotted Sandpiper,
Yellow-billed Cuckoo,
Hummingbird,
Chimney Swift,
Nighthawk,
Kingbird,

Crested Flycatcher,
Acadian Flycatcher,
Wood Pewee,
Orchard Oriole,

IV. Summer Residents
transients).

Wood Duck,

Least Bittern,

King Rail,

Virginia Rail,

Field Plover,

Osprey,

Black-billed Cuckoo,
Red-headed Woodpecker,

VY. Winter Visitants of

Herring Gull,
Ring-billed Gull,
Black Hawk,
Pigeon Hawk,
Marsh Hawk,
Short-eared Owl,

Baltimore Oriole,
Cowbird,

Indigo-bird,

Chewink,

Chipping Sparrow,
Grasshopper Sparrow,
Barn Swallow,
Rough-winged Swallow,
Red-eyed Vireo,
White-eyed Vireo,

Red-winged Blackbird,
Purple Grackle,
Vesper Sparrow.

Oven-bird,

Maryland Yellowthroat,
Blue-winged Warbler,
Kentucky Warbler,
Worm-eating Warbler,
Chat,

House Wren,

Brown Thrasher,
Catbird,

Wood Thrush.

which are rare or local (many are common as

Whip-poor-will,

Least Flycatcher,
Bank Swallow,

Tree Swallow,

Cliff Swallow,

Purple Martin,

Scarlet Tanager,
Yellow-throated Vireo,

regular occurrence.

Snowbird,

Tree Sparrow,
White-throated Sparrow,
Pine Finch,

Purple Finch,

Warbling Vireo,

Black and White Warbler,
Prairie Warbler,

Pine Warbler,

Yellow Warbler,
Louisiana Water-Thrush,
Redstart,

Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Tit Lark,

Winter Wren,

Brown Creeper,
Black-capped Chickadee,
Golden-crowned Kinglet.

31

VI. Winter Visitants of irregular occurrence or rare.

Little Auk, Swan,

Briinnich’s Murre, Black Scoter,
Kittiwake, White-winged Scoter,
Arctic Tern, Surf Scoter,

Leach’s Petrel, Duck Hawk,

Stormy Petrel, Goshawk,

Shoveller, Acadian Owl,
European Widgeon, Snowy Owl,
Canvas-back, Hawk Owl,

Lesser Snow Goose, Barred Owl,

White-fronted Goose,

VII. Species which occur occasionally in winter,

Horned Grebe, Black Duck,
Pied-billed Grebe, Baldpate,
Holbeell’s Grebe, Green-winged Teal,
Loon, Blue-winged Teal,
Red-throated Loon, Pintail,
Cormorant, Redhead,
Golden-eye, Scaup,

Buffle-head, Lesser Scaup,
Ruddy Duck, Ring-neck,
Merganser, Old-squaw,

Red-breasted Merganser, Snow Goose,
Mallard,

VIII. Common Transients.

Common Tern, Magnolia Warbler,

Sora Rail, Chestnut-sided Warbler,
Solitary Sandpiper, Bay-breasted Warbler,
Bob-o-link, Parula Warbler,
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Blackpoll Warbler,
Solitary Vireo, Blackburnian Warbler,
Nashville Warbler, Black-throated Green
Black-throated Blue Warbler,

Warbler, Yellow Palm Warbler,

Red-bellied Woodpecker,
Horned Lark,

Prairie Horned Lark,
Crossbill,

White-winged Crossbill,
Pine Grosbeak,

Snow Bunting,

Lapland Longspur,
Redpoll,

Northern Shrike.

but are mainly transients.

Brant,

Canada Goose,

Coot,

Wilson’s Snipe,
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker,
Rusty Grackle,

Fox Sparrow,

Savanna Sparrow,
Myrtle Warbler,
Red-breasted Nuthatch,
Hermit Thrush.

Water-Thrush,
Connecticut Warbler,
Wilson’s Warbler,
Canadian Warbler,
Ruby-crowned Kinglet,
Wilson’s Thrush,
Gray-cheeked Thrush,
Olive-backed Thrush,

o2

IX. Rare or irregular transients.

Gannet,
Laughing Gull,
Bonaparte’s Gull,
Gull-billed Tern,
Least Tern,

Black Tern,
White Egret,
Florida Gallinule,
Yellow Rail,

Dowitcher,

X. Rare Stragglers.

Black Skimmer,
Caspian Tern,
Little Blue Heron,
Snowy Heron,
Glossy Ibis,

Black Rail,
Clapper Rail,
Purple Gallinule,
Purple Sandpiper,
Marbled Godwit,
Hudsonian Godwit,

Pectoral Sandpiper,

Bronzed Grackle,

White-rumped Sandpiper, White-crowned Sparrow

Red-backed Sandpiper,

Golden-winged Warbler

Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tennessee Warbler,

Sanderling,

Willet,

Semipalmated Plover,
Piping Plover,

Turnstone,

Cape May Warbler,
Mourning Warbler,
Hooded Warbler,
Short-billed Marsh Wren,

Gnatcatcher,

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Bicknell’s Thrush.

Oyster-catcher,
Ruffed Grouse,
Wild Pigeon,

Bald Eagle,
Swallow-tailed Kite,
Fish Crow,

Summer Tanager,
Loggerhead Shrike,
Philadelphia Vireo,
Brewster’s Warbler,
Orange-crowned Warbler,

Prothonotary Warbler,

Yellow-headed Blackbird, Yellow-throated Warbler,

Sharp-tailed Finch,

Lincoln’s Finch,

Mockingbird,

Bewick’s Wren,

Black-throated Bunting, Brown-headed Nuthatch.

Blue Grosbeak,

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PART Il.

ANNOTATED LIST

OF THE

BIRDS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA

AND

NEW JERSEY.

WITH A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ORNITHOLOGICAL LITERATURE
RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS.

Tue foliowing purports to be a complete list of such birds as have
been recorded as occurring in those parts of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey lying east and south of the Alleghany Mountains. The list
has been based mainly upon the experience of the members of the
Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, drawn from their collections
and field notes. In order, however, to make it more accurate, it has
been necessary to consult as well the experience of others. With
this end in view, all the published matter relating to the ornithology
of this section, as far as known and available to the compiler, has
been consulted, and correspondence has been carried on with orni-
thologists in various parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The material thus collected necessarily contained much that is
misleading and erroneous, and the elimination of such matter has
proved a most difficult task. Many published errors have been easily
traced out by correspondence and examination of specimens; but
concerning many other records which seemed improbable or doubtful
we have been unable to obtain any further information whatever, and
have, therefore, been compelled to leave them out, as it was consid-
ered better to err in this way than to include statements which might
prove erroneous. We trust that the omission of published records
which we thought required verification, will induce those who may
be able to verify them to forward us the desired information.

In order that the grounds upon which many species are included
may be clearly understood, we would state that actual specimens
taken within the region under consideration (or so labelled on good
authority), have been examined by the author in the case of all the
species contained in the list with the exception of the following: *

* Of the following rare species authentic specimens taken in the district have been exam-
ined, but no captures have been made for a number of years:

Sterna forsteri, Accipiter atricapillus,
Sterna fuliginosa, Dryobates borealis,

Orex crex, Melospiza lincolni,
Recurvirostra americana, Ampelis garrulus,
Ereunetes occidentalis, Helminthophila lawrencei,
Limosa hemastica, Helminthophila celata,
Charadrius dominicus, Dendroica townsendi.

Ectopistes migratorius,

(35 )

Fratercula arctica,
Cepphus grylle,
Stercorarius pomarinus,
Stercorarius parasiticus,
Sterna tschegrava,

Sterna maxima,

Sterna trudeaut,

Sterna s. acuflavida,
Sterna paradisea,

Sterna dougalli,
Fulmarus glacialis,
Puffinus major,
Procellaria pelagica,
Phalacrocorax carbo,
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos,
Pelecanus fuscus,
Histrionicus histrionicus,
Camptolaimus labradorius,

36

Phalaropus tricolor,
Himantopus mexicanus,
Scolopax rusticola,
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus,
Micropalama himantopus,
Tringa maritima,

Tringa ferruginea,

Limosa fedoa,

Tryngites subruficollis,
Numenius borealis,
Agialitis m. circumeincta,
Aigialitis wilsonia,
Tympanuchus cupido,
Columbigallina p. terrestris,
Buteo b. harlani,
Scotiaptex cinerea,

Surnia u. caparoch,
Conurus carolinensis,

Somateria dresseri,
Somateria spectabilis,
Chen czrulescens,
Anser a. gambeli,
Branta nigricans,
Ajaja ajaja,

Guara alba,
Plegadis autumnalis,
Tantalus loculator,
Ardea t. ruficollis,
Grus americana,

Crymophilus fulicarius,

Milvulus tyrannus,
Milwulus forficatus,
Tyrannus verticalis,

Contopus borealis,
Empidonax p. traillit,
Quiscalus major,
Coccothraustes vespertinus,

Chondestes grammacus,
Dendroica auduboni,
Dendroica dominica,

Seiurus n. notabilis,

Sitta pusilla.

These are included upon what we consider reliable authority. In
most cases actual specimens are referred to which were recorded as
captured in Pennsylvania or New Jersey. Occasionally, however,
no actual reference to specimens was obtainable, but when the occur-
rence of the species was in every respect probable, and it was re-
ported to occur by such reliable authorities as Turnbull, Cassin, etc.,
the species has been entered in the list accompanied by the statement

of these authors.

Phalacrocorax carbo,
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos,
Pelecanus fuscus,
Mistrionicus histrionicus,
Camptolaimus labradorius,

Such species are:

Ardea t. ruficollis,
Himantopus mexicanus,
Macroramphus scolopaceus,
Micropalama himantopus,
Tringa ferruginea,

Tryngites subrificollis,
Numenius borealis,
Aigialitis wilsonia,
Tympanuchus cupido,
Empidonax p. traillit.

37

The following explanations will serve to make clear the nature of
the notes accompanying each species:

Immediately beneath the name is given the breeding range and
winter distribution of the species, which will show the relation which
its occurrence in our district bears to its line of migration and its
winter and summer home. The statements are taken from Ridg-
way’s Manual, and other sources, but in many cases, owing to lack
of exact data, they are necessarily only approximate; the detail
of distribution west of the Alleghanies, moreover, has not been
attempted.

The first general statement is intended to describe the character
of the occurrence of the species in the district under consideration
or in a certain part of it. If the species occurs elsewhere in Penn-
sylvania or New Jersey under different circumstances (7. e., if it
is a transient in the lowlands but breeds in the mountains) an addi-
tional statement to that effect is added.

The dates of the arrival and departure of migrants are based upon
the records of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, from the
vicinity of Philadelphia, as far as inland species are concerned, while
for coast birds they generally refer to the time of occurrence at
Atlantic City, N. J.

In the case of rare species a more detailed account is often given,
including a list of specimens which have been taken in eastern
Pennsylvania or New Jersey, with data.

It has been thought better to include those species which have be-
come extinct or which are only accidental stragglers in our district
in their regular systematic place in the list for convenience of refer-
ence, but all such species have their numbers enclosed in brackets,
so that they may be readily distinguished.

All important statements are followed by the name of the person
upon whose authority they are quoted, and in the case of published
matter a brief reference to the place of publication is added. In the
case of Turnbull’s ‘ Birds of Hast Pennsylvania and New Jersey”’
and Warren’s “ Report on the Birds of Pennslyvania,”’ special refer-
ence has often been omitted, so wherever these authors’ names occur
the statements for which they are quoted will be understood to be
taken from the above works.

At the end of the Bibliography will be found a list of authors not
only of published matter, but also of the manuscript notes, etc., which
have been used in the preparation of the following pages.

08

The only abbreviations used in references contained in the list
are “ B. N. O. C.,’’ Bulletin Nuttall Ornithological Club, and ‘O.
& O.,” Ornithologist and Odlogist.

Family Podicipidee—The Grebes.

Only three species occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

1. Colymbus holbeellii (Re1nu.). Holbeell’s Grebe.

BREEDING Range—Arctic America and N. E. Asia.

Winter Disrrisution—Southward on the Atlantic coast to Virginia.

Rare winter visitant on the coast, most plentiful during the migra-

tions. One specimen was found dead at Atlantic City, Feb. 1, 1883,
by Mr. G. S. Morris, and several are recorded by Mr. Laurent from
Five-mile Beach (0. § O., 1892). This species occurs also on the
lower Delaware, a specimen in the collection of Mr. Witmer Stone
having been taken near Chester, Oct., 1891; while another, in the
collection of Mr. C. A. Voelker, was shot in the same locality, Feb.,
1894. Stragglers have sometimes been taken farther inland—one
in Lancaster county, Pa., March 25, 1847 (Libhart, Birds of Lane.
Co.), and several in Lycoming county (Koch). The specimen in
Mr. Voelker’s possession is in full adult plumage, but the others we
have examined are in immature dress.

2. Colymbus auritus Lixn. Horned Grebe.
BreEpinGc Ranee—Northern N. A., chiefly north of U. 8.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to 8S. Atlantic States.

Winter visitant and more abundant in migrations, though not very
common or regular in its occurrence. In the vicinity of Philadel-
phia it is found mostly on the Delaware and the tide-water creeks
from November to May 3. Mr. Laurent records it as common at
Five-mile Beach, N. J., from late in October to March (0. § O.,
1892).

3. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Pied-billed Grebe.

BREEDING Range—Whole of N. A. except extreme north and south.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to S. A.

Seen mostly during the migrations and less commonly in winter; a

39

few may, however, breed in secluded parts of southern New Jersey.
Specimens have been secured in the vicinity of Philadelphia as late
as March 5 (Haddonfield, N. J., W. L. Abbott, M. D.), and as early
as August 25 (Olney, Pa., G. S. Morris). On the coast it seems to
be rarer than inland.

At Lake Hopatcong, in northern New Jersey, this species is re-
ported to breed regularly, and was observed there by Mr. S. N.
Rhoads during the breeding season. Dr. J. W. Detwiler has also
found it nesting at Hopedale, Pike Co., Pa., in 1868.

Family Urinatoride—The Loons.

Only two species occur in the region covered by this list.

4
4. Urinator imber (Guyy.). Loon.
Breeping Range—Northern U. 8. northward.
Winter Distrisurion—Southward to Gulf of Mexico.

Common transient on the New Jersey coast and less frequent in-
land. Quite a number winter regularly at Barnegat Bay, Atlantic
City, Five-mile Beach, etc. Most plentiful April 12-30 and Oct.
3—Nov. 1.

At Lake Hopatcong, N. J.,a pair is reported by residents to breed
every year (S. WV. Rhoads), and it has been found throughout the
summer at Hopedale, Pike Co., Pa. (Detwiler).

5. Urinator lumme (Genv.). Red-throated Loon.
BreEeping Ranee—Arctic regions.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to coast of S. Atlantic States.
Rare, but apparently of regular occurrence along the New Jersey
coast during migrations and less frequent in winter. Occurs also for
some distance up Delaware Bay.

40

Family Alcides—The Auks and Guillemots.

Five species of this family occur in our district, and all are winter
visitants from the far north. The Little Auk, Razor-billed Auk and
Brinnich’s Murre occur along the coast with considerable regularity,
but the Black Guillemot and Puffin are very rare.

6. Fratercula arctica (Lixy.). Puffin.
Bregepine Rance—Bay of Fundy to Greenland.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Long Island.

Very rare straggler in winter.

One specimen in the possession of Mr. Joseph Krider was killed
about 1876 on the Delaware river near Chester ( Warren’s Report).
We can find no definite record of its occurrence on the New Jersey
coast.

Y. Cepphus grylle (Liyn.). Black Guillemot.
BreEpinc Rance—Newfoundland to Maine.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to Long Island.

Turnbull states that this species is a rare straggler on the New
Jersey coast ‘‘as far south as Cape May,” and Krider (Meld Notes)
mentions having obtained two specimens at Egg Harbor. We can
find no other records for New Jersey nor any positive evidence of its
occurrence in Pennsylvania.*

8. Uria lomvia (Lryn.). Brunnich’s Murre.

Breepine Rance—Gulf of St. Lawrence, northward.

Winter Disrrisution—Southward to the coast of New Jersey.

Regular winter visitant along the New Jersey coast, though appar-

ently not very common. Occasional also on the lower Delaware
river (Voelker). One specimen, which we have examined, was
taken by Mr. C. H. Shearer, Dec. 11, 1893, in Dauphin county,
Pa., on the Susquehanna river.

* The Roddy specimen ( Warren’s Report) proves to be ‘‘something else,” and
no trace can be found of a specimen having been in the Lancaster museum.
We can obtain no positive data regarding specimens secured in Pennsylvania
by C. D. Wood and J. Krider.

41

9. Alca torda Lin... Razor-billed Auk.
BreEpine Rance—LEastern Maine, northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to New Jersey.

Winter visitant on the New Jersey coast, and probably almost as
common as the preceding. A female was secured by Mr. Scott at
Long Beach, Feb. 7, 1878, (B. NV. O. C., 1879) and several have
been observed by Mr. Laurent at Five-mile Beach (0. § O., 1892),
while one specimen was secured by Dr. W. L. Abbott as far south
as Cape May.

10. Alle alle (Lixyy.). Little Auk. Dovekie.

Breepine Rance—Arctic regions.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to New Jersey.

Regular winter visitant along the New Jersey coast, varying in
abundance from year to year. A number of specimens have been
taken at Long Beach by Mr. W. E. D. Scott (B. NW. O. C., 1879)
and one was taken in Cape May county by Dr. W. L. Abbott, Dec.
17, 1878. One specimen was also taken on the Delaware river at
Camden, N. J., Dec., 1878 (Trotter, B. N, O. C., 1879.)

Family Stercorariide—The Jaegers.

Two species occur as rare visitants from the north.

11. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). Pomarine
Jaeger.
Breepinc Ranae—Arctic regions.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to coast of New Jersey.

Rare straggler in migrations and in winter along the New Jersey
coast. Two specimens were taken at Long Beach, Dec., 1876
(Scott, B. N. O. C., 1879), and one is reported to have been secured
on the Susquehanna river at Harrisburg, Pa., many years ago in
summer ( Turnbull).

Another straggler was taken on the Susquehanna river in Lan-

42

caster county, Pa., by Mr. Vincent Barnard, and still another at
Eaglesmere, Sullivan county, Pa. ( Warren’s Report).*

12. Stercorarius parasiticus (Liyy.). Parasitic Jaeger.
BreEpine Rance—Arctic regions.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to coast of New Jersey.
Rare straggler on the New Jersey coast.
One was shot at Atlantic City by a fisherman in the winter of
1891-2 and reported at a meeting of the D. V. O. C, by Mr. J. F.
Brown.

Family Laride—The Gulls and Terns.

Eighteen species of this family have been reported on the New
Jersey coast or on the large rivers. The only ones, however, which
occur regularly are the Black-headed Gull, Common Tern and Least
Tern, all of which were formerly abundant breeders, and the Herring
Gull, Ring-billed Gull, Bonaparte’s Gull, Forster’s Tern and Black
Tern, the first two of which are winter visitants and the others tran-
sients. Of the rare visitants the Kittiwake, Black-backed Gull and
Arctic Tern are stragglers from the north, while the Caspian, Gull-
billed, Royal, Trudeau’s, Cabot’s, Roseate and Sooty Terns are
stragglers from the south.

13. Rissa tridactyla (Liyy.). Kittiwake.

Breeping Range—Arctic regions.

Winter Distrisution—Southward to New Jersey and Great Lakes.

Very rare winter visitant on the New Jersey coast. One or two

specimens have been shot during the past few years at Atlantic City,
N. J., and a specimen was exhibited by Mr. C. A. Voelker at a
meeting of the D. V. O. C., which was reported to have been taken
by a gunner in the interior of New Jersey in November, 1893.

* The specimen recorded by Turnbull as shot below Philadelphia by John
Krider seems doubtful, as Krider says in his Field Notes, p. 79, that he shot
into a flock of Black-bellied Plover, and, upon picking up the dead birds. found
one of them to be a Pomarine Jaeger! It would seem hardly likely to have
been a Jaeger at all.

45

Dr. Warren records two specimens from Pennsylvania, one shot
near Lancaster and the other in the collection of Mr. Joseph Krider,
from near Philadelphia.

14, Larus marinus Lixy. Black-backed Gull.
BrEEDING Rance—Coasts of north Atlantic.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to New Jersey.

Rare winter visitant along the New Jersey coast, a few, however,
probably occur every year. One was taken by Dr. W. L. Abbott in
Cape May county January 29, 1879, and two more in the same
locality at about the same time. Another was taken at Tuckerton,
N. J., March, 1894,* by Jillson Bros. Two were also seen by Mr.
S. N. Rhoads, on the meadows at Atlantic City, on March 13, 1888,
and Mr. Scott records the species as a regular winter visitant at

Long Beach (B. N. O. C., 1879).

15. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Covers. Her-
ring Gull.
Brerepina Rance—Atlantic coasts, southward to New England.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to West Indies.

Abundant winter resident all along the New Jersey coast and up
the Delaware river to Philadelphia, occasionally also on the Schuyl-
kill and Susquehanna. ‘The majority arrive at Atlantic City Octo-
ber 1, and depart by April.1, but stragglers have been secured as
early as the last week in September (Ve Haven), and in Cape May
county Dr. W. L. Abbott obtained one as late as April 14.

During migrations small flocks have been noticed some distance
inland, apparently driven thither by storms. Five were noticed fly-
ing high over head in central Chester county, Pa., May, 1891
(Stone), and a similar occurrence was noted at Willowgrove, Pa., by
Mr. G. S. Morris. Mr. Wm. Whitaker also secured a specimen
October, 1893, on a mill dam at Cedar Grove, Philadelphia, five
miles from the Delaware.

16. Larus delawarensis Orv. Ring-billed Gull.

BREEDING RanGE—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Cuba and Mexico.

Common winter resident along the coast and occasional on the

*All in collection Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

44

Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. Arrives and departs about the
same time as the preceding. Apparently most numerous during
migrations.

17. Larus atricilla Lixy. Laughing Gull. Black-head.

BrEEDING Rance—Atlantic coast, New England southward.
Winter DistripuTion—West Indies and Mexico to S. A.

Summer resident on the New Jersey coast; formerly abundant,
breeding in large colonies on Brigantine Beach and the beaches and
islands of Cape May county. It has now, however, become quite
rare during the breeding season, though a few pairs still nest near
Brigantine (De Haven) and in the vicinity of Sea Isle City.

During August and September this species occurs more plentifully
in flocks all along the coast, ranging as far north as Pt. Pleasant, and
is especially numerous in lower Delaware bay. Arrives at Atlantic
City April 26 to May 1 and departs Sept. 20-October 1. During
migrations it occurs as a straggler on the Delaware and Susque-
hanna rivers.

18. Larus philadelphia (Orv). Bonaparte’s Gull.
BreepinG Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Coast of Southern States.

Tolerably common transient along the coast, and some probably
occur in winter. Occasionally found on the Delaware and Susque-
hanna rivers during migrations. One was taken at Atlantic City as
early as August 21, 1892 (De Haven).

19. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hassera.). Gull-billed Tern.
Marsh Tern.

Brerpinec Raneze—Brazil to Long Island.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern Mexico and southward.
Rare visitant along the New Jersey coast, where it is reported to
have bred formerly.*
Occasional straggler on the Delaware river, and one specimen is
recorded by Dr. Warren from Chester county, Pa., on the authority
of Mr. H. B. Graves.

* As late as 1886 according to Mr. Harry G. Parker (O. g O., 1886, p. 138).

45

20. Sterna tschegrava Lerecu. Caspian Tern.
BreEDING Ranege—Nearly cosmopolitan, ‘breeding in isolated and
widely separated localities.”
Winter DistrinuTion—Same.
Rare straggler along the New Jersey coast and accidental inland.
Two were shot on the Susquehanna at Marietta, Pa., Sept. 21,
1847 (Libhart, Birds of Lanc. Co.), and one was mounted several
years ago by Mr. Joseph Krider, said to have been shot near Chester,
Pa. ( Warren’s Report).

21. Sterna maxima Bovv. Royal Tern.
Breepineg Range—Coasts and inland waters of U.S. north to 40°.
Winter Distrisution—Tropical coasts.
Rare straggler on the New Jersey coast during summer, and acci-
dental inland.
Dr. Warren records one taken by Mr. H. B. Graves in Chester
county, Pa., Sept., 1879.

22. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida (Caxsor). Cabot’s
Tern.
BrEeEDING Range—Coasts of 8. Atlantic and Gulf States.
Winter Distrisution—Coasts of 8. A.
Rare straggler along the New Jersey coast in summer. One
specimen was shot at Grassy Bay, August, 1861 (Zurnbull).

[23.] Sterna trudeaui Avv. Trudeau’s Tern.

BreEeDING Range—Atlantic coast of S. A.
Winter DIstrisuTIon—Same.

Accidental. One specimen is mentioned by Audubon as having
been secured at Great Egg Harbor, N. J., but no subsequent records
are known for Pennsylvania or New Jersey.

24. Sterna forsteri Nutt. Forster’s Tern.

BreEepinag Range—Temperate N. A., mainly on the large inland waters
Winter Distrizution—Coasts of Brazil, etc.

Apparently a regular though rather rare transient on the New

46

Jersey coast, and a few may possibly have bred there in former years,
although we can find no positive records.*

Dr. W. L. Abbott secured a number of specimens April 26 to June
3, 1877-1882, in Cape May county, and Mr. Scott records two taken
May 14, 1877, at Long Beach, N. J., where he considered them
rare. (B. WN. O. C., 1879.)

25. Sterna hirundo Lixx. Common Tern.
Breepine Ranece—Atlantic coasts as far north as New England and
Canada.
Winter Distrisution—Coast of S. Atlantic States southward.
Formerly an abundant summer resident along the New Jersey
coast, breeding in great numbers on the marshes.t About 1888 it
was nearly exterminated, owing to the great numbers slaughtered for
millinery purposes. Quite recently, however, it appears to be again
increasing in numbers, at least in the vicinity of Atlantic City, where
several pairs were found breeding in July, 1893, (Stone and Morris).
During migration it is more numerous all along the coast. At Five-
mile Beach this species occurs from April to October (Zaurent, O.
& O., 1892), and at Long Beach it arrives May 12 (Scott, B. N.
O.1C., 1879),
A few occur during the migrations on the Delaware and Susque-
hanna rivers, and stragglers have been taken at various points inland.

26. Sterna paradiscea Brinn. Arctic Tern.
BREEDING RancE—Arctic regions to Massachusetts.
Winter Disrrigution—Southward to Long Island.
Rare straggler on the New Jersey coast in autumn or winter.
The only records of its occurrence that we can find are two speci-
mens recorded by Dr. Warren, which were shot by Mr. C. D. Wood
in September on the Delaware river below Philadelphia; and one

* Although this species breeds mainly in the interior of the United States, it.
has been found to be a summer resident, in small numbers, at Cobb’s Island,
Virginia (Brewster, B. N. O. C., 1882, p. 126).

TAI] the nests observed by us have been situated on patches of dry sedge
washed up on the salt meadows, but Mr. Wm. Rogers states that these birds
formerly laid their eggs in the loose sand along the beach in the same manner
as the Least Terns.

47

secured by Dr. J. W. Detwiler on the Lehigh river in autumn; we
have seen none of these specimens.*

27. Sterna dougalli Montac. Roseate Tern.
BrEEDING Rancr—Atlantic coast of N. A. formerly to New Jersey and
Massachusetts.
Winter DistrizuTtion—Gulf coast and S. A.
Rare straggler on the New Jersey coast during summer. For-
merly it is reported to have bred there in considerable numbers. We
have no definite records of its occurrence during the last few years.

28. Sterna antillarum (Less.). Least Tern.
Breepine Rance—s. Atlantic States to Massachusetts.
Winter Distrisurion—Gulf coasts and S. A.

Formerly an abundant summer resident along the New Jersey
coast | but now nearly exterminated as a breeder and seen only
sparingly during migrations. The inability of this species to survive
the onslaught of the millinery collectors, as the Common Tern seems
to have done, is doubtless due to its habit of always nesting on the
sandy beaches where it is sure to be disturbed.

The Least Tern formerly arrived at Long Beach May 12 and the
bulk left by August 25 (Scott, B. NV. O. C., 1879). Stragglers have
been taken on the Delaware river, below Philadelphia, and on the
Susquehanna. Dr. J. W. Detwiler also reports the capture of a
specimen on the Lehigh river, near Bethlehem.

29. Sterna fuliginosa Gore. Sooty Tern.

Breeping Range—Tropical and sub-tropical sea coasts to N. Carolina.
Winter Distrisution—Tropical coasts.

Very rare straggler on the New Jersey coast. One was shot at
Long Beach about 1870 by Mr. A. P. Brown (Stone). It also oc-
curs as an accidental visitor in Pennsylvania. Dr. Warren records
two specimens secured in Chester county (one in Spring, 1878), two
in Delaware county and several in Lycoming county. Dr. J. W.
Detwiler has taken it on the Lehigh river, near Bethlehem, Pa.

* This species has been taken on Long Island as early as August.

{ Up to 1883 ( Warren’s Report). A few may still breed on the coast, but we
can find no recent records.

48

30. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.).
Black Tern.

BrEEDING Rance—Temperate N. A., mainly on inland waters.
Winter Disrrisution—Gulf and S. A. coasts.

Transient, occurring during the fall migration on the New Jersey
coast, but much less abundant than formerly. Mr. Scott states that
it arrived at Long Beach in 1879, about June 11, and soon became
common. Although it remained all summer, it was not known to
breed. (B. NV. O. C., 1879.) We have no definite records of the
occurrence of this species on the New Jersey coast in spring, though
a few have probably been taken.

Stragglers have been reported from the Delaware and Susque-
hanna rivers.

Family Rynchopide—The Skimmers.
Only one species occurs on our coast.

31. Rynchops nigra Lixy. Black Skimmer.
BreepinG Range—Sea coast of warmer parts of America to New Jersey.
Winter Distrisution—Coasts of tropical America.

Formerly a common summer resident on the New Jersey coast,
though probably always rather local, breeding at Brigantine Beach,
Little Egg Harbor and in Cape May county. Arrived June 10
and remained till September 25.

Now quite rare, though a few are still reported to breed near
Tuckerton (/illson),* and a specimen was shot from a flock at that
locality August, 1893.

Dr. Warren records one shot by Mr. C. D. Wood near Philadel-
phia in September, 1880.

* Mr. Harry G. Parker reports them breeding plentifully on Seven-mile Beach
as late as 1886. (O. f§ O., 1886, p. 138.)

49

Family Procellariide—The Petrels and
Shearwaters.

Six species have occurred on the coast of New Jersey, but they
are all pelagic, and only approach the shore when driven in by storms.

The Sooty Shearwater and Leach’s and Wilson’s Petrels seem to
be of most frequent occurrence, while the others are very rare.

32. Kulmarus glacialis (Lrxyy.). Fulmar.

Distrisution—North Atlantic Ocean.

Very rare straggler. One was found exhausted in Bergen county,
N.J., early in December, 1891. (Henry Hales, O. & O., 1892, p. 38.)
We know of no other records of its occurrence in either Pennsylvania
or New Jersey.

33. Pufjfinus major Fazer. Greater Shearwater.
DisrrinuTion—Atlantic Ocean generally.

A rare stragegler to the New Jersey coast and accidental inland.
One found dead in Chester county, Pa., a few years ago (Michener,
Birds of Chester Oo.) is the only occurrence that we are acquainted
with.*

34, Puffinus stricklandi Rivew. Sooty Shearwater.
DistrisuTioy—North Atlantic from Newfoundland Banks to S. Carolina.

Occurs on the fishing grounds off the New Jersey coast and occa-
sionally visits the shore. One specimen is in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, which was taken
many years ago on the New Jersey coast, and another which was
shot below Atlantic City, June 3, 1893, by Prof. J. Remington.

Mr. Laurent also records two shot at the fishing banks off Five-
mile Beach by Capt. John Taylor (O. & O., 1892).

35. Procellaria pelagica Lixy. Stormy Petrel.
Distrrisution—North Atlantic, southward to Newfoundland Banks and

casually farther.

Very rare strageler. Turnbull (in 1869) says that a specimen

* Audubon’s Shearwater (Puffinus auduboni, Finsch) is said by Audubon to
occur as far north as Sandy Hook, and Giraud records it from Long Island, but
we can find no positive record of its capture on the New Jersey coast.

4

50

was captured under Market street bridge, Philadelphia, ‘‘a few years
ago,” and Krider (eld Notes) refers to the same specimen, stating
that he shot it from a large flock which had probably been driven in
by a heavy storm. We have no other records.

36. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Virwt.). Leach’s Petrel.
DisTRIBUTION—Seas of the Northern Hemisphere.
Irregular straggler to the coast and up the rivers generally during
severe storms.
The following specimens have been secured:

West Chester, Pa., Sept., 1879, Dr. George Martin ( Warren’s Report).
Tinicum, Del. Co., Pa., Dec. 18, 1890, W. V. Wilbank.
Atlantic City, N.J., Aug. 24, 1893, I. N. DeHaven.

37. Oceanites oceanicus (Kun). Wilson’s Petrel.
DistrrisuTion—Cosmopolitan, on the high seas.

Occasional on the New Jersey coast, generally after storms.

This seems to be the most common Petrel on the ocean off the
coast of New Jersey. Several were secured at sea off Barnegat
Light, August 10, 1879, by Mr. W. E. D. Scott (B. W. O. C., 1879),
and one was found dead at Pt. Pleasant by Mr. A. P. Brown, Aug.,
1891. Mr. Laurent also records this species as common on the
fishing banks off Five-mile Beach (0. & O., 1892).

Family Sulide—The Gannets.

Only one species occurs in our district.

38. Sula bassana (Liyy.). Gannet.
BREEDING RanGE—OCoasts of North Atlantic.
Winter Distrisution—Virginia to Gulf of Mexico (?).

Transient visitant along the coast, but apparently rare, as we can
find very few records of its capture. One was secured by fishermen
on the Delaware river at Salem, N. J., May 25, 1890 (Stone), and
another was taken at Atlantic City the same year. Another speci-
men was shot April 26, 18—, by Capt. John Taylor, on the fishing
banks off Five-mile Beach (Laurent, O & O., 1892).

51

Family Phalacrocoracide—The
Cormorants.

Two species occur on the New Jersey coast.

39. Phalacrocorax carbo (Lrxn.). Common Cormorant.
BrEEDING Rance—Northern New England to Greenland, N. Europe, etc.
Winter Disrrisutron—Southward on the Atlantic coast to New Jersey.

Rare migrant and perhaps also a winter visitant on the coast, asso-
ciating with the following species. We know of no record of its
capture.

40. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. & Ricu.). Double-
crested Cormorant.
BREEDING Rance—Bay of Fundy, northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Maryland.
Common along the New Jersey coast during migrations and occurs
also in winter; occasional on the lower Delaware river.
A few remain all summer at Beach Haven, N. J. (Rhoads), and
one was seen at Atlantic City, June 19, 1892 (Stone), but we can
find no indications of their ever breeding there.

Family Pelecanide—The Pelicans.

Both species of Pelicans which are found in eastern North
America have been reported in former years as rare visiters on the
coast of New Jersey, but neither is likely to occur again.

[41.| Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gme.t. White Pel-
ican.
BREEDING Rance—Western U.S. and Gulf Coast.
Winter Disrrisution—Tropical America.
Casual straggler in former years. Turnbull (1869) says that this
species has been seen at rare intervals on the Delaware and near

Cape May, and Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds of N. J.) mentions a

52

mounted specimen said to have been killed near Tuckerton, N. J.,*
and states that he saw three of these birds flying off Sandy Hook in
February, 1864. Pealef also records the capture of a pair many
years ago on the Delaware, a few miles below Philadelphia.

[42.] Pelecanus fuscus Lixy. Brown Pelican.

BreEDING RanGrE—Atlantic coasts of Tropical America, to N. Carolina.
Winter DistrrisuTion—Tropical America.

Turnbull records one specimen shot off Sandy Hook in 1837, in
summer.

Family Anatide—The Ducks and Geese.

Thirty-seven species of this family have been taken in eastern
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. With the exception of the Wood
Duck and Black Duck, they all occur in our district as winter visi-
tants or transients, and as they habitually frequent the shores of
large bodies of water during the winter months, the only localities at
which they occur in numbers are on the coast of New Jersey and on
the lower parts of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, which form
the heads respectively of Delaware and Chesapeake bays.

On the New Jersey coast ducks have become very scarce of late
years as compared with the numbers which were formerly found
there, and most of the migrant flocks now pass on to the Virginian
coast and bays to spend the winter.

Of the New Jersey coast ducks, the Black Duck is the most
abundant, and after it the Scaup Ducks. The other species which oc-
cur are the Buffle-head, Widgeon, Teal, Pintail, Redhead, Mallard,
Golden-eye, American and Red-breasted Mergansers and Canada
Goose, while off the coast the true sea-loving species are plentiful,
te. the Brant, Old-squaw and three Scoters.

The species given above comprise the bulk of the Ducks found on
the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, but the Scaup Ducks are here

* Jillson Brothers, reliable taxidermists, who have lived all their lives at
‘Tuckerton, never heard of Pelicans being seen there.

+See Water Birds of North America, Vol. II., 137.

53

the most numerous species, and on the Chesapeake the Canvas-back
also occurs, though in rapidly decreasing numbers.

The Hooded Merganser, Gadwall, Ring-neck, Ruddy Duck,
Shoveller, Snow Goose and Swan, are everywhere less common, and
are quite rare on the New Jersey coast, while the following are mere
stragglers: English Widgeon, Harlequin, American and King
Eiders, Lesser Snow, Blue and White-fronted Geese and Black
Brant.

Many of the rare species on our coasts and bays are stragglers
from the west, where they are plentiful; such are the Shoveller,
Snow, Lesser Snow, Blue and White-fronted Geese and Black
Brant, while the Mallard is much more plentiful in the west than in
the east.

43, Merganser americanus (Cass.). American Mer-
ganser. Sheldrake.

Breepine Rance—Northern U.S., northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to Texas.

Tolerably common transient on the bays along the coast and up
the larger rivers, arriving about Oct. 15. Some remain all winter,
and the last leave in the spring, about the end of April. (Once
noted at Atlantic City, N. J., as late as May 5—De Haven.)

Mr. A. Koch reports finding flocks of young birds with the old
ones on the Susquehanna river near Williamsport, and considers that
they breed there every season. This species may breed sparingly in
other parts of northern Pennsylvania.

44, Merganser serrator (Lixn.). Red-breasted
Merganser.
Breeping Rance—Northern border of U. S., northward.
Winter Distripution—Southward throughout U.S.

Common transient and partly winter resident on the coast and
bays, but apparently not found inland as frequently as the preceding.
Occurs most abundantly from the latter part of October to December,
and in spring, April 5 to first week of May. Some are reported all
summer at Anglesea by Capt. Taylor and Mr. Laurent (0. & O.,
1892), and Mr. Scott records the same thing at Long Beach, saying
that he considers such birds to be barren individuals, as no nests
have ever been found (B. NV. O. C., 1879).

54

45. Lophodytes cucullatus (Lixn.). Hooded Merganser.
BREEDING Rance—N. A. in general.
Winter Distrrisution—More southerly.

Not very abundant and rarer on the coast than in the interior,
occurring during migrations and in winter.

Mr. A. Koch has shot an adalt male in July in the vicinity of
Williamsport, Pa., and has also secured several half-grown birds in
July and August, 1888, so that the species undoubtedly breeds in the
mountainous parts of Pennsylvania.*

46. Anas boschas Lixn. Mallard.

BreEepinc RanceE—Northern Hemisphere at large.
Winter Distrisution—Temperate regions.

Tolerably common during migrations, and in winter on the large
rivers, but rather rare on the New Jersey coast.

Mr. A. Koch reports that it formerly bred on the Susquehanna
near Williamsport, and that individuals are still said to occur in sum-
mer on Loyalsock creek. Dr. C. C. Abbott says that it formerly
bred in Mercer county, N. J. (Birds of N. J.)

447. Anas obscura Guevt. Black Duck.

BreEEDING Rance— Middle States to Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to S. Atlantic States.

Very common winter resident on the New Jersey coast and bays
and up the large rivers. Arrives October 15-November 1, and re-
mains till about March 15.

Some are seen all summer at Anglesea, N. J. (TZaylor), and they
are said to breed at Tuckerton, N. J., by the Jillson Bros., taxider-
mists of that place. In Pennsylvania Dr. J. W. Detwiler has found
them breeding on the Lehigh river below Bethlehem.

48, Anas strepera Lixy. Gadwall. Gray Duck.
BREEDING RanGeE—Temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Winter Distrisution—s. Atlantic States (in U.S8.).

Rather rare transient. Specimens are occasionally shot on the

New Jersey coast and on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers.

* As this duck breeds in suitable locations throughout its range, there is no
reason why it should not be found nesting in other secluded parts of Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey.

55
49. Anas penelope Linx. European Widgeon.

Brereping Rance—Northern portions of Old World.

Rare straggler during migrations or in winter on the coast or large
rivers. One was shot on the Delaware near Chester, Pa., March,
1887 (Voelker), and several are reported to have been taken at
Tuckerton, N. J., about 1880 (Forest and Stream, 1882, p. 86). Mr.
Chapman also records one shot at Englewood, N. J., by Mr. Cor-
nelius Demarest in Spring of 1880 or 1881 (Auk, 1889, p. 302).

50. Anas americana Gme.. Baldpate. American
Widgeon.

Breeping Rance—Chiefly north of U.S.
WINTER DIstRIBUTION—Southward to Cuba and Guatemala.

Tolerably common transient, seen mostly in fall, from the latter
part of October to middle of November.*

51. Anas carolinensis Guev.. Green-winged Teal.
BreEeping Rance—Chiefly north of U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Honduras and Cuba.

Tolerably common transient on the larger rivers, but apparently
rare on the New Jersey coast. Mr. A. Koch reports that these birds
are seen occasionally along Loyalsock creek, near Williamsport, Pa.,
during summer, and probably breed there.

52. Anas discors Lixn. Blue-winged Teal.
Bregeping Raner—Northern N. A. in general.
Winter DistrisutioN—Southward to West Indies and Northern S. A.
Common transient mainly on fresh water, occurring most plenti-

fully in September and April.

53. Spatula clypeata (Liyy.). Shoveller.
BreEeping Rance—Northern part of Northern Hemisphere.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Panama. In America mostly con-
fined to the Western States.

* Ord states that a few formerly bred on ‘“‘ Duck Creek,” Delaware. (Notes
to Wilson’s Ornithology.) .

56

Rare during migrations and in winter. The following specimens
have been shot recently :

Anglesea, N. J., winter 1888-9, Capt. John Taylor (Laurent).
Atlantic City, N. J., winter 1888, I. N. DeHaven.

54. Dajfila acuta (Lixy.). Pintail.
Breeping Rance—Northern U. 8. northward.
Winter Distrrisution—Southward to Cuba and Panama.
Tolerably common transient, mostly seen from the last of October
to the middle of November.

55. Aix sponsa (Lixy.). Wood Duck. Summer Duck.
BrEEDING Range—Temperate N. A. and Cuba.
Winter Distrisution—About the same.
Common summer resident on fresh water, breeding in retired lo-
calities throughout Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Migrants arrive
about April 1, and some remain throughout the winter.

56. Aythya americana (Eyt.). Redhead.
BrEEDING RANGE—Maine northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Mexico.
Transient and occasional winter visitant, not common on the coast
but mostly seen on the large rivers, especially on the Susquehanna,
last of October to March.

57. Aythya vallisneria (Wits.). Canvas-back.
Breeping Range—Northwestern U.S. northward.

Winter DistrisutioN—Southward to Mexico.

Tolerably common transient on the lower Susquehanna river, but
very rare elsewhere in Pennsylvania and in New Jersey. Becoming
scarcer yearly.

58. Aythya marila nearctica Strsx. Greater Scaup.
Bluebill.

BREEDING Rance—Far northward.
Winter Disrrinurion—Middle States to Florida.
Very common on coast, bays and rivers from the last of October to
April 15, though rarer in midwinter. Has been seen at Long Beach,
N. J, 28 latevas May 1. (Scott, BN. O: °C, 1879.)

57

59. Aythya ajfinis (Eyv.). Lesser Scaup.
Breepinc RanceE—Chiefly north of U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Guatemala.
Common winter visitant, so generally confused with the preceding
that it is hard to determine their relative abundance.
Dr. Warren states on the authority of Dr. Van Fleet that a pair of
this species were noted all summer for two seasons in Northumber-
land county, Pa., which would indicate that they occasionally breed.

60. Aythya collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck.
Breepine Range—Northern border of U. S. northward.

WInTER DistRIBUTION—Southward to Guatemala.

Not very common on bays and larger rivers, early November to
March.

61. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonar. ).
Golden-eye. Whistler.

Breepinae Range—Maine, northward.
Winter Distrinution—Southward to Cuba and Mexico.
Common transient and winter visitant, last week of October to
April 1, on coast and large rivers.

62. Charitonetta albeola (Lixn.). Buffle-head. But-
ter-ball.
Brreepine RanceE—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Cuba and Mexico.
Very common all winter on coast, bays, and up the larger rivers,
November 1 to April 15.

63. Clangula hyemalis (Lixy.). Old-squaw. Long-tail.
Breepineg Ranee—Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere.
Winter Distripution——Southward to Chesapeake Bay.
Abundant winter resident along the coast and occasionally inland
along the large rivers. Occurs from late in October to the middle of

April.

58

64. Histrionicus histrionicus (Lriyy.). Harlequin
Duck.

Breepine Rance—Newfoundland and northern Rocky Mts., northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Middle States.
Very rare winter visitant on the coast, according to Turnbull.
Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds of N. J.) records two specimens shot off
Tuckerton, N. J., but we can find no recent records.

[65]. Camtolaimus labradorius (Gmeu.). Labrador
Duck.

Formerly winter visitant to the New Jersey coast, but now extinct.
Turnbull says (in 1869) ‘a few are seen every season.”

66. Somateria dresseri Suarre. American EBider.
Breeping Rance—Maine to Newfoundland and S. Labrador.
Winter Distrisution—South to the Great Lakes and Long Island.
Very rare winter visitant along the coast. Mr. John Krider (Meld
Notes) records four specimens secured by him at Barnegat, N. J., in
February, but we know of no other records, although other specimens
have no doubt been secured.

67. Somateria spectabilis (Liyy.). King Eider.
BreEDING RanGE—Northern part of Northern Hemisphere.
Winter DistrisuTion—South to the Great Lakes and Long Island.
Very rare winter visitant along the coast. Mr. John Krider (Feld
Notes) shot two males at Ege Harbor and a female at Tuckerton, N.
J., many years ago. We can find no other records.

68. Oidemia americana Sw.& Ricu. American Scoter.

Breepinc Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to New Jersey and the Great Lakes.

Common winter resident off the beach and sometimes in the inlets
after severe storms. Casual also on the large rivers inland.

69. Oidemia deglandi Bonar. White-winged Scoter.
BREEDING RanceE—Far northward.
Winter DistrisuTion—Southward to Chesapeake Bay.
Tolerably common winter visitant off the beach on the New Jer-
sey coast.

59

70. Oidemia perspicillata (Liny.). Surf Scoter.
Breepinec Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrinution—Southward to the Carolinas.
Common winter resident off the New Jersey coast from October to
late in April. Apparently the most abundant species of Scoter.
Occasional on the larger rivers.

41. Erismatura rubida (Wus.). Ruddy Duck.
Breeping Raner—British America to Guatemala (rarely in U.8.).
Winter Distrisution—Southward.

Occasional winter visitant along the coast, and plentiful on the
rivers, arriving on the Chesapeake about the second week of October.

72. Chen hyperborea (Patt.). Lesser Snow Goose.

Breepine Rangp—Far northward.
Winter Disrrisution—South to southern U.S (rare eastward).

Very rare winter visitant. A pair were secured in the Philadel-
phia market by Mr. John Cassin many years ago, which were said to
have been taken in the vicinity. Another was shot by Mr. W. V.
Wilbank on the Delaware river above Chester, Dec., 1890, and is
now in his possession.

73. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Greater Snow
Goose.

Breepine Ranar—Arctic N. A. (Greenland).
Winter Distrisution—Lower Mississippi Valley and coast of S. Atlantic
States.

Rather rare winter visitant, occurring only on the large bays.

Y4. Chen cerulescens (Lrxn.). Blue Goose.

BreEpinc Rance—Kastern shores of Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrisution—Coasts of Gulf of Mexico.

Rare winter visitant on the large bays (Zurnbdull). We can find
no definite records of its recent capture.

60

75. Anser albifrons gambeli (Harrti.). American
White-fronted Goose.
Breepine Rancge—Far northward.
Winter Distrrsutron—Southward to Mexico and Cuba.

Rare winter visitant on the coast and rivers. Dr. C. C. Abbott
records one shot at Barnegat, N. J., many years ago (Birds of N.
J.), and Mr. Chas. A. Voelker says that one was shot on the Dela-
ware in 1877.

76. Branta canadensis (Lixyn.). Canada Goose.
BreEepiInG Rance—Northern U.S., rare south of 42° N.
Winter Distrinsution—Southward to Gulf of Mexico.

Common transient and winter resident on the New Jersey coast
and bays, and seen regularly inland during its migratory flights.
Arrives about Oct. 15, and remains till April 15, while some linger
as late as May 12.

77. Branta bernicla (Lixy.). Brant.
Breeping Rance—Within the Arctic Circle.
Winter DistrisuTion—aA tlantic sea-coast.

Common transient off the New Jersey coast, and some winter there
regularly. Stragglers occur along the larger rivers in Pennsylvania,
and Dr. Warren records one taken at Harrisburg, Jan., 1890, and
another from Bucks county in the possession of Mr. D. Frank Keller.

78. Branta nigricans (Lawr.). Black Brant.
BREEDING RanGe—North-western N. A.
Very rare winter visitant, a strageler from the West. One speci-
men was secured by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence at Egg Harbor, Jan.,

1846 (Turnbull), and Mr. Scott records two specimens shot by gun-
ners at Long Beach, N. J., April 5, 1877. (B. WN. O. C., 1879.)

79. Olor columbianus (Orv.). Whistling Swan.
BREEDING RanGE—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Coast of S. Atlantic States.
Not common, transient and winter visitant along the coast and on
large bays.
One was shot on the Delaware at the mouth of Darby creek,
Dec., 1890, by Mr. W. V. Wilbank.

61

Family Plataleide—The Spoonbills.
Only one species occurs in America.

[80.] Ajaja ajaja (Lixy.). Roseate Spoonbill.
BREEDING RangE—Tropical America, to the Gulf States.

An accidental straggler. One specimen was shot a number of
years ago on the Conestoga creek, Lancaster county, Pa. (Libhart—
Birds of Lane. Co.), and is still (1894) in the collection of the Lin-
nean Society of Lancaster.

Family Ibidide—The Ibises.

Two species have occurred in our district.

[81.] Guara alba (Lry.). White Ibis.
BreEEDING Rance—Tropical America, to N. Carolina and southern IIlinois.
Very rare straggler. One was shot by Turnbull at Great Egg
Harbor, N. J., in the summer of 1858, and another was secured at
Tuckerton, N. J., by the Jillson brothers in 1891 (thoads). Dr.
Warren also states that he has a specimen in his possession which
was said to have been killed in Pennsylvania about 1860.

[82.] Plegadis autumnalis (Hassera.). Glossy Ibis.
Breepinag Rance—Southeastern U.S. and West Indies.
Very rare straggler. Mr. John Krider secured a specimen just

below Philadelphia, in 1866 (Zurnbull).

Family Ciconiidee—The Storks.

Only one species is found in the eastern United States.

83. Tantalus loculator Lixx. Wood Ibis.

Breeping Range—Tropical and warm-temperate America.

Rare straggler. One specimen was shot by Mr. M. Ely on the

62

Susquehanna river, Lancaster county, Pa., in July, 1862 (Libhart—
Birds of Lane. Co.), and in July, 1883, Dr. A. C. Treichler secured
another in the same county. Mr. A. Koch also obtained one in
Lycoming county, and Mr. Pennock states that one was shot by
Vincent Barnard in Chester county, Pa., many years ago.

Family Ardeidze—The Herons and Bitterns.

Ten species of this family have been found in our district. Of
these the Green, Night and Great Blue Herons are the most gener-
ally distributed, the first two breeding throughout south-eastern
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the third being more local in the
nesting season. ‘The Least Bittern is less common but also breeds,
while the Common Bittern isa transient. The White Egret, Snowy
and Little Blue Herons formerly bred in southern New Jersey, but
are now only stragglers during migrations, while the Yellow-crowned
and Louisiana Herons are very rare.

84. Botaurus lentiginosus (Monrtaac.). Bittern.
Breepinc Range—Temperate and tropical N. A. to Guatemala.
Winter Distrisution—Mostly south of the Middle States.

Tolerably common transient along the coast, but apparently rare
inland. Arrives at Long Beach, N. J., April 20 (Scott—B. WN. O.
C., 1879). Dr. W. L. Abbott has taken it in Cape May county as
late as Nov. 19.

Mr. W. H. Buller reports that he has noticed them all summer in
the vicinity of Marietta, Pa., and Dr. Geo. R. Ross considers that
they breed at Lebanon, Pa. ( Warren’s Report). Dr. J. W, Detwiler
has taken nest and eggs of this species on the Lehigh river near
Bethlehem, Pa.

85. Ardetta exilis (Gmet.). Least Bittern.
BrEeEvING Rance—Temperate and tropical America.
Winter Distrisution—Southern U. S., southward.
Rather common summer resident at various points along the New
Jersey coast: Cape May (Stone), Anglesea (Laurent—O. & O., 1892),
etc., and also in the interior: Princeton (Scotti—B. N. O. C., 1879),

63

near Trenton (McCadden), Holmesburg Junc., Phila. (Fowler), and
doubtless many other localities. Dr. Detwiler has found it breeding
near Bethlehem, Pa.

86. Ardea herodias Lixn. Great Blue Heron.
BreEping Rance—Hudson Bay to northern S. A.
Winter Distrisution—Mostly south of the Middle States.

Common summer resident, arrives April 1 and remains till No-
vember 15, occasional also in winter. Seen mainly along the large
streams and on the coast, where it is most plentiful during the latter
part of September. No doubt there are several heronries of this
species in secluded localities in eastern Pennsylvania and in the
swamps of southern New Jersey. Mr. Harry G. Parker visited one
on Seven-mile Beach in 1886 (O. & O., 1886, p. 138),and Mr.
Laurent states that a few breed at Anglesea, N. J. (0.8 O., 1879.)

87. Ardea egretta Gme.t. White Egret.
Breeping Ranee—Warmer parts of N. A., northward to New Jersey.
Winter Distrisution—Florida, southward.

Rather rare, seen mostly during August and September, when
they seem to straggle northward from their breeding grounds. They
are most frequently seen at this time along the coast (as far north as
Pt. Pleasant— Stone), but some are secured nearly every year on the
larger streams inland. Upto 1877 they bred near Townsend’s Inlet,
N. J. (Scott—B. N. O. C., 1879), and a few may still breed in the
state.

88. Ardea candidissima Gme.. Snowy Heron.
Breepine Range—Tropical and warmer temperate America, north-
ward, formerly to New Jersey.
Winter Distrigution—Florida, southward.

Strageler from the south, apparently rarer than the preceding,
though it occurs about the same time. Formerly reported to have
bred in southern New Jersey,* a heronry having been visited by
Mr. H. G. Parker as late as 1886 on Seven-mile Beach. (0. & O.,
1886, p. 138).

* There seems to be some confusion between these two “ White Herons” and

the young of the Little Blue Heron, which is also white, so that it is not al-
ways clear to which of the three some of the published records refer.

64

[89.] Ardea tricolor ruficollis (Gosse.). Louisiana
Heron.

Breepincg Rance—Tropical and warm temperate N. A.

Very rare straggler from the south. Turnbull states that it has
occasionally been obtained on the New Jersey coast, but we can find
no records of recent captures.

90. Ardea cerulea Lixn. Little Blue Heron.
Breeping Range—Tropical and warm temperate N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—Florida, southward.
Rare straggler from the south. Many years ago it bred in Cape
May county, N. J. The following specimens have been secured :
Two specimens from New Jersey in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, secured many years ago. One
specimen shot at Tuckerton, N. J., October, 1893, by Jillson
(Rhoads). Dr. Warren also mentions two or three shot in south-
eastern Pennsylvania during the last ten years.

91. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron.
BreEeping RancGe—Temperate N. A., northward to Ontario.
Winter Distrisution—Middle and northern 8. A.
Very common summer resident, distributed everywhere along the
coast and in the interior. Arrives April lst and departs about
October 1st.

92. Nycticorax nycticorax neevius (Bopp.). Night
Heron.
Breeping Rance—Whole of N. A., except extreme north.
Winter DistripuTion—Mainly south of the Middle States.

Very common summer resident, occurring along all the large
streams inland, but is rarer on the coast. Arrives about April 25th,
and most depart by the middle of October, though Dr. W. L. Abbott
obtained one in Cape May county as late as November 7. During
the breeding season they associate together in large numbers and
nest in patches of woodland, occupying the same ground year after
year. One of these heronries which we have visited is situated near
Port Kennedy, Montgomery county, Pa., and another is reported
near Lititz, Lancaster county. Dr. Warren also mentions one near
Blue Rock, Berks county, Pa.

65

93. Nycticorax violaceus (Liyy.). Yellow-crowned
Night Heron.
BREEDING RangE—Tropical and sub-tropical America, northward to
N. Carolina and casually farther.

Very rare straggler from the south. Turnbull says that it has
been seen on the borders of the Schuylkill near Philadelphia.

In late years only two captures have come to our notice. Both of
these specimens were mounted by Mr. Chas. A. Voelker, and’ were
exhibited before the Club; one was secured in May, 1892, near Cape
May, N. J.,and the other during the same season near Phoenixville,
Pa. The latter had the ovaries so distended as to make it highly
probable that it was breeding somewhere in the immediate vicinity.

Family Gruide—The Cranes.
Only one species has been reported from this district.

(94.] Grus americana (Liyn.). Whooping Crane.
Brerpinc Rance—Interior N. A., northward to Saskatchewan.

Very rare straggler in former years. Turnbull states that he saw
three off the inlet at Beesley’s Point, N. J., in 1857, and Wilson
mentions it as occurring along the coast during his time, and records
one nest found at Cape May.*

Family Rallides—The Rails and Coots.

Ten species occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Only three,
however, are of very common occurrence, the Clapper Rail and
Virginia Rail as summer residents and the Sora as a transient.

The King Rail is tolerably common in summer, and the Florida
Gallinule and Coot in the migrations, but the other species are quite
rare.

* Dr. Ezra Michener (Birds of Chester Co.) states that a specimen of the Sand-
hill Crane (G. mezicana) was shot on White Clay creek, Chester county, Pa.,
and presented to him. Subsequently it went to the museum of Swarthmore

College, and was presumably destroyed by fire when the college was burned,
so that it is impossible to verify the identification.

66
95. Rallus elegans Avuv. King Rail.

BREEDING Rance—Fresh-water marshes, northward to Middle States,
casually to Wisconsin.
Winter Distrisurion.—Southern U.S.

Summer resident on the fresh water marshes, but not very com-
mon. It has been found breeding along the Brandywine at Pocop-
son, Chester county, Pa. (Stone), on the Delaware marshes at
Repaupo, N. J. (Stone), and in Delaware county, Pa. (Re7ff’). Dr.
J. W. Detwiler has also found it breeding on the Lehigh river near
Bethlehem, Pa.

96. Raltllus crepitans Guer. Clapper Rail. Mud-hen.

BREEDING RANGE

Atlantic coast marshes, northward to Long Island,

casually to Massachusetts.

Winter Disrrisurion—s. Atlantic coasts, casually to New Jersey.

Abundant summer resident on the salt marshes of New Jersey
from Pt. Pleasant to Cape May, April 15 to Nov. 25. At Anglesea
Mr. Laurent states that they remain all winter during mild seasons.
(0. & O., 1892.) Very rarely they straggle inland during migra-
tions, as Dr. Warren mentions a specimen in his collection which
was shot in Sept., 1880, near Chester, Pa., by Mr. Geo. R. Hoopes.

97. Rallus virginianus Lixx. Virginia Rail.

Breepinc Rance—Whole of N. A. to Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrrisurron—Southward to Guatemala and Cuba.

Summer resident in fresh marshes and in bogs and swamps along
the coast, though apparently not in the true salt marshes except in
migrations. Not very abundant inland, but rather plentiful along
the New Jersey coast.

Arrives May 1 and remains till Oct. 25, or occasionally later.

98. Porzana carolina (Liyy.). Sora. Carolina Rail.
BREEDING RancE—Temperate N. A., from northern U. 8. northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to West Indies, Middle America and

northern S. A.
Abundant transient on the marshes of the Delaware and other
large streams, as well as the brackish marshes near the coast.
Dr. Warren considers that the Sora breeds occasionally in Chester
county, Pa., as he has secured specimens there on July 20 and Aug.

67

12,1884. Mr, Thos. S. Gillen has occasionally found it breeding
at Ambler, Montgomery county, Pa., and in the northern counties
of Pennsylvania, and probably New Jersey also, it is a more fre-
quent breeder.

99. Porzana noveboracensis (GmueEt.). Yellow Rail.
BreEpinc Rance—Northern U.S. to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to Cuba and Bahamas.

Rare transient, generally noted in fall. Some probably occur on
the Delaware marshes every year, but are seldom seen on account of
their seclusive habits.

Mr. Chas. A. Voelker mounted a specimen which had been
secured in the fall of 1891 in Delaware county, Pa., and has re-
ceived several others during previous years. Dr. Warren also men-
tions two which were taken in the same locality early in July, 1882,
which would indicate that they bred in the vicinity.*

A specimen was taken by Mr. W. L. Baily at Palmyra, N. J.,
Oct. 18, 1886, and another by Mr. Geo. Richards at Hackensack,
N. J., Sept. 30, 1893 (Forest and Stream, XI, p. 336).

100. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmeu.). Black Rail.

BreEeping Range—Southern U.S. to Massachusetts.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to West Indies and northern S. A.

Rare transient, apparently rarer than the preceding. Formerly it
is said to have bred in Cape Muy county, N. J. (Turnbull), and
there is a set of eggs in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia labeled New Jersey. It may still occur as

a rare breeder.
The following specimens have been taken:

Chester, Del. Co., Pa., Sept., 2 specimens ( Warren’s Report).

Delaware Co., Pa., spring 1877 or 1878, C A. Voelker.

Lebanon Co., Pa., Aug., 1879, Geo. R. Ross ( Warren’s Report).

Lebanon Co., Pa., Aug., 1880, Geo. R. Ross ( Warren’s Report).

Mouth of Big Timber creek, N. J., Sept., 1886, Wm. Rogers.

Salem, N. J.. Wm. Patterson.

Mouth of Big Timber creek, N. J., Sept. 22, 1887, W. J. Sherratt (0. § O.,
1887, p. 206).

* An egg in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy is labeled New

Jersey.

68
[101.] Crex Crea (Lixy.). Corn Crake.

BreEepine Rance—Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere.

Very rare straggler from Europe.

One specimen was secured by Mr. Wm. Patterson at Salem, N. J.,
in 185-, and another was obtained by Mr. John Krider near Bridge-
ton, N. J., June, 1856. Both specimens are in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

102. Tonornis martinica (Liyy.). Purple Gallinule.
Breepinc Range—Tropical and warm temperate America, east of the
Plains.

Very rare straggler from the south. The following specimens
have been taken in southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey :

League Island, Phila., Sept., 1848, J. Krider ( Turnbull).

Trenton, N. J., Nov. 2, 1864 (Abbott—Birds of N. J.).

Cape May, N. J., May, 1892, C. A. Voelker.

Tuckerton, N. J., Jillson Bros., several specimens (Rhoads).

103. Gallinula galeata (Licut.). Florida Gallinule.

BREEDING RanGe—New England and British America.
Winter Disrrisution—Tropical America.

Regular transient but not very common. Most of the specimens
secured in Pennsylvania and New Jersey have been taken on the
Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. Occurs May 1-10 and Septem-
ber 8-October 20. The following specimens have been secured
during recent years:

Delaware River, September 17, 1881, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Delaware River, September, 1877, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Andalusia, Pa., September, 1893, Dr. Henry Tucker.

Philadelphia, Pa., May, 1888, flew into an open window (Stone).

Chester county, Pa., May 11, 1879, Dr. B. H. Warren ( Warren’s Report).

Chester, Del. Co., Pa., September 8, 1880, Dr. B. H. Warren ( Warren’s Report).

Chester, Del. Co., Pa., September 15, 1880, Dr. B. H. Warren ( Warren’s Report).

Philadelphia market, October 20, 1883, Dr. B. H. Warren ( Warren’s Re-
port).

104. Fulica americana Gamer. Coot.

1

BreepinG Rance—Northern U.5S., northward.
Winter Distripution—Southern U. 8. to Central America and West
Indies.

Transient but apparently not very common, though more plentiful

69

in fall than in spring, Frequents mainly the large rivers and bays,
occurring during the early part of April and again in the latter part
of September and early October.

One specimen was secured in the Philadelphia market on January
18, 1877, by Dr. W. L. Abbott, which would indicate that they
occasionally winter in the vicinity.

In northern Pennsylvania the Coot is an occasional summer resi-
dent, as Dr. J. W. Detwiler took a nest and six e
island in the Lehigh river below Bethlehem, Pa.

gs in 1875 on an

oO
fan}

Family Phalaropide.—The Phalaropes.

Three species have occurred.

105. Crymophilus fulicarius. (Lixn.). Red Phalarope.
Breeping RangeE—Far northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to the Middle States.

Rare winter visitant off the New Jersey coast. Dr. Warren men-
tions two specimens in the possession of Mr. C. D. Wood which were
said to have been shot in New Jersey; and Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds
of NV. J.), records one shot at Hackensack, N. J., June 27, 1863.
We can find no records of recent captures of this species.

106. Phatlaropus lobatus (Lrxy.). Northern Phalarope.

BrrEDING RanGe—Far northward.

Wiyter Distrisution—South to Central America (chiefly maritime).

Rare transient on the New Jersey coast, and straggler up the Del-

aware and Susquehanna rivers. Two were secured in Cumberland
county, Pa., in 1843, by Prof. Baird (Birds of Carlisle), and an-
other was taken on the Delaware at the mouth of Rancocas creek by
Dr. C. C. Abbott many years ago (Birds of N. J.). One was also
shot in May, 1892, on Delaware Bay, and exhibited before a meet-
ing of the Club by Mr. C. A. Voelker.

70 :
107. Phalaropus tricolor (Viert.). Wilson’s Phalarope.
BreEeping Ranee—Interior of N. A., northward to Oregon, Saskatch-
ewan, etc.
Winter DistrisuTion—Southward to Brazil and Patagonia.

Very rare visitant on the coast during migrations. Dr. C. C.
Abbott records two specimens, one secured at Deal Beach, Mon-
mouth county, N. J., and the other at Atlantic City, many years
ago (Birds of NV. J.). We can find no other records.

Family Recurvirostride.—The Avocets
and Stilts.

Two species have occurred in our district.

108. Recurvirostra americana Gmwer. American
Avocet.
BrEeEDING RanGE—Temperate N. A., northward in the interior to the
Saskatchewan.
Winter DisrrizuTion—Southward to Guatemala, Cuba and Jamaica.

Very rare straggler on the New Jersey coast. Formerly it bred
regularly in Cape May county and probably at other points, arriving
late in April and departing in October (Zurnbull, 1869).

The only recent records that we know of are one specimen shot by
Mr. J. N. DeHaven, near Tuckerton, N. J., “last of August, 1886,”
and one seen by Mr. W. E. D. Scott at Long Beach, N. J., May 20,
IST (GB. OC. 1879).

109. Himantopus mexicanus (Mtru.). Black-necked
Stilt.

BREEDING RanGe—Temperate N. A., Texas to northern U. S. in the
interior.
Winter Distrisution—To West Indies and northern S. A.

Very rare straggler on the New Jersey coast. Formerly it bred
regularly in Cape May county and also on Egg Island, Delaware
Bay (Zurnbull, 1869). We know of no recent captures of this
species.

(ai

Family Scolopacide.—The Snipe and
Sandpipers.

Twenty-eight species of this family are found in the district under
consideration. Only three, however, occur as breeders—the Wood-
cock, Spotted Sandpiper and Bartramian Sandpiper.

The following species are regular transients on the coast:
Dowitcher, White-rumped, Least, Red-backed and Semipalmated
Sandpipers, Sanderling, Greater and Lesser Yellow-legs and Hud-
sonian Curlew, while inland occur the Solitary Sandpiper and Snipe.

Rarer coast migrants are the Long-billed Dowitcher,* Knot,
Pectoral Sandpiper, Western Sandpiper,* Marbled Godwit, Willet
and Long-billed Curlew, while the remaining species are very rare,
2. é., Stilt, Curlew, Buff-breasted and Purple Sandpipers, Hudsonian
Godwit and Eskimo Curlew.

The European Woodcock is an accidental straggler inland.

|110.| Scolopax rusticola Linn. European Woodcock.
BreEpina Range—Northern part of Eastern Hemisphere.
Rare straggler from Europe. The following specimens have been
secured :
Northampton Co., Pa., J. Mack (Detwiler).
Chester Co., Pa., end of Nov., 1886, David M. McFarland ( Warren’s Report).
New Jersey, Sept., 1889, game dealer ( Warren’s Report).

111. Philohela minor (Gmuet.). American Woodcock.
BrEEDING RanceE—Eastern U.S. to Canada.
Winter Distrisution—About the same.

Resident, though much less common in winter. Although still
quite generally distributed, it is becoming yearly a less common
breeder, and is found mainly during migrations. Migrants arrive
March 10-18, and depart by Nov. 1.

112. Gallinago delicata (Orv). Wilson’s Snipe.
Breeping RaneE—Northern U. 8., northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southern U.S. to northern 8. A.

Common transient, frequenting open swamps and meadows, both
inland and on the coast.

* Stragglers from the West.

72

Occurrs in the spring, March 20 to May 10, and in fall during
October, though it seems to be much rarer in the latter season.
Occasionally individuals seem to remain during winter, as one was
taken as late as Nov, 25 by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Cape May county,
N.J.,and another in mid-winter, about 1875, by Mr. S. N. Rhoads,
at Haddonfield, N. J.

The Snipe breeds occasionally in northeastern Pennsylvania, but
not in the southern part of the State. Such specimens as have been
taken in this section or in New Jersey during summer have proved
to be wounded individuals which were unable to migrate.

113. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmuet.). Dowitcher.
BREEDING RanGe—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Gulf States and Mexico to West Indies and S. A.
Common transient on the New Jersey coast. Occurring May 6—
20, and again July 20-Oct. 1. Mr. Scott also secured specimens as
early as July 6, 1877, at Long Beach (B. N. O. C., 1879).
Stragglers have been taken in Lancaster and Chester counties,

Pa. ( Warren’s Report).

114. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed
Dowitcher.
Breepine Rance—North-western N. A. (?)
Wiyter Disrrisution—Mexico to 8. A.
This western representative of the preceding species occurs with it
in small numbers, especially in the fail migration, and though com-
paratively rare is probably to be found every year.

115. Micropalama himantopus (Bonar.). Stilt
Sandpiper.
Breepinc Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—South to West Indies and northern S. A.

Very rare transient on the New Jersey coast, and, according to
Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds of N. J.), a straggler on the Delaware
river at Trenton. The only definite record of its capture is given by
Mr. Jonathan Dwight (B. NW. O. C., 1879, p. 63), who records ten
shot at Squan Beach between July 15 and September 15, 1879, and
states that he knows of one other recent capture in New Jersey. Mr.

73

M. W. Holberton records it as common in autumn 1876 (Yorest
and Stream, III, p. 68).

116. Tringa canutus Lixx. Knot. Robin Snipe.
Breepine Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Nearly throughout the Southern Hemisphere.
Formerly a common transient on the New Jersey coast, but now
becoming quite rare. Occurs May 15 to June 1 and August 15 to
September 15.

117. Tringa maritima Briyxn. Purple Sandpiper.
Breeping Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Middle States.

Very rare winter visitant.

Dr. C. C. Abbott records one found dead near the lighthouse at
Atlantic City, N. J. (Birds of N. /.), and Dr. Warren mentions a
specimen in the U. S. National Museum taken many years ago near
Philadelphia.

118. Tringa maculata View. Pectoral Sandpiper.
Breepinc Rance—Far northward.
WintTER DIsTRIBUTION—S. A.

Regular transient on the New Jersey coast, but apparently not so
common as formerly. Most plentiful during the fall migration.
Passing through in April and again from the middle of August to
October 1. Occasional also on the Delaware river and in the
interior.

119. Tringa fuscicollis Vivi... White-rumped Sand-
piper.
Breeping RancE—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern S. A.
Transient on the New Jersey coast, but not very common, associ-
ating with the following species and arriving and departing with it.
This species probably occurs inland along the larger rivers in small
numbers during the migrations, as Dr. Warren records two taken
near Philadelphia and one in Berks county, Pa.

74

120. Tringa minutilla View. Least Sandpiper.
Breepinc Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Through 8. A.

Abundant transient on the New Jersey coast, associating closely
with the previous species and with Hreunetes, especially the latter ;
indeed, it seems that scarcely any flock of small ‘‘ Peeps”’ is com-
posed exclusively of one species. Occurs during the early part of
May and again July 15-September 15.

Found more or less regularly on the lower Delaware river and
other large streams inland during the migrations.

121. Tringa alpina pacifica (Covsrs.). Red-backed

Sandpiper. Black-breast (Spring). Winter Snipe (Fall).

Breepine Rance—Far northward.
Winter Disrrisution—s. Atlantic and Gulf coasts; casually farther
north.

Abundant transient on the New Jersey coast. Some remain all
winter at Anglesea (Laurent—O. & O., 1892), and probably at other
points also. Migrants occur in spring April 17—-May 20, and again
during September.

Occasional on the Delaware river and other large streams.

122. Tringa ferruginea Brtxn. Curlew Sandpiper.
BreEepinc Range—Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere.

Very rare straggler on the coast.

Turnbull states that it is occasionally shot at Egg Harbor, and Dr.
C. C. Abbott (Birds of NV. J.) says that specimens have been taken
at Tuckerton and Cape May. We have found no other records of
its occurrence.

123. Ereunetes pusillus (Liyy.). Semipalmated Sand-
piper.
Breeping Rance—Labrador to N. Alaska.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies to S. A.

Abundant transient on the New Jersey coast May 9—June 1 and
July 15-September 15. Scott states that they reached Long Beach
in 1877 as early as July 7 (B. NV. O. C., 1879), and Dr. W. L. Ab-
bott has taken them at Cape May as late as October 2. Occurs

(ft)

sparingly at least on the Delaware and other large streams during
migrations,

124. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. Western Sandpiper.
Breeping Range—Northwestern N. A.
Winter Distrisution—s. W. States to Mexico and 8S. A.

A straggler from the west occasionally accompanying the preced-
ing during migrations. A specimen in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was obtained by Dr. W. L.
Abbott in Cape May county, N. J., September 14, 1880, and another
in the collection of Mr. I. N. DeHaven was taken at Atlantic City,
N. J., May 17, 1892.

125. Calidris arenaria (Lixy.). Sanderling.
Breeping Range—Far northward.
Winter DistrisuTion—s. Atlantic States to S. A.

Abundant transient on the New Jersey coast, keeping pretty much
to the beach, April 18—June 1 and September 14—October 15, some
also are said to remain through the winter. Dr. W. L. Abbott se-
cured one specimen in the spring migration as late as June 13. Oc-
casional on the lower Delaware.

126. Limosa fedoa (Liyy.). Marbled Godwit.
BREEDING RangE—Iowa and Dakota to Alaska.
Winter Distrisution—Guatemala, Mexico and Cuba.

Rather rare transient on the New Jersey coast, where it seems to
have been more plentiful formerly. Occurs in May and again from
last week of July to September 15. Dr. Warren states that a few
have been captured in recent years in Lancaster, Philadelphia and
Delaware counties, Pa.

127. Limosa hemastica (Liyy.). Hudsonian Godwit.
Breeping Ranae—Far northward.
WInTER DISTRIBUTION—S. A.

Rather scarce transient on the coast, arriving late in September,
according to Turnbull. One was shot on the Schuylkill below Phil-
adelphia, September, 1878, by Mr. C. D. Wood (Trotter—B. N. O.
C., 1879, p. 235), and another from the Delaware river is in the
collection of the Philadelphia Academy.

76

128. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmnet.). Greater Yellow-
legs.
Breeping Rance—Northern N. A. southward to Iowa.
Winter DistriputTion—S. Atlantic States to S. A.

Common transient on the New Jersey coast, occurring April 20-
May 16 and again July 15—October 1. Some linger a month later,
as Dr. W. L. Abbott took a specimen on Five mile Beach, Cape
May county, November 7, 1877. ‘This species also occurs on the
larger rivers with more or less regularity, and is not infrequently
seen flying overhead at various inland points during the migrations.
According to Ord (Wilson’s Ornithology) it formerly bred on the
coast marshes, but we have no definite proof.

129. Totanus flavipes (Gmet.). Summer Yellow-legs.
Breeping Rance—Northern N, A.
Winter Disrrisution—s. Atlantic States to S. A.

Common transient on the coast and less frequently on the larger
streams inland. Occurs April 830-May 10 and July 15—October 10.
Scott found them as early as July 9, 1879, at Long Beach, N. J.
(Be. VO 6, 1879).

130. Totanus solitarius (Wits.). Solitary Sandpiper.

Breeping Rancge—Northern Middle States, northward.

Winter Distrisution—Southern States and tropical America.

Common transient along fresh water streams and swamps, but

apparently rather scarce on the coast. Occurs April 25-May 15 and
September 15—October 20. This species probably breeds sparingly
in the mountainous portions of Pennsylvania, as Prof. H. J. Roddy
found a pair which were apparently nesting in a swamp in Perry
county in June, 1884.

151. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmet.). Willet.
BreEpineé Rance—Temperate N. A. northward to New England and
Nova Scotia.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies and 8S. A.
Not very common, and found mainly during migrations, though a
few still occur all summer at Anglesea (Capt. Taylor). Formerly this

ct

species was an abundant breeder all along the New Jersey coast*
( Turnbull, 1869), but by 1879 it had become rare in Summer (Scoft).
Occurs April 20—May 15 and July 17-Sept. 15. Scott records a
single male at Long Beach as early as April 6 (B. WV. O. C., 1879).

The Willet occurs occasionally inland, generally on the larger
streams. Dr. Warren has a specimen in his collection taken in Del-
aware Oo., Pa., Aug., 1885, and another taken in Chester Co., Pa.,
Aug., 1887, and others have been taken on the Delaware, Lehigh
and Susquehanna rivers ( Warren’s Report).

132. Bartramia longicauda (Becust.). Bartramian
Sandpiper. Field Plover. Grass Plover.
Brerepine Rance—Virginia to Nova Scotia and Alaska.
Winter Distrizution—Southward to Brazil and Peru.

Rather common summer resident in the interior, but somewhat
local and irregularly distributed. It occurs also on the coast during
migrations.

Arrives April 21-29, and remains until about Sept. 15, becoming
most abundant Aug. 1-15.

133. Tryngites subruficollis (Virr.). Buff-breasted
Sandpiper.
BREEDING RanGE—Far northward.
Winter DistrisutTion—S. A.
Very rare transient on the New Jersey coast.
Turnbull states that it is generally seen late in autumn, but we
have no recent record of its capture.

134. Actitis macularia (Lixn.). Spotted Sandpiper.
BreepDinc Rance—Whole of N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—West Indies and Mexico to northern 8. A.
Abundant summer resident, generally distributed throughout
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, breeding on the coast as well as in-
land.
Arrives April 20-25 and remains until Oct. 1.

* One nest with eggs was found by Mr. C. E. Bellows near the Warner House
on Delaware Bay, May 19, 1884 (Forest and Stream, XXII., p. 364).

78

135. Numenius longirostris Wis. Long-billed Curlew.
BrEEDING Rance—Temperate N. A., only so far northward as New Jer-
sey on the Atlantic slope.
Winter DisrrisuTion—S. Atlantic States to Guatemala and Cuba.

A straggler on the New Jersey coast occurring generally in May
and September. Formerly this species was more abnndant, and is
said to have bred occasionally in Cape May county.

A few stragglers have been observed inland in Pennsylvania.

136. Numenius hudsonicus Lars. Hudsonian Curlew.
Breepinc Range—Far northward.
Winter Disrripution—s. A.

Common transient along the New Jersey coast, occurring May 1—
June 1 and July 15-Sept. 15. Scott records them as early as July
9, 1879, at Long Beach (B. WV. O. C., 1879). A specimen, secured
at Lancaster, Pa., May 27, 1892, is in the collection of Mr. W. R.
Schnader (foddy).

137. Numenius borealis (Forst.). Eskimo Curlew.
Breeving RanceE—Far northward.
Winter Distripution—s. A.
Rare transient on the coast, appearing in May and again in Sep-
tember, according to Turnbull. We have no recent records of its
capture.

Family Charadriide—The Plovers.

Seven Plovers occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The
Killdeer breeds regularly inland, and the Piping Plover sparingly on
the coast. Of the others, the Semi-palmated and Black-bellied
Plovers are regular transients, while the Wilson’s is a rare straggler
and the Golden Plover an erratic transient.

138. Charadrius squatarota (Lryy.). Black-bellied
Plover.
BREEDING RancE—Far northward.
WinTER DistRisuTION—Southern Hemisphere.
Common transient on the New Jersey coast, occurring April 30-
May 22 and latter part of July to September 15. Dr. W. L. Abbott

19

has taken specimens in Cape May county as late as June 3 in the
spring migration and as late as November 7 in fall.

This species is occasionally found inland during the migrations.
Dr. Warren records two specimens secured in Chester county, Pa.,
and others have been taken on the Delaware river.

139. Charadrius dominicus Miiy. Golden Plover.
BreepinG Rance—Arctic America.
WinTER DistripuTion—s. A.

Very erratic transient, rarely seen in spring, but at irregular in-
tervals occurs in large flocks in the fall. Dr. Warren states that it
was very common in Chester county, Pa., in the fall of 1880. We
know of no captures during the past few years.

140. Maialitis vocifera (Lixn.). Killdeer.
BREEDING RanceE—Temperate N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern States to northern 8. A.

Common summer resident throughout the interior of Pennsylvania
and New Jersey south-east of the mountains and on the coast during
migrations. Arrives March 20 and departs October 25. Some re-
main all winter in Chester and Delaware counties, Pa., and in south-
ern New Jersey.

141. Mgialitis semipalmata Bonar. Semipalmated
: Plover.
BreEepine Rancze—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies and S. A.
Very common transient on the coast.
Occurs May 10—June 1 and returns July 19-September 15. Strag-
glers are also found on the lower Delaware and Susquehanna.

142. Zygialitis meloda (Orv.). Piping Plover.
Breepine RaNGE—Southern coast of Labrador to Virginia.
Winter DistrisuTion—Atlantic States to the West Indies.
Transient, but not nearly so abundant as the preceding species,
occurring April 15-May 15 and in September and early October.
This species formerly bred along the coast in considerable num-
bers, but is now quite rare in summer, though a few are still said to

80

breed at Anglesea (Laurent—O. & O., 1892); they are also occasion-
ally found in winter on the southern part of the New Jersey coast.

Stragglers have been taken on the Delaware river and, perhaps, at
other points in the interior.

143. Aigialitis meloda circumcincta Rivew. Belted
Piping Plover.
Breeping RangeE—Wisconsin to the Rocky Mts.

A straggler from the west, occuring occasionally with the preced-
ing species during migrations. Dr. J. A. Allen records two typical
specimens in the museum of Princeton College, taken at Long Beach,
N. J., April, 1877, by Mr. W. E. D. Scott. Two others not quite
typical are in the same collection, taken at the same time (Auk, 1886,
p-. 482).

144, Mgialitis wilsonia (Orv.). Wilson’s Plover.
BrEeEDING RancGe—Coasts of Virginia and southward.
Winter Distripution—Mexico and 8. A.

Rare straggler on the New Jersey coast, where it probably bred
occasionally many years ago.

The first specimens of this species ever secured were shot by
Alexander Wilson on ‘Cape Island, N. J., May 13, 1813.” We
know of no recent captures,* although Mr. Harry G. Parker states
that he saw some on Seven-mile Beach in 1886 (O, & O., 1886, p.
138).

Family Aphrizide—The Turnstones.

Only one species of this family occurs in our district.

* Some published records of this species undoubtedly refer to A. semipalmata,
as a great deal of confusion seems to have existed in the minds of gunners, etc.,
regarding their specific distinction. Wilson’s Plover, however, has been taken
recently on Long Island.

81

145. Arenaria interpres (Liyxy.). Turnstone. Calico-
back.

Breepine Rance—Far northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southern Hemisphere.

Very common transient on the New Jersey coast, occurring May
1—June 1 and Aug. 1-Sept. 15. Occasional on the Delaware, gen-
erally after storms. Dr. Warren has several in his collection that
were taken at Philadelphia and in Delaware county, Pa., and Dr.
C. C. Abbott mentions two that were shot at Trenton, N. J. (Birds
of No S.).

Family Hematopodide—The Oyster-
catchers.

Only one species is found on the Atlantic Coast.

146. Hematopus palliatus Tem. Oyster-catcher.
Breeping RanGe—Coasts of Southern States.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies and 8S. A.

Very rare straggler on the New Jersey coast, formerly much more
common, and bred in Wilson’s time at Great Ege Harbor.

Three individuals were seen at Beach Haven in the fall of 1880 by
Mr. 8S. N. Rhoads, and one was shot at Tuckerton in May, 1894, by
Mr. Jillson. Another was taken by a gunner on Chester Island in
the Delaware river, May 14, 1891.

Family Tetraonidee—The Grouse, Quail, Etc.

Three species formerly occurred in Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
one of which is now extinct in these States.

144%. Colinus virginianus (Lixn.). Bob White. Part-
ridge.
BreEepine Rancu—Hastern U.S., to Kansas, southward to Georgia.
Winter Disrrisutrion—Nearly the same.
Resident, though much less common than formerly, especially in
the southeastern counties of Pennsylvania.

82

148. Bonasa umbellus (Lryy.). Ruffed Grouse.
Pheasant.
Breepine Ranee—Eastern U.S., lowlands of Massachusetts to upper
parts of Geogria.
Winter Disrrisution—The same.

Resident, though now confined almost entirely to the mountain
and forest-clad districts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and to the
pine barrens of the latter State (May’s Landing, ete.).

The Ruffed Grouse of the higher mountains are said to differ
somewhat in color from those of the lower districts, and may show an
approach to the Canadian Ruffed Grouse, B. umbellus togata (L.).
We have been unable as yet to examine a satisfactory series of speci-
mens.

[149.] Tympanuchus cupido (Lrxy.). Heath Hen.
Prairie Hen.
Breepinc Rance—Martha’s Vineyard Island, Massachusetts. (Formerly
New Jersey to Virginia, etc.)
Winter Distrinution—The same.

Now extinct in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Up to 1868 and
probably later, a few were said to occur on the barren ‘‘ plains ”’*
which cover portions of Ocean and Burlington counties, N. J., and,
according to Turnbull, a few still survived in Monroe and Northamp-
ton counties, Pa., in 1869.

The Family Phasianide—The Pheasants and
Turkeys.

But one species occurs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

* These “ plains”? form one of the most remarkable sections of the Pine Bar-
ren region. They comprise an elevated dry tract several miles in extent, sit-
uated between Cedar Bridge and Woodmansie. The ground consists of sand
and coarse gravel, being in fact an ancient sea beach, and is covered with a
low growth of shrubs including quantities of Arctostaphylos and Corema. The
pines occur on all sides, but are dwarfed and prostrate, not reaching an average
height of more than a foot and a half. Indeed, from the center of the tract as
far as the eye can reach, there are no pines more than three or four feet high,
and these are widely scattered.

83
150. Meleagris gallopavo Lixx. Wild Turkey.

Breeping RaANGE—Southern Canada to Gulf States.
WintTeER DISTRIBUTION—The same.

Resident, but now restricted to the wilder mountainous parts of
Pennsylvania, where it is becoming rarer every year. Two speci-
mens in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia were obtained in Perry county in December, 1891, and
November, 1892, by Mr. F. M. McKeehan.

Both of these, however, show a considerable dewlap, which is ab-
sent or but very slightly developed in specimens from Virginia which
we have examined. This may denote an admixture of the domestic
bird, though the specimens seem otherwise typical of the true Wild
Turkey.

Family Columbide—The Pigeons.

Only one species is of regular occurrence in Pennsylvania. Of the
others which have been recorded, one is nearly exterminated and the
other is a rare straggler from the south.

151. Ectopistes migratorius (Lixy.). Wild Pigeon.
BreEpinc Rance—Formerly at various loealities in eastern N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—Kastern U.S.

Very rare straggler. Formerly (as late as 1873) common in mi-
grations. A few may still breed in western Pennsylvania, but the
bird is rapidly approaching extinction. Dr. Warren states, on the
authority of Mr. D. J. Linskill, that a few pairs bred in Luzerne
county as late as 1889.

The following specimens have been taken during the past few years:

Englewood, N. J., Sept., 1878, F. M. Chapman (2 specimens).

Haddonfield, N. J., March 22, 1879, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Olney, Philada., Sept., 1885, G. S. Morris.

Morristown, N. J., Oct., 7, 1893, A. B. Frost (7. N. De Haven).

Also four in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, procured in Philadelphia market, November and December,
Rey Ares

84

152. Zenaidura macroura (Lryy.). Dove.
Breepinc Rance—Whole of temperate N. A. north to Canada.
Winter Disrrisution—Middle States to Panama.

Common summer resident, occurring also in winter in the southern
counties of both Pennsylvania and New Jersey. About the first of
August they begin to collect in flocks, which sometimes consist of a
hundred or more individuals.

[153.] Columbigallina passerina terrestris Cuarm.
Ground Dove.
Breeping Rance—Atlantic States to northern S. A.
Winter Distrisution—The same.
Accidental straggler from the south.
Mr. John Krider shot a specimen near Camden, N. J., in the
autumn of 1858 (Zurnbull), and one was shot in Lancaster county,

Pa., in 1844 (Libhart, Birds of Lane. Co.).

Family Cathartide—The American
Vultures.

But one species of this family occurs.*

154. Cathartes aura (Lixn.). Turkey Vulture.
BreEDING RanGE—Southern Middle States, southward throughout S. A.
Winter DistrisuTion—About the same.

Common summer resident in Chester, Delaware, Lancaster and
York counties, Pa., and throughout southern New Jersey. Breeds
most abundantly along the lower Susquehanna, but quite a number of
nests have been found in Chester and Delaware counties and in New
Jersey (Stone, Pennell, etc.).

In Cape May county, N. J., it is of regular occurrence in winter,
and it is also seen occasionally at this season as far north as Haddon-
field, N. J., and in southern Pennsylvania.

*The Black Vulture ( Catharista atrata) is included in Dr. Warren’s Report on
‘the authority of Prof. H. J. Roddy. Prof. Roddy, however, writes me that he
is now of the opinion that the specimen which was supposed to have been
‘taken in Perry county, Pa., was “ obtained very much south of Pennsylvania.”

89

Family Falconide—The Hawks and
Hagles.

Sixteen species of this family occur in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. The Marsh, Sharp-shinned, Cooper’s, Red-tailed, Red-
shouldered, Broad-winged and Sparrow Hawks and the Bald Eagle
are residents, though several of them are much more plentiful in
winter. The Sharp-shinned, Cooper’s and Sparrow Hawks are the
most generally distributed breeders. The Pigeon, Duck and Rougb-
legged Hawks are regular visitants in winter, while the Fish Hawk
is a common summer resident on the coast. The remaining species

are irregular stragglers.

155. Elanoides forficatus (Lixy.). Swallow-tailed Kite.

Tropical America and northward to Iowa and on the
Atlantic coast, casually to Pennsylvania.
Winter Distrisution—Tropical America.

BREEDING RANGE

Rare straggler from the South. The following specimens have
been taken :*

Near Philadelphia, 1857, John Krider (Zurnbull).

Lancaster Co., Pa., Formerly in Museum at Lancaster (Libhart, Birds of

Lane. Co.),
Olney, Philada., spring, 1888, Edw. Van Artsdalen (Morris).

156. Circus hudsonius (Lixn.). Marsh Hawk.

Breeping Rance——Whole of N. A.
Winter DisrrisurionN——Southward to Panama.

Resident, but most numerous during migrations, It is most
abundant on the coast marshes and those bordering the Delaware and
other large rivers. A nest was found June 28, 1877, on the marsh
at Long Beach, N. J. (Scott, B. N. O. C., 1879), and it doubtless
breeds regularly in other similar localities.

* Dr. C. C. Abbott saw a Swallow-tailed Kite July 28, 1893, near Borden-
town, N. J. (Science, 1883, p. 222), and another was seen by Mr. J. Harris Reed
in Cumberland county, N. J., May, 1893. Neither specimen was secured.

The Mississippi Kite given in Dr. Warren’s Report, p. 118, is here omitted, as
the specimen was not secured nor positively identified.

86

157. Accipiter velox (Wits.). Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Breepine Rance—Whole of N. A.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Guatemala.

Common resident throughout Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

158. Accipiter cooperi (Bonar.). Cooper’s Hawk.
BreEepinec Rance—Whole of temperate N. A.
Winter Distrisurion—About the same.
Common resident, especially abundant during the fall migration.
This is the most frequent breeder of the larger Hawks in south-east-
ern Pennsylvania.

159. Accipiter atricapillus (Wis.). American Gos-
hawk.

BreEDInG Rance—Northern N. A. north of U.S., except in the higher
mountains.
Winter Distrizution—Southward to Middle States.

Rare winter visitant. Dr. Warren has secured five specimens in
Chester county, Pa., during the past ten years, and one was shot at
Kennett in the same county, January 1, 1872 (Forest and Stream,
VI., p. 67). In New Jersey one was secured by Dr. W. L. Abbott
in Cape May county, January 22, 1879 (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.), and
two others by Mr. W. E. D. Scott at Princeton, N. J., January 1
and 7, 1879 (B. WN. O. C., 1879). On the authority of Mr. Otto
Behr, the Goshawk is given by Dr. Warren as a breeder in the
mountains of Sullivan county, Pa.

160. Buteo borealis (Guet.). Red-tailed Hawk.
Breeping Rance—Hastern N. A.
Winter DistrisuTion—Tke same.

Common resident, but most abundant in winter, at which season
large numbers may be seen daily along the Delaware meadows and
other similar localities. In summer they seem to retire to the wilder
parts of the country or farther north to breed, as comparatively few
nests have come to our notice from southeastern Pennsylvania or
southern New Jersey.

87

[161.| Buteo borealis harlani (Auvn.). Harlan’s Hawk.

DistRipuTION— Kansas, Louisiana, Texas, southward (in winter?) to
Central America.

One specimen of this western bird was secured at Watsontown,

Northumberland county, Pa,, January, 1875, by Dr. W. Van Fleet.

162. Buteo lineatus (Gmuet.). Red-shouldered Hawk.

Breepine Range—Fastern N. A., to Canada.
Winter Distrisution—More southerly.
Resident, but most abundant in winter. Seems to be a rarer
breeder than the preceding. Dr. W. E. Hughes found one nest near
Phoenixville, Pa., some years ago.

163. Buteo latissimus (Wis.). Broad-winged Hawk.
Breepine RanceE—Eastern N. A., north to New Brunswick.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to northern S. A.

Rather rare resident. Several nests have been found in Chester
county by Dr. Warren, Mr. F. L. Burns and Mr. Thos. H. Jackson (0.
& O., 1887, 1888), one in Montgomery county by Dr. W. E. Hughes,
one in Delaware county by Mr. H. G. Parker (0. & O., 1886), and
one at Haddonfield, N. J., by Mr. S. N. Rhoads.

164. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmet.).
American Rough-legged Hawk.

Breepine Ranee—Chiefly north of U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Middle States.

Winter visitant, almost entirely restricted to the marshes border-
ing our larger streams. Along the Delaware below Philadelphia it
was formérly quite abundant, and is still found in considerable
numbers from November till the end of March.

165. Aquila chrysaetos (Lixy.). Golden Eagle.

BreEDING RanGe—Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere.
Winter Distrisution—The same.

Irregular straggler in winter. One was shot at Willow Street,
Lancaster county, December 27, 1867 (Libhart— Birds of Lane. Co.),
another at Oxford, Chester county, Pa., by Mr. Benj. Cope in 1881

88

or 1882 (Rhouds),.and also one near Manheim, Lancaster county,
November 6, 1891 (Raub—Auk, 1892). A specimen in the posses-
sion of Mr. Chas. A. Voelker was secured at New Egypt, N. J., 1893-

166. Halicetus leucocephatus (Liyy.). Bald Eagle.
Breepinc Rance—Whole of N. A.
Wiyter DistrinuTion—The same.

Resident, though most frequently seen during migrations. Several
pairs breed regularly on the cliffs along the lower Susquehanna river,
and at various localities in the mountains, and a few pairs probably
still breed in the cedar swamps of southern New Jersey, as they are
seen regularly along the coast and in the Pine Barrens.

167. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonar.). Duck Hawk.
BreEping Rance—Northern N. A., sonth to the Middle States and
farther in the mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to Central America.

Winter visitant, but not common, except along the coast.

This species breeds regularly on the cliffs bordering the Susque-
hanna near Pittston (Detwiler), and in similar situations on the
Delaware near Nockamixon. Dr. Warren also states that Mr.
Geo. Miller found a nest as far south as Codorus Creek on the
lower Susquehanna.

168. Falco columbarius Lixy. Pigeon Hawk.

Breeping Rance—Chiefly north of the U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to northern S. A.

Rather rare winter visitant, arriving as early as September 14.
Most common along the coast.

169. Fatco sparverius Lixx. Sparrow Hawk.

BreEepING Rance—Temperate N. A.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to northern 8. A.

Abundant resident, breeding throughout.

89

170. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmet.).
Osprey. Fish Hawk.
BREEDING RanGe—Temperate and tropical America, to Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrisution—Coasts of Atlantic States, southward.

Summer resident all along the New Jersey coast, being most
plentiful in Ocean and Cape May counties. Arrives March 20 and
departs by the middle of October, though most have left by the end
of September.

In Pennsylvania it is mainly seen during migrations, but breeds
along the lower Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and occasionally
on smaller inland streams, one pair having been found breeding near
Chadd’s Ford, Delaware county, on the Brandywine creek ( War-
ren’s Report).

Family Strigide.—The Barn Owls.

Only one species occurs in North America.

171. Stria pratincola Boxar. Barn Owl.
Breeping Rance—Southern U.*S., not ranging above the Carolinian
Fauna.
Winter Disrrisution—The same.

Resident, but does not occur north of the Carolinian Fauna, ex-
cept as a straggler. Breeds regularly in suitable places in southern
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, being especially common at all sea-
sons on the Delaware meadows below Philadelphia. One was re-
corded as far north as Englewood, N. J., August 26, 1886, by Mr. F.
M. Chapman (Awk, 1886, p. 485).

Family Bubonide—The Horned Owls, etc.

Nine species of this family occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
The Long-eared, Short-eared, Barred, Screech and Great Horned
Owls are residents, though all of them are more common in winter.
The other species are all visitors from farther mom, the Acadian
Owl being of the most regular occurrence,

90

172. Asio wilsonianus (Less.). Long-eared Owl.
BreEDING RancGeE—Temperate N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—The same.

Resident, but apparently not very common. It is most numerous
in winter, when it sometimes occurs in colonies of considerable
numbers.

Dr. W. E. Hughes has taken a nest with eggs near Valley Forge,
Pa., and Mr. Thos. H. Jackson found another in Chester county,
April 15, 1870 (0. & O., 1886).

173. Asio accipitrinus (Patt.). Short-eared Owl.
BreepinG Rance—Nearly cosmopolitan.
Winter DistripuTion—tThe same.

Resident in suitable places, though much more common in winter,
when it sometimes occurs in large colonies. Mr. W. E. D. Scott
records one of these occurrences in the winter of 1878—9, when some
200 of these birds occupied a field covered with dry grass near Har-
lingen, N. J., from November to January. Mr. Josiah Hoopes
reports similar colonies in his nursuries at West Chester, Pa., about
1866, and again in the winter of 1890-1.

A nest of this species was found by Mr. W. E. D. Scott on the
marshes at Long Beach, N. J., June 28, 1878 (B. WV. O. C., 1879).

174. Syrnium nebulosum (Forsr.). Barred Owl.
Breeping Rance—Eastern N. A., southern Canada to Georgia.
Winter DistrrsuTion—About the same.
Rare winter visitant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, though more
common in the wilder parts of the country. It is said to breed in
the mountain forests and perhaps also in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.

175. Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmet.). Great Gray Owl.
Breeping RancGe—Extreme northern parts of N. A.
Writer Distrisution—Southward to northern U.S.

Very rare winter visitant. Dr. C. C. Abbott states that one was
taken in Sussex county, N. J., December, 1859 (Birds of WN. /.),
and Dr. Warren records one taken in Chester county, Pa., in mid-
winter by Mr. H. B. Graves, and one found dead in the mountains of
Lackawanna county, Pa., by Mr. J. F. Everhart.

91
176. Nyctala acadica (Guet.). Saw-whet Owl.

Breeping Rance—Northern U. 8. and British America.
Winter Distrizsution—Southward to Middle States.

Rare winter visitant, though some probably occur every year. The
following recent captures have come under our notice, and others
have been reported by taxidermists :

Germantown, Pa., Feb. 21, 1887, W. Stone.

Haverford, Pa., Nov. 20, 1892, W. L. Baily.

Philadelphia, Pa.. Nov. 5, 1892, M. L. C. Wilde.

Chester Co., Pa., Aug. 30, 1879, Dr. B. H. Warren.

« ie Nov, LOstsss) «“ @):
«“ Sept. 20,1884.0 «“

Mr. W. E. D. Scott also records a large colony in a cedar grove
near Princeton, N. J., in winter, 1878-9 (B. NV. O. C., 1879).

This species seems to breed regularly in the mountainous parts of
Pennsylvania, as a nest taken at Nazareth, Pa., April 25, 1867,
by Richard Christ, is carefully described in Samuel’s ‘¢ Our Northern
and Eastern Birds,’’ and Dr. Warren records it as a regular breeder
at Lopez, Sullivan county, Pa., on the authority of Mr. Otto Behr.
Dr. J. W. Detwiler has also found it at all seasons near Bethlehem,
though he has never discovered the nest, and Mr. W. L. Baily se-
cured a specimen in the first plumage at Rasselas, Elk Co., Pa.,
June 30, 1894.

1747. Megascops asio (Lixy.). Screech Owl.
Breepinc Rance—Hastern N. A., British Provinces to upper S. Atlantic
and Gulf States.
Winter Distrisution—The same.
Abundant resident, breeding throughout.
The red phase of plumage seems to be the more common in the
vicinity of Philadelphia.

178. Bubo virginianus (Gmet.). Great Horned Owl.
BreEeping Range—Kastern N. A.
Winter DistriputionN—The same.
Resident. Rather common in the wilder parts of the country, but
rare in the settled districts.

92

179. Nyctea nyctea (Liyy.). Snowy Owl.
BreEepiInc RancE—HExtreme northern parts of N. A.
Winter DistrisutioN—Southward, sometimes to middle of U.S.
Winter visitant, most frequent along the coast. Though generally
rare, this species occurs in considerable numbers during some winters,
1876-1877 and 1890-1891 being notable examples.

180. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mttu.). American Hawk
Owl.

BreEepiInG Rance—Northern N. A.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to northern border of U.S.

Very rare winter visitant. Turnbull records one shot at Hadding-
ton, Phila., in 1866, and Dr. C. C. Abbott mentions one secured in
Mercer county, N. J., in 1858, and another in Middlesex county,
N.J., in 1861 (Birds of N. J.).. Dr. Warren states that Mr. Joseph
Krider secured one in Pennsylvania. We know of no other records.

Family Psittacide.—The Parrots.

One species formerly occurred as a straggler in Pennsylvania.

[181.| Conuraus carolinensis (Lryy.). Carolina
Paroquet.
DisrrinuTion—Florida and Gulf States; of local occurrence only, and
rapidly approaching extinction.

Formerly occurred as a straggler within the boundaries of Penn-
sylvania. <A flock was seen many years ago near Willow Street,
Lancaster county, Pa., and one specimen was secured and deposited
in the museum at Lancaster (Libhart, Birds of Lane. Co.). What
is presumed to be the same specimen is still in the collection, but is
unfortunately without data (H. J. Roddy, 1894).

Family Cuculide.—The Cuckoos.

Only two species of Cuckoos occur regularly in Pennsylvania and
New Jersey.

95

[182.] Crotophaga ani Lixx. Ani.
DistrisuTIoN—West Indies and eastern S. A.

A purely accidental straggler. One specimen in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was secured on
“ Peter’s Island, in the Delaware river opposite Kensington,”’* Phil-
adelphia, by John Krider, some time previous to 1869.

183. Coccyzus americanus (Lixy.). Yellow-billed
Cuckoo.
BreEeping Ranee—Northward to Canada and westward to the Plains.
Winter Distrisurioy—West Indies, eastern Mexico and Costa Rica.
Common summer resident, generally distributed and breeding
regularly. Towards the mountains this species seems to become
rarer while the next is more abundant.

184. Coccyzus erythrophthaimus (Wus.). Black-
billed Cuckoo.

BreEpiInG Rance—Northward to Labrador and Manitoba and westward
to the Rocky Mts.
Winter Distrrpution—West Indies, Mexico, to northern S. A.
Summer resident, but in the vicinity of Philadelphia seems less
common than the preceding, and isa much rarer breeder. Along
the Alleghanies and Blue Ridge, however, it is the more abundant
species.

Family Alcedinidee—The Kingfishers.

Represented in eastern North America by but one species.

185. Ceryle alcyon (Lryy.). Belted Kingfisher.
Breepine Range—Throughout N. A.
Winter Distrisution—Middle States (casually), southward to Panama.
Common summer resident, generally distributed along rivers and
creeks. Occasionally individuals occur near Philadelphia during
winter.
* This is the wording of the original label; Perry’s island is evidently in-
tended.

94

Family Picidee—The Woodpeckers.

Of the eight species of Woodpeckers found in Pennsylvania and
New Jersey, three are generally distributed; the Downy Woodpecker
and Flicker being abundant and the Hairy Woodpecker less common.
The Red-headed Woodpecker is irregularly distributed, being a com-
mon breeder in some districts and very rare in others. The Yellow-
bellied Sapsucker is a common migrant, breeding along the moun-
tains. Of the remaining species, the Pileated Woodpecker is almost
entirely restricted to the mountain forests, while the Red-bellied and
Red-cockaded species are mere stragglers in eastern Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.*

186. Dryobates villosus (Lixn.). Hairy Woodpecker.
Breepine Rance—Eastern U.S. except the S. Atlantic and Gulf States.f
Winter DistrripuTtion—About the same.

Resident, most abundant in the mountains and in the wilder sec-
tions of the country; occurring in the thickly settled districts in
winter.

Hairy Woodpeckers from the Pennsylvania mountains seem to
have decidedly longer bills than the lowland birds, this being per-
haps an approach towards the northern variety, D. villosus leucomelas.

187. Dryobates pubescens (Liyn.). Downy Wood-
pecker.
Brrepinc Rance—Throughout eastern N. A.
Wiyter Distrisution—About the same.
Abundant resident and generally distributed, though to a certain
extent replaced by D. villosus in the sparsely settled country.

[188.|] Dryobates borealis (View..). Red-cockaded
Woodpecker.

BreEpine Rance—Southern States, eastern Texas to N. Carolina, and
occasionally farther north.

WInTER DIsSTRIBUTION—Same.

A very rare straggler from the south. Mr. T. G. Gentry records the
capture of a specimen in Delaware county, Pa. (Life Histories of

* Audubon states (Orn. Biog., II., p. 198) that he saw a few Three-toed
Woodpeckers, Picotdes arcticus, in the Great Pine Forest of Pennsylvania, but no
specimens seem to have been secured, and the record has never been verified.

} It is there replaced by the Hairy Woodpecker, D. villosus auduboni.

95

Birds), and Mr. G. N. Lawrence* mentions one in his collection,
taken near Hoboken, N. J. There is also a specimen in the col-
lection of the Philadelphia Academy, shot near Philadelphia, in 1861,
by Mr. Wm. Wood.

189. Sphyrapicus varius (Liyn.). Yellow-bellied Sap-
sucker.
BreEepinc Rance—Northern U.S. northward, and southward through
the Alleghanies.
Winter Distrisution—Potomac valley south to West Indies and
Mexico. Occasionally farther north.
Common transient visitant and occasional winter resident. Occurs
in spring, March 15—April 12, and once recorded as late as May 10.
(1884,—W. LZ. Baily.) In fall it occurs September 10—October 20.
Along the Alleghanies and probably also in northern New Jersey,
the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is a summer resident and has already
been recorded as breeding in Cumberland and Sullivan counties, Pa.
(Warren's Report), and at Harvey’s Lake, Luzerne county (Stone,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1891), while Mr. Dwight found a few on
North Mountain (Auk, 1892).

190. Ceophleus pileatus (Lrxn.). Pileated Woodpecker.
Breeping Rance—Forest regions throughout N. A.
Winter DistrisuTIoN—Same.

Very rare straggler in south-eastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. The only specimens that have come under our notice se-
cured southeast of the mountain forests during the past fifteen years,
are as follows :

Cape May Co., N. J., Nov. 7, 1878, W. L. Abbott, M. D.+

Cape May Co., N. J., Dec. 31, 1879, W. L. Abbott, M. D.t

Englewood, N. J., Sept., 1885, Jacob Ulrich (Chapman—Auk, 1888).

A few may possibly still breed in the dense swamps of southern
New Jersey.

In the vicinity of Harvey’s Lake, Luzerne courty, Pa., the
Pileated Woodpecker was rather common during June, 1891, and it
is probably still plentiful wherever the forests remain.

* Ann. Inc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1867, p. 291.

+ Nos. 26,675 and 26,676, Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. The record of
this species in Delaware county, Pa,, Auk, 1891, p. 245, was an error.

96

191. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Lryy.). Red-
headed Woodpecker.

BreEping Range—KEastern U.S. to the Rocky Mts., but rare east of the
Hudson and Delaware rivers.
Winter Disrrizution—Irregularly throughout the breeding range, but
mainly in the Southern States.

Summer resident, but of irregular distribution. Most common in
Pennsylvania along the valleys of the Susquehanna, Brandywine and
upper Schuylkill. Rare about Philadelphia, and very rare in New
Jersey (at least south of the mountainous portion). Arrives April
10—May 9 and departs October 7-23. One specimen was secured by
S. N. Rhoads at Haddonfield, N. J., December 2, 1880, and one or
two others have been reported in winter.

192. Melanerpes carolinus (Liyy.). Red-bellied
Woodpecker.
BreEpIng Rance—Southern States, rare north of Chesapeake Bay
(much farther north west of the Alleghanies).
Wiyter Distrisution—About the same.

Rare and irregular straggler, occurring mostly in winter. All the
captures that have come under our notice have been in Chester and
Delaware counties, Pa.* Dr. Warren records five specimens
secured by him in this part of the State, and there are several in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences from the same
vicinity. Two specimens were also taken at Kimbleville, Chester
county, by Mr. S. N. Rhoads, January 1, 1880, December 8, 1881,
and two in northern New Jersey, @. e., Keyport, November 23, 18387
(Foster—Forest & Stream, XXIX., p. 363), and Newton, November
16, 1889 (Lewis—Auk, 1890). We know of no record of the breed-
ing of this species in eastern Pennsylvania or New Jersey.

193. Colaptes auratus (Liyy.). Flicker.
BreEeping Rance—Eastern N. A., westward to the Plains.
Winter Distrisution—Mainly south of the Middle States.

Abundant summer resident March 25—October 25; a few also
occur every winter in the vicinity of Philadelphia and in southern
New Jersey.

*In southwestern Pennsylvania this species is a common breeder. Mr. J.

G. Dillin also secured a specimen in Bedford county, November 24, 1893 (Coll.
Witmer Stone).

97

194. Colaptes auratus x cafer. Hybrid Flicker.

Though most of the notorious hybrids between the eastern Yellow-
shafted and western Red-shafted Flickers are confined to the region
west of the Mississippi river, a few are to be found in the east, and
four specimens at least have been taken in eastern Pennsylvania.

On October 1, 1889, Mr. I. N. DeHaven shot two Flickers near
Conshohocken, Pa., which had the wings and tail bright reddish
orange ; unfortunately only a few of the feathers of these speci-
mens were preserved. Another specimen, which is in Mr. De-
Haven’s collection, secured May 1, 1892, at Peach Bottom, Lancaster
county, Pa., has a few red feathers in the moustachial stripe, and a
similar specimen was shot near Philadelphia, April 138, 1886, by Mr.
Herbert Brown (Wo. 146, Coll. W. Stone).

Three or four other specimens with a few red moustachial feathers
were shot by Mr. T. M. Trippe at Orange, N. J. (Amer. Wat., 1873,
p- 498).

x

Family Caprimulgide.—The Goatsuckers.

Only two species occur in the district under consideration.

195. Antrostomus vociferus (Wits.). Whip-poor-will.
BREEDING RANGE—Virginia to Nova Scotia, westward to the Plains.
Winter Distrisution—Gulf States to Mexico and Guatemala.

Tolerably common transient in the vicinity of Philadelphia, breed-
ing along the mountains and in the wilder secluded parts of southern

New Jersey and Pennsylvania, April 22-September 30.

196. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmet.). Night Hawk.
Breeping Rance—Eastern N. A., to the Plains.
Winter Disrrisution—West Indies and Mexico to S. A.

Summer resident, generally distributed through the open country.
In August the Night Hawks collect in large flocks before passing
southward. May 4-October 10. The most noted breeding ground
of this species in the vicinity of Philadelphia is on the barren
serpentine ridges of Chester county.

98

Family Micropodidee—The Swifts.

Only one species occurs.

197. Cheetura pelagica (Lixx.). Chimney Swift.

Breepine RanGe—Virginia to Canada, westward to the Plains.

~

Winter Distrisution—South of the U. 8.

Abundant summer resident everywhere. April 15—October 10.

Family Trochilide—The Hummingbirds.

Only one species occurs in eastern North America.

198. Trochilus colubris Lixx. Ruby-throated Hum-
mingbird.
Breevinc Rance—FEastern U.S8., northward to Canada.
Winter Distrisution—Cuba, eastern Mexico and Central America.
Common summer resident, much more abundant in some localities
than others. May 12—September 25.

Family Tyrannide.—The Tyrant Fly-
catchers.

Of the Flycatchers, nine species occur in eastern Pennsylvania
and New Jersey. The Pewee, Wood Pewee, Kingbird, Crested and
Acadian Flycatehers are common breeders. The last is restricted
to the southern counties, and is replaced farther north by the Least
Flycatcher, which is a transient in the vicinity of Philadelphia.
Tie Yellow-bellied Flycatcher is a migrant species rarer than any
of the preceding, while the Traill’s and Olive-sided Flycatchers are
of still less freqaent occurrence.*

* Three western and southern species, the Fork-tailed, Scissor-tailed and

Arkansas Flycatchers, have also occurred as mere accidental stragglers within
our district. See below.

99

[199.] Milvulus tyrannus (Liyy.). Fork-tailed Fly-
catcher.
BreEpinc Rance—Mexico to S. A.

One specimen was secured by Audubon, near Camden, New
Jersey, in 1832, and another was taken near Bridgeton, in the same
State, in December, many years ago (Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith).
The occurrence of this bird in the United States is purely accicental.

[200.] Milvulus forficatus (Gueu.). Scissor-tailed Fly-
catcher.
BrEeEDING RanGE—Mexico and southwestern U.S.
An accidental straggler. One specimen was secured by Dr. C.C.

Abbott, April 15,1872, near Trenton, New Jersey. (Birds of N. J.)

201. Tyrannus tyrannus (Lixy.). Kingbird.
Breeping Rance-—Eastern N. A., westward to Rocky Mts.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies, Mexico and northern S. A.
Very common summer resident, generally distributed. May 6-
September 1. Found in considerable flocks in southern New Jersey
in August.

[202.] Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird.
Breepineg Rance—Western N. A. Hastward through the Plains.
One specimen secured near’ Moorestown, Camden county, New
Jersey, many years ago; was formerly in the museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. (Turndull.)

203. Myiarchus crinitus (Lixn.). Crested Flycatcher.
Breeping Range—KHastern U.S., northward to Canada.
Winter Distrisution—Hastern Mexico to Costa Rica.
Common summer resident throughout. Occurs May 1—Septem-

ber 1, and occasionally as late as September 20.

204. Sayornis phoebe (Latu.). Pewee. Phoebe.
Breeping Rance—Eastern N. A., north of the Gulf States.
Winter Disrrigurion—Southern States to Cuba and eastern Mexico.
Abundant summer resident, March 20-October 25. Occasional
specimens have been seen during winter—January 1, 1884, Lancas

100

ter county, Pa. (Stone), January 22, 1883, Chester county, Pa.
( Warren).

205. Contopus borealis (Swatns.) Olive-sided Fly-

catcher.
BreepDInc Range—Canadian Zone northward (southward in the
mountains).
Winter Distrisution—Mexico and northernS. A. %

Very rare migrant. One specimen was taken by Prof. Baird at
Carlisle many years ago (Birds of Carlisle), and another by Mr. C. D.
Wood at Coatesville, Pa,, about 1875 ( Trotter—B. N. O. C., 1879).
Dr. Warren states that several have been taken at rare intervals in the
southeastern portion of Pennsylvauia during the past ten or fifteen
years. The species has not been observed in the Delaware Valley by
any members of the Club.

206. Contopus virens (Lixn.). Wood Pewee.
Breepinc Rance—Hastern U.S., northward to Canada.

Winter Distripution—Hastern Mexico and Guatemala.

Abundant summer resident. May 6—September 20.

207. Empidonax flaviventris Bairv. Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher.
BreEepinc Range—Northern border of U.S., northward; westward to
Rocky Mts.
Winter Distrisution—Kastern Mexico to Panama.
Rather rare migrant in southeastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, occurring in spring, May 17-21, and in fall, September 4-25.
Along the higher portions of the Alleghanies it is probably a regu-
lar breeder, as Mr, Dwight found it on North Mountain in summer
(Auk, 1892), and Mr. Koch reports it as breeding in Lycoming
county, Pa.

208. Empidonax acadicus (Gmet.). Acadian Fly-
catcher.

Breeping Ranae—Eastern U.8., northward to the upper limit of the
Carolinian Zone.
Winter Distribution—Hastern Mexico to Ecuador.

‘Common summer resident throughout southeastern Pennsylvania

101

and in portions of southern New Jersey, ranging northward only to
the upper border of the Carolinian Fauna. Most common along the
valleys of the lower Susquehanna, Schuylklll, Brandywine and their
tributaries, generally breeding in the immediate vicinity of water.
Occurs May 5—-September 15.

209. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Avup.). Traill’s
Flycatcher.
BreEepingc Range—Northern border of eastern U. S., northward.
Winter Distrisutron—Mexico to northern S. A.

A rare transient visitant. Though this species is included in
several lists, we can find no actual records of its capture in eastern
Pennsylvania or southern New Jersey.*

At Lake Hopatcong, N. J.. Mr. S. N. Rhoads saw this species
in the latter part of May, and it is possible that it breeds there as well
as at certain points in the higher Alleghanies.*

210. Empidonax minimus Barirv. Least Flycatcher.
Breeping Rance—Eastern N. A., from Alleghanian Zone northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Mexico to Panama.

A regular, though not abundant, transient in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, May 1-15 and September 6-15. Single nests have
been taken in Delaware county, Pa. (June 1, 1881. S. WN. Rhoads,
B. N. O. C., 1882), and at Trenton, N. J. (June 1891. Jos. W.
Tatem), and pairs have been once or twice seen in the vicinity of
Haddonfield, N. J., in summer, but the species is a rare breeder in
this latitude.

Along the Pennsylvanian Alleghanies and at Lake Hopatcong,
N. J., it is a common breeder.

Family Alaudide.—The Larks.

Two races of the single American species of Lark occur in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey, both of which are winter residents in
those portions of the states under consideration.

* The specimen referred to in Abstract Proc., D. V. O. C., 1890 and 1891,
p. 2, proved to be #. minimus.

102

211. Otocoris alpestris (Lrxn.). Horned Lark.
Breeping Rance—Labrador, Hudson Bay and northern Europe.
Winter Distrizution—Southward to the Carolinas and Illinois.
Regular winter resident along the New Jersey coast and Delaware
Bay in immense flocks; less abundant in the interior and irregular
in its occurrence. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it is most fre-
quently seen along the Delaware marshes, though it is by no means
regular.

212. Otocoris alpestris practicola Uensa. Prairie
Horned Lark.

Upper Mississippi Valley and western New York
and Pennsylvania (casually eastward from northern

BREEDING RANGE

Pennsylvania to New England).
Wiyter Distrisution—Southward to Virginia and Texas.

Casual winter visitant in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Two speci-
mens are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, which
were taken in Tinicum township, Delaware county, Pa., by Mr. S.
M. Brice, February 19 and 22, 1879.

In western Pennsylvania this species breeds frequently, and it
also occurs sparingly in the northeastern portion of the state during
the breeding season. (Athens, Bradford county, Dwight and Parke
—Auk, 1892. Williamsport, Koch).

Family Corvide.—The Crows.

Five species of the Crow Family occur in the region covered by
the present list. Of these the Common Crow and Blue Jay are
everywhere resident and are the only abundant species. The Fish
Crow is a summer resident on the coast, while the Raven is rare,
being mainly restricted to the mountains. The Canada Jay is a
very rare straggler.

213. Cyanocitta cristata (Lixyn.). Blue Jay.

Breeping Rance—FEastern N. A., north of Florida.*
Winter Distrizution—About.the same.

* Replaced there by the Florida Blue Jay, C. cristata florincola.

103

Resident. Collects in flocks from August to October, the majority
of which go further south to pass the winter.

[214.] Perisoreus canadensis (Liyn.). Canada Jay.

BreepinG Range—Northern New England to Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrizution—Southward to northern New York.

Very rare straggler in winter. Dr. A. C. Treichler secured one,
February, 1889, in Lancaster county, Pa.

215. Corvus corax principalis Rivnew.* Raven.

Breeping Rance—Northern and eastern N. A.
WInTeER DistripuTion—Same.

Resident along the Alleghanies and in the north central part of
Pennsylvania, occasionally straggling eastward during winter.—| A
few also breed in the dense cedar swamps of southern New Jersey.
Mr. Geo. B. Benners secured a pair of young from a nest near Tuck-
erton some years since, and Mr. Jillson informs us that a pair still
breed there. Messrs. 8. N. Rhoads and W. Stone also saw a pair
at May’s Landing, N.J., February, 1893, which were said to breed in
a neighboring cedar swamp. Solitary ravens are not infrequently
seen along the sea coast.

216. Corvus americanus Auv. American Crow.
BREEDING RanGE—Hastern N. A., except Floridat and the Arctic regions.
Winter Distrisurion—Mainly south of New England.

Abundant resident, collecting in immense flocks during the winter.
These flocks have definite roosting places to which they resort every
night, and the same roosts are used winter after winter,

The birds fly in long lines, and following the same course every

* Ravens from Centre county have been pronounced by Mr. Ridgway to be
C. c. prineipalis (Forest and Stream, XXXVIL., p. 182); those from New Jersey
are intermediate between true C. c. principalis and C. c. sinuatus, the Western
Raven, though they are perhaps nearer to the former. Corvus corax is the
Kuropean race.—_See Awk, 1894, p. 137-138.

7 The record of this species in Delaware county (Awk, 1891, p. 245) was an
unfortunate error. The specimen came from Fulton county, Pa., as was after-
wards ascertained.

{ There replaced by the Florida Crow C. americanus floridanus.

104

day, the majority of them resorting to the cultivated districts of
Pennsylvania to feed and returning to the New Jersey pines at
night. The following roosts have been occupied within the last few
years, and there are doubtless others :*

Hainesport, Burlington Co., N. J., extent of roosting area 20-30 acres.

Merchantville, Camden Co., N. J., 4 a 15-20 *
Reedy Island, Delaware River, a us 50 a
Davis Grove, Montgomery Co., Pa., a “ 20 os
Coatesville, Chester Co., Pa., a c Several ‘“

217. Corvus ossifragus Wits. Fish Crow.
Breeping Rance—Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Long Island.
Winter Distrisutiox—About the same.

Breeds regularly along the New Jersey coast, and scems to be par-
tially resident, as two specimens were taken by Mr. W. E. D. Scott
at West Creek, Ocean county, N. J., January 21 and 22, 1879, and
others were seen at the same time (B. WV. O. C., 1879). It is found
along the Delaware river, at least as far up as Philadelphia, and may
breed sparingly in Delaware county, Pa. It is also reported to as-
cend the Susquehanna as far as the Pennsylvania line.

Family Icteride—The Orioles.

Ten species of Jcteride are included in the avifauna of eastern
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Six of these breed generally through-
out these States: the Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, Meadow-
lark, Cowbird, Orchard and Baltimore Orioles, the first three being
the most abundant. Three species are transient: the Bobolink,
which occurs mostly along the large river and coast marshes, and
the Bronzed Grackle and Rusty Blackbird, neither of which is very
common. The Yellow-headed Blackbird is an accidental straggler.
The Meadowlark is resident in the southern parts of Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, and the Rusty Blackbird, Red-winged Blackbird,
Cowbird and Purple Grackle occur irregularly during winter.

* See Rhoads’ “ Crow Roosts and Roosting Crows,” Amer. Nat., 1886, pp. 691
and 777. An important treatise on the subject.

105

218. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Lrxyy.). Bobolink. Reed-
bird.
Breepineé Range—Northern portion of eastern U. S. and southern
Canada (mainly north of Pennsylvania).
Winter Distrisution—West Indies and 8. A.

Regular migrant, occurring in large flocks, May 1-15 and August
25-September 20, mainly along the large river marshes, and very
abundant in fall. Occurs on the coast in fall, but is rare during
the spring migration.

The Bobolink is a regular breeder in the northern parts of Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey, but seems to be irregularly distributed. It
has been reported to breed in Bradford and Susquehanna counties
(Warren’s Report), and formerly at Englewood and Passaic, N. J.
( Chapman).

In 1885 a number of Bobolinks were seen during the breeding
season by Mr. 8S. N. Rhoads at Croydon Station, Bucks county, Pa.,
and no doubt bred there, though we have no absolute proof.*

219. Molothrus ater (Bovv.). Cowbird.

Breepine Rance—U. S. and southern Canada.
Winter Distrisution—Southern States and Mexico.

Common throughout from April to October in small flocks.

At Cape May, N. J., the Cowbird has been found in January as-
sociating with the flocks of ‘Red-winged Blackbirds (Stone and
Rhoads), and it probably winters in other suitable localities in the
southern part of the State.

[220.] Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonar.).
Yellow-headed Blackbird.
Breepina Range—Marshes of western U.S.

An accidental straggler from the west.

A young male was shot on the marshes below Philadelphia,
August, 1851, by Mr. John Krider, and is now in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences (No. 3745). Another specimen
in the same collection was secured by a gunner about 1890 at Tuck-
erton, N. J., and was mounted by Mr. Gross, a taxidermist of

*The Bobolink has been said to have bred in Chester county, Pa., and along
the Maurice river, N. J., but we have been unable to verify these reports.

106

Camden. Mr. I. N. DeHaven also shot one near Camden in Sep-
tem, 1866.

221. Agelaius phoniceus (Lixy.). Red-winged Black-
bird.

Breeping Rance—Nearly throughout temperate N. A.
Winter Distrisurion.—Mostly south of the Middle States.

Abundant summer resident, arriving in the vicinity of Philadel-
phia on the first spring-like day, sometimes as early as February 6.
They collect in flocks on the river marshes during the latter part of
July and generally depart by November 1, though occasional flocks
are seen on the Delaware marshes and in southern New Jersey
during the winter.

222, Sturnella magna (Lixy.). Meadowlark.
Brerping Rance—LFastern N. A., northward to Canada.
Winter DistersuTion—Middle States, mainly along the coast and large
river valleys ; southward.
Common resident, in winter mainly restricted to the marshes of
the Delaware river and the New Jersey coast, where they collect in
large flocks, spreading back into the uplands about the first of March.

223. Icterus spurius (Lixy.). Orchard Oriole.
Breepinc Rance—Eastern U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Mexico to Panama.

Common summer resident, arriving in the vicinity of Philadelphia
about May 1, and departing the latter part of August. For some
weeks before their departure, both this and the following species col-
lect in small flocks, frequenting upland swamps and woodland.

224, Icterus galbula (Lixy.). Baltimore Oriole.
BreEpinc Rance—Northward to New England and Ontario, westward
to the Plains.
Winter DistripuTtion—Mexico to Panama.
Common summer resident, arriving about May 1 and departing
late in August.
This species seems to be more abundant in the northern portions
of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Mr. Rhoads found them espec-
ially numerous about Lake Hopatcong, N. J.

‘2

107

225. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mttt.). Rusty Black-
bird.

BreEpInG Rance—Northern boundary of the eastern U. 8., northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Mostly south of the Middle States.
Transient, occurring mainly along the river marshes from March

1 to April 15, singly or in small flocks. In fall the Rusty Blackbirds
pass through early in October. A few occasionally winter on the
Delaware meadows, Tinicum township, Delaware county, Pa., asso-
ciating with the large flocks of Sparrows (Stone). A small flock was
also recorded by Mr. Chapman at Englewood, N. J., December 24,
1884 (Auk, 1888).

226. Quiscalus quiscula (Lixy.). Purple Grackle.
Brerping Rance—Atlantic slope of U. S., from southern New England
southward.
Winter Disrrisution—Mainly south of the Middle States.

Abundant summer resident, breeding in communities. The
Grackles arrive about February 20, and after the young are fledged,
they collect in immense flocks and repair every night to their roosting
places, which they frequent regularly until their departure for the
south in November. A very large roost, which has been occupied
for a number of years, is situated on a wooded island in the Susque-
hanna river near Peachbottom, Lancaster county, Pa. (De Haven).

A few Grackles occur during winter in the vicinity of Philadel-
phia, but seem to be only straggling visitors. At Cape May, N. J.,
they occur in large flocks during winter (Stone & Rhoads).

227. Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Rivew.). Bronzed
Grackle.

Central N. A., from the Rocky Mts. to the Alleghan-
ies and the Atlantic coast, from New England to

BREEDING RANGE

Hudson Bay.
Winter DistrisuTion—South of the Middle States and Ohio Valley.
Not common, occurring mainly in migrations, though some of the
breeding Grackles in the central counties of Pennsylvania are prac-
tically referable to this race.

The relationship of the several described races of Grackles is
somewhat involved, and the great variety of coloration of birds from
the Middle States makes their satisfactory identification a matter of

108

considerable difficulty. Mr. F. M. Chapman* tells us that in a ser-
ies of fifty-one breeding males taken at West Chester, Chester
county, Pa., by Dr. B. H. Warren and Mr. G. W. Roberts, there
were two specimens almost typical of Quiscalus quiscula ugleus (the
form inhabiting Florida and other southern states), and one closely
approaching Q. quiscula eneus, while the rest showed all stages of
intermediate coloration.

The most probable explanation of the question is that advanced by
Mr. Chapman, 7. e., that there were originally two species, the west-
ern and northern Q. @neus and the southeastern Q. agleus, and that
the former has spread into the territory of the latter, mixing with it
until now the typical Q. agleus is found only in the Gulf States and
South Atlantic seaboard (north to Virginia?). To the north and
westward towards the mountains, intermediate formsf occur ap-
proaching nearer and nearer to Q. @neus, until we find typical re-
presentatives of this form just beyond the Alleghanies and in New
England.

[228]. Quiscalus major (Vieitt.). Boat-tailed Grackle.
BreeDiInc Range—Southern States northward to Cape Charles, Va.
Winter Disrrisutrion—Southern U. S.

Very rare straggler from the south.

Two birds of this species made their appearance at Anglesea, N.
J., in company with the Purple Grackles in the Spring of 1891, one
of which was shot by Mr. Samuel Ludlam (Laurent, O. & O., 1892).
We know of no other records.

Family Fringillide—The Finches.

Thirty-five species and sub-species of the Finch Family occur in
eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Of these, fourteen breed }
in the southern portions of these states, the Goldfinch, Vesper

* Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV., p. 1.

+ The original description of the Purple Grackle Q. quiscula was taken from
one of these intermediate specimens, butif only two races are recognized the name
quiscula would of course hold for the southeastern bird as it antedates agleus.

{The Song Sparrow, Goldfinch, Vesper Sparrow and Field Sparrow, occur
also in winter.

109

Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Song Sparrow,
Towhee, and Indigo-bird, being abundant and generally distri-
buted, while the Grasshopper Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Henslow’s
Bunting, Cardinal and Rose-breasted Grosbeak are less common
breeders and are irregularly distributed. The Seaside and Sharp-
tailed Sparrows are restricted entirely to the maritime marshes, but
are there abundant summer residents.

Thirteen species occur as winter visitants, the Snowbird and
Tree Sparrow being everywhere abundant, while the Purple Finch,
White throated Sparrow, Savanna Sparrow and Fox Sparrow are
mainly transient, wintering regularly only in the southern counties.
The Pine Grosbeak, Crossbill, White-winged Crossbill, Redpoll,
Pine Finch, and Snow Bunting, occur as more or less irregular vis-
itors in winter only, while the Ipswich Sparrow is a winter visitant
along the seacoast. Three other species occur only during the
migrations, i. e., the White-crowned Sparrow, Acadian and Nelson’s
Sharp-tailed Finches, the last two being strictly maritime. The re-
maining species are merely stragglers—Evening Grosbeak, Blue
Grosbeak, Lincoln’s Finch, Lapland Longspur, Dickcissel, and
Lark Sparrow.

[229]. Coccothraustes vespertina (Coor.). Evening
Grosbeak.

DistrisuTion—Western N. A., eastward to Lake Superior, and casually
farther.’

Accidental straggler in winter. A small flock was observed by
Mr. W. O. Raymond at Summit, N. J., March 6, 1890 (0. § O.,
1890, p. 46).

This species is very erratic in its winter wanderings, and in the
season of 1889-90 appeared in abundance very far east of its usual
range. Dr. Warren observed it in Pennsylvania as far east as
Columbia and Lackawanna counties. At Montoursville, Lycoming
county, Mr. F. F. Castlebury noted it as late as May 1, 1890 (Forest
and Stream, May 8, 1890).

230. Pinicola enucleator (Liyy.). Pine Grosbeak.

BreEepinc Rance—Northern New England and Labrador to Alaska.
Winter Distrisutron—Southward to the northern U. 8.

A rare and irregular visitant in the depth of winter. A flock was

110

seen at Wynnewood, Montgomery county, Pa., by Mr. Wm. L.
Baily, January 15, 1882, and several specimens secured.

In the northern part of Pennsylvania, and probably all along the
Alleghanies, the Pine Grosbeak is a more abundant winter bird.

231. Carpodacus purpureus (GmMeEL.). Purple Finch.
Breeping Rance—New England and Alleghanies; northward.
Winter Distrisution—Middle and Southern States.

Occurs in flocks throughout the winter, arriving in the vicinity of
Philadelphia about September 25 and remaining until May 1. It
appears to be most abundant along the large river valleys and may
be heard singing all winter.

The Purple Finch doubtless breeds sparingly all along the Penn-
sylvania Alleghanies, having been reported as summering at North
Mt. (Dwight—Auk, 1892), Williamsport (och), Susquehanna and
Clearfield counties ( Warren’s Report), and Pocono Mt. (Shryock and
Stone). In northern New Jersey Mr. Chapman reports it as breed-
ing sparingly at Englewood (Auk, 1889), and Mr. Henry Hales has
also observed it, in summer, in the northern part of the State.

232. Loxia curvirostra minor (Bream). American
Crossbill.

Breepinc Rance—Northern N. A. and southward in the mountains to
northern Georgia (sporadically in Maryland and
Virginia, near the coast).

Winter Disrripution—Migrates irregularly through eastern N. A.
Irregular winter visitant in southeastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, occurring in flocks from November to February. In the
vicinity of Philadelphia it is of erratic occurrence and is never
very ¢-mmon. The only captures, later than February, that have
come under our notice were two specimens secured from a small
flock at Germantown, Pa., May 14, 1888, by Mr. Herbert Brown.
The American Crossbill occurs more abundantly along the Alle-
ghanies and has been reported, in summer, from Sullivan, Luzerne,
Clinton, Clearfield, Cameron and Lycoming counties ( Warren’s [e-

port), and on the Pocono Mt., at Tobyhanna, Pa. (S. Brown).

Bes

233. Loxialeucoptera Guet. White-winged Crossbill.
Breeping RanGe—Northern New England, northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to about the 40th parallel.

A rare winter visitant in southeastern Pennsylvania. Several
specimens were secured in 1879 and 1880 at Germantown (Stone).
One was observed February 2, 1884, at Wynnewood, Pa. (W. Z.
Baily).

In the northern mountainous portions of the State it is probably
of more frequent occurrence in winter.

234. Acanthis linaria (Lixn.). Redpoll.
BreEeping RanGe—Northern British America.
Winter DisrripuTrion—Southward to about the 40th parallel.

An irregular winter visitant, generally occurring in large flocks
during very severe weather. They were exceptionally abundant
during the “blizzard”? of March, 1888 (Stone and Rhoads), and
during the winter of 1878-9 ( Warren’s Report).

In the northern counties the Redpolls are of more regular occur-
rence.

235. Spinus tristis (Lixy.). Goldfinch.
BrEEDING RancE——Whole of temperate N. A.
Winter Distripution—Greater portion of U.S.
Resident, occurring in immense flocks in spring and fall, and less

abundant though common throughout the winter. Breeds regularly.

236. Spinus pinus (Wis.). Pine Finch.
BreeDInG Rance——Northern border of U.8., northward, southward in
the mountains.
Winter Distrinurion—Southward to the Gulf States and Mexico.

A rather irregular winter visitant, October 15 to March 15, often
occurs in large flocks, and at other times in pairs or associated with
the Goldfinches. Much more abundant some years than others.

Two specimens were secured at Cape May, N. J., January 25,
1892 (Rhoads and Stone), and it probably winters throughout the
Pine Barren region.

In Lycoming county, Pa., the Pine Finch is said to breed (och),
and it may prove to be a regular summer resident at other points in
the Pennsylvania Alleghanies.

112

237. Plectrophenax nivalis (Lixy.). Snowflake. Snow
Bunting.
Breepine Rance—Polar regions.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to the northern U. 8S.

Rare and irregular visitant in severe winters, generally in small
flocks. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it has occurred most fre-
quently along the Delaware meadows between the city and Chester.
A number of specimens were obtained there, February 22 to 27,
1879, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.

[238.] Calcarius lapponicus (Lixy.). Lapland Longspur.
Brrepinc Rance—Polar regions.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to northern border of U.S.
Very rare straggler from the north. One specimen was shot from
a flock of Snow Buntings at League Island, Philadelphia, in winter
about 1864 by Mr. C. D. Wood ( 7rotter—B. NV. O. C., 1879). We
have found no other definite records of its capture.

239. Poocetes gramineus (Gmue-t.). Vesper Sparrow.
Grass Finch. Bay-winged Bunting.
BreEping Range—Virginia to Nova Scotia and Ontario; east of the
Plains.
Winter DistrisuTion—Southern New Jersey, southward.

Abundant summer resident, April 12 to November 1.

A number of specimens were observed in winter at Cape May,
N. J. (Stone and Rhoads),and they have also been taken at this sea-
son in Cumberland county, N. J. (Dr. W. ZL. Abbott), Princeton,
N. J. (W. £. D. Scott—B. N. O. C., 1879), and at Westtown,
Chester county, Pa. (S. WV. Rhoads).

240. Ammodramus princeps (Mayry.). Ipswich
Sparrow.
Breepinc Rance—Nova Scotia.
Winter DistrisuTtion——Southward to coast of Virginia.
Winter resident along the sandhills of the New Jersey coast, not
abundant, though probably regular. The following specimens have
been taken:

Cape May Co., N. J., Dec., 30, 1879, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

1138

Squan Beach, N. J., Nov. 16, 1880, Gerard R. Hardenberg (Scott).
Atlantic City, N. J., March 15, 1888, S. N. Rhoads.

Anglesea, N. J., April 3, 1889, John Sterner (Coll. P. Laurent.).
Cape May, N. J., Jan. 28, 1892, W. Stone (2 specimens).

Atlantic City, N. J., March, 1892, J. F. Brown.

Cape May, N. J., Jan. 2, 1893, W. Stone (2 specimens).

241. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna

Savanna Sparrow. (Wits.).
BreepinGc RancE—Northern Middle States to Labrador and Hudson
Bay.

Winter Distrinution—Southern New Jersey, throughout theS. Atlantic
and Gulf States.

Common transient visitant especially along the coast and rivers.
Occurs most abundantly in the vicinity of Philadelphia, March 20
to May 15, and September 1 to October 20; stragglers, however,
are found during February and early in March.

At Cape May and probably all along the coast of southern New
Jersey, the Savanna Sparrow is an abundant winter resident.

In the northern counties of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, as
well as along the Alleghanies, this species probably breeds regularly ;
it has been reported in summer at Cresson (Dwight—Auk, 1892),
in Clinton county (Warren’s Report), Bedford Springs (Rhoads),
and at East Bethlehem (Detwiler).

One specimen was secured by Mr. F. D. Stone, Jr., at Cape May,
N. J., July 6, 1891, but it was probably a belated straggler, as no
other birds were found and this one did not seem to have been
breeding.

242. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus

Grasshopper Sparrow. (WiLs:):
Breeping Rance—Hastern U. S. from the Gulf States to southern
Canada.

Winter Distrisution—Mainly in the West Indies and Mexico.
Summer resident ; common in dry uplands, but somewhat locally
or irregularly distributed during the breeding season. Arrives in
the vicinity of Philadelphia, May 1, and departs about October 20.

114

243. Ammodramus henslowt (Avp.). Henslow’s

Sparrow.
Breeping Ranee—Eastern U. S., northward through the Carolinian
Fauna.

Winter Distrisution—Gulf States and southward (?).

Rare summer resident; apparently very local. Several pairs have
been observed at Pt. Pleasant, N. J., during the breeding season
and in the migrations (Stone and S. Brown), and one specimen se-
cured is in the collection of Mr. Witmer Stone (No. 253, August 16,
1886). Mr. Harry G. Parker also records a nest and eggs taken on
Seven-mile Beach, N. J., May 27, 1885 (0. & O., 1886).

Dr. J. W. Detwiler took several nests of this species at East
Bethlehem, Pa., in 1883 and 1884, and has secured specimens sev-
eral times. Prof. Roddy also took a nest in Perry county, Pa.

244. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gwet.). Sharp-
tailed Sparrow.
BREEDING RanGe—Atlantic coast marshes, Maine to North Carolina.
Winter Distrisution—Coasts of S. Atlantic States.
Abundant summer resident on the salt marshes along the New
Jersey coast and for some distance up the shores of Delaware Bay.
Dr. Chas. C. Abbott ( Birds of N. J/.), records one shot at Trenton
during migration, and a specimen in the National Museum col-
lection was secured at Philadelphia. Mr. I. N. DeHaven finds a
few ‘* Sharp-tails’? nearly every winter on the Atlantic City
meadows, but they are by no means common at this season.

245. Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus
Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Dwicur.

BREEDING RaNGE—Coasts of S. New Brunswick and Prince Edward’s Isl.
Winter DistrisuTion—<Atlantic coast.

Regular transient visitor on the New Jersey coast marshes, though
much less abundant than the preceding. A number of specimens
were secured at Atlantic City, October 2, 1892, by Messrs. I. N. De-
Haven and W. Stone, at which date the migration of the Marsh
Finches seemed at its height.

115

246. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni ALuEN.
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
BreEepinG Rance—Fresh water marshes of interior U.S. (chiefly in the
Mississippi Valley).
Winter Distrisution—Gulf and S. Atlantic States, migrating spar-
ingly along the Atlantic coast.

Rare transient on the New Jersey coast, though probably of regu-
lar occurrence.

Nelson’s Finch is the least common of the three races of Sharp-
tailed Sparrows on our coast, and will probably be found to be more
abundant in fall than in spring. Specimens have been secured May
9 and October 2, 1892, by Mr. I. N. DeHaven.

A large series of Sharp-tailed Sparrows, taken during the migra-
tions, will undoubtedly show all grades of intermediates between the
three races. (See also Auk, 1893, p. 85.)

247. Ammodramus maritimus (Wits.). Seaside
Sparrow.
BREEDING Rance—Massachusetts, southward along the Atlantic coast.
Winter Distrinution—N. Carolina, southward.

Abundant summer resident on the New Jersey coast marshes and
on the shores of Delaware Bay. Arrives at Atlantic City about.
April 20 and departs October 15.

In Cape May county Mr. W. L. Baily secured several specimens:
February 22, 1892, which would indicate that a few of these birds.
winter there occasionally. No others, however, have been taken at:
this season.

[248.] Chondestes grammacus (Say). Lark Sparrow.
Breepinc Rance—Mississippi Valley to the Plains, northward to
Michigan.

Accidental straggler. One specimen was secured at Schraalburg,
N. J., November 26, 1885, by Mr. F. M. Chapman (Awk, 1886, p..
136).

In southwestern Pennsylvania this species may occur regularly in
small numbers. Mr. S. N. Rhoads observed a single individual in.
Fayette county, in June, 1894.

116

249. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White-crowned
Sparrow.
BreEDING Ranee—Labrador, north of the Great Lakes; northward.
Winter Distrisution—Southern U.S. and Mexico.

A rare spring and fall migrant, seldom more than one seen ata
time, The following captures have come under the notice of the
Club:

Wynnewood, Montgomery county, Pa., May 9, 1882, Wm. L. Baily.

Wynnewood, Montgomery county, Pa., May 4, 1891, Wm. L. Baily.

Collingdale, Delaware county, Pa., October, 1891, C. A. Voelker.

Wynnewood, Montgomery county, Pa., May 9, 1892, Wm. L. Baily.

Delaware county, Pa., May 8, 1892, R. Kester.

Conshohocken, Montgomery county, Pa., May 13, 1892, S. Wright.

Moorestown, N. J., October 17, 1892, I. N. DeHaven.

Tinicum, Delaware county, Pa., May 2, 1893, C. E. Ridenour.

This species has been said to winter sparingly in southern Penn-
sylvania, but while this is quite likely, we have been unable as yet
to verify the report.

250. Zonotrichia atbicollis (Gmer.). White-throated
Sparrow.
Northern Alleghanies and northern border of U.S.,
northward.
Winter Distrrsurron—Eastern U.S., from about the upper border of
the Carolinian Fauna southward.

3REEDING RANGE

Common winter resident, and very abundant during migrations.
In the vicinity of Philadelphia it occurs in small flocks, generally in
swampy thickets, arriving about September 20 and remaining as late
as May 15. Sings throughout the winter.

Through the upland country and in the mountains, the White-
throated Sparrow is mainly a transient. Mr. Stewardson Brown,
however, heard the unmistakable note of this species on July 4, 1893,
near Tobyhanna, Monroe county, Pa. (Pocono Mt.), which would in-

dicate that a few probably remain there to breed.

251. Spizella monticola(Gmer.). Tree Sparrow.
Breepinc Range—Labrador and Hudson Bay region.
Winter Distrisution—Throughout eastern U. S.
Abundant winter resident, arriving about October 15 and depart-
ing April 15, associating in large flocks.

1B iy

252. Spizella socialis (Wits.). Chipping Sparrow.
Breeping Range—Hastern N. A., northward to Great Slave Lake.
Winter Distrisution—Southern States.

Abundant summer resident, arriving in the vicinity of Philadel-
phia March 30 and departing about October 20. Along the New
Jersey coast it occurs as late as November (Seaville, Cape May Co.
—W. L. Baily), and a few may perhaps winter occasionally.

253. Spizella pusilla (Wits.). Field Sparrow.
Breepine RanceE—Hastern U.S. and southern Canada.
Winter Distrisution—Mainly south of the Middle States.
An abundant summer resident. In the vicinity of Philadelphia,
a few winter every year, but the bulk go a little farther south, leav-
ing about the end of October and returning March 18.
In southern New Jersey they winter in great numbers.

254. Junco hyemalis (Lixy.) Snowbird.*
BreeDING RanGE—Maine to Alaska and southward in the Alleghanies
to Pennsylvania.
Throughout eastern U.S.

Winter DisrrisuTion

Abundant winter resident from about October 1 to April 15, oc-
casional stragglers lingering until the first week of May.

The Junco is a regular breeder along the main ridge of the Alle-
ghany Mountains, and has been found in summer in Sullivan, Wyom-
ing and Luzerne counties ( Warren’s Report, Dwight, Stone, etc.).

Mr. Dwight states that some of the specimens of Junco from the
Pennsylvania mountains are indistinguishable from /unco h. caro-
linensis of the North Carolina mountains, while others differ little
from true J. hyemalis. The position of the Pennsylvania mountains
would lead us to expect the Snowbirds to be more or less intermediate
between the two races.

* An interesting hybrid between this species and the White-throated Spar-
row was taken at Haverford, Montgomery county, Pa., December 12, 1882, by
Mr. W. L. Baily, and is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia (B. NV. O. C., VIII., p. 18, and Awk., 1893, p. 213).

118
255. Melospiza fasciata (GmMet.). Song Sparrow.

BREEDING RancE—Eastern N. A., from Southern States through British
America.
Winter Distrisution—Eastern U. 8.
Abundant resident, though less generally distributed during the
winter, at which season it is mainly confined to the swamps. Espec-
ially abundant in winter along the Delaware meadows.

256. Melospiza lincolni (Avp.). Lincoln’s Sparrow.
BreEpinGc RangeE—Northern boundary of U.S. northward, and south-
ward in the high mountains.
Winter DisrrisuTion—Mexico.

Rare and irregular during the migrations. The only specimens
‘that have come under our notice from the vicinity of Philadelphia
are as follows:

Chestnut Hill, Philada., May 12, 1877, W. L. Abbott, M. D. (Coll. Acad. Nat.
Sci.).

Chestnut Hill, Philada., Oct. 8, 1880, W. L. Abbott, M. D. (Coll. Acad. Nat.
Sci.).

Haverford, Pa., May 14, 1884, W. Haines (Baily).

Four specimens are mentioned by Dr. Warren as taken by him in
eastern Pennsylvania, two early in May, one late in September,
and one early in October.

257. Melospiza georgiana (Lats.). Swamp Sparrow.
Brepepinec Rance—Eastern U. S., Middle States to Newfoundland and
Labrador.
Winter Distrizution—Southern border of Middle States southward to
the Gulf coast.

Resident ; though much more abundant during the migrations
than at other times. The Swamp Sparrow breeds on the marshes
in Tinicum township, Delaware county, Pa., and in other similar
situations, but seems to be rather locally distributed during the
breeding season in southern Pennsylvania.

A few individuals winter regularly on the Delaware marshes be-
low Philadelphia and in southern New Jersey, especially on the
coast marshes they are common winter residents.

Farther north in Pennsylvania and New Jersey this species is pro-
bably a more plentiful breeder.

119

258. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow.
BreEeDiInc Rancge—Gulf of St. Lawrence to Labrador and Alaska.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern States to lower border of Middle States.
Common spring and fall migrant, March 10 to April 10, and
October 15-December 1. Occasionally a few individuals winter in
the marshes of southeastern Pennsylvania, and in southern New
Jersey they appear to be more frequent winter residents. Mr. W.

E. D. Scott also records one taken at Princeton, N. J., January 14,
Sto (a. NOC, 1879).

259. Pipilo erythrephthalmus (ULryy.). Chewink.

Towhee.
Breeping Ranc—E—More elevated parts of Southern States to British
America.
Winter Distrisution—Southern States mainly south of the Carolinian
Fauna.

Common summer resident, arriving about April 18, and depart-
ing October 20, or occasionally as late as the middle of November.*
The Chewink seems to be scarce in the river valleys, and more
abundant in the dry uplands and Pine Barrens.

260. Cardinalis cardinalis (Lrxyy.). Cardinal.
BrEEDING RanGeE—Fastern U.S. south of the upper border of the Caro-
linian Fauna,
Winter Distrisution—The same.

Tolerably common resident in southeastern Pennsylvania and
New Jersey, and locally abundant. In Pennsylvania it is confined
mainly to the river valleys in the southern counties, being especially
plentiful along the lower Susquehanna. It is not found beyond the
first ridges of mountains, except as a rare straggler. In southern
New Jersey the Cardinal is more abundant, and winters in consider-
able numbers on the tide-water creeks which flow into the Delaware
river near Philadelphia.

* Turnbull and Warren state that it occasionally winters. Dr. C. C. Abbott
also states that a few winter in sheltered locations near Trenton, N. J.

120

261. Habia ludoviciana (Lryy.). Rose-breasted Gros-
beak.

BreepDinG Rance—Northern U. S. and Canada, southward along the
mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Cuba, Mexico, Central America and S. A.

Spring and fall migrant, never very common, and some years rare ;
generally more abundant in fall. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it
occurs May 5-12, and again September 5—October 5.

The Rose-breast does not breed except as a straggler below the
Alleghanian zone, but is a summer resident in the northern portions
of Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Englewood, N. J., Chapman,
Morristown, N. J., DeHaven, and numerous localities in Penna.).
The most southern locality in those states where it has been found
breeding recently, is in central Bucks county, Pa., where Mr. I. 8S.
Reiff has taken several nests. Mr. Harry G. Parker once took
a nest in Delaware county (0. & O., 1886), and Dr. Warren records
one found in Chester county by Mr. Titus Bennett in 1875 (Lorest
and Stream, XIV).

262. Guiraca cerulea (Liyy.). Blue Grosbeak.
BreEeDiInGc Rance—Southeastern U. 8. northward to Virginia, and
occasionally farther.
Winter Distrisution—Southern Mexico, Central Mexico, and Cuba.

Very rare straggler from the south.

It has been reported to have bred formerly in Cumberland county,
Pa. (Laird, Birds of Carlisle), and Lancaster county (Libhart,
Birds of Lane. Co.), but we can find no evidence of its breeding
there recently.*

The following are the only recorded captures in Pennsylvania or
New Jersey that have come under our notice:

Darby Creek, Del. Co., Pa., 1866, C. J. Wood (Trotter, B. N. O. C., 1879).
Near Philada., Fall, 1879. W. L. Collins (Swarthmore College Coll.).
Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa., Summer, 1884, W. H. Buller ( Warren’s Report).

* Dr. J. F. Kocher saw what he took to be a pair of these birds in Lehigh
county, in the latter part of May, and later found a nest with four cold eggs
in the same vicinity which he attributed to the pair. The birds were not to
be seen when the nest was found; unfortunately neither nest or eggs were
preserved. This is the evidence upon which Dr. Warren gives this species as
a breeder in Lehigh county.

121

263. Passerina cyanea (Liyy.). Indigo-bird.
Breepinc Rance—Eastern U.S. to southern Canada.
Winter Distripution—s. A.
Common summer resident, arriving at Philadelphia about May 10
and departing October 1.

264. Spiza americana (Gmet.).* Dickcissel. Black-
throated Bunting.
BREEDING Range—Central U.S. (scarce or local east of the Alleghanies).
Winter Disrrisution—Central and western S. A.

Very rare straggler.

Twenty years ago this was a common species in certain parts of
New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, though always of local dis-
tribution. It formerly bred near Frankford, Pa., where specimens
were secured by W. IL. Collins as late as 1879.

The only recent captures that we have noted are :

Maurice River, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1890, W. L. Baily.

Chestnut Hill, Philada., June 7, 1879, W. L. Abbott (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.).

Family Tanagridze—The Tanagers.

Only two species occur in the eastern United States.

265. Piranga erythromelas Visit. Scarlet Tanager.
Breepine Rance—Eastern U.S. and southern Canada, mainly north of
the Carolinian Fauna.
Wiyter Distrizution—West Indies and Mexico to S. A.

Common transient in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but not very
plentiful and rather local during the breeding season. It is a much
more common breeder along the Susquehanna hills in York county,
Pa., and on the Mine Ridge, Lancaster county ; becoming still more

* The type specimen of Townsend’s Bunting, Spiza townsendi Aud., was se-
cured near New Garden, Chester county, Pa., May 11, 1833. No other speci-
men has ever been discovered which lends weight to the theory that this
bird is a very peculiar variation of S. americana or a hybrid between that
and some other species. The original specimen is still preserved in the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

122

abundant towards the Alleghanies, where it is one of the character-
istic species of the mountain forests. In the vicinity of Philadelphia
the migrants pass through May 5-18 and September 10—October 10.

266. Piranga rubra (Liyy.). Summer Tanager.
BreEepinc Range—Virginia, southward to Florida, etc., and casually
farther north.
Winter DistrrisuTtion—Mexico, Central America and northern S. A.

Very rare straggler from the south.

A female was secured at Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, October 23,
1890, by Mr. Philip Laurent, which is the only recent record for
this vicinity with which we are acquainted. Several specimens were
taken in southern Pennsylvania some twenty years ago, and prior to
1860 this species is said to have been of regular occurrence in some
parts of southern New Jersey.

Family Hirundinide—The Swallows.

Six species of Swallows occur in eastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. The Barn Swallow is the most abundant, and is everywhere
distributed. The Rough-winged and Bank Swallows are common
breeders, the former being mainly restricted to the country lying
within the Carolinian Fauna. The White-bellied Swallow occurs
abundantly in migrations, and is a common breeder along the New
Jersey coast. The remaining species, the Cliff Swallow and Purple
Martin are local in their distribution.

267. Progne subis (Lixy.). Purple Martin.
Breeping RancE—Temperate N. A.
Winter DistrisuTtion—Mexico.
Common summer resident in southern New Jersey, but rather rare
and local in Pennsylvania. Arrives April 1-10 and departs Septem-
ber 1. During migrations it occurs in large flocks along the coast.

123

268. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow.*

Breeping Rancge—Whole of N. A.
Winter Distrinution—Mexico and Central America.

Regular migrant, but not very abundant, occurring mostly along
the coast and river valleys. During the breeding season it is rare or
local in southeastern Pennsylvania, but is more abundant in south-
ern New Jersey—Cape May and Cumberland counties (Reed and
Wilde). Arrives in the vicinity of Philadelphia about May 1 and
departs September 1.

269. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bovpv.). Barn Swallow.
BREEDING RanceE—Whole of N. A.
Winter Distrrisution—Through Mexico and West Indies to S. A.
Abundant summer resident, universally distributed. Arrives
April 19 and departs September 1.

270. Tachycineta bicolor (Viriz.). Tree Swallow.
White-bellied Swallow.

Breepine Ranap—N. A., mainly north of the southern border of the
Middle States.
Winter Disrrisution—S. Florida and West Indies to Central America.
Common transient visitant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, occur-
ring April 20—May 15 and August 15-September 1. A few breed
in eastern Pennsylvana and they are common summer residents along
the whole New Jersey seaboard and throughout the Pine Barrens
wherever there are ponds or rivers. During the fall migration they
collect in immense flocks along the coast, and linger sometimes as
late as November (Squan Beach, Nov. 16, 1880—Sceott, B. N. O. C.
1881). Mr. Chapman also records a large flock at Englewood, N.
J., December 31, 1882 (Auk, 1889, p. 303).

271. Clivicola riparia (Liyy.). Bank Swallow.

Breeping Rance—Throughout N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—West Indies and through Central America to
Brazil.

Rather common transient, April 8-20 and August 15-September
* A curious hybrid between the Cliff and Barn Swallow was secured by Mr.

C. D. Wood at Linwood, Delaware county, Pa., May, 1878, and is now in the
collection of Bryn Mawr College (See Zrotter—B. N. O. C., 1878, p. 135).

124

1. In northern Pennsylvania and New Jersey the Bank Swallow is
a summer resident, but so far as we can ascertain it does not seem
to breed in those parts of the states included in the Carolinian
Fauna.*

272. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aup.). Rough-
winged Swallow.
BreEEDING RanGE—N. A., mainly south of the northern border of the
Carolinian Fauna.
Winter Distrisution—Through Mexico to Guatemala.

Common summer resident in suitable localities throughout south-
eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, from April 25 to
September 1. It does not, however, extend its range much farther
north than the Carolinian Fauna.

Family Ampelide—The Waxwings.

Only two species occur in eastern North America.

[273.] Ampelis garrulus Lixx. Bohemian Waxwing.
BreEepinc RanceE—High northern regions.
Wiyter Distrisution—Southward to the northern border of U.S.

Extremely rare winter visitant.

One specimen shot in Pennsylvania is in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, and Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds of N../.)
reports two shot in Cape May county and Morris county, N. J.
Dr. Warren also records one in his possession taken in Elk county,
Pa.

* We have been frequently informed that the Bank Swallow occurred as a
regular breeder in southern Pennsylvania, but in every case investigation
proved that the bird was the Rough-winged Swallow. The general confusion
of the two species is, no doubt, accountable for the prevalent idea that the
Bank Swallow is the common breeder in this section. That it does breed oc-
casionally is quite probable, but as yet we have no positive evidence.

125

274. Ampelis cedrorum (View1.) Cedar Waxwing.
Cedarbird.

BREEDING RanGge—Temperate N. A.
Winter Distrisution—A bout the same, spreading southward to Guate-
mala.

Common resident, but of erratic occurrence. Flocks are fre-
quently but not regularly seen during winter and early spring, and
during June they occur in immense numbers, becoming scarcer
later in the summer. They are not common breeders in the vicinity
of Philadelphia.

Family Laniide—The Shrikes.

Only two species occur on the Atlantic slope.

275. Lanius borealis View... Northern Shrike.
Breeping Rance—Northern border of U.S., northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southward to the Potomac Valley.
tather rare winter visitant, occurring more plentifully in very
cold seasons. Specimens have been captured from December 2 to
February 5. In the northern portions of Pennsylvania this species
is said to be a more abundant winter visitant.

276. Lanius ludovicianus Lixn Loggerhead Shrike.
BreEeping Range—Southern U. 8., north regularly to Virginia and
casually (?) farther.
Winter Distrisution—About the same.

Summer resident at Cape May, N. J., where a few have been ob-
served through the summers of 1890 and 1891 (Stone). Farther
north it is a rare straggler, though in 1878-9 Mr. Scott found quite
a number at Princeton, New Brunswick and Barnegat from August
to January, the following specimens having been secured recently :

Haddonfield, N. J., Oct. 20, 1884, S. N. Rhoads.

Collingdale, Delaware Co., Pa., Nov., 1892, C. A. Voelker.
Fish House, Delaware River, near Phila., 1893, Gross (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.).

126

Family Vireonide—The Vireos.

Six species of Vireos occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Of
these the Red-eyed, White-eyed, Warbling and Yellow-throated
breed, the last two being rarer and more local, while the Solitary
and Philadelphia Vireos are migrants, the latter very rare.

277. Vireo olivaceus (Liyy.). Red-eyed Vireo.
BreEDING RanGe—Eastern N. A. to Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrisution—Through Mexico and Central America to
northern S. A.
Abundant summer resident, April 30-—October 10. One of the
most generally distributed of our woodland birds, and a persistent

songster.

278. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo.
BreEDING Range—Chiefly north of the U.S., except in northern New
England and New York.
Winter Disrrisution—Central America.
A very rare migrant. Besides the type specimen which was se-
cured by Mr. Cassin near Philadelphia, September, 1842, the fol-
lowing specimens have been taken in this vicinity :

Princeton, N. J., Sept. 21, 1876, W. E. D. Scott (B. NW. O. C., 1881).

as i as 28, 1876, “ce “
Frankford, Phila., Pa., Sept., 1878, W. L. Collins (B. WV. O. C., 1879).

x J ‘© 19, 1879, Dr. Spencer Trotter (B. WV. O. C., 1879).
Chestnut Hill, Phila., Pa., Sept. 11, 1880, Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Anglesea, N. J., Sept. 21, 1889, H. Wenzel (Coll. P. Laurent).
West Chester, Pa., Sept. 30, 1891, Josiah Hoopes.

“ “a Oct. 6, “ ce “

Germantown, Phila., Pa., Sept. 23, 1893, H. Brown (Coll. W. Stone).

279. Vireo gilvus (Vier.). Warbling Vireo.
Breeping Rance—Eastern N. A. to Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Eastern Mexico.
Summer resident, May 5—October 10, but not very abundant or
uniformly distributed. Most common along the larger river valleys.

127

280. Vireo flavifrons Vir. Yellow-throated Vireo.
Breepine Rance—Mostly north of the Middle States.
Winter Disrrisution—Mexico and Central America.
Tolerably common transient but rare summer resident, occurring
May 2—September 15.
In the northern parts of Pennsylvania it is probably a more
abundant breeder.

281. Vireo solitarius (Writs.). Blue-headed Vireo.
Solitary Vireo.
BREEDING Range—Chiefly north of U. 8., except along the higher
mountains.
Winter Distrinution—Through eastern Mexico to Guatemala.
Regular transient in southeastern Pennsylvania and southern
New Jersey, occurring April 20-May 5 and September 20—Octo-
ber 15.
On North Mountain and Wopsononock Mountain it has been found
abundantly in summer by Mr. Dwight (Auk, 1892), and it doubtless
breeds at other points along the Pennsylvania mountains.

282. Vireo noveboracensis (GmMEL.). White-eyed Vireo.
Breeping Ranap—Eastern U.S.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern Mexico to Guatemala.
Summer resident; found most abundantly in the Pine Barren
swamps of New Jersey, where it is one of the most characteristic
birds. In Pennsylvania it is less common and is found during sum-
mer in suitable swampy localities. Arrives May 5 and departs

October 1.

Family Mniotiltide—The Warblers.

Thirty-nine species of Warblers have been taken in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, Of these, fourteen breed in the southern portions
of these States; the Maryland Yellow-throat, Oven-bird, Yellow
Warbler and Chat are the most abundant, though the Chat does not
oceur beyond the northern border of the Carolinian Fauna. The
Kentucky, Worm-eating, Blue-winged and Hooded Warblers and

128

the Louisiana Water-Thrush are also limited by the Carolinian
Fauna, and are not so common or generally distributed as the species
of the first list, though they are plentiful in certain localities. The
Prairie, Pineand Parula Warblers summer in considerable numbers,
but are almost entirely restricted to the Pine Barren region of New
Jersey during the breeding season. ‘The Redstart and Black and
White Warbler also breed in small numbers in the southern counties,
but become much more abundant northward and towards the
mountains.

Of the transients, the Black-throated Blue, Myrtle, Magnolia,
Chestnut-sided, Black-poll, Black-throated Green, Yellow Palm and
Canadian Warblers and the Water-Thrush are the most abundant
species, and together with the Redstart, Parula and Black and White
Warbler (which are partially summer residents) form the bulk of the
«¢ Warbler waves ” of the migrations. The Nashville, Bay-breasted,
Blackburnian, Connecticut and Wilson’s Warblers occur regularly,
but are not so common, while the Golden-winged, Tennessee, Cape
May, Cerulean and Mourning Warblers are decidedly rare. The
remaining species can only be regarded as stragglers, 7. e., Prothono-
tary, Orange-crowned, Townsend’s, Audubon’s, and Yellow-throated
Warblers and Grinnell’s Water-Thrush.

288. Mniotilta varia (Liyy.). Black and White
Warbler.
Eastern N. A., Potomac Valley to Hudson Bay, and
southward along the Alleghanies.
Winter Distripution—Gulf States to West Indies and northern S. A.

BREEDING RANGE

Abundant migrant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but rather rare
as a summer resident. A few pairs, however, breed regularly in
certain localities, and nests have been taken at Haddonfield, N. J.
(Rhoads), and in Chester county, Pa. (Jackson). In the New
Jersey Pine Barrens it seems to be a more common summer resident,
and towards the Alleghanies it steadily becomes a more abundant
breeder.

Occurs at Philadelphia, April 25-May 15 and August 10—Octo-
ber 5.

129

284. Protonotaria citrea (Bovp.). Prothonotary
Warbler.

BREEDING RanceE—Lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf States; rare

north of Georgia on the Atlantic Slope.
Winter Distripution—Cuba, Central America and northern S. A.

A very rare straggler from the South. The following are all the

captures in southern Pennsylvania with which we are familiar, and
we know of no record for New Jersey.*

West bank of Schuylkill River, near Phila., about 1876, John McIlvaine
(Trotter—B. N. O. C., 1879).
Chester Co., Pa., midsummer, Dr. B. H. Warren.
“c ‘ May, “ 6
Lancaster Co., summer, Lancaster Museum ( Warren’s Report).
Gray’s Ferry, Phila., May, 1879, Spencer Trotter (LB. N. O. C., 1880).
Montgomery Co., Pa., May 15, 1887, H. F. Moore (Awk, 1888).

285. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmet.). Worm-eating
Warbler.

Breepine Range—Eastern U.S., not ranging north of the Carolinian
Fauna,
Winter Distrisution—Cuba, southern Mexico and Panama.

Summer resident throughout ‘southeastern Pennsylvania within
the limits of the Carolinian Fauna, and in southern New Jersey (ex-
cept Pine Barrens ?). In certain localities it is quite abundant, es-
pecially in portions of Chester county, Pa. (Jackson and Ladd—
O. & O., 1887), and the lower Susquehanna Valley.

Arrives May 7 and departs by September 1.

286. Helminthophila pinus (Liyy.). Blue-winged
Warbler.

BreEepine Rancge—Hastern U.S., not ranging north of the Carolinian
Fauna.

Winter Distripution—Hastern Mexico and Guatemala.

Summer resident within the Carolinian Fauna and quite common
in many localities, corresponding in distribution with the preceding.
Neither of these species have been found breeding in the Pine

* Mr. S. N. Rhoads saw one individual of this species at Haddonfield, N. J.,

some years ago, under circumstances which left no doubt as to its identity, but
unfortunately it was not secured.

130

Barrens of New Jersey, so far as we are aware. Arrives April 25—
May 5; departs September 1.

287. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewst.)
Brewster’s Warbler.

288. Helminthophila lawrencei (Herrick) Law-
rence’s Warbler.

These two interesting birds, which were at first considered valid
species, are now generally conceded to be the results of crossing be-
tween the Blue-winged and Golden-winged Warblers, as the male of
H, pinus has actually been found paired with the female of A. chry-
soptera,* and various birds have been secured which are interme-
diate between the typical Brewster’s and Lawrence’s Warblers and
the two species above mentioned.

The following specimens of these hybrids have been secured in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey :

Typical H. leucobronchialis.

Clifton, Delaware county, Pa., May 12, 1877, C. D. Wood (Trotter B. N. O.
C., 1877).

Intermediate between H. leucobronchialis and H. pinus.

Maplewood, Essex county, N. J., May 11, 1883, C. B. Riker (Auk, 1885).

Englewood, N. J., May 15, 1886, F. M. Chapman (Awk, 1886-1889).
«“ « June 26, 1887, « «“

«“ “ July 31, 1887, «“ «
Morristown, N. J., May, 1859, A. Blanchet (Thurber, Auk, 1886).
a «May 15, 1887, E. C. Thurber (Auk, 1887).

Chester county, Pa., August 31, 1887, Witmer Stone (Awk, 1888).
Intermediate between H. lawrencei and H. pinus.
Morristown, N. J., May 15, 1884, A. Blanchet (Brewster, Auk, 1886).

Typical H. lawrenceit.
Chatham, N. J., May. 1874, H. Herrick (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1874).
Hoboken, N. J., September, 1876, D. B. Dickinson.

289. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Lixy.). Golden-
winged Warbler.

Eastern N. A., breeding north of the Carolinian
Fauna.

Winter Distrisution—Cuba and eastern Mexico to Colombia.

BREEDING RANGE

A rare species in eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey.

* Sage—Auk, 1889, p. 279.

151

In the vicinity of Philadelphia it occurs only during migrations,
May 12-16.* and one or two individuals are generally reported
every year by one observer or another.

Along the Blue Mountain and in the northern counties it proba-
bly breeds regularly in certain localities, as it has been noted in
summer at Delaware Water Gap (Serri//) and at Lake Hopatcong,
N. J. (Rhoads).

290. Helninthophila ruficapilla (Wis.), Nashville
Warbler.

BreEDING Range—Northern U.S. to Hudson Bay.
Winter Distrisution—Hastern Mexico to Guatemala.
Regular migrant May 6-14 and September 15—October 1.
It was found in summer once at Englewood, northern New Jersey
( Chapman—Auk, 1889), and was recorded by Baird to have bred
formerly on South Mountain, Cumberland county, Pa. (Birds of
Carlisle). It will probably be found to breed along the Alleghanies,
though it has not yet been detected there in summer so far as we
can ascertain.

291. Helminthopila celata (Say). Orange-crowned
Warbler.
BreppinG RaneE—Rocky Mts. to Alaska.
Winter Disrrisution——S. Atlantic and Gulf States to eastern Mexico.
A very rare straggler during migrations,f one was secured on
Rancocas Creek, N. J., February, 1860 (Turnbull), and one in
Bucks county, Pa., November 2, 1867, by Mr.C. D. Wood. ( War-

ren’s Report.) More recently the following specimens have been shot :

West Philadelphia, March, about 1876, John Mcllvaine (Zrotter—B. N. O.
@ 189).

Haddonfield, N. J.. March 22, 1883, 8S. N. Rhoads (B. NV. O. C., 1883).

Anglesea, N. J., October 6, 1889, P. Laurent (0. & O., 1892).

* We have no fall records.

f Both these species migrate mostly west of the Alleghanies, and are natur-
ally of rare occurrence on the Atlantic slope. H. peregrina, however, is much
the more common.

132

292. Helminthophila peregrina (Wits.). Tennessee
Warbler.

Breepving RanGe—Maine and northern New York to Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Through eastern}Mexico to northern S, A.
Rare migrant, apparently more common in fall. Specimens have
been taken recently as follows:
Germantown, Philadelphia, May 21, 1890, F. H. Brown (Coll. W. Stone).
Haddonfield, N. J., September 14, 1891, S. N. Rhoads (2 specimens).
West Chester, Pa., September 15, 1891, Josiah Hoopes (3 specimens).

293. Compsothlypis americana (Lryy.). Parula
Warbler.

Breeping Ranc—E—Throughout eastern U. S. and Canada, in suitable
localities.
Winter Disrrisution—Southkern Florida, West Indies and eastern
Mexico and Guatemala.

Abundant migrant, April 830-May 20 and September 10—Octo-
ber 1. Breeds abundantly in the deep cedar swamps of the New
Jersey Pine Barren region where the ‘ Beard Moss” (Usnea bar-
bata), of which it constructs its nest, abounds. Numerous nests have
been collected in various parts of Cape May, Atlantic and Cumber-
land counties (Reed, Wilde, Stone, etc.).

In the swamps of the northern part of Pennsylvania it is also said
to breed ( Warren’s Report), and also in the lower Susquehanna
Valley (Stone), and once in Delaware county (Parker, O. & O.,
1886). In fact it may be looked for wherever there is an abundance
of the Usnea.

294, Dendroica tigrina (Gmue..). Cape May Warbler.
Brexepinc Rance—Northern New England to Hudson Bay (also moun-
tains of Jamaica.)
Winter Distrisution—Greater Antilles.
Rare transient ; apparently more common some years than others.
Specimens have been taken in the vicinity of Philadelphia during
the past few years as follows :

Germantown, Phila., May 21, 1888, Stewardson Brown (Coll. W. Stone).

cs “Sept. 23, 1889, Herbert Brown. Uh
a “ May 12, 1890, Stewardson Brown. MY
Chester Co., Pa., May 12, 1891, Witmer Stone. e

Conshohocken, Pa., May 13, 1892, Samuel Wright.

135

295. Dendroica estiva (Gmuet.). Yellow Warbler.
BreEping Range—Throughout eastern and northern N. A.
Winter Disrrisurion.—Through eastern Mexico to northern N. A.
Summer resident, but irregular in distribution, being an abundant
breeder in some localities, and only a transient in others. The
presence of water-courses seems to determine its distribution to a
considerable extent.
Arrives May 1 and departs September 25.

296. Dendroica cerulescens (Gmet.). Black-throated
Blue Warbler.

BrEEDING RaAnGE—Northern New England northward, and southward
along the mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles and southern
Mexico.

Common transient occurring May 5-20 and September 10—Octo-
ber 10.

It probably breeds all along the higher mountains of Pennsyl-
yania, having been found abundantly in the breeding season at
Harvey’s Lake (Stone), North Mt. (Dwight-Auk, 1892), Lycoming
county (Koch), and less frequently at Mt. Pocono (Shryock) and
Cresson (Dwight). .

297. Dendroica coronata (Lixy.). Myrtle Warbler.
Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Breeping Rancu—Northern border of U. S. northward.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern Middle States to Panama,

Abundant transient,* passing the vicinity of Philadelphia, April
25—May 20, and September 25-November 1. Throughout the Pine
Barren region and as far north at least as Haddonfield, N. J., it is
a regular winter resident and occurs irregularly in winter in south-
eastern Pennsylvania.

* Dr. Warren states that he has observed this species in Cameron county,
Pa., June 25, 1888, McKean county, July 14, 1889, and Clinton county, August
10, 1889, each time a single bird. This would indicate that the species may
breed sparingly in the Pennsylvania mountains and plateau region.

134

[298.| Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). Audubon’s
Warbler.
BreEepinG Rance—Rocky Mts., westward to the Pacific coast.
A purely accidental straggler.
One was secured by Dr. B. H. Warren, November 8, 1889, in
Chester county, Pa.

299. Dendroica maculosa (Gmev.). Magnolia Warb-
ler. Black and Yellow Warbler.

Breeping RanGe—Northern New England to Hudson Bay, and south-
ward in the mountains.
Winter Disrrisution—Bahama, Cuba and Central America.
Common transient, occurring May 10-20 and September 10-
October 5.
Along the higher Alleghanies from Luzerne county to Somerset
county, Pa., it is a summer resident, though apparently not very
abundant.

300. Dendroica cerulea (Wits.). Cerulean Warbler.
BrEEDING RANGE—Mississippi Valley to the Alleghanies.
Winter Disrrisution—Cuba and southern Mexico to Peru.
Very rare transient; the following are all the captures that have
come under our notice in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey :

Chester Co., Pa., Dr. B. H. Warren.
West Chester, Pa., May, 1891, T. H. Montgomery.

201. Dendroica pensylvanica (Lixyy.). Chestnut-
sided Warbler.

BrEEDING RanGe—Eastern U. S. and Canada, from the Alleghanian
Fauna northward and southward,in the mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Bahamas and Hastern Mexico to Panama.

Abundant transient, May 5-15 and September 10-25.

Breeds all along the mountains of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
(Harvey’s Lake and Mt. Pocono, Pa., and Lake Hopatcong, N. J.,
etc.), and southward in suitable localities nearly throughout the Alle-
ghanian Fauna. It has been found in the breeding season as far
south as the Welsh Mountain, Lancaster county (Stone), Hamburg,
Berks county (Stone), and Dr. Warren records it of rare occurrence

155

in Chester county in summer. Mr. S. N. Rhoads has also taken a
very young specimen in Delaware county, Pa., in July.

202. Dendroica castanea (Wits.). Bay-breasted
Warbler.

Breepine Rance—Northern New England to Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Through eastern Mexico to Colombia.

Though this species is a regular migrant, it appears to be very un-
common in some localities, especially in southern New Jersey, and is
apparently mach more abundant in some years than others.

It occurs in the vicinity of Philadelphia, May 10-20 and Septem-
ber 10—October 1.

303. Dendroica striata (Forsr.). Black-poll Warbler.

3REEDING RANGE—Northern New England and Labrador to Alaska.
Winter Disrripution—Bahamas and northern 8. A.
Abundant transient, bringing up the rear of the migrations. Oc-
curs at Philadelphia, May LO—June 1 and September 20—October 15.

304, Dendroica blackburnice (Gmet.). Blackburnian
Warbler.
BreEepinec Ranege——Northern New England northward, and southward in
the mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Bahamas and eastern Mexico to Peru.
Common migrant, though apparently less abundant in the lowlands
of New Jersey than in the higher woodlands of Pennsylvania.
Occurs May 5-15 and September 15—October 1.
Along the higher Alleghanies where the hemlocks remain uncut,
this species is a summer resident (Harvey’s Lake, North Mt., etc.).

305. Dendroica dominica (Lrxy.). Yellow-throated
Warbler.
S. Atlantic States to the shores of lower Chesapeake
Bay.
Winter DistrisutioN—Bahamas and Greater Antilles.

BREEDING RANGE

Very rare straggler in the southern counties of Pennsylvania and

New Jersey.
The only captures with which we are acquainted are:

136

Delaware Co., Pa., Middle of June (2 specimens), C. D. Wood (Trotter—B.
NOOO NG TS a):
Trenton, N. J., May 29, 1860, Dr. C. C. Abbott (Birds of N. J.).
Chester Co., Pa., June 27, 1879, Dr. B. H. Warren.
a os July, 1885, o

206. Dendroica virens (Gyeut.). Black-throated Green.
Warbler.

Breeping Range—Northern New York and New England, northward
and southward in the mountains.
Winter Distrisution—West Indies and eastern Mexico to Panama.
Abundant transient May 2-15 and September—October 10.
Summer resident along the higher Alleghanies (Harvey’s Lake;
North Mountain, ete.), ete.

[307.] Dendroica townsendi (Nurt.). Townsend’s.
Warbler.
Breeping RancEe—Pacific coast of N. A.

Accidental straggler. One specimen was secured by Mr. C. D.
Wood at Coatesville, Chester county, Pa., May 12, 1868. It was
purchased later by Mr. Bernard Hoopes and is now in the possession
of Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia.

208. Dendroica vigorsii (Auv.). Pine Warbler.
Breeping Range—Eastern U.S. from Southern States to Ontario and
New Brunswick.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern States to Bahamas.

Common summer resident througbout the Pine Barrens of southern
New Jersey, where it arrives as early as March 80.* It occurs in
the breeding season at Towanda, Bradford county, Pa. (Dwight,
Auk, 1892), and perhaps in other suitable localities in Pennsylvania.
In the vicinity of Philadelphia it is a rather rare transient occurring
May 1-5 and September 25—October 5,

*It is quite probable that it winters occasionally in southern New Jersey
but as yet we have not succeeded in finding it at this season.

137

309. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Rivew.*
Yellow Red-poll. Yellow Palm Warbler.

BreEepine Range—New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay.
WinTeER Distrisurion—S. Atlantic and Gulf States.

Abundant transient, April 12-25, and October 10-20. It also
occurs occasionally in southern New Jersey in winter, a specimen

having been secured by Mr. 8S. N. Rhoads at May’s Landing,
December 2, 1892.

310. Dendroica discolor (Viritt.). Prairie Warbler.

BreEDING RaAnceE—Eastern U.S., northward to southern New England.
Winter Distrisution—Southern Florida and West Indies.

Abundant summer resident throughout the Pine Barrens of New
Jersey, and occasionally in southern Pennsylvania (Barren Ridge,
Chester Co.— Warren’s Report). During the migrations it is more
generally distributed, but is not abundant, except in southern New
Jersey. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it occurs May 10-15 and
September 1-15.

311. Seiurus aurocapillus (Lixn.). Oven-bird. Golden-
crowned Thrush.
BreEepine RancE—N. A., from 38° to Hudson Bay.
Winter Disrrisution—Southern Florida, West Indies, Mexico and
Central America.

Common summer resident throughout Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, arriving April 80—May 3 and departing October 6-9. Es-
pecially plentiful in the mountains and in the New Jersey Pine
Barrens.

312. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmuet.). Water-Thrush.

Brerpine Rance—Northern U.S8., northward.
Winter Distrinution—Gulf States and West Indies to northern S. A.
Common transient, occurring at Philadelphia May 5-20 and
August 3-September 1. It is one of the earliest migrants to reap-
pear after the breeding season, and has been shot as far south as

Cape May, N. J., on August 11, 1891 (Stone).

*The true D. palmarum belongs west of the Alleghanies. Stragglers have
however been taken on the Atlantic slope, but not so far as we know in either
Pennsylvania or New Jersey.

158

In the highest Alleghanies of Pennsylvania it is a summer resi-
dent (North Mt.—Dwight—Auk, 1892, and Lycoming county.—
Koch).

[313.] Seiwrus noveboracensis notabilis (Griny.).
Grinnell’s Water-Thrush.

Breeping Range—Western N. A., east to the Mississppi Valley.
A rare straggler during migrations.
One specimen was secured at Raritan, N. J.. May 30, 1889, by
Mr. W. C. Southwick, which is the only capture that has come under
our notice (Auk, 1892).

314. Seiurus motacilla (View..). Louisiana Water-
Thrush.

Breepinc Rance—Eastern U. S., not ranging much north of the Caro-
linian Fauna.

Winter Distrisution—Gulf States to the West Indies and Central
America.

A summer resident in certain parts of southern Pennsylvania, It
has been found most abundantly in the lower Susquehanna Valley
(Stone), and along the South Mountain, Cumberland county
(Rhoads), where it arrives as early as April 12. It is also reported
in summer from the Delaware river near Delaware Gap, N. J.
(Rhoads), and at Black’s Eddy, Bucks county, Pa. (S. Brown), and
one nest has been recorded* from the Wissahickon Creek, Philadel-
phia.

The only captnre in the vicinity of Philadelphia that we know of
is one specimen secured August 18, 1894, at Wawa, Delaware
county, Pa., by Mr. H. Y. Pennell. It, however, probably occurs
sparingly every year during the migrations.

315. Geothlypis formosa (Wis.). Kentucky Warbler.

Breeping Rance—Eastern U.S., not ranging north of the Carolinian
Fauna.
Winter DistrisuTioN—Cuba and eastern Mexico to Panama.

Summer resident in southern Pennsylvania, most numerous in
York, Chester, Delaware and southern Montgomery counties. It

* H. K. Jamison, O. & O., 1891.

139

occurs also at Englewood in northern New Jersey, but we have no
record of its occurrence in the Pine Barrens.
Arrives May 5 and departs by September 1.

316. Geothlypis agilis (Wis.). Connecticut Warbler.
BREEDING RaANnGE—Manitoba.
Winter Disrrisution—Unknown.

Transient, but very rare in the spring. Only one specimen has
been taken in Pennsylvania or New Jersey at this season, 7@. e., a
male secured by Mr. 8. N. Rhoads at Haddonfield, N. J., May 20,
1882.* In the fall it is quite common in weedy fields on the edge of
woodland from September 14 to October 2.

317. Geothlypis philadelphia (Wits.). Mourning
Warbler.

Breeping Rancge—Northern New York and New England northward,
and farther south in the mountains.
Winter Disrrisution—Costa Rica and Colombia.
Very rare transient, occurring in spring, May 15-25. Apparently
rarer in fall.
The following specimens have been secured in the vicinity of
Philadelphia within the past few years:
Chester Co., Pa., May, 1886, W. M. Swayne.

ee ss May 19, 1888, Witmer Stone.
Mt ‘May 15, 1892, Josiah Hoopes.
ue «May 19, 1893, Josiah Hoopes.

On the higher mountains this species is a summer resident, though
apparently not common : Wopsononock Mt., Cambria county (Dwight
—Auk, 1892), Renovo, Clinton county ( Warren’s Report), Harvey’s
Lake (enners).

318. Geothlypis trichas (Liyn.). Maryland Yellow-
throat.

BREEDING RanGE—KHastern U.S., northward to Canada.
Winter DisTrisuTion—S. Atlantic States, West Indies and Mexico to
Panama.
Abundant summer resident, arriving April 25 and departing
October 12.

* Now in the collection of Mr. Witmer Stone.

140

A single individual was seen by Mr. S. N. Rhoads at Haddonfield,
N. J., February 5, 1890.

319. Icteria virens (Liyy.). Yellow-breasted Chat.

Breeping Rance—Hastern U.S., limited in its northward range by the
Carolinian Fauna.
Winter Distrrisution—Through Mexico to Guatemala.
Common summer resident within the limits of the Carolinian
Fauna, occurring from May 5 to September 20.
A specimen secured at Harvey’s Lake, Luzerne county, Pa., June,
1891 (Stone), is interesting from being so far north of its regular
breeding range.

320. Sylvania mitrata (Guet.). Hooded Warbler.

Breepingc RanceE—Southeastern U. 8., not ranging much north of the
Carolinian Fauna.
Wiyrter Distrisutiox—Through eastern Mexico to Panama.

Rare visitor at Philadelphia during migrations, but common sum-
mer resident in the cedar swamps of southern New Jersey, where it
is one of the characteristic species.

Although for the most part limited by the Carolinian Fauna in its-
northward range, this species is also found in the laurel thickets and
wooded swamps skirting the Blue Ridge (Hamburg, Berks Co., Pa.
—Stone) and in some other suitable localities in eastern Pennsyl-
vania.

An unusually late occurrence was a specimen secured at German-
town, Pa., by Mr. Herbert Brown, November 19, 1887 (Stone—Auk,.
1888).

321. Sylvania pusilla (Wits.). Wilson’s Warbler.

Breeping Rance—Northern border of U.S. to Alaska.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern Mexico to Panama.

A regular but not very common transient, occurring May 12-20
and August 26—October 10.

141

or22 Sylvania canadensis (Lrxy.). Canadian Warbler.
BREEDING Range—Northern New York and New England to Newfound-
land and Lake Winnipeg; southward along the
Alleghanies.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern Mexico to Ecuador.

Very common transient, May 10-20 and August 20—October 1,
and common summer resident in the Alleghany Mountains, frequent-
ing the laurel thickets bordering the hemlock forests (Harvey’s Lake
—Stone, North Mt.—Dwight, Mt. Pocono—Shryock, Pike county—
Lawrence—Auk, 1887).

o23. Setophaga ruticilla (Lrxy.). Redstart.
Breepinc Rance—Hastern N. A., chiefly north of the Carolinian Fauna.
Winter Distrinution—West Indies and eastern Mexico to Ecuador.
Abundant migrant, April 30—-May 20 and August 5—October 5. A
few probably remain to breed in the vicinity of Philadelphia every
year, as one or two pairs have been observed in summer along the
Wissahickon creek (Sheridan and Wilde), and at Haddonfield, N. J.
( Rhoads); a nest was also secured a few years ago on the Pennypack
creek (Rhoads).
In Cape May and Cumberland county, N. J., the Redstart has
also been found breeding (eed-and Wilde, 1893).
In northern New Jersey it is a more common breeder (Lake

Hopatcong—Ahoads), and probably also in the more northern parts
of Pennsylvania. In the true forest regions, however, it does not
seem to occur, not having been found at Harvey’s Lake or North
Mountain.

Family Motacillide—The Wagtails.

Only one species of this family occurs in eastern North America.

324, Anthus pensilvanicus (Latu.). Titlark. Pipit.

BREEDING RaNGE—Labrador to the Arctic coast.
Winter Distrisution—Southward to southern U.S.

Winter resident, most abundant along the New Jersey coast and
lower Delaware Valley, and during migrations scattered more widely

142

over the country.. Always occurrs in flocks, and is irregular and
erratic in its habits.
Arrives November 1 and departs March 15.

Family Troglodytide—The Wrens.

Nine species of the family occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey :
six belonging to the true Wrens and three to the sub-family of
Mockers.

The Catbird, Brown Thrasher, House Wren and Long-billed
Marsh Wren are abundant breeders, and are all widely distributed
except the last, which is restricted to the coast and tide-water
marshes. The Carolina Wren is also a common resident, but does
not range beyond the Carolinian Fauna. The other three species
are of rare occurrence.

325. Mimus polyglottos (Lixy.). Mockingbird.
BreepInG Rance—Mainly south of 38°.
Winter Distrisution—A bout the same.

Very rare summer resident. Probably still occurs irregularly in
southern New Jersey, and perhaps in some of the southern counties
of Pennsylvania.

Mr. Chapman records the breeding of a pair near Englewood,
N. J., in 1884, and their subsequent appearance there the following
season (Auk, 1889).

The only specimens secured of late years that have come under our
notice are:

‘“‘ Barrens,’ Chester Co., Pa., Nov. 24, 1879,* B. H. Warren.

Eagle, Pa., about 1880, D. N. McCadden.

Cape May, N. J., Aug. 27, 1891, Witmer Stone.

326. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Lixy.). Catbird.
BreEDING RanceE—KEastern N. A.
Winter DistrisuTtion—Southern U.S., from 37° to Cuba and Panama.

Abundant summer resident from May 5 to October 18.
A single individual was secured at Atlantic City, N. J., Decem-

* Perhaps an escaped cage bird.— Forest and Stream, XIUII., p. 25.

148

ber 26, 1892, by Mr, S. N. Rhoads, and another at Avalon, N. J.,
February 11, 1894, by Mr. D. N. McCadden, which show that this
species occasionally winters along our coast.

827. Harporhynchus rufus (Lixsy.). Brown Thrasher.
Breeping Ranee—Kastern U. S., northward to southern Maine and
Ontario.
Winter Disrrinution—Southern States from about 37° southward.
Abundant summer resident, arriving April 22 and departing Octo-
ber 20. In one or two instances individuals have been observed in
winter. This species does not breed north of the Alleghanian
Fauna, and is more characteristic of the Carolinian, so that we find
it less plentiful along the mountains than in the lowlands.

828. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lartu.). Carolina
Wren. Mocking Wren.
Breepineg Rance—EHastern U.S., not ranging north of the Carolinian
Fauna, except as a stragegler.
Winter Distrisution—The same.
Resident throughout the year, but rarely occurrs north of the
Carolinian Fauna. It is especially abundant in the lower Susque-
hanna and Delaware valleys.

3829. Thryothorus bewickii (Auv.), Bewick’s Wren.
BreEDING Rance—Eastern U.S., but rare east of the Alleghanies.
Winter Distrisution—Georgia to Texas.

Rare strageler. One specimen was secured at Wynnewood, Pa.,
April 12, 1890, by Mr. W. L. Baily, and several others have been
reported at rare intervals in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

On the South Mountain, Cumberland county, Pa., Mr. Rhoads se-
cured a specimen in June, 1894, which would indicate that the
species bred there, and a specimen in the collection of the Philadel-
phia Academy taken by Prof. Baird at Carlisle strengthens this view
We know of no records of its breeding farther east, however.

144

330. Troglodytes aedon Viritu. House Wren.
Breepinc Rance—U. S., mainly east of the Alleghanies* northward to
Canada.
Winter Distrrpution—Southern States.
Common summer resident, but apparently becoming rare in many
parts of the country. Arrives April 25 and departs October 5.

331. Troglodytes hiemalis Viceiryt. Wiuter Wren.

Breeping RanGe—Northern border of U.S. northward, and southward

on the higher mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern U.S.

Common winter resident from September 25 to April 1, and some-
times individuals linger as late as May 10.

In the higher Alleghanies, where the hemlock forests still stand,
the Winter Wren is a regular summer resident (Harvey’s Lake—
Stone, North Mt.—Dwight, Tobyhanna, Pocono Mt.—S. Brown).
Dr, Warren states that Mr. Otto Behr secured a nest and eggs in

Sullivan county, Pa.

332. Cistothorus stellaris (Licur.) Short-billed Marsh
Wren.

Breepinc Range—Eastern U.S. and southern British America.
Winter Distrisution—Southern States.

Rare migrant, and in southern New Jersey occasional (regular ?)
winter resident.

The following captures have come to our notice during the past
few years:

Haddonfield, N. J., Sept., 17, 1890, S. N. Rhoads.

Cape May, N. J., Jan. 28, 1892, Witmer Stone.

a «Jan. 29, 1892, S. N. Rhoads.
May’s Landing, N. J., Oct. 25, 1892, S. N. Rhoads.

A nest of this species was secured on Chain Dam Island, Lehigh
river, Pa., by Dr. J. W. Detwiler in July, 1886, and another ‘ un-
finished nest”? was found near Quakertown, Bucks county, Pa., in
1884.

We know of no other records of its breeding in eastern Pennsyl-
vania or New Jersey.

* The Ohio and Mississippi Valley bird is nearer to 7’. aédon aztecus, cf. Allen.
—Auk, 1888, p. 164.

145

300. Cistothorus palustris (Wi1s.). Long-billed Marsh
Wren.
Breepinc Rance—Hastern N. A.
WinTerR DistrisuTtion—Southern States.

Abundant summer resident in cat-tail swamps along the coast
and large rivers. Generally they do not occur much beyond tide-
water, but Mr. Thos. H. Jackson found a small colony on the
Brandywine creek near West Chester, Chester county, Pa., May,
1886, (O. § O., 1887,) and they also occur on the Eee Harbor
river some distance above May’s Landing, N. J. (Stone and
Shryock.)

In southern New Jersey this species winters in small numbers,
specimens having been secured at Cape May, January 28, 1892.
(Rhoads and Stone.)

Family Certhiide—The Creepers.

Only one species occurs in eastern North America.

ood. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonar.). Brown
Creeper.*
BreEeping Rance—Northern border of eastern U. S. northward, and
southward on the higher mountains.
Winter Distrisution—Through eastern U.S.
Abundant transient and common winter resident, arriving Septem-
ber 20, and departing April 19.
In the higher Alleghanies it is a regular summer resident

{Harvey’s Lake—Stone, North Mt.-Dwight, Kaglesmere—Baily, etc.).

Family Paride—The Titmice and Nut-
hatches.

Six species of this family occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
The White-breasted Nuthatch, Tufted Titmouse and Carolina

*The true C. familiaris is the European Creeper.

146

Chickadee are common residents in the southern counties, but the
last two do not range north of the Carolinian Fauna.

North of this belt the Black-capped Chickadee is a common resi-
dent. Of the two remaining species the Red-breasted Nuthatch is
an irregular transient, and the Brown-headed Nuthatch an accidental
strageler.

335. Sitta carolinensis Latu. White-breasted Nut-
hatch.

Breeping Rance—Throughout eastern N. A.
Winter Disrrisution—About the same.
Common resident, though most plentiful in the thickly settled re-

gions during the migrations and in winter.

336. Sitta canadensis Lixx. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Breeping RanGe—Mainly north of U.S.

Winter Distrisurion—Mainly south of the Middle States.

Transient and very erratic, being abundant some years and rare in
others; never common in spring. Occurs generally about May 15,
and September 10—October 15.

In southern New Jersey it frequently winters in small numbers.

(337.] Sitta pusilla Laru. Brown-headed Nuthatch.

Breeping Range—Atlantic and Gulf States to lower Chesapeake Bay.
Winter DisrripuTion—A bout the same.

Rare straggler, several have been seen at rare intervals in the
southern counties of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and one was
secured by Mr. C. D. Wood, near Philadelphia in the fall about 1885
( Warren’s Repurt).

338. Parus bicolor Lixy Tufted Titmouse. Crested Tit.

Breeping Rance—Eastern U. 8. South of the upper border of the
Carolinian Fauna.
Winter Disrrisution—The same.
Common resident at Philadelphia and throughout the district
covered by the Carolinian Fauna. Farther north it occurs only asa

rare straggler.

147

339. Parus atricapillus Lixx. Black-capped Chick-
adee.
Breepinc RanGe—FHastern N. A., north of the Carolinian Fauna.
Winter DISTRIBUTION

Southward to the Potomac Valley.

Tolerably common winter visitant in southeastern Pennsylvania,
but apparently rarer in southern New Jersey, as we have no records
of its occurrence south of Haddonfield. Occurs October 24—March 1.

From the Blue Ridge (Wernersville— Young) northward it is a
common summer resident and breeds (Mt. Pocono, Pa.—Siryock,

Harvey’s Lake, Pa.

Stone, Lake Hopatcong, N. J.—fhoads, etc.).

oO?

340. Parus carolinensis Avv. Carolina Chickadee.
Brereping Raner—Eastern U. S8., not ranging above the Carolinian
Fauna.
Winter Distrripution—-The same.

Abundant resident throughout southern New Jersey from Pt.
Pleasant to Haddonfield, and southward to Cape May. Less com-
mon in southern Pennsylvania.

This species seems to exactly replace the more northern Black-
capped Chickadee from the Carolinian Fauna southward, and while
they both occur in southern Pennsylvania in winter, so far as we can
ascertain, their breeding ranges do not overlap.

Sylviide—The Old World Warblers,
Kinglets, etc.

Three representatives of this family occur in Pennsylvania and
New Jersey.

The Golden-crowned and Ruby-crowned Kinglets are abundant
transients, the former also occurring in winter, while the Gnat-
catcher is a rare strageler from the south.

341. Regulus satrapa Licur. Golden-crowned Kinglet.
Breeping Range—Northern border of U. 8., northward, and on the
higher mountains farther south.
Winter Distripution—Middle States southward to Guatemala.

Common winter resident in southern Pennsylvania and New

148

Jersey, and abundant during migrations. Arrives September 30 and
departs April 20.

Probably breeds sparingly on the highest parts of the Pennsylvania
Alleghanies, as Mr. Dwight records a pair on North Mt. in June
(Auk, 1892). Mr. Koch has met with the young in August in Ly-
coming county.*

342. Regulus calendula_ (Liyn.). Ruby-crowned
Kinglet.
Breepving Ranogr—Northern border of U.S. and Adirondacks north-
ward.
Winter Distrisution—Southern States to Guatemala.
Abundant transient especially numerous in fall. Occurs April
12—May 1, and September 15—-November 1.

343. Polioptila ceerulea (Lrxy.). Blue-gray Gnat-
catcher.
BreEepinc Rance—Kastern U.S. mainly south of Penusylvania (i. e.,
east of Alleghanies).
Winter Distrisution—Gulf States to Guatemala.

Rare summer resident in southern New Jersey, and much less
common in southern Pennsylvania.f Only a rare strageler in the
Delaware Valley.t A nest was found at Bridgeton, N. J., by Mx.
W. L. Baily some years ago, and the following specimens have been
shot:

Cape May Co., N. J., Five mile beach, April 12, 1879, Dr. W. L. Abbott. (3
specimens.)

Cape May Co.. N. J., April 15, 1879, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Woodbury, N. J., May 1, 1880, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Chestnut Hill, Pa., September-3, 1880, Dr. W. lL. Abbott.

Haddonfield, N. J., April 10, 1882, 8. N. Rhoads.

Cape May Co., N. J., May, 1891, C. A. Voelker.

Atlantic City, N. J., April 16, 1893, I. N. DeHaven. (4 specimens.)

* Cuvier's Kinglet, 2. ewriert Aud., is known only from the figure and descrip-
tion of Audubon, as no other specimens have ever been secured. The original
specimen was secured on the banks of the Schuylkill in Pennsylvania, June,
1812, but was not preserved.

+ This species may have bred here formerly, as there is a very young bird in
the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., obtained near Philadelphia many years
ago by Wm. Wood.

149

Family Turdidee—The Thrushes.

fight thrushes are found regularly in Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey. The Robin, Bluebird and Wood Thrush are common summer
residents, the first two also occurring during winter. The others are
all transients, the Hermit being the most abundant, and the Wilson’s,
Olive-backed and Gray-cheeked Thrushes somewhat less common,
while the Bicknell’s Thrush is decidedly rare. The Varied Thrush

is a mere accidental straggler.

344. Turdus mustelinus Guev. Wood Thrush.
BreepInG RaAnGE—WHastern U.S. northward to Massachusetts.
Winter DistripuTion—-Cuba and Mexico to Guatemala.

Common summer resident southeast of the mountains, but rarer
in the northern counties. It occurs sparingly, however, even in the
primeval hemlocks of the topmost Alleghanies (Harvey’s Lake—
Stone and North Mt.—Dwi/ght.). Arrives in the vicinity of Phila-
deJphia May 1, and departs October 1.

345. Turdus fuscescens Steru. Wilson’s Thrush.
Veery.
3REEDING RaNnGE—Hastern N. A. (north of the Carolinian Fauna) to
Newfoundland.
Winter DistrrsutTion—Mexico to northern S. A.

Common transient, occurring in the vicinity of Philadelphia May
5-25 and September 1-20.

In the northern counties and in certain localities along the Al-
lechanies it is a summer resident, and has been found during the
breeding season at the following places : Cresson, Altoona and valley
east of North Mt. (Dwight—Auk, 1892), Northampton county, Pa.
(Detwiler), and Lake Hopatcong, N. J. (Rhoads). Mr. J. P. Norris
also records one nest from Montgomery county, Pa. (O. & O., 1890).

346. Turdus alicie Bairv. Gray-cheeked Thrush.

Breepine Rangr—Labrador and Hudson Bay to the Arctic coast.
Winter Disrrizution—Mexico to Costa Rica.

Yolerably common transient, passing through about May 15 and
returning September 20-—October 10.

150

347. Turdus: alicie bieknelli Rivew. Bicknell’s
Thrush.

Breepine Rance—Catskills and White Mts. to Nova Scotia.
Winter DisrrisutionN—Mexico ?

Rare transient; first taken in Pennsylvania by Mr. Wm. L. Col-
lins at Frankford, Philadelphia, October 16, 1878. Several addi-
tional specimens were sesured by Mr. Collins about the same time,
and one was taken at West Chester, Pa., by Mr. Josiah Hoopes, in
1895.

848. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cas.). Olive-
backed Thrush.
BrEEDING RanGE—Chiefly north of U.S., except on higher mountains.
Winter Distrinution—Gulf States to Cuba, Central America and S. A.

Common transient, occurring near Philadelphia May d—-25 and
September 15-October 15.

Found abundantly as a summer resident on North Mountain, Sul-
livan county, Pa.,* by Mr. Jonathan Dwight, but not as yet recorded
as a breeder from elsewhere in this State. Probably does not breed
in New Jersey.

349. Turdus aonalaschke patllasii (Cas.). Hermit
Thrush.+

Breepine Rance—Northern U.S. northward, and southward along the
Alleghanies.
Winter Distrisution—Lower Middle States to Gulf States.

Abundant transient, occurring April 10-May 4 and October 10—
November 5.

In southern New Jersey it is a regular though not abundant
winter resident, Mr. W. E. D. Scott even records one as far north as
Princeton, January 17,1879 (B. WN. O. C., 1879), and Mr. E. C.
Thurber one at Morristown, January 30, 1886 (0. § O., 1886). It
occurs occasionally in southeastern Pennsylvania in winter.

On the higher parts of the Alleghanies the Hermit Thrush is a
regular breeder, and has been found during the breeding season at
North Mt., Pa. (Dw/ght), Harvey’s Lake, Pa. (Stone), Mt. Pocono,
Pa. (Shryock), and a nest was found at Eaglesmere, Pa., by Mr. W.
L. Baily.

* The most southern known breeding ground of the species.

+The true 7. ustulatus and T. aonalaschke are Pacific coast birds.

1o1
350. Meruia migratoria (Lixy.). Robin.
BreEpinec Range—Eastern N. A., upper part of Southern States to Hud-
son Bay and Alaska.
Winter Distrrisuvion—Eastern U.S., mainly south of Middle States.
Resident, though much scarcer in winter. Migrants arrive March
15 and depart November 10.
In southern New Jersey it seems to be much more abundant in
winter than in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

[3851.| Hesperocichla neevia (Guev.). Varied Thrush.
DistripuTion—Pacific coast of N. A., southward to California.
A purely accidental straggler. One specimen secured in New
Jersey is in the collection of Dr. Samuel Cabot (Baird, Brewer and
Ridgway—Birds of North America, Vol. 1., p. 29).

352. Sialia sialis (Lrxyx.). Bluebird.
BREEDING Rance—Hastern U. S., northward to Nova Scotia and
Manitoba.
Winter Distrisurion—Eastern U.S., but mainly south of the Middle
States.
Common resident, most plentiful during the migrations, and be-
coming every year less abundant during the breeding season.
Migrants arrive March 1 and depart November 10.

ADDENDA.

Page 61. White Ibis.
A specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences:
of Philadelphia was secured in New Jersey, a number of years ago.

Page 70. Black-necked Stilt.

Mr. Chas. A. Voelker secured a specimen at Stone Harbor on the
New Jersey coast, April 27, 1894.

Page 99. Arkansas Kingbird.

A specimen was shot at Princeton, N. J., September 29, 1894, by
Mr. A. H. Phillips, and was exhibited before the D. V. O. C.

Page 36. The following species should therefore be excluded from
the list on the upper part of the page:
Himantopus mezicanus. Tyrannus verticalis.

(152)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

= OF THE

BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

The region covered by the present list, and more especially the
immediate vicinity of Philadelphia, has probably had connected with
it the names of more celebrated ornithologists than any other section
of our country.

Alexander Wilson on the banks of the Schuylkill and on the
Pennypack, and Audubon on the Perkiomen, made their first ac-
quaintance with our birds, and doubtless secured the first specimens
of many of their new species, in spots which are still the favorite
haunts of the ornithologists of to-day. In the Cumberland Valley
some miles to the westward, but still within the scope of the present
list, Prof. Baird also pursued his early ornithological studies, and
prepared the first extensive collection of bird skins made in this
country which afterwards formed the nucleus of the now famous
North American study collection of the U.S. National Museum.

The magnificent collection of birds purchased and deposited in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Thos. B. Wil-
son, about 1845, drew thither many ornithologists, and made Phila-
delphia for a number of years the ornithological centre of the coun-
try. We find associated with the collection and publications of the
Academy the names of Peale, Harris, Heermann, Cassin, Wood-
house, Gambel, McCall, Turnbull, ete., many of whom evidently
devoted time to the study of the birds of the surrounding country as
well as to the specimens in the Museum.

After the death of John Cassin in 1869 ornithology at Philadel-
phia seems to have come to a standstill, and for several years we find
no evidence of ornithological study in this vicinity. With the publi-

(153

154

cation of the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (now The Auk),
however, an opportunity was offered for recording observations upon
our birds, and notes from Pennsylvania and New Jersey soon began
to appear in rapid succession.

From 1876 to 1885 the most prominent names in our bibliography
are Spencer Trotter, W. E. D. Scott, Samuel N. Rhoads, Wm. L.
Collins, Wm. L. Abbott and Chas. H. Townsend, all of whom were
actively engaged in collecting specimens and recording their observa-
tions. From 1885 to 1894 the names most prominent are Dr. b. H.
Warren, F. M. Chapman, Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Witmer Stone, J.
Warren Jacobs, W. E. Clyde Todd and Philip Laurent.

The first important local list of the birds of Pennsylvania or New
Jersey is the Bairds’ list of the Birds of Carlisle (1845); after this
came Beesley’s Birds of Cape May Co. (1857), Barnard’s Birds of
Chester Co, (1861), Cassin’s Birds of Delaware Co. (1862), Abbott’s
Birds of New Jersey (1868), and Libhart’s Birds of Lancaster Co.
(1869). With the exception of the last two, these are scarcely more
than lists of names. Libhart’s is the best of all, though it contains
some errors. Abbott’s list of New Jersey birds has very extensive
annotations, but is unfortunately very unreliable.

Turnbull’s Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey summar-
izes the knowledge of the birds of these States up to the time of its
issue in 1869, and is a very carefully prepared list, though it, like
other works of the time, lacks the detailed data characteristic of lists
of the present day.

Between the years 1869 and 1890 a number of lists of Pennsyl-
vania birds appeared.

Thomas’s Birds of Bucks Co. (1876) and Townsend’s Birds of
Westmoreland Co. (1883) are little more than lists of species. Of
the four lists of Chester county birds which appeared during these
years, Warren’s (1879) and Michener’s (1881) are much the best,
and contain a great deal of original matter. Pennock’s list (1887) is
mainly compiled from these two, while Ressel’s (1889) is quite unre-
liable.

Gentry’s Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania,
which appeared in 1876, is a popular work, but is very misleading in
many respects.

In 1889 appeared the first edition of Warren’s Report on the
Birds of Pennsylvania, and in 1890 the revised edition of the same.
This was the first general work on the birds of the State since Turn-

AS

bull’s list in 1869, and contains a vast amount of original matter.
The first accounts of the summer birds of the Pennsylvania mount-
ains are contained in Dr. Warren’s report, but owing to the large
amount of popular matter that was necessarily incorporated in it,
many records of great scientific importance are passed with but cas-
ual mention. Many statements are also made on the authority of
correspondents in various parts of the State, which have since proved
erroneous.

In 1891 appeared Stone’s Summer Birds of Harvey’s Lake, the
first paper dealing exclusively with the birds of the Pennsylvania
mountains, followed the next year by Dwight’s Summer Birds
of the Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies, a much more ex-
tensive treatise on the same region. Todd’s Summer Birds of
Indiana and Clearfield Counties (1895) is the first extensive paper
on western Pennsylvania birds, and Jacob’s Summer Birds of Green
Co. (1898) is another valuable contribution to the ornithology of the
same section.

But few local lists of New Jersey birds have appeared. Scott’s
Birds of Long Beach (1879) and Laurent’s Birds of Five-mile
Beach (1892) are the most important, and are both extremely val-
uable contributions. Shick’s Birds of Seven-mile Beach (1890),
which was never completed, is the only other paper on the coast
birds. Thurber’s Birds of Morris Co. (1887) is an excellent list,
but unfortunately appeared only in a newspaper. Stone’s Summer
Birds of the Pine Barrens (1894) summarizes our knowledge of the
breeding birds of this region to date. The only other extensive list
of the birds of the State is Nelson’s Birds of New Jersey (1890),
which is unfortunately very unreliable, being practically a reproduc-
tion of Dr. Abbott’s 1869 list without corrections and with some ad-
ditional errors.

The following list contains all the important publications relating
exclusively to the birds of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, arranged
chronologically.

L799:

1826.

1835.

1836.

1843.

1844.

1845.

1857.

1860.

1861.

1862.

156

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST.

Barron, B.S. Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania.
Folio, pp. i.-xviii; and pp. 1-24.
Consists of an introduction dealing mainly with bird migration, and a calen-
dar giving the time of arrival of birds along with the pr gress of vegetation, ete.
Bonaparte, C. L. Comparative Catalogue of the Birds of Rome and
Philadelphia.

Taytor, R. C. On the Geology and Natural History of the Northeast-
ern Extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range in Pennsylvania,
United States —Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 1835, pp. 529-541.

Contains a list of 56 species of birds.

Taytor, R. C. Supplement to the above.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ix, 1836, pp. 72-74.

Hatpeman, 8.S. Note on the Birds of Pennsylvania.—Trego’s Geogra-
phy, Phila., 1843, pp. 77-78.

Bairp, W. M. and Barrp, S. F. List of Birds found in the vicinity of
Carlisle, Cumberland County. Penna., about Lat. 40° 127 N., Lon..
77° 117 W.—Silliman’s Am. Jour., xlvi, 1844, pp. 261-273.

Annotated list of 201 species.

Bairp, S. F. Catalogue of Birds found in the neighborhood of Car-
lisle, Cumberland County, Pa.—ZJut. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of
Penna. College, i, 1845, pp. 249-257.

A new edition of the above, with a few additions and alterations.

Berstey, T. Catalogue of the Birds of the County of Cape May.—
Geology of the County of Cape May, State of New Jersey. pp. 138—
145.

Briefly annotated list of 196 species, containing some evident errors in regard
to breeding.

Jackson, R. M.S. The Mountain, 12mo, Phila., J. B. Lippincott & Co.

Chapter V., pp. 317-360, contains a long annotated list of the Birds of the Alle-
ghany Mountains of Pennsylvania.

BarnarD, V. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania, with their Times of Arrival in Spring, from observations an-
nually for Ten successive Years.—Ann. Report Smithson. Inst. for 1860,
pp. 434-438.

Cassin, J. Birds of Delaware County, Pa.—History of Delaware
County, Pennsylvania, by George Smith. Philadelphia, 1862, 8vo
pp- 581.

Pages 436-439 include a briefly annotated list of birds.

157

1868. Axssorr, C. C. Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey.—
Cooke’s Geol. of New Jersey, App. E., pp. 751-830.

Includes an annonated list of about 301 species of birds, in which occur a num-
ber of remarkable statements regarding the breeding and abundance of various
species which are entirely at variance with the experience of other authors.

1869. Lisuart, J.J. Birds of Lancaster County, Pan—An Authentic History
of Lancaster County, Pa., by J. I. Mombert, Lancaster, Pa., 1869,
8vo, pp. 617-+175.

The list of birds covers pages 500-516, and contains much original matter,
250 species are enumei ated.

1869. Turnsutt, W. P. The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Glasgow, A. K. Murray & Co., 8vo, pp. xii, 62.

1869. Turnputt, W. P. The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Philadelphia, Henry Grambo & Co. 8vo, pp. v—viii, 5-50.
An American edit‘on of the above. An excellent annotated list of the birds
of the region intended to be covered by the present volume, including 342
specics,
1870. Assorr,C.C. Notes on certain inland Birds of New Jersey.—Am. Nat.,
iv, 1870, pp. 536-550.
A most remarkable series of statements on the simmering of svch birds as the
Winter Wren, Olive-backed Thrush, Rusty Blackbird, ete., near Trenton, N. J.
W holly at variance with the experience of other ornithologists.
1871. Tuorre, T. B. Bird Shooting on the coast of New Jersey.—Appleton’s
Journal, VI., Sept., 1871, p. 379.

1873. Trippe, T. M. Notice of Colaptes auratus X mexicanus at Orange,
N. J.—Am. Nat., 1873, p. 498.

1874, Herrick, Harotp. Description of a New Species of Helminthophaga.
—FProc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1874, p. 220.
1876. Assort, C. C. My February Field Notes.—Vorest and Stream, VI.,
March 23, 1876, pp. 99-114.
— March Field Notes.—do. VI., April 20, 1876, p. 163.
Three Months of Field Notes.—do. VII., August 10, 1876, pp.

3, 20.

1876-7. Gentry, T. G. Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania.
Vol. I., Philada., 8vo, 1876, pp. 394; Vol. II., Salem, Mass., 1877, pp.
331.

1876. C. F. P. Birds of Southern Pennsylvania.—Forest and Stream, VI.,
March 9, 1876, p. 67.

1876. Pirrce,M. P. Scarcity of Birds in New Jersey.—Vorest and Stream,
VI., March 16, 1876, p. 84.

1876. Tuomas, JosepH. Birds of Bucks County, Pa.—The History of Bucks
Co., Pa., by W. W. H. Davis. 8vo, pp. 875+ 54, Doylestown, Pa.,
1876 (pp. 28-36 App.).

A very briefly annotated list of 229 species, with scarcely any original matter.

1878.

1878.

1878.
1878.

1878.

1879.

1879.

158

Van Freer, W. Notes on Stelgidopteryx serripennis in Penna.— Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, 1876, p. 9.

Trorrer Spencer. Capture of a Second Specimen of Helminthophaga
leucobronchialis.— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1877, p. 79.

Coves. E. Helminthophaga pinus, breeding in Chester County, Pa.
(S. N. Rhoads).— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1878, p. 19+.

Huyter, A. I. Winter Birds on the Hackensack.—Zkhe Country, 1.,
1878, p. 149.

Scorr, W. E. D. Some Princeton Birds. —Zhe Country. I., 1878, p. 354.

Trorrer, Spencer. A Third Specimen of Helminthophaga leucobron-
chialis.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1878, p. 44.

Trorrer, Spencer. <A Hybrid Swallow (Hirundo horreorum x Pet-
rochelidon lunifrons).— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1878, p. 135.

Dwieut, J., Jr. Micropalama himantopus on the N. J. Coast.—Bull.
Juit. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 63.

Herrick, Harotp. Notes on the Birds of Chatham, N. J.— Forest and
Stream, XIJ., April 3, 1879, p. 165.
Kriver. J. Forty Years Notes of a Field Ornithologist. Phila., 1879,
8vo, pp. 84.
“The offspring of a fading memory rather than the carefully kept data of a

systematic worker.” Contains little of value.

Nicuots. G. L. Migration of Some Warblers through Summit, N. J.—
Forest and Stream, XII., July 17, 1879, p. 464.

Ruoaps, 8. N. Oporornis formosa and Mniotilta varia breeding in
Chester County, Pa.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 234.

Scorr, W. E. D. Late Fall and Winter Birds of Princeton.—Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 81.
A very valuable paper, containing many important records.
Scort, W. E. D. Birds Observed at Long Beach, N. J., April 1-Sep-
tember 1, 1877.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 222.
An excellent annotated list of N. J. shore birds.
Treat, Mary. Notes on the Intelligence of Birds.—Lippincott’s Maga-
zine, 1879, p. 359.
TROTTER, SPENCER. Rare Birds at Philadelphia.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
1879, p. 235.

Records a number of rarities taken mainly by ©. D. Wood.

1879-1880. Warren, B. H. The Birds of Chester County, Pa.—Vorest and

Stream, XIII., p. 1024; XIV., pp. 6 and 25.

Annotated list of 218 species.

1880.

1881.

1881.

1881,

1881.

1881.

1882.

1882.

1882.

1882.

1883.

159

ZAREGA, L. A. Corvus ossifragus at Seabright, Monmouth County, N.
J.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 239.

Axssott, W. L. Passerculus princeps in New Jersey.—Jorest and
Stream, XIV., p. 44.

First record of this species in N. J.

Cottins, W. L. Note on Oporornis agilis.— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1880,
p- 50.

TROYTER, SPENCER. Capture of a Prothonotary Warbler near Philadel-
phia.— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1880, p. 115.

Trorrer, Spencer. Breeding of the Snowbird in the Mountains of
Bull. Nutt. Grn. Club, 1880, p. 121.

Pennsylvania.

DurcuEeR, W. Great Carolina Wren at Greenville, N. J.—Chicago
Field, July 14, 1881, p. 473.

Micuener, Ezra. Birds of Chester County, Pa.—History of Chester
County, Pennsylvania, by J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope.
Philadelphia, 1881, Svo, pp. 782 + xliv.

Pages 44i-445 consist of an annoiated list of 232 species of birds.

Ruoaps, 8. N. Power of Scent in Turkey Vultures.—Amer. Nat., XV.,
p. 870.

Scorr, W. E.D. Occurrence of Vireo philadelphicus in Mercer County,
N. J.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, p. 56.

Scorr, W.E.D. Some Observations on the Migration of Birds.—Bull.

Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, p. 97 and p. 188.
Observations through a telescope at Princeton, N. J.

Scorr, W. E. D. White-bellied Swallows on the New Jersey Coast in
November.—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, p. 115.

Scorr, W. E. D. Ipswich Sparrow at Squan Beach, N. J.—Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, 1881, p. 116.

Homo. English Widgeon on the New Jersey Coast.—Vorest and Stream,
XVIII., March 2, 1882, p. 86.
Ruoaps, 8S. N. Nesting of Empidonax minimus and Helmitherus ver-

mivorus in Pa. and N. J.— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 55.

Townsenp, C. H. Remarkable Plumage of an Orchard Oriole.—Dull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 181.

Townsenp, C. H. The Longtail Duck in Westmoreland County, Pa., in
Winter. —Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 251.

Wescort, C. 8. Occurrence of the Snow Goose in Delaware Bay.—
Chicago Field, January 5, 1882, p. 447.

Assotr, C. C. The Swallow-tailed Hawk in New Jersey.—Sceicnce, II.,
No. 29, p. 222.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.

1883.
1884.

1884,

1884,

1884.

1884.

1884.
1884.

160

Betiows, C. E. Phalacrocorax carbo at Bridgeton, N. J.—0O. and O.,
WALI; pele:

Gisson, C. D. Snow Buntings and Pileated Woodpeckers at Renovo,
Pa.— O. § O., 1883, p. 94.

Haines, B. B. Nesting Habits of Long-billed Marsh Wren in New
Jersey.—O. and O., VIIL., p. 6.

Haines. H. F. Breeding of the Virginia Rail at Elizabeth, N. J.—O.
and O., VIIL., p. 7.

Morean, THos. Nest of Totanus melanoleucus at Somerville, N. J.—

OxandiO Vlils ps Gi-

Ruoaps, S. N. Early Capture of the Orange-crowned Warbler.— Bull.
futt. Orn. Club, 1883, p. 179.

Saunpers, W. E. White-winged Crossbill at Philadelphia, November
1882.—O. § O., 1883, p. 14.
Townsenp, C. H. Birds -of Westmoreland County, Pa.—Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1883, p. 59.
Townsenp, C. H. Description of a Hybrid Sparrow (Zonotrichia albi-
collis & Juneo hyemalis).—Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1883, p. 78.
Turton, Jas. A. List of Birds Observed near Bradford, Pa.—Quart.
Jour. Bost. Zool. Soc., 1883, p. 47.
Only common species—far from complete.
Warrick, W.T. Barn Owl at Washington, Pa.—0O. § O., 1883, p. 32.
T. B, A. Abundance of the Least Bittern in New Jersey.—Forest and
Stream, XXI1J., February 7, p. 25.
Many seen at Manasquan in April.
T. B. A. Abundance of the Egret in New Jersey.—Vorest and Stream,
XXII., February 14, p. 44.
Refers to Snowy Heron; 16 killed at Manasquan about 1874.
Barre., H. F. Arrival of Birds at New Providence, Union County,
N. J. (1883).—O. § O., 1884, p. 45.
Betiows, C. E. Willet Breeding on Delaware Bay.—Vorest and Stream,
XXII, June 5, 1884, p. 364.
Nest and eggs taken May 19, 1884.
W.H. Notes from Chester County, Pa.—O. § O., 1884, p. 138.
Rixer, C. B. Crossbills in New Jersey.—Forest and Stream, XXII.,
May 15, 1884, p. 302.
W.S. M. Notes from Chester County, Pa.—O. § O., 1884, p. 2.

Syerratt, W. J. Briinnich’s Murre on Great Bay, N. J.—O. § O.,
1884, p. 48.

_

1884.

1884.

1884,

1884.
1884,

1884.

1885.

1885.

1885,

1885.

1885.

1885.

1885.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

161

SuerRatr, W. J. Wood Ibis at Elizabethtown, Lancaster County, Pa.
=O O; 1884) py. Wis

Suerratr, W.J. European Skylark in New Jersey.—O. § O., 1884,
p. 24.

V[an] F[tert], W. Wood Ibis in Lycoming County, Pa.—O. § O.,
1884, p. 128.

V[an] F[teet], W. Notes from DuBois, Pa.—O. § O., 1884, p. 108.

Warren, B. H. Diurnal Rapacious Birds.—Pennsylvania Agricultaral
Report for 1883, p. 96.

Warren, B. H. The Common Crow Blackbird.—Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Report for 1883, p. 214.
——. Hawks killed for Bounty.—Amer. Field, 1885, p. 562.

1522 said to have been killed during nine months in Cape May county, N. J-

Axsport, C.C. A Naturalist’s Rambles about Home. New York, 1885,
12mo, pp. 485.
Pages 454-475 contain an annotated list of the birds of Mercer county, N. J.

Barret, H. F. Birds of Upper Passaic Valley, N. J.—O. g O., 1885,
pp. 21 and 42.
Jackson, T H. Nesting of Worm-eating Warbler in Chester County,
Pa.—O. § O., 1885, p. 176.
Riker, C. B. Helminthophila leucobronchialis in New Jersey.—Awk,
1885, p. 378.
First record for N.J. The Nyack “N.J.” specimen (B. N. O. C., VI., p. 4)
was taken over the N. Y. State line.
Stone, W. The Turkey Buzzard Breeding in Pennsylvania.—Amer.
Nat., 1885, p. 407.
Two nests found in central Chester county.
Warren, B. H. Our Home Feathered Tribe.— West Chester (Pa.) Local
News. September 3 and September 10, 1885.

List of the summer birds of Chester county, Pa,

Wild Pigeons in Pennsylvania.—Amer. Field, 1886, p. 415.
“Only two droves are known to exist in the U.S. to-day, one in Pennsylvania
aud one in lidian Territory.”

ALLEN, J. A. Adgialitis meloda circumcincta on the New Jersey.
Coast.—Avk, 1886, p. 482.

Barty, H. B. Cardinalis cardinalis Breeding in Essex County, N. J.—
Auk, 1886, p. 410.

Batty, H. B. Parus bicolor Breeding in Essex County, N. J.—Auk,
1886, p. 410.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.
1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

162

Batty, H. B. Turdus fuscescens Breeding at South Orange, N. J.—
Auk, 1886, p. 489.

Brewster, W. Helminthophila leucobronchialis in N. J.—Awk, 1886
po All

Cuapman, F. M. Chondestes grammacus in New Jersey.—Auk, 1836,
p. 136.

One taken at Schraalburg, November 26, 1885.

Cuapman, F. M. Additional specimen of H. leucobronchialis at Engle-
wood, N. J.—Auk, 1886, p. 411.

CuapmaN, F. M. Strix pratincola at Englewood, N. J.—Auk, 1886,
p-. 485.

Erpis, Exirwoop ©. Notes from Manayunk, Philadelphia.—0O. § 0O.,
1886, p. 7.

Nesting of Helmitherus, etc.

Jacxson, Toos. H. Nesting of the Long-eared Owl (in Pa.).—0O. § O.,
1866, p. 188.

Jackson, Tuos. H. Nesting of the Great Horned Owl (in Pa.).—0O. §
O., 1886, p. 85.

Parker, Harry G. A Day in Chatville—0O. § O., 1886, p. 23.

Parker, Harry G. Breeding of the Barn Owl near Philadelphia.—
O. § O., 1886, p. 36.

Parker, Harry G. <A Two Days’ Collecting Trip on the New Jersey
Coast.—O. § O., 1886, p. 138.
Records breeding of Henslow’s Bunting, Snowy and Great Blue Herons, etc.,
and occurrence of Gull-billed Tern, Black Skimmer, Wilson’s Plover, etc.
Parker, Harry G, Nesting of the Broad-winged Hawk in Delaware
County, Pa.—O. § O., 1886, p. 13.
Parker, Harry G. List of Birds Found Breeding in Delaware County,
Pa.—O. § O., 1886, p. 70.
A valuable list of 76 species, including Least Flycatcher. Rose-breasted Gros-
beak and Parula Warbler.
Parker, Harry G. A Day on Chester Island with the Marsh Wrens.
—Oologist, 1886, p. 1.
100 sets of eggs taken in one day!
Ruoaps, S. N. Crow Roosts and Roosting Crows.—Amer. Nat., 1886,
p. 691 and p. 777.
An excellent account of the roosts of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Tuurser, E. C. Helminthophila leucobronchialis in N. J.—Auk, 1886,
p. 411.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1886.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

168

Tauber, E. C., and Green, Morris, M. Notes on the Fall Migration
from Morristown, N. J.—O. g O., 1886, p. 92.

Tuurser, E. C., and Green, Morris, M. Winter Birds of Morristown,
N. J.—O. § O., 1886, p. 90.
Includes Hermit Thrush and Red-headed Woodpecker.

Warren, B.H. Bird’s Food (Robin and Catbird).—Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Report for 1885, p. 150.

Warren, B. H. Blackbird’s Food.—Pennsglvania Agricultural Report
for 1885, p. 157.

A. A.A. The Snowy Owl in Erie County, Pa.—Forest and Stream,
XXVIII., February 3, 1887, p. 24.
Cuapman, F. M. Additional specimens of H. leucobronchiatis at Engle-
wood, N. J.—Awk, 1887, p. 348.
DeHaven, I. N. Black Skimmer in New Jersey.—VForest and Stream,
XXIX., December 1, 1887, p. 105.
Two scen August 1, 1887.

Foster, L. 5. Melanerpes carolinus in New Jersey.—Vorest and
Stream, XXIX., December 1, 1887, p. 363.
One taken at Keyport, November 23, 1887.

Hatpeman, V. M. Hawks and Owls (Bounties paid in Pennsylvania).
Forest and Stream, XXVIII., February 10, 1887, p. 44.
Jackson, THos. H. Nesting of the Broad-winged Hawk in Chester
County, Pa.—O. & O., 1887, p. 108.
Three instances recorded.

Jackson, Tuos. H. Nesting of the Kentucky Warbler (in Pa.).—0O.
O., 1887, p. 43.

Jackson, THos. H. Notes on the Nesting of Some of the Rare Birds of
Chester County, Pa.—0O. g- O., 1887, p. 24.

Jamison, H. K. Nesting of the White-breasted Nuthatch.—0O. § O.,
1887, p. 189.

Lapp, Samuet B. A Series of Eggs of the Worm-eating Warbler.—0O.
§ O., 1887, p. 149.

Twenty-four sets taken near West Chester, Pa.

Lapp, Samuet B. Nesting of the Worm-eating Warbler (in Pa.).—0.
§ O., 1887, p. 110.

Lapp, Samuet B. Nesting of the Black and White Creeper (in Pa.).—
O. § O., 1887, p. 150.

Lawrence, R. B. Sylvania canadensis Breeding in Pike County, Pa.
—Auk, 1887, p. 349.

1887.

1887.
1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1887.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.
1888.

1888.

1888.

1888.

164

Maris, Wittarp L. Nesting of the Maryland Yellow-throat.—0O. & O.,
1887, p. 162.

Martin. E. Crow Roosts in New Jersey.—Oologist, 1887, p. 94.
Pennock, C. J. The Birds of Chester County, Pa.—Oologist, 1887, p. 1.
A list of 234 species compiled from various authors.

Report of the West Chester (Pa.) Microscopical Society on the Food of
Hawks and Owls.—VForest and Stream, XXVIII, January 27, 1887, p. 3.

Suerratt,. W J. Capture of Little Black Rail near Philadelphia.—
O. & O., 1887, p. 206.
At mouth of Big Timber Creek, N. J., September 22, 1887.

Srone, W. Migration of Hawks at Germantown, Pa.—Awk, 1887, p.161.

TuHuRBER, E. Carterton. A List of the Birds of Morris County, New
Jersey.—True Democratic Banner, Morristown, N, J., November 10,
17 24.008.

Burns, Frank L. Nesting of the Broad-winged Hawk in Chester
County, Pa.—O. § O., 1888, p. 184.

Hates, Henry. A Few Bird Notes (Purple Finch in northern N. J. in
June).—0O. § O., 1888, p. 56.

Hautes, Henry. Bird Notes from Northern New Jersey.—0O. § O.,
1888, p. 158.

Jamison, H. K. A Collecting Trip to Cresson Springs, Pa.—O. § O.,
1888, p. 133.

The Junco is the only species recorded worthy of note.

Moore, H. F. Protonotaria citrea in Montgomery County, Pa.—Aukh,
1888, p. 210.

Norris, J. P. A Series of Eggs of Accipiter fuscus.—0O. § O., 1888,
p. 34.

Contains data for Pennsylvania nests.

Norris, J. P., Jr. Nesting of the White-eyed Vireo in Chester
County, Pa.—O. & O., 1888, p. 186.

Reep, J. H. An Albino Dendroica striata.—Awk, 1888, p. 432.

ReirF, Isaac 8. Nesting of the Swamp Sparrow [at Philadelphia ].—
O. & O., 1888, p. 55.

Reirr, Isaac S. Early Breeding of the Carolina Wren near Philadel-
phia.—O. § O., 1888, p. 63.

Reirr, Isaac S. Nesting of the Blue-winged Yellow Warbler in Penn-
sylvania.—O. & O., 1888, p. 15.

Reirr, Isaac S. Birds found Nesting in Bucks County, Pa., May 13,
1888.—O. § O., 1888, p. 99.

1888.

1888.

1888.

1888,

1888.
1888.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.
1889.

1889.

1890.

1890.

165

Ruoaps, 8. N. Larus marinus on the seacoast of New Jersey.— Auk,
1888, p. 318.

Sick, C. S. Nesting of the Sharptailed and Seaside Finches (in N. J.).
—Hawkeye Ornith. and O6l., 1888, p. 102.

Stone, W. Helminthophila leucobronchialis in Chester County, Pa.—
Auk, 1888, p. 115.

Stone, W. Sylvania mitrata at Germantown, Pa. in November.— Auk,
1888, p. 116.

Stone, W. An abnormal Piranga erythromelas.—Auwk, 1888, p. 322.
Warren, B. H. Report on the Birds of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg,
1888, 8vo, pp. 260.

Cuapman, F. M. Notes on the Birds of Englewood, N. J.—Awk, 1889,
p. 302.

Foster, L. 8. Snowy Owl in New Jersey, November, 1889.— Forest
and Stream, 1889, p. 364.

Jacops, J. WARREN. Nesting of Kentucky Warbler in South-western
Pennsylvania.—Hawkeye Ornith. and Ool., 1889, p. 38.

Jacoss, J. WARREN. Nesting of the Crested Titmouse at Waynesburg,
Pa.— Oologist, 1889, p. 72.

Kocu, F. W. Nesting of the Long-billed Marsh Wren (at Phila.).—
O. & O:, 1889) p. 39.

Norris, J. P., Jk, Nesting of the Blue-winged Yellow Warbler in
Chester County, Pa.—0O. & O,, 1889, p. 138.

Norris, J. P., Jr. Nesting of the Kentucky Warbler in Chester
County, Pa.— O. § O., 1889, p. 104.

W. K.P. Snowy Owl in Pennsylvania.—forest and Stream, 1889, p.
363.

H. A.R. A Trip to Seven-Mile Beach, N. J.—O. § O., 1889, p. 1.

RessEL, Cyrus B. Birds of Chester County, Pa.—0O. § O., 1889, pp.
97, 113 and 129.
Very unreliable. See 0. & O., 1889, p. 158, for criticisms,

Stone, W. Graphic Representation of Bird Migration.—Awk, 1889, p.
13%)
CastLtEsury, F. F. Evening Grosbeak in Pennsylvania.—forest and
Stream, XXXIV., May 8, 1890, p. 307.
At Montoursville, Jan.-Apr. 30.
Hates, Henry. Bird Notes from Northern New Jersey.—0O. § O., 1890,
p. 106.

1890.
1890,

1890.

1890.

1890.

1890.
1890.
1890.
1890.

1890.
1890.

1890.

1890.

1890.

1890.

1891.

1891.

166

Kocn, F. W. Nesting of Wilson’s Thrush in Pennsylvania (Cambria
county.).—0O. & O., 1890, p. 75.

Lewis, S. Melanerpes carolinus in North-western New Jersey,—Auk,
1890, p. 206.

Netson, Junius. The Birds of New Jersey. Final Report of the State
Geologist. Geol. Survey of New Jersey, vol. I1., Trenton, 1890, 8vo,
PEs

Pages 518-636 include the Report on birds. It is mainly based upon Dr,
Abbott’s report (1868) and to his errors are added a few more.

Norris, J. P. Nesting of Wilson’s Thrush in Montgomery County, Pa.
—0O. & O., 1890, p. 75.

Norris, J.P. A Series of Eggs of the Worm-eating Warbler.—0O. § O.,
1890, p. 118.

Contains data for Pennsylvania nests.

Norris, J. P., Jnr. Nesting of the Blue-winged Yellow Warbler in
Delaware County, Pa., in 1890.—0O. § O., 1890, p. 117.

Norris, J. P., Jn. Nesting of the Golden-crowned Thrush in Chester
County, Pa.—0O. § O., 1890, p. 126.

Norns, J. P., Jn. Nesting of the Kentucky Warbler in Chester and
Delaware Counties, Pa.—0O. ¢ O., 1890, p. 145.

Raymonp, W. O. Evening Grosbeaks at Summit, N. J. (March 6, 1890).
—0. & O., 1890, p. 46.

Sennett, G. B. Somateria spectabilis at Erie, Pa.—Awk, 1890, p. 88.

Suick, C. S. Birds Breeding on Seven-mile Beach, N. J.—Auk, 1890,
p. 326,

Warren, B. H. Notes on Pennsylvania Birds (Pinicola, Plectrophenax
and Calearius.)—Forest and Stream, XXXIV., February 13, 1890, p.
64.

Four or five Longspurs taken at Erie early in October, 1889, by G. B. Sennett..

Strong, W. The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club.—Awh, 1890, p.
298.

Warren, B. H. Evening Grosbeak in Pennsylvania, (Warren County)..
—Forest and Stream, XXXIV., March 6, 1890, p. 123.

Warren, B. H. Report on the Birds of Pennsylvania. Second Edi-
tion Revised and Augmented. Harrisburg, 1890. 8vo, pp. 434.

The most valuable work on Pennsylvania Birds to date. See above.

Castiesury, F. F. Evening Grosbeak in Pennsylvania, (Montonrs-
ville.)—Vorest and Stream, XX XIV., March 5, 1891, p. 124.

Cuapman, F. M. Spiza americana in New Jersey.—Awk, 1891, p. 395

Reported as common 40 years ago by Galbraith.

1891.

1891.

1891,

1891.

1891.

1891,

1891.

1891.

1891.

1891.

1891.

1891.

1891.

1891,

1891.

1891.

1891.

167

Homer, F.L. Capture of Bewick’s Wren at New Hamburg, Pa., Jan-
uary 1, 1891.—0O. § O., 1891, p. 46.
Should be Carolina Wren. (See Awk, 1894, p. 330.)

Jamison, H. K. Nesting of the Louisiana Water Thrush in Philadel-
phia county, Pa.—O. § O., 1891, p. 87,

J.L. K. Nyctea nyctea aud Uria lomvia at Perth Amboy, N. J.—
Forest and Stream, XXXV., and January 15, 1891, p. 511.

Norris, J. P. A Series of Eggs of the White-bellied Nuthatch.—0O. &
ONSITE pet a3:

Contains data for Peansylvania nests.

Norris, J. P. <A Series of Eggs of the Maryland Yellow-throat.—O. &
O., 1891, p. 150.

Contains data for Pennsylvania nests.

Norris, J. P. <A Series of Eggs of the Osprey.—O. & O., 1891, p. 162.
Contains data for New Jersey nests.

Sronr, W. Proceedings of the D. V.O0.C. Philadelphia.—O. ¢ O.,
1891, pp. 91, 104, 176.

Srone, W. Bird Waves and their Graphic Representation.— Auk, 1891,
p. 194.

Stonr, W. Report on Work of the Delaware Valley Ornithological
Club.— Auk, 1891, p. 244.

Srone, W. The Summer Birds of Harvey’s Lake, Luzerne County, Pa.,
with Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region.—Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, p. 431.

Topp, W. E. C. Dendroica maculosa breeding in Western Pennsyl-
vania.—Auwk, 1891, p. 116.

Topp, W. E. C. Otocoris alpestris praticola breeding in Western
Pennsylvania.—Awk, 1891, p. 236 and 395.

Topp, W. E.C. Totanus solitarius breeding in Western Pennsylvanta.
—Auk, 1891, p. 236.

Topp, W. E. C. Dendroica cwrulea Nesting in Beaver County, Pa.—
Auk, 1891, p. 238.

Topp, W. E. C. Notes on Uncommon Species at Beaver, Pa.—Auk,
1891, p. 240.

Topp, W. E. C. Mniotiltide of Western Pennsylvania.—Awk, 1891,
3 ew)ils

Topp, W. E.C. Nesting of Wilson’s Thrush in Western Pennsylvania.
—0O. § O.,1891, p. 50.

1891.

1891.

1892.

1892,
1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.

168

Warren, B. H. Birds Breeding at Kane, McKean County, Pa.—
Forest and Stream, XXXVII., August 20, 1891, p. 83.

Wagrren, B. H. Note on Thryothorus bewickii and Corvus ce. princi-
palis in Pennsylvania.—Vorest and Stream, XXXVII., September 24,
1891, p. 182.

Abstract of the Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological
Club of Philadelphia. 8vo, pp. 13.

Bacon, 8S. E., Jk. Old Squaw at Erie, Pa.—O. § O., 1892, p. 44.

Cuapman, F. M. Helminthophila leucobronchialis and pinus at Engle-
wood, N. J.—Awk, 1892, p. 302.

Dwicut, J., Jk. Summer Birds of the Crest of the Pennsylvania
Alleghanies.—Avwk, 1892, p. 129.

The most extensive treatise on the mountain birds of Pennsylvania yet pub-

lished.

Dwicut, J. Jr. Otocoris alpestris praticola breeding at Athens, Pa.—
Auk, 1892, p. 202.

Hates, Henry. Bird Notes from Northern N, J.—O. § O., 1892, p. 38
and 136.

Fulmarus glacialis in Bergen Co., Dec., 1891, and Molothrus in winter.
Laurent, Puitip. Birds of Five-mile Beach, N. J.—O. § O., 1892,
p. 43, 53 and 88.

This is an excellent paper, and together with Mr. Scott’s (1879) furnishes
the most reliable injormation on the Ornithology of the southern New Jersey

coast.
Norris, J. P. A series of Eggs of the Kentucky Warbler.—0O. § O.,
1892, p. 1.
Gives data of a number of nests from Pennsylvania.
Norris, J. P. A Series of Eggs of the Scarlet Tanager.—O. § O.,
1892, p. 21.
Gives data of a number of nests from Pennsylvania.
Norris, J. P. A Series of Eggs of the Ovenbird.—0O. § O., 1892, p.
65.
Contains data of Pennsylvania nests.
Ravs, M. W. Aquila chrysaétos in Pennsylvania.—Avwh, 1892, p. 200.
November 6, 1891, at Manheim, Lancaster Co.
Reirr, I, S. Nesting of the King Rail near Philadelphia.—O. § O.,
1892, p. 94.
A set of eggs taken June 7, 1892.

Sovrnwick, Wm. C. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis in New Jersey.
—Auk. 1892, p. 303.

Stone, W. Winter Birds of Cape May, N. J.—Awk, 1892, p. 203.

1892.

1892.

1892.

1893.

1893.

1893.

1893,

1893.

1893.

1893.

1893.

1893.

1893.

1893.

1894.

1894,

1894.

169

Topp, W. E. C. The Ruddy Duck (at Beaver, Pa).—0O. § O., 1892,
p. 61.

Topp, W. HE. C. The Blue Gray Gnatcatcher (in Beaver county, Pa.)
=O; & OO1892. ns 72

Wipe, M.L.C. A Large Set of Flicker’s Eggs (17).—0O. § O., 1892,
1s Etc

Capture of a Yellow Rail, Hackensack, N. J.. Septem-
ber 30, 1893, by George Richards.—Forest and Stream, XLI., October
21, 1893, p. 336.

Conepon, H. W. Spring Notes from Philadelphia.—O. & O., 1893,
p- 98.

Homes, F. L. Among the Birds of Northern Pennsylvania, (Elmer,
Potter county).—0O. & O., 1893, p. 60.

Jacoss, J. Warren. Summer Birds of Greene County, Pa. 8vo, Way-
nesburg, 1893, pp. 15.

A very carefully prepared list.
Reirr, I.S. A Few Days Among the Blue-winged Warblers.—0O. §
O , 1893, p. 6.
Stone, W. Sharp-tailed Finches of the New Jersey Coast.—Awk, 1893,
p. 85.
First records of Nelson’s and Acadian Sharp-tails in N. J.
Stone, W. A Hybrid Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis X Junco hye-
malis).—Auk, 1893, p. 213.
Topp, W. E.C. Summer Birds of Indiana and Clearfield Counties, Pa.
—Auk, 1893, p. 35.

Topp, W.E.C. Occurrence in Summer of Certain Warblers at Beaver,
Pa.—Auk, 1893, p. 209.

Witvr, M. L. C. Nesting of the Carolina Wren at Philadelphia.—
O. § O., 1893, p. 15.

Witpr, M. L. C. Acadian Owl at Philadelphia.—O. § O., 1893, p.
28.

Homer, F. L. Carolina Wren in Winter in Mercer County, Pa.—Awk,
1894, p. 330.

Stone, W. Summer Birds of the Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania,—
Auk, 1894, p. 182.

Srone, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.— Auk,
1894, p. 133.

LIST OF PUBLISHED PAPERS ON BIRDS OF PENNSYL-
VANIA AND NEW JERSEY, AND OF MANUSCRIPT
NOTES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS
VOLUME. ARRANGED ACCORDING
TO AUTHORS.

Manuscript titles are printed in italics; names of members of the D. V. O. C.
in heavy-faced type.

A. A. A., 1887. Snowy Owl in Erie County, Pa.
T. B. A., 1884. Least Bittern and Egret in N. J.
Abbott, C. C., 1868. Birds of N. J.

1870. Notes on N. J. Birds.

1876. Field Notes.

1883. Swallow-tailed Kite in N. J.

1885. Naturalist’s Rambles about Home.
Abbott, W. L., 1880. Ipswich Sparrow on N. J. Coast.
Allen, J. A., 1886. Belted Piping Plover on N. J. Coast.

Bacon, 8. E., Jr., 1892. Old-squaw at Erie, Pa.
Baily, H. B., 1886. Cardinal, Tufted Tit and Wilson’s Thrush breeding in
Essex County, N. J.
Baily, Wm.L. Numerous Field Notes on Migration and Occurrence of Various
Species in Eastern Pa. and N. J. Collection examined.
Baird, W. M. and S. F., 1844-5. Birds of Carlisle, Pa.
Barnard, V., 1861. Birds of Chester County, Pa.
Barrell, H. F., 1884. Arrival of Birds in N. J.
1885. Birds of Upper Passaic Valley, N. J.
Barton, B. S., 1799. Fragments of Natural History of Pa.
Beesley, Thos., 1857. Birds of Cape May County, N. J.
Bellows, C. E., 1883. Cormorant at Bridgeton, N. J.
1884. Willet breeding on Delaware Bay.
Benners, G. B. Various Notes on Birds of Pa. and N. J.
Bonaparte, C. L., 1826. Comparison of Birds of Rome and Philadelphia.
Brewster, W., 1886. Helminthophila leucobronchialis in N. J.
Brown, J. Farnum. Notes on Migrants at Haverford and Villa Nova, Pa..
and on Winter Birds at Atlantic City, N. J.
Brown, Herbert. Votes on Birds of Germantown, Pa.

(170)

171

Brown, Stewardson. Notes on Birds of Various Parts of Eastern Pa. and
of Pt. Pleasant, N. J. Records of Migration at
Germantown, Pa., for Ten Years.
Buller, W. H. Notes on Blue Grosbeak in Lancaster County, Pa.
Burns, F. L., 1888. Nesting of Broad-winged Hawk in Chester County, Pa.
Field Notes on Birds of Chester Co.

Carter, John D. Notes on Birds of Chester Co., Pa.
Cassin, John, 1862. Birds of Delaware County, Pa.
Castlebury, J. F., 1890-1. Evening Grosbeak in Pa.
Chapman, F. M., 1886. Lark Finch in N. J.
Barn Owl at Englewood, N. J.

1886-7. Brewster's Warbler at Englewood, N. J.

1889. Notes on Birds of Englewood, N. J.

1891. Black-throated Bunting in N. J.

1892. Brewster’s Warbler at Englewood, N. J.
Collins, W. L., 1880. Note on Connecticut Warbler.

Collection (now in Swarthmore College) examined.

Congdon, H. W., 1893. Spring Notes from Philadelphia.
Coues. Elliot, 1878. Blue-winged Warbler Breeding in Chester County, Pa.

D. V. O. C., 1892. Abstract of Proceedings.
D. V. O. C. Collection of Birds of Pa. and N. J. in Acad.
Nat. Sei., Phila., examined.
De Haven, J. N., 1887. Black Skimmer at Atlantic City, N. J.
Various Notes on Birds of Pa. and N. J., especially
at Atlantic City. Collection examined.
Detwiler, J. W. Notes on Birds of Bethlehem and other parts of Eastern Pa.
Dutcher, W., 1881. Carolina Wren at Greenville, N. J.
Dwight, J. Jr., 1879. Stilt Sandpiper on N. J. Coast.
1892. Summer Birds of Pa. Alleghanies.
1892. Prairie Horned Lark breeding at Athens, Pa.
Erdis, E. C., 1886. Notes from Manayunk, Pa.

Foster, L. S., 1887. Red-bellied Woodpecker in N. J.
1889. Snowy Owl in N. J.
Fowler, H. W. Notes on Birds near Holmesburg, Pa.

Gentry, T. G., 1876-7. Birds of Eastern Pa.
Gibson, C. D., 1883. Notes from Renovo, Pa.

W.H., 1884. Notes from Chester County, Pa.

Haines, B. B., 1883. Nesting Habits of Marsh Wren in N. J.
Haines, H. F., 1883. Breeding of Virginia Rail at Elizabeth, N. J.
Haldeman, 8. 8., 1843. Notes on Birds of Pa.

Haldeman, V.M., 1887. Bounties paid on Hawks and Owls in Pa.
Hales, Henry, 1888-90-92. Bird Notes from Northern N. J.
Herrick, H., 1879. Notes on Birds of Chatham, N. J.

172

Homes, F. L., 1891. Carolina Wren at New Hamburg, Pa.

1893. Birds of Elmer, Potter County, Pa.
Hoopes, Josiah. Notes on Birds of Chester County, Pa. Collection examined.
Hughes, Wm, EB. WNotes on Birds of Various Portions of Pa. and N. J.
Huyler, A. I., 1878. Winter Birds on the Hackensack.

Jackson, R. M.S., 1860. The Mountain.
Jackson, Thos. H., 1885. Nesting of the Worm-eating Warbler in Chester
County, Pa.
1886. Nesting of the Long-eared and Horned Owls in
Chester County, Pa.
1887. Nesting of Kentucky Warbler and Broad-winged
Hawk in Chester County, Pa.
1887. Nesting of Some Rare Birds in Chester County, Pa.
List of Birds Found Breeding in Chester Co., Pa.
Jacobs, J. Warren, 1889. Nesting of Kentucky Warbler and Crested Titmouse
in S. W. Pa.
1893. Summer Birds of Greene County, Pa.
Jamison, H. K., 1887. Nesting of White-breasted Nuthatch.
1888. A Collecting Trip to Cresson, Pa.
1891. Nesting of Louisiana Water Thrush at Philadelphia.
Jillson Bros. Various Notes on Birds of Tuckerton, N. J.
Justice, Wm. Notes on Pennsylvania and New Jersey Birds.
J. L. K., 1891. Snow Owl and Murre in N. J.

Koch, August. Notes on the Birds of Lycoming Co., Pa.
Koch, F. W., 1889. Nesting of Long-billed Marsh Wren.

1890. Nesting of Wilson’s Thrush in Pa.
Kocher, J. F. Notes on Blue Grosbeak at Bethlehem, Pa.
Krider, John, 1879. Forty Years’ Field Notes.

Ladd, §. B., 1887. Nesting of Worm-eating and Black and White Warblers
in Chester County, Pa.
Laurent, Philip, 1892. Birds of Five-mile Beach, N. J.
Various Notes on Pa. and N. J. Birds.
Lawrence, R. B., 1887. Breeding of Canada Warbler in Pike County, Pa.
Lewis, S., 1890. Red-bellied Woodpecker in Northern N. J.
Libhart, J. J., 1869. Birds of Lancaster County, Pa.

W.S. M., 1884. Notes from Chester County, Pa.

McCadden, D. N. Various Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa. and N. J.

Maris, W. L., 1889. Nesting of Maryland Yellow-throat.

Martin, E., 1887. Crow Roosts in N. J.

Michener, E., 1881. Birds of Chester County, Pa.

Montgomery, T. H. Notes on Birds of West Chester and Vicinity.

Moore, H. F., 1888. Prothonotary Warbler in Montgomery County, Pa.

Morgan, T., 1883. Nest of Yellowlegs at Somerville, N. J.

Morris, Geo. Spenser. Various Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa. and N. J.,
and Migration Records at Olney, Pa., for Several
Years. Collection examined.

173

Nelson, J., 1890. Birds of N. J.
Nichols, G. L., 1879. Migration of Warblers at Summit, N. J.
Norris, J. P.. 1888. Eggs of Sharp-shinned Hawk.
1890. Eggs of Worm-eating Warbler.
1890. Nesting of Wilson’s Thrush in Pa.
1891. EHEges of White-breasted Nuthatch, Maryland Yellow-
throat and Osprey.
1892. Eggs of Kentucky Warbler, Scarlet Tanager and Oven-
bird.
Norris, J. P., Jr., 1888. Nesting of White-eyed Vireo in Chester County, Pa.
1889. Nesting of Blue-winged and Kentucky Warblers in
Chester County, Pa.
1890. Nesting of Blue-winged and Kentucky Warblers and
Oven-bird,

C.F. P., 1876. Birds of Southern Pa.
W.K. P., 1889. Snowy Owl in Pa.
Park, W. K. Noles on Birds at Athens, Pa.
Parker, H.G., 1886. Breeding of Barn Owl, Chat, Broad-winged Hawk and
Marsh Wrens in vicinity of Philadelphia.
1886. Birds Found Breeding in Delaware County, Pa.
1886. Birds Breeding on Seven-mile Beach, N. J.
Patterson, Wm. Notes on Birds of Salem, N. J.
Pennell, H. Y. Notes on Birds of Delaware and Chester Cos., Pa.
Pennock, C. J., 1887. Birds of Chester County, Pa.
Manuscript Notes on same.
Phillips, A. H. Notes on Birds of Princeton, NCS
Pierce, M. P., 1876. N. J. Bird Notes.

H. A. R., 1889. <A Trip to Seyen-mile Beach, N. J.
Raub, M. W., 1892. Golden Eagle in Pa.
Raymond, W. O., 1890. Evening Grosbeak in N. J.
Reed, J. Harris, 1888. An Albino Black-poll Warbler.
Various Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa. and Southern
N.J., and Extensive Records of Migration at Tini-
cum, Delaware Co., Pa.
Reiff, I. S., 1888. Nesting of Swamp Sparrow, Carolina Wren and Blue-
winged Warbler.
1892. Nesting of King Rail near Philadelphia.
1893. Nesting of Blue-winged Warblers.
Various Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa.
Ressel, C. B., 1889. Birds of Chester County, Pa.
Rhoads, C.J. Migration Records at Haverford, Pa.
Rhoads, S.N., 1879. Kentucky and Black and White Warbler breeding in
Chester County, Pa.
1881. Power of Scent in Turkey Vultures.
1882. Nesting of Least Flycatcher and Worm-eating
Warbler in Pa. and N. J.

174

1883. Orange-crowned Warbler in N. J.
1886. Crow Roosts and Roosting Crows.
1888. Black-backed Gull at Atlantic City, N. J.
Various Notes on Pa. and N. J. Birds, especially from
Haddonfield, Lake Hopatcong, May's Landing, N. J.,
and South Mt., Pa. Migration records at Haddon-
field, N. J. Collection examined.
Ridenour, C. B. Notes on Pa. Birds.
Riker, C. B., 1884-5. Crossbill and Brewster’s Warbler in N. J.
Roddy, H. J. Notes on Birds of Perry Co., Pa.
Rogers, W. Notes on Pa. and N. J. Birds.

Saunders, W. E., 1883. White-winged Crossbill at Philadelphia.
Scott, W. E. D., 1878. Some Princeton Birds.
1879. Winter Birds of Princeton, N. J.
1879. Birds of Long Beach, N. J.
1881. Philadelphia Vireo in Mercer County, N. J.
1881. Migration Through a Telescope.
1881. White-bellied Swallows in November.
1881. Ipswich Sparrow at Squan,N. J.
Sennett, G. B., 1890. King Hider at Erie, Pa.
Serrill, W. J. Notes on Birds of Delaware Water Gap, ete.
Sheridan, G. H. Notes on Birds and Migration in the Vicinity of Philadelphia.
Sherratt, W. J., 1884. Wood Ibis in Lancaster County, Pa.
1884. Briinnich’s Murre and Skylark in N. J.
1887. Little Black Rail near Philadelphia.
Shick, C.S., 1888. Nesting of Sharp-tailed Finch on N. J. Coast.
1890. Birds Breeding on Seven-mile Beach, N. J.
Shryock, W. A. Notes on Birds of Mt. Pocono, Pa. Collection examined.
Southwick, W. C., 1892. Grinnell’s Water Thrush in N. J.
Stone, H. E. Notes on Migration at Coatesville, Pa.
Stone, Witmer, 1885. Turkey Vulture Breeding in Pa.
1887. Migration of Hawks.
1888. Brewster’s Warbler in Chester County, Pa.
1888. Hooded Warbler in November and an Abnormal
Tanager.
1889. Graphic Representation of Migration.
1890-1. Notes on D. V. O. C.
1891. Bird Waves.
1891. Summer Birds of Harvey’s Lake, Pa.
1892. Winter Birds of Cape May, N. J.
1893. Sharp-tailed Finches of N. J. Coast.
1893. A Hybrid Sparrow.
1894. Summer Birds of Mt. Pocono, Pa.
1894. Summer Birds of the N. J. Pine Barrens.
Various Notes on Birds of Pa. and N.J., and Migra-
tion Records at Germantown. Collection examined.

175

Swayne, W.M. Note on Mourning Warbler in Chester Co., Pa.

Tatum, Jos. Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa. and N. J.
Taylor, John. Notes on Birds of Anglesea, N. J.

Taylor, R. C., 1825-6.

Thomas, Jos., 1876.
Thorpe, T. B., 1871.
Thurber, E. C., 1886.

1886.

1887.

Todd, W. E. C., 1891.

1891.
1892.
1893.
1893.
Townsend, C. H.,1882.
1882.
1883.
1883.

Birds of the Alleghanies.

Birds of Bucks County, Pa.
Bird Shooting on N. J. Coast.

Notes on Birds at Morristown, N. J.

Helminthophila leucobronchialis in N. J.

Birds of Morris County, N. J.

Nesting of Magnolia and Cerulean Warblers, Solitary
Sandpiper, etc., in Western Pa.

Mniotiltide of Western Pa.

Ruddy Duck and Gnatcatcher in Western Pa.

Summer Birds of Indiana and Clearfield County, Pa.

Summer Warblers of Beaver, Pa.

Abnormal Orchard Oriole.

Long-tailed Duck in Westmoreland County, Pa.

Birds of Westmoreland County, Pa.

A Hybrid Sparrow.

Treat, Mary, 1879. Notes on Intelligence of Birds.

Trippe, T. M., 1873.

Note on Hybrid Flicker.

Trotter, Spencer, 1877-8. Second and Third Specimeus of Brewster’s

Tuelon, J. A., 1883.

Van Fleet, W., 1876.
1884.
1884.

Voelker, Chas. A.

Warbler.
1878. A Hybrid Swallow.
1879. Rare. Birds at Philadelphia.
1880. Prothonotary Warbler at Philadelphia.
1880. Nesting of Snow Bird in Pa.
Various Notes on Birds of Eastern Pa.

Birds of Bradford, Pa.
Turnbull, W. P., 1869.

Birds of East Pa. and N. J.

Rough-winged Swallow in Pa.
Wood Ibis in Lycoming County, Pa.
Notes from Du Bois, Pa.

Varzous Notes on Birds of Pa. and N. J. Collection
examined.

Warren, B. H., 1879-80-85. Birds of Chester County, Pa.
1884-86. Bird articles in Pa. Agricultural Report.

1888.

1890.

1890.
Warrick, W. C., 1883.
Wescott, C. 8., 1882.

Report on Birds of Pa.
Notes on Pa. Birds.
Report on Birds of Pa. (2d Ed.)

Barn Owl at Washington, Pa.

Snow Goose in Delaware Bay.

Weygandt, C. Notes on Migration at Germantown, Pa.
Wilbank, W. V. Notes on Birds at Tinicum, Pa.

176}

Wilde, M. L. C., 1892. Large Set of Flicker’s Eggs.
1893. Nesting of Carolina Wren.
1893. Acadian Owl at Philadelphia.
Various Notes on Pa. and N. J. Birds.
Wright, S. Notes on Birds of Montgomery Co., Pa., and Migration Records
from Conshohocken, Pa.

Young, R. T. Migration Records from Chestnut Hill, Pa., and Notes on Birds
of Wernersville, Pa.

Zarega, L. A., 1879. Fish Crow in Monmouth County, N. J.

INDEX.

Acanthis linaria, 111
Accipiter atricapillus, 86
cooperi, 86
velox, 86
Actitis macularia, 77.
Agialitis meloda, 79
m. circumcincta, 80
semipalmata, 79
vocifera, 79
wilsonia, 80
Agelaius phceniceus, 106
Aix sponsa, 56
Ajaja ajaja, 61
Alea torda, 41
Alle alle, 41
Ammodramus caudacutus, 114
c. nelsoni, 115
c. subvirgatus, 114
henslowii, 114
maritimus, 115
princeps, 112
sandwichensis savanna, 113
savannarum passerinus, 113
Ampelis cedrorum, 125
garrulus, 124
Anas americana, 55
boschas, 54
carolinensis, 55
discors, 55
obscura, 54
penelope, 55
strepera, 54
Ani, 93
Anser albifrons gambeli, 60
Anthus pensilvanicas, 141
Antrostomus vociferus, 97
Aquila chrysaétos, 87

Archibuteo lagopus sanctijohannis, 87
(iia)

Ardea candidissima, 63
coerulea, 64
egretta, 63
herodias, 63
tricolor ruficollis, 64
virescens, 64
Ardetta exilis, 62
Arenaria interpres, 81
Asio accipitrinus, 90
wilsonianus, 90
Auk, Little, 41
Razor-billed, 41
Avocet, 70
Aythya affinis, 57
americana, 56
collaris, 57
marila nearctica, 56
vallisneria, 56

| Baldpate, 55

Bartramia longicauda, 77

Bittern, 62
Least, 62

Blackbird, Red-winged, 106

Rusty, 107
Yellow-headed, 105

| Black-breast, 74
| Bluebill, 56

Bluebird, 151
Bobolink, 105
Bob-White, 81
Bonasa umbellus, 82
Botaurus lentiginosus, 62
Brant, 60
Black, 60
Branta bernicla, 60
canadensis, 60
nigricans, 60

Bubo virginianus, 91
Buffle-head, 57
Bunting, Bay-winged, 112
Black-throated, 121
Snow, 112
Townsend’s, 121
Buteo borealis, 86
b. harlani, 87
latissimus, 87
lineatus, 87
Butter-ball, 57

Calcarius lapponicus, 112
Calico-back, 81
Calidris arenaria, 75
Camptolaimus labradorius, 58
Canvas-back, 56
Cardinal, 119
Cardinalis cardinalis, 119
Carpodacus purpureus, 110
Catbird, 142
Catharista atrata, 84
Cathartes aura, 84
Cedar-bird, 125
Ceophleeus pileatus, 95
Cepphus grylle, 40
Certhia familiaris americana, 145
Ceryle aleyon, 93
Cheetura pelagica, 98
Charadrius dominicus, 79
squatarola, 78
Charitonetta albeola, 57
Chat, Yellow-breasted, 140
Chelidon erythrogaster, 123
Chen cerulescens, 59
hyperborea, 59
h. nivalis, 59
Chewink, 119
Chickadee, Carolina, 147
Black-capped, 147
Chondestes grammacus,
Chordeiles virginianus, 97
Circus hudsonius, 85
Cistothorus palustris, 145
stellaris, 144
Clangula hyemalis, 57

178

Clivicola riparia, 123

Coccothraustes vespertina, 109

Coccyzus americanus, 93
erythrophthalmus, 93

Colaptes auratus, 96
auratus < cafer, 97

Colinus virginianus, 81

Columbigallina passerina terrestris, 84

Colymbus auritus, 38
holbcellii, 38

Compsothlypis americana, 132

Contopus borealis, 100
virens, 100
Conurus carolinensis, 92
Coot, 68
Cormorant, Common, 51
Double-crested, 51
Corvus americanus, 103
corax principalis, 103
ossifragus, 104
Cowbird, 105
Crake, Corn, 68
Crane, Whooping, 65
Sandhill, 65
Creeper, Brown, 145
Crex crex, 68
Crossbill, American, 110
White-winged, 111
Crotophaga ani, 93
Crow, 103
Fish, 104
Crymophilus fulicarius, 69
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 93
Yellow billed, 93
Curlew, Eskimo, 78
Hudsonian, 78
Long-billed, 78
Cyanocitta cristata, 102

Dafila acuta, 56

Dendroica zstiva, 133
auduboni, 134
blackburniz, 135
cerulea, 134
cerulescens, 133
castanea, 135

179

Dendroica coronata, 133 Erismatura rubida, 59
discolor, 137
dominica, 135 Falco columbarius, 88
maculosa, 134 peregrinus anatum, 88
palmarum hypochrysea, 137 sparverius, 88
pensylvanica, 134 Faunal Areas of Penna. and N. J., 7
striata, 135 Finch, Gold, 111
tigrina, 132 Grass, 112
townsendi, 136 Pine, 111
vigorsii, 136 Purple, 110
virens, 136 Flicker, 96
Dickcissel, 121 Hybrid, 97
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 105 Flycatcher, Acadian, 100
Dove, 84 Crested, 99
Ground, 84 Fork-tailed, 99
Dovekie, 41 Least, 101
Dowitcher, 72 Olive-sided, 100
Long-billed, 72 Scissor-tailed, 99
Dryobates borealis, 94 Traill’s, 101
pubescens, 94 Yellow-bellied, 100
villosus, 94 Fratercula arctica, 40
v. leucomelas, 94 Fulica americana, 68
Duck, Black, 54 Fulmar, 49
Gray, 54 Fulmarus glacialis, 49
Harlequin, 58
Labrador, 58 Gadwall, 54
Lesser Scaup, 57 Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 142
Ring-necked, 57 Gallinago delicata, 71
Ruddy, 59 ; Gallinula galeata, 68
Seaup, 56 Gallinule, Florida, 68
Summer, 56 Purple, 68
Wood, 56 Gannet, 50
Gelochelidon nilotica, 44
Eagle, Bald, 88 Geographical Distribution, Laws of, 3
Golden, 87 Geothlypis agilis, 139
Ectopistes migratorius, 83 formosa, 139
Egret; 63 philadelphia, 139
Eider, American, 58 trichas, 139
King, 58 Glaucionetta clangula americana, 57
Elanoides forficatus, 85 Gnateatcher, Blue-gray, 148
Empidonax acadicus, 100 Godwit, Hudsonian, 75
flaviventris, 100 Marbled, 75
minimus, 101 Golden-eye, 57
pusillus traillii, 101 Goldfinch, 11}
Ereunetes occidentalis, 75 Goose, Blue, 59

pusillus, 74 Canada, 59

Goose, Greater Snow, 59

Lesser Snow, 59
White-fronted, 59
Goshawk, 86

Grackle, Boat-tailed, 108

Bronzed, 107
Florida, 108
Purple, 107
Grebe, Holbeell’s, 38
Horned, 38
Pied-billed, 38
Grosbeak, Blue, 120
Evening, 109
Pine, 109
Rose-breasted, 120
Grouse, Ruffed, 82
Grus, americana, 65
canadensis, 65
Guara alba, 61, 152
Guillemot, Black, 40
Guiraca cerulea, 120
Gull, Black-backed, 43
Bonaparte’s, 44
Herring, 43
Laughing, 44
Ring-billed, 43

Habia ludoviciana, 120
Hematopus palliatus, 81

180

Helminthophilia leucobronchialis, 130

peregrina, 132

pinus, 129

ruficapilla, 131
Helmitherus vermivorus, 129
Hen, Heath, 82

Prairie, 82
Heron, Great Blue, 63

Green, 64

Little Blue, 64

Louisiana, 64

Night, 64

Snowy, 63

Yellow-crowned Night, 65
Hesperocichla nevia, 151
Himantopus mexicanus, 70, 152
Histrionicus histrionicus, 58
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 98
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 48

Ibis, Glossy, 61
White, 61, 152
Wood, 61

Icteria virens, 140

Icterus galbula, 106
spurius, 106

Indigobird, 121

Ionornis martinica, 68

Halizetus leucocephalus, 88 Jaeger, Parasitic, 42

Harporhynchus rufus, 143 Pomarine, 41
Hawk, Broad-winged, 87 Jay, Blue, 102
Cooper’s, 86 Canada, 103
Duck, 88 Junco hyemalis, 117
Fish, 89 h. carolinensis, 117
Harlan’s, 87
Marsh, 85 Killdeer, 79
Pigeon, 88 Kingbird, 99

Red shouldered, 87
Red-tailed, 86
Rough-legged, 87
Sharp-shinned, 86
Sparrow, 88

Helminthophila celata, 131

chrysoptera, 130
lawrencei, 130

Arkansas, 99, 152
Kingfisher, Belted, 93
Kinglet, Cuvier’s, 148

Golden-crowned, 147

Ruby-crowned, 148
Kite, Swallow-tailed, 85
Kittiwake, 42
Knot, 73

181

Lanius borealis, 125 Molothrus ater, 105
ludovicianus, 125 Mud-hen, 66
Lark, Horned, 102 Murre, Briinnich’s, 40
Meadow, 106 Myiarchus crinitus, 99
Prairie Horned, 102
Tit, 141 Nighthawk, 97
Larus argentatus smithsonianus, 43 Numenius borealis, 78
atricilla, 44 hudsonicus, 78
delawarensis, 43 longirostris, 78
marinus, 43 Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 146
philadelphia, 44 Red-breasted, 146
Limosa fedoa, 75 White-breasted, 146
hzmastica, 75 Nyctala acadica, 91
Longtail, 57 Nyctea nyctea, 92
Longspur, Lapland, 112 Nycticorax nycticorax nevius, 64
Loon, 39 violaceus, 65
Red-throated, 39
Lophodytes cucullatus, 54 Oceanites oceanicus, 50
Loxia curvirostra minor, 110 Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 50
leucoptera, 111 Oidemia americana, 58
deglandi, 58
Macrorhamphus griseus, 72 perspicillata, 59
scolopaceus, 72 Old-squaw, 57
Mallard, 54 Olor columbianus, 60
Martin, Purple, 122 Oriole, Baltimore, 106
Meadowlark, 106 Orchard, 106
Megascops asio, 91 Osprey, 89
Melanerpes carolinus, 96 Otocoris alpestris, 102
erythrocephalus, 96 a. praticola, 102
Meleagris gallopavo, 83 Oven-bird, 137
Melospiza fasciata, 118 Owl, Barn, 89
georgiana, 118 Barred, 90
lincolni, 118 Great Gray, 90
Merganser americanus, 53 Great Horned, 91
serrator, 53 Hawk, 92
Merganser, American, 53 Long-eared, 90
Hooded, 54 Saw-whet, 91
Red-breasted, 53 Screech, 91
Merula migratoria, 151 Short-eared, 90
Micropalama himantopus, 72 Snowy, 92
Migration, 15 Oyster-catcher, 81
Miivulus forficatus, 99
tyrannus, 99 Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, 89
Mimus polyglottos, 142 Paroquet, Carolina, 92
Mniotilta varia, 128 Partridge, 81

Mockingbird, 142 Parus atricapillus, 147

182

Parus bicolor, 146. Polioptila czrulea, 148
carolinensis, 147 Poocetes gramineus, 112
Passerella iliaca, 119 Porzana carolina, 66
Passerina cyanea, 121 jamaicensis, 67
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 51 noveboracensis, 67
fuscus, 52 Procellaria pelagica, 49
Pelican, Brown, 52 Progne subis, 122
White, 51 Protonotaria citrea, 129
Perisoreus canadensis, 103 Puffin, 40
Petrel, Leach's, 50 Puffinus auduboni, 49
Stormy, 49 major, 49
Wilson’s, 50 stricklandi, 49
Petrochelidon lunifrons, 123
Pewee, 99 | Quiscalus, major, 108
Phalacrocorax carbo, 51 quiscula, 107
dilophus, 51 q. eneus, 107
Phalarope, Northern, 69 q. agleus, 108
Red, 69
Wilson’s, 70 Rail, Black, 67
Phalaropus lobatus, 69 Carolina, 66
tricolor, 70 Clapper, 66
Pheasant, 82 King, 66
Philadelphia, Birds within ten miles Sora, 66
of, 28 Virginia, 66
Philohela minor, 71 Yellow, 67
Pheebe, 99 Rallus crepitans, 66
Physical Features of Penna.andN.J., 7 elegans, 66
Picoides arcticus, 94 virginianus, 66
Pigeon, Wild, 83 Raven, 103
Pinicola enucleator, 109 Recurvirostra americana, 70
Pintail, 56 Redhead, 56
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 119 Redpoll, 111
Pipit, 141 Redstart, 141
Piranga erythromelas, 121 Reedbird, 105
rubra, 122 Regulus calendula, 148
Plectrophenax nivalis, 112 cuvierl, 148
Plegadis autumnalis, 61 satrapa, 147
Plover, Belted Piping, 80 Rissa tridactyla, 42
Black-bellied, 78 Robin, 151
Field, 77 Rynchops nigra, 48
Golden, 79
Grass, 77 Sanderling, 75
Piping, 79 Sandpiper, Bartramian, 77
Semipalmated, 79 Buff-breasted, 77
Wilson’s, 80 Curlew, 74

Podilymbus podiceps, 38 Least, 74

183

Sandpiper, Pectoral, 73 Sparrow, Grasshopper, 113
Purple, 73 Henslow’s, 114
Red-backed, 74 Ipswich, 112
Semipalmated, 74 Lark, 115
Solitary, 76 Lincoln’s, 118
Spotted, 77 Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 115
Stilt, 72 Savanna, 113
Western, 75 Seaside, 115
White-rumped, 73 Sharp-tailed, 114

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 95 Song, 118.

Sayornis phaebe, 99 Swamp, 118

Scolecophagus carolinus, 107 ree nmaliG

Scolopax rusticola, 71 Vesper, 112

Scoter, American, 58 White-crowned, 116
Surf, 59 White-throated, 116
White-winged, 58 Spatula clypeata, 55

Scotiap texicinerea, 90 Sphyrapicus varius, 95

Seiurus aurocapillus, 137 Spinus pinus, L11
motacilla, 138 tristis, 111
noveboracensis, 137 Spiza americana, 121
n. notabilis, 138 townsendi, 121

Setophaga ruticilla, 141 Spizella monticola, 116

Shearwater, Audubon’s, 49 pusilla, 117
Greater, 49 socialis, 117
Sooty, 49 Spoonbill, Roseate, 61

Sheldrake, 53 Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 124

Shoveller, 55 Stercorarius parasiticus, 42

Shrike, Loggerhead, 125 pomarinus, 41
Northern, 125 Sterna antillarum, 47

Sialia sialis, 151 dougalli, 47

Sitta canadensis, 146 forsteri, 45
carolinensis, 146 fuliginosa, 47
pusilla, 146 hirundo, 46

Skimmer, Black, 48 maxima, 45

Snipe, Robin, 73 paradisza, 46
Wilson’s, 71 sandvicensis acuflavida, 45
Winter, 74 trudeaui, 45

Snowbird, 117 tschegrava, 45

Snowflake, 112 Stilt, Black-necked, 70, 152

Somateria dresseri, 58 Strix pratincola, 89
spectabilis, 58 Sturnella magna, 106

Sora, 66 Sula bassana, 50

Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 114 Surnia ulula caparoch, 92
Chipping, 117 Swallow, Bank, 123
Field, 117 Barn, 123

Fox, 119 Cliff, 123

184

Swallow, Rough-winged, 124 Towhee, 119
Tree, 123 Tringa alpina pacifica, 74
White-bellied, 123 canutus, 73
Swan, Whistling, 60 ferruginea, 74
Swift, Chimney, 98 fuscicollis, 73
Sylvania canadensis, 141 maculata, 73
mitrata, 140 maritima, 73
pusilla, 140 minutilla, 74
Symphemia semipalmata, 76 Trochilus colubris, 98
Syrnium nebulosum, 90 Troglodytes aédon, 144
hiemalis, 144
Tachycineta bicolor, 123 Tryngites subruficollis, 77
Tanager, Scarlet, 121 Turdus alicie, 149
Summer, 122 a. bicknelli, 150
Tantalus loculator, 61 aonalaschke pallasii, 150
Teal, Blue-winged, 55 fuscescens, 149
Green-winged, 55 mustelinus, 149
Tern, Arctic, 46 ustulatus swainsonii, 150
Black, 48 Turkey, Wild, 83
Cabot’s, 45 Turnstone, 81
Caspian, 45 Tympanuchus cupido, 82
Common, 46 Tyrannus tyrannus, 99
Forster's, 45 verticalis, 99, 152
Gull-billed, 44
Least, 47 Uria lomvia, 40
Mice 44 Urinator imber, 39
Roseate, 47 lumme, 39
Royal, 45

: Vireo flavifrons, 127
Sooty, 47
Trudeau’s, 45
Thrasher, Brown, 143
Thrush, Bicknell’s, 150
Golden-crowned, 137
Gray-cheeked, 149
Hermit, 150
Olive-backed, 151
Varied, 151
Wilson’s, 149
Wood, 149
Thryothorus bewickii, 143
ludovicianus, 143
Titlark, 141
Titmouse, Tufted, 146
Totanus flavipes, 76 Warbler, Audubon’s, 134
melanoleucus, 76 Bay-breasted, 135
solitarius, 76 Black and White, 128

gilvus, 126
noveboracensis, 127
olivaceus, 126
philadelphicus, 126
solitarius, 127
Vireo, Blue-headed, 127
Philadelphia, 126
Red-eyed, 126
Solitary, 127
Warbling, 126
White-eyed, 127
Yellow-throated, 127
Vulture, Black, 84
Turkey, 84

185

Warbler, Black and Yellow, 134 Water-Thrush, 137
Blackburnian, 135 Grinnell’s, 138
Black-poll, 135 Louisiana, 138
Black-throated Blue, 133 Waxwing, Bohemian, 124
Black-throated Green, 136 Cedar, 125
Blue-winged, 129 Whip-poor-will, 97
Brewster’s, 130 Whistler, 57
Canadian, 141 Widgeon, American, 55
Cape May, 132 European, 55
Cerulean, 134 Willet, 76
Chestnut-sided, 134 Winter Birds, 12
Connecticut, 139 Woodcock, American, 71
Golden-winged, 130 European, 71
Hooded, 140 Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 94
Kentucky, 138 Downy, 94
Lawrence’s, 130 Hairy, 94
Magnolia, 134 Pileated, 95
Mourning, 139 Red-bellied, 96
Myrtle, 133 Red-cockaded, 94
Nashville, 131 Red-headed, 96
Orange-crowned, 131 Wren, Bewick’s, 143
Parula, 132 Carolina, 143
Pine, 136 House, 144
Prairie, 137 Long-billed Marsh, 145
Prothonotary, 129 Short-billed Marsh, 144
Tennessee, 132 Winter, 144

Townsend’s, 136

; Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 105
Wilson’s, 140

Worm-eating, 129 Yellow-legs, Greater, 76
Yellow, 133 Summer, 76

Yellow Palm, 137 Yellow-throat, Maryland, 139
Yellow Red-poll, 137 Zenaidura macroura, 84
Yellow-rumped, 133 Zonotrichia albicollis, 116

Yellow-throated, 135 leucophrys, 116

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